The American Naturalist, 1886, Vol. 20: An Illustrated Magazine of Natural History (Classic Reprint) 0282007407, 9780282007409
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A MER I CA N NA T UR A L I S T A N I L L US T R A T ED MA GA ZI NE
H I ST
N A TUR A L
OR Y
.
I
ED I T ED
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A L P H EUS
PA C KA R D
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EDW A R D D C OPE
T E ED T OR S
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A ND
A IA I O RAPH Y R S O M I N RA O Y TRO P PART NT OTANY RT BRATA B RYO Y W PART NT YS I O O M P AR T N T N T HR O O Y O D P AR T N M ICROSCO P Y Q S S OC
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BY
OP EM
OF PH
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ME
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V OL U M E X X
P H I L A D E L PH I A
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P L OG .
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C ON T E N T S
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M osaics in
oulder
tud
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of
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L ite history
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o
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Migrat ion T he
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the
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wk
a new
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dT
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mmon
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and
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d
whi h p
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nscript ions
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D omestication of the Grizzly On the N ature and rigin of the ao calle T rachee [ llus trate ]
I
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d
’
P
w
.
S
O
b
of
.
R
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w am
.
S imon H
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and
S usan na Ph i)
Merr iam
eehaw en ,
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Bi d li r
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T he M aking ol M an R evie of the rog ress
S Packar d
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S amuel L ockwood
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in Eas tern
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.
l
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ock
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on tri ution t o
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On the Mounting ol ossils [ llustrate ] T he L imits o l Organic Evolutio n
A
a
o
oc s at
tructure of the
t han three hundred years ago '
rin i a
A
.
.
.
‘
.
d
.
S
a
o
]
T dd
nts of
a
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.
Fish R e ains and rac s in the riassic R N I l us trat ed R esernblances in rt s i ely separate T he A ncestry o l N asua T he M echani cs of oaring T he S tone A x in V ermont '
N icola: Pike
[ I llust ratod ] [I llustmtedJ
k m T k J [ l A w] d
.
A
u species of the co
mun
rrsg ,
C
llustrated
s
Fish ha -
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eaf-c utting
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A S tudy o f Garden L et ua t ic R esp irat ion i n
L
[
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.
s to the Pow er of
ir
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Tb
iouan
ort u re of the
t he
Popocatepetel
of
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A
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from p
onclu e
Geolo gical E ti nction and so me of its pparent T he Post mart en: m i ition of Poisons -
E Lam
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Muscles of
ect oral
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Am
erican
d I
Il
.
l ustrated
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llustrate
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d
rate
IV
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I)
rea
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Conn
.
T H L ewis
]
.
l Th d
pira
H
.
.
P Pen lrallow .
J ohn D ean Caton
.
of
Palat
Gravitation and the oaring ir s [ llustrate ] 1 L a ncaster C auses of orest R otation john T Ca mpk ll 1f S Gr eenery /z Ob errations on oung umming bir s T hs l i echani es o f S oaring A N ew rap door pi er Geo F A tki nson [ llustrated ] A few egen ary rag ments fro m the Point arro Es imos jolxn M urdoch E L ewis flwr tevant H isto ry o‘ Celery [ i llus trate ] ille M agpie T he Y el lo Ba r ton I V E ver nran n t T he Phylogen of t he C am l e elidc l r a u s t ] [ A n ts N ests and t heir nha itants Geop aphical an d Geolog ica l Explora tions in raz il J ohn C Br an ner
F
Y
T S d I L d F d wb d y I b -
-
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.
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Con ten ts
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N ames for lants S o me D eiti es and D emons oi the ava os ” hicago, or Bufl alo and hat M ight H ave Been l ava o
A
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T he
Cm
S
o
C
d
rthropo
S
[I
Ey e
d
.
j
N
W
llus trated
]
.
parati ve tu ies upo n Glaciation Britai n and l reland
of
N
R
me Peculiarities of the L ocal D rift of the T he Mammary G an of the Elephan t
l d
I s L ittorina lito rea in tro
d d
SZ
erica,
k
oc
bd
A
n
I
o
P d
Museums Exp lorations
y
C
nteresting
Enrr oas T A '
T he
S A
N
'
Genus of
onnect ing
su r .
N
aturalis t .
S tate
b
A
Ohi
C d in
“
.
Ca r rzi 11 L ew is n eo B Com tocb
dm
.
.
.
.
E D .
o
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tn
A
Cok
.
.
E r nest I ng er soll co 8 Corn s tocb
“
ni
mals
L
.
.
Gr ataca} F E V P ut na m
.
P
.
.
.
.
E D .
S
of
ies
.
.
hor ata
ca e
.
E V F C anon;
T he S callop and its Fishery ” uper-metamorphis mand Vulcanism erio s of um a, or erical Variation oic Maxim T he Pea
Moun tains
y
Clayt ole
.
H
d
or
E V
.
Great
in igenous ? H uman Den tition
uce
On L emurine R eversion in
E
.
Am
ort h
.
o
.
cience,
4 r ; T he
A
”
Co
.
R Ad H I
my of Origi nal
cade
ST
esearch , t 4o
T he hestiarians , 2 5 4 ; T he relations of the N ational ca emy of ciences to the Governm ent, 44 3 ; T he Miss ing L in , 53 4 ; T he U Geological S urvey , 53 6 ; Government D epartmen t of cien ce and Pu lic ns truction, 6 24 ; heolog y on Evolution , 70 8 llustration in U 8 Geo ogical urvey istor , or , 709 ; T he M etho of T caching N atural Evolution of the A lpha
I
868; T he
R
.
q
.
l
SS Am
W k
ecent Earth uak e, 869 ; T he
F
94 8; T he
t ion ,
et , 2 5 a ;
un ction of the
R acs u r L t r rrn A r uaa
U
k
b I
.
S
8 Geological urvey , 870 ; atura list , t o3a
.
.
N
erican
d
.
I
nst ruction and
y
nvestiga
.
'
.
H omaday
d F B k Woo
’
T wo
’
s
A
N ature s ’
T
Y
J
in the
ears
R
ung le
[
I
d]
llustrate
,
Goodale s V egetable Phys iology, 4 5 '
42 ;
J I
l
H S S Bw
S tate Geo ogist of N ew ersey for 1884 , 48; n nual R eport of the Geology and N atural ourt een th istory urvey of ndiana, 4 8; R ecen t oo s and Pam ina of e lachians , t 4 a ; o er and V ines Practical phlets , 4 8; T he unp aire ir s in the ush, r4 5 ; L o uis A g assiz, H is L ife and o tany , 14 3 : orrey s orrespon ence, 14 5 ; Our L iving Worl e t l 6 o u l t r s R oc l n u s r at e 1 o o d a m hl e s 1 e c e t k s a n t ; ; 4 , 4 , 7 [ p ] Mountain otany , 2 54 ; T he atalogue of l i zar s in the ritish Museum, as6 ; art man s A h t hropoid oo of Eu ropean Butter ies , 2 5 8; a ng ille s pes [ llustrate ] , 2 58; ane s H an Our irds and their aunts , 2 59 ; Our L iving Worl , 2 59 ; hompson s i liography of Protozoa etc , 2 59 ; R ecen t oo s and amphlets , 260 ; roll s limate and ology , 3 59 ; L eunts os m ’ ’ S ynopsis der T hierkunde, 36 x ; e oe s aces of ritain, 3 62 ; Z ittel s H an uch der Palm s
T
B
epo rt of the
d B dI d C I d K HB k P B dd F
A
.
dF
B
’
B
B
eachings , 4 7 :
'
R
d B db k d T C C
'
C
ky
’
’
I
'
'
db
A
B
H
fl
Bb
'
'
S
d
C
-
R
C
P
B
’
i
n im al Mechan cs , 3 6 3 C rawii sh, 36 3 ; Graber s en t Pu li catio ns , 3 64 : T he rench s utter ies of the Eastern U nite tates , 3 64 ; Go vern m nnals of the C akchiquels , 444 ; eport of the N ew Y ork gricultural Experi ment tation o i m i a i e l a i m v a l i m s h oo c h m a n R e t i o n P r e e s 0 i e s l a s i s M h r ki t a m t i t o G e 8 ; ; 4 , 5 44 n nual epo rt of the U H an book of lant D issect ion , 5 3 6 ; T he ourt h Geolog , 4 50 ; erican ecor for 3 884 5 3 8; T he A m S Geological urvey [ I llustrated] , 53 8: T he oological Ornithologists Union hec ist of N orth merican ir s , 5 39 ; R ecent Boo s and amphlets ,
on tolog le,
F
’
3 6a ;
'
A S y
fl
evisio n of the
R
axon s
d
b
A S d l T C k AS d P F A R Z R d C kl A B d k P b F k S I d B Od T S C l T R k P J H S d ll d B k P T d H H y C P k d F Z P Sl d B b Ow C R W R q k I d T dI b lCl A C Od W B d R B P S A b C W B B d b J B
'
R
’
’
,
'
-
-
.
.
,
’
-
5 39 ; Gil ert
‘
s
T Opographic
PM phlets , 6 28; T he amphlets , and
mphlets
an d
a
,
l
en
ime
La e
H ittell s '
ore
.
o nn s
their
o
[
hores '
eries , 7 t o ;
mes and
apan es e
heo
79 4 ;
eatures of
Evo
urroun
istor
e n t o ks and 6 o 6 2 R e c ; ] ecent Boo s of o d ay , 7 sr ;
llustrate
ution
]
ings [ I us trate
aliforn ia,
of
,
s7 r ;
77 8 ; R ecen t
,
'
ac ar
s
oo
s
irs t L essons
ecen t ens olleg e, 87 4 ; ies from the iological L a oratories or the ’ heeler s eport upon th e Books and amph ets , 874 : M ilne s Earth ua es [ llus trate ] , 9 49 n in o um hir nternational Geog raphical C ong ress , 9 5 5 ; T he M orp hog eny oi the V ert e ra the mniota , 9 56 ; Die lassen u r nungen des T hierreichs in ort u il , 9 5 6 ; ecent ' ” " ilson s mith s ooks and am l atross , rustacea , ro3 a; S edgwiclt and phlets , 9 5 7 : oology ,
in
87 3 ;
tu
'
.
.
'
iology ,
B
k
t o3 3
oo s and
GEN ER A
L
; Whitfi eld s ’
N
Pamphlets ,
or es
rachiopo a an d
.
A AJ A
C
ong o,
frican
’
Potaneri
w
Ne
;
.
—A
e s, 5 2 ;
ourn ey ,
s
s , t st
Nw Nw
fri ca :
A siatic
C
ran chiata o f
N ew
ersey ,
t o 34
:
R
ecent
t o3 4 .
Geog r aphy a nd T r avels in hi na, siatic e s , 50 ;
C
L amelli
T
AA S l Nw A I J s ia :
T he
fri ca :
o
s ia :
ma i lan
apella and
d
T he R ivers
e s , r4 8; vens
’
Sk
,
T he L a of
merica :
the
T he
I
K P jb S Cl F
metrical
rigo no
e
urvey of
n dia,
M orris T he ,
un a
ms
ai
l
ourney , r5 3 ; Genera
,
o
,
of
26 x
A
me
T Tb P k
M r H osie s ’
.
assai
ri utary of the
H imalayan
R
rance
rctic
in
B
ravels
razil,
AA
egi ons , a6 r
ea s ,
M
.
merican frica
Con tents
.
A W m x d A Nw S d A w A j P A Nw A J A NN ww AA RB lw P A m S A N A K J y L k Ny B b C A A Nw Nw A T SN w y J A AN Aw I l Ad AA N w A d H ll A C l C A Nw AA d AN w A A N wP A x C T k A Nw A C I d Nw A A C b A N A A Nw Aw J y K C A Nw A Z A N A bq S Py A B S b k A P R C I CA B Nd w C AZ d q A A Nw —I C F C B d l S Bl O Nw S l D F I l d y Cd N y yl S Nw C x b F Bd S d F I d O D Nw F N F lH dT P C l F A Nw F x F Fl Sb Ill C d T F N S yl l Nw W C b N A Nw Nb k R q k U d Nw A k bl x y B SWC d C d d x T Nw I kC l d S y P B d S w C A A d K w —A R Cy Nw dF bb l w l P Nw Nw B k R k Nw l Nw l
T he R I
n
frica, L ieut
es o urt es o f
ia,
Ne
siat i c
Prej evalsk y
‘
an s
merica :
s , 264 ;
s iatic
o urney ,
s
ist
.
E pe ition
’
T he Goa ira s, 3 6 5 : fri ca :
e
frican
,
2 62
e s,
merican and Germ an
eni ns ula, ri t ish
e
outhern
A sia :
;
3 65 ;
s,
C ol
sia :
.
frican
ro t ec torates ,
N ew s , 366 ; Europe : European e s , 36 7 ; ai in t he han country , T he sia : ay proj cc H eri-rud valley , siatic otes, 54 : frica : Mr err s o urne to a e assa, T h e er ers , T h e o ng o , 5 4 2 ; merica : merican e s, 544 Europe : European e s 5 44 s ia : ong ki ng , T he urve of ap an , A s iat c ews , 629 ; siatic s an s and ustrali a, etc , 6 30 ; Europe '
.
,
'
.
Eu ropean
meri ca :
63 :
e s,
merican N e ss am Mr
t he
I slan s : T he i country of lg eria, 7 1 4 ; frica : Ma agas car,
merica :
7 s9 ;
T
merimn
A
siatic
o n gues ,
t alo -
'
.
as pian
e
s,
s
6 3 2 ; s ia and siatic e s,
,
haco , 7 18; Ocean , L ena, T he ur i
T he Gran
E ploratio n on the T he s lan of D ieg o Garcia, A frican e s, ews , 876 ; merica : merican e s , 878 fric an on g o , e s , 87 8; Euro pe European
o ng o ,
alahari ,
merica :
e
N ew Guinea,
orea,
upon
7 17 ;
s iatic
as in ,
frican
ersia,
sia :
T he
:
in t he
o urne
s
frican
frica
ar es
.
e s , 79 7 ;
e s, 79 7 ;
sia : T he 79 8 ; frica : Mr Farini
,
frica :
63 r ;
s,
T he
merican ews , 960 ; fri ca : Mo zam i ue, 8sr ; Gener al, 960 ; merica : T he in g u, v s t r r h r i n s E u u e h e r e n e e s 2 i a u m a 6 o e : 6 s i erian L a es , ; y ; , , T he D ry ing up of p 9 9 merica : T he uins of opan , etc merican e s, r0 37 ; Europe an d sia : L ake L e 96 2 ; Ne
s,
man
mir
T he
,
a
an d
on
slands
Mountain
ri
aptain
ruises ,
ges
ealan
T he N ew
hemical
n tern al
Mechanical Erosion
an d
ontinent
actor in
a
i ng , 5 3 ; Geo ogi cal urvey of e g i um, 5 7 ; T he Bed of the ino sauria [ l ustrate ] , 3 5 3 : orrec t ions 59 ; T he ternum o f the
uil
e s,
D inocerata,
mellat e
; D isco very of a
r55
Earth
e s , ro4 r .
Pa le ontology
a nd
Geolog ica l
Pacific frican
frica
uake, 10 39
Geo logy
ro3 8;
,
’
eet in the
thoracic
Ph llocari
cean , of
otes
Geological
a, 15 5 ;
e s, S u rve o f Penns vania, r56 ; Geological urvey of M innesota, r5 6 ; Geolog ical T h e Eng lish retaceo us , 26 6 ; On Prosco rp ius 0sbo rnei \Vhit ii eld, 2 69 ; A n E t inct D og ,
T he V erte S
mi
auna of the
ra te
t on the
ch
rig in o f the
Puereo epoch , 4 sr ; S t ro matoporidz , 4 52
o
L ist
t he
T ichoieptus
mest ic D og
e
2 74
;
oss il
s,
nsects ,
mations of S pitsberg en 4 5 : icholso n on T he long sp ine hero morpha of the ermian
Geolo g ical
of the
cud er s
Geolo gical
3 70 ;
,
356
36 9 : Oscar 3 7 2 ; T he Plag iaulacidmo f
’
36 7 ;
e s,
57
”
or
,
ippop o tami , 4 5 2 f i rst (he Grasses , a n e o o ng res s o f Geo ogists , 54 6 ; a r c e epoch, $4 4 : T he R eport of the p p o ra of t he e s , 5 4 7 ; T he oss il Man of Peit on , Me ico, 6 33 : On t he ossil 5 4 6 ; Geolog ical mark in ert iary L aramie eri es of Wes tern ana a , 6 3 5 ; N otes on t he Variation of certain ossi
-
'
overlyi ng
g ulat e
9 68; N ot ice Pro fessor H ;
reo onta and
M
.
eel
.
ma
r
w
and
88s ; T he e e t inct Ge
ro, 160 ;
Ezra
illo from the r q rs
62 ;
e s,
rest.
f ky
Miocene of
Miscellaneous
Pet rographica N e
,
6 3 ; Etche
s , 160 ;
,
60 ;
e s , 2 7 7 ; N ew oo s , 2 77 ; H uss ak 75 : Mineralogical ” M inerals, 3 74 Petrog raphical e s , 3 75 ; Minera og ical 3
P
w
w
’
the
nite
in
olora o ,
.
9 63
o rt o ises ,
of
outh
Geological N e
r 5 8;
“
s
A
T in ,
x6 x
,
.
800
,
ua e
Mi cro chemical
igures ,
M isce laneous
in
merica
i c a l e s l o 6 G e o , ; 7 g 9 hamp ain , ma e by shore of L a e
ansas, 80 4 4 :
merican Minerals
.
asin
ser
T he Veins
ro4 r
,
Eart h
ecen t
a,
rai nar
ort h
a
Un
ogen y of t he
Ph
m rian of
alcott on the
n vest ig ations alon g the eas t ern
an d
Pd
chlosser o n t he
63 8;
ews ,
us , 9 65 ; D olio on e tinct
Phenaco
Geo logical
of
tallographic
Ga
Geo logical
,
giant
u ral
63 7
.
Geolog ical e s , 7 s r ; e s, 8 ian tn 02 ; T he Perm e ras ar a e s 8 84 ; rem Geologica l
S tates , 883 S c hlosser on
M
us trated
Mamma ia,
Geolog ical
3 0 43
]
[
eds
s,
mite
réo
,
2 74
r04 6 .
eactions ,
nd
;
62
r s
W ildschii nau
etrog raphical
:
D eterminat ion
of
oc
M iscel aneous
e s , 3 76 ;
olorado,
es tern
,
-
e s,
forming
3 78; M in
Nw
e s, N e s , 4 53 ; etrog raphical N e s , 45 5 ; M iscellaneous, 45 6 ; Pet rog raphical 6 2 ; e t r i e s o i i n e r a l l e s e t ro r a h l 6 0 i n e r a l c a l 8 o 0 M c a i c a e s M o ; , 4 ; , ; 5 5 g , 4 g g p 54 s r M i n e r a 0 w o 2 l e w s 2 i e l e w s e e o o i h i c a r a 2 c e l l a n N ; N 2 u s M n c a l M i s o a r ; 4 ; ; , 7 , 7 7 , 7 5 7 g p g ,
eralog ical
w
log ical N e
C
Howitz
s, t o4 8;
—T h
P l C
andolle
rize,
t heir
F
w
duct ion
of
Bot an ical
mans
,
[I
ers
sa
Aw
e s , r049
C W ;
xB
d F ] F m Pl d
an te
an d
Sy b
Nw
2 7 8;
A
,
67 ;
llustrated
Male e
etrographica
.
B
s , r66 ;
m
ios is
e
i
,
o tan ical
6s ;
ale
T he
b w et
Nw e
mation of
or
an ts . t 66 ;
a ventit ious
een a
F
s,
P
Ifl n
trated
]
,
3 79 ;
Pl ains , 380 ;
Movements
Bt
o anical
B
S Bl
eucr iu
tarch in
ear
i g ht
ungus and the
b
R
of
w
Ne
d
D es mi
s,
s,
3 79 ;
l
acteria an d the
C
uscuta g lo
ms o f fl owering
a
R
B
eser ve
F
Ad
oo
Hk
S O s
tates , a8x :
d T
w
I
no
ants , 2 79
mun
t 65 ;
T he Pro
ort iculturist s , 166
merata
Pl
S
66 ; peci be istinguished by
can a ense,
pp es t he L eaves of the V ine,
P eo morp his mo f
38x : C arbo aaceo us
inter,
of
B
6 4 ; T he D e 6 5 ; T he Bo
erica,
in
an ts
6 7 ; C an V ar eties
ores cence of
Nw
k
ort h
lants of
for mat ion in D iatom s , 28 0 ; Bo tan ical L a oratories in the Un ited o tan ical e s , 2 82 ; ranching of p rn s Pilae, en tury xv, 2 8r
C
P
Nw
P N Am S dy Pl W F l T m d i A l d
atalogue of the
h eat , 64 T he t u of gricultural E periments , 6 5 ; ert i i zat ion of
uscuta
lo
P
Nw
N lN w
Gray V ase, 6 3 6 4 ; T he D rying of
e
tanical va ue of
metmof
P
Nw
S
n t o the
nt ernal
L inhsrt
a clayt o ni ana
w
'
Ger
pore
I
s
[
Un llus
lg ae, 3 80 ; ree Gro th on the materials in ung i, 4 56 ; H ens
-
F
lo
F F
w
’
S
s
d
tu ies of
Evaporation
W
of
P
A SA b C AA d k A w Tw K ll d lN N
from lants , 4 5 7 ; Ellis and Everhart s V ariati ons of ra escantia virg inica, 55 1 ;
ater
meri can e a no rm om al ig ures o f so me meri can oni ’
ort h
T d m B W F [ I ll ] S P b b l [I ll d] B F M B y A H db k M B N B A B d m yB y W C b m m B B y A A A A M S k F R T T W I Id d B m W k A A d m S B C b A A A S B Nw B lC l B w Wd T A H yb d m m R Nb k U A T mb w d B N w — m C b I P x m I S x H ym Nw m S m M l L d F L P Mx A W m Nw d] Nw m O [ ll m y C Ty S L S R M x m M l C k [I l w l m d] D m H dR S ml Y k m Nw A B fly P l d Hb O S lT d T A C F m F ml L Tx w m y ( ) m B l F m d O B m N bb d I fl O ml S d S d y d Nw m A A b i m d OPl d mI O M x C F d j d N C l P b O C C k HO y A y b bl d m l ml Nw O S A d Cxl S d I I M m AjBx Bl ( fl Nw A m k b L m ) — m m dP A N m m Iw S l B I A d S S C B k b Od T m M l m S m I R l I d O m T B [I ll d] R A B Z lNw l A Ax C l [I l d] T b m mS k N bl m S B d T M x O T M mm x d Hm Z l w M A m F B i AS m b C S d C R P kO B b d A N S m B d Z Nw M k B dC b I m S M d (H ) Z l w S d S d M Bl C A m P B C A m SM m M S m [I l md] Z P l N w w mP bly ddl i FS Lm W P l B [I d] Z l w m S ml b A Ifl H P M AS m T M S AllbyF lm d BC l M l k N MA m O M Hb b S d d S O S P Smd R l k d m ZU ANb wd HA lk P l d O F m J S W m B d M m d Fw B
ungi , 458; s of
or
64 6 ;
,
'
T he Phalloidez
729 ;
t in
or
-
lu
of the
.
o l eges ,
t ura
9 70
nother
le
u
E n to
ole
v
ion i n
;
ari ti
uppia
105 2 ;
o ta n ical
ee
-
R
.
L
a
o tanical s,
a,
o tanical
;
T he R
e s , 10 54
ar on iferous
of
H ow
shall
and the
in
10 5 2
ent of
vance
e s , 888;
; T he
9 72
e ras
D isco very
ecent
S
.
.
.
806 ;
ree ,
o tan ica
cien ce.
the
inurous
383 : Ento ent of the
h
sanura an d
Ps yllida:
on
ph la
y
i
of
ree- to ps,
oug hn ess of certain
i e igs 0 7 ; B0 ews, 8
otanical
redos pores , 105 3
.
nsec ts ,
us trate
e ico,
s,
be taught in A gricul 10 5 1 ri A pple,
lateau
'
E peri ents on V is Ent o olog ical e s, 7 1 :
68;
s
ep i optera, 169 n ts ,
,
itlac zil
erican
886 ; T he
en o pt era, 7 1 ; 69 ; T he D ivisio n of t he e es of T he Preparatory tag es o f C aloca pa cinerit ia Grot e, 16 8; orpho ogy of lig hts of L ocusts at S an 170 ; L o ngevit y o f uis otos i , e ico , 1 885 e s , 17 1 ;
to
otany
nsec ts ,
ological
et
7 29 ; Bo tan ical N e
,
ungi ,
Ne
10 5 3
,
.
utions to
o ntri
ats on s
eet ing of t he
ssociation for the
in
.
’
72 8:
,
Poc 64 5 ; ews , 64 8; i s
ung i ,
on
o tanical
64 7 ;
osses ,
o tan
ooks
804 ; T he ust of the A sh nstan ce of n ivi ual V ariat io n , 8 07 ;
888;
.
of
oo
-
pp roaching
ires, 806 ; A n o f t he erican A
or
an
horn
elephone
tanical
e ia
entar
at t he
otan
7 29 ;
Lo
Ele
er
in ter , 5 5 3 ; ustrat e , 64 4 : in
otan y
552
,
cheap
roa
72 7 ;
,
4 59
ollen- tu es of
o tan
a
s,
ustrated
trang e
otan ising ,
by
Ne
Vaucheria
fers , 64 3 : anual of o tany ,
w
otan ical
28 3
,
;
T he
3 82
Ento
olog ical
ocust
in
1 70
Ento
;
e s , 2 87 ;
outheast ern
n
ussia,
olog ica
N e s , 3 84 ; D eve op en t of the o e ric et llus trate , 460 ; evelop o n ey Bee, 4 6 2 ; L int n er s S eco n tate En to o og ist of N ew epo rt as or , e s , 4 64 ; utter car nivo rous L a rva, lant ice fee ing a it o f 4 64 ; Ento olog ical Fenes ica tarq uin ius , 5 5 6 ; t lacxil on C occidz , 5 5 7 ; T he hrea in rig in of the pira .
'
-
rachee
o rrection ,
,
of the
D escri ptio n
of
or
Gnat , 6 50 ;
uffa o
of the
5 5 8; D es tructi ve
stag es o f
730
-
new
ut on of
T he D is tri
in the L arva 889 , 9 7 3 ;
of
utter
a
Eastern
T he
1 72
;
173
;T
he
and
of
n tercen tru
ars us of
ats
,
oot h-structure
Ne
s , 29 7
S ea,
17 5
17 2
of
infesti ng
ense organs of -
ir
s,
3 90 ;
in
cent ru
ue
559 5 6 1 ; T he ;
als ,
ni
en opo
echan ics of
the
7 36 ; 815 ; on
i
al
on ,
incal Glan oolog i cal n usual
ir
,
e
s,
n
Eversi
T he
812
”
Glan
e
ssa
a
its
73 7 ;
un ance of
,
hite
at ion
in
ra:
air- li e
ig rations , 81 7 ; Ba beke
or
s,
l est
o n , 17 5
oolog ica
D enti tion ,
an
2
er
acific,
o ar
ear
ni
e
n the
;
e s , 17 7
oo og ical
97 ;
as in ,
n
73 2 ; s,
the
732 ;
o rth
Bai r
,
ni
sio og cal
uen ce oi
echan is
ishes ,
oo ogi cal
ig h
of
tlan tic, 73 4 ;
7 3 5 ; T he
elec
er of
a
als,
Ne
s,
ressures
pening
T he
ens e
rgan
of
ost
in
in N ew Englan , rg ans o f ular Epit heliu , 815 light , L eec hes o f apan , 816 ; o e N otes
7 36 ; T he
G an
h
'
ona s ,
ari ne
-
ol us
varieg atus
by
5 62 ;
ys ter , oar ing
ept ic
65 4 ; T he S i llust rate , 6 5 5 ;
a s,
a of rustace
olor
s,
s,
4 6 5 ; T he ntel
ra s ,
ivisio n in
and
oo og ical
on ,
lin
elf-
4 66 ;
rig htn ess
iva ve
rocess es on
on
u
pheno
;
ting ,
co rpi on s
hree pro le at ical Gen ir s , 294 ; n the ypes
oaring
als , 4 65 ;
ni
in the
pheno
816 ; T he H ere ity , 819
ure ia auri ta ,
17 7
2 88;
,
of
e
Ne
of
Eublepharis of
ison ,
inary
ari ne
D ecapo
ot
A
5 61 ;
ulus
Pelag ic
in
'
T he
e
so
-
of
i ng s
ustrat e
s ter , 17 3
on
3 85 ; T he auna of the A rn o caspian o t ifers , 3 8 8; aras ite of the R oc of ’ irds ree ing i n n ts es ts , 3 8 9 : T he
oolog ica
65 3 ; L i
or
Pro
ot es
als ,
ni
ar
Lo
lustrate
ia
erica, 73 ;
ntercen tru
eri can
e traor
erc eptio n
l
7 3 6 ; T he V erte ‘
A
:
46 5
ut ion of
T he
735
,
T he
ote on the
its of the
al
outhern
the
a
issues , 7 3 2 ; he ussels , 7 33 ; hell of
ni
ro cod i
ari ne
56 1 ;
oari ng .
654 ; T he fo r er outhern 6 59 ; Geographical D istri
on
29 5
e s , 39 1
at teria
of
acru
tion, 6 5 3 ;
n
nt i ot e to the
76 ;
,
o t ing of the
he
heep , 3 88; D es iccati on rus tacea, 3 8 opepo 9;
oolog ical
pheno on o lor of
;T
ang e of the
;
alia,
a
nt erc entru
epti ia, 1 7 4 :
Phosphorescence o f
a
a
in
7 d ; S phz rularia in
,
atrachi an
L iving
ust rate
of
387 ; 3 39 :
A
atocala,
105 5 .
,
is o f the tlas and T he Pro at as , e ican Boc for na es , 29 3 ; era of ;
Pupat ion , 813 814 ; T he rgan
efore
cro n c ta
rot o plas
D ea s, 7 5 ; T he rus tacea of the lac
o
aterp illar o f
in the
rg ans
rg
L iving a nai
loa t
b
'
-
Eburia quadr ige inata
eet e
corn
5 59
el in rthropo s , ia, 814 ; Ento o og ical e s, of ig rations Glan ds in pi ers an d perhaps nsects , 9 7 5 ; H eart of nsect s, 9 76 re ar a le case of L o ng evity in a ong i y , 9 76 ; Ento olog ical e s , 9 7 7
of
o a
s,
M ri o po a, 7 3 1 ; E nto o ogical i n D iplopo e s, 7 3 1 ns ects , 8 in ous r ers of 08 L u e ican rg ans of 0 8; ucuyo , 8 an t pig en ts in certain L arva , 810 ; T he lui e ecte by oto
airs of the L arva o f
eni ng of the
D ar
Ne
a e in a
e
eculiar s u cutaneous
81 1
o logi cal
org ans
erived
aterp il ars ,
dont ian
Ento
'
ent of the
rrang e
e as , 5 5 8;
L u np y rid Z arhipis rivers i H o rn , 648 ; H istor us cana ensis , 6 5 1 ; L arval or s of Poly des cc urren ce of early Ento olo g ical o tes , 6 5 2 ; H u ar s nsec ts A ecti ng the rang e,
lepharocera, 65 1 ense tri ulating and
;
t he
in
ocusts
;
Do
att esna e
estication of
ild
o
l, 820 ;
Con ten ts
ZJ
Nw
oo log ical
y
e
RA d F
F
A
V iscera in the
epro uction of the
82 1
s,
.
d
eather s u n -
894
N
L
eeches of
T he
Py y T
,
:
meri ca, 896 ; ervous h siology of the 39 5 : M riapod natomy 89 5 ; L epto o ra in L o ster, 896 ; M ort ality of ish at L a e M i le L ac, M innesota, 89 6 L ong evit of urtles , 89 7 o e s n t h e 8 t oolog ical Gar over, 8 o lig ht of a Go en Gapes in Fo ls , 898; Protracte ; 9 apan .
b
dens at A
d
nt
metho
t he
w w p
and
er
dF d d m [I l F w L on
of s tu
s
.
on ,
l d Pl C b lF
R lNw
Z
N
Z C N S y yll d b S d Z l N By O b T lb O xb P Z T d O A Il C k Il S S y l b I d
; H uman
900
issures , their
ere ra
d]
l us trate
t he
n i y g resh
k l
oolog ica
0 1 9
,
e
s,
N
and
elations
mes
and
a
lassificati on
9 02 ;
oi
stemof the S ea urchin , 9 7 8; T he ater C celen terate, 9 78; ervous S p ong es, 9 7 7 ; N ew C rustacean C ampax, 9 78 D eve opmen t of Ph opo s , 9 79 ; T he R i s o i pheno on (H atteria) , s 8 1 1 i t u r l l 8 oo o c a l e w s L e o i a c a t o r a n r t e b e l l i h t o e r s t D I r i ll e e c t i c i d , , ; , g 9 p 9 g y 97 9
A
meri ca
10 5 7
,
the class
ood of
;
D eve op
er
1058;
rac ng the
group e
.
—T he De el pme
1 79 ;
v
T he D evelopment oi A '
d
n t of the
o
I
nurida
T he
a
in L amelli
rgan
E hi it ion
ites,
ri o
ranchs ,
aris, 106 2
at
Nw
mnion [
-
On
10 59 ;
ys ter ulture, oolog ical e s,
1060
fish, 7 7 ; T he rig in of the Gucri n [ lustrated ], 299 ; On
oa
maritima
ssal
Merostomata and
T he Brau
ent , 106 1
10 6 1
E mbry ology
d C
.
n verte rates ,
ata, a
o os to
Ec hino
10 6 1
l w b mb i
k d Bl I Pd m d m l m
B
-
Il
d]
lustrate
,
R elation
an unusual
k
N o tocho r to the ntest ine in the hic [ lustrated ] , 39 2 ; Pro fessor elen a on t he mmetry of the fi rs t seg D evelopmen t of the pos sum (Di elphys virgi niana) 39 4 ; On the men tatio n urro s of the Blmtodisk of E asmo ranchii [ llus trate ] , 4 70 : 1 T he D evelop ment ol Patel a, 56 3 ; 2 T heD evelopmcn t of D enta ium, 565 3 T he D evelopmen t of Chitonidar asciolaria, 5 6 7 ; T he early or Po lyp lacop hora, 565 ; 4 T he D evelo pm en t of the Gill in evel
of t he
F
J
w
l
'
O
d
.
l
.
.
.
F
A d
D HD b
.
b
662 ; T he Development of A gelena usevia, 666 ; Em ryology o f A r madillos , 667 ; T he M etamorphosis of t he merican L o s ter, H omarus americanus M ilne Ed ar s , 7 39 ; T he M onstros ities o serve amo ngst recently hatche L o sters , 74 2 ; T he evel
ment
of
op
ulus terrestris ,
d
w
b
S
b
d b
F d
.
men t o f the Mud min no w 82 3 T he D evelop ment of un ulus heteroclit us 824 ; O serva ti on s on the Em bry ology oi p i ers 82 5 ; Why do cert ain ish Ova loat ? 9 86 T he Origin o f ish Em r os 987 : T he L ife history of t he Pigment cells w hich in ves t t he Oil rop in Pelag ic T halassema 988 op
-
d
,
d
,
-
,
—C
d
-
Pas teur
Metho
A
an ts o f the
S
Pb
merican
hor
HS l A S F dS F ealth
lic
u
F
S
ments wit h S mell 826 ;
rogs ,
P
m
b log y
D og ,
t he
M enault
me
o
,
.
T
I l
e
ntel
I l Am I
'
Bran ch
ntel
s
,
phate
u
4 74 ;
B
st
I A
ai
r
igence of
S
of
n
L
AB
rche ology ,
19 5
of
P ;
T he oint
dren , 199
SN
to ne
I
a
nthropolog ical
A n nual
q
bi
T he
a, 186 ;
ropho
302
;
R
oo
d
.
C l
S R Nd
l
H
80 ;
I
C
of
R eport
l C ll
o
T he
l
,
mals
an d
P
H d
R
and
eport
esearch , 40 1 ;
u
lo oi the
Jy Cbb y .
Lu
Micro
espirato r
e of
motor
V ase
-
of the
ock on the
rit icis
,
Sw
m of
chology ,
Meyn ert
m 568; T he
b
;
’
s
y
ro
ugar
in
Experi
ense oi
w
allo
S B
T
I ll nte
ig ence of
elepathy , 30 7
dl [ Il m AC
4 00 ; Phila e phia
Psy chiatry , V ol as a
C
y
Po l
.
lus
1
urg eon , 568;
S
a
.
b
on tri utio n
of
Nw
to
as hingt on ,
u e in the
AS F
P
A K
86 ; nn ual R eport of rogress , 86 ; T he e s , 87 ; e M oot om oints in meri can alifornian olk lore, x9 4 : iche Gramm ar ,
n esia,
n thropological
S B wy T bW
T he
S ir
.
m le
Rb H d y S S
Bee, 669 ; T he V ision of irds , 670 ; urio us and o ther S nakes, 7 44 ; anine R easo n , 82 7 ; T he D ream s
AC
ociet
;
’
possu
;
.
pes , 306 ; D r Pre er s n t hropo logy an d Ps
sychical
18 6
D isinfect
and the re ation o f the
lethysmographic
M emory , 83
AR O
308;
,
e s,
mmittee on
n ves t igat ions on the
eart , 39 6
P Hm T
dA
d
'
ircu at ion in Gang io n
ecen t
part eine on the
upply , 39 7 ;
ets , 8 Plumm 5
,
arrow , 19 7 :
;
oi
n thropo i
mes 87 ; 192 ; A n mport ant
ocal
185 ;
t ons of
on
for
ociet y
— way
n dian
‘
oo
C
.
L ight ,
C
Pep tones by the L iver,
of
ntelligence of the
d
d
H
C di i
A Ai
Materi al
igence
erican
B
,
Bl
oagulat ion o f the
s soc iation ,
H en ] ’ betta s rai n, 668; M emory in the S uperst iti on , 744 ; T he o pperhea of the lin , 9 04 t rat ed
-
399 ; Glycogenic unction of the L iver , 4 73 ; T he D elicacy N otes on R ecalcification of u an eeth, 989
—T h
18 8;
ar
to
p ho bia , 39 7 ; T he ransfo rmatio n th e Bloo to the N at ure o f the
d
by
pecial Physio ogy adaveric ig i ity ? 81 ; Glan ular D ea or live uring mpani and Glossophary ng eal erves , 82 T he Ex a
reven t ion of
action of
C en ter, 30 4 ; T he
l
M usc es
ensi i ity
for the
C
A
mine
eter
d C d Ty bl w d P yd c
A re t he
s of
in
whi h d
ers o f t he
k d d
N o
s
;
Fib
motor
i t en ce of ’
itions
on
Embryo, 80
Vase
an d
F
F
.
P hy siology of the
F
,
C
dS
19 5
U nite
R A Tb A A d
;
l
P
-
B
Ethno ogy of tates , 198; Ph
orneo , 19 6 ;
y C
f u o u r e a B
sical
E
d
k C l
T he Es imo
ucation of
N
S
hi
Ethnology , 309 ; T he rania of eg roes , 3 12 ecen t rt icles by D r T schudi, 3 13 ; u pplemen t M aori Pharmacope ia, 40 1 ; T he L aplan ers, 3 13
L acttstrian A nti ui ti es of D r Gross , 3 12 ; to th e Gramm ar of the akchi ue language, ’ rche olog ical M ap, 40 3 ; T he ri es , 403 ; o evue d A n 4 00 ; R elationships et een Es kim thropologie, 404 ; T he R aces of Men , 404 ; e s , 406 ; T he nthropo logical orig inal A x o f iver Valley t he S alt rizona [ I llus trate ] , 4 79 : T he so calle D eforme rania, 4 8x: orea, ility, 5 7 1 T he 5 69 ; T he R elation of nthropolog y to the S ci ence of M in , 5 70 ; e ish ” origi na aki ng Pans, 5 73 M ang ne L ang uage, 5 72 ; a leau des Bacabs , War-clu s 5 72 ; -st icks v n T h e D e r t n e o e n u a a h L a as z t e c ca em T ; ; 5 , 5 4 u g 4 p 7 g g , y , 67 1 ; Vocabu 7
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ro n tal uture . 7 4 8; T he Ba ull of u t w zth 6 73 : hi Gro th . 74 5 : nthropo ogica o men clat ure, 82 8 T he arts o f Es imo thekes , 750 ; T he N ico arese, 7 50 ; M anufacture of o s and rro s amo ng the razil , 831 arpoons , 82 8; A nthr apo o gy in
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ca e
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99
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;
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A U B S Cl b I d A d y S Y k A d y AS C B S I C H y Cl b C S y N H C w d l S A Sl B l S y W Y kA d y S Cl b N l A d y S B l l W kA d y S B S y N l A Cb Bl S W B S S N l H A AP l d l A dAd y S I A ld A d y Nl S l S N A A d l S l S B l P l dS l y A Wd y Ad S B S N H
S ciences
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merican
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9
1000 ;
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16
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m
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ciences , 10 7 7
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m
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ost on
n
iana
Geolo
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of
ciences ,
481, 5 80 ; io ogical S o os ton of at ura oc iet ashingt on ,
ciences ,
oci ety ,
ciences ,
S ci
ciences ,
7 5 2 ; T he vancem en t of S cience, 8 36
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or
of
3 20 ; A p ra for s vi le
is tor
is tory , 320 ;
5 81 ; ociety o f
ogi cal
2 10
,
o ngress of
N at ural
ci ences,
ca e
for the
ssociation
ational
ca e
a e phia
meric an
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u
n ternat io nal
ashing t on , 4 12 ; N ew
u , 4 12 ; ationa ppa achian Mountain ca em 0 ; N ew Y or ashingt on , 5 8 c ety of H istory , 5 81 ppalachian M ountai n lu , 5 82 ;
m
ca e
or
M ountai n
ociety of
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mer
ashingt on , 2 09 ;
N ew
208
ppalachian
ciences ,
3 20 ; T he io ogi ca l ociet
o ciety of
ancas ter ,
2 10 ;
4 12
oc iety o f
l
o g ica
Easter n
aturalists
oc iety of
cien ces, 100
o
oci ety of
at ura
ca e
u
oc et
nnz an
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oston
ca e
or
n io n , 209 ;
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cient ific
N ew
100
10 76 ;
9 99
hi
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n diana
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THE
A M ER I CA N V on
.
— A xx j .
N UA R Y,
MOS A I C S
BOU L D E R
P
BY
NA TUR A L I ST
R OFES S OR
J
— 1886 No .
1
.
I N D A K OTA E
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c rc r cr r r c b r ru ll r r c u cr b b r r r r ruc ur r r lc c bu l c l c rr c cl l r c r r l u u r rl l r r r ul c u r l ll u r r ll b c r rl r r r r c ll rl b u l r r r c l r ur l r r r r r br u bu l r r r r ur r r ll r u u l r c rc c ur ur l u r l ur b ul r r c r u cl l r u l rl cr b ul l l rl r c ru r r lcl ll l c r u ur c r r l u u bu c r rl r b
m s est t o ex p ess t he h a a t e of e tain s t a n e wo ks n o ti ed s y t he it e o n o m e f h e t w o c n o g p s ic uo us h i s o f S o ut h ea st e n D a ko ta T t e m m o ai t ho h h e s p g d es i i ng e tte t h a n any o t he wo d t he i st t e may sug e s e e e n ss s s h u f t at d i a y t h a t h y p o t a i yin e p it he t e e e t g g q g s u ffi i en t y o e ts it A typ i a exam p e an d t he fi st t o o m e t o the w ite s kno w ed g e was fo nd o u t he s mmit o f K eya Kako p o T u t e p o int t h r ee mi es n o t h of W essin g t o n sp i ngs in Je a d o nty T he n t is a h i h p o m o nt o ry i ke h i n n h w e s e n i ta d i o t o n t s t e o g p g ed g e o f t he Jam es R i ve va e y a o ve w h i h it i se s n ea y 500 feet It is t he n o t he n e n d o f a h i g h i d g e o f d i ft o nstit utin g a w e was h ed i n te o a p o ti o n of thep i n i pa m o ai n e A v iew o f T t e p o int an d a po ti o n o f the i d g e f o m t he n o t h w es t is sho wn ia Fig I Up o n the h i g h est p o ti o n o f the p o i nt oad m o n d i t o f ea t h pe haps fifty feet in d iame is a lo w fee t h i g h It d o es no t d i ffe mate ia y f o m t er an d t h ee o fo many th at are fo n d o n the s mmit o f blufis a o n g t he Jam es an d I ts h i ef att a ti o n is t he g i g a nti fig e o f a t t e M i ss o u i u p o n its s o th e n s o pe as is sho wn in Fig 2 T h i s fig e is r med o f o de s fo u to six i n hes in d iamete q ite o se y eg a y set so as to des i e its o t i ne The head eg s tai are ex t e nd e d I ts g ene a a ppea a n e p o s iti o n an d st e t i im a e sho wn in Fig 3 V i sito s t o the o a ity wi a so n o ti e ud e h ma n fig mate ia o n the e sk e t h ed w it h s i mi la a s o t h west s i d e of t he m o nd as sho wn in Fig 2 t it is o n fessedly t he wo k of an ea y o wne o f the g ro und T 0 one UC H
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Boulder M osaics in D akota
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r th t y ul b hil p bbl it th tho o i g th t tl h l i b dd d T t r th t tl h i di d by th l g by o to lity fi t i it d by th it th fig it t h gi Th fig bo t l gth o tip t il to o t h d littl pil to li ho t di t o t th h d T i o k i t ti g it i k i to h o p d ith i il o k o P h W k o ii hill l t gh o ty Thi hill l o hi i t lob l po tio p i ip l o i p t g l t T tl poi t ill b k it o th t Fig It i bov th o di l i bo t t ly t bov th joi i g ll y di i k it i ld y it li to bo ld bo d p o io Tipi i g i l bo ld hi h d holdi g d th ov i g o i l t t d by th kot v y d t po th it o d o di y iz pp t o d th o t t gl th it pl t o th gi ti fig p t d l gth d o ghly lo g t l li ollo i ook p Th g l o i h l gth dth b hp ook ith lly p t d h y k t h o ld giv Th bo ld o po i g o to t lv i h l gth l id h l lo ly th th t tl Th di tio o th h l W Th p th o d id to i d t l Th h d o lly t d Fig h tt pt d p hp i po itio th bo ld o po i g it Th y h o p i it o ld fi t po ibl to k th ith h t i l Th y h v lit lly t Th y o d ob o g bo ld ly oot l gth Th g l h d y body gg t th ttl k th d ig od l b t t l p t tio th ttl P h p th t b yo d ti t i v tiv po Fig th bo ld h v vid tl b l d p ob ly t io
in fo med o f e fac its rece nc wo d e apparent fro m the e es co mprising lying o n e sur face o f the g ro u n d w e ha it is n o t o f e ur e are a f m e e se f r m n the represen e ur e is furt er n cate the same o i g in as sing le r ws o f s nes T he lo ca e e s and arms tatio n o f u re s w ere rs v s e e w r er in 1881 and e was e ure is a u fi ft ee n fe et n ac w e n see n a a n in 1883 fr n o f ea e e o f s n es in e n of a A fr m r s ance in fr n o f e ea es a s is s n s n insig nifican ce w e n n ere s n as hsw r c m are w a s m ar w r u p n a a a an r M e d c ne in H u h n es c u n er s is a s a n ear B u n g u ar r n o f the r nc a m ra ne and rese n s t he same enera fea ure s as ur e e see n in a s e t ch o f n as w fr m e eas in 6 r ses a e e s urr u n n g p a n u 200 fee and near 4 00 fee a e e ad n n va e o f a I ts su mm is fl a cres M e c n e cree at and nc u e s man u ers a u n in r fus n rn s Gran e and mes ne i e c rc es o f u ers w c were u se in e o wn n c er n o f the c n ca e n s u se e D a as are er ab u n an u n e su mm A few m u n s o f r nar s e are s cat r er N ear e n r h we s er n an e o f e tered in no a are n I ts e gan c ure re rese n e in Fig 4 a f r m is s u mm measure r u a n its ce n ra en w n g the ne f s is 120 cr aces e e nera f r m w t e n b rea s are as fa re re se n e as and n u m er and s a e o f cr fu c u e e u ers c m s n it are fr m a ast s e c we e n c es in e n muc ess c se s ix and are a an in e ur e e rec n o f its n r er n a f is N 18 e rese nce o f e m u n at its s e see ms be acc en a e ea is m re c are fu represe n e in w ere 5 is ma e to e x ress the s a e s ze and e s n of an a e m u ers c m s n e e es are muc m re e x re ss ve than ss at rs see ms e w u ma e e m w s uc ma er a ” “ e a e era a stony s are e are f r me o ftwo l n in e n u ers near a f e an u ar ea and h eav su es e ra esna e as e es ner s m e u here is n o c ear re rese n a n of e ra es er a s a was e n wer the ar s s n e n e a A t 6 in e er s e u 4 r ab by wa er o r frost act n as e e n y een disp ace no t
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Boulder M osaics in D akota
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po rt i i i cli ed urf ce Thi gig ti c erpe t 883 i goo c o ditio wh e ee A e mi tio f i mil r lo c liti e over ll S o u th e t er D kot h f il e d to di c over oth er i mil r repre e t tio f m ll e i m l N mero u ru de ketch e f i m l r c le fo u d e r Pipe to e M i c hippe d o r p eck e d th e m o h urf ce f th e re d qu rtzite S o me f th e be t f th e e e hibite d i th e M i e ot Ge ologi c l R epo rt Vol I h e th e t urtl e i f vo r ite fig ure b u t o e ymmetri c lly N re e t d i th e T ur tl e poi t er p e t i re p r p ted mo g them S i mil rly m d e fig ure b u t qu ite i mper fect ere oti ce d by i er Wol f creek o uth e t f Bridge ter D k h B mo re i m l figure h ve bee fo u d f ltho u gh her i mil r ly c o t ruc t e d wo rk h v e b ee oted Upo I di h ill orth we t f V ll ey City rec t g u l r fig ure b et ee w mo u d whi c h my b e t ur l Th e ide rem rk bly ight p llel d th e to e hi c h fo ur to twelve h i di meter qu it e re g u l rly l id Th e e d ded little I form i ho Fig 7 It i e ightee i i c lo g th ree p ce id e Th e di rec tio id e w f d p u mb er f th e o e c o mpo i it h d bee l tely N 7 E A he th e riter vi ited i T h hol e i whi ch d pl ce d i 88 ere fre h d ho e d t he i r fo r m c l e rly h ey h d l i Upo high bro d terr ce f Cro creek f w rod b ck d t from rem rk bly fi pri g hich i the foot f th e ter mil e o rth e t f th e to w f W terb u ry d bo u t d ome h t i mil r figure m ch l rger c le more f e it i i co mpl te d o me h t i rre u l r I o utli e ide i ety p ce i l e gth ho w i Fig 8 It e ter d di recte d N E Th e o rt h d curv d lightly b e rly r ight gl e ith th e l eft ide whi c h di rected li m w o p e i g hi c h re p re e t g t e y E A N 5 obli que li e f sto e u ffic i e t i le gth to clo e it i d v rio u oth er pl ce d N e r it m ll c i rcu l r m it to f o ur f ee t cr o N p i t k e to lo c t e th e w p tely it tho u ght th t t ey h d peci l c o ectio f bo u lder w i h th e li Th e g p d p rob bly c u ed by o me rece t re mov l i fo r mi g o me tipi r i g h b ld er f wy A tf
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Boulder M osaics in D akota
U
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u ers o n its s es and a c rcu ar w e o f e es m A t o is a r an u ar e o f s ne s a u in its ree fee s o n eac e e s u er n e n s o f e s es are not far fr m e s e o f a ra ne A m re carefu e xam na n w u r sc er er n eres in and er a s m re s n can a re a ns A cc r n here Mr T H N u l o f a er ur who has see n ss f r me is o n a 2 8 s of eS S cr e f t w n o o y ers One f ur r s n is cr sse at r an ou an es A t er o ne and a alf r s n e end o f e rs w c w u c rres n ef of e cr ss is a e o f s n es ” “ u s c m e es e s of u er m sa cs may s ea o f a s me w a e u o f ace re a e w r n e not e wr er in 1881 in Br wn c u n a few m es n r wes o f an o f Elm r es r er were t wo qu e con On e r ace s a ar u n two s mme r ca n s spicuo us m u n s 2 7 0 of e e n r t wes ern o ne a ne o f nes Be n n n g at ex e n e er e ce n er o f e er and 14 6 ace s e n e n e in a s ma e of u ers e w ere nes were e leg one s o f u ffa set u in e r u n e s a es ms e f re e an was in mar e Ere s e w of a was e w e man has r a re m e all race o f em A few ears m re and e m re en ur n r ou er m sa c s w e f r m e s n e wa o f s me e n er ris n se er as a care ess o f e sacre ass c a ns a e n n e m as the ur n i s e fra men s of anc e n e m e s h s e who u o p
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p ce might here be give th e u mero u d i mpo r t t ob r tio hyp oti c ph e o me p ubli hed f l te ye r b u t m t co fi e o ur e lve to the me me ic e peri me t f th e P yc hi c S o c i e y Th e e e p er i me t ere very u mero u d ere c o d uc t e d ith uch e treme c re th t thei r evide ce eem i c o t e t bl e i f vo r f di rec t me t l c o mmu i c tio Th ei r re u lt e e f mo re decl red ch r ter th tho e f th e tho u ght tr fer e peri me t N o ly tho u ht tr fer b u t mi d c o tr ol ppe re d Th e ctive ee m d to t k e fu ll po e io f th e p ive mi d d thi of e ith co ider ble d t ce i terve i bet e the p rti e The tho u ght f th e mi d p e re d i u e th e m e lve i to th e oth er d r ivi g b ck i co c io u e p eu do co c io u e d re pl c i g it ith c o mpl e t ely th t th e e tio fp i t te & felt d thi by th e oper to r ere l o felt by the e iti e re ferred by h m to th e i r pp rop r i t e lo c lity i h body I like m the di rect co trol f the mi d f th e e itive over h body mi d e erc ed y th e oper to r d f h body over h fp i i p rt co u ld be boli hed ill d c o c io u e S ome f th e e ph e om i eed were curiou the mode the m ig ific t th t it cert i ly ppe re d if f p r od uc i perme te d by p chi c ub t ce d th t h whol e body the mi d rel ted to the o u ter orld by p ychi c erve i equ iv l e t e e to i m t er i l erve c o ctio ho ever it i evide t h t the I th e e me mer i c ph e o me ch e l f c o mmu i c tio be t ee mi d d mi d i u u lly ope o r the body p ychi c lly t r p re t Mo t p r o mo r o r l e obt u e to th e p ychi c e e peci l d o ly i f oper c e i it ree ly ctive A d i h e e c e th e re l tio tor d e itive per o l N eco d oper tor e ert if h p y chi c equ l c o t rol over th e e itive It i erv e lik e th e phy i c l erve bec me u ceptibl to f mili r i fl ue ce b u t re i t t to u f mili r o e dd uced by thi o c i ety it ill fli Of th e oth er ph e o me to refer to tho e f p ychi c co mmu i c tio di t ce f hi ch hey gi e m y eemi gly well uth e ti c ted i t ce I UC H
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the e h thought t fer p ed f fro m Bu rm h to I he l tter i t ce there w i e rly every E gl d mi d i re fere ce to ctive me t l e c it tio i th e They mo t u l the mo me t f de th th e h oth mi d f h dyi g per o ppe r i g to be fl d ith t ro g motio l lo gi g to c o mmu i c te with th e livi g I m y ch c e pect l reproductio f th e dyi g per o h p i to h u bj ec t f i o r h er t o ght pp re tly re l d h h p rm b u t do u btl e i m ge i mp re ed di rectly th e mi d It m y b th t u dde ro u i g f th e rec oll ectio f di tp witho u t i be i g l ed up to by tr i f co cio u thought might if th e effect be tro g ee m lik cu l vi io A obj ec t ee i led to by co io u e d m t l i m ge led to by co cio u e might e ily h ve h force f obj ect ee or f tempo r ry h ll uc i tion I m y f h u mero u i t ce give th e per o ho e i m g w e w i fu ll li fe y i o me perilo u it u tio o r o h er co ditio h t wo u ld b e lik e ly to ro u e u dd e d i te e m tio A d u u lly th e rec ipi e t the obj ect f thi emotio Ther vide ce to ho th t thi rel tio did i ti e ry i t c b u t i mply th t it l y ob erved er fr que tly h di t ce to hi c h th e e i mp re io A co vey d o r th e pidity ith hi c h th ey p e d fro m mi d to othi g urp ri i g if th e hypothe i h ve give mi d h r be cc pt d W k o the r pidity ith hi ch li ht tr vel thro ugh th e ether d th e electri c curre t th ro ugh olid m tter r move d very mi ute i terv l f ff i g obj ec t v ery f ti me W k o th t the i fl ue ce f gr vit tio i felt with pp t l p f ti me h ro u gh v t di t ce The l e t v r i t o i di t ce d eight f body i i t tly felt by o her ho ugh they m be very di t t I f th re be p ychi bodi ub t e it i hi hly p rob bl e th t th e me rel tio m e i t betw e ep r te m e Th e ether m co v y i ib v t di t ce it doe tho e f m tter d p rod uc io i mil r effect di t t p ychi c m e I f thi b t ce i m m e t to th e vib tio p r od uce d by tt er tt er m b p i mil rly t p re t to i vibr tio d chec k to th e r o u t We k o th t el ectric ch rge h e t to fl be f l m m d ith i e e pid ty th r o u gho u t th e u b t ce w f h p h It e ke it pre d y m y be tro g o ugh h of
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the e i t c th ere eem to b e ge er l o u tflow f p yc hi e ergy f p ecu li r ki d hi c h c t to p rod uce cc o rd t t te i ll mi d i to w hi c h it flo u l e th ey i tell ect u lly ctive e o u g h to re i t i fl ue ce We ll k o w h w di fficu l it i eve i educ ted per o to re i t the p ychi c i fl ue ce f tro gly e motio l pe ker e ve tho u gh th e r o m re i h dh rg u me re i t ce bec o me l u ll e d d c o vi c tio prod uced by the p ure fo rce f per o l m g ti m A d k o i g thi w c ot wo der th e rem rk ble i fl ue ce f ome very i rr tio l revi li t Th e ubj ect h here b ee ve y b ri efly d i c o mpl etely tre t H d d p ce to give i fu ll th e b u d t e ide ce th might b e o ffe e d d to d e t il th e t r i c t t e t c o ditio u de hich it ofte r ceived the f ct f di rec t i terco ur e f d c o t r ol f mi d ith mi d mi d by oth er witho u the i termedi um f th e e e might be ho f more cl e rly tro gly poi t to ome uch co c l u io A d th e i di c tio th t h ere re ched th t th e me t l po er b ed i pec i l p ychi c ub t ce d th t m e f thi ub t ce u po e c h oth er th ro u gh th e e th er method c lo ely i mil r to ho hich m e m tter e c h oth er i f g re t i mpo rt ce h ere c o me i to furth er que tio O pl y I f p ychi c ub t ce begi i e i te ce bo u d eth er eth er c o d e e d by th e ttr c tiv e fo rce f to m d mol ecu l e it e i t thi co de ed fo rm ep r te from the to m d I f th e e c o ti ue to e i t mu t th e i r e th ere l t mo mol ecu l e m m m I f i re i p er e tly bo u d to th e th e y ho u ld h p be de troyed o u ld th e ethere l tmo ph ere re u m thei r o rigi l co ditio f free ether I f h ve de lt with p ure hypothe i f it m be el l to follo o ur hypothe i to u lti m te c o equ ce Th t bo u d eth er i e i ti g f ct i becomi g m d rece t mo re ge er lly d mitte d S i r Willi m Tho m o i p per vi ew it ece ry c o ditio to th e ph e o me f e fr c tio A d f it e i it eem equ lly ece ry th t h e th ere l t mo ph ere mu t b e ffec te d by th e motio f i If uc l eu d u me cc o rd t motio th e de tructio f the m teri l ucleu might l e ve th e co de ed ether per i te t to m o r molecu le i ce it o u ld po e the motor o rg ns an es
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t i l to o ol oth er h d hil e o o ol l tt o ti i t it wo ld eem bo d h t i o fi d to it d ccomp y i thro u gh ll i i tegr tio d di i tegr io A b ol ute o rd ce i motio d h per i te t vigo r f ttr ctio mu t i e v e t e r tio f h bo u d e h er f r o m uc l eu p th erefore th ere co u ld be ep r e U d er th e e c o ditio i te ce f p ychi c ub t ce f e i t e ce f B thi i b u t f th e p rob bl e c o ditio hi u b t ce Bo u d e th r m b e t ro g ly i fl u ce d by her moto r e ergie hi h b u t feebly i fl ue ce i m teri l l eu I thi re pect h ph e ome f h mi d l e d to ome I f h phy i c l b i r i ere ti g c o c l u io f th e mi d d mol ecu l e it mu t b th e bo u d e her f th e cereb r l ce l l igi lly b e i ti m tely rel ted motio d co ditio to th e e ll h ve po er f ep r te e i t mol cu l d f de ve lopme t f h mi d i c B h whol e p ro ce h t te d b re k p thi i ti m te co ectio Th e p ychi c b ce f the cerebru m i ffected o ly by th e o rm l re b r l motio b u t by i u mer bl e moto r co ditio comi g f o m e ter l u b t ce th ro gh th e medi u m f th e ervo u tem Th e e o ditio b u t lightly d tempo r rily f w j u dge ffect th e l u ggi h m tter f th e cereb r m b u t f th e mi d r o gly d per m e tly th e mobil e u b t ce T h me t l u b t r u m th u bec o me ffecte d by moto r c o di io hi ch h ve fi ed co u terp t i the br i ub t ce T h o ri i l c lo e moto r d with it th e c o rd e i b rok e ff c t f mol ecu l r t r c tio i we k e e d Suc h re u lt wo u ld b p rec i ely p r ll e l to th t c o mmo i c h e mi c l c tio i whi c h m to r i h rmo y ee m te dy oppo e t f th e force f fli i moto r h rmo y e i t If A ffi ity i mo t vigo ro u wh e h moto r i h r mo y b co me g re t mol ecu l r ep r tio t k e pl ce A i mil r ru l e m we ll hold good bet ee th e cere l molecu l e d thei r bo u d ether A th e b orptio f er l e erg i e by th e bo d e ther p rod uce moto r i h r mo y h e ffec t f th e ttr c tio i te dily e ke ed The bo u d her i c o ver te d i to p ec i lly o rg iz e d p c hi c u b t ce I ch there might be fre h co de tio f ether rou d h mol ecu l e d thi i i t ur o u ld become th e recipie ergie thi w y c o ti u lly i cre i g I w i fl wi g f
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littl e ptil e o ur commo ewt o r po ted ft D i m i i rid f Cop e i u m er o u o g R L ( ) I l d fro m Brookl to Gree po rt d i equ lly we ll k o ll over th e E ter S t te I t m be c u ght from M rch to D ece mb er it be r v ry l w te mper ture d I o ce w i HIS
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i mmi g der th e i ce i po d e r Fo t H milto I i greg rio u be r co fi eme t well d I h ve ofte kept i f ver ye r i my qu ri u m food i very v ri ed i w ill t k e qu ti c I d o h er i m ll t dpol e wo rm e p c i lly e rthwo rm d it w ill m ll pi ece f w beef d fi h wh e h u g ry Tho u gh h m le littl e reptil e i will qu rrel occ io lly with i comp i bo u t fo d I h ve ee e i e wo rmtwi ce i l e gth d w w to g u lp it do ho l di g it it th e h d ec o d ld w h y tch u p th e other d d begi w llowi g it till h m The uch pu li g d wriggli g e ued till th e tro ge mo t per i te t uccee d e d i m ki g th e oth er di go rge i m l S o meti me it wo u ld t k e e rly d be fo re th e wo rmv i h e d h fi r t p rt h vi g to be dige ted before th e l t co u ld be w llow d I c o fi e me t th ey ho u ld h v e o ly h h m ll e t wo rm l rge o e di gree wi h th em d I h ve ofte h d th em d i fter Th ey very fo d f h f th e e go rgi g m l m ll fre h w ter biv lve b u d t i mo t f the po d th ey freque t M y I di ecte d h d f r w llo e d hol e — h e ll — d ll i i to m ch Whe c u ght the littl e h rmle cre ure do try to e c pe b h g limp i th e fi ger Th ey however cu i g ll th e re t f th e i r r ce I pl ced my t bl e to e mi it h e it cr wl ed u der h eet f p per d cro uch ed dow if leep I w c ll ed y f f w mi u te d m ret r fo u d m littl e fri e d h d b c o de d ttempt e d N w it h to move f over ho ur i m pre e ce b u t evide tly o ce co cio u f m b e ce It ometi me befo re I fo u d the oppo ite ide f the room it e rly th e c olo r f th e f c rpe t It ever do e to t ru t to th e pp re t h e lpl e e y i m l f wh t it l ck i o ut rd me f defe e it ur to m k e u p i cu i g I ccide t lly fo u d o u t f thi im l mo t d e dly f mi e b I o ce b ro u ght home lot f th e i id i l e ve i hi c h I h d th row o me wi re wo rm thi ki g they might erve food th ey were b u d t rou d th e po d Th e e t mor i g I fo u d m poo r littl e pri o er h d ll bee sw
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tt ck ed by the i re o rm piece f fl e h be i g e te o u t f h e i r livi g b di e O h d coiled tightly ro u d i victim it w p r ly d d di ed di rectly I removed it Tho ugh b d t yet l rge u mber whe yo u g devo ured b th e m th e r ob u frog d t o g rv f th e A mbl m p p l l o me il e ly ip ff the i r gill d t il they oo di The e f ct I h ve ofte wit e ed i m qu ri u m E ryo e k o w the e pretty olive b cked ewt yellow der th th e whol e body d t il potted bl ck d the i de f fl m c olo e d pot e c i rc l e d bl ck b u t e very doe k ow perh p ever w th e ch ge th t t ke lp ce th e ppro ch f pri g wh e th e m le u me thei r b ighte t d re prep r to ry to co urt hip Over th e b ck d i l w ve gr cefu l p tted cre t th e colo r u der e h ch ge o ge d the i er ide f the l eg i deeply b rred j et — bl c k ll f whi c h l t d uri g th e b ree di g e o d th e th e t i b o rbed th e bl ck b d bright color f de o u t till the love ti me f the ye r c ll th em fo r h I believe thi i m l i i c p ble f reprod uctio u der fo u r f f i i r g r o h v e y lo e v e t ur l t t e w w i y g W h e th e love m ki g c o mme ce th ere b u y ti me mo g t h d e ize f th e po d Th e m le d rt bout gyr ti g ro u d h e i r c ho m te he di g t he m H th e i r e d e vo r to e c pe d whe th ey h v e l t w the vi cto ry th ey ei e the fe m l e d re m i u d th e l u mb regio th u ofte f ho ur Th e milt d p i mu lt eo u ly d th e pe tio t ke ome me b u t it i ge er lly cc o mpli h e d u der c over f d r k e T h old er fe m l e ofte depo it 5 to 3 egg ti me whi ch hey tt c h to t ig i th e w ter o r lo g g r Th e egg y m ll fi t b u t r pidly well Yo u ger fem le o ly l y m ll g ro p f o m twe ty to fifty e g i I m re f y h vi g p ubli h d y cco u t f h h tc hi g f th e egg fD i d e cept P ro fe o r A E N f r ot e ollo V e ill wh i th e A w f w 7 Th e egg f the commo w ter ewt ere ob erved by M S J d my lf N o rw y M i e i 6 3 d 64 t c h e d S mith dm e or th ree i che di mete re e mbli g frog gg tem fw ter pl t ditche i me dow Th e egg d M y s h d re red by M Smith h tched M y w e e fo d b w d h by O c to er ere h l f i c h e lo g Th e y 7 w
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R elation
1
Pectoral M uscles o f Birds to Power of Flig ht
f
o
25
.
th e ge u E m where di ffere ce f loc lit h h d uch e ffec t the color tio to give ri e to ever l pec i e b i g m d e o u t f h c o mmo g ter ke I h e p ro cu e d th e e e t fr m m y pl ce i N w Yo k d N w J r y S t te d di ffere t p rt f Lo g I l d f f h d e re d to v er y b r ight c r l e t y e t ithi di u w y p f m y mil e fro m Br ookly here the w id v ri d both ple tifu l I ever fi d the l tter other th reddi h v r i g from light very d rk So meti me l te i b o D e mber I fi d lit l e b ro w o e with fl m c olo re d pot i Th e e re tly tte u te d it i po ibl e th y h p d ter e rc h f food l cki g l d h v e e tu e d to th e l te period he ll i m l life whi ch o u ld be v il bl e f he m di ppe r fro m th e urf ce '
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:0
TI O N OF T H E PECTO R A L MUS C L ES OF BI R D S TO T H E P O WE R OF F L I GH T
T H E R EL A
.
BY C H A R L ES L
F
.
E D WA R D S .
th e mode f i m l locomotio fl ight i th e mo r pid fu l th e mo t f i ti g With i mp rt h mo t g ptio thi p wer ep te h bi rd from h other v rt I whol e tr ct r d giv e i p r emi e ce i motio b o i c l fo rm f h body o feri g littl e re i t ce to h h d th e we vi g toge th er f c i th e hollow bo e th e i — m ll e t b rb l e to fo rm h c lo e w b f th e wi g ll h d e ot e h t i th e i i flight i th e bi r d li fe ve y ge er l w much h bee ob e ved with W hil e i f i w f f f r d to th e r i t o th e po er flight p ec i e di er i i g g m m t id e ly r o e c h oth er y e t th er till o e olv e f i w d q m h f m f bl e c o c t e d i h high e t o r otio m w p ttempti g h ol u tio f y pec i l probl em th e B fo cert i mec h i c l e l e me t f flight wi h whi ch w mu mili r b om i i to b e p r op ll e d with g re A b dy mu h h e vi er h h f d h r u gh Th e re i ce o rce f g r vit h i y p d h i i lf f th e b ro dly e p d ed wi g cti T h p rp di c l f f h ibl e o c r vity hil e th e w m h w p p all
t e
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race
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J [ f y s d th e c l e vi g fo rm f th e c o i c l b dy ed u wi g li e muc h po ibl th e re i t ce f h i i fro t Th e c u e f motion th e ctio f the wi g upo h highly el ti c i p rod uci g by re ctio forw rd moveme t f h body Th e o urce f thi ctio i th e pecto r l mu cl I the i g Wo de fu lly i de d h wi g i tru me t d pted to h ei r p u rpo e Of e eme light e d f g d igidi y d tre gth the i r weight i b light hi d thei r l eve ge v t d t ge i p rod c i g motio Co c ve be e th d co ve bove with u derl ppi g fe h to h ide i pre e ted gr pi g urf ce l mo t i mpervi to i d to the oth er l ttice wo rk tructure th ro gh hi h S o i th e dep re io f th e wi g ll po ib l i e ily ru h e dv ge g i ed fro m th e el ti c re i t ce f th e i d i i e l e v tio th e l e t mo u t f fo rce i lo t The mu cl e whi ch fur i h th e prope lli g fo rce to th e wi g tho e f the b re th e pecto r li m jo r d th e p cto li mi o r Th e pecto r li m jo r i l rge t ri g l r mu c l e f m i g th e p r i c ip l p rt f th e b u lk f th e b re t It ri e fr m f th e ve t r l u rf ce f h fro m th e o u ter po rtio h r ib ter u m fro m th e ide f th e keel f th e ter um from the f d th e me mb r e c o l m ec ti g th e furcu l u m wi h h ter um d th e cor coid Th e fiber co verge h o uter t r i g der th e i er d i erted by te do th e gr t ubero i y f the h u meru I c io thi mu cl e dep e e h i g d th fu r i h e h gre t motive power f flight The pector li mi o r i much m ll er th th e p recedi g d be e th it ri i g from th e middl e po rtio f h ter u m d the memb r e t chi g the furcu l u m to th e ter u m d h c o r c oid I fiber c o vergi g t ermi te i t e do whi c h fte p i g th ro ugh th e d f th e co coid i i erted th e i ide f the g e ter tu bero ity f th e h u meru Thi mu le to f f i e th er ith th e re i ti g o rce th e e l e t e th e i g er w f w t g i h bee depre ed Fro m th e tructure f th e wi g it i pp re t th t th e wo rk f thi mu cl e i rel tively m ll e cept perh p i ili g ee i th e flight f w llow wh ere th e wi g mu t be h e l d te e d co t t gl e by thi mu cl e It wo u ld c le rly ppe r wh e w c o id er th e l w f mu cu l r develop me t th t i tho e pec i e whi c h fly mo t f th e mu c l e wo u ld be re l i
The R elat on
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M uscles of
the Pectoral
o
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Birds to the Power
Flig ht
f
o
.
l ger th i tho e fl e po er f flight Co ver ely oth er thi g bei g co t t tho e bi rd i hi ch th e pector l mu c l e fo m l rger p erce t ge f th e e ight f th e body wo u ld h v g ter power f flight Thi bei g tr e th e que tio tur lly ri e Wh t i h v ri io i h d e e lop me t f th e p cto r l mu c l e f th e di ffere t d m c i e f bi r d i thi v r i tio by t u l f ili e o r by p i di id u l p i e I h ol u tio f o ur p robl em th e h pe f the wi g pl y i mp r t p r T h lo g rro h p poi ted wi g i mo t d t geo to co ti ued flight d h ho ter ro u ded l e co mp ct fo r m i l e t Be twee th e e w e t reme th ere i d fi ite h di g f th e ith mor fo rm i to th e o h er or le re u lti g dv t ge the c e m y be T h pec to l mu c l e m y b e re l tiv e ly l r g e y e t if th e wi g be f i mpedi g fo rm th t co ide bl e fo rce i lo t i over comi g h c o eque t di d t ge th e re u lti g power f flight i much le ed th e weight f th e whole b dy h i p p er I h ve t k I co t b i d fo u d th e perce t ge by weight f the pec t l mu c le i the body Th e d t derived from th e di tio f 9 bi rd h vi g i ll c po ibl e ke ver g f e ch c i e fro m th ree i divid u l Ther r p re e e d eve o rd er twe ty fi f mili e d fifty th ee pec i e It ill be ee th t v ri tio i by tur l f mili e b u t by i divid u l pec i e Thi i e pl i ed by h f c th t h ugh cert i peci e m h ve tructu re lli ed to j i th e m together i f mily yet bec u e f thei r di ti c h bit f li fe h y m y di ffer c o id e bly thei r power f fl ight L i t f pec i e e mi e d rr ge d i o rd er f p rce t ge f m ec to r u c l e to tot l we ight f body l p t ively ar n
an n
a
rea
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t e
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s e
n
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t es
o
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t
ns ant
ora
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n
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xa
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ve
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o
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t
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.
e
o
n
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o
o
.
M aryland yellow throat Geothlypis tri chas -
r n t c e e . p
.
.
Mallard duck
S ong
pa
rrow
s
basehor
.
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a
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ay
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.
Blue j ay
House wreu
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o
ss
S creech o wl
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e
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a
n
a
hawk
But eo pen nq luan icus
A
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From the followi g comp ri o f h h d th e goo e with h e re t lli e d wild pec i e whi c h I h v e b e bl ed to h a s ns o t e
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—202
OGICA L
O
GE L
TI N CTIO N A N D SO M E O F ITS A P PA R E N T C A US ES EX
.
BY A
S
.
PA C K A R D
.
.
Origi f Speci e D r i y Th e e ti ctio f pecie i volved h mo t gr tu ito u my tery S ome h bee u tho r h ve e ve u ppo e d th t th e i divid u l h d efi ite h ve pec i e defi ite d ur tio N le g h f li fe h ve m veled mo re th I h ve do e th e e ti ctio f p i e Fi lly h e rem rk Th it ee m to m the m hi ch i gle peci e d whol gro p f pec ie beco me i e i c t cc o rd we ll w ith th e th e o ry f t ur l el ectio We m rve l e ti c tio if w mu t m rve l l e t it b e ed o ur pre mptio i i mgi i g f mo me t th t u d er t d whi c h th e e i te ce f e c h h m y c o mpl e c o ti ge c i e f f f i e d e p e d o r g e t i t t th t e c h p ec i e I p t d to i cre e i o rdi tely th t o me ch eck i l y tio yet eldomperceived by th e hole eco omy f t re tterly ob cured Whe ever prec i e ly wh will b e i mo re b u d t i i divid u l th h t why thi hi pec i d e i oth er b e t u liz e d iv e c o u t i p g d till th e w m j u tly feel u rp ri ed wh w he ot cco u t f th e e ti c io f y p ticu l r pecie or f r o u p p ec i e g Th e f ct f e ti ctio i i de d le m velo u h th t N his
n o
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xt n
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J[ u y f e vol u tio d c ot i the d y feel ti fi d th t h ol utio f th e probl em li e i the theo ry f t ur l el ectio whi c h cc o t f h p re e v io th i f p ec i e r th er th o rigi o r ti ctio M D r i h vi g bee h me f b ri gi g m y ur li t to believe i the th eo ry f de ce t th ey to lie upi ely th ei r b ck re ti g ecurely th e dogm f t ur l el ectio d ce e from ll t empt to i ig th e c u e f evol utio to ce e b u ildi g fo u d tio f th e wo rki g f tur l el ec tio O the co t ry the e rch f th e c u f h t form tio f pec i e will be c rri ed wi h mo re e ergy tho ro u gh e d ucce Th e cl e whi ch w l re dy h ve di covered ill be follo ed u p d fi lly w h ll by me f ob erv tio i th e field d e peri me t i th e l bo r re t fr o m t ure th e ecret f li fe d f d i o ri i th e ph e ome f de th d e ti ctio o ly f peci e b u t f o rder d r pid h c u e f e ch b E ti c tio m y b both lo w lo w o r pid ch ge th e e vi ro i g p r i m r ily d e pe d e t ti cl e i to e de vo r to ho h t h me t Th e obj ect f thi e ti c tio ith geologi c l f p ec i e i i ti m te ly c o ect e d c h ge It i me gre ketch o r o utli e f th e more li e t hi ch ppe r to to mmedi tely be r u po thi d l f ct i tri c te d difli l ubj ect f th e globe w i f mo re I P l ozoi c ti me th e c li m t w Th e c o ti e t f th e pre e t d y were th e f fo rm th muc h l e e t e t i f c t rchipe l go e r th er th c o ti e t th e l d u f ce were f moder te he ight d mo u t i r ge m ll er d lo er W hile th e l d m e o r e mb ryo c o ti e t d we ter h e mi ph ere were mo r o r l e id f th e e ter pe de t ce ter f evol utio ry cre tio there w the whol e gre t u iformity f pl t d i m l li fe Sp ci e ere perh p w mo re c o mopolit th d f th e Co l per iod th e p r o ce h Whe f o ti e t m ki g d mo u t i b u ildi g bec me g re tly cce l er t ed re u lt geologi c l hi to ry h i g i th t t u pe do u cri i i A mer i c mo u t i y te m th ere mu t h v e u ph e v l f th e A pp l chi bee ome degree f di ffere ti tio o r etti g ide f po r io f the the c o ti e t i to di ti ct re or b i bo u ded by mo u t i i l d e d river d ome light ubdivi io i to loc l f u W k ow th t there w di ti ct co l b i o r Geologic al Extinction
o ne
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them f e mpl i A rcti c A meri c other i N or h d i th e C e t r l S t te er U i d St te f th e Upper M i ippi v ll e y O he c i e e di g ove omp r tively b ief period f m m w w i ol l t i e ho e v er lo g h e e u d by ce t ur i e ere g g h el f h R o c ky mo u t i tch th e Ui io f th e W g h Sierr N ev d d C c d e ge d me h while h io f the A tl tic moiety d the P cific moi ety f o ti e t i to co ti u o u l d m The e period f ig li ed by e te ive vol c i c o u tpo uri g d gre i iy f l d h g i d mu t h ve h re l tive di t r ib u tio p l o tology how p riod f r pid e ti ctio e ll b Progre i co ti e t m ki g f r p r tio o r recre tio d cc mp i ed by p rog re o w rd weep i th e tide f li fe o ly i i m l with joi ted bodie d li mb b u t mor e pe db i to corre po d with th ei i ll i tho with b c k bo e r b te r k U til the d f h Terti ry period th e e r h c lim te w till rly u i fo rm Th e e w th ro u gh th e M io ce e ge er l i d d mo t re m rk bl e re e mbl ce b etwee th e fl o f E ur op d th e U ite d S te with th t f Gree l d d S pit ber ge o r w lyi g i th e fr igid zo e thi flo r be i g egio ome h lik th t f L u i i u til h Gl c i l e po c h th t th e e rth c li m t e b I w m di ffere ti ed i to t opi c l d fr igid d t e mper t e zo e T h t g e t ge ologi c l c i i he h er d ue to tro omic l o r geo l g i c l c u or bo h combi ed by whi ch over e o rmo u tr ct d C e t r l Eur ope d N o th e ter A mer f l d i N o th er — m w te ith c o ti e t l gl ci er pre d th t i f ig id c li the li fe f the gl ci ted regio whi c h w i i p r od u d re u lt e ily pp rec i The e ti ctio f li fe over h t ted re me wid e pre d Th e i c o mi g f th e I ce g l o mu t b to th e o uthw rd A th e h e i d uce d e te iv mig tio m i m e l e d th e c li t e m e lio r t e d e h ig tio l f m d g o th i d thu i the rly Q ter ry period f om h m i e er e t er i t e d v t c l e by c u e re dily wh p f h i e i bl e w e b e o re l g u g e i c h e v er y h pp t l te o me f the geologi c l c u e f e ti ctio modi d co eque t vol u ti f w fo rm i fi ef r ce to h c h g i h li fe W w ill b gi th e with series of
east
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B otan ical Text Boob (S ixt Ed ition ) , V ol 11 P ysiological Botany 11 V eg etable P ysi o logy o w GOOD A L E, A M , M D By GEOR G E Pro fesso r I viso n , Blakeman , T ay or 8 ni vers ity o f Botany in H arvard 1 C o m any, N ew Y ork an d C icag o , 1885 xxx 19 5 to soo + 3 6 I llustrations 14 2 to 2 14 3
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J[ tio to i urro u di g di ff io o mo i ad b o rpti f li qu id oil h co tit ue t d ter cult ure t fer f th ro u gh the pl t i mil tio ch ge f or i c m tt i the pl t veget bl e gro th moveme t rep rod uctio the ger m tio re i t ce f pl t to u to rd i fl ue d Th e hol e vol ume th u cover th e field f the ge er l t m e ec i lly f th e fl pl d p h iology f p l t truck ith h f ct th I looki g ov er th e c h pter i th emmuch m teri l h bee b ro ught f the fi r t time b tu de t There th u fre h e bo ut m h fo re th e A mer i c i tere t The tre t m f th e m ter hi c h dd g e tly to o ce f m fl i l di ff r t to di ti g u i h th e book other coveri g th e me ge er l ro u d Very t ur lly h ork h much f th e Germ method it I ct g r p rt f th e m t er i th e re u lt f o rk do e Germ l b to rie oti ce bl e fe ture f th e book i i ider r ge f ubj e t A th i u u l i bot i c l ork There much it hi c h ccu to med to c o ider be lo i g to gri cu lture d g r i cu lt ur l c h e mi t ry Thi e t ure ill c o mme d th e book h te cher d t u de t i o ur g i cu lt ur l ollege We h th u c h pter uch to i c the follo i g t ke d di cu ed ome l e h viz Fo rm tio f oil cl ific t c o d e tio f g e by oil t e mper t u re f oil f oil w e tc I c h t er h ve di cu ed th e follo i g pr cti c l topic i Wi ter killi g i mproper food o o u g e li qu i mech i c l i j ur i e d olid poi o The ch pter hi ch i te e t mo t th e te th el eve th d t elfth devoted re pectively to i mil tio ch ge f org i m tter i th e pl t veget bl e growth I the fi r t th e e ome d ger f co fu io from th e do ubl e e e whic h h o rd i mil tio u ed viz For th e c o ver io f ll food m tter ( hi c h e e it e mp loye d th e h e di to th e c h p ter d h e di g f th e p e th ro u ho u t th e ch pter) d th e ppropri tio f c rbo Thi l t i c ll ed i mil tio pro er d f p( li e f rth er th e te me t m de th t th e term imi i th e follo i p ge ill be m de to refer to the ppropri tio f c rbo A ide fromthi co fu io term th e tre tme t e ceedi gly ti f cto y I th e eleve th ch pter th e o rd tr mu t tio ed pl ce f h u u l met t i o r the l e u u l met boli m Thi ppe r to to b e de i r bl e i mprove m t th e o me cl t ure f th e ubject The c h pter ve et ble gro th b ri g before th e t u de t th e l te t re u lt fth e Germ i ve ti g to r d thi do e i c l e r d c o c i e m er to l e ve thi g to be de i red Th e u tho r h i fted th e gre t m f liter t ure u po thi ubj ect d give i mm ry fo rm th e re u lt The ill u tr tio th ro ugho u t th e vol u me dr w m i ly fro m an u a ry ,
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12
pp
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anuary .
gi rder tie b u ttre e do t ili g d v r i h ll e i ed t re before m ith p de c i o r chi l d th e m S th e pl bo ri g triki g d gr pi—g t ol Philo op i c w ter r m toy d p p r m ki g hort m y f h rt f eve y d li fe th e reflectio f t ure Th e b ok i fu ll f cur io u f c t fo rth i pl i i mpl e t r ctive tyle d R N wJ S Y G 8 H Cook D i recto r —F r o m thi r po rt w l e r th t h G geodeti c u rvey N Jer ey i compl ted e cept the i teri f th e o u h er p h t th e opogr phic l urvey h m d f fi h m ov er th ree th e tot re Th e o u e c l u d l i l p otice f th e b ri ed fore t e r So uth A mboy co i ti g f k ce d r e t c c he t u t c o mpl et e p re erv tio d p rob b b uri ed i ce the ettleme t f th e co u t ry f th e gl ci l d i ft d y e llo d d r vel f th e co ti u tio f the pl ti c c l y m rl e tc f h C ret ce o u d Ter ti ry t r t u d e th e oce f h u d re d mile f th e ce l b r t d c ol u m tr p rock f Or ge mo u t i f th e D vo i Sil uri d A rc h r f N o rth er N Jer ey f th e mi d mi i i d u try rte i ell etc f h St te Perh p the mo t i tere ti re u lt ive i th t h lop f the bottom beyo d co ti e l p l te u l mo t e tly th e me th e dip f th e C e ceo u t t The pre e ce f th e C et ceo u b d i th e m rgi l depo it f th e c proved by bori g eem to prove the Pre cret ceo u g f h oce botto m FU A U R G Y N — H SU Y I m Joh Collett D i c o r Thi vol m i cc o mp i e d by eologi c l m givi g f i r e hibit f th e urf ce geology f th e St te Th e topog phi c l d logi c l fe t u e f M di o H milto F yette d U io co ie give mo re i det il d D J S Ne berry de crib h d r i f d epo it ith cco u f th e S t t e Th e vol u me c lo e f th e m mm li f u f th e Po t plio ce e de po it by P f m L Wo r t Th e r tiod c tyl A E D Cope J i m i d th e P r obo c id e P d l C g p p i E p m hil e th e od e i m M d i w R p g i d rep re e t e d by th e i g u l r C im l e cee di g h c p b i e d pite f me di fer i g i c h r cter fro m th e b e ver M wid e ly jf p e t th e loth lik e ed e t te the ge u Equ u h le t h E mj i th e Plio ce e re m i f pec ie E f I di d Po t plioce e s,
s,
ve a
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of
R R ay , P H 1885 .
.
.
M urr ay f ,
V ol
.
asto on a
n a
—R epo
rt
of
—R epo t
1111,
r
No
.
,
ro es
s,
a are a,
s
n
its
o
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o e a l x n y g
.
n
rater nus
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,
e erson
s
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s
a or,
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f
a
n
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f t
e
n
n
.
Boox s
p
.
nt
an a a
s
and
A ND
PA MPH L ET S
.
.
W ashington
Point Barrow, A laska
.
mens o f bottom deposits From A lex A gassi
o n the S peci
1885
es
ana
EC ENT
o r.
s
un
n
astor oi es ohioens s , an an
an
the ex ed iti on to
h
From the aut
n
.
e o g
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s,
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ol c i o s r
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a
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A T UR A L
A ND
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n,
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OF T H E
.
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.
O R T EE NT H
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.
or
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ng
s an
4
t
n , an
n a
n
a s
;
18
as c o
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E POR T o n T H E
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Bull Mus C omp 206 1 .
.
.
R
L iteratur e
ecent
—
.
C o n trib utions to mineralogy Geral d, E A niv Penn , xx t v From the aut or
U
.
.
.
h
.
C o ntrib
.
.
—Mo ral and material progress contrasted of W ash ingt o n 18 85 From the autho r
Ward
L
,
ii
i
.
—Our
.
,
y
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W
11
h Am
.
.
' oodh ur a ,
A
S
.
—:Ou the .
.
E xt T rans A
.
n thro
.
.
of
p
.
the
S oc
.
.
familiar treatise o n birds 18 84 From the author
birds in their haunts, Boston , C assino 8 : Co ,
er ica
from the lab oratory
.
of
a
.
.
Eastern
.
literature an d n omenclature of British fossil Crocodilia From the aut or 85 , 18
h
.
Ext Geo l M ag , N o v ét , R R , M elitta r ich, j P , Mac Calla m, A B , and M cKenzie, TI O u the skin, ost eo logy , myo logy, nervous, dig esti ve an d vascular system s of A miurus r i o i s t F m t h e n tute catus Proc C anadian I nst , October, 188 4 .
a
.
.
.
.
—
.
‘
.
—N
.
ordan ,
y
U
—
S
.
.
.
.
Mr Garman s M us , 1885, 3 1 ’
o te on
8 N at .
.
.
.
.
D
Proc
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
pap
mon
merican
T he A
er on
an d tro ut
sal
.
.
.
p
I den tifi cat io n of the s ecies o f C yprin ide and C atostomide , describ ed by D r C Gerard in the P A N S Phila for 185 6 I dem, 113 .
.
.
Note o n Ept n epfielm
fi
ote o n the scienti
.
.
.
g
208 .
me of the yello w perch
c na
I d em, 7 2 st of th e s es k nown fro m the Paci c I dem, 36 1 T rOpic o f C an cer to Panam a s es .
—N
fih
fi
.
.
h
na
y
ardan ,
D
S
.
Under wood, L M Nov , 1885 -
.
bass
and other
p
tro ical A
merica
,
I dem, 39 4
s es.
p
ed
.
h
—T be
.
.
h
p
merican
N orth A
-
Myria
h
.
.
fro m the
p
s ecies o f
fih
es
s
.
mericana
Entomologica A
oda.
m
N A
A ll from the
.
Gilber t , C I i D escri tio ns of t irty t ree new I dem, 3 3 8 Fro m the aut o rs M exico
an d
,
.
from Mazatlan ,
:
.
.
p
—
.
p
stri
fih
.
aut or
,
coast of
mes of A merican
me L in ne an
ote o n so
.
.
I dem,
n t r it us.
'
—N fih — A li -
.
From the C anadian A relimi nary list o f the A rthrog astra o f N orth A merica Ento mo lo g ist, S e t 1885 Bot fro m the aut or Berber , G xi i —Geo metrical formo f lava co n es an d the elastic limit o f lava Ext A mer Jo ur o f S cien ce, Oct , 1885 -
p
h
.
.
h
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Bouleng er , G 11—A descri tion o f the German river frog (R an a esculen ta var ridibu mla) Ext P S L ondon , 1885 R emar ks on the common vi er, V ber m, an d o n its sub S p V sloan ei From T he Z oOlog ist, Oct , 1885
p
—
.
— R em
.
z
S ul, Bra il 40 3
.
.
.
pp
.
p
-
.
a er
.
.
.
.
p
U
.
of
on
scr
.
Fro m the autho r
H esper u s]
:
truei
Ext
.
.
Proc
.
8 N at .
.
.
Mus
.
,
—
.
.
.
.
—D e i pti
.
M
.
.
-
by Pro fessor E D C ape o n the re tiles of R io Gran de do A ll from the author
ar ks o n a
S i afeldt , R
Z
.
.
Cragrn , F PK , Call, R E , Br emen, L , an d Fax on , M Bulleti n of the Washburn C olleg e L abo ratory of N at H istory, T o eka, Kansas , 1885 Fro m the edi to r '
.
.
p
.
— a t a l o C g jj
.
.
p
.
de lo s Gé neros y Es ecies de los animales que se en Mammalia 1885 Fro m the aut or cuent ran en Guatemala Mey er , 0 I nsec ti vo ren und Galeo ithecus geolog isc alte Formen S ep abd a rorn the aut o r d N eu Jahrb f Min , 1885 R odriguez , .
.
.
o
—
.
.
.
—
.
L ewis, 7 211 N otice of some 106 From the aut or .
h
—
.
.
.
.
.
efi
gy
mounds
.
Borer , G A bd
—Ei u.
.
-
ph
— P
.
reli
h
aut
z
minary .
— .
xx
.
p
—o N
.
note on
Trauma t , E L es the aut hor -
vor
.
.
.
1 .
.
.
Ext
.
.
des C ar us und T arsus der N o 196 , 1885
o logie
n eiger,
o r.
z
.
.
a Mor 2001 A
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Tire Tn g onome eal S urvey of I ndia —A t the mee in g e Br is A ss c a n e at A er ee n in Se te m er o f t s ear e re s en o f e e ra hica se c n Ge nera I a er a e an acc u n o f t he s ur e S ur ey o f H nd stan erat ns a n e c as nes e gan bef re the c mme nce men t of e se e n een cent ur and e rs e ne ra map o f nd a, D A nville in 17 5 2 , was c m e fr m the c ar t s u s e o f c as nes and the t nerar es o f t ra e ers Ma r R e nne ll , appo intt d s ur e r o t Benga in 17 64 was the fat er of n i a n eo ra h I n ninett en years e s u r ey e sq u are mi les , and after his ret ur n t o E n lan , u s ed a re w r o n n a n a I g g a A t s h f t e a a m e e c e c ur r s n t M o r o e L a t n g g d re w u a r ec fo r a e nera r an u a n o f S u t er n nd a H e co mmenC t d wo r a c arefu t r iang ulat n o f S o ut e r n n dia, u fo r se veral ears no n i ce was a e n o f his mpo rt A of
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v to i F h i tit t l t d o po di g b t hi ho o oll d o ty it t C pt i v t di ov d th t idio l Cp ood op o th o gh d fl io l b li th d th d th i fl th tio ighbo i o t th b ity pl i g t o o i l t tio h thi o ld b tiv t i t od d t i p ov t to th hod th v hi h b o d th b t dd op to b th ol I di thod ollo d til th o l tio th p i t i g l io y o t gio I di ot til ti l tiv t o i i d b i gt k i o v y b i fi y y th h i t gl p i g th o h i d to h d tio o tth li h Th T i th b th p l ly till o o id b o i to l th l gov t to p it op to t th i t to y o i g h i t i gl to b i d lo g l i ti l o il li h o gh o t j gl o t tio ov o to ov look th t vt o t lity g t h y o v t dd gh ti d l t h i th p i i i g l tio o pl t d lo g t di l fi t d I di loy d by Colo l Cl k l t i v tig tio th fig th h l lk t t d b li th t th y th o ly i ty t to b th d Th i v tig io ho h t th to l lli ti i y th o ly t i li v t th jo i i d t it p vio ly ppo d Th F h t ppo d to b llio th p t h dio l t ko b ly h p t l th g it d it i t d d to p t th t ti th iti o i io oi gv o t th o y o th t Chi d by i th b i i g Th fi t th o gh o th o h to pit l iy g t d to th th o g o h Y lo k g th Y g h h took bo t to C g t ti g poi t h p d to t it l h bi p ol ll i th th o gh o t y th olo th by v ll y o h i t th h i t to io Ci o Polo i h d
ns sc e nce I n 1817 the re nc er ices u e e ec e me m er and af er t s n rs an d ap n n him a c r res n r me n i s ass s an f e e r c u i f o m his o w n H n w a s o p sc na arc at t he ere a L acanlle s mer a a n E ere s the e ec t n o f t he r u H e was in err r a e of G n ue nce o f t a m n f a rc u n er e e e e e e s a u n o t p r ng m u n ai ns and u s ecame aware o f t rac n o f t he n e s c au se ns w ere as r n m ca s a of ac n t he nece ss e ac e Evere s n r uce g rea m r e me n s no t w u s of e me t e s ur ey w c e f re L ambto n s ea in e m race e wh e o f n a had ee n e x en e in its sc e we u n s were f e c mp e n of e r inc an d his me r u n ns o f n a are m s l n a t n M a o f t he f re s re a a p o od n n t h e e N e r s m u t n e e a e n t G n a a t s a e p p ears e c a n o f rian es ass n r ug as n fo r ft a er n c s e fe o f t he o ffi cer it rema n e u n uc e an d its e x ecu e era at e ase o f e N e a e se H ima a as i n c arg e w as s m re f r m a le yet w ng t he re fu sa o f e Ne i r s a e se e m e r m ur e a n e n er e r err a r n e E n p c a n o f r an es had e car r e a n its 500 c nnec t n mi es necess ta ng t he c earance o f s me 2000 m es o f ne n of er 100 t wers f re s and u n e and t he c ns ruc t r u was rea er er e ear h s cur a ure T he m r a I n 184 3 E ere s was s uccee e t an in man a fam u s battle who re re in 186 1 and t he as c a n o f e r nc by Wau l m t n a n n a w r u a s c e e i 1 8 8 2 a p T he two n i u rs meas ure in n a were e mp na arc s ne e ar e in his as n es a n of e u re o f e e are e n eart and Ge nera Wa er s a e his e ef a t wo arcs s u ffic e n l accura e e u s u se ese n e s at ns s w t a e equ a r has muc h ess e p c t an was f rme r ’ ° be e e d and t ha e ma r ax s is 8 15 wes o f Gree nw c h ° ’ s s nstea e o f 15 s s w s s e re u u e a o f a a 34 ar o f the e ar t s renc me er s u se e a ten mi n meri na qu adran is no w n wn to e near ”hat ar ess than e ma n u e was n e n e re rese n — r M H osies Travels in Grinch A t e rece n mee ng o f e Br sh A ss c at n Mr A of ree H se a e an acc u n u i s nce n r n e s i n S u e s er m e h m e e n w n n a a n g j e rs was r u S u er n S su ch uan and N rt o f 1882 Y un ern K weic ho u its c a a Kwe Fu we s war an nan Eu e n r u h N rt er n u nnan and a ng t he N an u an h u n c h mg river to e an tsze w ere e a n his s ar n I n 1883 e ass e C h é n ; u the cap a o f S stt c u an by way o f the r ne and e tr eu m we s o f T z u liu e n r u t he c u n r o f e L s en Nin g y uan ch n g e w ite wax nsec and in a a e fam u s as the ab ta o f in n abi te t hro ugh the m a n d o o f Marc ou nta n us
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y re t p rt by M tz u t ribe h Chi g o r R e chi g h Chi r iver gold e d h e the proceede to T li F u Y u he he de c ded th e Y g i g river to L Cho u I F he e t to H Cho o rth f Ch u g Ch i th ce thro u h fertil e c o u t ry to Chi ti g F u h r i ght c ltiv te d b k f the M th e ce o u th h e ter ide f d de t L l d m the river Golde S d h to f M Chi ti g th e gre t ce ter eri cu lt ure S ch u prod uci g c it i th e empi re A d y d th e c hi e f i ec t fee t high jo ur ey from it th e f mo u mo u t O m cre d to th e o r hip f Bu ddh — Th e tot l fo re t re f Br iti h I di m A i N p ted qu re mil e Colo el P j k h g i f il e d to p e e t r t e i to Tib e t o er th e K er i mo u t i f h tre u o u oppo i io th e Chi e e D Otto mil e f th e c o t f N o rth er (G Fi ch h e plo r d m )N h Gu i e h di c ov ere d ev er l good h rbo r follo e d l rge ri er thi rt mile i to th e i terio r The i terio r mo u t i o th e pl i e r th e r i c hly c overe d ith tree d b u h e ll te ed h oil i f the i ch e t fertility th e tive fri e dly D F h fo u d t ce f m re g rd th e repo rte d di c o ery f old th e Fly river h i del — — m i1 d S Th e October i ue f h Proceedi g A f th e R oy l Ge og r phi c l S o c i e ty c o i F L J me cco u t f h jo ur ey th r o u gh th e S o m li c o u t y to th e W bb S h b Th e jo ur ey m y re p ec t h mo t ucce u l h t h e v r b ee m d e th t re io i ce th e p r y ucce de d e e mo re th h l c o i g th e e i ul O re t r i g itho u co e t Th e re t ur ho e er compe lle d by th e ttempt f S u l f B rri m k e h vi ito r t hm g t h ri l Th e re e t d er to h h h r e l er e e po ed ro e from Lord Gr vill e telegr m fo biddi g th e e peditio proc ed Thi rr e d f r th ei r d p t ure ope p bl c tio B rbe c ed h Som li to believe th th e t vel er we e di f vor i h h Briti h gover me t F m e to h So m li f O y the ri fle i u e d re p c t M o t f th e c o u t ry ppe r to b e to y de e t e tl me t b d t th e W b hi ch do re h h oce b u t lo i e f f w mil e from th e o t I O d the e u bj t pe o p l c l ed A do e ith t o ly m rk eg o fe t e A bo u t 5 pec ie p t chi fly he b u der h u b re b r o u ht b c k i c l u di g peci m f p ocy ceo u pl t whi c h fl rro poi o S i ty p ec i e bi rd e e f hi ch fo ty i ki d f L p ido pter e v te er l o b ro u h b k f th e m Th e ge e logy f h Som li trib i gi T h ey ll id u [J
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th th ov t il d t th o t t pl h ov bot hil l v io th d d d io o ld b i g t i l to th di g to to ilib i it th o ly th lvl l o g t op ti g to th v p ifi v th o ti th th o i d ity to d t thi fi to i i l o po iti o o i cre g pre ure o r hi rd he e c o d i c mbi m tio W th eith r the fi h rd d d ti u d d u d io i h co u er ge l veli g up o ld Wi h th e eco d i e vit bly reu lt me i ti g u lo di g pl ce d lo di g o h er f equ l e o u ld permit i m o i th e c o i t l m c u e c o p e i f d p t t u der h oce mi ght m i i h di ff re ce f l ev l l re dy e t bli hed b u t thi ie be i g e y i mprob bl e it mi e rc h o me c u e hi ch m r d ce h c ifi c r v ty f th e o ti e de qu te it ee m to m m o u d i i t r l c e mi c l d mech ic l ero io b T ki g M T M R e e ti m te f ch emi c l ero io (A m m l o r p il to p er qu re l e u y S A l J ver e orld ov r f i r e ti m te f o rk o e h ter hi ch co me to h urf ce be o re emptyi i to th e b h it i pl i th t v t o rk mu t be do e i red uc i g h ver g p cifi gr vity f the co ti e t l it m i i d h h m ll v i prod lo d c ompre sio f t fo rm d m i h c e h Thi pe fici l r it be th e c e i d per r he e h c itie ter d d by ol tio re m i fill d ith ltog her me ger to llo f q ti ive re t D k o f mpl h t propo r m t f th e que tio We d io f h m t er c r ied ol t o to h by ri er ly obt i d hro gh p re ly u perfic i l c io Ne i h er do k h t propo t o f the ter f lli g po h co ti e t e e th e o ce be lo oce l eve l It i re o bl e ppo e ml h t thi mo t th t th e ter th e level c rrie hi her per ce t f olid b lo h m r i er t er N h t o u r ov er e t c i e tifi c o r k i G g b g o olid d it o ld ee me mi e tly fi i th t h e f l que io d m ho u l occ py th e joi t t e io f h U S Se vey hey po bly h S ig l S ervi ce G log i c dy der c o ider tio l Thi i ter l ero io by exc ti g m ll c vi i e th e body o t t o u ld l h e m i ho t i h me de r e f h f l e v l o u ld e i t g fl lo e i g th e i r urf c f p r m e t y m i i e d bec e c e th e d er l ge t re to be th ru t u p to the he rt f h c o ti e t i o the
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wn ce had ee n rml la de T he lect urer he n r e s cr e e c e fs u rface feat ures o f e g lobe theac t n o f win an d wa er an d cean curre n s ; re ferre e te mpe ra ure of e s ur e sea and e x p aine t a the m s m r an as we as face o f e m s rec effec o f the u nequ a d s r u n o f e m era ure er e s u rfaces o f e cean s and c n ne n s was an u nequ a dis er c p ress ure var n m re r e ss w t ributio n o f a m s H e t e n r cee e : e a vances d ur n rece n ear s seas n in e n w e g e o f o ne f r m o f fe nha ng e e r of se in any er ce an s urpasse e part me n o f cean c n est s o f n ew sc i s n r an is m s had n n a o u a ee ere i a l l t n g ep t hs in t he cean and e seas and at all er had een r we re e ng no w escr be spec a sts in all qu ar er s o f ew r ere no t see m e any par o f the cean e so ee s o so st r w here e re ss ure was so rea as to a e effec ar e n as n o f ife in s me o f its man ually ra se a arr er f r ms e g re a er e s all e rea v s ns o f the E e n in ng esc ende nt e an m a m were re p rese nte d A s e dee per wa ers and r cee de fur er seaward fr m t he r ers o f e c nt nen s s ec es and t he nu mber o f n v u a s ecame fte n rese n e arc a c r e m r e fe wer and fe wer t u i a m n mu mwas reac e in the g rea es dep t s o n ic c arac e rs D stance fr m co nt ne n a an fur es fr m c n ine n a an m re mp r an fact r in t he distri ndee was a muc I f he e t b utio n o f dee sea an ma s t an ac t u a neg o a and c m lected e r pare e res u ts o f we l e of e C/zalleng er s rawl ng s and dre g in g s in the ce n ra e ne o f o ze r na ac c in e s g rea er han 2000 fath ms o n g e g ra lar an ze and re d ay w t we lve t raw ing s and redg ng s a en un er s m lar c n i t ns and e ue and ep ths b ut o n h m d w m e u s f re e c e e u n n 20 s o t e n n s f n n 0 a g t he ce n ra c s a i ns e de n net two s pec me ns o f ani ac — ma s e n n fifty t wo S pec e s all w t t wo u fu excep — s c ience and am n ns new e m r ee n new g e nera On e o t e r an e sta ns near e c n ine nts a e er 1000 s pec me ns e n g ng 2 1 1 s ec e s o f w c 14 5 were n ew spe c e s and s x s ix e l ng e spec es re u s n wn fro m wer wa er s al A no new u pes o f s ruc u re had een sc ere in rg an isms fr m t he ee p sea e ecu ar modifica i ns w c an ma s had u n e rg n e acc mm a e t e mse e s a sm a c n t n s were s u ffi c e n n erest n and rem arka e e es o f s me fish and c ru s aceans had ec me a r p e ble r had sappeare a e er w e in e had ec me ers n o f e x cee ar e s e r ee n so m e as e scarce l rec n a e as e yes ec me ex trao rdi ns an d ante nn a had narily e n a e and at me s ap eare d to s mu a e e a c n ar ans o ft he ee sea T he er ru stacea and s me fam es o f fi h had er few and er s in e ee sea s ec es w i e e r ar e e s urfa
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p t ive h ry l r e mb r y h ho i g pp re tl t d e p p c i re l h h gg y me e mi e i m l mi t M y de p il o f th e emi io pho pho re ce t li ht h i h pp re pl y l ge l i h eco omy f de p fe f h mo t r iki g f c t ith re pect d p O i m l w t e i r very ide di tr b ut o h me p i b i fo u i ll r t oce b i A f er r f rri g to mi tio f c o r l toll d r e id M M rr y ul f m y li f i v e tig io med to ho th t i h m l re io t ey h d h mo t p er m e t r f h h u ce bold m h ti ll d ht d he T r i ry i m he e l ge e co i e l l i h P cific h t h ere o ce L muri h I di oce o r c i t l A i i h A l i c It m t red lit l e h ther h pi io hi ch h h ive to h be r g o me f th e r h b c rrect o r r poi t th t i ere h Th mu b e m b v t d i io h u m k o l d f i f cti h t o u r co t y k l g h re i mp t t i ve t o to c ll o h mi r io f ific m f l c o u ri I h m t er f d p l i e gl c i ere e t i c o l d h t c e iv e m d g g me t d ri g th e p t e y ye r h ei her ro md i or by ccide t dert k o k the hi h t i er t f h e h d c rri d it m or ro pi r it ere l k e ly i c ry it to termi io i m er o r hy gr t free pro pero u people — G N w l T h t h r d I ter tio l C G Be li m m g b er Ge o logi t h j u t bee h e ld b 55 pre e t the m jo it G rm I ly e t i t e A u i t e Gre t Brit i e ev Fr c d h U i d St te e rep re e t ive Th e mo t i mpo t t o rk f th e co g e i h p e p r io f ge o lo i l m It p ct f E r p h t e t e r p roo f c olo r f m y ill be re y h h t The u ifi c tio f ge o og c l o me cl ure o ppe r ikely be r liz d b ut th e co g e h r ed h t h Ar h r o c k h ll be di id d i to ectio cc o rdi g th i r rogr phi c l c h r c ter itho ut e pre i g opi io to hei r r l tive g — m i f h A th e rece t e ti F re c o c i tio A h M m [ t ed h t h J u i c t f Fr ce h ve fur ed C f E h p c i e c hi i b lo g to fi ty g e er o ly f i c h 5 i b i t th e pre t d Th e h l Ci S m h f th e J ur i c epo ch fu ll f i l d c or l reef ere o bl e to developme t f Echi i M L oriol h p ub l h h H l l i f de crip io f 9 cri oid fu d i Fr ce O the e e i hty i e re to ci ce e
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th d i it b o pli t d o th z ytl o l d k o ti C Th o h v l dy b tio d th ot o th o th l tt P o gh to hi h th y bol be referred — / i me rti c l e teph ite c y t l from M I th e S p i co co i i g th e form } P i de cribed Al i f KO h bee ree mi ed by Th L iw h f S t r b urg h d ec l re it to be tet r h e d rite H fo u d it cry t lliz e i th e h e mih e d r l divi io f th e re g u l r y t e m f y lite th e N ovember u mber f the N U I th e lith me tio e d h vi g b ee fo u d by M J P Iddi g m f th e ob idi r hyolit e r o th e Y e llo to e P r k f h p me ti me C A Te e f Berli fo u d th e m A bo u t th e litho hy e f ob idi fro m h m ll bl ck cry t l Cerro de l N v j Me i co They ere me ured d p ro me mi er l hi c h G R o e e rl d to b e th e h d d ec l re d to b e li m “ — — n a r t z V om R a escr be s qu e a A ME R I C A N M I N ER A L s Q ca e f rms o n e qu art cr s a s fr m A ex n u m er o f c m e f r mer a e a rea ee n an er a nd Bur e c u n e s N 3 me n ne in ese n es A m ng e rare f r ms on e a er — f s n d a r u ce w c e m R a a are P m O a , H y .
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y [J m hi f o m L k C it Col g ve re ult c orre po d g to f m Co lit e l ho bi h t e th e o r u l m S P S ) ( I th e Gl di t r mi e (P A ) S B S fro m Co l Me ic o O r y co ty C co m ct mi er l cur i m ll i rre l r m e y i ho it to be c o li e ith p rt f th e l A ver r pl ced by C u h vi g th e fo rm (Pb A C ) S B S b g t tr h ed ri e yl ite poly ite ro m S h m Colo r o d r e opyri e d co rodite fro m A l b m h o her u l h ur lt e mi ed Il m ite romC rter mi e N C top fro m S to eh m M mu covite p eu do mo rph ter eph e l me fro m W ke fi e ld Co lp om l e p u domo ph te u k o t b u l r mi e l f o mS te l g mi e e r A erp N Y d ver l lter tio prod uct the m g e i li me to e f B r k c o u ty P l o d e cribed d the re u lt f the i l e give — R I i o fte p o ibl e by me f M i m le he mic l te to determi e th e c h r cter f m f er l u d r th e mi cro c pe itho u t th e ro u b e f p r ti g lyz g it T met od mo t ge er l f t i p urpo f th e d etectio f p tite d ep h li e h e fS f f th e mi r l f th e H u y e r o u p f f H r i ck h K f th e c h r c er i i c e l e me e p r f B hre fm oth r mi er l Th e e gre t m y other h ve bee de c b d l e gth i h v rio u mi er o i c l m g zi e b u t h v u til ve y l t ly bee c oll ec te d d p u t i h pe f re dy D H u ho er f Mu i c h h rece tly b ro u ht toge th e hich h ve tood the e t f e peri e ce d l tho e m T h e h ded o her f h re u lt i c o mp c littl e book co t i i mi ute di rectio f dete tio f fi f e l e m t by me i m l e te t mo t f hic h m be ppli ed to the rock ectio o r mi er l p ti c le th e t e f mi cro c pe Th e ill u t r ti good d the di rec io f o ki g l y give N w E R e th i c h h m d e v er CY thoro u gh t u dy f pyr rgyr ite d pro u tite fro m hi o ri c l General N otes
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y i pl o ll o po d o ll l v l i t opod o po d y bi iptio h iv i i g p io h o i vi io by o p d y it h l th t o ti o pi t o i t t l po io th v l i g ll p th ti p li U b di g h o g d li l hl b g giv hi to i l k t h th ol to y o g b go p th opod ollo d by biblio phi li t o di g to th l g hi h th ti l itt i i i th lt oth o p th ith ob v tio v l t b tl h y op t b tt fli li y opt i t ti l i t ll ti l by J F b th divi io th th t it giv th lt y y ob v tio th bj hi h to o l gth l h Th T tio th i to ologi l o i ty oti l p p by o iptio o h b id Co t ib io to th Col opt ology U it d t iptio ith ot y op i th th U it d t hil F l h d di th p i C tho U it d t t ddi g ot oth g W h d y ipido g ll Flo id givi d iptio i
e es : s m e ce us c m un ce u s ( ar a nsects) agg re m f f c s d sc n o a e I c u e e r e e r e a a d n a n A g ) ( c m o un is g e n D scard n all re v u s t e r es o f s n e es is e d a a c n n u us c u re a m sa c o f erec mag rt ns o f e se e ra s ubco meal ma es fa s u o n n ified ce n ra ” e re na e eruc s r ane er G e K rae e n ( e er dert hiere) Osterprog ram der R ea sc u e des Jo han neums H am ur 1883 es an s r ca s e c of e fac r r ans o f n u m er s r u d e s A r r s f we a r a c ) g (59 e an g u a es in w c e ar c es were w r e n acc r n H e cr t c ses his e res u s o f ers and c m are s e m w s er a ns o n s e era cru s acea ee es c r s a Orthop o wn I n the era u er es f es and H m en era (Psy che A nna es des Sc e nces N a ure es (XV I I N o s 5 et 6 ) is an n eres n g H e e sex es in e H ymenop a re o n s n of ar c e era ; es e res u s o f man ears ser a ns on e su ect m re at e n w c we re fer e sew ere e ransac ns e A mer can En m ca S c e (X I I N o 2) c n a n sev of D r H rn viz : D e scr ns o f new N rt A meri era a ers a e; n r o f the u t ns e e er can S cara ae w n S ta es ; D escr es ; n e ns o f new C erambyc ida e T hroscidze of e n e S ta es ; w e Mr S n s s of scu sses B anc ar e s ec es o f au n and Phanaeus o f the H n e S a es a n n e s o n er e nera ; and M r ng A s mea re mar ks o n the c n us a s of r a ns o f n ew spec e s escr of
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P o d i po t t p p b o th iti h o i tio h i l b t livi g d d p oto l P otopl it o d oti t i ld hyd g o p hi h o t th t obility di livi g p otopl Th ld hyd g o p b d d by lk li ilv l io pi o th lo lg t t i ol ti li ivi g otopl d th lt hil d d p oto pl do Th p ifi g vi y th p otopl gy i d o d to o i ilv d po it d i t io y i o th t it t ilv th h bj t t i di o d lg Th ho p ifi h i l di b t livi g d d p oto l O di y poi o h p i id ty h i to h v p ti l t lo o g i hil th oi o i i t bl by p oto l P o o do d o id th t thi i v ti tio o i po t th ight fi t pp it i o t th po h ki g p p o l d d th t th t b h i l h g th t i io o livi g to d — Dr R OT OPL A S M
L I V I NG A N D D E A D O scar L ew rea an m r an a er e f re e Br s A ss c a n o n a c e m ca dif was feren ce e wee n n asm ea r p asm r an d e r u s w c acc u n fo r e f u n c n a n s cer a n a e n as m e x re me m r an d re a n ess o f c hang e in a a ne s ese a e e r u s can e re uce er so u t n S r gy ra one o f e wer a ae ac s o n h s s u o n in a pecu L n pr asm re uces e sa w e ea r ar way es not e s ec c ra t o f e r asm o f S py ro asm ra was ncrease and was f u n c nta n s er e s e in its n er r r e e ffec o f n ra e o f s er o n e A rg r a u man s u ec in cer a n seases was f u n in thes e a a n and u s was s w n a s ec c c e m ca ffere nce e ween s ns s uc ea r p as m r nar ru ss c ac and as wer r an s ms a e no ar cu ar e ffec o n s r c n ne see m e e p s n rres s i e r p asm is hydro xy lamy l w all s n es a n had m re r fess r Bur n San ers n sa a g m r ance an m e ar fo r had ar se n u o f e at rs a Pflii ger c nc u e a e c ma n ere a er o f Pflii ger mu s e a c e m ca c an e in e rans t n fr m n ead .
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wh t o opl m d D L w ook u p h que io l thi c h g e i mpor t tep H i i v e ti tio i d idi thi i mport t qu tio P of o r Sti rli g id thi g ve t t f livi g protopl m Th e chi ef hi g to ettle w h t tly c u e red uctio f th e ilver — I 83 6 L éo D u fo ur d e cr ib e d S A A d N l Sc i e ce t ure ll e v p p ecu li r v er ( 7 mif m p ite whi ch he fo u d i B mb i dB [ to h i ch h e g ve th e me f S pl l i b moi pl c i g hi w g u mo g th e e tozo oti g th e curre ce f I thi g u f p ite i A meri c it m be o u t f pl ce to give o m furth er cco t f it bec u e f i u i que t ruct ure d me t mo rpho e d to e bl e i e y rec og itio D f de cr iptio re d Tere lbid pe ll ucid molli fil f mi h u d u l t di ph li ve icu l f mb u l t er o obt u b d dd i H g p q the Fre c h ote hi ch ccomp y the bove de criptio th t the le g h i 6 8 li e th t it i very li m i ce i i bo u t li e i di meter th t it ho di ti ctio f he d o r t il b i g ob o r r o u ded both e d th t ll th e urf ce both b ve d b elow i covered with ph eroid l g u l tio hi ch like bdi ph ve i c l e m m d fi V S i e b ld i w r ot e f thi o r d e tio e d 8 3 i g i yo u g i b e d th t th e yo u g differed gre tly fro m the u ppo ed d u l i h vi g mooth ki F ro m th e ctive you g he th t the worm be lo ge d to th e m id b u t i the u p ed d u lt whi ch ere ll fem l e h e co u ld di cover motio furth er H oti ce h t i dige tive pp t u :di ffer fro m h t f l m id S i e b ld d S t i u rite O fi d eith er mo uth u i S plm l i b a l i repl ced by i d th e i t e ti l c eri e f e lo g te d ce ll d her i g toge th er d o d whi ch h l e it o rg e t wi e d g Th e t t u r li t to i ve tig te thi curio u im l L b b k wh p u bli h ed i 86 i the N l H i y R i i b er h l ill u t r t e by pl t e L u b o c k O S i m d o o p p p di overed d f th e body hi c h D u fo ur h d d e cribe d mi u e m oid wo r m d wro gly tho u ght thi mi u t e o m to be th e m l e copu l io ith the l rge body hi ch w th e fe m l e I c ll e d m l e h e i c re fu l to te de cribi g th e th t h h d bee ble to di i gu i h ge er tive o rg or f th e t ce f perm to d di cu e th e po ibilit ppe ded o m bei g p ite f S hm l i o r eve l rv l ki L ubboc k ho e rtic le i very i tere ti g de cribe th e tomy f the c ll ed fem le d t te th t i h mu cle ervo u o r c i rcu l to ry y te m d i te ti l c l d th t th e i ter io r f h body i wholly o ccu pi e d by t
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General N otes
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l tively e ormo do ubl e eri e f cr y ce ll Th e do ubl e eri e f cell h t m d th e ov ry th e p di d ho mologi e it ith the i t e f oth er m id Lu bbo c k me tio b riefly th e p l fi f S h l i d th e mod e f de e lop me t f H di c overed th t th e p r ite o ly p re e t i l rge f m l f Bo mb u b he u bl e to tr ce i met mo rpho i d di cover h w th e bee ere i ect d I l ter p per Lubbock give br ief cco u t f hi fu h tu di e S ph l i H ucceeded i keepi g the y g live eve l eek w ter d ugge t th t the yo u p hil e the l tter goi g b i f o m moi t e rth i to th e b ee mo H fo u d h l f g r ow fe m l e f S ph d d mp g r l ri b ut till l y ith th e c lled m l e tt ched h c ll t e tio to the pecu li r cell t ruct ure f th e ll d fe m l e Sch e id er w l e d by th e cell t ruc ure f th e call e d fe m l d th e lit l e o m d by th e o rg i c u io b et ee th e m th ei r d u io poi t here th e e u l ope i g ho u ld b to e pre th e opi io th t h c lled fem l e th e ov y f th e littl e o rm to hi ch it d d fu ll gro tt ch ed Sch e ider opi io derived from tructure w it d proof b ed ob erv tio d thi h l t bee fur i he d b y k L p reli mi y c ommu i c tio i th e Z l g i l k i L A ig f thi y e r t r ce h ev g tio f th e ge it l o rg i ch lo g reg rde d f th e fe m l e to fo rm th e ppe d ge to be the fe m l e it el f the ub eque t ro th f th e ppe d d ho mologi c l ig ifi c ce f d th e o r igi p rt Thi wo rm lik e body m e v e lo e h mi u te fe m le fro m hi c h it o rigi lly ev i tio e e before i egg ripe i Lu bbo c k i th e p per l re dy me tio e d d L i to hi Comp di u m der H el mi thologi e e umer te th e pec i hi ch S pl l a o mbi h bee fo u d h f Bo mb u i d ce i di ffere t pec i e fo r mer u tho r give th e i r re l tive b f b ee d t te th t th e u mber f S h u u lly pre l i gle bee fro m fo ur to eight b u t i peci me h obt i ed le th thi y fo ur h gre ter u mber f hi c h ere fu ll ro I o me Europe p cie f Bo mb u h l f th e l rge fem l e whi ch h ve hiber ted co t i the e p r ite d Ju e i M Wi hi to if S h l i to be fo u d i A meri c I e mi e d p c i me f Bomb u t ke the h f J u C mbri ge M Th e peci e f Bomb u were l t i d etermi ed O ly w f th e p ci me ere p r itized i i gle S h l the o her ere Th e S ph l ri fo u d i gl e w ce i meter l e gth e ch f th e oth er pec i me tr i fle horter N othi g eemed to i di re
t wo
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p ci me fo d i h A meri c bee e e oth er th S pl l b mbi e cept th t th ey were trifle l rger th ize u lly give f th—t peci e D ufo ur t te th e le g h h i ch e rly f S b mb to b fr o m 6 8 L u bbo c k m F urth e e mi tio f d L k f fe m l e de e mi e d p cie f bee h ti me he they c ome fr m thei r i ter ret re t d m re pec ime ece ry to k o h th er S ph l i i b u d— t h ere it i Europ d he her the ec ie i th e m G D i k — N D ur i g th e p IW S E I h ve t ke eve l i tere ti g pec ie to th e vi ci ity f D ve S mp r I A mo g th e m h G dl hi m ki he ll befo re repo rted from h We t T h peci me decidedly l rger th S m type d e t remely v ri bl e ome f them g eei g e ctly with the de criptio d fig ure f h G im S mith d p l i ly i di c ti g th e d P rime pe ific ide ity f th e fo rm A Sti mp o rite th e m m i u th e p er t u re ee to b e o r e d th e h m f i f G d l p d f fi t e o gro th b ut u mber f h li mpe f rme d pl te imply ddi g th e eco d e o g o th l h m gi re l A ith f fo rmer per i to me th u m ki g bl ck o i c l p Lily p d ee m to b th e i r f vorite t tio E c h li mpe t e ti g i rreg u l r re th e u der ide b u t ever f er o r i g th e l e f p pec i me f th e F g l l f mi Wol f u o N u mer o u ti d i ce th e p ubli c tio f h origi l de criptio e rly fw t y ye were fo u d e r th e mo u th f R o c k r iver mil e be l Th e v lidity f thi peci e h rec tly D ve po t be que tio ed by M R E C ll h refer it to P i p i l pi Th e peci me t k le ve do bt—c o cer i g i S the po itio f th e e ti y il i th e ge P l l e th e tomy ho gre ter di erge ce from th t t pe t th e he ll O R o c k river pec i me m ll er to u t r h typi c l fo il — l f i m m d ore c o p ctly coil ed e er e hibiti g th e periphe l c ri u pper who l Th e ho rter fo rm re mi d f h c o mmo l rho mboid l ri e ty f A di i il s S y The e h ve bee di t rib u te d by h riter to c o rre po de t der th e v iet l me f P l f s ms e jpi s Ob e tio M i i ippi r iv er L pl te d to co fi rm h opi io d e t er f th e l t e J Lewi th t th e e ter L i pl e pec i lly di ti c t Th e foot o ur pec i me o ly lightly e ceed th e hell i l e gth hil e Bi figure ( f th e e ter fo rm) re re e t i e r ly do u bl e th e l e g h f h e ll My me ure me t were k e i hil e h i ml pid motio —i g re te t l e g h bei g th e tt i ed H A ca e
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OT ES ON S OME
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.
General N otes
.
I
Th d t i tio ho olo i th t th v t b l t h hi to o bolo o b t hi tio i i th e hi to y f th e e vol u tio e fl d f th e th ree c l Verteb t the B t chi the R eptili d th e M mm li I h v e l r dy m d e uc h d etermi tio b u t Pro fe o r G d u b eque tly m d e di ffere t o e thi h e i follo ed b d the Eur pe p l l g e pc i lly by F h hi F u der G kohle d P mf m B hm I h ve ee mi d w ith th e d f thi que tio m ter i l I m bl e to e ch fur h er de fi ite c o c lu io i th e m tt er Th e f ct hi ch I h v di covered th e followi g I I th e Pelyco uri the chevro bo e fo rm co i u m with th e i t erce t ru m (hy o ce t ru m G d ) II I the c u d l vertebr f Eryop l o (R h hi mi) h m I ch ev ro bo e fo r m c o ti u u m i h th e i th erefore be li eve th e i terce t f C l p d p d f Eryop to be homologo u p rt I I I I the c u d l eri e f Cri cotu (Embolo meri) h i ter ce t r l rge h ce tr d e cept th t th ey form ti u m with th e chevro bo e e emble th em d ke p r with th e m u ppo r i g th e eur l rch IV I th e do r l regio f Cri cotu th e eu l rch lo e i ti cu l tio ith th e i terce tru m d d e cl u ively h ce t r m Th e eri l ho mologi e f th e ce t d i terce t re dily t r ce bl e thi h ro u ho ut th e col u m I pite f the e f ct D Frit ch d o her r g rd th e i ter ce tru m f th e R h h mi (hyp ce t ru m f C d ry ) the tru ce ru m H re o f thi c o ur e th e follo i g I I the c ud l regio f Sp r gmite D pl b h m eur l rc h t d th e i th t it e ily mi t ke f ce trum II I the do r l regio i C h l d d S h h eur l rc h t d bove o r the i terce tru m hile h e t ru m (pl euro ce t ru m d hypoce t ru m pl eu l e) r duce d i di me io III It th u re u lt th t the m ll hypoce tru m pleu l e re em bl e th e i terce tru m f th e R eptili d cert i M mm li ther th th e ce tru m to hi ch it tru ly belo g I m f th e opi io th t th e homologi c l determi tio f d i m l u d y F r it c h thi tt er err o e o u th e d f C lo i re o I Th e eur l rch bei g f ee m ch ge i rti cu l tio fro m — T H E BA T R A C H I A N NT ER C ENT R UM e e e rmna n o f the m g es of e s eg men s of e er e ra cen ra of the r ac m ns and e m me r u s a rac ans is a ques n Of mpo r
tance
n
s
s
a
er
as
er
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o
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.
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s
1 Proceedin s g
.
:
o verte ron
is
a
as
t e s
enosaurus ,
p
n
,
is
ra
n
a
s
w
t e
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n
a
n
s
n
are
,
na
s, an
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a a, .
s.
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w
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,
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,
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n
.
n
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o
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or
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L oc L oc L oc
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o
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.
’
,
on
a
n
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r
w
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n
an
s
s
ra
au
s and
ls
n
.
.
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e a
s
are
a a
n
n
ns
n ra
n
.
c n
ns
t
o
s
t e
.
n
s
on
s
ts
n
an
ntercen tru
sa
a
n
or
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s
s s
g
o
n o
n
n
.
.
a
n ra an
s
r
s an s o n
or a
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z
t e
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n
.
,
ntercent ru
x
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s
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t n
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nt n
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nn
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ne
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au
In
.
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.
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or
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in
ists , s e a os atio n ai o new
n , an d
s
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n s , an
n
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ass s o
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ra a.
.
.
,
h
mer
1880
cit.
cit
A
187 8,
p
p
.
.
.
22 5
p
.
p
.
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.
ts a
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r
P iloso h S oc , I S 7 S , 5 10 Pal Bulletin, N o 3 2 , I 5, Pl I I I .
.
n
.
a
n
.
.
.
.
fig 5 .
.
h
29 D r Frits ch has overlooked t ese refer 87 8 5 22, and I S 84 , ences, an d w ro ng ly believes that the co m lete i ntercentra o f C ricotus are co n fin ed to the caudal regi o n 5 Fauua der Gaskohle, Bd I I , H eft I , P1 50, fig I 4 , 15 I 6 .
cit
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.
p
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J[ u r di k i fo rmed by h co fl e ce o r co l e ce ce f h p ct r l p ir f fi Th e d lt to d fi h b rrow c vity der ide f b merged bo u ld er d to th e olid r oo f f thi c vity th e fe m l t c he h er i gl e l yer T h egg very dhe iv d qu i e l g e me uri g bo u t i ch i di met r fifth f Lik e th e m l e fi h th e m l e to d fi h u me c h rge f h dhere t brood f egg d rem i by hem u til they h tch e d d u b eque tly b eco me free The egg membr e o r o r di t i ve y fi m d dhere mm th e u der urf ce f th e to e by di coid l re bo u t 3 di meter Th e free glob u l r pol e f th e egg i cco rdi gly di d do rd The germi l di k i developed the lo er pole d gr du lly pre d to e clo e the itell u from belo u pw rd The re u lt i th t h e mbryo i fo rmed up the lo er or free pole f th e egg he e it develop u til it fi lly ru pt ure th e e gg me mb e h e it m be id to h ve h tc hed b u t u like ll oth er type f fi h embryo k ow to m the yo u g fi h do e o ce d rop fthe egg memb r e he the l t er i ru pt ure d Thi i p re ve te d by th e dh e io f h ve t r l ( w u pper) pol e f th e yolk ck to th e i id e f th e e gg memb r e j u t befo re th e l tter i ru ptured J u t h w thi eco d ry dh o f the yolk ck effected h bee d et er mi d b u t the dhe io per i t u til th e emb ryo co ider bly over h l f i c h l e gth I th e c o ur e f th e d eve lop me t f oth er p rt the yol k ck fi lly co tri cted ho ri o t lly ro u d the middle belo the body f th e embryo d bec ome ho ur gl h pe Thi d i p rt to th e do gro th f h me obl ti c o mite either f h yol k ide f th e yolk fro m bove re u lt f thi r t p b eco me i tr bdo mi l whil e p rt f it rem f ti me th e lower bu lb f h yolk c k d o u t ide f h tr e bdo mi l vity Eve t u lly th e whol e f h yolk b co me i t b mi due p rt to i furth er b o rptio d the fur her l thi develop me t f the bdomi l w ll f the embryo b u t d uri g l f thi ti me o r u til yolk b o rptio i c o mpl ete d th e e mb ryo re m i dhere t de cribed bove A thi t ge the embryo f d e ve lope d th t it o u ld b e rec og iz bl e be lo gi g to the ge u B h Th e pecto r l d pelvi c fi develop ve y hort fold which c lo e t g eth er th e l tter ri g l mo t i mme di te ly b e hi the fo rmer I th e co ur e f fu rther d eve lop me t th e pe lvic fi u dd e ly t r lo c te d fo r rd dv ce f the pecto l d fi lly b ro ught to li e e r the co t i ctio i the yolk ck d j u t bove th e lo er b u lbo u po rtio It will f th e l tter therefore be obvio u to th t either th e pecto r l p l vi c fi h ve ythi to do with c u i g th e dhe io fth e m f b both f the e fi ri e f bove th e poi t wh ere the yo u g fi h i dhere t Gener al N otes
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The p i re d pi l er e whi ch p to th e pelvi c fi c u ed c o tho e p i g to th e pecto l bec u e f th e u dde l c tio f former p i r f fi l re dy ll u de d to It h l o bee t ted by u tho r th t B po e e l te l li e Thi i error f the writer fo u d th t the euro m ti c g oove o r furro hic h re m i pe f co ider bl e i me h he d f the l rv c o ti ue d i to l ter l li e em h ide co ditio f thi whi ch i l o very evi de t th e d u lt if th e l tter c refu lly e mi ed There l o er i e f e ffere t po re p re e t i th e d u lt Th e l ter l e m tcc l bi furc te the vi c i ity f th e ho u lder g rdl e d e d do r l br ch b c k rd belo w th e b e f th e do r l d ve t l b r ch bove the b e f th e l Th e e w c l e r ly p r ll e l lo g e ith er id e f th e body e ve e t e d b k rd u po th e t il how by ome fi prep tio f th e ki f the mb mo u ted by Profe o r Libbey f Pri ceto A oth er poi t f o me i tere t i th e f c t th t th e e ti re b rood yo u g emb ryo u po to e h ve thei r he d di rected d t r d h light whi c h c o me i ide f th e l tl e retre t prep red by th e d u lt Thi i very rem rk bl e d m to i di t e th t th e di rec tio he ce th e light come ome i flue ce i determi i g the di re tio i hi ch th e embry i i ill be f rmed i th e bl tode m Ve y ctive moveme t f th e t il e peci lly f the pecto l fi bg oo th e e p rt f i rly developed the e move me t e o me mo re e ergeti c to w d th e c lo f th e fi e d e f i te ce f th e yo u g to d fi h It i very pr b bl e th t the iv rig li g moveme t f the yo u g emb ryo fi lly free hem fr m th e urf e to hi ch they fi rmly gl ued by ome d h m te i l ecrete d by th e yolk c k b u t whi c h lik e th t w hi c h the fi r t pl ce c u ed h egg memb r e to dh ere i ol ble ter The yolk i pecu li rly ho moge eo u d doe re dily co g l o r h rde th e pre e c f o rdi ry re ge t uch h romi c c id lo g th e egg memb r e i t ct The oil d rop pre e t d th e muc h h e vi er th the i r w l u me f w ter Th e u mber f fo u d i b rood i e c o id er bly b u t it do e ee m th t th ere o rdi rily m c h over h u dred l id pl ce They di rty yellow i c lo r d v ery fi m to th e to uc h with very rrow p ce b t e h ite ll u d e velopi g egg me mb e The developme t f the to d fi h i p ecu li r if u ique i f r e ti g p r olo g e d fi e d t g e t er th e p er iod h t c hi g o r f p e c p fro m th e e gg me mb r e ov er d uri g hi c h ll o r e rly ll f th e yolk i b o rbed The e mb ryo i th erefo re fi lly f e itho u t bei g e cu mbered by he vy yolk uch i m w ith th e emb ryo f th e l mo Such provi io obvio u ly h i dv t ge e peci lly i ce th e yo u g l o g rded by h m l e p re t d ur i g th e p riod f the i r he lpl e fi io O a
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may frequen find rece n ha c e em r s ar un e affi xe f o s f w s e e c c re e ru re e a o s f m m o u e p ran e s a ere ; ur n e a er s a es s uc s re s are not usu a s e ere is a dec de e er cerca a de e e fr m a spec a a f s n ce ere is no a s u e c n n u us me an fin f de e ed as in man er f rms O s n ccurs a u e m e o f u in e a u e of s H n H ow asts has not bee n e ter mned but n o f the roes and m u n fr m e c n e a u s at of me see ms e r r a e ha a e no t S awn ater o e l m R A d r y j ,
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C U B H err H ol m dd omethi g to o ur k owl edge f i H follo re u lt u mme d u p f blood c lot i g belo i g to th e l f glob u li A body c ll d fib i g be obt i ed from hor e blood ol u tio f fib i g e ith er c o g u l t e po t e o u ly ordi y tempe ture fib i u po dil u tio with w ter d bl od blood e u m tery e tr ct f th e lb u mi o u co gu l u m fo rmed i bl od e u mby th e dditio f l c ohol o r th e e t ct ob i e d fro me gg lb u mi co g ul ted i th e me the p ut re ce t fl u id h i d fro m c ook e d g lb mi d lo g co ti ued p g f o yge ll c u e t pi c l co gu l tio f th e ol u io f fib g ordi y temper ture ith th e pro uctio f fibri 3 F b i fer me t i p cu li r to th e blood b u t occu r mo g h deco mpo itio p roduct f lbu mi It i p rob bl e th t fibri d h p rod uc f th e o id tio f fib i g i Wh e 5 g r pidly bl e d to d e th ( d h l f to th r e ho r ) th e l t po rtio f blood d clot qu icker th h fi r t tho u h th e mo t f fib ri fo rmed doe m rk edly v y 6 Ve u blood c lot mo re lo ly th rteri l blood u foc tio del y c o g u l tio C u re hl lh d chloro form qu i i e d od c rbo te l o del y th e co gu l tio S PY Y E Y Th e l t f th e fo ur e p r te ly i ue d p rt f thi wo rk h vi g e re i d pp become po ible to pe k f it whol e It m b id th t th e u tho r h do e f th e phy iology f th e e mb ryo h t B l fo u did f th e mo rphology i hi H d b k Some f th e re rch e w bo r de cribed here clo ely co ected ith tho child re de crib e d the uthor previo u work D i S d Ki d to whi ch h e h freque ly oc io to m ke refere ce mo t i mpo r t ge er l r u lt H th t mobility pp r lo g before e ibility d th t th e e e o rg d th e p t f th e OND I T I ONS W H I C H ann a
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y te m co ecte d with th e m c p bl e f fu ctio i g o it i ll likely th t o rm l emb o i c li fe they h ve p op r fu ctio to p rform B mobili y i to be u de o d more e p ci lly th e po wer f m ki g po t eo u or m pul ive moveme The p re e c f e ibility o —ly be p oved by h e i te c f h t i re lly ki d f mobility h t i e fl e mobility Wh e th e pp op r i te re fl e move me t obt i ed ti m l ti g th e e e org i i ferred th t the cor e po di g ki d f e ibility i p re e t R e fl e move me o ly l ter i ppe ri g b u t l o be m de to di p e more e ily th i mp u l iv move me t Th e move me t th t i di c t e ibili y u pp re e d (i th e rtifi c i lly e tr c te d m b by bbit) by pplyi g chlo rofo rm to th e ki ith more f th e fl i l by c u i g c hlo ro fo r m to b e b t hed I e ither c e th e th i p u ppo e d th t th e c hlo r ff very r pidly It fo rm i h fi r t e c t di rectly the eco d cae i di rectly th e e v f th e ki th t it o ly eco d ily ffect th e pi l c o rd d it doe th e b i Th e moveme t f ll e ibili y the e mb ryo gr d u lly ri e from i fi r t ppe r e u p to bi h I th e e mb ryo f h r bbit th e ki be i g i rri te d w e d m p fro mth e co t ct to th e re c io The c r c th e po e f e pi r to ry move me t i d epe de t l dy pre e t f refle moveme t re po e to ti mu li th e h po wer f re fl e mov e me t ki re pi r tio Littl e cert i e d with re g rd to th e e e f te mpe t ure d h be the m l r e the f ct th t mobility i c e ed by rmth di mi i he d by cold f — c o u e p rove oth i g to th e e e f temp t ure p r perly c lled Th e h u m fm give ig f f t te mo th befo re bi r h Th e h l e h g fe l c o mpl i fu c tio l e be fo re bi rth f p rt b lo gi g to th e l o th e p r f th e eye b ut the powe f r i i g the eyelid pr t th e eye c lo e d th e h u m e mb ryo f er th e pre e t f th e rg i c fee li g T h c o ditio i th mo t h e l e k b efo re bi rth pl ure d p i be di ti g u i hed u tho r fi lly p u t th e que tio Th Wh t i th e c t u l t t f h emb yo o m lly H rri e by ri e f rg th t m p etty c o c l u ive wh e t ke togeth er the me te i orm lly like d re ml e leep or lik e the l th t i te f hib r ti g m mm l it do ke u p from thi b fo e bi r h c pt mo me t rily th e o ly whe tro gly MU D A C R A —Prof o r Bro S qu rd h d e mo t r te d th t f ever l ft er de th o r lo g i m p r i t th e w k f i m l dergo lo l e t o r ctio d m cl l lo g tio The moveme t ere o ly h e p h oth f g ro u p f t go i ti c mu c le divided d th y ce e d tot lly wh e c d er i c r igidity fi lly p e d w y ervo us be f re n
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Th e moveme t ere determi ed by me uri g h gle th ro u gh hi ch li mb t u ed l o by obt i i g d r ot ti g cyli d r g phi c t r c i g rep re e ti g h r t e te t f th e mu cu l r ch ge A dog kill ed O c ober 6 h th e s hi d li mb w f te ed i e te io d th e g u l r moveme t f th e foot ob erve d th e 5 h the gl e fo rmed by foot l eg th e 6th the h h th e d th e th e th e h h , 7 5 3 N ove mb er 4 the 3 Th e rigidity till p i ted N ovember 8 h h e th e ob erv tio ere de cribed The e moveme t b ol u tely i depe d e t f e ter l i temper t u e moi t ure etc I f ct th e me i m l hil e ome f th e rigid mu cle elo g ti g oth er tr cti till oth er re t P ro fe o r Bro Seq u rd c o me to th e t tli g c o c l u io th t th e e move me t p r ove th t th e mu cl m de d b u t till e do ed with vit l po er b u t ho ever cert i c h e mi c l c o di io i — hi ch i teced t d p rep r tory to fi l de th C mpu R mi 72 p 9 6 U F— TY G V C Profe o r Vu lpi h re e ed G N fter method hi re e rc h e thi i mpo rt t d di ffi u l h u bj ec t C ur ri e d do ere op er ted i uc h th t y cr i l erve c o u ld b e ti mu l t ed by i d uctio curre t thei r poi t f o rigi withi th e k u ll Th e erve were u u lly l id i t ct upo th e el ectrode refle effect f iled prob bly bec u e th e ppropri te erve ce ter ere i j ured i th e per tio M V u lpi c o c l u d e th t both th e gl d l r d th e v o dil to r fiber f th e h d mp i l e ve h med ll with th e f c i l b u t o e f them co me fro m th e trigemi l erve It i ert i pp re tly th t the ho rd ymp i be ide i gl d u l r d o dil tor fil me t uppli e to l rge e te t the terior w thi rd f th e to ue with e o ry erve f t te S ti mu l tio f h f c i l erv e i o rigi c u e bu d f liv fr o m th e the me ide b u t fl m ill ry gl d o e from the p rotid gl d d i te e co ge tio f th e S ti m w thi rd f th e c o rre po di g id e f th e to g ue l i f th e glo oph ry ge l erv e f e it fr o m fo me th e k u ll c u e co ge tio the po terio r thi rd f th e to g u e th e me ide d ecretio from h co rre po di g p rotid l d Whe th e tri emi l er e cited i th e me w i v o oto r c h g e ecretio i obt i ed i th er m h y muco u me mb r e f th e to g ue Th e ge icu l te g glio a trophi c ce ter f th e cho rd tymp i f fter i tr cr i l ectio f th e f c i l erve h fiber f the cho rd co t i ed i th l tte em i i t ct while ll h o h er de e e t w
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Psy chology
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Tho u h be ri g di rectly th e p re e t ubj ect it i m o r t t to o erve th tVu l i h ucceeded ep r t ly ti mu l ti g e r th e i r o r igi both th e pi l cce o ry d th e p eu mog t ri c erve E c ite me t f th e fi r t me d lo e c u e rre t f th e he rt hil e both bl e to mo e m t the to m ch d oth er o r Sti m l tio f th e p eu mo tri c ee med to h ve i fl ue ce u po c i rcu l tio o r th e ecre tio f th e muc o me mb r e f th e to m c h — C mp R d T i p 85 not
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bl e r g h term i lph b ti c l rder Ne ly hu d e d g e og phi c me fro mth e St te f M i e ot h ve e t ced to th ei r o rigi th e D kot l u ge i th e thi te th u l re rt f th e S t te ge ologi t f M i ot P ro fe o r N — pp 4 8 ) Th e u thor f th e t e H Wi h e ll ( S S i e P rofe o r A W Willi m o give e vid e ce f id u o u wo k f ll h e e i t r c i g th e e ty mologie ill ge l ke d ri r me Th e u u l pelli g f loc l me f I di o rigi by th e I di hi ch i lly di ffer fro m th e i r p r u c i tio the co rrect thi I di mode f pelli g h th erefo re bee dded to e ch me h e ever there w ece ity f it H m rk th t mo t D kot very li htly li e ll the i r v wel mu t be thi k modified by ddi g h t teme t th t th ey do lize the vo el i o rd f the l g u e b u t R ece t u mber l rge u mber f th e m f th e u l e ti f th e Torrey Bot i c l Cl ub N Yo rk co t i li g u i tic i qu i ri e i to th e o rigi f pl t me Th u fi d di clo up c lle d S o u th er mo Till d i u p o gi kgo (S l b i m i S p ec i e Copti hi e i i f C ifl ) t r ced by W R Ger rd f N York to term pp ri g i r l f th e o rth er A lgé ki di l ec t A l th e bove ill b 85 fo u d i th e J u ly u mb er f I the A u g u t u mber M i tere ti g rti cl e po th e I di p h hi ch h e G r rd h t te w i trod uc d i to N orth A meri c both by w f Me i c o d th e A tl ti c e bo r d Th e I di equ iv l e t giv h — A b h c lo e f th e rti c l S G to a ran e t e
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J[ u y th e tem whi ch i clu de h p mmite f Co d roz d the pper O d R d [th e ord th e Lo er C rbo ifero d K k M r ood Pi to o r c l c i f er o u b h ( ) t e D ur D were tricke o ut f the co mmittee re ol ti h reque t f P ro fe o r A Ge iki e r p re e ti g th e re l oci tio f h—e e bed ] f o i ti g h Permi ith T h que tio C b f f h h C rbo i fero u p r ovok e d th e mo t i tere ti g di cu io c o g re St ur f Vi e L pp Bl fo r d d P ro fe o r N berry poke f vo r f uch u io H ghe Topl ey N ikiti gre t m y other poke g i t th e oci tio Profe o r N berry i c o ur e f h re m rk id th t h ho ored c ol le g ue P ro fe o r H ll w h t th e Permi d f th e pi io e i t d th t h tu die co fi rmed thi A mer i c vie M N m tho ght h d ci io f uc h que tio thi ho u d depe d u po m jorit vote hi ch o l d fte e c h e lo que t pe k er (re ferr i g ch e e ch co t y to M L pp b illi t defe e f th e c ommittee propo itio ) Thi vi e fi lly t k e d th e co gre dopt d ith bo fi f ee di e ti g vote th e follo i g propo itio formu l ted by l M D Th e co gre i hi g to pro o u ce opi io h ie tifi c que t o ill l e ve c l ifi c tio it — T i b te th e th r e fold divi io f h A ft r muc h Tri i c — reed to b u t witho u t givi g me to the divi io i Th e divi io hi y t e m i to th re w dopt e d f j b u t itho ut peci f i g h me f th e divi io It w reed th t e ch eologi t might d r th e upper ho f th e h h er h e tho u ht b e t — greed th th e G u lt ho u ld be joi ed I w C th e Cret ceo u T i Th e diverg ce f vi e hi bj ct re th t M C pe lli i th e th e ch i r cut hort th e hole q e tio by ki g vote f co fide ce i th e committee whi ch u i mo ly ive w Fi lly th e eve fold divi io f th e eruptive rock E pi m y ti t f d c r i e d itho u oppo itio Thi completed the erio u geologi c l o rk th e co gre it the reed meet Lo do A c o mmitt e c o i ti g f H gh e Ge iki e Bl fo rd d T opl ey ppoi ted to m ke h ece ry rr geme t d th e co gre jo u ed D ur i g th e c o ur e f th e c o g re ddre e were give b M ert i reptil e N ewberry l rge D evo i G d P th e fl u id co ditio th e e r h fi h fro m A mer i c m G i terior O h er th e o r igi f lt d e po it ( ) f th e ome cl tor l l g N m th pl whi c h h e c o mp ili ( hi ch the co g re voted to p u li h u d r u pi c h ro h the ge cy f pec i l co mmitt o i ti g f MM C d ry Z ittel d N m y ) M Nikiti i s c o e c i e n t c i e t i Proceeding s o S S f fi
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td iddl o th t i i l di v ll y th Vol V thi t h t th F F z bhl p td l tio th thod ploy d by th di to th U it d t t ologi l v y Th d l g tio hi h p t d th U it d t thi og o itd Po o J ll P o o J b y b th o igi l o itt hi h gg t d th o g P o o Willi Po o F z l t d by th i oi tio th dv t i bo ti g id thi P o o h t d by th o i t d po g t d to it F p i t t to P o o J b y P tto t d t ill it o i l o p d th oll th o g Th l t d k o to th t y h th o h y tt d d itti g p ti g Po ll U ologi l v y iv d th io o o d t il d po t ivi g th d b t p il p ho y th Po o do g to th tio ph d th vo i I o y to l to h g it v l b th o g t i k t t th io bov t t — 885 N A lb y N Y S A —Th e follo i g p per ere p re e ted Ob cure h e t by S P f t ki g c o mpo it e pho h L gl ey A fo rm f f f S illi g Th e c r bo i er o u ipho ur u h h B b g p J f A me i c by A S P ck rd S tell r photogr phy by E C d h i Pickeri g T fi h e fo r m f polyodo t g fr mth e Eo ce e the R ky mo u t i by E D Cope Y l e C llege Ob erv to ry N w li e h pectr f cert i t r by O T S h erm (by i vit tio ) C ert i t r ob erved by Pl m teed d uppo ed to h ve di ppe red by C H F Peter R e m rk po th e i ter tio l geog phi c l co gre Berli with b rief hi t ric l oti ce f th e origi f the co gre by J me H ll N ote ome poi t i th e geology f th e Moh k lley by J me H ll Whe h ll th e tro omc l d begi l by Si mo Newcomb P ri mordi l roc k mo g th e W fli ley li m to e e r Po u ghk eep i e N Y by Willi m B D igh f t r c t log ue by C H F P eter (b i vi tio ) Th e err o Preli mi ry rep rt th e i ve tig tio re l ti g to h redit ry d f e by A Gr h m Be ll The t r i the eb u l f A d m d by C A Yo u g R ece t p r og re eco o mi c e to ml h by J A Li t er (by i vit tio ) R em rk to i f the C lo do d th e R i Gr de by J W Powel l
e e his map o f the M e and S u eas R u ss a nc u ng the a e of e a eur r ee ee s f e M a ss n s o g ; map o f rance ; and D r ra er o n e a f o f Mr Mc Gee re an e x p ana se n e s em n of e me e e rec r e n e S a es Ge ca S ur e of s e e e a n w c re rese n e e n e S ta es at c n ress c ns s e o f r fess r ames H a and r fess r S New err me m ers o f e r na c mm ee w c s u e s e e c n ress ; r fess r D Ph H S ams and r fess r D Sc Persifo r ra er w ho were e ec e e A mer can A ss c a n fo r e A anceme n o f Sc e nce at its A nn A r r mee n Bes es r fe ss r Bru s was elec e e c mm t ee u n er s the wer s ran e r fe ss r Mr Ke m (ass s an New err ) M r H B a n (s u e n ) and M r H E M er m c h s m o f m s n s e r er c p r e r f e c re a a a o n e A e s a ( ) e as tw o n ame were no t n wn e secre ar w ho can not say w e er r not t e a e n e the s n s Mr McGee re resen n M aj we and the S Ge ca Sur e arr e after e se ss ns had c mme nced —From S cience Oct 3 0 Persi for Fraz er S ecretary qf t/te A mer ican Committee deleg ates o t n w N e m a t l re e e re r e e e r a s i A a n [ g ap ear s rt l in e A m your n of S ci and A rts I n S cience fo r D ec 1 1 r fess r D ewalque es not a ree as e ac n o n a c s o f a r a n m n u u er e e rr ee r a D n a a n t C p g tho rized c an e Se era me m ers of e c n ress h n — ha e act n was as a e s a e d P F D ec 15 1885 ] res n
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A MER I CA N NA T UR A L I S T
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A N I LL US TR A T ED MA GA ZI NE
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PH I L A D E L PH I A P R ES S
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1885
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BY MC C A
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For the Pro
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N atura is ts in Mexico ,
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10 79 ;
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T he Political S c ien tis t ,
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1 18 6
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k
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I n gerso 2 83
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3 72
Bo o
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l
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an ts , 4 85 ;
o
S urvey , 4 86 ; T w elith A n nua R eport 6 ; R ecen t Boo s and Pam an d N atura H is to ry S u rvey o f M in n esot a, 4 8 of t he Geo o g i ca ’ o f C en tral E uro ean Fo res t En to mo og y , 5 84 i o u s E emen tary T ext e 8 6 H a n d o a s hl C t , 4 p o o og y , 5 85 ; U phams F ora o f M i n nes o t a, 5 85 ; R ec en t Boo ks and Pam h et s , 5 8 6; book o i ’ vi ng s C o p er t e ri ng R oc s a 6 A ice May u s r t d I r e e a f T he C ruise of the I o L a ; , 3 9 ] [ so
ic
l
l
e o re
oo og y
Z l
p
b k l M l
,
4 85 ;
l
p l ll
-
'
l
p lb
k
l
pk l
-
i cro sco pe in Bo t any , 69 5 69 4 ; T he eo o g is t , T he M us eu m, T he og is t an d A rcha erio r,
Su
og i ca
T he A
mateur N atura is t
l l ll K l
,
k
l
T he H oos ier M inera
Y oung M inera og is t and A nt iq uari an 69 5 ; D e C an do e s Orig i n o f C u t i vated P an ts 7 7 8 ; Our L iving W o r d [I us t rat ed] 7 80 ; M emo irs of 0 ; Dr rauss S avic C us to ms 781 ings t he N at io na A cademy of S c ien ces [ I l ust rated ] 7 8 I ey s M adam H o w and M adam W hy 7 81 ; Eyferth s Naturgeschichte der mi ros o is chen
ll
'
'
S iisssvass er cen t
Bo o
k
l b
l
l
l
,
,
,
’
.
k k ,
'
,
ew ohn er, 7 8a ;
s an d
l
Pamph
l
ets ,
Gatschet
’
s
7 83 ; Pri n ce
p mp l
k
”
K
p
A M ig ra t ion L egen d of the C ree I ndian s , 7 83 ; R e ’ R o an d Bon a art e s L es H a itan ts de S uri name, 86 8
l
k
b
b
l
h ets , 86 9 R ecent Bo o s an d Pa For es A N atura ist s D eve o pment T heor y , 869 andering s in t he Eastern A rchipe ag o [ I lust rated] , 9 7 5 ; T he R eport o f t he Fift y fo urt h M eet ’ “ ing o f the Brit ish A ss ociati o n , 9 7 7 : V i n ing s A n I ng o rio us C o um us , 9 78; R e ort o f Pro
Berg en
'
W
'
gress o l
s
the
l
l
Geo ogica
and
l l
l
N at ura H istory S urvey
l
of
l b
C anada for 1882
'
-
p
9 79
Wl
’
'
a cott s
Contents
.
l
l l
Palaeonto ogy of the Eureka district, 9 79 ; C urt is S i ver ead D ep osits o f Eureka, N evada, 9 79 ’ R ecen t Boo s and Pamph ets , 9 79 ; W hite s R eview of t he Foss i Oysters of N orth A merica , ' s of 10 7 9 : R ecen t Books an d Pam h ets , 1080 ; R o manes R es earches on the N ervous S ys tem
J ll e
R
y
“ N or as .
a nd
k
e
l
.
1 18 8;
,
l
Cata ogue
s
of
Fishes
merica
N ort h A
of
,
1 199
N o tes , 6 3 ; A merican N o tes , 6 4 ; A s iati c N ot es , 66 ; M iscel T he C hi ian A ndes , T he S u osed N ew I s and o ff I celand , M eade
merica : M is tassini A merican
pp
l
N o tes ,
,
16 2
M r O N eill s Ex '
'
.
,
pl
'
'
,
.
;A
l
O N eill s Journey T he
frica : M r
1 5 8; A
S outh Geo rg i a,
16 1
.
.
Jordan
’
s aoo .
rican
M r Jon T ho mson
of
]
—A f
A
d i tio n , A fric an N o tes ,
J o urney
us t rated
T r m ls
la n eous N o tes , 66 La
pl
Pamph ets,
and
l
-
.
Geog r af hy ri ver ,
ll
[I
-
Boo ks
ecent
Gm
l
k
S tar fi sh
an d
’
A s iat ic N otes ,
s ia
9
w i u E xpo
es u ts o f t he
85 : A frica : R
l
T he I s
A sia
o rat io ns , 2 8 6;
K l l
and o i
Formosa,
N ort hern A fg han is tan , A s iatic N otes, 3 80 ; A frica : A frican N otes 382 ; A merica : N orse an d Por tu g uese C o on ies i n N orth A merica , S o urce o f the M iss issippi , T he Fueg ians , 3 83 ; A frica : T he N iger, H arrar , 4 87 A si a : A siat ic N otes , 4 88; EurOpe : European N o tes , 4 89 ; A merica Physica A
s
l
pm
.
ect o f Brazil
K ili
A
,
meri can N o tes
k
La
,
l
e
M is tass ini
T he Egyp t ian S udan , 5 87 : A s ia
aro , anj
a
.
T he L ower
l
C o rrect io n , 49 1 A frica H elmund , D isco very of t he S ourc es of
D r C arver ,
48 9
,
H oang ho, A s iat ic N otes . 5 88; A us tra ia : T he N ort h C oast o f N ew Guinea, 5 89 A meri ca , 5 9 0 ; Euro e 590 ; A frica; T he S ahara, M Giran d s E x edi t io n , R ecen t A cq uisi tions o f S ain,
p K m
t he
-
.
,
T he the
ingdo
p
'
o f t he
I raw adi ; C o rc a
C o ng o : T he R
M
ll
S ea C oas t , A fr ican N ews , 696
ed
l
Mai y C ha on
de
p
’
Journey
A
;
T he S anpo
s ia :
an d
Z l
Oceanica N ew
ea an d ,
786 S ou th A merica : R o rai ma ; T he S as atchewan reg io n , T he Xing u, 7 87 : Europe, 7 88 ; A frica A frican N ews , 789 ; A sia : T he Badg his dis t ri ct , T he Pes cadores , Port H ami ton , A s iat ic N ews .
ravels
Euro
1087 :
A
p
s iat ic and
7 84 :
l
,
,
,
’
.
,
,
Euro pean N ew s,
e:
,
l
l
,
Morocco ,
in
k
s
merica 875 : Geogra phica N ews 876 ; A frica : A frican N ews 9 83 ; A sia A merica A merica n N ews 9 84 ; Genera 1083 A fri ca : M Foucauld s A frican N ews 1083 ; A merica : A merican N ews 1086 : A sia : A siatic N ew s
87 a : A frica . 87 4 : A A s iati c N ews , 9 84
T
.
-
Ocean ic N ews
10 87 ;
Ocean ica : T he Badg his
s i a and
A
tt ica :
A
,
l
,
A frican N ews ,
meri ca :
A
1 2 06
,
T he Caro ines C orea
,
A
,
merican N ews
,
13 06
E uro pe : Euro pean N ew s ,
Geology
Jurassic
a nd
D i nos auria, Part
Deposits
sea
R i ver
b
eds
p os ition at
o ff t he
of
W
—R
Pale o n tolog y
“of the European
oden t
ert iaries ,
l
M arsh
67
A
on
merican
6 7 ; T he Eocene o f N o rt h C aro i na, 69 C haract er o f the D eep C oast o f the Un ited S tates , 69 Geo og ica N ew s , 70 T he W hite
y i rr,
Eas tern
S w ift C urren t river, N ort hwes t as hi ng to n ,
T
an d e sewhere, 16 3 :
.
A
l
l
Occurren ce o f Bo u ders
t erri t ory , 163
l
D C
l
l l
fos si A g a l us trated] , 2 8 9;Ty
re t here an y
ll
pl
of
D eco m
l b
Geo og i o f C ar o n
16 5 :
Pterichthys in the S ys tem [ I es i fero us X iphosura new to N ort h A meri ca, 29 1 ; Geo og ica N o tes , ao4 ; T he O des t T ert iary M amma ia, 3 85 ; A Baro meter for meas uri ng se arat e y the W eight an d Pres s ure of the A ir [ I i lus t rated] 3 87 ; T he Eri o C rysta i ne R oc s 3 89 ; T he T heater o f t he Eart hq ua es in S ain , ca l
N ews ,
16 7
;
of
T he Pos it io n
l
b ll
,
ll
l p l
k
l
l
p pl m k
,
39 0 : Geo log ical N otes , 3 9 0 ; T he Mamma ian g en us I I emiganus , 49 a ; Mars u ia s fro L o wer Eocene of N ew M ex ico , 4 9 3 : T he L o up Fo r Mioc ene in M ex ico , 40 4 D isco very
ext inct
Elk i n the
Quaternary
of
N ew
Jersey
k
,
4 9 5 ; T ert iary
p
M an
l b
T henay 4 9 5 ; Geo Bat rachia o f t he Permian at
,
the
o f an
og ica
l
eds o f N o tes , 496 ; T he Orig in o f Fres h-wat er Fau nas , 5 90 ; T he Bo hemia an d t he L a y ri n thodont fro m t he El l i g ro u (I ndia) , 59 2 ; T he Genera of t he D ino I nsec ts oi the C ar o n ifero us eriod , 594 c erata, 59 4 : T he U n ited S tat es Geo og ica S urvey , 59 4
b
l
W ll
l
'
pk
b
l
i iam D awso n on the M eso zoic F o ras o i t he R oc Ge olo g ical N ews , 59 5 ; S ir y Mountain o f C ar o n ifero us C rus tacea reg ion o i Canada, 69 9 : T he S y ncarid a, a gro u 700 ; M ars h on t h e D i nocerata, 703 ; Geo og ica N ews , 70 5 ; T he M amma ia o f the O ig ocen e o f Bueno s A y res ,
7 89
l
On
:
G eo
l
the
On
Eryo n idz
R elation s
,
880 ; T he Geo
of t he
Puerco
and
Geological N ews , 987 ; o ccurring i n A northosi te R oc rh y nchidz , 1o9 0 ; A C ri tiq ue 9 86
:
b l b
l
k
l
he A
kl
n
e and S
l
l
H isto ry
og ica
l
of
l
fo ss i
S chizo
pm
od
pl l
C rus tacea, 790 o n D idym od us ,
N ew
Z l
ea an d
b
881
Geo
l
R
oc
k
ll
l l
l
l
ll
a
Ocean Bas ins , out the O iv i ne
an d
b l
a
ied to
N ew s , 881 ; T he
og ica
from the R iver S agu enay , 1087 ; Eo cene Padd e fish ’ s G acia T heo ry , 109 1 ; Occurrence o f a dee of C ro s
-
l
l
pl l l b
Go no -sea Fora
and
Geo og i ca N ews, 109 : Po emics i n Pa a eon t o og y , D ic lon ius mi ra i i s [ I us t rated ] , 13 08; P ioc ene H o rses
s , 109 1 ;
kin o f t he D in os aur,
.
of
Z
S o u th western T exas [I llustratgd] , Geolog ica N ews , t axo 13 09
of
l
fami y
undes cri ed
an
l
,
L aramie D epos its , 9 85 : C ros y s C o n tinen ts On the Presenc e of o nes o f cert ain S i icates
minifer I n A us tra ian M i ocene 1 3 07 ; T
.
b l
N ews . 79 3 T he R e ations o f the Pa e ozoic I nsec ts , 87 6 ; Gar an the A nthrac ari dc , a fami y o f C a r o n ifero us macrurous deca o d C rus t acea ,
og ical
87 8; t he
G ampso n ychida
l l
p
1108;
L ist
of
the
b l ll l l Geo og ica
Form at io ns
of
S pitz
erg en
,
Contents M in er a logy
P etr og r oflry
a nd
l
M inera S yn thes is
l
l
—Op i
l
p
,
l
ma ies
A
no
2 99
R
t ca
Minera s
Boro n
2 9 8:
.
.
.
i n C ryst als T ext ho alts
ecen t
-
R
of
the
of
M inera
l
S ys tem
eg uar
l
l
2 96
,
o g y and
Pet rog ra
h W d s a a o i o te s r h 2 r i f P t i c N oc o h o a d t e ro m t e H e e r o e a f d o o C G C ; : : 5 , p , g 39 p p y 39 39 4 w o rth s L itho o gi ca S t udies , Part 1 4 9 7 M in era o g ic a N ot es , 5 00 ; Phy s ical Mi nera ogy , 59 6 ; T he Feids pars , 599 ; H y ers thene asa t , 60 1 ; N ew M in era s 708: T he C as s ification o f N at
l
’
l l lm
l
l
l l mp b l bl l pl ll
pl l b l l .
-
.
S i icates , 79 5 ; M inera og ica N ews , 79 8; A Ba t i ore coun ty , 884 ; N ew P anes on H o rn
ura
p
bb
Metamo r hosis o f Ga ro M in erals, 1096 ; M et eorites ,
99 1 ;
ican
Bo ta ny
—T he
o
e- A nt hophy
C rys ta
ende
ll
ite from
885
s,
l
L
:
M t W ashi ngt on .
886 ; T
eucite,
.
of
ll b
Mu
the
mer
l
l
l
ll
(S ey meria macmphy lla) [I T he Y ounger S choo o f Botanist s
Foxg
ei n
ove
l
,
es c hn i t e,
99 2 ; Petrog ra hica N ews , 9 9 3 : N ew Min eral s , 10 9 5 : A 1 2 12 M inera og ica N ews , 12 14 Petrog raphica N ews ,
,
Fert ilization
K
.
hi
l
.
12 1 5
ustrat ed
]
.
,
ansas , 7 3 ; Fert i it y o f H y r ids , 7 3 : N ew , 75 : 7 2 : Bo tan y in S pec ies o f N ort h A meri can Fun g i , 76 ; Bo tan ica N ot es , 7 7 : T he Fert ilizat io n o f Physos teg i a vi rg inian a [ I us t rat ed ], 168 Beg i n ni ng Bo t any , 169 : T he S tu dy of Paras it ic Fungi 1 7 0 : V ari a W hy F o w ers B os es , 30 1 S eed es s A t ion in C u t ivated P an ts 17 1 ; Bo t anica N o res 1 7 1
ll
l
l
l
l
l
,
ppl
l
.
l
.
l
m Ear y 3 0 1 ; A S ig nifican t D isco very 302 ; T he H i st ory of D iscovery i n Ferns 30 3 : D e Bary s C o m arative A nato my' of V eg etati ve Org ans 3 0 3 ; Jo urna o f M yco ogy 30 4 ; Bo tan iea l es 396 : N o rt h A meri N ot es 304 ; H y ridizat io n of Pot ato es 39 6 : H etero ec is mo f C edar A u t rat ed] 39 7 ; c an Fo re t s 39 6 ; T he Fert i lizat io n of the L eat her f o wer (C emat is viorna) [ I so
p b
,
’
.
P
l
s
,
39 8; Gray
,
ll
T he N ode o f Eq uisetum [ I
p
m ervirens
se
p
'
l
ll
,
b W l O ll l l l m l [ ll
l
'
b
-
ppl
l
ut io ns ,
l
p l
,
,
ll
,
l
3 99 ; Bo tanica
18 84
l
s
N o tes , 399 se3 ; T he Fer
i s t oo , o r e a o a d e n o 2 s rs o f S s i n T i 0 D ; 5 ] us t ra ted ] , 5 0 3 : T he int erna C am ium R ing in Ge semi um
ust rat ed
5 0 4 ; S tras urg er
,
p
Bo tanica C o n tri
s
C u hea vis cosiss i ma [ I
t ilizatio n of
l
,
,
M ig ratio n s
ant
l
,
b
p
l
Bo tan i ca l Bo tan ische Practicu m, 50 5 : T he Pam as , 50 5 i d nio n (A ium cernuum) [ I ust rated] , 60 1 T he co n tin ui t y
ll
s
ll
N o tes 506 ; Fer ti izat io n o f the ’ of Pro top as m in man y ce ed P an ts , 602 W illko mm s A rrang ement o f the V egeta e ing do m, 60 3 ; T he S tudy o f the L i verw ort s in N o r th A merica, 604 : Bo tany at S a em, 6 0 5 : Bo tanic a N ews ,
l
.
p
T he O
P an ts , 7 10 ; D eve opmen t o f S Fl ow ers o f D es od ium sess i ifo i um[ I
en i ng o f the
Branchin g
Pteris
oi
aq ui
of
different Genera [I
A
A
.
S
l l
Wi d S
Bean
o f the A
l
P
T he S
I
us t rated
l
]
A
A
.
l
A
.
pl
ect ru
b
]
us t rated
ted
t te
l
[ I l us t rat ed]
Hy
.
887 ; T he
bl lW k l lb l
l
.
of
m
l
of
l
o ro phy
ll
pp
13 17
,
.
Emery
o n the
;
T he T
reat
Fire
-
,
L egs
j
n ect on .
Eato n
'
s
:
]
l b l lb l pl m
ridizat io n
M o vemen t
Proto
of
k
of
.
7 10 ;
,
.
-
of
S ets
t he
in
l lb
as
for the Bo tan ica C
merican
.
.
l
N o tes
on
p pm l l
p
,
.
,
l
Bo tanica
m
7 7 ; Ent o
A
on
:
u
A s so ciat i o n fo r
T he Gro w th of
M ai ne,
of
12 1 7
S pec imens ,
12 18
En to
M oun ds of
t he
N o tes ,
o og ica
Occurrence of
b
Occident A
t he
b
l
nt ,
l
30 5
.
l bb
.
T achin a F ies in the T
S tr
ucture an d
o
er
11, 17 8:
; T he F ight
0 18
b l
N otes 8 0 ; E m ry o og y o f C hi og n at h M y ri n po ds 17 6 ;
n ten na
,
l l
olog ica
M on og ra h o f recent E hemeride Part
o f I ns ects , 17 8;
30 5
ment
fly of I ta y
-
.
n sects , 1 7 8;
us trat ed
12 18.
C
-
.
Ch
l
ll
Bo tan ica N ews 7 13 et w een Po nd s cu m;
7 11
'
A phides [ I l us t rated] 1 72 : N erve termin at i o ns ara t us and Po is on of S co r io n s , 1 7 7 : Pois on A
of
of the
mata of the Oat [ I
S c ien ce, 99 4 : T he Bo t an ica C u o f the A A A S 9 9 7 watered w it h A c id S o ut io ns , 1099 Bo tan ica N ew s , 1 10 3 : T he Grasses
E n tomolog y
I
to
l
800 ; Mo re Po u ar Botan y , 802 : T he Bo t an ica C u of the A 80 3 ; T he A undance o f A sh R us t , 886 ; T he Fert i izat io n o f the
o rn ,
Bo t an ica N o t es,
of
l
l l ll b mp pl
799 ;
.
,
divers i fo lii i s )
us
]
ust rated
bl K
883 ; Bacteria as V eg eta e Paras i es , 888: W o r C S , 889 ; Botan ica N ew s , 89 0 : Botan ica o f the A or
n dian
I
.
(Phas eo
A dvancement
an ts
ll
ina
802 ; Bo tanica N ew s ,
.
t y es o f
t he
l
merican M edicina
A
60 6
-
o f t he
R
p p
N o tes
on t
he
rachea:
Funct io n
Flies d ur in g C o n Breeding H a its o f
b
l
L ibellulidm 306 ; T he num er of A do mina S eg men ts in L e ido terous arva 30 7 ; Ento molog ical N o tes 308; Generic Posit ion of Polvdesmus ocellatus , 4 00 ; A q uat ic Caterp i ars , 40 1 Org ans o f H eari ng an d S me in S iders , 40 2 ; i g n ivo ro us A n t , 40 ; En to molog ica N o t es , 4 0 3 R e ro duc t io n in the H o n ey bee, 50 6 ; L ife his to ries o f M ites , 5 0 7 ; Firefly L i g ht , 508; U s e o f ’ l n s s i u i u n e i s v m 0 0 h e f l d i n i I s e c t E n t o m o i a N o R e E n e s o t t c o m n a d o a o , 5 9 : , 5 9 ; j g g y gi ca ' R epo rt fo r 1884 [ I us t rated] , 60 7 L at zel s M y rio o da o f A us t ro H u ng aria, 6 0 7 ; T ro ues sart and ' M eg n in s S arco t id M ites , 60 8 ; E n to mo og ic a N ews, 608 : U nus ua number of L egs in the the
,
ll p
.
p
pmll
C ater i
ll
p ll b
ar o f L ago a
[I
p
l
l
-
l
p l l p
l
of
l
l
-
7 14 ; U s e o f t he Pu a:
us t rated ] ,
ll
.
M o ths in dis t i ng uis hin g S
p
ecies ,
7 15 7 16
A pho dius iii q u inat us , 7 16 ; I ns ect Pes ts on t he Pac i fic C oast , I sos o ma (l soso ma n i g ru m, n s p ) [ I us En to mo o g ica N o tes , 7 16 ; T he B ac , W heat sta uring C orn R oo ts , 8 1 t rat ed] 80 4 : En to mo og ica N ew s , 808; A n ew s pec ies o f C ram us inj 9
S war
in g
l
.
U nus ual A
of a
l
b
D ung
-
eet le,
l
l
un danc e o f
bl
Grassho p
But terfly 89 3 ; Edi e M ex ican I t he C ass i ficat io n o f I nsec ts 99 9
l
A
,
n iso to
b
For
es
l
,
'
min i R
,
100 3 ;
En t o mo
eport o n t he
p
l k
ers in
l
o g ic a
Co
l
o rado
,
b
89 2 ;
ll
.
M imicry of a D rago n fly by
l b l
a
S umatran
En to mo lo g ic a N ews , 89 3 : D r Brauer s V iews o n H is to ogy an d Em ry o o g y o f I ns ec ts , 100 1 ; H o r n o n the N ew s , 100 4 : On t he Paras i tes o f the H ess ian Fly 1 10 4
ns ect s ,
:
lk
-
N ox i o us I nsec ts
89 3
l
of
I
;
ll
’
.
,
i n oi s
fo r
188 4 , 1105
;
Flig hts
of
L ocusts in, Eastern
Contents
.
C hinese I nsect White Wax, rr06 ; Palpi o i I nsects , r t o 7 ; Entomolog i ca l N ew s , r r0 7 ; Occurren ce of C o lias nas tes i n the Pamir moun tains , rare ; T he Ey e an d Optic T ract oi I ns ect s 12 20 ; H ow I nsects adhere t o flat vert i cal S urfaces , 12 2 1 ; S eason D imorpln sm i n S pi ders , t s ar ; Ento molog i cal N ews , r aar
M exico in
'
18 85 , n os :
'
,
.
—T h
Zo ology
e
t t r a es e n e p
Water
D eep
-
,
84
:
sea
Exploratio ns
T alisman ,
8r ; T he dep th to w hich S un lig ht Brain oi A sellus and t he Ey eless tor mC ecidotz a, 85
of the
On t he S t ruc utre of the
'
T arsus in the M ammals , 86 ; Z oolog ical N o tes , 88; T he D eep sea Ex ' T alisman (co nt inued) , rS a ; T he N ervous S ys temo f A ntedo n , r84 ; H errick s
O n the M orpho logy
o f t he
p lora t ions of the C ladocera an d C opepoda
of
M i nn eso ta,
r85
;
M o rphology
of
t he
Organ
uditory
V ertebrat e A
,
S o me preli minary no tes o n the A nato my of Fishes , 187 T he L arva o f Estheria mex icana h e i 2 e e t r t 6 1 a t o i n e P r c h 1 A i r n i n w i h t s o e F 0 t e r l n t h e z a n t F r 0 d I l u s t a e d A b rr L u i ; , g , 9 ] 9 [ adi llo i n T exas , t 9 a ; A not her S wimming G ro und , 19 2 ; Fea th ers oi the D odo , 19 2 ; T he A rm W o odchuck, t ga N est o f N eo tonta floridan a, r9 3 ; H aacke s D iscovery of the Eggs o f t he A us 6 r8
'
’
Echidna,
t ralian
D ist ribut io n
19 3 :
of
M ammals
On t he C en t rale C arpi oi
'
,
194 :
t he
M ammals
,
C amelidas, r9 6 ; L ast appearan ce of t he Bis on in W es t V i rg in ia, als , 309 ; A Free s w imming S po ro 19 7 ; Zoo log ical N o tes, r9 8; Functio n of C hloro p hyll in A n im A fii nit ies of On chidia, 3 t a ; Zoolog ical N otes , 3 t a c y s t , 3 10 ; S t ructure o i Echinoderms , 3 x: T he A n ato my oi the H iru dinea, 4 0 4 ; N eumayr s C lass ification of the L amellibranchs , 4 04 A o t en n ary Glan d of C y theridm, 4 0 5 A n Ey eless Eel, 40 5 ; T emperature and H ibern at i o n , 4 0 5 T he C hameleo n V i viparo us , 40 1 ; A C row C racking C lams , 40 7 T he T urkey Buzzard breeding in Pennsylvan ia, 40 7 A Beaver D am built w ithout W ood , 40 7 ; T he W ild H ors e o f T hibet s9 5
;
T he T rapezi um
of t he
-
’
.
Zoolog ical N o tes , 4 08; A no ther V ort icella w it h tw o co nt ract ile V es icles , 5 ro ; C uvieri an Org ans o i the C ot ton s pi n ner, 5 10 ; Eart h worms, 5 rr D eep sea Ex plorations o f last S ummer b y t he U 5 Fis h C o mmiss ion , 5 ra ; A n ato my o f a Cat fi sh, 5 ra ; T he S piracles o f A mia an d L ep D is i dos t eus Birds out o f S eason , a T rag edy , 5 : 3 ; H ow far do es t he erboa j ump ? 5 14 4 0 8;
'
-
-
.
-
J
.
,
t ribution of
C o lor in the A
mal
ni
K in g do m, 609 L i fe his to ry oi S ten to r ca ruleus , 6 ro S hells o i Bivalves , 6 xx T he L ateral L ine of Fis hes , '
-
N er
; A
S ys tem in S po ng es , 6 rr Z oolog i cal N ew s , 6 r 3 ; I n des truct i ble I n fusori al L i fe, 7 17 ; On the M orphology of t he C arpus and T arsus oi V ert ebrates , 7 i s ; A Black footed Ferret fro m T exas , 720 ; Z oo log ical N ew s , 72 0 ; vous
'
-
mals 809 ; A rt ificial D ivisio n o f i nfusoria 809 ; Org an D is is ms in I ce A Fres h water S ponge fro m Mex ico 8ro A H ermaphrod i ti c C rab 8x: c o very of Blin d Fishes in C alifo rni a 8r r ; T he M ule D eer in D omes t ica t ion S n T he Greek an d the Mo dern Foo t 8m ; Zoo logi cal N ew s T he S keleto n o f t he Mars t po hranc hi 89 4 ; T he S tar nosed M ole A mphibio us 89 5 ; I ridescence in t he Oreg o n Mo le 89 5 T he Pi ne M ouse
S ens e o f C o lor
and of
Bri ght ness in A
ni
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
in N o rt hern N ew Y o rk , 83 5 : C apture of t he Pin e M ouse g en us an d s pec ies o f S hre w , 89 6 ; H arelda g lacialis at N ew
S t ng S ing , N ew Y o rk , 89 6
at
;
n ew
A
89 6 ; Orig in of t he A merican ’ variet ies o i the D og , 8 6 ; Z oolog ical N ews, 9 90 x ; E R ay L an kes ter s C o ntribut io ns to a K n ow ledge oi R habdo p leura, zoo s : T he larg e I g ua nas of t he Greater A n tilles , roo 5 M Paul
Orleans
,
.
.
A lbrecht
N ew s,
’
I dent ificatio ns ,
s
to rt ;
R
ec en t
M an ner
sel , r r09 ;
roe6
W o rk
on
;
Presence
of a
Balanog loss us ,
T ail i n r ro 7
;
t he
H uman Embry o ,
T he R
t ong
eprod uctio n of t he
w hich t he L amellibran chs at tach t hems elves to Fo reig n
tn
; Z o olog ical
C o mmon M us
Objec ts
,
r r09
Pulntonate U ro pneus ti c A pparat us, r r ro ; H elix can tiana at Quebec , r r r r ; R ats nes t ing in T rees , rr ra ; Preliminary nore on t he Ori g in o f L i mbs , r r ra ; Zoo log ical N ews , r r r3 ; T he S ig n i fiean ee oi t he C ell N ucleus to t he Pro blem o f H ered ity , ran T he R etrog rade Metamorp hos is '
of
S iren ,
N ew s,
raa6 ;
rs aS
R
A d ditions
ecent
M useum of Bro wn U ni vers ity,
t he
ras 7
;
Z oolog ical
.
—A
E mbry ology
n
Outline of a T heory
T he D evelop men t T
to
ra n slocat io n
fo rwards
'
oi the
R
o f t he
ments
udi
of the
R oi
D evelo pmen t of osseous
ays
o f the
Fi shes
Pelvic Fins in
t he
unpaired
Fins
[I llus trated] ,
the
Embryos
of
2 00 '
oi
Fishes
; On
the
Physoclis t
Fish es , g rs ; D evelop men t of the V iviparo us Ed ible Oyster, 3 t 7 : On the pos it ion o f the Y olk blas t opo re as determined by the s ize of t he V i tellus , 4 xx ; D evelop men t o f t he S pi nes of t he L o phius , 4 x5 ; On t he probable o rig i n , ho molog ies and de v elOpm en t o f the flakes bf C et aceans an d S irenians , 5 r5 ; On t he Fo rmat io n of t he Embry o n ic A x is of t he T eleostean E mbry o by the C onc rescenc e o f the R un o f the Blas to derm I llus [ an t erio r
do rsal
'
oi
Gas teros teus
mode
an d
mo rpholog ical value of the Egg of N epa and N ot on ect a On the D evelopmen t of the M a mmary Glands o i C etacea [I llus t rated] , On the Embry ology of L imulus po lyphemus I I I [ I llust rated] 7 2 2 ; On the availability of embry T he
trated] ,
of
Fo rmatio n
an d the
,
,
olo g ical charact ers
t er
minal
Phala ng es in
formed in t ure of
in t he
cer tain
,
C hordata, sr 5 , 90 3 ; On t he Genes is of the ex tra C etacea, so : 3 (pt t he Man ner in whi ch the C avit y of the H eart is rm5 T he A rchistome T heory , xxx5 T he D evelopment and S true
c lass ifica t io n of t he
t he
T eleos ts ,
-
Microhydra ry deri Potts [I llus trated] “ 3 2 ,
.
Contents Phy rrblogy
—T h
T herapeutic Efi ects
e
.
of
'
Oxyg en
.
and of Ozone,
d e T h n c e a n o e P r e s r c e u S ; 7 , 9
S ugar i n t he Blood , 98; T he Preven t io n of H ydrophobia, 9 8: T he T emperat u re S ens e, 3 18 R hy th mic C o nt ract io n of the C apillaries i n Man , T he Piston R ec order , 3 2 0 T he Orig in of Fi brin formed i n t he C oag ulatio n of Blo od 3 ao ; V o lun tary A ccelerat io n o f the S ig ni fica nce
of
,
H eart baei i n M an , 3 20 ; Funct io n o f the T hyro id bo d y , 4 r6 ; T he Place o i Formatio n oi U rea in t he Body , 4 r6 ; On the S pec ifi c Energ y o f t he N erves o f the S ki n , 4 17 ; Bac teria L iterat ure, -
6 r8; V as o
-
moto r N erves
6 r9 ; S cien ce vs 7 2 7 ; Phys iolog y
6 i 8; T he Phys iolog ical purpos e o f turn ing the incubat ing H en s Egg , ” Z oii philis i, 7 2 7 ; C o ndit io ns mod ify ing the dias tat ic act io n of S al i va,
t he
.
'
,
S y mpat het i c N erves , 7 2 8; Pilug er s A valanche T heory o i N erve C o n ducti on , 8i 9 ; M o vemen t o f the R eti nal C o nes under the influence of L ig ht , Bi g ; A C on t ri but ion to the K now ledg e o f Peps in , 90 7 ; C o n tribut i on to t he K no wled g e of Bile C api llari es , o f the
“
'
"
"
90 8; T he Micro s c Opic A p pearance of S tr i ped M uscle during C o nt ract ion , 908 Medical Phy si cs , t r at ; I n fl uence of C o caine, A t ro pine and C afi ei ne o n the H eart an d Bloo d vessels , r raa ; R e '
-
of
s t ric t io n
V as o
-
moto r
Ex c itement in
H y pnot ized Patien ts by S ugges ti o n r ra3 ; Koch s the Brai n , r rs 4 ; S pecifi c En ergy o f S kin N erv es , r z a4 ; '
.
C ho lera Bacillus , r rs 4 H eat C enter in R ecent beliefs co nc ern ing C ell s t ruc t ure, t a36 T he Phys io log ical C hemist y of t he Kidney , A valuable S eri es of Phys iolog ical ournals , rz 4 o ; T he H is tology of S t riped M uscle- fi ber , ra39 -
r
J
rs 4 r .
P ry chc log y
.
—C leve g n
H o rs e s M emory , ’
the
er o n
of
Evolutio n
M ind
an d
Bo dy
of
M an
and
A
mals 9y ; A
ni
,
T rain ing Elep han ts , t or T he C hi mpanzee in C o n finemen t , roa ; D ogs as 204 ; H eari ng an d S mell i n A nts , 2 05 ; Ps y chical R es earc h, eo6 ; I nt elli
ro a
N ews paper C arriers ,
'
S et ter D og , 3 s t , 4 r8 ; A n afiec t io nate A ng o ra C at , 4 20 ; I n tellig ence oi T o rtoises Psychical R esearc h, 6 20 ; A D og as hamed o f T heft , 6 s t 4 s t ; I n tellig ence o i t he L i mpet , 5 i 9 A pplied M etaphys i cs of S ex , 820 ; T enacit y and Ferocit y in the R accoon , 83 3 ; L ikes an d D is '
of a
g ence
'
likes
of a
Do
9 09
D eer, 82 4 ; D o M o n keys i n variably L earn by Ex peri ence ? 9 09 ; A D og s S tra t eg y , t he lower A n i mals s ufier Pain ? 9 r0 ; Psychical R esearch, 9 r r C urio sit y oi M onk eys , ’
T he I p han t,
'
'
I
ra4 r
m)
C lyde,
D og
n verness
nt ellig en ce of the
—T he
"
r0 r 7
Orang
;
M ind
an d
M ot ion,
r ras ;
I
ntelligence of t he
Ele
r a4 a.
,
M an
Geographical Ex position , r 0 3 ’ T urner s S amoa, 104 S nake D ance o f t he M oq u is, 10 4 W hy T ropical Man is Black , ms; T he Proto H elvet ians , 20 8; T he A nt iq uity o f M an , ar r ; I tineran t A n thro po logy , are ; S ectio n o f Wes tern T ribal an d L oca l A n thropo logy at T uri n , at 3 ; T he Pro to H elvetians (co nt inued) , 3 a4 A
at k
alogy
.
Prec urs or
of
t o:
,
I
n t ernat io nal
-
-
N ames ,
T he R etrieving H arpoon a n 3 2 8; East ern S udan , 4 s t Elemen ts of General A n t hropo logy , 5 2 2 ; A n t hro po l 4 23
o f R elig io n ,
T he H is t ory
Eski mo weapo n ,
undescribed t y pe o f
D ent al I n dex , 62 4 ; T he A merican A n tiq uarian , 7 a9 N ew Orleans Ex pos it io n , 6 2 : M etallurgy amo ng S avag es , T he Fran kfurt C ran io metric A g reemen t , 7 30 R evue d A n thro
o g y at t he
'
M o rtalit y i n p olog ie, 7 3 x ; Ethnog raphy o f Guatemala, 7 3 x ; Burn t C la y in t he M ounds , W ashing ton , 82 6 ; A nthro po logy at johns H opkins U ni vers i ty , 826 ; T he D avenpo rt Elephan t T he Eig ht h V o lume of th e Pipes , 82 7 A nt hro polog i cal Publicat io ns , 9 t a ; T he Fueg i ans , T ent h C ens us ,
V alley ,
10 20
ac ter o f t he
T he
R
I
au s
of
taly , t a44 ;
an d the
K unda,
r r3z
;A
n thropology
t a4 3
;A
Methods
M rt r osco cro to
H isto ric I n dians , n ew
Geog raphi cal N ames in
— pp M odern
'
C ollec tors ,
ro r9 :
ahs in S ut lej Puj
,
Prehis tori c Fi s hing ,
'
n t hro po log ical
-
-
’
A
ro r9
; T he Kan sas C it y R eview , ro ar ; Furt her C o nfi rmat ion o f t he Pos t mortem C ha r ’ C ranial Perforat ions fro m M ichig an M o un ds , r ra7 Pi lling s Bibliog raphy , t r a8
Moun d builders
M arl beds
T exan M o unds ,
ro r 8
me [ i llustrated]
mak ing
,
at 5
;
of
J
in
g ; T he N at ives of N ew Guinea, apan , r r 3 a ; A n t hro po log ical N ews , rr z
C ran ial R
Mex ico
,
ace
ra4 5
T he Brains
oi
U rodela
t a4 4
;
T he Kansas C it y R
M icro scopical R '
C haract er,
esearch , t o6 ;
[I llustrated]
,
rr 3 r ;
t t 33 ;
of
Et hno log y
eview ,
”4 5
C aldwell s A S emper '
Dr
.
n ci en t
.
uto '
A
T he
matic M i
M eth od
s
of
D ried Preparat ions , 3 30 ; R abl s Met ho ds o f S tudyi ng the K ar yo kin et ic Fig ures [ I llus t rat ed] 3 30 ; T he Preparat io n o f M eroblas tic Ova , 3 3 a Bo hin s C armine A cetate 3 3 a L a Bio l og ic C ellulaire, 4 9 5 ; Perg enz s Pic roc armi ne, 4 2 8; P roceedi ngs of t he A merican S oc iet y o f '
'
.
.
,
'
M icros co p is ts
,
43 8
J
N ew Y o rk M ic ros co pical S ociety , 4 2 8; M et hod S o me A natomical and H i s tolog ical M ethods [ I llust rated ] ournal o f t he
lco hol, 4 29 ; C ollodion , 6 3 6 ; N otes s olute A
.
on
S ect ion C utt in g , 6 3 8; M ayer
‘
s
C arbo lic A
cid
S hellac ,
of
Makin g A h T he Uses
7 33 ;
A
n
of
Ether
Freez ing M icro tome [ I llus t rated] , 7 3 5 ; S ome H i s tologi cal M et hods by D r C S M i no t [ I llus t rat ed] , 82 8; M ic ro to me K n i ves [ I llus t rat ed 83 0 ;S o me H isto log ical M etho ds by D r C S M i no t (co n tin ued) [ I llus trated] , 9 r6 A new W ater bath [ I llus trated], 9 r7 ; S ug g es t io n s as t o the Preparat i on and U se o f S eries o f S ect io ns in Z ob to mica l I n
Freez ing A pparat us i I llus t rated] , .
.
9 r9
;A
cheap
A
new
.
.
.
s truction ,
7 33
-
.
Bell g lass for the L aboratory T able, 92 0 ; A -
mple Method
si
of
ec t I nj
I NDEX TO VOLUME XI X
.
A bbot t
C C .
.
by the D elaware
us e of copper
,
I n ians , 7 44 aking , 42 9 et hod o f m A bsolut e alco h o l m A cademy , N at i o nal, of S ciences , proceeding s 6 33
of,
.
J
.
.
.
888 .
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
mos
A rchicercy , 9 1 A rc histo me theo ry , 1 115 A rchaeo ptery x , 9 2 A rmadi llo in T exas , 192 A romochelys o doratus , 3 8, 12 2 8 A r thur, C , bact eria as veg etable parasites .
.
A cant hot eiso n , 700 A ceraia , 56 1 A ce-rte 122 8 A chz nodo n inso lons , 4 70 ro bus t us , 4 70 A dams , Fran k D , resence of zon es of certain s i licates a bout e olivin e occ urri n g in an o r t hos ite ro c ks fro m the R i ver S aguenay , 1087 £ cidi umi rax in i, 886 A i g han is i an , 81 A fric a, 6 3 , 1 3 82 , 696 , 69 8, 789 , 874 , 882 , 1083 , 108 4 , 1 139 1206 A garicu s ai veolat us , 7 5. A
raiit e,
.
.
.
A
1 13 2 .
pear blig ht an d its cause, A rvicola pinetorum, 1 15 , 89 5 ripa rius , 1 16
1 17 7 .
.
.
aus terus
1 17 .
.
A sellus commun ls , 85 A sh rus t , 886 A sia, 66 , 285 , 381, 483 , 5 89 , 7 84 . 872 , 984 , 12 62 A sko nema, 81 mina, change in developmen t A splen ii i mfilix-im 02 of A ss , w i d, 11 15 A s trod iscu arenaceus, 1 16 A tk ins , H A , obituary o f, A to phy rax bendirii, 89 6 A t rac tonema to rt uos a, 4 3 5 A ustralia, glaci ati o n of, 99 1 .
.
.
.
'
.
,
.
A laska , p i an ts o f, 12 19 A las modo n arc uata , 366 A lcelaphus co ki i , 6 14 A lkekeng i , 44 4 A llen s human anatomy , 6 1 A mazons , 2 7 A mblys to ma c0 peianum 12 30 A meri ca, 64 , 160 , 49 0, 87 5 , 984 , 1086 , 120 6 A ssoc i at i o n A dv S c ience, 102 7 Geographical S o ciet y , proceedings 01 m . 22 4 . 3 3 6 4 3 2 . 5 3 1. 634 la n guag es 9 12 Ph iloso phical S oc iet y , 6 36 S o c iet y of M i crosco p isis , proceedings o f, 4 2 8 S oc iet y of Psy chical R esearch, 22 3 A merica , S o ui h , marine ani m als of, 9 24 A mia, spiracles o f, 5 13 A moeba , 2 A mph ibole an t ho phy llite, 884 A napt omo rphus z mulus , 4 6 5 ho mu nc ulus , 46 5 , A mt my of fishes , so me prelimi nary n otes o n, .
.
.
.
‘
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
Bacillus,
23.
'
0c
s cholera, 1 124 .
Bacteri a, 6 18, 888, 89 0 M ex ican , 9 2 2 Badg his 1202 Ba lanog los s us 6 13 , 1 10 7 an A diro n dack Ballou, W .
.
.
.
,
5 78
floods , t heir history
.
.
.
.
.
-
.
.
g7
1
.
J
A nder s , M , an d G B M M iller, exhalatio n oi oz o ne by odo rous plan ts , 85 8 A ndesi te, 4 A nd rews , A , afi nities of anneli ds to verse brat es , 16 7 A ngora cat , 4 20 A nim als , do t he lo wer , sufl er pain , 9 10 A ni soro mi n i , 10 13 A nkle of D ic lo n ius mirabilis , 120 8 A n nelids , afi nii ies o f, to vert ebra tes , 76 7 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
'
.
.
.
.
-
.
.
g
.
et c
Baur, G
.
59 2 mor pholog oi the tarsus in the Mam malia, 8 on t he cen trale carp i of mammals 19 5 orp holog y of the corpus and tarsus 01 vertebrates , 7 18 .
,
m
.
m
.
z
,
.
.
li mbs ,
ori g i n of
.
.
.
.
.
A nort hos ite rocks , 1087 A nt i A n tedo n nervous sy st e of, 184 A ntelo pe, 815 A nthessius so lecurt i , 12 0 A nt hracaridaz, 880 A n thraco martus k rej cil, 49 7 . A nt hrapalz mon , 880 A nthropology , 52 2 at t he N ew Orleans
1 112 .
Bean , wi ld, 887 Bears , 1 1 14 Beaver dam, 4 5 7 Beet le, dung , 7 16 uat i c carnivorous , 12 2 1 Beetles , Beli n urus coei , 29 2 Bert randite 708 Bessey , C if? abundance of as h rust , 886 at tempted hybridizat i on bet ween pon d scums , 800 movemen t of pro toplasm in the s ty les o f I ndian co m 888 work fo r the Bo tan ical C lub of the A A A S, o pen ing of t he ov ers o f D es mo diumses sililolium, 7 11 the mic roscope in botany , 69 5 Bibliog va hy , Pilling s, 1128 Bi le capi l art es , 90 8 Biolog ical S ociet y of Washing ton, 110, 2 2 3 , 335 , .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
exposit ion ,
-
it i neran t , 2 12 sect io n of, at T urin ,
rela
fi
.
1 13 7
and
Balsam p r paratio n s , 1 13 7 de la , hu man remains found near the Barcena, C ity o f M ex i co, 739 Barley , 104 1 Baro meter fo r measuring separately the weig ht an d press ure of the ai r, 3 3 7 Bat , free tailed , 9 2 2 Bathydor s abyss orum, 3 13 i Bathyops is , ss idens , 5 3 , 54 Batrachians , 814 ian beds of Bo hemia of t he Perm
.
ey es o f,
park ,
tion s, 1 159 .
.
.
nat io nal
.
.
2 13 ,
.
.
.
.
.
.
'
.
.
’
.
.
4 32 .
034
C retaceous period,
mo nocerus
16 7
3 12
,
'
.
.
p
.
C rinoids , 7 06 7 2 1, 813 C rocodilia , skull o f, 10 12 C rocod ilus s tavelianus , 986 C row crack ing cla ms , 4 07 ( rozier, A A , branching of Pteris aq uilina, 799 C rus cea, 81 , 90 2 , 1113 , 122 8, 12 46 .
.
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.
m
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.
3
C ucumis C un ni i i of
.
.
ligamen t
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,
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C usc uta g lo merata , 99 6 Of t he co mms Gina“ ?
w
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C yt p hlt m m’ . 9 3 2 C yclura o nc hio psi s, 1006 C yclus ameri can us , 29 3 C ynodon to my s latidens , 4 6 5 C y nthi a py ri formis , 36 5 yt beri dz , an t enn ary g land Of’ 405 M M ” muci co h 439
i
l fi f fl T fi fl fi
Sm
.
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Ep icrium,
12 30 .
Eq uiset um, t he node o f, 502 Eq uus , p liocene 1209 v s a l ky i , e r e j p
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m
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ggg zfi? :7 c
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“5 j fi on the suspensory floc k of the horse 12 7
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ang ufi a
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uri nary o rgans o f, 72 1 Crys talline roc ks , t he, 3 89
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.
E less eel 405 E ec ts o f lig ht o n co lor of beetles , 80 E t ian S udan , 5 87 E ep ‘ant , 12 4 1 Elephants t rai nin Elephas indicus , 4 Elpaso lite 109 6 Em s meleag ri s, 12 2 7 En lichite, Eobas ileus rcatn s , 4 5 press icorn is , 44 , 5 1 Eobas illida 4 3 ‘ ‘ m lm ’ .
Py renees ,
01
C riblinina
109 3 .
n
190 . 1
Eug lena to rt a Eui i ephro ps bii irdi i , 12 2 8 Euplot es can nata , 44 1 i l u m pes , 4 42 p
'
.
°
.
Damot i n te, 79 8 Darlingt o ni a , 5 7 1 Dart ers , 1 Davidson obi tuar of. 12 5° y , De Ba'7 s cf mparati ve anatom7
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Euproops longis ina, 292 Euro pe, 4 89 , 10 i 20 7
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.
of
-
vegetable
org ans ,
Deep
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.
5 12 exp lorat io ns
Evo o tton i n p lan ts , 6 44 , 74 5 E wing , A L hermaphroditic crab, 81 1 .
T alisman,
of the
Feldspars 599 Ferns , 7 9 .
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m pfi
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11 rh i ng and
war
ms of the
custo
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9t
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i s o ry of
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fi shes , 82 Deer mule, 811 De hiadai llac s r historic A merica, 2 73 D n ‘ C m mi 49 7 D en a i dex , 62 4 Denudati on 9 2 5 Depl h l W hi ch w ater, 3 4 3°“ t 1 ? Des modi umseasi li lo li um, 7 1 1 D evelopmen t Of “nPN N d 5 05 of 5 't outli ne o f 3 5 00 7 ? Of. ( Of R m “: I P 1) “t 99 3 D iamond, 19 9 , 883 D iato ms, st ruct ure o f, 92 7. Diclo nius mirabilis, 1208 D i dyl nodtts , 878 D inoceras lat iccps , 5 3 Dinocerat a, 4 0 , 4 2 , 70 3 Dinorn is , 88 Di nosauri a , i arsh o n A merican urass ic , 6 7 Di pelt is di p lodiscus, 29 3 Do uron mr . 9 3 Diptera halteres of, 1004 , Dispersi on o f spo res in a toads tool 503 D ist ributio n of color in the an i mal king dom, 609 D itetrod o n , 59 4 feathers o f the, 192 Dog , A merican , 896 carri er I nd ian , 8 97 Fsk imo , 896 Hare I nd ian , 89 6 int ellig ence of, 204 , 62 1 , 909 111 7 Mexican , 899 N ewfou ndlan d, 89 9 ,
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t Tii
83
7
.
dep os i ts o f the east coast U S , 6 9 ex p lorati ons by U S Fish C o mmiss ion
sea
.
discovery in , 303 g’ 20 ’
gfi fgy ghfgffi 373 b
c
.
Fert i li zati o n o f C up hea viscos issi ma 503 o l the w ild on io n , 60 1 heno men a of, 12 2 3 xx, on larval forms of S p iro rbis bore Few lt es , s
s
O
o
O
’
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J
i
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alis , 24 7
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,
Fibri n found in the coagulation of t he blood, 3 20 Firefly li ht , 308 0 I taly , C Emery on the, 7 7 Fisher A K , pi ne mo use at S ing S ing , 89 6 s tar nosed mole amphi bi ous, 8 95
g
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'
8
lind, 81 embryo , 6 14 .
Fishes ,
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7 3 7 814 , 1012 , 1229 flyi ng , 12 29 hermaphrodite. 189 o f N o rt h A merica 1 199 orig i n o f cav ity of heart in , 200 ,
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r015 .
Fishing p rehis to ric , 12 43 Flea , 9 26 Flig ht o f robber flies , 30 5 Flo ods , 1 159 Flo ra, M eso zoic , 699 o f M in neso t a, U pham s , 5 85 ountai ns 12 19 o f R oc ky m Flowers , 30 1 Foerste, A F fert ilization o f the w ild bean , 887 Foo t , G reek and modern , 812 Fo ramin i fera, recen t deep sea, in A ust ralian Eo .
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cene, 1
Forbes , S
2.
uring C rambus inj
new species of
.
corn ro o ts ,
89 1
.
Fo rmosa 380 Fo ss il alga , are there any 1 16 5 Ft ec zin apparat us , 7 3 Frig ate i rd soaring 0 10 56 do mo n keys in variably learn by Frost , W exp erien ce 1909 Fuchsia fu lg ens , 7 4 Fi i egi s ns , 3 84 , 9 i 5 Fulg ora lanternaria, 83 5 Fi i lg ur pervers us 9 2 8 Fun ctio n o f the t hyroid body , 4 15 Fung i, 80 3 . 7 in co a beds , 7 3 a ican , 76 new species 0 N A m .
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Ear, m o logy o f, 18 6 l2211t e in S i n , the theater o l, 39 0 Earthwo rms , ha its of, 5 11 5 9 “ 1 na, i scovery ol .i.e o f 19 3 Echini, deep sea , 122 8 Echinoderms , 3 1 1, 10 11 Echintis , 10 2 9 Edwards n une . o bituary of, 9 73
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2
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Gabbro , 99 2 Gaitermanite, 709 Ga mbus ia p at rueli s ,
H y dro phobia, p reven tion o f, 98 H yo psod us paulus 4 60
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9
122
vicari us ,
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G amps o n yc hidz 790 Gannet soaring o f, 10 5 6 Garden , zoo log ical, C i nci nnati .
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-
an d
St
L ouis ,
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1 140 .
Gastorn is , Gats chet ,
9
2 7 , 109
S
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1 ;
Krauss
Gazella thomso ni , 6 14
Gelsemium
I taly , 12 4 4 s lavic cus tom s , 7 81
'
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mbium
.
mpervi rens
se
t he
,
lnternal
ca
in , 504 Gen era o f fo ss i l cephalo pods , H y att on , 15 3 Genera of the D in ocerata, 594 Geo log i cal and natural history survey of H inne s ota , 4 8 6 Gephy rocercy , 96 Gerhardi te 109 5 Gillman , H , further co nfi rmation of the pos t mortem character ol the cranial perlo ratio ns fro m M ic hig an mo unds , Glaciers of S w iss A lps , 168 Glac ial t heo ry , 109 1 G ladio lus , 5 G lo xinia ru ra , 7 5 Glypt onot us sabin i , 89 Goodale s phys iolo g ical botany , 76 Goo de, G B bri ef bio g rap hy o the halibut , 9 53. ri ng
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I ce, organis ms in , 810 I den tity o f hunger and sexual appeti te, 7 I g uana , 100 5 I ndian ins cri ptio ns , 6 54 I nfi i so ria, 7 17 brtificial divi si o n in , 809 I ngerso ll s cou n try cous ins , 2 82 I ngersoll, T D g lac ial o rig in of Pres q ue is le, L ake Erie, 86 5 I nsects , Brauer s classification o f, 999 ed ible M ex ican , 3 894 nervo us sy stem 0 embry o logy o f, 7 16 eye o f, 7 1 7 , 12 10 fi g 1 10 .
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lmo
a
P fl 988 oss
9
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Goose, leas t barn ac le, Gorg o nia florida 39 mirabilis, 39
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12 2 1
1 2 17 .
Gray
of
plants watered by
1
bo ta nical co n tri utions , 399 . s y nopt ical fl o ra, 60 Guatemala , 7 3 1 G uinea N ew , 1 13 1 Gutta percha plan t , 9 26 ’
s
of
I llinois, 110 5 o f t he C arbo n ifero us peri od, 59 5 Pale o zo i c , 876 I ntelligen ce in a set ter , 3 2 1, 4 18 I nternatio nal geog raphical expo sit ion , 10 3 I rraw ad i, 784 I so so ma n i g ru m 80 4 I taly , an ci ent ethno log y of, 124 4 .
J
ames , J F how the pitcher plan t g ot i ts lea ves 56 7 anclus australi s , 3 13 apan , an thro po log y
.
elly
H air , microsco pic study of, 92 4 H ales ia tetrantera , 74 H alibut , 9 3 H alis arca o bularis, H ard shelled turt les , 3 8 H arelda g laci alis , 89 6 H anks ite 109 5 H eart , 1 12 2 H eliampho ra, 563 H eli x co ntiana , 1 11 1 H emiaster, abno rmal, 7 2 H emig anus , 49 2 H en s egg , 6 19 H eredit 12 2 2 H erri ck s C ladocera and C opepoda
fis
m
m
r
p lant bed , 16 7 rept iles , 7 8 9
.
K ansas , bio lo gical
.
th
g7
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and
32 0
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’
of
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abt s
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parasites o f, 1 104 H etero carpus , 82 H eteroc erc y , 9 4 H etero ec ism o f cedar apples, 396 H ippo glos sus vulgaris , 9 5 3 H i rudinea , anato my of, 4 04 H is tory 0 1 relig io n 3 2 8 H o an g H o 5 88 H o lmes , W H , examples o f icon oclasm by the co nq uero rs of M ex ico , 103 1 H o mocercy , 9 6 H o ney bee, rep ro duct ion in t he, 506 H o mblen de, 885 , 12 15 , 12 16 .
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a56
g g
-
relationships of art h ro
0
s,
Ko breviceps 1 1 1 K 0 i i , G H arelda g K o w inc ki te, 7 09 K oo doo , 815 K orea, 984 K unde1 marl beds of,
1 a i .
c alis at
N ew
Orleans
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113 2 .
L abrador, 832 , 876 bi rds of, L ielaps , 9 86 L ag os 7 14 ara 590 L ake Fm
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12 3 2 .
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,
M i stas s i n i
,
160 ,
4
h 1
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-
of
T exas , 1209 Quatern ary , 990 H udso nite, 99 4 H uman embryo , tail iii , 1009 H unt , T S , c lass i ficatio ns of natural .
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L amprey , 922 L ancas ter, I , problem of the .
silicat es ,
1 16 2
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L and, rise o f. 1087 L an tern fly , 885 L app , 7 88 L aramie deposits , 9 85 L aw s flavus , 20 5 .
H ybrid dogs , 9 20 H y bridizat io n of po tatoes , 39 6 H ydrast i s canadens is , 1 7 7 H ydro ids , 90 1 .
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o f,
404
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896
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S u perio r , c o pper earing rock s , 69 4 L amellibran chs , 1 109 ' N eu mayr s class ification
10 1 .
Pliocene,
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o
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method o f study ing
114 1
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ms
custo
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Kerr W C , obituary of, K idney 12 39 K ilimanj aro , 5 87 K ings l y 1 8 the int er ,
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92 1
war
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795
survey o f,
K arategh in , 66 K ary oki net i c fig ures , R
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mourn ing
0
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H ess ian fly , 7 16
1 18 8.
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H o rse,
5 42
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-
m of
urass i c cri no i ds , 7 7 echin i , 7 7 , 882 .
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185
1 13 2 .
nervo us sy ste
erboa 5 14 . c e art ichoke,
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in, eo log y o f, 9 87 .
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so ta ,
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so lut io ns ,
vert ical su rfaces ,
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ac i
flat
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Grasshoppers , 89 2 L P Grataca gro wth .
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M aine,
of
93
10
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Grasses, 7 13
12 3 1.
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1 10 7
his to logy o f 100 1 ho w t hey adhere to
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oology of anc ient
ci
,
H ypnot is m, 1 12 3 H y pers t hene ba salt , 66 1 H yrax capensis , 19 5 .
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soari ng
bird ,
10 55 ,
I
n dex
to
'
L atchlord F R , H elix cant iana at Quebec , 111 1 L ateral lin e o f fishes , 6 12 L aws o n , A C , anci en t rock inscr iptio ns on the L ake o f t he W oods 6 5 4 L eg s of i nsec t s , s tructure an d function of, 1 78 L emi i rs , fo et a l develo p ment of L ep ido pi erou s larva number 0 segments in , 30 7 L epido t era , mou t h part s o l 12 2 2 clmu nd , 588 L ow er L et t uce 10 4 2 L en ci te 886 L i fe-his tory o f S ten tor cir ruleus , 6 10 L i mbs , o ri g in o l, 1112 L i mpet , 5 10 I amnli i s po ly phemus 7 22 L indahl , j g eolog i cal formations of S pit zberg en, 120 8 L iskea rdite, 7 08 L i t ho des t ro p ica lis , 83 L it torina i rro rata , 1 14 1 L imrd run n i n g W i th fo re feet off t he ground, 19 2 t he clam w o rm, 3 60 . I n ckw oo d , S L ocusts in M ex ico in 1885 , 1105 in T ur kes tan , 89 3 L ocy , W A , t reatment of tke egg s o f the spider, .
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M eso nac is , 70 7 Mesos toma viridatum, 3 10 M eteo rites 12 12 .
Mexico
,
12 50
12 4
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o f, 10 3 1 .
i do
locus ts in , in 1 885 , 1 105 Mey er , O , T ert i aries of the S o uthern S tates , 79 4 M icros y op s g racilis , 4 05 M icro hydra r deri , 92 9 , 12 3 2 Micro sc op ica res earch, modern methods o f, 106 .
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M icmt o me
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830 freezing , 7 3 4
2 15 ,
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M ig ration of hirds 90 M iller G B M and ,
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J
o zon e
494
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mutuS
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12 5 1
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Mammals ,
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4
1
1 110
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11 14
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Monkeys
°
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precu rso r o f, 10 3 .
mai ns
re
in
prehis to ric , 969 tail in embry o , 9 73 Manchuria . 1 20 5 Mang an ese in sea w ater, 70 Man no feri te 1 14 1 Man an ti a, 99 8
1 13 3 .
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M exico
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7 39 .
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co ,
Martin L J ,
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walnut
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4 93 .
of the
dy
s tu
,
mite g all of the
136 , 140 .
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black
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Martyn i a 54 2 Mastodo n , 1209 Mat thews W myt hic dry pain ting of the N ava .
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B , progress of N A meri can in verte bra te lz o nto logy fo r 1884 3 5 3 Mark , E repairi ng balsam preparations , 113 7 Mars h, swarming o f a dung beet le, 7 16 Mars ipobranc hii , s keleto n of, 89 6 Mars upials , fro m the L ow er Eo cene of N ew i
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Mex
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-
mai ns
J
i
inte lig enr e of, 909 M orr is , C harles , relati ons of mind and matter, 5 3 3 . 6 80 . 7 54 . 9 40 . 10 59 . " so M osq uitoes , des troy i n g y oung trout , 1229 M osses , 890 C arbo n iferous , 70 7 et c of Kansas , 7 3 M ound builders , 1129 Mo un ds o i the occident ant notes on the, 305 M oun t T ay lo r 390 M ouse, in e, 89 5 , 89 6 M us to anoo , 64 M uc ilage chro me, 12 46 M ullain oxg lovc , ferti lizati on of, 7 1 M us cles o l man an d apes , 99 M uscle, s tri ped , 908, 12 4 1 M uskrat , 104 4 M us k t urt le, 122 8 M ussel, 1109 M ya tr uncata, 81 M yen ia plumosa , 9 30 mexicana, 810 M y ieola meti siencis , 12 1 M y riopoda , foss il , 12 10 of A us tro H ung aria , 60 7 .
1 1 33 , 1 1 34
prehist oric re
Maroon ,
10 1
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g
,
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,
,
ros . 9 3 1 new cran i al race characters , ,
Maya Onichie 9 14 Meade river 159 ,
gg s
,
N achtrieb , H P , new water bath, 9 17 N ames geographical, spelling o f, 1083 N as t urt ium 5 4 3 o s , my t hi c dry pain ti ng o f, 9 3 1 N avaj N ecrolemur antiq uus , 4 64 N ematocarcin l 82 N emat odes , 89 N eop lag iaulax american us , 49 3 N eoto ma flor idana, n est of, 19 3 N ereis limbata 36 3 N erve, conduction , 819 .
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m of
edu a, nervous syste
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e a o rn i a
gi g as , 99 Llegalo saums . 67
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Me aw olex ce ruleus , 198 Meg anocetus j o hnson i 3 3
Merisns suhapterus
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1 18 8
110 4.
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of
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Mammilaria , 9 2 8 Mammot h , and human Man , ant iq uit y of 2 11
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3
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Mad arlane J obituary of, Macros cin cu s 90 Mam to ma plumbed , 7 16 Macmrus 81 82 Maine g rasses o f 12 1 7
K
5
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75 7 9
1004 .
8 95 s t ruc tu re o f 5 8 M olluslt s , 90 1 , 10 12 e e o f, 10 12 a no rm al , 10 12 Flo ridan , 122 8 pulmo nat e, 12 4 6 pulrn onate, euro pneustic apparatus
rufus , 12 2 8
0,
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star-nos e
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i1 32
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" l e1 Ya Mammalia , ns s i
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M o le c ri cket Oreg on
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g
°
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m
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exhalation
.
4 s. 4 6 . 4 7 . 4 8 ° . 4 5 . 4 6 . 4 7. 5 sa sp ieri anus , 4 5 , 46 , 4 7 b xd o phus adapi n us, 386 2 7 20 L ualaba, sou rc es o f, 1 139 enda , ri ver , 64 L uj L utra canaden s is , 122 8
L yn x
nders ,
A
.
500 M ineral s y n thes is , 29 8 M in o t , C S his tolo gi cal methods , 9 16 so m e his to log ical m ethods , 82 8 M ixodectes pungens 46 5 M ississis ip i , t he source o f the, 384 M it es , life is to ri es of, 50 7
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co
M
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,
M ineralog ical n otes
,
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by odoro us plan ts 85 8 M illspaugh s A meric an medic inal plan ts, 4 85 M imicry i n i nsects , 89 3 M in d and matter , 84 5 , 940 , 10 59 , 1 1 50 and mo t i o n 1 12 5 M ineralogy an d petrog raphy , recent text o
392
Mexico
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p L ou p Fork M i oc ene in L o xolopho do n , 4 2 , 4 4
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irides ence in the Oreg on mole, 89 5 pine mouse in N o rthern N ew Y o rk , 89 5 ’ M err iam s Mammals of the A diro Mec ocarp us 800
M err iam C H
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I ndex to Vol X I X .
.
S iren ians , 5 1 5 S lavs o f A ust ria, 16 S lavic cus to ms, 7 81 S lo ths ex t inc t , 833 , rden cro ps , S mith 1 diseases o f field an d S mith , H H no tes o n t he p ysical g eog raphy of t he A mazo ns valley , 27 S n ak e dance of the M oq uis, 10 4 S nake, g reen , 9 2 2 S oci e y of naturalists of N A merica proceedings .
.
Puereo deposits , 985 ah 102 0 Puj
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Pumpkin , 6 5 8 Purg ato ry at S utto n, Mass Pyro xene, 12 15 Py rus pelvillerian a, 7 4
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ternary geo logy , 12 12 ueens lan d explorat io n in , 66 . utler on A rvieo linc ck an d .
b
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0
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S ome anat o mical an d histolog ical methods, 52 7 S outh A merica, 7 87 Geo rg ia , 162 S ou thwort h, Ellie A , sto mata o f the oat , 7 1 1 S pecifi c energ y o f the nerves of the skin , 4 17 S pha rella platani 9 7 S phz rulari a bo mbi 7 17 S piders , 9 2 7
113 .
,
t 334
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1
°
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R accoo n , 82 3. R amula ri a tu lasnei, 12 18 R ana , 1 2 30 haleeina, 39 , 406 R a t 1112 R ei c hert , H W , o bi tuary R ept iles , 1 1 14 , 12 3 1 Brazi lian , 903 lv et inal con , 819
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o f, 114 1.
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egg s o f, 102 1
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dimorphism in , 122 1 S pines of t he anteri o r do rsal, development in Gas i et rievi ng rpoo n , 4 2 3 teros teus and L ophi us , 4 15 R had p leura 409 . 1005 S pirifera, 64 5 R heuma p tera has tata , 2 7 1 S p irogy ra , 800 R hi noceros , fossil Floridan , 83 4 S pi tzbergen , geology of, 1208 son daicus , 54 S po nges , 90 1 R hip ipho rus pectinat us. 180 n ervo us sy stemof, 12 5 1 R hi S po nge, M exican fresh water, 810 R feroci ty , in the 111000011, 82 3 S poroc yst , a, 3 10 R hyssa lu nat or S poro zoa, 1 113 R hy thmic co n tract on o f the capillaries, 3 19 S q uashes , 65 8, 104 2 R i ley s en t o molog ieal repo rt f or 1884 , 607 S q uirrel, g ray, migrat ory habits of, 59 R ile , C V e l s , migratio n o f, 12 50 u rr 1 1 i arasites of the H ess ian fl 0 S q 4 y, y p ’ R obi n , C , o bi tuary o f, 12 5 1 S t anle s K w ilu exped itio n , 16 1 R oden t ia o f t he Euro pean T erti aries , 67 S tarfi s nervous sys t em 01, 1 184 eri ca, 64 R o rai ma , 6 5 , 787 S t ein man , D r G , j ourney in S A m R y der , S tc lechopoda, 3 13 archis tome theo ry 1 1 1 A availabilit y o f embryo og ical char S tokes, A C some apparently undesc ribed I nfil acters in t he c lass i ficat ion o f the so ria , 18 so m e new I n fuso ria, 4 33 C hordata , 9 0 3 sto m chea bell g lass , 20 ata o f 02 1, 7 10 ’ deve o pin en t an st ruc ture of M ii S trassburg ei s Botan ische Pract icum, 0 5 cro hydra ry derl, 12 3 2 S t raw berry leaves , spo t disease of, 12 1 embryo log ical charact ers M , fin er mus cles in M egaptera in the S truthers , o ng im ana, 126 lass ification of the C hordata, en t ary hind limb of 15 rudi m M egap tera, 12 gen esis of the extra terminal pha ca , 6o4 lang es in C etacea, 10 13 S tudy of the liverworts in N A manner in which the eavity of the S turtevant, E L , hybridizati on and cross breed i ng of plants , 1040 heart is formed in certain T ele os ts, 10 15 I n dian co rn and the I ndian , seasonal
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23 7 9 D OC K S T R EE T , -
PH I L A D EL PH I A
.
T HE
I CA
A M ER V OL
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N
TU R
NA
— FE BR xx
UA R Y,
.
1886
.
A L
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2
IS T
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P OS T MOR T EM I M BI BITI ON OF P OI S ON S
THE
-
BY
GEOR GE B M I L L E R .
,
M D .
.
l .
bj ect is o ne n ot o nly o f a highly i nteresti ng ch aract er to t he sci entifi c ob server but al so an i mpo rtan t one fro m its medi co l eg al aspects Perh ap s the uestio ns w hi ch v ery nat u Wh at is its nat ure an d w h at are its medi co r ally fi rst ari se viz l eg al rel atio ns ? can be b est answered by the follo wi n g hypo t heti cal case w hi c h it is hoped wi ll serve to ill ustrate the s ub i m d i d i i ro ugh c o m re nn a c u a e t t s t b t l l t o tho p c e n a a e r e s c a n j HE
su
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h ensio n
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ppo se a perso n di es o f a nat ural cause and is b uri ed in the u s ual manner in c o n fo rmi ty w i th t he establi sh ed c usto ms o f his c o unt ry the body to all ex ternal app earances n o t h avi n g b een t ampered w i th A l so th at after the l ap se o f a few week s an i ndi v id ual who had p revio us ly i nt ro d uced i nt o the bo dy per mo nth o r rect um a poi so n o r poi so n o us s ol ut io n fo r the p urpo se o f ac ui et ly c us ing an i n no cent p erso n o f a ho rribl e c ri me sho uld c i rc ul ate a repo rt th at t he deceased had b een poi s o ned an d i n ti mate th at the c ri me had b een co mmi tted by s uch and s uch a per With wh at remark abl e light ni ng rapi dity do es a repo rt o f son s uc h a sensatio nal c h arac ter as t hi s t rav el fro m o n e i ndivid ual to a n o th er rarely ever fi ndi ng t he doo rs b arred t he co nt rary b ei n g t he rul e ! Thi s repo rt wo uld in a sho rt sp ace o f ti me reach the t r ib unal of j us ti ce cog n iz ance wo uld be mani fested by t h e rop er autho riti es w ho w o uld o rder t he body to be ex h umed p t he vario us o rg ans remov ed an d given in c h arg e o f a reli abl e ex p ert w ho w o uld s ubj ect t h em to a ch emi cal analy si s whi c h S
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I naugural thesis presented D 1885 o f Pen nsyl vania, A .
V OL
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I l a - NO l l .
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to the
Faculty
of the
Medical D epartment Un iversity ,
7 71! Post Mortem I wo uld
mbibflion of
Poisons
.
e F b r u y r a [
,
v l the p resence o f the suspect ed poi so n T he s ubj ect is no t o f v ery recent d ate as many are led to s uppo se fro m the meagre acco unt given if gi ven at all in so me o f the stand ard t ex t book s o n to x i cology o f the p resent day A s far b ack as t he t i me o f Orfila w h en he s way ed as chief o f the t o x i cologi sts was the s ubj ect k no w n and i ndeed it appears t h at al mo st co tempo ra n eo n s w i t h t he bi rth o f to x i cology al ready an acco unt o f t he subj ect appeared I n o rd er to see in wh at light the s ubj ec t was regard ed in fo rmer ti mes ex t ract s fro m the w riti ngs o f a few autho rs w i ll be h ere mad e as to go over th em all wo uld i nvolve a g reat amo unt H o w elo uent is the l ang uage o f Orfila o f un necessary l abo r o n the s ubj ect and in wh at an ex ceedi ng ly small n umb er o f w o rd s do es he ill ust rat e the w hol e s ubj ec t (Orfila o n Poi s o ns) H e writes : S uppose so me w retch w i th the d es i g n o f accus i ng an i nnocent perso n o f the c ri me o f poi so n i ng sho uld i nt rod uce into the digest ive canal o f a d ead bo dy a poi s o n o us s ol utio n w hi ch wo uld afterward s penet rat e by i mbibitio n even to the remotest o rg an fro m whi ch it w o uld be s ub se uently ex t rac t ed by the ex p ert s and wo uld l ead t h em to the co ncl usio n th at th ey ” F ro m t he fol w ere d eal i n g w ith a v eritab le case of poi so n i ng low i ng it will be readily seen th at the cel eb rated ch emi st S ir R ob ert Ch ri sti so n altho ugh n ot in po ssess io n o f any evid ence of c ri me h avi ng b een p ract i ced y et was fully aware o f the c i rc um stan ces u nd er wh i ch it might p erchanc e be co mmitted S ay s Ch ri sti so n A l tho ugh I h av e never b een abl e to fi n d any auth enti c i nst an ce o f so ho rribl e an act of i ngen uity h avi n g b een ” perpetrated it must neverth el ess be allo wed to be uite po ssibl e T he realizatio n o f the g reat ness o f the c ri me do es n ot seem to be apparent to the w ret ch who is meditati n g the co mmi ssio n of i t b roo di ng over the i ns ults o f anoth er and hol di ng mali ce agai nst a fello w man o r esp eci ally (as it affo rd s a b ett er c h ance fo r the full perfo rmance o f his c ri me) a ai nst o ne o f his rel atives g and rav eno usly seeki n g retali atio n ; fo r if it was realiz ed how is i t po ssibl e th at an i ndi vid ual capabl e o f the perceptio n o f right i n so ci ety c o n stit uti ng a p art th ereo f mut ually and wro n livi g n g d epend ent o n and co operativ e wi th his nei ghbo r co uld use s uch means fo r t he w i cked furth erance o f his en ds 1 Th at th ere h ave ex i sted in t i mes p ast amo ng the co mmuniti es o f the c ivilized n atio ns o f the w o rld i ndivid ual s who ha r h a ve re ea
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mbibition of Poisons
7 7te Post Morten I -
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h h at red toward th ei r fello w men th at th ey h ave n ot fal tered in carryi ng th ei r i nt entio ns i n to p racti ce is mani fested b y the d efences set fo rth i n the t ri al s o f vario us murd er cases w hi ch are reco rded in the ann al s o f the t rib unal s o f j usti ce not o n ly o f t he N ew b ut al so o f the Old Wo rld That in a n umber o f murd er cases the d efence has b een th at t he poi so n was des ig nedly i nt ro d uced i nto the d ead bo dy fo r the u s e f m i m e r r po o c r i i n t io n s a d a pp e n t by h tio o t h rr a a t e n a n f e a p follo wi n g cases : P ro fesso r Joh n J R eese M D in his arti cl e o n t he Po st M o rtem I mbibitio n o f Poi so ns (Tran sactio ns o f the College o f P hy i ci ans and S urgeo ns rel at es a remark abl e cas e o f all eg ed arseni cal poi s o ni ng w hi ch o cc urred in o ne o f the W estern S tates T he suspi cions were ex ceedi ngly st ro ng th at t he po iso n was i n t rod uced after d eath fo r vario us reaso ns T he o ld m an h avi ng b een t reat ed in his l as t ill ness fo r phthi si s his phys i c i an testi fyi n g to his h avi ng di ed o f thi s di sease and to his h avi ng p resented n o sy mpto ms o f arsen i cal poi so ni n g b efo re death T he body was b uri ed fo ur (4 ) y ears d uri ng whi ch ti me no sus u r s v n I i i o n o f o l pl a y a pp e a to h a b ee n e t e r t a i e d n t h n e c f e p meanti me the wi do w agai n marri ed and the s uspi cio n o f poi so n ing was b rui ted abo ut T he w o man was accused o f the c ri me the body was ex h umed and a ch emi cal analy s i s rev eal ed the p resen ce o f thi s poi so n in the sto mach and liver T he d efence was th at the poi so n w as d esig ned ly i nt rod uced i nto the body not v ery lo ng b efo re the di si nterment the body bei ng kept in a vault T he case s ing ularly eno ug h h avi ng had a p reli mi nary h eari ng w as ab an do ned Ill ustrati ve of the same we h ave an arti cl e by D r Vi cto r C Vaughan (physi ci an and surgeo n A nn A rbo r M i chigan, A ug D. uri ng the pas t six mo n th s th ere has b een t ri ed in t hi s S tate a murd er case in w hi ch t he quest io na ro se wh eth er arsen io us o x i de co ul d di ffuse after d eath after it had b een mi x ed with wat er and i nj ected i nto the rect um o r mo uth o r bo t h S i nce di rec t ex peri ments by ot hers an d by the autho r hi msel f as w ill be seen hereafter seem to p rov e t hat the ab so rptio n does take pl ace it must necessarily o f poi s o ns aft er death beco me an i mpo rtant facto r ho w I n such cases to di fferentiate T he method s are an te mo rt em fro m po st mo rt em poi so n i n g very li mited Perh aps the most rel iabl e as well as the most co n
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771: Post M0;15 m I
mbibition of
F e b u y r a r [
Poisons
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ive evid en ce o f ante mo rtem poi so n i ng are the sy mptoms manifested by the pati en t befo re d eath Of li ttl e l ess i mpo rtance is the reveali n g o f the p resence Of the poi s o n by chemi cal analy s is in t he i n terio r Of a l arg e o rg an as fo r i n st anc e t he li ver ; s i nce it do es no t appear to be l i k ely th at a poi so n i n tro d uced after d eath co uld penet rate by i mbibi tio n even to the i nterio r o f so l arge an o rgan Th at P ro fesso r R eese at taches much i mpo rtance to the detectio n of the poi so n w i thi n o rgans w ill b eco me evi dent by the follo wi ng ex tract fro m the arti cl e befo re menti o ned S ays Pro fesso r R eese : I f the poi so n were fo un d o n the exterio r o f the o rgans o nly and n ot in th ei r i nterio r after a careful research I s ho uld reg ard it as a t rue case o f Po st Mo rtem i mbibi t io n I n thi s co nnect io n a dig ress io n may be allo wabl e rel ati ve to the i mp reg natio n o f a d ead body fro m arsen i cal s oil i n to w hi c h it is I n those cases wh ere o w i ng to so m eti mes un fo rt unately pl aced es necessary to di si nter a body s uspi cio ns o f poi s o n i n g it b ec o m fo r l egal p urposes it is o ft en fo und th at t he c o ffi n in whi ch the remai n s are d epo s i ted has b urs t op en th us allo w i n g the co n t ents to co me in co ntact and mi ngl e wit h the s oi l (wh i ch in so me rare i nstances co ntains arseni c) A t the t ri al o f t h ese cases the co unsel for the d efend ant h ard p ushed fo r a d efence and whose o n ly “ i nsan i ty and arsen i cal reso urce li es in a choi ce bet ween i mp reg natio n fro m the soil in so me cases sel ects the latter T he actio ns o f l awy ers in setti n g fo rth suc h g ro un dl ess d efences bei ng cog nizant o f the i mpo ssibility of the transudatio n tak i ng pl ace and li vi n g in the ligh t o f p resent sci entifi c k n owl edge migh t be look ed upo n as Of do ub tful p rop ri ety U nfo rtunat ely in o rder to sho w th at such a c o urse is fre uen tly p urs ued it is o n ly n ecess ary to search the ac tio ns tak en by the Co mmo nweal t h in the t rial o f cases o f thi s nat ure wh en it will be fo un d th at alo ng w i t h a ch emi cal anal y s i s Of t he o rgans th ere is mad e al so a ch emi cal analysi s of the soi l I ndeed this mode o i actio n was t aken in a recent case o f arseni cal poi so n i n g o cc urri n g in thi s c i ty (Phil adelp hi a) in wh i ch t he p ri so ner al t ho ugh t w ice co n vic ted has n ot as y et b een sent en ced o n acco un t Of the ex i st en ce tech ni caliti es F ro m the follo wi ng e Of the s o call ed o f so m Opi n io n s o f cert ai n to x i cologi sts w ho have made it a st udy it w ill be seen t hat it is regarded as i mpo ssibl e fo r t hi s co nt ami n a tio n to tak e pl ace P ro fesso r R eese (P ro ceedi ng s o f Col l eg e Of Phy si ci ans and el us
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TI
n
Post Mar tam I
o i s s o n mbibitzon o P f '
.
) been di sc overed in cemetery soil s it has i nvari ably ex i st ed in the i nsol ubl e st at e generally in co mbi natio n wit h eith er li e or i ron I n d eed it cannot be ext racted fro m s uch soil s ev en by boili ng water but the ag ency Of hyd rochlo ri c aci d is re ui red to render it s ol ubl e ; co n se uently it s i mpo ss ibl e th at arsen i c i q sho uld be capabl e o f t rans ud atio n fro m t he s oil i nto a d ead body Thi s as sertio n is co rrobo rated by the di rect ex peri ments o f Orfila (A cad o f Med june 2 9 i 84 7 ) who sho wed th at bodi es buri ed in arsen i cal earth fo r a period o f th ree (3) mo nth s did n ot ac ui re any arsen i cal i mp reg natio n fro m arsen i cal soil But ev en ad mitti n g th at it is po ss ibl e fo r a body to b eco me i mp reg nat ed fro m ars en i cal soil it c o ul d be easi ly d et ermi ned in case a body co ntai n ed arsen i c whether it d eriv ed the po iso n by co ntami n atio n wi th eart h o r wh et h er t he poi so n was i nt rod uced i nto the bo dy by taki ng two samples o f earth o ne fro m the i mmedi ate co ntact wi th t he c o ffi n an d the oth er fro m the same st rata but in an adj a cent po rtio n Of the cemet ery an d s ubj ecti ng both to a c h emi cal analy sis ; if the analy s i s reveal ed the po i so n in the c o ffin soil and no t in t he adj ac ent soil th en it wo uld be evident th at the so il was c o ntami nated by the bo dy and no t the body by the soil Wi th a vi ew of d etermi n i ng wheth er it is po ssibl e fo r a poi so n i nt ro d uced i nto a dead body to penet rate th ro ugh the vario us o rgan s an d be reco vered by ch emi c al analys i s a seri es o f ex peri men ts were co nd ucted A s mal l dog was kill ed and i n to the sto mach was i nt rod uced by means o f a flex ibl e catheter two o unces o f water co ntai ni ng T he an i mal was pl ac ed in a t wen ty g rai ns o f arsen io us o x id e pi ne bo x b uri ed and at the expi ratio n o f si x ty days was T he follo wi ng o rgans v uz the sto mac h liver k id ex h u med n ey s l ungs h eart and b rai n w ere t h en remov ed On the surface T he o rgans o f t he o rg ans were Ob serv ed b ro w ni sh bl ack spot s w ere fo un d to be in a remark abl e st ate o f p reservatio n espec i ally T he b rai n was o nly slightly b rok en do wn but the t he kid ney s d u ra mater was i ntact A b right yel lo w spot o f the siz e o f a small w a a s Ob serv ed o n the uri nary bl add er e p T he o rgan s remo ved were pl aced in separat e gl ass j ars and T he p ro cess employ ed t hen s ubj ected to a ch emi cal analy si s “ fo r the rec ov ery o f the arsen i c b ei ng the Frenio us and Babo o r S urgeo ns
187 7
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I n the few
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cases
in whi ch
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arsen c
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7 7x Post Morten: I -
mbzoztion of '
r u r F b y e a [
Poisons
'
.
,
potassi um ch lo rat e method with the p urifi catio n method Of Otto Th ese are as follows : T he o rg an is c ut i nto small pi eces and hyd ro chlo ri c ac id an d water add ed T he mass is h eat ed to near b ut not ui te the boili ng poi nt o n a Potassi um chlo rate is add ed in po rtio ns the mas s san d b ath bei ng sti rred co nti n ually T he chlo ri ne evolved di si nteg rates the o rgani c matt er T he mass is sti rred and h eat ed until all the chl o T he vol ume is ri ne is d riv en o ff and it b eco mes ho mogeneo us k ept up by addi ng water A llo w to c ool and t ran sfer to a moi st li nen st rai ner an d st rai n until the filt rate is cl ear rest rai n i n g all T he T he resid ue is wash ed well with water t h at is t urbid arsen io us o x id e has b een o x idized by the potassi um chlo rat e to arseni c o x ide R ed uce to arsen io us o x id e by addi ng an ex cess o f a so lutio n o f s ulph uro us ac id gas the ex cess o f g as b ei ng k no wn by the odo r T he mass is ev apo rated to t wi ce the vol ume of hyd ro chlo r i c ac id used ;cool and filt er if necessary T ho ro ughly sat urat e w h i l e warm with a wash ed st ream o f s ulph uretted hyd rogen w hi c h w i l l th ro w down the arsenio us o x id e o rgani c matt er s ulph ur and the sulphid es Of oth er met al s Filter wash the resi due until the washi ngs are free fro m chlo ri ne T he resid ue is wash ed w i th a few c c o f water co ntai n i ng ammo ni um hyd rate T he sulphi de Of arseni c will be di ssolved by the ammo ni a water an d pas s th ro ugh Evapo rate to d ryness in a water b ath and add a few d rops o f n itri c acid to d es t roy the o rgan i c matter ; the n it ri c ac i d w ill al so ox i dize the sulphi de o f arsen i c to arseni c o x id e Evapo rate to dry ness and repeat un til the mass has a y el lo w colo r To uant ity Of a sol utio n Of po tass i u m the dry res id ue add a s mall hyd rat e and po wd ered carbo nate o f soda and evapo rate agai n T he potassi umhyd rate w ill co mbi ne with the arsen i c o x id e fo rm ing potassi um arsenat e Evapo rate to d ry ness and add th ree o r fo ur d rops o f co ncentrated sulph uri c acid H eat o n n aked fl ame un til v apo rs o f s ulph uri c aci d cease to ari se T he sulph uri c ac i d will c l ear the o rgani c matter P ulv erize the resi due if necessary add 2 5 c c Of wat er an d o ne d rop o f s ulph uri c ac id to aci d ul ate Boil an d fil ter T he fil trate whi c h co ntai ns arsen i c o x id e sho u l d be colorless R ed uce arsen i c o x i de to arsenio us o x id e by an ex cess o f a sol utio n o f s ulph uro us acid Co ncent rate until all o f the s ulph uro us acid is go ne and abo ut 20 c c remai n T he reagents employed in the ex tractio n o f arseni c th emselv es the hydro chlo ri c acid and
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n Post
-
MortemI mbibition of Poisons
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tly co ntai n th i s substanc e n ot ably tho se Of zi nc an d sul h i s u c a s l l e a n c id h n e it b o m s s y to t e t a g e t to n s e c e e e c e a r r c r ; p determi ne th at th ey are ab sol utely free fro m thi s poi so n N o ne but ch emi cally p ure ployed the sulph uri c reag ents were em ac id bei n g fo und to be s uch after s ubj ecti ng it to M arsh s test On the appli catio n Of R ei nsch s test to the hyd ro chlo ri c acid and copper foi l th ey also pro ved to be reli abl e S ummary of results obtained b chem sis o r m o o n i c n r n s o e d r o m d c l e v a l a a h e o a t y y f f g g taining arsenic : T he ex t racts Obtai ned fro m t he sto mach l iv er kid neys lungs h eart and brain were subj ect ed to R ei nsch s test and fro m all o r r n r n i n a s e r e e I e a s e o ov d h t h e e a s c w a s c e c c a f g a s ubli mate was obtai ned o n the sid e o f the red uctio n t ube whi c h pl aced u n der the mi c ro sco pe reveal ed the presence o f arseni c by ex hibi ti n g many beauti fully fo rmed o ctahedral c rystal s It sho uld be remark ed that the resul ts obtai ned fro m the ex ami natio n o f these o rg ans were abo ut e ually st riki ng w it h the ex ceptio n Of the brai n whi ch gave so mewh at less marked reactio ns On ex ami n i ng the literat ure o f the subj ect o f the Po st ” mo rtem imbibi tio n of poi so ns it wil l beco me apparent th at it has n ot receiv ed the amo unt o f attentio n it so j ustly d eserves I ndeed s o far as the writ er has been abl e to l earn the o nly in ves t ig atio ns pertai ni n g to the s ubj ect are tho se o f D rs Vi c to r C Vaug hn Kedzi e and Geo rge M ccracken D r Vaugh n in t he fi rst o f his ex peri ment s (physi c ian an d sur n A ug ust u sed a musk rat r a o n r bo M i hig c e n A n A g i nj ect in g into the mo uth and rect um by means o f a syri nge fi fty n u s e d i n w a e r T h i io id p e n d c old t e s a rs e s c s u r n o f a a t r 0 a (5 ) g was b uri ed twenty five (2 5) d ays an d the o rgans s ubj ect ed to a chemical analys i s w hi c h rev eal ed the p resence o f thi s poi so n in t he k id neys liver l ung s st o mac h and co ntent s l arg e i ntesti ne I n his sec o nd ex peri men t a sm al l i ntesti ne h eart and b rai n uant i ty o f ars en io us o x id e was cadaver was used an unweigh ed intro d uced i nto the mo ut h an d rect um t he b ody bei ng th en l l d n a c e l r fo r t wenty five (2 5) d ay s T he b rai n was b ro k en e i a a c p do wn and in a semi fluid c o n di ti o n the rest o f the o rgans firm C h emi cal analy si s rev ealed the poi so n in the right and l eft: kid ac h ney liver lo wer lob e o f right l un g h eart rect um spl een sto m and b rai n D r Kedzi e Ofth e Mi chigan A gri c ult ural Coll ege wo rki ng i nd e m a d e l y p i t n again n o n a cat with like res ult s t e x e r m e s I e d e n n p
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The Post M orten: I -
mbibition of
e ruary , F b [
Poi sons
.
i g to the result s Of the ex peri ments by the writer it w ill be r ain o f the an i m al i nto seen th at arsen i c was recov ered fro m the O T he fact th at a poiso n w hi ch thi s poi so n had b een i n t rod uced i ntrod uced after d eath can penet rate th ro ugh the vario us tis p rotected and s ur sues an d sat urate t he g reat n erv e cen t ers ro und ed as th ey are by a bo ny casi n g must be look ed upo n as an asto n i s hi n g as well as an i nt eresti n g fac t Upo n t hi s poi nt D r R eese (T ran sactio ns Of Coll ege o f Phy si ci ans and S urgeo ns It is scarcely co ncei vabl e th at a poi so n i nt ro Ob serves : duced i n to a body after death c o uld penetrate by i mbibitio n ” w ithi n the cavity Of t he cran i um and spi nal co rd I n the ex peri ments o f D r Vaugh n the follo w i ng ex pl anatio n is Offered fo r havi n g fo un d arsen i c in the b rai n viz I n i nj ecti n g t he solutio n i nto the mo uth the sy ri nge used c logged up and o n attempti n g to fo rce it free a po rtio n o f the fl uid was Ob served to flo w fro m the n o st ril s so me Of thi s fl uid p robably adh ered to the ” ph ary nx I n the w riter s ex peri ments w h en the dog employed was b ei n g pl aced in the box a small amo unt o f fl uid was Ob served to t ri ckl e W heth er the p resence o f arseni c in the b rai n fro m t he no st ril s In a was d ue to the fo regoi ng acc id ent o r n ot is un certai n ” Po st M o rtem I mbibitio n o f Poi so ns seri es o f ex p eri ment s o n D r Geo M ccracken i nt rod uced t he th ree poi so ns viz arsen i c tartar emeti c and co rro sive s ubli mate and s ubse uently recovered th em by ch emi cal analysi s fro m s everal o rgans T ho ugh al ways allo wabl e it is no t o ur p urpose to attempt to d raw po sitive d ed uctio ns fro m the facts add uced but rath er to allo w o ur o w n res ult s w hi ch h ave b een g ai ned by a stri ctly scien selves I n c o ncl us io n ho wever i t t ific p ro cess to spealefor them may he remark ed th at the hypoth es i s th at arseni c t hro ugh the p ro cess o f po st mo rtem i mbibitio n fro m the ali mentary canal is by careful ch emi cal analy si s di scoverabl e in the b rai n receives enti re co nfi rmatio n fro m t he p resent researc h es referr n
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A scent
f
o
tire
Volcano
Popocatepetl
f
o
OF T H E V OL C A N O OF
A S C EN T
BY A
H I S famo us
.
S
.
PA C K A R D
POP OC A
T E P ET L
.
.
ol cano call ed Popo catep etl fro m the A ztec e e t l ca sm n n m u n n w s h e o oki g t o t i a obj tiv poi t o a d a t e c e n p pp T he N evad a de Tol uca o f my jo urney to the M ex i can p lat eau I had seen a few d ays p revio us fro m t he to w n Of Tol uca o n the M ex i can N atio nal R ail way Thi s vol cano ho wever is n ot a sim m u t c ri ses o i l p k s o ov d do t l e c n c a e a b i t s n w r e f e e e e p above the sea and o ut o f a mo un t ai n mass w ith fo ur l esser el eva F ro m Tol uca the crater is seen to be a very l arge t io n s abo ut it o ne and w e were tol d th at it is 1500 feet d eep w i th a l ak e at the b o tto m said to be two an d a h al f mil es acro ss Orizaba we w ere yet to see ; but n othi n g co uld we tho ught ex ceed in i nterest t he di stant vi ew Of Popo catep etl fro m the to p o f o ur hotel in t he City Of M ex i co as the setti ng s un gild ed its s n o wy do me pai n ted its s n o w fi eld s an d as it went do wn w ith ro seate h ues It is the g ran dest mo unt ai n summit o f the I t rep eats b ut w ith emph asi s the p urity Of v al l ey o f A nah uac fo rm and massiveness Of M t S h asta in N o rth ern C ali fo rni a I ts ” sn o wy w o m t w i n si ster the vol cano Of I z tac ihuatl o r the an — s fo rm a p art o f the same i s ol ated rang e the Co rdill era o f A bu — a l co and was do ub tl ess th ro w n up at the same ti me ; b ut it has n o c ent ral do me cl eavi n g the sky the mo untai n mass ex t en di n g as a range r unni ng nearly no rth and so uth with th ree b rok en i r reg ul ar sno w covered s ummit s o f whi c h the cent ral is the high es t reachi n g an alti t ud e Of 4 7 86 meters o r feet above the s ea T he h eight o f Popo cat ep etl has b een vario usly esti mated H umboldt pl aced it at 54 00 meters o r feet ; Guyot gives its altitude as feet ; H umbol dt s meas uremen t co mb ined w i t h tho se Of two l ater Ob serv ers is feet w hil e the F rench s avans Of the M ax i mili an ex p editio n put it as high as feet T he h eight o f the City o f Mex i co abov e t he sea is 7 4 82 feet so feet th at we had befo re us an ascen t o f a littl e over Thi s is nearly 2000 feet l ess o f an as cent th an th at o f Mt S h as ta whi ch is feet high w hil e the pl ai n o ut o f w hi c h the Cali fo rn i a v ol can o ri ses is abo ut 2000 feet abov e the s ea For tw o days p revio us to starti n g we were o cc upi ed in errang i ng fo r the ascen t Our party co n s i sted Of th ree M r F A Ober autho r o f the i nteresti ng Travel s in Mex i co who had pre v
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A
f
scent o
r a F e b r u y [
l t t tlze Volcano o o a P oc e e f p p
.
,
mad e the ascent ki ndly acco mpani ed us to the sno w li ne as g uid e i nterp ret er and fri end We l aid in s uppli es o f boil ed c hi ck en oth er meats b read an d tea fo r o ur night at the ran ch and By the ki nd ness o f M ess rs D S the noo n l unch o n the s ummit S pauldi ng Go I obtai ned a l etter fro m Gen eral Gaspar S anch ez Ochoa the p rop ri eto r of the mo untai n to o ne o f his employés S r D Mari an o Men dizab al at A mecameca who was o rdered to T he day pre sen d his s o n R afael t o g ui de us to the s ummit vio usly
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to l eavi ng the City of Mex i co I tel egraph ed to S enio r N o r ri ega a g ro cer at A ntecameca fo r ho rses an d g uid es fo r a p arty o f T hat even i ng the s un sat cl ear o n Popocatepetl an d the fo ur weath er p ro mi sed to be cl ear and fine o n the mo rro w On the mo rni ng o f March 19 th after an early b reak fast we d rove to the rail ro ad statio n at S an L az aro l eavi ng it at 8 A 11 T he sky was a lit tl e overcast but soo n the s un came o ut cl ear W e soo n cross ed the edge o f L ak e T escuco over a and hot causeway alo n g the canal s t ravers ed by I n di an d ugo uts o ver the sh allo w reedy l ake in w hi ch were men and boy s nak ed o r st rip ped to the k nees wadi ng th ro ugh the water fi shi ng in its sh allo w depth s w ith nets fo r shi ners o r ax olo tls T he t rack th en l eaves ag gy reedy sho res an d passes o ver a b ro ad dry the l ak e and its fl pl ai n the anci ent botto m Of T escuco the western po rtio ns Of whi c h are said by H umbol dt to h ave been c overed w ith water in H ere were to be seen the mo unds Of th at b usy ant Po 15 2 1 n x l r e t a onom e oc c i d z l r m M n m s f a ili a r s ight f o m o n t a a to o a r y g N ew M ex i co and fro m Kan sas to R eno Nevad a A t the fi rst statio n o f E uip aj es we get a fine vi ew Of Popo T he rail ro ad t h en s ki rts the bo r catepetl and I ztac ihuatl ders Of L ake Chal co an d we see upo n o ur right many Of t he famo us flo ati ng i sl an ds covered with g reen fl ags and reed s w hi c h had s urvived s i nce the ti me Of Co rtez A t t he s tatio n o f A yotl a the I ndi ans c ro w d abo ut the t rai n o fferi ng fi shes wrapped in the l eaves of the po nd lily and h ere we bo ught h al f a dozen l arge ax olotl s fo r a cent api ece W e th en p as sed w ithi n sigh t o f Ch al co the Old est I ndi an to wn Of the vall ey Of A nah uac A mecameca t he to wn wh ere w e tak e o ur g uides and ho rses is abo ut fo rty mil es by rail fro m Mex i co and 127 4 toi ses o r 82 23 feet above the sea It is the high est to wn in Mex i co its el evatio n renders
vio us
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T he two
others
T itus S hear d
.
were Professor
W J .
.
P
.
Jenks
,
of
Bro wn Uni versity,
an d
H on
.
A
tire
scent o
f
Volcano
f
o
Popocatepetl
.
it mo re sal ub rio us and c ool er th an Mex i co b ei ng nearly 600 feet high er th an th at ci ty and it is so mewh at fre uented by i nvalid s Befo re reachi ng the to w n how fro m the c ity in hot weath er ev er we p ass th ro ug h foothill s c overed with a g ro wth o f pi nes and oak s with an i ntermi x t ure o f mag uey o r cent ury pl an ts T he scenery now b eco mes v ery g rand as we und er c ultivatio n — — r s ki rt alo ng the ranges fro m fo u to six whi ch are parall el w ith I ztacihuatl A t 10 A M both vol cani c peak s were enveloped in c umul us clo ud s but th ey roll ed away fro m the mo untai n o f the white w o man still ho wev er ob sc uri n g the sn ow cl ad do me o f Po pocatepetl T he massive base o f I ztacihuatl belo w the clo uds was seen to be st udd ed w i th co n i cal peaks any o ne o f w hi ch w o uld be a p rize in Mai ne o r N ew H ampsh ire A s the t rai n st op s at A m ecameca we p ass the hill o f S acramo nte c o vered w i t h a d ense g ro wth o f n obl e cedars and pi nes s urro un di n g the chapel o n the s ummit and enter the rail road hotel at el ev en o c lo ck fo r di n ner fi rst ho wev er regali n g o urselves w ith the full an d s uperb vi ew o f Popo cat epetl and its s i st er vol can o who se seren e h eigh ts n o w c l ear and well n igh c lo udl ess look ed do wn upo n t he to wn S p read o ut ov er the vall ey at th ei r feet A fter di nn er we met o ur g uide R afael with his men ho rses and m sco N o rriega u e s r n a c k l t t h e g o e y to r e f e r i o r F a c i r a r c s o S p w h ere we l aid in additio nal p rovi s io ns an d p un ct ually at o ne p at the base o f the peak Our party o c lo ck s tart ed fo r o ur cam c o ns i st ed in all o f seven ho rsemen w ith t wo p ack mul es and A g uza is an as si stant g uid e usu t h ree mozo s o r g uia: o n foot ally an I ndi an servant o r moz o Fo r the b enefi t of any o ne ih l t en di ng to mak e the ascent I giv e in a foot n ot e the p arti c ul ars o f o ur o ut fit o f g uid es serv ant s etc w ith the p ri ces b ei ng a s in R afael s bill c o py o f the item
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3
4 horses
3
at
a
day
i a s at u g
2
mules
3
barley fo r the horses
at
6 pieces o f leather for 8 straw mats
an d
mules
making
san dals
8 leather tho ngs 8 yards
of clo th
T hread ,
etc
A
to
R
mozo
afael
for wrapping the feet
.
lo ok
after the
ho rses
at
a
day
Men diu hal $5 7
06
A
scent
e I k f o
Volcano
f
o
Popocatepetl
.
r e b u a r F [ y,
We were urged to di scard o ur sho es an d let the g ui as w rap o ur sto cki n ged feet in rag s w ith a p ai r o f ro ugh l eath er sandal s b ut we p referred to wear over wool en sto cki n g s o ur o rdi nary high sho es and over the l atter a pai r o f arcti cs and fo und th at th ey answered the p urpo se ad mi rably in walki n g ov er the so ft sn o w and yi eldi ng sand o f t he peak whil e o ur feet did n o t suf fer We fro m the piercing cold w i nds o f the early mo rn i n g ho urs had p rovid ed o urselves at M ex i co with a pai r o f native bl ank ets Thi ck gloves are al so n eeded fo r the bivo uac at the ranch w hil e bl ue gl ass goggl es w hi ch mo st o f the party bo ug ht at N o rrieg a s are ab sol utely i n di spensabl e It is i mpo ssibl e to wal k o ver the sno w fi elds o f Popo catepetl in the gl ari ng s unshi n e w ith I carri ed and t ri ed to use a p ai r o f colo red eye o ut th em gl asses but th ey wo uld slip o ff whi l e walki ng and p roved a so urce o f c o n stant an noyan c e until my g uza ch ang ed w ith me and co ns id erately mad e the b est use he co uld o f my gl asses T he ch arges o f the g uid e R afael were fai r but we co uld have di spensed w i th the S pani sh assi stant g uide and the mozo to attend T he g w as o r s ub g uid es were I ndi ans nearly o r the ho rses Th ey uite full blooded an d were st ro ng faith ful yo ung men ex pect ed an d receiv ed b esid es th ei r reg ul ar pay a g rat uity fo r th ei r servi ces Were I to make the ascent ag ai n alo ne a good moz o besi des the g ui de wo uld be i ndi sp ensabl e N o o ne sho uld att empt to ascen d the mo un tai n alo n e w i tho ut s uc h attend an ce as so me acc id ent might h app en o n acco unt o f the alti tud e tho ugh th ere is no dan g ero us cli mbi ng W e were go ne a day and a h al f fro m A mecameca b ut o f co urse t wo wo rki n g d ay s were sp ent an d ch arg ed in o ur bill d t h ro ugh the d usty hot st reet s o f the Our caval cad e passe town h ere and th ere sh ad ed by h edges o f cact us o r mag uey and ro ws o f m es uit e t rees t he unclo uded t ropi cal sun b eati n g upo n o ur h ead s tho ugh a cool westerly b reez e so mewh at refreshed us L eavi ng the to wn the ro ad pass ed th ro ugh b road wh eat an d c o rn fi eld s and in an ho ur s ride fro m the city we l eft the pl ai n and came to t he edge o f the foothill s o f the c o rdill era o f A hualco the ran ge fro m w hi ch ri ses the two vol cano es of whi c h Po po cate petl is the so uth ernmo st W e were now ascendi n g an d were fo r several ho urs to ascend the range i nto the p ass b et ween t he t wo vol can o es over the trai l mad e by Co rtez d uri ng his march fro m P uebl a to the City o f ,
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A
P o c e l o e the Volcano o t t a f p p
f
scent o
.
W e met t rai ns of pack mul es and do nk eys c o mi ng fro m P uebl a and it add ed no l ittl e z est to o ur rid e to recall the memo rabl e march o f the S pan i sh co n ui st ado r fro m the pl ai ns o f P uebl a to the th en famo us A ztec capit al o f Teno c hti tl an I n his Essai politi ue s ur le R oyau me de la N o uvell e Esp ag ne H umbol dt refers to thi s ro ad or t rail w hi ch was fi rst Opened by t he anc i ent A z t ec c o uri ers fro m M ex i co to P uebl a by w ay o f 1 A mecameca T he pl ai ns over whi c h we t rotted were evid ently an o ld l ak e botto m T he road n o w ascend ed b et ween lo w ro und ed hill s w hi ch had ev ery app earance o f mo rai n es ; t hey were co mpo sed o f loo se san d an d g rav el w ith bo uld ers o f bl ack b as alt lik e t hat fo rmi n g the vol cano an d sloped g rad ually do wn to the pl ai n One very reg ul ar mo und w hi ch we p assed o n o ur right w hi ch ro s e ab rup tly fro m a co rn o r w h eat fi el d seemed to h av e b een artifi ci al in its o ri gi n It is T etepeto ng o the hill o f the ro un d sto n es an d acc o rdi ng t o t radit io n says Ob er w as fo r merly used as a pl ace o f s acrifi ce But the zo ne o f mo rai ne lik e h ill s we were n o w p assi ng over co nt rasted st riki ngly with the b ro ad flat pl ai ns b eneat h us and w it h the ragged vol can i c foothill s o f I ztac ihuatal far abov e us on o ur l eft Tho ugh thi s p eak was capped w ith c lo uds the l arger p art o f the sn o wy do me o f P0po catepetl was in full vi ew an d fro m it t wo gl aci er l ik e st reak s o f s n o w led do w n t he v all ey s lo s i n g th emselv es in t he ragg ed l ava st reams at t he b ase o f the co ne A s we pass o n ward and upward c o n i cal t umuli o f loo se d é b ri s fro m the mo untai n s above co n fro nt us an d well mark ed l at eral mo rai nes ex ten d o ut upo n the pl ai n o n eac h s i de o f the t rail We sho uld j udge th at the l ev el at w hi ch we saw the lowest mo rai nes was abo ut 9 000 feet abov e the sno w sea ; fro m th at l ev el th ey were obs erv ed u e t o o n e a r h r t p l i n e the h eight o f whi c h abov e the sea in the l atit ud e o f the City o f Mex i co H umbo ldt p uts at 4 600 meters o r feet W e were unabl e to see s uch good cl ear nat ural sectio ns o f a M ex i co
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mois d octobre de le l an nec 15 19 le corps d armec des Espag nols et d es T las calteques marchoit de C ho lula a l eno chtitlan il traversa la C ordillé re d A hualco qui r un it la S ierra N evada o u I ztacihuatl ala cime vo lcan iq ue d a Popo cat e etl L e s s n l v n r s l m m u r u r i e r E o s u r n e i n e n d l co s i e a e e a i t e e c h e m e e p p p p g p q d e M ex ico pour aller a la Puebla par Mecameca et qui se tro uve trac sur la carte de la vall e de T en o chtitlan L armé e co uffrit a la fois au froid et de l extreme impté n o si té e des ven ts nt sur cc plateau — i i e e t c 1 q 1 u i ré g n en t constamm ss a i l t u o e E p q 1
L orsqu
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6 72
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A
f
scent o
the
F b r u a ry e [
Volcano of Popocatepetl
.
,
mo rai ne as wo uld h ave b een d es i rabl e but in o ne i nstance the mo rai ne was co mposed of the fine mud scrapi ng s o f the l ava with ro und ed bo ulders o f b asalt o f all s iz es up to fo ur o r five feet in di ameter the hill b ei ng covered with w heat and s mal l p orn M o reover the hill s above the mo rai nes o n each sid e o f the vall ey I i nfer fro m all I saw o n had apparently b een mold ed by ice the ascent t h at the ice must h ave fill ed the vall ey o r pas s b et ween I z tacihuatl an d Popo catepetl s p readi n g o ut over the pl ateau li k e a m er ao g lace and sendi ng gl ac i ers do w n to the l ak es th en cov eri ng the pl ai ns of A nah uac A bove the ro un ded hill s were ro ugh vol cani c sp urs an d hill s whi c h may o nce h ave overlooked t he ice st reams It wo uld appear th en that the uaternary l akes o f the Mex i can pl ateau (un mi stak abl e evid enc es o f whi c h I saw th ro ugh o ut the co unt ry fro m L aredo to S an L ui s Po to si and th ence to t he City o f Mex i co as wel l as alo ng the Mex i can central ro ute to N ew M ex i co ) were fed by the mel t i n g o f gl aci al ice in the high si erras A t any rate in the vall ey o f A nah uac the vol can oes ri si ng abov e it must h ave b een cov ered with gl ac i ers wh i ch de scen d ed to a poi n t 9000 feet abov e the sea an d abo ut 1000 1 feet above the p resen t l evel o f the pl ains T he c h ange in v egetatio n as we l eft the pl ai ns and wo und T he amo ng the mo rai nes was an i nt eresti ng feat ure o f the ri de zo ne o f cact us nopal mes uit e etc o f the Mex i can pl ateau was repl aced by a b el t o f pi nes aro mati c firs an d ced ars ; the flo wers had c hanged in ch aracter and b eco me mo re n umero us an d vari ed th an on the dry and d usty pl ai ns l upi nes predo mi nated reli eved by a sho wy red l abi ate flower and yello w flowered sh rubs Of ,
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I
w ith
n con versatio n
.
me that what
Popocatepetl, he told
do wn
M r Otto Finck , he
to who
I had seen bo ulders
is
of
2 500
described the moraines l a i a c l g
reg arded as true
alo ng the route o f the M exican railway as
east o f C ordova, and
mI
.
far
as
the city o f
extended
Permella, w hich is three miles ’
feet above the sea, C o rdova being
o r h v r b a o e p p y y
moraines
abo ut
Orizaba,
feet elevation
2 700
an d
.
M r Fin ck w ho is ,
.
V era C ruz, having ex plored the country fo r hun dreds o f miles on foot, an d bein l st o f ex peri en ce, ki ndly r a a n t u a i g took me do w n to the bed o f the river, where w ere bo ulders of difl eren t k in ds o f an observer o f
long
experien ce
in the S tate
of
'
derived from the plateau abo ve an d westward On the plains an d C ho caman , he told me, are bo ulders o f po rphyry, w eighing 200
or h r d n t l e e v i , y p p y y of
m l a t n a J au
.
tons, an d also g lacial rded as a a g
scratches
.
moraine observed at
o f po r hyr f o p y
Mr Finck drew for me a secti o n of what he t e the Pass o f Metlac i n which were ang ular b lock s .
,
kinds , wi th g n eiss, w hich must have been t ranspo rted k had no t in the Belo w an elevatio n of 2 500 feet M r c
ten o r twelve
fro mthe plateau above
.
S tate of V era C ruz,
o r elsewhere
.
in
Mex ico , observed
any
l i al a c g
marks
.
A
scent
l t e t o f
Volcano
f
o
Popocatepetl
.
dec id uo us t rees w illo ws abo unded but few if any oak s Th ro ugh th ese fo rests not very d ense o r co nti n uo us p umas and wolves were said to ro am T he i nsect li fe o f the pl ai ns is scanty in the dry seas o n b ut in thi s zo ne b ees and b utt erfli es o f di fferent spe c i es vi sited the flo wers T he zo ne o f pi nes and willo ws was suc ceeded by a belt o f tall co ni fero us t rees lik e a sp ruce with a fir like habi t ; thei r sl end er sh afts two to th ree feet in di ameter (in o ne case o f a t ree fell ed w it h the ax five feet ) pi erced the c l ear sky over perh aps 12 5 feet T hi s nobl e t ree had very b road l eaves and a d eep red b ark lik e t he red woo ds aro un d the b ase o f Mt S hasta Thi s zo ne o f red w ood was s ucceeded by a belt o f low sho rt l eaved pi nes whi ch g rew s ho rter and mo e st unt ed until at r hal fpas t fo ur we came to b ank s o f s now lyi n g o n the s ummit o f the g rassy pass the remnant s o f l arg er fi eld s whi ch had b ut l ately di sappeared T he air was no w cool and even chilly the g ro und was d amp an d o ft en wet ; h ere it was early S p ri ng lik e o ur fi rst o f A pri l in New E ngl and to o early fo r flo wers ; scattered pl ant s perhaps A lpi ne but uite unlike any we h ave seen in the R o cky mo untai ns were not yet in flo wer an d to add to the resembl ance to a no rth ern sp ri ng a flo ck o f v eritabl e robi ns fl ew amo ng the pi nes ; th ey w ere li ngeri ng o n the flank s o f Popo cat ep etl befo re taki n g t hei r fi nal flight no rth ward T he path to the ranch no w l eft the P uebl a t rail and led us amo ng t he pi nes to the s h ed s w h ere we were to spend the n ight T he rancho was reach ed at and an ho ur s till remain i ng be fo re d ark I walk ed to a ravi ne ov er pil es of vol can i c as h and l apilli t o ento mologize und er fall en pi ne logs and the b ark o f st ump s fi ndi ng lizards beetl es spiders and myriopods uite unlik e any fo rms yet seen in the tierr a tem l a n o t rac e o f a b lo t w ith c l e w u b p A lpi ne ch aracters T he ranch was a d eserted sh ed and furnace ho use fo r roasti ng the crud e s ulph ur fo rmerly c oll ect ed by the volcaner os o r p eo n s at the botto m o f the c rater D ark ness gath ered early abo ut the ranch but in the b right moo nlight the massive marbl e li ke do me o f Popo cat epetl rose di rectly above us Our ho rses and mul es were l eft to stand in t he open air whil e we bivo uack ed in t he sh ed in the c ent er o f w hi c h was a rai sed c i rc ul ar fi repl ace o n whi ch o ur g ui as mad e a fire o f st i ck s an d logs the smok e and spark s p assi ng up th ro ugh a ho l e l eft in the middl e o f the roo f T he I ndi ans boil ed th ei r ,
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f
scent o
tire Volcano
c offee i
f
o
Popocatepetl
u F b y e r a r [
.
,
th ei r gl az ed earth en j ars whi ch in the lo ng run w ith stan d t he h eat o f the fi re b et ter th an a t in c o ffee po t ; th ey mad e tea fo r the party in oth er v essel s o f do mesti c man ufact ure ; th ey o refresh ed t hemselv es o n cold to rtill as and c hili the t wi n co m p n euts o f a M ex i can meal and th en c ut o ut th ei r san d al s fo r the mo rni ng s cli mb whil e we di smembered a col d b roil ed fo wl o f pro n o unced to ugh ness and ate it w it h ex cell ent nativ e b read and tea To the to uri sts and h ead g uid es was ass ign ed a so rt o f low rai sed divan o r floo r co vered wit h hay over w hi ch w e sp read the st raw e a s o r p all ets and fi nally a bl ank et with a seco nd bl anket and e t t p T he g uias and mul eteer lay o n the mud floo r a coat ov er us th ei r feet to the fire th ei r s warthy faces and li mb s no t vi sibl e in the gloo m th ei r whi te co tto n garment s co nceal ed by th ei r high Th ey sl ept so undly th ro ugh the c olo red sc rapes o r bl ank ets n ight but n o t t he to uri st s ; the b ed s were unev en an o c casio nal flea danced a ji g o n o ur h and s and faces a rai n and h ai l sto rm w ith a st ro n g g al e o f wi nd rattl ed abo ut t he ranch ; to ward s mo rn i ng it grew very col d and c hilly ; ad ded to thi s two o f o ur n umb er o wi ng p rob ably to the altit ud e were un fo rt unately seized w ith vo mi ti n g and d iarrh e a so th at th ere was littl e o r n o s l eep fo r the A meri can o s th at n ight A M o f the 20th I aw ok e the party t he g uias replen A t ished the fire p repared the c o ffee an d tea saddl ed the un easy ho rses no w shi veri ng in the cold fro sty mo rni ng air and at we had mo unted o ur steeds and were und er way fo r the peak It was a b right cri sp cl ear co ld mo rni ng the stars still shi ni n g b rightly whil e a pi erci ng cold w i nd sw ept do wn the vall ey over the p ass Our g uid es had w rapped th ei r l egs in thi ck l ayers of cotto n rag s wo un d th ei r scrapes tightly abo ut t h em and we fo un d t hat o ur ov erco ats and gloves were b ut a slight p rotectio n Fo r two ho urs we slo w ly crept up by ag ai n st the i n tense cold a zigz ag t rail urgi ng o n o ur u nw illi n g n ags ov er the slope o f the mo untai n ; fi rst pass i ng th ro ugh the pi ne wood s th en descendi n g a b arranca o r ravi ne th ro ugh whi c h ran a s t ream fed by the s no ws o f the p eak T he t rail th en w o und alo ng t he b ase o f the c o ne ov er fi eld s o f loo se deep coarse bl ack vol can i c sand th ro ugh whi c h ro se scattered j agged masses o f bl ack l ava Our falteri ng ho rses and not o ver enth usi asti c g ui des toil ed up w e reach ed L a C ruz a ro ck o n ward an d o n ward until at w hi c h was a w ood en cro ss wh ere we were to l eave o ur ho rses n
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A
scent
Volcano of Popocatepetl
.
H ere o wi ng to si ck ness i nd uced by the altit ud e my co mpanio n s were obliged to ret urn to t he ran ch Taki ng R afael and two g uias I went on T he ascen t of Popocatepetl is p ro sai c in the ex t reme M uch t o my s urp ri se th ere were n o roc k s to c l amb er over n o difl ic ult c l im bi ng b ut an i n termi nable steeply inc li ned d esert o f deep co arse yieldi ng volcani c sand covered with a thi n sh eet o f snow — névé — maki ng it ex ceedi ngly h ard walki ng to say n othi ng of th e efl T he h eight o f the ect o f the g reat al t i tud e upo n the h eart lo wer l evel o f the sn o w li ne H umbold t esti mated at feet T he co n e o f Popo catepetl is like th at o f Ves uvi us—o n ly mo re W e ro ughly esti mated the angl e of the slope at b ut so j udgi ng by o ur feeli ngs after two o r th ree ho urs cli mb it seemed like Th ere is no d efi nite t rail up the mo untai n and at no poi nt o n the ro ute can the s ummi t o r mo ut h o f the crater be seen so th at t here is no go al in sight to d raw o ne s attentio n away fro m the l abo r and fatig ue o f the ascent L ooki ng up hopel essly fro m t i me to ti me as we stop to g et b reath anx io usly t rusti ng to oh tai n a gl impse o f a rocky peak b reaki ng th ro ugh t he c rust noth in g meets the eye b ut a vast s no wy slope mel ti n g away far alo ft i n t he sky the unsulli ed s urface lik e poli sh ed marbl e o f mo re th an r n rity fadi ng g rad ually away t o be repl aced by the d eep i p a u a p fatho ml ess az ure o f a M ex i can sky By eight o c loc k the s un had gai ned mo re power the ex erci se w armed us so t h at we no lo nger s uffered w ith the c old b ut the effect o f the i nt ense s unlight upo n the eyes was bli ndi n g and pai n ful it wo uld h ave been w ell n igh i mpo ssibl e to have mad e the ascen t witho ut bl ue gog g l es Our s mall procession moved in t he followi ng o rd er : my o wn part i c ul ar g ala a yo un g sto ut willi n g I n di an pi ck ed o ut a way over t he ro ugh sno w o r sand as the case migh t be the writer follo wed pl an ti ng his feet in the p ri nts mad e by the I ndi an and p rovi sed alpenstock us ually s up po rt i n g h imsel f wi th a rud e i m h eld in both h and s b ehi nd follo wed the s upern umerary g uia carryi ng the l unc h bask et o n his b ac k whil e R afael b ro ught up the rear w i th the air o f o ne fulfilli ng a co nt ract rath er th an enj oy I h ave ascended Pike s ing the as cen t A nd it was h ard wo rk peak t h ree ti mes walked up Gray s peak t wi ce h ave cli mbed the feet high ascen d ed crat er o f M t S h asta w hi ch is o ver and
begi n the ascent
t h e f q
foo t
on
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V 0!
xx
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A
tire Volcano
f
scent o
r F b u y r e a (
Popocatepetl
f
o
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peaks in the White mo unt ains the A di ro n dac k s and N o rt h ern Mai ne b ut the l abo r o f t he ascent o f Popo catepetl ow i ng to the far g reat er altit ude an d the co nse uen t rarity o f the at mo sph ere as well as t he yi eldin g san d an d t he nature o f t he s n ow is pec uli arly di ffic ult To my surp ri se the snow lay o n Popo catepetl as a th in sh eet o f — fro m a foot o r tw o to six o r eight feet thi c k d eeper o f co urse in T he ascent is theravi nes but the ravi nes were o f a mild type made fro m the n o rth erly and westerly side ; the deep est ravi n e was fill ed with s now pas si ng b eneath i nto ice t hus formi ng an ln L ooki ng at it cipient gl aci er p erh ap s nearly a mil e in l eng th the day p revio us fro m the ro ad b elo w I suppo sed it to be a t ru e gl aci er filli ng the ravi ne but it can scarcely be regard ed as suc h wh at ever may h ave b een its di mensio ns in early ti mes T he s urface of the s now fi eld s over whi ch we wal ked was ex T he sno w was o n t he average abo ut th ree feet ceeding ro ugh d eep c ut up by deep narrow fi ssures lyi ng at vario us angl es to o ur li ne o f march ; the footi ng was th us very ro ugh an d uncer tai n ; the sno w grew so fter as the s un ro se high er and it was i mpossibl e at ti mes to p rev ent slippi ng and falli n g down Fo ur ho urs of such wo rk to o ne not h ardened to mo untai n cli mbi ng at: feet are no uite s uch an altit ude reachi ng n early o r child s pl ay One advances th ree o r fo ur steps and tho ro ughl y ex h aust ed s i n k s dow n upo n his staffto rest and recov er his b reath ; his h eart b eats in a w ild ex t ravagant fashio n an d his b reathi ng is w h n ui ck an d l abo red o sho rt c e t N o o ne sho uld attempt the a s has no t a h ealthy h eart and so und l ungs an d is not under fi fty T here is d anger of over fatig ue A t abo ut hal f past ten the s ummit seemi ng no nearer th an at ael how lo n g it wo uld t ak e to ro m L a C ruz I ask ed R af the start f H e thi nki ng I might give it u reah the top crafti l repli ed c p y u t r s ty dos noras not sati sfi ed w ith thi s I p rivately asked m y n na from id e i n fro n t a nd he said u g J ust th en a whi ff o f s ulph ur v apo r passed by the d raught tho ugh nauseo us was i nspi ri ng and gave new strengt h to my ti red li mbs and at el even o clock I sudd enly walk ed over the edge o f the crat er and co uld look part wa do wn i nto the bo wel s y o f Popo catepetl We were on the summit co uld walk on l evel dg e ro un d alo ng the narrow san dy e o f t hecrater witho ut g fatig ue the h eart at o nc e resumed its n o rmal b eat and the respi ratio n b ecame agai n n at ural V esuvi us and S no wdo n,
and not a few
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A
the
f
scent o
Volcano
Popocatepetl
f
o
.
th rilli ng H ere we were o n the summit o f the h igh est mo untai n bet ween Mt S t Eli as in A l as ka and Chi m bo razo in Peru ! T he sky was well n igh clo udl ess a few c otto ny masses h ung over I ztacihuatl to the no rth of us part ly ob sc uri ng its peak s ; the pl ai ns of A nah uac and the P uebl a va lley bath ed in t he s unlight and wrapped in a warm so ft h aze st ret ch ed fo r hun d red s o f mil es away west and east ; the vol cano o f Mali nch e to the n o rth east seemed lik e a pig my c o ne the c ity o f P uebl a c o uld be di sti ng ui sh ed but Chol ula and its py ramid whi ch lay nearer were lo st in the h aze ; we c o uld not d et ect the c ity o f Mex i co and its adjoi n i ng l akes nor c o uld I make o ut the vol cano o f Orizab a whi c h lay to the eas tward 150 mil es I n co mpari so n w ith But o ur i nt erest cent ered in the crater that o f Vesuvi us o r M t S hasta it was it must he co nfessed tame Many h ave look ed do wn i nto the crater o f Ves uvi us ; th at o f Mt S hasta is a funnel sh aped ch asm over a tho usand feet in d ept h the sno w field s ex t endi ng fro m the rim to the bo tto m in whi ch li es a frozen lak e T he vi ew i nto it was memo rabl e D escendi ng a few feet to a ro ck overhangi ng the ch asm now It seemed to us to befo re us we c o uld take in the enti re bas i n be abo ut 500 feet d eep and fro m 1000 to 1500 feet ac ro ss at the mo uth but acco rdi ng to Gen Ochoa s measurements it is a tho u san d feet d eep and the floo r is 200 m eters in ci rc umference It is no t an i rreg ul ar ch as m lik e th at o f Ves uvi us b ut lik e a vast cauldron in sh ape the steep sides vi sible all aro und and the bot to m b ro ad and so mewh at fl at with no l arg e d eep fi ssures vi sibl e Gen Oc hoa told M r Ob er th at th ere are mo re th an s i x ty so l fataras o r smoki ng vent s in the crater one o f th em over fi fty feet in c i rc umference ; he call ed the vent s respzradores T he no rth erly rim is o f loo se vol cani c sand whi ch has b een blo wn up o ut o f the crater Perh aps two thi rd s o f the rim was of solid lava mo re o r l ess j agged and i rreg ul ar the high est po r ti on o n the so uth east side L ooki ng acro ss fro m the no rth erly side o ne is c o nfro nt ed by th ree well m ark ed l ayers o f verti cally col umnar basalt marki ng th ree successive overflows whil e a l ess reg ular fo urth l ayer i n di cated an additio nal eruptio n T he ro ck c o mposi ng the sides of the crater the mo untai n i tsel f and the sand lyi ng o n its fl ank s is a to u h r bl a c k b lt s li htly s a a o p g g T he t rans itio n was
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i r i h t c p y Near the rim o f the .
c ate r
r on
the west
s
ide is
lph ur
a su
fuma
A
scent
e a n o a t h o l c o t e t l o V P o c e f o f p p
F b r y e u r a [
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,
ol e o r respiration a fi ss ure fro m w hi ch i ssued clo ud s o f s ulph ur A t the botto m o f the crater were pl ai nly seen two l arge fumes s ulph ur vent s o r sol fataras with sm all er o nes fro m w hi c h clo uds o f vapo r ro se perh aps to a h eight o f ov er a h und red feet b ut cer Wheth er tainly not h al f way up to the edge o r top of the peak th ese fumes can be seen fro m b elo w at the base o f the mo unt ai n is a uestio n S o me still c l ai m th at the mo untai n s mokes and th at the smo ke can be seen fro m belo w but thi s is do ubted T he “ asserti on was mad e in the ti me o f Co rtez H umboldt says Ce ammé vol can q ue jai mes uré lo p remi er est c o nstamment enfl ; mai s d ep ui s plusiers si ecl es ou no voit so rti r de so n cratere q ue ”l de la fumée et des cendres It is not i mpo ssibl e th at the slight amo unt o f s ulph uro us vapo r w hi ch is emitted fro m the c rater may at ti mes i ncrease and be vi sibl e at n ight by moo nlight fro m the pl ai ns b elow o r ev en in the dayti me duri ng certai n states of r m m 8 m n w m e e e a i t o ph I ll e b th t o th a e r e r n M a 2 a e 1 h s s t 7 y after the g reat eruptio n o f V es uvi us no smok e was seen to ri se fro m the c rat er by day b ut by moo n light at N apl es I co uld de tect a s light col umn of vapo r h angi ng over the summit o f the co ne T he sulph ur v ent s were surro und ed with masses o f b right yel low s ulph ur N ear where we sto o d were two o r th ree st umps o f sts whi ch had b een d riven i nto the vol cani c san d an d g ravel to o p s up o rt a wi ndl ass o r wi nch by w hi ch the nolcaneros were let p do wn i nto the botto m o f the crater to gath er the sulph ur there It was bo rne in sacks o n the back s o f I ndi ans do wn to the ranch o r sh eds w h ere w e S pent the n ight and th ere s ubli m ed in earth en s T h crat er was n ot measured until 1856 wh en General ot e p Oc hoa esti mated its d epth and ci rc umference We ro ug hly g uessed th at its d epth was abo ut 500 feet but di stances looki ng do wn re v ery d eceptiv e into a mo untai n a It appears that in t he ti me o f C o rt ez a S p ani ard d escen d ed the crater ti ed to a mmto the 2 d epth of fro m seventy to eighty fatho ms o r 4 20 to 4 80 feet r
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qu
Essai politi
Ou voit
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ml apres
e sur le
a r p
R
o
me de la N ouvelle Espagne
a u y
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t la quatrie melettres de C la tro isieme e
T om
11,
.
2 8 p 3 . .
a l empereur, que cc o ur reconno itre la tentat ives p ortez
’
la prise d e Mexico , fit fai re d autres ’ nes lui cime du vo lcan , ui paroisso it fi xer d autant lus so n atten tion e s indige u l e q , q p ’ ’ ’ an cars es m u il n l toi t pem zs ancun e m or tel dc s a r ocner de e site a l s suroient pp c a
é é n g
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.
q
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A pres deux essais in fructeux, les Espagnol s ré uss1rent en fin , l anné e 1522 , a voi r le cratere du Popocatepetl ; il leur parut avo ir tro is uarts de lieue de circon ’
espn ts.
'
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q
fé ren ce, et ils tr ouvé rent sur les b ords du pre cipice
°
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nu
e u p
’
de
soufre
i u i a v o t q
é té
A
tire Volcano
f
scent o
f
o
Popocatepetl
.
pent o n the i nsid e o f the edge o f the crater w h ere w e ate o ur l unch T he air was d elight fully c l ear and c ool W e were wo nderfully fo rt unate in h avi ng so cl ear and b right a day as the peak is usually covered w ith clo ud s by ten o clo ck a nd fo r thi s reas o n we were advi sed to start fro m the ranch by T he s ummit is o f small ex tent the edg e o f the crater dayb reak is uite free fro m s no w but a few feet dow n o n the o utsid e fro m the edg e o n the no rth s id e the sno w b egi ns as a p erpendi cul ar w all th ree o r fo ur feet deep lik e a pet rifi ed crest o f a wave as if T he fo l t he sno w had b een melted by the b reath o f the c rat er l o wi ng week o n vi siti ng P uebl a whi ch li es due eas t o f the mo unt ain we ob serv ed th at th ere was no sno w o n the eastern and s o uth ern s id es o f the vol cano the sn o w fi eld s o n the no rth ern s id e bei ng p reserved fro mmeltrng by th ei r mo re sh ad ed s it uatio n Witho ut d oubt the sno w fields of I ztacihuatl whi ch ex ten d along the western s ide o f the range are al s o thi n and give ri se to no ex t ensive gl aci ers Wheth er th ere has b een an eruptio n o f Popo catepetl in hi sto ri c ti mes is a matter o f do ubt It is po ssibl e th at showers o f ash es may have been blo wn o ut of the crater but certai nly th ere is no o untai n S lopes H um recent st ream o f l ava o r ob sidi an o n the m bo ldt ho wever uot es fro m a l etter o f Co rtez stati ng th at much s mok e ro se fro m the c rat er and th at clo ud s o f ash es enveloped ‘ F ro m thi s two men who ascend ed p art w ay up the mo unt ai n it wo uld seem th at the vol cano was rath er mo re active th ree an d a hal f c ent uri es ag o th an at p resent but it is to be do ubt ed wh et h er th ere has been an ac t ual erupt i o n o f l ava withi n a tho u A cco rdi ng to vari ous autho rs th ere were eruptio ns san d years A
n
ho ur
was
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and 154 0
in
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é é
d pos par les vapeurs En parlant de l é tain de T asco dont o n se servit pour fon ’ ‘ dre les premiers can o ns , C o rtez rapporte, u il n e man ue po int de soufre pour ’ ’ fabri uer de la po udre, parce q u un Espagno l en 11 tir d un e mon tagn e de la uelle ’
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ment de la fumé e en descendan t hea une corde a la profondeur de e b a o u t e e t t a i d s r u n e r r u r e d s f s t r n 0 a 8 0 r a ss e s I l c e m e e e o c u o u r e e t e s d a 7 j q p l l n e t e e r é p p
so rt
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u se, et e e r g
il sera plus prudent de la faire veni r de S erville (Es T he depth o f eighty brasses or fatho ms wo uld be 4 80
u t t r a i s on e c e a r e p q
l i t i e t o e c . 1 1 u , , , p q
sai
”
67
H o wever C ortez expressly says, T hat their men as cended very high, that they saw much smo ke g o o ut, but that none of them could reach the summit of the vo l cano ,
because
mous
o f the enor
q
the cold an d the clo uds of cinders
etc
.
,
11,
uantity of snow
which
covered
which enveloped the travelers
i t, the intensity
q
of
E ss o l i i i t a u e , ( p
A
12 2
f
scent o
tire Volcano
F b u e r a r [ y
Popocatepetl
f
o
,
H ere in passi ng I may remark that Orizaba is now said to be slightly high er th an Popocat epetl tho ugh H umboldt clai med t hat the latter was 600 meters higher th an any oth er mo untai n from M t S t Eli as to the I sth mus o f Panama M r A H K eene in the Ency c lo pedi a Britan ni ca gives the h eight as feet I obtai ned ex cell ent vi ews o f thi s nobl e vol cano at di fferent poi nts alo n g the M ex i can rail way to Co rd ova S een fro m the west the sno w fi eld s st retc h ed in gl aci er lik e st reak s do w n its s lo pes ; at the statio n o f Esperan za ho wever the clo ud s parted so th at the sum mit co uld be seen fro mthe so uth and it was observed th at the d ark st reaks o f sand o r rock extended in b roken patch es to the very s ummit Orizaba rath er di sappoi nted me fro m thi s poi nt ; it is far less imposi ng and maj esti c a peak th an Popocatepetl ; it is not so i sol ated its g reat h eight bei ng apparently l essened by the high mo untai ns o f the S i erra N ig ra ex t endi n g fro m it to wards Mo reover its s ummit is b roken up i nto subo rdi nate the rail road peak s Farth er o n near wh ere the rail road descends i nto the g reat barranca o r ravi ne west of the to wn o f Orizaba the vol can o o f th at nam e is seen to be o f solid l ava furro wed by d eep ravi nes ; whil e Popo cat epetl is mo re like a vast c o ni cal heap o f ash es N ever ho wever sh al l I fo rget the magnifi cent vi ew o f Orizaba whi ch I had fro m un der the co ffee t rees and bananas o f Co rdova I t was el even o c lo c k in the mo rni ng the clo ud s had li fted and ag ni ficent co ri rol led away fro m the mo un tai n w hi c h ro se in a m i cal mas s far above its h umbl er fellows o f the S i erra N igra Fro m the ill ustratio ns given by H umboldt I i magi ne th at the fi nest vi ew o f thi s i mpo si n g peak is fro m the fo rest o f X al apa to the no rth east Thi s vol cano is said to have been uiet si nce ,
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Mr H ugo Finck of C ordova who has ,
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,
explored the base o f Orizaba, told
me that
miles long and a half mile wide but that it cannot be entered H e saw Ori zaba smoking probably t he g ases from the solfataras and stated that the m o untai n had erupted near the base w here there are s m all craters H e has seen a g lacier near the summit and thinks there are others ; they slide do wn deg lace an d melt away the summit abo ve being bare with n o mer — I t seems probable that there are at the base o f Orizaba A rche an ro cks as Mr Finck told me that gneiss o ccurs as far up the sides o f the mo untain as 1 feet while higher up the mountain is composed o f a grayish po rphyry I n the cen ter o f the S ierra N 1gra and the mountains southw ard between Esperanza an d Ori za ba are S ilurian D evon ian and Carboniferous strat a w ith a fmtid black limesto ne esto nes co ntaining fossil fishes oysters belem succeeded by bluish J urassic lim n ites I n the C retaceo us hills three miles eas t o f C o rdo va fi ne ammo nites oc an d ferns c ur I t seems probable from what M r Fin ck to ld me and my o wn hasty observa t ions from M exico to C ordo va that al l these principal formations occur from the the crater is
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center of the
S tate being
Mexican plateau to the
of T ert iary an d
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Q
seaco ast at
uatern ary age.
V era Cruz , the plains
of
the l atter
N otes
on
tire L eaf
-
cutting
A
f
nts o
Trinidad
.
mecameca by d ark t h ro ugh the woods after t wilight we might fal l able c o mpany But we
must
reach
A
,
t raveli ng with obj ectio n in
as
in
.
c lo
began the descent and it remi nded me s t ro ngly o f the t wenty mi n utes d escent o r run do wn V es uvi us A fter zigzaggi ng down over the sno w and ice no w uite yi eldi ng s toppi n g fre uently to rest o ne s ti red k nee j oi nts o n reac hi n g the san d b elo w the sno w fi eld s my two g ui as eac h took one o f my arms an d we ran do wn the lo ng sandy slope arm ia arm W e reached L a C ruz by abo ut two o clo ck an d wal ki ng o n a mil e o r s o mo re do wn the s lo pe I fo un d a ho rse whi c h M r Ober had sen t me in waiti ng R eachi ng the ranch at abo ut th ree after h alf an ho ur s rest and refresh ment M r Ober and mysel f rode with our g uide R afael fi fteen mil es to A mecameca whil e o ur g uias trotted the whol e di stance o n foot behi nd th ei r p ack mul es N othi n g is mo re mo notono us in its fl atness th an a Mex i can bed stead whil e t he matt ress is o n ly thi cker th an a Mex i can bl an k et the bed bei ng but a littl e mo re yi eldi ng t h an the so ft s id e o f — b t n u th at ight spent in a second cl ass Mex i can a pi n e board hostel ry after such a lo ng d ay s wo rk with the alp enstoc k an d in the saddl e h al f frozen in the mo rn i ng o n the mo untai n si de an d hal f roasted in the hot mo untai n go rg es and o n the d usty — plai ns in the afterno o n th at n ight was given witho ut reservatio n to the wo rship o f M o rph eus T he nex t day at ten we reac h ed the s ite o f anci en t Teno chtitl an rest ed in the g ran d pl aza un der the s hade o f the o range an d banana by the pl as h i ng fo untai n o ur ever ch angi ng pi ct ures o f I n di an eyes feasti n g o n the vari ed Mestij o and S pan i sh types o f M ex i can li fe pass i ng b efo re us in th at famo us s uare A t twelve o
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N OT ES
0:
ON T H E (E C OD OM A S OR L EA F CUTTI N G A NTS OF T R I N ID A D -
,
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BY C
.
BR ENT
.
oppo rt unity was affo rd ed me d uri ng the w i nter o f 1884 5 for st udyi ng the li fe and h abits o f thi s mo st i nteresti ng spe S ev eral spec i es are c i es o n t he I sl and o f T ri nid ad West I n di es h ere di st i ng ui shed ;all ho wever are alik e in fo rm and h abit the variety being p rod uced by vari atio n in S i ze and colo r Th ese i nsects are ex t remely n umero us i ndeed o ne can not tak e a walk any wh ere in the c o untry witho ut ob servi ng b road c ol umns o f
A
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N otes
mi ng ly
on
tlze L eaf
-
cutting
A
f
nta o
Trinidad
r F r u a b e [ y
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i mated leaves marchi ng acro ss the ro ads C o nr pl ai nts are h eard o n every h and of th ei r ravag es amo ng the gar dens and pl antatio ns A gri cult ure is all but hopel ess in sectio ns i nfested by th ese pests si nce altho ugh th ey occasio nally attack o ne o f t he fo rest t rees th ey sho w a d ec id ed p reference f o r the leaves of c ultivated t rees and garden pl ants the c ocoa co ffee and o range bei n g parti cularly subj ec t to thei r dest ructive vi sits Th ey “ pench ant fo r parti cul ar t rees One seem al so to d evelop a o range t ree in a g rov e of the same speci es is st ripped agai n an d agai n w hil e the neighbo ri ng t rees are left unto uc h ed T he c urio us h abit th ese ants po ssess o f c utti n g and carryi ng o fl im mense uantiti es o f l eaves has often b een noted in book s o n uestio n is still an o pen o ne as to nat ural hi sto ry altho ugh the My the obj ect o f t he c usto m and the d i spo sal o f t he cut l eaves o wn ob servatio ns o n th ese poi nts I s h all give farth er o n T he speed w ith w hi ch th ese littl e w o rk ers Operate is i nd eed marvelo us A good sized man go t ree at l east as l arg e as an av erage appl e t ree I saw st rip ped o f every l eaf in o ne n ight and a s t han thi s are reco rd ed o f th ese u rm seaux t t To i Ci f e r r e a e g I n the mo rni ng the nak ed as th ey are call ed by the C reol es bo ugh s bo re o nly the b are mid rib o f the l eaves with h ere and th ere j agged po rtio ns o f the parenchy ma l eft by the ci rcul ar pi eces snipped o ff T he gro und was littered w ith ci rc ul ar pi eces o f l eaves abo ut the s iz e o f a ten cen t pi ece w hi c h t he a ts had n negl ected to carry o fl i Old l eaves and yo ung had alike b een o st o f the pi eces l eft were cut fro m the older sn ipp ed o ff b ut m l eaves D uri ng the day I di scovered the fo rmi cari um to whi ch th ese ants b elo nged s o me t h ree o r fo ur h und red y ard s up the mo un t It was s it uated o n a gently slopi ng i nc li ne cov ered ain si de ” o T he site o f t he by a dense vast raj o r sec o n d g ro wth wood hill had b een well chosen in a S p o t free fro m l arge t rees and the s mall er b ush es had b een removed l eavi n g the soil as b are as if T he mo und was o f the v eg etatio n had been d est royed by a fire i mmense s ize b ei n g abo ut fo rty five feet ac ro ss and abo ut two T he s oil was o f a diflerent colo r fro m th at o f the s ur feet hi g h I fo und o f cl ayey gran ul es ro undi ng hill sid e and co n si st ed b ro ught up by the ants fro m the subsoil b elo w N o s ig ns o f an ts were vi sibl e nor were any recently used ent rances to be seen S everal t unnel s extend ed a sho rt di stance i nto the mo und but see
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N otes
on
o u n A n t s t/ze L ea c t t i f f g
Trinidad
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by soil wash ed i nto th em by the delug C ut i n g rai ns th at had been falli ng fo r several p revio us d ay s t i ng my way th ro ugh the b ush es by means of th at useful and i n di spensabl e part o f a fo rester s o utfit fo r t ropi cal wood s the machete o r cutlass I fo und so me twenty yard s up the hill si de an en t ran ce fro m whi ch led as far as the eye co uld see a w id e e five i nch es d eep and s moo th path wo rn by repeated t rav el so m A carefully c l eaned o f all v eg etatio n d ead l eaves and rubbi sh few yard s fro m the ent rance a h uge t ree had fall en b ut recently acr o ss the path way but the i nd ust rio us i nsects had dug a t unnel S ix i n ch es in di amet er un d er it in p reference to cli mbi ng ov er it A littl e farth er o n I met aki ng a new p ath aro und it or m T he path led to the edge an oth er i nstance o f fo rmi c i ngen uity
t hey w ere all stopped up
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FI G
1. -
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diameter
A
n
(E codo ma formicarium .
T he
cleared
space
is forty five feet in -
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vi ne wh ere it b ranch ed ; o ne b ranch led di rectly across the ravi ne do wn the p recipito us s id es o f w hi ch an obli ue path had been ex cavated at an angle of abo ut the oth er b ranc h led up the edg e o f the ravi ne s o me t wenty yard s to a fall en t ree w hi ch spanned it Over thi s the path way led to the opposite ban k down whi ch it ran to j oi n the di rect path below I s ubse uently n oted th at d uri ng the rai ny seaso n w h en the ravi ne h eld a s tream o f water the ants toil ed up the hil ls ide to th ei r b ridge but as so o n as the water d ri ed up th ey used the nearer path d i rectly ac ro ss the ravi ne On looki ng aro und the mo un d I fo und five o ther ent rances to t h e fo rmi cari um all at so me di stance fro m it and fro m each o f th ese diverged a path way th ro ugh the woo ds A lo ng o ne o f th ese t raveled a d ense c ol umn o f ants tho se o f a ra
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tlze L eaf
cntting
A
f
nts o
e b r u r F a y, [
Trinidad
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o utward bo und keepi ng the right h and sid e whil e those retu rn ing ho me t rav el ed alo ng the l eft T he i nco mi ng an ts were n early all l ad en w ith th ei r l eafy b urd ens w hi ch th ey carri ed tightly g ripped between th ei r mandibl es so meti mes nearly up right o r t hro wn back so as to c o mpl etely hide the i nsect b elo w Th is c urio us f as hi o n o f carry in g the l eaves has earned fo r th em th e c o mm o n Engli sh name o f paras ol o r umb rell a ants A lo ng the path were several h eap s o f l eaves whi ch were p ro b ably carri ed away by a fres h rel ay o f wo rkers o ften th ese h eap s may be noti ced lyi ng deserted alo ng the path ways but th ey ar e invari ably removed soo ner o r later to the nest T he leaves ,
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2
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—A
n ts at
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o co a so I traced the col umn do wn the hill s id e so m e four h und red yard s to the edge o f a co c o a pl antatio n wh ere I fo un d th em actively engaged in l eaf cutt i ng T he s mall er t rees were swarmi ng w ith the littl e d epredato rs l eaves were fal l N umbers ing pl enti fully as the littl e sawy ers sn ipped th em o ut o f an ts m arch ed up the t ree and numb ers march ed d own v ery d eftly managi ng th ei r awk ward looki ng b urd ens S o met i mes th ey p rog ressed sid elo ng do wn the t ree so meti mes b ack ward s acc o rdi ng to the co nditi on o f the s urface over w hi ch th ey walk ed I n operati ng o n a l eaf the ant pl aces h ersel f up on t he upper were tho se of the
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N otes
c
surf a e near
the L eaf cutting A nts
on
-
the ed g e, and saws a
i
f
o
Trinidad
.
l
ly all the way ro und w ith a saw li ke motio n o f her fi nel y serrate mandibl es To p revent the sectio n falli ng she do es not saw it all ro und but wh en nearly severed seizes it by the edge and by a sh arp up ward j erk detach es it N ow she eit her march es di rectly o ff to the n es t o r l ets the frag m ent d rop to the g ro und and b egi ns sawi n g an o ther Often ui te a h eap o f pi eces accumul ates beneath the b usy li ttle sawyer T he (Ecodomas are d ifferenti at ed as in o t h er speci es into males femal es and w o rk ers the latter be in g o f co urse und e v eloped femal es Fo ur c rc u ar c ut n ear
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may be dis t i ng uished amo ng the c lasses
w
o rk ers o nly two o f w hi ch tak e part in the G 3 — F I (E co doma fo rag i ng exPeditio ns T he maj o rit f o s th e w o r k p l e e rs o a r f e a a e y ,
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T rin idad,
of
male
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Fig 5 .
—
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Female Pl c 5 F 10 4 min or A ll natural size .
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t
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Fig 6 .
—W
orker
maj or
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10- called soldier or 1
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Fl o 6 .
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with
a
—W
o rker
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sto u
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ddi sh colo r
re
body,
s
hort ro und
poli shed h ead
un
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whi
ch
i
carr es
behi nd
a
the L eaf
N otes on
-
cutting
A
f
nts o
r u a F b y r e [
Tr inidad
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p ai r o f spi nes T he tho rax is very sh arply co nst ricted in the middl e the fo re part o r p rotho rax carryi n g the fi rst pai r o f legs and a pai r o f spi nes upo n the do rsal s urface T he hi nd er p art o r meso metatho rax carri es the oth er pai rs o f l egs and two pa i rs of T he c utti ng i nst ruments are a pai r o f lo ng ex t remely S pi nes sh arp p o i nt ed mand ibl es fi nely serrated upo n th ei r i n ner su rface T he w o rkers vary ex whi ch may be used as saws o r n ippers tremely in s iz e; i ndi vi d ual s are met w ith o nly th ree si x t een t h s o f an i nch in l en gth whil e ot hers attai n a l ength o f ni ne si x t een th s Th ese small er (y oung er) ant s acco mpany th ei r ol der s i st ers in th ei r ex pedi tio ns but rarely carry l eaves Th ey may o ften be seen ridi n g upo n the b urd ens o f th ei r older and l arger s i st ers as I have ob served as man y as th ree cli ngi ng to a l eaf if ti red w hi c h was carri ed w ith apparen t ease by one of the l arger an ts A n umber o f th ese littl e ant s may be observ ed to i ssue fro m the mi nes with the o ld o nes and loiter aro und the ent rances as if as rt w ith the st ro n g er ant s bl to t k p u n a e a e a t e y H ere and th ere amo ng the mass o f w o rk ers p erhaps fo rmi n g ay be seen a much abo ut o ne per cent o f the total n umb er m l arger fo rmidabl e looki n g ant w ith eno rmo usly sw oll en triang u lar h ead whi ch tak es no p art ln the wo rk b ut al way s aec o m ” p ani cs the wo rk er mi no rs as th ey are call ed o n th ei r ex pedi tio ns I S p ent much ti me t ryi ng to find o ut the functio ns o f th ese l arge h ead ed ants but fail ed to get any cl ear notio ns as to the part th ey pl ay in the poli ti cs o f the co mmo nwealth T hey may n early al way s be seen o n a bit o f sti ck o r oth er emi nence caress ing no w and th en the antenna: o f the pass i n g ants w ith th ei r o w n Talki ng we may suppo se in ant lang uage si nce it is well est ab lished th at ants are by means o f th ei r an t en na abl e to co mmu n i cat e t h ei r i deas o ne to an oth er It appears to me th at th ese app arently usel ess ants d rected in so me way o r ot her the mov e i ments o f th ei r wo rki ng si sters Bates in his Nat urali st o n the A mazo ns came at fi rst to the same co ncl usio n but afterward s ab ando ned thi s id ea fo r o ne I thi n k no t mo re t enabl e namely th at th ese ants by th ei r superio r size d raw upo n th emselves the attack s o f ant eati ng bi rd s &c b ei n g th us as he terms it merely ” “ pi eces de resi stance th us o n ly servi ng to p reserve t he mai n body o f wo rk ers by a sel f sacrifice o f mere pass i ve resis tance I went to the tro ubl e to shoot several ant th rush es and D en .
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A
nts
a i n r i T d d o f
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l most enti rely up on ants to see if th ere was any fo und atio n fo r thi s th eo ry b ut fo und v ery few i ndeed o f ” the so called wo rker majo rs altho ug h the crops were di st end ed ” with wo rker mi no rs I n oth er wo rks on nat ural hi sto ry th ey are termed warrio rs but th ey by n o means c o rrespo nd to the warrio r o r soldi er class in the Termites fo r i nstance Th ey h ave no spec i al o ffens ive o r d efens iv e weapo ns th ei r movements are mo re sl ug gi sh even th an tho se o f the small er ants and wh en the nest is di s t urb ed by poki ng it with a sti ck t he s maller ants o n ly ov p g c io u I t h b a ttl s w hi c h so o ft en o ccur b etween r s e e e u n a n p ” Ec ito ns the mai l c l ad bandits o f Tri nid ad forests the savage hunti n g an ts an d the parasol ants the b runt o f the fight or is bo rne by the wo rker mi no rs who al ways d rive o fl the maraudi ng Ec ito ns I n s o me (E codomas th ere is a seri es o f i nt ermedi ate fo rms be tween the w o rki n g mi no rs and the wo rki ng majo rs and in s o me se wo rk ers th ere d e speci es all tak e art in l eaf c utti n g B e s e s i th p are t wo o th er cl asses whi ch n ever l eav e the mi nes the w o rk er nurses to be d i sti n g ui sh ed fro m the wo rki n g mi no rs c hi efly by thei r h ai ry h eads and another cl ass o f very l arge ants i ndivid uals o f w hi ch are fo un d nearly an i nc h in l ength Thi s cl ass is i cari um by o nly a few i ndivid ual s whi c h rep resen t ed in eac h fo rm are d i sti n g ui sh ed by th eir l arge h ai ry h ead s an d the p o ssess io n These of a t w i n oc ell us pl ac ed in the middl e o f the fo reh ead never l eav e the mi nes and are seen o nly wh en the fo rmi cari um is Opened T he ant hill referred to abov e being a p est to the neighbo ri ng plantat i o ns it was determi ned to d est roy it Poi so ns were fo und Co rrosive subli mate and potassi umcyanid e were mi x ed usel ess Th ese were s i mply with farina and d epo sit ed near the nest igno red ; the ants wo uld n o t to uch th em after a few had fall en vi ctims A sol utio n of arseni ate of soda was nex t spri nkl ed upo n o range l eaves w hi ch were st rewed upo n the mo und Th ese were event ually c l eared away altho ug h at an i mmense sacrifi ce Thi s poi nts I thi nk to the t rue ant food s i nce unl ess of li fe the j ui ces o f the l eaves as th ey were sawed up were swallo wed the po i so n wo uld hav e had no effect Thi s id ea is st rength ened by the fact th at fiery and st ro ngly aro mati c pl ant s as well as th ose w i th poi so no us milky j ui ces are carefully avoided N o e b ut if so l id food is fo un d in the c rop s o f the i nsect at any ti m drocolaptes whi ch feed
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A
Trinidad
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nts o
F r u e b a r [ y,
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th ese are exami ned after the i nsec ts h ave been engaged in leaf Fi nally we de c utti ng th ey are fo un d full o f g reen l eaf j ui c e st roy ed the nest by d ro wn i ng t he c o mmo n method d uri ng the wet seaso n A n umber o f ch annel s were dug in the hill sid e all co nstructed to coll ect the rai nwater as it streamed down the hill I vi sited an d to po ur it i nto the nest by o ne o f the ent rances the nest d uri ng the nex t rai n to see how t he plan was wo rki n g and was surp ri sed to find the water po uring o ut o f an o rifi ce t wenty yard s belo w the nest A fter the rai n I exami ned thi s t unnel and fo und th at it entered the nest at the lowest poi nt so me I exami ned many fo rmi cari a subse eight feet belo w the s urface uently and i nv ari ably fo und th i s lo wer t unnel wh erever the ia I h ave no do ubt th at it is clinatio n p ermitted its co nst ructio n co nst ruct ed as a d rai n and th at the ant s k no w as muc h abo ut the ad vantage o f tho ro ugh d rai nage as th ey h ave b een p roved to k n o w by many emi nent observers o f those of other sanitary matters On o peni ng the mo und so me th ree feet below the sur .
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Ftc 7 D iagrammatic v section o f an G eodoma formicarium, depth abo ut a, mo und of clayey g ran ules ; B , un used entrance; C , chambers co n eight feet taming leaves ; D , co nnecting corridors ; E , tun nels to distant entran ces ; F, drain fro m low er level of mines .
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h all lik e cell s so me th ree feet in th ei r l arger di ameter co nnected with each oth er by sho rt smooth co r rido rs F ro m the o utermo st of th ese p roceeded the t unnel s com municating w i th the surface by the o rifi ces men tio ned abo ve Belo w th ere was a sec o nd seri es o f so mewh at small er cell s the lo west o f whi ch was entered by the d rai n j ust referred to T he c entral chambers were all washed out but several of the lateral chambers had escaped d amage I n these were fo und b ush el s of leaves sev eral o f the large cyclopean ants many nurses larva and an A mphisba na Thi s lizard is generally a g uest o f the face was fo und
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The Tcredo,
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S lnpworrn
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parasol an t s and repays th ei r hospitality by feedi ng upo n them ” T he natives fi rmly beli eve th at the serpent a d eux tetes as th ey call it is the moth er of the ants and th at th ey p ro c ure the l eaves fo r the purpose of feedi ng it T he larva were i mbedded in a so ft woolly matter whi c h p rov ed to be the fi nely masti c ated p arenchy ma of the l eav es T hus a use was fo und for the l eaves altho dg h it reflec ts serio us ly upo n the suppo sed sagac ity o f the ant s th at th ey sho uld p ro c ure so many mo re than are re uired fo r the p urpose Bates states th at the l eav es are al so used fo r that c hi ng the do mes over the en trances to the mi nes but I h ave no t observed thi s p rac ti ce in con nectio n w ith the Tri n idad s pec i es T he larva are fed by j ui ces sec reted by the nurses A p art o f the l arv a emerge fro m the These are the eggs w i ng ed and ready fo r th ei r n upti al fli g ht males and females and the swarmi ng o cc urs d uri ng the wet sea son T he femal e measures an inc h in l ength and two i nc h es in T he wi ngs are cl ear transparent and c oarsely expanse o f wing vei ned T he wi nged mal es and femal es emerge fro m the wood s in c l oud s d uring the rai ns o f A p ril and May Th ese are al most n t s e s r a h a k m r s th u h c c t c rs c a a a & all d es t ro y ed by the fl e y j whi c h g reedily devo ur th em;o nly a few i mp regnated femal es sur vive the s l aughter to fo und new colo ni es and p ropagate th ei r race T he colo ny is s ustai ned I s uppo se as in oth er S pec i es by the sei z u re an d d etentio n of i mp reg nated femal es by t hei r o wn subj A fter imp reg natio n the female lo ses her w i ngs th ese ects bei ng b ro ken o ff by the i nsect itsel f Th ere may be noti ced a ay nat ural s ut ure at the base o f the wi ng do ubtl ess th at thi s m be easily bro k en ofl wh en no lo nger re uired .
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0:
T HE
TER ED O OR
S
,
BY R
.
H IPWOR M
E C . S T EA R NS .
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v l p i h t pop ul arly call ed ship whi c h are o rdi narily i ncl ud ed under the name wo rms Tered o A ltho ugh to the c o mmo n observer th ey h ave a wo rm like appearance they are not wo rms but true sh ell b eari ng mol ” lusks as muc h so as the c o mmo n lo ng c l am long nec k ed clam o r mauanosc (My a arenaria) o f the A tlanti c c oast o f the U nit ed S tates S o muc h has been wri tten in relat io n to the sh ipwo rms that it H ER E
are se era s ec es of w a are
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7 71: Tcredo,
S izzfi uom
or
r u F b y r e a [
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ly i mpossible to write anyth i ng th at wo ul d not be a s Teredo ) were k no wn to the repeti tio n or uot atio n T he ship w o rm ( anci ent s and Theoph rast us the fri en d and success o r o f A ri stotl e in the lyceum at A thens ob served th ei r operatio ns 3 50 B C l T he l at e D r J Gwyn Jeffrey s in his ex cell ent vo lumes o n the moll usk s of Great Britain p resents in a very conc i se and i nter esti ng way w h at is in fact a mo st val uabl e memo i r on the sh ip wo rm T eredinidz T he ship wo rms are bivalves th at is to say the c o mpl et e sh ell is in two pi eces altho ugh o ne can fo rm n o id ea o f the Teredo fromth em as the sh elly part is but an i ns ig nifi cant po rtio n o f the enti re an i mal as yo u will l earn fro m the follo wi ng wo uld be
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T he T eredo c o nsi sts o f a lo n g and nearly g el at i nc us, wo rm like body , wi tho ut ri ngs o r seg ments, termi nat i ng at o n e en d in a pai r o f valves th at so mewhat resem ble the two h alves o f a split n utsh ell which has had a l arg e sli ce cut o ff at each s i de, and at the ot her in a pai r o f sy mm et ri cal sh elly paddl es with h andl es o f di fferent l eng ths , whi c h c lo se t hi s ex t remi ty at the w ill o f t he ani mal T he o pen part o f the bivalve shell is pl aced at the furth er end, and receives a c i rcul ar di sk of a fleshy o r rat h er musc ular nat ure, whi ch may be termed the foot ; thi s is the b ro ad est and w i dest part I nsid e each valve is seen a curved p ro cess lik e a bill hook th at p roj ect s fro m the hi nge at a ri g ht angl e T he sh ell covers and p rotects the mo uth , r u s s d r a lp liv e a o t h e r d li t e o g s e bo y t a p r g a d d n c a r a n T h e e p ui te smal l and ally to the o uter o r nearer end w h ere it b eco mes atten uat ed , it co ntai ns the g ull et , i nt esti ne and g ill s w hi ch fo rm at the o utward poi nt two cy li ndri cal t ub es, mo stly o f une ual l ength T he l arger t ub e t ak es i n i nfuso ri a o r si milar ani mal c ul es, whi ch co nst it ute the food o f the Teredo as well as i mbibes water charged with air fo r the p urpo se o f respi ratio n an d keepi ng the whol e fab ri c moi st whil e the smaller t ube is em ployed in the ej ectio n of the water whi ch has been ex hausted o r d ep rived of aeri fero us uali t i es, and al so serv es to get rid o f t he w oody p ulp th at is ex cavat ed by the Teredo Bo th t ubes fo rm a ki nd o f hyd rauli c ma hi ne A t the b ase o f each li es o ne o f ’ the paddl es o ften termed pall ets -
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Wh en the Teredo is al armed o r not feedi ng it withd raws its t ub es i nto t he neck of its sh eath o r shelly cyli nd er ; and the pal l ets whi ch had been p revio usly kept p ressed agai nst the s id es th en sp ri ng fo rward and c lo se the openi ng so as to fo rman efl ica c io ns b arri er agai nst all fo es etc ,
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British C o n cho lo gy, V o l m, pp 122 184 S ee also the D ictionaire U n iversal ’ “ d H isto ire, V ol x n , p 3 58, under the 11t le T aret, and the Encycloped ia Bri " tan n ica, V ol xv, p 3 53 , un der Mo llusca l
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d vo red to d escribe is found o nly w ithin s o me hard vegetable sub stance eith er the h ul l of a vessel o r boat a harbor pil e a shippi ng stage a floati ng t ree ” raft ti m bers old sp ars and mas ts a beac on or b uoy the plan k ing or b raci ng of wharves brid ges &c &c and old hulk s or wrecks T he T ered o bores into these the same as a T he w hole of what I have
en ea
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1, outside of one of the shells
mole in the
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inside ditto ; 3 3 , pallets ; 4 4 , siphons
making
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ti nuous gallery or hole m a r m s i s tt e r f e s m o o t h i n s id c r li n d w it h e lly o e u t e d o h e a n d a q ing the sheath or cylinder above desc rib ed Thi s sh elly wal l or lining or cyli nder is so fragil e th at it is uite i mpossibl e to split the wood containing one and get it out or even a portio n o f any considerable size ; the blow necessary to c l eav e the wood shatters rabbit or
earth,
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xx
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—
1no ll . .
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e F b u r a r [ y
the sh elly
li ning
of
the Teredo
’
s
gallery
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b urrow into c o untless
or
i e c e s p Th ese b urrows vary fro m o ne uarter o f an inch or l ess to half eter an inc h o r mo re in di am It is o nly in its very earli est stages th at the Teredo is a free movi ng ani mal A t thi s ti me no o ne oth er th an a practi ced nat “ uralist w o uld be likely to recog n ize it It is very mi nute nearl y sph eri cal and covered with c ili a o r h ai r like p roj ec tio n s by m eans s rapidly th ro ugh the wat er I n t hi rty six h o urs o f w hi c h it s wi m it ass umes a new fo rm and speedily c h anges it for anoth er after whi ch it ret urns agai n to its o rigi nal fo rm so th at in a v ery few ho urs the li ttl e creat ureis fi rst sph eri cal th en oval th en triang u I n thi s stag e of ex i stence it pos lar and th en S ph eri cal agai n b l es it to crawl after the manner o f snail s sesses a foot whi ch ena ” and al so has o rgans of h eari ng and sight It do es no t enj oy its lo c o motive powers fo r any lo ng ti me but fi xes itsel f to so me suit abl e obj ect p asses th ro ugh its last c h ange beco mes a veri tabl e shipwo rm and b egi ns its li felon g task o f
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very parti cul ar as to the ki nd o f ti mber i nto whi ch it bo res b ut al ways go es wit h the g rai n unl ess it meets wi th so me obstacl e such as a nail o r a v ery h ard k not ; and in s uch a cas e it t urns o ut o f its t rack fo r a sho rt di stance and th en A s it bo res its way alo ng it li nes the resum es its fo rmer c o urse t unnel (as b efo re stated ) with a coati ng o f s helly matt er but th is is not attach ed o r in any way c o n nec ted w ith the body or sub stan ce of the ship wo rm It is not beli eved that the wood it perfo rates furn i sh es any n ut ri m ent to the an i mal but th at its sustenance is d erived enti rel y fro m the water w hi ch is co nstantly p assi ng th ro ugh its body T he hol es mad e in the wood at the ti me or j ust after the yo ung Teredos co mmence b urro wi ng are uite s mall the appearance of the s urface of a pil e o r oth er i nfested ti mber is usually d eceptive affo rdi ng but littl e evid ence o f the siz e o r n umb er o f the b urro ws o r the ex t ent o f the ravages withi n A fter awhil e the i nt eri o r is pl etely ho neyco mbed th at a slight blo w or b ump by a so co m vessel upo n the o utside shatters the pil e &c and th ei r damagi ng work can be seen Upo n the water fro nt o f S an Franci sc o I h ave k nown pil es o f Orego n pi ne an d fir over a foot in di ameter rendered wo rthless in T he Teredo is
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7 7te Teredo,
or
S Izzflaorm .
ighteen mo nth s and h ave h eard o f even a mo re rapid destruc I n o ne i nstance t io n o f w h arf pil es in the h arbo r o f th at c ity repo rted to me the d est ructio n was acco m pli sh ed in abo ut six mo nth s I n the case whi ch came und er my noti ce as above the w oo d of the pil e had not lo st its o rigi nal fresh o r b right appear anc e w hen it had to be removed fro mthe wharf and a new o ne put i n its pl ace My fri end Mr D ali i nfo rms me o f a case o f the de s t ructio n o f the sup po rt s o f a small pi er m ade o f pil es (p robably i i s T m w e e k h i n e s i x to e ight i n h i n di e t n bo u t s x e c e s a e r a ) p all capes near t he ent ranc e to s tr ucture was at o ne o f the s m C hesapeake bay A s the shipwo rms are g regario us and furth ermo re as th ey g ro w an d multiply w ith asto ni shi ng rapidity th ei r d estructive wo rk is , as sho wn abov e o ften acco mpli sh ed in a v ery sho rt ti me T he ext ent o f th ei r operatio ns and the mo ney lo ss entail ed t hereby bo th upo n p rivate parti es and b usi ness co rpo ratio ns en a a i m n n u a e n c m s h e e d o i l m i t p i n v l ip e r c r s d t n o a a e e n e r e a r g g ment and app urtenances o f the g reat mariti me natio ns are eno r
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Thi s has led to a g reat number o f experi ments by govern ments and invento rs fo r the p rotectio n of wood wo rk used in mari ne str uct ures f e m a r e i o fl s r k s th a t i l p ob bility h e o s tit u t o n r e n a l r a t c n a J y ” sh ipwo rm is po i s o n proo f Mo st o f the remedi es p ropo sed in the last cent ury were o f thi s nat ure and th ey sig nally fail ed T he sat uratio n o r i mp regnatio n o f the wood with creo sote o r so m e oth er carboli c p reparatio n by hyd ro stati c p ress ure the ky an izi ng o f pil es and s h eathi n g with copper the filli ng o f the T he ex po sed surface with l arg e h ead ed nail s h av e all been t ri ed tw o las t c opper sh eathi ng and sc upp er naili ng J effreys says have been s uccessfully used but the fo rmer is ex pensive and the crust o f i ro n (un l ess th ey are c lo sely d riven in so as to co m s e r t e e i s h l l c ov pil s u p fi i l li bl to s c l I o e t e e c n a e a a f r a d e f y ) p have k now n the Teredo to bo re th ro ugh a pil e whi ch was s up sed to be p rot ect ed by l arg e b ro ad h ead ed nail s in the us ual o p way A t Ch ri sti an i a in A pril 186 3 I fo und th at Teredo navalis was very destructive to the wood wo rk in the h arbo r and to bo ats ly ing at anc ho r in the fio rd T he chi ef en gi neer told me th at all the pil es had b een creo soted (ten po und s to the s uare foot) be ” fo re they were d riven in but not to much p urpo se! .
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7 7" Teredo,
S h pwom
or
F b e u r r a [ y
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Certain kinds of wo od are l ess subj ect to th ei r attacks than oth ers T he t ree pal mett o o f the S o uth ern S tates it is said is e o f the A ustrali an woods never bo red by the shipwo rm and s o m have si milar immun ity D r M uell er says of the Eucalyptus mar r z m T m n r m r a e r r a o a f A u s ith h hog y t : h a r e e o S t r a a S W g ) ( j lia is famed for its i nd est ructi bl e wood whi ch is attack ed neith er by Chel ura no r Teredo nor Termites and th erefo re so much so ugh t fo r j et ti es and oth er st ruct ures ex po sed to sea wat er al so for und erground work and l argely ex po rted fo r rai lway s leepers V essel s b uilt o f thi s ti mber have been enabl ed to do with o ut cop s v ery st ro n g of a clo se g rain an d sli g htly r sh eathi ng I i e t p oily and resi no us nat ure ; it works well takes a fine fi n i sh and is by shipb uild ers here c o ns i dered superio r to eith er oak ” teak o r i ndeed any o th er woo d T he E r ostr ata hl e cht) the red g um o f Vi ct o ri a is another v ery val uabl e spe c S ( c i es for the ex t raordi nary end urance of thezwood underg ro und al ued for fence po sts pil es and rai l and fo r thi s reaso n highly v way sl eepers ; fo r the l atter it will l ast a do zen years an d if wel l sel ected muc h lo nger I t is also ex tensiv ely used by s hipb u ild ers N ex t to the j arrah fro m S W A ust rali a th is is the best wood for resisting the attacks o f seawo rms and white ants ” Thi s speci es reaches a hund red feet in h eight I n so me of the seapo rts in different parts of the wo rld th ere are s mall crustaceans th at assi st the ship wo rms in cutti n g away wh at wood the Teredo may l eave Th ese li ttl e fello ws resembl e the wood lo use (pill bug ) and cut eith er way of the g rai n of the wood I n the inl ets aro und P uget so un d the dest ruc tive act ion o f both cl asses o f ani mals may be seen especi ally abo ut the ti me of the summer sol sti ce wh en the ex t rao rdi nary fall o f the tid e ex po ses A spac e meas the pil es (of the wh arv es) for th ei r enti re l en gth ured up and do wn o n the pil es fo r a l engt h o f fo ur or five feet inc l udi ng the po rtio n ex po sed between ordi nary tide marks may be seen whi c h 13 so c o mpl etely ri ddl ed th at it wo uld seem as if the slightest lo adi ng o f the deck o f the wh arf wo uld result in a t umbl e do wn o f the whol e T he wood eati n g c rust aceans referred to b elo ng to the groups L i mno ri a and Ch el ura A s an o ffset to the damage caused by these fro m point of size i nsig nifi cant ani mal s it sho uld be b orne in mi nd to th ei r c red i t that by d est royi ng old wreck s &c in channel way s and at the entrance to h arbo rs th ey c o nt rib ute to the safety o f navigatio n It is stated al so t hat the Operatio ns of the Tered o suggested to M r Brunel his method of tunneli n g the Th ames .
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7 7ze Flood R ock Explosion
.
FL OOD
T HE
BY
OC K EX P L OS I ON
R
WI L L I A M
H OS EA BA L L OU
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H E g reatest artifi ci al earth uak e in urday mo rni ng Octob er 10 at I !
hi sto ry o ccurred o n S at h 14 m standard ti me T he po i n t of di st urb ance was Floo d ro ck in East river o n the i mag i nary ex tensio n of N in ety thi rd st reet o f N ew Yo rk c ity of T he earth uake was p roj ec ted by means o f n o d u s p dynamit e and rackarock po wder arranged in twenty two mil es o f metall ic cyli nders It was enti rely sub mari ne in ch aracter and surface d am age was p rev ent ed by a tamp o f full y cubi c yards o f salt water A s a spec tacl e it was s i mply an I ce — landic o r Y el lo wsto ne geyser o n an ex ten ded scal e a sudd en rise o f water and gaseo us smok e to a h eight of 150 feet fo r a length o f 4 00 feet and a max i mum thi ck ness of 100 feet at the base o f the c ol umn T he flyi ng ro c k s and déb ri s s ket ch ed in ill ustrated newspapers are the fi ckle i nventio ns o f i nane mi nds T he c o l umn of uph eaved water was so eno rmo us th at all solid bodies w T he ex plo s io n was co mparabl e ere h idd en fro m vi si o n to a very good earth uake I nadequate observations —S ei smologi cal ob servatio ns were taken at vari o us poi nt s but the arrang ement s fo r so doi n g were inade uate and uit e p ri mitive Thi s is a stat ement of fact not reflect ing in any manner o n the ob servers I n the fi rst pl ace th ere were n o sei s mo meters o r sei smograph s in thi s c o unt ry I n the second place the engi neer co rps and sc i entifi c co rp s did not act in conj un c tio n wi t h eac h o ther and the l atter rec eived no tel eg raphi c warn i n g o f the exact mo ment to ex pect the sho ck I n the t hi rd place o bservers were no t statio ned at suffici ent di stances fro mthe cent er of di st urb ance to meas ure the l eng th o f radi i o f earth vibratio ns H ad there b een sei smograph s lo cated at Buffalo Montreal Phil adelphi a Washi ngto n Po rtl and Me far o ut at sea o r at i nterval s o n a di rec t di ameter say 1000 mil es lo n g the exact l ength of the radi i might h av e been d et ermi ned F urth er more seismog raph s make an i ntelligible rec o rd with the penci l whic h no ne of the observ ers secured — R esults of seienttfie obsemations T he rec o rd obtai ned by the scient ifi c c o rps ho wever was ex ceedi ngly i nteresti n g an d v al na ble Th ere were a number o f asto undi ng as well as ex pec ted results T he i nst ruments used were the sei smo scope the tel e ,
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The Flood R
ock
u r F e a r b y [
Explosion
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ope in c o nnectio n w ith a ho rizo ntal pl ane of mercury the s u n thermo meter the th ermo met er the baro meter the pl uvi ometer et c T he shock did n ot c reate as muc h noi se as an o rdi nary fi eld pi ece T he sho ck was felt by the feet and i ndi cated by the seis mo sc ope o ne h al f a seco n d b efo re t he result was vi s ibl e to the ey e T he sei smo scope whi ch is suppo sed to reco rd the begi nn in g o f the sho ck s i mply t raced an un i nt elligibl e reco rd o n the sid e real ti me cyli nd er at t he Col umbi a Coll eg e ob servato ry Ob servers who watch ed ho rizo ntal pl anes of merc ury th ro ug h tel escopes nat urally repo rt di fferent results P ro fesso r Willi am H all eck at Yo nk ers N Y ten mil es fro m the ex plosio n reco rds th at the vib ratio n o f the mercury i ncreased after the first fifteen seco nd s up to fo rty seco nd s th en di mi n i shed fo r ten seco nds P rofesso r J K R ees at th e ceasi n g enti rely after fi fty seco nd s Col umbi a Coll ege observato ry two mil es away and Pro fesso r Yo ung at P ri nceto n reco rd th at the d uratio n of vib ratio n o f t he mercury was th i rty seco nds Pro fesso r W A R ogers at H ar v ard Coll ege ob servato ry 19 7 mil es away reco rd s that the vib ra tio ns l asted th ere two mi nutes and fo rty six sec o nd s Thi s wo ul d sho w th at the earth wave divid ed c o nstantly as it t ravel ed o ut sc
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C ent ral Park observato ry l eft a azement o f P ro fesso r D an i el D raper reco rd v ery much to the am Why for i nstance sho uld such a dis and oth er met eo rologi st s t urbance in any way affect the s un th ermo meter and rai n gaug e i ° T he fo rmer reco rd ed 12 1 in the s un wh en sudd enly the pen whi ch was t rac i ng its reco rd o n paper mad e a st raight mark eight d eg rees lo n g at right angl es with the reg ul ar t raci ng and w ith fo ur d eg rees o n each s id e o f it Thi s wo uld naturally sho w a d ec rease o r i ncrease in the s un s temperat ure w h ereas it was really an i nt errup tio n o f the s un s reco rd by an ab no rm al cause P ro fesso r D raper thi nk s th at thi s reco rd must be o f g reat val ue to sei smolo g i st s I thi n k it sho ws th at the reco rd o f a s un th ermo meter as i ndi cated by a t raci ng o n paper cannot be reli ed upo n si nce any j T he pl uvio meter o r rai n ar is li abl e to affec t it gauge al so g ave an uncall ed fo r rec o rd o f o ne eighth o f an i nch Whil e th ese rec o rd s may be o f val ue to so me one who can utiliz e th em to my mi nd th ey o nly demo nst rat e the fall acy of placing any val ue o n the reco rd o f th ese i nst rument s as t raced o n paper A ll
of
the i nst ru
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The H ood R
The atmospheri c wave
ock
Explosion
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T he vib ratio ns
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the air were ex ceed
of
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l ig ht owing to the h eavy tamp o f water T he greatest fi ll o f t he baro meter was 02 o f an i nch T he w i nd bei ng in the west and blow i n g eight mi les per ho ur the slight atmo sph eric wave w as nat urally carri ed o ut to sea so that its d uration an d ex tent are lost ingly
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— th w ave T he v elo
vib ratio ns was o ne mile in seven tenth s seco nds at the o utset d ecreasi ng to o ne mil e sec o nd s as far as meas ured T he notated di amet er o f the m shoc k was 3 4 mil es lo ng e m t h e a e r a It s s a to pp o x i t di i f e a 9 ters (s uppo si ng th at ob servers had been o n the wat ch at s uffi ci en t distances ) at 800 mil es Fo r if the shock was suffi ci en t to reach the Camb ridge observato ry 19 7 mil es di stant in 19 4 seco nds an d shak e t hat et ernal st ruct ure as it had nev er b een sh aken b efo re it ought to have do ub led the di stance with so me perceptibl e effec t v n i s m il i i g a di u s t e a d f di t r f s o m r a n a a e e o e g 3 94 The ear
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c
of
the earth
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r e t h o e va t i o n S a entr e value o b s s f '
ca
fi
—T he Flood rock
ex
plosio n
ot be called a surface dist urbance b ecause it o ccurred at the sea l ev el Vol cani c and geyser erupt io ns vary in altit ud e and have a vibrato ry po wer do wnward A ll of the vibrato ry power at Flood roc k w as upward whi ch mak es its effec t all the mo re wonderful si nce the fart h er the s hoc k t ravel ed the mo re of the earth s u rface it had to li ft o n ac co unt o f the co nstan t ri se above sea l ev el Eno ugh ex plo sives were us ed to h ave obliterated Manhattan i sl an d if pl aced o n the surface o r to h ave l evel ed Mt Washi ng to n T he fact th at po unds of ex plo sives will affect a surface o f s uare mil es does no t nec essarily settle the It does not uestio n as to the cause o f eart h uak es veri fy the beli ef that explosio ns o f some ki nd cause earth uak es but l eaves us in the dark as to the c o mpo sitio n o f such ex plo sives Wh at mighty i ngredi ents co mbi ned to li ft the bowel s o f Krakat oa five and ten mil es in the air and so envelope the whol e u s n h o u a h s u n a d e u l b b l d t th t t d g e i n u a s t e n r e r e n n t n e o f a e g sets w ere fram ed in go rgeo us h ues lighti ng up the n ight lo n g after the orb had di sappeared ? W hat mi g hty i ng redi ents co m bined t o ex plode j ava and overwh el m peopl e r Wh at chemi cal s c o mbi ne beneath t he Yello wsto ne park and h url the boili ng waters from Old Faith ful geyser ev ery ho ur fro m the Minute Man once per mi n ute fro m c l usters o f geysers all at once ev ery da l A e e n P u o m H e l s H a l f c r e o c e r a r f r a t 4 y y p nn
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this huge bas in all boil s up at once in one i m mense cauld ron o f seethi ng waters ? Fl ood rock answers thes e I t says th at ex plosio ns of so me k i nd do th e uestio ns in part wo rk but thi s answer o nly Opens the doo r and po i nts to a sea of d ata y et to be secured as to the n at ure c o m po nent parts an d modus operandi of th ese explosio ns whi ch di ffer evidently in dif when
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to say th at the g reatest necessity of sc i entifi c p rogress in the United S tates to day is sc ho ol s and academi es We have c oll eges and un i versi ti es eno ug h o f o rigi nal research in mo st of the S tates b ut th ere has not yet b een establi sh ed a s i ngl e school wh ere k n o wl edge is p rod uc ed whi ch co rrespo n ds in Perh aps sc ope w ith the n um ero us i nstit utio ns wh ere it is taug ht it is a general i mp ress io n th at th ere is al ready mo re kno wl ed g e in the wo rld than can be l earned ; but if thi s be t rue it can no t for a mo ment obscure the greater t ruth th at mo st o f the l aws o f It is or o ught to be nat ure remai n still mo re o r l ess unk no wn I t is
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k nowledge taught in the sc ho ols is the r o d u f n c t o o r i a r e s e a d l i l a r c h n t h a t l book s v l a o f n n a a u i e p g y l ibraries except ing wo rks of the i magi natio n are derived fro m the e s o urc e sam H ence it appears th at the ab sence of school s of r es earc h is a phen o m eno n fo r whi ch it is difl i cult to ac co unt T here are so me sc h ool s o f thi s ki nd whi ch cover a l i mited part of t he field of kn owl edge such as the s ummer sch oo ls of biolo g y on t he c oast ;and there are so me museums where a li mited amo unt o f r esearch is cond uct ed as much as th ei r fi nan c i al an d in t ell ectual But these i nstit utio ns are ei th er so li mited in r eso urces permi t means or so c o mpl etely under the control of non investi gators t hat th ey are ineffect i ve at p resent o r o ffer no p ro spec t o f pro i o n n h f u u r s e t e e i t r s g I f any p ubli c spi rited citizen d es i res to erect for hi msel f a uni ue an d end uri ng mo numen t s uch can not be mo re effectively and usefully do ne than by the endo wment o f an A cad emy o f Origi nal R esearch S uch an in stit utio n wo uld be a perpet ual sprin g and ” “ nucl eus so urce of kno wl edge an d t ruth and a livi ng in the rgan i c b ody o f so c i ety t o r e a g A n i nstit utio n whi ch sho uld c ov er most of the g ro und might be o rg an ized o n the follo wi ng b as i s : S ix d epart ments migh t be y ; 2 Physi cs ; 3 Chemi st ry estab li sh ed namely : 1 A st ro no m e e B 6 m B g t bl iology i l iolo y ology a e n a r G e V A F o ; ; 5 4 g each of these d epart ments the an nual ex penses wo uld be as fo ll o ws
w ell kno w n , that all the
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r y of director For sala For salary of assistant For mater ial (apparatus
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th ere sho uld u i r n u m f n a f r d o r p bli c tio l vi n g j n to be a n a s e r a a n e o p e of rep resents other necessary expenses T he total i nco m ent of an en d o wm Of co urse the detail s mi g ht be A nd for a small er varied acco rd in g to p rob abl e necessiti es etc ent fewer d epart ments mig ht be creat ed but no t w itho ut en dow m V ario us detail s s uch as the seri o usly c ri ppli ng t he i nstit utio n bo undaries o f the d epart ments the d uti es o f assistants etc wo uld have to be fi x ed A c ertai n numb er o f l ect ures s ho uld be given by the di rec tors whi c h sho uld serve as an i nd ex of the c h arac teristics of the workers and th ei r wo rk six
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I n the sele tion of the men who sho uld act as di re tors of the dep art ments, the p ri ncipal di ffi cul ty is to be enco untered T he ent erp ri se o f the A meri can is no l ess marked in the st ruggl e fo r pla e and rep utatio n, t han in the struggle fo r the al mighty do ll ar ualifi catio n is littl e tho ught o f by too many p erso ns, who fro m p hysi cal or mental weak ness , o r so me oth er cause, desi re to live witho ut l abo r T he ch arter o f an i nstit utio n of researc h sh ould emb race a p rovi sio n , th at the po sitio n o f di rector s ho ul d be fo r feited by th at o ne who s ho uld no t pro d uce so me o ri gi nal wo rk o f merit every year o r two , or d uri ng s o me oth er defi nit e ti me I n no oth er w ay co uld the i nstit utio n be p reserved fro m the intellec t ual decay i nto whi ch so many h ave fall en ; and in no oth er way c o uld it be pro tected fro m pat ro ns who se ki nd i nten tio ns might Men inc l ud e perso nal fav o rites un k n own to sc i en tific researc h of mo ney w ho des i re to s ustain o ri g i nal research will be co m m a re n o w e m u h a r e h d t o i i y to w l l e d t a s o e t h e e o e o s e n v r p loyal to thi s wo rk T he best i ndex they can find to this class is the reco rd o f th ei r wo rk al ready do ne T he best mod e o f govern ment o f such an i nstit utio n wo uld be by a senat us co mpo sed o f the six di recto rs o f the d epart ments an d I n thi s way the an e ual n umber o f t rustees o f the en do wm ent g reatest amo un t o f wi sdo m wo uld be b ro ught to bear o n t he t wo uestio ns o f ad mi ni st ratio n, viz : t he p reserv atio n o f the fun d , — an d the man ner o f its ex p endit ure C .
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—D r Paul
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Mayer
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di sc usses the medi an fins o f S el ac hi ans and th ro ws new light upo n a n umb er of mo rphologi cal uestio n s H e carri es D o hrn s c o nclusio ns still whi ch h ave l ately ari sen farth er and has act ually di scovered at the en d of the tail and o n the b ac k o f t he yo un g emb ryo o f Pristiurus and o f S cylli um ho mogeneo us st ruct ures (H autknopfe) o f s ubepiblastic o rigi n o f the same s ub stan ce as the ho rn fibers o r actinotrichia in t he fi n fold s T hese b utto n lik e struct ures are fo und o n the back of t he emb ryo in a s i ngl e ro w o n eith er s id e o f the medi an li ne an d in anen t do rsal advance o f the p erm A t the end o f the tail th ey are in t wo ro ws viz a do rsal and a vent ral seri es I n both s it uatio ns th ey are metameri c in po sitio n and sectio ns sho w th at temporary muscul ar b ud s are th rust o utward to ward s th ese s i ng ul ar lat eral l arval o rgans fro m the muscul ar segments or myoto mes in the same way as to the b un dl es o f fi bers o r actinotrichia rep resenti n g rays in the medi an and pai red fins T hese remarkabl e o rgans Mayer regard s as the vestiges o r nant s o f p arapodi a an d th erefo re nam es th em parapodoids rem the abo ve
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D ie unpaaren Flossen der S elachier 285 , pl 15 19 1885 .
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2 17
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A t the tip o f the tail th ey stand in the pos itio n o f the aud al neu ropo d ia an d no t0po dia o f erran t ann elid s, but are not as in th em , I n the anterio r do rsal regio n cons ti t ut ed o f pal ea b ri stl es etc of S cy ll ium th ese bo di es are in the pos itio n o f neuropodi a It wil l t h us be seen th at Mayer suppl ies a most impo rtant set of data w h i c h l end s up po rt to the vi ews o f Doh rn as to the m ean ing and o ri g i n o f the medi an and pai red fins , s i nce th at autho r has co nten d ed th at the rel at io ns o f th ese periph eral struct ures to the axi s o f t he bo dy are to be determi ned by the relatio ns th ey bear to the myo to mes whi ch send o ut muscul ar b ud s i nto t he fins and not o n t he bas i s o f the rel atio ns to t he cartil ag i no us app endi c ul ar ,
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pi nes as h eld by mo st other mo rpholog i sts T he tabl e whi ch D r May er gives to ill ust rate the varyi ng rela tions o f the same metameric el ements of the medi an fins to the point w h ere the verteb ral ax i s b eco mes diplo spo ndyli c are al s o o f r s n n m r e a t i t e t o n ly m o r hologi lly b u t a l s o t a x o n o i c a lly e o t c a g p h s t ti m o r t i n e s e s u w e fi hi to r y bj c t n t h v e r e t h o f t h e i f a c a e F presented in thi s paper a tab ul ated statement o f wh at are the act ual rel atio ns of t he metameri c el emen ts o f the verti cal fin s to the my ot o mes o f the bo dy and the sc lero to mes and nerve pai rs T he of t he ax i s in t he p ri nc ipal famili es o f El as mob ranchii paper al so i ll ust rates the perfec tio n and reso urces of mod ern bio logi cal methods It is to be regret ted th at the autho r do es not aper i s m i s u s t e c f h e v b i y lt lo p e a f m o f h s r e t t a o r e u r a h s e g These research es it may be remarked in c o ncl usio n al so sho w that in S c ylli um th ere i s d eveloped a po sterio r termi nal vermi form sec tio n o f the emb ryo whi ch co rresp on d s to wh at the writer has called an opisthure Tho ugh it is obvio us th at thi s Opisthure is rudi mentary and evanescen t as it soo n b eco mes inco nspicu o us S o meoo f the El as mob ranchii th erefo re p ass th ro ugh wh at the writ er has termed an archicercal stage T he res ults reach ed by D r Mayer al so affo rd i mpo rtant evi dence in s uppo rt o f the archi sto me th eo ry p ubli sh ed by the ’ writer in t hi s jo urnal recently o h R e r n d A y j ’ — Bowen A N D s s PR A C I l C A L BOT A NY One o f the signifi cant signs o f the ti m es so far as botany is c o ncerned is t he multipli cation o f books whi ch are designed to enco urage the p racti cal st udy of pl ant s in t he mi croscopi cal an d phys iologi cal l abo ra tories A few years ag o suc h a thi ng as a l abo rato ry manual for the g uid ance of t he botani cal st ud en t was unh eard o f; no w we keleto n
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A n nexe/1141 N aw u u sr , N ovember,
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A Cou r se of P r aet i eal I n str uct ion i n B otany By F O Bowxa, M A , L ecturer o n Bo tany at the N ormal S choo l o f S cien ce, S o uth R eming ton ; an d S I D ’ ' Nu H t s, M A , D S c , Fello w and L ect urer o f C hrist s C ol leg e, C am bridge, and R eader in Botany in the U niversity With a preface by W T T ru s e u D y na, M A , A ssistant D irector of the R oyal Ga dens, Kew L ondo n, Macmillan 8 Phanerogamae Pterido phyta 1 Co , Part .
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have hal f a d ozen o r mo re, each givi ng val uab le and needed hel p T he latest o f these manuals is the to the yo ung in vesti g ato r o ne now befo re us T he b oo k, we are told in t he prefa e, is t he o utg ro wt h o f w o rk don e in the N o rmal S chool of S i ence at S o uth Kensi ngto n, dur ing several years und er Mr Dyer, and afterward s to the p resen t und er M r Bo wer Origi nati n g in thi s way, t he book is not Open to the o bj ectio n of i mpracti ability whi ch so fre uen tly may be bro ugh t agai ns t wo rk s o f t hi s ki n d , and the beg i nner may take it up with co nfidence th at he is not asked to undertake th at whi ch fo r him is still i mpo ssibl e A book whi ch has g r own into bei ng is al ways help ful , and thi s will p rov e no ex ceptio n to the .
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l Th ere are in the beginn i ng o f the b oo k a co upl e of introduc to ry ch apters in whi ch are discussed b ri efly and yet sati sfacto ril y — the m aki ng o f p reparatio ns mi cro c h emi cal reagents the general st ruct ure o f the cell the mi c ro c h emi st ry and t he mi cro phys i cs o f the cell A lto g eth er fifty three pages are given to the fo re s oi g topi c n g I n the succeedi ng pages are tak en up fi rst the Ph anerogams and afterward s the Pteridophytes T he sunflo wer (H eliant hus ann uus) is taken very p roperly as the rep res entative o f the h erba ceo us di cotyl edo n o us an g i o sperms Thi s is followed by a st udy ris s t e o f the arbo real typ e rep resented by the elm (Ulurus cam p ) T he mo no c otyledo ns are p ri nc i pal ly rep resented by I ndian co rn a nus sy lves e s m Pi i s I y n p ot h pi Z m a t e G m e r s t h e o n h e c c n S ( ) ( tris) is used for st udy I n eac h case stem l eaf root flower and T he emb ryo are s uccessively tak en up and carefully s t udi ed same method is follo wed in the Pteridophytes w h ere S el agi nel la L ycopodi um A spi di um and E ui set um rep resent the di fferent ty pes o f st ruct ure T he general pl an o f the wo rk is the same as th at of H ux l ey Practi cal I nst ruct io n in El emen and Marti n s well k no wn book ” tary Biology and the faults o f the p resent wo rk are id enti cal as appear to us with tho se o f its fo rerunner Whil e such books are v ery useful and whil e th ey are do ubtl ess doi n g much to sti m ulate bett er wo rk we h ave lo ng b een o f t he opi n io n th at alto e u e r t m c s e i n m e a n d a h th h h l i th to p pil th t oo e i v n e t h e u g p g is n ot th rown o ften en o ugh upo n his o wn reso urces It is t rue o f co urse th at in the l abo rato ri es o f many teach ers book s o f thi s k i n d will no t be used in such a way as to wo rk to t he di sadvan tage — — o f t he p upil but in m any oth er cases in too many c ases they will be I n maki ng these stri c t ures upo n the book w e wo uld not be und erstood as c riti ci si ng the method o f st udy o f whi ch it is t he A s to that th ere can be but o ne opi n io n ; but un l ess o utg ro wth great care be taken by the teacher and p upi l the results o rigi nally obtained at S o uth Kensi ngto n wi tho ut the book will no t be T he book must be used as a g eneral g uide and sec ured w i t h it ru e
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b li ndly follo wed paragraph by paragrap h and page by r u s t f n i s e a v e e n I s o r u c n s d s u s i l a e t io d il f o w a e i t p g gg p p ro ve o f g reat v al ue in the botan i cal l abo rato r p y mendi ng the fo rm whi ch the p ubli sh ers W e cannot o mit com have g iven the bo ok T he type p ri nti ng p aper and bi ndi ng are ex c ellent the fl exibl e co vers b ei ng espec i ally c o mmendab le n ot
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Charles E Bessey .
Y
T onnar
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Busn
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—Thi s is a d ange o us l ittle boo k r
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who
h ave cho sen path s th at are not those of so n g and co lo r sho uld avoid it l est th ey al so sho uld by its win so me sweetness be c h armed to bec o me o rnithologi sts Bi rd s appeal to o th er faculti es b esid e tho se o f the i nt ell ect T he musi c ia n the poet the pai nter all find i nspi ratio n in the oseines Per haps thi s is the reaso n th ere is so muc h t waddl e written abo ut b ir ds S i nce th ere is an audi ence writers d evoid of the arti sti c i l m e o r u e s u i e fi m t s s n t i o c a u s i c a l f a c lti s e r i s a i c c e n e e O f a p p an dering s and send it fo rth as a bi rd book But Mr To rrey l o ves bi rd so ng and bi rd beauty and tell s his love in l an g uage ark able for force and pi ct ures ueness rem T he el even ch apters teem with the res ult of years o f li fe amo ng the bi rd s and the au thor has a uai nt way o f c o mp ari ng bi nd li fe and bi rd ways w ith o ur own li fe and way s wit ho ut allo wi ng the read er to fo rget N o h eavi er blow has that it is o nly a bi rd he is talki ng abo ut been dealt the S parrow hater th an th at giv en in the fi rst ch apter o f th is bo ok Tho ugh by no means a S parro w lover Mr To rrey c o nfesses th at in t he S pace o f the l ast seven oreight years he has w atch ed upo n Bos to n Garden and Co mmo n so me tho usand s o f ens representi ng n o t far fro msev enty S peci es s p ec im T he autho r — he loves to be out o f o wns to the t rue abo rigi nal temperament d o o rs but hates o ut o f doo r employment ;thi s is the stuff orni th olog ists sho uld be made o f pl us ey es ’— L oms A c assxz ; H rs L 1r n A ND C OR R ES POND z nca T he sto ry o f A gass iz s li fe as here told is an ex ceedi ngly att ractive o ne and we wi sh th at a c h eap editio n o f it co uld be p ubli sh ed fo r the T he materi al s h ave been b enefi t o f the y o uth o f o ur co unt ry e e m h s m r s u t t o th r w i t h c li r y kill j dg t t h l e tt e u t a n d u e n e e r a g p To fo rming the larg er part of the materi als fo r the b iog raphy the A merican st udent who k new A gassiz the fi rst vol ume re lating to his b oyho od his yo uth at the universi ti es his earl y man hoo d as a c o ll ecto r and i nvestigato r his li fe as a p rofesso r at N euch atel his co rrespo nd ence with H umboldt his ni ne s ummers s pent in A lpi ne exp l o ratio n— thi s vol ume will seem l ike a t o mance T o th ose who never saw thi s c hild of geni us the seco nd vol ume rec o unti ng his s ucc essful l i fe in A meri ca the l an d of his adopt i o n will be ful l of interest o un
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By BR A D FOR D T o aaxv Boston , H oughto n, Mithin Co A H is L ife and Corr es an deut e Edited by Eu zanrmr C u r wo volumes t am Bosto n, H oug ton, Miflin C o , 1885 o $4
Bir ds in the Bush
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e ruary F b [
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yo uth A gassiz was i ndefatigabl e as a coll ecto r personally attractiv e full o f high i mp ul ses an d his whol e mi nd pervad ed w ith the sci entifi c spi rit H is early d reams were fully realized ; — s i n i he l aid th ei r fo un datio ns his castl e the a r were actually b uilt and saw the superst ruct ures materialized in ri chly i ll ust rated vo l — m e s a d i n s n b ri ck and i ro n T he vast collectio n the res ults o f u his j o urneys Of his passio nate appeal s to S tate and indi vid ual s the unsoli cit ed funds whi ch flowed in as the meed o f his s uccess in w i nn i n g the co n fid ence an d sy mpathy o f sci entifi c and lay men —th ese fill the M useumo f Co mparative Z oOlogy t hat mo numen t e o f rare d evotio n to high id eal s o f a li f A gass iz was a geni us Wi nn i ng in man ner to an unusual degree full o f ardo r and enth usi as m o ften reckl ess but al way s s ucc ess ful w i th a g rai n o f fanati ci sm an d o ne sid ed ness in his nat ure l ik e a k n ight o f Old he wo n his p ro ud po sitio n as o ne o f t he l eadi ng S c i entifi c men o f his ag e an d the mo st i n fl uenti al and pop ul ar t each er in the N ew Wo rld A gassiz had g reat powers o f generalizatio n side by S id e with tho se o f ac ui si t iveness o f facts and S pec i mens H is i nvestiga tio ns in emb ryology pala o ntology as well as systemati c zool o gy led him to fo rm c l ear vi ews as t o the geologi cal successio n o f ani mal s the parall eli sm between t he d ev elop men t o f the i n divi d ual and the g ro up to whi ch it belo n gs H is mod e of looki n g at nat ure the whol e d rift o f his t eac hi ngs nat urally p repared the mi nd fo r the receptio n of evol utio nary id eas and whil e his pupi ls and his c o ntempo rari es advanc ed nat urally to t hese philo soph ic c o nceptio ns o r g eneralizatio ns A g ass iz wh eth er ow i ng to early p rej udi ce the l ack o f a j udi ci al t urn o f mi nd and analyti cal po wers the modi cumo f co mbativeness and bigot ry in his stro ng intense nat ure or the multipli city o f his l abo rs and cares in the l ater years o f his li fe whi ch gave him little ti me fo r sustai ned — tho ught fail ed to ri se to the g rand generali zatio ns of modern biology H e will be k nown in the hi sto ry o f sci ence as the st ro ngest oppo nent after C uvi er Of the t h eo ry o f d escent A
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OU R L tvmc WOR L D —Thi s wo rk
p ubli shi ng in numbers is in the l ang uage o f the t i tle pag e an art isti c editio n o f the R ev s G u N a r m Wood t a l Hi s to r y f h e A n i l C r tio t i s u a o t e a n I b J p lished by S el mar H ess o f N ew Yo rk and edited fo r di st rib utio n in thi s c o unt ry by D r J B Hold er T he parts befo re us (2 7 to 3 2) fi ni sh the bi rd s di scuss the reptil es and bat rachi ans and begi n the acc o unt Of the fi s h es A s will be seen by the sampl es ill us t rating thi s noti ce the ill ust ratio ns whi ch are mo stly tak en fro m Brehms T hierleben are v ery superio r to any el sewh ere pri nt ed and give much val ue to the wo rk T he Ol eog raph s are al so C opi es by M r P rang Of tho se in Brehms pop ul ar wo rk We S ho uld like to h ave had the remark abl e ch aracteri sti cs o f the New Z eal an d S ph enodo n given A S it is ,
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R eeent L iterature .
d si mply as the type of a family of o rdi nary li zards whereas by the b est autho riti es the g ro up R ynchocephalia is regard ed as a di stinc t o rd er o f reptil es o f v ery p ri m itive s truct ure
it
is
reg arde
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R acm Fish
— T h e i d e a 9
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the pub lis hers
n rn e
H oughton, Mifl lin
God
of
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BOOKS A N D PA
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s.
C ambridg e,
Co
1866
— .
n so n b l t a a d r m s y D A i b i o r a h f t o a r l e n t e r a w o a t P r o zo C Thom o , , , p g p y C amb ridge University press, 1885 Fro m the publishers .
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t 3 7 d e Kane, F ii hs hers .
From
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Macmillan
butterfl ies
ropean
18 6 1- 1885 .
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Co
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From the pub
18 85 .
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Cun n ing ha m, D I naug ural address delivered at the opening of the new A tomical T heater, T rin ity C olleg e, D ublin 1885 From the author .
—D i
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na
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From the autho r S tegocephalen , part v, Berlin , 1885 Trelease, ” 6 13 Observatio ns o n several Zodgloee an d related forms S tudies from the J o hns H opk ins Biological L aboratory, 18 85 From the edito rs Boun cy , T G On the so called dio rite o f L ittle K not, C umberland, etc Eat ua u om the autho r o r t J o o l o v 1 F r c r e N 8 8 G S , , Q 5
Creduer , I L
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m d b
usehen be
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W S A mer '
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ea
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sk et ch o f
Phil S o c .
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E R ogers, M D Fro m the autho r
the life o f R
N ov 6 ,
1885
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obert
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—D 4 —D
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escriptio ns of n ew species o f 18 85
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birds o f the family C olumbidz
T he A
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uk ,
Oct
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bird of the g en us Engyptila, with notes on two N Y A cad S ci , V ol 111 A ll from the author
escriptio n o f a new species of
Y ucatan b irds
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Ext A
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Berber , G E Geometrical form o f volcanic con es and the Ext A mer Jo ur o f S ci , V ol xxx From the autho r .
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an d
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moun tai ns
—A
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Cress, "C , 7
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birds from Y ucatan
of
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LL D
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L awr en ee, G M —C haracters o f two supposed n ew species Eat A n n als N ew Y ork A cad S ci , V o l I V, 1885 .
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—C
Hillebran d, Hf E Bulletin 20 U S .
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han dboo k to the N atio nal
ton
Fro m the
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—
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lava .
Fromthe authors
Geo l S urvey
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.
mineralogy of the R ocky
Museum at the S mithsonian I nstituti on, Washing
author
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o
H orse, E S J apanese homes the autho r .
to the
o ntributions
.
of
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limit
elastic
and their surroun dings.
T ick nor
Co
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,
18 86 .
From
Meynert 7 1 —Psychiatry ; a clin ical treatise on diseases of the fore brain T rans lated by B S achs, M D Fro m the G P Putnam s S ons , N ew Y ork, 1885 .
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Bonk ug er , G A C atalogue of the lizards in the British Museum, V o ls 1 and 11 L ondo n , 1885 From the trustees o f the British Museum ' I rm a, I Ext Comptes S ur l existen ce du glyco gé ne dans la levure de bieré ’ R en dus des S eances de l acad des S cien ces, 1885 Fro m t he autho r .
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Wilder
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A gas is, A
et al
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life
of
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Meyer 0 —T he genealogy .
mer J our
Ext A
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an nual
H arvard,
C orn ell R
Ex t
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of
report
1884
— 85
—O
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Great Britain and I reland Both from the author
Maedonald C C —A .
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,
the
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Museum
of
in the S o uthern Old T ert iary From the autho r
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of
'
the N orthern
an d
S o uthern
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u the w i nters of
Ext idem
Fro m the
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Ha rn ess] , H Ou the co mparative temperature hemispheres Ext Philos M ag , N ov 1885 .
1885
From the author
.
1885 .
.
eview,
the curator of the
an d age o f the species
de S cience, Vol x xx,
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A gassiz
—T wenty fifth
Co mparati ve Zoology ,
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(ii , B autho r
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as
i nfl uenced by the Gulf S tream .
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mon
ser
meeting o f the Brit
on
Christian ity R ead at 1885 Fro m the autho r
the relation of evolution to
A ssoc A dv S ci
A berdeen,
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Mi ller E —V iert er N achtrag zum C atalog der herpetologischen S ammlung des Bas ler M useums, 1885 Fro m the author .
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General N otes d W o o s n r m h . i c cro n u s M f e i l i s t i o n o t e N otes on the zoo og cal po h g L y i eu er , R ] o c l o S G e n u r o r t » a d s u i i t J r n i h d u s L e E x an d its a ppa e t ident ty w t H yop o y Q 18 Fro mthe author 85 e n i d cc o e t t i a P ll e i e r a l d l a R u ss i e F e v t e l o e e i n n t s r e a r e o u e o C Si , I Z 93 g g g Fromthe author tale, K amychin , 1885 ! r a l d e s U e u h a » A b d t r n D e v o n a m W e s t Ti eherw reheat, T l D ie Fauna es Un e g r m t a o h u o r e t h 1 F 5 n s t r a e t h m F ro n i T o t o c a 1 8 8 n i r e s d d a T t l o e l os n o e d e u e Charm e M S 5 , p , y lator -
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Beddoe, j .
L ee‘s,
races of ’
ronn s
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T hier
o
A theism A dler, E the autho r
—D
D am n lin , Em
Britain
Fro mthe author
1885.
.
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Band, v A btheil ung,
reich, V1
A lecture before the S ociety
.
1885 .
Ethical C ulture,
of
84 18
From
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escription o f
L en eulin a From the author
1885
,
— M E tndios
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ma M
S its 11 Ge Natur Freunde sa Ber
netti ng s. '
’
and
,
M exico , 1885
—
de Meteorolog ia
s Peres, From the author
co
T omo
mparada
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1
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D escription C o ntributions to the history of the Comman der islands F i ii h om the author Ext Proc U N at Mus , 1885 o f a n ew Mesoplodon Elementos de Zoo logia Mexico, 1885 Fromthe author edo D ug es, A Tr ue
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— w
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T ro ll,
— i B i t h e t j p j
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r
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Fro mthe author
188 6.
rography.
s
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C o n ference fait e an Museum N ational N etto, L ' riales, 18 From the autho rs 84 .
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—Ueb
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resence
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ns den T ertiarablage dil a a ro k c h d e l K o S y sterreich, 18 85 From the authors rungen vo n Egg enburg in N iederm D awson , 6 M —Boulder clays Ext Bull of the C hicago A cad of S cien ces, 1885
T oula, F
K ail,
and
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A
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er ein en
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Fro mthe author
J
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C M imoneetes, R oy S o c Upsala,
ovallius,
Proc
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—Ei .
markable
a re
A
From the author
18 85 .
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f e n u s o g
mph ipoda
H yperidea,
Ext
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Beit rag zur K entn iss der Bryozo en fauna der alteren T ertiar 18 85 schichten des stldlichen Bayerns C heilostomata From the autho r ’ D escriptio n des Ossements fossiles des enviro ns d A n vers Van Ben eden , P f F ro m t rie i a t l 1 8 8 n a é s n r e P a s r o u m e i e C e t a c G e l e s i c t u s W t h a a t e ; 5 Q p the author
Kosehinsl'y , C
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GEN E R A L
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A sta The R ivers of the PuujaA A n a o unt of the rivers o f the P unj ab , by Gen R Macag an, o cupi es the fi rst p lace in t he N ov ember i ssue o f the Pro ceedi ngs of the R oyal Geog raphi al ” S o i ety Tho ugh P unj ab means five waters, the mo re ancient name was the l an d o f the sev en rivers, t he I n d us o n the o ne sid e, and the S araswati on the oth er, b ei ng added to the Jh el um, Ch enab , R avi , Beds , and S utl ej T he S araswati ri ses in the lo w o uter hill s ofthe Hi mal ayan mo untai ns, and is now an unimpo rt ant river, ex ept in t he seaso n o f flood , yet it is des ri bed in the anc i ent writi ng s of the H i nd us as a mighty river li ke the oth ers But the P unj ab was the tract fi rst o upi ed by the A ryan i mmi s fro mt he no rth , and it appears mo re p robabl e th at the id eas a n r t g of the peopl e o ncerni ng the river hanged when th ey knew it .
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better, an d had advanced to the J umna and the Gan ges, th an th at t he river sho uld h ave altered s o greatly Y et the di sappearan e o f the fo rests mark s so me di mi nutio n in the water supply L ater w riti ngs abo ut t he si x th cent ury B C stat e th at the S araswati s i n k s i nto the earth , and g ives the Gaug es and J umna at th ei r c o n fl uence Th is is p robably a fabl e to save the c redit o f a sacred riv er T he S ut lej and the I nd us ri se o n opposite S id es of M o unt feet resp ectively , Kailas at el evations o f abo ut and and both fl ow n o rth west for a co nsid erabl e di stance, an d th en t urn to the so uth west , the I nd us taki ng the wider S weep , and enc lo s ing , bet ween itsel f and the S utl ej , a b road t ract o ntai n i ng the oth er fo ur rivers and t hei r d rai nage b asi ns M uch o f the upp er co urses o f all th ese rivers is to rrenti al , b ut the I nd us runs w ith a gentle and wi ndi ng urrent th ro ugh L adak at a h eight of feet , and the lov ely vall ey of Kash mi r is sit uated near the s o urces o f the Jh el um, w hi ch is ev en t h ere a l arge river, s i n e sev eral t rib utari es joi n at I sl amab ad fo rty mil es above S ri nagar A t Baramul a, the Jh el um l eaves K ash mi r and falls thi rty five feet m il e r v ty v m il e s , and th en t wenty o ne feet per mil e e r f o s e e n e fi p t o t he P unj ab pl ai ns T he earli est o f the met ri cal h isto ri es o f Kash mi r stat e t hat t he vall ey was o nce a l ak e, and th at a po werful sage cut t he ga s no t i m ssibl e th at it was ra mul a It i po a t B a p the wo rk of man S eventy five mil es of t he upper co urse o f the Beas h ave a fall , o f 12 5 feet per mil e T he co urses of all t h ese riv ers after reac hi n g the pl ai ns o f the P unj ab are, lik e tho se of the M i ssi ssippi and ot her rivers whi ch h ave flood plai ns, subj e t to much di sast ro us chan ge T he rai nfall o f the high er po rtio ns of t he P unj ab , wh ere the rivers leave t he hill s, vari es fro m t hi rty fo ur t o fo rty eight i nch es A t fi fty mil es fro m the hill s o nly S i x teen t o t wenty fo ur i nch es Of rai n fall s, and at 100 mil es, but ten to t welve i nch es Wh ere the rivers unite, no mo re th an six i nch es o f rai n fall s ann ually , and still l ess th an thi s vi si ts the desert m n s l a i f i th r o u gh w hi c h e ighty I n d u r r c e ivi n a e o n d t h f t e S , , p g T he five rivers un it e t he five rivers, flows to the o cean befo re reach ing the I nd us, and the united st ream, call ed the Panjnad, or five st reams is at the j unctio n mo re th an twi e t he w idth of the I nd us, but much sh allo wer T he di s h arge o f the Panjnad at t he lo w seas o n, is esti m ubi ated at T he flood di s h arge feet per sec o nd , that of the I n d us at ubi feet b elo w the j unctio n is abo ut A very l arge amo un t o f water bo rne do wn by th ese rivers si n k s i nto the r u f w a e r c e e n o d a n f o n d g o d e r v e o t hi h v w u n d r m s n e r r u n r e s a , , g i n the rainl ess regio n ro un d near the meeti n g o f the five rivers is n ot m o re th an twenty fo ur feet b elo w the surfa e S ome H imalay an Peaks A c o rd i ng to notes o mmun i ated by L ieut Col H C B Tanner to the British A sso i atio n, th ere are inga, n o larg e gl aci ers o n the n o rth east o r sh ady sid e of K inchinj n o r does Mt Everes t seem to h ave notewo rthy gl a i ers Kab ru is
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General N otes
F e b ruary [
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o w cl ad tabl e l and feet high Ob servatio ns of M t Everest h ave to be tak en fro m a di stance o f eighty mil es o n ent A s it is acc o unt o f the j ealo usy o f the N epalese g overnm s urro unded by p eak s n o t g reatly i nferio r i n h eight its aspect is s o me oth er peak to t he n e n s s n a d e u n o i g Tib t look po no t i m t h a p T he follo wi n g tabl e given by C o l no rth o r n o rth west as high er Tanner S hows the h eight above the sea of so me o f the high est H i mal ayan p eaks as well as the h eight o f slope act ually exposed to view really
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N anga Par bat T irach Mtr ( H indu K ush) R ak aposhi (Gilg it) inga K inchi 11j .
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high p resents ,
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feet f — a n o u M Potaneri has mad e i nteresti ng dis M Pot erz s 9 rney T he b road v all ey o f the T chitai, a coveries in N o rthw est Chi na t rib utary o f the Hoang ho is thi kly peopl ed by S alars (Turco mans) , i ts upper part by Tan guts T he right b ank o f the Hoang ho itsel f near S an h uan , is al so peopl ed by S al ars Th ey mai n tai n th ei r T urki sh l ang uage, an d the M uss ul man reli g io n but t h ei r mo s ues are Chi nes e in styl e, an d t he men wear a Chi nese d ress T he wo men wear b road tro users an ov ercoat w ith sleeves and a poi nted bo n net A bove the go rge near S an chuan u n e r sto ne and t i s a n m s w c v d n t h e r e d d o n lo r a t e hi h d e x a e e a g ( lie the L oess) is a d ep ress io n seven mil es lo n g , p eopl ed ex c l u sively by M o n goli an S hiro ng ols , who seem to belo ng to the same T he Chi nese call b oth stem as the D ald a o f L ak e K uk u no r They speak M o ng oli an, with s o me Chi nese wo rd s an d Tuj en d ress like Chi nese but the wo men wear t ro users lik e the S al ar A ro und H e ch eu t h ey are M ussul mans , b ut Budd h i s m women and the teachi ngs o f Co n fuc i us are followed by s o me M Ivan o ff has recently d es rib ed in t he A siatic N ews I z vestia , the remai ns of A k hyr tash , at t he foot o f the A l ex an der T he area covered by the remai ns is range in T urk estan s uare yards and the sto nes weigh each abo ut a t on S o me st o n e idol s and a b uri al g ro un d o n the T ssyk tul are al so d escrib ed T he K ampti t lag es o n a trib utary o f t he I rawadi vis i ted by Wil co x si xty years ag o have agai n been vi sited by C o l Woodtho rpe Only a very o rdi nary road is re ui red to op en u p a t rad e wi th th ese peopl e fro m A ssam M r Gard ner co ns i d ers M ukd en the capital o f the M o ngoli an p rovi nce o f Feng Ti eng as o ne of t he fi nest and most p ro spero us c iti es o f the Chi n ese n e u t o f n s e a h i T h e pop l io e p r ovi c e i s c hi fly Chi n I e t e r em n p 186 5 it was a neut ral b elt, whi h neith er Chi nese nor C o rean s .
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Geog raphy
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and
Tr avels
to colo niz e S i nce 187 6 h undreds o f tho usand s o f igrants h ave arrived fro m S h ant ung and Chihli and h ave em broken up and c ul tivated l and o n both sid es o f the Great Wall or Pali sad es T he si t e o f N ewchang the po rt o f F én g Ti eng was in the seabed up to the b egi nn i ng o f thi s c ent ury T he p rovi nce of Ko ri n co n tai ns a larg e co mmuni ty o f C o reans A bo ut f s uare mil es o r 5 n t o B riti sh I nd i a has b een e r c e % p reserved as fo rests S o me are upo n the pl ai ns o r o n the lo w ranges of hill s ri si n g fro m th em s o m e o n the lo wer o r mid dl e slop es of the Hi mal ayas to an elevatlo n of 8000 to 9 000 feet A fo rest s ur vey is in p rog ress largely in the l and s o f native s urveyo rs t rai ned in the Fo rest S urvey D epart ment A school o f I ndi an fo restry has been establi shed in whi c h natives are trai ned to be co nserva tors and rangers .
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Claims
— awl M Co ud reau
r n B r a n c i F e f u e call s attentio n in a recent i ss ue of the R evue S cientz t o t h e fiq und etermi ned po rtio n o f French Gui ana Upo n map s the river Oyapo ck is sho wn as the so uth east ern bo un d ary o f F rench Gui ana s eparati ng it fro m Brazil , w hil e the so uth ern bo un dary is fo rmed by t he T u mac H umac mo un tai ns I t appears, ho wever, that Fran ce has at vario us ti mes o ccupi ed and ab an do ned t he ter ritories bet ween t he Oy apo ck an d the A mazo ns, and t h at the peoples Of that regio n li ve act ually i ndependent o f eit her Brazil o r France M Co udreau states that Brazil o nce Offered to divid e t hi s terri to ry , but th at France cl ai med two thi rd s I n any case, the c o un t ry in di sp ute is w o rt h h avi ng si n ce it is n o t an un healt hy marsh lik e Gui ana itsel f b ut an el evated h eal t hy p rai ri e T he regio n o ffered to F rance in co unt ry till ed fo r colo n izat io n 1856 , b etween the Oyapo ck and t he C arseves me, is as l arg e as th ree F rench depart ments whil e t hat cl ai med by France, endi ng at the T artaro ug al co ntai ns t w i ce the area M C o udreau arg ues fo r the acceptance o f the Brazili an p ropo sitio u A rg uments abo ut rights mak e it cl ear to a F ren ch man that F rance o ug ht to o wn all t he co untry no rt h o f t he A mazo n as far as t he R io Neg ro , and e ually l ear to a Brazi li an t h a t Brazi l owns t o the Oy apock Di plo macy has t ri ed to settl e t he atter fo r t wo h un d red years M o st o f thts t errito ry has b een settl ed by Braz i li ans , b ut the co as t an d p rai ri es b ack o f it are o ccupi ed o nly by I nd tans H e p ropo ses a Franco Brazili an co mmi ssio n to sett l e T he fi rst n eed is a goo d map the matter T he seabo ard is s ub jcet to co n ti nual change especi ally bet ween the Mapa and Cabo D uri ng the l ast fo rty years muc h all uvi al lan d R ase de N o rte has been made by the rivers Of t he i nterio r o unt ry , and o f the I sland o f M araca next to nothi ng is really k no wn
A n natcA
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merican N ews L i eutenant Can twell has ex plo red the river I t ri ses in fo ur Putn am to its so urce 5 20 mil es fro m the mo uth A
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l arg e
lakes ; the l argest is
bo ut
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W lo ng .
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and
67
°
N lat .
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General N otes
F b r u e a r [ y
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H e fo und that th ere was an easy co mmun i cat io n b etween Kot zeb ue so und and the Y uko n M r B Mc L enegan, w ith o ne sailo r, as ended in a an oe t he river N o rtauk whi h ent ers the A r ti o cean at Hoth am i n l et , for a di stan e o f 4 00 mi les H ere o ne o f the h ead streams o f the river i ssued fro m a sm all l ake N o inh abitants were met wi th T he co urse of the N o rtauk is ent irely in the Pol ar c i rcl e, and the l ak e in whi h it ri ses is the mo st n o rt h erly i nl and p o i nt yet reach ed by whit e m en in A l as ka uality has b een fo un d at C ape A ri ch d epo sit of coal o f g ood ° ’ L isburne (6 9 3 7 N Fro m the ob servatio ns mad e by the A ler t it appears th at H ud so n s bay and st rait are navigabl e fro m J uly to October, an d th at the cli mate of the H ud so n s bay L i eut coast is l ess severe th an th at of N o rth west C anada A llen has ret urned to S an F ranci sco fro m an ex plo ratio n of the Copper river, whi h he ascen ded as far as the mo untai n range o f H e t h en crossed the mo untai ns o n s now sho es , and A l as ka 00 mi l es reach ed the so urces o f the T en nah, whi h he follo wed 8 to its j unction wi th the Tako n T he l atter he descend ed to its M T hon ar has l eft mo uth , a di stance of 4 00 to 500 mil es Buen os A y res to co mpl ete his explo ratio ns o n the Pil co mayo Captain L Gray fo und, d uri ng his vi sit to the eas t oas t o f Greenlan d l ast summer, th at the l and ice was suffi ci ently op en in H e sail ed alo n g the A ug ust to affo rd passag e for a steamer oast fro m S han no n i sl and to the entran e o f S co resby so un d unsmui r h av e ret urned to J uneau, gh D s and F e H u J Good pl acers were A laska, fro m the h ead waters of the Y uko n T he gov ernmen ts of the fo un d , mo stly in Briti sh territo ry A rgenti ne o nfed eratio n an d o f Brazil h av e ag reed to a j oi n t ex plo ration o f the neut ral or di sp uted g ro und o n the western li mit of the Brazili an p rovi nce of S ta C ateria, sit uated between A n old t reaty b etween S pain the U rug uay and Ig uassu riv ers and Po rt ugal fi x ed upo n two rivers, t he Peperi and S an A nto ni o , the fi rs t flo wi ng i nto the Ig uassu, the se o nd so uth ward to the U ruguay, as the bo undary ; but the di ffi culty is to id enti fy the L i eut Greely , in a re ent l e t ure riv ers so all ed in t he t reaty at D un d ee, stated th at the temperat ure ob servatio ns tak en d urin g his stay in Gri nnel l so und o n fi rmed the ex pe tatio n t h at it had ° F b elow zer o the lo wes t mean t emperat ure k n o wn , abo ut 4 T he di scovery o f oal at vario us po i nts S ho wed how c li mate h ad H e do ubted the ex i stence of a pal e oc rysti c sea T h e ch anged floe bergs fro m 100 to 1000 feet thi ck , are, in his beli ef, detac h ments of S lowly movi ng ice caps fro m a l and near the pol e I n r fi r m f th a e a f e a n d vi it d o e b g thi d o a il e id fl w a s e e h e s e a a n K to a S i x th of a mil e thi ck , and fo un d upo n it two vall ey s thi rty s e a n d r e f u 1 e e n s e 00 a r s t d p lo g hi h lly l g to poli h d w w n a e e e e f , — o ooth p roo fs of the gla ial and terrestri al o rigi n o f th e w rn sm
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Geology A
—Capello
and
Pale ontolog y
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— urne M e s s y
Capello and Ivens rea c h ed L i sbo n o n S ept 17 th after t raveli n g 4 200 geo graph i cal mil es in A fri ca duri ng fi fteen mo nth s F ro m the Po rt u o e e rr n r h s i e r r s u n t to y t y p o c e d e d to w a d t h e C b a go s f e a r a s t h a e g lower part o f the T ucuss u wh ere t he barrenness of the regio n i ntersec ted by wat er co urses and marsh es fo rced th em to t urn n o rth w ards th ro ug h a di st ri ct i n fested by the t setse S i x teen o f the party d i ed o f tset se bi tes b es i des cattle and dogs S i x ty two men peri s hed d uri ng the fi fteen mo nth s T he p ri nc ipal results Of thi s j o u rn ey are the rectifi catio n o f the co urse of the C unene the determi n at io n o f the uarrai and its un io n w i th the C ub ango as well as t he i nteresti ng hyd rog raphy o f the H an da and the Upper ° ° Ovamp o ; t he ex plo ratio n of the C ub ango b et ween 15 and 17 S lat an d o f its p ri ncipal eastern affluents ; the i n vestigatio n o f the bas i n o f the Upper Zamb ezi to L ibo nta and the up per and middl e co u rse o f t he C abo mpo ; the di scovery of the Cambai an eastern b ranc h o f the Upper Zambezi ; t he ex plo ratio n o f the so urces o f t he L ual aba an d L uap ul a an d o f the no rt h ern t rib ut a e ng ue ries o f t he M iddl e Z ambezi ;and the id ent ifi c at io n o f the L c with t he K afuke T he g reat l ak e Bangweolo o f mo dern map s is really c o mpo sed o f two s m all er l ak es Bang weo lo to the no rth and Bemb a to the s o ut h separated by a marshy b elt Thi s agrees wi th M G i rand s acco un t PR tC A
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G E OL OG Y A N D PA L E ON T OL OG Y
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— T he di scussio n
whi ch D I NOS A U R I A has been goi ng o n b et ween pal e o ntologi st s as to the nat ure o f the stern u m of the Di no sauri a and the p resen ce o r absence o f e evi den ce whi ch clavi cl es in thi s o rd er i n d uces me to p res en t s o m bears di s ti nctly o n the uestio n T he fi rst poi nt to be n oti ced is the pai r o f bo n es rep resented in Fig 1 whi ch b elo n gs to the l skel eto n o f D iclonius m ir abilis L eidy I t is evi d en t that th ese resem bl e v ery nearly the parts di scovered by Dollo in the I g u an odon ber mssar tensi r in pl ace and referred by him to t he ’ sternum N ot havi n g been present at t he ex h umatio n o f the D iclo nius I cannot gi ve t h ei r ex act rel atio ns T he po si t io ns in whi ch the bo nes w ere fo un d by Dollo in the Ig uan odo n rend ers it highly p robabl e th at th ey are the separate pl eurosteal el ements of the s t ern u m T he lo n g p ro cesses w ill th en be po st erio r and will have given attac h ment to ribs S uch a ty pe o f stern um is however uni ue and re ui res good evidence b efo re ad mi ssio n i nto o ur desc ript io ns I mportant evid ence on thi s poi nt is furni sh ed by the p robabl e h ono t e M co rres o n di n g el em t rami e di n o sauri an i n t L a h e e n p ’ rlonius cr assus Cope Thi s is a uad rupedal fo rm abo ut as l arge
T an S r nanun OF
T HE
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Proceedi ngs A
my
cade
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Philadelphia,
Bulleti n dn Musé e R oyal d H isto ire Proceedings A cademy, Philadelphia, ’
18 83 ,
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p 9 N aturelle de Belgi 1876 ,
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ue, 1882,
p
October ; Pal Bulletin, .
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208.
No
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22,
8 p .
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r F u a r e b [ y,
Gener al N otes
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R hinocerus unicor ni s, w ith teeth app roach i ng tho se o f H adr o T he acco mpanyi ng fi g ure 2 rep resents th e saurus in c h aracters H ere the lateral uestio n o ne tenth t he nat ural s ize nt in el eme el emen ts are u nited o n the midd le li ne w hi ch p roj ect s as a n obt use k eel T he l ateral p ro cesses are nearly t uansverse an d T he are i mp ressed at th ei r ex tremiti es by art i cul ar s urfaces Oppo sit e ex t remity p resents a facet o n each s id e fo r a s uamo sal in w hi ch t he i nferi o r at bo ne (c Fig arti c ul atio n w ith a fl bo undi ng ri dge p roj ects much furth er th an the superio r one Thi s arti cul atio n cannot be fo r any oth er bo ne t han the co racoi d , and it resembl es c o n s i derably the c o rrespo ndi n g g roo ve o n the T he g eneral surfac e o f the bo ne is stern um o f the cro co dil e d ense and does no t resembl e the i mperfect o ssifi catio n described S im by H ulke in the bo ne il ar ch aract er referred by him as a
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Fig
Fig 2 FI G 1, S tern um of D iclon ius mir abilis L eidy Fm 2 , do of M on oclon ius cr assus bo th o n e tenth natur al s1ze ; c, coraco id facet Co From the L aramie beds o f D a o ta and M o ntana .
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” Ig uano do n Th at
l ment in M o no clo ni us rep resented in Fig 2 is the sternum s eems very p robabl e and if so the ele ments in D iclo nius (Fig 1) are stern um al so T he T sh aped bo ne fig ured by H ulke if i nverted w o uld resem ble the el ements h ere referred to t he st ern um in D iclo nius and M o noclo n i us M r H ulke d escribes a p robabl e arti cul ar facet ” alo ng its s id es posterio r (anterio r) to the di vergent b ars as s uggest i n g an art i c ul atio n w ith an epi co racoi d T hi s may co r respo n d wi th the facet c in D ic lo n ius and M o n o clo n i us w hi c h I s uppo se recei ved the edge o f t he c o racoi d Thi s j ustifi es the z propositio n o f Baur th at t hi s bo ne sho uld be i nverted and t h at t he s upposed c l avi cl es o f H ulke and M arsh are po st eri o r pro t he e e
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Geo logical S ociety, 1885 , pl x1v A n zeiger, N O 205, 1885 , p 2
o urn al
Zo ologischer
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Geology cesses o f
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and
Pale ontolog y
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t io r
vidence fo r thi s I repeat o n t he po sitio n o f the bo nes the ch aract er o f the co rrespo n di n g ele
and not an er
s ern u
T he
.
e
posi tio n rests primarily Ob served by Dollo and ment in M o no clo ni us But it may be th at the bo ne figured by H ulke is a di fferent 1 element fro m th at fig ured by Dollo as s uppo sed by the l atter T he p ro x i mal end o f the scapula o f D iclonius rnirabtl is resem b l es very much th at whi ch I h ave fig ured and d escribed as 2 bel o n gi n g to H adrosaur us foulhei excepti n g t hat it po s sesses a spin a scapula ) whi ch is s t ro n g t ubero sity o n the anterio r bo rd er ( It is rep resented as weak in the two wanti n g in th at S peci es s pec i es o f Ig uanodo n by Dollo and as rath er st ro n g in the sam e — o e u n u s by B lk E D C e e p g ,
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— D I NOC E R A T A I n the N ar uaau sr
C o aaacr tons or N OT ES ON fo r J une, 1885, I gav e a sy n ops i s o f the genera o f thi s s ubo rd er w hi c h was partly b ased o n new i nfo rmatio n deriv ed fro m Pro fesso r Marsh s wo rk th en recently p ubli sh ed A mo ng them was i ncl uded the s upposed genus T etheo psis , whose c h aracter T he co n s i sted in the ab sen ce o f i nferio r cani ne and i nci so r t eeth di scovery o f S peci es p resenti ng s uch a peculi arity wo uld no t be at all surp ri s i n g in vi ew of t he red uctio n whi ch the roots of th ese teeth di spl ay in so me o f the speci es, and the absen ce o f su perio r i n i so rs in all o f th em T he ch aracter o n whi ch the g en us was p redi cated is fig ured by P ro fesso r M arsh in the sk ull referred to Ti noceras stenops Marsh , w itho ut co mment in t he descriptio n w hi c h follo ws I now learn o n good autho rity th at the sy m physeal regio n in t he sp eci men in uestio n is enti rely co nst ructed I saw the speci men , and a rath er clo se o f pl aster o f Pari s ex ami natio n did no t reveal t he li ne o f separat io n b etween the plaster and the bo ne, whi ch it is colo red to i mitat e and whi ch is n o t i ndi cated in eith er P ro fesso r Marsh s fig ures o r desc riptio n T he gen us T etheo psis must th en be regard ed as an arti fact ! I add t hat the basal part o f a sk ull whi ch I described und er the h ead o f Uintatherzum lacustre Marsh (U S Geologi ca l S urvey Terrs 111 p 59 2) t urns o ut to belo ng to a Palaeosyops T he s k ull w as fo un d in a b rok en co nditio n mi n gl ed with loo se frag ments and teeth o f the Ui ntath eri um in s uch a way as to l ead E D Cope to the b eli ef th at th ey b elo nged tog eth er .
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D tscovaav or L A M E L L A T E r n o nA cxc F EET I N rn a P an t o — I n a gen us o f P hyllocari da alli ed to C eratiocaris, whi ch C A R I DA is rep resent ed by a speci men fro m the C arbo n i fero us b ed s o f M azo n creek Illi n oi s ki ndly loaned me by M r J C C arr o f M o rri s, Ill t h ere are pl ai n i ndi catio ns o f b road l amell ate feet lik e the tho raci c feet o f N eb ali a Of t h ese li mbs th ere are t ra es o f fo ur pai rs Th ey are b road '
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R evue des Questions S cientifiques, 1885, p 8, top T ran sacti o ns A merican Philo so phical S ociety, 1869, xxv, p 9 2 .
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General N otes
u F b r r e a y [
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thi n slightly co nt racted in width near the base and at t h e di stal ex tremity uite reg ul arly ro und ed w ith the free end s appa r ently slightly fold ed lo ngit udi nally the edges appearin g to b e s lightly c ren ul at ed tho ugh the fold s were p erh ap s d ue to c h ang es after d eath A ll the feet are o f nearly the same siz e an d ar e abo ut t wo thi rds as lo n g as the carapace is hi g h b ei ng o f nearly the same p ropo rtio nate l engt h as in N eb ali a There are no t races o f a d ivi s io n i nto endopodites an d ex opod ites but we sho uld be i nc li ned to regard t he part s p reserved as the ho molog ues o f t he ex opodites o f N ebali a Thi s speci men th en i ndi cates the ex i st ence in exti nct Phyll o carida of t hi n b ro ad lamell ate tho raci c li mbs in general appear ance like tho se ex i sti ng in N ebali a an d sho uld thi s vi ew be s ub stant iated by farth er di s cov eri es it w ill p rov e the reaso nabl eness I o f uniti ng C eratiocaris and its alli es w ith t he mod ern N eb ali a had a year ag o co nsid ered thi s fo rm as new and gave it a MS atzcas as I was in do ubt as to its affi ni t i es ; e Cryptos oé pr oblem n am but l atel y s ub mitti n g it to M r C E Beecher wi t h the opi n io n th at it was a C eratiocaris he w rites me th at he regards it as new to sci ence A d escripti o n of the new genus and sp ec i es w ith fig ures — A S Packard will appear h ereaft er — a Y ct a n R V E r P ENN Y V I A o c S o A N R epo rt o f P rogress 1: G w U S L c o ntai ns a geologi cal h and atl as o f the s i x ty sev en co unti es o f Pennsy lvani a and is the wo rk of J P L esl ey the chi ef o f the sur vey T he vo lume is o n e w hi ch o ught to be in the h an ds o f ev ery o n e i n terested in fi eld g eology embod y i ng as it do es in co nv eni en t fo rm the enti re res ults o f the survey so far as th ey can be cart o g raphi cally rep resented T he map s are p refaced by an ex planation o f the geologi cal st ruct ure o f Pen nsylvania and a sh o rt ac co unt o f the ch aract eri sti c feat ures o f eac h co unty — GEOL OGI C A L S U R V EY OF M 1NN Esor a P rofesso r Wi nch ell s Twel ft h A nnual R epo rt co mmences wi th a summary statement o f w o rk done F ro m thi s it appears th at map s o f t hi rty tw o co un ti es are co mpl eted and several oth ers in c o urse o f p reparat io n P ro fesso r A new t rilobite of the genus Bathy urus is d escrib ed Wi nchell gives an acco unt o f ex peri ments with cubes of N ew Engl an d and M i n nesota g ran ites and seems to p rove the l att er to be the st ro ng er C L H erri ck co nt rib utes a fi nal repo rt o n the C rustacea o f M i nneso ta (Cl ado cera and Cope oda) Thi s occupi es 19 1 pages p i ncl udes an acco unt o f the enemi es o f c nto mostraea and appears to be ex h austive It is ill ust rated with n umero us pl ates T he v ol ume c o ncl ud es w ith a catalog ue o f t he f lo ra by Warren Upham It i ncl ud es 16 50 speci es co mp r i si ng v ascul ar crypto gams but not fungi o r alg ae — — General A S Wood ward (Geol M ag GEOL OGI C A L N ews N ow 1885) gives a li st o f the Briti sh fossil C ro codili a One spe and
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Geology
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Pale ontology
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occ urs in the Upper Tri as six in the Upper L i as thi rty ni ne from the o th er J urassi c b ed s el ev en fro m the P urb eck and Wealden bed s th ree fro m the g reen sand and six fro m the i
c es
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Eocene S iluri an D r O H ermann (Geol M ag S ept Oct , 1885) i s e a a u n f h n t e l h id a e T v o t o g iz tio n o t e r a a n o r a t o i t h e f h G g p entire polypido m p roceed s fro m a s i mpl e hollo w co ne call ed the sicula I n the ex ternal wall of thi s d agger sh aped organ a si n gl e or do ubl e so lid ax i s is d ev eloped Th us until the si cula is fo und , it is i mpossibl e to tell wh ether any given fo rm belo ngs to the monog raptida or to a two b ranch ed family S p ro uti ng does not alway s c o mmence at the same spot o f the si c ul a It is no w assum ed th at all g raptolites p rovid ed with a s i c ul a w ere not attached bod i es, t he ch aract er o f the termi natio n and its disap i f w u m a c m a r a u l s t a a e e n l o i divid l ili ti g g i t tt h t c e n r n n a n n s a a n p g I n s ome of the much b ran h ed D rcho g raptida a central chiti no us disc un i t es the basal part o f the b ranch es It has b een ascertai ned by Hop ki nso n that in so me g raptoli tes the hyd roth eca: were se arat ed fro m the cmno sarc by a well mark ed sept um and th at p the ccen osarc was divid ed by septa i nto t ran sverse j oi nts T he oldest g raptolite acco rdi ng to Brogger and H ermann is D icty o r a u n e il u e s m i i ily hi h i l d s t n d h f i c h r t d w e a o a a c n a t D u e s ; , p g g p co mpli cated and eleg ant fo rms o f g raptolites, is older t han the universal g ro up s Thi s family ap pears in the L ower S il urian u r r m n s f r h n W a i n b e c o i n g e x t i g i h e d b e o e t e Upp r il u i a s e i S ( g) reach ed T he Phyllo g raptidze and L asiog raptidae seem to be con fined to t he lo west divi sio n o f the L ower S il uri an the L epto g rap tida an d D icranog raptida to the L o er S il uri an, whil e the D ipto g raptidze and R et iohtes c o mmence in the lowest L o wer S il urian , but are mo st d eveloped at its upper bo undary and T he s i mpl est family the M o n o ex ten d int o the Upper S il uri an d r e a r n r s h o i g to p w o th t i tly o fi d to r a id z a cc L a r n n e e c t t g p Upper S i l uri an T he gen us Di ctyograpt us o f whi ch T ullberg mak es a new family (tho ugh H ermann ranges it w ith the Di ch o m z n a f h r u s r s i a i t i n i e l t o gh h e e n ti il i n p e a t s e a n s t d u r r a d s a t S , g p ) i nt o t he D evoni an — o n i a e v P rofesso r Willi ams has d escribed (Geol D n H e welua en erzszlr a new L i muloid fro m the D evo ni an o unty , Pa o f L e Bo uf, Eri e — Cr etaceous T he new facts regardi ng the fo ssil flo ra o f the west ern N o rth west Territo ry of the Do mi nio n o f Canad a re ui re the in ter al atio ns o f th ree di sti nct pl ant ho rizo ns not p revio usl y rec o g n ized One of th ese the Ko ntame seri es, p rob ably b elo ngs to t he U rgo n i an o r N eo o mian , or is at l east n o t newer than the It seems to o rrespo nd to the oldest C retaceo us S hasta gro up flo ra o f Euro pe and A si a and to th at o f the Ko rnefo rmatio ns in T he se o nd o r Mill creek seri es co rrespo nd s c lo sel y Greenland to t he Dakota, and seems to rep resent the flo ra of the Geno ma
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T he thi rd sub flo r a is n i an and T uro n i an d ivi s io ns o f Europe th at o f the Belly river at the b ase o f the Fo rt Pi erre g r o u p Tho ugh separated fro m the L arami e by the Pi erre and Fo x h ill gro ups it i nt rod uces the L arami e o r Do mi n io n flo ra w hi ch c o n ti nnes to the top o f the C retaceo us and p robably i nto the Eo c e n e N ex t an d i n cl ud es sev eral sp eci es still s urvi vi ng in A meri ca co m es the L arami e g ro up i tsel f the fo ssi l s o f whi ch are fo un d i n Canada chi efly in the lower and upper bed s the middl e b e d s bei n g poo r in pl ants S ir W Dawso n co ncl udes th at no ca u se fo r the mild temperat ure o f the C retaceo us oth er th an c h ang e o f el evat io n need be i nvok ed — r T ”nay A cco rdi ng to Wood ward fi fteen speci es o f fo s s il s i reni ans h av e b een referred to H alith eri um w hil e two c o nsi d e r ably l arger speci es both fo und in Italy are pl aced in Felsino t h e Pr orastomus rium an d clo sely resembl e H ali co re in d entitio n d r enozlles Owen fro m J amai ca difl ers wid ely fro mall oth er s ire n ians but is nearer M anat us th an H ali co re T he d ental fo rmu l a m i r is i 33 c t} p m g m 33 i F l s n t h m h a s 8 e o e i u 4 a A n i nt eresti ng di scov ery was a cast o f the i nterio r of the s k ul l o f Eotlze num wgyfitzaeum at M okattam near Cai ro in 187 5 T he b rai n o f the h uge R hyti na is o nly o ne s i xth o f the size o f that o f T he total n umb er o f ex ti nct si ren i a n s the manatee o r d ugo n g en umerated by Wood ward i nc l udi ng Chi roth eri um fro m Pi ed mo nt ; C hro nozoon fro m New S o uth Wal es ; C rassitherium fro m Belgi um; D io plo theriumand H emicaulodo n fro m S o uth Carol i n a an d N ew J ersey ; Pachyacanthus fro m near V i enna ; R hytio d us is and T rachy therium fro m F rance and two ex ti nct Manati w e nty eight T e recent S p ec i es are th ree o f M an at us and t hree h t D r M uri e b eli eves th at t he l arge n umb er o f fo ss i l o f H ali co re s pec i es d escrib ed will p rob ably h av e to be red uced i nto two o r th ree genera -
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M I N E R A L OG Y A N D P ET R OG R A PH Y
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— U nd er thi s general h ead
F I GUR ES are i nc l uded etch ed fig ures p roper (A etz Fig uren o f the Germans) and fig ures p rod uced by weath eri ng (V erwitterungs F i g uren) Th ese were ’ z fi rst st ud ied as early as 1816 by D aniell A li ttl e l ater L eydo lt i nvestigated the fo rms o f the d ep ressio ns o n ro ugh s urfaces o f ‘ Pap e n ext took up the subj ect H e d rove o fl t he c ry stal s water c o ntai ned in many mi neral s and ex ami ned the s h ape o f t he fig ures res ul ti ng (V erstaub ungs Fig uren ) I n l ater years many oth er i nvestigato rs h ave att empted to di scover the rel atio ns be t ween etch ed fi g ures tho se p rod uced by weath eri ng and t he di rectio ns o f coh esio n in mi neral s Baumh auer succeeded in p rovi ng th at the sh apes o f et ch ed fig ures were i ndep end ent of t he ET C H ED
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BA Y L EY , J ohns H o pkins University, Balti more, M d o ur S ci , 1, 1816 , p 24 a rt u Q S i m Ber der A kad , W ien , 185 5 . l s, p, 59 ’ Pogg endorl s A nnalen, 124 , p 3 29, etc
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M
neralogy and
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l v g pl anes b ut w ere inti mately rel ated to the sy mmet ry of t he c ry stal and th us opened up a new method o f i nvestig ati ng opaque mi neral s I n o rder to st udy mo re clo sely the co nnectio n betw een the fig ures p rod uced by weath eri ng and tho se p rod uced l by etchi ng Blasius Of S t rassb urg s ubj ected a numb er o f s ub stanc es in cry stal fo r to the act i o n o f al cohol an d al so pl aced t h em m d esi ccato rs w ith st ro ng s ulph uri c ac id A s the res ult of a lar ge n umb er o f ex periments he co ncl ud es th at many o f the fig ures p ro duced by w eath eri ng (i nc l udi ng et ch ed fig ures) cann ot be b ro ught int o clo se rel at io n w ith the di rectio ns o f cl eavag e o r t h e c urves o f h ard ness in the s ub stan ces acted upo n M o reover t hei r sh apes di ffer acco rdi n g to co nditio ns and fi nally fro m a k n o wl edge o f the etch ed fig ures o n a n umb er o f faces the sh ape 2 o f t ho se o n o t h ers can be ded uced F Beck e adds furth er to o u r k no wledg e i n an arti cl e o n the et ch ed fig ures o f mi neral s o f t h e magnetit e g ro up Mag neti te spi nel frankli nit e and linnmite w ere t reated w i th s ulp huri c ni t ri c and hydro chlo ri c aci ds o f dif ferent c o ncent rat io ns an d d uri ng period s o f difl eren t l eng th s and b es i des w ith alkali n e sol utio ns 1 On all the c ry stal faces t he fi gures were co mpo sed essenti al ly o f t he same pl anes of etchi ng t he p ri ncipal pl anes o f et chi n g 2 T he p ri nc ip al pl an es o f et ch i n g lie in a d etermi n ate zo ne s e n s n e Th pl t hi g e a e f c fl r O o e 3 t he g reatest oppo sitio n to the actio n o f s olv ent s D e p r ss io n s e 4 are fo rmed o n s uc h faces as b elo ng to t he zo ne o f et chi n g el eva t io ns o n tho se w hi c h lie far witho ut it Cl v g pl a e s a n e a a n c e 5 n ot at th e same ti me be pl anes o f et chi n g 6 L i n naeit e w h en et ched w ith ac id s d epo rts it sel f lik e mag netit e ; wh en t reated w i t h alkali ne sol utio ns an enti rely difl erent pl ane b ec o mes the nc ipal pl ane o f et chi ng u m r i Co n s e u e n t ly it m b ss e d a e a y p the el emen tal ato ms in the cry stal mol ec ul e mai ntai n a t h at ” d efi nite po sitio n with rel atio n to o ne ano th er I n linna ite “ fo r i nstan ce the cob al t ato ms are t urned to ward t he c ubi c faces and the s ulph ur ato ms to ward the dod e ” faces cahed ral b ecause wh en t reated with acid the cubi c m cc s are di ssolved fas test but wh en t reated w ith fused pot as h the do decahed ral faces o ffer the l east Oppo sitio n to the solv ent a ac tio n o f thi s reagent Baumhauer mak es p racti cal use o f the method Of etch ed fig ures in an i nvestigatio n o f the ch aracter o f the mas sive bo rnit e fro m Chlo rid e N M W h en a p oli sh ed sur fac e o f thi s mi neral is t reated wi th n it ri c ac i d it b reak s up i nto several fi eld s eac h o f whi ch refl ects the ligh t di fferently s ho w i n g that the massive materi al is made up Of an i rreg ul ar i nterg ro wt h o f i n divid ual cry stal s A t the same ti me t he fact is b ro ug ht o ut that twi nned i ncl usio ns o f ch al coc ite and ch al copy rite are no t un co mmo n c ea a e
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Zeits fil r Kryst un d M in er x, p 22 1 Min un d Petrogr Mitt , v11, p Z eitsch ri ft filt K rystallog raph1e, x, p 44 7 .
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F e b r u a r [ y
General N otes
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—T he
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best defi ni tio n o f and esite is ’ agai n di scussed by J S iemiradzki in an arti cl e o n the ro ck s o f Ec uado r: V o n Buch desc rib ed it as a vol can i c roc k co nsi sti ng o f plagioc l ase and ho rnbl ende ; and L ago rio as a vol can i c ro c k po sed of plagiocl ase with the additio n of augit e ho rnbl en de co m ’ o r mi ca R o senbusc h separates the mi ca and amphibol e and e s ites fro m the aug ite an d esite S iemiradsk i fi nds th at the same l ava st ream vari es in acidi ty and th at tho ugh ho rnbl end e is mo re ab undant in the mo re ac id an d es i tes o n the oth er h an d augite an d even olivi ne o ccur in v ery acid vari eti es c o ntai ni ng free ' N o i ndi catio n o f s ili ca whil e ho rnbl end e is enti rely l acki n g t he reg ul ar se uence o f separatio n o f augite ho rnbl end e an d mi ca ‘ w i th i ncreasi ng acidity as ob served by H ag ue and Iddi ngs can ” be d etected H e sugg ests as the b est defi n itio n of thi s cl ass o f ro ck s the follo wi ng : N eut ral o r acid pl agio cl ase ro c k s w ith at least fifty five per cent o f S iO, with t rachyt i c basal ti c or pho n o liti c h abit co nsi sti ng o f po rphy riti c andes i ne with an i ron ri ch py ro xene ho rnbl ende o r mica in a g ro und mass co mpo sed essen tially o f an acid and es i ne o r oligo cl ase and an acid gl ass (mi xt ure Of ol igo cl ase sub stan ce and amo rpho us s il i ca) co ntai n i n g mi cro s copi c py ro x ene T he po rphy riti c ho rnbl end e of th ese Ec uado rz andes ites is sur ro u nd ed by an o pacitic riman d co ntai ns i n cl us io ns o f the g ro un d mass whi ch under the mi cro scope are seen to co nsi st of feldspar and augite mi crol it es M o reover it is not c o nfi ned to the mo st acid vari eti es Co nse uently the autho r suggests th at it may h ave been p rod uced at g reat d epth s in a mag ma sat urated w it h sup erh eat ed steam un d er g reat p ress ure whil e the augi te cryst al lized fro m a dry mag ma und er c o mparativel y li ttl e p ressure—a theo ry very diflerent fro m the o ne usually accepted A
N DES I T E
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— GA BBR O I n a co mmuni catio n
W 1L D sc 116 NA U ect o n thi s subj ‘ C athrein call s attentio n to the art i c l e o f H at c h already no ti ced “ in th ese not es H e c l ai ms th at the l atter s ho rnbl end e gabb ro an d amphibolite are chlo rite gabb ro and c hlo rite— schi st and th at th ere are no p roo fs o f the c lo se rel atio n whi ch th at autho r sup poses to ex i st between normal gabb ro and serpenti ne o n the one hand and amphibol ite and epidote rock o n the oth er ’ — Ps r aoc aap mcar N ews F Becke co mmuni cates a few n otes o n the ro cks o f the lo wer A ust ri an Waldvi ert el A t Marb urg th ere occurs a granophy re in vei ns I t co nsi sts o f zi rco n in smal l ,
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Geo log ische R eisenotizen aus Ecuador, N J B Beil , Bd 111, 1885, p 19 5 Mikros Phys der Massig en Gestein e, 1877 L ag orio , A n desite des K aukasus, p 27 N tes o f the volcan ic rocks of the Great Basin A mer Jour S ci , xxv n, 1884 , .
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No 5
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Petro g Mitth , 1m, p 189 N ar uaau sr , Octo ber, 1885, p 99 2 Mm und Petrog M ittheilung en, 1111, p .
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M
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w r a n s i llo g i c h l i e d bio it d a r k g e ho l n d c l r o r t z t e e n r n b e e a r e y t r ansparent o rtho cl ase and mi cro cli ne and Opa ue altered pl agio c lase in a g ro und mass o f sm all b ro wn pl ates Of biotite and c l ear o rthocl ase and uartz in mi crop eg matiti c g ro wth s Filite k ersan t it e fro m S pitz o n t he Do nau and py rox ene amphibolit e fro m A s chauer are al so d escribed I n the same art i cl e Becke repo rts l t he res ult Of a rei nvesti gatio n o f S chrauf s kelyphite the altera t i o n p rod uct o f pe p e in olivi ne ro ck s Thi s sub stance he t hi n k s is a mi x t ure o f a ch ro me spi nel and a sili cate p robably h o rnbl en de T he reactio n o f the olivi ne o n the garnet he rep resen ts thus e
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l etter to the N eues J ah rb uch F H H atch d esc rib es hy persth ene andesit e fro m M t C hach an i in Peru I ncl usio ns 8 Of mi ca sc hi st marbl e and syenite are mentio ned by H ussak as o ccurri ng in the pho nolite o f Oberschafl T he same hausen ‘ w riter den i es the wid esp read ex i stence o f c o rdi erite in H un ga “ rian an des it es b ut fi nd s it in m Kol enko men any t rac hyt es t io ns ho rn bl end e pseudo mo rph s after olivi ne as ch aract eri sti c of a metamo rphosed oli vi ne di abase fro m the no rt h sho re o f L ak e Onega in the Caucasus T he olivi ne sub stance is enti rely ch anged i nt o agg regates and cry stal s o f a no n pl eo ch roi c ho rnbl end e ‘ C athrein co mmun i cates an i nteresti ng paper o n the altera t io n Of garnet in the amphibolites o f the Ty rol ese C ent ral Pseudo mo rph s of epidot e scapoli te oligocl ase ho rn A lps b l end e sauss urite and c hlo rite are d escrib ed in detail T he scap Oli te s ub stance is i nti mately mi x ed with epidote and pl ag io clase In an d the w hol e is surro un d ed by a rim o f ho rnbl en de c ry stal s t he c hange to ho rnb l end e crystal s o f mag netite separate and the ex cess o f s ili ca mag nesi a and li me u n it e to fo rm epi dote In
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— M lS C EL L A N BOUS I n a di scussio n co ncerni ng the co nd uct o f the .
8 s
zeo lites with reference to their water co nstit uent C Bodewig hows th at t he lo ss of weight whi ch ph acol ite s uflers ov er C aC l, must be due to lo ss o f water of cry stallizatio n and not to lo ss o f hy g ro ’ H e al so co ntests the id ea o f Jannasch that every sc opi c water des i ccati ng agent abstracts a certai n d efi nite amo unt of water fro m th es e mi neral s and co nse uently some of the loss over C aC l, may T he t wel fth edi tio n be due to lo ss o f water o f co mbi natio n ,
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N eues Jahrb f Miner , etc Ueber K elyphite Band 11, p 7 3 , 1885 N eues ahrb f M in eralogi e, 1885 , 11, p 7 8 .
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Ih, p 1 I h , p 90 Z eitschrift f K rystallog raphie, x, p 4 33 M iner and Petmg Mittheilungen , v11, p 2so Zeitschrift flit Krystallographie, x, p 2 76 I h , 11111, p 4 29 .
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18 84, 11,
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N aumann s El emente der M i neralogi e j ust appeared T he wo rk has b een newly revi sed and bro ught up to date by D r Ferdi nand Zi rkel , who has und ertak en thi s d uty si nce the death T he new edi tion co ntai ns abo ut fi fty o f N auman n in 187 3 n t ree woo d u m n t e e e g hi ty th t o th l v th s n d r s r e h a e a a e , p T he ch emi cal fo rmul a used h ave all been re al cul ated and the re en t advances in t he fi eld o f opti cal and phys i cal mi neralogy h ave been i nco rpo rated in the body o f the wo rk , so that the new book is the mo st co mpl ete and sati sfacto ry t reati se o n general mi neralogy p ubl ish ed in any l anguage A n ab st ract fro m the fo rt hco mi ng M i n eral R eso urces Of the U n it ed S tates, Cal end ar Years 1883 and It is enti tl ed has j ust b een received ”2 T he author is G F K untz T he paper P recio us S to nes t reats of the p rod uctio n o f p recio us sto nes in the U n i ted S tates T he total val ue o f pre in 1883 and 1884 an d t hei r i mpo rtatio n i ncl udi n g $800 cio us sto nes fo und d uri n g 1884 was uartz sol d as s peci mens d uri n g T he gold wo rth o f di amo nd s and t h at cut fo r gems o r o rn a thi s year is val ued at T he val ue o f the i mpo rtatio ns is es t i mental uses at T he mo st i mpo rtant fi nd s d uri n g the mated at year were as follo ws : A t A ub urn , Mc , colo rl ess, pi nk , bl ue and gold en to urmali nes to the val ue o f $ 1500, and at Mt M i ca, in the same S tate, to urmali nes, beryl s and a uamari nes to A t F lo rissant , C al , abo ut $ 1000 wo rt h o f the amo unt o f $4 14 5 topaz was tak en o ut T he repo rts in the newspapers o f remark abl e fi nd s h ave all been i nvestigated and h ave p roven to be un re ” ” li abl e T he g reat Geo rgi a M arvel o r Bl ue R idge S apphi re, fo r i nstance, whi ch was s upposed to be a sapphi re w o rt h t urned o ut to be nothi ng but a pi ece o f ro ll ed bl ue bottl e gl ass T he paper is i nteresti n g as s ho wi ng j ust ho w far we can ental sto n es rely upo n o ur o wn reso urces to s upply us wi t h o rnam T he aut ho r al so men tio ns several uses to whi ch do mesti c mater ial ect can be appli ed w i th fi ne efl of
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B OT A NY
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C A N “1111151 a or A PPL rs BE D rsr moursuan s r T H EI R FL OW — T O a bo tan i st thi s may seem like a ueer uestion, capab l e BR s o nly of an answer in the affirmative, but po mologi sts h ave ui t e universally h eld to t he Oppos i te vi ew uo tatio ns, lik e the fo l lo wi ng co uld be made fro m o ur mo st emi nent w riters o f po mo
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logi cal books Peach es are parti ally cl assifi ed by the size an d colo r o f the petal s but in all the ot her fruits as in apples pears pl ums ch er ” ri es etc the flo wers vary but s ligh tly in fo rm an d colo r L it tl e difl A noth er says erence ex i sts in t he flo wers ,
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Elemente der Ml n eralog ie 9 5 1 ills , 7 82 p , L eipzig , Wilhelm Eng elmann Washing to n , Go vern men t Prin t ing Offi ce, 1 5 Edited by Professor C HA R L ES E Basss v, L incoln, N ebraska .
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A t a meeti ng of the M ichigan S tate Po mologi al (now Ho rti ult ural ) S oc i ety , h eld in 187 3 , the writ er p resent ed a paper o n t hi s s ubj ect in whi ch be accurately d escrib ed uite a n umb er o f k i n d s o f appl es by the flo wers To the po mologi st the term flo wer means the showy petal s ; to the botani st it means calyx o roll a, stamens an d pi stil s Th ese flo ral h aracters are as o nstant and reli abl e fo r di sti ng ui shi ng variet i es as are tho se ch ara ters Of t he fruit whi c h are us ually
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I n appl es the poi nts o f the caly x vary in b readth , size and in T he petal s vary in siz e an d sh ape in di fferent o t her parti ul ars N ot very much was made of the e in colo r vari et i es , and so m ens , but the styl es and stipe furn i sh ex cell ent h aract ers stam ' D r Hogg o f Engl and , po inted o ut the val ue o f the sh ape o f the calyx t ube and t he po sitio n o f the stamens o n the i ns id e o f t he t ube but in o ur A meri can ap pl es, at anyz rate, th ese poi nt s are n o t so reli abl e as are tho se pert ai ni n g to the st ip e and styl es I n 187 9 , at the R o chester meeti ng o f the A meri can Po mologi ml S o ci ety , I p resented an ill ustrated paper on the class ificatio n o f appl es, in whi ch the p ec uli ariti es o f the flo wers fo rmed an im ny flowers were ex ami ned fro m difl t n p t a e n t t r r a t r M r e e e s o a p i n vario us lo caliti es Over a h un dred vari eti es h ave b een ex amined I have si nce th at ti me fre uently called the attentio n o f my st ud ent s to thi s subj ect , and l ast S p ri n g (in 1885 ) s uggest ed it to o ne o f o ur g rad uates , M r W L I h ave had so me o f S nyder his drawi ngs arefully opi ed fo r yo ur use U n fo rt unately in th ese cases the petal s were not d rawn but a nce at t he lob es o f the caly x , and esp ec i ally a close ex ami na l a g t io n and o mpari so n o f the stipes and styl es will sho w a g reat erence in the l eng th , b readth , h ai ri ness and oth er poi nt s o f the difl
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A t the Bosto n meeti ng of the A meri an Po mologi cal S o ci ety , in 1881, I s ho wed th at a si mil ar difl erence ex i sts in the lob es o f the caly x the sh ape and size o f the petal s of pears, b ut in th ese flo wers the s ti pe is very sho rt o r wanti ng T he sty les vary as do t ho se of appl es M r S nyder al so mad e so me no tes and d rawi ngs o f the flo wers an d i n flo rescence o f so me o f o ur ultivat ed vari eti es Of strawber ri es These are ui te as mark ed as those h ere sho wn for the flo wers o f appl es I n case o f appl es p robably 3000 o r mo re v ari eti es h ave b een desc ri bed by t he fruit al o ne I t is needl ess to say th at wi th a vari ety o f s oil s and c li mates it is nex t to i mpo ss ibl e to defi ne so many in a manner whi ch sh all be at all sati sfacto ry A s i mil ar difl i culty ex i sts in o ur so rts o f pears, peach es pl ums m s s w r s s n r a f c u r r a b i pb i d y i d ltiv t d g i t r a e s e r e o a e a n e r r a r a a s e g p and veg etabl es ; exactly ho w many I do not k no w '
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Fig 4 " V ariety R ed C anada Fto F112 1 ” ” i a F16 4 R m b o Bo ugh F g 5 . .
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T alman S weet A ll x 3 Wag ner
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A fri en d has j ust sent me 160 named lots of ultivated b eans H ow are th ey usually d escribed Mai nly by the ti me o f fruiti ng , s i ze and colo r o f pod and the p eculi ari ti es o f the seed s .
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livi ng in a ti me wh en th ere is much sai d abo ut the difl i culty Of d escribi ng so many vari eti es o f cul tivated pl ant s I t seems to me the c o rrect sol utio n Of thi s p robl em is h ere s ug gested I nstead o f describi ng l ett uce and t urn ip s and o nio ns by the sh ape o f l eaf and h ead colo r an d sh ape o f root o r the colo r and s h ap e Of b ulb res pectively let t he i nflo resc ence and flo wers be carefully ex ami ned an d a c l ear rec o rd mad e o f all the ch arac ters whi c h p rove to be mo st reli abl e T he ti me has co me fo r mo re careful wo rk in thi s di rectio n T he skill o f a good botani st W Beal sho uld be joi ned to th at o f a good ho rti cult uri st
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A g ricultur al Colleg e, M elt
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made a seri es o f Observatio ns (R ivi sta di Viti colt ura ed Enologi a Itali ana 1885) o n the fo rmatio n o f starc h in l eaves I n March and A p ril wh en the l eaves are fi rst fo rmed of the vi n e starch was never fo un d even in b right s unshi ne It fi rst mad e its C ubo ni has
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ppearan ce in M 3 and the uant i ty increased co nti nually till J uly T hi s is no 1sol ely depend ent o n di fference in temperature si nce sta rc h is still fo rmed i n the l eav es at the en d o f October and Novemb er ; whil e e ven in the h eig ht o f s ummer the yo ung l eaves and sh o o t s are not abl e to fo rm starch until th ey are at l east It depen d s ho wever t o a c ert ai n ex tent on the a mo nt h Old mat uri ty o f the chlo rophyll g rai ns I n a l eaf co n tai n i ng no starch at the o utset abund ance was fo und after an ho ur s ex po s ure to the di rect act io n o f t he s un light ; and the max i mum uanti ty was o btai ned by two ho urs i ntense s unshi ne Fo ur ho urs o f co mplete d ark ness is suffici ent to cause the whol e o f the starch to beco me absorb ed A l t h o ugh the yo ungest l eaves are unabl e to fo rm starc h the max rmu m development is not obtai ned by the lowes t l eaves o n a b ran ch but by those o n the middl emost nod es ; o n a b ranch co n tai ni ng s i x teen l eaves by tho se fro m the seventh to the eleventh the lo west s ho wi ng l ess th an hal f the max i mum po wer o f pro duc tio n I f an annul ar i nc i sio n is made above and belo w a l eaf sepa rat i ng t he el em ents o f the s o ft bast the starch in the l eaf is no t abso rb ed and t ransfo rmed in t he d ark but if a s i mil ar i nci sio n is mad e o n ly belo w o r o nly above the leaf the o rdi nary p ro cess is no t d i st urbed ; and thi s is al so t he case if a l eaf separated by an inc i s io n on bo t h s id es has a pan i cl e of fruit o r flo wers Op po site it o n t he sam e node NO starch is fo rmed if the l eaves are et io lated or attac ked by Peronospora wticola your R oy al M ic a
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General N otes
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T H E Paonucr ro n or MA L E A ND FEMA L E P L A NT S R ecen t ob servatio ns an d ex peri ment s by H o fl man (Bot Zeit 1885) co n firm the view hith erto h eld by so me biologi sts that the prod uc ‘ tio n o f the male o rgan i sm is due to insuflicient nut ri tio n I n dznrna and vespertina, Palerrana dzotca, M ercurialis annua , R nrnex acetosella, S pinacza oleracea and Cannabis sattva dense so wi ng i n reased the amo unt o f m al e pl ant s .
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— H B L I G T B E A ND H P A CT R I A A ltho ugh T E H o an w a rran t s to the mi nd trai ned in the lo g i o f i nvestigatio n th ere can be no do ubt as to the cause o f pear blight, th ere are yet so me hortic ul — t urists who do not feel co nvi nced With th em the facts pl ai n — facts b roug ht o ut by M r A rth ur at A nn A rbo r and rep rod uced in pop ul ar fo rm in the D ecember N A T U R A L tS r are spok en o f as ” Ba teri an th eo ry o f pear blight wh en as a matt er o f fac t t he ” th ere was no th eo ry in the p resentatio n A s was remarked by o ne of the audito rs at A n n A rbo r, M r A rth ur s paper amo unted to a d emo nst ratio n , and as a d emo nst ratio n it must be accept ed One may as well att empt to co nt rovert a demo nstra EA R
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tio n in geo met ry as to attempt it in thi s case We h ave Observed two pri ncipal vari eti es of d eni al s and bot h ill ust rat e the fac t th at the mi nd untrai ned in the method s of scien tific reaso n i ng is mo st i ncredulo us o f demo nst ratio ns and mo s t h e n e n d It i h ld n h a o cred ulo us o f unp rov ed assertio ns 1 s e o t () th at the bacteria Ob served are an accompaniment and not the cause o f the di sease and thi s in face o f the fact th at all o f Mr A rth ur s i nvestigatio ns were di rected to thi s very poi nt P ro fesso r Burri ll h avi ng lo ng ag o sho wn the p resence of b acteri a beyo nd a do ubt Our ho rt i cul tural fri end s must b ear in mi nd th at Mr A rth ur s wo rk was no t to find wh eth er bacteri a are present in p ear bli g h t Of th at al most any o ne who has access to a mi croscope can sat H e und ertook the sol utio n o f isfy hi msel f wi th but litt le l abo r the very matt er whi ch is no w b ro ught up so cal mly i nn o centl y A nd he made no anno un cement unt il the dem and co n fid ently L et o ur fri end s read the t esti mo ny can o nstratio n was reach ed didly and th ey will be fully sat i sfied upo n thi s poi nt e a r cl ass o f di sbeli ev ers th at wh at Pro s e It i h ld by n oth 2 () fesso r Burrill and M r A rth ur have been w o rki ng upo n is a ki n d uite di st i nct fro m the real S i mo n P ure blig h t o f blight w hi c h is Th wh ch wo rk s s uc h h avo c in the o rc hard s at is we h ave h er e j an attempt to di ag no se o ff h and o ut o f sight and h und red s o f mil es away the di sease to whi ch two trai ned men gave years O f c lo se perso nal st udy But sci enc e is pati ent and no do ubt the nex t wo rk o f M r A rth ur will be the st udy o f cases o f thi s so call ed other ki nd Of blight It will th en be i nteresti ng to k no w wh at new li ne O f do no t beli eve in the bac defense will be set up by those who ” teri an th eo ry Of bli g ht L ate n umbers o f the Botanzsclze Z eitung BOT A NI C A L N EWS e by A co ntai n arti cl es as follows : T he pith rays o f the Co ni fera .
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K leeberg ; T he fo rmatio n and transpo rtatio n o f arbohyd rates in fo li ag e leaves by A F W S chimper ; Jo urnal o f the fifty eighth meet ing o f German natural ists and physi cians in S t rassb urg I n Flora the mo re i mpo rtant recent arti l es are li ch enologi cal co nt rib utio ns by D r J M ii ller Co nt rib utio ns to o ur k no wled ge o f t he d evelop m ent and the anato mi al st ruct ure o f the fruit l eaves (carpo phylls) o f C upress inea and the pl a enta o f A bi e t i nea by A rn o K ramer ; and t he o nti n uatio n o f H G R ei ch en ba h s C o mo rcn Orchid s I n K ramer s paper j ust referred to t he c o nc l us io n is rea h ed that the femal e co ne o f the A biet inea is a s ing le flo wer and no t an i nflo rescence T he scale is reg ard ed as a pl acenta, and begi ns its d evelop ment as an ax ill ary o utg ro wt h fro m the ax il s Of a fruit leaf I n t he D eutsclre botanisclt e Monats sc lrr gft Paul R i ch ter and D r F H auck , the well k n o wn Germ an alg o logi st an no unce the early appearance o f the fi rst fasci l es o f ” a di strib utio n Of alg a und er the tit le o f Phycotheca U n i versali s Each fasc i l e is to co ntai n fi fty n umb ers and will be so ld fo r six t een to eig hteen mark s to I ntendi ng s ub scribers may co rrespo nd wi th Ed K ummer t he well k no wn L eipzig b o o k sell er I n the J uly A ug ust n umb er o f H edw ig ia Pro fes so r Oudem an s d escribes a new speci es o f P ucci ni a o ccurri ng o n Ver onica anag allis in Holland , and to whi h he gi ves the name o f Pucci nia veronica anag allidi s I t is to be look ed fo r in thi s co un T he S eptember October numb er o f the same jo urnal co n t ry tai ns a Co ntrib ut io n to the my cologi c flo ra o f M i sso uri , by D r G \Vi nter and C H Demet rio I n all 3 50 spe i es are enumer ated, many of whi h are desc ribed as new A mo ng the l atter the mos t i n teresti n g are zEculzurn cerastr o n Gerastiurn n utans D iatrype f rn os luen a lt l u r oseola o n dr f e r 1 a b c h e s c u s t i n c t o r D r r a n o a Q , y py y p log ena o n fall en l eaves o fL in odendron tulipifera S pluerella desrnodzi odium canescens o n lang ui shi ng l eaves o f D esm bes id es many F un gi I mperfecti o f the genera Cerco spo ra Phyllosti cta, S ep M C Coo ke o ntrib utes to t he D ecember Grevillea t o ri a etc papers o n New Briti sh F ungi F ungi o f the Mal ayan peni ns ula, Vals a vitis agai n S y nopsi s Py reno mycct um and Briti sh S pha st i mpo rtant paper in t he j our nal of Botany rO s idea T h e m o p ’ fo r N ovember is F N Willi ams E n umerat1o n o f the spec i es and I n all 2 3 5 sp ec i es are cata vari et i es o f the gen us Di anth us L H lo g ued Of whi ch ni ne are d escribed as new t o sci ence Bail ey s Notes o n Carex in N ovember Botanical Gaz ette, are in T he D e ember jour nal of M oo/ogy is terest ing and h elp ful d evoted to A sy nopsi s o f the N A s pe i es o f D imero spo n um and M eliola, by D r Geo Mart i n ; N ew fungi by J B E lli s and It is the i ntentio n o f the managers B M Everh art ; and I nd ex o f thi s jo urnal to i n rease its pop ul ar i nterest by a seri es o f ycolog ists sk etc h es o f t he lives and wo rk s o f the mo re noted m T he j o urnal has as it appears to us, earned a pl ace in bo tani al literat ure, and we hope to see it i n rease its useful ness -
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General N otes
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ENT OM OL
OG Y
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P R EPA R A T OR Y S T A GES OF C A L OC A M PA C I NER I T I A (Gro te) One h und red o r mo re eggs were fo und at Warwi c k R I cl ust ered tog eth er upo n a t wig o f white bi rch May 1oth 1885 m Di ameter of eg g 1 S h aped lik e a d ep ressed c one ribbed ver ti cally and dark gray in colo r They h atch ed in the same day th at th ey were fo und m m — u r i h L arva pon emerg ence L ength 3 c olo l ght bl i s u ; n r e n T r s r s p i kl d i h bl c k p i l g o ly H a d e s r n w o a o f o e e t a e w g p och reo us yellow l arge and p romi nent ; two t ransverse ro ws o f blade t ubercl es in each seg ment each givi ng ri se to a si ngl e si mpl e bl ack h ai r o r b ri stl es H ead likewi se p rovided wi th bl ack warts an d b ri stl es A fter first molt —Passed the fi rst molt after s ix d ay s after wh i c h m m m s u n f r r d i o ly yl i d i l l the length o f the body was 7 c n c n e u a a ; der T wo fro nt pai rs o f pro l egs rudi mentary Head l ess p ro mi nent and g reen co ncolo ro us with t he rest o f the bo dy w hi c h i s slightly d ark er th an b efo re Bl ack t ubercl es di sappeared A s i ngl e t ransv erse ro w o f mi n ut e bl ack b ri stl es in each segmen t h ardly vi sibl e ex cept by the aid of the mi croscope Th ese lo ng i t udinal do rsal and t wo l ateral li nes o f very light g reen Vent ral h al f of the body o f a lighter sh ad e th an the do rsal A fter second molt —Five days l ater th ey b egan to pass the seco n d molt after whi ch th ey measured when ex tended upo n a l eaf m m in l ength 12 Marki ngs same as after the fi rst mol t but mo re p ro no unc ed do rsal po rtio n Of a dark er green and the stri pes c reamy white — A fter thi rd molt A ft er ten d ays th ey passed the thi rd mo lt m m c r e L en gt h 29 r u n f m s r c olo i o y llo i h g p o o n d e w e e n A n u r ; white st ripe runn i ng the whol e lengt h o f t he body o n each s id e and abo ve thi s a much narro wer subdo rsal st ripe o n eac h si d e o f Five st ripes in all Do rsal po rt ion o f t he the s i ngl e do rsal li ne body sprinkl ed with white S pecks A ll the pro l egs fully d e T
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l ater it passed the fo urth mo l t m m L ength 30 Body straight and cy li nd ri cal H ead and fi rs t seg m ent l arge and p ro m i nent thi cker th an the rest o f the b o d y at Colo r of body below red di s h o ch reo us h ead o f H ead rath er fl a light er sh ad e A narro w lo ngit udi nal white st ripe runn i ng t he enti re l en gth o f the body b etween th ese st ripes a ri ch yello wis h b rown A dark b ro wn velvety st ripe runni ng down the cent er Of the back with a V sh aped mark Of t he same c olo r o n eac h s eg ment with the openi ng to wards the h ead A fter ten d ays mo re w it ho ut any i ndi catio n of passi n g ano t h er mol t the l arva underwen t a very decided change Th ey l o st en ti rely th ei r velvety look and ass umed the g reasy appearance o f cut wo rms c urli n g th em selves up wh en di st urb ed seeki ng ret i re days
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gro up of n o ct uid l arv a Bei n g t rans ferred to a cage p rovid ed with eart h th ey at o nce b uri ed th emsel ves but came o ut at night to feed Th ey co nti nued thi s li fe fo r p erh aps a fo rt night wh en th ey g rad ually left o fl feed ing J ust wh en p upatio n o cc urred it was i mpo ss ibl e to tell as the larv a remai n ed in the g ro und so me ti me in a to rpid state b efo re t hi s c h ange took pl ace and at thi s ti me many o f t hem di ed T he p up a whi ch had b een reserv ed for d escriptio n w ere unfo rt unat ely d estr o yed by mi ce Th ey were o f a dark shi ni ng bro w n colo r rath er thi ck and bl unt at the anal ex t remity and T he molts emerged fro m the so mewh at fl att ened at the tho rax 20th to the 3oth o f S eptemb er so me two mo nth s o r mo re after — a a r L d r i u n o w l k P r o v tio p ob bly took pl r H a a c e C a p p .
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s n e W i r s e M o aPnOL oov or L E PtD OPT EaA t he Z eitscl m fifi Z oologi e fo r Oct 2 7 N C ho lo dkovsky states th at it has b een .
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fo und th at th ree spe i es o f the L inna an genus Ti nea possess o nly two M alpi ghi an vessel s a mo st unex pected ph eno meno n, and until the present ti m e an i sol at ed fact in i nsect anato my , u n l ess we except cert ai n C o ccida , whi ch h ave been fo und by L ey d ig and Mark to al so po ssess but two Malpighi an t ubes On the oth er h and , C ho lo dkovsky has fo un d in Galleria mellon ella L i nn a very pec uli ar fo rm o f M alpighi an v essel whi ch up to n o w has b een d escrib ed in no oth er i n sect s, an d whi ch o n ly fi nds its parall el amo ng the A ra h nid a T hi s exampl e is an ill ust ratio n, he says o f the utter i nco mpl eteness of o ur p resent k no wl edge o f ,
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i nsect anato my I n several femal e N ematois .
metallicas Pod C ho lo dskovsky fo un d th at eac h ov ary co nsi st ed o f n ot l ess th an twelve and in T he n umb er o f eg g t ubes in L epi o ne case twenty eg g t ub es do ptera g enerally is fo ur T here is o n ly a si n gl e k no wn excep ti o n to this rul e D r A l exander Brandt in 187 6 di scovered th at Psy che helix: po ssessed o n eac h sid e s ix egg t ubes whil e Pro fes Brandt stated verbally th at S esia scoliiformzs po ssesses so r Ed fo urteen eg g t ubes C ho lo dko vsky th en d escribes the ex ternal and i nt ernal gen i tali a o f N emato is and in d escribi ng the o vipo sito r refers to the much mo re highly o rganized ovipo si to r o f the co mmo n ho use moth (Tineola oiselliella A ll L epidoptera po ssess two co mpo und testes whi c h in the b e r are unit ed by a co m pli cat ed set o f cov eri n gs i nto reater n um g an unpai red o rgan S i nce each testi s co ns i sts o f fo ur semi nal fol li c les t hey are in every res pect ho mologo us with the eg g t ubes o f plete an d c lear ho molog y al es Th ere is anato mi cally a c o m the fem bet ween the femal e and male sex ual gl and s Oi the L epidoptera This fact is not wi tho ut S ign ifi cance in the mo rphology o f L epi d optera es peci ally si nce it beco mes a li n k co nnec ti n g the Phry .
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General N otes
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with the L epidoptera tho ug h o nly from fo rms alli ed to the Phryganida is the phyl ogeneti c d erivatio n o f the L epidop tera a n g
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ivabl e H e al so fi nds a small chitino us ri ng at the end o f the abd o men o f the m al e whi c h he regards as the rudi ment Of a t enth abdo mi nal seg ment C ho lodkovsky regard s these cases o f the occ urrence o f p ri mi tive c haracters in L epidoptera as i nstances o f a periodi cal atavi s m o r ret rogressio n to the mo st p ri mitive fo rm o f anato mica l st rue t ure I n co ncl usio n the autho r with go od reas o n fi nd s faul t w ith thi nki ng it artifi c ial and absurd t o the t erm M i crol epidop tera c lassi fy ani mal s by th ei r size alo ne nce
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aT s or L OC US T S A T S A N L u1s POT OS 1, M Ex1co , 1885
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—W e
have re eived the fo llo wi n g d escripti on o f a flight o f l oc usts at S an L ui s Pot osi , Mex i co in a l etter d ated J une 9 1885 , fro m D r G Barra ta, well k no wn as one o f the mo st c ul tivated sc ien tists in Mex i co On the 3 t st May a lo ud o f g rassh oppers ame fro mthe N E and S E to thi s c ity , an d remai ned abo ut th ree ho urs, l eavi n g o nly o n acco unt of ro kets , the ri ngi ng o f bell s and every ki n d o f N ever befo re in thi s cent ury h ave lo c ust s i nvad ed th is n oi se l and By thi s ail I send a t in box wi th sampl es Th ose in whit e paper reach ed a year ago certai n places of the state, 150 mil es east o f thi s c i ty , and at the altit ude o f 3000 feet abo ve the sea Th ey were colle ted in R ioverde, aud then the clo ud t oo k I n the afo resaid bo x , tho se in bl ue its way to the so uth east paper belo ng to t he i nvadi ng swarm whi ch vi si ted t he c i ty o n May 3 t st I found no di fferen e b etween th em, and suppose th em t o be the p rogeny o f the swarms noti ced in 1884 , o r, at ” l east , the same speci es Un fo rt unately the speci mens were never received , so th at we A S Packard are unabl e to give the name Of the spec i es ,
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fact whi h has L ONGEvrrY OF A s s s e ob e r v a tio n h a b e n h u n e x p e d l o n vi e e res ulted fro m m e t t t y y g T he general Opi nio n used to be th at o f th ese i nterest i n g i nsects th ey l ived fo r a S i ngle seaso n li ke wasps A ri stotle lo ng ag o ueen bees live fo r s ix and so me ev en seven years stated th at Bevan, ho wever ob serves that the no tio ns o f both anc i ents an d mo derns upo n the subj ect h ave been purely co nj ect ural I ndeed , it appears to be so mewhat do ubtful wh ether t he l ength o f li fe w hi ch the fo rmer seem t o h ave att rib uted to i n divid ual b ees was ” not meant to apply t o the ex i st ence o f each bee co mmuni ty T he nests, ho wever, whi ch I h ave d evi sed have enabl ed me to th ro w co ns id erabl e l ight o n thi s uestio n T he ueen ants are s o o w easily di sti ng ui sh e r o m t e rkers t hat th ey can be at o nce h f d identified , whil e, if a nest be tak en in whi h th ere is n o ueen, we can sati sfy o urselves as to the wo rk ers ; b ecause, tho ug h it is true '
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Entomology that wo rkers do
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ggs those egg s i nvariably pro duce mal e an ts H ence in s uch a case the d uratio n of the nest h s o h e w r n i s e s u t e a f t o k e r a t l e a s t th e y c a n ot b yo u n g e v e e r ; g g tho ugh o f c o urse th ey may be Older I n thi s way I h av e k ept wo rk ers of L asius niger and Formica fusca fo r mo re th an seven r w m s l a u t h t i s m o e r e a r k bl e t i l I h a v e n w u e s e a rs B a o w o t e n y o f the latter spec i es w hi c h I h ave k ept ever si nce 187 4 and whic h as th ey were th en full gro wn must be no w nearly twelve r e i f e e s a n s r f old h y l d til gg g i thi y t i t e r a e a c h e n e r e s a T a a a t y A ltho ugh a littl e stifl est o f wh ic h phys iologi sts will rec ogn ize in t he joi nts and l ess acti ve th an they o nce were th ey are stil l st ro n g an d well and I ho pe I may still k eep th em in h ealth fo r — m o r a R e v i r so m e ti e to c o me S ir jol mL ubbock in Contem e w y p s
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I n the Pro ceedi ngs o f the Entomo ENT OMOL OGI C A L N EWS lo gi al S oc iety of Bel g i um, D ec 5 the venerabl e S enato r M de S elys L o ng h amps gives the o utli nes of a revi s i o n Of the T he Z citsclzrift fi ér Wi ssen Z oolog ie, October 27 , A g rio nines co ntai ns an el abo rat e arti cl e o n t he anato my of the Malloph ag a, by F Gro sse ; it gives ex cell ent fig ures o f the mo uth part s M r L Bruner p ubli sh es in the Bulleti n Of the Washb urn Coll ege labo rato ry o f nat ural hi sto ry a fi rs t o nt rib utio n to a k no w l edge ” with d escriptio ns o f a numb er o f o f the Orthopt era o f Kansas , I n the same publi catio n M r F W C ragi n n ew spe i es ertai n My rio po d s and A ra h nid s o f Kansas In n o ti es t he Memoi rs o f the Natio nal A ad emy o f S i ences, M r S H S udd er describes and fig ures a Terti ary Orthopod ;it has no dis ti n t h ead It is referred to the Thysanurans, and regard ed as We w o uld add, th at the ty pe o f a s ubo rd er all ed Ballos to ma t he thysanuro us h ara t ers do no t seem to be well mark ed, whil e it is possible th at the speci mens , tho ugh numero us, had lo st th ei r I n D r A gassiz repo rt as curato r b f the M useum o f heads C o mparative ZoOlogy , it is stated th at the museum has received fro m the Peabody A ademy of S ci ence at S al em the mo st i mpo rt oll ectio n o f inse ts ever added to the museum It co n ant t ains a l arge number o f types d escrib ed by pro mi nent A meri can T he collect io n, we may add, was and European ento molo g i st s It co ntai ns b ro ught togeth er mai n ly by Pro fesso r A S Packard a larg e pro po rtio n o f Pa k ard s types, i n l udi ng tho se o f his mo nograph of geomet rid moth s, o f wh i ch o n ly fo ur spe ies are wanting, and ni ne des ribed by him from speci mens belo ng i ng to o lo g i sts It al so o mp ri ses types o f M r Gro te and o ther ento m t he l ate V T Ch ambers, as wel l as types o f Z ell er, S taudi nger, Foerster, Walk er, etc -
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e F b r u r a y [
S C OR P1ON S S T 1NG — A 1ready an an tidote has b een di s overed to the sti ng o f sco rpio ns, whi ch , al tho ug h rarel y fatal is ex t remely pai nful w hil e the poi so n is c losely alli ed to th at o f the v eno mo us s nak es M r A M Markh am, o fthe I ndi an C iv i l S ervi ce has wri tten to o ne o f the I ndi an papers calli ng attenti o n to the fact th at the ro ot o f A c/zy r antlzes aspera k no wn po pul arl y o rds al mo st i nstantaneo us reli ef fro m t he p ai n as clurclzirra afl caused by the sti n g o f a sco rpio n T he pl an t is v ery c o mmo n every wh ere in I ndi a an d is o ne o f tho se who se c li ngi ng b urrs are such a n ui sance o n o ne s l egs w h en o ut S hooti ng T he roo t , macerated in water is appli ed to the part st ung and a small uan tity is d runk in water I f thi s be do ne ui kly , th ere is ab sol utel y n o pai n h al f an ho ur o r so af ter the sti ng i nst ead o f the t welve to t wenty fo ur ho urs o f i ntense s ufferi n g whi ch follo w an untreat — n o n o n t a n d s ti d d a r d e L S g A
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NT I DOT E T O T H E
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— B K E M r Wald emar C zerniaw C T LA C S A sky , al ready k n o wn fo r his wo rk s o n t he fauna o f t he Bl ack sea, w r r a o k o n C u s t e a d h has now p ubli sh ed at C hark o fl t e a c eca , poda Po nti ca littoralia acco mp ani ed by several pl ates bei ng a very el abo rate desc rip tio n o f the Bl ack S ea D ecapods T he n um ber o f Po nti c speci es o f D ecapod s has b een i ncreased by t wen ty , ero us vari eti es, t ho ug h reachi ng th us fo rty eight S pec i es with n um it wi ll p robably be g reater wh en the d epth s Of the Black sea have been bet ter ex plo red T he result s of thi s wo rk are n umero us and i nteresti ng T he spe i es o fler altogeth er a very g reat vari ety o f T he Bl ack sea co nt ai ns the lo cal fo rms o f M edi terranean fo rms vari eti es w hil e in the C elti c reg io n are fo und the local fo rms o f oth er vari eti es T he autho r asserts th at the metamo rpho si s Of the s up erio r crab s, such as C arci n us, whi ch p resent s n i ne di fferent s tages, are a repetitio n o f th ei r g enealo gy , and arri ves at a seri es o f very i nt eresti ng co ncl usio ns as to the genealogy o f di fferent spe c i es A ll th ree sp ecies o f A stac us whi c h are fo und in the Po nt o Caspi an fauna are mariti me fo rms whi c h have i mmigrated i n t o s weet water and ev en the A stacus packypus R athk e, o f t he mo untai n like A b ran is a remai nder o f a mari ti me fauna ; so al so T helphuca whi ch has giganti representativ es in the S o uth C as s reach really giganti c s iz e in the Po n to C as i C t i b a e r a n c r a n p m as o n t he a i gio a n s uc h as Eripkia spinifr on s and Carcinus m n r e p s ho res o f C ri m ea and at Odessa W hil e mo st crab s reac h a g reat development o nly in very sal t and warm water, others rea h the T he D eca sam e size und er the i nfl uence o f reverse co nditio ns pod s o f the A zo f sea have no t yet been ex plo red T he descrip tio ns of the speci es an d th ei r vari eti es bei ng gi ven in L ati n, as al so the ex pl anatio ns to t he pl at es the wo rk is ren d ered acces s i ble to all zo dlog ists many o f w ho m ho wever w ill reg ret no t to be abl e to und erstand the notes (mostly zo d to pog raphical an d so m eti mes addi n g mi no r d etail s to the d escriptio n) whi h are i n R ussi an N ature, M arch 5 , 1885 R US T A C EA
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T
M OL T rNG
— D uri ng
past seaso n I h ave been abl e to mak e s o me ob servatio ns o n the mod e of mo lt i n g o f the lob ster I n Casco bay M ai ne the lobst er mol ted d uri n g t he seco nd and thi rd week o f J uly A cco rdi ng to the l ob ster fishermen t he c reat ure molts but o nce a year and as co n fi rmato ry Of thi s the lob st ers we saw were in several cases c overed w i th patc h es o f polyzoans w ith l arge b arnacl es mussel s etc w hi ch c o uld not hav e b een Of the present year s g ro wth S ho rt ly befo re the an i mal molt s t he parts bet ween the segments are much sw ol len and h ave a li vid colo r M eanwhi l e the i nner — s id e o f the fl at tened b asal j oi nts 3 5) o f the l arge c l aws b eco me ( s o ft t he li me o n the crust part ly di sapp eari ng l eavi ng an irreg u lar oval s olid po rt io n ; in thi s way t he co nt en t s Of the l arge h an d T he o r c l aw can be d raw n th ro ugh the b asal po rtio n o f the li mb fi rs t step in t he ecdysi s is the spli tti n g o r partial separatio n o f t he two h al ves o f the carapace ; it may en t i rely separate po ste ri o rly o r the tw o h alves remai n togeth er an d the ani mal w it h draws its body o ut o f t he s ut ures b et ween the tho rax and fi rs t abdo mi nal seg men t T he i nt eg ument o f the l egs is molted las t an d wh en o wi ng to ro ugh h andli n g the p ro cess is del ayed t he ex t remiti es o f the l egs slo ug h o ff T he enti re i nteg umen t w i t h all t he ap pen dag es o f the head tho rax an d the abdo men are mo lted as a w hol e but the ab do mi nal l egs are molted b efo re the t h o rac i c o nes I h ave fo un d all the parts o f the crust con ” lob ster car even i ncl udi ng t he nected and flo ati n g in the li n i n g o f the pro ventricle o r sto mach and the apod emes Of t he head and tho rax A fter the molt the so ft and fl abby lob ster li es n early motio nl ess o cc as io nally if di sturb ed givi n g a fl ap wit h ” “ its tail It remai ns i nac tive for nearly o r uite a week until th e new crust bec o mes h ard I am c o nvi nced fro m my ob servatio ns th at the d efo rmiti es in t he big cl aws as wel l as oth er p art s o ccur at the ti me o f molt i n g ; as after di st urbi n g the sy mmet ry o f the c l aws in o ur speci — men the d efo rmi ty persi st ed A S Packard — s T H E OL D ES T T A R S US (A rch ego aurus) T he N eues J ah rb uc h — ffi r M i neralo gi e J ah rgan g 186 1 pp 294 300 c o ntai ns a paper by P ro fesso r uensted t o f T iibingen : Bemerk ungen zum A rc h e ” s 1 n nect ed w ith t hat arti c l e a n early s a u r u n t e 1 1 Pl o o a c O g T he tarsal s en tire hi nd foot o f A rch egosaurus is fig ured (fig o f th i s foot are p reserv ed in th ei r o ri g i nal po sitio n an d it is o f very high i nterest ;b ut st range to say t hi s fig ure Of A rc heg osau r u s has b een enti rely overlook ed and is never men tio ned in any r rel ati n g to t he tarsus o f vert eb rat es e a p p P ro fesso r uenstedt b eli eves th at th ere are ten or t welv e tarsal b o nes p reserv ed T he uestio n no w is W hat are t he ho mologi es o f th ese bo nes i On the whol e the hi nd foot recal ls v ery much th at o f C rypto b ranch us an d Men opo ma One o r perh ap s t wo b o nes are con HE
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F u a r r b e [ y,
with the t ibi a ; if th ere is only one, this must be th e t ibi al e T wo el ements are attac h ed to t he fibula the i ntermedi u m Fo ur metatarsal s are p reserved , but it is po s and t he fibulare Each of the fo ur met atarsal s is s up s ibl e th at t here were five sta l i r e h e B w d o t d r l bo n e t n t h e f o u bo n s o f t e b o e t a s e e e r n a y p seri es and those o f the p ro x i m al o ne th ere are to be seen fou r T he i nner o ne I co nsider the tarsaleb b el ong additio nal bo nes T he remai n i ng th ree bo nes ing to t he fi rst d igit not p reserved must be co ns idered as th ree cent ral bo nes I f t wo bo nes are o nnected wit h the ti bia the o uter o ne repre sen ts t he t ibiale, t he o th er o ne a cent ral e, reachi ng the tibi a in th e I n thi s case we sam e way as in S alamandrella (W ieders heim) Bet ween t he fibulare and tarsal e, there have fo ur cent ral bo nes is a l arge sp a e w itho ut any bo nes Th ere is littl e do ubt I t hi nk , that th ere ex i sted a si x th tarsal bo ne in the di stal seri es, as in C ryptob ranchus, remai ni ng cartilagi no us, and therefo re not pre nected
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v d W iedersheim d escrib ed th ree c entral bo nes in the tars us of the x o lotl ; fig 8 pl xxx co m es n earest to t he co nditio n in A rch e
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T here are two ex pl anatio ns o f the mo rphology o f the t arsus in rc h ego saurus if th ere are five d igits 1 Tibi al e i ntermedi um fib ulare ; cent rale, centrale” cent rale, ; ,
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Tibial e i ntermedi um fib ulare ; central e, central e, central e, cent ral e4 ; tars “ A rc h eg o saurus b elo ngs to the R hac hito mi the o ld est bat ra c h tans k no wn The presence of certainty three perhaps four central bones is a new proof for the correctness of the position g iven to this 2
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Pro essor
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G Baur , Yale Colleg e M us” N ew .
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—T he Pelyc osauri a of
T H E I NT ER C EN I R U M or L 1V 1NG R EPT 1L 1A the Permi an fo rmatio ns possess i nt ercent ra in the do rsal , l umbar I n no livi ng reptil e have i ntercentra b een and sac ral regio ns described so far as I k no w, in th at part o f t he col umn, ex epti ng 2 in S phenod o n (H atteri a) I find them al so in Gecko ver ticillatus I n th ese fo rms i ntercent ra are d eveloped L aur (G verus Gray) bet ween all v ert eb ra It is p robable th at the same el ements wil l be fo und in the oth er Gecko nida and in the amphica lian Uroplates, the o nly gen us o f t he family Uroplatida L umbar i ntercent ra in the Mammali a are fi rst menti oned by ' ‘ Owen in the mol e Meyer fi nds th ese el ements al so in the pos 1 W iedersheim R Ueber die Vermehrung des Os centrale 1m C arpus und T arsus des A xo lo t ls l Morph Jahrb Bd v1 1880 pp 581— 8 x xx 5 3 p ‘
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S ee A lbrecht, Bull Mus R oy H ist N at Belgium, 1883 , p 190 Owen, R On the cervical and lumbar vertebra o f the mole T alpa Brit A ssoc R ep 186 1, pp 15 2 154 L ondon , 186 2 Meyer, 0 I nsectivoren und Galeopithecus geologisch alte Formen a h rb filr Min d 2 1 8 8 B 1 1 22 0 , , 9 3 J 5 pp .
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G Baur , Yale Colleg e M us
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—R esearch es i nto
I NT ER C ENT R U M 1N S PH ENODON the em b ryol o gy o f the U rodel a and A n ura have not yet b ro ught to light any t races o f the rhachito mo us st ruct ure ; a co nditio n o f t hi ngs w hi ch is p robably due to ca no geny o r fal si ficatio n o f the emb ry — r r o ni e eco d a ph eno meno n whi ch is not unco mmo n Th ere can be no do ubt ho wever th at the enti re reco rd was p resented in the embry o n i c hi st o ry o f Permi an l and Vert eb rata an d fo r a lo ng u e i o d s u l h h i m u s r s a e n t y r c h s t h a s b e e n e e b u a o t t h a t t e t o b p g q w ith the tr ue centrum l ost from the bat rac hi an li ne at least T he o nly ex i sti ng reptil e whi ch co uld be ex pected to S ho w i mpo rtan t t rac es o f the ancest ral o r embolo mero us stage is S ph enodo n Thi s e n u s i s n h s w a s w e ll k o n i s t livi g e t t iv t o r d r r a n r e e n e o f h e e e g p R hy nch oceph ali a the nearest o rd er to t he Th ero mo rph a H avi ng fo rtunately a speci men in al cohol p resented to me by D r H ecto r the ab l e di rec to r o f t he Geolo g i cal S urvey o f N ew Zeal and I exami ned the caud al v erteb ra to d etermi ne the co nnectio ns o f the c h evro n bo nes I find th ese to be attach ed not p ri ncipally to the cent ra but to a cartil agi no us di sc i fo rm i ntercent rum 2 cl o sel rum has so m e n n r e s e bli n th a t o f C r i c ot u T h e i t r c e t s y g much the fo rm i ncl udi ng the ro unded superio r surface and the fo ramen c ho rda do rsali s o f th at o f t he Permi an gen us of Ba trachia as to impress o n me still mo re st ro ng ly t he p rob ab i lity o f t he E mbo l omeri bei ng the bat rac hi an typ e whi ch is ancest ral to the R eptili a A n ill ust rated memoi r o n thi s subj ect is at p resent in p ress T he cent ra difl er much fro m tho se o f C ri cot us in th ei r fo rm resembli ng in o utli ne tho se o f the P elyco sauri a T hey ho wev er have t he verti cal medi an parti al sut ure seen al so in the L acert ili a as al ready d escribed by Gii nther T he caudal vert eb ra are s o r s u a m r s w a r a d lly odifi d a s w ollo w d th e m f w d ho v e r to e e f e o a e g make it probabl e that th ese h alves do not represent any o f the elements o f the rhachito mo us c ol umn b esid es t he t rue cent rum I add that th ere 13 p robably a hypo cent rumpl eural e 1n the cer They b ec o me o ssifiéd vical regio n of t he rhachito mo us Eryop s early wit h t he po sterio r sid e o f the i nt ercent rum in fro nt o f — E D Cope t h em T HE
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T A as us OF BA T s I a the co urse of so me recent o b sor O vatio ns made upo n t he tars us o f bats , I ascertai ned t hat the astrag alus and al aneum were elo ngate and ex hibi ted t he general hara ters o f these bo nes in mammals in whi ch little o r no wei g h t N THE
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On the Batrachian I ntercentrum N A T uaA u sr
p 76 ’ ’ S ince the above was written, Vol 11, t 11, of Fritsch s Fauna der Gaskohle has p com I t contains a note on the i ntercentra of S phenodo n e to hand ,
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1866 ,
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u r F e r a b [ y
General N otes
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bo rne upo n the po sterio r ext remiti es Both bo nes were so d is po sed th at the l arger end o f each is d i rected p ro x i mally T h e general fo rm was th at o f a metatarsal el ement w i th the ex cep tio n o f the body o r sh aft wh i ch was notably narro wed I n is
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C arollia
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Chilonycteri s
R hynchonycteris
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A talapha u fi b l a ib i t t a cr n calcaneum; a, ; , , ; f cuneifo rms so, supernumerar i s l os c e y ,
astragalus ; s,
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R hinOI Ophus the al caneum entered i nto the ankl e joi nt I n the o ther fo rms exami ned the cal caneum was i ndep enden t o f the
I n the Phy llostomida (as well as in N atalus and R hy n cho nyct eris ) t he al ar o f the cal aneum was pl aced in ax i al li ne w ith th at o f the bo ne l as t named I n oth er famili es the cal car was adjoi ned to the cal caneum at t he o uter sid e and near the m r u h a o x i l e n T h e a s t r a g l u s a n d l c a e m w e r e e a r ly o f d n n t e a a p same s ize in mo st fo rm I n the s , th e c al caneum b ei ng the l arger aberran t fo rm R hyncho nycteris the ast ragal us was nearly t wi ce I h ave append ed a few di ag ram t he l eng th o f the cal caneum mat ic sketch es o f the tarsus T he method employed in st udyi ng the tars us c o nsi sted in t e mo vi n g all the so ft parts o f t he foot , i mmersi ng in absol ute al c o h o l t ransferri ng to Oil o f c loves and mo unti ng on a gl ass slide A lo w po wer o f the mi ro scope resolves all the essenti al struct ures
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— BrsON L at e i ss ues of the
A M ER I C A N S t Paul “ Pion eer Press repo rt : R eli abl e co wboys j ust arrived in M il es City M o nt repo rt th at at the L o wer M usselshell ro und up th ey saw a fres h t rail o f abo ut 100 b ufl alo o n the h ead o f the Big Po rcupi ne last week and had seen t welv e h ead a few d ays b efo re Th ey k ill ed o ne o ut Of the t welve T he number o f w ild an i mal s o n the N o rth Yello wsto ne rang es have proved no t o nly a so urce o f an age to th ese newly n oyance to h erd o wn ers but al so o f g reat dam s toc ked ran ges R o und up parti es, in sco uri ng tho se d i st ri cts thi s c o mpl ai n o f the g reat n umber Of calves kill ed and cri p s p ri ng w u l e d by o e a d o t h e w ild ni m a l s C st er creek calv es l v s n r a n O p w ere fo und th at s uffered fro m to rn and bi tt en b ack s whi ch the H ad the calves b een b o ys att rib uted to t he attack s Of w ild cats h amst rung t he wo rk w o uld h ave b een charged to wol ves i nstead T he lo ss fro m t he above so urce is p rob ably greater Of w ild ats ” T he Magi n ni s boys met t h an mo st peopl e wo uld i magi ne o n th ei r l ast t rip p rob ably the l ast remnan t o f the mighty h erd s o f A bo ut 200 wand erers b i so n that o nce roamed over th ese pl ai n s w ere enco untered in Fl at willo w C reek botto ms, an d fo r a ti me the ps i nstead o f choi ce r o und up lived o n succ ul en t, j ui cy b uffalo h um ” For est and S tream M o ntana beef R
A NG E o r T H E
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l nvertebrata P ro fesso r H C arpenter, Z OOL OGl C A L N Ews reviewi ng the arg um ent s o f the French nat urali sts agai nst, and o f t he Germ an in favo r o f, the sep arateness o f the blood system an d water va uum system in echi nod erms, states his b eli ef in th ei r s eparateness L ud wig s Observatio ns h ave as yet not b een dis n o o ne has ascertai ned th at the blood vascul ar sy stem e s r ov d a p co mmun i at es w ith the ex terio r th ro ugh t he mad repo rite Five new Bulimini fro mthe L evant h ave been d esc rib ed by D r 0 T he ni nth part o f the d escri ptio n Be ttg er (P Z S 183 5 by the l ate T G J effreys Of the M oll usca Of the L ig htning N aticida , and P or cupine ex peditio ns co ntai ns t he Y anthinida Neritida , S o lanida , X enophorida , V elutinida , Cancellariada , -
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A po rrhaida C erithnda , and C erithiopsida , seventy five spe ies in all T he wo rm Gordius verrucosus obtai ned by Mr Joh nsto n anj aro , is fo und al so in S o uth A fri a, C eylo n and Cen o n Kili m t ral A meri ca A river crab fro m Kili manj aro is by M r E J Mi ers referred , wi th so me h esitatio n, to Thelphusa depressa -
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— Mr W Batrachia and R eptilia J o ur Mic S oc 1885) so me no tes
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B S pencer co nt rib utes ( uart ent o f o n the early d evel o p m R ana temporaria, with especi al referen e to the fate o f t he blasto po re, and the develop ment o f the crani al nerves, whi ch seems to be a mo re ancest ral p ro ess than the method o f thei r development in E las mob ranchs and bi rd s G A Bo ulenger describes (P Z S 1885 2 2) a new speci es o f frog R ana macronemis fro m L epidosternon I ts nearest ally is R temporaria A si a M i no r s d e u u o t s t e r n i s zili m h s a n id w ith a h a p e g d c b r a a n a i o B r a p ly g p ti ng sno ut an d s i ng ular sc utell atio n o f the top of t he h ead By means o f its s no ut it has been k no wn to cut its way th ro ug h the s id e o f a co ral snak e wh i h had s wallo wed it .
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Birds —M r
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T H Guillemard (P roc 206 1 S oc L o n gives a p rovi s io nal li st o f the bi rds k no wn to i nh abi t t he S ul u archipel ag o These are si xty five in all i ncl udi ng s i x t een pre I f bi rd s Of w id e di stri butio n are vio usly li sted by Mr S h arpe d ed uc ted thi rty ni ne S pec i es are l eft o ut o f whi ch t hi rty are fo rmed in the Phillipines P ro fesso r W Watso n has co n trib uted to t he P ro c Zo dl S o c L o ndo n s o me i nt erest i n g n otes i o n Per uvi an bi rds H e has redi sc overed the clifls wallo w Petro chelido n ruficollts P eal e Thi s bi rd was lo ng searched for in the T he A ndean valleys and was ulti mately fo und close to L i ma nest is al ways fo un d o n h um Psittacula andicola an h abi tatio ns is a parrot whi ch is pec uli ar to t he high er part s o f the western vall eys Of Peru and o cc urs in the val ley Of the R i mac wherever vegetat io n is o n the mo untai n sides Cy pselus andicola i nhabi ts the western vall ey s Of the Peruvi an A nd es fro m 6 000 t o feet T he bi rd s b ro ught by Mr H H Joh nsto n fro m Kili man j aro i ncl ude fi fty S peci es Of whi ch six M uscicapa johnstoni Pina t r ochroa hy ospadi a P m ola axi llar rs N ectar inca j ohnstoui and m c p kikirnensis an d Cinniris mediocris are new to sci ence T he seco nd feet ; the thi rd at Of th ese o cc urs at a h eigh t o f Few o f the remain and the l ast at the fo urth at ing speci es reach th ese g reat el evat io ns b ut Palurn bus ar gua feet and Cor vultur albicollzs reach es up to the trix att ai ns s no w li ne M r F E Beddard divi des the C uculida i nt o C uc u li na with the genera C uc ul us C hry so coccyx C aco mantis and C occy stes ? fro m the Old Wo rld and S auro thera D iplopterus Pi aya and Co ccyz us fro m the New ; Phen icophaina wit h the Old Wo rld genera Phenicopha s and Endy namis ; and C entropo di na wi th Py rrhocento r Cent rop us and Co ua fro m t he Old Wo rld and Geo coccyx C rotophaga aud Gui ra fro m the N ew .
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Embry ology
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— m a m ls Mr S idebotham (Pro c 20 6 1 S oc L o ndo n 1885) O n m f r opo ssum v s a d e t il e d a cc o u t o f h yology t h w t e e a t e e a i g T he di scovery of the wild cat (Fel is Chironectes varieg atus catus) in I rel and is Often repo rted but i nvestigatio n has al way s en Of the S h o wn t hat the suppo sed wild cat was b ut a feral spec i m A l eopard S ki n in whi ch mo st Of the rosettes are do mesti c cat repl aced by bl ack spo t s n um ero us and o f s mall s ize has b een b ro ught fro m S o uth A fri ca and is the fi rst A fri can S peci es whi c h ex hibi ts t he tend ency to mel ani sm so st ro ngly d eveloped m so me dis M r 0 Tho mas (P Z S 1885 A s i atic i ndivid ual s t in g uishes th ree vari eti es o f the ec hid na viz : E law esi aculeata T he o nly remai ni ng recent spec i es Of the family 13 an d setosa ni a l arger ani m al fo und in N o rth western N ew T ag /ossa bruij A new S peci es o f paca (Ca log eny s tacs onowskt) is de G ui nea ann who obtai ned it in West ern Ec uado r wh ere sc ribed by S ulz m feet abov e the sea it i n h abi ts mo untai ns between 6000 and L ike the well k no wn paca it digs a b urro w w i th two openi ngs T he native name is S ac h a cui Ma
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FII I BR Y
T H E OR 1O1N OF T H E A
OL OG Y
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— M N I ON T he p urpo se Of the p resent no te .
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is to poi nt o ut so me o f the mechan i cal co nditio ns and auses w hi ch h ave been co mpetent , in the co urse o f the development of No d evelopment, to b ri ng abo ut t he fo rmatio n o f the amn io n emb ryologi al w riter, as far as I amaware, has ev er att empt ed to t race the amnio n to the part in the emb ryo s o f anamniated fo rms w hi ch led up to its d evelop ment in the amniated o nes Balfo ur “ it does not seem possible to derive it fro m any pre said t h at ” s Co m p m b yol 1 A n d s a y u r t h r E 1 e f e ex i sti ng o rgan h r ( , ‘ o i t m i l t n c T a i n i s h e e r ly d v e lop m e t O f h e d fl i u a e c t , ( p y ” t he h ead fol d o f t he amn io n Bal fo ur s vi ew th at it is develop ed a r i passu wi th the o utg ro wth o f t he all antoi s, is ut terly inade p u e e n h a t t o x pl i t g e e s i io o f i s c t s o r h a t f a e n s h e m n n n e t o o f t a q P er rpatus edwardsii and P torquatus for in th em no all antoi s is H is hypot hesi s also b reaks do wn in the light Of the fo rmed b rilli ant research es of S el enk a o n the i nv ersio n o f the l ay ers in t he R od enti a A co mpari so n o f the lo ngit udi nal , vert i al di ag rammat i sec t io ns, fig ures A and B o f an o sseo us fish eg g and a mammali a o v um respe tively , will .
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o nc l usi vely S ho w th at t he so matopl eure s in A is the exact ho mo I og ue o f the layer se to i v i n g r i t h e g n ioti c fol ds in B am t ho ug h in A t hi s l ayer merely c overs the space c
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Ed ited by J OH N A
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S mithso nian I nstituti on ,
Washington
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u a r F e b r [ y
General Notes
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between the yolk y and the so matopl eure l eavi ng the ce lo mi c s p ace c whi ch has b een derived di rectly in the osseo us fish emb ryo fro m the c l eavage cavity of the egg We th us find t hat the preé x isting st ruct ure fro m whi ch the amnioti c fold s are fo rmed in the high er types is al ready p resent in the emb ryo s o f osseo us fi sh es T he nex t i mpo rtant poi nt to d emo nstrate is at wh at grad e in t he phyl um o f t he Cho rdata t races o f amnioti c folds fi rst appear and wh ether such rudi ments o f an amnio n are al s o fo und in the emb ryo s o f osseo us fi s hes G l anc i n g at A it will be seen th at th ere are rudi mentary amn i ’ oti c head and tai l fold s developed at a and a and th at we th ere fo re h ave t rac es Of an amnio n appeari ng fo r the fi rst ti me in Thi s is not universal emb ryo s o f t he g rade o f o sseoas fi sh es ho wever fo r it is fo und th at in speci es in whi ch the zo na radi ata 2 do es no t clo sely i n vest the ov um the emb ryo E is no t p ressed do wn i nto the V it ell us so as to rai se the so matopleure s i nto a fol d o r d upli cat ure aro und t he ends and alo ng the S i des o f T he zo na i nvests the ov um mo re o r l ess clo sely in the emb ryo al mo st all Tel eo st s b ut in a few A lo sa fo r ex ampl e it does no t an d in t hi s s pec i es n c t races o f amn ioti c fol ds are ever d eveloped T he emb ryo is d i fferently co nditio ned in t ho se eggs w i th the zo na fi tti n g closely aro und the ov um fro m tho se in whic h th ere is a g reat spac e aro un d t he egg and b etween the l atter and t he zo na T he i nference th erefo re is th at in the fi rst case t he em bryo E is p ressed do wn mechani cally i nto the yolk by the p res ence ex ternally Of the rigi d zo na A s the emb ryo E g ro ws and the yolk s ubstance o f the ov um is co nverted i nto it t he l att er is It is th us repl aced in the space wi thi n t he zo na by the emb ryo rend ered evi dent t h at i n t ho se types Of tel eo st ean o va with a c lo sely fitti ng zo na the rudi mentary amnioti c folds whi ch are fo rmed aro und the emb ryo h ave b een mech ani cally caused by t he I f we rigi d zo na in t he p resence pf the active fo rces o f g ro wth ex ami ne the mech ani cal co nditio ns under w hi ch t he eggs Of sti ll higher fo rms are placed we will find the same reaso ni ng t o h o l d W e are t hus it seems obliged to co ncl ude that the amnio n in all fo rms has ari sen in co nse uence Of the fo rces Of g ro wth resid en t in the emb ryo enco unteri ng periph eral and ex ternal resi stance eith er in t he fo rm Of a rigid o uter eg g sh ell zo na radi ata s o r dec i dua reflexa dr o r even the wall s o f the uteri ne cavi ty itsel f suppo si ng o f co urse th at a l arge vesi c ular b lastoderm con tai ni ng yolk has been fo rmed by epiboly T he gap b et ween the truly epi cyemate emb ryo as seen in A lo sa and the endo cy emate emb ryo o f t he Parath eri a an d E uth eri a is therefo re partly b ridg ed by t he p resence of a rud i mentary amnio n o r amnioti c folds in many tel eostean emb ryo s j ust p rio r to thei r escape fro m the eggs o r wh ere the zo na is r up t ured Wh en thi s o ccurs the amnio ti c folds vani sh as in t he em b ryos o fmany ofthe S almonida fo r example and a closed amn i ,
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is never fo rmed , be ause, in t he fi rst pl a e, the i nt ra oval d s n t h e e c n r fd o n u n d do l t lo g o gh o i o r i o o e e l O m e s t n e v n e n a s e t ; p p pla e, is it po ssible, o wi ng to the co mparative small s ize o f the yo l k, and the rapid g rowth o f the emb ryo , for the l att er to be o me bodily i nvagi nated i nto the bl astodermi vesi l e, whi ch is fi lled w ith yolk T he amn ioti c folds can, th erefo re, not meet upo n the middl e li ne o f the back , an d o al es e, as th ey do in the hig her endo cyemate fo rms T he develop ment of a t ransi en t amniot ic h ead fold o f g reater width and in advan e o f the s i de and tail folds, is al so p revented by the ab sen e o f a st ro ngly marked rani al flex ure in the emb ry o s of Tel eosts T he mec h ani cal efl ect Of t he grad ual d ev elop ment o f the c ran i al flex ure in ex aggerati ng the devel o p ment o f the amniot i c h ead fol d in the C ho rdata, wil l be best appreci ated by a gl ance at di ag rams 1, 11, 111, and l v, rep resenti ng respectively the b rai n of an a ran iat e, a marsipobran h , an elasmo b ranc h an d a mammal Wi th the i ncrease C h I in the vol ume and area Of the cereb ral o rtex , whi h o cc urs mai nly on the do rsal and lateral aspe ts o f the an terio r end o f t he neurul a, the ac el eratio n o f g ro wth o f the b rai n s ub stance al so o c urs o n th os e aspects an d a do wnward fl ex ure o f the fl oo r o f the b rai n ne essarily takes pl ace T he rapid enl argement Of the ceph ali c en d o f t he emb ry o o f an endo cyemate, eut heri an o r parath eri an form, and t he rapi d o r p reco cio us dev elop m ent o f the c ran i al flex ure, wo uld nat ural ly, in su h a type, tend to ause the amn i head fo ld to be developed earli er and to a g reater ex ten t o ti t han the tail fold , as is sho wn in Fig B, at a I n the euth eri an types, with i nverted germi nal l ayers, an amn i o t ic h ead fol d Of t he ki nd d ev eloped in no rmal fo rms is n ever fo rmed, b ecause the avity of the true amn io n in t he fo rmer is d eveloped by the v a uolizatio n o r the fo rmatio n Of a cavity o r avities in the solid epibl asti mass, and not by i nvagi natio n In t he Trach eates po ssessi ng an amnio n th ere is no ep hali c fl ex ure, an d the part o f the amn io n whi ch is fi rst d eveloped in the mo s t u nced manner is Of r n o t e n h e t a f o t il old pp tly d u e a r e n a to t he p , in g rowt h Of the audal end o f the emb ryo i nto an i nvol utio n Of th e bl astoderm, co n fi ned in a rigid eg g env elop e, t he i nv ol utio n being t h rust i nto t he yolk L ater, wit h the g ro wth and encro ach ment o f the h ead end of the emb ry o upo n the yolk , the ab do men is ag ai n everted in so me ases fro m its amnioti sa k I n Pmpatus edwardsii , a o rdi ng to V o n Kennel , cl eavage is total the devel , ent is viviparo us and i ntra uteri ne, a ho llo w bl ast ul a is opm fo rmed , the emb ryo ni area at o ne pol e o f the bl ast ul a is inva i g nated i nto the l atter, so that the vent ral s urfa e o f the embr o is y ot
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u r e a F b r y [
General N otes
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di rected to wards the roo f o f the amnioti c cavity the rev erse o f t he eutheri an emb ryo A n umbili cal stalk is al so fo rmed w hi ch sp ri ngs fro m the do rsal surface o f the emb ryo and passes to a parti ally zo nary placenta di spo s ed in rel atio n to the uteri ne wall s in ex actly the same way as th at seen in the emb ry o o f Carn ivo ra I f we no w regard the do rsal s urface o f the emb ryo Of Pertpatus edwardsii as ho mo logo us with the vent ral s urfac e o f the emb ryo s o f Carn ivora the resem bl ance between the modes of development o f th ese two types beco m Whil e it is es sti ll mo re startli n g n t o f n f r a e s a s u r e s n h e s e i tly b d to v tt pt to ppo t g h e a u s t e n e m o m th ese resembl ances th at th ere co uld be any geneti c affi li atio n b etween the Carnivo ra and Malac opoda the o nly way o ut Of the ic ulty seems to be to suppo se th at the si mil ar method s o f difl develop ment o f the two aro se in respo nse to the s i mil ar c o nditi ons whi ch envi ro n the ov um d uri ng its early stages o f gro wth T he di fferences b etween V o n Kennel and S edgwi ck as to the modes o f develop ment o f P edwarasii and P capensis it seems to me may be readily understood an d reco ncil ed wh en it is consid ered th at the fi rst is holobl asti c and endo cy emate while in the l att er the egg is meroblasti c and apparently und ergoes an ep ley emate p ro c ess Of d evelop ment A ll the d ata in the fo regoi ng paragraph s une uivo cally s uppo rt the th esi s th at the amn io n has been dev eloped mai nly by mec han i cal means and co ndi tio ns T he rigid zo na of the epi cyemate tel eo stean emb ryo as sho wn in Fig A in whi ch the yolk y is a po sitiv e uantity is repre sented by the m at ernal env elope dr in Fig B in w hi ch the yol k as such is ab sent T he gap bet ween t he co nditio n o f A and th at o f the types with apparentl y i nv ert ed germi nal l ayers so co mpl et e ly el uci dated by S el enka is a wi de o ne ;yet it seems easy to pas s fro m the p ri mi t ive co nditio n o f A to th at o f the ex t remest fo rm viz the g ui nea pig ; if the rabbit mole (H eape) the vol e (K up fler) and the mo use and rat (S el enk a) are co nsid ered as i nter medi ary steps S O co mpl ete o r ex t reme has been the i nvagi nati o n o f the emb ryo ni c m as s or area in th ese fo rms th at in t he ext rem est type the emb ryo is fi nally d eveloped at t hat s id e o r pol e o f the p ri mitive bl astula whi ch is exactly Opposite t he poi nt where the bl astodi sk was o rigi nally fo rmed as in no rmal Euth eri a T he way in whi ch thi s is ac co mpli sh ed is ui te remark abl e and may n ow be d esc ribed as t he p ro cess is a spec i al modifi catio n o f th at b means o f whi ch the usual endo cyemate c o nditio n is b ro ugh t ,
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S el enka fi nd s th at th ere is an o uter l ayer o f cell s ol, Fig C, S plit o ff fro m the ectobl ast as fi rst d esc ribed by R aub er in t he rabbi t s ov um and whi ch tak e n o di rect p art in the fo rm at io n o f t he emb ryo H e al so fi nd s th at upo n the furt h er g rowth Of the ov um after the blast ul a st age is reach ed an d the germi n al area o r di s k is developed , the bl ast ula rapidly elo ngates in the di rce .
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Embry ology
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di ameter ex tendi ng fro m the cent re o f the blastodi sk o ppo s i te pol e By thi s t i me the bl astul a has b ec o me
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dherent to the uterine epith eli um th ro ugh the i nt ermedi atio n of the t rans it o ry o ut er l ay er o f cell s ol (R eicher t sche D eckschicht) al read y men tio ned but the c o nstit uent cell s o f a c ert ai n po rtio n o f thi s o uter layer j ust overlyi ng the germi nal di sk as i ndi cated at s rapi dly p ro li ferate s o as to fo rm a l en t i c ul ar o r c ol umnar thi ck e e rm ening o r mass c o nstit uti ng wh at S el enk a call s the Tr a r a t g whi ch may be angli c ized by t he w o rd suspensor Thi s suspenso r i mmedi ately overli es and p ushes the germi nal area o r mass in T he ward s befo re it do wn i nto the hollow cavity Of t he bl ast ul a germi nal area is ei th er p ressed i nwards i nto the hollo w bl ast ul a so th at it assum es a co ncave fo rm abo ve with a cavity bet ween it and the lo wer s urface o f the s uspens o r as in A rvi col a o r the epibl ast fo rms a solid mass b efo re w hi ch the hypobl ast is p ush ed i nwards by the i ng ro wth Of the s uspenso r so th at the bl astul a assumes t he fo rm o f an elo ngated sack as in the ov um o f the rat or the g ui nea pig T he p ro cess j ust d escribed is so mewh at si mil ar to th at o f g as trulat io n fo r t he g ermi nal po le o f t he bl ast ul a is p ush ed do wn ward i nt o the sac k fo rmed by t he hypobl as t and o uter l ayer so th at the emb ryo is fi nally d eveloped uite at the Oppo si te pol e o f the elo n gat ed bl ast ul a as in the g ui nea pig T he step s by whi ch the mo de o f develop ment o f the emb ryo o f the l atter came to be establi sh ed will be much b etter und erstood by reference t o dia grams C D E and F rep resenti ng fo ur stages Of the d ev elop l ment Of the rat copi ed fro m S elenka I n t hese fig ures it wil l be obvio us t o the reader that the p ri nc ipal res ult Of the p recoc io us i nvagi natio n o f the emb ryo ni c area is to th ro w the emb ryo to the oppo site pol e o f the eg g and to so encro ach upo n t he cavi ty Of the mesent ero n the umbili cal ves i cl e as to al mo st oblit erat e it as is S ho wn in Fig F T he emb ryo E is al so b ent i nto a c urve j ust the reverse o f t h at sho wn in Fig B T he coelo mi c S pace c is al so mo re rest ri cted an d the si n us termi nali s st in Fig F seems to
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S tudien llber Entw ickelungsgeschichte der T hiere D rittes H eft um kehrung im Ei der Nag ethiere, 4to Wiesbaden , Kreidel, 1884
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D ie Bli tter
r r a F e b u y [
Gener al N otes
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mi nate tow ards the do rsal pol e o f the ov um i nstead
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Fig B I n the ov um o f the g uinea pig the obliteratio n o f the umbili cal vesi cl e y is carri ed still farth er than in Fig F because the hypo ’ blasti c l ayer hy next to the layer 01 is absent and the hypobl as t lyi ng j ust under the emb ryo is b ro ug ht i nto i mmedi ate co ntact with the lay er ol th us givi ng ri se to the ill us io n that a co mpl ete inv ers io n o f the pri mary emb ryo ni c lay ers has o cc urred I say il lus io n because there has b een no act ual i nversio n o f the pri mary l ayers fo r the l atter h ave been merely shoved to the oppo s it e ryo n i c m e o f a t e r e ol t h e gg s i to o n t c t ith e l a y h b e e n c a w t h e r w p develop ment has p roceeded in the no rmal way bei ng mod ified o nly by the di spl acement w hi c h the germi nal area has suf fered in rel atio n to the oth er essenti al part s o f t he ov um It is as if the germi nal pol e o f the blastod ermi c vesi cl e had b eco me co ncave i nstead o f co nvex and coll apsed i nwards agai nst the i nside o f its lower pol e the wall s o f whi ch co ns i st o f the hypob last o f the — f in erio r pol e o f t he umbili cal ves i cl e mesentero n and the o uter l ayer T he di ffi c ulti es whi ch Bal fo ur speaks of h ave I hOpe b een sati s facto rily cl eared away by w h at has b een sai d abov e and a ratio nal and co nnec ted hypo th esi s as to t he gen es i s o f t he amn io n fi rmly establi sh ed I am aware th at many Obj ectio ns may be urged agai nst the vi ews h ere p ropo und ed but I can not thi n k th at / any oth er vi ew o f the case w ill so sat i sfacto rily rec o ncil e and rdinate the facts i nvol ved co O To those who tak e a philosophi cal vi ew Of such subj ects it will be Obvio us th at the ded uctio ns h ere reac h ed giv e but littl e co unt enance to the id ea th at amn ioti c c har acters can be al ways p rofit ably used in tax o no my at l east n ot until the fo rces whi ch h av e led to th ei r d ev elopment are b ett er und erstood On the th eo ry o f the develop ment o f d evelop ment the ex t reme mo difi catio n o f t he amnio n o f so me o f the R o denti a wo ul d cause the l at ter to tak e high er rank th an the Pri mates b ecause as S ho wn in Fig F the p ri mary amnioti c cavi ty beco mes divided and a relatively large fal se amnioti c cavity f remai ns j ust under the s uspenso r s and s h ut o fl fro m the t rue amn ioti c cavity ac by the i nt erven i ng sero us env elope se the ca lo mic s pac e c an d the so matopl eural roo f o f ac S uch reaso ni ng ho wever is o bvi o us ly no t l egiti m ate in the light o f the above mec h ani cal hypo t h esi s o f the g enesi s o f the amnio n To b ri efly summarize we find that the fi rst t races o f amnioti c fol ds met wi th in the emb ryo s of the lower types o f Ch o rdata are caused by t he res i stance fro m witho ut Offered to the g rowth o f the emb ryo by a rigi d zo na radi ata I n such types the amn i o ti c folds are t rans ito ry and d isappear at the ti me the zo na is rupt ured A ft er a l arger yolk has been ac ui red the emb ryo un dergo es a lo ng er perio d o f i ntra oval dev elop ment so th at the period o f the e r s s s n t n f u r e e c e r i e i c i ti old p od d b o p olo g d o a r s f e a t h e m n o s e c f p ,
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W ith the in crease in the size o f the emb ryo in th ese l arg e yolked fo rms it is fi nally th rust dow n i n to a saccul ar i nvol utio n o f t he b last oderm the lips o f the op en i ng o f whi ch meet over the b ac k o f the em b ryo wh ere they coal esce the o uter li mb of the d upli c a t u re gi ving rise even t ually to the sero us env elo pe an d the i nner t o the roo f o f the amnioti c cavi ty I n tho se typ es whi c h h ave the r m s s a s e r f h e u i r y y pp tly i v t d pi i g o th t l a e r a a n n e h d r w o a r e r t e n p s n o r u s r e f r e r e a t m w s p o c io ly i v gi n t g i l i a d b o c n a e s h e e r n a a r e n e a p t he emb ryo is d isti nctly d eveloped s o th at it is not fo rmed in its u s ual o r no rmal po sitio n Th ese ex t reme modi ficatio ns were no t ss u o e n r h w ibl til t lo ood yolk hi h ho lo a f e t e s s f h e f a f t r w c a l e o t p b las tod ermi c vesi c l e still co nti nued to develop fill ed with a thi n T he alb umi no us o r sero us fl ui d i nstead Of a d ense yolk mat eri al t en d ency o f the euth eri an ov um to fo rm a l arg e hollo w bl asto d ermi c vesi cl e o r bl ast ula is do ubtl ess an i n h eri tanc e t ransmi tted fr o m a parath eri an so urce T he bo dily i nvagi natio n o f the whol e emb ryo and the mo re o r l ess co mpl ete obliteratio n o f the cavit y bili cal v es i cl e by the rapid gro wth o f the enl argi ng o f the um a mn io n wo uld be readily acco mpli sh ed in the co urse o f the d evelop ment o f the euth eri an ov um -
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ExPL A NA T
mNs o r T H E R EFER ENC E L ETT EES
U S ED
1N T H E
h
ous es
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' i o n otic head f ld, a tail fo ld , ac amnio tic cavity, at al lan to is, c coelo mic space a am o r co nti nuation of body cavity , dr decidua refl exa o f uterus , E embryo , e epiblas t, ’ o b last, h b t v i o h h l a s o u s m o f f a l o a h h t i c r t n c a e a n s e / r e a m n i o h b e e i l n l , y ) y yp f y y p (f ’ w all of umbilical ves icle, m mesoblast, ol outer layer R eichert sche D eckzellen , D eck a om m u l i s s l n c h n o o c u t e s e r s e s e ro u s n v l s o s a r s e e sc hicht ) , s suspenso r ( T r a e , , p p g ), p i a i l u re e b i s Y o k t h n d s l n e t h r i l i n A s i n s r m n w o e u t a s t F i s t t e i a s , , , g p g y p ) i n di cate its presence or absence -
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D aem on
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Ex1S T ENC E
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na or T wo 1
—M M Charpenti er
OF S ENsrs t e v T OW A R D L 1GHT
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Pari naud wo rki ng i nd ependently h ave c o n c l ud ed th at vi s ual sensatio ns i nvol ve t wo di s ti nct ki nd s o f sthe s iologi cal p ro c esses h e y o e n satio ns o f o ne ki nd are t h S p p ” and i nvol ve l umi no us sensatio ns p ure and s i mpl e merely t ic T he oth er sensa d i sc ri mi nati ng light in di sti nctio n to d ark ness “ vi sual and are necessary to the perceptio n o f t i o ns are t ruly T he fi rst ki nd o f c o lo r o f fo rm and to di sti nct ness o f vi s io n sensatio n is suppli ed b y the ex c i tement o f the rod s o f the reti na ” t h ro ug h the ch emi cal d is i nt eg ratio n o f the vi s ual p urpl e whi ch is fo und in th ei r o uter seg ment s T he po wer o f givi n g ri se to the s ec o nd ki nd o f sensatio ns is c o nfi ned to t he reti nal co nes whi ch w ho lly c o mpose the bacill ary l ayer o f the fovea cent rali s but w hi ch relatively d ecrease in n umb er w i th reference to the rods as Pari naud d ecl ares th at the i ncreas e w e rec ede fro m thi s area all di fferences o f l umi no sity o f sens i bility o f the reti na to sm w hen the amo unt o f obj ec tive light is ex t remely s mall is co n fined .
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T his department is edited by Professor H EN R Y S EW A L L , o f A
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A rbor,
Michigan
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F b y r u r e a [
General N otes
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o uts ide the fovea cent rali s Thi s i ncrease o f sensi b ility is p ropo rtio nat ely greater to ward the mo re refran gibl e rays Thi s fact affects the to ne o f colo rs an d o n acco unt o f it the l umi c l rs i s n s r e a n o o i d p s c e a t h e t e x e e nos ity o f (the more refran gibl e P ) T he reader may be remi nded as an i nterest o f th ei r sat uratio n ing co nfi rmatio n o f thi s vi ew th at wh en alternate cir cl es pai nt ed bl ue and red are look ed at in ob scurity the fo rmer appear l u mi Vi sual p urple is bl each ed by light and n o us and the l atter black is regenerated und er the i nfl uence o f the pig mentary l ayer o f the I n th ese facts we h ave an ex pl anatio n o f t he reti na in t he d ark — vari ed sensibility toward light Of d ifferent int ensiti es Comptes to
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R
endus, 188 5
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— C EL L S A most
C I R C UL A T I ON 1N GA NGL 1ON curio us d is covery if it be co n fi rmed is t hat ann o unced by A d amki ew i cz nerve ganglio n cell s co ncerni ng the s upply o f blood to In his researc h es o n the blood vessel s o f the spi nal co rd the autho r fo un d th at the ri chness in capill ari es was d i rectly propo rtio nal to H is mo re speci al i nv estigatio ns o f the n umb er o f nerve cell s th i s rel atio n were made o n the i nt erverteb ral gangli a tak en fro m i nj ected an i mal s T he nerve cell s co mpos i ng th ese gang lia are each i nclo sed in a co nnecti ve ti s s ue caps ul e li ned by fl attened T he nerve cell s and h avi n g two t ub ul ar p rolo n gatio ns fro m it attened cell s and po s cell itsel f is i nclo sed in a speci al sac o f fl sesses t wo p rolo ngatio ns whi ch reach o ut i nto tho se o f t he Bet ween the l atter cap s urro undi ng co nnective ti ss ue caps ul e y space and th ere is al so a much s ul e and the cell is a rath er roo m narro wer o ne bet ween the s ub stance Of the cell and its o wn epi T he art eri al blood enters by an afleren t vessel thelial coveri ng i nto t he peri cell ul ar space and l eaves it by a much narro wer T he bloo d th us s urro und s the cell un der p ress ure erent v essel efl and its li ui d po rtio ns pass activ ely by o smo si s i nto t he s ubs tance o f t he c ell it sel f in the cent re o f whi c h t h ey are received by an Thi s empty space is n othi ng el se th an wh at has so empty space lo ng b een regarded as the n ucl eus o f the cell Thi s space belo n gs to the veno us sy stem w ith whi ch it is in co nnectio n by a mi nute vessel h avi ng its o wn proper wall A solid body hi th erto call ed t he n ucl eol us is suspend ed fi x ed in the cen tre of the nuc l ear u 8 8 2 s n 1 s d t e e 8 6 R cavity Com 5 p p T HE
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PA S T EU E S M ET H OD FOR T H E PR EV EN rrON OF H Y D R OPH OBI A I n the Comptes R endus fo r Octob er 1885 is the l atest repo rt of ’ Pasteur s ex peri ments upo n the prophyl ax i s Of hyd rophobi a T he follo w i ng is an o utli ne o f his p ro ced ure : Wh en a small parti cl e oclle r abi ue is o f the S pi nal c o rd o f a dog dead fro m rabi es (m q ) placed under the d ura mater o f a rabbi t the ani mal al ways fall s a victim to h yd rophobi a after a perio d o f i nc ubatio n w hi ch l ast s Wh en vi rus fro m the fi rst rabbit is t ransferred so m e fi fteen days in the same way to a seco nd and, after the period o f i nc ubatio n is ’
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d th at fro m the seco nd to a th ird rabbit and so o n the d ura t io n o f the period o f i ncubatio n b eco mes mo re and mo re red uced A fter the s uccessi ve i no cul atio n o f t wenty to t wenty five rabbits t he ti me o f i nc ubatio n is red uced to so me eight d ays and t he i nc ubatio n p eriod remai ns o f thi s l ength t hro ugho ut a furth er s eries o f t wenty to t wenty fi ve s uccess iv e i no cul atio ns ; th en the t ime o f i ncub atio n is s ho rtened to seven day s w hi ch is mai ntai ned w ith remarkabl e reg ul arity th ro ugho ut a new seri es o f n i nety Pi eces o f the S pi nal co rd s o f th ese rabbits i nd uce i no c ulatio ns h y d roph o bi a wit h co nstan t vi rul ence W hen the di seased co rd i s detach ed fro m a rabbi t und er t he st ri ctest p recautio ns agai nst u riti es and is s usp end ed in a fl as k t he air c o n tami nat io n by i m p o f w hi ch is k ep t dry by causti c pot ash o n t he botto m its vi ru T he len c e g rad ually di sappears and may b eco me wholly lo st v i rul ence fai l s so m ew h at mo re s lo wly the l arger the pi ece o f marro w exposed and is p reserved lo nger the lo wer the tempera Th ese facts bei ng establi sh ed t he follo wi ng p roced ure t ure ro v ed s uccessful in renderi ng dog s resi stant to the i nfl uence o f p Pi eces o f spi nal marro w i no culat io n wit h the mo st po tent vi rus fro m rabbits d ead o f hyd rophobi a whi ch had appeared after seven day s i ncubatio n were s uspen d ed in a seri es o f fl as k s the air in A S stated above the vi rul ence o f w h i ch was mai ntai ned dry S ter eac h s peci men di mi ni sh ed p rog ressively w i th its ex po s ure i lized bo uillo n was i no c ulated with a s mall po rt io n o f co rd w hi ch h ad b een ex posed for such a ti me th at the lo ss o f its vi rul ence was c ertai n and a s m all sy ri n ge full was i nj ected under t he s ki n o f a do g On eac h day follo wi ng a s i mil ar o peratio n was perfo rmed u s i ng ho wever at each i nj ectio n spi nal co rd whi ch had b een ex posed fo r a sho rter ti me and w hi ch po ssessed th erefo re pro s ively i ncreas i ng vi rul en ce h e n thi s p ro ced ure had b een W r e s g repeated unt il the do g had rec eived an i nj ectio n o f vi rus w h ich had b een ex po sed to dry air o nly o ne o r two d ays the ani mal w as fo und to be p erfectly p rotected agai nst hydrophobi a and might with i mpunity be i no culated w ith the st ro ngest vi rus Fi fty dogs were th us mad e res istant to the di sease witho ut a b er were successfully in ocu s i n gl e fail ure b esid es w hi ch a n um A ch ild whi ch lated after h avi ng been bitten by rabi d an i mal s had been l acerated by a mad dog t wo days b efo re and who se wo unds had been cauterized wit h carboli c acid t wo ho urs after T he method the inj ury was b ro ught to Past eur fo r t reat men t s si m s u n u r e d w a il a r to th t d e s c r ib e d a n d t h e fi a l i n o c u l a t io n a p w as with vi rus mo re vi rul ent th an th at o f o rdi nary rabi es Th ree mo nth s and th ree weeks after the accid ent the child was still w ell Pasteur ex pl ai ns his res ult s by s uppo si ng th at the prod ucts fo rmed by the vi tal activity o f the germs o f the di sease are poi so n s t hem sel ves Th ese p ro ducts are g rad ually set o us to the g erm vi rus and accumul ate in free by t he ac tio n of the atten uated t he b ody in s uffi ci ent uantiti es to render the d evelop ment o f the possibl e s t ro ng est vi rus i m
se a s p
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F b r u a r e y [
General N otes
.
P S Y C H OL
SIR
L
uuuocx ON T H E
I
OG Y
.
NT E L L tGENC E
OF T H E
,
— Befo re a D OG
J cro wd ed sitti ng o f t he biologi cal sectio n o f t he Briti sh A sso ci atio n S ir Joh n L ubbo c k read a paper in w hi ch he gave so me i nteresti ng n otes o n the i ntelligence o f the dog T he man and t he dog he sai d h av e li ved togeth er in mo re o r l ess i n ti m ate ass oc i atio n fo r many tho usand s Ofyears and y et it must he co nfessed that th ey k no w co mparati vely lit tl e o fo ne an oth er Th at the dog is a loyal t rue and affectio nate fri en d mu st be g ratefully ad mi tted b ut w h en we co me to c o nsid er the psy chi cal nature o f the ani mal the l i mits I h ave else o f o ur k n o w l edge are al mo st i mmedi at ely reach ed w h ere s uggested th at thi s ari ses very much fro m the fact t h at hit herto we h ave t ri ed to teac h an i mal s rath er th an to l earn fro m — th em to co nvey o ur i deas to th em rath er th an to d evi se any lan g uage o r cod e o f sig nals by means o f whi ch th ey might co mmu T he fo rmer may be mo re i mpo rtan t fro m a n i cate th ei rs to us utili tari an poi nt Of vi ew tho ugh even thi s is uestio nabl e but psy Under th ese ci rcumstances c ho lo g ically it is far l ess i nteresti n g it o cc ured to me wh eth er so me s uch system as that follo wed w ith deaf mut es and especi ally by D r Ho we wi th L aura Bridg man migh t no t prove v ery i nst ructive if adapted to the case o f dogs I h av e tri ed t hi s in a s mall way with a black poodl e named V an I took t wo pi eces o f card b o ard abo ut ten i nch es by th ree i nch es ” and o n o n e o f th em p ri nted in l arge l etters t he w o rd food l eav ing t he o th er bl ank I th en pl aced t wo cards over two saucers ” and in the o ne un der t he foo d card put a li tt l e b read and mil k whi c h V an after h avi ng his attentio n call ed to t he card was allo wed to eat T hi s was repeated over and over agai n till he had had en o ugh I n abo ut ten d ays he b eg an to di sti ng ui sh between the I t hen put t hem o n t he floo r and made him b ri ng t wo cards t hem to me w hi ch he did readily eno ugh W h en he b ro ugh t the pl ai n card I si mply th rew it bac k while when he b ro ught the ” food card I gave him a pi ece Of b read and in abo ut a mo nth he had p retty well l earned to realize t he di fference I thc n had ” “ ” so m e o th er cards p ri nt ed with the wo rd s o ut bo ne tea ” wat er spelt pho neti cally so as no t to t ro ubl e him by o ur i ntri cate sp elli n g an d a certai n n umber al so w i t h wo rd s to whi c h I “ did no t i nten d him to attach any s ig nifi cance s uch as n o ug ht ” pl ai n b all &c V an soo n learnt th at b ri ngi n g a card was a re uest and soo n l earned to di sti ng ui sh bet ween the pl ai n and p ri nted card s it took him lo nger to realize the di fference b et ween w o rds but he g rad ually got to recog niz e sev eral such as food o ut bo ne tea & c I f he was ask ed w h eth er he wo uld l ik e to go o ut fo r a walk he wo uld j oy ful ly fish up the o ut card c hoo s i n g it fro m several oth ers and b ri ng it to me o r run with it 1n evid ent t ri umph to the doo r I need h ardly say th at t he card s were not al ways put in the same pl aces They were vari ed uite i ndi s N o r c o uld the criminately an d in a g reat vari ety o f po sitio ns .
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d o g rec o g n iz e th emby scent Th ey were all alik e and all co n t i n ually han dl ed by us S ti ll I did n o t t rust to th at alo ne b ut had a n umber p ri nted fo r each w o rd Wh en fo r i nstance he b ro ught a card with fo od o n it , we d id not put do wn the same i denti cal c ard but an other beari n g t he same wo rd wh en he had b ro ught t hat a thi rd th en a fo urth and so o n Fo r a s i n gl e meal t h ere fo re, eighteen o r t wenty card s w o uld be used so t hat he evi dently is n o t g uid ed by sc ent N O o ne who has seen him look do wn a r o w o f card s an d pi ck up the o n e he want ed c o uld I th i n k do ubt t hat in b ri ngi ng a card he feel s he is maki n g a re uest and th at h e can not o nly di sti ng ui sh on e card fro m anoth er, but al so asso c i at e t he wo rd and t he obj ect Thi s is , o f o urse o nly a b egi n n i n g but it is I v ent ure to thi n k s uggesti ve and might be car ried furth er tho ugh t he li mited wan ts and E spi ratio ns o f the M y wi fe has a very b eauti ful an imal s co n sti t ute a g reat di ffic ulty an d c h armi ng c olli e Pati ence to wh i ch we are much att ach ed T hi s dog was o ften in t he roo m wh en V an b ro ught the food card, and was reward ed w ith a pi ece o f b read S he must h ave seen thi s tho usan d s o f ti m es and she begged in the usual manner, b ut never o nce did it occ ur to her to b ri ng a card S he did not I th en t o uc h o r i ndeed even tak e the s ilg htest noti ce o f th em t ried t he follo wi ng ex peri ment : I prepared six card s abo ut ten — r n s s n i i c he by th ree i nch e , a d colo ed n pai rs two yello w two b l ue two o ran ge I put t h ree o f them o n the floo r and th en h ol d i ng up o ne of t he oth ers end eavo red to teach V an to b ri ng me the d upli cate That is to say th at if the bl ue was h eld up he s ho ul d fet ch the co rrespo ndi n g colo r fro m t he floo r ; if y ello w , he s h o uld f etch t he y ello w and so o n Wh en he b ro ugh t t he wro n g c ard he was m ade to d rop it , and ret urn fo r anoth er till he b ro ught T he les t he right o ne, wh en he was reward ed w i th a li tt l e foo d s s s s s Wendl and an d s o n s were generally given by m a i t a n t M i y lasted hal f an ho ur, d uri n g whi c h ti me he b ro ught the right card o n an average abo ut t wen ty five ti mes I certai n ly tho ught th at h e wo uld soo n h ave g rasped wh at was ex pec ted o f him But no W e co nti nued the l esso ns fo r nearly th ree mo nth s, but ; as a few day s were mi ssed , we may say ten week s , and yet at the end o f t he t i me I cannot say th at V an appeared to h av e the l east id ea w hat was ex pected o f him It seemed a matt er o f p ure acc i dent w h ich card he b ro ug ht There is I b eli eve no reaso n to do ubt t hat do gs can di sti ng ui s h colo rs ;but as it was j ust po ssibl e th at V an might be colo r bli nd , we th en repeated the same ex peri ment , o nly s ubs t it uti ng fo r the colo red card s o thers m ark ed repectively I , II Thi s we co nti nued fo r anot her th ree mo nth s, o r say all ow and I II i ng fo r i ntermi ssio n ten week s, but to my s urp ri se enti rely w i tho ut s uc es s I was rath er di sappoi nted at t hi s, as, if it had succeed ed , t he pl an wo uld h ave o pened o ut many i nteresti ng li n es o f i n ui ry S till in s u h a ase, o ne o ught not to wi sh for o ne result mo re t han another, as o f o urse the obj ect o f all such ex peri ment s is .
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Feb ruary
merely to
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li it the t ruth and o ur result in the p resent case tho ugh negative is v ery i nteresti ng I do not ho wever reg ard it as by any means co ncl usive and sho uld be gl ad to see it re h sult p ro ved to be the S ame it wo uld certain l y I f e r e a t e d t e p i mply very litt l e po wer o f co mbi ni ng even extremely si mpl e ideas I then end eavo red to get so me i nsigh t i nto the arith meti cal c o n d i tio n o f the dog s mi nd On thi s subj ect I h ave b een abl e to fi n d b ut littl e in any o f the s tandard wo rks o n the i ntelligence o f an i mal s Co nsideri ng ho wever the very li mi ted po wers o f savag e — men in thi s respect th at no A ustralian l ang uage for i nstance c o nt ai ns n umerals ev en up to fo ur n o A ust rali an b ei ng abl e to — we cann ot be s urp ris ed co un t his own fi n gers even o n o ne h an d if oth er ani mal s h ave mad e but lit tl e p rog ress S till it is s urp ris ing t h at s o littl e attentio n sho uld h ave b een di rected to thi s s ub e e roy who tho ugh he ex p resses the Opi n io n th at h c t L t e n a j ” t ure o f the so ul o f ani mal s is uni mpo rtant was an ex cell en t Ob server mentio ns a case in w hi ch a man was an x io us to shoot a To d eceive thi s s uspi cio us bi rd the pl an was hit upo n o f cro w sendi n g two men to the was h ho use o ne o f who m p assed o n w hil e the o th er remai ned ; but the cro w co unted and kept her d is tance T he nex t day th ree went and agai n she perc eived t h at o nly two reti red I n fine it was fo und necessary to sen d five o r S ix men to t he watc h ho use to put her o ut in her c al c ul atio n T he c ro w thi nki n g th at thi s numb er o f men had passed by l o s t F ro m thi s he i nferred th at cro ws co uld no ti me in ret urn i ng co unt up to fo ur L i chten b erg ment io ned a n ighti n gal e whi c h Ev ery day he gave it t h ree meal was said to c o unt up to th ree wo rms o ne at a ti me ; w hen it had fi n i sh ed o ne it ret urned fo r I do an oth er but after the t hi rd it k new th at the feast was over n o t fin d t hat any o f the recent wo rk s o n the i ntelligen ce o f an i mal s ei ther Buch ner o r Peitz o r R o manes in eith er Of his boo k s give any addi t io nal evid ence o n thi s part of the s ubj ect Th ere are ho wever vario us scattered noti ces Th ere is an amus i ng and sug s tive remark in M r Galto n s i nt erest i ng N arrat ive o f an Explo rer e g in T ropi cal S o uth A fri ca A fter describi ng the D amara s weak ness in cal c ul atio ns he says : Once while I wat ch ed a D amara flo underi ng hopelessly in a cal cul atio n o n o ne s ide o f me I observed Di nah my spani el e ually embarrassed o n the o ther ; she was o verlooki n g h al f a doz en Of her new bo rn p uppi es whi ch had b een remo ved two o r th ree ti mes fro m her an d her anx i ety was ex cessive as she t ri ed to find o ut if th ey were all p resent o r if any were still mi ss i ng S he k ept p uzzli n g and runni ng her eyes over th em b ack ward s an d fo rward s but S he evid ently had a v ag ue notio n o f co uld no t sati sfy h ersel f Taki ng the c o unti n g b ut the fig ure was too l arge fo r her b rai n t wo as t hey s tood dog and D amara the co mpari s o n refl ected no ” g reat ho no r o n t he man But even if Di nah had b een cl ear o n t hi s s ubj ec t it migh t be said th at she k new each p uppy personal e c
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Psy cholog y
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lli es are sai d to kno w sh eep T he same remark appli es e n e m r o s s a lly a n i l s a n d th i yo n g w a n f o i n t n e t a e r r a c e a r u S g s aid to k no w di rect ly if o ne o f th ei r cyg net s is mi ssi ng but it is r a t s e e b bl th a t h y k o e h yo g bi d i ivid lly Thi o n a c u n r n d u a e w x p n l a a n a s f s w e ss s c r n tio ppli ith l o to e gg A o di g to e r c t h c a e o f e c e p my bi rd nesti ng recoll ectio ns whi ch I h ave refresh ed by mo re r ecen t ex peri enc e if a nest c o ntai ns fo ur eggs o ne m ay safely be t aken ; but if t wo are removed the bi rd g enerally d eserts H ere t hen it wo uld seem as if we had so me reaso n fo r suppo si n g th at t here is s ufl icient i ntelligence to di sti ng ui sh th ree fro m fo ur A n i n teresti ng c o nsid eratio n ri ses with reference to the n umber o f the v i cti ms allo tted t o eac h cell by the solit ary wasp s A mmophil a u n u o n o gh c o n sid ers o ne large caterpill ar o f N octura se e t m e e ; g S pec i es o f Eumenes s uppli es its yo un g w i t h five vi cti ms ; ano th er T he n umber appears to t en fi fteen and even up to t wenty fo ur b e co nstant in each speci es H o w do es the i nsec t k no w wh en h er task is fulfill ed ? N o t by the cell b ei ng fill ed fo r if s o me be removed she do es no t replace th em When she has b ro ught her c o mpl em ent she c o ns id ers her task acco mpli sh ed wheth er the victi ms are still th ere o r no t H ow th en do es she k no w wh en s he has m ad e up the n umb er t wenty fo ur ? Perh aps it will be sai d th at each spec i es feel s so m e mysterio us and i nnat e tend ency t o p rovid e a certai n n umb er o f vi cti ms Thi s wo uld under n o c i rc umstances be any ex pl anatio n but it is not in acco rdanc e w ith I n the g enus (Eumenes) the mal es are much small er t he facts than t he femal es N o w in the hive bees h umbl e b ees wasps and erence occ urs but w h ere the yo un g o t her i nsects w h ere s uc h a difl are di rectly fed it is of co urse obvio us th at the uanti ty can be rtio ned to the ap etite o f the g rub u sects wi th the B t n i ro po n i p p habits o f Eumenes and A mmophil a the case is di fferent b ecause t he foo d is sto red up o nce fo r all N ow it is evid ent th at if a female g rub was s uppl i ed with o nly food en o ugh fo r a mal e she w o uld starve to d eat h ; w hil e if a male g rub were given en o ugh fo r a femal e it w o ul d h ave too much N o s uch was te however I n s o me mysterio us man ner the moth er k no ws wh eth er occ urs t he eg gs will p rod uce a mal e o r femal e g rub and appo rtio ns t he speci es h u a n t i o f oo o di n gly h do n o c h a n g e e t d f a c r e e s t t c S q y o r size o f her p rey ; but if t he eg g is mal e she s uppli es five if Does she co unt C ertai nly thi s seems very femal e ten vi cti ms lik e a co mmencement o f arith meti c A t t he same ti me it wo uld be very des i rabl e to h ave additi o nal evidence how far the n umber Co nsideri ng ho w much has been written on is really c o nstan t inst i nct it seems surp ri s i n g th at so li ttl e attentio n has b een di rect ed to thi s part o f t he subj ect One w o uld fancy t hat th ere i culty in d etermi ni ng ho w far an an i mal Ought to be no g reat difl co uld c o un t ;and w h eth er for i nst ance it co ul d realize s o me very pl e s um s uc h as th at two and two mak e fo ur But when we si m co m e t o c o nsid er ho w thi s is to be do n e the p robl em ceases to
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General N otes
u e F b a r y r [
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ppear so s i mpl e W e t ri ed o ur dogs by p utti ng a p iece o f b read b efo re th em and p revented th em fro m to uch i n g it until we had To prevent o urselves fro mun i n tentio nally givi ng c o un ted seven any i ndi catio n we used a met ro n o me (the i nst rument used fo r givi ng ti me wh en p racti ci n g the pi ano fo rte) and to make the beat s mo re evid ent we attach ed a sl ender rod to the pend ul um I t certai nly seemed as if o ur dog s k new wh en the mo ment o f per mi ssio n had arrived ; b ut th ei r movement o f taki ng the b read was M o re atter b eyo nd a do ubt scarcely so d efi n ite as to pl ace the m over dogs are so very ui ck in seizi ng any i ndi catio n gi ven th em even uni n tentio nally th at o n the w hol e t he attempt was no t sat I was the mo re di sco urag ed fro m c o nti nu isfacto ry to my mi n d ing t he exp eri men t in t hi s man ner by an acco un t M r H uggi ns gav e me o f a very i ntelligent do g b elo ngi ng to him A number o f cards were pl ac ed o n t he g ro und n umb ered res pect ively 1 2 sk ed : the s uare e d s n u t 1 u s tio n i s t h n a a n o o 0 A e o 3 p — x u e M r H ggi n s p i n t d o root o f 9 o r 16 o r suc h a s um as 6 2 5 3 co nsec utiv ely to t he card s and t he dog bark ed w h en he came t o N o w M r H uggi ns did no t co nscio usly give the t he right o ne dog any S ig n yet so ui ck was the dog in seizi ng the sli g htest i ndi catio n th at he was able to gi ve the c o rrect answer Thi s oh servatio n seems to me o f g reat i nterest in co nn ectio n wi t h the so “ tho ught readi ng call ed N o o ne I s uppo se w ill i magi ne th at ” th ere was in thi s case any tho ugh t readi ng in the sense in w hi ch thi s w o rd is used by M r Bi shop and o th ers Evidentl y Kepl er seized upo n the slight i n di catio n un i ntentio nally g iven by M r H uggi ns T he ob servatio n however S ho ws the great di fficulty o f the subj ect I h ave vent ured to b ri ng thi s uestio n b efo re the sectio n partly bec ause I sh al l be so muc h obliged if any l ady o r g entle man p resent will favo r me w ith any s uggestio n s and partly in hope o f i nduci n g oth ers w ith mo re l ei s ure and oppo rt un i ty to carry o n si mil ar Ob servatio ns w hi c h I cannot but thi n k must l ead to — i nteresti ng res ults Eng lish M echanic a
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A N THR
OPOL OG Y
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— A meri can S OME M OOT PO1NT s 1N A M ER I C A N A R C H E OL OGY archa o lo g ical sci ence tho ugh co nti n uo us ly g at heri ng s t rength is neverth el ess in a sense st ill far fro m manly d evelop ment Th ere are cel eb rated i n st i t utio n s g uardi n g w i th j ealo us care obj ect s o f i nesti mabl e w o rth ;preé minen t amo ng th ese the A meri can A nti u a rian S o ci ety (to c o mmen ce w i th t he old est m ith s o i h n t e a n S q ) I nsti tutio n the Peabody M useum the A meri can M useum o f N at ural H xsto ry the D avenpo rt A cad emy o f S ci ences as well as tho se at C inci nnati and S t L o ui s ; th ere are small er i nstit utio ns w ho se coll ect io ns are o f al mo s t e ual val ue to those abo ve men tioned and p ri vate museums fill ed wi th the ri c h est materi al .
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Edited by Prof 01 18 T .
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MA S ON N ational Museum, Washingt on , ,
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I n the fi rs t pl ace, tho ugh th ese i nstit utio ns are p res id ed over by men o f great ability , th ere is a deplo rabl e l a k o f mut ual und er standi n g and un i fo rmity o f method amo ng th em Th ere s ho uld be between tho se who hold in t rust s uch vast t reasures a b etter sc i en t i fi c method a m o re whol eso me co mity Of i nterco urse I n s ho rt befo re we d raw i n ferences we s ho uld k no w wh at an d wh at ki n d o f materi al we have in han d I n the seco n d pl a e, i nvestigatio ns h av e been so i ncreasi n gly fraught with g rand results th at so me o f the fi rst efl o rts are lik ely t o be ig no red o r fo rgott en Th ere are so me poi nts in the hi sto ry of S ui er s and D avi s wo rk th at h av e b een mi sund erstood , an d as t h e venerabl e autho rs are yet livi ng it wo uld seem a g rat eful t ri b ute to hear th em in mi nd T he earli est ex plo ratio ns o f any a t m r e m e a e e r e i po t t li e hio v a ll y w d by h r a n c i h t e t m u o f n e u O g D r D avi s w ho co mmenced a seri es o f mo un d ex avatio ns whil e a st ud ent in Kenyo n Coll ege fro m 182 ; to 183 3 T he result o f t hi s fi rst effo rt w as p ubli sh ed in s ome o f the oll ege p apers S ubse uen tly , D r D avi s removed to Chili oth e, in the S ioto v all ey , cel eb rated fo r its earth wo rk s H ere he l aid o ut his pl ans fo r t he great wo rk w hi ch will fo rever be asso ci ated with his name A fter ten years o f diggi ng , plotti ng mappi ng , and coll ecti ng , D r D avi s was asso ci ated w i th M r S ui er, and the fruit o f th ei r e d w e n n o t r s n n a c r u i l bo fi t i h o i o t ib tio to k o l g i s s n a s m t n t h e r S j ” enti tl ed A nci en t M o numents o f the M i ssi ssippi Vall ey When t hese fi rst d i scov eri es were made, c o mparatively li ttl e i nterest w as man i fes ted in A meri can archa o lo gy T he obj e ts recovered b y t he ex plo ratio ns o f S ui er and D avi s, i nst ead o f remai n i n g at ho me, were allo wed to go ab road fo r wan t o f a p urch aser h ere N O o n e seri es o f effo rts si nce mad e app roach es the l atter in its d etail and g reat res ul ts R ecently the accuracy Of the wo rk do ne by S uier and D avi s has been chall enged and thi s b ri ngs us to anoth er ph ase o f the a ny and t c s m a s f r tio F lly lizi g i po t iti i u e m a n c e o c r n u e h r a n e t q all ti mes , we still hold th at a v ery i mpo rtant matt er has b een o verlook ed ; it is thi s : T he wo rk s o f t he mo und b uild ers o f a t w rk s w m r r t u ee n c a e i c l h t g d h v b o p d i h o a a r r n o t r c a r a e a e a c e o r p o f t he same g rade by t hei r successo rs I f so me of the b est pro d uc tions o f arti sti c h andi craft of the p resent I ndi ans be co mp ared w i t h obj ects o f a s i mil ar nat ure taken fro m the mo unds it is mo re t h an do ubtful if the superio rity o f the l atter day I ndi ans can be s ub stant i ated Generally woo dcut s are p ubli sh ed in thi s co n n ect io n to S ho w the lo w c o nd i tio n o f the mo un d b uild ers art T he c uts are opi es o f ast s t ak en fro m i nferio r exampl es ’ N o t o ne of t he fine exampl es o f mo und b uild ers wo rk in h ard A few ofthe choi cest sto ne has been fig ured in th ese co mpari so ns s e i mens o f thi s art are no w in t he po ssessio n of the M useum p o f N at ural Hi sto ry , N ew Yo rk ; oth ers m ay be seen in al mo st ev ery good cabi net in the o unt ry .
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e ruary F b [
General N otes
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tio n of argument but o ne o f thi ngs I t is an easy matter to l thi g s s id e by sid e an d th ere w o ul d be c n a e p n o q uestio n w h atev er of the s u erio rity o f mo un d b uild ers w o rk p over that of every t ribe k no wn in hi sto ri c ti mes any wh ere n ear the area o ccupi ed by th em T he pipes and oth er obj ect s in h ard sto ne S ho ul d be c o mpared not w i th pipes in cat li n ite and s oap sto n e but with obj ect s in t he sam e mat eri al T he same is t rue o f pottery I f we sel ect fro m any o r ev ery coll ec tio n the b est evid ences o f fo rm an d fi n i sh an d pl ace by t he S ide o f th emthe b est S peci m ens o f mod ern w o rk by any t rib e east o f t he M i ss i ssippi riv er t h ere is a hopel ess falli n g o fl i N o w it is but fai r to i n fer th at the p eOple who so skil fu lly wro ught in the h ard est uartz who made pottery in ev ery w ay e ual to th at o f the P ueblo s w ere not in the same g rad e as the tented savages who m o ur ancesto rs fo und upo n o ur terri to ry But the g reat co mpli cated earth wo rk s o f the mo und b uil der s so faith fully exami ned an d repo rted by t he old ex plo rers fu rn i s h the mo st i mpo rt ant evid en ce o f th ei r s uperio ri ty to t hei r s uccesso rs It is t rue the so uth ern I ndi ans b uilt mo und s ; but does any o n e serio usly co m pare the wo rk s o f the Natch ez and M usko k i t ri bes wi th tho se o f the mo und b uild ers T he I ro uoi s made st o ck ad es and en clo sures and M r M o rgan arg ued th ence t he wo rk s in Oh io were p rec i sely si mil ar in funct io n But thi s opi n io n cannot stand I n co ncl usio n we d esi re to emph asize the i mpo rt ance o f that pio neer wo rk so extend ed and so val uabl e to sci ence Th ere are n o t many ex ampl es o f such unselfi sh d evotio n M o re th an o ne h und red mo un d s w ere carefully opened th ei r co ntents gath ered an d arranged over five h undred embank ment s and fo rt ifi cat io ns vi si ted and s urveyed in five S tates t he ex pense bei ng bo rne by D r D avi s T he mag ni tude and co mpl eteness o f all thi s can ” o nly be app reci ated by ex ami natio n o f A nci ent Mo n uments and o f t he t reas ures c oll ected no w in Bl ack mo re M useum L o ndo n Now
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A N I M POR T A NT CONT R I BUT I ON T o C A L I FOR NI A N FOL K L 0 88 lin i u s i c s t a n r r i o f t h e d t ib l topog ph i o i d h B l e i l a r a s t a n e i n e u t c n t g y — s E sex I nsti tut e of S al em Mass N os 1 3 o f V o l xvu pp 3 3 and o ne pl ate T he autho r, H ugo R i ed , wrot e a seri es o f l ett ers fro m S an Gab ri el M i ssio n to M r Co ro nel o f L os A ngel es, in 185 2 co ncerni ng the I ndi ans amo ng w ho m he li ved at t he mi ssio n b uildi ngs Twel ve o f th ese l etters were p ubli sh ed by D r W J Ho ffman in the above p eriodi cal tog eth er with copio us n otes o f his o wn an d d rawi ng s o f the i mpl ements d esc rib ed in the l etters T he s ubj ects referred to are bi rth s , b uri al s foo d, medi ci ne, di seases , spo rts and games, my ths and l egends etc all Of whi ch fo rm i nteresti ng parall el s to Fath er Bo scana s C hirig ch in ich (in R obi nso n s L i fe in Cali fo rn i a, T he fi rst l etter gives the I ndi an e uival ent s to the names o f to wns, h arbo rs an d -
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h eri as of the surro undi ng co unt ry ; in l etters 2 3 and 4 are c o ntai ned vo cabl es paradig ms and t he l ik e o f the S an Gab ri el lan g uage w hi ch belo ngs to t he S hosho ndan family and has been vario usly t ermed Ki s h Tobikh ar and S an Gab ri el — d i al ect A S Gatschet — H R M R K 1C EG A M A A S ho rt abst rac t o f a Kichi g rammar in S pani s h dat ed S anta Cl ara D ec 6 184 2 and co mpo sed by L A l eman (pp 26 8vo) was sent by A Blo mme to the Co ng ress o f A meri cani sts at Cop en h agen T he revi ses came in at s o l ate a day th a t thi s el ementary g rammar co uld not be i nserted in t he Co mpte rend u o f th at sess io n but the sec retary o rdered it t o be st ruck off in a separate edi tio n a co py o f whi c h is befo re us M r Blo mme has given an hi sto ri cal acco unt o f the manu s c ript ia the Co mpte ren du page 3 6 5 T he g rammar is written ent i rely in the old fashio ned way of the sevent eenth and eight eenth cen t uri es w h en every mi ssio nary was sure to find the c lassifica t i o n s and g rammat i c cat ego ri es o f L ati n in any I ndi an l ang uage w hat so ever A l eman s K iché cases o f the no un d ative abl ative etc are si mply po stpo sitio ns co nnec ted wit h a no un ; t he verb s ub coh is regarded as id enti c al with the v erb s ub stantive and a ” r s n u i s h r m s f tiv f o d to o t o gh l t o thi c e u n c u a l h e n s e f o c u r t e j — Guatemaltec l ang uage A S Gatschet ranc
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T H E A NT H R OPOL OGI C A L S OC I ET Y OE WA S H 1NGT ON fo unded in 187 9 by D r J M To ner, P ro fesso r Oti s T M aso n an d C 0 1 Gar ri c k Mall ery has j us t p ubli sh ed its thi rd vol um e o f T ransactio n s , ex tendi n g fro m N o v 6 1883 to M ay 19 A mo ng the 1885 rs i n i n c l u d d r ollo i g r po r t e d n f u ll a e a e t h f e e e w , p p ,
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T he S mithso nian D isco nt inuities in
Elements in
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E vidences o f the an ti H o lmes
uity o f
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By A lbert N iblack
83 . 18
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By H H Bates By J M Grego ry
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on the site o f
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H ow
ms of A merican
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anthropology
mind By E B T ylor T he Eskimo of Baffin lan d .
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By Franz Boas S eal cat ching at Point Barrow By John M urdoch (hr the probable nationality o f the mo und bui lders .
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Moral
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T he genesis o f invention
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By D aniel G Bri nton F Ward .
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By F A S eely By J ohn Murdoch S inewh acked how o f the Eskimo From savag ery to barbarism A ddress by J W Powell, president .
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Papers by Messrs Kengl a Do rsey Hol mes Blo dgett Tho mas W ard Tho mpso n Gall audet Burnett R eynolds Ho wi tt Mindelefl M att h ews H ensh aw S tevenso n and Gatschet are gi ven in ab st ract b ut as th ey wil l be p ubli sh ed el sew h ere in full no mentio n o f thei r c o nt ents w ill be mad e here M r Bates d raws att entio n to the seemi ng ch asms in nature suc h .
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passage from i no rgani c to o rgani c li fe fro m i nverteb rate to v erteb rate the i nt rod uctio n o f the Mammali a and follo wed the uestio n i nto anth ropolo gy n oti c i ng such b reak s as the ad ven t o f man and the ph eno mena o f the i nventiv e faculty D r Grego ry di sc usses the ph eno mena of civilizatio n fro m the S id e o f h um an wants M r Hol mes d uri ng a vi sit to Mex i co had the good fo rt une to wit ness t he maki ng o f a rail ro ad c ut and oth er ex cavatio ns whi ch — reveal ed th ree p eriod s the anc i en t the A zt ec and the mo dern M r T ylor s delight ful address has already appeared in S cience ’ D r Bo as s pent mo re t han a year in Baffin l and amo ng t he Es ki mo vi sited by Capt H all and gave a s ketch o f the geog raphy and eth nology o f thi s regio n M r Joh n M urdo ch fo r t h ree years attach ed to the sig nal ser vi ce at Poi nt Barro w A l ask a desc ribed the vari ed uses o f the seal and t he method s o f capt ure with the ret ri evi n g h arpoo n with the una h arpoo n and w i th the net the mo st i n gen io us pl an o f
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D r Bri nto n s sho rt paper refers to the o nnectio n o f the mo und b uild ers wi th the S h awnees P ro fesso r Ward d raws attentio n to the di sh armo ny bet ween materi al p rog ress, o r the acc umul atio n of the means o f h appi ness, and mo ral p rog ress, o r the ability to adapt t hese means to h uman ’
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being Co lo nel S eely p resented an el abo rat e arg ument to sho w the appl i catio n o f mod ern metho ds o f exami n i n g i nventio n s to the T he term eurematics was i nt ro early i nv entio ns o f o ur race duced fo r the st udy o f the p ro cesses of i nventio n in all h uman activiti es Majo r Po well s add ress was an el abo rate analysi s of c ulture o r the h umaniti es i nto arts i nstit utio ns l ang uages opi nio ns and ia tellectio ns and t he di sc ussio n o f t he th ree g reat c ult ure stages s of savag ery b arb ari sm an d civilizatio n in rel atio n to th ese fo rm activi ti es — ET H NOL OGY OF BOR NEO Everybody has h eard o f P ro fess o r W ard o f R o ch ester Well in 187 6 he sent M r W m T Ho rna T hi s j o urney day to the East I ndi es e uipped as a col lecto r acco mpli s h ed after two y ears o f wan d eri n g the ex plo rer ret urned to acti ve w o rk in his p ro fess io n H e has fo und l ei sure ho wever to write o ne o f the mo st charmi ng boo ks o f t ravel s in I ndi a and M alay si a it has been o ur privil ege to read I n thi s vol ume T wo Years in the J ungl e will be fo und ex cell ent no tes o n the peoples o f I n di a an d a tho ro ugh st udy o f the peopl e o f Bo rneo T he Dyak s are th us divid ed -
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A ll o f the center and co ming to the coast alo ng the middle of the eas t sho re H ill D yaks Uplands of north west corner back of S arawak S ea D yaks Uplands an d co ast east o f H ill D yaks Mongol D yaks A way from the coast in the entire north east region.
K yans
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A nthropol ogy
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T he enti re undesc ribed
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o th west S ide is l eft
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Kyans proper,
ang (Baram, R ej ) Mi lanaus .
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K an owit
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Uki t
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Bak atan
K in iahs
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S k apan
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Maloh
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S ibat u
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Jankang
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Behoa
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Wai Waboe
L ong
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Modan g
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T andj oen g
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S ag hai
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T ri ng
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K abaj ang
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Ora ng Bukkit Punan
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— T H E Esx mo OF POI NT BA aaow T he hyperbo rean peopl es of A meri ca are usually call ed Eski mo witho ut referen ce to the 10 cality w h ere th ey are fo und b ut t here are Eskem o an d Es ki mo .
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Fo r cl ass ifi catio n lows : Greenlan d 2 L abrado r and n a B n a fl i l n d 3 4 Mack enzie river o P int Barrow 5 6 K o tz ebue sound 1
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it co nveni ent to divide th ei r h abitat s i A ati c Eskimo 7 8 C ape N ome r N o t n s u n d o o 9 10 N univak 1 1 Bristo l bay 12 K adiak and the
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th ese regio ns the N atio nal M useumhas sufl i cien t i ll ust rate the art s o f the peopl e D uri ng the years 1881 1882 1883 L i eut R ay U S A o ccu d e s r n u a i P oi n t B a r o w ith a p r ty e t o by e Chi ig l t t h e f w n S a p Ofl i cer o f the A rmy T he repo rt o f the I nternatio nal Pol ar Expe di tio n to Poi n t Barro w A lask a j ust i ss ued by the Government i ce is the fruit o f thi s enterp ri se L i eut R ay has a pri nti ng ofl chapter o n the i nh abitants b ut the li n g ui sti cs and eth n ology are the wo rk of M r Joh n M urdo ch T en pages are d evoted to the lang uage o f the peopl e Maj o r Powel l s alph abet and I nt rod uction bei ng fol lowed c losely Twenty six pages are occ upi ed wi th a
Fo r eac h mat erial to
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VOL . xx-
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14
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F b y r u a e r [
General N otes
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mi nute descriptio n of the coll ectio ns nearly 2000 speci mens gath ered with g reat care I n ex ami ni ng carefully thi s l1st and the acco mpanyi ng d rawi ngs he was st ruck both w ith the generi c S im ilarities of hyperbo rean art and with the spec ifi c difl erences d ue to i sol atio n Pottery o ccurs in the li st ; labret l anc et s o f sl ate fo r amb er b ead s made by c utti ng the hol es in the check fo r l ab ret s t he nativ es and c up s o f fo ss il ivo ry Of the i mpl ements w h o se general fo rmis w i dely diflused M r Murdoc h has coll ected a g reat vari ety Of each c lass sho w i ng th at amo ng th ese f i r o ff peopl e d i fferenti atio n o f st ruct ure fo r functio nal end s has been carried to a high d eg ree o f perfectio n T he N at ural Hi sto ry ch apters al so w ritten by M r M urdo ch must n o t be overlook ed by t he eth n ologi st i nas much as t he l i fe hi sto ry o f the peopl e is i n ti mately c o nnected with the rest ri cted fauna o f thi s regio n M r M urdo ch will p ubli sh in the near fut ure a mi n ute descrip t ion ofthe Poi nt Barrow Eski mo i ncl udi ng t h ei r arts and t hei r c usto m s so far as he was ab le to gath er facts co ncern i ng th em It is c ertai nly refreshi ng to follo w a man who enters upo n the wo rk o f ex plo ratio n after a severe t rai n i ng under the eld er A gas siz 0 7 : M ason — T H E BL OW TU BE I N T H E U N 1T ED S T A T ES I n all t ropi cal co un t ries w h ere the cane g rows the natives h ave bec o me ex pert in the T he I ndi ans o f the M usko k i sto ck liv use o f the blo w i n g t ub e ing in S o uth ern A l ab ama M i ssi ssippi and L o ui si ana h ave b een k no w n si nce the early explo ratio ns to h ave b een ex pert in the use o f thi s weapo n T he Choctaws o f o ur day take t he lo ngest an d st raightest can e th ey can find in the b rak e for th ei r t ub e and s ho rt pi eces o f split cane fo r th ei r m i ss ile One end is charred and sc raped to a lo ng slen der poi nt T he oth er is wrapped wit h a littl e strip o f rabbit s ki n o r a wad o f c otto n Wi th t hese the Choctaws are still ex pert in shooti ng rabbits bi rd s and fi sh es ;fo r the l atter us i ng a barbed o r ret ri evi n g arro w Th ese facts h ave been k nown an d stated befo re but W h at follo ws has never befo re to o ur k nowl edge been p ubli sh ed T he S hetimasha I ndi ans abo ut a h und red in all livi n g o n a small bayo u so uth o f N ew Orl eans use the si ngl e barrel ed blo w t ube p reci sely lik e t h at o f the Cho ct aws but th ey al so h ave co mbi natio ns o f t ubes as we w o uld say viz five b arrel ed eight b arrel ed & c blo w t ub es Th ey are m ad e as follo ws : A n umb er of t ubes in Our coll ectio n rang ing fro m five to eleven o f the same l ength and calib re are fas ten ed securely togeth er lik e a lo ng pan pipe by means o f spli nts o f split can e T he arrows are o f split cane and v ary at the poi nt fro m the sl en d er needl e fo rm to a b ro ad arro w fo rm T he b utt en d has a wad o f co tto n yarn 3 i nch es lo n g fastened o n lik e the b ri stl es of a cyli nd ri cal b rush Wh en the h unter wi sh es to use this weapo n he loads his five o r ten barrel s and steali ng upo n a flo ck o f bi rd s l ets d rive the who le set o ne after anoth er in ui ck success io n T he superio rity o f suc h an arm ov er a s i ng l e t ub e ,
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A
nthro ology
p
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y g reat and it is S i ng ul ar th at no oth er savages h ave ev er s t u d i ed it o ut T he w eapo ns h erei n d escribed were p resen ted to the N atio nal M useum by the Co mmi ssio ners o f the S tate o f L o ui si ana at the N ew Orl eans Ex po sitio n A t the same ti me many speci mens of bask et ry and oth er h andi wo rk mad e wi th great skil l were fo rward ed T hes e also bear W it ness to the superio r skill o f the S h eti
is
ver
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mas h as
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PH Y S I C A L E D UC A T tON OF C H 1L D R EN D r E Pokrovski, o f M o s c o w , has p ubli sh ed in I svestia o f the S o ci ety o f F ri ends o f N at u ral S c i ences A nth ropology, etc , X I V , fasc i cl e 1, 2 3 , a treat i se o n the phy si cal ed ucatio n o f child ren amo ng d1flerent peopl es and parti cularly in R ussi a T he co ntents o f the t reati se are g i ven, n ot o nly to s ho w the li n e o f tho ught, but to p resent t he analy si s of a mo s t i nt eresti n g s ubj ect .
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A ttention paid to the protect ion and development o f the embryo , heredity, an , co nsanguine marriag es, polygamy r elati ons o f t he sexes , co ndition o f wom an d polyan dry, marriag e i n class ical an t1q uity, care taken o f pregn an t w o men amo ng an cien t an d modern peoples
Chapter
1
.
.
A bortion an d in fantici de ; motives : superstitions, misery, etc , legislation relative to abortion and in fanticide
C hapter
Chapter
and the con dition o f the n ew
Part uriti on
111 .
C hapt er xv C are relative to the umbilical
co rd
.
Dwelling
C hapter v
.
of
the i n fan t
C hapt er v1 C are o f the sk in .
Bathin g
C hapter
1111
C hapter
V 111
.
of
C o ld baths
.
and
of
R
Enameling
111
C hapter
x11
Chapter
11111
.
K neading
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.
in the family
of
the parents
.
baptism, i n Europe, in T hibet, &c
D ressing
C hapter
.
.
in fants
.
born
in fan ts
of
.
11
,
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C hapter 111 D ress ing .
mon sters
of
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.
C hapter
fear
11.
.
mo ng
a
ancient
us sian children
m aillotement) m ( e
l a n d o e s e p p
modern
e s g
sava
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.
.
an d rectificat io n o f the
bo dy
of
the in fan t
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A rt i ficial defam atio n of the sk ull, an cien t macrocephal s, deformation amo n g modern peo ples, a pecially in R ussia, C aucasia, Po land, L apland , &c ’ C hapter x1v I nfluen ce o f the i n fant s posture in its bed upo n the deformatio n o f the o cciput , custom o f bedding child ren among the T hrac ians , Macedon ians, Germans and Belg ians o f the l 6 l b century, an d among the mo dern A siatics T he fo rm o f the occiput in R uss1ans o f the K o urgan s, from the cranio logi cal co llectio n s o f Moscow .
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C hapter xv T he cradle amon g different peoples C hapter xv1 T he cradles o f the R uss ians .
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Cradles amo ng o ther peoples of R ussia, T sigan is, Fins , Esths, L i von ians , L aps , Po les , J ews, L ithuanian s, T cheremis, Bas hkirs, N og al, S arts, K ir i z, Kalm u k s Y k u s i s i o tes, Wo uls, S amo ides, Go ldoi, t a r a t s u n s u h B T u e o S , , , g g g Koriak s, K amtchadals , C aucasi ans, etc
C hapter
xv 11 .
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,
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in their beds, o f carrying them an d transpo rt i ng them, depen d enc e o n climate, mod e o f li fe bearing them on the arm, bac k , n eck, head, hip ; in bag , pan iers , chests , skins, &c ; custo ms o f the C hin ese, N egroes, H o tten tots, A merican I ndi ans, K amchadales, Japanese, etc , in this regard
Chapt er
Methods
1111111.
of
i t u t i n c h ld r e n p g
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.
.
Chapter
11111
Chapter
1111
Chapter
11111.
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musement of the child by the mother in R ussia A ccusto min g the child to sit an d to go on all fo urs A
T he upright position
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and
walking
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.
General N otes
a r F r u b e [ y
.
mportance of
I
C hapter
11x11
Chapter
xx 111
C hapter
1111117 .
C hapter
xxv
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S uckling
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,
food
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mong
a
various
mong the R ussians A mo ng other peoples of A
n t a n d l a i e e o s n e c , p p
modern
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C hapter xxv1 Ethnic mutilatio ns .
ussia
R
.
of children ,
the ears, the lips or the cheeks ;
fi ling
tattoo, depilation , pi ercing the nose,
mo ving
and re
the teeth, castration , cir
milar mutilations ; corset C hinese feet high heeled boots &c Chapter xxvn Games sports and amusements of children C hapter xx vm T reat ment of the maladies o f children amon g different peoples Popular child medicine in R ussia Germany Eng lan d S witz erland D almatia among the K almucks K irg hi z Caucasians an cient H in doos I ranians etc Chapter xx tx C are relative to the co rporeal develo ment of children and the means employed to toughen and forti fy them: see usio n of children asceticism horseman ship physical an d warlike train ing of children among savages etc —cows goats dogs C hapter xxx R o le played by an imals in the educati on o f mam mcisio n and
cu
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she
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C hapter 1111111 Physical education .
mong the children o f
a
R
uss ian
,
,
h a e a s n t s n d t e a , p
results.
Chapter
11111111 .
Osw c A
mc
C onclusions
c
m A ND
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w n as A M eans or D EV EL OP ’— D ts rmcr tous I n p repari ng emb ry
M eg an
'
s
N ascs ur H tsr onoc tcar ologi cal materi al fo r the mi c roto me and the mi cro s ope, o ur hoi ce o f p reservative fl uid s d epend s o n the advantages o flered in th ree p ri ncipal di rectio ns W e i n ui re fi rst o f all wh at reagent, o r c o mbi natio n o f reagents, will b est p reserv e the nat ural form, We next end eavo r to as ertai n r elations and i nter n al str ucture whi ch o f the fl uid s appeari ng to sati sfy the fi rst poi n t w ill l eav e the p reparat io n in the most favo rable co nditio n fo r sectio ni ng ; and, fi nally , we h ave to o nsider the difermtiating capacity o f the fl uids , and the co nditio ns under whi ch the high est di fferential Thi s h i g hly i mpo rtant uality, whi ch effects can be obtai ned b elo ngs, in varyi ng deg ree, to all h ardeni ng an d stai ni ng reagents, serves t wo g eneral p urpo ses , o ne o f whi ch is p urely hi stologi cal I n the o ne case, the aim is to the o th er st ri ctly emb ryologi cal sh arp en the d efi n itio n o f i n divid ual el ement s, and to st rengt h en hi stologi al di sti nctio ns ; in the o th er, the obj ect is to demo n st rate tho se s ubtl e an d i mp erceptibl e differences in the constitu tio n o f emb ryo ni c cell s, whi ch furn i sh the earli est premo nitio ns o f th ei r hi stologi cal desti ny T he h i stologi st deal s with the fi rst the emb ryologi st must deal w i th both cl ass o f di s ti n ctio ns T he emb ry ologi st cannot st op w ith t he st udy o f st ructure and topo g raphi cal rel atio ns, as th ey exi st in any p art i cul ar stage ; he is co m pell ed to follo w t he enti re d evelop mental hi sto ry of the cell s , fro m th ei r mo st i ndi fferen t up to th ei r mo st highly sp eci al ized o nditio n Begi nni ng wi th materi al mo re or l ess ho mogeneo us in as pect , he fi n ds it necessary to fo restall d evelopment , and seek s to b ri ng o ut di sti nctio ns th at h ave not yet ripened i nto morpho '
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Edited by D r C O W a rran ts, M us C o mp 2001 C ambridg e, M ass R ead before the A merican S o ciety o f N aturalists, D ecember 30 , 1885
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1886
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logi cal defi nition I n sho rt his task is no l ess th an th at o f dis coveri ng by c h em i cal means p ro mo rphologi cal co nditio ns whi ch shall reveal the desti natio n o f cell s b efo re nat ure has given th em any d efi n ite h istologi cal stamp T he means th at sufl i ce to d emo n st rate fully fo rm ed ti ss ue el ements are no t al ways id enti cal w ith those re ui red in t raci n g th ei r hi stogeneti c dev elop ment A s yet we k n o w very litt l e abo ut the capacity o fdi fferent p reservative fl uids in the very i mpo rtant w o rk o f dev elopi ng nascent hi stologi cal di sti nctio ns It is o ften at the ex pense o f much ti me and pati ence that reagents are fo und whi ch co mbi ne the fi rst two ualifi catio ns we h ave mentio ned and the ex peri ment er who has been so far s uccess ful too fre uently fl atters hi msel f th at he has reach ed the high est run g in the l add er o f tech ni cal bli ss if his preparatio ns admit o f b ei n g s li ced lik e ch eese o r cartil age But o ne re ui res n o v ery l arg e amo unt o f k no wl edge o f the ai ms and ex pe ri cuce i n the ways and m eans o f emb ryologi cal research in o rd er to un derstand th at the i nvestigato r s art does not c ul mi nate in sectio ns o f ch eese lik e ho mogeneity To be abl e th ro ugh seri al secti o n s to lay bare each i ndi vid ual cell o f a c o mpli cat ed o rgan ism is c ertai nly a g reat t ri umph in mi croto my ; but s uc h a feat may be as it not i nfre uently has b een acco mpl i sh ed wi tho ut leadi ng t o any i mpo rtant results and si mply b ecause the method s o f p rep aratio n h ave not been sel ected w i th a vi ew to sec ure the need ed d i fferenti al effect s H av in g defi ned a S peci al aim in the use o f emb ryologi cal met hods it remai ns o nly to co nsid er the p racti cal si de o f the s ub j ect T he d iflerential eflects of most p reservative fl uids wh en used singly are ext rem ely weak and o ft en uite i napprec i abl e To be o f servi c e th ey must be st rengt h ened o r rei n fo rced by s o m e h ap py co mbi nat io n o f reagents di scov erabl e o nly by ex p eri ment D if ferential results are generally so ught fo r t h ro ugh metalli c i mp reg natio ns an d th ro ugh vario us method s o f stai n i ng as do ubl e stai n i n g multipl e stai n i n g overstai ni n g follo wed by parti al d ecol o ratio n etc But I am not aware that s uch means alo ne are s uf ficient fo r the spec i al p urpose under co ns id eratio n I n o rd er to demonst rate di fferences no t o f fo rm but o f mol ecul ar co nstit u tio n t he fo undatio n fo r the desi red eflects m ust be l aid in the pro cess o f h ard en i n g S tai n i ng reagents may th en serve to co mpl ete the wo rk n ex ampl e o f wh at may be ac co mpli sh ed in thi s way I w ill A s a gi ve b ri efly my ow n ex peri ence wi th osmi c aci d and the so call ed Merk el s fl ui d whi ch is a mi xt ure in eq ual part s o f ch ro mi c ac id p c ) and o f pl ati num chlo ride p I h ave t ested th ese reag en ts w ith th ree di fferent cl asses o f eggs an d h ave obtai ned im s ults s o m e f w a o t o hi c h h v e l dy b n p bli h e d s r e a r e a e e u n I n r t a p the case o f pel agi c fish eggs wi t h whi c h my fi rst ex peri ments were mad e t he method o f p ro c ed ure is as follo ws : T he eggs wi th a lit tle sea water are pl aced in a wat c h gl ass then by the aid o f a pi .
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Generate N otes
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p ette a uantity of o smi c acid p c ) e ual (as nearly as one can j udge) to th at o f the sea water is add ed A t the end o f fro mfive to ten mi n utes the eggs are was h ed ui ckly in cl ean wat er and t rans ferred to a ch ro me pl ati numsol utio n di fferi n g fromMerk el s mix l t ure o nly in h avi ng a high er per cent o f chro mic ac id wh ere they may remai n fro m o ne to t h ree days A fter thi s t reat ment the bl asto derm may be easily freed fro m the yolk and after a thor o ugh washi ng in cl ear wat er fo r a n umber o f ho urs the prepara tio n may be passed th ro ugh the usual g rad es o f al cohol stai ned T he o smi c ac i d fi x es the and sectio n ed o r mo unt ed in toto n at ural fo rm an d st ruct ural feat ures o f the eg g perfectly and the mi x t ure o f ch ro mi c acid and pl ati num chlo ri de co mpl etes the wo rk o f h ardeni ng and at the same ti me removes much o f the bro wn o r bl ack colo r i mparted by the fi rst reagent I h ave t ri ed vario us oth er reagents aft er t he o smi c aci d but w ith far l ess Picro sulph u ri c acid i nstead o f arresti ng the sati sfacto ry res ult s bl ackeni ng p ro cess o f the o smi c acid i ncreases it S i mple c h ro mi c acid arrests the blacken i ng but does not remove it (as does M erkel s fl uid) and causes co nsid erabl e co nt ractio n M iil l er s fl uid recommended by H en neg uy is e ually unsati sfac to ry By thi s method a v ery mark ed di fferenti atio n is g enerally oh tained as early as the s i x teen cell stage the fo ur cent ral cell s sho wi ng a very l ig ht b ro wn s h ade whi l e the t welv e periph eral I n l ater stages of cl eavage the cell s h av e a much d eeper sh ad e di sti nctio n b et ween cent ral an d margi nal cell s beco mes still st ro ng er so th at it b eco mes po ssibl e t o t race the enti re hi sto ry o f the o rigi n o f the so call ed parabl ast ov er whi ch th ere h ave been T he very di ffi c ult so many c o ntroversi es uest io n as to the preci se o rigi n o f the permanent entoderm is n ot settl ed by th is method T he same reagent s may be s uccessfully appli ed to the egg s o f Cl epsi ne ; b ut h ere the mo de o f p ro ced ure is so mewh at di fferent Thi s mi xt ure employed at its no rmal as regard s M erk el s fl ui d T he st ren gth is allo wed to wo rk fro m o ne to two ho urs o n ly di fferenti al effects are h ere very marked ex tendi n g no t o nly to the di fferen t germ l ayers but even to cell g ro ups desti ned to fo rmthe cent ral n ervo us sy stem the neph ridi al o rgans l arval gl ands etc N o ne o f the method s hi th erto employed wi th th ese eggs has s s m m r r e u a l l a e w a e e n n iv lt o p bl ith tho e I h v tio d n a c a s e t e g I n the case o f the frog s eg g s I allo w the o smi c acid fro m t wenty to t wenty five mi n utes th en t ransfer di rectly to the c h ro me pl ati num sol utio n employed with fish eggs (twenty fo ur ho urs) T he eggs are nex t pl aced in water an d freed fro m th ei r g el ati no us env elopes by the aid o f sh arp needles and a di ssecti ng mi cro scope A fter was hi n g in flo wi ng water fo r at l east two ho urs the eggs may be t reated with al cohol and stai ned acco rd ,
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is
used in
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Xp
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c. solution .
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in g to d esire My ex peri ment s with th ese eggs h av e not yet been carri ed very far, and I can o nly say th at the materi al so far as ex ami ned , has t urned o ut well I f the sectio n i n g is n ot del ayed to o lo n g , n o di sag reeabl e efl ects o f crumbli n g w ill be ex p eri en ced .
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— It Eva
F UNC T I ON OF T H E C OM POU ND is h eld by Ex ner C arri ere and o th ers th at the c o mpo und eye do es no t di sti ng ui sh T he eye wo uld t h e for ms b ut o nly the movements o f obj ect s t h us be merely an o rgan o f o ri entatio n capabl e o f recog n izi ng l d i fferences in the i ntensity of light Pl ateau has undertaken a s eri es o f int erest i ng ex peri ment s d es ig ned to t est the validity o f T he metho d o f ex peri mentatio n was as follo ws : t h i s vi ew A roo m five meters s uare is furn i sh ed w i th two w i ndo ws T he wi ndo ws are p ro vid ed with s h utters w hi ch face the west I n each sh utt er ad e d ark b y means of w hi ch the roo m can be m a hol e is c ut large eno ug h to receive a pane o f g ro un d gl ass T he verti cal di stance fro m the floo r to the center o f each gl ass is “ and the ho rizo ntal di stance b et ween t he cent ers o f t he two 5 s is T h m o u t e a n o f light ad mitt ed is reg ulat ed by n e a p means o f bl ack pasteboard di aph rag ms whi ch are fitted to slide in fro nt o f the gl ass T he di aph rag m coveri ng the l eft pane is perfo rated with a si ngl e hol e whi ch is amply l arg e t o allow the i n sect to pass t hro ugh in full flight T he siz e of the Open i ng is T he di aphrag m c overi n g v ari ed by usi n g di f ferent di aph rag ms t he right pane is perfo rat ed w ith a n umber o f s mall hol es Thi s di aph rag m re t h r o ug h whi c h the i nsect co uld n o t pass mai ns the same th ro ugh all the ex peri ment s To begi n with t he s i ngl e openi ng in t he l eft di aph rag m is m mad e 10 s uare and the ri g ht di aph rag m is perfo rated w ith m m in s uare an d separat ed by spaces 1 all hol es eac h 1 100 sm T he 100 hol es th us rep resen t the s ame s urface as the w i dt h lar ge openi ng but t he amo unt o f li g ht th at passes t he fo rmer is I n s uccessiv e co ns id erably l ess th an th at w hi ch passes t he l atter ferent d i urnal i nsect s (Diptera Hymen ex peri ments wi th di f the size o f the hol e in the Opt era L epidoptera Col eoptera l eft di aph rag m is vari ed so that the amo unt o f light is so meti mes s l ess th an th at o f t he ri g ht di ap hrag m t e e a e r so meti m r g I f und er t h ese co n di tion s an i nsect let loo se at t he s ide o f the r o o m oppo s it e the w i ndo ws i nvari ably fli es to t he l arge op en i n g th en we might c o ncl ude acco rdi n g to Pl ateau t hat it dis t in g uishes the fo rms o f obj ect s ; but if it o ften mak es the mis tak e o f flyi ng agai nst the s urface perfo rat ed w ith hol es t o o small to give it passage we may co n c l ud e th at it does n o t di sti n g ui s h fo rm but is g uid ed by the i ntensity o f t he light T he ex peri ment s aj o rity o f cases t o ward s s h o w th at t he flight is di rect ed in t he m t h e mo re i ntense light and h enc e Pl at eau co ncl ud es th at the T HE
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1
Bull de l A ’
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cad
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roy
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de Belg
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m ser 3
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1. x, N o
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8,
1885 .
F e b r u r a [ y,
General N otes
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vi ew befo re stated in regard to the funct ion o f the co m po und eye is co rrect H e furt her anno unces his co nvi ctio n t hat t he si mpl e eyes are rudi ment ary o rgans th at serv e n o i mpo rt Thi s vi ew rests o n the fact t hat if the o celli are ant p urpo se covered with opa ue bl ack varni sh the i nsect g uides its co urse in the same man ner as b efo re Whil e th ese ex peri ments may be said to favo r the c o nc l usi o n arriv ed at by Pl ateau th ey do n ot in my o pinio n furnish d ec i s iv e It wo uld be uite withi n the range o f p ossibiliti es t h at evi dence t he i nsect di sti n g ui sh ed perfectly well theforms o f both t he l arg e and s mall hol es witho ut taki ng in the rel atio n o f its o wn s ize to that o f the hol e th ro ug h whi ch it so ught to escape T he po wer to di sti ng uish fo rms is n ot tantamo unt to a k nowl edge of rel at io ns th at co uld o nly be l earned by experi ence and refl ectio n .
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A M ET H OD o r BL aacmN b W xNGs or L EPl DOPT ER A T o s aot u ‘ I n the co mmo n method T A T E T H E S T UD Y o r T H E I R V aNA T tON o f d est royi n g the scal es o n the w i n gs o f L epidoptera fo r the p ur po se o i st udyi ng th ei r venatio n, by means o f causti alk ali ne so l u tio ns, th ere is danger o f not arresti ng the actio n at the p ro per mo ment and co nse uently of dest royi ng not o nly the po rti o ns w hi h it is d esi rabl e to remove, but al so the scal e suppo rt i n g memb rane, and even the d eli cate vei ns th emselves A n appli ca tio n o f a modifi catio n o f the hlo ri ne bl eachi ng pro cess co mmon ly used in cotto n bl each eri es obvi ates the necess ity of removi ng t he scal es, an d leav es the w i ng perfect
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T he mo st co nv eni ent method o f applyi ng the chlo ri ne is as fo l lows : T he w i ngs must fi rst be soaked a few mo ments in p u re I f t hi s al cohol in o rder to di ssolve o ut the oily matt er in th em is no t do ne the s urface o f the w i n g s act s as a repell ent , and w i ll Wh en the wi ngs have n o t be moi st ened by an a ueo us s ol utio n be o me tho ro ughly so ak ed by the al co hol th ey are ready to b e oved to a sol utio n o f co mmo n bl eachi ng po wd er Thi s bl eac h rem “ in g po wd er is sold by d ruggi s t s as chlo rid e o f l ime but it is really a mi x t ure o f cal i c hypo chlo rit e cal c i c c hlo rid e an d cal c i c hydrate T en p arts o f wat er di ssol ve the fi rst two co mpo un d s , l eavi ng nearly all the thi rd s uspen ded in the sol utio n T he sol u tio n sho uld be made wi th cold water, fil tered, and k ep t in a tigh t ly Wh en the wi ngs are trans c o rked bo tt l e until re ui red fo r use ferred to thi s sol utio n the bl eachi ng co mmences, an d in an ho ur o r two the w i n g s are d evoid o f marki ngs altho ugh the vei ns t e t ai n a light b ro wn olo r Thi s is due to the fact th at chlo ri ne .
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ot uite d ecolo rize ani mal mat ter o r any s ub stance c o ntain ing n it rogen as it do es vegetabl e ti ssue A fter the c olo r has s uffi ci ently di sappeared fro m the w i ngs th ey sho uld be t ransferred to a wash co mpo sed o f o ne part of can n
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G Dimmock, Pro ceedings of the A meri can A o f S cience, D etro it m eeting , A ugust, 187 5 1
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ssociation
for the A dvancement
r i s r a c e n o f r A n d e i m hyd c hlo c id to t t h o t a r w e a r e t a g p y be add ed th at in case the bleachi ng does no t readily co mmence upo n i mmers io n in the bleac hi n g sol utio n the actio n may be has tened by a p revio us dippi ng in the dil ute hyd roc hlo ri c ac id In the bl eachi n g sol utio n a c rust o f cal c i c c arbo nate fo rmed by the un io n o f the cal c i c hyd rate o f the sol utio n and the carbo ni c diox ide o f t he air is d epo s ited o n the w i ngs and this cal ci c carbo nate the fi nal was h in dil ute ac id wi ll remov e A s soo n as the cal c i c carbo nat e has d i sappeared an d all b ubbli n g c o nse uent upo n its deco mpositio n by the hyd rochlo ri c acid has ceased the wi ngs Th ey may th en be sec ured s h o uld be well so ak ed in p ure water o n cards with a muc il age o f g um t ragacan th ; o r upo n gl ass by the p rop er t ransfers th ro ugh al cohol an d chlo ro fo rm to C anada bal sam A sol utio n o f sodi c hypo chlo rite k no wn as Eau de L abarraque o r a sol utio n o f po t ass i c hypo c hlo rite k no wn as Eau de 9 avelle w h en used in pl ac e o f t he s ol utio n o f bl eachi ng po wd er do es no t leave a d epo sit o f cal c i c carbo nate o n the wi ng s and th us di spense w ith the wash o f dil ut e acid A sol utio n o f zi nc hypo chlo rite act s mo re deli cately t han a s ol utio n o f sodi c hypo chlo rite and may be used in place o f the latter as may al so sol utions o f alu minic hypochlo ri te or mag nesi c hypo chlo rite
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S CI EN TIFIC N EWS
c t meeti g D ecembe 29 a d
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o ci ety o f Nat urali sts h eld at n r w n m m w ill lo g e b d it b r e e r e 0 e h Bo sto n 3 pl easure by those who had the good fo rt une to be p resent T he ex cell ent pl an o f the fo un d ers o f the s o c i ety o f li mi ti ng the ran g e o f the papers to the di scuss io n o f method s o f t eachi ng and all foothold fo r bo res and i n d eed the seri es research l eaves but s m of p apers furn i sh ed an ex hil arati n g success io n o f sug g estiv e and Mo st o f the sessions were h eld in the eas ily gras ped id eas phys iologi cal l ect ure roo m o f the new H arv ard M edi cal S c hool b uildi ng and j ust adjoi ni ng the l abo rato ry o f D r Bowdit ch whi ch is p robably unparall el ed fo r its wealth of i ngen io us and T he co urt e effect ive ap parat us des ig ned and mad e o n the S pot sies of the H arvard memb ers o f the so c i ety v ery ag reeably occu p ied the ho urs no t st ri ctly dev oted to b usi ness T he ,
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P ro fesso r T J Burrill d eal s in the Botanical Gazette p 3 34 — wit h two mec h ani cal effects of cold upo n t rees the radi al split ting of wo od and b ark and the separatio n o f b ark o r wood l ay ers in a c o ncent ri c way T he fi rst is ex pl ai ned by water freezi n g in plat es parallel to the surf ace o f an o rgan and t hen additio ns b ei ng made to the base .
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t l perpendi c ul ar to the surface will be fo rmed Th us t he w ood co nt racti n g and the ice ex pan di ng tangenti ally and l o n g i t udinally (c hi efly t he fo rmer) radi al b ursti ng is t he resul t T he s o uth s id e o f a t ree is t he weakest as mo re water ex i sts t h ere and ice is fi rst fo rmed Di rect ob servatio n sho ws t h at the s pec i fic g ravity of sap is g reater o n the n o rth s id e o f a t ree Co ncent ri c splitti ng is ex pl ai ned by mi n ute ice c rystals fo rm ing w it h t hei r ax es perpen di cul ar to the wood cyli nder t h u s caus i ng radi al tensio n Want o f ri peness o f ti ssue in the sen s e o f the rel atio n o f water to oth er co ns ti t uents is the c hi ef p red is po si ng cause H enry W Beyerinck has in the Botanische Z a tang ex am ined the st ruct ure o f the remark abl e gall s p rod uc ed o n the i n t er i a n od es o f the s tem o f Poa n emoralzs by the attack s o f Ceezd om y o u d m r s w Whil r n o r l c o di io g s e r a bl t a e e n e n t n s a s a e o r o p p d uce root s o n ly from the n od es th ese gall s are cloth ed w i th a thi ck matti ng o f roots p rod uced fro m the pericambial l ayer o f t he i nternod es Wh en fi rst fo und t hese roots di ffer in no respec t fro m o rdi nary underg ro und root s b ei n g p rovid ed w ith a ro o t c ap and a cent ral v asc ul ar cyli n d er w i th a few pitt ed v essel s b u t I n the co urse o f d evelop ment t h ey ass u me w i th no root h ai rs mo re and mo re the c h aracter o f aeri al roots and lose th eir root cap Co unt G de S apo rta enters i nto an el abo rate reply in t h e Bull eti n o f t he Geologi cal S o c i ety of France (11111 p to th e th eo ry o f N atho rst th at the s upposed o rgani c remai ns o f a very early geolo g i cal period are in reali ty the p et rifi ed i mp ressio n s o f t he foo tp ri n ts o f an i mal s H e mai ntai ns that a mi n ut e ex ami n a tio n o f thei r st ructure enti rely c o nt radi cts thi s vi ew and th at even tho se abo ut whi c h N atho rst ex p resses the g reatest do ubt may b e pet ri factio ns of alg ae in h al f reli ef D r F W Godi ng an no unces for early p ubli catio n L i ves o f emi n ent eco n o mi c ento mologi s ts of N o rt h A meri ca a w o rk to co nsi st o f abo ut 150 parts w ith pl ates P ri ce and S ub sc riptio ns to be sent to the autho r at A nco na L ivi ngsto n co unty Illi noi s M r E T C resso n o f P hil adelphi a the w ell k no wn hymen opterist after a lo n g i n terval o f fo rced cessatio n fro m sc i en ti fi c wo rk has ret urned to the study o f the Hy menopt era an d is pre pari ng a syn opsi s o f the whol e o rd er whi ch he i ntends sho rtly t o p ubli sh D r P R Uh er has p repared a catalog ue o f the H emiptera H eteroptera of N o rth A meri ca It is p ubli sh ed by the Brookly n E nto mologi cal S o c i ety and can be had at the p ri ce o f 50 cents of M r j oh n B S mith U S N atio nal M useum Washi ngto n D C r s as
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oecedzng s o '
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S cientific S oa edes '
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P ro fesso r C E H amli n assi stant in charge o f the M oll usca o f the M useum o f Co mparati ve Z o O lo gy at Camb ri dge di ed J an uary 3 d H e fo rmerly h eld the ch ai r o f natural hi sto ry at Watervill e Coll ege Mai ne N Joly a well k no wn French zoOlog ist di ed Octob er 17 at T o ulo use M r S H S cudd er has reti red fro m the edito ri al manag e ment of S ci ence whi ch is now edited by M r N D C Hodges .
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:o:
P R OC E EDI N GS OF
S CI E N TIFIC S OCI ETI ES
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— — 2 9 3O T hi s
N A T UR A L I S T S EA S T ER N U S , D ec acti ve s oc i ety n umb ers 130 wo rki n g nat urali sts and geologi sts , an d was o rg an iz ed fo r the di sc ussio n o f method s o f i nvestig atio n an d i n st ructio n l abo rato ry t ech ni ue an d museum admi n i st ratio n , an d oth er topi cs o f i n terest to i nvestigato rs and teach ers o f nat u Membership is rest ri cted to tho se who h av e do ne ral sc i en e o rigi nal wo rk T he meeti n g was held at Bosto n and was cer tain ly n o t i n ferio r in i nterest to t ho se p revio us ly h eld T he so ci ety cho se as o ffi cers fo r the follo w i ng y ear : P resid en t , G K Gilbert o f Washi n gto n ; vice p res id ents P ro fesso r E D Co pe and D r H arri so n A ll en o f Phil ad elphi a and P ro fesso r Geo rge L Goodal e o f C amb ridge ; secretary S F Cl ark e, o f Willi ams Coll ege ; t reasurer, C h arl es A A shb urner, o f Philadel phi a ; exe utive co mmittee P ro fesso r R R amsay W right , o f To ro nto , D r C S M i not , o f Bo sto n
S
OC I ET Y
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Opening address Gi lbert , G K M o rse, E S On museum cases Bo wditch, I I P D emonstrati on o f vaso motor experiments Bo w d itch, H P Exhibition of model o f the eye W ilder, B G On the use o f alinj ected sheep hearts i n class practicums W ilder , B G I llustrations of the advantages of alinj ectio n , vascular an d visceral, i n preserving materi al for di ssection for class pract icums an d for permanent .
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re aratio ns. p p
D wig ht, T ho mas Modern anatomical methods M is ter, S Exhibitio n o f inj ect ions E rn s t , H C ultivatio n o f micro org an isms D avis, W M Methods of observing thun derstorms and discussing the results W arren , J W D emonst ratio n o f reactio n time apparatus W arren , W A simplified demo nstratio n o f the reactio n o f saliva W rig ht, R R I mpro vement on ro cking microto me W right R R Photog raphy as an aid to n atural history illustration ' D unning to n s method o f making co lo red diagrams , w rth modifications Gag e, S H W i lder, B G Exhibitio n of preparatio ns i llustrating certain branch and class characters A pparatus for the i nvestigation o f the color sense Oliver, C has A A n ew metho d o f arrang ing ento mo lo ical co llect io ns C o nt stock , j H g A llen, H amso n Exhi bitio n o f pho to graphs i n i llustrati on of an imal locomotion W ads w ort h, M E L abo rato ry instructio n in mineralogy K ing sley, S S o me pho to g rapht c processes of illustratio n H yatt , A M useo logy C rosby, W O A rrang ement o f mineralogical collections of B S N H .
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Proceeding s of S cientifi c S ocieties
F b u e r r a [ y
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D avis, W M Geolog ical sections illustrating rate o f deposit fo rmat io ns ’ Whi tman C 0 Osmic acid an d Merkel s fluid in embryological Farlo w, W G T eaching biology at co llege D avis, W M On the use o f models fo r i nstruction in geology M i not, C 8 S o me improvemen ts in histo log ical tec hni ue Goodale, G L Exhibition o f bo tanical physio logical apparatus .
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May
— 1885 Dr
P H S OC I ET Y 1 A ll en mad e a c o mmuni cat io n o n the tarsus of b ats etc — M ay 15 Pro fesso r H C L ewi s p resented an acco unt o f the g reat t rap dyk e acro ss S E Pennsy l vani a — J une 19 D r A S Gatschet p resented a paper o n the Ba t h eek I ndi ans w ith a vocab ul ary P ro fesso r Cope p resented a seco n d co nti n uatio n o f researches amo n g the Bat rachi a o f the coal regio n s of Ohio ; al so a p ap er by D r A C S tok es o f New to n N Y o n so me new hypot ri cho us I nfuso ri a J uly 17 P ro fes so r D K irk wood o f Bloo mi ngto n I n di ana pre sented a co mmuni catio n o n the co m et o f 1866 an d the meteo rs o f N ovember 14 — Octob er 2 D r F A Genth p resented c o ntrib utio ns fro m the — l abo rato ry o f the U n iv ersity of Pennsylvan i a xxxv co nt rib utio ns to mi neralo gy D r D G Bri nto n p resented Polysynth esi s and i nco rpo ratio n as ch arac teri sti cs o f A meri can l ang uages D r F S Kraus (V i enna) sent in a paper ent i tl ed A us Bo sneen en H erzegovi na P ro fesso r E D Co pe p resented a catalog ue o f the s pec ies o f Bat rac hi a and reptil es co ntai ned in a coll ectio n m ad e at Pebas Upper A mazo n by M r H awk well Oct 16 — P ro fesso r Cope p resented fo r the Transactio ns a paper o n the spec i es o f Ig uan id ae; and al so fo r the P ro c eedi n gs (1) a paper o n the st ructure and affiniti es o f the spec i es o f fi sh es fro m the Eo cene o f Wyo mi ng Terri t o ry ;(2) a repo rt o n the co al de pos its near Zaculatipan Hi dalgo M ex i co ; 3 ) an acco unt o f the st ruc t ure o f the b rai n an d audito ry app arat us o f a th ero mo rpho us rep til e P ro fesso r Ho usto n mad e a statement as to the effect o f the l ate ex plo s io n o f po unds o f dy namite at Flood R o ck H ell Gate N Y stati ng th at in his opi n io n earth uakes were pro duced by the co oling o f a h eated s urface — m D rfBrin to n p resented a paper o n the Mang ue N ov e ber 20 l ang uage P ro fesso r Cope sent in a i 3 th co ntrib utio n to the h erpetology o f t ropi cal A meri ca P ro fesso r Ho usto n sent a co mmun i catio n upo n photog raphy in a light ni ng fl ash d uri ng the sto rm o f October 29 1885 and ex hibited the negatives and photog raphs D r Frazer presented a résumé o fthe pro ceedi n gs o fthe recent I n ternatio nal Co ng ress o f Geologi st s at Berli n wh i ch he had att en d ed as a d el egate fro m the A meri can A ss oc i atio n fo r the A dvance ment o f S ci ence with oth er A meri can sc i enti sts D r Frazer A
H I L OS OPH I C A L
M ER I C A N
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Proceeding s
ntific S ocieties S cie
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hi bited a d evi ce fo r p ri nting bo undary li nes automati cally ;al so D r F raz er al so d rew atten a t rack ch art o f t he N o rt h A tl anti c tio n to the Geo logi cal and Geographi cal Di ctio nary of S ig V ill a no va o f Pi sa December 4 D r Frazer p resented a résumé of the geology o f Yo rk co unty Pa Pro fesso r Cope read a paper on the physi cal co nditio ns of memo ry ex
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— i4 C o mmunica
BI OL OGI C A L S OC I ET Y OF W A s mNGT ON, N o v t io ns : M r R i ch ard R athb un, R emark s o n the Wood s Holl sta ti o n o f the U S Fi sh Co mmi ssio n ;D r W S Barnard , S p eci men mo unti ng ase and method ; M r Joh n A R yd er, A n ew and p ract i cal system o f rai si ng oysters o n a large s al e ; M r Fred erick T rue, On a spotted dolphi n apparently id enti al w it h t he Pr odelpltinus doris o f Gray .
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—Co mmuni catio ns :
Th eob ald S mi th A si mpl e devi c e fo r sto ri ng cover gl ass p reparatio ns ill ust rative o f bacteri al di sease ; D r W S Barnard 1 Envi ro nmental digestio n ; 2 S pe l abel s and stopp ers ; D r C H art c imen mo unt : t ub e hold ers M erriam T he wo rk o f the U S D epart ment of A g ri cult ure in ec o no mi c o rnit holo g y ; M r Ch arl es D Wal c ott Evid ence o f the lo ss of vital fo rce in certai n t rilobites o n appro ac hi n g ex ti nctio n M r Frederi ck True A new st udy o f the A meri can po ck et rats s Dipo do mys n u e g — e D c 26 D r C H art Merri am Co nt rib utio ns to N o rth A meri K n owlto n 1 T he gen us Tami as ; M r F H ca n mammalogy M ulti pli catio n in the Gy ne c i um o f D atum stramonium L ; Pro fess o r O T Maso n M util ations o f the h uman body Nov
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— T he U Ni ON
ann ual meeti n g took A M ER I C A N OR Ni T ii OL OGi S T t u m N u ral Hi sto ry , in N ew rk l a c e m i u s f t o a t e e r c n M e o a h A a p T he session Opened o n T uesd ay , N ov 17 , and l asted two d ay s A mo ng t he memb ers p resent were Messrs J A A ll en, R R idg w ay , W Brewst er, W W Cooke O Wid man n, D r C H M er K Fi sh er H A P urdi e, and E P Bi ck nell A number r iam A o f papers o f v ery g reat i nt erest were read , and there was much d isc uss io n o f k not ty poi nts in o rn ithology One o f t he mo st in eti ng was the acco unt by M r Brewster t eres ting feat ures o f t he me o f his observatio ns carri ed o n at lightho uses d uri ng the seas o n o f mi g ratio n By means o f these observatio ns the speak er had n etrat ed d eep er i nto so me o f t he secrets in the li fe o f the small e p H is n ig h t mig rati ng bi rd s th an any o ne el se has y et do ne a c co un t o f w h at he saw was mo st entertai n i n g and val uabl e and T he nex t o pen s a new c h apt er in the hi sto ry o f o ur bi rd s an n u al meeti n g wi ll be h eld in W ashi n gto n , D C .
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— t Pa N ov 2 8 D r S S R athvon L I NNE A N S OC I ET Y L read a highly i nt eresti n g pap er o n t he H essi an fly and alli ed in ,
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Proceeding s
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D r J H D ubb s read a paper o n arrows and arrow t mak ers T he paper was acc o mpani ed by a l ett er fro mA F Ber lin o f A ll ento wn Pa and ill ustrat ed by spec i men s of d arts and arro w h ead s in sto ne made by M r Berli n by the p ro cess d escrib ed D r T C Po rter stated t hat t he L anc aster co unty in the letter h erbari um o f the so ci ety need ed arrangi ng and th at the pl ants s ho uld be poi s o ned in o rd er to p reserve th emfro md est ructio n by the museum p est H e o ffered to d efray the ex pense i nc ident th ereto if the memb ers w o uld do the act ual wo rki ng part of the und ertaki ng T he do cto r s genero us o ffer was accep ted and Pro fesso r J S S tah r C A H ein its h and M rs Zell were appo i n ted a sec s
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MOUNT A l N C L U B D ec 1 1 1885 Geod eti c fro m Mo osilauke and M ans fi eld Pro f E C Pi cker
PPA L A C H I A N
Observatio ns
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ing ; T he tripyramid slid es of 1885 , wri tt en by R ev A l fo rd A Butl er, an d N otes o n the regi o n east of Wi ld riv er and so uth of t he A nd ro scoggi n, w ri t ten by M r A L Good ri ch — Oct i 4 P ro fesso r Gaetan o L an za, A n asc ent of M o unt Gar fi eld ; M V B K no x , Ph D , N otes o n the sli de at Jeflerso n ; P ro fesso r C E Fay Was C hoco rua the o rigi nal Pigwacket ? — N o v 11 P ro fesso r Willi am M D avi s o n mo untai n meteo r ology T he followi ng papers by M r E B Cook , were read : R o und mo untai n ; A n ex ursio n over M o unts N ancy, A nd erso n and L o well .
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ER R A
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m iddl e o f the l ast li ne o n p 26 J an uary f num ber s h o uld be st ri cken o ut and the ph rase sho uld read th at in tho se speci es whi ch fly most th ese muscl es wo uld b e r el ativ ely l arger th an in tho se o f l ess po wer o f flight I nstead o f th at in those spec i es whi c h fly mo st o f th ese muscl es wo uld be etc T he w o rd
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A n n ual R epo r t o f t he Bureau o f A n t hr o/ ob e L acus t rian T he C ran ia o f N eg roes Ethn ology R ec en t A r t i cles by D r A n t iq ui t ies o f D r Gross l sc hudu S upplement t o the Gramma r o f the C ak chiq uel lang uage
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“¢ 3 H and book Of ics 1e s Our Birds an d their I a ng 11 ring Wo rld T ho mpson s Biblio etc R ecen t Books an d Pamp '
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R eport of C o mmit tee on D is infec t P liy s io logy an ts o f t he A merican Publi c H ealth A s s oc iat io n R ecen t I n ves t i g atio ns o n the R es p irato ry C en t er
M ountai n Bo tany T he C atalog ue Br'l i’ h M useums H art man 5 A n : .
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T he D evelopment E mbry ology iti ma Gucrin [ I llust rated]
—T he bestiari ans
[lllus
T he Proatlas A tlas and A x is o f t he Zoo lo — I hree problemat ical Gen C ro cod i i a [l ll ll l tl t dl N o te o n t he Prob era of M exi can Boc fo rm S n akes On t he T ypes of T oo th st rue lem o f S oaring Birds A n extrao rdi nary H uman D en ture in M ammalia Z oolog ical N ews t ition ‘
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PL A T E X
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L EGEND — r, W in n ebag o habitat , 2 , I o w a habitat ; 3 , A rk an sa habitat ; 4 , K w apa habit at h h bi t a n d ro ute alter se arati n ro m the K w apas ; m a a a a f t after leaving the Omahas, etc O . 5 p g 6 , habitat at the mo uth o f the M isso uri ; 7 , co urse alo ng the river ; 8, habitat at mouth o f Osag e river ; 9 , course o f Osag es ; t o , co urse o f K ansas , i t , do o f Po n kas an d Omahas (T wo C ro w s ) 12 , do o f do (acco rdi ng to others ) ; 13 , meeti ng o f I owas , Pon kas an d Omahas ; 14 , course o f th e s abo ut on e hundred feet hi h o n each bank ; 17 . fort three tribes , 15 , Pipesto n e uarry ; 16 , cli fl g built by the three tri bes ; 18 L ake A ndes ; 19 , mouth o f W hite ri ver ; 20, mo uth o f N io brara i an ga j i ng a ; aha villag e) ; 2 3 , I on ia creek (I o w a vi llag e) ; 24 o w creek (Om ri ver ; 2 2 B i L , 2 5 , L arg e villag e; 2 6 , village at Bell creek ; 2 7 , co urse o f the I o was ; 2 8 Om a habitat o n S alt ’ i (S hell creek ) ; 3 3 , village o n Elkhor creek ; 3 5 , village ri ver ; 3 0, A ne n at ai d han ; 3 x, l aonaflg uj on L o gan creek , 3 7 , village at Bellevue .
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T HE
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— MA R xx
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— No 1886 .
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M I GR A TI ON S OF S I OUA N T R I BES BY R E V
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I OUA N is the term adopted by the Bureau of Eth nolo gy ” i n s tead o f D akotan as the name o f the li ng ui sti c family o f w h i c h the S io ux o r D akot as h ave b een regard ed as the l ead ing n ation T he tribes whose migratio ns are d escrib ed in thi s paper are the Po n k as Omah as Osages Kansas K wapas Io was Oto s M i sso u ris W i nneb ago s and Mand ans T he oth er t rib es o f thi s family are th e S io ux A ss i niboi ns Hidatsas C ro ws and T utelo s S o me autho rs S peak o f a seri es o f mig ratio ns o f th ese t ribes fro m the wes t to ward the cast but the w riter has not b een abl e to l earn o n wh at autho rity such statements h ave b een made n o r has he ever fo und any t raditio n o f s uc h east ward migratio ns amo n g the t ribes th at he has vi sited Wh atever may be the val ue o f Catli n s map o f the M an dan mig ratio ns th ere can be no do ubt t hat the M and ans b elo n g to Th ei r l anguage shows unmi stakabl e resem the S io uan family blanc es to the Wi nneb ago as well as to t he D akota Osage Kan sas etc T he Man d an t raditio n as gi ven to C atli n pl aced the ancesto rs o f that p eopl e east o f the M i ss i ss ippi river at an early day (C atli n s N A I ndi ans 11 2 esuit R el atio n o f 164 0 sp eak s o f the D akotas and A ssi n i T he j bo ins pl ac i ng th em in the neighbo rhood o f the Wi nneb ago s This l ast natio n was p robably in the regio n of Green bay in 16 14 ,
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S ee map V OL .
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m s e r n e a e a m e n h Ch pl i ight th Th y l o r o f e i m m e t e a n a w en r e w e a e h m r s a r M e F th b é id t t th y a 6 8 0 e I n 1 1 0 i 6 2 n e d tio n I n 17 66 C arver fo und th em abo ut thi rty near the K i c k apoo s flve miles fro m Green bay .
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MA P
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bo ut t hree years ago the Io wa c hi efs who vi sited Washi ng s s M i r t O e e h e e a th ti told h it e r th t th i p opl to w r t e m e a a t t t on o e a n f h e n r t m a o W e f o i h o c e o r d p t i b g n k a s n d P o n s a m u s a a r O s s : w e m e n t n s e f a r h e t a e tio o fi t o thi s ot ollo i g t t n f m n r a n c o n na i In e t h s s n r m W m a R e v n 8 bo t H ilto i io 8 e e a u m t o A a t 1 a r h , 4 y () y A
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I owas l earned th at when they sun g th ei r mysti c so ngs th ey used st udy o f the l ang uages the Wi n neb ago l anguage f l 6 r e u A c a () of the Io was Oto s and Wi nneb ago s s ho ws th at th ey are v ery closely rel at ed ; i ndeed ti me m ay p rov e the necessi ty o f i n cl udi ng them in o ne g ro up i nstead o f two (c) W e h ave the t raditio n given by t he P ri nce o f N i eu Wi ed o n p 6 4 5 o f his fi rst vol ume 6 r s A m e r A n o 1 e diti o ll ti T a ti a a n n c 8 S G r m a n n e G ( 3 < ( ) p 127 ) says that the Io was Otos M i sso uri s Omahas and Po nkas have a t raditio n t hat at a di stant epo ch th ey togeth er w i th the Winnebag o s came fro m the n o rth ;th at the Wi nneb ago s stopped on the b an k s o f L ak e M i chigan w hil e the rest co nti n ui n g t h ei r co urse so uth erly cro ssed the M i ssi ss ippi riv er and o cc upi ed the e l a s i hi h th y r o u n d by h e E u r op n s Th e r e i s e c e n e e e f c w t a w p () a statement made in M ajL o n g s acco unt o f his ex pedi t io n to the R ocky mo un tai ns 1819 (ed by J ames) of whi ch the s ub stance is now gi ven : T he parent natio n o rigi nally resid ed so mewh ere no rth o f the g reat l ak es On movi n g so ut h ward a l arge body seced ed stayi n g o n the sho re o f a l ak e ; th ese b ecam e t he H o chan f m s a a o i n n e b go oth e r b n d s e p t e d r o t h e n r r a A r W a a a g — mai n body o n reachi ng the M i ssi ssippi th ese b ecame the Iowas P a o h e m f M s u r e r o th i o i n oth b d k h A t t h u t h e s a a n c e o ( ) stopped an d made a vill age h ence th ei r n ame N e o ta che — N i t h n s T h s a ll d i o i to to lov u a c i c s s r t a e r W o a e u e O s w M ( ) ( of sex ual pl easure l eft t he natio n o n t he M i ss i ssippi a n c o di g c r ( ) to another acco unt th ey seceded fro m the M i sso uri s at the mo uth of the M i ss o uri ri ver and went ac ro ss the c o unt ry till th ey st ruck ) the M i ss o uri near the mo uth o f the Great N emaha H ere th ey rem ai ned a lo n g ti me Th en ce th ey wen t up to the Pl atte and after h unti ng fo r so me ti me near its mo uth they mo ved furth er up the Mi sso uri an d b uilt a vill ag e o n the ri g ht b an k o f th at river abo ut fo urteen mil es belo w Co unc il Bl uffs I a Whil e they were th ere a band of Io was establi s h ed th emselves o n t he bank o f the river nearly oppo site to th em and w i thi n thi rty mil es o f the sit e o f the Omaha vill ag e in 1819 T he Oto s s ub se uently removed to the Platte abo ut twenty mi l es above the vill age o cc upi ed by th em in 1819 b ut fi n di n g the l atter sit uatio n a b etter o ne th ey establi sh ed themselves th ere (abo ut A D “ T he Io was alter remai n i ng in a vill ageo n the L o wer M is souri fo r a lo n g ti me were rejoi ned by the b an d abo ve mentio ned when th ey ret urned to the M i ssi ssipp i and erected a v ill age o n ” the M o en e y ,
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Thi s must refer to a l ate period in the hi sto ry o f the I ow as ex tendi n g b ack p erh aps not furth er than 17 4 0 or 17 50 This will appear the mo re pl ai nly after co mpari ng the abov e s tatemen t respecti n g the Oto s w ith the m ap o f the mig ratio n s o f t he Io was given as Plate xxx in Vol 111 o f S chool craft s A rc hives of A b o rigi nal K n ow l edge A c opy o f the map acc o mpan i es thi s art i c l e T he s uppo si tio n of the writer is al so in acco rdance wi th wh at fo l lows abo ut the migratio ns of the Io was in c o mpany w i th t h e Omahas an d Ponkas T he M i sso uri s in co urse o f ti me ab ando ned th ei r vill age at the mo uth o f the Mi sso uri an d g rad ually ascen di n g the river at l ength b uilt a town on the l eft b ank near the mo uth of Gran d Th ey were fo und th ere by the French who b uilt a fo rt o n riv er an i sl and in the M i sso uri very near th em abo ut the begi n n i ng o f T he M i sso uri s co nti n ued to d well in t he l ast cent ury the same lo cality un til abo ut twen ty years s i nce (A D 17 9 8 th ey were co n uered and di spersed by a co mbi n a 17 99 o r tio n o f the S aks Fo x es and so me oth er I ndi ans Fiv e o r s ix lodges joi ned the Osages two o r th ree took refuge with t he Kan ‘ sas an d the c hi ef part o f the rem ai nd er amalgamated w ith t he ” Oto s ° ‘ I n 16 7 3 the Oto s were pl aced by M ar uette b etween 4 0 rs eas t and 4 1 N lat west o f the M i sso uri an d M i ssi ss ippi ri ve o f t he M ah a (Omah as) and so uth east o f the Pana (Po n kas T he Iowas acco rdi n g to the same autho rity were b etween 4 0 an d 4 1 N lat n o rth west o f the M ah a and wes t o f the Pan a I n 16 80 the A inoves (I o was) were cast o f the M i ss i ssippi an d n ear the Ki ckapoo s accordi n g to M emb ré (see S h ea s D isco v “ T he Oto s were o ne h und red and Ex pl M i ss Vall ey p and thi rty l eag ues fro m the Illi noi s al mo st oppo site the mo uth o f ” I n 16 87 the Oto s were o n the Osage r iver t he M isk o ncing I n 17 00 Ib ervill e said th at the Oto s and Io was were w ith the Omah as b etween the M i sso uri an d M i ss i ssippi rivers abo ut a h und red l eag ues fro m the Illi noi s I n 17 2 1 the Io was were cast o f the M i sso uri riv er abov e the Oto s and b elo w the Pawn ees b ei n g allies and neighbo rs o f the D akotas T he Otos were b elo w the Iowas and above the Kansas o n the west si de of the M i sso uri (Ch arl evoi x H istor Jo urnal p T he Po akas told R ev A L R iggs t h at th ei r ancesto rs used to d well east o f the M i ssi ssippi They s ubse uen tly i n h abi ted the ,
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S hea s D iscov ’
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Migr ations of S iouan Trides
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ide o f the M i sso uri river near its mo uth T he K ansas an d the Osages were the fi rst to depart ; th en t he Omahas an d Po akas follo wed the co urse of the M i ssouri to ward s its h ead M r R iggs al so says th at the Po nkas went to the regio n of th e Bl a c k hill s an d were th ere b efo re the C ro ws ; b ut the Ponkas told the writer th at the C ro ws i n h abited th at co untry and were o wners o f the Bl ack hill s w h en th ei r ancesto rs arrived th ere at w hi c h ti m Thi s l ast e th ere were no D akotas in th at regio n statemen t is co nfirm ed by the D akota w i nt er co unt s in D r C o r busier s c oll ectio n T he w riter was al so told th at the Po nkas us ed to d well n o rth east o f the old Po n k a reservatio n (whi c h is in in a lan d w h ere th ey wo re s no w shoes Todd co unty S i nce 187 9 t he writer has gai ned mo re d efin ite i n fo rmatio n fro m other Po akas as well as fro m Omah as Osages and Kansas and it is no w given A ges ag o the ancesto rs o f the Omah as Po nkas Osages Kan sas K wapas Wi nnebago s P aw nee L o ups (S kidi ) and R ees dwel t east of the M i ssi ssippi Th ey were n o t all in o ne regio n but th ey were alli es and th ei r general co urse was w est ward They d rove oth er trib es b efo re th em Five o f th ese peopl es the Omah as Po nkas Osages K ansas and K wapas were th en to gether as o ne natio n Th ey were call ed A rkansa o r A lkansa by A t the the Illi n oi s t rib es an d th ey d welt near the Ohio riv er mo uth of the Ohio a separatio n occurred S o me went do wn the ” ’ — Mi ssi ss ippi h ence aro se th ei r name U g a qpa (Oo ga khpa) s o w n st ream p eopl e Thi or Kwapa ( uap aw m ni n g t h e d e a ) was p rio r to 154 0 w h en D e S oto met the K wapas who were then a di sti nc t t rib e T he rest o f the A rk ansas ascend ed the river taki ng the name V tho se goi ng agai nst the wi n d o r of U ma ha (Omah a) ” curren t — — Th ese names K wapa and Omah a are of mo re recent o rigi n than Kansas Osage and Po nka We find p roo fs o f the anti uity of th es e th ree names in t he names o f g entes in th ese t rib es an d Th us amo ng the Po nkas th ere is a Po nk a gens (the M a T he Omah as h ave a K ansas g ens aj e) an Osage gens (the W a j nk a gens (C ed ar peopl e) an e K s s h v a Po a n a h h e a T t e a a c ( fl ) “ Osage gen s (D eer p eopl e) and a Kansas gens (xa ze asso T h e Osages h ave ah as w ith the wi nds ) ciated as amo n g the Om a Kansas g ens (Ka se) and seven Osag e (Wa aa oe) gent es o ne o
t y
c un r
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M c h a r [
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Po nk a (Pa aka) T he last is asso ci at ed wi th the red c ed ar I f the t rue mean i n gs o f the th ree names h ave been — p reserved th ey can be gai ned o nly in o ne way by uestio ni ng members of the secret soc i eties in the t ribes T he w riter has b een unabl e to fin d an Omah a gens,an d the o nly Kwapa vill age (not a gens) is amo ng the Kwapas — T on m u w s rim a n u l s r e s t T h o n o K a p vill g o t e a e f a a o t e O J gi n ga and Cappa T he fi rst vill age is call ed by oth er F rench w rit ers Otsotchave or Otso tcho ue the thi rd T Oping a (evi dently a p ri nter s erro r) and the fo urth Kapah a A cco rdi n g to S hea th ese divi sio ns o f the A rkansas are ex ti nct but the wri ter has b een abl e to find memb ers o f th em still ex i sti ng Wh en he w as at the Osage agency I ndi an Tern in 1883 he met th ree Kw apas F ro m two o f th em he gai ned the follo wi ng : T he first vill age is T he seco n d is U ga qpa qti real K wapas (C appa o r K apah a) ’ ’ U zu ti u hi (Otsote) whi ch may mean vill age alo ng an an o r ’ lo wl and l evel co ntai ni n g t rees h ere and th ere T he thi rd is Ti ' ' u a ma (T ho riman) T he name o f the fo urth vill age c o uld n ot be l earned fro m the Kwapas ; b ut Marg ry tell s us th at it meant smal l vill age in the K wapa di al ect T he wri ter finds ’ m th at thi s wo uld be ex pressed by T a ma ji g a w ith whi c h co m pare T o ng inga and T opinga I n J uly 16 87 acco rdi ng to Jo utel two o f th ese vill ages w ere o n the A rk ansas river an d the o t h ers were o n the M i ssi ssippi A vi s it to the K wapas might furn i sh the w rit er with th ei r t raditio ns etc; Tho ugh th ey mus t h ave separated fro m the Po nkas mo re than th ree h un d red y ears ag o the di al ects are stil l so si mil ar th at the K wapas met by the w r it er co uld understand him very easily when he spoke to th em in Po nka T he Omah as and th ei r asso c i ates follo wed the c o urse o f the M i ssi ss ippi till th ey reach ed the mo uth o f the M i sso uri remai n ing fo r so me ti me near the s i te o f the p resent c ity o f S t L o u i s Th en th ey as cended the M i ssouri to a pl ace call ed T ce dtl fi ga ’ “’ ’ “ ’ a j a be and M a d a qpa yé by the K ansas and M a 1a qpa dhe by the Osages Thi s was an ex tensive p eni nsula on the riv er l h avi ng a high mo untai n as a land mark of
wh ich is the
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T he writer was told by an Osag e that M an i aqpadhé was at Fire Prairie, M isso uri, where the first treaty w ith the Osag es w as made by the Un ited S tates But that place 1
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me name which empties into the Missouri river o n the so uth i n T 50 N R 2 8 W at the town o f N apo leon J ackso n county Mo T his co uld n ot have been the ori inal Man i a e a d h v ral lo cal names have been du licated e S e g qp p
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MA P 3
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Map of thecountry fo rmerly occupied by the I oway tribe of I ndians from a map
made
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w a b r a v e m n r w e s o n a o D w b t E a s a h o a n I a n C a t S , , y q y p US A xxx , Vol 111, p 2 56, A rchi ves of A boriginal Kno wledge, by H R S choolcraft N o 3 , according to the I owa I ndian , was near the great Pipeston e uarry T he real place of the uarry was furt her east, at N o 15, o f M ap I I t is ver l f a t h a n b W b o a s n e v e r k d i f t h a t e t a a N o M w a r h i e r i D o t a so i t e , , , , y 3 p3 may e been the same as N o 19 o f Map l .
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by the K ansas during their wan derin gs, and there are traces among the Osages Besides this the Omahas and Pon kas .
of si
milar
duplicatio ns
mpan ied the
n ever acco
Kansas and Osag es beyon d the mo uth o f the Osag e river, and the Kansas did not reac h the vi ci n it n t i m a f t r o f l f m e h m u o a s e t f o o r o e e s e a a t i n a t t h e o t h o e r N o y p p the
Osag e ri ver
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M g ratzons of S iouan Tf iées ’
M c h r a [
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H ere acco rdi n g to the Kansas an d Osages the ancesto rs of t he fo ur tribes dwelt togeth er I n the co urse o f tirrle th ey ascen d ed the M i sso uri and establi sh ed th emselves at the mo ut h o f t he Osage river T he Io was were near th em; b ut the Omah as say th at at that p eriod th ey did no t k n o w the Oto s and M i sso uris A t the mo uth o f the Osage river the fi nal separatio n o ccurred T he Omah as an d Po akas cro ssed the M i sso uri resumi ng th ei r wand eri ngs T he Osages ascended the st ream b eari ng th ei r name ” “ ’ and at a t rib utary cal led by th em T se m d th y di id v a e e q ’ i nto the cI a he q si (t hose who camp ed at the top of the mo untai n ) ’ in co rrectly sty l ed Great Osages and the U Jsé H ta (tho se wh o camped at the base o f the mo untai n) pop ul arly call ed L i tt le Osages T he Kansas ascend ed the M i sso uri o n the so uth s i d e till th ey reach ed the Kansas river A b ri ef h alt was made an d Th ey as cen ded the M i sso uri o n the the j o urney was resumed east s id e till th ey reach ed the p resen t n o rt hern bo un dary of th e Th ere th ey were attacked by the Cheyennes S tat e o f Kan sas an d were co mpell ed to ret race th ei r steps Th ey settl ed agai n at Big K n ives came w i th gi fts the mo uth o f the Kansas till the Th ei r subse uent hi sto ry an d i n d uced th em to g o furth er w est as g iven to the w riter by two c hi efs c o n tai n s an acco un t o f abo u t t wenty vill ages alo ng the Kansas river th en the settlement at Co uncil Grove K as and fi nally the removal to thei r reservati o n in I n di an Terr A fter cro ssi n g the L et us ret urn to the Omah as an d Po akas M i sso uri th ey were j oi ned by the Iowas acco rdi n g to T w o C row s c h e o f t he Om ah as Th ey said th at thi s addi and Joseph L a Fl e tio n to the party was mad e abo ut the ti me of the separatio n fro m nd Kansas But the Io wa traditio n as given to M r the Osages a H amilto n (see map o f the Io wa b rave) pl aces the fi rst vill age o f that t ribe west of the M i ssi ssippi o n the D es M oi nes river T he tw o Omah as j ust named said t hat th ei r fath ers follo wed the t rib u tari es of the M i sso uri till t hey reach ed the g reat Pipesto ne uarry in M i nnesota Oth er Omah as h ave said th at the co urse was up the D es M oi nes river w hi ch w o ul d nat urally b ri ng the wanderers T he writer is i ncli ned to beli eve t hat th ey near the uarry asc end ed the Ch arito n riv er an d when at its s o urce th ey w o uld A s t he Io was were a cog nate t ribe it be near the D es M oi nes was reaso nabl e fo r th em to unite w i th the o th ers A t all events the t raditio ns ag ree in thi s : the peopl e b uilt earth lo dg es (perma ,
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S iouan Tribes
tzons o f
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villages) th ey farmed and h unted the b uffalo and oth er ani mals W h en the game b ecame scarce in th ei r neighbo rhood On reachi n g th ey ab an do ned th ei r vill ag es and went n orth west anen t vi ll ages a pl ace near the new h aun ts of t he game o th er p erm w ere b uilt an d th ey were o cc upi ed fo r y ears S o th ey lived till uarry (whi ch is no t giv en i n the t h ey reach ed the Pip esto ne ap) Wh en th ey arrived at the Big ri gh t pl ace o n the Iowa m S io ux river th ey b uilt a fo rt A t th at ti me the Yankto n D akotas d wel t in a fo rest regio n o f M i nnesota near the M i ssi ss ippi and “’ ’ “’ i n t h e w e n a e e i k c i p opl d lli g n a w ere call ed a a ( ) g j ” w ood s By and by the D akotas made war o n the Omah as and th ei r alli es defeat i ng th em and killi n g abo ut a tho usand w arrio rs Th ey fled T hi s obliged the th ree t rib es to ab ando n th ei r h abitat ah as and Po n s o uth wes t till th ey reach ed the lak e w here the Om Thi s is no w call ed L ak e A nd es k as obtai ned th ei r sacred pol e and it is at the head o f Choteau c reek D akota There the sacred m n d n a a s ip giv o di g to h a Po k t ditio s w e r e n c n t h e a a r n e e a c r O p Fro m t hi s pl ace th ey and the p resent gentes were co nstit uted ' ascended the M i sso uri river till th ey reach ed White river (N i u ' b c u de) Th e Io w s an d Om h a s remai ned u t h h r t e a e e a t a g Po akas c rossed the M i sso uri near the mo uth of the Whit e riv er an d went o n to the L i ttl e M i ss o uri river an d the co unt ry near the They s ub se uently rejoi ned th ei r alli es and all de Bl ac k hill s sc end ed the M i sso uri o n its right b an k Wh en th ey reach ed the mo uth of the N iob rara river the fi nal separatio n was mad e T he Po nkas remai ned th ere T he Omah as settl ed o n Bo w creek ” Village st ream T he Io was advanced N eb whi c h th ey called t o the stream o n whi ch is sit uat ed the to wn o f Io n i a Di x o n e wh ere the Io was farmed c o unty N eb h ence its nam By ah as remo ved to a pl ace near Covi ngto n N eb an d by the Om w h i ch is oppo sit e S io ux City (see 24 o n M ap I ) T he remai ns of t his village are k no wn as l i tan ga jin ga and the l ake near by is D hix u cpa u g dhe b ecause o f the w illo ws alo n g its c a l led ban k s I n the c o urse o f ti me the Io was passed the Omah as agai n and made a vill age near the pl ace wh ere Flo rence N eb n o w stands A ft er th at th ey co nti nued so uth ward till th ey reach ed th ei r reser T he Oto s were fi rs t vat io n at the N eb raska an d Kansas li ne met by the Omahas acc o rdi n g to M r L a Fl ech e in co mpara t ively rec ent ti mes o n the Pl att e river nent
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rch a M [
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S
ubsequent
M ig rations qf tire Omahas —A fter l eavi n g L i taiiga
ji nga (N o wh ere the lodges were mad e o f wood t h ey d welt at Zand e b uta Thi s is so uth east of L i taliga jiii ga and is the Thi s name o f a st ream as well as o f a p ro mi nent blufi n ear by s t ream empti es i nto Om ah a c reek near the to wn of H o mer N eb A fter a g reat fres h et the Omah as cro ssed Omah a c reek and made a vill age at o r n ear Omadi w hi c h was call ed L arg evillag e near Villag e stream (Omah a creek) S ee N o 2 5 o n M ap 1 Thi s was Thence th ey removed to Bel l a favo rite reso rt as we sh all see creek o n the west sid e o f whi c h th ey m ad e a vill age (N o Th ence th ey went so uth to S alt creek b elo w L i ncol n (N o Th ence th ey ret urned to L arg e villag e (N o W h en they were th ere H al f a day the aged h i sto ri an o f the t ribe was bo rn Thi s was abo ut A D 1800 Th ence th ey removed to A ne na “ t ai dha wher e the people pen s/reel in a prairie fi re a hill o n the Th ey stayed th ere five years Th en Elkho rn riv er (N o th ey settl ed o n S h ell c reek w hi ch th ey call ed T acnafi g uji (N o A fter w hi ch th ey returned to L arg e villag e (N o 2 L eav ing thi s agai n th ey mad e a vill age o n the E lkho rn near Wi sner — w w N o 1 8 m a r r e e n h e a s bo t D H l i d h a u A 2 f a a 2 a d ( 3 y — th ere A bo ut A D 183 2 3 they ret urn ed to L arg e villag e (N o 2 Jo seph L a Fleche remembers h avi n g b een there at that ” “ ti me A bo ut A D 184 1 th ey removed to T a wa j i ri ga dha the S mall vill age (N o at the mo uth o f L ogan creek wh ere t hey d welt fo r two years I n 184 3 th ey ret urned to L arge village (No an d in 184 5 th ey made a vill age on t he c urvili near t o p of a pl ateau near Bell ev ue (N o I n 185 5 th ey removed to th ei r p resent reservatio n T he Po akas did not o cc upy th ei r new co unt ry unmo lest ed Th ey had so me fights with the Cheyen nes and Co manch es Th ese ' ’ foes d welt near a g reat l ake in a sandy regio n (J i za ba he he ) n ear t he h ead o f the E lkho rn river N eb A t thi s ti me the co m batants used woo den d arts i nstead o f bo ws and arro ws T he writer was at the old Po nka reservatio n Todd co unty Neb fro m M ay 187 1 to A ug 187 3 D uri ng thi s period he o ften vi sited the remai ns o f an anc i ent Po nk a fo rt no t mo re th an a uarter o f a mil e fro m his ho use A ro ugh di agram o f thi s fo rt is given A fter the Io was and Omah as went so uth the Po ak as cl ai med all the no rth ern part o f N eb rask a alo ng the M i sso uri river as far as wh at is no w D akota co unty wh ere b egan the Om ah a ter ,
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Po akas say that they had seven old men si nce th ey be ca me a separate t ribe Un der the fi fth old man th ey first saw ” Th ey are no w under the seventh old man t h e pale faces T he
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MA P 4
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Map showing the Ponka fort
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T he Omah as ,
cco
di ng to so me men of th ei r t ribe are now ” und er th ei r fi fth old man A mo ng the D akotas ac co rdi ng to so m e autho riti es an old man denotes a cycl e o f seventy years a
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Mf n a o r i o u s o t i n s T r i e a b S f g
M r c h a [
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Po akas use the term in thi s sens e and are co r rect in so doi n g th ey m ay h ave had a t rib al ex i st ence fo r abo u t r e r s a s u n 00 y Thi w o ld e x t d b a k a s f a s D 1 o e c a r 0 A 0 49 5 39 w i o r 138 It w a s told t h e r it e r n e s h th 0 L t u w e e s o i s ( agrees with the repo rts o f early w riters tak en in co nnectio n w i t h the p eriod re ui red fo r the migratio ns whi ch h ave been d escribed W e must rememb er that in tho se d ays fi rearms were unk nown and th at th erefo re t he dest ructio n of g ame was n ot as rapid as it n ow is ; th at ho rs es co uld n ot be had ren deri ng lo co motio n v ery s lo w ; th at removal s fro m perm anent vill ag es (such removal s de pendi n g on the d estructio n and depart ure o f game) need not have been at very sho rt i nterval s esp eci ally wh en the co nst ructio n o f o f s uc h vill ages was a wo rk o f g reat l abo r o w i ng to the p ri mi tive ch aracter o f the tool s employed and has a religio us sig nifi s un d ry my sti c r it es so m e of can ce b ei n g acco mpan i ed w ith whi ch are still p reserved amo ng the Osages and K ansas T he di recto r of the Bureau o f Ethnology fo und a t raditio n amo n g s o me o f the civiliz ed t rib es in the I n di an Territo ry refer ing to the ancesto rs o f the K wapas etc w hi ch agrees w ith what has b een said i e th at th ey d welt east o f t he M i ssi ss ippi p rio r to I n 16 7 3 Mar uette had h eard o f t he Mah a (Oma A D 17 00 has) Pana (Po nkas P) Paho utet (Io was Paq otce) and Otontantas to s i n h abiti ng t he co unt ry o n the right b ank o f the M is s a O ) ( T he separatio n of the Io was Omah as and Po nkas s o uri river an d th erefo re all p revio us mig ratio ns must h ave o cc urred befo re F urth ermo re the separatio n of the Kwapas fro m the 16 7 3 oth ers and the taki ng o f th ese co rrelativ e names K wapa and Omah a must h ave o ccurred p rio r to A D 154 0 as D e S oto met the Kwapas in t h at year Even at the p resent day wh en ho rses h ave b een avail abl e the Omahas h ave remai ned in a permanent village for ten years at a ti me and h ave ret urned rep eatedly to s uch an o ld village We h ave no reco rded t raditio n o f s i mil ar ret urns to favo rite vill ages in p rehi sto ri c ti mes yet s uch ret urns may h ave o cc urred an d if k no wn wo uld ten d to i ncrease the d uratio n of the period b etween the meeti n g o f the white men and the ti me wh en the I ndi ans in uestio n were cast o f the M i ssi ss ippi river or
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T or ture of tire Fisk H awk
7 7ze
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T H E T OR T UR E BY
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OF T H E FI S H H A WK -
L A NC A S T E R
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H I L E engaged in the task o f ex pl ai ni ng the mystery of the flight of soari ng bi rds o n the sho res of the Gul f o f M ex i co w here many spec i es abo un d ed unusual and asto n i shi n g perfo rm an ces w ere w it nessed o n the part o f th ese i nh abitants o f the ai r T he mo nth o f M arch reveal ed mo re of th ese o ut o f the way feats th an oth er ti mes o f the year and as the b reedi ng seaso n o c c urred in thi s mo nth espec i ally o n tho se remote k eys and in t ermi nable fl ats co nstit uti ng the pen i nsul a o f S o uth ern Flo rida it w as fai r to p res ume th at feeli n gs g ro wi ng o ut o f the rel at io ns o f t he sex es p ro mpt ed the remark abl e beh avio r W ere it n ot ab surd to t ransfer to external nat ure tho se mo ral emotio ns generated in the mi nd fro m the p ri mo rd ial i mp ress io ns o f pl eas ure and p ai n o ne w o uld be t empted to assert a radi cal d i aboli sm in the sch eme o f thi ngs o n wit ness i n g the seemi ng fi endishness o f so me o f th ese creat ures havi ng do mi nio n o f the a ir N othi ng but a free appli catio n o f the doc t ri ne o f the t rans mi ssio n o f ualiti es th ro ugh i nh eri tance co upl ed with v ari atio ns a mo unti n g to div erg en ce as the li ne d esc end s can di spo se of deliberat ely evil i n tentio n so mewh ere o r o f a nat ural p ro cess the o ut co m N o i nferenc e fro m the hook ed b eak e o f whi c h is bad an d g raspi n g talo ns o f the carn ivo ro us bi rd s gives a c l ue to t he o rigi n an d d evelop m en t o f a di spo s itio n o n th ei r part to i nfli ct p ai n fo r the mere sak e o f the to rt ure Tho se st ruct ures find t h ei r func tio n in the l egiti mat e li fe st ruggl e b ut the i nfli ctio n o f n eedl es s pai n in no w ay co n nec ted w ith th at co nfli ct seems to be impo sed fro m anoth er so urce T he di st rib utio n o f l an d an d water o n the Gul f co ast of Flo ri da is favo rabl e to the ex i sten ce o f fish T he i ntermi nabl e fl ats b are o r cov ered w ith a t hi n sh eet of wat er at lo w tid e and t raversed by many wi ndi n g c h annel s give the small er ki nds refug e fro m the rapac i ty o f the larger and furn i s h b reedi n g g ro und s wi tho ut sti n t T he many ti dal creek s o ften a successio n of d eep hol es connected by mere riv ul ets th ro ugh whi ch the tide sl uggi shly ebb s and flo ws al s o give security fo r the d epo s it o f eggs an d gro wth o f yo ung T he g ul f is al so a vast cald ro n o f warm water p rolifi c th ro ugh its w hol e ex t ent in mo nsters o f the deep many of which such as sh arks and po rpoi ses penet rate the passes ,
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The Tortur e of
M a r c h [
the Fi sh H awk -
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between the keys and ent eri ng thec hannel s o f the bays play havoc w ith the l ess er t ri bes Th ese are d evo ured in g reat uantiti es and the kill ed and w o und ed wh i ch escap e the maw of th ei r fi erce enemy can be seen st rand ed on the fl ats at lo w tide A ll thi s t eemi n g li fe go es o n in a c li mate o f s urpassi n g loveli ness F ro st is a rarity ; ice unk nown ; day succeedi ng day o f d eli g htful bl and ness Ex t reme h eat is not ex peri enced an d sto rms w o rthy o f the nam T he soil of the lo w er e v ery rare peni nsul a is p ure sand as sterile as S ah ara T he vegetat io n is p rolifi c in air pl ants semi t ropi cal b ush es and st unted growt hs an d a perpet ual verd ure is every wh ere But th ere is n othi n g in it all th at a man can live o n and h ence the po p ul atio n is li mi ted to the S po radi c mig ratio ns of ex curs io n i sts an d i nvalids and a few ” crack ers al ways h un g ry an d seeki ng so methi ng capabl e o f bei ng devo ured Thi s co mbi natio n of c i rcumstances fo rms a S pl endid en vi ro n ment fo r such bi rd s as can in any way sub si st on a fish di et and wh at might be ex pected is wh at is fo und Bi rd s w ith l egs lo ng eno ugh to wad e o n the fl ats ; tho se w hi ch h ave i nh eri ted the ex p ert ness of a sw i mmi n g sc hool ad ept and can dive wi t h abili ty an d tho se whi ch can s ub si st o n the carcases o f unfo rt unates have here everythi n g p retty much to suit th em L o n g li nes of peli cans can be seen o n every h and w ith th at g ran d moth erly air o f s up rem e co ntent ment ari si n g fro m a co nti n uo us ly sati sf acto ry c ui s i ne C ranes of all l ength s o f l egs and necks stalk abo ut h astily gob bli ng th ei r p rey T he carrio n eati ng v ult ures are al ways p resent enjoyi ng the i nco mi ng b reeze by resti ng in it o n motio nl ess wi n gs o r wh eeli n g abo ut o n the looko ut fo r s ub s i sten ce But the bi rd s whi ch parti c ularly i nt erest us are the fish h awks al so d epend en t lik e the oth ers o n the li fe fo un d in the tepid wat ers Th ese bi rds are arbo real in th ei r habits nesti ng in the tops o f the pi ne t rees and rarely resti ng o n the gro und Th ey fish fo r the mo st part in the creek s and sec l uded i nl ets hoveri ng over the waters an d s udd enly cap t uri ng th ei r vi cti m by divi ng upo n it But th ey s o meti mes co me over the open waters of the b ays and w h en the k ey s are cov ered with t rees over the g ul f to find th ei r food On fi rst ac uai ntance th ei r actio ns seemed i nex pli cabl e I co uld n o t acco unt fo r th ei r eccent ri c way s Whil e in the hidden places o f the creek s th ey utter n o cry and seem to be effi ci ent masters o f the craft but in the open th ey vaci llate pai nfully
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77re Torture of the Fish H awk
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tive wi nged bi rds never soari ng are uite s t ro n g and weigh abo ut six o r seven po un d s On l eavi ng the t rees li n i ng the sho re perh aps all ured by a sc hool o f mull et in the c h annel th ey seem eager fo r ac tio n and all alive with ex pec tatio n but j ust befo re stoopi ng o n the fish wo uld set up a fright en ed d is c o rdan t scream and mak e fo r the sho re w ith a h aste s o ill advi sed as serio usly to i mped e p rog ress Befo re the t rees were reach ed co nfid en ce wo uld be resto red and ret urn i n g the sam e s i n g ular perfo rmance wo uld be repeat ed p erh aps for three o r fo ur N o enemy was in t i mes b efo re the game was fi nally sec ured s ight T he breeze wo uld flow gently A ll was serene yet terro r o rts wo uld take po ssessio n of the bi rd and al mo st paralyze its efl I soo n l earned the reaso n for thi s co ward by maki ng it franti c ice S tret ch ed at length on the deck o f a boat in the early mo rn ing in the pass of Bo ca Gran d e one of the ent rances to Charlo ttes harbo r I saw a fine speci men o f h awk cross overh ead and pro T he ex curs io n was s uccessful ceed seaward to find a di nner A fine as the pass swarmed with fish co mi ng in with the tid e ent and swung alo ft i nto the air in the talo ns o ne soo n l eft its el em But a new co mer ap o f the bi rd whi c h at o nc e b egan its ret urn ck creat ure whi c h seem A a bl d i g red upo n the sc ene e a e l a l w n s p an d sh aped l ik e a fl attened l etter M d ropp ed fro m ab ove an d co n fro nted the hawk whi ch at o nce d ropp ed its prey an d uttered a scream so b ri mful of mo rtal t erro r th at it sho uld h ave ex cited t he sy mpathy o f all livi ng thi ngs wit hi n the c o mpass of its so un d T he two bi rd s were not I t was not di st urb ed by act ual co ntact w ithi n fi fty feet of each oth er but the h awk ex erted itsel f with the e wild energy to g et to cover w hi ch I had b efo re so o ften sam w itnessed wh en no bl ack mo nst er was in the vi ci nage T he ia t ruder was a frigate bi rd and o n looki n g up ward s a sco re o f th em c o uld be s een a mil e o r mo re fro m the earth flo ati n g ro un d an d T he d ropped fish was seized in the ro und o n motio n less wi n gs beak of the bi rd lo ng b efo re it reach ed the water and with a s weep o f ex ui s ite g race o n tense wi n g s fro n ti ng a mild b reez e the co rsai r was li fted h al f a mil e i nto the air wh ere an oth er asto n is hing perfo rmance was at o nce i n iti ated A bite was tak en fro m t he body bei ng to rn away by a w ri ngi ng motio n o f the h ead whi ch sent the carcass whi rli ng whil e the bi rd mas ti cated the mo rsel in sh ape for swallo wi ng Of co urse the fish began to o bey the law o f fall i ng bodi es an d the bi rd foldi ng its wi ngs are
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M a r c h , [
The Tortur e of the Fish H awk -
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tightly upo n its body d ropped swi ftly after it T he part bitten of bei ng di spo sed o f an oth er swoop downwards was mad e the fish s eiz ed an d the up ward swi ng rep eated and thi s p ro cess co nti n ued until the en ti re carcass was devo ured A t the ti me o f thi s vi sit t h ese frigate bi rd s were oblivio us of man s p resence and I was so fo rt unate as to secure thi s o ne by a w ell di rec ted s hot It meas ured el even feet in al ar di mensions and weigh ed eight po und s I ts feet an d l egs were ridi culo usly small and weak an d vi ewed as weapo ns o f o ffense an d d efense c o ul d n ot c o mpare w ith the talo ns of the h awk it had r ob bed an d terrifi ed I ts h ead an d b eak were st ro ng and well d ev el o ped but by no means s up erio r to tho se o f the oth er T he t erro r w h i ch i nspi red t he h awk was still unacco unted for I n a co ntest for s up erio ri ty o n t he g ro und o f phy si cal st ren gth and ef fec tiveness o f weapo ns it w o uld h av e b een vi cto rio us T he whol e case was still enveloped in myst ery R et urni ng to thi s lo cality after the ab sence of so me weeks I fo un d the bl ack o utli nes o f the frig ate b irds agai nst the sky as us ual an d soo n saw the i nevit abl e hawk over the waters o f the pas s all ex ci tement at the p ro spect of a di n ner It was the b egi n n i n g o f M arc h and in that mo nth t he sea b reezes of the vi c i n ity It is al so the b reedi ng seaso n o f the are parti cul arly d elight ful bi rds wh en th ei r pl umage is at its b est and th ey sho w to b est ad vantage S uccess al ways follo wed any well di rected eflo rt o f a bi rd to catch a fish in Boca Grand e pass and the h awk soo n had A bl ack co rsai r at o nce appeared an d capt ured the boo ty o ne ed scream as o n the fo rmer o ccas io n whil e t he frightened fi sh er fl ing to wards the l an d But now a ch ange of p rog ramme took pl ace A noth er lo ng w i nged creat ure fro m t he g ro up abov e appeared in fro nt o f and fac i ng the frightened h awk whi ch t urned seaward at o nce mi ngli n g its note of terro r with o ne of despai r Every effo rt to s ide o flto wards ho me was frust rated by the glidi ng terro r ia terpos in g its b ulk in the i nt end ed d i rectio n until t he vi cti m seem ed to accept the i nevitabl e and made an att empt to c ross the g ul f T he to rmenti n g enemy th en seemed co ntent and swung alo ft amo n g its co mpan io ns T he poo r fi sh erman r id o f the di re p resence wh eel ed o n its c o urse fo r ho me and its frenzi ed flap pi ngs reli eved of ex cessive tensio n mad e very good ti me w h en o n reachi n g the v ery b ri n k o f safety t he bl ac k w i ng s agai n ap h n r a n d t e hol d i t r s i g b u s i n s s e n c t e d w ith s d w e s s e r e e e a w a e a p .
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The Tor tur e of the Fish H awk -
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i ncreasi ng despai r in the frighten ed cry Thi s went on for mo re than h al f an ho ur Every effo rt at ret reat was i nt ercept ed D uri ng all the ti me the h aw k k ept up an i n c essant fl appi n g o f its w i ng s and its phys i cal en d uran ce was givi n g way und er t he p rot ract ed strai n Thi s was apparent fro m the ch angi ng to ne of its scream whi ch vari ed th ro ugh all the gamut o f despai r fro m un reaso n i n g terro r to suppli cati ng mi sery It was the R o man gl adi ato r s ” Caesar the dyi n g sal ute th ee with the ambitio n l eft o ut T he frigate bi rd at l en gth seemed i mpati ent It mo re p ro mptly answered the mov ements o f the h awk and urg ed co mpli ance w ith r r e a e t r d n a r a n n d vigo fi lly i t o d t i to p o d u c e n e w e n r f e a u r t h e c e e a g i ngs S w oopi ng upwards fo r o ne hund red feet it t urned h ead fo re most and pl unged b eneath the h awk t urni ng co mpl etely over as it did so and pass i n g to the fro nt vaulted up ward s and do wn agai n in the same path th us d escribi ng an ellipti cal o rbit aro un d its vi cti m It sw un g near the h awk ro und the lo wer c urv e causi ng upward flight un til at l engt h in an ex h austed c o nditi o n it was in troduced i nto t he co mpany o f its to rmenters whi ch had b een de scendi n g fro m high l evel s an d were no w abo ut fo ur h und red yards above the water I ts strength was n ow well nigh ex hausted I ts cry was scarcely audibl e and it barely had the po wer o f di rectin i m m e n e x c n e s t s ov t n hi c h e v e r w a it n t e p t i n g I w o e w e g y a bl ack terro r co n fro nt ed it It co uld ri se uni mpeded but fo und resi s tance to every oth er co urse It st ruggl ed up wards fo r so me fo ur h und red yards furth er until the di stance was so g reat as to mak e it di fficult to k eep the movements in the fi eld o f the gl ass wh en it gav e up the tas k and rapidl y fl o un dered ov er an d over th ro ugh the air its m usc ul ar po wer ex hausted an d its mass s ur rend ered to the g ravitati n g fo rce Do wn it came the whol e h al f sco re o f enemi es c i rcli ng abo ut it until it struck the water n ear the b each in t he sh allo ws o f the o ffi ng T he tide was runn i ng out an d t he wat er on the fl at n ot ov er a foot in d epth S upposi ng the pl ay to be o ut I was p ro ceedi n g to exami ne the vi cti m w h en it was evid ent th at mo re was to co me T he h awk was no t d ead and wo ul d at i n terval s rai se its h ead fro m b en eat h the water to b reath e I t had no t st ren gth to s ub merg e its body and with the vital air came a vi sio n o f the hoveri ng terro r Down went its h ead w ith a g urgli ng murmur and t hose bl ack demo ns wo ul d alight upo n it wit h th ei r mi serabl e uny feet and p ush it p enti rely b en eath the s urface .
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VOL
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K xa
—O N
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r c h M a [
The T orture of the Fi sh H awk -
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vit lity h awk is so methi ng wo nderful for thi s pasti me went on fo r an ho ur unti l at l ength it was co mpletely dead T he body floated to sh al lo w parts in the ebbi n g ti de and rested stati o nary o n t he bo t to m w h en eac h bi rd in t urn alighted upo n it fol ded its w i n gs and res t ed in p erfect ui et fo r five min ut es wh en it w o uld ri se in the air and a c o mrad e tak e its t urn T he appearance o f th ese creat ures w hi le th us employ ed was that of ui etly ex p ecti n g s o methi n g w hi ch did no t h appen I had app ro ach ed to w ithi n thi rty feet o f the d ead h awk b ut no t the l east attentio n was given to my presence T he bi rds al ways alighted w ith th ei r h eads to ward s the h ead o f the carcass an d e w itho ut maki ng a movement in a s lightl y stood o ut t h ei r ti m cro uchi n g atti tud e as if to be p repared fo r w hat wo uld tak e p lace T hi s curio us perfo rmance l asted fo r an ho ur w h en moved by a s i n gl e i mp ul se th ey st ret c h ed th ei r lo n g pi n io ns and w ent alo ft wh ere th ey co uld be seen in th ei r i ntermi nabl e ci rc li ng flig ht ro und and ro un d an d the t rag edy was en d ed T he sun was lo w in the w est ; the tide had ceased to flo w ; the b reeze had di ed away and every thi ng was t ran uil A ll nature seemed to ov erflo w w ith lov e an d peace and yet an aw ful scen e I felt mysel f in the g rasp o f so me had fi ll ed tho se ui et ho urs thi n g i nfernal I t was as if the g uest o f S olo mo n had been co n fro nted ia the garden in every aven ue o f escape by awful death u nti l he had s urrend ered li fe after ex hausti n g all the forces o f his A n ex ami natio n o f the carcass re nat ure to escap e his doo m veal ed n o wo unds I t was a case of s ui cide enti rely But w hat a d read ful motive to c o mmit the d eed Th ro ugh all thi s t ragedy the wi ngs o f the frigate bi rd s were motio nl ess ex cepti ng wh en th ey were engaged near the water To ri se o r fall was i ndi fferent to th em W hen co nfro nti ng the hawk s the co ntrasted w in g motio ns o f the two bi rds was co n — o ne was b eati n g the air rapi dly t he oth er n ot at all spic uo us Tho ugh afterward s ex pl ai ned thi s abi lity to co unteract air resi st ance and weight w itho ut musc ul ar ex ert io n w as t h en as g reat a ri dd le as any o t her p art o f t he wo rk I remai ned in th at lo cali ty fo r a mo nth but wit nessed no repe ti tio n o f thi s day s tragedy T he frigate bi rds o cc upi ed the air and the h awk s fi sh ed in t he pass un di s turb ed o r if th ei r p rey was th ey were allo wed to escape ; but o n ret urni ng a year stol en afterward s I witnessed an an alogo us scene aft er wai ti ng fo r weeks T he
o f the fish
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The Torture of the Fish H awk -
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t to occur A h awk uite diflerently mark ed and mu ch l arger th an those us ually seen cro ssed fro m the opposite k ey and s t ruc k a fish fro mthe p assi n g school whi ch was p ro mptly s ei z ed by t he waiti n g frig ate bi rd T he h awk fled in t erro r as us ual and was co nfro nt ed by anoth er o f the b and an d o n exam in g the sky still an oth er th ree in all was seen A fter the co n fro nted h awk had t urn ed it seemed to lo se its terro r its cry den oti n g s ub mi ssio n a so rt o f uerulo us s urren d er to the i nevi tab le To my s urp ri se it resumed its fi shi ng whil e the ro ver ret i red It soo n secured anoth er fro m the t eemi ng waters fo r all i t had to do was t o pi ck it up Thi s was capt ured and t he sc ream in g ret reat o nce mo re arrested A s i mpl e hi nt was uite en o ugh T h e s l ave ret urned to its tas k with many an un noti ced murmur u n til each b andit had sec ured a feast T he h awk th en escap ed h u ngry and di sappeared fro m sight A fter w it nessi ng thi s way o f getti ng a li vi n g a bl ack garment seemed li fted fro m nat ure T he method was so lik e th at p racti ced b y man as sho wn in hi sto ry that it uite co ntent ed me Th ese fri gate bi rds are the ban ditti o f the air D uri n g a resid ence o f fi ve years o n th at co ast I never saw o ne g et an ho n est livi ng T hey seem to be the especi al favo rites o f nat ure as the cosmi cal fo rce o f g ravi ty is pl aced at thei r di spo sal whi ch is a littl e lik e h e f i r vi n g th m l m p l i m ll o u ld i t b a e t e a dd s e w o o f A a a S u n g c reat ure re ui red to p ro vid e its o wn motive po wer to s ust ai n i tsel f in air an d al so t h at re ui red to fight a b attl e fo r li fe to T he rel atio n to s uccess s uch c o mbatant s o ppo se s uch odds w o uld stand in wo ul d be al mo st i n fi n ity to o n e A fami li ar s ight alo ng th at co ast at all seaso ns o f the year is t hat o f g ull s ri di ng o n t he b ack s an d h eads o f peli cans and feed in g o n the fish fro m th ei r g ull et s Th ere is a good un derstandi n g b etween th ese creat ures and I never saw th em uarrel S o me t i mes w h en fis h were scarce and the s mal l i nt ruders want ed all a c o n test as to whi c h c o uld swallo w the mo st in the sho rt est ti me t ook pl ace to the us ual disc o mfiture o f the littl e o nes who n ever seemed to und erstand ho w no r why the food di sapp eared Th i s sch eme o f sub si stence s upply gave the mi ssi n g li nk need ed t o ac ui t nat ure o f d elib erat ely plotti ng the to rt ure o f her crea A way b ack in the great seco nd ary age w h en repti les t ures navig at ed the air o n wi ng s the ch aracteri st i cs o f a frig at e bi rd may have b een i n i ti ated I n the li fe strug gl e h abi ts of the g ull
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whi ch led the creat ure, then
,
ith er frigate bi rd no r g ull to get its food by asso ci atio n with so me mess mate mo re abl e to p rocure it Then th ese two fo rms diverged fro m the co mmo n A s the an cesto r ac ui ri n g new t raits fro m n ew en vi ro n ments frigat e bi rd s gai n ed do mi n io n o f t he air th ey al s o gai ned do mi n io n o f S pec i es o f fish h awk s whi ch b ecame ensl aved by th em But the h awk s al so div erged i nto oth er speci es o ne o r mo re o f whi ch retai ned the terro r but no t t he di sc ipli n e and w h en co m manded w o ul d no t c o mply th ro ugh sheer ig no rance o f the nat ure When the bi rd s met with a speci men of th is of t he d eman d b ranch ed sto ck th ey urg ed obedi ence with s uch vigo r as to result in the death o f th ei r un fo rt unat e vi cti m Th en the old ancestral h abit whi ch may be had o utlived a tho usan d g eneratio ns co mes into pl ay and th ey stan d o n the dead body in p ure fri endshi p w aiti ng to be fed ! W hat do th ey kno w o f t he my stery o f death T he o n ly weak pl ace is wh ere the b ranchi ng h awk fo rgot the d uty But as ter b ut not t he t erro r o f its p resence o f fi shi ng fo r its m th en fear is wh at p ro mpts it to escape fro man enemy and th ereby save its li fe s o th at thi s emotio n wo uld p ro perly surviv e the oth er
were ac
i d
M a rc h [
S tudy of Garden L ettuce
u re
ne
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:o:
S TUDY OF GA R
A
av E L .
.
D EN
L ETTUC E
.
S T U R T E VA NT , M D .
.
Yo rk A gri c ult ural Experi ment s tatio n in 1885 eighty th ree di sti nct vari eti es o f l ett uce w ere g ro wn under Th ese l ett uces p resent to the o u n early tw o h undred names look er th ree di sti nct fo rm sp eci es the l anceolate l eaved the C os It is a perti nent i n ui ry as to w h eth er t hese and t he cabb age fo rm speci es are of di sti nct o rigi n o r h av e b een p ro duced by c ul t ivatio n withi n recent ti mes and we h ence o ffer a s ucci nct ac c o unt o f o ur hi sto ri cal i n vestigatio ns T he l anceol ate l eaved fo rm is rep resented with us by o ne vari ety o n ly the d eer s to ng ue i n t ro d uced as a seeds man s n ovelty in T he type of thi s fo rm is p erh ap s referred to by Pli ny l ib 1883 ” r a a n r i x xx c 3 8 t e e a e n lo g g ti i t bi i ili thi pl t a u s a s s a n m n u s t s p o f o urs has a c hi ccory lik e app earance in so m e s tages o f its l gro wth It is certai nly mentio ned by Bauhin in 16 2 1 and c red 2 ited in his sy no no my to Casto r 15 85 and is fig ured by Bauhi n T
the N ew
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1
Pin ax ,
ed o f 16 2 1 .
Prodromos, ed
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.
of 16 7 1.
.
A V ilmo rin
l
S tudy qf Garden L ettuee .
to thi s type o f l ett uce under the n am e R om ain e asperg e L actuca ang ustana Ho rt and a vari ety L er aeovien szs Ho rt L ang ustana A llio nu 17 85 seems to be o f t h i s fo rm speci es an d is reco rded as fo un d w il d in S witz erl and an d M arty n s M ill ers Di ctio nary deems t he Chieor eum constanti n o olitan mn o f P arki nso n 16 4 0 to h ave s o m n f fi ity to it e a p T he C os l ett uces are di sti ng ui sh ed by the up right g ro wth of t he root l eaves and the elo ngated and sp at ul at e fo rm o f the l eaf; t hey are al so s ubj ect to a fl att eni n g o f the stalk th ro ugh fasci a t io n Th ey were perhap s k no wn to the anci ent R o mans as wit 2 n ess Pli ny s statement : D ilig entio res plura genera faciunt : pur u r r l e a c s s r i i i a u i s u e i p o r a e d s e s i s h a s f l c a n C o c a c L o o o G p g q pp ” ” lati ; praeterea lo ngi et ang usti i nt ubi si mili s Palladius men t i o n of the p ro cess o f bl anchi n g can be al so uoted : Candi da: in
16 7 1
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1883 , refers
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q
fieri putantur, si fluminis arena vel lito ris freq uentur spargatur in ” medias, and collectis ipsaa fo liis alligent ur T he C o s l ett uce is .
ca
o mana dulcio r n igrio re and S cariol e ho rtensi s ‘ fo lio semi ne ni g ro of Pena and L obel Bauhi n in his 157 0 Pi nax co nsid ers thi s fo rm to be t he L fol uo obscurius virentibus Is n ig ra Pli nio o f D o dm sal in us 15 83 and n us the L nig r a o f C m p I n t he si x t eent h cent th e L romana o f Cas to r D urantes 1585 u ry the C o s fo rm seems to have b een l ess g ro wn in N o rth ern “ E urope th an in the so uth fo r Pena and L obel say it is rarely c ultiv ated in F ranc e and Germany mo re fre uently in Italy esp e c ially at R o m It reach ed France in e T he c l ass of cabbage l ett uces are di sti ng ui sh ed by t he ro und ed A l an d spat ul ate l eaf whi ch gro ws l ess up right th an the C os t h o ugh the co mmentato rs o f the si x t eenth and sev enteenth cent u ries d eem thi s cl ass to h ave b een k no wn to the anci ent Greek s an d R o mans an d id enti fy it with the L aco n ico n o f Pli ny and the T artesian o r Be ti ca o f Col umell a yet I am unabl e to find any T he o n ly wo rd I fin d in Pli ny whi ch co ul d certain evid ence ” wrin c ri sp a s u ggest thi s c l ass is whi ch may be t ransl ated ” k led and as a cl ass the cabbage l ett uc es are mo re wri nkl ed or
t he
L act u
R
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1L ’
es Planter Potag eres
.
N at H ist .
De R ‘
e
,
lib xxx , .
R usti ca, lib
c.
8 3 .
11, c
.
14 .
.
S tirpium A dversari a N ova, L ondin i , Pernptades, 16 2 1, p 644 L oc cit .
.
.
.
Haw
.
L em A lim i , p .
.
.
v
.
15 70 ,
0 9 p .
.
A
S tudy
f
o
c M r h a [
Garden L ettuce .
,
bli stered than are the C OS Col umell a was a nati ve o f Gades l b ut resided p ri ncipally at R o me H e S peak s o f two ki nd s w h i ch “ may belo ng to thi s cl ass o ne the C appadocean Terti a uae ” a : p alli do and pex o den so u an d spisso sed p uro verti ce pall et q ” ca whi ch h e olio vi ti ret ; the oth er the T artesian o r Bae u e f q says is fro m his c o unt ry ,
.
q
.
,
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,
q
m generant T artesi litore Gades C an d ida vibrato discrimin e candida thyrso
Et
mar ,
ua
,
est,
ida est and crispissimi fo lii ut in p rovi nc i a ” T he w o rds vib rat o Baeti ca and finibus Gaditan i mun ic ippu di scri mi ne and crispiss imi fol u w o uld i mply a c url ed c utti n g l ett uce T he h eadi n g l ett uces o f thi s cl ass were ho wever w el l k no wn to the writers o f the si x teenth and seventeenth cent uri es 2 A nto n Pinaeus 156 1 fig ures o ne whi c h clo sely resembles t he sto n e tenn i s ball v ari ety of o ur gardens and Bauhi n in his sy n o nymy identifi es with vari eti es d escrib ed by Tragus 155 3 T ab erna mo ntanus 15 88 Matthio lus 15 86 Gerarde 159 7 etc etc Wh eth er the types o f the C o s and the c abbage form spec i es o ccur in nat ure I have not the materi al fo r st udy to determi n e 3 D e C andoll e says botan i sts are agreed in c o nsid eri n g the c ulti vated l ett uce as a mo difi c atio n o f t he wil d sp ec i es call ed L actuca scariola T he l att er gro ws in temperate and S o uth ern Europ e in the Canary i sl es Madei ra A lgeri a A byssi n i a and in the tem perate regio ns o f Eastern A si a Bo issier sp eaks o f speci mens fro m A rabi a P etrea to Mesopotami a and the C auc as us H e men “ tio ns a vari ety with cri nkl ed l eav es s i mil ar th erefo re to so me o f o ur gard en lett uc es whi ch the t ravel er H ausk necht b ro ug ht w it h I h ave a speci men fro m him fro m the mo untai ns o f K urdi stan S iberi a fo un d near the R iv er I rtysch an d it is n ow k no wn with certai nty th at the speci es grows in the no rth o f I ndi a in Kas h ” Fro m thi s reference we might i nfer that the mir and in N epal K urdi stan fo rm b elo nged to the cabbage type as possessi ng dis tinctly w ri nkl ed o r savoy lik e l eav es whil e the d escriptio n o f the o rdi nary L scan ala o f Europe i mpli es the C os type I have not oppo rt un ity o f access to h erbari ums wh ereby I can h0pe to sati sfy myself o f t he co ndi tio n o f the w ild fo rms fro m and
u a q
deinde
cand
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1
De R e R
ustica, x,
H ist Plants , .
’
l
.
183 ; x 1, c
.
l x ; , 3
.
185 .
156 1
.
Orig in of C ultivated
Plan ts,
1885,
p 95 T he word in the o rigin al Fren ch edition , p 76 , is be translated wrinkled or bullate .
.
.
.
cr is er,
p
which
should rather
A guatic R
in S oft shelled T urtles
iration
p
es
-
.
io us co untri es but such evidence as I h ave h ere o utl ined s t r o ngl y s uppo rts the h y oth esi s th at o ur th ree fo rm speci es o f p let tuce h av e o rigi nated fro m w ild fo rms whi ch have been b ro ught in t o c ult ure in difl erent regio ns an d h ence th at o ur th ree fo rm s p ec i es h av e di fferent o rigi n T he hi sto ry of l ett uc e as p ubli sh ed a ffo rds no cl ue to ward s settli ng thi s poi nt L ett uces are suppo sed t o h ave b een g ro wn by the Persi ans so me five h und red years be fo re Ch ri st and to have b een i ntrod uced i nto Chi na b etween the e a r s e r 6 h u 00 a n d d a c th y tio by C o f r w m n e 0 u r e e e r e e n 0 o a y ; 9 i n Engl and in t he fo urt eenth cen t ury and reach ed A meri ca with C ol umb us
v ar
,
-
'
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Q
A
UA
TIC
T L ES
A
:
TI ON I N S OFT S H EL L E D T U R C ONT R I BUT I ON T O T H E PHYS I OL OGY 1 R ES PI R A TI ON I N V E R T E BR A T ES
R ES PI R A
OF
-
.
BY S I MON H
was fo rmerly
T
.
A N D S US A N N A PH E L PS GA GE
.
ppo sed th at in all reptil es the respi ration was excl usi vely ae ri al at all p eriod s o f t h ei r li fe and t hat t he l ung s w ere the o n ly respi rato ry o rgans W e have demo nstrated ho w n a a A s i d e e s o ever th at in so ft sh ell ed t urtl es (A m d m u i c e t n t a d p y spinfer th ere is in addi tio n a t rue a uati c respi ratio n i n s i s Thi ) dicated by th ree facts (a) These t urtl es remai n mo st o f the ti me in water an d vol un tarily r emai n enti rely und er fro m two to ten c o nsecutive ho urs ; (b) w hil e un d er wat er t h ey fill and emp ty the mo uth and pharny x abo ut si x teen ti mes per mi n ute by mo ve ments o f the hyoid apparat us the general appearance bei ng like the respi rato ry mo vemen t s o f a fish ; (c) the muco us memb rane o f the ph ary n x is c lo sely beset w it h fil amento us p ro cess es appear in g like the villi o f the s mall i ntesti ne o f a mammal o r the gill fil aments o f N ect urus Th ese p rocesses are especially n umero us alo ng the hyoid arch es and aro un d the glotti s an d are copio usly ” s uppli ed with b lood su
,
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l r e i p
1A
A
.
A
.
A
.
S
minary paper upon by the sen ior
.
V o l x xx n ) ( .
S o far n i d e c e r g p
as
j
autho r
d e ctes w as presented to the t i A i o n r a o s i n o f p p 1883 , an d pri nted on p 3 16 o f the Pro ceeding s
res
in
.
.
we k now but two
original observatio ns
b sides that e (
mentio n ed in
the
n on i d a u b e r i h a b v u l a e n h r i o n a e v o c h e e e n r i o s m d u t e T e g p y p y ) p i n l t t n t o t o r 6 r a r c a l d a e a D e e a o f this e r a I n F e b u r 1 A S 8 , , g y 5 p p ()
foot
the sub ect
the
-
note
.
.
a n d a r a c i e t h m n e a e h e ryn x o f A S ido nectes , an d com i n t h a r e , , p pp p p p r ro f 0 P e ss o L w ith the gill filamen ts of N ecturus an d the inner g ills o f tadpo les ()
the
rocesses
.
.
A quatic R
espiration
in S
f
rch M a [
Turtles
a t shelled -
.
,
ither the ti me the t urtl es remai n under water t he filli ng and emptyi n g o f the mo uth and ph arynx with water no r even the st ruct ure o f the parts p rov es th at a uati c respi ratio n o cc urs Fi nal proo f o f thi s is o nly ob tai ned by co mpari n g the free gases fo un d in water w i th tho se fo un d in water fro mthe same so urce aft er a t urtl e had b een s ub merged in it witho ut access to air Water so tested showed in o ne case that a t urtl e weighi n g o ne kilo g ram in ten ho urs removed fro m the water seventy o ne milli grams o f free o xygen and add ed to it 3 18 mi lligrams of carbo n dio x id e S everal oth er d etermi natio ns were o f the same c o ncl usive c h ar 1 act er Thi s i n di cates a respi ratio n for the same body weight o f about o ne twenti eth o f th at o cc urri ng in man A s i ndi cat ed by the fig ures given above the carbo n diox id e is greatly in ex cess o f w h at co uld be acco unted fo r by the free o xygen t ak en fro m the water Th ere are two so urces fro mwhi ch the ex t ra o x yg en might be deriv ed : (a) F ro mthe so call ed i nt ra But
ne
,
q
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,
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-
A gassiz , in Part 11 of the C on tribution to N orth A merican Z oalogy , p 2 84 , says ’ Befo re reading this paper [D r S ager s] we had n oticed these org ans [ processes in .
.
the phary n x ]
full half
an
S pi do n ectes ] remaining un der w ater fo r A [ least sig n o f oppressio n , i t seems plausible to
after seeing this turtle
but
ho ur w ithout showi ng the
me that these fringes may be si milar to
t heir shape but also in their function of
beautiful
lo w er
vessels spreading
surface of
the
in
ll s i g
the intern al
assu
elegan t
T ri onycidae which
can
in
moreover an extensive netwo rk d en dritic rami fication s upon the w ho le
T here exists,
.
of tadpoles , n ot only ,
hardly have ano ther functi on than that
of
mero us and too larg e to be considered sim ly as n utritive vess els o f the sk in hi s is the more probable as T p these vessels are very superficial an d are o n ly co vered by a very thin epidermis T hey are i ndeed as plain ly visible thro ug h the horny layer w hich pro tects them as assisti ng
in the process
of
br eathing , as they
are too
nu
.
.
the vessels 1T
o f any special external
he fo llo w ing table shows the results
i v t otal e n t h e g
by
breathing
a turt le
carbo n
mo unt o f
a
w eighing
dioxide that
on e
could
tains the actual amount cess o f w hich, over
the
of
organ
” .
three analyses
.
free o xygen taken from the w ater
k ilogram .
T he
seco nd
be formed fro m this
mn
colu
oxyg en
I
n the
first
l rs t i e n t e ( co n tai ns
)
in ten hours
the
qu
an ti ty o f
mn
; and the third
is
colu
con
dioxide added to the water by the turtle, the ex amo un t that could be formed fro mthe ox g en taken from the y o f carbon
w ater, is gi ven i n the fo urth
mn
co lu
made w ith the greatest care and accuracy by Profes the chemical laboratory of C orn ell Uni vers ity
T he d eterminatio ns were sors
mn
colu
R ich and t l olton in
.
A quatic R
espiration
mo l ecular o xygen sto red
up
in S oft shelled T unites -
in the ti ssues,
and
.
i r in f h e r m t a b o ()
lysi s o f the air taken fro m the l ung s after the t u rt l e had b een w holly s ub merged fo r ten ho urs sho wed o nly a S o far as thi s s li ght t race o f eith er o x y g en o r carbo n dio x id e w e co ncl ude th at i f the l ungs were s i n gl e ex p eri ment go es mo derately fill ed w ith air upo n the i mmersio n of the t urtl e the amo unt o f o x ygen t hat might be tak en fro m the air in the l ung s w o ul d fully acco unt fo r the ex cess o f carbo n dio x id e fo und in t he That the a uati c respi ratio n is due al most enti rely to the w ater a B n a e e i n n d u s li g htl y to the ski n is sho wn t h t z a r y a h a x a b t s () y p t i o n the t urt l e b eco mi n g ana esth etized fo ur o r five ti mes as ui ck l y w h en k ept en ti rely s ub merged in mtherized water as wh en allo wed t o c o me to the s urface as fre uently as it d es i red b Wh n h e e t () t u rtl e s ski n was co mpl etely covered with vaseli ne and the t urtle k ept whol ly sub merged the amo un t o f o xyg en removed fro m the w at er an d o f carbo n dio x i de add ed th ereto was nearly as great as w h en the s ki n was unvaselined I n so me at l east o f the h ard sh ell ed t urtl es (Ch elyd ra and C h ry semys) si mil ar mo vemen ts o f the hyoid apparatus o cc ur w h en t h ey are s ub merged and w ater is seen to enter the n os t ril and be ex pell ed th erefro m as in so ft shell ed t urtl es T he ph arynx ex p and s and c o nt racts w ith co nsiderabl e regu larity in all o f the t urtl es s o far as we k no w w h en th ey are in the air Th ese movement s appear like tho se of the frog but in the t urtl es th ey are unnecessary for filli n g the l ungs I n frogs ho wever th ey are necessary fo r t hi s purpo se al tho ug h as sho w n by To wnso n ph ary n geal movements o ften o cc ur in the frog w it ho ut any air bei n g fo rced i nto the l ung s A s th ese mov ement s are o f undo ubted use in respi ratio n fo r the s o ft s h ell ed t urtl es in water it seems p rob abl e th at th ey may b o f use in respi ratio n fo r all t urtl es in the air th at is t he mem brane li ni ng the ph ary nx p robably act s as a respi rato ry o rgan w h eth er the medi um b athi ng it and co nt ai ni n g free o x yg en be air o r wat er Th ese mo vements and th ei r obj ect respi ratio n th en seem to c o nnect physiologi cally at l east the t urtl es o n the o ne hand with — — m h e w r r e a t e s n A t lo e ve t b r phibi a a d fishes and o n the oth er han d w i th the higher fo rms viz do g and man fo r Garl and has s ho wn th at in the dog an d al s o in man o cc ur rhyth mi cal h a p en ts whi ch d raw air i nto the ph ary n x and ex pel it ry ng eal mov em
t h e l ungs
A
.
na
,
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,
,
,
q
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.
q
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,
q
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’
,
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-
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-
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-
,
e
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,
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,
,
,
D escription
f
o
a new
M a r c h [
S ubspecies
whenever
,
th ere is a co nditio n app roachi ng asphyx i ation It ovement s reappear in the seems as tho ugh th ese ph ary n geal m high est fo rms wh en the want o f oxy gen b eco mes Overw hel m ing ly g reat as if th ere w ere an o rgani c memo ry of the means by w hi ch in the dim p ast the want was suppli ed .
,
,
.
,
:0 2
D ES C R IPTI ON OF C OM MON
N EW
A
OF T H E
S U BS P ECI ES
EA S T ER N
CH I P MU N K
av c H A R T M E R R I A M , M D .
.
.
.
q
mmo n c hip munk o r st riped s ui rrel o f Eastern N o rth A meri ca was fi rs t mentio ned so far as I h ave b een abl e to ascertai n by S agard T héo dat in his Hi stoi re du C anada Vol v p 74 6 p ubli sh ed in 16 15 I n 17 4 3 Mark Catesby gave an unmi stakabl e d esc riptio n of it acc o mpan i ed by a recog l H e call ed it S ciurus striatus whi ch name n izable colo red pl ate was adopt ed by L i nnaeus in the ten th editio n o f his S y stema N a T he s pecifi c name striatus after en turae p ubli sh ed in 17 5 8 d uri ng the vi c i ssit udes to w hi ch sci entifi c no mencl at ure is so o ften " 1 stab li sh ed by Bai rd in 1857 was ree and has s i n ce en s ubj ect j oyed undi sp uted rec og nitio n o n thi s side o f the A tl anti c It is a littl e si ng ul ar th at th us far no o ne seems to h ave sus nc e o f t wo di s ti n ct s ub sp eci es o f chip munk in i t e d h e e x s e c e t t p Eastern N o rth A meri ca parti cul arly wh en it is rememb ered th at no l ess th an five g eog raphi cal races o f the W es tern spec i es h av e lo ng b een recogn ized It is t rue that P ro fesso r Bai rd nearly thi rty years ago stat ed th at a chip munk fro m Essex c o unty in N o rth eastern N ew Yo rk HE
co
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-
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T he Gr oun d S quirr el T his is about halfthe S ize of an English S uirrel, an d almost of the same C olour , except that aPair of black L ists, w ith a yel 1
S C I U R US
q
S T R I A T US
.
.
lowish white L ist between them, extend almost the L
also a sing le
black L ist
ength o f the Body o n
bo th S ides ;
R idg e o f the Back T he Eyes are black an d larg e, the Ears ro unding , the T ail lo ng, flat, and thick set with H airs , which are much shorter than those of o ther S uirrels T hese S uirrels abide in the W oods o f Carolin a, runs alo n g
q
Vi rg in ia, &c
.
etc
For is
.
,
by
N orth A
half
q
corn s, and such
are very .
familiar
11, 174 3 ,
a century our ani
u os f t h e r r e e n t s e o p p p
my o f
syn on y
,
Mark C atesby, Vol
more than
n ot the
me
up ta
.
.
T heir Food is N uts, A
T hey being brought
li na,
the
like as
an d active
.
R
odentia,
q
uirrels
(N atural H ist
.
feed of
o n.
Caro
p
.
mal
w as
a e e r t nter o p p
confused
into
a
w ith the A siatic , but it
discussio n
these species, already very fully elaborated
merican
S
o ther
o f the co
by A llen
.
mplicated
n a r M o o h s ( g p
of
t o n a s u t o m E e r n hi n h e m m k C C f p
o
co
.
i derably grayer and the bl ack li nes o f the back h ave no b rown i s h margi n I n a specimen fro m Washi ngto n [ D the m o th c hest n ut t ints are d ark er th an d escrib ed above N r A e ri can ( But his materi al was not s uffi ci en tly M ammal s 185 ex tens ive to enabl e him to app reci at e the co nstancy an d sig n ifi c an ce of the di fferenc es noted A ll en in his mo st val uabl e paper o n Geog raph ical vari atio n in T he i ncrease in ia co lo r in N o rth A meri can s ui rrel s said : ” is well il l ust rated t ens ity o f c olo r fro m the no rth s o uth ward Tamias striatus rep resen tatives o f whi c h fro m the so uth ern in h ig h ly s o f N ew Yo rk and Pennsy l van i a are much m r t a p o re c o lo red th an are tho se fro m N o rth ern N ew Engl and and the L ater B ritis h P rovi nces (Pro c Bo st S o c Nat Hi st xv1 h o wever the vi ews above exp ressed seem to h ave undergo ne “ T he very s o me mo difi catio n fo r the same autho r ob serves : large number o f S peci mens b efo re me i n di cate th at the p resent S pec i S pec i es p reserv es g reat c o nst an cy o f colo ratio n mens fro m S o uthern lo caliti es are co nsid erably b righter colo red t han tho se fro m mo re N o rth ern sectio ns and average a li t tl e T he di fference ho wev er in ei th er respect is no t very s mall er ” 8 r M n m e r e n a 8 t o og ph o th i od ti e a r a s f N r A a n R 1 o c 77 7 4 g ( 8 7 5) T he exami natio n o f mo re th an two h und red speci mens has led me to difl er with M r A ll en in his l as t ex p ressed vi ews H is remark s c o ncern i n g the d eepeni ng o f colo r so uth ward might h av e been stated mo re st ro ngly and still fall withi n the li mits o f 1 I n respect to s ize if the body as a w hol e was meant my t r uth measurements o f upward s o f o ne h undred s peci mens in the fl esh d o n ot S ho w the S o uth ern ani mal to be the s mall er and the l argest in di vid ual th at has fall en und er my n oti ce came fro m M o n ti cello M i ssi ss ippi I f ho wever we t urn to the ex tremiti es the case is d i fferent fo r the l ength of both fo re and hi n d feet is greater in n o rt h ern th an in so uth ern sp eci mens as sho wn in the aeco m n g tabl es a n yi p is
ns
,
'
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,
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q
,
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,
,
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,
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,
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,
,
'
.
.
,
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,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
Mr
.
A llen
s views, as abo ve
’
upw ards of on e
hun dred
o rity o f maj
and
mi nation
enunciated, were based upon the exa
fifty specimens ;
still,
it is b ut fair to
state
of
that the
me fro m N orthern local ities; and were either H e had t ypical o f th e N o rt hern formor intermediate between it an d the S outhern b ut fo ur sk ins from so far south as Washi ng ton D C an d had not seen a single i n di vidual from the Carolinas a t r e g
mens
these speci
ca
.
,
.
.
.
,
D escr iption
f
M EA S U R EM ENTS o r FEET , sn ow
mc
D EC R EA S E i n su n a
sour n waan
L
ocal i
S in g S ing , N ew Y o rk D C
,
.
C harlesto n , S C .
.
,
mT H E nor m
‘ .
tv
.
L o cust Grove, N ew Y ork
W ashington
h M a rc [
S ubspecies
a n ew
o
.
averag e of 2 8
(
)
average o f
8)
(
men )
o n e s eci p
(
men )
(
o n e speci
S k in
membered th at the above measurement s of N ew It must be re Yo rk spec i mens are averages T he l argest manus fro m t he m m “ m A di ro ndack regio n measures 2 3 t he l argest pes 3 8 T he m “ sm all est man us fro m t he L o w er H uds o n meas ures 20 t he s mall est pes 34 I n the s ummer o f 1884 D r A K Fi sh er at my re uest sen t me several chip munk s fro m S i ng S i ng N ew Yo rk in the vall ey o f the L o wer H ud so n On pl aci n g th em alo ngsid e my o w n seri es fro m the A di ro ndac k regio n I was at o nce st ruck w i th th e mark ed di fferences b etween th em and was c o nvi nced that they w ere s ubS pecifically separabl e Thi s opi nio n was co nfi rmed the follo wi ng year by the ac ui sitio n o f an ad ult femal e fro m the mo untai ns o f N o rth Caroli na ki ndly p resented to me by M r Willi am Brewster who ki ll ed it in the to wn o f S yl va J ack so n Thi s i ndivid ual fo r two c o unty N o rth C aroli na M ay 3 0 1885 reaso n s may be reg ard ed as the typ e o f striatus prOper : Fi rst because it came fro m the same general regio n fro m whi ch Cat esby s p robably came (and it wi ll be remembered th at L in ne eus s di ag n o si s was b ased o n C atesby s d esc riptio n and fig ure) ; and seco nd because it is rep resen tat ive o f a p has e o f pelage mo s t Thi s ski n (N o 14 50 remote fro m t h at o f t he N o rt h ern an i mal M us C H M ) is v ery much darker than the d ark est Washi ng to n ex ampl e I have seen and the ferrugi no us o f t he rump is rest ri cted in ex t en t and is ov ercast by t he liberal ad mi x t ure of bl ack tipped h ai rs Th ere is an obscure d ark spot at the end o f the n o se abo ve and an oth er at the po sterio r an gl e o f each ey e T he eyel ids are b uff and the colo r o f t he lo wer lid can be t raced b ack ward tho ugh b eco mi ng v ery fai nt to t he low er margi n of ~
.
q
.
.
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,
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,
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q
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,
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,
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-
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,
,
,
,
measurements here given as w ell as all others which appear in this paper were tak en by myself w ith dividers ; all were made w ith the utmos t care and a larg e proportion were veri fied by duplicate measuring A ll measuremen ts from skins were tak en in the fo llow ing mann er : T he feet 1
T he
,
,
,
.
were dipped in hot w ater, an d then w rapped w ith w et cotto n w o ol an d left for ex ible, so that the to es co uld be straig hten ed oints became fl several ho urs until the j -
.
readily.
f
o
mmon Eastern
the Co
Chipmunk
.
meat us Th ere is an i ndi sti nct d ark li ne above the l igh t li ne o f the upper eyelid and a b road but no t well defi ned d ark st ripe belo w the light und er eyelid ex ten di n g fro m a poi nt an terio r to t he eye to a oi nt j ust belo w the po st erio r b ase o f the p ear wh ere it b ec o mes lo st in t he g rizzl ed rusty b ro wn o f the s id es o f t he neck Belo w thi s st rip e the s id e o f the face is fulvo us T he c ro w n is dark rust b row n i ntermi x ed w i th a large uantity o f b lac k hai rs and the same colo r ex tends ov er the ant erio r h al f o f t he i nner surfaces o f the ears the posterio r h al f bei ng light ful vo us o r bufl i Th ere is a smal l light spot behi nd the base o f each T he sho ulders and back b et ween the l at eral st ripes are v ery ear d ark g rizzl ed i ro n g ray with a sp ri nkli ng o f b uff o r yello wi sh T he d ark stripes are not perfectly cl ear bl ack and t h ei r ferru d i e s n o u s e e x n r d n T m e n s r b d l fi d di t i t o e r s n l h e a a e r e w e o t e g p fr o m the o ccip ut nearly to the root o f the tail T he ligh t st ripes a re d ark bufli ntermix ed w ith d ark tipped hairs T he S i des areb ufl y fu l vo us well S p ri nkl ed with bl ack tipped h ai rs T he rump hips and b ack s o f the hi n d l egs are d ark rusty b row n T he upper s urfaces o f t he feet are ferrug i n o us T he upper sid e o f the tail is bl acki sh ed ged with hoary ; the un der sid e deep h az el (al mo st ch est n ut ) b o rd ered w i th b lac k and edged w ith ho ary Thi s ri c h h azel of t he un der tail ext end s c o nti n uo us ly fo rward ov er the anal regio n t o the genitals w h ere it termi nates ab ruptly w i tho ut sh adi n g o ff in to the s urro undi ng white T he un d er parts fro m the mo uth to e t he gen i tal s are c l ear bufl w hit y Th ro ugh the ki nd ness o f M r Willi am Brewster C urato r of M ammal s and Bi rd s in the M useum o f Co mparat i ve Z o é lo gy at C amb ridge Mass and of M r F W T rue C urato r of Mammal s in the U nit ed S tates Natio nal M useum I h ave b een enabl ed to I am ex ami n e the chip munk s c o ntai ned in th es e coll ectio ns i n d ebted al s o to M r Willi am E S aun ders for the loan o f a sp ec i men from L o ndo n Ontario Canada Th ese speci mens together w ith my own (whi ch in n umbers ex ceed all the oth ers co mbi ned) co ns tit ute a very co mpl ete ser i es o f the Eastern an i mal fro m the on regi o n between Canad a o n the n o rth an d Was hi ngto n D C t h e s o uth Co mpari so n o f rep resentati ves fro m the ext remes o f t hi s range eren ces : T he c ro wn in typi cal b rings to light the follo wi ng difl N o rth ern spec i mens vari es fro mpal e to b right rusty fulvo us whil e i n ty pical S o uth ern exampl es it is d ark rust b ro wn
t he audito ry
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q
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-
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-
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,
D escription
f
a new
o
M a r c h [
S ubspecies
,
p the b ack b et ween the medi an and fi rs t l ateral bl ack stripes are cl ear ash g ray in the N o rth ern ani mal w hil e in t he S o uth ern th ese p art s are dark i ro n g ray mo re o r l ess mi x ed w ith g rizzly I n spec i mens fro m the M i ssi ssippi Val ley the same p arts show a S p ri nkli ng o f yello w tipped h ai rs T he light l at eral strip es are w hite o r b ut fai ntly ti n ged w ith b ufl in typi cal N o rt h ern s pec i mens whil e in typi cal striatus fro m " the S o uth th ey are st ro ngly wash ed with bufl w hi ch colo r o ften d eepens to pal e fulvo us posterio rly and is furth er ob scured by T he s id es vary the ad mi x t u re o f a n umb er o f d ark tipped hai rs f s in u u l vo fro m the pal est bufl(as in S peci men N o 1200) o r b ufl y N o rth er n the N o rt h ern t o dark ful vo us in the S o uth ern fo r m spec i mens sho w a slight sp ri nkli n g o f bl ac k tipp ed h ai rs w hi c h i ncrease in n umber fro m the no rth so uth ward till in ty p ical striatus the ad mi x t ure o f th ese h ai rs v ery mat eri ally d arken s t he I n typi cal N o rth ern ex ampl es the p ale al s id es o f t he an i m b uff of the sid es fad es so grad ually i nto the w hite o f t he belly that no sh arp li ne can be d rawn between th em; w hil e in typi cal str iatus on the co nt rary a v ery c l ear li ne o f demark atio n sep a rates the t wo the (co mp aratively ) d ark s id es c o nt rasti n g st ro n gly w ith t he b uffy wh it e o f t he und er part s even wh en th ese parts are — w f ith ulvo us w hi ch fact is d ue to the ab sence o f blac k fused s uf tipped hai rs fro m the b elly T he upp er sid e o f the tail is much lighter in N o rth ern S pec i mens th an in striat us p roper t ho ugh the hoary edgi ng is mo re Thi s di fference in appearance is c o nspi c uo us in the S o uth ern due to the fact t hat the bl ack s ubapi cal po rtio n o f each h ai r is much b road er in the latter th an in the fo rmer and the s ubbasal T he resul t is th at in fulvo us po rtio n p ropo rt io nately narro wer the N o rt h ern an i mal the p al e ful vo us zo ne s ho w s th ro ug h w h i l e in the S o uth ern the co rrespo n di ng zo ne is mo st ly co nceal ed b y I n typi cal N o rt hern speci men s the un d er the overlyi ng bl ack fy o r b uffy fulvo us fadi n g in the anal reg io n s i de o f the tail is b uf i nto the white o f the belly ; whil e in typi cal striatus the under s i de o f the tail is d eep h az el whi c h c olo r ex tends fo rward aro un d t he an us to the gen i tal s wh ere it en d s ab ruptly w itho ut sh adi ng o fl i nto the s urro undi n g part s T he dark spot abov e the tip o f the no se is us ually in dist inct and s o meti mes want i ng in N o rth ern sp ec i mens w hil e as a rul e it is well marked in tho se fro m the S o ut h T he faci al marki ng s on T he
na e and
-
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,
Common Eastern Chipmunk
the
f
o
.
oth er h and are mo re di sti nct in the N o rt hern th an in the Th ese marki ngs however v ary so much in S o uth ern an i mal in d ivid ual s in respect to cl earness o f defi nitio n th at they may be d is mi ssed as un i mpo rtant in the p resent co nnectio n I n b ri ef it may be said th at the N o rth ern ani mal difl ers fro mthe S o u th ern in the cl earness and lightness o f its colo rs the bl ack s t r i pes rem ai n i n g much alik e in both ; o r c o nversely th at the S o u th ern is ch aracterized by an i n tens ification of all the colo rs res u lti n g in the dark eni n g o f the enti re upp er s urfac e R i ch ard so n in 1829 seems to h ave b een fi rst to d escrib e the N o rth ern fo rm tho ugh he did n o t s uspect it to di ffer fro m the Beli evi ng th at the specifi c name stn atus b elo nged to S o uth ern t he A s i ati c an i mal an d ass um i ng the A meri can to be di sti nct he “ call ed the l atter S ciur us (Tamias) L y steri but was wro n g in s up po si ng th at R ay had named it b efo re him Bai rd ex pressed Thi s autho r [ R i ch ardso n] the matt er in a n uts h el l wh en he said uot es R ay as the autho rity o f thi s n ame but it is in fact his — o wn R ay o nly referri ng to the sp ec i es as S cher us a Clar D om ” L yster obser vatus (N o rth A meri can M ammal s 1857 p R i c h ard so n s acco unt of the an i mal he had in vi ew admits o f uestio n as to its excl usiv e appli cabili ty to the p resent fo rm no and h is pl ate (pl ate xv) tho ugh uncolo red is e ually un mistak F urth ermo re he di sti nctly states th at his speci men came abl e fro m Penetang ui sh ene whi ch is o n the n o rth east arm of L ak e H uro n a regio n whi ch th eo reti cally at l east o ught to furn i sh mos t typi cal ex ampl es H is descript io n was taken fro m a rec en t male sp ec i men kill ed in A p ril at P enetang ui s h ene T he po rtio n o f it rel ati ng to colo r runs as follo ws
the
,
.
,
,
.
'
,
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,
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'
.
,
,
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.
q
,
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,
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,
’
q
,
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q
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
.
"
,
,
—T h
dors al aspect of the head is co vered with yellowish bro wn hairs, which are mixed w ith a smaller n umber o f black o nes T here is a black spo t n ear C oh a n
e
-
.
.
T he
the tip of the n ose
.
eyelashes are
brow n streak between the eye and the tends
from the
nose, un der the eye,
black, the
eyelids
w hite; there is
ear, an d a
to
broad, yellowish brown behin d the ear, deepening i n its -
a
dark
stripe ex
middle mixture
to
back is ho ary gray, from a of black an d w hite hairs T he rump, hips and exterior surfaces o f the thighs are o f a bright orang e bro w n color, mixed w ith a few black hairs A dark dorsal li n e co m chestn ut- brown .
T he
a rt o f the p
an terio r
-
.
-
mences
at the o cciput ,
brown ish on each
hips,
its
at
flank
,
co
an d reaches to
w ithin
an
inch
of
the tail
mmencement
tw o black lines,
.
T his line is
but deepens to black posteriorly T here are also , which co mmence behin d the shoulders, exten d to the ,
.
by a moderately bro ad white stripe A ll these stripes are bordered with bro wn T he sides , ben eath the stri pes, present a mixture
an d are separated
more or less
of
.
ry d v e a n a r y g
.
.
lig ht brown
mities
surface o f th e extre
,
.
T he fur,
is longer
co vering
the throat, chin , belly, an d i n n er
and thinn er than that o n the
dorsal
aspect, an d
24 2
D escription, & c , .
f
.
is white througho ut its whole length a s
moo th co at
tio n
betw ixt
is black ish gray , the colors o f the back
ardson, 1829 ,
and
pp
.
-
r M a c h [
Common Easter n Chipmunk
the
o
T he fur
.
at
its
an d
roo ts
belly
o t h b o d a t e f r s y p
on the upper
T here is
.
”
a n F u a (
.
,
forms
defi ned lin e o f separa Bo reali A mericana, R ich
no
-
182
H ence it is cl ear that R i ch ard so n s name lysteri must be adopted as the s ubspecific name o f the N o rth ern ani mal '
.
Followi ng T
are
di ag no ses
A MI A S S T tt tA rUs T Y PI C US
bro w n
'
l r i zz e d g
or
.
—M an us
brown ;
mixed w ith grizzly ; rump
,
of
,
n ape an d
the two
races :
mm
20 to 2 1
back
e s p ,
34
m m 35
cro wn , rusty
mp iron g ray so met imes almost chestn ut ; sides rus
n early to ru
metimes
dark ferrug in ous,
to
so
,
,
q
fulvo us , passing i nto ferrugin o us o ver the hips , and mixed w ith a variable uan tity o f black tipped hairs, the fulvo us (los ing its black hairs a d beco ming paler) n etimes en cro aching upon the buf fy w hite o f belly and occasion ally meetin irreg so m
set
ularly alo ng the
median
g
lin e below but alw ays leaving
a
,
w ell defin ed lin e o f demar -
belly ; light lateral str ipes strong ly suffused with buff an d sometimes tin g ed w ith fulvous posteriorly ; un der surface of tail, mesially, dark fulvo us t o haz el, o ften very deep
k ation betw een the sides
an d
.
H abitat
—Valley
mr us
T amas
L ow er H udson
and
L o ng I sland, N ew Y ork ; N ew Jersey ;
in the hig hlan ds to the C arolin as
an d southward
m m 37
o f the
sr a
cro w n , rusty
(
fulvo us ,
so
Georg ia
.
—M an us
s ub- s p.
L Y S T ER I
an d
to 2 2
.
,
metimes very pale ; nape
back
,
n early to
to
mp
ru
belly w ithout leaving any sharp l 1n e of demark atio n between them; light lateral stripe n early w hite, at most but faintly w ashed w ith buff un der surface o f tail, mesially, pale buff to taw ny buff clear ash
sides, pale buf f f a di n n i w i t o h t e , ; g y
and
m m s 6 e ; p 3 5
r g a
of
.
H abitat
.
—Mo unta1ns o f Pen nsylvania ; A diro ndack
N ew Eng lan d ; Eastern C anada north to the Gulf ’ ’ interior n ort h to J ames s Bay, H udson s Bay ern
i o n g
re
of
of
St L .
N ew Y ork ; N o rth
awren ce, and
.
in th e
.
Co upl ed with the fo regoi ng ex ternal ch aracters w hi ch serve to al are certai n c ran i al sep arate the N o rth ern fro mthe S o uth ern ani m pec uli ariti es whi ch are e ually co nstant and di sti ncti ve P ubli ca t io n o f th es e di fferences is deferred unti l a b etter seri es o f sk ul ls o f t he S o uth ern fo rm can be ob tai ned I t may be stated h ere ho wever th at the b rai n case is a littl e b road er in typi cal striatus whil e the l ength o f the mol ar seri es o f teeth is g reater in lysteri ,
q
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
18
Fish R
mains
e
R EMA
F IS H
R
3 Tracks in Triassic R
(
'
I N S A N D T R A C KS I N OCKS A T W EEH A W K EN BY L
N
,
24 3
S S IC
TR IA
T HE
.
J
.
.
GR A T A C A P
P
.
.
.
Wee/tawken
ocks at
T
HE
i nd urated and fi ssile sh al es th at crop o ut beneath the s u eri mpo sed m s a ss e o f r n s a p o c k lo g t b k t a r n a n h w r t e e e p o f the H ud so n riv er at Weeh awken Gottenb urg and neigh b o ri ng lo caliti es h ave b een fre uently ex plo red fo r fish remai ns T h ei r une uivo cal po s itio n as T ri assi c sl at es and the i nteresti ng d evelop ments mad e by I C R ussel at Boo nto n N J so me years ag o in b ed s o f an identi cal ch aracter sti mul ated coll ecto rs to h unt h ere fo r si milar fo ssil s A s far as I k no w th ere is no pub lished acco un t o f any success met with in the searc h o r i ndeed an ac co unt o f any ki nd Esth eri a in c o mp ressed and al mo st obliterated pat ch es have been taken o ut but the fish b eds kept d i sc o uragi ngly o ut of s ight M r F Braun o f thi s c i ty has r ecent ly reveal ed a l arg e n um b er of fish remai ns in the sl at es referred t o and has mo st s uccessfully ex t racted speci m ens o f c o n s id erabl e b eauty These speci mens co mp ri se al mo st whol e fi shes and numero us i nstructive frag ments whil e a few pl ant ai ns t rack s and rippl e mark ed blo ck s fro m the und erlyi ng rem s andsto ne h ave given to his di scov ery a m o re c o mp reh ensive i nterest I n general the lo cality establi sh ed by M r Braun is abo ut 800 feet s o uth o f the mo uth o f the t unnel o f the N Y W S and Buffalo R ail ro ad whi ch pi erces the trap ridge k nown as Pali sad e mo untai n a lo n g ex pos ure o f basalt li mited by P ro fesso r Cook as I t may be said to start near the H ighl and s wes t of follo ws H averst raw in R ockl and co unty T he range is co nti nuo us to It reappears so uth o f t he Kill vo n K ull on S taten Bergen poi nt isl and and fi nally di sappears near the Fi sh Kill s I ts to tal l ength from L ad ento wn N Y to the S taten I sl and so und is fifty th ree mil es M r Braun co mmenc ed his uarry i ng in a bed of sl ates di rectly unde rlyi n g the t rap ro c k w hi c h r i s es in perp endi c ul ar wall s far abo ve it and fo und his fish and pl ant remai ns rest ri ct ed to a nar r o w layer of fro m th ree to fo ur i nch es in thi ck ness and to ward s A n exami natio n o f the l edge t he base o f the enti re s l at e bed o f whi c h thi s bed fo rm ed a memb er sho wed a s uccess io n of s late
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V OL
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815 .
“O
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I n.
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Fish R
mains and
h M r a c [
Tracks in the
e
,
dsto ne slate and t rap A t the botto m fo rmi n g a lo w sh el f who se b ase was b uri ed in t he all uvi um was a s l ate g ro up fo rmed o f clo sely c o mpacted l ami naeo f sl at e in c o n fo rmabl e co ntact w ith a bed o f sand sto ne whi ch at the li ne o f unio n with the sl ate w as g ranul ar and sili ceo us beco mi ng co mpac t and feldspathi c o n its upper side wh ere it b eco mes al mo st fused w ith a seco nd bed o f s l at e the fos sil l ay er abov e whi ch ro se the t rap cli ff T he ex po s ure of the fi rst sl at e bed had a thi ck ness o f five to six feet t he thi ck ness o f the sand sto ne was fo ur feet and th at o f the fo ssil
san
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Pale on iscus lo tus R
edfd
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Weehawken
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N
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J
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g ro up as far as co uld be determi ned eight feet wh en the base of ° the t rap was reach ed T he average dip of the seri es was 17 N W and the st rik e N N E T wo photograph s were tak en o ne of the l edge it sel f (Pl at e x11) fo rm ed o f the th ree beds and a seco nd at the mo uth o f the g reat t unnel so me 800 feet no rth o f thi s poi nt wh ere the fossil layer o f sl ate ro ck wit h its li nes o f b ed di n g can be seen co nspi c uo usly meeti ng the t rap fissured by rap h crevi ces o f v erti cal cl eavag e s Pl t e fi r t photog x m T h a e ) ( was rath er unfo rt unately i nvaded by a lo cal g ro up of s itters bear n ing no sens ib le relatio n to its art i c ul ar obj s di g a T ect n h t e p ,
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Triassic R
Weehawken
ocks at
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fig ure at the top marks the fossil layer o f M r Braun s find
N
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l t
of s a e and
the
locatio n
’
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l t o mp ri se casts and imp ress io ns o fplan t roo ts o r root lik e frag ments the lobate divi s io ns of an a uati c pl ant an eni gmati cal n ut di spl ayi ng its c oaly an d bl ack n ucl eus and n um ero us fi sh es in vario us stages of p res ervatio n and in po si t io ns that seem to th row a light upo n the lo cal c i rc umstances of t hei r ento mb ment M ud cracks reti cul ate th e sl ate S l ab s in rami fyi n g li nes the sil ent witn esses to pr oc esses al o n g the sho res of an an ci ent Tri ass i c est uary id enti cal w ith t h o se th at p rod uce to d ay the same marki ngs upo n a sun b ak ed T he fo ss il
mai ns taken
re
fro m the
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s a e c
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ba r
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One lect ion , s
of the now
k etch I thi n k
best in
mpl es
of
ex a
the
my possessio n
is
,
fi sh es in M r Braun s col sho wn in the fo regoi ng ’
.
.
I have are identi cal w ith thi s o ne as to g enus and sp ec i es and it appears id enti cal w ith Pala oniscus lo tus R edfd On a speci men oth er than the o ne fig ured the d o rsal fin s ho ws the c oarse rayl ets attached to the anterio r spi ne an d its po sitio n altho ugh ui te far b ac k do es no t c o rrespo nd T he fi sh es are fo un d lat t o the i nsertio n giv en for C atopterus erally co mp ressed and us ually st raight b ut in s o me i nstances the c reat ure has beco m e do ubl ed and t urned over o n itsel f as if en t rapped while wriggli ng ia its c o nto rtio ns to escape agai n to the at w ater whi c h recedi ng l eft it ex po sed upo n a muddy fl Many h ave beco me macerated and the s urro undi ng sh ale is who se di sco nnec ted mark s s t rewn with th ei r scattered scal es l d ly b co m clo ser in o ne di rec tio n l eadi n g the ey e to a a e u e a r g fo rml ess c l uster o f scal es and h ead parts Mo st o f the speci mens bers and were b uri ed be s u gg est th at the fis h es peri s h ed in n um n eath lat er fil ms o f d et rit us as they lay motio nl ess upo n t h ei r s ides T h e l ocality so l ately di scovered may reveal mo re o f i nterest bo th as regards th ese fish in th ei r zoé lo g ical stat us the c h aracter I h ave fo und in o f th ei r h abitat and t he manner o f t hei r d eath thes e sl ates l enti c ul ar masses o f a p ulverul en t and hig ly car h bo naceous materi al whi c h yi eld ed seven per cent of c omb us tib le matt er and wo uld do ubtl ess h ave reacted fo r phospho ric acid T hey seem c o nnect ed wit h the o rgani c oc c upants of the ro c k s co m n th ro ugh t hei r d e po si tio n ay h ave ari se an d m I n the sandstone belo w this slate M r Braun has fo und i mp res all the
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R
mblances in
ese
io ns t he mo st striki ng s ugg es ti ng t rack s
s
,
of
A rts wide
whi ch
h M a r c [
se arated
p
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ho wn
in
are s
the w ood
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c ut ,
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T racks
and
markings on
T riassic
sand sto ne at
Weehawken
,
N
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J
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ippl e mark s and rai n fossae on oth er sl ab s h elp vividly to recall a sho re upo n w hi ch th ese anc i en t waters o f the Tr i as s i c b asi n wash ed l avi n g the fo rms of amphibio us reptil es or po uri n g over crawli ng C rustacea whil e showers beat upo n the i mprin t ed sand s ;an d o n sh elvi n g an d sh allo w b ars the rippl es sc ulpt ured t h ei r co unterpart s in g entl e furro ws R
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: o:
R ES E M BL A N C ES I N A R BY
R
M h m e ti f t e s h o t e Q
OT I S
S EPA R A T E D
TS WID EL Y T
.
l .
MA S ON
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li t t ravel ers do wn to the presen t day we h ave narratives o f the o cc urrence o f the same inven tio ns (i mpl ements) p racti ces modes o f speech i n sti tutio ns t heo ri es and religio us c reed s and c ult s in regio n s wid e apart T he older hi sto ri ans and eth n ologi sts were w o nt to say th at ear es
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d before the Washington Philosophical S ociety, Jan 30,
1 R ea
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86 18
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R
mblances in A rts widely separated
ese
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i milari ty o f h uman actio ns arg ued co nsang ui nity in tho se who d i m u r r e o m h e s m e h e e n a c n t w c ti d th t t h p o o c e n w r a c e h a e n t a p m f l c s th e y m u t h v th e i o r igi n r o m h e s a e r a c e a s t e e h a d r a p Those w ho hold such t heo ri es are not all dead as any o ne co n versan t w ith recent l it erat ure well k no ws I t is uit e possibl e als o th at amo ng old er t hi nkers t here were oth er ways o f ac co unt i n g for s uc h si mil ariti es as I h ave mentio ned Befo re S peaki ng o f anoth er expl anation it is necessary fi rst to A d mitti ng that all lik e ex ami ne mo re c losely the old do c tri ne i n vent io ns had th ei r o rigi n fro mthe same race we h ave two po s S ib l e way s by whi ch each o ne may h av e b een pl anted in di fferent parts o f the wo rld A n art may be so pecul iar to a peopl e th at its p resence arg ues thei r p resence al way s in w h ic h case the art may be said to have t he same invento r and exec uto r A n art may o rigi nate w i th a race o r peopl e s o me o f who m may carry t he k n o wl edge o f it every wh ere o r fo reig ners vi siti ng th at peopl e may l earn the art and carry it ho me or it may undesig nedly on the part o f any o ne be difl used I n o ur day of ill ust rated books and p ap ers th ere is no telli n g h o w far the t uitio n o f cult ure may ex tend I n thi s seco nd case t he art has the sam e i nvento r but no t necessarily the same ex ec ut o r o r di ssemi nato r W hi ch of th ese two causes has b een active in any case seems — o f n umb ers T he same race t o me to be a matt er o f co unti ng o f peopl e w o uld h ardly move abo ut ov er the w o rld pl ant th em s elves here and th ere and fo rg et all the o cc upatio ns and c usto m s M r Tylo r told the A nth ropo o f fat h erl an d ex c epti ng o n e o r two lo g i cal S o ci ety o f Washi ngto n th at he fo und in the neighbo rhood o f Phil ad elphi a so much old fas hio nedn ess b elo ngi n g to En gl an d th at he c o uld al most imagi ne hi msel f in t he midst o f an Engli sh vi ll age of the l ast cent ury On the oth er hand the occurrence o f a fac s imil e o f a Grec ian t empl e as Gi rard Coll ege in Philadel p h ia wh ere oth er exampl es of Greek c ult ure are di ffi cul t to be fo und is an evidence in favo r o f H ell eni c i nfl uence at l east upo n the architect and t rustees o f th at b uildi ng T he oth er moti ve to the adoptio n o f the same means for the n s o r the ex erc i se o f h um n n fi c io h t i g i y i t f u m a w a n a n e u t n t a o r a g entio n was mad e is the id entity o f tho se o f w hi ch p revio us m w ants an d the i nst rumentaliti es o f thei r g ratifi catio n in all b ranches o f the h uman family i nc l udi ng bot h the nat ural ap ti s
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mblances in
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mdely
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a r c h M [
se arated.
p
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vi ro nment o ut of wh ich co me the reso urces of gratifi catio n Upon the p ri nciple that like causes p rod uce lik e effect s it is n o waday s arg ued th at men w il l every wh ere un d er the same stress and w ith the same resources make the same i nventio n We must carefully note th at di fferent grad es of civilization and di fferent ages of the wo rld give vari able I n eac h ag e and in s ig n ifi cance to the wo rds str ess an d r esources each g rad e nat ural pri meval aptit udes are i nt ensifi ed and warped by i nh eritance and t ui tio n Materi al envi ro nment is varied and in tensified by ever acc umul ati ng hi sto ri cal i nfo rmatio n refi nement R esembl ances t h erefo re by i ndependent i nventio n and sci ence b eco me rarer as the ci rcl es of natio nal and rac i al i n fl uence en l arge and cro ss o ne anoth er Befo re attemptling to lay do wn rul es by whi ch like h uman ay be referred to o ne o r an oth er o f the causes j ust ac tiviti es m ed the activiti es t hemselves o ught to be clo sely scruti n ized nam in o rd er th at we may arrive at an i ntelligent d efi nitio n o f the wo rd blance resem A ri stotl e enumerat es fo ur so rt s o f causes of actio ns : T he materi al cause ex qua alzqmd fit the fo rmal cause per quar t ; the effi ci ent cause aqua; the fi nal cause propter quam Wit h thi s c l assifi catio n as a b asi s we may regard h uman activiti es and the thi ngs asso ci at ed with th em fro m several poi nts o f v iew as ple will sh ew T he I ndi an basket maker th ere is plying o ne exam her craft Under oth er S he is t he effi ci ent cause o f her art so c i al o rgan izatio ns it wo uld be the men and in high er c iviliza t io n it wo uld be one o f a small g uild o r t rad e call ed the basket weavers unio n By her s ide are st rips o f g rass spli nts o f root o r o si er b undles Th ese are of c ane o r rattan eith er dyed o r in the n at ural c olo r the materi al cause o f her bask et S he hold s in her h and a bo ne o r ivo ry o r woo d en awl o r p ri ck er ; it may be al so th at a k ni fe rubbi ng sto ne and pai nt b rushes are at her side These and whatever oth er tools she uses c o nstit ute the i nst rumental cause o f her wo rk I n her mi n d are certai n fo rms o f b ask ets and o f b as ket weavi ng rel ated t o her t rib al art and to the struct ure o f the v essel ; oth ers al so ari se spo ntaneo us ly and the resultant of th em all is the fo rmal cause of the wo rk S he has her peculi ar way o f‘ p utti ng her wo rk to geth er of sit
tudes
man hi msel f and
of
the
material
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mélances in A rts widely separated
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mi n g stitc hi ng pl aiti ng weavi ng of placi ng her mate r i al into fo rm fo r a fi xed p urpo se T h ese c on stit ut e her manner o f actio n w hi ch we may call her p ro cessio nal o r metho d i cal
t in g , o f fra
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ca u s e
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h av e b een set in motio n wi th a view to func tio n to the uses wh ereunto thi s b asket is to be put in a w o rd to the fi nal cause M o reover to her art b elo ng a tec h yth s and even soci al n ical vocab ul ary all s o rts o f lo re an d m o rg an izatio n and so m eti mes religio n are i nfl uenced by it N o w wh at is t rue o f one occupati o n is tr ue o f anoth er Each o n e o f th em fro m the lowest to the high est i nvolves : 1 agent ; materi al 3 implement ; 4 form; 5 p rocess ; 6 motive o r 2 fun ct io n ; not to i ncl ud e others unnecessary to mentio n now A gai n it mus t not be fo rg otten th at the materi al s i mpl ements fo rms et c o f most activiti es excepti ng the rud est are the pro d uc ts o f oth er activiti es and each may have had its six el ementary causes g ivi ng rise to generations and genealogi es of causes N o w let it be especi ally noted th at in eac h i nventio n o r art the bl ance may ex tend to o nly o ne of the six el ements, or it resem may inc l ud e two o r mo re F urth ermo re resemblance may man i fes t itsel f o nly in some o ne generatio n in the genealogy I f we read carefully t he wo rk s o f tho se who are co nstantly po inti ng o ut evid ences of the migratio n of t ribes o r races we shall see that th ei r att entio n has b een fixed upo n o n ly one o r two elements o f the art und er sc ruti ny T he co mpli catio n of causes in p rod uc i ng a result stands in the pl ex ity of o rganizatio n do es same rel atio n to t he res ult th at c o m to plants and ani mals Those arts that i nvolve the fewest causes the s ho rtest c o ncatenatio ns o f causes hav e the g reatest ch ance of aris i ng i ndependently ; whil e tho se th at i nvolve t he greatest num ber o f co mpli cated and co nnected causes give the stro ngest ev id ence o f abs ol ute identity o f o rigi n A nother co nsideratio n whi ch we must not o mit in thi s st udy is the nat ural rel atio n b etw een thi ngs and th ei r uses between the ay perfo rm a given functio n between n umber o f t hi ngs w h ic h m In the n umber of func tio ns whi ch a giv en thi n g may perfo rm h uman trades lang uages the o rganiz ations of so ci ety the fine — the arts mo rali ti es the p rog res s of l earn i ng c reed s and cul ts bo n ds o f unio n between the ends to be attai ned and the n umber vary immensely in of po ssible way s o f attai ni ng eac h en d F inally
the fo regoi ng
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causes
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mblances in A rts widely separated
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rc h M a [
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t gth and number A d mitted th at all h uman arts what ever st art fro m n at ural obj ect s en do wmen ts and rel atio n s it follow s that in th ei r p ri sti ne c o nditio n men took t he causes of th ei r — int fl ak es fo r k n ives ; sh arp activity i mmedi at ely fr o m n at ure fl acu sti ck s fo r spears and spad es ; g o urd s and c o n ch s fo r mus i c ;ej lat io ns fo r wo rd s c o nsang ui ni ty fo r so ci al bo nd ; an i mi sm for th eolo gy and d reams fo r revel atio n T hese are so natural and n ecessary th at we n eed no t be asto ni s h ed to find men flyi ng to th em in emergenci es and i nventi ng over and over agai n all the I f a sto n e k n i fe devi ces and method s of the p ri meval wo rld has functio ns p eculi ar to it sel f if cutti ng is depen d ent o n sto ne k n ives th en the sto ne k n i fe w ill o ften be i nvented i ndependently I f al most any vo cal c o mbi natio n w ill recall an id ea ; if al mo st any vo cal c o mbi natio n may stand for i n n umerabl e obj ect s th en the possibiliti es o f assoc i ati ng any obj ec t w ith a parti cul ar v ocal er co mbi natio n will be feebl er and s i mi l ariti es in l an g uage in difl ent loc aliti es will be mo re likely to ari se fro m the same p eo pl e But w o rds fly with either by mig ratio n o r by li terary i nfl uence uite as g reat s uch ease and rapi d ity over the earth th at we are in a dil emma regardi n g th em w h eth er we s h all say th at tho se who use th em are o f the same blood o r wh eth er in one (u se th ey are evid ence o f t ui t io n S i nce we are th us al mo st al ways the spo rt o f th ree rival th eo er to adopt a new pl an L ayi ng asid e predilec ri es I wo uld p ref tio ns I wo uld adopt the i nd uctive method Th ere must be a g reat many resembl an ces in thi ngs fro mdi fferent ti mes and places abo ut w hi ch th ere ex i sts positive i nfo rmatio n R esemblan ce by i n d epend en t i nv entio n b ei ng the l east p rob a ble I wo uld s cruti nize w ith g reat care s uc h exampl es to as c ertai n t he d egree of c o mpl ex ity in the thi ng s i nvented whi ch we are s r n c e pl to b i g b o o i ty e a u r f r e t h e s e e allowed to s uppo se It is m y two i nventio ns abo ut who se i nd epen d ence o f o rigi n th ere can be uestio n no One is a type o f bask et weavi ng fo und o nly at Cape Flattery in Washi ngto n Territo ry and o n the Co ngo T he o th er is the th ro wi n g sti ck o c c urri ng o nly in A ust rali a Brazil and Es ki mo l and T he bask et weavi ng may be call ed the bi rd cag e type th at is a seri es o f ho rizo ntal ro ds is c ro ssed eith er at righ t angl es o r di ago nally by anoth er seri es o f verti cal rod s j ust lik e the wi res in Th ese rods are firmly lash ed in pl ace by a co nti nu a bi rd cage s ren
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mblances in
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se arated
A rts widely
ese
p
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oi l o f g rass or spli nt maki ng a di ago nal stitch in the fro nt and a v erti cal stit ch in the rear N ow thi s p rocess i s co mmo n eno ugh in wattli ng fences fish t raps etc but o n ly in th ese two areas did men and wo men hit upo n the n o t io n th at thi s stitc h w o uld mak e the mo st b eauti ful and effective c lo se weavi ng W herei n is the si mil arity in the two areas ? T he two fo rms o f w eavi n g st and th us : A lik e in metho d o r t ech ni ue ; di fferent in agen t (wo men at C ap e Flattery men o n the Co ngo) in fo rm ma t eris l and functio n T he th ro wi ng sti ck is a d evi ce fo r l aunchi ng a d art o r h arpoo n too h eavy fo r a bo w o r in s it uatio ns wh ere a bo w w o ul d be inco n venient T he A ust rali ans h ave no bo ws ; the Eski mo uses his th ro wi ng sti ck in the kyak wh ere a bo w w o uld be i nco nveni ent furth ermo re his mi ssil es are far too h eavy fo r a bow Wh erei n do th ese i nventio ns resembl e ? I n agent materi al fo rm and func I n fo rm th ey ag ree o nly in the funda t io n ; b ut n ot perfectly mental i nventio n a h andle and a peg o r hook to catch the end o f the dart o r h arpoo n T he A ust rali an and the P uru P uru st rand ed o n thi s th ei r mi n d s nev er co nceiv ed th at it co uld be al tered o r imp roved T he Eski mo o n the o th er h and has d eveloped a doz en sp eci es of th ro wi ng st ick s so di sti nct th at th ey can be separat ed by types as follo ws
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T he Greenland type T he Ungava type
H o oks
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T he Bafi T he A
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type
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Barrow type T he A siatic type
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hook
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msy fo r bird
Broad
an d clu
Exceeding ly pri mitive, A mphora shaped
all
s ear. p
in
o ne
e i c e p
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T he K otzebue type
R
T he C ape N ome type T he N orton so un d type
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T he A leut type T he S itkan type
at the
Primeval in form
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T he N univak type T he Bristol (var iety)
the harpo on shaft
LFiddle head
nderson ri ver type .
T he PI
on
m
azor-strap for
Pegg ed
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central
index cavity
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on the side, rude
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of
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Fing er pegs replace cavities A variety of N uni vah, but ruder .
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Flat
an d
wanting in detail
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Elabo rately
carved.
Th ese types are ex pl ai ned and ill ust rated in a paper abo ut to appear in the fi rst annual repo rt o f the N atio nal M useum I f any o ne th erefo re uestio ned the relatio nship o f the peo s no w usi ng thi s weapo n he wo uld be allo wed to c o m l p e a r e p o nly th at o f the A s i ati c Eski mo w ith th at o f the A ustrali ans If he wo uld regard the g enealogi es o f causes whi ch had led up to t he s i mpl er fo rms in the t wo regio ns th ere w o uld be no g ro un d left fo r him to stan d upo n an d t he case o f i nd epend ent i nventio n wo uld be c l early made o ut ,
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M h a rc [
Editors T able ’
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E D I T OR S E D I T OR S : A
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PA C K A R D A N D E
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C OPE
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T he
p ri ncipl es whi ch und erli e the do ct ri ne o f evol utio n are the unity o f o rganizatio n and the derivatio n o f mod ern types o f b ei ngs fro m a p ri mitive germ Whil e the th eo ry o f descent has reh abilitated philo sophy the l eadi ng hi sto ri ans s uc h as Greene F reeman and oth ers h ave st udi ed an d are st udyi ng his to ry in the i nd uc tive method and lik e the evol utio nal naturali st o r philo soph er o r so ci al sc i ent i st go b ac k to the begi nni n g o f thi ngs hi stori cal d etecti ng for ex ampl e in the early stages o f German c ult ure the germs o f o ur demo c rati c system o f rep resent atio n and sel f go vernment A n oth er set o f wo rk men the philologi st s h ave lo ng and i nde pendently perh ap s o f any i nfl uence fro m nat urali sts adopted the methods o f the pal e o ntologi sts and di scovered a p ri mitive A ryan prototype o f certai n o f o ur mo re modern as well as so call ed anc i ent dial ects ; and now c o me the st udent s o f the wo rld s alpha b ets notably D r Taylo r and Pro fesso r A H S ayce who avo w edly c o nfess th ei r i nabili ty to wo rk o ut l asti ng result s w i t ho ut havi ng reco urse to modern sci entifi c met hods parti cularly the do ctri ne o f evol uti on fro m a p ri mitive germ It appears th at the wo rld s alph ab ets are all but the man i fest ” d evelop ment s o f a si ngl e germ Th at germ was the hi ero n g fo rm o f whi c h was t he sel ec ted f h r u n n l i s o gypt t e i h c E g yp ch aracters of the Egyptian hi erati cs Th ese were adopt ed by T he Greek alph a the Phcenicians who carri ed th em to Greece bet too k its H ell eni c s h ap e by the addi t io n o f fo ur new c h arac p robably M r S ayce cl ai ms derived fro m the t ers (p z «p and H ittites Fi nally a g reat vari ety o f alph abets belo ngi ng to dif ferent ages and l ocaliti es aro se and it was n ot unti l abo ut 4 00 B C w h en the local dial ects began to yi eld to the c o mmo n Greek o f literary A th ens t hat the lo cal alph ab ets al so fel l i nto di suse and were s up erseded by the c o mmo n Io ni c alphab et o f t wenty fo ur l etters M r S ay ce farth er tell s us th at o ne o f the Greek alph ab ets the was the so urce of all t ho se w hi c h were employed in Euboeic Italy and mod ern researc h has no w d emo nst rat ed to th at all the Itali c alph abets were use the wo rd s o f D r Taylo r developed on Itali an soil o ut o f a si ngl e p ri miti ve type Usi ng the identi cal wo rds of a Darwi n i an bo tani st or zo ologi st ’
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Editors Table ’
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ce
goes on to remark : I n the st ruggl e for ex i st en c e the L ati n alph abet alo ne s urvived amo ng its Itali an c om peers and was carri ed by the ex tensio n o f the R o man empi re th ro ugh the l engt h and b readth o f west ern EurOpe M o st o f o ur modern European alphab ets are its di rect o ffspring I n R ussi a an d oth er S l avo ni c co untri es the alph ab et was o f Greek o rigi n as were the runes o f o ur N o rse fo refath ers P ro fess or S ay ce even c l ai ms th at the i mmense maj o rity if not the whol e o f the alph ab ets used in the East are d escend ed lik e the alp hab et s o f the West fro m the alph ab et o f t T he nicia H eb rew A rabi c and S y ri ac are deri ved fro m the t nician t he S y ri ac bei ng supp osed to h ave b een the parent o f the vert i cally written Mo ngoli an and Mantchu ” “ I n fact co nc l udes P ro fesso r S ayce in his arti cl e on the o rigi n ry R eview fo r D ecem 8 o f the alph ab et in the Contem o r b a e r 8 1 5 p “ ‘ it is di ffic ult to find any al ph ab et whi c h cannot be afl iliated to the t nician wid ely di fferent as the two may h ave b eco m e both in the fo rms of the l ett ers and in t he val ues th ey bear I nter medi ate fo rms are c o nti nually bei ng d iscovered whi ch b ri dge o ver the eno rmo us di stances and ex pl ai n the t ransit io ns th at ti m e and space h ave effect ed Even the D evanagari alph abet o f S an skrit wh atever di sp utes th ere m ay be as to its ex act p edig ree i s e i n n n r a e b i t e c lly llo w d to o igi ith ptio e a e f t n c a n r W h e x e o g o f the c unei fo rm alph ab et of the anci ent P ers i ans an d po ssibly o ne o r two mo re whi c h may yet l urk in ob sc ur c o rners o f the e w o rld all the alph abets o f whi c h we k no w are deriv ed ulti mately fro m a s i ngl e so urce Utterly d iverse as th ey are in th ei r l atest fo rms the zealo us enth usi as m o f palmo g raphists and i nscriptio n hunt ers has s ucceed ed in resto ri ng th em to th ei r earli er sh apes in filli n g up the i nterval s whi c h separate th em fro m each oth er and in sho wi ng that th ey are all but the mani fold dev elop ments T he hi sto ry of the alph abet in sho rt like the o f a si n gl e g erm history o f its o rigi n is but an ill ustratio n o f t he do ct ri ne o f evo S ci entifi c pal e og raphy lut io n o n a l arge and eas ily tested scal e t o use agai n the wo rd s o f D r Taylo r res ts o n t he ass umptio n that no al phabeti c ch anges are ever acc id ental o r arbitrary as was fo rmerly assumed b ut are the result o f evol utio n taki n g pl ace in acc o rdance w i t h fi xed laws H o w vivi dly the l ang uage and method s o f wo rk employed by these sc hol ars recall the l ang uage and met hod s o f the philo sophi c biologi s ts in th ei r attempts to seek the mi ss i ng li n k s and ances pl ete and unite the c h ain of being ! tral form s o f li fe whi c h c o m P rofess o r
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R
ecent
M r c h a [
L iterature .
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T he bestiarian s in Belgi um h ave app rop ri ately united w ith the antivacci nat io n i st s in the p ubli catio n o f a j o urnal entitl ed T he F ri en d of the Peopl e I n Pari s and in Philad elph i a the anti vivi sectio n so ci eti es h ave modifi ed th ei r titl es so as to state th at th ei r obj e t is to reg ul ate, and no t to aboli sh vi vi se tion To s uc h a servi ce reas o nably ex ec uted no o ne s ho uld obj ect H ow ewhat ever o ur hop es o f ratio nal c o nd uct o n thei r p art are s o m abat ed by the ad dresses deli vered by so me o f thei r memb ers It is still asserted in Phil adelphi a, th at no benefit to phy siologi c al sc i ence has b een der iv ed fro m vivi sect io n ! I n Pari s a l ady mem ber d eno unces the ex peri ments made by Pasteur in the search fo r the metho ds o f atten uati ng ani mal p o i so ns d ec l ari ng t hat it were ruelti es i n fli cted o n b etter to en dure rabi es th an tol erate the .
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i mal s by Pasteur
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R EC EN T L
ITE R A TU R E
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—Thi s
n eat m an ual , i n C o uL T s a s R OC KY M OU NT A I N BOT A NY its s ubstanti al bi ndin g goo d p aper and ex cell ent typog raphy remi n ds o ne every w ay o f t he well k no wn Gray s M an ual of I t is w hi ch it is in fact, desig ned to be a co mpanio n vol ume i ntended for use in the regio n lyi ng b etween the 100th meridian o n the east an d t he Great b as i n o n the west and ex ten di n g fro m t he n o rth ern li ne o f N ew M ex i co n o rth ward t o t he Briti s h bo und ary I ts range th erefo re i ncl ud es Colo rado Wyo mi ng , M o ntana, Western D akota, West ern N eb raska and Western ‘
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Kansas Th ere are n otewo rthy
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book w h i ch are espec i ally I n it we h ave fo r the fi rst ti me so far as we are aware an A meri can man ual o f bo tany with t he gy mno sperms s T he o utli n e o f standi n g in p rop er rel at io n to the angio sp erm the arran gemen t is as follo ws viz : v
l
se era
feat ures
of
the
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S eries I
PH E N OGA M I A
.
C lass I S ub S
ma
A noi osp aa
.
-
class
ub class -
C lass I I S eries I I C lass I
.
s
i ndi cati ng
D i cotyledons
.
II
.
.
Monocoty ledons
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PT ER I D OPH Y T A L Y C OPOD I N E FI L I C I N E
.
C lass I I I
A
I
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Gr u nosrs an m
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C lass I I
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EQU I S E I ‘
.
furth er the modern
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‘
I NI E
.
vi ews
held
by
the autho r, a
M an ual of tbc Botany (Pba n og arn ia an d Pteridopby ta) of Me R ocky M ou nt ai n an , Ph D By J OH N M C o w m R egi on fro m N ew Mexi co to t he Bri tish bo undary 1
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bot any i n Wabash C o lleg e an d edito r o f the B otan ical Gazette I T aylor 8 C o , N ew Y ork and C hicago , 1885 , pp x vi , 4 54 , 28
ro fesso r o f
p Blakeman ,
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viso n ,
R
ce i
mark
L i terature
ecent
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q
T he term crypto oti ng viz m d rrel ati v h m a h s b e e n di s e d s h e o e f m n a n d a c a r t c o o a a g p g Pteri dophyta (vascular cryptogams) is used as the name o f the ” sec o nd g reat seri es o f pl ant s It is g rati fyi ng to n ote th ese sig n s o f a recog n itio n in a systemati c man ual o f the doct ri ne of evol utio n and o f the s ig nifi can ce o f the st ruct ural ho mologi es w hi ch are now famili ar to every veget abl e anato mi st
in the p refa
re
s
wo rth
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W e w i sh the autho r had been enti rely cons istent in his treat ment o f thi s part o f the subj ect Th us if we co nsider the gym n osperms to o cc upy the positio n g i ven t h em in thi s bo ok we must regard the co ne (in co n i fers) as the ho mologue o f thefemale i c s ow er o f an gio sperm d m e f fl o w t pik s a s e n a o n o t a n a a n ( fl ers) T he so call ed spik es o f L ycopo dina: and the s i mil ar struct ures (mal e and femal e co nes o f the co n i fers are s o c l early ) ho mologo us as no t to re ui re any di sc ussio n h ere ; an d thi s pre ” el udes the use o f the o ld term ament I n anoth er case we n oti ce the co nti n ued use of an anti uated term w h ere the l eaves ” o f the Fili ci na: are call ed I n the ch aracters given fo r fro n d s the c lass (p as well as the o rdi nal o nes the l eaves are call ed ” leaves with the wo rd follo wi ng in parenth esi s b ut in fro nd the generi c and specifi c d escriptio ns the old term alo ne is used ex cept in the R hizo carpaz W e have n o do ubt whatever as to the autho r s real vi ews upo n th ese poi nts and rej oi ce th at he has ev en in part suc ceed ed in securi ng a b etter arrangement and a mo re mod ern n o menc lat ure and o nly reg ret that it was not po s s ibl e to carry o ut in full the refo rm so well b eg un .
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W e find by cal c ul atio ns mad e by us th at the area o f the regio n i ncl uded in t hi s book is but littl e l ess th an th at i ncl uded in Gray s M an ual It is i nteresti n g to n o ti ce th at the number o f R o cky mo untai n pl ants is wo nderfully near to th at o f the Eastern regio n Do ubtless wh en the Western regio n has been as fully explo red it w ill h ave a g reater n umber o f S peci es th an the Eastern We w e u iv b lo c o m p i o h di t g o p s e t h e a s n s o r e f f r e n r r f t e : g ’
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OR D ER S
Caalter
Poly’etala: tale Gunnu
;
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D i cotyledons Monocotyledons A nci osrs au s
Gr u nos r s aus P H E N OGA M I A PT ER I D OPH YT A T otal
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GR N ER A
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Gray
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Coulter
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S PEC I ES
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6 my
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Coulter
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Gr ay
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R
ecent
M a r c h [
L iterature .
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Co mparing the numb er o f genera and S peci es fo r hal f a doz en o rd ers the follo wi n g i nteresti ng res ults are obtai ned ,
GBNR R A
S PEC I ES .
.
L egumi nosae
mber o f spec i es co mmon to the two regi o n s we h ave space fo r but a few co mpari so ns Taki ng a few o f the o rd ers as th ey o cc ur at the begi nni ng of the book we obtai n the follo wi n g res ults co nfi ni ng o ur co mpari so ns to nativespecies o n l y as in the p revio us cases A
s
to
the n u
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N U MBER
I
Coult er
n
I
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n
OF S PECI ES
Gr ay
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Common to both
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better arg ument as to the need o f t hi s book can be made th an th at derived fro m thi s co mpari so n whi ch i ndi cat es th at no t mo re than abo ut o ne thi rd o f the R o cky Mo untai n spec i es are i — described in Gray s Manual Charles E Bessey No
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CA T A L OGU E or L I Z A R D S I N T H E BR I T I S H M useum new — Thi s i mpo rtant wo rk by D r G A Bo u editio n V ol s I and 11 l enger fill s a d es iderat um in zo ology whi ch is o f lo ng standi n g P revio us to the p ubli catio n of th ese vol umes D r Bo uleng er had given us in the A nn and M ag N at H ist 1884 p I I 7 a synop sis o f the famili es o f ex i sti n g L acertili a as und erstood by him T he cl ass ifi catio ns o f D uméril an d Bibro n and o f Gray still gen erally I n use are regard ed as un nat ural and the o steology an d st ruct ure o f the to n g ue as well as the p resence o r ab sen c e an d st ruct ure o f the d erm al oss ificat io ns are put fo rward as c h aracters ary i mpo rtance I n thi s resp ect Cope is l argely but no t o f p ri m T wenty famili es o f L acertilia uera are rec og enti rely follo wed e Bubl e n ized sep arated i nto th ree seri es the fi rst (Gecco n idz v e n d i ooth to g n d t l a i c l dil a t d loop m h d a e t h s n u e a e c e a h a i w r ) p sh aped p ro x i m ally ; the sec o nd witho ut the l atter c h aracter whil e T na
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ecent
L iterature .
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the thi rd di ffers fro m the oth ers in the s al e covered st ru t ure o f T he A mphisbzenidze are regard ed as a d eg rad ed t he to n g ue type of Teiidae and are pl aced in the th i rd subdi vi sio n , b etween T he ch amel eo ns alo ne fo rm the t h at family and the L acerti dsz s ubo rd er R hiptoglo ssa T he U roplat ida are di scovered to di ffer fro m the Gecco nida in the p ro x i mally S i mpl e l avi c l es and o th er impo rtant ch aracters ; t he S ci ncoid s o f D uméril an d Bibro n are scatt ered thro ugh s everal famili es, in acco rdance with the vi ews o f Co pe ; the remai n i ng S cinc ida: c o rrespo n di n g to Cop e s S c i n cidae S epida: and A co ntiidae ; the Zo n urida e o mp ri se t he genera Z o n urus Platysaurus and C hamaesaura;w hil e theA ng uid ae i ncl ud e H e ad mits Cope s family C Ope S A ng uida: and Gerrhonotidae A niellidze regardi n g it as a deg raded fo rm o f A ng uida A fam ily Gerrho saurid ae is es tabli sh ed fo r Gerrhosaurus, whi ch is pl aced n ear the S cin cidz ; the A nelytropida: are reg ard ed a d eg rad ed e, and the d eg raded g en us D ibamus is amo n g type o f the S ci ncid a t he scal e ton g ued lizard s, the e ui val ent o f the A niellida in the -
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mooth to ng ued seri es Of thi s syst em it may be said th at it -
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great advance over any th at has yet been adopted in any Eu ropean c o unt ry Th ere are however a good many i mpo rtant ch aract ers o f t he sk el eto n w hi ch h ave n ot been used by D r Bo ulenger and whi ch give f f r r u o r a u r s r T o d h s bdivi io o d e tili n r t e u n o f t h e r e c a h e L a g ‘ afl inities of the famil ies cannot in fact be esti mated wit ho ut t h em T he fo rm o f t he procitic bo ne is o ne o f th ese and the enc lo s ure o r no n enclo s ure o f the ol fact o ry lo bes o f the b rai n by T he mod e of arti culatio n of the t he fro ntal bo nes is an oth er o cc i pit al sc lero to me p resents i m po rtan t di fferences S o me of th ese c h aracters divide his g ro up secon d i nto g ro ups o f e ual v al ue with his g ro ups I an d m ; and oth ers i ndi cate a greater di fference between t he A mphisbaen ians and the Teide th an D r Bo ulenger ad mits T he co mpo sitio n o f the ramus mandibuli afl po r ords i m tant ch aracters so as to di sti n g ui sh readily t he A no lida: and A co ntiida fami li es not ad mitted by Bo uleng er Thi s w o rk is ho wever the best we no w h ave on the s ubj ect and w ill give a great i mpet us to its st udy A sec o nd p reli mi nary paper is devoted to the geog raphi cal dis H e noti ces the parall eli sm fi rst t ributio n o f the L acertili a n oti ced by Wagl er b etween the A g amida: and L acertida o f the T he C en o ld w o rld and the I g uanidze and Teiid a e of the new t ral A meri can fauna p resents a great er variety o f types th an S o ut h A meri ca as it has rep resentatives of every o ne of t he elev en N eogean famili es A revi ew o f t he di st rib utio n o f ty pes i n the fo ur generally accepted zo ogeog raphi cal regio ns o f t he old w o rld l eads to the co ncl usio n th at th ese regio ns are n ot s up certili a whi ch ran e al so ac co rd ing to lo n git ude h o e d by t e L a r t g p rath er than l atit ud e is
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— A rm T he author is well k n o wn s
H A R T M A N S A NT H R OPOI D as a s peci al st uden t o f the apes and has given us in thi s book r e p h ap s the most autho ritati ve and j udi ci o us wo rk upo n th ese crea t ures yet p ubli sh ed T he ill ust ration s are in nearly every case Of val ue and the facts are p resen ted in a cl ear si mpl e styl e whi c h add s wei ght to the autho r s vi ews A S we see no thi ng to cri ti ci se w e w ill d raw the read er s attentio n to so me of the autho r s stat e ments and co ncl usio ns T he di sc ussio n o n the ape lik e ch aracters Of the lo w est h uman t ribes is Of much p resent i nterest H art man sho ws t hat amo n g so m e h uman races it is i mpo ssibl e no t to recogn ize a p urely ex t ernal and phys i cal app ro x i matio n to the si mi an type Y et old speci mens o f apes especi ally the go rill a di ffer mo re fro m man t han the yo ung and the autho r is stro ngly o f the opi ni o n th at man cann o t h ave des cended fro m any Of the fo ssil speci es w hi ch h ave hi th erto co me to o ur no ti ce no r yet fro m any o f the ” sp ec i es o f ap es now extan t H e adop ts Vogt s vi ew th at both typ es h ave been p rod uced fro m a co mmo n g ro und fo rm whi c h is still mo re stro ngly ex p ressed in the st ruct ure o f yo un g spec i ” mens because the age o f childhood is l ess ad vanced H artman add s : Thi s s upposed p rogenito r Of o ur race is necessarily com l e l m r t e h e c a a n d l e s m o co n hypot ti l tt pt hith to d a l h e e t e t a a y p st ruc t ev en a do ubt ful rep resentatio n Of its c harac t eri sti cs are ” b ased upo n the t rifli ng pl ay o f fancy On page 300 he remarks M o reover the mo st fanat i cal advocates o f the do c t ri ne o f de scent are b eco mi ng ever mo re co n vi n ced th at man cannot be the i ssue of any ex tant fo rm o f anth ropoids H art man in his classificatio n Of the P ri mates pl aces man in the same family as the apes man fo rmi ng t he type o f the sub family Erecti and t he apes i n cl udi n g the gibbo n in the sub family A nth ropo mo rph a T O place man in the same family as t he apes is w e thi nk an ex treme vi ew no r is the autho r logi cal in doi ng so si nce he beli eves t hat man has not d escended fro m any k no wn ape a vi ew w it h whi ch we wo uld ag ree But th ro ugho ut t he ani mal ki ngdo m as a rul e it is emi nently p robabl e th at all the memb ers o f a family zoOlo g ically c o nsidered h ave d escended fro m a c o mmo n ancesto r On thi s g ro und as well as fro m ana to mical co ns id eratio ns we S ho uld refer man to a di sti nct spec i al family ‘— K A NE S H A ND BOOK OF EU R OPEA N BUT T E R FL I ES A h andy littl e book is thi s fo r the butterfly catch er T he i nt ro ductio n gives the best lo cali ti es and the di st rib utio n o f speci es metho ds Of capt ure and o f p reservatio n w h en capt ured apparat us a ful l glo ssary Of terms arg uments o n seaso nal di mo rp hi s m etc Th is is followed by fi fteen pl ates and 14 9 pages o f generi c an d spec ifi c descrip tio ns A well chosen set Of abb revi atio ns is used and the — wo rk is tho ro ug hly i ndex ed L ’
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H an d book of E ur opean B utter/lies L o ndon, Macmillan 8: C o , 1885 -
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By
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F
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DE
V I S MES
KA N E, M A .
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886 J
I
—Thi s is an o ut of
OUR BI R DS A ND T H EI R H A UN rs d oo r book by an o ut o f doo r st ud ent o f bi rds and bears w i tness to much p ati ent Observatio n T he faults whi ch an evol utio ni st may find in it will endear it to all those who i nstead o f b eli evi ng that functio n p recedes st ruct ure put the latter fi rst and mak e it u s i t s w u o m n n a s n h oto r It m t n g e th t a w o r i g t r a li a s t s e s r a k e p S ho uld s uppo se th at bi rds are s upernat urally fed and s ho uld ask w h en are th ey starvi ng or wanti n g s ustenance as tho ugh h al f S t arv ed bi rds are n ot ab un dant in winter and as tho ugh no ne per is hed ! T he boo k is wo rdy or as its autho r wo uld p robably say o n e o f t he mo st rem ark abl e charac teri sti cs of the vol ume is its ex t rao rdi nary v erbo si ty E verybody is uoted ;W il so n A ud ubo n Tho reau C o ues Bur ro ugh Wall ace D all Maynard are p resent ed in lo ng parag rap hs “ t h ere are bits o f many a l esser light o f zoology and several d is t i n g uished tax idermi sts fig ure in the pages There is a good d eal Of i nfo rmatio n in the book and mo ral les so ns and uo tatio ns are uite as p ro mi nent as o rni tholo gy T he bo ok is h an dso mely p ri nted L A N GI L L E S ’
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i l nat ural hi sto ry has n ow We have b een co mpl eted parts 33 4 2 h avi ng been received al ready gi ven samp les o f the el eg ant wood c uts whi c h ado rn the w ell printed pages T he Ol eog raph s in the l ast numb ers are ex T he ex cell ence Of the ill ust ratio ns gives the chi ef val ue cell ent t o the book w hi ch is Of i nterest to the yo ung rath er th an to t he s c i entifi c st ud ent si nc e n o ne o f M r Wo o d s writi ng s are above c r iti c i sm T he ill ust rations o f the i nsects are enti rely o f ex o ti c s pecies S uch a wo rk as thi s whatever may be its sc i entific de feets is wo rthy o f wide c i rc ul atio n as it l eads the yo ung to thi rst fo r k nowledge o f a mo re exact and d etail ed nat ure L
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—A bibliog raphy
T nom rso n s BI BL I OG R A PH Y o r P R OT OZ OA , E rc al s lo wer in the o f all wo rk s and scattered arti cl es rel ati ng to ani m oll usks and e hi noderms fill s a lo ng felt s cale than arth ro pods, m T he autho r modestly states t hat he k no ws t here are many n eed o mis sio ns to be di scovered in his li st , and b egs those who use it t o j udge th ese l eni ently and to h elp him to make th em goo d T he speci ali st who fi nds faul t wit h th es e 2 56 pages, full o f the result s o f h ard an d, to the wo rker, dry wo rk, must i n deed be un ’
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u s i o c a gr
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Our B ir ds and
A
merica
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3 88 4.
By R
ev
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their
J
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H aunts,
Hum an
a
L A NG I L L E, M A .
Published by S elmar H ess, N ew Y ork
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38
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C omplete in forty-two parts at fifty cents
A B ibliog r apby of P r otozoa, S pong es, Calcn ter ata — a 1 6 1 8 8 a n a f r t h e r s 8 e d 1 n T u i c a t o i o u c h B , 3 y bridg e University press , 1885 BA .
the birds of Eastern N orth Co , Boston, S E Ca sino
l n t r e a t i s o o u a r e p p
Worm
z n l a i P o o l u di n c , , g y ’ By D A scv W. T HOM PS ON.
an d
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M a rc h [ R
—R
M el n tosb, W C
Boo xs A ND Pan ran
EGENT
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-
rs .
A nn elida Po lycheta co llected by H M S Cl al lenger duri ng the years ( 87 3 7 6 C hallenger repo rts , V o l x u , I 885 R eport on the L amellibranchiata collected by H M S CM lleng er S mitb , E A '
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R eport o n the Gephyrea collected by H M S Cballeng er T he last a co llected by H M S Challeng er R epo rt on the S chiso S ars, G 0 ballenger reports , 1885 t hree from Vo ls X I I : of the A ll fro m J M urray, ice C hallenger ofl
S elenka, E
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—Wid
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18 83
C alendar years
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A llanite as an accessory Fro m o f S cience, A ug , 18 85
espread o ccurren ce o f
r s li d C o s , , y co nstituen t of m any ro cks the authors
I ddings,
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t s s r l r r f A n e r a e o u e s h e n i t d t a e o i c t M U e S , , j I u t or r r an d 188 o l u t h G e v 8 8 F o m h e a U S S e , 4 y 5 .
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William
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Ext A .
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mer Jour .
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Wi —L es remarq ues pour la mine partie
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Kipr i
an ow ,
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Fro m the
” uss lan ds .
author
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—Efligy mounds in
L ewis , 7 1I i author
reptil ien
Ueber die fossilen
I
Ext
o wa.
S cience, N o
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14 6 ,
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From the
(8 85
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E 7 - Outline o f a pro posed S chool o f Political and S ocial S cience R ead before the Phila S oc S ci A ss , Phila , 1885 From the autho r
ences,
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Bacou rt, E
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Boidien no uveau, pro venant du Guatemala Paris, J une, ( 885 Fro m the author
ote sur un
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Ext Bull d .
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N o tes o n the geo logy and bo tan y o f the co untry borderi ng the N ewberry , 7 S From N o rthern Pacific R ailro ad Ext A nn N Y A cad S ci , Vol I I I , 1884 the author .
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B arr ows, IV B , E lliot, D O , S tq neg er , A , an d K ingsley , 7 S N atural H isto ry Vo l I v Birds Boston , 8 E C assino Co the publishers
T he S tan dard F ro m 8 8 1 , 5
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R epo rt on the coal d R ead bef A mer Phi
M exico Origin o f man .
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Zacualtipan , i n the S tate o f H idalgo , Oct I 6 , 1885
sits near
S oc
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and the other vertebrates, an d the
E nergy
from Pop S ci M on thly, S ept and Oct , 1885 A mer N at extra, Feb T he stern um o f the D inosauria
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R ep
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1885
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brain an d auditory apparatus o f a theromo hous reptile o f the epoch A ll fro m R ead befo re the A mer Phil S oc , Oct 1 1885
tructure o f the
Permian the author
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B aur , G Bemerkungen fiber den A stragalus und das I n termedium tarsi der S ept , 1885 Fro m the author S augethiere Zur Morphologi e des Carpus und T arsus der R eptilien S ep A bd a d 2001 A nz , N o 208, 1885 .
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—Ueber
Bardeleben , K
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D avidson , 7 1 N at H ist
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R hynconella fromJ apan Fro m the author
a living spinose
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188 6
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Ext A .
L zg btall , IV D autho r '
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analysis of
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and
Mag
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Fun ction ; its evolution and infl uen ce o n org anizati on Peirce, C M the N Y Od o ntolog ical S o c , N ov I 0 , 1885 Fro mthe author .
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Fuss w urzel der S ang e x, (1 Z eit f N aturw , Bd xx und
neue
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liestan dteile der H and thiere, etc S onder abd a S upplement H eft I n N F x xx From the autho r .
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the altruistic
R ead before
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Montreal,
act.
From the
18 85
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— T he names o f the en cephalic B G , Fro m the author N ov 2 8, 1885
Wilder
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R
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and
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—D esc ipti
Mag N at H ist , D ec
—R ema k .
Bouleng er , G A l l o o f e o A p gy .
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Med Journal, .
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ustralia
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of
R ev Moses A .
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C urti s
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o n of
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R ep N Y
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S ketch of the Botanical work 7! E 18 Fromt he autho r 85
’ H ood,
arteri es.
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the
,
18 85
egg o f
From the
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E cbidna by str ix autho r
Ext A .
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Mr C W de V is s recent contributions to the her A nn and Mag N at H ist , N ov 1885 .
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nn .
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Ext
marsupial .
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Geogr aplry B oule ger , G A
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—A
list
o f reptiles and
and
Travels
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batrachians from the I slan d
of
N ias
E xt
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of
D escriptions
th ree n ew species of
E xt idem
Geck os
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Museum
D escripti o ns o f new speci es o f reptiles and batrachians in the British Ext idem A ll from the author
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—A
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mical study of Yucca angustijblia Ext Proc A A A S A nn A rbo r meeting 1885 Fro m t he autho r s Geo g i ua — L i s t s m d Co ng r e e e em bres du bureau et des membres presents a Ber y
A bbott , H
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G I ii—Precious sto nes .
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of
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the I ntr
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18 85
From the author
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ii—A diro ndack surve I d r l i n r o o o o d fi s d e h s i Z A a c k w i t h c i t o n s e s , , y gy p o f new s ecies A l b 1 n 886 a From the autho r , p y
M att er
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P eale, A rio r
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W acb
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C M ineral w aters Fro m the autho r
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u ut n,
18 65
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C and S pr i ng er , E Fro m the autho rs .
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A bs M in R .
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es
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U S .
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evisi on o f the
R
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8318
Palz
84
D ept
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ocrinoidea,
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Part
of the
I ll.
I
nte
Phila , .
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F r itsclr, A Fauna der G askohle und der K alksteine der Permfo rmation Bahmens. Bd z, H eft a S chluss der S teg ocephalen Prag , 1885 Fro mthe author .
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201
N OT ES
GEN ER A L G E OG R A P H Y
— D r T Fi sch er GEN ER A L
A ND
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T R A V EL S
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Petermann s M ittheilungen mai n t ai n s that wh en o ceani c ag enc i es alo ne h ave fo rmed the coasts i t co nsi sts o f a s uccessio n Of arcs in the case of st eep co asts w it h W h ere the coasts a s ho rt an d o f fl at c o asts with a lo n g radi us e x hibit oth er feat ures oth er causes as mo vements Of the earth s c rust are eith er mo re powerful o r are v ery recent .
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—T he D an i sh
ditio n to
ex pe
t he east
o t
c as
of
d to Co penhagen Oct 2d after an absence Of Bes id es t he coll ectio n of val uabl e sc i entifi c n early th ree years materi al L i eut H ah n has mad e so me i mpo rtant geograp hi cal and ° H e wi nt ered b etween l at it ud es 6 5 eth nographi cal di scoveri es ° and reached N the high est poi nt yet vi s it ed by a n d 66 H e has named the st retc h o f c oast E uro peans o n t he co ast ex plo red Ch ri sti an I X s l an d T he area o f S to re Baerg efj eld in A rc ti c N o rway has b een rep T he ob servat io ns o f Ch as r esented as an i mmense gl aci er fi eld R abot sho w that th ere are nearly seven seco ndary gl ac i ers h ardly ssi n g beyo n d the stage o f neo é an d t hat th ei r total area do es a p T he regio n is n ot a pl ateau but to n o t ex ceed six kilo meters t he n o rt h a mo untai n mass w i th s ummit s nearly 6000 feet high and averagi ng 36 00 feet ; and t o t he so uth a d ensely woo ded R abot has al so fo und t hat t abl e l an d cut up by cano n like vall eys t h ree di st i n ct c hai ns o f mo untains reachi ng a h eight o f mo re t h an t w e e n h f t s i n h n n s u a t e d e i t ol p i l b e Whit e x t e K a e e s a n 0 00 e e a 3 T he di st ri ct is us ually sho w n as a plai n b ro ken A rcti c ocean G reenl and
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M h a r c [
General N otes
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merely by l akes and lo w hill s
Bet ween the ranges the ° ’ h 6 3 50 N lat
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l evel
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good size reac
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— R esources of A frica A pamphl et by D r A A FR I C A Fi sch er entitl ed M eltr L icht im dunkeln Welttetl is i nteresti ng as givi ng t he mo st unfavo rabl e vi ew po ssibl e o f the reso urces Of A fri ca and may be useful to those who h ave been too muc h .
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i d away by the enth usi asti c repo rts o f t ravel ers D r Fi sch er giv es the total ex po rts and i mpo rts o f Zanzi bar at an d the total val ue Of the ex po rts o f the west c oast T he total annual yi eld o f I vo ry he estimates at at s t rad e l Thi s in weight i n v alue and b 8 000 0 0 5 whi ch w it h g reat truth D r Fi sch er regard s a c urse to A fri ca S i n ce it diverts the energi es o f both nativ es an d traders fro m ag ri T he ele el eph ants annually c ult ure co sts the liv es Of phant is al most ex termi nated alon g the coast over a width of 130 to 200 miles and is no lo nger to be fo und in S o uth A fri ca Cao ut cho uc I n East A fri ca is bei ng rapidly ex termi nated by the unskill ful and i mp rovident way in whi ch the j ui ce is c oll ec ted Gum c opal s i nce co mpet i tio n with A ust rali a has so s un k in p ri ce D r Fi sch er tak es al s o a as no t to pay un less with sl ave l abo r d espo ndi ng vi ew of the ag ri cult ural capabiliti es Of A fri ca On the w hol e ho wever his stat i sti cs p rove rath er the need fo r settl ed govern ment and eco no mi cal ex ploi tatio n o f reso urces than any unfitness o f A fri can soil for colo n izatio n o r p rod uctio n S tati s ti cs S how th at the t rad e Of A fri ca is g ro wi ng and co ffee whi ch he mai ntai ns can not be profitably c ultivated wi tho ut s l ave l abo r is a s uccess in L ib eri a L ieut Wi ssman s Expedition —L i eut W i ssman s expeditio n do wn the Kassai th ro ws new light o n the geog raphy o f the Co ng o basi n T he S ank uru o r lo wer co urse of the L ubil ash unites with it by two arms 830 and 1000 feet wid e ; a river whi ch L i eut Wi ss man beli eves to be the L oang we tho ugh at its mo nth it is k no wn as t he Temb a flo ws in lo wer do wn ; and still lo wer the g reat C uango and the Mfini fro m L ak e L eo pold uni te th ei r waters w ith i t Belo w the S ank uru the Kassai I s 3 300 yard s wid e and lower down befo re receivi ng the C uango it sp read s o ut to yard s o r mo re and is dotted with i sl and s and sand b anks I ts lower po rtio n k no wn as the K wa is narrow no t mo re th an 4 50 yard s but d eep and rapid T he R uembé C hib umbo L uachim and Chik apa are affl uents o f the Kassai L uluaburg I s a S tatio n establi sh ed by W i ss man o n the L ul ua so me di stance above its c o nfl uenc e with the Kassai T he ri ver voyag e c o mmenced at L ubuku the resid ence of M uk en ge Belo w the co nfl uence o f the L ul ua the native name is S avi e T he nativ es h ere are Bark uba o n t he right b ank Bashil el e o n the l eft L o wer do wn belo w he S ank uru resi de the Badi nga and Bang odi and still lo wer the Btakuta w ho were hostil e to the ex plo rers and are rep uted cannI b als S ti ll nearer the j uncti o n Of the C uango are the Baduna carr e
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Geog raplry
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Travel s .
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A frican N ews T he nati ve pop ul atio n of the Gaboo n regio n is, a co rdi n g to D r L enz bei ng rapidly d ri ven to wards the i nterio r T he Germans have annexed t he co unt ry lyi ng by the Fans behi nd the French possessio ns at Great and L ittl e Popo o n the Go ld coast M G A ngelvy a F rench engi neer in the servi ce o f the S ultan of Zanzibar repo rts th at he has di scovered co al Of ex cellent uali ty o n the L uj enda t rib utary o f the R ov uma T he reat d rawbac k is the di stan e fro m the o ast , all the mo re to be g reg rett ed s i nce bed s o f s id erite lie near T he R ov uma tho ugh T he sul 2000 feet wid e, is but a foot to a foot and a hal f deep tan i ntend s to wo rk the co al b ed s, and to o nst ruc t a road o r rail way to L ake N yassa S ir Joh n Ki rk in a letter ac o mpanyi ng that o f M A n gelvy, states th at the co al reg io n li es s i x ty mil es s o uth o f t he l atit ud e o f D el g ado bay , and a uestio n o f i nl and fro ntier is th erefo re lik ely to ari se b etween the S ult an of Zanzibar and Po rt ugal A t T uni s a modern F rench to wn is bei ng b uilt bet ween the nat ive c i ty and the l ake L and is b ei ng rapidly b ro ught und er cultivatio n, taxes red uced , road s co nst ructed , and t he o unt ry in every way i mp rov ed M M ol ler has p roved t hat the peak o f S t Tho mas is the high est l and in the i sl and o f t h at nam T he N ovember Bulletin e, and is 2 14 2 meters high della S ocietd Geogr aphica I taliana co ntai ns a l ett er fro mD e Brazza describi ng a voyage und ertaken fro m Brazz avill e to the L i co na T he name Co ngo is not k no wn by the A pfurus and o r N unda Batek e, who S peak o f it as the Great riv er T he vill ag e of Bo nga at the mo uth o f the A li ma is l arge and pi tures ue, it is i n t erse ted in all di rectio ns b canal s and t he ho uses , s o me fi fty meters lo ng fo rm st reets o wn the wild erness of canal s is b ro ught the large uanti ty o f manio c g ro wn upo n the A li ma, for t he s upply o f the natives o f the Co ngo bank s whi ch in thi s part D e Brazza says th at it are unfitted for the g ro wth o f manio c w ill be h al f a ent ury b efo re the l aby ri nth fo rmed by the vario us apped c h annel s o f the Co n go abov e S t an l ey pool is co rre tly m w e b eli eved we were on anoth er river, Fo r eight days he says, ” an d fo und after all th at we were o n the C o ngo T he A pfurus and H Entz and A Mer have, after Bayansi are the same peopl e a careful st udy o f the voyage o f H anno the C arth agi n i an o me t o the o ncl usio n th at it termi nated at Fernan do Po T hy mate rio n is identifi ed wit h the to wn Of Mazag han and the p ro mo nto ry o f S o loé with C ape Can tiu T he L ix us is by Mer id enti fied wi th T he i sl and o f the S enegal by Entz and oth ers w it h the D raa C erné is p robably Go ree and the Western Ho rn answers to the Bight of Beni n S i ster Cip ri ani , o ne of the p ri so ners tak en by the Mahdi , no w freed th ro ugh the endeavo rs o f M S agaro , stat es t h at Kh arto umis al mo st deserted b ut th at Omd urman is no w pop ulo us and has b e o me a seco nd M e ca, the A rabs co mi n g fro mall r r s m w i a n e f m h t to to b hi h d y jo y o r t h e M a s c s u t e a s i h a d , p n d m e e u t n e m r c o l p o l ti o i l v l u zzi a t w e n t h a t r a r a L B a e e C S , , p y,
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French men, one a jo urnali st , are p ri so ners w ith the C aliph A bd ul lah at Omd urman T he German government has p ubli sh ed the annexatio n o f the t erri t o ry call ed Usaramo in west e uato ri al A fri ca ; and has o ccupi ed D ar es S al am a po rt Oppo s it e to Zan zibar T he Ki ng Of D aho mey has abo li sh ed h uman sacrifices in vi rt ue Of a t reaty entered into between him and the Po rt ug uese govern o r o f S an P ri nci pe and a Po rt ug uese p rotecto rat e is by the S ame t reaty establi sh ed over the sea oast o f D aho mey
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— A SIA S outher n
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I ndia —F ro m so me notes by Col B R Branfill it appears t hat Glt at means a pass an d t hat mo nsoo n is d erived fro m the A rabi mausim, whi ch means seaso n T he s o uth wes t mo ns oo n , whi ch blo ws fro m M ay to S eptember, is s uppo sed to be the g reat sea b reeze p rod uced by the rarefacti o n of t he air in the d ri er parts o f A s i a whil e t he n o rth east mo n s oo n is the o rdi n ary t rad e w i nd M arc h , A p ril and May are the hot seaso n o f S o uthern I ndi a the no rth east mo nsoo n succeed ing it T he s o uth west mo nsoo n parts w ith its moi st ure o n the M alab ar coast, and gets warmer and d ri er as it blo ws ov er th e table l and o f Myso re T he no rth east mo nsoo n fill s the ri vers and tank s o f t he d ri er C arnati c pl ai n to t he east Of the gh ats T he gh at s are no t v ery high and wh en vi ewed fro m the tabl e l and enclosed by th em, seem rat h er a battlemented parapet than a rang e A l eadi ng feat ure o f t he west ern gh ats is a lo ng easy s lop e, crested wi th fo rest , leadi n g u f rlooki ng the to li ov e a c f p co as t pl ai n S uch a c li ff s ummi t is all ed a K adare M ué le o r ho rse h ead T he eastern ghats h ave no such well marked li ne o f p recipi ces as the western M o st Of the d rai nage o f Myso re, whi ch und ul ates fro m t wo to th ree tho usan d feet above t he sea is to the T he l arger ri vers h ave d eep an d ro cky chan nel s, but eas tward t he s mall er are co nv ert ed i nto seri es Of reservoi rs until t h ere is no roo m fo r mo re d ams s uch tank s in Th ere are nearly M ys o re the l argest so me t wenty mil es aro und T he R iver C au very is t hus utilized t hro ugho ut the p rovi nce On it are sit uat ed th e fo rmer capital , S eri ngapat amo r S rirangapatnam, whi ch is now d eserted and is a pestil ential w ilderness , and t he rui n s of the mo re anci ent capital Of T alkad, no w b uri ed in sand save only the pi nnacl es Of the temp les I n the W ainad o r o pen co unt ry Of the west ern highl an d s so uth o f Coo rg , gold mi ni ng has b een co m menced and th ere are many t races Of ancient wo rki n gs S S E Of t he Wainad li es t he nearly i sol ated pl ateau Of t he N ilgi ri hill s o r Bl ue mo un tai ns, ri s i n g o n the western edg e to 8 000 feet o r mo re, wh il e D odabetta a co noi dal mass w i th steep S lo pes covered w ith g rass and woo ds, ri ses fro mits center to a h eight o f 86 4 0 feet T h ese hill s are the ho me o f the Todas T he N il g i ri hill s tho ugh sep arat ed fro m t he mai n tabl e l an d o f C ent ral I ndi a by t he M o ya r ravi ne fo rm really its s o uth ern t ermi n atio n S o ut h Of th em is the Palg hé t g ap l eadi n g fro m Mal abar to the so uth cent ral lo wl ands Of Coi mbat o re and S al em S o uth o f the gap the mo untai ns ri se
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Geog raphy
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Tr avels
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mal ai or El ephant hill s and farth er so uth the T ra T hese are a t rue mo untai n range ri si ng di rectly on
ag a n as the A na
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hill s all sid es fro m t he lo wl and s and are steep est on thei r eastern S lo pes T he hig hest meas ured p oi nt A namudi o r El eph ant s b ro w, is 884 0 feet above the sea and t he lo fti est k no wn peak in S o uth ern I n d ia Thi s range, call ed al so the S o uth ern g h ats, ends at Cape Co mo ri n To t he east of the A namal ai hill s li es the lofty f l a u s e o t h a e a a n h i n s e s h t P l i ill o p pp t high w t t u t e r f e e e 00 0 , p 7 G ro ups o f S i mil ar but mi no r mas ses Of hill s are met wi th at i nter s urro undi n vals eastward s and n o rth wards lo l d e w n a t h s f o g Coi mbato re and S al em, perhaps o nce t he seat of a fo rmer i nl and sea S o uth o f the Palanis is a l arg e t ract o f mo untai no us wil der n ess, ot c upied o n ly by wil d ani mal s and w ild men o f the lo west t ypes, who go unc loth ed , and feed o n s uch fruits and roots as t hey can scratch up w ith th ei r fi ng ers They can mak e a fire b ut sel do m do so , and g ath er ard amo ms h o ney and oth er wild p rod uce t o ex ch ange wi t h th ei r mo re iviliz ed neighbo rs for salt grai n , and a littl e cloth to ado rn th ei r w o men Th ere are no harbo rs w o rthy o f the name o n the us ually lo w Mal ab ar coast b ut a ch ai n fo rd s i nland co mmuni catio n for several hund red o f l ag oo ns af miles Cape Co mo ri n is a lo w rocky p ro mo nto ry Once there w as a harbo r to wn , and pearl market but no w n ot hi n g is l eft but “ the temple o f Kanya K umi ri the Vi rgi n M aid still a reso rt fo r d evo ut Hi nd us Ko rkai the Kolcho i o f Greek geograph ers, an empo ri um 2000 y ears ag o , is no w th ree mil es i n l and, its s uc r l h e ss K i a t n m e n t 1 s w o l a goo io d by o e n e a r 0 n o M c P 0 i , ), c y ( deserted by the sea, and the p resent po rt o f T uti co ri n p ro mi ses to be in t urn s ilted up A ll the ri vers o f S o uth ern I ndia tend to s hi ft th ei r m o uth s n orthward s fro m the actio n o f the ocean rollers T he Co ro mand el coast is mark ed by a li ne o f sand hill s w i th lag oo ns h ere and there o n the l and ward S id e and t here seems to be an ad vanced li ne o f coast in c o urse o f fo rmatio n several mil es o ut to sea There is much o ral in the Gul f Of Manar Besides t he chan ges occ urri n g o n t hi s c oast fro m c o nstant auses, sto rm w aves h ave d estroyed many anci ent c iti es an d po rts
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— N ews A
A siatic rui ned c ity , hi th erto unk n o wn , has been fo und in A d ana A si a M i nor, no t far fro m Tars us, near t he ro ute fro m S élef Ké to K araman S arcoph agi like tho se o f L y ci a ex i st al mo st i ntact R esi dents o f S ib eri a are o rgan izi n g an explo r atio n to i nvestigate fo r five years the et hn ology and s o c i al eco n o my Yo ung men w ill be di st rib uted over the o f th at vas t regio n c o unt ry fo r t h at p urpo se A rail way fro m Ek ateri n b urg to K am is ho ff is co mpl et ed ; and the canal b etween the Obi and Yen i sei w ill p robably be ready fo r navigatio n at t he l atest in the sp ri ng S ibiriako fl has es tabli sh ed a li ne of st eamers o n the o f 1887 M D anilo fl A ngara, b et ween L ake Baik al and the Y en isei b eli eves that he has fo und the poi nt o f bi furcatio n o f t he Ox us A recent French i n to the A mu Dari a and the U zbo i or U ng uz ,
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ch M a r [
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o t o m L ao Kai o n the R ed ri ver o f T o n ui n t o Men g tsze in Y unnan H e is no t enth usi ast i c abo ut any of the ro utes fro mTo n ui n tho ugh he t hi n k s F ran ce has as muc h T he chance of gett i ng the Chi na trad e as any o f her rival s ro ute fro m L ao Kai to M an h ao is by river but fro m the h ead of i navigatio n to the pl at eau of Y un nan the c oas t is ex t remely difl Co mmand er R éveilliere has succeeded cul t and mo untai no us in pass i ng the rapid s of the M eiko ng b eyo n d S amboc the chi ef Cambodi an town on the river in a steamer These rapids are at p resent a bar to navigatio n but M R é veilliere is co nvinced that it is fo rmed Of n othi n g mo re th an a mass o f t rees perma uently freed and add ed to every year T he town o f S t run g T reng wh ere mo st o f the c o mmerce o f the L aos reach es the riirer is above the rapid s writer
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G E OL OG Y
T H E ENGL I S H
A ND
PA L E
— With C R ET A C EOUs
ON T OL OG Y
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C retaceo us o r rath er with t hat i n d efi nite ag e w hi ch i ntervened bet ween t he close o f the C retaceo us and the d awn of the Eo cene unrep resented by any st ratifi ed ro c k in En gl an d we c lo se t he book o n the evol utio n no sp erm s fo r nearly all t he arch ai c an o malo us genera o f Gy m whi ch h eld the pl ace o f o ur l arc h es pi nes and spruces cyp resses and j unipers had given way to li vi ng genera and even s pec ies It is a remarkabl e fact th at the ex termi natio n of so much th at was p reex i sti n g o f b o th the mari ne and t errest ri al fauna embrac ing nearly all the armo ured ceph alopo ds and the gigan ti c sauri ans whi ch had till th en o cc upi ed t he foremo st pl ace sho ul d h ave been acco mpani ed by a si mi l ar w hol esal e di sap pearance amo n g plants To suppose th at thi s period was an exceptio nally fatal o ne al ki ngdo m is to ad mit in ann ihil ati ng enti re o rd ers of the an i m the co mpl et e ab sence o f evid ence a b reak o r j erk in the maj esti c s Of li fe upo n the earth whi ch is rep ug nant to c o mmo n og e s r r p sense ; an d it is mo re c o n so nan t with o ur p resent vi ews to s up po se that we are in p resence Of o ne o f t hose vast gaps in t he geolo g i cal reco rd whi ch we k no w must h ave o c c urred over and o v er agai n in ev ery area uph eav ed upo n whi ch sedi men tary roc k s had b een d epo sited I n t urn i ng fro mthe l as t C retaceo us d epo s i t in E urope we seem so far as the p lant w o rld is co ncerned to fi nally b reak with the past whil e the fi rst depo sit o f the Eocene appears like t urni ng ov er t he fi rst page o f the hi sto ry Of thi ngs as It is th us perh aps w o rth o ur w hil e to t urn we see th em now as ide fo r a moment to tak e sto ck as it were o f t he clo s i ng events o f t he C retac eo us so far as w e k no w t h em at present in o rder to esti mat e the t rue nat ure Of t he apparently s udd en b o und in the usually s tately unarmed p rog ress o f evol utio n It appears that d uri ng the ch alk fo rmatio n a g reat wave o f d ep ressio n passed acro ss E urope traveli ng fro m the West to the Eas t permitti ng the i ng ress o f the A tl anti c and fo rmi ng a g ul f .
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Geology
Palaeontolog y
and
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ver wh at is now Central Europe w hi c h c o nstantly i ncreased in magn it ude We need no t b eli eve t h at this gul f w as fo rmed by any s udd en catast roph e fo r th ere is no reaso n to do ubt th at the sea co n uered t he l and by the same metho ds and at s o mewh ere abo ut the same rate th at it encro ach es no w and th at th erefo re its advanc e over many tho usand s o f s uare mi l es o f ter m rr n a w o ld u fi be an exceedi ngly l ength ened p ro cess W e cannot gauge t he ti me t his o cc upi ed but we k no w t h at s i nce the app earance o f man S o uth ampto n wat er has been fo rmed and a t ract b etween A l um bay and S tudl and so me fi fteen mil es lo ng and five o r six mi l es b road has been s wept i nto t he sea and several speci es l ike the mammoth h ave beco me ex ti nct T he rate o f the encro ach ment depend s mai nly o n that o f t he s ub s id ence and the o ri gi nal h eight o f t he l and but w h at has h ere been ef fect ed in a sub sidi ary area s erves to S ho w ro ughly ho w v as t a ti me must h ave b een need ed fo r t he c halk sea to h ave c rept fro m Kent to the C ri mea and o us area o f Europe over whi c h its t races still c o vered t he eno rm r em ai n A s the l and sub sid ed and b ecame sea bl ue and g reen muds were th ro wn do wn to he succeed ed in due co urse by the deeper d epo s it s Ofch alk ooze It wo uld be phy s i cally i mpossibl e ‘ fo r c h alk suppo s i n g it to rep resent globigeri na ooze to be o
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T rue chalk is a pure white limesto ne, composed o f the remains of Foraminifera, valves o f C yt heri na, excessw ely mi n ute in fusoria cell pris ms o f I n ocerami , S po ng e I t w as , un til recently, un iversally ad spicules, and other debris o f organ ic li fe mitted to be a truly oceanic depos it o f similar nature to g lo bigerina oo ze, but Mr W allace, sup rted by the late D r George jeflreys, has lately put forward the view t hat it w as ormed i n shallo w w at er I ts vagt extent, ho mo geneous n ature, and freedo mfromterrestri al impurity sho w that it must have been fo rmed remo te fro mlan d, w hile its larg er organ isms, main ly Echinod ermata o r s p ong es , are with some excep t io n s, such as are n o w met w i th in abyss al depths M r Wallace laid so me stress o n the d ifference i n c o mpos itio n o f fresh g lobig erina oo ze an d chalk, as show n by analysis ; b ut Mr Murray has recently stated that the percen tage o f carbo nate o f lime varies fro m o k n o acco unt o f t he fact that t he chalk had i o s r n o o t h t i n h z e e c o m a e 0 oo T t 4 p 95 been elevated fo r ag es , during w hich it has been ceaselessly removing so me o f its orig in t, its iron has S ilica has been disso lved and re precipitated as fl inal co nstituents been segreg ated into crystalline masses its man g an ese into dendritic maI kings , silice o us spo nge skeleto ns have been disso lved an d replaced by calcite, calcite shells by L ayers of chalk a foo t i n thickn ess o ved en t irely silica, and arago n ite shells rem T he late D r have been red uced to an inch by the remo val of lime in solutio n effreys had not studied the chalk , and based his co n clusio n upo n the mo ] Geo rge j lus ca on ly and these chiefly o f the chalk marl, and seemed unaware that on ly the Of t hese T erebratula, Pecten , A muss ium, ained in true chalk calcite shells rem L ima, and S po n dylus are the chief g enera still exist ing , an d al l but the last are al Moreo ver, if the chalk sea read y k n o wn to i n habit w ater 14 00 fathoms in depth d id no t communicate w ith the A rctic o cean , as Pro f Prestw ich and ot hers believe. and w as shut o ff fro m the A ntarctic by lan d between A fri ca and S o uth A merica, as there is also much eviden ce to s uppo rt, its abyssal depths w o uld have been warm instead o f icy co ld, an d its former abyssal inhabitants, accusto med to warmt h, wo uld have so ught shal lo wer w ater no w in order to find an eq ual temperature, and beco me, T he blue an d green freys stat es them to be, a tropical assemblag e as Geo rg e Jef muds of the Cballeng er pu s lnto glo big erina ooze with an increased depth, and th eir e uivalents o f Gault an d greensan d pass i nto chalk in exactly the same way T he alternative theo ry o f W allace, that chalk is decomposed co ral mud , co uld not have been advanced by a g eo lo gist, as, w hile the chalk contains some well preserved so l itary co rals, not a reef building co ral has ever been met w ith either in or s urro und ing it, nor even in any contemporaneo us depos it ,
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M r c h a [
General N otes
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d irectly fo rmed o n a fo rmer l and s urface and we co nse uentl y uali ty fi n d th at it is i nvari ably p reced ed by s o me mo re litto ral T he nearer the o rigi n al c ent re o f d epress io n or o f sedi m ent fo cus o f s ub sid ence the old er t he g reen sand s and Gaul ts must: necessarily be ;and the fart h er we recede fro m it i n any l andward d irectio n the newer they will be N o w apart fro m phys i cal evi d ence a co mpari so n o f the faunas o f o ur ch alk wit h those o f any E uropean bed co rrel ated wi th it to t he eastward w o ul d at o nce sho w th at if o ne was ol der t han an o th er it wo uld be th at o f o ur Fo rms like M o sasaurus whi ch o n ly appear in o ur very latest area c halk d epo s its abo un d in C retaceo us d epo si ts o f mo re central E urope; whil s t o thers s uch as I cht hyo saurus fo und ab un dantl y T he rapid in in o ur c halk marl are o n t he co ntrary ab sen t crease in t he develo pmen t an d p ropo rt io n o f lo n g canal ed and o t her Eo cene looki n g gast ropods c ul mi nati ng in t he Dani sh U p r Ch alk i n di cates mo st c o nc l us ively a mo re an d mo re recent e p p eriod o f d epos iti o n fo r t he bed s in w hi ch they occur T he lit to ral zo ne must in fact h av e been c o nstantly t raveli ng o utward an d fo rward and acc umulati ng o n ly until the ever i ncreas i ng d ep th led to a c hange in the sedi ment Th us t ho ugh bed s o f green sand o r chalk may be p erfect ly co nt i nuo us wi th p reci sely t he same li thologi cal c haracters it is ab s urd to assert th at po rtio ns of it w hen separated fro m eac h o th er by deg rees o f l atit ude an d lo ngi t ude must be sy nch ro no us S o far fro m thi s the c h alk wi t h Hi nts o f o ne locali ty must mo st certai n ly have been depo si ted an d thi s in turn sy nch ro no us ly w i th t he c h alk o f an o th er w i th the chlo ri ti c marl o f ano th er an d t he g reensand o f an other T he sh allo wer wat er zo nes s uc h as the g reensan d w o uld t ravel fo rward so lo ng as t he sea co nt i n ued to encroach and alo n g the farth est c o nfi nes o f the g ul f w o uld recede agai n wh en el eva tio n set in wi tho ut any ch alk bei n g d epo si t ed over th em so t hat so m e upper g reensan ds might be newer th an any c h alk It is p robabl e th at each mi no r zo ne w as a zo ne o f dep th c har acterised by the same uali ty o f sediment and a fauna to so me ex ten t pec uli ar to it and w hi ch k ept up w i t h it as it t rav el ed farth er and farth er l and wards Th ere wo uld t h us be g reat si mil ar ity in the fauna o f eac h zo ne at any i nterval o f d i stance and it might mai ntai n its di sti nct charcteristics over the mo st ex tensive areas wi tho ut fo r all th at its co ntents h avi ng li ved sy n ch ro n o us ly o ver the whol e area W e h ave noti ced th at the Neoco mi an and Gault o f Engl and and Western F rance co ntai n a vari ed and co nsiderabl e flo ra represen ted mai n ly by foli age and fruits o f Co n i fera wi tho ut affo rdi n g the s lig htest t race o f the p resence o f an gio spermo us di cotyl edo n s Even the Gray Ch alk and the Bl ackdo wn b ed s h ave o nly yi elded c o ni fers an d a Willi amso n i a o f J urassi c typ e W e cannot acco unt fo r thei r absence by s uppo si ng o ur area to h av e been i solated fo r in the p recedi n g W eald en p eriod nei th er its fauna or flo ra ,
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Geology
and
Pala ontoloy
.
d iffered fro m th at o f E urope But w h en we reach A ix la Ch ap el l e, we find the c h alk and greensan d rest i ng upo n b ed s co n tai n i n g a flo ra l argely mad e up o f di co tyl edo ns an d st ill farth er o ff in t h e C eno man ia o f Boh emi a livi ng genera s uc h as M ag n oli a, and fart h er o n s till e ually d eveloped di cotyl edo n s in the s upposed yet i o l der T uran i an S uch facts were hi th erto c o mpl etely nex pli cabl e b ut it n o w appears even p robabl e th at the i nterv al re ui red fo r the c h alk to p rog ress o n ly 300 o r 4 00 mil es en d ured lo n g eno ug h to h ave permitted an eno rmo us p rog ress in the evol utio n o f phanero m s r m N s t 1 e do h t v i l h lk i i a o e e 1 2 r 00 f e o f r t c a r e n a 00 e c a o n 4 g g i n o ur area at all rep resent the co mpl eted fo rmatio n ; fo r, as the r o lo nged s ubs i den ce fi nal ly ceas ed an d gave pl ace to an e ual ly p s l o w elevatio n all the l es sen i ng zo nes o f depth w o uld t rav el b ack w i th the recedi ng o cean , and l eave a seri es o f zo nes i nversely arrang ed to th at p reserv ed t o us T he p lani n g ac tio n o f the sea has t e moved all t hi s newer seri es, j ust as it has pl aned away a furth er mass o f the width o f the E ngli s h ch annel , and is slo wly b ut in ex o rably c utt i ng d o wn to its o wn level all the zo nes t h at fo rm its s h o re li n es T he Eocene seas fro mbegi n n i n g to end o fthe perio d w ere ceasel ess ly en gaged in t hi s wo rk and th ei r en o rmo us deposits i nt shi ngl e mark ho w much o f the c h alk had fall en a p rey to of fl N o r has t he c h alk enjoyed any resp i te fro m the w o rk o f t h em d est ructio n down to the present day so th at wh at now remai ns It was d uri ng the in is a mere frag ment o f w h at o n ce ex i sted t erval th at el ap sed b et ween t he fo rmatio n o f t he newest c h alk no w left in En gl an d an d t he old est Eo cene th at di c otyl edo ns were i n trod uced , and o u r ex i st i ng flo ra p racti cal ly came i n to ex i s ten ce A ll the Upp er C retaceo us flo ras o f E urop e al so flo uri sh ed d uri n g t h i s i n t erv al , b ut we cannot say , w i t h o ur i mperfect reco rd , exactly t he o rd er in w hi c h th ey came in , and must be co nten t to regard t hem in a general way as far newer th an t h ey ap pear to be s t rat i re A meri can C ret aceo us seri es s ho uld phi c lly h e e n t i r a T e r a g p h aps al so be pl aced s o mewh ere in thi s i nterval tho ugh t ho se well regard its c o mmen cem nt as d ati n g fro m an lifi e d to j d g e u u e a q Wi tho ut thi s digressio n we c o uld no t h ave fo rmed o l der perio d ” C retaceo us period and a n ad e uate id ea o f the mean i ng o f the s o realized th at t he so call ed C en o man i an and T uran i an flo ras ferent epo ch to th at o f E urope may belo ng to a c o mpl et ely di f rep resen ted by the same ho rizo ns in K ent and S ussex 92 S -
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— l n an arti c l e w i th OS BOR NE ! W H tr Ft EL D
the ON PR OS C OR PI US “ t itl e : On a fossil s co rpio n fro m the S il urian ro c ks o f A meri ca M r Whi tfi el d has recently p ubli sh ed a d esc ri ptio n and fig ures o f a highly i nteresti n g ani mal the Pr oscorpzus osoor m W hitf w hi ch he had so me t i me b efo re mad e k no wn to zo ologi sts in a prelimi .
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Bulletin c t ober t o , O (
I
n
of
the A
merican Museum of
N atural H isto ry, V o l
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I
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No 6 , p .
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18!
M rc h a [
General N otes
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i ce :
c
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A meri an S i l uri an S corpio n under the name o f Pale opltonus osbomz T he an i mal is no do ubt a real s o rpi o n and n ot an Eurypterid b ut as a few o f the ch aracteri sti cs as ri bed to it by the autho r w o ul d seem to remove it very far fro m o ther sco rpio ns and espec i ally fro m the Pala opho no idaz, to whi ch it ap pears to me to be c lo sely rel ated , I v ent ure to o ffer a few o bser vatio ns o n thi s arac h n i d, o r rath er , o n M r \Vhitfield s i nterp retat io n of ertai n poi nts in its o rganiz at io n Of co urse I give no o ther weigh t th an th at o f mere s uppo sitio ns to the o pi nio ns I am go i n g to exp ress b ei ng fully aware o f the di ffi culty and perhaps ras h ness o f o fferi n g c rit ic i s m s o n the desc ri ptio n o f a rat her “ b ad ly preserved fossil , witho ut k no wi ng the o rp us d eli ti fro m
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l i nspectio n A cco rdi n g to Mr Whitfi eld the abdo men (p reabdo men ) o f h is sco rpio n is p rovid ed w i t h six lo ng and b ro ad vent ral pl ates and if t hi s were t rue t hi s an i mal wo uld o f co urse be so di fferent fro m t he rest o f t he o rd er t hat it o ug ht perhap s to be co nsid ered as th e type o f a g ro up e ui val ent to all the oth er k no wn sco rpio ns taken togeth er ; for in all oth er sco rpio ns th ere are o nly fi ve such pl ates the si x th (recko ned fro m beh ind ) b ei ng red uced to a small ster S uch a nite s it uated b etween the b as es of the pec ti nal c o mbs fo rmo f the said vent ral pl ate as d esc ribed by M r W hitfield wo ul d sel f aptly rem arks i mply g reat modifi cat io n s n o do ubt as he hi m in the po sitio n and sh ape o f the pecto ral co mb s o f the ani mal and p robably al so in the st ruct ure o f the whol e i nferio r p art o f But to me it does n o t t he body in fro nt o f the pl ate in uest io n seem necessary t o ad mit t h at Pro sco rpius di ffers in so hi g h a degree fro m oth er k no wn sco rpio ns I st ro ngly suspect th at all t h at is seen o f t he abdo men in M r Whitfield s speci men (with the ex ceptio n o nly o f the narro w bo rd er to the l eft and perh ap s t he po sterio r part o f the e ually narro w right hand bo rd er) is fo rmed o r a l s a l t h e d t s h e hol pp id f e T u s e o t h w e r e e exclusively o f p abdo men is b rok en o r c rack ed lo ng it udi nally ; the narro wer ed o f the right h and part c o nsid ered by M r W hi tfi el d to be fo rm i nsi de o f the ventr al pl ates has perhaps an appearance di fferent fro m th at o f the rest o f the upp er s urface o n ly fro m h aving been mo re strongly d ep ressed and c rush ed and the apparently slightl y i n n n t s h e a e r s e d r f e h t l g h t t o o t io i io i e e r r t t h r t r e e c n o r a ( p g ) g h and p arts o f the pl ates wo ul d seem to d ep en d o n the same cause Th is i nterp retat io n eas ily acco unts for the c i rc umstance that in “ M r Whitfield s sp eci men the arti culatio ns b etween at! the ven t ral p lates (not o nly between the po sterio r o nes) are direct eon pl ates whi ch ttnuatzons o f the arti cul atio ns b et ween t he do rsal i s not the c ase in oth er at l east not i n recent sco rpio ns I n th ese in fac t the arti c ul atio ns b etween the fi rst t wo o r t hree do rsal pl ates do not co rrespo nd to o r are c o nti nued by arti cul atio ns o n ac ua
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S cience, Vo l
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V t t,
l 1 J u 8 7 ( y3 , p .
13 8 5
)
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,
Geology
and
Paleontology
.
vent ral si de o f the body ; for in th ese and perh aps in all seo r i f m f o n s t h e do rs l pl a t e s i n r a s n l n h c o u n ti n g r o r o n t i a c e e e t p g bac k ward so th at the fi rst pl at e is the shortest o f all ; wh ereas (at l east in recent sco rpio ns) the fi rst ventral pl ate is lon g er than the fo llowi ng o nes c o rrespo ndi n g in l en gth and po sitio n to tw o o r 1 — even titr ee (2 d and 3 d o r [ st 3 d) do rsal pl ates tak en togeth er I f the above given i nterpretatio n is as I beli eve t he righ t o ne ’I t h e want of spir aeula o n the pl ates need s n o furt h er explanatio n Mr Whitfi eld thi nks th at whereas mod ern sc o rpio ns carry the tai l (po stabdo men) arc h ed upward over t he back Pro sco rpius and eopho n us carri ed it in t he oppo site way o r c urved down also Pala w ar d Thi s wo uld i nd eed be a character o f fundamental i mpo r ta nce in di sti ng ui shi ng t he S il uri an sco rpio ns fro m all o th er members of the g ro up ; but to me it is i mpossible to find any st ringent reaso n fo r adopti n g thi s stran ge hypothesi s I n the fi rs t lac e it w o uld seem that the an i mal s gait wo uld beco me ex ceed p fi c ult and awk ward if it were to walk wi th its tail c urved i n gly di f u nder the body ; and wh en it w i sh ed to kill w ith the sti n g t he rey whi c h it had caught w ith the h and s o f the palpi it w o ul d p o d h b a r u s t s w r bly o li to th t p lp ith p y b t w r b e b e e a u t h e n i t s e e e e p g legs und er the body in o rder to b ri ng it withi n the reac h o f the — no d o ubt a di f fi c ult perfo rmance fo r the ani mal Th at in st i ng t he embry o o f sc o rpio ns t he tai l is bent und er the body is o f c o urse no reas o n fo r b eli evi ng th at the tail retai ns th at po sitio n after bi rt h in the earli est o r S il uri an spec i es rath er th an in C ar A s to Palaeopho nus I do n ot enter b o niferous an d rec ent o nes tai n the l east do ubt o f its h avi ng carri ed its tail in the same It must be bo rne in mi nd that d i recti o n as livi ng sco rpio ns w h en a sco rpio n is st ron gly depressed o r fl att ened the tail o n acc ount of its bei n g arch ed upward s and no t allo wi n g o f b ein g stretc h ed o ut in a straight li ne bac k wards canno t well t urn t he do rsal part o f mo re than its basal joi nt s up ward s ; the follow ing joi nts beco me g rad ually mo re and mo re t urned to o ne si de o r t he oth er so th at t he l ast j o in t o r joi nt s w ill be seen in p rofil e o r even obli uely fro m b el o w S uch is the case in the speci men o f Pale opleonus tramire: described and fig ured by Pro fesso r L i nd ‘ ysel f T he basal joi nts of the tail o f thi s an i mal are st rom and m des troyed but must h ave t urned th eir upper or d o rsal s urface p ress io n of th ei r ventral part on up wards as t hey h ave l eft the i m
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Bat h e: 5 st rratw H empr et Ehr , for i nstance, whose abdo m m men (preabdo men) is 24 x long , the length o f the first ventral plate is that o f t he first three dorsal plat es taken to get her Even if the plates in uest ion really were ventral plates, the first (or sixth, w hen its positio n seem to co rrespon d to the co u nted fro m behi nd forward ) would fro an terior half of the firs t ventral plate in o rdinary scorpions, and n ot to the small plate bs T he genital plate is, I believe, the sternite of situated between the pect oral co m ent of the abdom en , uite as the plate bet ween the com bs is the sternite the fi rst seg m o f its seco nd seg ment ‘ T horell and L indstrom, on a S ilurian scorpi on from S cotland (K S ven ska V etenskaps A kademien H andling“, Bd 2 1, N o I
men
n a speci
of
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M a [ rch,
General N otes
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t fo llo wi ng j oi nts are seen fro mthe left sid e the t wo l ast obli uely fro m th at sid e and fro m belo w I n the S c ot c h ‘ Pala pho nus desc ri bed by M r Peach w hic h is t urn ed ups id e do wn we co nse uently see t h at the basal joi nts o f t he tail t urn th ei r vent ral part up ward and th at the l as t j oi nt s are vi ewed obliquely from above A s to Pro sco rpius t he i mp ressio n o ne receiv es fro m the fig ures is th at the tail s ho ws t he dorsal s urface o f at l east th ree o f t he fo ur joi n t s s till p reserv ed j ust as wo uld be M r Whi tfi eld says ho wever t hat it shows not t he ex pected upper o r do rsal s urface but t he i nsi de o f the ventr al o r l o wer pl ates o f t he four anterio r segment s and as th ese pl ates h ave e fo rm and sculpt ure as t he dorsal pl ates o r p art s o f th ese the sam seg men ts o r joi nt s in o rdi nary sc o rpio ns he co ncl udes th at in “ Pro sco rpius the b endi ng o f t he tai l wo uld be dow nward and ” n o t ov er the b ac k as in mo re recent and livi ng sco rpio ns N ow it seems utterly i mp rob abl e to me th at Paleeopltonns nunoites and Proscorpius osbor nez w hi c h both b elo n g to the S il uri an ag e and w hi ch are in many respect s closely related sho uld di ffer fro m eac h o th er in so i mpo rtan t a part i c ul ar as the di rec tio n o f t he tail Perhaps it is no t i mpo ssible t hat Mr Whitfield is mi stak en in referri ng wh at remai ns o f t he tail in his Pro sco rpius to the ven tr al part o f the joi nt s But ev en if he is rig ht in t hi s the fact can easily be ex pl ai ned if we ad mi t th at t he tail w hi c h acc o rdi n g to M r Whi tfi el d hi msel f is detaeleed fro m the body o r to use his “ o wn ex p ressio n s li g h tly di s pl aced in rel atio n to the l as t seg ment o f the p reabdo men has also beco me turned upside dow n ; in th at case t he joi n ts o f the tail wo ul d w h en th ei r vent ral up t urned s urface had been d estroyed sho w the i nside o f thei r d o rsal surface in p rec i sely th at po s i t io n whi ch Mr Whitfiel d att rib ut es to the vent ral surface o f the j oi nt That Prosco rpius had its tai l c urv ed do wnward is th erefo re by no means p roved by M r Whit fi eld s spec i men A s the walki ng li mb s o f Proscorpius osbor nez are in a very bad state o f p reservat io n it is no do ubt di ffi cult to d ecid e w ith certai nty wh eth er thi s an i mal b elo ngs to the o rdi nary tw o c l awed sco rpio ns f s D t h s l i e n o n h o e s o o t h e A o x o d e s t o S i u r i a o r m r c o d o r ( y p yp ) p w hi ch h ave t he tarsi poi nt ed and cl awl ess o r po ssibly armed w i t h a s i n gl e cl aw On ly one o f the l egs the l eft o ne o f the fi rst pai r is acco rdi ng to M r Whitfi eld undamaged and p rovid ed at the tip with tzvo claws Thi s assertio n if right w o ul d o f co urse set tle the uest io n at o nce but a clo se i nspectio n o f t he fig ures o f the an i mal mak es me b eli eve th at t h at leg al so is i nco mpl ete b ei ng ’ — — r e n n e b ok p robabl y the l ast o f t he joi nts ear the b as e o f o n “ T he bifid endi ng o f the leg o n t he fig ures do es in fact no t at all gi ve me the i mp ressio n o f two cl aws but resembl es clo sely the al so b rok en en d of the right leg o f t he l ast pai r in the figure o f o
t he st ne ; the nex
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a A ncien t air-breathers , in N atu r e, V o l xx x, N o 7 9 6 , p 29 7 n J ’ S o it appears at least o n pl 20, fig 1, in Mr Whitfield s paper .
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29 , 18 85.
Geology
Palaeopleonns
nn neius
and
Pd a ontolog y
.
Tho r 8: L indstr T he joi nt was perh aps armed w ith a st ro n g spi ne near the b as e (as is the case w it h t he fi fth j oi nt in Palwopbonus nuneius) at all events the two j oi nts have n o resembl ance to the cl aws o f o rdi nary sco rpio ns But besid es thi s th ere are several o th er reaso ns fo r do ubti ng th at Pro sco rpi us b elo ng s to the D io ny cho po des I n Palmophon us all the j oi nts w i th the ex ceptio n o f the l as t are cy li ndrical o r nearly so ;in other sco rpio ns the tibia ts co mpressed and convex longi tudznally o n t he und er sid e ; and in t hi s respect Pro sco rpius appears to h ave resembl ed Palmopho n us and not the D io nychOpodes T he tol erab ly well p reserved leg o f the fi rst pai r of Prosco rpius seems to s ho w that mos t o f the joi nts o f the legs h ave b een co mpara t ively slzort 1n thi s an i mal and m thi s parti c ul ar al so it resembl es Palaeopho nus and di ffers fro mthe D io ny cho po des T he c ro wd ” ing fo r ward o f the li mbs and appen d ag es d epend s o n the shor tn ess s Pro i r e o e r c r a n s s o h t o o d i c h i ti t di ti g u i h e e t s a r a t s h s n c r t a a e c f p sc o rpi us fro m the D io nycho po des but not fro m Palmopho n us is n o t p robabl e th at Pro sco rpius di ffered fro m o th er sco rpio n s It ( i n the n um b er o f the jo i nts o f the l egs if we assume th at m the best p reserved leg o f M r W hitfield s speci men the fi rst joi nt o r co x a is co nceal ed by the margi n o f the ceph alotho rax an d th at the leg 13 b rok en at the b ase o f the l ast joi nt it wo uld seem to co n s i st o f sev en j oi nts uite as in all oth er sco rpio ns ) A n o th er ch aracter by whi ch Prosco rpius appears to be mo re o ho n us th an to oth er at l east recent seo r nearly rel ated to Palm p pio ns co ns i sts in tlze tr ansverse furr ow whi ch ex tend s across t he “ c ephalotho rax so th at its po st erio r part fo rms a b road band resembli n g a seg ment o f the p reabdo m en Tbe small siz e of the dorsal ey es wo ul d seem to be a c h aracter in w hi ch Pro sco rpius di ffers fro m the Eosco rpio idze to whi ch it is referred by M r Wh i tfi eld ; in thi s parti cular it resembl es rath er D r H unter s and M r P each s S c ot ch Palaeopho nus bei ng as M r Whitfi eld j ustly remarks al so in its gen eral aspec t mo re lik e thi s sco rpio n th an t he p robably ey el ess S wedi sh S peci es (P nn neius) But tho ugh I believe th at Prosco rpius is nearly rel ated to Palaeopho nus it fo rms n o do ubt a goo d peculi ar gen us ch aracteriz ed by the so me what t ri lobed anterio r margi n o f the ceph alotho rax and more espec ially by t he s hape o f t he fi ngers o f t he mandibles w hi ch if they really had such a fo rm in the livi ng ani mal as fro m M r Whi t field s fig ures th ey appear to h ave di ffer materi ally fro m tho se of Palaeo pho n us and all oth er k no wn sco rpio ns It w ill be seen fro m the fo regoi ng li nes that I cannot find th at Prosco rpius d i ffers essent i ally fro m the hith erto k no wn sco rpio n s in oth er respects th an 1n t he so mewhat s/zorter c ephalothorax and s e r h a i h a h f r m t e m n d i l e s t e o o f b y t ti l po i io m n I t s s s e s a c a t n p p appears to me to be in the c lose vi c i n ity o f Pala opho n us and l
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T horell
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cit
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1.
M a h r c [
General N otes
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p i ly of the S cotch sco rpi on referred to that genus by M r Peach A n additio nal reaso n to those gi ven above for removi ng Prosco rpius fro mthe C arbo ni fero us Eoscorpio idze and fo r refer ri ng thi s genus to the A po x ypo des fam Palaeopho no ida may be fo und in its b ei ng geologi cally speaki ng al mo st c o ntempo rary w ith the Pala opho ni belo ngi ng li ke th ese to the Upper S il uri an fo rmatio n A s the Pala opho ni and all other mo re rec ent seo r n r s a d a s n o s d m a r e io o bt d l i l b th a r e u u e a n a a s n d a i r e a n d n n p t races o f b ranc hi a have been show n to ex i st in Pro scorpius there is I believe no serio us reaso n fo r co nsid eri ng th at thi s sco rpio n is an a uati c an i mal o r t ha we have h ere a li nk bet ween t he t rue a uati c fo rms t he E urypterus and Pterygot us and t he t rue air b reathi ng sco rp io ns o f s ubse uent perio ds as M r Whitfi el d sup po ses V ery strange al so wo uld it be if the co nnec ti ng li nk b et ween the gigantic Eurypteri ds and the sc orpio ns sho uld be fo rmed of s uc h a little creat ure as Proscorpius osoornei one o f the — sm espec i ally as thi s di mi n ut ive all est sc o rpio ns hith erto k no wn sco rpio n lived co ntempo raneo usly wit h the E urypterid s 71Tito es ec al
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— D oo T he remai ns o f an ex ti nct type o f dog
i d f A N EXT I NC T , fering wid ely fro many o f the o rdi nary wild o r do mesti c dogs, have b een recently des ribed by Mr J A A ll en in the memoi rs o f the museumo f zoolo gy at H arvard oll ege T he bo nes were fo und in Ely cave L ee o unty , Vi rgi ni a, o ne o f t he oldest o f a g ro up o f cav erns in li mesto ne o f C ambro S il uri an ag e describ ed by P ro fesso r S h al er, of the geologi al survey o f Kent ucky I n general fo rmthe new do g was a sho rt li mb ed , h eavy bo di ed an i mal , resembli n g in its p ropo rtio ns a badger rath er than a dog T he sk ull has no t been fo und M r A llen refers the remains to a new gen us, under the o s s name of Paelz b u t n e n r o y y .
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M I N E R A L OG Y A ND PE T R OG R A P H Y
— T tN I n the
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Un it ed S tates cal endar W P Blake d escribes the occ urrence o f years 1883 and ” tin s to ne two mil es fro m H arney city in the Bl ack hill s D akota Thi s locality was di scovered in june 1883 D uri ng the foll ow ing year a c o mpany was formed to mi ne the o re and eno ug h p rog ress was mad e to sho w that the find was co mmerc ially of much i mpo rtance T he o re is fo und in two di sti nct fo rms viz : mass ive in b unch es wi th S pod umene feld spar and uartz ; and ‘ s n a s w r a n u a r d s e m n i e n l i i t d g i p i ip a l v i k o e r e e n T h e r n c n a s n g t he Etta is desc ribed as havi ng a r ud ely c o ncent ri c st ruct ure T he o uter po rtio n co nsi sts of a mi x t ure o f dark and light c olored .
M i n eral R
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Edited by W S BA Y L BY , J ohns H o pkins U niversity, Baltimore, ’ W shin ton v a o r n m n c e 1 885 e t r i n t i n f fi O G e P , , g g ‘
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A rock with the micros copic characteristics albite instead of uartz
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of ordinary
reisen,
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but
contai ning
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Mineralogy
and
Petrog r aplzy
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q
mi cas
m s i o h i e f r e e t i w h h e c o d b lt o t z a n d p d n c w n s s n u a i a u , A ssoc iated with the l atter is the cassi terite in b un h es so me wei g h i ng as much as fi fty or si x ty po unds I nside of thi s seco nd bel t is a thi rd made up o f grei sen , in whi ch o c urs the g ran ul ar va riety o f the o re T he ent ral po rtio n w ithi n the thi rd bel t is p ri nc ipally a coarse mi xt ure o f uartz and feld spar T he spo du mene crystal s in the se o nd belt are of eno rmo us s ize One of t he larg est meas uri ng thi rty six feet in l eng th , is witho ut a s i ngl e flaw T he area of the tin prod uci ng region is bei ng co nstantly extend ed by new ex lo ratio ns , so that its li mits ann ot yet be p defin i tely fi xed I n addition to its o c urrence in the rock s the mi neral is als o k n own to ex i st as stream tin in the water c o urses l eadi ng do wn fro mthe hill s i nto the surro undi n a ns pl i g .
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N nws —Pe id
— oates Par aoons p mcu r T he roc ks o f thi s c l ass ” “ belon ging to t he C o rtlandt ser i es o n the H udso n river near Peeks ‘ k i ll N Y are divid ed by D r G H W il li ams i nto ho rnbl ende d i s (pi crites n o t n d a u r e t e s H Coh e a n git e p idot t e d e u n i t s f i s o e o p ) o f T sc hermak ) T he fo rmer are characteri zed by the st ruct ure so ” ” w ell seen in the case of Bastite or S chillerspath and call ed by ” l uster mo ttli n g Pumpelly an d I rvi ng I n the p resent i nst ance t h i s st ruct ure (for whi c h the auth o r propo ses the wo rd poialzhe) is due to the incl usio n o f olivi ne o r its alteratio n p rod uct ser i n d s c r s a f r m n ti e n ho r n bl d Thi s ho r bl e n i itho u t y t l o e e e n e n w p and is fill ed with sh arp littl e t rans paren t cry stal s and opa ue black Th ese l atter occur al so in t he olivi ne and are id enti cal n eedl es ’I Th is with tho se whi ch Judd c onsiders as of seco ndary o rigi n view the autho r o f the p resent paper co mbat s H e thi nk s they are substances ex t rud ed d uri n g c rystallizatio n as i ncapabl e o f fo rming a part of th ei r h o st like the s ili cates in metamo rphosed l i mesto nes T he ho rnblend e peridotites pass by the ass umpt i o n o f diall age i nto the augite vari ety Occasio nally th ese beco me sc h istose as the res ult o f the actio n of g reat p ressure Colo r less augite with di al lage parti ng hypersth ene bro wn ho rn b l end e and well d efi ned c rystal s o f olivi n e are the mo st i mpo rtant — l i t e s z e e T he fi rst noti ce c o ns it u nt of th i s ro c k Van o it g ran t o f varioliti c gran ite fro m C raftsb ury V ermo nt appeared in H itch “ T he autho r th ere de c oc k s repo rt o n the geolo gy o f V ermo nt s c rib ed it as a fine g rai ned white an d highly feld spathi c g ran it e with co nsiderabl e blac k mi ca S cattered t h ro ugh thi s base o cc ur ero us spheroid al n od ules o f bl ack mi ca mo re or l ess fl at n um t ened Thi s pec uli ar vari ety is o nly lo cally d eveloped the g ran ite bet ween S tanstead and C raftsb ury ex hibiti ng no un usual ap e h n t e f a r a c It o r o t b d tly j u s t s o u th o l tt e r e s c u s u n n a c m a a p t own R ec ently it has b een s ubj ected to mic rosc opi cal exami na .
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merican jonr ’ o r u t e o l J G Q A
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S cience, v xxxx, Jam, 1886 , p S oc , v xxl , A ug , 1885, p 3 54 .
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VOL . 1 8
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186 1
I O . 111.
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36
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A M E-”C A N
NA T Ul
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A l -l s rs
D ec-o
a r c h M [
General N otes
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s n s t n e i s f u io by body o k o d to o i T h e o f t h r c n c t o f o rtho c l ase co mpl etely fill ed w ith aci cul ar c olo rl ess mi ca ; pla u r t s m e a s i o l a e w i n l a e m th t i i g ll c pl d b ok z c i t nn r e a n d r w u n a ; g w ith li uid i nc l us io ns co ntai n i ng do ubl e b ubbl es and oc cas io n ally fl attened di sk s o r ro und ed p ri sm s o f a light g reen highly re fractive mi neral ; cal cite in smal l rho mboh edro ns ; yello w b ro wn biotite i nti mately asso c i at ed th ro ugho ut w i th musco vi te and cal ci te;and bipy ramid al p ri smati c c ry stal s o f a colo rl ess min ° — T he eral w i th an ex ti nctio n o f 9 10 agai nst t he lo ng ax i s variol es are co mpo sed o f a central k ernel o f abo ut the same c o m posi tio n as the ro ck S urro undi ng thi s is a zo ne so meti mes o f cal cite so m To wards eti mes of uartz in whi c h the mi ca o cc urs its i n ner s id e the mi ca is arran ged in co ncentri c l ay ers with co n s iderable cal cite o r uartz b etween T he central po rt io n co ntai ns o nly cal cite and mi ca To ward the o uter side the cal cite di mi n T he ish es in uant ity and the g ran iti c materi al s take its pl ace ex t erio r po rtio n o f the variol e is c o mpo sed al most enti rely o f feld spar and uartz in whi ch the bio tite is co n cent ri cally arran ged whil e the cal cite oc curs o n ly in i solated g rai ns an d rho mboh ed ra T he cal c i te is regard ed as an o rigi nal co nstit uen t s i nce it is fo un d i ncl uded in the o ther mi neral s and the variol es ate suppo sed to be co ncretio ns Po rphyriti c hyperi te a roc k o f granit i c st ructure co m posed o f pl agio clase hypersth ene and di all ag e w i th ho rnbl end e apatite tit an i c i ro n and a littl e biot ite as acces so ry co nstit uents is fo und at S an Di ego C al K ro ustscho ff d e 2 sc rib es t he pl agio cl ase as o ccurri ng bo th in the g ro un d m ass an d T he latter are d ev eloped mo st al s o in po rphy riti c c ry stal s p ro mi nently in the pl ane of the b rachypi nac oid A nalys i s sho w s ’ them to h ave the c o mpo sition A b, A n, H erman and R utl ey have been st udyi ng the devitrificatio n p rod ucts of glass h eat ed to a high t emperat ure and allo wed to cool suddenly They find that in solids free fro m fl aws the devit rificatio n appears to co nsi s t in t he d ev elop m ent o f divergent g ro ups o f c rystal s t he divergence bei ng usually li mited by a net wo rk o f mi n ute j o 1n t s whi ch give ri se to small polygo nal p ri sms T he crystalli ne gro u p s in thei r respective p ri sms are banded by arcs o f c i rcl es T he p ri smat i c st ruct ure is approx i mately n ormal to the cooli ng su r faces and the divergen t sh eaves o f the devitrificatio n crysta l s advance fro m thi s surface i nward by success ive g ro wth s w ith i n the p ri sm I f the sub st ance ho wever be n o t ho mogeneo us c ry st allizatio n w ill tak e pl ace aro un d i nd ep end en t c ent res irre u g larly di strib uted witho ut reference to the cool i ng surfaces I n the absence o f jo inti n g the w hol e mass may bec o me sph erulit i c Th ese sph erulites in a few i nstances o ccur withi n sharply de fined ci rcul ar or app ro x i mately ci rc ular bo undari es and are
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éé éé éé
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q q
Bulletin d e la S oci t M in ralo gi ue de France, V 111, p 13 2 Bulletin de la S oci t Min ralog i ue Proceedings of the R oyal S o ciety v xxx 1x N o 2 3 9 , p 87 .
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M i neralogy
mad e
and
Petrogr aphy
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litt l e glob ulites givi n g ri se to a st ruct ure very like th at o f many o f the ob sidi ans fro m Cali fo rni a and ot her parts o f t he West T he nat ural gl asses in the n eighbo rhoo d of the n epheli ne b asalt o f R o ssb erg near D arms tad t are t ho ught by l K ro ustscho fl to o we th ei r o rigi n to the sol utio n in the basalt o f forei g n uartzi fero us roc ks up of
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— N ews T he asteri sm o f Canadi an phlogop ite
M I N ER A L OGI C A L
2
o ti ced by G R o se as early as 186 2 H e attrib uted it to i ntergro wth o f foreig n c rystal s b ut did no t suggest what ” might be th ei r nature L acroi x treated so me o f the Templ eto n mi neral wi th hyd rochlo ri c acid and exami ned the residue It was fo un d to c o nsi st o f li ttl e h emi mo rphi c c rystal s o f rut il e elo ngated in the di rectio n o f the v erti cal ax i s I n his exami natio n o f ba " salt ic gl ass fro m R o ssb erg K ro ustscho fl di sco vered a py ro xene o f a s lightly di f ferent type fro m any h ereto fo re d escrib ed T he n ew type is t ransparen t an d o f a very lig ht g reen co lo r T he c ry s tal s are p ri s mati cally dev elop ed an d s ho w the fo rms 0° 33 ; f r s e r a l d v d P V r y tly v i i i l n d e e u e n e n u s r a a a e O a, so q united by th ei r c li no pi nacoi ds s o meti mes by t hei r p ri sm at i c faces A n analysi s o f the i sol ated crystal s gave : w as t he
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C aO
Na O
M go
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H arringto nite fro m I rel and has been exami ned mi croscopi 5 cally I n pol ariz ed lig ht it is resolved i nto an i sot rop ic mass , in whi c h c rystal s belo n gi n g to t wo d i sti nct s pec i es o f mi neral s can be det ec ted One o cc urs in littl e fib ro us n eedles wi th lo ng itud i nal ex ti nctio n and n egati ve refractio n ; the o th er is in littl e frag ments with b roken o utli nes T he fo rmer h ave the Opti cal p ro p erties o f meso ty pe, b ut are n egati ve T he l atter are p robably meso ty pe S ince zeolites are k no wn to have been p ro duced by the ac tio n o f warm waters, L a roi x thi nk s th at H arring to nite might be looked upo n as a gel ati no us mass , whi ch has caught up littl e frag ments o f the mi nerals that were floati ng abo ut in the water in whi ch it was fo rmed A t any rate it can n o lo nger be .
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o idered
a
c ns
di sti nct mi neral
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— N ew Boa t s T he seco nd editio n o f R osenb usch s ’
“
M ik ro skop “ M i nerali en
i sch e Physiographi e der pet rog raphi sch wi cht igen has recently appeared Thi s standard wo rk is so very wel l kno wn th at the mere mentio n o f t he fact o f its revi sio n is s uffi ci en t fo r the p urpo ses o f t h ese notes T he ad vances in t he method s o f mi cro scop i cal pet rog raphy the i mprovements in ap ,
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a
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éé é éé é
q q
V 111, p 6 2 Bulletin de la S oci t Min ralogi ue de France Monatsb der Berlin er A kad der Wissens , 186 2 , p 6 14 ; and 1869 , p 3 44 Bulletin de la S oci t Mi n ralog i ue de France, V 111, p 99 ‘ I h , V 111, p 85 5 L acro ix, ih , V 111, p 9 6 ’ 188 E S chweizerbaxt sche Verlagshandlung (E Koch ). S tuttgart , ; 5, .
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M a rc h [
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paratus an d the very l arge i ncrease in the amo unt o f literature on the s ubj ect w i t hi n the l ast t welve y ears mad e a seco nd edi ti o n o f thi s i ndi spensable book almost i mperative T he n ew edi tio n co ntai ns in additio n to a large amo unt o f new matter in the gen eral and spec i al parts a N ewt o n s scal e o f p ri smati c c olo rs (to whi c h reference is mad e in d esc ribi n g t he polarizat io n colo rs o f the di fferent mi neral s) a p ractically c o mpl ete table o f pet rographi cal literat ure and t wenty six pho tog raphi c plates o f mi neral and ro c k ”1 is a littl e sect io ns Kalko wsky s El emen te der L ithologi e treati se o f th ree h und red and s i x teen pages in whi ch the st udy o f ro ck s is t reated as a b ranch o f g eneral geology and no t as an append i x to mi n eralogy It is i ntend ed pri marily as an intro duc tio n to i no rgani c geology I n the general part c o nsid erabl e atten tio n is gi ven to the struct ure o rigi n and metamo rphi sm o f asses I n the speci al part a cl assifi catio n o f roc k s is roc k m attempted based o n the o rigi n o f the materi al o f whi ch they Tho se who se materi al was obtai ned from bel o w are co mpo sed are c l assed as ano gen o us tho se whi c h ob tai ned it fro m abo ve A mo ng the latter class b el o ng th e are call ed k ato g en o us sedi mentary ro ck s an d the cry stalli ne sc hi sts amo ng whi c h th e D espi te the so me autho r pl aces the gabb ro s and p eri doti tes wh at pec uli ar vi ews ex p ressed o n certai n subj ects the book w i l l p rove a val uabl e additio n to the lib rary of the li tholo gi st and a g reat aid to the studen t who w i sh es to st udy ro c ks fro m a c n n ologi l dp i t s e a t a o g .
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BOT A N Y
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T H E A D V ENT I T I OUS I NFL OR ES C ENC E or C usc uu onou anx m ma A t the Philadelp hia meeti ng of t he K NOWN T O T H E Ga m A meri can A ssoc i atio n fo r the A dvan emen t o f S c ience, the writer p resented a sho rt paper, calli n g attentio n to the advent i tio us i nflo rescence o f Cuscuta g lornerata T he fact was s uppo sed to be new to sci ence as it certai nly was to the w ri ter, and more over, appeared to be to the botani sts o f the meeti ng A dditio nal facts were p resented to the A nn A rbo r meeti n g o f the A ssoc i ati o n , an d in the d i sc uss io n the o rigi nality o f the di scovery was n ot uestio ned and apparently no t do ub ted by any o ne wh en in I magi ne my h agri n a few days ago (D ec 30, runn i n g ov er the tex t o f Do del Po rt s A nato mi sc h phy siologi sc h en A tl as der Bot an ik I fo und the whol e matter fully and a c urately d escrib ed Thi s atl as was p ubli sh ed fro m 187 8 to 1883 , in Es st udy o f Cuscuta g lom er ata was made in the B0 T slin en h e g tani e Gardens o f Z uri ch , wh ere fo r ten years or mo re it has be
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o me accli matized On page 4 o f part xxx of the t ex t to after d escrib ing the n o rmal b ranc hi ng c
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C arl Win ter, H eidelberg , Edited by Professor C w
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Basses , L incoln , N ebraska
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foll ows, viz Besides thi s no rmal b ran hi ng th ere 13 a co pio us fo rmatio n o f ad ventiti ous s hoots Th ese are fo rmed endogen o usly upo n the best no uri shed parts o f the C usc uta stem and al so upo n the parts whi h bear the hausto ri a wh ere t he ho st pl ant an d parasite are in i mmediate o ntact T he rudi mentary s hoot b uds are fo rmed beneath t he ortex o f t he C us uta s tem and b reak t h ro ugh in a man ner s i mi lar to the lateral roots o f vas ul ar pl an ts They develop ei ther i nto inflorescences, o r upo n i nj ury to t he rest ” o f t he s l t i o t tio hoot a n n t v e a n s e , g p .
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These ad ventitio us branches were al so noti ced very b ri efly and so m ewhat vag uely by S ol ms— L aubach in a paper o n Parasi ti c Phanerogams in Pringsheims J ahrbuch fur wissenchaftliche Botan i k vol V 1 186 8 Gltarles E Bessey ,
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5 1111113 105 13 BET W E EN A FoNous A N D T H E R oors or FL OW ER I NG — PL A NT S I n i nvest i gati ng the stru t ure o f the vegetative o rgans o f M on otr opa hypopitys, M F K ami enski (Mem de la S oc Na tio nale des S c iences N at urell es de Ch erbo urg) came to the co n el usio n that it is n o t a paras i te, t he mo st careful ob servatio n fail ing to detect any h austo ri a o r o th er parasi t i c unio n wit h the root o f any ho st On the oth er h and he fo un d the root o f the Mo no tropa to be o mpl etely c overed by the my eli um o f fung us whi ch
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branches ab undant ly and fo rms a p seudo parenc hymato us envel ope o ften t wo o r th ree ti m es t he thi c k ness o f the epid ermi s and espec i ally well d eveloped at the apex o f the root Thi s fung us the speci es o f w hi c h M Kami enski was unabl e to d etermi n e is enti rely superfi ci al not penetrati ng i nto the l ivi ng cell s tho ugh occasi o nally fo rci ng its way bet ween tho se o f the epid ermi s H e co ntends t hat the M o not ropa derives its n ut ri ment fro m the s oil ent i rely th ro ug h the medi um o f thi s fung us mycel ium T he o nly u w r i w h e r f ro ot hi h a e n a c t a l c o n t a c t ith t s oil a h e c o t e a r t s p s with no po wer o f d erivi ng n utri men t li l ll co m o f e s s c e d f e s o e p fro m it T he c o n nectio n o f the fung us w ith the roots o f the Mo not ropa is not o ne o f p aras it is m but o f t rue sy mbiosis each o f the two o rgan i sm s d erivi ng s uppo rt and n ut ri ment fro m t he oth er Mo re recently D r B F ran k and M Wo ro nin (Beri c ht D eutsch Bo t Gesel lschaft) h ave made si mil ar ob servatio ns o f the mode o f e and Co ni fere nutritio n o f C up uli fera D r F ran k fi nds the roo ts s ch est n uts and h azel s to be of o ur nativ e o ak s b eec h es ho rnb eam e M yc o rhiza covered by a d ense co rt ex to whi c h he gi ves the nam o rgan ically associ ated w ith them1n gro wth and co mpo sed enti rely of fun g us hyph ae c o mpl etely env elopi ng t he whole o f the root T he st ruct ure o f thi s co rtex is th at o f a even t he g ro wi ng poi nt posed o f a d ense mass o f hyph en varyi n g scl ero t i um; it i s co m m “ usually 1n several l ayers fro m whi ch in di ameter fro m 2 to 10 other endophyti c hyph ae penet rate i nto the root b etween the epi dermal cell s w hi ch are still sl enderer th an those o f the envelope -
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thi s structure the fo rmation o f root h ai rs by the tree is enti rely p revented and it is thro ug h it alo ne t hat it is abl e to ab so rb n u t ri ment o ut o f the soil It mak es its appearance fi rst o n the lat eral roots o f the yo ung seedli ng and is co nstantly bei ng repl aced by fresh fo rmatio ns o n older roots D r F ran k fo und t hi s st rue t ure i nvari ably o n every root ex amined of t rees belo ngi ng to the C up uli ferae al so oc casio nally o n S ali caceae and Co n i ferae b ut n ever o n w oody pl ants belo ngi ng to o th er n at ural o rd ers no r o n any h erbaceo us pl ant It is ui te independent o f the nature of H e al so regard s the ph eno meno n as an exampl e o f the soil sy m biosi s c o mparabl e in all essenti al poi nts to th at o f li ch en s the M yco rhiza co rrespo ndi ng to the fungal el ement in the li c h en the t ree i tsel f to t he algal go n idia D r W o ro n in c o nfi rms th ese st atement s in relatio n to Co n i ferae e and s o m S ali cacea e oth er t rees and t hi n k s it p rob abl e th at t he fung us w hi ch he regard s rath er as t ruly parasiti c is a Bol et us By
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A bb é F FOR MA T I ON 1N C astracane d escribes (A ccad Pontif de N uovi L i ncei ) a remar k abl e appearance in a depo s it o f mari ne di ato ms o f Plio cene date fro m the A p en ni nes I n a S peci men of Coseinodisa s punctulatus he ob serv ed th at the lower part o f the valve mi nutely p unc t uat ed in radi al dispositio n sho w ed small uni fo rm ro un d stalk ed bo di es ; d rawi ngs un der the camera l ucida sho wed cl early th ei r c i rc u l ar fig ure N o oth er i nterp retation of th ese mi nute ro und bodi es al ways fo und in the i nterio r o f the frust ul e seems po ssibl e ex ce pt that they con stitute a nest o f embryo nal di ato ms o n the poi nt o f escapi n g fro m the moth er cell Thi s is in acc ord wi th p revi o us ob servat io ns o f the autho r o n si milar ro und bodi es seen o n t he poi nt o f escapi ng fro m a Podo sphen ia and w ith observatio ns o f R ab enho rst and O Meara T he fact th at the di ato ms in whi ch t hes e bodi es were ob served had p revio usly been t reated w ith boili n g s ulph u ri c acid with additio n o f potassi um chlo rid e s ho ws c o n c l u sively th at the ro und bodi es seen to escape fro m livi n g di at o ms are no t I nfuso ri a o r oth er o rgan i sms fo rt uito us ly c oll ected ro un d th em and demo nstrat es at the same ti me that from the fi rst mo ment o f thei r ex i stence di ato ms must be provided with a s i li ceo us c oat i n g tho ugh it may be o f ex t rem e t enuity It w o uld seem fro m th ese ob servatio ns t hat di ato m may assume the func tio n b ryo nal fo rms by o f a spo rangi um pro duc in i n its i nterio r em g whi ch t he spec i es is rep ro d uced and whi c h ult i mately ac uire t h e fo rm and approx i mat el y the size o f the mo th er frust ul e I n co nnectio n wi th thi s subj ec t M r F K it to n states (Jo ur ro s Cl ub t h at he fo und o n carafes o f water a film i k t M c u e e t Q ) co mposed enti rely of frustules o f A olznantltes linearis but o n filt eri ng t he wat er th ese were n ever fo und o n the filter paper an d wh en the filter paper was boil ed in d ecarbo n ized sulph uri c ac i d
I NT ER NA L
S POR E
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bo naceo us remai ns I n the c o urse o f a few day s a film agai n b egan to app ear o n the filt ered w ater whi c h was fo und to co ns i st enti rely o f the s ame di ato ms A co ntrol exp eri men t s ho wed th at n o ne o f th ese diato ms tho ugh ex ceedi ngly mi n ute wo uld p ass th ro ugh t he filter pap er em e a d n h t e e a m s loy d o l io i it bl th t di to c n v t h a c u s s m s n e a e n e e p must h ave passed t hro ug h in the fo rm o f mi cro spo res —A W t he res id ue sho wed no i ndi atio n
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BOT A N 1C A L L
— Tu a mo s t S T A T ES
U Nl T ED 1n str uctive p aper in the D ecem b er n umber o fthe Botanical Gazette, M r A rth ur gi ves d esc ri ptio ns o f so me of the mo re i mpo rtant bo t an ical l abo rato ri es in thi s co unt ry Tho se noti ced are the fol A BOR A T OR I ES
1N T H E
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H ar var d Un i ver sity i n i t t n d w t n n e c t t h h e B c e n s o i o o a a r T h e l a b o n c i G r a r a o ( ) y 6 T h e l a i s b t r u r a r o o f t e s z m u e m c T h a s o t o i B a n i h e n A a m c o t C () y ( ) yp g y g laboratory o f phan erogamic bo tany in H arvard H all T wenty o ne co mpo und micro sco pes are suppli ed to these 3 Cor n ell Un iver sity a l i d e n e r a h a m c t a n a t c a l l a n e r o i a a r f or n h e l b o a o r T ( ) p g g y y wo rk with eleven dissecting mic rosco pes (6) T he microscopical laboratory and co nservator , s u s l i e i o e o d v c m u n d m cr co w i t h t w e e o l s y p pp p n i e r n i U v s t f i r w r k o a i n i n a u t a r n o o c n t o P e n n s l a n b o r t o o o r v i a L a a u , 3 j y f g ( ) y y fit o f d issecting micros co pes s i r or h e n t a i t f s e n o w k T e c o n r 6 b o r a o o r L a ( ) y tw enty four co mpoun d microscopes l i I l no is Un iver sit i n n t d w t w e o e li t h m h o u s s u co r r o d e n e s L a b o r a t a n e e 4 , y y pp y g o d u n mic roscopes p clugan A r M s r v a t s u li d w i t r o t n d n o e r c u l t r a l o l e e L a b r a o a co e h i u C l , 5 y pp g y g twenty seven co mpo und mi cro sco pes 6 Un i versity of Michigan (a) Microsco pi cal laboratory, w ith forty three microscopes ~w1th six m t s h e l e 6 T b o a n i a b r e r i c r os c o c a l r or a t o o () yp p , p n I o w a t o n e c m u d m i r r A l l s u d i w e n t h t o u t u r a C o ll e e L a b o r a t o l i e w o i c 7 g y p y pp g 1
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Wa6arn Colleg e (a) L abo ratory for elemen tary botany w ith an outfit of dis i l u d w i t t s e h t w e secting microscopes 6 a b o r a o f d v n e d b o t a n n c L t r a o a r ( ) y y y pp co mpo und microsco e s p t v m u n d m i cr o s co r dn e Un iver sit b t o u i t fi e co r a wi w n o e L a o s l d t h r e s P e e y p y y pp p 9 an d an eq ual n umber of dissecting microscopes o rk su l i d w i t l n t a w e r b o e e h r a r r a L a o t f e m (I n n/er siq of M rconsin o to y ( ) y pp a L b o ratory fo r advan ced work supplied eleven dissecti ng microsco pes 6 () w ith twenty five co mpo und microsco pes L abo rato ry supplied w ith twenty five dissectin g micro 11 Un iversity of 1Ve6r asé a scopes and thirty six C odd ington hand lenses fo r elementary wo rk ; an d twenty two co mpo un d microscopes for advan ced w o rk L aboratory supplied w ith sixteen dissecting micro 12 T li e S no w S chool of Botan y scopes for elem entary work an d fo ur co mpo und microsco pes for advan ced work 8 .
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— 1v Thi s i mpo rtant
dis L 1N 11A R r s U NGA R NS P I L Z E, C ENT UR Y tributio n o f F ungi d eserves mentio n agai n , both o n a c o unt of the b eauty o f the sp e i mens an d thelo w p ri ce at whi ch th ey are T he cen t ury befo re us o ntai ns thi rty six spec i es of furni shed U redineaz th ree of t he Ustil agi neae, s ix o f Pero nospo reae t h ree etc , etc Goo d pl ates are given o f fi fteen o f Erysiphea , s peci es , an d in th es e t he mi c ro sc opi cal d etail s o f st ructure are nted u h se pl ates are m i ti sfacto rily wo rk ed o ut Wh e n t e o s a u t e q upo n the same h erb ari um s h eet s as the spec i mens whi c h th ey ill ustrate, th ey w ill prove very useful and i nstructive, especi ally to the begi n ner in F ungolo gy '
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h a r c M [
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h e t f o D e c L abo rato ry n umber BOT A N I C A L N EWS ( ) Botanical Gaz ette is o ne o f the mo st val uabl e i ssued d uri ng t he ast y ear T he S peci al l abo rato ry topi cs are, S o me bo tan i cal abo rato ries o f the U n ited S t at es ; L abo rato ry appli ances ; T he l abo rato ry at S t rasb urg L abo rato ry co urses o f i nst ructio n ; S ec .
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dozen o r so g eneral notes d evoted to so me A l ate n umber o f Flor a co nt ai n s a pap er N o 14 1 o f t he o resence o f Typh a by C elako osky on the infl h t e s 1 u s n c c n a n n r n o l i o i t o t i Co t ib tio to h n e a e u n f e L n S r a o t y () j Flo ra o f the Peruvi an A ndes w ith remarks o n the hi sto ry and o rigi n oh n Ball ; 2) Co nt rib utio ns to S o uth A fri o fthe A nd ean Flo ra by j can bot any by H Bol us and N E Bro wn ;(3 ) A c o ntrib uti o n t o t he st udy o f the rel ati ve effects o f di fferen t p arts o f the s ol ar s pec T he t rum o n t he t ranspi ratio n of pl ants by Geo rge H enslow D ecember Torrey Bulletin co ntai ns the summary of anoth er year s wo rk upo n the fresh water A lg ae o f the U n it ed S t ates by F ranc i s W oll e S everal new S peci es are described viz : Ectocarpus rivu laris (Flo ri da) G dog oninrn cataractmn (Flo rid a) D icty osplre r Zyg nern a purpurea (N J and F M es o i nn: lzitclzcockii (N co rpus crassus (Fla ) S tanrastr um tokopekal ig ense (Fla ) b esi des a ber o f vari eti es A pl ate of D esmids acco mpan i es thep aper n um T he Gardeners M on t/i ly whil e no t p rofessi n g to be a bo tan i cal j o urnal co n tai ns much o f val ue and i nt erest to the botan i s t Th us in the J an uary n umb er we find papers o n the followi ng s ub r pl an t (S arr acenia con r tii s w c e e c t vi z n e pit h T ll A h s e o c a e d j ) h ardy C atalpa L arge sassafras t rees A mary lli s treatee T he mis t ictoc in di fferent lo caliti es besides many notes and notelets Geral d Mc C arthy o f K end al l Green Was hi n gto n D C anno u nces a di strib ut io n o f pl ants o f Eastern N o rth Caroli na i n cl udi n g 3 4 0 Fo r tho se i ntendi n g to buy botan i cal wo rk s sp eci es at $2 1 w e are do in g a good servi ce wh en we call attentio n to Jo h n W heldo n s botan i cal cat alog ues (58 Great ueen st reet L o ndo n T he I ndex to the t w enty thi rd vol ume o f the W C Eng ) n o t a s s u our nal o B u c e e n m e r s j t lo d t lly g e n s u a a u n u e a r a t y f j amo unt o f val uab le matter A mo n g t he co nt rib uto rs are the well k n o wn names o f J G Bak er A W Ben nett M C Coo ke m e a n G rov es W B H ensl ey M T M as B d C o bi W H r M J t ers F vo n M uell er H enry Tri men etc One o f the pl eas ant feat ures o f the past few mo nth s has b een t he att entio n given in so many jo urnal s to noti ces o f D r Gray T he latest o f th ese whi ch we h av e is a neat p aper rep ri nt ed fro m the S un newspaper o f ” sa Gray i A ro m the h and o f P ro fesso r e s titl d It f n d e n a a n J 3 C S S argent and gives a s ummary o f the li fe and l abo rs o f the Very lik e the fo regoi ng is the paper in the emi nent bo tani st J anuary Botani cal Gaz ette by P rofesso r C R Barnes I n thi s p aper ho wever we h av e mo re o f the perso nal hi sto ry It is ac co mpan i ed by a fine h eliotyp e tio n
tti ng b esides phase of the subj ect cu
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W1T L A c2 1L
—I n
W itlaczil p ub lished his y of the A phid es and in 1884 o n th ei r research es o n the anato m emb ryology (o f whi ch paper we g ave an ab st ract in A M ER I C A N N A T U R A L I S T Feb H e no w furni sh es an additio nal co n tributio n to the anato my o f the Phyt ophthira o r pl ant li ce mak ing the s mall g ro up of Psyllida: the s ubj ect of i mpo rtant re searc h es ; his ex po s itio n o f the s t ruct ure o f the i nsect b rai n b ei n o f ex ceptio nal val ue T he speci es ex ami ned by him rep resentes the g enera Psy llopsis R hinoco la Psy ll a H o moto ma T rio za H is method s were t easi ng in sali ne sol utio n s t reati ng w i th dil ut e ac eti c acid the fresh and stai ned ani mal s enti re and maki ng sec tio ns in the Napl es way with J un g s mi croto me l n ex ternal appearance the Psy llida: are s mall (abo ut a mi lli meter in l ength ) di fferi ng fro m o ther famili es o f H o moptera by the s i mil arity o f both sex es whi ch are w i nged and are p rovid ed with a pai r o f co mpo und eyes and th ree si mpl e o celli and h ave ten j oi nted antenna the two joi nts nex t the base sho rt and t hi ck and the t ermi nal joi nt b eari ng a p ai r o f b ri stl es D uri ng li fe the antenn a are co nstantly vib rati n g Figs 1 2 S ho w the mal e ON PS Y L L 1D 1E
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F113 lateral
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—T h
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Zeitschrift D ie A natomic der Psyllioen, von D r Emanuel Witlaczil in Wien x n d l x xx a n 1 8 1 1: Win enschaftliche Z oologie, V ol m 6 0 6 p 5 , pp 5 .
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n a l o b e a n n l n s t a l a e a u r a n e r e n / ” t n M e e s u c e e r s i E xf la na tion of r e ; , , ; , f fig abdominal n erve ; at , antenn a ; ats, anten n al swellin g ; c6, central body o f b rain i e n i n t e s i d t h n n i k s L i l h oo n 47 , cro ; es, eye swellin g ; a, n l t a n s e a i o , , ; , g , g p g g g id , inn er decussation ; I n limb n erve ; m6, mushroo mbody ; Mg r} malpig hian ves l s l u o c e o c l d e n e u o m i o i d n d b o f b c m i e s t i n l m l l r a n o c m sels ; a t e o e , , ; , ; y ; p ad, o uter decussation ; oes, oeso phag us ; om, o uter medullary layer ; pe, pen i s : r c, d c o r v R o r e r a l n e v n h e rectum; s oe, sub e so ha eal s t o m a c t li o n o n s t a n , ; ; , p g g g man numerals indi cate thoracic somites and A rabic numerals abdominal somites ’
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M a r c h [
General N otes
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w ho se abdo men is S lightly co mpressed T he abdo men o f t he femal e is ro und ed T he wi ngs o f t hes e i nsec ts and o f the w i n ged of a e s T h e c x fo rms o f A phides are used c hi efl t o r h u s e a a c a y p the li mb s c oal esce with the tho rax and t he t arsi are two joi nted b eari ng a pai r o f termi nal cl aws T he hi nd li mb s are S p eci alized fo r sp ri ng i ng T he fi rst abdo mi nal so mi te o f bot h sex es is added to the metat ho rax to enlarge t he S pri ngi n g gear ; the seco nd abdo mi nal s o mit e fo rms a s ho rt stal k fo r the ab do men and t he termi nal abdo mi nal so mites are so modifi ed as to have mi sl ed the sy stemati sts I n the mal e the tenth so mite seems to be ia set t ed o n t he eight h as t he n i nth has o nly its ventral part d evel Op ed and end s the ab do men, w h il st the tenth b eari n g t he an us and peni s , is reverted d o rsad I n the femal e t he ni nt h s o mi te is d i scernibl e o nly by its appendages, and t he tenth is a roofi ng d orsal pl ate (the upp er g eni tal do rsal pl ate o f L OW) b eari ng i n its c en ter t he an us fri nged by wax gl and s T hus in bot h sexes t he typi cal number o f ten so mi tes can be fo und T he c i rcumanal wax gl and s are in the l arva o f both sex es ; and wax gl an d s pro duci ng wax fibrils are p resent o n o ther par t s Wax parti cl es so meti mes co ver t he larva , p rotecti ng t he b ack fro m ex crement itio us matter S o me l arv a (Psy I I Opsis) h ave s pear sh aped wax hai rs ; t he l arva o f T rioza has a m argi nal ro w o f l eaf li ke wax pl ates A ll the wax h ai rs ari se like c hi ti n o us h ai rs fro m l arge hyp odermal cell s, whi ch h ave vac uol es p resuma bly fi ll ed wi th the secretio n fluid T he st i g mas o f the t rac heal system are d enti c ul at ed o n each sid e and h ave a sel f acti n g c lo si ng apparat us (no t as d esc rib ed by L andoi s) T hey have a s ho rt muscl e o n the ventral S i de, s o co nnected wit h the do rso ven t ral musc l es o f t he body t hat o n ; the co nt ractio n o f t hese muscl es t he s tig mati c muscle co nt racts Thi s is p rob ably fo r ex pi ratio n I nspi ra and o pens the valve tio n is effected by the mere el asti city o f the t rachea , and the s tig mat i c valve c lo ses by its o wn el asti ci ty T he will o f t he ia ovements sect do es no t co nt rol th ese m T he ner vous sy stemand sense orga ns are h ere t reated rel ati vely to i nsects in general and much new ligh t is cast o n the s ubj ect o f t he i n sect s p sychol o gy T he b rai n o f the Psy llid ae is rat her l arge, h aving a mid dl e lo be and two lateral lobes, the l atter sen d ing o ff the opti c nerves (Figs 3 T he medi an lob e is p rolo nged do wnward s i nto the procepha l lo n I ts po sterio r part b eco mes the t wo co mmi ss ures l eadi n g to the s uboesop hageal ganglio n, fro m whi c h t he mo ut h o rgans are i nnervated T he ventral nerve co rd has fo ur gangli a, th ree fo r t he li mb s and a fo urth for t he abdo men who se ganglia are fused i nto T he b rai n mass is muc h as in ot her i nsects hav a S i ngl e mass ing a cent ral med ull ary system and a periph eral l ayer o f a o rt ex .
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T hus I render Vo rderkopf i ro ce halic lobes s i n a cc u r a t e , p p i r e d t h e t e r r a m f o ehead is preoccupied G 61 p ;
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as the
rt a p
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Entomology f gan glio n
cell
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whi ch fail s
o nly at its posterio r part T he gan gl io n cell s are polygo nal o r ro undi sh varyi ng in size th ey have a ho rny n uc l eus and beco me stai ned whil st the med ull ary part rem ai ns c l ear T he compound ey es are well d escribed by V iallanes (A nn des S c i N at urell es 1882) fo r M usca I n Psyllid ae th ey are so mewhat s i mpl er havi n g 1 a t h s u c t e r f e u o p t l a n m e s r u s a n s s f h e e e t r a e o e () c o rnea s lightly bi c o nvex 2 e w b lo th l y y t lli e m s a e c a r a r o f n e () c o nes o ften b rowni sh (3 ) nex t co mes a dark l ayer o f rhabdites fo rmi ng the reti na ; each rh abdite b ei ng a sl end er t runcated co ne narro wi n g i nward s T he w hol e sy s tem o f rhabdites c o nverges to ward s t he center o f t he eye w h ence nerves run to ward s the b rai n T he s ub se uent l ay ers o f V iallanes po st ( reti nal fibers ganglio n cel l layer pali sade l ayer and C h apl et cell s) can 1 n o t be cl early recog n ized in Ps lli y dz T he reti nal fi bers pass by the o
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FI G 3 N ervous syst em o f Psylla Psylla, along line X X of Fig 3 .
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—T ransverse
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sectio n
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ganglio ll l ayer i nto the eye swelli ng (es of Fig 4 ) (the Optic ganglio n o f V iallanes) an enl argement o f the med ullary T he fibers pass i ng thi s way toward the medi an b rai n s ub stan ce mass fo rm an o uter d ecussatio n (od ) S o me fibers fro m t hi s dec ussatio n g o to the adjoi n i ng co rtex so me to the o uter part o f t he medull ary l ayer so me pi erce thi s so as to reach the i nner dec ussatio n (id ) and so me p ro ceed th ence across the b rai n so as to fo rm a chi as ma w ith fibers fro m the oppo sit e eye S o me fib ers fro m the eyes and so me fro m the oth er o ut er lobes o f the b rai n fin d th ei r way to the central 6ody (Fig 4 c6) in the mid lobe an d nerves may be t raced fro m all th ese lob es and fro m the cent ral n ce
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General N otes
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bo dy to the anterior co rtex o f the b rai n with its ab undant gan ‘ lio n ll s c e g e e s T he sim l e n h bi l joi e d to a v e c o n i t e s e n s e s n d r h a b d v e x a p y nerve fib ers whi ch run b ack to the i nfero po sterio r reg io n o f the b rai n and th ence advance so as to enter t he central bo dy T he an t ennal nerves run s trai g ht b ack to the anten nal lo bes (al ) whence so me fi bers run fo rwards to the central regio n o f the b rai n T he central body has been d escribed by i nvestigato rs as a ’ fan sh aped o rgan Pack ard after N ewto n d escribed it as a hal f moo n sh aped body con cave back wards and separated by a net w o rk o f fi bers fro m the b rai n and supposed it to co n si st of mo di fied cell s I n Psy llidmit is bean sh aped co nsi st i ng o f g ranul ated matter not at all i so lated fro m the surro unding parts o f the b rai n b ut recei vi n g fibers fro m and sendi ng fi bers to the other lobes an d is not hi n g mo re th an a cent ral c o mmi ss ural system its cel l like elements bei ng t he c ro ss sectio ns of fibro us masses T he mushroom 6odies d escrib ed by aut ho rs are fo un d in Psy l lid a o nly in a rudi mentary fo rm bei ng s o me thi ck masses o f ganglio n cell s in the upper anterio r bo r der near t he medi an li ne wh ence b undl es o f fib ers run b ack ward s Tak en as a w hol e the b rai n w ith its co nnec tio ns w ith p ro ceph ali c ganglio n masses suboesoph ageal comnt issures and vent ral nerve co rd and vario us lobes in its o wn mass is c o mpl ex ; and it is scarcely s ibl e to joi n sectio ns m d s a o e p in di fferent di rectio ns i nto a uni ty so as to g et its real st ruct ure A s a whol e its i n ner p art is a cent ral nerve system c o ns i sti ng o f fib ro us mas ses whi ch o n the o ne s id e end in a sense o rgan o r in a periph eri c nerv e and o n the o th er in a c o rti cal l ay er o f the b rai n ent eri ng its ganglio n cell s T he i nsect b rai n is th ere fo re a p roj ectio n centrum the mush T he mo st im roo m body b ei ng speci al D igestive tract f Ftc 6 po rtant nerv es ent eri ng the b rai n (as Psyllo p is fro m the ey es ant ennae li mb s) caus e a swelli ng in its med ull a wh ere the fib ers are d efl ect ed so as to ch ange t hei r co urse — T he mandibl es and fi rst max ill a are develop ed D ig esti ve tract -
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u 1 r t l A r il 8 8 n u s a e r J o u r n a l o i c r o i a l c i n c e i f M os c e e s c S , , ) 5 ( y Q p p J d l ry masses belongi n g to e u l a i opt zcon and perio t icon for three m the terms opti con , a p p the eye o f Muses ; representing respecti vely om, es, an d a tract near oc of our Fig - G 61 4 ’ econ d re ort U S e f t h s u b h e l i t e r a t u r o e nto mol om m n , 18 E C 1 ss i o T 8 S 7 9 p c e i s t h e re g tven t j 1
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tort shaped o rgans and the sec o nd max ill a fo rma sho rt un der lip whi ch is i nserted o n the sho rt p rotho rax T he pi erci ng sty lets are very lo ng lyi n g in a g roov e of the under lip an d at thei r base fo rmi ng loops w hi ch are enclosed in a dermal sac Thi s is the st ruct ure al so in C occida as D uj ard i n and M ark sh ew — a i s n d s e e r w ll s i l v a l v e n t y e r Ci d e e n e e n n t a a c a a G e h M] [ T he (esoph ag us is narrow ex ten di n g as far as the abdo men w h ere the sto mac h and begi nni n g o f the mid i ntesti ne c oal esce w i t h the hi nd i ntesti ne (Fig the two parts w i ndi ng ro und eac h o ther in several t urns Thi s c oal escence is caused by t he co ntrae Mark sh ews th at in C occida the ar tio n o f the mid i ntesti ne ran gem ent is di fferent the end o f the (es oph ag us and begi nn i n g o f the sto m ac h h avi ng a s mall windi n g loop whi ch is receiv ed i n to a sac fo rmed by the hi nd i ntesti ne Thi s l atter is al so the way in C icadida T he malpighian v essel s are fo ur sho rt and dis ti n ct th ei r ends runni ng i nto a s uspenso ry li g ament Th ey are — G Maciaskie want i ng in A phides and C hermetida into
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D r E W itlaczil, on the r ENT OMOL OGI C A L mo rpho lo g y and anato my of the bark li ce (C o ccida ) appears in Zeits ch ri ft tii r Wi ssens Zoo logi e i ss ued D ec 3 1, 1885 Dr R vo n L imbe k has i nvesti gated (L itzung sber, K A kad Wi ssen sc haf ten, Wi en 9 1, 1885 , p 3 22 ) the histo logy o f the y ello w i s h b ro w n and white muscl es of i nsects the fo rmer are tho raci c and belo ng to the wi ng s, the latter are abdomi nal muscl es, and l argely fo rm tho se movi ng the hi nd li mbs A cco rdi ng to S cience fo r c h r m a h c f M x s o n u r o m n t s n ity i o b o h p t a f e s a 1 o e t a e f 5 J been affli cted with a sco urge o f mo s uitoes, whi ch have abo und ed so as to cause sickness an d, it is said d eath , by th ei r po i s o no us bites T he g ran d p riz e in anato my and zo ology o f the Fren ch A cademy has been given to D r J C h ati n fo r a wo rk , as yet un s a u e o h e r s f n s c n r bli h d u t til o g i t C t a c n o e s d u s c h a t a e T e e a , p T ransactio ns o f the Ento mologi cal S oci ety o f L ondo n D ec 2, 1885 co n tai n an i nt eresti ng li fe hi sto ry o f a t rap doo r spid er A t u s a s s s i c e by F n o c k a l o n e s y o h l s ifi ti a a n t e c E s c a o n a ; ( yp p ) o f t he A ust rali an Py ralidina, by E Mey ri ck H e divi des the g ro up i nto thi rteen famili es, and esti mat es the n umber o f de sc rib ed s pec i es th ro ugho ut the wo rld at 2 500 H e thi nks th at the Phyc ida may be regard ed as a d evelop ment o f the Galleriada t he Bo ty dida o f the S c0pariada , and the H y drocampida and M usotimida o f the Py ralidida T he T ineo dida (fo rmed fo r the receptio n of the gen us T ineodes) , Oxychirot ida , Pt ero d r i a a l u c i i m h o n d A t d a n r e li c s a o n c o r e e t e s iv o o f e x s e n e c p t io n o f the gro up , now red uced to a frag mentary co nditio n an d ” approa hi ng most nearly to the C ram bida and S copariada .
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— m e C aocomu a I
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T H E Paoar u ts, A T L A S A ND A x1s or Pro f — atlas I n all C ro codili a th ere is d eveloped an o sseo us p i ece be t ween the sk ul l and the neurapophysi s o f the atl as Thi s pi ece ” “ ‘ is call ed kl ei nes n i ed riges Bo genst ii ck (M eck el ) l ame trans “ “ verse oberes S chl uss S tii ck oberer 5 Bogen neu od er D achstuc k (Bruhl ) S pi nal ‘ ral spi ne o f the atl as s p o tl p o t O w r a s e a n ( ) .
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o cc ipital bo nes Bruc h (l c 186 1) was the fi rst to give the co rrect ex pl anat io n a v t e a o f thi s pi ece he considers it as the neurapophy si s o e r r b f .
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betw een tire skull and { he atlas ” I n 1880 A lb rech t reach ed t he same result (1 Brii hl and M arsh co ns ider the el emen ts in uestio n as b elo ng ” i ng to the sk ull : Dollo has sho w n in ex tenso th at t hi s vi ew is Wro ng and th at the postoc cipital bo nes really rep resent the p roatl as o f A lb rec ht, and t herefo re parts o f t he verteb ral .
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D es lo ngchamps
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t l arc po sté ri eur
p é
’
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h ez l ho mme Dollo (l c ) has given a li st o f verteb rates in whi ch the pro atl as has b een observed ; it is no t n ecessary to repeat it I h ave to add o nly so me few poi nts T he p ro atl as is developed fro m t wo di fferent cartil ages ex I actly in the same way as all neurap o physes 2 T he two p arts may be di sti nct in the yo un g an i mal s an d m even in ad ul t o nes I n a nearly ripe emb ryo o f [ acare vallifr ons I find t wo elo ngated o sseo us el ements I n a yo ung A llig ator de l atlas ’
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S ystem der
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vergleichen den
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a ter T hei l
A hth
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H alle, 1824 , p 4 30 ’ C uvier, G R echerches sur les ossemens fossiles , Quatr é d , T ome I x , pp 19 2 19 3 , Paris, 183 6 S tan n ius, H L ehrbuch der vergleichenden A n atomie der Wirbelth iere, Berlin , 18 4 6 , p 13 4 Bruch, C V ergleichen de Osteo logie des R heinlachses, M ains , 186 1, p 134 5 Brilhl C B I oo nes ad zo otomiamillustrandam, D as S kelet der K roood nen, , W ien , 186 2 , pp 2— 3 Owen , R On the anatomy of V ertebrates, V ol I , p 6 5, L o n don , 1866 7 A lbrecht P Ueber den Proatlas , ein en z wichen dem Occipitale und dem A tlas , der amn ioten Wirbelthiere gelegenen Wirbel, Zoo l A n zeiger , 1880 , p 4 7 5 3 Mars h 0 C Prin cipal charact ers o f A merican urassi c D i nosaurs , Part V t , R estoratio n o f Bro ntosaurus A m J S e , V ol xx vx, A ug , 1883 , pp 82 83 I t is generally beli eved that A lbrecht first sho wed the true n ature o f th ese bo nes, but, as I have said, Bruch already had the same idea n early twen ty years before .
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A lbrecht 1° D o llo , L C inquieme note sur les D inosauriens de Bernissart, Bull M us e R oy H ist N at Belg , T o me I n , 1884 . pp 129 1 5 ’ 11 Eudes D eslong champs urassiq ue M mo ires sur es T é lé osauricus de l é poque j da d partement da C alvados Mem S o c L inn N ormandie, V ol xxx, C aen, 186 3 , .
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P 43 H uxley, T 187 1, p 2 5 1 .
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o f vertebrated an i
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mi sszksippienszs the bo nes are separate but no t elongated as in Jacare Us ually the two el ements unit e early in the emb ryo i s i h h s u s s n c u s It po ibl th p r o l i t d a e a a t a s e x s e R n o r a t 3 y Owen a reptil e very nearly alli ed to S phenodo n (H at teri a) S p hen o do n has rudi ment s o f the p roatl as as s ho w n by A lb recht ; th erefo re the same bo nes o ught to be p resent in R hy nchosau rus ; thi s seems to be co n fi rmed by a n ot e by Owen o n thi s fl reptil e A small fl att ened t ri ang ul ar p late w hi c h adh ered to the po s terio r p art o f the s k ull was s us pected by D r Ward to be a tooth ; it appeared to me fro m the ch aracter o f the ex po sed s urface to have at l east e ual c l ai ms to be regarded a dermal scute I n pre pari ng the mold o f the crani um thi s part was d etach ed and lo st a ci rc umst ance wh ic h I h av e much reg rett ed s i nce it p revent ed m y ” applyi n g to it the test o f a mi cro scopi cal ex ami natio n ’ I n his d etail ed d escriptio n of R hy nchosaurus Owen do es not mentio n thi s poi nt I b el i eve it possibl e th at the small fl attened t ri ang ul ar pl ate ” whi ch adh ered to the po sterio r part o f the sk ull rep resents a piece o f the p roatl as It is p robabl e th at the p ro atl as is p resent al so in the Prot o rosauria w hi ch h av e many characters co mm o n with S ph en odo n — a A t l s II and A n s T he cent rum o f the at las is al ways repre sented by t he o do ntoid p ro cess o f the ax i s an d can be separated eas ily i n the C ro codili a T he pi ece b elo w the cent rumo f the atl as s up po rti n g t he n eural arch o f th at v erteb ra is the hypa o h s i s w d h a s s b e t e e h e p r o a tl a a n t e a tl n t pp y T he hypapophysi s b et ween the atl as and ax is is p rob ab ly co ossified with the an terio r and lo wer p art o f t he ax i s centrum as in bi rds and so me di no saurs Th ere seems to be a g reat confusio n in t he d etermi natio n o f the ribs b elo ngi ng to the first v erteb ra in the C roco dili a and ev en abo ut the true nat ure of th ese v ert e “ bra Koken say s 1882 : Es ist erstaunli ch und befremdend wie s eh r bei di esen so nst so co nservativen T hieren die A usbild ung der ersten H al swi rbel und zwar in wesen tli ch en Pun k ten difl erirt V o rlaufig ersch ei nt es unmé g lic h in A rt und R ei henfo lg e der V eraen derungen ei ne Gesetzmass ig keit z u b ri ng en Thi s is very strang e i ndeed We find it v ery much mo re befremd en d that Koken says (p th at an alligato r (A .
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N ote sur la presence d un rudiment de proatlas sur un exemplaire A lbrecht, P de H atteri a panetata Gray Bull Mus R oy H ist N at Balg T n , D883 , p 190 ’ R eport Bri t Fossils , R ept I t ; Brit A ssoc R ep , 184 14 ) 3 50 Owen , R ’
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D escription of an extin ct lacert ilian reptile (R iy aebosa sm artu eps Owen R Owen ) o f w hich the bo nes and footprints characterize the upper n ew R ed sandsto ne s
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S hrewsbury
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C ambr Philos S o c T rans .
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D ie R eptilien der norddeutschen Kok en , E D eutsch Geo l Gessellsch Jahrg , 1883, p 808 .
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vrt , l 8 4 2, pp
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Zeits chrift
M a c h r [
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dam/ins) and a roc o dile (C ebertsi) have no hypapophy sis, fol low ‘ in g L ud wig s wro ng d escriptio n A ll reptil es possess the hypapo physi s (unteres S chl uss st uc k) o f the atl as and it is uite inj ud i c io us th at L ud wig and Ko ken o uld d eny the ex i stence o f s uch an el ement in an alligator and a .
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o odil e from the Tertiary T he matter is very s i mpl e
r c
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d wig described the t rue hypn i s c e u 0 h 1 s o f A d a r w i n t r u m h tl a s h a x i s n t r e h e n o f e a t m a s t c e t ; p p y L ud wig says the o do n toid p ro cess as the cent rum o f the ax i s t h at the odo ntoid process o f the ax i s is wan ti ng in C eber tsi b ut H e mak es s o methi ng very remarkabl e o ut o f its he desc ribes it s eparatio n fro m the ax is H e did not find the hy pophysis and therefo re he say s this el emen t 13 wanti ng L
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There is no doubt whatever that the atlas dam ini and Croeodil us ebertsi possessed the living allig ators and crocodiles
ad
l A i l a t o r f g str ucture as the
axis o
n
me
sa
.
Koken fi nds si mil ar difliculties in the arti cul atio n o f the ribs d e n s p pi oph r e ipp i b e i e e s t r e e t m s i D i u E u h é R z g g ( leb enden C ro codilinen gegabelt und gel enkt (nur mit dem Capi t ul um) z w i sc hen Epi stroph eus und D ens Epistrophei meh r am .
,
lczteren
.
Bei Crocodil us ebertsi ist s ie ganz auf den A tl as Ké rper fi ber u l i t or darwi ni t ra e s g g e a gt e d e pi t r op h i n n e n r e e b d E s A e l a g g g g die R ippe, bei beiden ist sie ei nfac h “ Bei Enalios uchus setzt si ch die ei nfa he R ippe an die D ia u d e s a h e e o h e E s h h r i P a n n e pi t op r k i r w s s e s e e a o n d d , p p y p p y R ipp en stii tzen -
,
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c
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Bei Tel eo saurus ist sie g egab el t wie ParapOphyse inserirt
o wohl
und s
an
D iapophyse
.
Bei
Teleosaurus findet s i ch ferner ein d rittes R ippenpaar i nterverteb ral zwi schen A tl as K é rper und Epi stroph eus
wel ch es art ic ulirt
,
-
”
.
I f t hese
cha a te r c
rs
t h ave to abando n the val ue of hop e to sho w th at the above statements
are rue, we
mo rphology But we are wro ng o r i nco rrect 1 I n the livi ng crocodiles the rib of the axi s s ho ws the follo w ing co nditi o ns I n Gavialis g ang eticus the capit ul um of the ax i s rib art icul ates o nly wi th t he centrumof the atl as There is d eveloped a rudi ment ary diapophys i s in the neural arch o f bo th si des T he t ub ercul um o f t he ax i s rib d o es no t reac h th at di apophysi s but is p robably c o nnected with it by ligam ent I n an ad ult A llig ator meseupflmm the capit ul um arti culates .
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Fossile C rocodiliden aus der T ertiaerfo rmatio n des Mainzer Becken , Palaeo ntographica S uppl u t, L ief 4 u 5 , C assel, 187 7, pp 13 14 , p 3 7
L udwig, R
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with the atlas center and by a very small fa e with the ax i s center There is no trace of a di apophysi s T he t ubercul um does al so no t reac h ei th er the ax i s o r t he atl as, but is co nne ted with the atlas by ligament -
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.
S cu m
-
rte
m
m
oun ts, sn ow
c r ue R au
T eleosaur
A lligator, young
A XI S
,
1 1111 A xi s- 11111 t o .
A r
ms
.
Gavial
.
.
C rocodilus.
.
m; ax t uberculum
mon or
Enaliosuchus
.
a, atlas- centru
c
.
A ND
111111 ; I ,
-
m; d
axis- centru
,
diapophysis p, parapophysis ;
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c
c
ber ul um is o mpl ete, I n a very yo ung A missi ssippienszs the t u and art i ulates wi t h the atlas cent er ; t he capitulum artic ul ates wi th the same bo ne .
c
-
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c
c
c
I n Crocodilus americanus S h ne1d the apit ulum arti ul ates w i th the atl as enter, the t uberc ul um to uch es the neurapophysis o f the axis , but t h ere is no fa e on that bo ne -
c
c
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c h M r a [
,
2
Crocodilus
.
ebertsi s
hows
me c o nditi ons
the
sa
as
A
missis
.
c
A llig ator darwini the ax i s rib is co nne ted with the atl as enter L ud wig, o nsid eri ng t he atl as ax i s as the ax i s, says th at it arti cul ates with the ax i s
c
I
a
-
c
.
.
e n k o i pophy i s i s p r e s t K n d a s e 3 beli eves th at Enalios uchus has a si mpl e rib co n ne ted with thi s dia e i s t h s s n o b e s 1 8 n Thi s o t di poph i p c c r i t h r o n s e a t r e c f e a y ; p p y th ere must be an art i cul atio n fo r the t ubercul um o f the rib T he t uberc ul um never di sappears befo re the capitul um I beli eve t h at in Enaliosuchus (if it really b elo ng s to the C ro codili a) a co mpl ete rib was d ev eloped in the ax i s the capit ul um arti cul at i ng w i t h the well d eveloped di apophy si s, the t ubercul umwith the ax i s centrum o r with bo th the ax i s and atl as , o r w i th the atlas alo ne Thi s fa e w ill probably be fo und if the atl as rib is remo ved
I
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i
n the Enalio suchus ax s a -
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c
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,
-
-
c
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-
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h h O T l o i di a pophy s i s n d t e r a a a 4 p p y p s is are d ev elop ed and the ribs two h eaded D eslongchamps d esc rib es an additio nal rib co n nected with the atl as cent er but he fig ures no arti c ul ar s urface fo r thi s rib o n the at l as It is a mo rphologi cal i mpo ssibili ty that a rib sho uld ex i st b etween the rib s o f the atl as co nnected with the hypn i h s n t h a t f h e a x i s s o o a d t p p y A t fi rst wh en I saw D eslo ngchamps s figures I reach ed the co n c l usio n t hat the ax i s rib had en ti rely di sappeared in the liv in g C ro codili a and th at the rib in question rep resents the rib co n nected w i th the atl as cent er (the t rue atl as rib) but si n ce I h ave s ho wn t hat theax i s rib has n ot di sappeared in the livi ng C roc odili a but is shi fted in fro n t o f the ax is s uccessively I must aban do n thi s vi ew Kok en b eli eves that the additio nal rib in Tel eo saurus rep u t i resents t he t ub erc ul ar art o f the atl as rib b b Thi s m e t a y p is not p robabl e I f the atl as and ax i s of the Parasuchi a (Belo don S tag o nolepis) are kn ow n we p rob ably wi ll g et mo re li g ht o n thi s poi nt I give the follo wi ng res ults : A ll cro codil es possess a hypapophysi s (unteres S chl uss stii ck) o f the atl as I
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n
the
e e saurus ax s the -
-
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-
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-
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A ll
crocodiles
ossess ribs o
f
p
the atlas and ribs
f
o
the ax is
.
1n the older cr ocodi les (Teleosaurus) the axi s rib has a w ell devel ed capitulum and tuberculum, the latter articulati ng with a w ell vloped diapophy sis A similar condition is shown in Enalro suchus fr om the L ow er Cretaceous -
f
b
.
.
w ith it the capitulum, g et rudimentary , the axis rib loses its artic ulation with the axis and is shifted to the
L
ater the diapophy sis , and -
p rocess is shown by the followi ng diagram (relation of the rib to the atl as and ax i s) :
T h is ax is
-
T uber culum
Capitulum
T eleosaurus
rapo ph a p
.
”
.
of articulating
articulating with “ rapophysis a p
well developed
diapophys is
.
mentary
,
co nn ected
by lig ament with the rudim diap
.
—D
r
.
p
mentary
rudi
m)
n t on the r e s e p
atlas -center
.
mentary
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art of
b a ( i p POPhy
rudi
.
low er
az ts
.
A lla m i s siss } a n d other cr ae
the and
on
anterior
w ith
rudi .
.
nt r e s e p
h a o h i s s ( yp p p y )
.
.
artic ulating w ith axis
Gav g ang
D iapq hy sis
.
.
“Par a o h s ” pp y
,
by arti culating with ligament with h s i t i s, a r a s h a l r a x t e a s o o p p p y if present con nected with atlas con nected
wan ting
G Baur, Yale Colleg e M useum, N ew H aven, Conn, jun 7 , .
.
T unas PR OBL EMA T I CA L Gamm a or M axxcan Boa r oau S trauss e— Bes id es genera o f typi cal Boida k no wn to i nhabit Mex i c o and C entral A meri ca th ree genera have been fo und who se po sitio n Th ese are C hari na Gray L i c h h as been mo re o r less unc ertai n an ura Cope and L o xocemus Cope A ll of th em h ave been re ferred by o ne or anoth er autho r to a s uppo sed family Erycida th e type o f which is the genus Eryx o f I ndi a and A fri ca Thi s family has however no furth er d efi nit io n than the no n prehen s ile ch arac ter o f its tail ; in all oth er res pects its memb ers ag ree w ith the Bo ld a Thi s p rehens il e character is h owever wel l k n own to be ex tremely evanescent in s nakes and to h ave no r r e a t e a n m m t g e n e r i v l e d s o e ti v n th a t a u n s n t e T h e a o e c e h g tail of L i ch an ura can h ardly be assig ned to the o ne catego ry mo re th an to the oth er S o me years ag o I referred L ox o cemus to the Pythonida a c o urse whi ch has generally been adopted by autho rs ; whi le the t w o others h ave been k ept in the Erycida M r Garman h av ing o n s f a a s m i o r e e o u it t e n e x a a ti o f t h s k e l t n e n o m t A n h e n o , g .
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c h M r a [
General N otes
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ho wever shows th at th ey all di ffer materi ally fro m each oth er and must be referred to th ree separate famili es viz the Pytho n ida the Bo ida and to the n ew family o f the C harinida T he d efi nitio ns o f th ese famili es are as follo ws : ,
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S upraorbital, postfro ntal an d coronoid bo nes present Pos torbital an d coro no id bo nes present ; no supraorbital N either postfrontal,
supraorbi tal nor coro noid
Python ida
bo nes present
.
-
Nor a
— S oan mo Bums In
P R OBL EM OF s oari n g bi rds by I
on T H E
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E D Cope .
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the interest
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s i n N o s t p bli h d L a n c a s r u e e , 1 1 an d 12 o f the N A T UR A L I S T for 1885 , the w riter attrib utes the po wer whi ch is uti lized by the bi rd , no do ubt co rrectly , to the co nd ensati on and ex p ansio n o f the at mo sph ere, p rod uced by the rel ative motio n of the bi rd wi th respect to the at m o sp here A n eval uatio n , if it were pract i cabl e, o f the ex cess o f the up ward , abo ve the do wn ward , at mo sph eri c p ress ure upo n t he bi rd , w h en it so ars ho rizo ntally or remai ns stationary o n fi x ed w i n gs , wo uld sho w, no do ubt, th at such ex cess is exact ly e ual to the weight of the bi rd and t he rear ex pansio n on a verti cal sectio n o f a bi rd th at rem ai ns s tatio nary o n fi x ed w i ng in a c urren t o f air, w o uld be fo und to be exactly e ual to the fo rce ex erted by the breeze N o oth er ex pl anatio n o f the ph eno meno n is co ncei vable, and t hi s is s ub s tanti ally the ex pl anatio n s uggest ed by M r L an ” “ caster But he errs in his attempt to sho w th at a bi rd can soar as a res ult o f the acti o n o f g ravity alo ne, w itho ut descendi n g to ward the earth , that is, w itho ut sacrifici ng its energy o f posi tio n ent i al energy ) H pot e has apparently been led i nto thi s erro r ( by a mi sco nception o f the ph en o mena o f resul tant moti o n, o r by c o nfo undi n g fo rce and motio n ; for he as sumes th at wh en a body is d escendi ng un i fo rmly th ro ug h the atmosp here and is th erefo re meeti ng w it h atmo sph eri c res i stance e ual to its weigh t, it may , at the same t i me, by the actio n o f an upward l ateral fo rce res ul t ing fro m the c o nd ensatio n p rod uced by its descent, h ave an up ward l ateral motio n, so th at its verti cal ascent sh all e ual its
ing
paper
on
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ti l descent Thi s is obvio usly a mi si nterp retatio n o f t he ph eno mena ; fo r it is well k no wn th at the upward l ateral fo rce wo uld arrest the do wn ward motio n so th at t he cause o f the up ward motio n wo uld be i mmedi ately wi th d rawn and besid es it l eads to the abs urd co n c lusio n t h at the s eco n d ary eff ect o f g ravi tatio n t h ro ugh the co n d ensatio n and ex pansio n o f air may exceed that o f its di rect actio n Obvio usly the best t he bi rd can do to s ustai n his el evatio n in still air w ill be by s ui tabl e po s i t io n of his w i ngs to effect a suc cession o f d escent s an d ascents th us utilizi n g no t o nly the co n densatio n p rod uced by his descent but als o the mo men tu m ac ui red by his v elo c ity ver ca
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6 188
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th at soari ng bi rd s utilize two fo rces viz , s ravi ty and the motion o f t he at mo sph ere and th at w itho ut at m o g i s d escent a so ari ng ric m u h o io oth th th t p o d by h r n a r d c e e t n a e p bi rd cann ot fo r an i nstant mai ntai n ,undi mi ni shed his energy of o itio H ndriké s D es M oines I owa fan 14 1886 e s n E p I t follo ws therefo re,
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— ON T H E T r p as or TOOT H S T R UC T UR E 111 M arma ra T he t -
rifid
lo wer mol ar o f the genus Mo nachus and o f Meso nyx is in reali ty rep eated in t he cusps o f the mol ars o f U ng u l lata generally I n S us the seco nd upper mol ar cusp send s a lo ng basal p rocess fo rward and o ut ward to ward the cani ne cusp and may be sai d to rep resent the anterio r cusp ul e o f the trifid fig ure o f the pl an o f c usp it sel f wh il e the po st erio r c usp ul e is abo rted T he b ic uspid c usp ex hibits a small anterio r c usp ul e w hi ch ex tend s d i rectly o utward to reach the b ase o f the cani ne c usp Both the ri d g es fo rmed by th ese c uS pules are the fi rst to beco me wo rn Thi s pl an o f arrangement is repeated in several in mas t i catio n exti nct genera amo n g w hi ch may be menti oned Ph enaco dus an d H y raco th eri um ’ I n H y racotheriumcuspidatum the c usp ul e is pl aced obli uel y to the t rue mol ar c usp p reci sely as in Gy mnura i nstead o f b ei ng co nti n uo us w i t h t he c usp T he di fferences bet ween the cu p and the obl i ue p rolo ngatio n o f the fi rst mol ar c usp fo rward and ia ward b ei ng o ne o f deg ree o nly ‘ I n Pliolophus vintanus the arrangement o f the c usps appears to be exactly th at of S us T he o n ly features whi ch are l acki ng are t ho se o f t he h eel o f the tooth and the shapes of the c usp s thems elves It may be sai d th at the p resence o f ridges especi all y o f the o b li ue ridges enteri ng i nto the t rit urati n g s urfaces o f the too t h relate to the survi val o f the small basal c uspules o f the t rifid fig ure A s may be eas i ly s uppo sed the di rectio n o f the ridg es is s ubj ect to much vari atio n I n man s uch di rect io n is alo n g a li ne whi ch co nnec ts the fi rst mol ar and the bi cuspid c us ps and thi s arran gem In ent app ears agai n in Hi ppopotamus M astodon americanus and A cha no do n the c usps are w it ho ut c us p ul es whi ch are seen o nly in aberrant ex ampl es o f the l ast ‘ mol ars I n the former genus th ey have b een fig ured by L eidy T he ridges rep resenti ng t he cuspules are unnamed in any reg “ ular m They are said by Owen to exi st in the anner by aut ho rs ” h uman tooth o nly L eidy cal ls th em the accesso ry emi nences ” “the “ l esser t uber l etc They enter into the crests c es C Ope fo rm o f t he
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T he nomen clature of the cusps proposed by me i n 1874 (D ental Cosmos, xvr, p 6 17 ) is here fo llowed ’ C ope W heeler s S urvey, w , p 26 7, pl v , fig 18 ' I b1d, pl 1xv, fig 1 Exti nct Mammal ia o f D akota a r nd N ebraska, f l 1 2 x 1 , , , 4 5 p 3 5 p Odo ntography, p 4 53 ‘ ou j rn o f A cad o f Nat S ci , 1874
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M r a c h [
General N otes
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i nterstiti al ty pe of to oth of R yder They co nstit ute in part the ’ intermediate (medi an d enti cul es) c usps o f Gaudry T he obj ec t o f t he c usp ul e is to suppo rt the c usp to the base o fwhi ch it is attached I nd eed it p resents the fi rst attempt to modi fy the b unodo nt type o f dentitio n to ward the lophodo nt type It is c o nsi stently mai n tained o nly w h en t he st rai n o f i mpact is o f moderate amo unt S ho uld the st rai n bec ome ex cessive the l ateral bo rder o f the t oo t h ‘ is arch ed i nward as fi rst poi nted o ut by R yder I n the p resenc e o f t h ese stro ng arches o r fl utings the mai n surfaces o f att ri t io n n o lo nger need the b asal c usp suppo rts and th ey di sappear Thi s c h ange is ill ust rated in Paleosy ops and L imno hy us Wh en a tooth b eco mes w o rn and an i sl and o f denti ne appears at the s ummit o f t he c usp ul e it is o ften seen to be obli uel y placed to the mai n c usp Thi s is o ccasio nally seen in A cha no do n and Mast odo n and co nstantly in H ippopotamus A key is in thi s way afl pl ex tooth o f o rded to i nterp ret the i sl and s o f t he co m Phaco cha rus Ca e sho uld be tak en no t to be mi sl ed in applyi ng thi s method of i nterpretatio n to i nt ricate types o f tooth st ructure s uc h as Poly masto do n and its alli es fo r in th ese genera th ere ex ist t rue cusps o nly (c uspules bei ng enti rely absent) an d the thi rd ro w of i sl and s (wh en such ex i sts) bei n g s i m ply a li near row o f well defined ch aracters pl aced alo ng t he bo rd er o f the tooth A tooth th at has been for a lo ng ti me subj ected to t he ac tio n of a dil ute acid is enti rely dep rived o f its enamel and permi ts the s uper fic ies of the d enti ne to be cl early seen It is of i nterest to not e th at the c usp s upo n the d enti ne o f a tooth th us p rep ared whil e co rrespondi ng in a general way to those on the free enamel surface are suffici ently di sti nct th erefro mto afl o rd m ateri al fo r co mpari so ns and to suggest rel atio nships o f a di fferent ch aracter fro m tho se determi ned by the st udy o f the enti re t ooth Th us the d ent i ne c usps o f the p remol ars o f S us s uggest the fo rmo f t he co rrespo n d ing t eeth in Mo nachus and of Meso nyx T he c usps of the thi rd mol ar o f S us are striki ngly like the molars of the I nsectivo ra and o f lo wer mol ars o f t he genus Bath o sis I lik e m a n n e r t h n e y p denti nal surface o f an aberrant mol ar t ooth of man p resents t he essenti al feat ures o f teeth so remote as to recall t he type seen in ‘ C entetes Gy mnura Ch ryso chlo ri s as well as in the n umero us ancest ral types d escrib ed by C 0pe fro m t he N o rt h A m erican “ E ocene A p racti cal method of st udyi ng t eeth with the obj ect in vi ew o f .
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Proc of A cad of N atural S ciences, 187 8, 4 5 L es Enchainements da Monde A n imal, Paris, 1878, 70 L oc cit ‘ T he arrangemen t seen in S us is the same essentially as in Gymnura T he minute cuspule on the crown of the first upper mo lar is in precisely the same positio n as i n S us and, indeed, answers to it in every respect in the description of M r D i bson ex cept that it is not co nnected to the anterior in ner cus p as n amed by that author I t is a l1ttle c urious that the dental fo rmula o f Gym n ura is the sam e as in S us 1
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“R
epo rt
U S Geo S ur .
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of
T erri tory,
111, 18 84
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determi ni ng li nes of des ent is th us presented T he enamel organ o f generaliz ed types it w o uld seem furni sh es gro up s o f chara ters w hi ch are prob ably sec o nd ary in val ue si nce t he sev ( eral parts o f the o rgan i ndi ate w ide ranges o f vari at io n and o f ‘ r e v a a d a i s f e u t ti ty to tho yi ld d by od l tio e e h n s o t h e t e m a p ) g surfa es o f t he d enti ne H amson A llen .
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— N EXT R A OR D I NA R Y H UMA N D ENT I T I ON A gentl eman l ivi ng in Ch arles Ci ty Io wa recently ex hibi ted to me the follo w i ng re markabl e denti tio n To name the teeth fro m th ei r fo rms the formula wo uld be as follo ws : I 3 ; C 5 ; P111 M gs By po sitio u the fo r m s ul a w o uld read t hus : m r h ig t ide P C s; l eft side “ A “ ; M ii T he fi rst t rue mol ars in both j aw s have a s mall accesso ry lobe on the i nner side o f the ant erio r i nner t ub erc l e A b roth er o f thi s gentl eman has the follo wi n g dental fo rmul a : I 2; C M } A si ster p resents the Pm follo wing : I g C M 3 A g rand moth er has the Pm A
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inci so rs
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D Cope — — ZOOL OGI C A L N ews Echinodermata H A yers, who has st udi ed the spha ridia o f Echi noids bo th at C amb ridge and Bany ul s, asserts ( uart Jo ur M ic S ci N o v , 1885) th at th ese o rgan s h ave great spe i alizatio n of parts, especially o f the nerv e cell s, and that as befo re c o nsid ered p robabl e by L ovén, the evid ence at p resent is in favo r of the vi ew that th ey have the co mbi ned func tio ns o f taste and s ell S o und s do n ot appear to affect the spha ridia in the l east , whil e the s pi nes and pedi cell ari a are at o n e aff e t ed , and the adj a ent spi nes di re t t hemselves to ward the so ur e o f so un d D uring the Tali sman ex pedi tio n fifty fo ur S pe ies o f starfi sh were fo und , s o me fro m mo re t han 4 000 meters Thi rty five o f these speci es are new, and affo rd i nst ructive co m binatio ns o f ch aracters .
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—Paul
(Q
t Jo ur Mic S ci Oct 1885) des c ribes the cephali c appendages o f Cl io ne C lion opsis and Fro m thi s it appears that all th ese genera h ave Pneumodermo n two pai rs o f tentac les the po st erio r with eyes ; and that Clio ne and Pneumodermo n are al so posses sed o f b uccal appendages T he tenta w h ich in the latter genus are p rovided with s uc kers c les are p robabl y ho mologous with those o f o rdi nary gastropods Pro fesso r R ay L ankester calls attentio n to the fac t t hat six ty M
ollusca
Pelseneer
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T he more simple fo rms
those o f the molar seri es of the pec cary, erences between the enamel an d the dentine surfaces, an d it sho w scarcely any difl may be reasonably expected that the greatest contrasts will be seen in the teeth which o f teeth, such as
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mel the largest
mber of cuS pules and cing ula which bear ro ws of m T he pos itio n of all s mal l cusps bet ween the fo ur pri ncipal cusps ammilat io ns o f the bunodon t m olar is either direct ly between the cusps or placed obliq uely to them W hen in the positio n first named t hey represent the htg hes t d egree of special izati on attained by t he molars of the carnivo res o r they exhibit a tendency to ward When in t he develo pment of t he t ransverse ri dge o f the tapirod o nt typ e of too th the position last named the cuspule de cribed abo ve leads to the obliq ue crest seen in t e r s n o n h ena e e t p
nu
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s
Palaotheri umand its
allies
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a rch M [
General N otes
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five y ears
M r Benj Gaillo u mad e k no wn the fact th at the '
ago
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olo ri ng o f the European oyster (0 edulzls) is due to t he fact th at i t feed s upo n a di ato m the N orrieumostrearia Gaillo u Thi s has been pers i stently ig no red by the ad vocates o f the copper th eo ry po ssibly because o f the pec uli ar bl ue g reen o f the gill T he Navi cul a 1n uest i o n c o ntai ns a lamellat etc o f the oy ster bl ue green pigment di ffused th ro ugh its p rotoplasm This pig ment is abso rb ed by the blood o f the oyster from the co nten ts o f its ali mentary canal an d coll ect ed by certai n secretiv e cel l s whi ch are l imited to the s urface o f the b ranc hi a and t he ad o ral face o f the l abi al tentacles — A rthropoda J S Ki ngsl ey co nt rib utes to the uart Jo ur M ic so m e not es o n t he emb ry ology o f L i mu l us S c i ence (Oct H e regard s L i mul us as an arach n id but states th at it tak es us back to a ti me wh en the di sti nctio ns between the C rustacea and H e al so d esc ribes the A rach nida were far l ess mark ed th an n ow o utl et in the emb ryo o f the bri ck red gl and s Fro m an art i c l e in the uart J o ur M ic S ci ence by P ro fesso r A S edgwi ck it app ears th at th ere are tw o sp eci es o f P eripat us P capensis an d bal fouri T he l at ter has eighteen pai rs o f ful ly d evelo ped l egs and 15 T he mal e o rgan s o f small er s ize th an the better k n o w n S peci es o f P eripat us are a c o upl e o f bli n d t ub es un ited n ear t h ei r t er mi natio n It does not appear th at any po rtio n can be ex t ruded and the sp ermatopho res seem to be d epo s ited upo n any part even o n the h ead o f t he femal e Y et the uterus o f the femal e co n s i sti ng o f two t ub es clo sely appli ed is al way s full of emb ry o s — i s F hes D r J Beard gives as the res ult of a co nti nued st ud y o f the b ranchi al sense o rgan s in the I chthyopsida ( uart Jo u r M ic S ci N o v the c o ncl us io n th at at present w e a r e acquainted wi th n o invertebr ate ner vous sy stem which is built upo n r e e n c g
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meplait
as that of ver tebrates
the sa
— ds D r H ans Gado w
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mi ned the three spec ies o f R h ea T he lo ng bill ed appearance o f R maororlry nclza is due l es s to a larger st ro n ger bill th an to a narro wer and mo re sl end er T he th ree speci es have each thi rty th ree vert eb ra: fro m s k ull the atl as to and i nc l udi ng the fi rst p ri miti ve sac ral v ert eb ra bu t R macrorlzy neha has o ne cervi cal verteb ra mo re and o ne l umbar less th an the o th er spec i es R dar wmi is rest ri cted to Eas tern Patago ni a and S o uth eastern A rgenti na ; R macrorlzy ud ra to the p rovi nces of P ernamb uco and Bahi a ; whil e R americana ranges fro m Bolivi a and M atto Grosso to Urug uay b ut does no t seem t o f arwin e occur in the so uth eastern p rovi nces o f Brazil a In R the neck is sho rt est the fo reli mb lo ng est the toes lo ng est the bill sho rtest the sc utes o n the metatars us fewest Thi s is th us t he mo st di sti nct spec i es yet the lo ng neck and slender h ead o f R macror/zy nclta are suffi ci ent to di st i n g ui sh it M r S clater has d escribed a new Ph asi an us fro m N o rth ern A fgh ani stan T he wi ng s h ave a pat c h o f whit e an d the feath ers o f the b elly are Bir
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Embry olog y
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broadly ti pped w i th b right p urpli sh bl ack T he th i rd li st o f bi rd s co ll ected in Ecuador by M S to lzmann co ntai ns t wel ve new spec i es L T aczanowski and Co unt Berl epsch co nt rib ut e the arti cle (P Z S e general co n and the l atter append s so m siderati o ns o n the o rn itholo y o f W estern Ecuado r s fauna Thi g no w i nc l ud es 4 6 8spe i es besid es eighty five fro m Pi hi nch a, N an egal an d uito Eastern Ecuado r must be ri her in bi rd s s i n ce Mess rs S clater and S alvmstate th at M r Buckl ey oll ected n early 800 s peci es th ere It al so ap pears th at th ere are but few spe i es pec uli ar to Ec uado r as a whole It appears fro m a n o te o f Pro fesso r Owen, that the h eart o f the A pt eryx has ch aracters resembli ng tho se o f Orn i tho rhy nchus Thi s is especi ally the ase w i t h the auri c ulo ventri cul ar valve -
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E M BR Y OL
OG Y
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— D u i ng am
T H E D EV EL OPMENT OF A N UR t D A M A R rrt MA Gu r the latt er part o f the s ummer o f 1883 I had good oppo rt un i ti es to st udy the develop ment o f thi s i nteresti ng i nse t at Wood s Holl , Mass wh ere I fo und its ova, togeth er with the parent i nse ts in great n umbers under sto nes alo ng the b each j ust b elo w high w ater mark This appears to be the same speci es as is menti o ned by D r Packard in the U S Fi sh C o mmi ss io n repo rt for 187 1 and 7 2 p 54 4 T he ob servatio ns whi ch I h ave been abl e to make rel at e enti rely to s uc h ch anges in the egg as may be noted w ith refl ected and t rans mitted lig ht, as I did not p repare T he acco mp anyi ng plate rep se tio ns o f the egg s at the ti m e ent -o f thi s typ e, and I h ave resents several stages of the d evelop m als o fi g ured the ad ult so that it may be c o mpared with the g en era A c ho rutes, L ipura, A n ura, etc , to whi c h it is o bvio us ly very
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ly alli ed um in T he ad ul ts are bl ui sh g ray and meas ure abo ut 2 2 5 leng th ; ocelli ten five o n each s i de ; no sp ri ng o r el at er d ev el Oped ia the full g ro wn i nsect T he eggs are ui te opa ue o r p racti cally so wh en ob served with t ransmitted lig ht and meas ure 36 o f a mil li meter in di ame Th ey are di rty yellow in colo r and not white as are the eggs ter 2 of I soto ma d esc rib ed by D r Pack ard in his memoi r o n t he de ent o f that genus velOpm When the yo ung A nurida fi rst l eaves the eg g it st ro ngly resem bles A chorutes in the fo rm o f its body as may be gathered fro m Figs 3 and 4 and lik e the adul ts o f that genus is whi ti sh in col o r T he bl ui sh velvety appearance o f the i nteg ument o r cuti c ula which c h aracterizes the ad ult does not appear to be developed until so me d ays after h atchi ng or until o ne o r mo re T he egg s o f thi s speci es are ec dyses have b een acc o mpli sh ed near
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R vns R , S mithso n ian I nst itution , W ashingt o n , D C ' Embryo logical studies o n D iplax, Perithemis and the t hysan uro us g enus I so toma Mom Peabody A cad S ciences, Vol 1, No i t, 187 1, pp t s ar, plate 3
ited by JOH N A
1 Ed
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M a r c h [
General N otes
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l o over twi ce the di ameter o f tho se of I soto ma whi ch measure o n l y abo ut t 5 o f a milli m eter so that th ere is mo re eter in di am yolk presen t and d evelop ment is much mo re ex tremely mero b lasti c o r d ecidedly epicyemate in ch aracter T his will be evi d ent if Figs 9 t o u an d 12 are co mpared w i th the earli est stag es o f I so to m a fig ured by Pac k ard in the memoi r j ust c ited One feat ure in t he d evelo pment o f A nurida whi ch has i nt er ested me g reatly is the p resence o f a v ery rud i mentary spri ng o r el ater el s ho wn fro m b elo w in Fig 4 and fro m the s ide in Fig 3 Thi s appendage whi ch p robably rep resents a pai r o f d egenerate li mbs is p ro duced fro m t he anterio r i nferio r part o f the fo urth abd o mi nal seg ment but o n t he vent ral si de o f t he ad ult n o s ign o f its p resence is vi sibl e as may be g at hered fro m an ex ami natio n o f Fig I Thi s o rgan in A n urida does not ari se fro m t he pen ul ti mate seg ment as in I soto ma as stated by Packard but fro mthe antepen ulti m at e o r fo urt h abdo mi nal seg ment whi ch is in reali ty t he o ne fro m whi c h the el at er ari ses in such genera o f Coll em bol a as L epidocy rt us T riaena T o mocerus etc I n the j ust h atched l arval A nurida the el ater is developed to exactly the ‘ irabilis T ullb acco rdi n g to Brook sam e d eg ree as in T ria na m T he i nference th erefo re is th at the sp ri ngl ess genera o f Coll em bol a are d egenerated fo rms whi ch h ave descend ed fro m oth ers w hi ch were p rovid ed w i t h well devel o ped el aters I n fac t it is no w po ssibl e to t race t he grad ual d egeneratio n o f the el ater th ro ugh the genera A cho rutes X eny lla T riaena and the yo ung L i nki ng thi s seri es wi th o f the s pec i es und er co ns id erati o n h ere those h avi ng a mo re develo ped el ater and tenac ul um and these agai n with suc h fo rms as C ampod ea and Mac hili s we reali ze w hat a rem ark abl e seri es of di fferenti al ch anges t he abdo mi nal appen dages of the Thysanura and Coll embol a h ave undergo ne starti ng p robably fro m the stil l less mo difi ed S ymphyl a in whi ch there is n o di f ferenti ation even between the appendag es o f the tho rax and abdo m en T he earli est stages were not co nsid ered as the o va were too Opa ue to be st udi ed by t ransmitted light and the earli est i nti ma tio n o f the formatio n of the germ is sho wn in Fig 8at g o the germ band b ei ng vi ewed in p rofil e t ransversely o r fro m o ne end T he germ band o r ventral pl ate fo rms a pro no unced thi c ken i ng whi ch li es on o ne side o f the vitell us wi th its lo ngest di ameter coi n Thi s germi nal band c idi n g w it h the lo nger di ameter o f the eg g s oo n b eco m es w i dest anterio rly as sho wn by the t ransverse pro F ro m th ese and file vi ews o f it rep resented by Figs I t and 12 a l ateral p rofil e vi ew (Fig 10) o f the same stage I h ave con st ruct ed the di ag ramm ati c rep resentatio n (Fig 9 ) o f the g erm band as it wo uld be seen by reflected light o r as an opa ue i ci rc umference o f t he obj ec t ex tendi ng o ver very n early a sem
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L inn S oc L on don, xvu, .
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188 2,
pp
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2 14
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l fi s a n d u 7 , p g .
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12 .
it ll n the l at er p rofil e (Fig 10) the germban d shows t he app en dages o f the em b ryo develo ped as foll o ws : the antenna at t he mandibl es md the max ill a rn x t he t hree pai rs o f l eg s I 2 an d 3 the co llo pho ral seg ment 1 and the follo wi ng abdo mi nal seg m ents up to V 1 I n t he n ex t stag e w hen it may be said th at the emb ryo is al read y b egi n ni ng to l eng then as sho wn in Fig 7 the vent ral pl ate wi th its appendages is n o lo nger co nv ex w h en vi ewed l aterally 1n p rofi le b ut b eco mes s tro ngly co ncave o r b ent u p o n it sel f and it th en appears as if it had b een sho rt ened the emb ry o ni c append ages b ei n g al so much c ro wd ed togeth er at t hei r d istal en ds as sho w n in Figs 6 and 7 w hi ch rep resent the same s tage vi ewed fro m in fro nt and in p rofil e I n the co urse o f fur t her develop ment the emb ryo i ncreases still mo re in l ength as s h o wn in Fig 5 w h en it may be said th at the d efi n itive fo rm o f t h e parent an i mal b egi ns to be obvio us By thi s ti me the li mbs D uri ng the an d antenna h ave b eco me d efi ni tely seg mented ea rli er stages the li mb s anten na collopho re etc had t he fo rm of m ere bl unt pai red papill a o r o f bl unt cl avate ten tac l e lik e r u t a e r s u a i d o g o w th f r o m h l t l s s o f h v n t l pl t e or e r a r f c e t e r a t a e a e p elo n gated germi nal area T he ch ang es whi ch determi ne the app rop ri ati on of the yolk o r w h eth er a do rsal o rgan is d eveloped w hi ch tak es part in thi s o r n o t as h eld by K o rotnefl in the case o f Gryllotalp a are poi n ts w hi ch h ave not b een mad e o ut This as well as the manner in w hi ch the bl astod erm is fo rmed can o n ly be made o ut by means o f sectio ns T he egg s as well as the ad ult an i mal s are not readily wetted I h ave s uc ceeded in har w ith water o r even in dil ute al co hol d en i ng th em by t reat i n g th em fi rst w ith weak al c ohol and after w ards pl aci n g th em ia dil ute ch ro mi c acid o r M ii ller s fl uid T he eg g o f thi s spec i es after the fo rmatio n o f the germi nal a e i s in vested by an i nner coveri n g i and an o uter o ne ii as l t p s ho wn 1n Figs 8 and 10 By very careful manip ul atio n under a c om presso r the o uter o ne may be rupt ured wh en it will be dis c overed th at the i nner o ne is wri nkl ed in the mo st s i ng ul arly s y mm et ri cal fashio n as rep resented in Fig 8 Wh eth er thi s sec o nd wri n kl ed cov eri ng is the sero us en v elo pe o r amn ion I am n ot c ertain It may be that it is a c uti c ul ar c hiti no us secretio n fro m l t he cell s of t he bl astod erm such as has been fo und by Ki ng s l ey t o i nvest the emb ryo o f L i mul us whil e yet in t he egg I nside t he seco nd egg en velope and bet ween it and the ov um p roper t h ere is a very c o nsid erabl e perivitelli ne spac e pr dev eloped I mperfec t as th ese notes are I p ubli sh th em fi rst b ecause the develop ment of thi s fo rm difl ers g reat ly in its external feat ures fro m th at of I so to ma described by Pack ard ; seco ndly b ecause t he develop ment of thi s typ e recapit ul ates v ery b ri efly the d evel
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N otes
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the e bryology of
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Journ Mic .
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S ci
Oct
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18 85
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ch M a r [
General N otes
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t i ti c of the Coll embola i ndi s t o me th at th at o rgan in the genera in w hi ch cati n g as it seem it is ab sent o r rudi mentary has been lo st th ro ugh degeneratio n and th irdly becaus e the eg g is mo re decid ed ly merobl ast i c o r — t el eplasmi c th an th at of I so toma 3 01mA R y der
ment
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PH Y S I
R
C OMMI T T EE
OL OG Y
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‘ .
D I S I NFECT A NT S OF T H E A ME R 1C A N — P us n e H EA L T H A ssoc 1A T 1ON A littl e mo re than a year ag o the P ubli c H eal th A ssoci atio n sti rred up by the p rospective speedy advent o f cho lera in thi s co unt ry took steps to armbo th practitio n ers o f medi c i ne and the p ub li c at l arge agai nst n o t o nly th at d is germs ease but all ail ment s s uppo sed to o w e t h ei r ex i stence to A co mmitt ee was ap poi nted co ns i sti ng o f D rs S t ernb erg and S mart o f the A rmy R ay mo nd o f Brookly n Vaugh an o f A nn A rbo r L eed s of N ew J ersey W atki ns o f New Orl eans and R ohé o f Balti mo re to i nvesti gate the effici ency o f the vario us obtai nabl e germi c i des an d anti septi cs in resp ect to sanitatio n an d p reventiv e medi ci ne P robably no mo re co mpetent and co nscien tio us wo rkers than are so me if no t all o f the members of thi s ‘ c o mmitt ee co ul d h av e b een cho sen to carry o ut t hi s difl icult T he repo rt Opens by cl eari ng away a commo n co n und ertaki n g fusio n of terms A n a ntiseptic is a s ub stance w hi ch si mply pre ven ts o r arrests the d evelop ment of bact eri al o rgani sms a disin fectant o r g ermicide is a s ub stance whi ch kill s t h em A ll disin fectants are anti septi cs b ut n ot all anti septi cs are disi n fectan ts T he wo rk o f the co mmitt ee was li mit ed to the st udy o f the dis infect i n g p rop erti es o f the s ub stances i nvestigated T he repo rt co nsi sts partly o f the descriptio ns of o rigi nal ex peri ments an d partly o f hi sto ri cal essays embodyi ng the resul ts o f the mo st t rust wo rthy i n vestigato rs in th i s fi eld T he general reader wo uld search in vai n the mass o f b acteri a lit erat ure to fin d s o me d efi nite idea o f the co mp arative v al ue o f di f ferent disin fec tant s ; but in the w o rk b efo re us t he c o n fusio n is red uced to a mi ni mum because the many di fferent s ub stances i nvestigated are c o nsidered fro m the same standpoi nt and after the same methods I t means very litt le wh en o ne ex peri menter d ecl ares th at ch ro mi c ac i d fo r ex ampl e is an anti sept i c in the p ropo rtio n 1 1000 an d ano ther th at carboli c acid has the same po wer wh en o f the st ren gth t s n r a e t h e h n e t r f t e m r e c e n o f r o o c t d th g ood 1 00 o t h e m f e r ; 5 g sol utio n the g reat er must be the co ncent ratio n o f the ant i sep ti c to be effi ci ent and a percentage of an ti septi c th at wo ul d prevent the development o f germs fo r the space Of th ree d ays migh t be lived do wn by b acteri a in t he co urse o f s ix Mercuri c chlo rid e as a di si nfectant easily stand s at the h ead o f A s thi s sub stance is a viol en t s ub st ances readily obt ai n abl e OF
EPOR T
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T his depart ment is edited by Professor H ENR Y S EWA L L , o f A
nn
A rbor, M ichig an
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i o n obj ectio n has been mad e to its use th at wh en th rown i nt o vau lts it mig ht s oak th ro ug h the earth an d co ntami nate the d ri n k in g water in well s o r ci sterns ; D r V augh an ho wever has s ho wn that wh en sol utio ns o f mercuri c chlo rid e are filtered th ro ug h v ar io us ki nds o f s oil the fil trate co ntai ns n o t race o f merc ury ; posed in the earth t h e bi ch lo ride h avi ng p rob ably b een deco m t he mercury fo rmi n g i n sol ubl e salts w ith carbo nates an d pho s s with whi ch it has co m s u h a t a s i to o t t d tiv tio e e n n c I t e t r c e a c n c p o n l ead pip es p resents o ne i mpo rtant obj ectio n to the do mesti c S o me bacteri al o rgani sms rep rod uce us e o f the merc ury sal t t h emselv es by means o f spo res an d th ese l atter are very much mo re resi stant toward germi cidal i nfl uence than are the active T he co n cl us io ns arri ved at by the co mmittee are o f o r gan i s ms s o g reat p ract i cal i m po rtance and are so co nci sely stated that th ey W 111be stated h ere nearly in extenso T he most useful agents fo r the d estruct io n o f spo re co ntai n i ng in fectio us materi al are : 1 Fire Co mpl et e d est ruct io n by b urn ° ° 2 S team under pr essur e 1 10 in g C (230 Fah r ) fo r ten min o B o i l i w a h r id e m e o n t e r u r l li n f ho i o r o n e to C 1 ut es 4 f 4 3 g M e u c c h l o r id e u r c s n r cen t sol ut io n r i ol tio f A o I 00 e 5 5 p For the d estructio n o f i n fectio us materi al whi c h o wes its i nfecti n g h m o m itt o wer to mi cro o rgan i sms n ot contai ning spor es t c e e e p Co mpl et e d est ructio n by b urni ng 2 1 Fir e r eco mmend s : ° e a a r F h r h t 0 2 0 1 B oiling in w ater h al f an ho ur D 1 C y 3 (3 ) s l n d h or i e l i m e e c n t e u t ol tio 1 o r fo r two ho urs C 4 p 4 f 5 M s u e r n n to r e t ol t io 6 2 e c 0 S olution of chlori nated soda 5 p u u h r l A sol utio n o f 1 1000 to I : 4 000 S 7 p d ioxide Expo se fo r twelve ho urs to an at mo sph ere co ntai n i ng at least 4 vol umes per cent o f thi s gas p referably in p resen ce o f moi s t u re (thi s re ui res the co mb us tio n o f 3 to 4 lbs s ulph ur fo r ev ery 8 Car bolic acid 2 to 5 per cent 10 00 c ubi c feet o f air space) u h a e c o e r l o t to u 2 r c e t s ol tio n 1 0 e s o l ut io n S n f pp 5 p 9 p C hlor ide of z inc 4 to 10 per cent sol utio n T he co mmittee wo uld mak e the follo wi n g reco mmendatio ns w i th reference to the p racti cal appli catio n o f t h ese ag ents fo r dis i n fecti n g p urpo ses For excreta —(a) I n the s i ck roo m: Fo r spo re co n tai n i ng materi al 1 Chlorid e of li me in sol utio n 4 per cent 2 Mer u f a a n h e a dditio n a e u l 0 c uric c hlo rid e in sol utio n 1 t o 0 n 5 ( anganate as a deo do rant and to give colo r t o t ity o f po tass i umperm I n the ab sence o f spo res ; carboli c t he sol utio n is reco mmen d ed) i u t i u lph a t e f opp e r n s ol o n S o c acid in sol ut io n 5 per cent 4 r f e h u n n b e n I r e t C lo id e o zi n i n s ol io 1 r c t n c c t 0 e 5 5 p p () u s ; m rc uri c chlo rid e in sol ut io n 1 r o r i vy v lt Chlo id e e f 00 a 5 p l i me in po wder (it is well to dil ute by mi x in g with pl aster of pari s o r c l ean san d) a n e n oil d d lothi g i u r l n For clothing bedding etc e n e c b e d S () 1 D est ructio n by fire if o f littl e val ue etc 2 Boi li n g fo r at m i f m r r i e u t i n o I i o c i c c hl d leas t hal f an h our m e r n n s l e r u o s o o 3
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rc M h a [
General N otes
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th 1 2000 fo r fo ur ho urs 4 I mmersio n in a 2 per r m s h n w a cent sol ut io n o f carboli c acid fo r fo ur ho urs b G e t hi c () w o uld be i nj ure d by the above t reatment : 1 Ex po sure to d ry ° ° heat at a t emperat ure o f 1 10 C (2 30 Fah r ) fo r t wo ho urs 2 F umigat io n w i th sul ph uro us acid gas for at l east t welve ho urs t he c lo t hi ng bei ng freely expo sed and the gas p resent in the d is in fectio n chamber in the p ropo rtio n o f 4 vol umes per cent (c) M att resses and bl an kets soil ed by the di sch arges o f the s i ck — D est ructio n by fire 2 Exposure to super heated steam 2 5 — lbs p ress ure fo r o ne ho ur (matt ress es to be freely o pen ed) 3 I mmersio n in boili ng water fo r o ne ho ur 4 I mmersio n in solu tio n o f mercuri c chlo ride and s ulph ate o f copper F urni ture and arti cl es o f wood l eath er and po rcel ai n washi ng sev eral ti m es repeated with 1 S ol ut io n o f merc uri c chlo rid e 1 i n u 1000 o 2 S ol utio n o f chlo rid e o f li me 1 per cent S ol t 3 of carbo li c acid 2 per cent — For thepersonL T he h and s and general s urface of the body of att endants o f the s i ck and o f co nval escents at the ti me o f thei r d i scharge fro m the ho spi tal 1 S ol utio n o f chlo ri nat ed s od a 1 to u o f a u n M e c r i w e r e n s r C b li id t ol ti r c t 2 a o c a c 2 r c e o 9 3 p c hlo rid e 1 1000 ; the l att er reco mmend ed o n l y fo r the h an d s o r for was hi n g away i n fectio us m ateri al fro m a li mited area n ot as a bath fo r t he ent i re s urface o f the body For the dead —Envelo pe t he body in a s h eet tho ro ughly sat u rated w i t h : 1 C hlo ride o f li me in sol utio n 4 per cent 2 M er i s u n c uric c hlo ride in sol utio n 1 r a c n C boli id ol tio c a 00 5 3 e r c t e n 5p t
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C ENT E R Our k no wl edge o f the respi rato ry center d ates fro m the wo rk o f L e H e lo cat ed thi s cent er Gal loi s in the early part o f thi s cent ury in the med ulla oblongata co n fi n i ng it i nd eed to a very li mited po r tio n o f the med ull a in the regio n o f the o rigi n of the vagus nerv e Flo urens repeated L e Gallo is s ex peri ments and localized the cen ter to a small spo t in the g ray matter at the l evel o f the cal amus scr ipto ri us w hi ch he named the na n d vital L ater wo rk ers demo nst rated th at the respi rato ry cent er o f the med ull a is b il at eral L o ng it udi nal sectio ns alo ng t he middl e li ne of the med ul la do not p revent the respi rato ry movements fro mtaki ng pl ace N o part o f p hysiology seems to h ave b een mo re generally accepted th an the ex i stence of thi s center in the med ull a tho ugh its ex act po sitio n has al ways been and is still a matter of co ntroversy I n 187 3 Gi erke m ad e a tho ro ugh i nvest igatio n o f t he s ubj ect his method b ei ng to mak e lesso ns o f di fferent po rtio ns o f the med ull a as narro w ly lo calized as po ss ibl e ; and after ob servi n g the effec ts Of his sectio n to h ard en the med ull a and st udy the l esio n b y means o f microsc0pic sec tio ns H e fo und th at d estructio n of a sm all area in the regio n o f the end of the cal amus sc ri pto ri us o n bo th sides was follo wed by a co mpl ete c essatio n o f the respira R
EC ENT
I
NVES T tGA T tONs
ON T H E R ES PI R A T OR Y
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t dy o f thi s regio n c o nvi nced him that t he spot who se d est ruc tio n had t hi s effect was a b undl e of nerve fibers lyi n g o utsi de o f t he n ucl eus o f the spi nal ac cesso ry nerve and belo w the n ucl eus o f the po st erio r py ramid Thi s res ult was o f c o urse v ery unsati sfacto ry A cco rdi ng to the p res ent co nceptio ns o f physiolog i sts nerv e cent ers must al way s con si st of nerve cell s and it is no t co n ceiv abl e th at auto mati c stimul i can arise in nerve fi bers I f i nv estigatio ns had rested h ere t hi s ferent coll ectio n o f fibers co uld o n ly b e looked upo n as the ef fi bers fro m a cent er whose locatio n had not yet been determi ned Other physiologi sts h ave den i ed the ex i stence of a respi rato ry center in the med ull a al togeth er hol di ng that the centers govern ing the respi rato ry movements are s i t uated in t he spi nal co rd While ot h ers have describ ed respi rato ry centers in the floo r Of the third ven t ri c l e o r in the c o rpo ra uad rigemi na in the g ray matt er surro un di n g the a ued uct of S ylvi us T wo i nteresti ng co mmu nicatio ns o n thi s subj ect h ave appeared recently in the C ent ral blatt fl M ed Wi ss N os 27 and 34 1885 U nfo rt unately these invest igations h ave giv en difl erent res ul ts so th at we are still l eft in do ubt as to the lo catio n o f the med ull ary c enter t ho ug h it lo oks as if t he p robl m was very near its fi nal sol utio n rst co m fi T e h e municatio n No 27 is by Mis lawsky H e states th at Gi erk e s b undl es have n othi ng to do w it h the respi rato ry movements I nj ury to th em in any part o f th ei r co urse does not p revent respi rat io n H e loc alizes the respi rato ry cent re ia a n umber o f nerve cell s fo rmi n g an i rreg ul ar g ro up o n eith er s id e o f the raph e lyi ng bet ween it and t he root o f t he hypoglo ssal nerv e T he bo und a ries o f thi s center lie b et ween the base and poi nt o f the cal amus scripto rius fro m b efo re bac k and in a do rso vent ral d irectio n bet ween t he olives and the g ray sub stance o f the fl oo r o f the D est ructio n o f thi s centre o n both sides co m fo urth ventri c le u ry to on e sid e m m e n s w e n op pi to y ov e t hil i j l h r a r s s t e r e e l s t t e p y T he efferent affects t he respi rato ry mov emen ts o f th at s id e al o ne fibers fro m thi s center to the spi nal o rigi n o f the nerves of the I n N o 34 7 respi rato ry m usc les lie o uts ide o f Gi erk e s b und l e He o f the C entralhlatt Gi erk e repli es to M islawsky s c riti ci s m states po s i t iv ely th at the g ro up o f cell s described by M islaw sky as the respi rato ry center do es no t ex i st ; th at t he lo cali ty atio n assig ned to it is o c c upi ed enti rely by the reti cul ar form an d it is the scattered cel ls o f t hi s fo rmatio n w h ic h M islaw T he d i sposit io n sky has mi stak en fo r a d efi nite nerve center o f t he nerve c ell s in the reti c ul ar fo rmatio n he fi nd s to be v ery irreg ular in di fferent mammali a and in no c ase was th ere any ferenti ated fro m the co ll ect io n o f th ese cell s th at co uld be di f remai n i ng c ell s of the fo rmatio n Gierke states th at his l atest i nvesti g atio ns h ave c onv inced him that the b und le o f fibers p revio usly d esc ribed by him as t he res u x e m i e n n o c t i n hol t t a f c n n s i t s e b e r n r v e e e n t e i t r w r r a o o a y p
to ry
movements
MicroscOpic
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M rc h a [
General N otes
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these cel ls are in c o nnectio n wit h the fib ers of the b un dl es Thi s di scovery tak es away the th eo reti cal Obj ectio ns t o Gi erk e s p revio us res ults and if his wo rk can be co rrobo rated w i ll c h e n m a e r l t e x i s t e c e o f a d u ll y r e s pi to y c n t e po n t a r e r a e r s i u a s a p facto ry ex peri mental bas i s Bo t h co mmun i catio ns are p reli mi nary to mo re ex tensi ve papers sho rtly to be p ubli s h ed W H H owell johns H opkins University ll
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P S Y C H OL
OG Y
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—I n his ex cell ent wo rk o n
A NT H R OPOt O A PES lo g ist mai n ant hro poid apes P ro fesso r H artman , the Berli n zoO tai ns t hat ant hropoid apes in nat ure dev elop an i ntelligence whi c h set s th em hig h abov e t he o th er mamm Th ey do not ho w al s ever di spl ay the keen ness o f scent and ui c k n ess o f s igh t wh i ch di sti ng ui sh so me ani mal s o f a lo wer o rd er such as an i ne beasts o f prey and rumi nants mani fest in many di fferent ways T he st rue t ure o f th ei r nest s is rude in co mpari so n with th at o f s o me ot her — mammal s as fo r exampl e, o f rodent s But we must not forget th at several o f the lo wer races o f men , s uch as the deg rad ed Bedj a the Obo n go , the F ueg ians many abo rigi nes o f the Bra o res ts and the A ust rali an bl ack , scarcely ri se above the in zilian f art ificial str uct ure o f an anth ropoid s nes t in the o nstru tio n o f I
NT E L L 1GENC E
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th ei r h uts T he autho r uotes Falkenstei n s d escriptio n of a go rill a : H is s pec ial u n s s m r s ood h o a d hy n e s th og u i s h ss d e r v s o r a r r n e e e r e g mentio n as his st ro ngest characteri sti c Wh en he was chastized as it was necessary to do at fi rst he nev er resented the p un i sh ment but came up with a beseechi ng air cli ngi n g to my feet and looki ng with an ex p ressive air whi ch di sarmed all di spleas ure W hen he was anx io us to obtai n anythi ng no child c o uld have If ex p ressed its wi s h es in a mOre urgen t and cares si n g manner in spite o f thi s he did no t ob tai n what he wanted he had re co urse to c un ni n g an d looked anx io us ly abo ut to see if he was watch ed It was j ust in these cases when he ob sti nately p ursued a fi x ed idea th at it was i mpo ss ibl e no t to recog n ize a d elib erate plan an d careful cal cul atio n I f for exampl e he was no t allo wed to leave the roo m o r ag ain was n o t allowed to co me in hewo uld after sev eral attempts to hi e s o n h b a fl i e d pp a r tl e t w a d a e n b w a e n y g y sub mit to his fate and lie down near the doo r in uestio n w it h But he soo n rai sed his head in o rder to assumed i ndi fference ascertai n wheth er fo rt une was o n his side edgi n g hi msel f g rad u ally nearer and nearer and th en loo ki n g carefully ro und he t wi sted hi msel f abo ut until he reached the th reshold ; th en he o t u e e r e u u c a s r p d tio ly o d ith bo d g llop n a n w o u n d e d u e a n g p f so ui ckly th at it was di ffi c ult to follo w him of H e p ursued his obj ect w ith e ual perti naci ty wh en he fel t a des i re fo r the sugar o r fruit whi ch was k ept in a c upboard in the eating roo m; he wo uld s udd en l y l eave ofl pl ayi ng and g o in an .
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Psy choloy
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t di rectio n o nly alteri ng his co urse when he believed that he was n o lo nger ob served H e th en went st raight to the ro o m and c upboard Opened it and mad e a ui ck and d ex tero us snat ch at the s ugar bo x o r fruit bas ket so meti mes closi ng the c upb oard doo rs behi n d him befo re begi nni ng to enjoy his pl under o r if he was di s covered he wo uld escape with it and his wh ole b eh avio r made it c lear th at he was co nscio us o f transg ressi ng i nto fo rbi d den path s H e too k a spec i al and what mi ght be call ed a c hild ish pleasure in maki ng a noi se by beati n g o n h o llo w arti c l es and he seldo m o mitted an Oppo rt unity o f d rumming on cask s di shes or tin t rays wh enever he passed by th em a n oi sy amusem ent to w hi c h he was muc h addi c ted d uri ng o ur ho meward voyage o n board the steam vessel in whi c h he was at liberty to roam abo ut Mafuca for a whi le was pleased with the c o mpanio nship o f a sea cat m onk ey but she teased the c reat ure so muc h that a spec i al refuge was set apart fo r it i nto whi c h she c o uld no t en ter S he was so s cared and terrified by a h eavy th under sto rm t hat she seiz ed her sl eepi ng pl ay fellow by the tail and d ash ed it to t he gro un d S he ch ased the mi c e whi ch ran abo ut the cage w it h S he was muc h afrai d o f snakes whi ch i s no t usually deadly fury the case w ith c hi mpan zees I f she was l eft alo ne any ti me she t ri ed t o Open the lo c k o f her c age wit ho ut h avi ng t he key and she On th at occasio n she st o l e the o n c e s ucceed ed in doi ng so k ey whi ch was h ang ing on the wall hid it in her ax ill a and c rept h s d s t a e k e e h i tly b c k to c g i h h e ily op u e a e e t h e n e t e W t a y q lo c k and she also k new how to use a gi ml et S he wo uld d raw bl e up to so me place o ut of reach o ff her k eeper s boo ts sc ram w ith them and th row th em at his h ead wh en he ask ed fo r th em S he c o uld wri ng o ut wet c loth es and bl o w her nose with a h and k erchi ef Wh en her i ll ness began she b ecame apath eti c and lo o ked abo ut with a v acant unobs ervant stare just b efo re her d eath fro mc ons umptio n she put her arms ro und S chO s e c f n k p w h en he came to vi sit her look ed at him pl acidly ki ssed him T he last t hree ti mes st ret ch ed o ut her h and to him and di ed ” moments of anth ropoid s h ave t hei r tragi c side — D R PR EY E R s C R I T I C I S M OF TE L E PA T HY P ro fesso r P reyer o f w i s research es i nto hyp noti sm the de w e n n u h e n a ll k o th o gh r J v elopment o f the i n fant mi nd etc does not beli eve i n t el epathy and attempts in a twenty page arti c le to give the readers o f the i u h e ry R undschau the reaso ns f r s k pti c i m s iti i a n a o s s H i c r s m c s J are co nfi ned to the P ro c eedi n gs o f the S o c i ety for Psychi cal R e ber 1882 numbered 100 and search in L o n do n whi c h in S eptem a y ear ag o 5 20 memb ers i nc l udi ng 14 0 w o men With t ruly Ger man co ntempt fo r the femi ni ne i ntellect D r P reyer remarks th at the l arge n umb er of femal e memb ers and parti c ipat o rs sho ws at t he very o utset th at a st ri ctly sci entifi c spi rit canno t be regarded ” But si nce the so ci ety as und erlyi ng the s o c iety s p ro ceed ings has assumed such l arge di mensi ons as to h ave its sp ec i al h ead —“O m O
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c h M a r [
General N otes
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t lib rary and s i nce it i ncl udes amo n g its active o r ho no rary memb ers such names as Bal fo ur S tewart L o rd R ay leigh P ro fesso r Bo wdit ch M r C rook es and M r A R Wall ac e P reyer thi nk s it wo rt h whil e to ex ami ne thei r p ro ceedi n gs er i ti cally so as to cautio n his co unt ry men agai nst th ese usel ess p r o and p rev ent if po ssibl e the fo rmatio n o f a s i mi lar ceed ing s any P reyer s analyses o f a n umb er of the 6 0 0 s o c i ety in Germ repo rt ed cas es o f t el epat hy are ex ceedi ngly i n g en io us an d s ub t le Tho ugh he co ncedes th at the possibility o f tho ught t ransferen c e cann ot be di sp ro ved he mak es o ut a good case th at the ex pe r i menters ig no red so urces o f erro r whi ch viti ate th ei r co ncl us i o n s Es pec i ally i ngen io us is his ex pl anatio n o f the co untl ess ways in w hi ch the t wo perso ns to be ex ami ned can c o mmuni cate w i t h — as by means o f each other if in the same o r adjoi n i n g roo ms di fferent noi ses made in b reathi ng t hro ugh the mo uth o r no s e movements with the foot gnashi ng o f the teeth etc ; remember ing at the same ti me that i n divid ual s o wi ng to g reat nervo us s u s ceptibility o r to t rai n i n g are en do wed wi th as ab no rmal ac utenes s o f the senses as are hyp n o tiz ed perso ns I n L iverpo ol fo r exam l w gi rl s were ex ami ned who cl ai med t hat o ne co uld t ell e t o p w hat the o th er ate if the l att er was allo wed to put her h and o n A sid e fro m the fact th at th ere mig ht hav e the fo rmer s s ho ulder b een a p rearranged alph abet o f sig ns th ro ugh p ress ure o n t h e s ho ul der th ere was the p rob abili ty t hat o ne o f the gi rl s had a very ac ute sen se o f s mell T he res ul t sho wed th at in thi rty tw o t ri al s o nly six an swers came o ut co rrect and in five o f th ese cas es I n other i nstances wh e re t he s ubstance used had a st ro ng o do r o ne o f the perso ns un der ex ami natio n p ut s the uestio n hi msel f t o t he o th er P reyer poi nts o ut that the w hol e secret may be b et rayed by speci al accents placed o n certai n wo rds in the same way th at dogs can be taught to pi ck o ut certai n card s to add an d sub trac t by emph asizi ng certai n wo rd s T he cases o f all eged action o f o n e mi nd o n anoth er at g reater di st ances P reyer regard s as eith er d ue to coi nci denc e to fraud t o hall uc i natio ns to i nco rrect repo r t i ng o r to l ack o f accurate ob servat io n whi ch always di ffic ult is mo re especi ally so in the reg io n o f psychi c p heno mena I n co n el usio n he poi nts o ut t hat savages asc rib e n o thi ng to c hanc e w hil e wi t h p rog ressiv e ci vilizatio n we see mo re and mo re ho w many th at appear to be rel ated as cause and effect are mere coi n uar ers and a
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— The N ation ciden ces .
M ENA U L T
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I NT EL L I GE NC E OF A N 1MA L s s is a v ery readabl e an d pl easantly ill us t rated book fill ed w ith anecdotes o f ani mal s o f all g rades fro m an ts t o apes Wh en the o rigi nal boo k ap nault do es w e a r e d e do n o k n o i s o s f n t s M e t i n a c n o u a w b u t h c t p n o t men tio n t he recent w ri ti ng s o f F o re] L ubbo ck o r M cC o o k ’
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Vlfon ders o f Man an d N ature T he I ntellig ence o f A n imals, w ith illustratiye k anecdotes o Fromthe Fren ch o f Ernest Menault I llustrated C harles e w Y r N , ’ S cribn er s S ons, 1885, 121110 l
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th er po rtions M o rgan s wo rk o n the b eaver o r R o manes exc ell en t b oo k d o no t seem to h ave b een k no wn to the autho r o r his t rans l ato r I n deed the autho rs uoted are l argely French t ho ugh the recent remarkabl e pap ers an d bo o k s o f Favre are n o t referred to T he book is not th erefo re to be classed w i th t he mo re cri t i cal and autho ritative wo rks o f the autho rs whi ch we have named tho ug h it is a very i nteresti ng coll ectio n o f anec dotes whi c h th ro w mo re o r l ess lig ht o n the mental po wers o f ani mal s parti c ul arly o f tho se do mesti cat ed by man T he c uts ” “ are attracti v e b ut th at o f the chi mpanzee at tabl e carvi ng w ith a kni f e an d fo rk and filli ng his gl ass fro m a bott l e h eld in a tig ht s a coil o t i l r s h hi p e n t s a r e a io n f h e s t dio r t h e r t a e r e c t o t a a n u f res ult o f the p ro cesses o f evol utio n in re tail s
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A NT HR
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OPOL OG
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OF T H E BUR EA U OP ET H NOL OGY r
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overi ng the Bureau o f Eth n ology and b eari n g the i mp ri nt o f 1884 has j ust ap peared co ns i sts o f the repo rt o f the di recto r, M ajo r ] W of
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T he vol ume Po well , and sc i entifi c papers H ol mes and S teven so n
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by Tho mas D all M atthews Do rsey ,
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Maj or Po well s
vi ews the wo rk o f the Bureau in the fi el d and in the o ffi ce epito mizes the sci entifi c papers in t he vol u me and clo s es w i th a very s uggest i ve c h ap ter o n acti vi tal s imi T he resembl ances whi ch h ave b een n oti ced in h uman la rities a rts and i nventio n s th ro ug ho ut the wo rl d ari se acc o rd ing to the es say in the fo ur follo wi ng ways ’
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A utogeno us similari ties
D ue to co ncausati on A dven tit1o us
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S yngen ous similarities
D ue to D ue to
cog natio n
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accult uration
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is, th i ngs may ari se i nd epend en tly fro msi mil ar causes th ey may be si milar merely by accid ent ; they may have co me abo ut t hro ugh the same race o r th ei r descend an ts ; o r o ne p eopl e may h av e l earned th em fro m an o th er T he c h apter co nc l udes w ith n i ne rul es, fo r the di scovery o f w hi ch o ne o f t he causes has been acti ve in any case Mr Tho mas p ap er, enti t led N otes o n certai n M aya and M ex i pari so n o f two pl ates in the Co dex C o r c an Man usc ript s, is a co m t es ian us w it h t he M ex i can cal en dar sy st ems to s ho w the co nnec Th at all the Cent ral T he autho r say s t io n bet ween t he two A meri can natio n s had al endars s ub stanti ally the same in p ri n ci Thi s o f it sel f wo uld i ndi cat e l a s the Mex i can , is well k no wn e p a c o mmo n o ri g i n not so v ery re ot e ; but w h en we see two con t ig uo us o r neig hbo ri ng p eopl es maki ng use o f t he sa e co nven t io nal s igns o f a co mpli cated nat ure do wn even to the mo st mi n ute detail s, and tho se o f a ch aracter not co mp reh ensibl e by
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Museum Was hington, D ,
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Gencral N otes
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mmo nal ty we have p roo f at l east of a very inti mat e rel a t io n One thi ng is apparent V I Z th at the M ex i can sy mbol s co uld never have g ro wn o ut o f the M aya hi erogl yphi c s Th at ” the l att er mi g ht h ave g ro wn o ut o f the fo rm er is n o t i mpo ssibl e M r D all s paper treats o f mask s lab rets and certai n abo rigi nal c usto ms with an i n ui ry i nto the beari ng o f thei r geographi cal di strib utio n H is c lassifi catio n o f mask s is as follo ws the co
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T he mask, having breathi ng and peep holes T he maskette, w ithout perforations A n obj ect resemblin g a m ask, but not to be worn
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vol utio nary
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wo uld be arranged
For defen se et a Passive, culminating i n t he helm b A ctive, awe inspiring, culminating in shaman S ymbo lical a I llustrati ve b R itual .
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tho r after a very elabo rate t reat ment o f the s ubj ect ill ust rated by numero us fi g ures closes wi th so me ob servati o ns upo n the o rigi n o f l ab reti fery and m ask weari ng in A meri ca w hi ch apparently call ed fo rt h Majo r Powell s essay o n act ivital si mil ari ti es R ej ecti ng N o rth ern A s i a and the A tlanti s th eo ry holdi ng as ext remely i mp robable the th eo ry of si mil ar causes ac ti ng to p rod uc e si mil ar efl ects M r D all c o ncl udes t h at the g reat c o ngeri es o f i sl ands k no wn as Polynesi a and Mel anesi a o ffer the mo st pl ausibl e sol utio n o f the p robl em D r Matthews has a sho rt paper beauti ful ly i ll ust rated an d per Th at is to say t he aut ho r has desc ri bed the feet of its ki nd N avaj o weav er so acc urately and mi n utely t hat any h and l oo m weav er co uld read the descriptio n and p rod uce a N avajo bl an k et It is so refreshi ng to read a descriptio n o f abo rigi nal art o r belt by o ne who k n ows aught abo ut it t h at ev en at the ri sk o f flatt ery we can not refrai n fro m the fo regoi ng j ust enco mi um T h ere are th ree ki nds of N avaj o bl ank et s in the N at io nal M u seum T he fi rst o r ol dest is abo ri g i nal wo rk fro mt he raw di rt y n ativ e wool to t he fi n i sh ed rob e Thi s the aut ho r d escrib es T he seco n d is partly nativ e an d partly o f ravel ed st ro udi ng o r t raders blan k ets T he thi rd is a mod ern i nventio n Germanto wn wool s n o t al way s well dyed are furni s h ed to the weaver and he ex e T hese t ho ug h h eld at hi gh p ri ce are c ut es patterns to o rd er i nferio r in every way ; the colo rs fade and run if wet in t he l east M r Do rsey s paper o n Omah a so ciology the lo n gest in the vo l T he aut h o r ume is al so the mo st el abo rate an d the mo st l earned di scusses the so ci al syst em o f the Omah a t rib e of t h e g reat S i o ux sto c k in the follo wi n g o rder T he
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T he state, its classes and co rporatio n s l circles, sacred tents, sacred pipes, the sev eral a T he Gentile system, i n clud ing triba ntes mi nutely des cribed e g arriage laws, gi ving classes of co nsan uines, the law s nship system an d m k i h e T g 3 arriage an d remarriage of m 1
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D omesti c life, courtship, marriage c ustoms, eti uette. bashfuln ess, p regnancy, en ia, wido ws and wido w ers, rig hts o f parents , c hildren , positio no f w omen , catam s c rs l b s m e a l e t a h a o n i t s t n s e e i o e l , , , p p
5 V isi ting .
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I n d ustrial occupations, hunting , fishing , ag riculture, food, v D f n s i e an d o ffensi ve w arfare e e 7 8 Games, societies corpo rations, etc 9 T he g o vernmen t and religio n 10 L aw 6
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M r Hol mes
ti cl e t reat s o f p rehi sto ri c textil e fab ri cs in the U n i ted S tates derived fro m i mp ressio ns o n pottery T he pro cess o f M r Hol m H e tak es a cast of the es is mo st i n genio us frag ments o f pottery and th at b ri n gs o ut the t ext ure of t he c l o t h o r bas k et by whi c h the so ft past e was i mpressed It is marvel o us th at n o o th er archa olog ist ever t ho ug ht o f thi s ef fecti ve sc h em e I n the appli cat io n o f hi s casts to mod ern w eavi n g Mr Ho lmes will allo w a suggestio n H is fi rst g ro up and his fo urth gro up are the same the o ne b ei ng pl ai n ch ec ker weavi ng the oth er weavi ng in di ago nal o r di aper H is seco nd g ro up and h is thi rd g ro up are absol utel y identi cal ap peari n g o n t he same pi ece in many modern exampl es H is el abo rate sc h emes of weaving thi s pattern are al so unnecessary t he w arp bei n g mi st aken fo r the weft and very c o mpli cated machi nery s ub sti tuted fo r a st ick set up in t he g ro und as any o ne may see who w ill vi s it the basket mak ers in ueen Ch arlott e archipel ago Gro up five may rep resen t fo ur ply b raidi ng but it is j ust as l ikely to belo ng to g ro up t wo al tho ug h the Tli nki ts und erstand fo ur ply b raidi ng W e may be allo wed a wo rd as to the sp read o f t ex til e i nd ust ry at p resent amo ng t he N o rth A meri cans in its rel atio n to M r Hol mes paper Types o ne and fo ur are p racti ced by all I ndi ans east o f the R o cky mo untai ns n o rth an d so uth I f M r Hol mes figs 6 5 107 108 and 109 are coil ed b asket ry (and th ey look v ery much l ik e t he Pai Ute pi tch ed water j ars) thi s sty l e is still prac ti ced by the N o rt h C aroli na C herokees an d by t he Eski mo A thapascan Cali fo rni an P ueblo A pac h e Navaj o Y uma and Pi ma t ribes M r Ho mes t wi n ed ware g ro ups two an d t hree is made no w by the Wi nnebago s east o f t he R ockies and by the Eski mo Tli n kit H aida and C himsyan t ri bes as w el l as by tho se of Was hi n t o n Territo ry reg o n N rth ern C al ifo rn i a and b o O g y the S h o sho ni s and P ueblo t ribes I t is n o t n ow k no w n amo ng any o f the t ri bes who h ave of l ate b een id entifi ed w ith t he mo und b ui lders T he ill ust rated catalog ues at the end o f the vol ume are ex tremely useful to the st ud ent T he p racti ce of p ri nti ng a great mass o f numbers co nv eyi ng no i n fo rmat io n w hi ch very much marred Vol 11 of th ese repo rts has been l ess follo wed h ere T he ill ustratio ns of the vol ume esp eci ally t hose l ast ex ecuted are excell ent and t he app earance o f the w hol e wo rk do es c redi t to the edi to r in ch arg e ’
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rch a M [
General N otes
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— N aonoas A ltho ugh p ubli sh ed
T m: C nama OF in 1884 C Passavan t s C ranio lo g iscli e U nters u h ung has j ust co me to h and t I is res ul ts are giv en both in tabl es and in g raphi c c h art s, the fo rmer are h ere co mbi ned .
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Mesocephals
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Brachycephals
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Fro m thi s tabl e it will be seen th at all i ndi ces may be fo und in A fri ca th at the Co n goese are t he sho rtest h eaded and th at t he mass of the whol e o r o f any cl ass will be fo und b etween 7 0 an d T he same w o uld p robably be true o n any o th er conti nen t 80 s ho wi n g th at D r Topi nard s appli catio n o f the results o f c ran i a l index as an evol utio nary ch aracteri sti c is p robably co rrect ,
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L acusr man A
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NT I QU I T I ES
Da
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— h aeol ogi ts Gama A s
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ti uari ans t raveli ng o n the European co nti nent will be pleased to h ear th at t he cel eb rated coll ect ion o f lacustn an ant i ui ti es o f D r Gro ss o f N euvevill e on the L ak e o f Brenne was p resented by the p rop ri eto r to the S w i ss co n federacy and is no w o n ex hibiti o n in the federal pal ace at Berne the capi tal A ll the di fferen t period s are well represented and t h ere are over 5000 pi eces mak ing up the coll ect io n many o f th em bei ng uni ue Th ere are o ne h und red obj ects o f neph rite an d j adei te o ne h undred an d fi fty bracel ets and ankl ets o ne h undred k ni ves s i xty hatch ets a l arg e array o f obj ects i n s il ex and b ro nze po ttery mol d s vases and sk ulls fro m several S wi ss l ak es I n the same h al l are an
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pen ded the t wo pai nti ngs o f Bachelo n Do mesti c L i fe o f the ” L ake D wellers Berne al so po ssesses a civi c museumfo r anti ui ti es and o ther wel l asso rted coll ectio ns o f thi s ki nd may be fo un d — in Brenne Z ii rich N eufch atel Geneva and Freiburg A S Gat
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EC EN T
BY
R T I C L ES
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— T S C HU DI W e h ave b efo re
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us a
i t arti cl es co mpo sed by the Peruvi an t ravel er D r n i m o n v T s h u d h p s t m loy s hi m s e l f i n a ki g c w a r e o t e n e J J p digests o f et hnologi c materi al p revio usly coll ected Th ese papers are part ly of an ant h ropolo g i c p artly o f a topog raphi c o r lin g uis t ic i mpo rt A mo ng the l att er we mentio n : D ie geog raphi schen ” N amen in Peru eight p ag es in K ettler s Geog r ap/uo M ag az ine; R emark s o n L opez s co mmuni catio n o n the t rib e o f the Cal ch a ” u i n n s e I di i g ti p bli e i s c h E t h ologi a t n h e A r e n e R e u c Z f n t n q ( in whi ch v T schudi l ays st ress upo n the total d i spari t y o f the tr ib e s pok en o f with the Kechuas in th ei r l ang uag e ; D as L ama in sei nen Bezi ehung en z um altpéruanischen Volk s l eb en i Z e t s h r f l s r e r e a c n v r y i n t u c tiv t th o ogi pp E a e e 1 8 8 ( 5 93 t i se based alike o n hi sto ry and o n t he autho r s o wn eth no g raphi c and lo cal i n vestig at io n T he ex tensiv e termi nolo g y o f the I ndi ans to d es ig nate all ki nds o f yo ung old s po tted etc l amas is o f — c u a pe li r i nterest to the li ng ui st A S C ase/ref ser es o f recen
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S U PPL E M ENT T o T n E GR A M MA R o n T H E C A K C H I QU EL L A NGUA GE —D r Otto S toll a p hysi c ian o f Z uri ch S witzerl and who has lived five years amo ng the I ndi ans o f Guatemal a has w ri tt en s o me i m po rtant S uppl ementary remarks to the grammar o f the ” Cak chi uel l ang uage edited by D r D G Bri nto n T hi s arti cl e was read befo re the A meri can Ph ilosophi cal S o ci ety o f Philadel phi a, Feb r uary 6 1885 , and p ri nted in its P ro ceedi ngs S tol l s remark s fo rm a seri es o f rectificatio ns and cri ti ci sms upo n t he an ti uated metho d follo wed by t he an c i ent ecclesi asti cs I n writi n g up g rammars o f the A meri can l an g uages and the fre uent misappli catio n s in th ei r termi nology A s to t he name C o z umelg uapan S toll thi n ks it is o f N ah uatl o rigi n and uo tes t he ety mology o f Busc h mann H e may rest ass ured N ear the rai nbo w water th at o nly the lo al endi ng pa pan is N ah uatl and th at coz umel — is a Maya wo rd , s ig ni fyi ng swallow A S Gatschet .
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M I CR
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OS C OPY )
— s e c f n h h v e o t e e e I a L ( )
oti ced th at leech es h ard ened in weak ch ro mi c acid o r in any c h ro mi c sol u t io n are beauti fully and nat urally i nj ected wit h th ei r o wn blood Wh ere the ci rcul ato ry system is to be st udi ed by means o f sec tio ns thi s metho d seems to be the si mpl est and mo st reli abl e on e N ot o nly the l arger s i nuses but the i n t ra epi th eli al capil N A T UR A L
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Ed ited by Dr C 0 .
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WH I T MA N Mus '
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C o mparative Zoolog y, C ambrid ge, Mass
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M r c h a [
may be easily t raced by thi s method
laries,
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E R ay L ankester .
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— M ET H OD S OF I N EC T I NG A NNE L I DS (Mauri ce J a uet) Fo r an nelids wi th dark ti ssues l ik e Hi rudo a light co lo red (white o r yello w) i nj ectio n mass sho uld be employed whil e fo r t ransparent eferable C hro me yello w serves as a an i mal s dark c olo rs are p r is easi ly obtai ned by mi x i ng sol u It o od c olo ri n g sub stance g t i o ns o f bic h ro mate Of potassi um and acetate of l ead A copio us y ello w p recipitate is fo rmed whi ch sho ul d be wash ed o n the fil ter and th en ex po sed to t he air until n early dry T he pig men t after bei n g red uced to a p ulp lik e state is add ed to an o rdi nary a ue o us sol uti o n o f g el ati ne ; and the mass is th en fil tered warm t h rough li nen I f t he i nj ectio n mass is to be bl ue th en t he gel a ti ne may be di ssolved di rectly in li uid P russ i an bl ue and t he mass fil tered th ro ugh the paper A s a rul e anneli ds must be kill ed b efo re th ey can be i nj ected C hlo ro fo rm and al cohol are t he means c o mmo nly employed in k illi ng fo r the p urpo se o f i nj ection ; fres h water may al so be used A l eech fo r ex ampl e is pl aced in fo r so me mari ne spec i es uanti ty o f chlo ro fo rm aft er a few water c o ntai n i ng a small moments it si nk s to the bo tto m an d remai ns mo tio nless I t sho uld be allo wed to rem ai n in the wat er fro m o n e to t wo d ay s befo re attempti ng to i nj ect it T he s i mpl est and mo st co nveni ent fo rm of syri n ge c o nsi st s o f a g l ass tub e d rawn to a fine po i nt at o ne ex t remity and furn i sh ed P reparato ry to i nj ecti n g t he at t he o th er w i th a rubb er t ub e n e i n rm wat e u f l s s ho ld e pl g d w r r f e w m o m e t s th a s u b o a n a e n ; g after ex pelli ng t he wat er it may be fill ed w ith the i njectio n ma s s by s uck in g the air fro m the rubber t ub e I f the i nj ectio n mass i s t urned i nto the l arge end o f the g l ass it may h appen that g ran ul es are i nt rod uced whi ch are l arge eno ugh to ob st ruct the nar ro w passag e o f t he s mall end A fter i nserti ng the cannul ar en d in the vessel c l asp bo t h wit h the fo rceps and th en fo rce t he ih by aspi ratio n th ro ugh the rubber t ube whi ch is ctin g fl uid p eld in the mo nth Wh en the Operatio n is co mpl eted pl ace the an i mal in col d water in o rd er to sti ffen t he i nj ected mass 2
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Borax
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COL D
EC T I ON MA S S T o BE US ED -
saturated so lution
(
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best made in hot water T he mi x t ure o f the sol utio n s gives a gel ati no us mass th at is nearly i nsol ubl e in water T he mass is b rok en up i nto s mall pi eces and a li ttl e water add ed an d t hen p ressed t hro ug h li nen A thi ck fl uid is t h us obtai ned whi ch w i th t he addition o f a lit tl e mo re water must agai n be T he sol utio n s
are
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Jour M ic
l u c 1 8 S xx 80, p 306 , , Q j y ’ M il th a d ZOO! S tatio n 2, N eapel, V I , H 3 , p 29 8, D ec ' A K Bjelous son , A rch f A nat I I Phys (A nat A bth l
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1885
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5
and
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throug h li nen Thi s fl ui d may be k ept fo r mo nths and is readily t hi n ned to an d i d c o s i s t y by h e a dditio n o f c s r e e n t e n y water Befo re usi ng it s ho ul d be tested wi th al cohol A s mall u a n e d i n a d tity pl d t t b th l it l l c ohol d s a e i n e s u e a n d e t e a a c a t q T he fl uid is at o nce ch an ged to a solid mass of do ubl e the o rigi nal vol um e and thi s mass is i nso lubl e in water Th us the whol e p rocess co nsi sts in thi s : th at bo rax and g um arabi c fo r togeth er an i ns ol uble c olloid mass ; by p ress ure th ro ugh li nen with water add ed the mass passes i nto a fl uid co n ditio n whi ch can be dil uted to any ex tent wi t h water ; after inj ec tio n and i mmers io n o f the preparatio n in al cohol it agai n assumes a colloi d co nditio n in whi ch it is i nsol ubl e in w at er T he mass th us p repared may be colo red wi t h fi nely powd ered carm i ne or wi th oth er colo ri ng substances o nly cobalt and cad mi um are to be avoi ded This mass is especi ally reco mmend ed fo r mac rosc opi c inj ec tions an d for t he i nj ection of ly mphati c S paces T he i nj ected vessel s do no t b eco me hard and t he mass does n ot escape from rupt ured poi nts D uri ng di ssectio n the p reparatio n s ho uld be covered wi th al coho l I n case it beco mes desi rabl e to di ss o lve the i nj ected mass fro m any part o f the vessel s thi s can be acc o mpli shed by d roppi ng di l ute aceti c aci d upo n it T he p reparatio n can be rend ered t ran sparent by fi rst wash ing w i th w ater and t h en soaki ng in glyc eri ne Treatment wi th al co hol agai n resto res the Opac ity o f the p reparatio n ‘ M ET H OD OF K I L L I NG GE PI I Y R EA A cco rdi ng to A pel the only met hod o f killi ng th ese an i mal s in an ex tend ed c o nditio n is by the use o f hot water T he ani mal may be pl aced in a vessel of ° sea wat er an d the temperat ure g rad ually rai sed to abo ut 4 0 C or it may be sei zed by a pai r of fo rceps while in a c o nd itio n of ex tens i o n and pl un ged fo r a mo ment i nto boili ng water Th is lat ter t reat ment does n o t kill t he ani mal but ren d ers it c o mpl etely l imp in w hi ch co nditio n it sho uld be cut Open and then pl aced in so me harden i n g fl uid A M A C ER A T I NG M I XT U R E (cen tral nervo us system o f verte brates ) T he follow i ng mi xt ure di sc overed by L andoi s is reco m ” men ded by H ans Gierke as an ex cell ent macerati ng agent es pec i ally fo r the central nervo us system o f vert eb rates a s s e d p
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C hro mate of ammo n ium Phosphate o f po tassium S ulphate of sodium D isti lled water
Pieces o f fres h ti ss ues are l eft in thi s fl uid fro m o ne to three, o r even fo ur to five day s, th en t rans ferred to a mi x t ure (in e ual parts) of thi s fl ui d wi th o rdi nary ammo ni a carmi ne (24
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Zeitschr f wiss Zool , x L I I H 3 , p 4 6 1, 1885 ’ A nch f Milt A n at , xxv, H 4 , p 44 5 , Oct , 1885 I
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H A L L E R S MA C ER A T I NG F L UI D (central ri ne R hipi doglossa ) 1
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Thi s fl uid causes no sh ri nk age and uarters o f an ho ur on e h al f to th ree '
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S CI ENTI FIC N EW S
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PR OFES S OR E D C OPE, ED I T OR A M ER I C A N N A T UR A .
I NC ET ON ,
L I ST
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— In S in
its wo rk in
Feb
.
16, I
886
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Feb ruary n umber o f t he N A T UR A L I S T y o u erly reg ard to P ro fess o r Marsh s 7 i nooer as stenops fo rm “ by y o u to a new gen us T etheopsis : I no w l earn o n good autho ri ty th at the s ymphy seal regio n in t he speci men in uestio n is enti rely c o nst ructed o f pl aster o f Pari s A S I am the o ne fro m w ho m y o u deri ved t hi s i n fo rmat io n I feel bo und as a matt er o f s i mpl e j usti ce to c o rrec t the above s tatemen t fo r h avi ng j ust reexami ned the spec i men wi th great care I find t h at I was in erro r in a very i mpo rtant respect I t is t rue t hat the left h al f of the symphy seal regio n (the o nly part vi sible wh en I fi rst saw the spec i men) is resto red in pl aster but t he right h al f is in tac t and t he resto ratio n and drawi n g were made fro m th at a per fectly l egi ti mate p ro ceedi n g S o much I can po si t ively state o f my o w n k no wl edge and I am al so i nfo rm ed th at the rest o ratio n w as mad e after the ti me when y o u saw the speci men and after Pro fes s o r Marsh s fig ure was p ubli sh ed Hopi ng th at yo u w ill g ive thi s correctio n a c o nspi cuo us pl ace I remai n V ery respect fully yo urs W B S C OT T — N ote on the above ree a gl ly gi pl bov o I a d v a e t h e c r c t o e e [ tio n but must append a li ttle additio nal i nfo rmatio n I saw t he type speci men o f T stenops befo re 1885 p robably in 1883 I t was th en h al f i mbedd ed in a mass of wh at I s uppo sed to b e matri x and the l eft si de o f the S k ull was expo sed T he man d i ble o f th at s id e was at that ti me enti re as rep resented in Pro fes so r M arsh s pl ate It ex hibited a narro w enti re alveol ar ed ge w itho ut trace o f alveoli o r o f weath eri n g W hat has b eco me o f thi s l eft h al f o f the symphysi s we are not i n fo rmed I f it was — the o sseo us j E D aw the gen us T etheo psis is well fo und ed Cope] A mo ng the s ci entifi c names i ncl ud ed in the d eath roll o f the p ast y ear is th at o f T ho mas Bl and the autho r o f n umer “ o us pap ers p ri ncipally o n the L an d s h ell s o f the A nt ill ean i sl ands and the N o rt h A meri can C o nti nent M r Bl and s l abo rs and i nvestigatio ns i ncl uded n o t o nly the d esc rip tiv e and systema st ruct ural an d develop men tal tic but al so the geog raphi cal D ear say w i t h referred
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di sc ussio n o f ph eno mena in w hi ch t hese s ubj ects were i nvo lv ed is marked by j udi cio us an d sophi c t reat m h ilo e t H w s t e o d j to f M W i n r n e a h c a u r o B G p n ey in vario us way s an d t hei r names appear s i de by s i de in sev e ral i nstances part i c ul arly in the vol ume o n the L and an d fres h ” w ater sh ell s o f N o rt h A meri ca p ubli sh ed by the S mith m s o n ian I nst it ut io n I n 188 c n r F y o pil d p i d M r A e a n t e G r a d 4 a bibliog raphy o f M r Bl an d s papers and co nt rib utio ns to thi s de i a r m n N n e n f n t l hi s to y l d s bo r n o tt i M w t t o a u r a r B a n a r g p h amshi re England October 4 1809 and di ed in Brookly n N Y H is fath er was a p hy s i c i an and his mo th er A ug ust 20th 1885 w as relat ed to S h epard the n at urali st “ H e recei ved his educa t io n at the Ch arter Ho use sc hool L o ndo n and had Th ack eray fo r a C l assmate In S ub seq uently he st udi ed and practi ced law 184 2 he wen t to Barb ado es and af terward to J amai ca wh ere he b ecame ac uai nted w i th P ro fesso r C B A dams wh i ch led t o those i nvestigations W t h gave to M r Bl and ho no rabl e rank as I n 186 2 he came to N ew Yo rk a sci en tifi c thi n ker and w o rk er H e was a mo st an d thi s co unt ry b ecame his permanent ho me es ti mabl e gentl eman co u rteo us an d g en i al and g reatly b eloved — by all who k new him R E C S T he an n ual meeti ng o f the Bo ard o f R egents o f the S mith h e sec retary s o ulan I nstit utio n was held at Was hi ngto n Jan 13 T an no unc ed th at Co ng ress had reel ected Do cto rs Mac L ean Gray an d Coppeas regents fo r s ix years and General M eigs in pl ace P rofesso r Bai rd s ub mi tted his res ig ned o f General S h erman o nth s endi n g J une 30 1885 H e al so pre repo rt for the s ix m sented a fi nanci al statement sho w i n g that the receipts o f t he i nsti an d the ex p endi tures to t ut io n fo r 1885 amo unted to Pro fesso r Bai rd presented l eavi ng a bal ance o f 3 3 a statement sho wi ng the n ecessi ty fo r a sto rage b uildi ng fo r al c o h oli c speci mens al so fo r a new b uildi n g fo r t he museum as t here are eno ugh val uabl e speci mens to fill a seco nd b uildi n g t he siz e o f the p res ent o ne —A tel eg ram fro m Coli ma has been received by the Govern ment stati ng that o n the mo rni ng of Friday the 1sth J anuary ano ther erupt io n o f the vol cano o cc urred p reced ed as b efo re by l o ud d eto natio ns Eno rmo us sto nes were th ro wn to a g reat height and were pl ai nly vi sibl e fro mthe C i ty o f Coli ma w hi ch is Pho tog raph s d epi c ti ng the vol cano at t wenty five mil es di stant t he mo ment o f its g reat es t activity w ere t ak en by the i nstantan e o us p ro cess Pro fesso r W W Bail ey writes us th at a few years ago th ere was an i n teresti ng di sc ussio n in the N A T UR A L I S T upo n ab no rmal N o w I h ave two ki ttens both femal e o r un us ual foo d o f cats o ne b f w ho m is es peci ally fo nd o f p ean uts cracki ng and eati n g th em; and both o f dates C ert ai nly thi s is di et un usual eno ugh ” t o be wo rthy o f rec o rd a spe
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rc h a M [
o e e s i n t i c i e t i c c S S f fi
Proceeding s
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mo nog raph o n the recent Brachiopoda by the l at e Tho mas
A
D avi dso n L L D F in t hree part s w i th thi rt y a separate vol ume o f the L o ndo n ,
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dited by A gnes C rane will be i ss ued uarto p lates d uri n g 1886 an d will fo rm Transactio ns of the L i nne an S oci ety o f
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T he A cad emy of N at ural S ci ence in Phil ad elph ia has by the d eath o f the wido w Of the l ate M r H N J oh nso n co me i nto po s sessio n Of t he en ti re estate as resid uary l e atee i s val ued at It g over and the avail abl e ann ual i nco me is nearly $ 1500 ,
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D r D ani el G Bri nto n o f Phil ad elphi a has been an n o un ed as t he L aureat e o f the S o i é té A mé ri c ai ne de F rance fo r 1886 an d award ed the med al o f t he s o ci et i n t he nati v e o k r h s f w r o o y to ng ues o f A meri ca .
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Walter Flight ch emi st and mineralogi st and assi stan t i n the mi neralogi cal depart ment of the Bri tish M useum di ed N o v 6 aged fo rty fo ur T r d e s c h u i w e a r o a d i t r li t n d t r l tho a s s n a u a s a a v e u f S J J w o rk o n Peru t ransl ated i nto Eng li sh di ed in J an uary at the ag e o f s i x ty eig ht P ro fesso r Joh n M o rri s who h eld the chai r Of geolo g y in U ni vers i ty coll ege L o ndo n di ed in J an uary ag ed seventy five P Harti ng the di sti ng ui s h ed p ro fes so r o f zoOlo gy i n the U niversity o f U trecht died D ec 7 — Err atum On p 17 1 li ne 2 7 for Orthopod r ead A rth ropod Dr
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30 2
P R OC EED I NGS OF
S C I E N TI FIC S OC I ETI ES
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— A C A E M Y F I n acco rdance wi th the call I D O S C I ENC ES i ss ued by the Brookville S o ci ety o f Nat ural Hi sto ry , a n umb er o f I n diana sci enti sts met at the o urt ho use at I ndi anapoli s o n T ues day , D ec 2 9 1885 , at 2 o cloc k P M n D f D e P D Joh D o , J Pauw University, was made tempo rary C h ai rman and A mo s W Butl er, t empo rary sec retary O P J enki n s, J C Bran ner and S P S toddard, M D were appoi nted a co mmittee o n o rganizatio n T h ey repo rt ed a co nstit utio n and by l aws whi ch were adopte d T he name sel e ted is I ndi ana A cad emy o f S c i en ce T he o bj ec ts o f the acad em y are sci entifi c research and the di ffusio n o f k no w l ” edge co ncerni n g the v ario us d ep art ment s o f sc i ence T he mem hership is to be co n fi ned to perso ns engaged in sci en tific wo rk o r ” in o rigi nal research N o p rovi s io n has yet been mad e fo r fello w s hips T he co mmit tee o u o rganizatio n repo rted the follo wi ng li st ‘ o f ofl icers p resident D avid S Jo rdan , I n di ana un i versity , Blo om i ng to n ; vi ce p resi dents J M Co ul ter, Wab ash coll ege C raw fo rds vil le J P D Joh n, D ePauw uni versi ty Greencas tl e, R ev D R Moo re, Brookvill e secretary A mo s W Butler Brook vi ll e; t reasurer, O P J enki ns , S tate N o rmal S c hool , Terre H aute ; lib rari an J N H urty , I n di anapoli s, all o f who m were el ected Papers were read givi ng , as far as po ss ibl e, a statement o f the N D I A NA
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Proceeding s
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S cientific S ocieties
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s n n t c o n ditio n o f k n o l d e I n e v a r io b c h e s o f s c i e c e w e h u r a t p g meteo rology by W H R agan ; mammalogy E R a s follo ws u t w r s c i c k h e o k c o m pli h e d f t u a l n d phy i l i e n r a c s e o r n a a c a sc ; Q R i ch ard Owen M D ; papers o n C S R afinesq ue and i chthyology b y D S Jo rdan M D ; botany J M Co ul ter Ph D ; physi cs Pro fess o r J P Naylo r lo wer i nverteb rat es P ro fess o r 0 P Jen k i ns ; ento mology P S Baker M D ; h erpetology Pro fesso r 0 P H ay ; mi neralog y M auri ce Tho mpso n geol ogy R T Bro w n M D C h emi stry P ro fesso r R B Warder ; co nchology R ev D M oo re ; stati sti cs J B Co nner ; o rni thology A W Butl er ; R raphy st ro no my D an i el Ki rk wood L L D e g T ov ll a o c e S g J T he A co mmi ttee was appoi nted to i nc o rpo rate the acad emy re very b right ; t he h m r o s e t f r h e u t u r e o f t e a c a d e y c s t f a o p p abl est i nvestigato rs and b est i nst ruc to rs o f t he S tate h ave united w itho ut ex c eptio n to put thi s new i nstit utio n o n its feet There w ill be two meeti ngs each y ear o ne b etween Ch ri st mas and N ew Year the oth er early in the s ummer ; t he fo rmer will be h eld at I ndi anapoli s the l atter w ill be held at di fferent pl aces th ro ugho ut T he nex t meeti ng will be h eld at Brookvill e begi n t he S tat e n i ng May 20 1886
resen
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T H E A M ER I C A N C OMM I T T EE OF T H E I NT ER NA T I ONA L CONGR ES S — Thi s co mmi ttee met in the Wi nd so r ho tel N ew OF GEOL OGI S T s o rk C ity o n Friday J anuary 8th, w it h the p resident, Pro fesso r J ames H all , in the C h ai r There were p resent D r T S terry H unt , Professo r J S N ewberry Pro fesso r C H H it ch ock , P ro fesso r so n P ro fess o r Geo H C o ok M r M cGee rep resenti ng t v e e n S J J ( Majo r Po well ), and D r Frazer the secretary o f the Berli n del e gates , who was el e ted the secret ary o f the meet i ng and read his o ng ress H is a tio n in repo rt o f the p ro ceedi ng s of the Berli n o rderi n g 300 ex t ras to be struck o ff by the p ri nter o f the jo urnal , and al s o 3 00 copi es o f the colo r scal e to be p ri nt ed in Berli n to acco mpany the repo rt , was app roved It was dec ided th at t ransl atio ns o f the repo rt s of the co mmittee encl at ure o n the map o f Europe and o n the uni fo rmity o f n o m togeth er with an abst ract o f th e Engli sh co mmittee s repo rt , sho uld w i th the A meri can co mmittee s repo rt an d und er the di rce t io n o f D r F raz er be di st rib uted amo ng A meri can geologi sts und er co nditio ns whi c h seemed best A co mmitt ee o f five was to be appoi nted to tak e meas ures in advance o f the L o ndo n co n g ress to h ave A meri can vi ews p rop erly rep resen ted ;to be p repared fo r di scussio n o f certai n subj ects , an d to ask the co ng ress to meet in A m eri ca at its nex t (after the L o n do n ) sessio n A fter s ome oth er mi no r matters were d ecid ed , Pro fesso r Hitch o c k w as sel ect ed to apply the i nternat io nal sch eme o f colo rar ti o n to an area whi ch has been selected by Maj o r Po well to test
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vario us systems o n T he meeti ng adj o urned to meet .
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Proceeding s
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o
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— T he follo w i ng 18
N Ew Y OR K A C A D EMY OF S C I ENC ES Jan paper was read T he S an J uan mo untai ns o f Co lo rado , .
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188 6
by D r
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R
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P S tevens — I w a n s r a T h u N h m a C e o flo o t i c ith n 2 r e t a c r o f A e r e a 5 J ( tern ill ustratio ns) by D r Joh n S N ewbc rry — f s s o r N Y r e BOS T O S OC I ET Y OP NA T U R A L H I S T OR n 2 P o a 0 j Willi am M D avi s spoke abo ut the Chi nook wi n d o f the N o rth west ; an d M r S H S cudd er di sc ussed the rel atio nships of the M esozoi c co ck ro ach es — T he bo w and arro w unk now n to Pal eolithi c man b y Feb 3 P ro fesso r H W H ay nes On the S anthals an ex i sti ng abo rig mal t ribe o f N o rth eastern Bengal by D r S K neel and P hotographs ens o f th ei r s i ng ul ar native o rnamen ts o f t he p eo pl e and sp eci m were sho w n — T he o ffi cers for th e A PPA L A C H I A N M OUNT A I N C L U B Jan 13 ens ui ng year w ere el ected and t he repo rt s o f the co rrespo ndi n g sec retary and t reas urer p resented T he follo wi n g papers were read : T he ascent o f Popo catep etl by P ro fesso r A S Packard ; T he Carter M o ri ah path and camp by M r Wi lli am G N o wel l ; N otes o n the regio n east o f Wild ri ver and so uth o f t he A n d ro s coggi n by M r A L Good ri c h T H E C I NC I NNA T I S OC I ET Y OF N A T UR A L H I S T OR Y p resents a pro g ramme of the fi fth co urse of free pop ul ar sci ence l ec t ures as fo l lo ws : F ri day Jan 8 I S S 6 H udso n s bay and its territo ri es M r W m H ubb ell Fi sh er ; Frid ay Jan 15 A nts and th ei r h abi ts Pro fesso r A D Mo rrill ; Fri day Jan 2 2 S ci ence in school s R ev Geo M Max well ; F rid ay Jan 29 Cl arifi catio n o f water Pro fes so r C R S tuntz ; F rid ay Feb 5 Gas w ells o f Ohio P ro fess o r Ed ward Orto n ; Friday Feb 12 Gl aci al th eo ri es P ro fesso r J W H all Jr F ri day Feb 19 Our wo rld a type o f o th er pl anets P rofesso r Geo W H arper ; F rid ay Feb 26 A st ro no mi cal revi ew Professo r R W McFarland ; F riday March 5 A n A ust rali an fern t ree fo res t R ev R aph ael Benj ami n ; F riday March 12 N eb ul ae and star C l usters M r W m H K n igh t ; F ri day Marc h ent s in el ect ri city and mag neti s m M r Geo F Card 19 Ex p eri m — C R A WFOR D S V I L L E S C I ENT I FI C S OC I ET Y Thi s so ci ety is estab lished in c o nnectio n with Wab ash c oll ege but i ncl ud es c itiz ens o f C rawfo rdsvill e i nterested in sci entific subj ects A t the Decemb er meeti ng P ro fesso r Joh n M Co ul ter spoke of so me p uzzli ng fo rms o f parasi t i c fun gi recently fo un d g ro wi ng in a s ol utio n o f s o di u m acetate ; P ro fesso r D unn b ro ught o ut a n umb er o f val uabl e poi n ts w hi ch had co me und er his ob servatio n in studyi n g the h abits o f t he sal aman d er ; E H Marsh all gav e the res ults o f a C h emi cal analy si s o f a v al uabl e C l ay recently di sc overed in thi s c o unty ; H Tho mso n t raced the develop ment o f the cereb ell umfro mthe lo west verteb rates to t he high est ; J N R o se gave the detai ls of an ex e r h r a f o r s n r n i m e n t ho w i g e t n s pi a tio n f pl t t o a s p .
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PA G I
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T un A
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S amuel L ockwood
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M i ner alogy
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T r avels A merica : T he Goajnra merican New s A sia : C o l Prejeval ourn ey ; A s i at ic N ews sky s A fr ica : Brit is h an d Germa n Prot ec t or ates ; A frican N ew s Euro pe : l-l n r opean N ews
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OC E E D I N G S o r
(A QUC S UON ) S C I ENT I P I C S OC I
ET I ES
I n
.
A M ER I CA N V OL
— xx A PR I L
.
TU R
NA
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T H E A N C ES T R BY S A MU E L L
,
— 1886 No .
Y OF
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4
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1
N A S UA
OC KWOOD , PH D
IS T
A L
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FT E R a ch ro ni cl e o f s uch achi evements o f Coati Mo ndi and ” h er Co us i n Coo n sh all we not i nstit ute a serio us searc h i nto t he o rigi n o f the h eroi ne and so establi sh o r s et asid e o ur ” suspi c io n ? S o sho uld thi nk says an i nterested read er after s uch a tidbit of rev el ry in the ro m ance o f sci ence do m o r d ream ” land Th en let the co ntest S o ho ! a ch all en ge to t he array co m e! But p ray good sir is th ere n ot in thi s real m o f sc i enc e an i magi natio n w hi c h c o nd uct s to light an d t ruth as agai nst th at ro m an c e whi ch l ead s s urely to erro r and d ark ness P But wh at is sci en tifi c ro man ci n g I s it not th at un sci entifi c co n duc t whi ch as if c o nt ri b uti ng to k no wl edg e assert s t he untenabl e and n u t ruth ful S o meti mes the co nceit is so unwarranted as to app ear o n its very face a vag ary ext rav agant and i mpo ss ibl e — S c i ence thi n ki ng is reveren d and reserved fo r h ere d ash is i mp ud ence no r is ch eck co urage T he h abit ual th eo ri st fi nd s a — fasci natio n in sh eer novel ty o f suc h the cautio us thi n k er is chary But if the gi ddy and reckl ess are p ro scrib ed the use o f edge tool s the sob er mi n ded is allo wed t he tentat ive hypoth esi s T he o n e wo uld cut t he k n ot the oth er wo uld un ti e it T he hon est th eo ri st is s i mply feeli n g his way H e may h ave a pn orz ” method s despite o f M r Gradgri n d s much mo uthi ng fo r fact s ! ” “ S uch mod est vent ures assumptio ns may p rove real fo recasts o f wid e s ig n ifi cance But s uc h is no t ro manci ng N at ure has her seers w ho h av e h appily uttered esoteri c truth whi c h has afterwards c rystalliz ed i n to accepted th eo ry in the fo rmul atio n -
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From a fo rthco ming work by D r L o ck wood
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V OL .
XX
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-
NO
.
XV .
'
T/ze A
f
ncestry o
N asua
.
given it by the setti n g o f the factors deno mi nated fact s S o it was w i t h Germany s great po et But h ere co mes a n i ce distinc tio n bet ween the co nd emnable and the co mmend abl e bet ween anci ng in sci en c e and the sc i entifi c i m ro m agi natio n Goethe s g uesses were nei th er bl und ers no r vagari es H is th eo ry of the s s f n e t f h r e o h e w r t e i flo e o v e e b r t o igi f k ll t t a n o s a n u e r h e d g his fo recast o f the do ctri ne o f descent were all marvelo us bi rt h s but l eg iti mately begotten the o ffsp ri ng o f p ure sci entifi c i magi na tio n A s in advance o f the tho ught th en in vog ue they seemed premat urely b ro ught i nto the light and for a ti me were nursli n gs o f un p ro mi si ng vitality But a truth th us evolved fi nd s n o si milit ud e in the spark st ruck o ut by fli n t and steel N o r is s uc h t rut h p remat ure as to its ratio ci natio n as wo uld appear co uld we b ut t i m e its gestat io n thi nk it is al ways the o utco me o f unconscio us cereb ratio n T he mi n d o f the seer has been deeply t hi nki ng o n generi c li n es A s fi rst ex p ressed s uch a t ruth may be o re lik e—ri ch but crude and it may h ave to wait fo r the facts whi ch sh all serve as fagg o ts for the cruci bl e H avi ng in the arti cl e Coati Mo ndi and its Co usi ns w ith per haps seemi ng insufl i cient warrant asserted fo r N as ua a uadru mano us ki nship no w th at the faggots have b een g ot in pl enty w hy not smelt the o re P Or d roppi ng metapho rs let us go in uest o f N as ua s ancest ry even its biog enesi s upo n rea di rect so n i ng li nes I n t raci ng the pedig ree o f so me regal li ne perh aps we sho ul d reach a v ery anci en t N o rman s ti rp But ho wever anc i ent it wo uld be the N o rman o f c iviliz atio n not his savag e progen i to r o f the Pal aeoli thi c ag e Thi s wo uld be as far up the stream o f t he past as we co ul d sail S o w i th o ur N asua we must stop at the o rigi n of the Ed ucabili a the uasi i ntelligent ani mal s th o se v h f m e w a e t e e r m r r n r a r ly hi h h c b o t l b i l tiv e ly l ge a c e r u o a a r a n e n and roofi n g o r overl appi ng t he cereb ell um or small hi n d er b rai n Fi rst then as to th at uad ruman o us alli an ce o f Coati ; o n I w h at li ne o f reas o n in g may the g enealogy be t raced M y fi rs t i mp ressio n o f t hi s fact came to me as a co nvi ctio n o f the i magi did no t th en it is so lo n g ag o k no w anythi n g o f t he n atio n ” modern do ctri ne o f unco nscio us cereb ratio n I had so st udi ed the livi ng an i mal as to fai rly k no w its ways an d I came to s us ct a s an i n h eritan ce the mo nk ey st ra i e n a s the breed ers wo uld p , .
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The A
I
f
ncestry o
N asua
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I co uld see the t raits but co uld not d emo nstrate them b est I c o uld but uote the great po et
s ay
q
.
A t
.
S uch
seething
brains,
S uch shaping fantasies, that apprehen d M ore than cool reason ever co mprehends
.
b acked up the i magi natio n was the psycholog i cal or m ental mani festatio n H ere were data fo r co mpari so n in s uch well m ark ed li nes ran the p arall el s o f ex p ressio n o f the N as uan and the mo nkey mi nd T he hi nts afford ed in the com — e m n s e u x s m u m a a n l e a d e f h d s d t il h e a y i t k bl e a a n h e a t o t h n t p mo nk ey dido s or anti cs whi c h came not o f t rai ni n g nor o f api n g b ut of real generi c ap tit ud es Th ese all poi nted to a physi cal c o rrespo nd ence and look ed di rectly to ancest ral i nh eritanc e m f n i r c e o h e y r r e a pp n l I t i k w i n t e a a e t h a a t a s 1 8 h e t 3 y 73 arti cle th at an i nteresti ng anato mi cal di scovery was anno unced by the g reat academi ci an the s uccesso r o f C uvi er H enri M il ne Edwards H e had di ssected a N as ua and had di scovered in the l i mb bo nes o f thi s an i mal struct ural alli ances to the l emurs o r lo west mo nkeys H ere was i ndeed a pleasant and i mpo rtant c o nfi rm ato ry fact e u s s f c i s B t r o e n to o u d h p oo m o r e c l a e vid n e r f o e u t n 4 p n eeded the t esti m o ny o f p al e o ntology I n b eh al f of the ex ti nct an i m al s will the fo ss il s b ear w i t ness in thi s matter P T he w riter was i nstr ucto r in the natural sci ences in the g rammar school or e r r a a e e e c e r e e w n h r e p to y d p t t tg Coll g h iv d a m u e r e n r s R e f o p fro mits autho r a pamphl et On the p ri ncip al types o f the o rders ” o f Mamm ali a Ed ucabi li a by P ro fesso r E D Cope ; read befo re the A meri can Philos op hi cal S o c i ety A p ril I 8 ( 87 3 My eyes caught a foot note to o ne o f the pages th us : D r L ockwood of R utgers Coll ege in a recent n umber of the Popular S mence M ont/ily ex p ressed serio us s uspi c io ns o f the uad rumano us rel a tio nships o f the Coat i li ttl e thi nki n g at the ti me th at the sp ec i mens to co nfi rm his vi ew were at th at mo ment in the h ands o f ” a l e o tolog t n i s s p L et us no w take do wn thi s testi mo ny fro m nat ure s own mo uth C ertai n fossil bo nes had been fo und in the Eo cene fo rmatio n o f Wy o mi ng P revio us to the Eo cene period o f ti me the fauna o f thi s wo rl d s li fe h isto ry had co nsi sted of ani mal s of a very low ’ g rad e o n th e mammali an li nes T ec h ni cally th ey are cl assed as t he I ned ucabili a I n the Eocene day s the c reative fo rce was ex erc ised o n hi g h er li nes o f li fe T hen were prod uced the real 2
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Th at
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7 71: A
ncestry
a a s u N q "
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to rs of those ani mal s whi ch are i ncl ud ed in the zoé lo gical term Educabili a who se cereb ral ph ysiology has been al ready ex p lai ned A s notabl e g enera o f tho se days I may mentio n the — pseudo b ear N oth arct us of L eidy and the cut tooth b east T o mitherium o f Cope Oth ers t h ere w ere by M arsh but t h ei r desc riptions are n ot in my reach L eidy s species N otharclus tencbrosns d esc rib ed fro m v ery l i mit ed materi al was a littl e an i mal abo ut two thi rds the siz e o f a raccoo n Cope s species Tomithm nm rostratn m fo und ed o n a muc h l arger amo unt of materi al was an ani mal p robably abo ut the s i ze o f Cebu: capa cznns t he p reh ens il e tail ed mo n k ey so c o mmo n in sho ws Upon tech ni cal co nsideratio ns both t h ese ani mal s albeit th ei r strange an d high so undi ng sci en tifi c n ames were lo w g rad e mon keys Th ey were uad rumano us an i mal s but o f a syntheti c th at is co mpreh ensive type T he femur of Tomitherium was so long as to i ndi cate that the k nee was enti rely free fro m the bo dy as it is in the w hol e mo n k ey t rib e o f to day b ut never in any of the carnivo res T he ro un d h ead o f the radi us i n di cates a co mpl ete po wer o f supi natio n o f the fo re feet ; that is the ab ility to li ft t he h an d so to speak fo rward and to t urn the pal m upward a fac ulty o f li mb pecul iar to mo nk ey s and man w hil e the di stal o r lo wer end o f the same bo ne resembl es clo sely that o f S emnopith ec us a ” high grade old wo rld monkey W e h ave th en co n ti n ues “ an animal with a lo ng t hig h C Ope who m we are ep i to mizi ng free fro m the body a foot capabl e o f co mpl ete p ro natio n an d uit e s i milar t o aw and t eeth s upi natio n and a fo rm o f lo wer j ” th at o f the lo wer mo n k eys A n d in this co nnectio n wh at abo ut o ur C oati P S ays the pro fes so r : A co mpari so n wi t h N as ua reveal s no di s tant affi n i ty T he fo re li mb p resent ed in T o mitherium a g reat s i milarity to th at o f ” N asua A nd in both genera are so me st riki ng simil ariti es in t he T he fi rst i mp ressio n derived fro m the app earanc e cutti n g t eeth aw and the dentitio n and fro m the h u merus is th at o f the lo wer j i s a s m a f a h e u m e r u n a lly Co ti h b i g l o m h e r i u s o t e a m t c o i t n a f T A n d is it not a st riki ng coi ncid ence th at P ro fess o r cle sim L eidy s first i mp ressio n o f N o th arct us w as o f a resembl ance t o c a c a s w e s i s e n r w i o yo oo hi h h v ho g i t t e r c c a e w n e n w h r c n P h ances
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N as ua
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vident then th at T o mitherium and N asua sho w so me all iances in st ruct ure whi c h look to a co mmo n o rigi n o r biogen e d i f f e r e o i s c e n i n t l n e r o h s a n i s s b t i t u a m s s u d y t de n o i s , f F i It
is
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TIre A immense amo unt
of
fo ss il
f
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li
re cs
N asua
.
fro m the same geologi
cal
fo rma
tio n whi c h yi elded T o mitherium Pro fesso r Cope has erected the o rd er Taxeopo da whi ch i ncl udes th ese fo ss il l emuri ne fo rms Thi s o rder o cc upi es the earli est sectio n o f the li ne o f the Pri mates Fi rst ia t hese fo ssil fo rms co me the L emuroi ds at the base o f the P ri mate li neage A fter these ex ti nct fo rms app ear t he t rue L emuroid ea th at is the p resent o r livi n g L emurs fo l l owed by the mo n k ey p rop e r and t hese by the anth ropo id ap es N ow amo ng t he l emuri ne fo rms and fai rl y s tarted on the uad ru manal li ne o f d escen t fro mt he typi cal lemuri ne o rd er Tax eopoda oc curs Phenacod us after w hi ch T o mitherium appears so mewhat fart her advan ced o n thi s P ri mate li ne N o w o n an o ff li ne o r b ranch fro m the l emuri ne Tax eopoda starts the fl esh eati ng li ne fi rst the C reodo nta the slaughter teeth th en t he Carn ivo ra p roper with the present livi ng fo rms C erc oleptes co n nects N asua to t he ex ti nct C reodo nta and th eir t hro ug h th ese back to the l emuri ne o rder Tax eopoda an cest ral stoc k S o we h ave at l ast fo und the N asuan li neage and ancest ry in the Eo cene ti mes Ph enac od us was an ani mal o f a sy nt heti c struc t u re a c o mp reh ensi ve typ e fro m w hi ch flo wed several o rdi nal I n s uc h a co mpo site fo rm o r st ruct ural make up s o f li fe s t ream c an w e n ot surmi se t he c reativ e po ssibiliti es and p urpo ses o f the D ivi ne M i n d P It is an i nteresti ng fact th at in a di rec t li ne o ne o f N asua s ances t o rs still ex i sts ia t he same fo rests o f S o ut h A meri ca T he k in e a n s o u Cercole t d z l n l w s k aj c v n d d to p i Wh r u c s e e o n e e c e s e n p tamed it is an i nteresti ng lit tl e animal with amiabl e ways and mo nk ey trai ts T he tail is preh ensil e in th at it c url s aro und an o bj ec t whi ch w ith pl antig rade feet giv e it in Ger m an y the n ame c urli n g b ear L ik e the mo n key s it w i ll hold its food in o ne hand a nd b reak it and feed it to the mo uth w i th the oth er S o th en k i n kaj o u and Co ati M o ndi co me ho nestly by thei r mo nk ey t ri c ks h avi ng a cl ear titl e by h eritage Wi tho ut t urni ng ho mili st let me clo se by citi ng R uski n an d “ o ne o f t he g reat anci en ts : T he greatest thi ng a h uman s o ul ev er do es in thi s wo rld is to see so methi n g T he H eb rew bard b oth sang and p rayed : Open tho u mi ne eyes th at I may behold ” l r u s h n s o u f l t o io t i g o thy a w l A n d thi b og i Co ti s i n s s f a e e o g M o ndi is it n o t o ne o f the w o n d erful thi ng s—an o utco me of D ivi ne law P ,
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The M echanics
S oaring
f
o
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T H E M ECH A N IC S OF S OA R L A N CA S T ER
BY I
I NG
.
.
th at the paper o n the soarin g bi rd s in the N ovemb er and D ecember n umb ers o f the N A T U R A L I S T o f l as t e a r s w e x u r r a l a o ld p ovok dv iti i h it d e lt ith w e a e r c c s m w e r e e y p natio ns o f t he mov ement s o f tho se creat ures T he recog nized l aws of the mech ani cal fo rces bei n g fo rmul at ed fro m data deri ved fro m systems o f whi ch the eart h is a part mak es it ex t remely di ffi cult to deal w i th ph eno mena w hi ch are i n dependent of th at body whil e still ex i sti ng in its at mosph ere There ari ses at every step tak en to el ucidate the matter a seemi ng c o n fli ct with accepted l aws an d ho wever faul t l ess the reas o n i n g it is di scredit ed b ec ause o f that app arent antago n i sm T he wo rd so ari n g is als o a bad o ne to name the mech an i cal ac tio ns i nvolv ed as it i mpli es a bi rd N o bett er ho wever is at h an d and it denotes the method employed by the bi rd and no t n ecessaril y the creature it sel f as it is h ere used W hil e p ro secuti n g the subj ect experiments of vario us ki nd s were c o nd ucted to di spel the ob sc urity whi ch enveloped it as careful ob servatio n s had s ho w n th at it was co m pl etely di fferent fro m any oth er ki n d o f bi rd flight Of al most h alf a h un d red th eo ri es framed o n po st ul ates o f bi rd o r air whi ch were not t rue on e at l ength was fo u nd to be co nsi stent w i t h the fact s I sud denly fo un d myself in the l udi c ro us p redi cament o f i nd ust rio usl y att empt i n g to p rov e an ax io m My ex peri ments b ecame v al ue l ess Ti me and means had b een wasted Th ere al ready ex i sted recog n iz ed data to m ak e the w hol e case sel f evid ent It is now mo re th an five years si nce the di sc overy o f the mec han i cal activiti es h erewi th detail ed D uri ng th at ti me the matter has been made a st udy in all its beari ngs so th at mi stak en c o nceptio ns mig ht be avoid ed and it is h erew ith p resent ed to the mech an i cal wo rld as wo rthy of serio us att entio n Tech ni cally the materi al syst em o f soari ng is a flat surface air T he g ravi tati n g fo rce is n o t essenti al to it A ny an d a fo rce fo rce a p ush w ith the h and ho rse po wer steam po wer o r any oth er will fill the co ndi tio ns N eith er is atmospheric air essenti al T he air must h ave the uality o f g reat el asti c ity and o ffer co n s iderable resi stance to a movi n g body whi ch c o m p resses o r d riv es it out o f the way an d very little to the p assage o f a smoot h flat surface like a sh eet o f tin edgeways in it T he fo rce is th en T
was fo reseen
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ppli ed to the body i n s uch a way as to move it at right angl es Thi s t ransl atio n o f the t o the di rectio n in whi ch the fo rce act s ” It rests o n two un i versally recog nized l aws body is so ari n g T he mo st impo rt ant is the c o nservatio n o f energy o f whi c h it is T he t he most beauti ful ill ust ratio n to be fo und in mechani cs o ther is the reac tio n in all di rec tio ns o f fl uids un d er the actio n o f mech ani cal fo rces T he bo dy must be so co nstructed as to h ave at l east t wo direc t io ns of motio n w hi ch are une ually res i st ed by the air T he case will be fi rst p resented as operati ng in space d evoid wh ere t he body w il l h ave no weight and o f g ravi tatio n afterward s the system will be i nt rod uced i nto the earth s atmo s ari s i ng fro m the actio n of g ravi ty and the I pli tio h n s e r m c a e p c o nstant t en d ency to i ntro d uce the earth i nto t he so ari ng system w ill be avoid ed S uppo se the body to be an oblo ng flat s urface such as a sh eet o f tin 12 x 7 2 i nch es and th at a 6 is its t ransv erse sectio n an d t hat the fo rce moves fro m c to ward s d at right angl es to t he sides
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of
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L ateral
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.
L ateral
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of surface
the force.
inclined to
The M echanics
f
o
S oaring
.
v l o t lve po und s moving the surface o n the air w ith un i fo rm v eloc ity w hi ch we will sup po se to be five feet per seco nd U nder th ese co nditions it is obvio us th at all the force is employed in co ndensi n g and oth erwi se di st urbi ng air so th at it is doi ng wo rk o n the air at the rate of twelve po unds each seco nd I t is al so obvio us th at whil e un i fo rm velo c i ty o ccurs th ere is a movi ng e uilib ri umbet ween the surface acted o n by the fo rce and the reacti n g air and th at any additio nal fo rce ho wever sm all appli ed to t he surface at any angl e to its own pl an e w o ul d di st urb thi s bal ance and ei th er accel erate o r retard its veloc i ty I f ho wever the additio nal fo rce be appli ed in its pl ane l ateral motio n wo uld occ ur w itho ut chang i ng t he e uilib ri um I n the l ateral motio n no air is di st urbed no r d riven o ut o f the way no r c o nden sed ex cepti ng w h at is caused by s moo th s ki n o r surface frictio n and thi s is so very s mall as to el ud e all my attempts to find its value One po und appl i ed in the plane o f the surface wo ul d do ubtl ess drive it at the rate o f ( 000 feet per sec on d We w il l s uppo se ho wev er th at o ne po und w ill d riv e it fro m 6 to wards a A s it is movi n g toward s a at the rat e o f thi rty feet per seco nd at the rate o f five feet per seco nd it will pass neith er to wards a n o r a but o n the di ago nal h e the res ulti n g p ath the p arall elo g ram bei ng thi rty feet lo ng and five feet wide N ote the ch aracter o f the e uilib ri um bet ween the surface and T he total fo rce is flo wi n g aro und the edges o f t he surface in air I f the h and the sh ape o f co n d ensed and oth erwi se di st urb ed air were pl aced un der the s urface w ith an upward p ush p rec i sely as much resi stance as wo ul d be g iven to the hand w o ul d be taken fromthe air and the v eloc ity retarded I f scal es were appli ed to t he surface and a p ull to wards c given part of the fo rce w o ul d be movi ng the i nd ex and p rec isely th at much less wo uld be wo rki ng o n air and the v elo city of the s urface wo uld be agai n retard ed I f the surface met with s uflicient i mp edi ment to stop its motio n all the fo rce wo uld be resi sti ng the i mpedi ment and n one doi ng wo rk o n air and vel ocity w o uld cease I t is evid en t th at at u ni fo rm v elo ci ty the fo rce has b een t ran s ferred It is in the air t ensio n and not in the surface fo r to be al so th ere wo ul d necessitate its creatio n o ut o f n othi ng Th ere bei ng th en no fo rce in the surface it co uld not antago nize any resi st ance o ffered to it and thi s is in fact its co nditio n as we h ave seen Whil e its vel oc ity remai ned uni fo rm it w o uld obey any i mp ul se the a ue o f the f rce is we
Th at
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The M echanics
S oaring
f
o
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derived fro m i nc iden t fo rces di rected U po n it b ei ng powerl ess to res i st t hem S o far all is evi dent but the surface w o uld no t fill the co ndi ti o ns o f soari ng I ts motio n is n ot at right angl es to the fo rce b ut i nc li ned th eret o and to acco mpli s h the d esi red result its path must be perpendi c ular to the fo rc e I f we n ow tilt the s urface o n o n e o f its lo ng edges 5 say for tw o i nc h es o r o ne in six it wo uld no lo nger follo w t he di rectio n o f the fo rce but s l ant sid eway s to ward s thi s edg e Follo wi ng t he law o f the co mpo s itio n o f fo rces o ne si x th o f t he fo rce o r two po unds w ill n ow d riv e the surface sid eways and th ere b ei ng n othi n g but t rifli n g ski n fri cti o n to oppo se it it w ill ob ey the im p ul se But if we apply a fo rce of two po und s to the ed g e to bal an ce thi s th rust e uilib ri um w ill o nce mo re o cc ur and the s ur face will move in t he path o f the fo rce Exp eri mentally far l ess t h an two po unds is re ui red fo r thi s rest as a c o ns iderabl e i nc li ne is reach ed b efo re the sid eways th rust is d ev eloped the co nfused air c urrents under the s urfac e ob sc uri n g the movement N ote th at thi s ab utti ng fo rce is o f the nat ure o f p ressure It is a stat ic feat ure d evoid of motio n It is a rest fo r the tilted s ur face to l ean agai nst It cannot be deni ed th at we no w h ave a case o f e uilibri um o nce more With the two po und rest a perfect bal ance res ult s and the s urf ace moves in the p ath of the fo rce A ll the fo rce is di st urbi ng A t that speed air whil e the s urface moves w ith un i fo rm velo ci ty it is unabl e to o ffer the l east resi stance to any furth er fo rc e whi c h may be opposed to it A t thi s poi nt the answer to a si ng l e ues tio n will be deci sive I f it be in the affi rmative the po sitio n is sec ure ; if in the negati ve m a n f s r i s r n e x pl a n tio o o a i n g w o g y the bi rd s are still in the air waiti ng sol utio n T he uestio n is thi s Will the tilted s urface suppli ed w ith the rest o f tw o po un ds an d movi ng w i th uni fo rm velo c ity ob ey the i mp ulse of an ex ternal fo rce appli ed in its own plane with e ual facili ty in any di rectio n P It c ertai n ly is evi dent th at the o n ly resi stance t o s uch a fo rce If arises fro m ski n fri ctio n in w h at ever way the mo tio n is made th ere be any oth er fro m wh ence co mes it P It canno t co me fro m It cannot co me the o rigi nal fo rce fo r thi s is fully employed fro m the two po und rest as thi s is al ready b al anced by the side Thi s do es no t vary w ith the ways th rust o f the reacti ng air ,
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lo ci ty in the pl ane o f the s urface It is two po unds at all v elo ci ti es ; motio n in the pl ane o f the surface docs not c h ange the value o f the co nd ensatio ns b ut o n ly th ei r character It mak es th em thi nner but wid er the total o f twel ve po und s b ei ng co nstant at all v elo citi es ; so th at t he two po un d ab ut m ent can o nly v ary with the i ncli natio n of t he s urface to the di rectio n o f the fo rce It is obvio us that a fo rce appli ed to the surface in the di rectio n o f I t can be seen its len gth will move it eith er way indifl erently at o nce t hat the t wo po und rest w ill not resi st suc h a fo rce at any v elo ci ty w hatever in these di rectio ns L eavi ng unnoti ced any obli ue motio n neith er lo ngit udi nal no r transverse the i mpo rtant poi nt is wi ll a g iven fo rce say o f o ne po und move the surface towards a with the same velocity as towards h if I t is po ssibl e th at wh en the l ateral motio n is set U p there migh t b e d eveloped in the air di st urbances di fferences w hi ch wo uld re ui re an i ncrease o r di mi n utio n o f v elo city to ward s d to bal ance the twelve po un ds an d th at th ese di fferences w o uld be t f a e r r s s a w f r e t e o l e s to w a r d th thi o d n o a c a a n B u s w u i n l 6 t g y t he l ateral motio n A cceleratio n o r retard atio n wo uld go o n unti l e uilib ri um agai n occurred so th at it wo uld be a b al anced T he vital poi nt is : Does o r can the s urf ace whi c h is mov ed t welv e po und s in any way resist the l ateral mot ion eith er to ward s a or b ? It seems evid ent that there is n o co ncei vabl e way in whi ch the lateral motio n in eith er o f th ese di rectio ns can be resi sted by the t welve po un d fo rc e under th ese c o nditio ns w ith o ut at o nc e t ravers i ng the law o f the c o nservatio n of energy T he o nly resi stance to be fo und is the ski n fri ctio n o n s ix s uare feet of smooth surface un d er a p ressure o f two po und s to the foot I f thi s be a fact the case is p roven Th ere is no other feat ure o f it whi ch wo uld be d en i ed N ote t he i mpli catio ns o f the case T he l ateral mo tio n caused by the o ne po und w o uld n ow carry the surface to 6 w hile it is goi ng to d and it wo uld pass to c at right an gl es to the twelve po und fo rce I n goi n g thi rty feet laterally it moves s i xty i nch es contr ary to the d irectio n o f the fo rce o f t welve po und s and s i x t y i nch es with th at di rectio n so th at its path is at right angl es to it T he motio n o f si x ty i n ch es contrary to the fo rce is a functio n o f the l ateral motio n and do es not resi st the fo rce in the remotest manner ; wh ile motio n of six ty i nc h es with the fo rce towards d ve
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Yhe M echanics
f
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S oaring
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thi s fo rce Whil e the lat eral motio n is oi g n t h e rat e o f t hi rty feet per sec o nd t wel ve po und s per o a t n g seco n d o f air di st urbance is flo w i n g p ast the edge 6 whil e b ut t h ree po unds is re ui red to give the l ateral th rust and furni sh t he I f thi s edg e be ro unded up ward s alo ng its sev t wo po und rest en ty two i nch es o f l en gt h to serv e as a base fo r the ex pandi n g air t o act agai nst it w ill gi ve the need ed th ree po un d s an d still l eave n i ne po unds to go to waste by falli n g to the tensio n o f the s ur With thi s sub sti tutio n the so ari ng actio n is co m ro un di n g air h rce is n o va t ransl ati n g the bo dy at right angl es to o t T e f e e l p It will be noted th at a velo ci ty towards a its o wn di rectio n greater than thi rty feet per seco nd will cause the s urface to move contrary to the di rectio n o f the fo rce faster th an w ith it A l so if a greater i ncli natio n be s uppo sed the ab utti n g fo rce wo uld be g reater and the above co nt rary motio n aug mented A li mit w o uld soo n be reach ed in thi s di rectio n however A t an i ncli ne o f o ne to fo ur the rest wo uld be th ree po und s at o ne to th ree fo ur po unds whi ch l atter wo uld p ass the li mit o f so ari n g as it w o uld re uire a rear ex pansio n o f five po unds to effect l ateral motio n a utilizatio n of five twel fth s o f the enti re fo rce whi ch wo uld surpass the abili ty o f t he system A si ngl e furth er p ec uliarity is to be noted S uppose the indefi n ite body o f air b elo ngi ng to thi s system to be in motio n eith er w ith o r ag ainst o r at any angl e wh atever to the di rectio n o f the force T he actio n o f t he p art s of the system wo uld remai n It is universally recognized that the unaffected by s uc h motio n t ransl atio n of a system as a whol e has n o effect o n the interac tio n o f its parts ppose the motio n of the bo dy of air co ntai ni ng L et us now su the sys tem be toward s the earth s at mo sph ere in a di rectio n tan rface a i l t s s u e m h n t t o i t t r a t e f o n h u n d d il e s ho e a o e r e e r u r g p unti l t he air o f the system and the at mo sph ere b ecame id enti cal we w o uld h ave a bi rd so ari n g in wi nd o f th at velo city and thi s wi nd o r any ot her wi nd o r a d ead cal o r wi n d v erti cally do wn wards o r upward s o r at any oth er an gl e are identi cal states o f air so far as the soari ng sys tem is co ncerned I n the earth s atmo sph ere s urfac e and air w ill remai n the same whil e the fo rce wil l be th at o f g ravity T he s urface now has weight It is a body pl us a fo rce and the enti re matter is the h sam T e that we have b een c o ns id eri n e s urface is a s o ari ng g di rect
is the
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The M echanics
S oaring
f
o
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bi rd It is an i nert body t ransl ated at righ t angl es to the g ravi t ati ng fo rce or ho rizo ntal ly and sol ely by t he actio n o f that fo rce I t has co nst an t moti o n in the di rectio n o f g ravi ty but does no t lo se its energy o f positio n by g etti ng nearer the earth It resem bl es in this respect a clo ck mo ved by a weight and pl aced o n the pl at fo rm o f an el evato r whi c h slo wly ascen ds Whil e the c lock weight is a falli ng b ody h avi ng motio n in the di rec t io n o f g ravity it st ill does not l ose its energy o f po sitio n by get ting nearer t he earth b ecause o f anoth er motio n in whi ch it is el evated T he s urface under the actio n o f thi s fo rce as above c o ndi It l ays do wn tio ned is a S pl endid at mo sph eri c h igh way mak er an endl ess cushio n o f air o n w hi c h it t ravel s wi th i nc redibl e sp eed It is parall el ed by nothi ng in n at ure It is g ravi ty in the rol e o f a co nti n uo us motive pow er It ob eys i mpli ci tly the l aws o f mech an i cs in every parti c ular an d gives man co m plete do mi n .
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Wh en the attentio n is di rect ed to so ari ng in the earth s atmos h e re as ex hibited by the bi rd s t wo d el usi o ns must be i nd ust ri p o usly g uard ed agai nst One is th at wi nd is co ncerned in the ph eno meno n T he oth er is that the ho rizo ntal motio n of flig ht is the result o f a s i ngl e i mp ul se acti ng in o ne di rectio n Wh en it is s een th at mo tio n is d erived fro m g ravitati ng fo rce ex hibited by the ui escent bi rd in all cases and th at its l evel flight is a co mpo und res ult of two motio ns one verti cal ly do wn ward s and o ne sl anti n g up ward s in the plane of the w i ng sur faces both s i mul taneo us ly o cc urri n g the s ubj ec t ass umes a mo re ex pli cabl e fo rm Th en wh en it is seen th at no weight is li fted in the upward sl ant thi s actio n b eari n g n o resem blance to a ball roll ed up an i ncli n ed pl ane the case w i ll be in a fai r way to be c o mpl etely c o mp reh end ed I n co nc l usio n I may be pardo ned for i n d icati ng the di rectio n in whi c h c riti c i s m o f thi s p ap er may be fru i tful It is easy to lo se o nesel f in t he li mbo o f a vi cio us termi nology To sho w th at ex p ressio ns in regard to the g ravitati ng fo rce bei ng ” a co nti n uo us motive po wer and c o nferri n g o n it ot her un usual abiliti es n o t hith erto recog n ized are unwarranted is no t to weak en the case It will merely sho w an i mp ro per use o f words S tatements of fact regardi n g the pl ane i ncli ned to the fo rce and c ul mi nati ng in t he po ssibili ty o f e ual ease o f mo tio n in ’
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The S tone A
I
in Vermont
x
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di rectio n und er the conditio ns given co ntai n the vital el ements A s an ex pl anatio n o f soari ng bi rds the fact s o f the t ransfo rma ti o n o f g ravity i nto air di st urbance and the results flowi n g th ere fro m as st ated are p erti nent To i nvalidate th at ex pl anatio n it must be shown 1 Th at s uc h t ransfo rm atio n do es no t tak e pl ace 2 Th at n o such res ults as tho se giv en are po ssibl e an y
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T H E S T ONE A X I N V E R M ON T sv
fiaor s ssoa
— 11 N or man .
cs o
A ND
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l .
PE R K l NS .
GR OOV ED A
xes
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oll ectio ns we find a few ax es whi c h are notch ed o r g rooved across the narro w s id es T hey are not c o mmo n in any po rt io n o f V ermo nt n o r if w e may j udge fro m w h at has b een p ubli sh ed by vario us w ri ters do th ey appear to be ab und an t an y wh ere in the Un it ed S tates A s was noti ced in the p recedi ng arti cl e we are abl e to arrange o ur spec i men s in s uch a mann er th at th ere is a v ery co mpl ete c lt th s eri es fro m t he s inl les ro ugh the n ot ch ed ax to the fully e t p h notch ed ax was t e t e a oov d it it p ob bl h t r e a a x a e r d n s e e m s u g t h e seco n d st ep in the d ev elop ment o f the ax fro m the si mply mo re like that o f ed ged pebbl e T he fo rm o f the n otch ed ax t h e co mmo n cclt than is th at o f the g rooved ax I n fact so me o f the notch ed ax es are n othi ng el se th an celt s not ch ed at the s ides a nd they are n ever so l arg e and h eavy as are many o f the grooved ax es A type o f th ese ax es is show n in F ig I w hi ch rep resent s a co mmo n fo rm abo ut o ne h al f the nat ural siz e A s a rul e th ese axes are no t mo re th an fo ur o r five i nches lo ng and two o r th ree w ide Th ey are usually well shap ed n eith er r ud e no r c l umsy an d the s urface is smooth o r perh aps poli sh ed T he fo rm o f so me is s uc h as to s ugg est the adz e and it seems Fl a 1 e s u u e m m n o f it lik ly th a t a n i pl e e t s u l i hollo i g o d e n e n a n s a w n c q N
all o ur c
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C o n ti nued from p
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r m D e c b e e 49 ,
.
mber
nu
,
1885 .
.
The S tone A
perfo rmi ng many
in Vermont
:
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k no w to h ave b een u n dertaken was in co mmo n use amo ng the p rehi s to ri c t rib es as it has been fo r a lo ng ti me amo n g mod ern savages and y et I d o n ot rem emb er th at the early wri ters to who m we al way s t urn fo r i n fo rmatio n respecti ng the custo ms o f o ur p red ecesso rs say very much o f the use o f such a too l in th ei r ac co unts of th ese peopl e It is not i mpossibl e th at so me o f the i mpl ements w hi c h we c all celts may h ave do ne d uty as S pades and that so me of the rud er may h ave b een no t ax es but ho es T he n ot ch ed ax es n ot c h es o r g rooves are al way s much wid er t h an d eep al tho ugh ec i mens but I h ave t he dept h v ari es v ery g reat ly in di fferen t sp e o f the l arg er nev er seen it as g reat as in the g rooves o f so m g rooved ax es T he n otches are usually abo ut a thi rd o f t he l ength b elo w the bl unt end o f the ax tho ugh in a few cases t h ey Th ese axes gro up th emselv es are n ear t he middl e as in Fig 2 n at urally i nto two cl as ses—tho se in whi c h the w id th g reatly ex ceed s t he t hi ck ness and in whi ch t he s urfaces are nearly o r ui te flat an d tho se in whi ch the b read th and thi c k ness are mo re nearly e ual and in whi ch the surfaces are o ften co nv ex S o me sp ec i mens have o n e s urf at and the oppo s ite c o nvex j us t ace uite fl as is o ften the case in the c elt s an d it is po s s ibl e th at th ese were used as ski n d ressers o r eshers and witho ut a h an dl e the n otches fl Fl a 2 servi n g as co nven i ent pl aces fo r the fi n gers as the h and g rasped the tool T he S peci men sho wn in Fig I is o f dark po rphyry and is poli shed over the whol e s urface and is as i ndeed are mo st o f th ese i mpl ements mad e w ith care and sk i l l It is fo ur and a uarter i nch es lo ng and two i nc h es in greates t w i dth I n Fig 2 we have uite anot her fo rm of ax and o ne whi c h is no t c o mmo n It is abo ut fo ur i nch es lo ng and two and a h alf inch es w i de It is made o f trap and it is noti ceabl e that most o f th ese s mall axes are mad e o f h ard co mpact materi al I have seen n o sp eci m en o f the notch ed ax whi c h lik e so me o f the c elts w s a s h arp en ed at bot h end s but o ne o r t wo o f the l att er are drawn i n n ear the middl e as if t he mak er had tho ught o f n otc hi n g th em th at a h andl e might be mo re fi rmly attach ed and th ese are al mo s t n ot c h ed ax es altho ugh t he n ot c h is s o v ery slight th at I h ave n o t tho ught b est to i ncl ud e t h ese sp eci men s in the p resent art i cle of
the l abo rs whi ch we
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The S tone A
x
in Ver mont
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Wi t h v ery few exceptio ns the g rooved ax es fo und in Vermo nt are l arg er t han th o se we h ave call ed n ot ch ed axes Th ey are not at all ab un d ant in any part of the S t at e an d in the no rth ern c o unti es th ey are very rare I t is uite remarkabl e that in so me lo cali ti es wh ere c elts and oth er i mpl ements are especi ally co mmo n g rooved ax es have been very seldo m fo und if at all A s co mpared w i th the S o uth ern o r W estern grooved ax es o ur Vermo nt s pec i mens presen t di fferences whi c h are s ufli cien tly noti ceabl e wh en o ne look s over seri es o f each but w hi ch can not readily be mad e apparen t in w o rd s Our ax es are in size i ntermediate no ne o f th em b ei n g so small as the littl e toy ax es fo und in o th er lo cal i ti es no r are any so large as many that h ave been fo und N ei th er do we find ax es g roov ed on ly o n th ree s ides but in all o ur S peci mens the g roove ex tends enti rely aro un d the ax I n the coll ee tio n o f the University o f V ermo nt there is o ne spec i men whi ch is do ubt fully o f Vermo nt o rigi n in whi ch the g roov e is fo und o nly o n t hree sides but in all the rest the g roov e is c o m pl eted aro un d the spec i men Thi s is s o mewh at remark able b ecause ac co rdi n g to D r A bbott (P ri mitive I nd ust ry p Possibly two thi rd s o f the sto ne ax es fo und in N ew j ersey h av e the g roov e ex t en d ing alo n g the s ides and acro ss o ne margi n and the same autho r speak s o f o ne h al f p rob ably o f the ax es fo und in Co n necti c ut ” an d no rth ward h avi ng the g roov e en ti rely enc i rcli n g the s to ne and by i nference t he o th er h al f were no t so Our axes us ually have the g roove a littl e above the middle and parall el with the It is never very near the bl unt end as in so me of the edge Western speci mens no r is it ever bo rdered by a rai sed lip Our average spec i mens are fro mfive to seven i nch es l o ng an d abo ut t wo thi rd s as wi de and weigh t wo o r th ree po und s but o cca sio nally th ey are l arg er as is the spec i men s ho wn in Fig 5 w hi ch S o me o f is o ne o f the largest axes I h ave seen fro m th i s regio n o ur g rooved axes were evidently made fro mcobbl e sto nes and in e o f th ese the upper end is l eft very much in its o ri g i nal co n so m ditio n wi th its water wo rn surface unwro ught T he same fo rm seem ens t he enti re s urface o f whi c h s to h ave b een c opi ed in spec i m is wro ugh t fo r altho ugh th ese may s ho w everywh ere tool mark s t he fo rm o f the h ead is p rec i sely th at o f tho se in whi ch it is the I n general fo rm the V ermo nt ax es nat ural wat er wo rn pebbl e are n oti ceably w id er sho rter an d thi nner th an the typi cal W est ern S pec i mens an d th erefo re l ess cl umsy and h eavy ev en when .
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The S tone A
x
in Ver mont
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me l ength T he lo ng s l ender ax es fo und in so me o f the W est ern lo cali ti es do n o t o cc ur in the Ch ampl ai n v all ey Our g rooved ax es ar not o ften very rude but tho ugh seldom poli sh ed the s urface is generally well pi ck ed and smooth ed T he edge is nat urally al ways po li sh ed but the g roove is no t in an y th at the pi ts and stri ae s pec i m en s o c o mpl et ely s moo th ed made by the i nstruments used in ex cavati ng it are obliterated Even and in mo st cases th ere is littl e attempt at poli shi ng it w h en the rest o f the s urface is s mooth ed the g roov e is not Th i s is un like w h at is co mmo n amo n g sto ne ax es fro m oth er places for in these we v ery o ften find the g roove fi nely poli sh ed I n Fig 3 we h ave rep resented a sp eci men o f si ng ul ar fo rm an d in s o me respect s un i ue A s the fig ure sho ws the n ot ch es are v ery d eep tho ugh the g roov e is uite sh allo w and the fo rm o f t he h ead abov e the g roo ve is unus ual T he mat eri al o f whi ch t hi s ax is made i nst ead o f b ei ng o f t rap o r uartzite o r ui te so m e s uch h ard co mp act sto ne is p eculi ar in th at it is of a red sandro ck co mmo n alo n g L ak e Ch ampl ai n and w hi ch is not a v ery s uitabl e materi al fo r an ax A s s ho wn in t he fig ure t hi s sp ec i men app ears m o re rude an d ill fin ished th an it was o rigi nally fo r eith er fro m the effects o f weath eri n g o r h ard sage the s mooth s urface whi ch evi dently ex i sted at fi rst has b een fl ak ed ff in many pl aces givi n g a rud e appear FI G of
the sa
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3
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ance
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Th i s
l arger of o ur ax es the len gth b ei n g eight i nches w i dt h acro ss the h ead fo ur and a h al f i n ch es whil e the g en eral w i dth b elo w t he g roove is fo ur i nch es T he sp eci al p ec uli ari ty o f thi s ax is fo und in the obli uity o f the edg e w hi ch is not v ery well sho wn in the fig ure Th at po rt io n o f the ax belo w the g roove is n ot wo rk ed to the same pl ane as th at above but is as if twi sted spi rally so th at a li n e draw n p arall el to the edg e wo uld c ro ss at a l arge angl e a s i mil ar li ne d rawn acro ss the h ead or parall el wi th t he g roov e N o r is t hi s an i sol at ed ex ampl e I n a fine l arge ax in o ur coll ectio n fro m S p ri n gfi eld Mas s the same ob li uity in is
on e of
the
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T he S tone A x in Vermont
.
v l celts I h ave seen the same fo rm S o mark ed is thi s tw i st th at it w o uld seem i mpo ssibl e to ai r blo w w ith s uch an ax if it was attach ed to a lo n g st rik e a f handl e and thi s difliculty rai ses the uestio n wh eth er so me o f th ese l arge grooved ax es may no t h ave b een h and ax es not many T he h ead o f the S p ri n gfi eld ax is o f th em perh ap s b ut a few ro und ed carefully an d i n d eed the whol e ax is v ery well m ad e an d wh en h eld in the h and w ith the end s of the fi n gers in the m l a s e s m s m a e w oov it o t d i b y d pt d thi I e e a r a r u s e i s r n f o a g y am aware th at the g roov e in it sel f s uggest s a h an dl e of s o me the
lower part
is seen
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and in se era
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t but as has been noti ced in the case o f th ese obli ue axes at l eas t the h and and arm o f the user wo uld s urely mak e a much bett er handl e th an any oth er T he fo rm cannot be regard ed as ac cid ental I thi nk ; the S pec i mens are too carefully and tho ro ughly made to allo w pl ace for such a S UppOS lt ll T he general ch aract er o f o ur Vermo nt groov ed axes is very well sho wn by Figs 4 and 5 whi ch rep resent the two classes most o ften fo und Both of th em are co mparatively uite flat o r th i n and o ur grooved axes never app roach a cyli nd ri cal form S carcely any but are al ways narro wly el lipti c al in cro ss sectio n so r
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vo a ai n .
no . i v.
93
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The S tone A : in Vermont
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pec i mens are alik e but mo st o f th em resembl e mo re o r l ess c losely one or the oth er of the fo rms h ere fig ured T he specimen ade sho wn (very much red uc ed in siz e) in Fig 4 is a v ery well m an d fi n i s h ed ax wo rk ed o ut of a syen ite cobbl e sto ne an d the upper end apparently still ret ai ns the general fo rm of the p ebbl e It is o f average size b ei ng five i nch es lo ng and th ree and a h al f inch es w ide j ust b elo w the g roove Thi s sp ec i men ill ustrates the s ho rt an d w id e fo rm w hil e the l ess co mmo n and lo nger fo rm is Thi s ax is one o f the largest speci mens an d seen in Fig 5 mo st if not all o f th i s fo rm are large S o me o f th em are less r ud e th an th at fig ured w hi c h sho ws the effec ts o f h ard usage tho ugh it p robably was v ery well fi ni sh ed at fi rst It is made o f a dark g ray g rit o r h ard sand ro ck much lik e th at used for maki ng the h ard er vari eti es o f g ri n dsto nes T he fl at s urfaces are rubbed uit e s mooth altho ugh s o mewh at pitt ed T he groove is o n ly mod erately d eep but is un usually wi de and is smooth as if wo rn by long usage and as the fig ure sho ws it r uns obli uely Bo th S ides at o ne so mewh at mo res o th an the oth er and the edg e is are fl fo rmed by b eveli n g the s urface mai n ly fro m o ne s ide T hi s ax and the same is t rue of all o f thi s fo rm was evid ently wo rk ed o ut of a m ass t ak en fro m a l edge N ot o n ly does the smooth ness o f the g roov e sho w t hat thi s i mpl ement has b een much used but the edge is chipped and b rok en so mewh at and the h ead very co nsid erably batt ered as if it had do ne hard d uty as a maul It has b een tho ught by so me th at th ese l arge ax es were s o me o f th em at l east used to b reak hol es in the ice in wi nter fo r fi shi n g o r to r and thi s sp ec i m m e w e n m r s s t a t e a h a v e s r v d f o o e u c e e h y g wo rk V ery few ax es so l arge as thi s h av e been fo und in thi s S tate T he fig ure is so mewh at mo re th an o ne thi rd nat ural s i ze T he l ength is a littl e over ni ne i nch es and the w idth above the n n e e v e a a r oov ly h l i n h hil j t b lo g ov a r fi d a f e s e u s w t h e w c e r o e g it is five i nch es T he sp eci men weigh s fo ur po und s whi ch is much less th an th at of so me of the S o uth ern speci mens T he i ne uality at sid es w hi ch is s ufl o f the two fl i cient to be uite noti ceabl e in thi s speci men is still mo re marked in so me others and as in the thi s flattest side is al way s celt s and oth er fo rms o f the ax s moo th er so meti mes v ery much so th an the Oppo s ite s id e a fac t fo r whi ch it do es not seem easy to acco unt I n a S ki n d resser o r h and ax it is uite nat ural th at the side whi ch fro m accid en t o r i nt entio n was mo st nearly fl at s ho uld be h eld down upo n t he two
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The S tone A sk in o r
x in
Vermont
.
whatever the s urface th at was
bei ng wo rked and th us be co me s m o oth and fl at even if n ot made so at fi rst but ho w any th i n g of t hi s so rt c o uld tak e pl ace in a l arge halted ax we are unable to g uess unl ess it was used as an adze and thi s is po ssi ble T he obli ue di rec tio n o f the g roove seen in th i s speci men is wo rthy of noti ce si nce it d oes not app ear to be co m mo n in New En gl and spec i mens D r A bbot t (P ri mitive I nd ustry p 8) says th at in the vall ey of the S us ueh an na river in Pen nsylvani a the maj o ri ty o f grooved ax es h ave the g roove obli ue wit h refer ence to the edge but th at thi s feat ure is rarely me wi th in N ew t re is e r s e e a n h d a n y p ob bly do o gl d T c u i N n n r a c r e w s E n o t e j n o ex ampl e in the l arge seri es o f N ew Engl and axes in the mu ” seum at Cam b ridge S everal of o ur V ermo nt axes all I beli eve fro m the n o rth ern part of the S tate h ave obli ue g rooves I do not thi nk th at arc h aeologi st s h ave given the groo ved hx fi cient credit fo r utility as a cutti n g i mpl ement s uf Th ey seem fo r the most part to be o f the opi n io n th at at b est th ese axes c o ul d be used o nly to c ut i nto the b ark and b rui se the w oo d so t h at a fire ki ndl ed abo ut a t ree so prepared sho uld h av e g reat er effec t Thi s may very p robably h ave b een a co mmo n p erh aps t he co mmo n met ho d and yet the acco unt s giv en us by the early ex plo rers o f A meri ca seem to me to p rove th at t rees were c ut We must and c ut so th at th ey came do wn w ith sto ne ax es a l ways be o n o ur g uard agai nst ren deri ng j udgment as to the u seful ness o f a sto ne i mpl ement if w e h ave no oth er b asi s fo r o ur d ecis ion th an the results acc o mpli sh ed by it in o ur unskill ed h ands We all k no w that sto ne i mpl ements th at wo uld be wholly u sel ess in civilized hand s are yet o f v ery g reat effi ci en cy in the hands o f savag es who h av e l earned ho w to use th em Many of o ur sto ne ax es do i nd eed seem uite unfitted for use as cutti n g t o ol s and th ey may be so b ut all are not ; so me are mad e fro m v ery h ard sto ne and h ave a smooth reg ul ar edge whi c h al t ho ugh i t may no t be co mparabl e to th at o f a modern steel ax is y et abl e To cite in t o c ut so ft green wood if no t th at whi ch is h arder oo f o f thi s o n ly a si ng l e wri ter let me call attentio n to o ne o r r p T he earl i est ed itio n o f the t wo statements mad e by Ch ampl ai n w riti ng s o f thi s ex plo rer whi c h is no w at h and was p ubli sh ed in u fl i c i e n t m e s b u t s u r e r r s e e a i s p i t c o li vol r 1 r e u f n a 8 a r o f o 0 P 3 fo r o ur p urpo se I n his acc o unt o f a jo urney whi ch he took w ith a party o f A lgonki ns in 1609 Ch ampl ai n sp eak s sev eral ti mes o f ,
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Gr osse s Classification
and
’
0 34
A (
S tructure of the Bird li ce -
.
pril
,
d to fell t rees and so me o f th ese were gros ” arb res and the acco unt sho ws th at the cutti ng must h ave been do ne w ith so mewh at o f ex peditio n H I S party had i ro n ax es as well as sto ne but our autho r does no t c o mpare the two but call s ” I n describi n g the custo mary method of th emall meschantes campi ng wh en enemies were supposed to be near he tells us th at as soo n as the I ndi ans had cho sen the p lace for a camp th ey im medi ately began to cut dow n t rees to make a b arri c ade and he say s t hat th ey k now so well how to do th i s th at in l ess th an tw o ho urs they h ave so st ro ng a defence th at five h und red o f th ei r i enemi es w o uld no t be abl e to b reak i nto it w itho ut great difl c ulty and loss of li fe Th en in anoth er passage he S peak s of the I ro uoi s cutti ng down t rees for a si mi lar p urpose N owh ere does I nd eed in the fi rst case he S peak of fire as an aid in the p rocess w h ere he t ell s us o f so st ro ng a barri cad e he says th at th ey mak e no fire l est the smok e reveal th ei r p resenc e to th ei r enemi es Fro m th ese and si mil ar acco unts it seems uite p robabl e to say the l east th at sto ne ax es were used as ax es fo r cutti n g ti mber and wi th n ot altogeth er unsati sfacto ry results
the
to ne ax es
s
as use
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30 !
C L A S S IFIC A TI ON A N D S T R UCTU R E OF ‘ T H E BI R D L I C E OR M A L L OPH A GA
GR OS S E S ’
-
.
A BS T R A CT BY PR OFES S OR G M A C L OS K I E .
.
bi rd li ce are wi ngl ess i nsect s with incom rpho si s m l t e m t a m e e n dib ul ate mo uth part s two o r three o a p seg ment ed tho rax eight to ten abdo mi nal s o mites Th ey live o n mammal s and bi rds feedi ng o n th ei r scal es h ai rs and feathers T he genera whi ch are fo und o n mammal s nev er o cc ur o n bi rds and vice versa R edi fi rst ob serv ed (16 88) th at th ere are so me li ce w i th h austell ate and oth ers w ith mandibul ate mo uth parts N itsch (184 2) carefully exami ned th em and V on Gi ebel (187 4 ) i mp roved o n his wo rk N itsch divid es th em i nto two chi ef gro ups Philopteridmand L iotheidasz; the Philopterida: h ave fil amento us anten nae and n o palp s ;the L iotheidae h ave cl avate fo ur joi nted antennae and palp s T he Phi10pteridze co mp ri se two famili es : (1) T ri chod ectes the H E Malloph aga,
or
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1
Beitrage
zur
K enntniss der Mallophaga,
von
Zeitschrift fur wissenschattliche Zoologi e, Bd
.
D r Fran z Grosse in S trassburg .
xu i , pp
.
0 53
-
5 58,
mit
.
T af xvn t .
Grosses Classifi cation
18
’
and
S tructure of the Bird like
34
-
.
1
ly gen us ch aracterized by th ree j oi nted antenna and o ne c l awed feet (2) Philopteridaz stricti with five j oi nted antenna an d two c lawed feet T he L iotheidm h ave lik ewi se two famili es : (1) Ge puS the o n ly gen us h avi n g o ne c lawed feet ; and (2 ) L iotheidaa stricte w i th two clawed feet Tri chodectes and Ge pus o ccur on ly o n mammal s the o th er genera on ly o n bi rds and are cl assifi ed acco rdi ng to the p resence o r ab sence o f appen dages o n the h ead (t rab ec ul a ) and th ei r mo tility to the sex ual di fferenti atio n o f antennas th ei r attit ude the fo rm o f the h ead the ons istency o f the tho racal so mites and t he g fo rm o f the last abdo m i nal so mit es on
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Pa t t on 1
T rabec ulze motile,
2
T rabecule
.
.
a.
s at
ma
,
antennae n early al ike in
motile A n tennae filiform not
strid
bo th
e .
sexes
.
D ocophor us
.
.
no sexual
,
differentiation
.
i a l i t m n s m o e o f mal e ro un ded ofl Mi r n as ( ) n i tes lused i n the mi ddle i n al som nd head abruptly angled abdo m 6 H i ()
f, ro un ded of
H i d head
a
-
'
ter
-
.
.
,
Gon iocotes
h A .
male forcipate by a process from the third seg ment ale tubercle lik e a ) H ind head ang led terminal somite o f fem (
ntenna: o f
.
-
ro un ded off,
-
L
M esothorax wanting , a
.
6
.
H ead
very
-
,
H in d head
6 ()
t.
.
minal somite of male notched
ter
rofrrt
mo e
r , str
.
male
,
of
L
r curus .
p
id e .
an tenna e g enerally concealed
.
no orbital
broad,
H ead elongated, with lateral angles directed backwards
.
k d i s l a r t r 0 5 W h m e h a ( ) py a
-
clypeus and shallo w o rbital sinus
L e mohothri u m .
(6)
With only wavy head margins -
,
and lo ng
lateral lobes
o n the
labrum
Phy sostomu m .
2.
Mesothorax present ark ed of f, head three sided, a Mesothorax large sharply m .
.
-
,
6 Mesothorax .
antennae co n cealed
T r in otu m .
mall
s
-
,
only i ndicated.
h i l l n t e n s ib e u m o oc bi t h a d e t nn a m os t l e o a d a d v l e C l a l e r a n a e O y y g p p p () l t n d on s n v r s l o e e a n a c o c l e M e n o n r b i t a l a h a l w or b o t e a b o 6 e e O () y y p a
,
.
.
,
.
.
h es h ave been l argely o n a L io theid fo und o n a peli can fro m Chili c lo sely rel ated to Menopo n and fo rmi ng the T he ty pe o f a new gen us and speci es Tetrophthalmus chilensi s lo ng the female slightly less H e al so con male is 4 trib utes impo rtant emendatio ns o f o ur k no wl edge o f the oth er s pec i es — H ead I n T etrophthalmus the h ead is so mew h at co nst ri cted is b road er th an lo ng slightly c o nvex above co ncave belo w and Grosse s ’
researc
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Grosse s Clamficatron '
’
2 34
o mewh at
and
S tr ucture of the Bird lic e
i fo rm the o ccipital
-
A (
.
p ril
,
gl es bei ng ro und ed off T he hi nder li mit o f the clypeus sho ws sid e a eac h on n ot c h ab o ut a thi rd fro m the fro nt o f the h ead ;two d ark spots are seen on eac h si de of the h ead t he larger o ne near the n ot ch the oth er b ehi nd it and o ut wards T he anten na lie co nceal ed in a lateral cavity of the und er sid e of t he h ead (as in L a mo both ri um Fig I at) T wo is eyes who se pi g ment lie o n seen from above FtG l —V e t al view f head of L a ma b th ium f om Gyp g e a m e pmta m x 30 each side belo w and be hi nd the antennal cavity H ai rs are di st rib uted over the h ead alo ng the bo rd ers an d o n its vent ral and do rsal s urfaces On the und er s id e of the h ead is the funnel sh aped mo uth openi ng surro unded by the mandib Gro sse d escribes the ulate mo uth parts mo uth parts o f Malloph aga in detail as p revio us writers err greatly regardi ng th em — Thi s is not as in L abr um (ob erlippe) ot her i nsects i nserted o n the anterio r bo r der of the h ead but in all Malloph aga it is s
un
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an
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n r
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s r
rr
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Fi g
.
Fig 3
2.
.
—
FI G 2 Median section through head L abrum of Gomode: 60 .
.
of
.
Gomode: drirsimrlrlr x 60 '
'
.
.
FI G 3 .
.
'
.
E xplan atio n J r,
as,
f
o
dorsal and
f
r e er en ce
ventral
led ers
a r t p s
'
rn
fi
tl e/ gu re:
at . an tenna ; ( b, chitinous
-
a so phageal sclerites ;
of
g
,
l s a os g
bar ;
i l a l u ( g ) ; g r, side o f m ax
A , hypo dermis by , hypopharyn x ; is, or, in ner and o uter illa ; I , lensa haped chitinous thickening ; 16, labrum (upper lip) ; L in d, a n d, left an d “ l andib e ; 1 rig ht m b t l d a n l a i a l m u s c e r a m d i l e m e n t u m m a s a m l m t b t . , , ; , ; ; , ; p p p b d l a s s o y g y
maxilla ; n erve ;
p
,
mx
’ ,
2d
maxilla (labium or under lip) ; or
l ll r a o s s a r r t i e s a e a c n l ; p , g
,
.
eyes ; oer, a sephagus ; arr, Opti c
Classification and S tructure qf tire Bird lice
Grosse s ’
34 3
-
.
h ead I n all L io theida it is si mil arly bei ng a thi n t ransverse arch ed swelli ng with fo rmed (Fig I T he lab rum o f the all b ri stl es chiti no us m argi ns b eari ng sm PhiI Opterida has a b road di sk lik e bas i s fix ed on the under sid e e transverse furro ws (Figs 2 o f the h ead and is divid ed by so m rated fro m the m r s f u r e u Th b o d o w p a o t h by r a a lb r i s e e a 3 5 ) plate of chiti n an d farth er fo rward a deep narro w furro w nex t I n the livi ng ani mal the the anterio r bo undary o f the l ab rum l ab rum is co nstantly movi ng ; and in Philo pterida it can adh ere to gl ass like a s ucto ri al di s k T he l ab rum can th us hol d o n to hai rs o r feathers — M andibles A s a type we tak e the man dibl es o f T etro phthal mus (Fig Th ey h ave eac h st ro ng lon g t wo teeth so mewhat d i fferent mud in th ei r st ruct ure T he under tooth o f the left mandibl e has a pro with t uberance curv ed i n t d a rch ed s ur n n a a o p face ; its upper toot h has T he right t wo poi nts mandibl e has two sto ut teeth w hi ch fit the l eft as mandibl e o n clo si ng Thi s parti serves fo r c utti ng c l es h eld b etween the lab rum and the fi rst m ax ill a T he l arge poi nt ed teeth serve for removi ng d erm al FI G 4 —R ght a d left mandibles f T etr ph T he mandibl es Ofthalmu x 60 Pl c S CQI C S e d H f L ipeu w bet s on
the under
s
ide
of
the
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s.
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the Philopterida
are long ’
n
i
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o
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.
g
_
o
o
r
fro m belo w X 60 F (G s r Fi rst maxi lla o f T etrOphthalmus X 7 5 l flu
e ogr a
,
seen
.
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.
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.
6
.
.
t r i a n g u l a r and two to oth ed the teeth sho rt and thi ck (especi ally in gen us Doco h u s r o ) p First maxilla —Th ese are co n i cal and h ave a b asal and a ter mi nal segment o r bl ade di sti ng ui sh abl e in yo ung speci mens T he i n ner sid e o f the bl ad e has hookl ets (not in D ocopho rus) T Fig s h e m a x il a m s e e l to tak e no part in co mmin u 5 ( tin g th e foo d b eyo nd aidi ng in its p reh ensio n With all care ,
.
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Grosses ’
34 4
A [
Classification and S tructure of the Bird lice -
.
.
t hi s
c
orrect fo r he l ces the fo ur joi nted papill a on the bl ad e near its an terio r bo r a p der I n T etrophthalmus the palp s b elo n g n ot to the fi rst but to T he same is true o f M enopon palliaum Col the sec o nd max il la e a u m e h a l u z b r a a m t h r i o m o u s s e n e a L o b o m f r a n e r r t o G yp g pop p r ius and a T rino tum fro m the swi ft an d p ro bably rs the case wi th all the g enera and speci es — These are flat fused bo undi ng S econd maxilla (unterlippe) They c o nsist in L iotheida o f two parts the mo uth po sterio rly whi c h are un ited by a t ransverse fold (Fig T he basal part (ment um mt) rep resents the coalesc ing stipites and s uama o f n o rm al fi rs t max ill a and bears the fo ur joi nted T he upper labi al palps part is the lig ul a o r glossa r r e s h c o po n di to n t e (g ) g i nner bl ad e [lac i nia] L at erally o n the lig ul a are t he paraglossa (p) co rre to the o uter spo nding bl ad e [ galea] A chiti n o us ban d l i mits the glo ss a wh ere it bears the para s h i lo s a s f t e p r t s a o a f g both had coal es ced Fro 7 —S econd maxilla of N irmus R ad o w seems to h ave FI G 8—S eco d maxilla f T et pht halmu hilen si FI G 9 S e ond maxilla of L a m mi staken he ant enna f r x 60 t o bo h mm x 60 Melni the l abi al palps k o w overlooked the l abi um and erro neo usly c o mpared the pro d ucts o f the a sophageal i nti ma with the p robosci s o f Pedi culi na in co nse uence of thi s fal se co mpari so n referri n g the Mallophag a to R hynchota T he l abi um o f the Philopterida has n o palps (Fig It is us ually t ri ang ul ar with ro unded angl es and is so meti m es very sm all as in the genus L ip eurus t he ment um bei n g s mall er th an can
ly
,
maxill a th em in
Gro sse has never been abl e to find the palps o f the fi rst whi ch N its ch ascribes to L iotheida N itsch fig ures Trmotumeonspureatum, but
p ril
scar e
be
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Grosses Classification ’
l
and
S tructure of the Bird lice -
34 5
.
lig ule is emargi nated in D ocophorus and L ipeu r us T he paraglossa of Philopterida as in t he L iotheida are l ik e tacti l e o rgans remarkably lo ng in speci es o f Go niodes I n all L io theida the i nti ma of the ventral end of the o ral cav ity fo rms a fold lik e d upli cat ure as in Philopterida (hy poph ary nx I n L amobothri um and T etrophthalmus thi s ex tends Fig 2 hy ) fo rward over the l abi um and its l ateral bo rd ers are st ro ngly bent upwards (Figs 1 8 hy ) Fo r the st udy o f the h ead Gro sse mad e t ransverse and sagittal sec tio ns o f spec i mens fres h fro m molti ng an d h ard ened in eb ro mic o r pi c ri c acid F ro m absol ute al c ohol th ey were placed in c hlo rofo rmand after two ho urs embedded in paraffine bei ng kept T he sec tions for a ti me in melted parafiine und er the air p ump were attac h ed to the s lid e by means o f alb umen o r oil o f cloves treated wi t h acid ulated s tai ned by al coholi c carmi ne sol utio n al c o hol so as to sho w the n uc l ei and th en enc losed in Canada bal sam — W ax I n the genera T rinotum C olpo cephalumand T etrOph th almus the th ree tho rac i c so mites are present especi ally man i T he p ro tho rax of T etrOphthalmus has above fest in t he yo un g a ro und ed swelli ng and ends fo rwards in a b ri stly po i nt o n each Withi n the p rotho rax but vi sibl e th ro ugh the transparen t sid e do rsum is a cross band o f chiti n as in Men opo n fo r the attach ment of musc les T he mesotho rax is muc h narro wer than the other tho raci c so mi tes T he metatho rax is o f t rapezoidal fo rm T he bo rders an d much b roader and sho rter th an the p rotho rax Th ere are no wi ngs o r o f th ese so mites are st ro ngly chiti nized T he fo remost o f the th ree pai rs of li mb s ent s o f wi ngs rudi m ent s o f are the s ho rtest an d th ey act as foot j aws d rawi ng frag m I n the mal e T etrOphthalmus th ey are large food to the mo uth T he tibi a of all the li mb s an d also serve fo r holdi ng the femal e o f the mal e h ave th ei r i n ferio r end ex ten di ng i nto a k nob with ” mo rni ng star Th ere are o nly t wo tar sharp p rocesses li ke a sal joi nts the di stal o ne bei ng the lo nger and beari ng t wo ih c urved c laws inclosi ng between thema so ft lobe [p ulvill us] : T he ” mo rni ng star pro cesses of the brist les o n the tibi a and the mal e serve for holdi ng the femal e whi ch indeed o ften c l ambers amo ng the feath ers of the ho st — e T he femal e o f T etrophthalmus has ten abdo mi nal A bdom n T he mal e has n i ne ites the termi nal one so ft and ro unded so m
t he
T he
lig ul e
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Gr osse s Classtficatrbn
6 34
and
’
l
as the ast is
i nvagi nated
t he hind en d o f the
so as
mal e
is
mo re darkly colo red th an in D ig estive track
r i A [ p L
S tr ucture of the Bird lice -
to
.
h eath for the peni s ; more chiti nized and
serve as a s
po i nted
and
,
male
the fe
—T wo types of cro p
.
fo un d ih the M all o
are
l t l d ivertic ul um o f the es oph ag us ; in L io theida it is a cl ub sh aped symm et ri cal enlarge ment of the oesoph ag us Kramer divides the i ntesti ne o f L ipen rus i nto an o ral cavi ty an oesoph ag us crap c hylus sto m ach and hi n d i ntesti ne T he a S Ophag us reac h es bac k to the abd o m en a T he inti ma o f the and has a ho mogeneo us c hiti n o us i nt im c rop has spi nes and its cell s appear to sec rete a fl uid T he chy lus sto mach ex tend s to the ent rance o f the malpighi an t ub ul es Gro sse fi nd s in the oesoph ag us of T etrophthalmus behi n d the a hypoph ary nx a c hi ti n bar p roduced by th ic k eni ng o f the i nti m c o nsi sti ng o f a g roove l ike mid pi ece and runni ng fo rward and b ack ward i nto two divergi ng b ranch es T he hi nd b ranch es h ave muscl es fro mthe occipital bo rder of the c rani um Th ese c hiti n a and in o us bars are not h austell at e b ut suppo rt the o ral i nti m thei r g roove are sent alo ng co mmi nuted fragments o f feath ers retai ned by the retro rse spi nes and d enti c ul atio ns o f the d o rsal o f the i nti m a a r t p Go nio des has two s uamo us a sephag eal pi eces a do rsal and a vent ral (Fig 2 ds as ) T he vent ral pi ec e has po sterio r p ro c esses j oi ned by musc l es wi th the o ccipital bo rd er T he do rsal pi ece send s fo rward a musc ul ar b undl e whi c h bi furcates and its divi sio ns are i n sert ed o n the anteri o r c rani al bo rd er T wo d ucts p rob ably sal ivary) run fo rward s th ro ugh th ese scal e lik e pi eces ( uniti ng i nto o ne T he chyl us sto mach is co rdat e at its begi n n i ng T he hi nd i ntesti ne has six long itu a and has no c hiti no us i nti m di nal g rooves and rectal gl ands with ri chly b ranc hi ng trach ea and a chiti no us inti ma T he mod e of n ut ritio n of Mallo ph aga is not ful ly ascertai ned N itsch stated th at th ey eat the epidermal p rod ucts o f bi rd s and mammal s and so meti mes blood Gro sse fi nds that blood is rarely t ak en and o nly in cases wh ere the b earers (bi rd s) are so i nj ured or di seased as to have blood amo ng th ei r pl umage; and L euckart gives the same res ult as to Tn chodectes canis o f the do g I nL a mobothrium Gro sse fo und the i ntesti ne fill ed with the li mb s o f its o wn ki nd as if it ate the p rod uc t o f its o wn mo lti ng I n Philopterida the crop is
a a h p g
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a a era
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Grosse s Classrfication ’
l
and
vessels
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alivary
34 7
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—T h
es
b ranc h ed ; h ave a fro m the lumen by any no t
,
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membrane) S
S tructure of the Bird lice
eare fo ur gangl io n cell s (not separated
M alpig hian
l u men
and
.
l a n s d g
There are two pairs ; and ex ceptio nally the P h ilopterida h ave o ne cell ed gl and s as o n the c rop Gro sse fo u nd o ne of these cell s un d ergoi n g divi si o n T he salivary o r r n s u e n s i c l d liv y g d liv voi gl d n s a a l a s a n d s a r s r rs T e a a a r e h e n g y u s ually adj o i n the cro p or sto m ach and h ave a cell l ayer w ith n u c l ei c overed ex ternally and i nternally by a fine ho mogeneo us ep itheli um Befo re the en tranc e o f thi n d uc ts i nto the oesopha s m u n n s a gl a n d d a s a li v a y v s e l u it e i n to c o m o n d u c t r a a e g — S exual org asm T he mal e sex ual o rgans are of the usual type o f in ec ts pai red testes spermat i c d uc ts a semi nal v esi cl e ej ae N erves supply the semi nal v es i cl e and u lato ry d uct and pen i s ac ulato ry d uct ; and in T etrophthalmus the termi nal s o mite o f ej t h e abdo men is wit hd rawn s o as to be co nc eal ed servi ng as a T he female organs co nsi st o f pai red ovari es s h eath fo r the pen i s i h r e rs a r a u s i n i d a i n h o p i ov i t b i t e a o f L t h fi v r s i e n e o e P a l ( p p t erida ) two ov id ucts uniti n g i nto o ne and a semi nal rec eptacl e T he egg case has a lid whi ch S p ri n gs open at the ex it o f the u n sect o g i n y — R espira tory apparatus T here are seven pai rs of stigmas o ne i n the p rotho rax an d six abdo mi nal Each sti g ma has i nternall y A pai r of stro ng a crown o f fine h ai rs to p rotec t fro m i mp uriti es lo ngit udi nal trach ea sen d b ranches to the stigmata and are unit ed t o each other by a st ro ng cross branch in the ab do men and all er o nes in the head an d tho rax sm — o rs a l e l D v sse Grosse co uld not s ucceed in mak ing a p repara tio n o f thi s but in the recently molted livi ng an i mal it can be s een p ul sati n g th ro ugh the b ac k — N er vous sy stem Thi s co nsi sts (in Philopterida ) o f two c ephali c a T e s n n i h tho c i g gli o g glio l a n d t r e e c n h e r a e l a a n a r a h a a a g g p p g is much larger than the suba sophageal and th ey are united by T he l ast tho racal ganglio n is l arge and st ro ng commisures send s b ack nerves to supply the abdo men — e n n A nt I n L iotheida th ese are fo ur seg mented cl ub sh aped a or kn obbed the termi nal seg ment sph eri cal lyi ng in a hollo w of I n a cro ss sectio n o f the ter h e sub termi nal o ne (Fig l at) t mi nal seg ment of L a mobothrium are seen ro und n ucl eated cell s apparently gan glio n i c enl argement of nerves T he L io theida -
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Trach
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Cy clone which passed
a
A [
over
pril
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h ave the antenna alik e in both sexes but in Philopterida the thi rd seg ment o f the antenna o f the mal e has a l ateral p rocess so m eti mes so l arge as to mak e the antenna resembl e a lob st er s c l aw N itsch stat es th at it is fo r holdi ng The femal e — Ey es These lie o n the margi n of the und er s urface o f the h ead behi nd the antenna A uthors h ave hith erto ascribed a sin l e r f l r p a i o y s to ll lloph g u i a l P h i lopt e id B e e a M a a a t n e n e r a g g ex ami ned (Go nio des D oco pho rus L ipeu rus N irmus) the autho r fo un d a s i ngle pair and in all L iotheid genera (T etrOph Men opo n th al mus L a mo bothrium T rinotum and C o lpo cephalum) he fo und I f thi s c h arac two p ai rs o f stemmata ter hold s good fo r the remai ni ng g enera r t h s f u r s e a e t w f it ill till th t c hi w r e e e a o m b t m o g e f L a h p , p y °f divi s io ns o f the Malloph aga T he eyes o f Malloph aga are si mple provid ed with a l ens shaped thi ck en i ng of the cuti cle I n yo ung ens the eye has no pig ment b ut in old er spec i mens it has s pec i m pig mented reti nal cell s T he eye o f L a mobothrium exami ned by means of sectio ns has under the chiti n thi ck en i ng (Fig t wenty fo ur pig mented reti nal cell s (r) cl avate and nucleated w ith ented opti c nerve (on) n ucleoli mergi ng g rad ually i nto the pig m Each eye is di rectly i n nervated fro mthe prea S Ophag eal gang lio n T he hypo dermal cell s are i nterposed b etween the l ens and the reti nal cell s as c ubi c cell s in old sp ec i mens b ut as a hyal i ne bo dy c o nsisti ng of cyli nd ri cal cell s in yo ung or recently molted There are no rhabdites in the eyes T he eyes of speci m ens Malloph aga resembl es those o f Phry g anea g randis as d esc rib ed by Grenacher ,
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ZOZ
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T R A CK OF A CYC L ON E W H I C H P A S S ED OV ER W ES T ER N I N DI A N A M OR E TH A N TH R EE HU N D R ED Y EA R S A GO .
BY
M N A P B E L L O r C J '
.
.
A ST A
.
p ril (1885) I was surveyi ng in cent ral part o f Parke co unty I ndi ana On the so uth s id e o f S ecti o n 16 To wnship 15 no rth of R ange 8 west I noti ced that the t ree g raves were very n umero us th ere bei ng one to every s uare rod the west
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Western I ndiana more than 3 00 y ears ag o
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gro un d I noti c ed that th ey all i ndi cated that the sto rm w hi ch caused them was goi ng to the north east When a t ree is blown d own the roots hold two to five cubi c yards of earth in th ei r w n c m s r n w e h e s r a s hi h k o po di g pit h t tood e a r s e r t r e e c e a ; g p er the fall en t ree has enti rely rott ed the earth h el d by the roots afl leaves a mo und resembli ng an old g rav e and h av e b een very I ndi an graves T he mo und co mmo nly call ed by p eopl e h ere is al ways on the side o f the pit to ward whi ch the t ree fell s sto rm t rack was abo ut o ne tho usand feet wid e hi I a t th a t T J ust b efo re I ceased t raci ng it t ime follo wed it nearly o ne mil e I fo und the st ump o f a white o ak cut do wn d uri ng the year ( 884 standi n g o n tap o f o ne o f the t ree g raves or mo und s I c o unted the ri ngs o f g rowth and fo und it to h ave b een two h un d red and n i nety seven (29 7 ) years o ld Th at settl ed the fact th at the sto rm had pass ed over the gro und at l east th ree h und red and ten years b efo re ; for the aco rn co uld not S p ro ut o n the mo und until the t ree had fi rst been blown down ; and sec o nd it co uld not sp ro ut t ill the fall en t ree had al so ro tted away and l eft the mo und s uffi oi st ure to ri se to its top surface c ient ly fl attened fo r m On the 18th o f May follo wi ng I was survey i ng in S ectio n 29 a nd 30 To wnship 15 n o rth of R ange 8 west (whi ch surv eyo rs in t he West will und erstand is abo ut th ree mil es to the so uth west o f H ere I also fo und the t ree g raves as t he fi rst pl ace mentio ned) t h i ck as the g rown t rees no w are and th ey al so i ndi cated th at the ad e th ese t ree g raves s to rm whi ch bl ew do wn the t rees w hi ch m A mo ment s refl ectio n al so sho wed w as goi ng to the n o rth east me th at thi s was on the same li ne o r t rack o f the o ne fi rst ob served A fter I returned ho me I plac ed a st ri ng on my co unty map so as to cover th ese two lo catio ns and noted carefully what poi nts I noti ced that by ex tend acro ss the co unty the st ri ng to uch ed in g the st ri ng so uth westward it passed abo ut o ne h al f to th ree uarters o f a mil e to t he righ t o f Cli nto n in the s o uth end o f V ermilio n c o unty whi ch adj oi ns thi s co unty o n the west the W abash river lyi ng bet ween th em Cli nto n stand s on the west bank of thi s riv er I at o nce remembered th at wh en a boy in my teens I had lived with a Dr Kil e two and a h al f mil es early f re uent t rip s to to wn I of so uth west of Cli nto n and in m t e n y s m i pli c ity th e n I s u ppo s e d no ti ced the t ree g raves whi ch in m y ” “ I nj un g raves Th ey were v ery n umero us to be in fac t real
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Track
f
o
a
Cy clone which passed
l r A i [ p ,
over
pposed th ere had been a g reat batt l e b etween two h os t ile t rib es o f I ndi ans and that th ese mo und s were the g raves o f t he unk now n b raves Th ere were not the very fai ntest t race of fallen t rees in co nnectio n with th ese g raves so tho ro ughly had t h ey rotted away I fo und by appl y i ng the st ri ng to the map t hat th ese g raves were in a li ne with tho se I had recently fo und in thi s (Pa rk e c o unty ) On the 8th of J uly followi ng (1885) I was maki ng a survey in the no rth eas t p art o f the co unty in S ec ti o n 29 To wns hip I 7 Whil e at the di nner tab l e I told o ne of n o rth of R an ge 6 west the l and p rop ri eto rs th at I had recently got upo n the t rac k of an anci ent sto rm w hi ch if it had k ep t o n the c o urse I had observed sho uld p ass ov er t he g ro und we were th en eati ng o ur di n ner o n H e said I ask ed him if he had ever n oti ced any t race o f it Y es W hen I was a boy and yo ung man the I ndi an graves o ut in th at fi eld [poi nti ng so uth eastward] were so thi c k th at I co uld j ump fro m o ne to anoth er all ov er th at p art bf the farm I ask ed wh at c o urse the sto rm was goi ng and explai ned ho w he wo uld k no w by the po sitio n of the mo und in relatio n to the pit H e said n o rth east and tol d me what farms it crossed and abo ut wh ere it cro ssed the c o unty bo undary i nto Mo ntgo mery co unty Thi s was over fi fteen mil es fro m w h ere I whi c h was c lo se by had fi rst di sc overed the t rac k and I had n ot mi ssed its lo catio n w h ere I am now speaki ng abo ut mo re t h an seven h und red feet T he next day I was goi ng to anoth er part o f the co unty and had to t ravel s o uth west ward several mi l es and c ro ssed the sto rm I saw a man in the edg e o f a field h arvesti ng I told him trac k w h at I had di scovered and ask ed him if he had ever noti ced it H e an swered Y es Wh en I was a boy the I ndi an ( I njtrn r e s s e s u s w e r e u a v j t b lo th t u g r c a m p g ov f g r m a pl w a a r e o s a e g ] [ as thi ck as stum ps in a new cleari ng We boys used to c o unt t h em to see ho w many I ndi ans had been kill ed in b attl e It was the general b eli ef o f the chil dren o f the early settlers t h at th ese were I ndi an g raves and th at wh ere th ey were n umero us as in a sto rm t rack th at th ere had been a b att le between t rib es T he c u i s e n o t n l poi t e d h t c k looki g a e h w a t e r a n a e r f w a s t p I may h ere remark that after the l and is cleared and culti vated t he plo w in a v ery few y ears d est roy s all t rac e o f th ese g raves H ence my i n ui ri es o f perso ns who had kno wn the co unt ry fro m the day s wh en it was an unb rok en fo rest and
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Western I ndiana more than 3 00 y ears ag o
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T hi s st o rmwo uld
pass in goi ng n orth east abo ut two miles to the l eft o f the c i ty o f C rawfo rd svill e I ndi ana the co unty seat of M o ntgo mery co un ty Tho ugh it might c h ange its c o urse far -
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v ery near the spot where I co unt ed the age o f the oak wh i ch had grown on one of th ese t ree g raves th ere still s tan d s o n an other mo und a white oak c o ns id erably l arger th an the o ne I tho ug h it may not be an older one co unted have d el ayed writi n g t hi s acco unt over six mo nth s ex pecti ng a mill er to cut thi s l arger t ree so I co uld c o unt its age but it has b een negl ected so lo n g th at I h av e decid ed to write fro m wh at i nfo rm atio n I no w have Th ese t ree g raves are in the wi ld fo rest as well p reserved and as di s ti nct in o utli ne altho ugh mo re than th ree h und red years old as many that h ave been mad e by t rees th at h ave fall en withi n my o wn recoll ectio n I f the same c onditi ons that h ave so well preserved th em fo r th at ti me sho uld c onti nue in the lo ng fut ure I see no reaso n wh th se mo unds might n ot be p reserved five e y tho usand yea ten tho usand years W h at does the reader g uess has so well p reserved these littl e mo un d s for so lo ng a ti me i It is nothi ng mo re nor l ess th an a thi n c oati ng o f fo rest leaves T he leav es act as shi ngl es in sh ed di ng the rai ns so th at th ey are not wash ed o r wo rn do wn by the falli ng rai n o r melti ng snow T he fro st do es not penet rat e th ro ugh a good coati ng of l eaves and th erefo re they are not ex pen ded an d sp read o ut by freezi ng and th awi n g I can see a great di fference bet ween the mo unds in the wi ld fo rest and those on l and th at has been set to g rass and past ured a few y ears T he t rampi ng o f sto c k and the fre uent expansio ns fro m freezi ng whi c h the g rass does not p revent flattens th em perceptibly T he grass ho wever does p reserve th emagai nst rai n washi ngs Wh en a belt o f forest is blo wn do wn th ere are no t rees to p rod uce l eaf shi ngli ng till a new set are p rod uced ; but th ese co m e in great ab und ance in ten years It re ui res abo ut fi fteen to twenty years to ro t a so und white oak T he ti me will depend o n the lay o f the log wh eth er it fall s ac ro ss anoth er log and li es above g ro und or li es o n o r is partly b edd ed in the g ro und I no w o ffer a c o nund rum in co nnnectio n with thi s subj ect for who msoever may feel an i nterest in it to solve I h ave partly solved it m ysel f but not enti rely to my sati sfaction I h ave after A t,
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2 35
Track of
Cy clone which passed over
a
West
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I
ndiana, etc
A [
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pri l
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noti ced th at not mo re th an o ne t enth o f the s urface o f the p resent fo rest s sho w any t race wh at ever o f any sto r m s recent o r anc i ent I f sto rms h av e been as fre uen t and as d est ructive in the p ast as in my day (o f fifty th ree years ) and the el ement s o f p reservatio n o f the mo unds h ave ex i sted in the past as no w why do I find so few sto rm trac k s as I h ave men t io ned ? I t wo uld seem th at in t h ree h und red years if s to rms had al way s been as fre uent as in o ur ti me and in the same hap hazard manner th ere wo uld no t be a s uare ro d o f g ro und th at wo uld not sho w so me t race o f a sto rm I give my ex planatio n fo r wh at it may be worth but is sh o rt of I am abl e to say o f the sto rm I h ave all the fact s o f ex pl anatio n d escribed w ith as much co nfidence as if I had been p resen t and seen it : Fi rst th at it o cc urred w h en the t rees were in full leaf; s eco nd th at th ere had been a p rot racted rai n ; thi rd th at many o f the t rees blo wn do wn were white oak ; fo urth th at o ne w as a large popl ar ; an d fi fth th at v ery few if any at all w ere b lac k wal n ut A nd for the followi ng reaso ns : T he g reat sto rms do not Witho ut the resi stance n o w o ccur b efo re the l eav es are o n agai nst the wi nd o ffered by the l eav es it is very h ard fo r any I f the g ro und is dry and h ard or sto rm to up root a g reen t ree A nd in s uch frozen the t rees will b reak o ff at o r above g ro und case th ey wo uld leave no tree graves whi ch may ac co unt for the few track s I find A n oak l eaves a deep ro und pit and a pl ump A popl ar l eaves a b road s h allo w pit and a lo ng ro un d mo un d blow n up by T he bl ac k wal nut is v ery rarely sl end er mo un d I have seen thi s co unt ry fro m an unb rok en fo res t to the root the present ti me wh en fo ur fifths o f the l and is c l eared fo r the ev er saw a bl ack plo w o r past ure and I do n t remember th at h ave seen many b roken o ff wal nut blo wn up by the root They h ave a very firm root and are wh en at ure a littl e do ughty at the st ump but very so und from ten feet above gro und upward h ave seen and still k no w of oth er l arge t rees whi c h stand on S o me of th ese t rees are v ery the g rav es o f fo rmer fall en t rees large but the siz e of a t ree is such an uncertai n i ndi catio n of its ag e th at I c an t say with much certai nty how lo ng the mo un ds One thi ng is certai n the o n whi ch th ey stand h av e ex i st ed mo und s are older than the t rees A t the Fai r g ro und a mile west of wh ere amwri ti ng (R o ckvill e I ndi ana) are sev eral suc h
much observat on i
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On the M ounting
ca e
of
Fossils
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g ro und s o f the now growi ng famo us reso rt in ” T urkey run or as it is call ed by p eopl e away fro m o ur co unty ” h ere Bloo mi ngdal e gl ens are several such cases I n a fut ure arti cl e sh all sho w ho w the fo rest l eaves h ave pre all streams to serv ed the s id es o f hills an d th us allo wed the sm s o f the hollo ws d eep steep an d s h arp w hi c h c ut o ut the botto m are rapidly c h an gi n g si nce the co untry has b een cl eared an d farmed A l s o how th ey h ave p reserved the anci ent b ed s o f st ream s alo n g the terrace botto ms o f the Wab ash ri ver and its p ri nc ipal t rib utari es till th ey are as sharply d efi ned after the l ap se o f n o o ne can v ent ure to g uess ho w many tho usand s o f y ears as th ey were wh en the l ast g reat fi nal flood th at c ut o ut t he bed s swept over t hese pl ai ns h ave said the sto rm h ere d escribed w as a cyclo ne Thi s i nfer from the way the t rees had fall en I n some parts of the t rack the t rees were th ro wn in every di rectio n an d the co urse o f the s to rm co ul d o n ly be d etermi ned by the g eneral co urse o f the t rac k and not by the fall o f i ndivid ual t rees ' ° In T he co urse o f thi s sto rm is N 44 3 0 E in thi s co un ty all my recoll ectio n o f s to rms I nev er saw but o ne (in 1883) w hi ch bo re so much to the no rth and th at one was the mo st th reateni n g and awful in its appearance I ever saw and did in lo caliti es muc h ° ° ’ damage I ts co urse was abo ut N 3 7 E o r abo ut 7 30 mo re n o rth th an the anc i en t o ne T he g reat majo rity of the sto rms I h ave seen and o f those whi ch h ave l eft pl ai n t racks are fro ma few d eg rees no rth to a few deg rees so uth o f west s s, an d o n
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20
ON T H E M OU NTI N G OF F OS S I L S BY FR A N K L I N C
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HI L L
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h av e go ne to the far West fro m — P ri nceto n h ave b ro ught in many val uable fo ssil s i nval uabl e — is perh ap s the better wo rd c hicfly remai ns of verteb rates Fo r t he do ubl e p urpo se o f utilizi ng and of p reservi ng th ese t reas ures th ey h ave been mo unted in a manner new in thi s co un t ry and it is b eli ev ed n ot co mmo n ab ro ad tho ugh so mew h at practi ced there T he l eadi ng id ea o f the system is th at each pi ec e sh all be set up in its nat ural po s itio n Our museum now c o ntai ns nearly 400 such spec i mens whi ch H E five ex peditio ns whi ch
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VOL
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XX
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—O I
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IV
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On the M ounting of
Fossils
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h ave att racted much attention and ad mi ratio n from visito rs bo th ten urged to p ubli sh s o me sci ent ifi c and lay and I h av e b een o f acco unt o f my method s and result s A ltho ugh many fo ssi l bo nes are w hol e and cl ean wh en fo un d many mo re of them are b roken and mo re or l ess clogged with matri x T he freei n g of thi s l ast and the mendi n g o f the b rok en M all et and chi sel co me i nto are t ro ubl eso me and d eli cat e task s pl ay th ei r siz es d ependi n g o n the nat ure of the case For the heavi er w o rk o rdi nary sto ne c utt er s tools can be used yet it is co mmo n ly b etter to mak e h aste s lo wly and use needl es and n o By wrappi ng the ey e needle is mo re useful th an a N o 1 sharp end of the needl e wi th a narrow st rip o f paper it ca n be mad e t o fit in the cl amp o f a p at ent sewi n g h aft and a chi sel mad e whi ch with a dog wood sti c k o f fro m o ne to o ne and a h al f i nch es di am eter and ni ne i nc h es lo n g fo r a mall et is capabl e o f doi ng very d eli cate wo rk and al so much whi ch at fi rst s ight wo uld seem to be enti rely too h eavy for so light a tool Fo r reachi ng i nto the d eeper caviti es a N o 12 k nitt i ng n eedl e well set i nto an awl h andl e is need ed w hil e fo r cl ean i ng o ut the ad e carapaces o f t urt l es it is well to h av e speci al lo ng h andl es m Darn i ng needl es are of co nven i ent size but o f too poo r a uality o f st eel But wh atever needl e is used a good oil sto ne sho uld al way s be By a littl e at h an d to renew the poi nt as o ften as it is bl unted p racti ce a poi nt can be put to a needle much better fo r t hi s wo rk th an the o rigi nal o ne A good sti ff tooth b rush is need ed a good l ens say Toll es o ne i nch t ripl et and a h and mi rro r to th ro w li g ht i nto caviti es o f h eavy speci mens th at cannot be easily t urned A high w o rkbench wi th vi se plyers anvil an d h ammers d rill s at c ushio n to lay sp ec i men s o n whil e b ei ng wo rk ed and an a fl kit o f tool s but a pot o f asso rt ment o f wi re co mpl ete the mucil age and a box of cal c i ned pl aster are al so needed fo r men d ing the b roken It is best to h ave al ways a n umber of speci mens o n h an d so th at the m end ed can be allo wed to dry w itho ut delay to the wo rk Of the cements th at we h ave t ri ed at P ri nceto n we h ave given up all b ut t he o ne whi ch we began w i th reco mmend ed t o us years ag o by Pro fesso r R P Whitfi eld and p ubli sh ed by me in the A m your Phar macy May 187 5 I t is : S tarch o ne part ,
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On w hite sugar fo ur
the M ounting
parts
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Fossils
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m arabi c eight
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a d r s n a p
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together after the manner of an apoth ecary L at terly we have add ed a small uantity of sali cyli c acid to p revent fermenta t io n It s ho uld be abo ut as thi c k as ho ney and for j oi nts th at do not fit neatly it is well to th i c ken it at the mo ment o f usi ng with plaster o f Pari s Fo r filli n g l arge void s pl aster eno ugh s ho uld be k neaded in to make a sti f f p utty and it is well to w o rk in w i th it as many pi eces o f sto ne o r b ri ck as po ssibl e both to save m ateri al and to lessen the sh ri nk age o f the mass A ltho ugh I so meti mes pai nt the masses of pl aster whi ch sho w th emselves to dest roy the unpl easant viol ent c o nt rasts of colo r I al ways use so me neut ral ti nt enti rely di fferent fro m t he c olo r o f the fo ssil in o rd er th at the fal se p art s can be easily di sti n bo il ed
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With the o utfit d escribed a s mooth grai ned and moderately hard mat ri x an d good h ard bo nes the wo rk is pl easant and easy But wh en the matri x is o f cemented g ravel h ere h ard as fli nt th ere loo se san d with so ft and crumbly bo nes a l arge stock o f pati ence and good temper must be l aid in al so Wh en the bo ne is freed fro m the mat ri x and mend ed the ues tio n c o mes up as to ho w to keep it safely and sho w it to advan tage I f econo my o f S pace be i mpo rtant a d rawer j ust d eep eno ug h to rec eive it is p erh aps the bes receptacle ;but if we wi s h g to ex hibit it to the p ubli c a gl ass case is need ed To o rdi nary observers and even to p retty fai r anato mi sts bo nes o n a tray o r s h el f say littl e I n a museum the i nexp ert vi sito r must for obvio us reaso ns be c o nsi dered as well as the st udent and p ro fess o r and ex peri enc e s ho ws th at a bo ne in its nat ural po sitio n even if alo ne is easi er to understand th an wh en reversed whil e if S everal bo nes are c o mbi ned so as to fo rm a foot o r leg a spi nal c ol umn o r a sk ull the val ue o f each is g reatly i nc reased Follo wi ng o ut thi s id ea I h ave been led to mo unt every sk ull o r l imb o r bo ne or even fragment o f a bo ne whi ch has c h aracter en o ugh to be wo rth p reservi ng and h ave ob tai ned results b ett er than my hopes A s i n gl e ramus of a lo wer j aw lyi ng o n its sid e in a t ray sho ws but badly and is li abl e to be th rust asid e and j o stl ed to the g reat danger o f its teeth and co ro noid But hold it in its nat ural posi tio n and n ote its l ength and width Th en h av e a neat b lo ck o f so m e hard wood say c h erry or bl ac k wal nut c ut and poli s h ed -
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On the Mounting of Fossils
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varni sh and selecti ng a wi re of suitabl e size mak e two books lik e Fig 1 to fit the j aw near its aw i nto end s set th em up in the blo ck slip the j t hem and it speak s fo r itsel f and is safe Of co urse the b lo ck must al way s be j ust so large th at no p art o f the bo ne will ov erhan g the edg e and th en t he sp ec i men w il l no t be inj ured by c ro wdi ng it agai nst the wall o r an o th er sp eci men I f l arg er th an need ed it wast es sh el f ro o m I f the speci men be l arge and h eavy o r at all crumbly the suppo rts need to be w w r a t f e c r e r pp d ith lo h lt to p ot t it o e c fly S uppo se we h av e both rami o r the g reater part o f th em M end the b reak s w i th the cement and wh en dry b end t wo sto ut wi res as in Fig 2 o ne to bi nd the j aws togeth er at each end cement th em in pl ace and let th em d ry Th en set up th ree w i re hook s to receiv e th ese b races as at b and c Fig 3 o ne in fro nt and two b ehi nd as far apart as the j T he use aw w ill allow o f th ese hook s is so obvio us th at the mo st carel ess o r dull st u dent can h ardly fail to see it whi ch is a good thi ng because if a with
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bl und er be po ssibl e so me p erso ns can al ways be depend ed o n to mak eit and h ence c o me many breakages I f besid e the jaw w e h ave the sk ull we need tw o mo re wi res o ne to cat c h the bac k o f t he sk ull at t he g lenoid s (Fig 3 d ) and the oth er to s uppo rt th e n o se (a) I n thi s speci men the si xth w i re (e) carri es the atlas as s how n Wh en it came fro m D akota it was a solid blo ck o f in Fig 4 sto ne with co rners o f the bo ne sti cki n g o ut and it was w o rked ap art enti rely w ith n eedl e and mall et .
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On the
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Vounting
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H ere
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l mo st
are a
all the
parts
hi nd leg and foot w ith part o f the a s s e l a lvi h o th y s c a a e y p in a t ray But by fi rst gl uei n g the tarsals togeth er in positio n an d maki ng them a bed o n a pl as ter base and th en beddi ng eac h metatarsal and phalanx in t urn I was abl e to di spl ay A T he tarsal s were t he foot then set free by s oaki ng in water Fasten i n g thi s pl as ter base to the bl ack wal nut stal by a sc rew bolt I e d e p set up behi n d it a post eight een i nc h es high i nt o w hi ch w i res were set as s ho wn in the fig ure T he sm all fig ures behi n d show the wi res as seen fro m Fro 5 ” in pl an abov e T he mai n c urves in a and 6 hold the tibi a and thei r ends catc h the fib ul a Patella sits in the loop of c d and e steady t he h ead o f femur wh il ef and anoth er wi re behi nd the po st hold the p elvi c frag men t Each bo ne is marked with the museum number of the s p ec i men so m ewh ere on its s urface T he adj ust m ent o f th ese wi res is a n i ce matter Each bo ne must h ave its nat ural positio n b ut must be und er no strai n ;must be h eld in its pl ace securely and y et be so free as to be easily li fted o ut I t must stay by gravity o nly For small speci mens all that is needed to secure the w i res in the pedestal or po st is to bo re a cl ean hol e a t rifl e s mall er th an the w i re and fo rce the w i re into it taki ng care not to t urn it in Fo r h eavi er bo nes wh ere w i re of o ne t he ho le afterwards eighth i nch and ov er is used it is b etter to c ut a thread on the wi re and screw it in S o me p racti ce is needed to b ri ng the wires to th ei r p roper sh ape N o two bo nes are ever uite alike and h enc e each wi re of
H y a no do n
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fitt ed to its o wn plac e by experi ment W hen a new c urve is u t n e r o n i to e e n o f r oo d i th ot h h d a c h f e a w r o t k e t e e p p end th ro ugh space d efi es math emati cs With h eavy bo nes it is so meti mes h ard to make th em rest in thei r suppo rts witho ut strai n tho ugh it can be do ne W e have an en o rmo us femur of a mastodo n whi c h seems to be h eld u by p a po st b eh ind it whil e really the whol e weight is bo rne by a pl as ter base in whi ch the co ndyl es res t and the u per end do es not p even to uc h the po st or the g uard wi res T he h ind leg of L ox 01 0pho do n is mo un ted o n a pl aster b ase o f the c o m p uted be
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Fro 6 .
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the weight
th at th ere is no st rai n o n the rod whi ch g uard s the h ead of the tibi a W e h ave now five mo unted sk ull s o f the Ui ntath eri um family an d th ei r mo unti ngs giv e a fine ex ampl e o f evol utio n T he fi rst at feet are o ne is s ustai ned by five di sti nct i ro n rod s w ho se fl secured by s i x teen sc rews to a pai nted ped est al o f wh ite pi ne the i ro ns weighi ng over ei g ht po und s T he l ast one a much l arger and fi ner speci men is carri ed by T he rearward two ro ds s c rewed i nto the bl ac k wal nut p ed estal f a b ran ch fro m each s i de j ust b elo w the rod (Fig 7 ) send s o f s so
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ddl e in wh ic h the bas ioccipital rests w hi ch b ranc h es c urv e up ward s and p ress agai nst the b ases of the rear ho rn c o res so call ed and hold all fi rmly in f s uare ce ro n has a sm a l o t i ll a T r n h e p b utto n o n top felt ed o n whi ch the roo f o uth rests Th ese i rons weigh o f the m fo ur po un d s W hil e it is o f c o urse i mpo ssibl e to fix ax i mum fo r the s iz e o f ped estal s a a m mi ni mum is a good thi ng to h ave and I h ave fi x ed o n 3 in x 1% in x 1 in high T hi s gives roo m fo r a good siz ed l abel o n the s id e givi n g g enus and sp eci es f r m c e o a i fi ologi a l t o lo c lity t a a n d c a a g lo g ue n umber Fo r very small j aws sin gle small teeth &c I set up a smal l cy lind er o f pl aster o n o ne o f the s m all est p ed estal s an d cement the spec i m en to t he top o f it I n oth er cases as in D idelph s m n e a S cott and the A c ip y pyg rio n j aw s S ho wn in Fig 8 the sl ab o f mat ri x is 8 i F cemented to the surface of a board h ung on two g 0 5 i s o s o a v t th t it c a n b tilt d to ith id e e f r e x e o e r s e p 333 35 2 ex ami natio n A nd wh en a new spec i men sho ws n ew feat ures I devi se a new mo unti n g to suit th em felt ed
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R EC ENT L
ITER A TU R E
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— I n thi s vol ume of essay s C OS MOL o cv ‘
C R OL L S C L I MA T E A N D M r C roll reaffi rms his physi cal th eo ry to acco unt fo r the gl aci al ate in a way to co mmand t he att entio n o f ev ery g eologi st and c li m i n a manner w hi ch w ill att rac t the i nt erest of the lay read er T he d isc uss io ns rel ate to uestio ns of t he d eepest i nterest and the ents used are c ertai n ly st ro n g o nes Mr C roll s peculi ar arg um uat er v iews as to t he ex i stence o f glaci al cli mates b efo re the n ary perio d are restated with muc h full ness tho ugh he candidly ad mi ts that mo st geologi st s are oppo sed to th em T he autho r s th eo ry is usual ly c all ed the ecc ent ri c ity th eo ry ” H e states th at a b ut he p refers t0 call it the physi cal th eo ry h igh state o f eccent ri city o f the eart h s o rbits will not necessarily ’
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By I A MES C R OL L , L L D D iscussions on Cli mate and Cosmology t zmo , pp 3 2 7 Y ork , D A ppleton 8: C o , 1886 32 .
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FR S .
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lo ne p rod uce a glac i al epo ch b ut th at fro m the fi rst he has “ mai ntai ned th at no amo unt o f eccentri city ho wever g reat co uld ” but t h at the gl aci al alo ne p rod uce a gl aci al co ndi tio n o f thi ngs epo ch was the res ult not o f a high state o f eccent ri c ity but o f a co mbi natio n o f phy s i cal agenc i es b ro ught i nto o peratio n by thi s ” One o f the mo st i mpo rtant o f th ese high state o f eccent ric ity ag enc i es is he thi n k s the en o rmo us amo unt o f h eat co nv eyed fro m e uato ri al to temperate and pol ar regio ns by mean s o f o cean c urrents and the defl ectio n o f thi s h eat d uri ng a high But state o f eccent ri c ity fro m the o ne h emi sph ere to the ot her all th is d ep en d s o n o cean c urrents flo wi n g fro m e uato r i al to polar regio ns and the ex i stence o f th ese c urrents in t urn de pend s to a l arge ex tent o n the co nto ur o f the co nt i nents and the parti c ul ar di st rib ution o f sea and l an d Take as o ne ex ampl e t he G ul f s t ream a current whi ch pl ay ed so i mpo rtant a part in A very s ligh t ch ang e in t he ph eno mena o f the gl ac i al epo ch geog raphi cal co n ditio ns s uch as the op en i ng o f co mmuni cati o n b et ween the Gul f o f M ex i c o and the Pac ifi c w o uld h av e g reatly di mi ni sh ed if no t en ti rely d est royed th at st ream;or as I S ho wed er occas io n a c han ge in the fo rm o r co nto ur o f t he o n a fo rm N o rt heast co rn er o f the S o uth A meri can co nti nent wo uld h ave d eflected the g reat e uat o ri al c urrent the feed er o f the G ul f st ream i nto t he S o uth ern o cean an d away fro mthe Caribbean sea One o f the mai n causes o f the ex t reme co ndi ti o n o f t hi ng s in N o rth western Europe as well as in eastern parts o f A meri ca d ur i ng the gl ac i al epo ch was a l arge wi thd rawal o f the warmw aters o f the Gul f st ream and t hi s was to a g reat ex ten t due as I st at ed i n my fi rst pap er o n the s ubj ect to the po sitio n o f C ape S t R og ue w hi ch d eflected the e uato ri al c urrent i nto the S o ut hern o cean That a geog raphi cal di st rib ut io n o f l an d and wat er per mi tti ng o f the ex i stence and defl ectio n of those h eat beari n g c ur rents is o ne o f the mai n facto rs in my th eo ry is wh at mus t b e ob vio us to every read er o f C li mate and Ti me D r C roll mai ntai n s th at with t he ex ceptio n o f those resulti n g fro m o scill atio ns o f sea l evel the general di st rib uti o n o f sea an d l and and oth er geographi cal con ditio ns were the same duri n g t he a a l e s c c r a e l i po h t h y r e a t p s e n t Th h do s a c pt n a u s t e e e e o c g L yell s th eo ry o f an el evatio n o f no rth ern l and s ; y et w e do n o t see but th at thi s was a matter o f fact I ndeed M r C roll s s peen latio n s p rod uce the i mp ressio n th at he is so mewhat o ne sided in his t reatment o f th ese th eo ri es H is k no wl edge o f general geol ogy and especi ally o f pala ontolo gy is apparent ly slight Fo r as r egard s his t heo ry o f i nt ergl aci al c li m at es in ti mes p recedi ng t he uaternary the vi ew is oppo sed to the whol e mass o f facts in l l a a n t o m o o T n h e r r f r o e w h v d C oll s t r i ity e a e e a o D r e cc e c gy p th eo ry the l ess necessary does it seem; the geologi st had b etter a
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Philos Mag for A .
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ug ust, 186 4 .
ly geologi cal causes ;th ey may yet be p roved to h ave been suffi ci ent D r C roll no wh ere ex pl ai ns why so large a po r tio n of t he s ubpol ar regio ns were ungl aci ated I n his di scuss io ns in c os mology D r C roll co nt en d s th at S ir Willi am Tho mso n and oth ers are w ro n g in mai ntai ni ng the ” “ gravitatio n th eo ry i c th at the sun cannot h ave supplied t he earth wi th h eat even at the p resent rate fo r mo re th an abo ut years H e di scard s t hi s t h eory and freely gives 15 to the evol utio n i sts and geologi sts all the h eat th ey want by c l ai m ing that the sun s h eat was o rigi nally derived fro m motio n in S ac e ; thi s b ei ng m o re in h armo ny w i t h the p ri ncipl es o f evo lu p ti on than the gravitatio n th eo ry b ecause it ex pl ai ns ho w t he o us amo unt o f energy whi ch is bei ng di ssipated i nto stell ar eno rm spac e m ay h ave ex i st ed in the matter co mpo si ng the s un untrans fo rmed d uri ng bygo ne ages o r in fact fo r as far b ack as the ” matter itsel f ex i sted On page 6 5 D r C roll it seems to us too h astily assumes th at the ice in the i nterio r o f Green l an d is o f g reat thi ck ness wh il e the l and its el f is lo w On p robably not muc h above sea l evel the co n t rary as the result o f recent D an i s h ex plo ratio n D r R i nk tell s us the surface o f the ice in the i nterio r is 6 000 feet above the sea w hil e we i nfer fro m his stat emen t s th at the t hi ck ness of the ice is not much over 2000 feet I n fact the th eo reti cal g la no t cialists o e x r m u n l w r to t c lo t p l tio d o k do s s c a s a d e e e s e n fi e g al ways harmo nize T he o nly typographi cal erro rs we h ave noti ced are the mentio n of H ey es fo r H ayes on one o ccas io n w hil e To rel l is wro ngly ” “ spelt T o rrell in the o n ly i nstance in whi ch it is used ly
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— L aums S y nopsrs n ae a aauuuna Thi s is a new edition o f L enni s Z oé lo y whi ch for so many years has been in al mo st g universal use i n the Germ m y nas i a and many o f the un iv ers i an g ties T he present wo rk c ontai ns two l arge vol umes of mo re th an ‘
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lo sely p ri nted pages and 1000 cuts eac h Perh aps the s e f u r e a n s s m a a a e f n s e e o t t dv t g i t th t by e L e n s s h w o a t a g y seri es o f analyti cal k eys an i m al s co uld be d etermined much as the st ud ent analyzes flo wers with Gray 5 Botany Thi s alo ne wo uld render the book i nval uable to any o ne who w i shes to begin the st udy of a new g ro up o r to determi ne ui ckly an ani mal b elo ngi ng to an unfamili ar cl ass T he book rs o f co urse i ntend ed fo r German st udents but is al so uite co mpl ete for the mari ne inverteb rates o f the N o rth Balti c and Medit erranean seas But it co ntai ns rep resentative speci es o f mo st o f o ur A meri can gen era P ro fesso r L ud wig whose wo rk o u Echi noderms is known by all zodlog ists has revi sed the edition and has co m l e t l r e w r e m e e n h s e n u e e r itt c o d vol hi h t t i v t t e r h e n w c e a s f o t p y 1200 c
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T hird edi tion,
revised
by Pro fessor L unwrc,
of
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i cient g uarantee of the sc i entifi c acc u Thi s is itself a sufl racy and v al ue o f the wo rk T he analyti cal tabl es are b ri ef a n d co nci se y et no t mo re tech n i cal in l an g uage th an is ab sol utely necessary an d can be readi ly und erstood and fol lo wed by t h e But the book is n o mere analyti cal key to t he av erag e st ud ent T he anato mi cal character o f eac h type c lass an i mal ki n gdo m It is a h an d bo o k an d o rder are b ri efly but cl earl y p resent ed whi ch ev ery teach er will find useful in his cl ass roo m and l ab o ra to ry and whi ch is wo rthy o f a place by the side o f Claus o r C ams cher in every zo ologi cal lib rary T he styl e is c l ear and Gerstm en o ugh so th at the book c o uld easily be t ransl at ed by any o n e tol erably famili ar with German T he cuts are cl ear g ood an d T he type is rath er small and the paper thi n but if well sel ected large ty pe and thi ck paper had been used we sho uld h ave fo ur o r five vol umes to co ntai n wh at is n ow by a marvel o f compress io n cro wd ed i nto two Even mo re marvelo us th an the co n den sat i o n f — 1 Ty ler is the p ri ce o nly thi rty mark s fo r the two vol umes S 11 ‘ Thi s wo rk gives the fruit s o f a Ben non s R A C ES or BR I T A I N c o nti n ued exami natio n o f the co mpl ex io ns o f l arge n umbers o f the natives o f Britai n with a vi ew to ascert ai n the p ropo rtio n in whi ch the vario us races abo rigi nal and i mmigrant are repre sented in t he p resent pop ul atio n T he vol ume is to a g reat ex t ent an ex pans io n o f a man usc ript essay whi c h in 186 8 carr i ed o ff the g reat p rize o f the W el sh N atio nal E i stedd fod and is t he o utco me of a great part o f the l ei sure o f fi fteen years T he method adopt ed was to take n otes o f the colo rs o f the h ai r an d eyes o f p erso ns met or passed at a s uffici ently small di stance to permit o f observatio n Tho se und er ag e those whose h ai r h ad began to g rizzl e and those who seemed to b elo ng to the upper o r mig rato ry glasses were neglected Eyes are disti ng ui shed as li g ht neut ral an d d ark ; h ai r as red fai r brown dark and bl ac k ; an d an i n d ex o f n ig res cence is adapted fo rmi ng a basi s o n w h ic h t he res ults o f the observatio ns are mapped so as to speak to t h e ey e A c o nsid erabl e n umb er o f h ead measurement s were al s o made T he book is a mi ne o f i nfo rmatio n b ri stli ng with stati sti c s fact s an d arg ument s but un fo rt unat ely is scarcely c o mp reh en s ibl e save by tho se who k no w nearly as much o f the hi sto ry an d phil ology o f the an ci ent races as does the autho r — e rE L s H A N D BUC H D ER PA w on rOL oom W e h ave fro mti me to ti me d rawn attentio n to thi s val uabl e wo rk whi ch i s b ei ng pub lished i n part s It cov ers the pl ant an d an i mal ki ngdo ms and I S t h e mo st autho ri tative and recent wo rk o n the s ubj ect D ue credi t is given to A meri can wo rk and ill ust ratio ns T he n umber las t received (Bd I A bth ii L i ef 4 ) is devoted to the fo ssil C rustacea brates
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T ire R
By JOH N
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s e t n A c n t r ib i o n o h e a n t h ro l f W e r n t a i o u t t o r i o o B t E u r O f p g y q pe BED D OE, M D F R S L ondon, T rubner C o , L udgate H i ll, 1885
ace:
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R ecent L iterature .
inc l udi ng the trilobit es an d Merosto mata T he ill ust ratio ns are ab un d an t and in mo st every case w ell eng raved T he pages giv en to the M erosto mata the Phyllo carida and the lower M acrura are full an d fresh in treat ment Eac h o rd er is defi ned ; a b ri ef gen eral ac o unt o f t he ex ternal anato my follo ws, wi th remark s o n the opi n io ns o f di fferent autho rs as to th ei r cl assifi catio n T he fami li es and genera are d efi ned the l eadi n g ty pes are fig ured and th en follow tabl es sho wi ng the g eologi cal di strib utio n o f the sp ec i es T he aut ho r is usually c riti cal in his mode of t reat ment , as seen in his do ubtful recog nitio n o f Brachypy ge as a Carbo n i fero us crab , w hi c h s i nce the p ubl icatio n o f thi s part , has b een sho wn to be a pedi palp arach nid an W e do n ot see why , even in the l ight o f ’ Meek and W o rthen s ex cell ent t reat ment A nthrapalaemo n sho uld ’ be pl aced in the Penaeidae S till the autho r s tho ro ugh ness and co mman d o f the literat ure is evid en t th ro ugho ut the wo rk .
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— Thi s
is a sy stemati c FA X ON S a xsron T HE t reati se o n the craw fish o f the N o rth ern h emi sph ere b ased chi efly on the materi al in the museum at C am b ridge whi ch now pos sesses all the k nown S peci es fro m E urope an d A s i a and all the A merican spec i es wi th th ree ex ceptio ns T he ri ch ness o f the materi al may be realized by the fact th at t wenty new speci es o f Cambarus are d escribed wh ereas D r H agen in his well k no wn memoi r o n the N o rth A meri can c rawfish d escribed but ten n u k nown to p revio us autho rs T he t reatment o f the mat eri al by the autho r as may h ave b een exp ect ed is tho ro ugh and t he ill ust ratio ns drawn by M r Paul Koetter are ex cell ent It is a matter o f great i nteres t to be abl e to st udy such a gro up as thi s scattered as it is th ro ugh the no rth ern po rti ons o f t he N ew and Old Wo rld It 15 to be hoped that o ur nat urali sts w ill end eavo r h ereafter in maki ng o ut o ur A meri can fauna to co mpare it w ith th at o f E urope and particu larly East ern A s i a — Thi s fo rms a do ubl e vol ume GR A BE R S A N I M A L M u mmi es in a German seri es entitl ed D as Wi ssen der Geg enwart devoted to pop ul ar k no wl edge rel ati ng to sc i ence hi sto ry and literat ure ; each vol ume co sti ng b ut a s i ngl e mark o r t wenty five cent s T he p resent vol ume is d evot ed to the mech an i cs o f the ex ternal o rgans of verteb rates and i nverteb rat es T he autho r is well k no wn as an autho rity o n the mech an i cs o f motio n etc o f the A rth ro pod a an d has given us wh at w e h av e fo und to be a mo st useful and i nteresti ng vol ume uite out o f the o rdi nary l i ne o f wo rks o n nat ural hi sto ry It is ab und antly ill ust rated with novel and g raphi c sk etch es usual ly well d raw n T he topi cs treated und er Verteb rates are the mechani cs o f the '
CR A
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M emoir : of Me M useum of Compar ative Z aJ I ogy x N o 4 A A sticidz By W A L T ER FA XON T he genera C ambarus and Part I ,
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ten
s l a e t p
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C ambridge, A
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ugust, 1885.
4 to , pp
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186 .
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revisio n
A stacus
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of
the
W ith
general ; the c o nst ructio n o f the verteb rate machi ne and the c hi ef l evers ; the mechani s m o f the j aws ; the e uip men t o f the j aws (teeth and b eak ) ; mech an i s m o f the oth er mo uth parts (to ng ue l ips t runk and muzz le musc les o f the espec i ally the human h and ; and the li mb s as c ar) ; t he li mb s o rgans o f lo comotio n I n t reati ng o f the i nverteb rates the modes asti catio n sti n gi ng etc are di sc ussed o f lo co motio n o f m t
l o rgans
in
ex erna
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— At S T A T ES
FR EN ca s BUT T ER FL I ES on T H E EA S T ER N U NxT E D l ength we h ave a h andy book givi ng d escriptio ns o fall o ur Eastern T he wo rk appears to h ave been faith an d S o uth ern b utt erfli es fully do ne, the i nfo rmatio n given is el ementary and the c lear type si mpl e lang uage and excellent i ll ustratio ns, wi th t he pre l i mi nary acco unt o f the t ransfo rmatio ns o f b utterfli es in gen eral the bes t mode o f coll ecti n g killi ng , p rep ari n g fo r the cabi n et and o f reari ng th em ren der the book an ex cell ent manual fo r the begi nner A n analyti cal key and glo ssary also add to its useful ’
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ness
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T he autho r is i ndebted to M r W H Ed ward s g reat wo rk for nearly all the d escriptio n s o f the early s tages, and foll o ws the cl ass ifi catio n and n o m enc l at ure o f th at autho r T he c riti ci sms we h ave to make are slight We wo uld have p referred to have the S pec ifi c names, at least those not d erived fro m p roper names b egi n with a smal l capital o r, wh en lo wer T he o rigi nal eng ravi n g s are case is used in lo wer c ase type excell ent We sho uld li ke to have had a l arger number o f spe i es fig ured W e t rust thi s may be do ne in a seco n d edi tion, w hi c h we feel sure will be soo n needed ’
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—Majo r
Perl ey Poo re is the o f 13 9 2 p ages b eari ng the follo w i ng t i tl e A descriptive catalog ue o f t he Government p ubli ca tio n s o f the U ni ted S tates S eptember 5 17 7 4 to March 4 1881 co mpil ed by o rder of Co ng ress ; Washi ngton Government p ri nt 1885 I nasmuch as the abo rigi nes o f o ur co unt ry have been the obj ect o f c o ncern to the Government fro m its begi n n i ng th ere has never been a year in whi ch val uabl e eth n ologi cal p ubli s have no t b een i ss ued T he titl es of th ese may be fol lo w ed cati up in the vol ume itsel f ch ro nologi cally or in the i nd ex und er the wo rd I ndi an the read er may find at o nce wh at he wi sh es Oth er anth ropolo g i cal p ub li catio ns o f e ual i mpo rtance to tho se named t reati ng o f sl avery i mmig r tio n t reati es tarifl are h ere poi n ted o ut by t itl e I nd eed the whol e wo rk is an i ndex o f anth ropology Fo rt unate will the st udent he who can secure th ro ug h his senato r o r representative a copy o f the d escriptive c at alog ue
GOV E R N M ENT PUEL I C A T 10Ns autho r o f a po nd ero us uarto
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Geog raphy
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A
M ER I C A
to ac co unt
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N OT ES
GEN E R A L G E OG R A PH Y
Tram] r
A ND
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T R A V EL S
— The Goajtra Peninsula —F A
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S i mo ns co nt rib R oyal Geog raphi cal S o ci ety an to the west of the Gul f o f Mara A
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P ro ceedi ngs o f the o f the Go aj i ra peni n sul a Thi s l arge p eni nsul a c aybo in the U nit ed S tat es o f Colo mbi a I ndi ans who are ap pears to be tenant ed o n ly by l ess t han Every d i vi ded i nto s ev eral castes and h av e so me p ec uli ar l aws I n di an belo ngs to the trib e of his moth er an d if he i nj ures him s el f in any way he has to pay bloo d mo ney to his mo t her s rel a ti o ns fo r sh ed di ng the blood o f his family and t ear mo ney to his fath er s rel atives for t he so rro w he has caused th em T he s o uth t he n o rt h ern a er n part o f the pen i nsul a is a l ev el g rassy pl ai n c o un t ry o f vol cani c hill s w ith t hree ran ges the high est abo ut Th ere are no perenni al rivers o n the peni nsul a 2 800 feet high — — the g reat er h al f of the year the o nly water s o th at in summer T he is fro m well s and a few water hol es n at ural or artifi c i al w eapo ns o f the Goaj iras are the bo w and arro w as well as the flint lock and the rifl e Poi so ned arrows are used to so me ex T he poi so n is putrefied ani mal matt er and the arro w h ead t en t t h e barbed weapo n o f a sti ng ray so attach ed to the sh aft th at it w ill remai n b uri ed in the wo und it has mad e — A merican N ews L i eut enant H P A ll en and S ergean ts R ob ertso n and Pi ck et cro ssed l ast y ear fro m the h ead waters o f t he A t nah to tho se o f the S arranah d escended thi s river to the Y uko n and the l atter to the sea T he Cor wzn b ro ught th ese t ravel ers to S an F ranci sco and al so took up Messrs Garl and and B eatty two Engli sh men who had crossed fro m the Mac k enzi e to t h e Y uko n an d descended the l att er — a / r e A SIA e Col H yen sky s f o man A l etter fro m Col Prej v alsky rel at es to his j o urney fro m L ob no r to Khotan T he few e e r are the l ast remnant o f the nativ es of L ob a opl o f o b n o L p c ity whi c h was d est royed at the end o f the fo urteenth c en t ury T he Ch erch en d ari a is a sh allo w river margi ned with a b elt o f T he o nly b ush es and h erbs all thi ckly covered with loess d ust Ch erch en is an o asi s t ree is a popl ar thi rty to fo rty feet high u po n thi s r1ver co ntai n i ng abo ut 3000 p eopl e who carefully c ul t ivate s o me three to fo ur t ho usan d ac res N ear by are the rui ns o f t wo an ci en t citi es R emai ns o f b uildi n gs cl ay c ups gl ass b urnt b ri ck s sl ag bead s copp r ut ensil s ev en gold and copper e c oi n s i ngots o f silv er and p reci o us sto n es are fo un d as al so cof fi ns t he bodi es in w h1ch are o ften wel l p reserved th ro ug h the ex cess ive d ry ness o f the cli mat e Nia an d Ki ri a are the first m a s eri es o f o ases whi c h ex t en d s t h ro ugh Khotan an d Y arkand to K ashg ar and th en alo ng the so uth ern foot o f the Ti an S h an
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T his department is edited by
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N L ocxmo rort , Philadelphia '
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Prej evalsky repo rts di sco nt ent at Chi nese rul e amo ng the M oh am medan natives, and asserts that th ey lo ng for a ch ange o f masters
—T he
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h ave co mmenced the T rans Caspi an rail road It is opened nearly if no t uite as far as A s kabad and is g raded to D us hak 150 kilo meters farth er Fro m thi s poi n t one b ranch will l ead to S arakh s wh ere it will co n nect T he w ith the E ngli sh road fro m uetta th ro ugh A fgh an i stan oth er b ranch will run n o rth east cross i ng the A mu D ari a and arcand run ni ng t h ro ugh Bok hara to S am Merv S amarcand and Bokh ara are al ready co n nected by tel eg raph w ith S t Petersb urg T he pop ul ation o f Briti s h Burmah in 1883 was M r N eed ham and Capt M ol eswo rt h have recently follo wed the Brah map utra the whol e way fro m S ad iya to R i ma and state autho ritati vely th at a riv er co rrespo n di n g in s ize to t he S anpo fall s i nto it and t h at th erefo re the id entity o f the S anpo w i th t he T he Mars h al l Dij o ng may be co nsidered as fi nally settled arc hip elago no w un der German p rotect io n i nc l udes thi rty l agoo n i slands no ne o f whi ch ri se ten feet above the sea Coco pal ms pandanus and b read fruit fo rm the vegetatio n and a small li zard is uadr uped T he g ro up co nsi sts o f two ch ai ns the o nly native I n t he l atter the eastern o r R atack an d the wes tern o r R alick seri es is si t uat ed the l argest i s l an d o f the ro up Ja uit whi ch g l has an area o f abo ut thi rty five s uare mil es and co n tai ns a good h arbo r A recent eruptio n in the neig hbo rhoo d of To n ga has U ph eaved an i s l an d o f n i ne s uare mi les in ex t ent in the space o f fo ur d ays A party who vi s i ted the i s l and in a schoo ner on Oc tob er 17 th repo rt t hat a s ub mari ne vol cano upo n t he s ho re o f t he new i s l an d was t h ro wi n g up an eno rmo us uanti ty o f st eam an d water T he i sl an d has al ready b een named T akaog o is si x teen t o t wenty mil es no rth west o f H enga H apai and ri ses 200 to 3 00 feet above the ocean surface A
siatic
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an Protectorates Ger m T he K al ah ari d esert and the who le o f Berlmana l and were, o n Marc h 2 3 1885 , p ro cl ai med to be under Bri ti s h p ro tecto rate Thi s p ro tecto rate ° i ncl ud es all the territory lyi ng east o f 20 E lo ng , west of t he ° T ransvaal and Orange river rep ubli cs, and so uth o f 2 2 S lat T he Bo er rep ubli cs o f Go shon and S tellal and are emb raced w it h in thi s area T he Briti s h p rotecto rate o f the N iger di stri cts co mp ri ses the territo ri es b etween L ago s and the righ t o r western river bank o f t he mo uth o f t he R io del R ey I t al so i ncl ud es the terri to ri es o n both b anks of the N iger as far as its Confl uence wi th the Ben ue at L okoj a, as well as the terri to ri es o n bo t h b an ks o f the Ben ue, up to and i n cl udi ng Ibi Ibi is abo ut 2 30 mil es above the co nfl uen ce o f the N iger and Ben ue Great Bri tai n has ag reed no t to ac ui re terri to ry , accep t p rot ecto rates, or i nterfere with the ex tensio n o f German i nfl uence to the eastward of a li ne follo wi ng the r ig ht
A
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FR I C A
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1886
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J
Geology
and
Pale ontology
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iver bank o f the R io del R ey to its so urce th en st riki ng di rect to the l eft river bank of the Old Cal abar o r C ross river and ter ° ' minating after cro ssi ng th at river at the R apids in abo ut 9 8 E lo n g Germany has ag reed not to i nterfere to the west o f the abov e li ne Bo th po wers reli n ui sh any ex i sti ng p rote cto rates w ith i n the li mits of the t errito ri es assig ned to each except th at Vi cto ri a A mbas bay w il l stil l co nti n ue a Bri ti sh colo ny Ger many al so engages to refrai n fro m maki ng ac ui sitio ns o f territo ry o r es tabli s hi ng p rot ecto rates o n the coast bet ween N at al and D e l ago a bay — A frican N ews M de Brazza reach ed Pari s N ov emb er 12 H e states th at the whites and natives o f the territo ri es 1885 belon gi ng to Fran ce are o n the best o f t erms N atives are bei ng rec rui ted to fo rm an army T he govern ment of the Co ngo S tat e has co mmi ssio ned several geog raph ers to ex ecute m ap s o f t he en ti re S tate L i eut Massari is surv eyi ng the righ t bank o f t he Co ngo between the A len ia and M oban gi M L de Gui ral is eng ag ed in ex plo ri n g the S an Ben i to abo ut sev enty mil es no rth o f t he Gabo n T he river is navigabl e o nly fo r t wenty two mil es T here is a s mall l ak e eigh ty seven miles fro m the c o ast and th ree t r ib utari es enter t he S an Ben ito above the fi rst fall s an N a vs EU R OPE —Eur ope A searc h fo r the t rue so urce o f the D anub e seems st range at thi s l ate date ; yet M de Wog an has fo un d th at it do es not ri se as has been stated in the gardens of t he Pri nce o f F urstenb urg at Do naueschi ngen It is fo rmed by t he un io n o f t wo small st reams the Brig o r Brigach and the Breg o r Bregach T he fi rst ri ses at S ai nt Geo rges no rth o f the T ry berg mo untai n and abo ut a mil e fro m the so urce o f the N eckar w hil e t he seco nd ri ses at S t Mart i n west o f T ryberg an d t wenty mil es fro m Do nauesc hi ngen wh ere the two st reams un it e T he range call ed U mb dek in the Kol u peni nsula abo ut a tho usan d met ers high is the high est l and in E uropean R uss i a n o rth o f the C aucasus Bo sn i a and H erzegovi na have i n c reased fi fteen per cent in pop ulatio n between 187 9 and 1885 T he pop ul atio n at the l at ter d at e was r
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G E OL OG Y
A N D PA L E ON T OL OG Y
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— In Bans
V E R T E BR A T E FA UNA on T H E T I C H OL EPT US the R epo rt o f t he U S Geologi cal S urvey o f the Terrs Vol 111 p 18 I h ave given so me o f the ch aracters o f thi s ho rizo n and It is i ntermedi ate in all respect s between the M iddl e i ts fauna atio ns o f the West as rep resented by an d Upper M io cene fo rm oh n D ay and L o up Fo rk beds It was fi rst ex plo red in the t he j d a s s s n s n a i t t a a c a C I vall ey o f D eep river M o ntana by m J y afterward s by J L Wo rt man o n the Cotto nwood c reek Ore n D ay i seen to rest o n t he j t e a t s l t lo lity it oh h e r n A t c a o g b ed s as stated by Mr Wo rt man and as i ndi cated by the coll ee T HE
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t io ns
him
made by
T he follo wi ng
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s
pec ies
were fo und at the lat
locali ty
ter
D icoty les condom Marsh '
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I l zppotlrcri 21m: evermmC o pe ri n clarrr Wort m an
P rotolabis tr an rmon tan m C ope
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oca den tale '
rt e/t it
A
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Blastomery x oor ealtr C o pe
L eidy
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an ium uld mum C ope
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Co nsid erabl e i nterest attach es to the di scovery o f an A n ch i therium and o f a M ery co c hoerus at thi s lo cali ty as th ese genera ally the epo c h to the Jo hn D ay period w hil e H ippo t herium Di cotyl es and Protolabis are L o up Fo rk genera T he A nckzt/zm um ultzmum is rep resented in my coll ect io n by a n early co mpl ete superio r d entitio n with pal at e an d s id es o f s k ul l to the middl e o f the o rbits and top of s k ull to above the i n fra o rbi tal fo ramen T he size is l ess th an th at o f t he A pre stans f c d c m c s Cope an A q p Cope ( A anccps Marsh ) o f the Joh n D ay bed an d the d ental seri es has the same l eng th as th at o f the A long zcn lrte Cop e al so o f t he Joh n D ay It is in the cran i al ch aracters th at thi s S peci es di spl ays the g reatest di fferences fro m the Joh n D ay S pec i es I n the fi rst place t h ere is a p ro fo und an d l arg e p reo rbi t al fo ssa separated fro m t he o rbit by a verti cal bar: T he p reo rbital fossa in the John D ay s pec i es is sh allo w an d not ab ruptly defi ned I n the nex t pl ace t he anterio r bo rd er o f the o rbit is above t he anterio r bo rder o f t he l ast mol ar too th I n thi s it ag rees o nly wi t h t he l arge A s a m m s l o n r r r h c e A e t r l r t io bo d w i n e A e a n d cr t e h n e r r r t t e a q p p g o f the o rbit is above the ant erio r p art o f the seco nd sup er i o r molar Thi rdly the i nfrao rbital fo ramen is above the mi ddl e o f the fo urth p remol ar ; it is ov er t he post erio r part o f the thi rd in the th ree Joh n D ay S pec i es Fi nally t he nareal notch marks t he ths o f t he d i astema ; it ex tends much furt h er bac k anterio r two fif in the Joh n D ay S p ec i es marki n g ei t h er the fro nt o r mi ddl e o f t he fi rst p remol ar T he pal ate extend s abo ut as far anterio rly as in A prwstam viz to Opposite the po sterio r bo rder o f the fi rst t r ue p remol ar T he M cry coc/zaems oolzqmacns is small er th an any k no wn spe c i es of Merycochmrus abo ut e uali ng the l arger i ndivi dual s o f Oreodon cu/oertsom T he mol ar teeth are ho wever rel atively l arger th an in th at ani mal and in the speci es o f E ucrotaphus an d t he anterio r p remol ars and i nci so rs small er and mo re c ro wd ed T he l ast two p remol ars are in li ne but the seco nd p remol ar is s et aw so as to overl ap the fi rst p remol ar by t he obli uely in the j whol e o f its anterio r root and t he thi rd p remol ar by h al f o f its po sterior root T he anterio r root is i nterior the posterio r ex te r io r T he fi rst p remol ar has a rob ust root with ro und secti o n T he c rown is but littl e ex pand ed at t he po sterio r base ; anteri o r part and apex lo st T he alv eol us of the can i ne diverges so me ,
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Geology
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Pala outology
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w h at o utward T he sy mphyseal s ut ure is sho rt and rath er I t s po sterio r edge is b elo w the po sterio r uarter o f the
mol ar
e r p
d eep thi rd
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I n the M ery clry us pariog onus C ope o f the D eep R iver T icho lep t us bed, the po sterio r part o f the ramus is mo re ex pand ed and is perfectly ro und ed , whil e the oth er di mens io ns are co nsid erably '
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mall er F ull desc riptio ns of these speci es are given in a paper read b efo re the A meri can Ph ilo sophi cal S o c i ety Feb 19 1886 T he spec i es of the T icho lept us b ed s o f Mo ntana are the fol l o wi ng : s
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n w Co e d t Cy cloprdt m em y p ‘ a o e d e s C P tt becister orem j p '
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ctm C ope m j H ery cocbe m ma d ame: C ope M eow/9 m: syg omatt cm C o pe a ri og oma C o pe p
u s o P r otobtj p
rc r
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m C ope
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I n teroaon C ope P r omot e/ta vel P r otolabis, S p Blartomeryx oor eah: C ope '
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Cy clopt dfm risen: C ope
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T he o n ly S peci es co mmo n to the two li sts is the Blastomcry x ber m/1s a fact whi ch i ndi cates so me i mpo rtant di fference in t he T he Orego n S peci h o rizo ns either topog raphi cal o r epo chal mens co nsi st o f teeth o nly, from both j aws, whi ch are ident i cal T hi s w ith tho se o f the t hree crani a k no wn fro m D eep river ani mal is o ne of t he d eer antelop e, wi th persi sten t ho rns and d eer lik e dentitio n I ts ho rns are lo n g and sto ut and have a It w i de basal ex pans io n above the po st erio r part o f each o rbit is abo ut as l arge as t he bl ac k tail ed d eer T he T ic ho leptus ho rizo n is i nteresti ng as th at in wh i c h the i s todo k i s first appearance in A meri ca It s n m e t n u M a s a s e g n o w sho wn to be the l as t w hi h c o n tai ns the g enus A nchither — i um E D Cope '
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— I NS ECT S M r
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S H S cudder has o n t rib uted S cunD En s F05 5 11 t o Z ittel s H andb uc h der Pal aeo ntologi c, now b ei ng i ss ued in e v ry val uabl e ré sumé o f o ur rts at M unic h and L eipz ig a a p k n ow l edg e o f fo ssil t racheate A rth ropo da w i t h abundant and I n acco rdance with the t reat ex cell ent ill ustratio ns in the tex t ment in o th er parts o f the wo rk , the cl asses are fi rst d efi ned , al so the o rders and famili es, whil e the g enera are l ess b ri efly di ag n o sed and the l eadi ng spe i es mentio ned o r wh ere the S p eci es I n the are n umero us the n umb er o f k no wn fo ssil o nes given myriopod s A meri can fo rms p redo mi nate, whil e amo n g the A rach T he tabl es o f g eologi n ida mo re Europ ean S peci es are k no wn ’
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T he T he absence of caries in the teeth of extinct M ammalia is well known type specimen o f the Pttbca ster br ew /aci“, ho w ever, displays a carious excavatio n I bts feature adds to tho se which o n the extern al side o f on e of i ts in terior molars i n d icate t he deg en eracy an d approaching extinction of this type, as I have remarked in my synopsis of the Oreodo ntida , Proceedings A merican Philosophical S ociety, 1884 . 55 7 ‘
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VOL .
l i e - NO I V .
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‘
Gencral N otes
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d ist rib utio n of both myriopod s A rach nida and insec t s are o f much val ue T he cl ass o f i nsec ts begi n w ith the PalaeodictyOptera w hi ch emb race all the Pale ozoi c i nsects and I S regarded as e ual in ran k w i th the H etero metab ol a (Orthoptera N europtera H emiptera and Col eoptera) T he p ri nc ipal fo rms are wel l ill ust rated A s a p rovi sio nal ay ser ve a arrangem o dicty Optera as th us li mi ted m en t t he Palm tempo rary p urpo se but the w o nd erful di sc overi es o f Bro ngn iart at Co mment ry in France seems to us to fo rbid the adoptio n o f s uch a di vi sio n and to favo r Bro ng niart s vi ew th at m any o f th em ex cept Eug ereon an d po ssibly oth ers are s i mply Pal e ozoi c g en era o f ex i sti ng o rd ers o f i nsects z c rep resen tatives o f di st inct But Bro ng niart s an d ex ti nct fami li es rath er th an o f lo st o rd ers di sc overi es were n ot pl aced in the h and s of the sci entifi c p ubli c until after the wo rk b efo re us was mo stly in p ri nt S o me o f the di vi sio ns as the C o leoptero idea fo r the unk no wn manufact ure r o f the hol es attrib uted to H yles in us by Bro ng niart seems unneces ” sary Why the Thysan ura sho uld be pl aced as a family o f the s ubo rd er P seudo neuroptera is i nex pli cabl e to us no w th at th ei r struct ure is so well k nown But ho wev er o ne may di ffer fro mthe autho r in matters of cl assi ficatio n he can no t fail to note the care l abo r and l earn i n g w h i ch has b een b esto wed upo n thi s excell en t and mo st useful summary ‘— We OS C A R S cn mn r ON T H E Omens on T H E D OMES T I C D oo must now refer to the uestio n of the o rigi n o f the do mesti c dog Th at t he whol e li ne o f fo xes has nothi ng to do w i th the dog has lo ng b een an establi shed fact On the oth er h and D arw i n en deavo red to p rove th at vario us wild t rib es o f men in di fferen t p arts o f the glob e tamed native wol f lik e ani mal s and that the c ro ssi n gs o f th ese S p ec i es and b reedi n g of vario us ki n d s p rod uc ed Thi s opi nio n o f Darwi n has b een the do mesti c do g o f o ur day so mewh at modi fied by L H Jeitteles a careful authori ty o n the do mesti c ani mal s A cco rdi ng to hi m the wol f (Cams lupus) has n o co n n ectio n wi th the European an d west o ri en tal races o f d o g s ackal and the I nd ian t he co nnectio n b ei ng mai nly th ro ugh the j s l a m a l z c e s s n r p tly l d b k i to p hi t i ool C T h e a c e s e a c o r c r a o a r f p j ) Closest to the j ackal s we h ave the so called turf dog t i mes k no wn fro m the t urf deposits o f the l ake dwelli ngs and whi c h is p robably the anc esto r o f o ur Po merani an dogs A ll i ed to it w e have the t erri ers and t urnspits F ro m Cams pal/g oes is descen d ed the so call ed bronz e dog w hi ch mo st p rob ably came to Euro pe wi th h uman i mmi g rants fro m A si a an d with it the sh eep do g o f Cent ral Europe the l arger spo rti ng dog the poodl e c ur do g an d b ull dog T he ancesto r o f a thi rd g ro up may perh aps be fo un d in the l arge j ackal (Cams lupastcr) of N o rth A fri ca to whi ch we cal
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T he Mammal ia 86 , 18 .
tn
thei r relati on to
ri
p
meval times
.
N ew Y ork, D A ppleton .
Geology
and
Pale ontology
.
have to refer the anci ent Eg tptian dog , the Ori ental s treet dog and the wild do a o A n c g f f Thi s does not as yet settl e the uestio n as to whi h fossil fo rms may be o nceal ed amo ng the n umero us races o f the do mesti c d og V ario us o nj ect ures h av e been mad e, no ne o f whi ch , ho w ever are based upo n any spec i al reas o ns A co rdi ng to Bl ai n v ill e s opi n io n a dil uvi al speci es o f a gentl e and so i abl e nat ure n o lo n ger ex i sti ng in a wild state must have been the p rimeval fo r m of t he do mesti c dog ; b ut after wh at has been said above, t h i s general way o f settli ng the uestio n must be reg ard ed as o ne t h at no lo nger holds good Woldrich s vi ews S ho w a g reater amo unt o f p robabi lity and h av e l ately b een tak en up agai n ; he mai ntai ns t hat o ur do mesti c races are descend ed fro m several w i ld fo rms o f the Can id a: o f the Dil uvi um, and h erei n he agrees w ith wh at Darwi n and H ux l ey h av e stated regardi ng the r el atio n bet ween the do m dog and the livi ng j ack al s and esti w ol ves
s
ho uld al s o
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It may with c ertai nty be mai ntai ned th at the di rec t ancesto rs o f t he E urop ean wol f are to be fo und in the Dil uvi al d epo s its Fo rmerly a huge ani mal o f the wol f species was di sti ng ui shed as the cave w olf w it ho ut t h ere bei ng any di sti nct c h aracter to sepa rat e the t wo fo rms A thi rd fo rm o f wol f (Camis suesrzz fro m the l oss near Vi enna) is desc rib ed as a sli m but po werful ani mal st ro ng eno ugh ev en to p urs ue and overpo wer the l arger speces o f pl ant eaters It is in fact o ne o f the eight spec i es o f wolves w h i ch can b e di sti ngui sh ed d uri ng the Dil uvi al early ag es o f man A nd in ad di tio n to t h ese t h ere are abo ut five ki nd s o f fo x es I n n o w ret urni ng to the livi ng C anid a e sev eral S pec i es d emand o ur att entio n o ne o f w hi ch is d escrib ed as I cticy on w natzcus a nat ive o f Brazil t he o ther und er the g eneri c name Cyo n i n h abit in g t he co unt ri es to the no rth and no rt h east o f the A l tai n mo un tai n s Th ese dogs do no t possess the thi rd mol ar in the lo wer d w m d t h m i u i s s a a a r e c n ol toot pp ll th t a a e a r h n h e e r a s u t o w j j t io n appears to be i mmi nent th ere as well It is in the nat ural ol ars o r the co urse of thi ng s th at o ne or both o f the fi rst p rem l ast mol ar sho uld b eco me usel ess and fo rced to di sappear by the n eighbo ri n g teet h b ei ng spec ially tak en i nto re ui s it io n al tho ug h l in mo st cases we do no t k now the i mmedi ate reas o n of t his T he o th er ci rc umstances o f t he st ruct ure o f thi s g ro up do n ot l ead us t o expect anythi ng speci al fro mthi s co ncent ratio n of t he denti tio n I n fo rmer t i mes ho wever as we sh all soo n see a mo st vari ed de .
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who can examine the head of a dachshun d may convince themselves o f the fact that the firs t premo lar above an d below can scarcely be of any use to the an imal ; it is a little st ump w hich does not com e i n co ntact w it h the oppo S 1t e ro w o f t eeth, and is fre uently wanting alto g ether I f the dachshund is no t tor cibly suppressed as a species, its den tition w ill o ne day inevitably be reduced by o ne remo lar p ‘
A
ny o f our readers '
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Gencral N otes
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ment of new genera o f b easts of p rey b egan wi th dog li ke ani mal s M uch mo re i n teresti ng fo r the p urpo se o f o ur i nvestigatio n velop
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h ere is the Otocy on the spoo n dog o f S o uth A fri ca so call ed fro m the peculi ar fo rmatio n o f the sk ull I ts h abits S ho w an app ro x i matio n to the fo xes yet as reg ard s d enti t io n it does ‘ rs and n ot S ho w thi s affinity i nasmuch as it sses f z m a s ol o s e p al s o sho ws the mo st remark ab le di fferences 1n the rel at ive s iz e o f the s i ngl e t eeth A s already said the S poo n dog is in many ways and as regard s d entitio n sh aped after t he fas hio n o f the do g type and can thus scarcely be dragged o ut o f t hi s c o n nectio n and we are co mpell ed to look upo n it as a st ill ex i sti n g pri mary fo rm o f dog T he whol e pal e o ntology o f the verteb rates sh o ws th at the many to othedness o f mammal s is an i nh eri tance fro m th ei r lo wer ancesto rs and th at any inc rease o f the teeth withi n a c lass has p robably never taken pl ace A s o ur dogs w ith their § z g mol ars h ave no do ubt b een de scended fro m full er too th ed an i m al s Oto cyo n mus t be regarded as the still livi ng rep resentati ve o f t he early type o f do g wh i c h in oth er ch aracteri sti cs sho ws mo re affini ty t o t he fox gen us But as th ere al so ex i st speci es of t he g ro up Cams as are w i t h v ery small fro ntal dep ressio ns it is as H ux l ey says very d iffi c ult no t to i magi ne that th ese too must be t raced to an cesto rs o f t ips Otocyo n type F ro m thi s sp eci es th erefo re we sho uld h av e to derive the two li nes whi ch diverge i nto the fox o n the o ne h and and the w ol f o n the oth er We are supported in thi s vi ew by the observatio n th at the S o uth A meri can Cams cancn o orus o ften possesses the fo urth mol ar and th us sho ws i tsel f to be anoth er remnan t of the p ri mary fo rm A fo urth s upern umerary mol ar of th i s ki nd is no t a mo nst rosity o r patholog ical pheno me n o n but an atavi sm o r rev ers io n o f the same so rt as the s o call ed wol fs tooth 1n ho rses whi c h was expl ai ned as a p remo l ar whi ch ex i sted tn the p ri mary genus A nchitherium H ence the key to the d erivat io n o f all the dog t ribe is to be fo und t n th ei r rel atio n to the S poo n dog -
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— — S i1un an GEOL OGI C A L N Ews S G Willi ams in a co mmu n i S catio n to the F eb ruary n umb er o f the A mm can youmal o f cr '
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h t o k o wer H elderb erg period i ncl ud i n g all above the water li me g ro up are rep resen t ed i n N ew Y o rk as far west as C ay uga l ak e by li mesto nes no t l ess th an s i xty five feet thi ck c o ntai ni ng an unmi stakabl e L o wer H eld erb erg fau n a Tho ugh fossil s are rare in Cay uga co unty fi fteen speci es hav e been fo und t wo o r th ree o f whi ch are as yet undescribed wh i l e A mo n g t he oth ers all b elo n g to L o wer H eld erb erg speci es th em are two speci es o f S trOpho do nta R hy nchon ella scmzp/ica ta S tro matopo ra (most ab undant o f all) a Favo sites and a Zap h ren ti s t
ence, sta es t a r c s o f the L
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— Tn asszc T he geologi cal ag e o f the y ello w sand sto nes lyi n g n o rth o f the c ity of Elgi n (S cotl and) has b een much d ebated st rat i g raphists h avi ng mai ntai ned that th ey b elo nged to the D evo ni an o r rath er Old R ed sand sto ne w c e e n hil p l e o tologi l vid e a n a c e ( ) is in favo r o f th ei r T ri assi c ag e T he L ac ertili a are rep resen ted by T elerpeto n H ypero dapedo n an d an un d escribed fo rm C ro co dili a b y S tag o nolepis and Di cy nodo nti a by the typ e genus D r J udd an d D r Go rdo n h ave n o w p ro c ured good evid ence th at thi s rep t ilifero us sandsto ne passes do wn i nto a bed o f co nglo merate w h i ch rest s unc o n fo rmably upo n the st rata o f the Upper Old R ed s and sto ne T he co ncl usio n is th at d uri n g the vast period s o f the C arbo ni fero us and Permi an the Upper Old R ed sandsto ne o f the E lgi n area was uph eav ed and d enuded and the Upp er Tri as b eds depo sited unco nfo rmably upo n th ei r erod ed s urface '
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l a n w o a e Ki i h v h j st udi ed the J urass i c and C retaceo us s t rata o f A nd al usi a repo rt t h at t h ei r co mpo sitio n is very lik e th at o f the same b ed s in t he A l ps Th ere are al so many analogi es b et ween th em an d the c o r respo ndi ng bed s o f S i cily and o f t he A pen ni nes whil e the upper b eds resembl e tho se met w ith in the Bal eari c i sl and s T he b rac h io po d b ed s o f the M iddl e L i as an d the ammo n ite bed s o f the T oarciar i are met w i th alik e in S i ci l y the A penni nes an d part s o f t he A lps ur assic a nd
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— R e ent M
s e f s n c o po t i t h e e x e r t Q s o f a e s t h r n f h e c a l i l b d F h olo i i po o t a c i n e e c c n A s n e u n t o s g y G ui nea A l etter fro m J W D awso n to Nature co ntai ns so me in t eresti ng no tes upo n the causes o f the p urity o f N il e mud Thi s mud b ro ught do wn chi efly by the A tb ara and the Bl ue N il e fro ma co unt ry o f s ili ceo us and crystalli ne ro ck s is like th at o f I t is also d efi ci ent in t he S t L aw rence al mo st free fro m sal t k aoli n (1) b ecause the c urrent o f the river is s ufl i ciently st ro ng t o wash i nto the sea all the mo re fi nely c o mmi n uted argill aceo us matter ;(2) because the older g nei sses and schi sts do no t kaoli nize lik e Co rni sh g ranites but crumbl e i nto Sand much o f the feldspar ai n i ng in a p erfect s tat e P ro fesso r H ei m k no wn as o n e rem states th at the m otio n o f a o f t he b est autho ri t i es o n gl aci ers gl aci er is to a p repo nderat i ng ex tent the res ult o f g ravi ty H e en umerat es p arti al i nternal li uefacti o n caused by p ress u re ;pl as t icity o f the ice as it ap pro ach es the melti n g poi nt ; rupt ures and s light di spl acem ents alt ernati n g wi th parti al regel atio n and slidi n g o n its bed as so urces o f glac i er mo tio n Gl ac i ers merely s moo th an d very slightly wear away the p revio usly ex i sti ng ro ugh sur faces whil e st reams and s ub aeri al weath eri ng h ave given vall eys th ei r fo rm T he gl aci er is mo re o f a carri er and rubbi sh remover than o f a delver and plo ugh man
uaternary and
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General N otes
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M I N E R A L OG Y A N D PET R OGBA PH Y
‘ .
M I NE R A L S H ussA x s D ET ER w NA T tON or R T he appearance in Engli s h o f any book whi ch t reats of the methods o f the new geolo gy , is a s ubj ect for co n g rat ul ation on the part of tho se who b eli eve th at the use o f the mi cro sc ope w ill rev eal muc h of i nt erest in the d ev elop ment o f the earl i est hi s t o ry T he i mport ance o f mi croscopi cal pet rography o f the eart h s li fe is shown in the fact th at the l eadi n g geologi sts all over the w o rld are d evoti ng much o f th ei r ti me to the st udy o f the mi neralogi cal h aracteri sti cs of the rock s whi ch fo rm the solid c rust o f o ur globe and to the c h anges whi ch these roc ks undergo und er vari o ndi tions It is a l amentable fact th at tho ugh so much is o us n ow b ei ng do ne in thi s fi el d , but few good En gli s h tex t b o o k s T he o nly wo rk s relat i ng to thi s subj ect whi ch h ave ex i st ’ appeared in En g li sh are Z i rk el s M i cro scopi cal Pet rog rap hy ' ’ Both o f th ese t reat mo re par an d R utley s S t udy o f R o ck s t icularly o f the cl assifi catio n o f ro ck s an d p res uppose a k n o w l edge o f the el ementary pri ncipl es, by means of whi ch th ei r mi neral o nstit uents are recog nized I t is with pl easure that we e a thi rd vol ume, whi c h t reats of the opti al p ro per n o w wel co m ti es o f mineral s and the method s whi ch are made use o f in th ei r dete tio n D r E G S mith o f Beloit Wi s o nsi n has very re ‘ cently t rans l at ed D r H ussak s littl e book , n oti ed in the A p ril U nfo rt unately, the fi rst part o f the n umb er of the N A T UR A L tS T t ransl atio n, whi ch t reats o f the method s o f i nvestigatio n, t he opti sy co nstr uc arred by c l um cal p roperti es etc , o f mi neral s, is m tio ns, due to the I iteral ness wi th whi ch the o rigi nal tex t has b een followed M o st of the erro rs whi ch the German pet rog raphers h ave poin ted o ut have been allo wed to remai n unco rrected I n many cases the choi ce of ex p ress io ns fo r wo rds and ph rases “ T he ent eri ng face o ccurri ng in the o rig inal are mi s l eadi ng “ “ o f the li g ht éic he (p sh ell is used fo r E intrittsfl ” spring lin s fo rmed fo r and f r o S chalenfé rmig (p g ” rds re mi st ransl at ed p f w o a Einspreng linge A e w ( Certain sectio ns o f and o ne (Kolb en) is not t ran s l ated at all o rt ho rhombi c mi neral s are S pok en o f as not ex ti ngui shi ng fo r t he mo st part acco rdi ng to th ei r ax ial fig ures (F ig urenax en) (p M o re serio us t han th ese are the erro rs whi ch ari se fro m t he co n fus io n o f the opti cal ax es wi th the ax es o f el ast i c ity ; o f bi ax i al mi nerals wi th those whi ch are do ubly refracti ng ; an d fi nally o f i sot ropi c sub stances with those ex hibiti ng parall el ex ti nctio n T he seco nd part is taken up with a tab ul ar arrangement o f the p ri nc ip al mi neral s whi ch ent er i nto the co mpo sitio n o f ’
OC K FOR M I NG -
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1
Edited byW S BA Y L EY , .
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Washington L on don ,
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H opkins U niverSity, Baltimore, Md
18 6 7 .
1879
New Y ork :
Johns
.
John Wiley 8: S ons
,
1886
.
.
Mineralog y
.
Petrog raplzy
.
Th ese are placed verti cally in gro ups acc o rdi ng as th ei r c ro ss sec tio ns are isot ropi c o r S ho w parall el or i n cli n ed ex tin e t io n These ro ups are agai n subd ivided in acco rdance w ith the c ry stallo g rapf ic sy stems Opposite the name o f each mi neral are c s l a c e i r a c e t s c e v c a r d h i l o po itio p ifi c g ity h t i ti m c e a c m n s c r a s p c l eavag es the o rdi nary fo rms o f its cro ss sect io ns its tw i nn i n g laws the c h aracter and st rength o f its do ubl e refractio n its colo rs un der c ro ssed n i col s its nat ural colo r and pl eo c h roi s m its struc t ure the mi nerals w ith whi ch it is generally asso ci at ed its ch ar acterist ic i ncl usio ns and deco mpo sitio n p ro ducts and those p een liarities whi ch di sti ng ui sh it fro m oth er mi neral s o f the same l l e n m a e e r a n f r a a m s u o pp e thi p t i o t t i a a n c e s a r a n e n a m r I n e m g is so arran ged th at with very litt l e tro ubl e the st uden t can t urn to the mi neral who se p ropert i es he wi sh es to st udy and find in a few b rief sentences the ch aracteri sti cs by whi ch it can be di sti ng ui sh ed fro m all oth ers Thi s part w ill prove o f co nsiderab l e use to all w ho are b egi nn i n g the st udy o f pet rog raphy and who m s uc h manual s as that o f R o senb usch wo uld t en d o nly to co n fuse and d isco urage A g reat servi ce has been ren d ered to all tho se to who m the materi al in D r H ussak s book is i naccessibl e o n ac c o unt o f the l ang uag e in whi ch it is written and the transl ato r d eserves the th an ks o f all those i nterested in pet rog raphy fo r havi ng pl aced w ithi n the reach o f A meri can st ud ents the el ements o f a b ranc h o f geolo g y whi ch is j ust b egi nn i ng to be app rec i ated f o n thi s s i de o f the A tl anti c as affo rdi ng a key fo r the s ol utio n o many uestio ns whi ch h ave h ereto fo re been consid ered as bey o nd t he po wer o f penet ratio n
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— T he rel atio ns o f the b astite serpen ti ne N EWS
PET R OGR A PmC A L to the tro ktOlite in the Belh elvi e p ari s h in A berd eenshi re, are s t udi ed by Bo n ney , an d the result s o f h is i nv estig atio ns pub l f lis hed in the Geolog ical ll ag as in e T he serpenti n e is derived T he tro ktolite is a mod erately fro m an olivi ne enstatite ro ck c o arse g rai ned mi x t ure o f p urpli sh g ray or whiti sh feld spar and d ull dark g reen serpenti ne A t the j un tio n o f th ese t wo ro k s, it was fo und th at every g rai n o f olivi ne was s urro und ed by a reactio nary rim T he se uence o f the two ro cks in respect to ag e is no t sati sfacto ri ly d ec id ed I n the same paper, the Bl ack 2 D og ro ck fi rst mentio ned by H eddl e, as a mass of roc k abo ut fo ur yard s lo ng and b ro ad , whi h p roj ects fro m the sand o n the s ho re is d es rib ed as c o nt ai n i n g fibro lite, iolite, uartz and mi ca I t bears a very clo se resembl ance to so me o f the co rdi eri te g nei sses ’ K ii ch d escrib es a uartz py ro x ene an d esi te fro m o f Bavari a t he C umbal in the A nd es in whi ch the py ro x ene o nstit uent is s a muc h e i k th t t i i l ri ncipally hypersth ene, and rem a s a h s n r a r m p .
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October, 1885, p 4 39 Mineralogical Magaz in e, v, p 1 N eues Jahrb fllr Min , etc , 1886, .
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p 35 .
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General N otes
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t c o nstituent of the an des ites o f thi s regio n th an has uite an additio n to o ur k n o w ledg e hi th erto b een supposed o f the metamo rpho ric ro c k s has recently b een m ade in t he l ’ arti cl es o f V o n M iklucho Maclay and Jo seph G6 tz T he fo rmer t reat s o f the schi sts fo un d o n the R iver W itim in East S ib eri a Th ese co nsi st o f altered gnei sses b ro wn spar phylli te in w hi ch rho m boh ed ra of b ro wn spar are fo un d enclosi ng all t he other mi neral s and even in so me cases fo rmi ng co mpl ete p seud o mo rph s o f uartz and b ro wn spar phyl li te gnei ss whi ch d i ffers fro m the b ro wn spar phyll i te in c o ntai ni ng co mpl ete p seudo mo rph s o f plagio cl ase aft er b ro wn S par and al so in the en large ment o f its uartz by the d eposi tio n o f new uartz s ub stance Gotz repo rts the results o f his i nvestigatio n s on the roc k s o cc ur r i ng in the n eighbo rhood o f the g old fi eld s o f Marab astad in N o rth ern T ransvaal Th ese he divi des i nto gnei ss amp hi bo l e ro ck s chlo ri te sc hi sts phyllites ott relite an d andal usite s ch i s ts uartzites serpent i ne an d p roterob ase A fter a v ery careful s t u dy o f t he st ruct ure and mi n eralogi c al co mpo sitio n o f all th ese ro c k s he co nc l ud es th at p ress ure is the cause o f the schi sto si ty o f the s chi sto se ki nd s an d t h at to t hi s agen cy is d ue al so the fo rmatio n o f the ott relite and an dal usit e w hi c h took pl ac e co ntem o rane p ptio n o f the schi sto sity Th us much addi o usly with the ass um t io nal i nfo rmatio n is add ed to o ur k n o wl edge o f th at s o rt o f ’ regio n al metamo rphi sm call ed by L o ssen di slo catio n metamo rph is m to whi ch so much attentio n is no w b ei n g di rec ted by t he l eadi n g German pet rog raph ers — M I N E R A L OGI C A L N EWS I n a l ate n umb er o f the N eues J ah r ‘ b uch Max Bauer p ubli sh es the co nti nuatio n o f his st udi es in mi neralogy I n thi s paper he d escribes pseudo mo rphs o f cal c i te aft er arago n ite fro m K lei n S ach senh ei m in W ii rttemberg I n all i nstances o f t hi s ki nd h ereto fo re d escribed the rho mbi c s ub stan ce o f the arago n i te w as s uppo sed to h ave und ergo ne a mol ec ul ar rearran gem ent and th us to h ave passed over i nto rho mboh ed ral c al cit e A st udy o f t he Kl ei n S achsenheimer c rystal s and t he mode o f th ei r occurrence s ho ws ho wever th at in so me cases at l east a sol utio n and d epos itio n tak es pl ace Th ese crystal s are fo und in a d rusy dolo mite whi ch o rigi nally co ntai ned in it l en s s h aped m Thi s gypsum has been remov ed by asses o f gyps um w ater and it was fro m thi s s ol utio n th at the arago ni te was de “ posited o n the S id es o f the hollo ws l eft A t the same ti me th ere was a depo sition o f b ro wn sp ar whi c h covered the
mo re fre
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1885, 11,
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Zeits d deutsch g eo l Gesellschaft, xx1, p 3 24 Band 1, 1886 , p 6 2 .
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Fro mvery dilute so lutio ns or fro m those con taining small amounts o f g yps um, calcium carbo nate is deposited as arag o n ite, whi le fro m co ncen trat ed solution s o r those con tai ning n o fo reig n matter it is depos ited as calcite 5
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M
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neralogy and
Petrog rap}:y
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l it tl e crystal s of arago nit e and p rot ected th em fro m the dis s o lvrng actio n o f fres h suppli es o f water Wh erever an i mper fec tio n in the c overi ng allo wed water to gai n access to the a rago n ite s ub stance, a c o ncen t rated sol utio n o f thi s was fo rmed I ts ex t ernal fo rm, an d t he salt was red epo s ited as al c it e o f c o urse, was o ccas io ned by the s h ell o f b ro wn S p ar, whi c h I n nearly every case st udi ed an i nternal r em ai n ed undi ssolved k ernel o f arago n ite was s urro und ed by an ex ternal coveri n g of T he c a l c it e, s ho w i n g t h at the c h ange took pl ace fro m w i tho ut a u tho r thi n k s th at many oth er cases o f paramo rphi sm may be ex s u n a a n d s u s n r e e s m e a l i d by ppo i l tio d po i io t i l n n f h r a e o t o t e a g p D avreux ite, hyd ro us antho in the same way as th at d escrib ed h e o t e r o i t a r e c e yllit d h d r h v e n tly b e n i v tig t by h e a n e e s a e d L a n p y p ‘ T he first he d escrib es as h avi ng all the opti cal p rop erti es c r oi x It is bi ax ial , w ith a n egative bi sect ri x I t o ccu rs in o f a mi ca l i t t l e pl ates , mi x ed w ith uartz g rai ns in the q uartz rfero us vei ns in t he schi st s at Ott ré Hyd ro us anthophyllite (fro m Gl en U rq u hart S c otl and ) is not a ho mogeneo us s ub stan e, but is co mpo sed o f fib ers o f acti noli te, cement ed tog et h er by a s ubstanc e b elo ng in g to the chlo ri te g ro up H y dro tephroi te is a mi x t ure in vario us p ropo rt io ns o f at l east th ree di fferen t s ub stances That whi c h o cc urs in g reatest uanti ty is colo rl ess and biax i al and is p rob ab ly t eph roite T he o th er s ubstan ces are serp ent i ne chlo rit e and T he hydrotephroite is p rob ably an var io us manganese mi neral s Beauti ful al tered t eph roit e o r s o me oth er manganese S ili cate ’ H S olly rh o mboh edral c ry st al s o f cal cit e are d esc rib ed by R Th ey co ntai n o nly fro m the T ank erville mi ne S h ropshi re Eng the rho mboh edral and scal eno hed ral faces, w i t h the fo rmer pre T he scalen oh ed ral faces are b right an d are co v d o mi nati ng while the rho mboh ed ral faces uartz c ry stal s ered w i t h littl e U ntil very c o n tai n no uartzes , b ut are dull and c o rro ded s ulph ato chlo rid e recen tly o ur k n o w l edge regardi n g the bl ue ” to whi ch D ana in 1850 gave the name co n nel o f copp er, l it e, has been co nfi ned to the res ults o f the i nvestigati o ns o f ‘ ’ L ately , ho wever, in co nse uence o f M ask elyne an d Bert ran d the di scovery o f new mat eri al the cry stallography o f the mi neral C o nnellite o cc urs in copper has been tho ro ug hly wo rk ed up vei ns t ravers i ng cl ay sl ate and g ranite in the Cambo rne di st ri ct , s it uat ed at the west en d o f t he g ran it e bo ss in whi c h mo st o f the p ro d uctive tin mi nes in Engl and occur T he mi neral is not fo und massive, but o n ly in aggregates of mi nute cry stal s the largest measuri ng fro m two to fo ur mill i meters in l ength I n cry stalliza ti o n th ey are h exago nal co ntai n i ng o nly the s i mpl e fo rms P , 00 P2 an d co P , in additio n to tho se ob serv ed by Mask ely n e .
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C omptes R
endus, en , 1886 ,
p
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27 3
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Mineralogical Magazine v1, May, 1885, p 120 Philosophical M ag azine, Jan uary, 186 3 Bulletin de la S oc M in de France, 1881, I v .
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fro m S pai n, is mentio ned by F at M achacamara, in Bolivi a, in radi al uartz , assoc i ated w ith barite ag g regates in w hite G F ’ K unz anno unces in a pap er in the A meri can journal of S cience th at the meteo rite described by him at the l ast meeti ng o f the A meri an A sso ci atio n as the Charl esto n W V a meteo r ’ it e, fell o n Jenney s c reek Way ne co unty , W V a and n o t, as befo re stat ed , at Ch arl esto n It is des ribed as a me teo ri e i ro n made up of c rystalli ne blo ck s o f plessite an d k ama grobe L amell en o f Brezi na A n c it e, and b elo ng s to the Ni and Co (by difl analys i s yi elded : Fe er P en e) T he mi neral s of the regio n aro un d S tempel , n ear M arb urg and tho se o f the Erzgebi rge h ave b een p rett y 8 tho ro ughly i nvestigated by S tadtliinder, o f L iineberg , an d ‘ T he fo rmer thi nk s th at the opti cal an o m S chalch, o f L eipzig ali es o f anal cite must be the result o f seco nd ary co nditio ns w hi c h 5 a t ed after the c rystal had been fo rmed H e fi nd s al so t w i ns o f N atrolite in whi ch the tw i nni ng ax i s is n o rmal to oo P and th e I n a littl e book ent itl ed D ie o mpo sitio n face is the base ‘ Ch emi sch e Nat ur der Mi nerali en, R ammelsberg attempts a sy s tematic arrangemen t o f all the mi neral s the analy ses o f w hi c h S ho w th em to h av e a co nstant co mpo s itio n
Guej arite, hith erto k no wn l S andberg er as o c urri ng
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— M I S C EL L A NEOUS I mproved method s fo r the detectio n
ofs
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mal l
iti es o f silver c hlo ri ne sel eni um s ulph ur arseni c ant i mo ny b ari um st ro nti um lithi um an d sodi um under the mi cro scope are d escrib ed by S t ren g in the l as t n umber o f the N eues ? J ah rb uc h T he anti mo ny is t ransfo rmed i nto anti mo ny chlo rid e ; 3 littl e o f thi s is ev apo rat ed to dry ness in an obj ect glass an d th e resid ue moi stened w ith a d rop o f water holdi n g b ari um tart rat e i n s usp ensio n and a littl e b ari um c hlo rid e in sol utio n On evapo ra tio n li ttl e rho mb ic tabl es of bari um anti mo ny tartrate are fo un d aro un d t he edges o f the d rop A clo ser ex ami nat io n o f th es e sho ws th em to po ssess a mo no clin ic sy m met ry w ith the fo rms OP P and P 00 b est d eveloped A p racti cal use o f th es e method s is made in an exami natio n of the compositio n o f ritti n e e r i t a n d r s i n e T h a e r s f py o tilp it e l tt o u n d to b e A b S 5 t h e , g 3 g fo rmer A g, A s S , o r A g, A s (S S e), uant
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N eues
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N A T U R A u s r,
C arl H abel, Berlin, 7 18 86, 1,
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filr M in
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Beil
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188 6.
1885
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March, p
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29 6 ;
S eptember, p 886 .
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B OT A N Y
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—I n tho se ferns in whi c h
OS MUND A C L A YT ONI A N A th e vascul ar system o f the stem co ns i s ts o f a ri ng o f sep arat e b un dl es b ran ch es an d l eaves usually ari se by an i ncrease by divi s io n of t he b undl es until a po rtio n is d efl ect ed w ith surro undi n g t iss ue to the l ateral memb er T he method in the Osmund as is ' n o t so si mpl e I n Fig 1 A sho ws a cauli ne b un dl e oo in whi ch an o ut er po rtio n is b ei ng separated to fo rm the b undl e o f a st ipe as at C T wo l ateral po rtio ns between thi s and wh at remai ns are d efl ect ed to roots at each sid e o f the b ase of the stipe w h i ch ’ o rig i nate at the same ti m T he divi sio ns whi ch t e e as at r r mai n in the stem un ite with s i milarly divid ed parts o f adjoi ni n g BR A NC H t NG
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m; a bundle dividing into a cen Fro 1 , tral outer port ion , w hich enters a stipe, two lateral portions which en ter the begin n i ngs o f roo ts r r , an d tw o larg er portio ns which remai n in the stem; p, pit ; e, c ortex : 3 , section of stem below a fork , show ing preparatory co nstriction ; C, sect i on o f stipe, about an inch fro m the base, showing s ingle large bundl e A , re duced from camera Sketch, magn ified ten , B and C abo ut two diameters .
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b u ndl es so th at the n umber in the st emremai ns the same Fro m the co nd ensed charact er o f the s tem the vascul ar sy stem at any pl ete and vario usly un ited sect io n appears as a seri es o f i n co m A A Crozicr , Grand R apids, M ic/t , fan 2 7 , 1886 b u ndl es .
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M OV EM ENT S
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rr G Kl eb s describes (Biolo D ES Mt D S s s m l m c l z e e n t r a l a o di f f e r e t ki n d o f ov e e n t s n h i s t u o r n i t e C t f ) g D esmidieae, viz : 1 A forward motio n on the surface, o ne end o f th e cell to uchi ng the botto m, w hil e the oth er end is mo re o r l ess el evat ed and o sc ill ates back ward s and fo rward s d uri n g the move ment Thi s is especially well seen in Closterium acerosum 2 A n el evatio n in a v erti cal di re tion fro m the s ub st rat um the free end maki ng wide ci r ul ar movements (C didy rnotocum) 3 A si mil ar mo tio n, followed by a si nki ng o f the free end and an elevatio n o f t h e en d p revio usly d epressed , an d s o o n alt ernat ely (C monili n s c n obli u e e l e v a tio o th a t both n d s to u h h e o m e c t r A , f ) 4 b o tto m l ateral movements in thi s po si t io n th en an el evatio n and c i rc ular motio n o f o ne en d and a s i n ki n g agai n to an obli ue o r Th ese mo ve ho ri zo ntal pos itio n (C diance and arc/zerianum)
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L ES
E BES S EY , L incoln , N ebraska .
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ments are no ne o f th empeculi ar to parti c ul ar spec i es ; several o f th em are o ften co mbi ned in one A free swi mmi ng o n the s urface like t hat o f diato ms was never ob served T he fi rst t wo o f th ese movements depend o n the fo rmatio n d uri ng the motio n o f a fil ament of mucil age by whi ch the des mid is attach ed to the botto m; the g rad ual l en gth eni ng o f th is fil ament by the formatio n o f fresh mucil ag e causes the d esmid t o ri se T he fil ament is best detected by a weak sol utio n o f methyl viol et o r fuch si n whi ch does not kill the des mid Cy ani n al s o answers but n ot so well Oth er pig ments do no t stai n i t M any eniu m spec i es o f E uast rum C o smarium S taurastrum and Pleu ro ta ex hibit the same ph eno meno n T he g reatest l ength of filamen t m m Ob served was 3 the mo st rapi d motio n in Closterium acer o s um 1 121 in 30 sec ; many sp eci es are L ight ui te mot io nl ess ex erc i ses an i nfl uence o n the di rectio n o f the movement s i mil ar to th at o f zoé spo res but not o n its rapidi ty T he el evatio n and d epressio n appear to be i nd epend ent o f the di rectio n o f g ravita tio n T he autho r co n sid ers the cause o f the motio n to be the ex uda tio n o f muc il age w hi ch does not take pl ace s i mul taneo usly and u n i fo rmly over the whol e s urface o f the des mi d Thi s fo rmatio n o f muc il age is n o t the resul t o f di s i nteg rati on o f the cell wal l itsel f; it p ro ceed s di rectly fro m the cytoplasm and p asses th ro ugh t he cel l wall w itho ut t he l atter un d ergoi ng any c h ange Man y sp eci es are co mpletely s urro und ed by a g el ati no us env elo pe A W Ben nett L ondon w hil e oth ers are co mparatively free ,
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PL EOMOR PH I S M
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H ansz ig
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Botaniscli es Centralolatt an el abo rate paper whi ch has fo r its o bj ec t to p rove th at a l arg e n umber o f alga hith erto referred to the famili es S chizo phycem o r Cyanophy ceae, Ch ro o co ccaceae Osc il lariaceze N o sto caceae S cyto nemaceae, Co n fervaceae Ch aetopho ra c ea e S ipho no cladaceae and Ulvacea: are b ut stages in the evo lu tion o f S i n gl e fo rms H e d escrib es the mode in w hi ch th ese vario us fo rms o f alga may d evelop o ne o ut o f anoth er and he o nnected reg ard s al s o the S chizo phy ceat and S chizo mycetes as togeth er by i nsensibl e g rad atio ns T hus we may h ave o ne and the same al g a o ccurri n g in its mat ure fo rm and in its S tig o nema L eptoth ri x uni cell ular, N o stoc Uloth ri x and a vari ety o f oth er fo rms Eugl ena he regard s al so as geneti cally co nnected wi t h the Phycochro maceat and Osc ill ari aceae D r H ansz ig refers to a n ew analogy b et ween the S chizo m ycetes and S chizo phycem by the di s covery o f a motil e o rgani s m whi c h he names C/zr oomonas nordstedtu an d whi c h he reg ard s as t he swarm cell c o ndit io n o f A LV Bennett a phy co ch ro maceo us alga, p robably an Oscill ari a ,
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— F ro ma recent p ap er o n Tree ON T H E PL A 1Ns
T R EE GR OWT H ” Pl anti ng on the Pl ai ns by R ob ert W F urnas we ex t ract the follo wing stati sti cs o f the g ro wth o f t rees as sho wn by act ual .
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meas urement of t rees o f k nown ages T he meas urement s made at the un i fo rm h eight o f two feet above the g ro und .
were
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Common N ame
S cientifi c lVanre
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Ulmus O Q Q Q Q O Q
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Years Uld '
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merican a
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O O O O
M aclura aurantiaca u
Bo x Elder
aceroides
N egundo
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06
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o n ey
L o cust
Gleditschia triacanthos R obinia pseud acacia Gymn ocladus canadensis Platan us o ccidentalis J uglans nigra
Black L ocust K en tucky C offee tree
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S ycamo re Black Walnut
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W h ite Waln ut
Jug lans cinerea
S hag bark H ickory C h es tn ut Burr Oak W hi te Oak W h i te A sh G reen A sh C o ttonwoo d
C arya alba C astan ea vesca,
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Q rcus e u Q uercus
var
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mericana
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macro carpa alba
Fraxinus americana Frax in us viridis Po pulus mo nilifera ,
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M
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— BOT A N I C A L N EWS L ate n umb ers o f A nnales des S ciences N a turelles contai n papers o n the follo wi ng s ubj ects viz : T he act ual stat e o f o ur k no w l edge o f the fun ctio n o f chlo rophyl li n e R esearch es upo n the dev elopment o f the spo rogo ne o f the H epati ca Observatio ns upo n the S antal acea R esearch es upo n t he co mp arative anato my o f the st em o f the Di cotyl edo ns R e s earch es upo n the v ari atio n o f the respi ratio n w i t h the d ev elop T he ment of plants T he respi rato ry functio n o f vegetatio n mo re i mpo rtant pap ers in the si x teenth vol ume j ust clo sed o f Pr ing sheim s Jahrbii cher fii r Wi ssensch aftli ch e Bo tan ik are S c himper s I nvestigatio ns upo n chlo rophyll bo di es T schirch s C o ntri butio ns to a k n o wl edge o f the mech ani cal ti ssue syst ems o f h ac uol e wall l V Pl on e v D a n ts e ri es smol yti c st udi es t a p R ei ch e s Upo n the anato mi cal changes in the peri anth w ho rl Thi s vol ume con w hi ch p reced e the d ev elop men t o f the fruit t ai ns twenty eig ht pl ates A n i nteresti ng paper o n i ntra mol ecul ar respi ratio n by W Pfefler is j ust received It is in c o nti n uat io n o f w o rk do ne by D r W P Wil so n o f Camb ridg e A white seeded vari ety o f the ho ney lo cust is described M ass .
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General N otes
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by Tho mas Meeh an in P roceedi ngs o f the A cademy o f N atural S ci ences Phil ad elphi a D ecember 1 T he t ree beari ng t hese ano malo us seed s is o f co nsiderabl e age and stands near German t own Pa A neatl y p ri nted C atal o g ue o f t he Pha nogamo us and vasc ular cryptogam o us pl ants o f F itchburg [ Mass ] and vi ci n ity is wo rthy o f n ote as b ei n g the w o rk o f st ud ents o f t he ” “ Fi tch burg hig h school It is said to rep resent abo ut seven years o f diligent research It is a very c redi tabl e p ro ductio n and i ndi cates good wo rk in the sc hool T he Fo urt h A n n ual R epo rt o f the Board o f Co nt rol of the N ew Yo rk A g ri cult ural E x peri ment S tatio n fo r the year 1885 appears w i t h a mo st sat isfacto ry p ro mpt n ess I ts c o nten t s s ho w the co nti n uatio n o f the hig h cl ass o f wo rk fo r whi ch thi s s tatio n has been di st i n i u s h e d s m a u w h e o t W D Hol D e h Io a a d E w a o c f o r a g y a set o f gen us l ab el s o f the fungi fo r use in h erb ari a Th ere are abo ut 7 20 names whi ch rep resen t after d ed ucti ng d upli cates fro m 500 to 6 00 di fferent genera T he p ri n ti ng is do ne by H N Patt ers o n o f O uawka Ill s whi c h is a s uflicient guarantee o f the neatness o f the typog raphy ,
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ON
C t NU R ous T H YS A N U R A A N D S vMpH vL A or M Ex rco I t was my good fo rt une d uri ng a sho rt vi sit to Mex ico i n the sp ri ng o f 1885 to di scover the o ne i nsect whi ch I scar ely hop ed to find, s o rare are the spe i es and i n divi dual s in o t her parts o f the wo rld Thi s was yayy r saussuru , d esc rib ed an d fig ured by H umb ert in R evue et M ag de Z oolog ie, xx, i 1 8 68 H e d iptio ll t fig w e d s e s r s e x u r s r m e n a c n e a n d e e , 4 3 5 fro m th ree S p eci mens coll ected by M S umichrast at S anta C ruz T HE
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M oy oapam
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Orizab a It was evid ently hopel ess t o loo k fo r J apyx o n the M ex i can pl ateau in the dry seaso n if it l ives th ere at all ; tho ugh near V i enna yayy r solifug us o ccurs in dry ,
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had the rare pl eas ure o f ob servi n g it under t he ki nd g uid ance of D r Brauer T he Ci nuran ch arac teristic o f t he tier ra tem a d a l s h p i hili i i s s w h a e c e s f c w a s M o a , p c o mmo n und er sto nes at S al tillo A t Co rdova, ho wever, o wi ng to the ki ndness o f a S pani sh g en tleman, the o wner o f a co fl ee pl ant at io n, who allo wed m e the use o f o ne o f his l abo rers, an i nt elli g en t I ndi an , I fo und abo ut a dozen S peci mens o f f apy x saussur ii, in the s h aded d am p o ffee g rowth , whi ch my I ndi an t urned up wit h his ho e fro m the ri ch bl ack soi l und er fall en banana t runk s and loo se sto nes They seemed to be c o mp arativ el y co mmo n, and v ery active in th ei r movemen ts On co mpari ng with it o ur no rth ern suo tcrraneus Pack fro m Kent ucky, our spe i es is seen to di ffer d ecidedly fro mt he M ex i c an in the much s uarer h ead w hi ch is b ro ad er in fro n t ; in the b ro ader pro tho rax , and espe i ally in the lo nger and n arro wer t ent h abdo mi nal seg ment It al so di ffers in the d enti culatio ns o f sand
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Entomology
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blad es of the forceps (cercopoda) the l argest tooth on the i ns id e of the l eft blade bei ng s i tuated nearer the middl e Our spe c i es is al s o s m aller T he n umber o f j oi nts to the antennas in s ubterr an eus are 3 2 in the Mex i can species 4 0 A sso c i ated wit h the J apy x and in e ual ab und ance was a S co I opend rella whi ch I at fi rst suppo sed to be a di fferen t and l arg er s pec i es b ut whi c h after a c areful mi c ro scopi cal ex ami natio n I aculata N ewpo rt can n ot separate fro m S imm It has the same n f e n a s m e r a r h e f r m t h e a n n d n u f l pp o t b e a d a n e r o a e t e a n c a n o ; g anten nal joi nts are nearly the same ; th ere b ei n g 4 0 4 2 joi nt s in — t he M ex i can and 3 5 3 6 in a Kent ucky i ndivid ual T he n umber and th ei r sh ap e ex actly o f sc utes behi n d the h ead is the sam e t he same T he anal cerc i are slightly lo nger than in U nit ed S tates spec i mens but the fine set ae are t he same in size and m m a rrangement T he spec i mens are p ure w hi te and l arger (5 ) t han any I h ave y et seen fro m the U n ited S tates — colo endrella im e o n a s S m Whil a a c u e Cam d a r n e x i c n p p p lata seems to be co mmo n to E urope the U n ited S tates and M ex i co and Campodea staphy lin us Westw likewi se co mmo n to E urope and the n o rth ern United S tates we di scovered at C o r d o va in co mp any wi th the fo regoi n g S y naptera a very di sti nc t s peci es o f C am podea whi ch is apparently ch aracteri sti c o f the n orm caliente or warm zo ne o f Mex i co m m or 7 i ncl udi ng the caudal It is a l arge speci es the body 4 s ty l ets b ei ng but littl e s m all er t h an C cookci Pack o f M ammot h oi ni ng caves but wi th much sho rt er caudal appendages an d adj T he body is s ho rt er the th ree tho raci c seg ments bei n g sho rter t h an in C cookci T he antenna are of the l en gth of the body and 2 8 j oi nted ; the t ermi nal joi n t is i ntermedi ate in s h ap e b etween C i n s s taphy linus and C cookei bei ng s l en derer th an in C staple t u y D r J S : Ki n gsl ey has di scovered a sen se o rgan at the end o f the las t an ten nal j oi nt o f C staplzy lin us ; t h at o f C mexicana is s l igh t ly s m all er ro unded oval but s it uated near t he mi ddl e of the nt ; whil e th at o f C cookei is l arger th an in C staphy lmus but i o j as in that sp ec i es s it uated at t he en d o f t he j oi n t ; t he j oi nt in all T he c audal appendages are t h ree speci es is ri c h in nerv e cell s — ra th er sho rt and co m po sed o f 7 8 lo n g j oi nts There are oth er l z u s n w c w e r c u hi h ho v e o ld i n teresti ng difl erences fro m C stay/r y n o t be understoo d wit ho ut fig ures whi ch we h av e p repared but — A S Packard reserv e fo r a fut ure o ccas io n t he
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—T he
A gri cult ural L OC US T m S OUT H EA S T ER N R ussrA A cademy in M o sco w, has ea h s ummer fo r two years sent Pro fes s or K L i ndeman to S o uth eastern R uss i a t o st udy t he lo c usts ravagi n g th at reg io n , and the res ul ts o f his t ravel s h av e b een n u i s hed in two l arge wo rk s, o ne 1 8 o h u s h bl 8 t e lo c t i n t e ( 3) p D an ubi an Co ssack reg io n, and the ot her (1886 ) o n the lo cust in T HE
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General N otes
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gio n H e w rites to the edito r o f the Entomolog isclre N aclmclzten fo r Jan 1886 t hat he has sati sfi ed hi msel f th at the lo cust (A cry diurn mig ratm um) is no t p ec uli arly an i nhabi tant o f t he pl ai ns o r stepp es but th at preferably and o rigi nally the lo w er regio ns o f the b anks o f riv ers wh ere g ro w A r undo don ax S c i rp us etc are its bi rthpl ace fro m w h ence it fli es o ut and vi s its the steppes A cry dimn mig ratorimn is in his Opi n io n p urely a swamp i nsect I ts eggs retai n t h ei r vitali ty even if t he regio n in w h ich t h ey are l aid has remai ned covered fo r mo n th s in t he S p ri ng by t he water o f the river T he l arv a: in th ei r thi rd stage are mark ed with red b ecause thi s colo r p ro tects th em in the swamp s urro un d i ngs in whi c h th ey live A g ro up o f red lo c ust l arvae si tti n g o n sp ears o f rass give the appearance o f a g ro up o f rus h es bear i n g g , red ears T he si milarity is so g reat th at I mysel f so meti mes at a di stance co ul d n o t di st i ng ui s h wh eth er the red spot s in a swamp ” were a colo ny o f lo custs o r a g ro up o f rush es the
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ENT OMOL OGI C A L N ews
—I n a paper On
Parnassius,
gen us
a
of
b utterfli es read by M r H J El wes at the meet i ng o f the Z OO logi cal S oc i ety o f L o ndo n h eld Jan 10 the autho r paid S pec i al att en tio n to the develop ment functio ns and st ruct ure o f t he ho rn y po uch fo und in the femal es of thi s gen us H e al so d escrib ed th e h abits di st rib utio n and vari at ions o f t wenty th ree sp ec i es whi ch h e recog niz ed in the gen us T he paper was s uppl emented by Pro fesso r Howe s remark s o n his exami natio n o f the anato my o f Pay nassius apollo an d by M r Tho ms o n s not es o n the h abi ts o f the D r W itlac z il i nsects as b red in the soci ety s gardens in 1885 ‘ in Z oolog isclzer A nz eiger Jan 18 reafl irms ag ai ns t H Wed de t hat t he A p hi des and C occ i de suck th ei r food in the same manner as L epi doptera and o th er i nsects I n the same n umber 0 Pol et a j ewa giv es t he result o f his st udi es in the st ruct ure and funct i o n o f the h eart o f i nsects to whi c h we s h all call attentio n mo re ful l y M r A D M i ch ael has described befo re the L i n nean h ereafter S o ci ety o f L o n do n (Nov the remarkabl e ny mph al stage o f an Oribat id (T eg eocranus ce m h i g w hi h t e i t o r n c h e r m i s d u e f p i ) carri es o n its b ack as co ncentri c s hi eld s the do rsal po rtio ns o f all its cast ski ns I n the European my riopo d S phaaro therium there is a well defi ned st rid ul ati ng apparat us o n the mal e cl asp ers w hi ch p rod uces a sh rill not e like th at o f the ho use c ri ck et A t rue audi to ry o rgan ex i st s in the ant ennary fossa b eneath the eye T he t rach eal system is unlik e the majo ri ty Of th at o f the Dipl o pod a rath er resembli ng th at o f Chilopod s and i nsects tho ug h di fferi ng in the b ranch ed spi ral filament not taki ng o ri g i n di rect ly fro m t he stigmata th emselves A numb er o f new speci es o f A meri can my riopod s are described by F M ei n ert in the P roceed ings o f the A meri can Philo sophi c al S o c i ety .
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— T he add ress in S ectio n N t MA L s
P H OS PH OR ES C ENC E or M A R tNE A D biology o f the Briti sh A sso ci atio n was d elivered by Pro fesso r W C Mc I ntosh M D o fS t A ndrews w ho sel ected fo r his subj ec t ” t he Phospho rescence o f mari ne ani mal s A ph eno meno n so s t riki n g as the emi ss io n o f lig ht by mari ne o rgan i s ms c o uld no t fail to h ave attracted noti ce fro mvery early ti mes both in t he case o f n avig ato rs and t ho se who gave t hei r at tentio n in a mo re sy ste mati c manner to the st udy o f nat ure A cco rdi ngly we find th at — t he literat ure o f the subj ect is bo th vari ed and ex ten sive so much s o i nd eed th at it is i m po ssibl e o n the p resent o ccasio n to gi ve mo re th an a very b ri ef o utli ne of its l eadi ng feat ures Tho ug h it i s in the warmer seas of the globe that pho spho rescen ce is — o b s erved in its mo st rem as fo r i nstance the sh eets ark abl e fo rms o f white light caused by N o ctil uca and the vi vi dl y l umi no us b ars — y et it is a feat ure w hi ch the Briti sh zo ologi s t n eed o f Py ro so m a n o t l eav e his n ative waters to see both in beauty and p erfect io n M any l umi no us an i mal s o cc ur between tid e marks and even the s t unted seaweed s near t he li ne o f high wat er every w h ere sp arkl e w ith a multit ude o f b rilli ant poi nt s A s a ship or boat p asses t h ro ugh the cal m s urface o f t he sea in s u mm er and autumn the w avelet s gl eam wit h pho spho rescent poi nts o r are crested wi th s r e e n t h s c n r s w h o pho t poi t t e d i h light hil s o r a c r e w e e e t ; p o b serv er l ean i ng o ver the stern can watch the lo ng t rail o f l u mi no us water behi nd the ship fro m the b rightly S parkli ng an d s eethi n g mass at the screw to t he fai nt glo w in the d i s tan ce On the s o uth ern and western sho res agai n every st rok e o f t he oar causes a l umi no us eddy and so me o f t he S m all er fo rms are li ft ed by the bl ade and sc i ntill ate b righ tly as th ey roll i nto the w ater T he d redge and t rawl lik ewi se p rod uce both in the sh al l o wer and d eeper parts o f o ur seas many l umi n o us types o f g reat i n terest and beauty H e gl anced in the fi rst i nstance at the vario us ro ups o f mari ne an i mal s w hi ch po ssess the p roperty o f pho spho r g es cence and co nti nued ; It is fo un d th at thi s feat ure is possessed by bers o f the P rotozoa and by the follo wi ng g ro ups o f certai n mem echi nod erms wo rms roti f coel ent erates ers t he Metazo a viz oll usc oid s moll usk s and fish es I n fo reig n seas c rustaceans m many b rig htly l umi no us spec i mens are met with Th us P ro fesso r A A gassiz d escribes M nemiopsis leidy i as ex ceedi ngly pho spho r es cen t and when passing t hro ugh shoal s o f th ese Medusa vary ing in size fro ma pi n s h ead to several i nch es in l eng th the whol e w ater b eco mes so b rilli an tly l umi no us th at an oar dipped in the w ater up to the h andl e can pl ai n ly be seen o n dark nights by the li g ht so p rod uced ; the seat o f the phosphorence is confi ned to an d so ex ceedi ngly sens i t ive are th ey th at t he lo co motive ro ws fi ci ent to mak e th em pl ai nly vi sibl e by t he s ligh test sho ck is s uf ” T he t h e ligh t emitt ed fro m the eight pho spho resc ent amb ulacra .
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V OL
xx
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me autho r mentio ns th at L esueuria has a v ery pec uli ar bl uish light o f an exceedi ngly pal e steel c olo r b ut very intense Gig lioli agai n fo un d th at the beauti ful r iband like C est us sho ne w ith a but in E uch ari s the latter was i ntensely reddi sh yello w light I n the C he topteridm the pho spho rescence is remarkably blue beauti ful b right fl ash es b ei ng emitted fro m the po st erio r feet M ari ne phosphoreS cence has so me o f its mo st st riki ng exampl es amo n g the T un i cates One o f the b est k no wn i nstanc es is th at o f Py roso ma the light fro m w hi ch has been so graphi cally described by M Pé ron P ro fesso r H ux ley~ and oth er nat urali sts w ho have had an oppo rt un ity of observ ing it It proceed s in each member po und o rgani s mfro m two s mall patch es o f cell s at the o f the co m Phospho rescen ce in livi ng fi sh es base of eac h i nh al en t t ub e app ears to h ave b een accurately observed w i thi n a c o mp arat iv ely recent date tho ugh the l umi no sity o f d ead fi s h es has b een k n o wn fro m v ery early ti mes and has been the s ubj ect o f many i nterest ing ex peri ments such as tho se of R obert Boyl e o n dead I do not mean to say whi ti ng s and D r H ul me o n h erri ngs th at the literature o f the so call ed p ho spho rescent fi sh es is scan ty fo r it ex tend s fro m the days o f A ri sto tl e an d Pli ny to mod ern ti mes but that the writers h ave had little reli abl e evidence in regard to livi ng fi sh es t o b ri n g fo rward Th us o f up wards o f fi f ty fi shes entered by Eh renberg in his li st it is h ard to say th at o ne is really l umi no us d uri ng li fe I n many cases it is p rob abl e th at the suppo sed pho spho rescenc e o f l arg e fo rms such as swo rdfishes and s hark s has ari sen fro m t he p resence o f mul tit udes o f mi n ut e phospho rescent ani mal s in the water j ust as the h erri n g causes a l eam wh en it d arts fro m the side o f a ship Pro fesso r Mosel ey gor i nstance observed in the Challeng er that wh en large fi sh es po rpoi ses an d peng ui ns d ash ed th ro ugh pho spho rescent water it w as b rilli antly lit up an d th ei r t rack mark ed by a t rail o f l ight T he same feat ure is Ob serv ed in hooked fi sh es an d it is k n o wn that fi sh ermen are do ubt ful o f succ ess w h en the sea is very pho s rescent fo r the p resence o f the n et in the wat er ex cites t he h o p One of the mo st stri ki n g lumi n o si ty and scares the h erri n g i nstances o f pho spho rescen ce in livi ng fi sh es is th at o f the l u mi Thi s is a n o us shark (S qualus f ulg ens) fo und by D r Bennett s mall d ark colo red sh ark whi ch was capt ured o n t wo o r t h ree o ccasio ns at the s urface o f the sea It emitted w i tho ut i rritat i o n a vivid g reen i sh l umi n os i ty as it swam abo ut at n ight and it sh o n e T he pho spho rescence appears to be for so me h ours after d ea h T he ey es o f the s h ark d ue to a peculi ar sec retio n o f the ski n were mo re p ro mi nent th an usual in s uch fo rms A s urvey o f the li fe hi sto ri es o f the several pho spho rescent g ro ups affo rds at p resen t no reli abl e d ata fo r t he fo und atio n o f a th eo ry as to No the functio ns o f l umi no sity especi ally in rel atio n to food pho spho rescent fo rm is mo re generally d evo ured by fi sh es o r oth er ani mal s th an th at whi ch is n ot ; and o n the oth er h and the sa
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l mi nosity
f i s e o th i e a l a t a bl do e n o s m to r w e s t e e , , p es ap e apt ure A n exami natio n o f the sto mach s o f fi sh es mak es t hi s c l ear, except , perh ap s, in the cas e o f the h erri ng whi h , h owever, is hi efly a surface fish F urth er, it is not evident t hat s uch ani m al s are l umino us at all ti mes, for it is o nly under st imu lation th at many ex hibit the ph eno meno n f o u s s e r ss o o p
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— T H E F A U NA on T H E A KA L O C A S PI A N BA S tN Th ere is ampl e evidence th at the wat ers h ere had fo rmerly a much wider ex ten — s e o r ti mes wh en thi o cc urred s io n b ut t he exact ti m altho ugh — d m l r c e b r D h e o logi c a ly e n t s e t to e t e i e d r P Wood e a n S y g -
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d ia his M anual o f the M ol lusca, says the A ralo aspi an l i mesto ne i ndi ates the fo rmer p resence o f a g reat i nland sea a larger than the Mediterranean at a ti me p revi o us to that o f the M ammoth and the S iberi an rhi n o eros Thi s steppe li mesto ne r i ses to a l evel o f 200 o r 300 f eet above the p resent l evel o f t he
w ar
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C aspian T he fa .
ct
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the waters
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Caspian and A ral bei ng o nly b racki sh and by no means very salt l ead s me to thi nk th at t he b as i n has no t b een a c lo se o ne fo r a very lo n g perio d General von H el mersen fo und well p reserved spec i mens o f two k in d s of sh ell s viz Cardiurn edule and D reissena poly rn orp/ra in t he sands o f t he d esert o f H arakum Both th ese spec ies s till live i n the C aS pian A nd H el mersen ex p resses his b eli ef t h at the enti re c o unt ry fro m the A ral o n to the sandy desert s of A kk um i s an old sea bott o m ( uart Jo urn Geol S oc 186 9 Vol xxv M emoirs p T he p resent s urface o f the C aspi an is eighty fo ur feet b elo w t h at o f the Bl ack sea and acc o rd i ng to M aj o r Wood a ri se o f 2 20 f eet wo uld c ause the waters o f the C aspi an to overflo w the w atershed o f the Tobol sk a t rib utary o f the Obi A cco rdi ng to the same autho rity a ri se of t wenty th ree feet in t he wat ers o f the Bl ac k sea wo ul d cause it to overflo w i n to the C aspi an by the li ne o f the Manytseh Fro mthese fig ures it appears t hat if the l evel of the C aspi an w ere to ri se (84 x 23 ) 10 7 feet its wat ers wo uld find th ei r way w estward into the Bl ack sea and if the o utl et in that di rectio n w ere blo cked so as to permit the s urfac e o f the C aspi an to ri se 2 20 feet the waters wo uld escape no rth ward i nto the Tobol s k and do wn the vall ey o f the Obi i nto the A rcti c o cean N ow the C as s u a n a n s s s s c e d M s i t p r e e t t i e a l s fi s h C r t n oll c c a n e u a a a a n o p e o f whi ch are eith er ident rcal with o r very c lo sely resembl e som t hose o f t he A rc ti c sea T he seal whi ch i nhabits its waters l i oca cas ica ritulina t h at s o nre P s s m i ik c o m o t o l e h e n P t ( p ) n at urali sts co nsi der it to be a mere vari ety o f th at speci es There are also the b el uga the st urgeo n the h erri ng the sterl et and the sal m o n so me of whi c h are S pec i es th at go up ri vers fro m the sea A mo ng the C rustacea is [ dot/tea entomon fo und in the K ara sea of
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Gem? a! N otes
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mo uth
r r n oth e n r th e o M speci es S o t h at th ere are g ro und s fo r suppos i ng th at so me co m municatio n may h ave fo rmerly ex i sted by way o f the Obi w i th the N o do ubt the waters o f the A ralo caspi an b as i n A rcti c o cean h ave undergo ne many ch anges o f l evel S o me o f the moll usca w hi ch still live th ere s uch as the Cardi um and D rei ssena appear to be d escendants o f speci es fo und in t he C o ngerian beds o f that — regio n whi ch go b ack to M io cene ti m es T F f amiew n in fire
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Geolog ical M ag az iue, M ay ,
188 5
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— mn sr mo S H EE R S h eep
in N ew S o uth Wal es are a di sease w hi c h app ears to be very s i mil ar to epithe li al ancer, and is met w i th o n the feet behi nd t he hoofs, and al s o o n the lip s and no stril s and the g ums o f l amb s T he epit heli um in th ese pl aces g ro ws wi th pathologi cal rapi di ty, t he ho rny l ayer m m — p roduced soon attai ns a thi ck ness of 3 5 t he wool drops o u t in the di seased parts and belo w the thi ck o uter l ayer a festeri n g p ro cess sets in A fter so me ti me a new epi th eli um makes its Then , p ro vided the l a b appearance b elo w the festeri ng l ayer do es not die the thi ck ho rny l ayer is t h ro w n o ff li ke scurf, an d the epi th eli um b elo w attai ns new wool , and repl aces t he o ld ski n I n st udyi ng t he c i rcu stances in whi ch th ese sh eep live, D r R v L endenfeld fo und t hat t hey were i nvariably ex posed to bei n g wo unded in t ho se pl aces, whi ch ev en t ually developed the di seas e, bli stered by stan di ng o n ro cks h eated by the sun after th ey had been standi ng in water fo r several ho urs, o r p ri cked by the spi nes o f the vari egat ed thi stl e, and it was fo un d by a p ro cess o f arti ficial b reedi n g in an a uari um that t he di sease is p roduced by an A moeba (A parasitzt a n whi ch enters t he wo und s and mul t iplies rapi dly in t he epi t heli um, caus i ng v ery st ro ng i rri tatio n T he o rgan i sm is fo und between the l ay ers o f ho rny substance I t does no t di ffer mo rphologi cally fro m the well k no wn A prince) : o f Eh renb erg “ D r L endenfeld add s It is well k no wn that several fungi in certai n st ag es o f t hei r li f e appear v ery s i mil ar to A moeba , an d s o it is not i mpo ss ibl e th at my A ma ba is in so me co nn ectio n wi t h th em do no t co nsider t hi s p robabl e, ho wever, as I made n o observatio n whi ch mig ht l ead o ne to suppo se t hat the A moeba ”— " ever divid ed i n to a mul tit ude o f s warmi ng S po res 5 oum R oy M i r S oc , D ecemoer, 1885
A MCE BA affected by
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— M r H D avi s a
D asxccar ton or R o wen a t t m ti n a r e c e e e n , g o f the u t e e t M ro scopi cal Cl ub , ex hibited c k i o t p s s r i f m e s o Q n ot e p aper o n w hi ch were several g ro up s o f dri ed Philod ines P ( r oseola , looki n g lik e c l ear red spo ts Th b t e s e h s d e e n n t o a e ) M r D avi s by t he R ev E T Hollo way , o f C lehanger, who had th us suc eeded in obt ai n i ng S peci mens o f th ese d ri ed rot i fers uit e free fro m sand o r di rt o f any ki nd , whi c h has been co nsid ered by s o me to be the o n ly p rote tive .
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C T H udso n writes us that nothi ng co uld be mo re in s t ru ctiv e th an th ese c urio us cl usters I n t he g reat maj o rity o f cases each roti fer was seen i m b edded in a patch o f g l uti no us s ecretio n whi c h was divid ed fro m the s i mi l ar patch es o f the s ur r o u ndi ng roti fers by sh arp st rai ht l i nes so as to giv e the whol e g r u o t h e e r m e r e p a pp a a n c e f a t s l t d p v n t H n th o e s a e e e r e a a e e d g t he Philo dines were gl ued to g eth er by lo n g to ng ues o f t he same s ec retio n ; es pec i ally were the fibers o f the p aper p roj ected abov e t he g eneral s urface and by spoil i ng the l ev el p resent ed the fo r matio n o f a sh arp bo undi ng li ne I n o ne case a rotifer had bo red i ts way i nto the fibers o f the paper and unabl e to w i thd raw o r c o ntract it sel f had fo r m ed the center o f a whol e g ro up o f o th ers attach ed to it by radi ati ng band s o f gl ue I n fact th ese beauti fully c l ean g ro ups gave o cul ar d emo nstratio n o f the t ruth of Mr D avi s t heo ry t hat the Philo dines res i s t d ro ught by encasi n g t h emselv es in a gl uti no us case o f th ei r o wn sec reti ng and the ‘ icxency o f t he p rotecti ve was at o n ce sho wn by p utt i ng the efl ” s tr ips in wat er wh en the b uri ed roti fers soo n st ruggl ed i nto li fe Dr
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f oam R oy M icr S oc Febr uary .
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1886
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— Ovsr s a M r W .
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H ask ell o n dyi ng in l arge
A
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mi ni ng so me sampl es o f oysters whi ch were n u mb ers fo und th at mo st o f t h em wh en o pened presented o n the In i n n er s urface o f the sh el l o ne o r mo re di scolo red bli st ers so m e th ese were o f small ex t ent wi th a narro w s i n uo us fo rm w h il e in many i ns tances a larg e part o f the v alve was afl ected I n so me cases wh ere t he ex tent o f the sh ell i nvad ed was not larg e the oysters did not seem at all affected by it in oth er cases t he ani mal was fo und to be dead and in a few cases the sh ell was pty I n the i nterio r o f the bli sters were fo und o ne co mpl etely em o r mo re spec i m ens o f a v ery s m all anneli d by w hi ch t he mi schi ef — had been efl Poly dora a lzata ec ted One S peci men of a seco nd a n S p w hi ch the autho r spec i es was al so ob tai ned P polybrancl u describes your R oy M icr S oc D ecember 1885 — D r O E I mhof has S ENS E OR GA NS or C ornp o o C R US T A C EA s o me n otes upo n the anten nary o l facto ry o rgans of the g enera H eterocope and Di apto mus Th ese appear to h av e b een di scovered in H eteroco pe by G ruber ; in Di apto mus th ey ex i st in all the speci es exami ned and have a characteristic di st rib utio n whi ch is the same in all the spe c i es and may perhaps serve as an additio nal definitio n o f the s o n u T h e f rm o f t he o rgans in Di apto mus is a littl e l ess co m e g p l i cated than in H etero co pe ; th ey resembl e very clo sely the co r — r es po ndi n g o rgans o f Po ntella d escribed by Cl aus f oam R oy M ter S oc D ecember 1885 — T he S o uth ern ch est nut BI R DS BR EE D I NG m A N rs N ew s w o odpecker (Micr optemus g ularis) al ways as far as I h av e i e the o bserv ed uses an ants nest to n es t in an d M r C amm ex a
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Graeme N otes
i l A r [ p
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ment
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ho na estates at Mong near D arj eeli ng has no t i ced the same thi n g wi th regard to the all ied N o rth ern spec i es M icropternus pitaloeeps and the peen liarity p robably ext end s al so to the alli ed spec i es fo und in But su erintendent
p phoo
the Govern
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mah
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S iam, &c ’ M r Gammie thi n ks th at wh en an ant s nest has been taken po s sessio n of by the bi rd th at the ants d esert the nest Thi s is a n s m e w a w n r a m oi t hi h I ot p k ith t i ty M i h a s o n c a nn c e r a e C p tak en nests o f the N o rthern speci es in whi h , altho ugh the bird had l aid , the ants remai ned , an d he has tak en oth er nests where no t a si n gle ant remai ned b ut th ere is n othi ng to s ho w t hat these nests were not d esert ed b efo re the bi rd took po ssessio n I my sel f, h ave tak en nests of the S o uth ern fo rm, in wh i h , th o ugh the egg s were parti ally i ncubat ed the ants remai ned sho win g that so m e co nsiderabl e ti me must have el ap sed si nce the b ird took possessio n Thi s is a po i nt t h at I hope to be ab le to el uc idate withi n the nex t few mo nth s, wh en the bi rd s w ill be b reeding W h en Micropternus is b reedi ng the feath ers of the h ead , tail and p rimari es o f the w i n g s are yet cov ered with a vi sc id matter havi ng a st ro ng resino us s mell and thi s substance is usually rather ” thi c ly st udd ed with dead ants (b ide S tray Feath ers, V ol vx, p .
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14 5
T wo speci mens
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kingfishers al so to my k n o wled ge n idifimte viz H aly con occzpztali r o nfi ned to the N i cobar nests s, whi ch ranges fro m I ndi a as far s o uth as and I f cit/ore of
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S umat ra A t Merg ni, in S o uth Tenasserim, I fo und a nest of H cMon s in a ho rnet s nest and altho ugh I saw the bi rd s repeatedly enter t he hol e th ey had mad e in the ho rnet s nest , the ho rnets did n o t .
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m to mi nd it ; but th ey resented in a very dec id ed manner any Wm D awson N ature M ar ch att empt to i nterfere with the nest see
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1 2 , 188 5
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— M l H en d ri cks in the N ar uaau sr T H E S o mme or Bl R DS for March i nti mates th at I mi si nterp ret the ph en o meno n o f soar ‘
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for it is wel l k no wn th at the upward arrest the dow nward mo t io n so th at the ” motio n w o uld be immedi ately withd rawn
ing ,
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lateral
force wo u ld cause o f the up ward
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It wo uld seemthat the do wnward mot io n c o uld o nly bearrested by resi sti n g t he l ateral fo rce On his o wn showin g the g ravi t y is d escendi ng un i fo rmly th ro ug h o f the body cannot do it as thi s the at mosph ere and is t h erefo re meeti ng with at mo spheri c res is tance e ual to its weight Th ere is no air c o nd ensed nor d ri ven o ut o f the way in the l at eral motio n so th at the o nly res i stanc e to the l ateral fo rce is th at o f at mosph eri c fri cti on on the smo o th s urfaces of the pl ane and t hi s is very li tt l e To enabl e the weight to resi st the lateral force it wo uld h ave to be c reated as the o rigi nal amo unt is fully o cc upi ed .
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opposi te and normal to the falli n g s urface the inc li natio n in w hi ch th at S urface li es is a n eutr al plane and no am o unt of fo rce acti ng in that pl ane can increase o r dimini s h its d ownward motio n It is obvio us th at an i ncid ent fo rce at any angl e whatever fro m any di rec tio n above the pl ane w o uld i ncrease th e fall and at any an gle o r di rec tio n fro m belo w wo uld di mi n i sh it whil e in the r r s e w n e b e n e a o di io i otio o ld ith i c d f r m e c t m n u e s l a a n r n n e t y p ai n unch anged no r di mi n i s h ed b ut rem There wo uld s i mply be a mot io n add ed to the bo dy in its o wn rtion al r n f m s s f r e a n d n i r c tio t h e i p e o c p opo l a e i n t h e o r e d e d p to it I can detect no erro r ari s i ng fro m a mi sc o nceptio n of the s with uni fo rm T h o lti g m otio h e body f ll f a n m o e s u n n e n a e r p s th en i s eed rs o f so ari ng o tit ti g to It h e s c c n u n e o f t f a n o p moved l ateral ly o n an up ward i nc li ne whi ch is the oth er facto r Th ese result in the l evel motio n of flight in obedi ence to the law o f all res ultan t motio ns I t seems like a c overt attempt o n the part o f M r H end ri ck s to lodge a perpet ual motio n sc heme with t he soari n g probl em I am c o nfid ent that no s uch fall acy can be do mi c il ed w ithi n its — ncaster 3 5 Wabash avenue Chicag o 1 L a r c e c i n t s p 3 A
s a
ion
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—G
—T he d eep
water fauna o f L ake L eman, if the li ne b etween it and the l i tto ral fauna be d rawn at hlo rophyll fo rmi ng vegetatio n t hi rty met res , at whi ch d epth
ZOOL OGI C A L
N EWS
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ener al
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o nsi sts o f abo ut 100 S peci es : Fi sh es 14 ; i nsec ts 3 ; A rach nid a 19 ; C rustacea 16 ; Hyd roid ea l ; R hizopod a 13 ; agellata I ; Gast eropoda 4 ; L amellib ranchi ata 2 ; A nne C ilio fl lida 4 ; N ematoidea 3 Cestoidea t T urb ellari a 18; Bryozoa t R oti fera 2 Mo st of th ese are eviden tly the d escend ants o f the in habitants of the sh allo w waters and di ffer c hi efly in th ei r sm all er size and d ull er ti nt ; but M Fo rel mai ntai ns th at N iplrar l z l u o s u e u s l i A s e l s r i e e f r m u d c d d o t a n or e a e r e e n e v a n d a s r p f f g N rpharg us puteanus and A cavaticus of t he well s o f Euro pe the resem blance bei n g too clo se to h av e b een arrived at independ ently T he L imneas and Chi ro no mus l arva whi ch i nh abi t t he deep waters o f L ak e L eman b reath e water i nstead o f air i c the t rach ea o f the o ne and the p ul mo nary sacs o f the oth er are fill ed w i th water L arva of the diptero us i nsec ts abo und but u a n e e r p a r e r r r b s n t d r f t i e t s a r n v e r s n to i s e e n a e o a a e c s c e e e p p fro mthe s urface of the d eeper p arts o f the lak e ; mo reov er l arv a o f all siz es an d ages are fo und at the b o tto m at the same seas on Th is makes it probable t h at th ese l arva never attain the perfec t stage but are capabl e o f rep rod uctio n by pa dog enesis M ammalia —Carnivo ra are still c o mmon in the n o rth of E urope T he S tat isti cal Year Book fo r Fi n l and stat es th at in 1 882 not less than 85 bears 12 8 wol ves 4 07 ly nxes 4 00 5 fox es ceases , c
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r s r s m s c a n m 6 gl tto ott e 1 t r i n e s a n d u 2 0 r e n 8 e a 1 43 4 , 39 4 7 5 3 7 T he n ivo ro us bi rd s were kill ed and paid fo r by t he Govern ment lo sses d uri n g the same year fro mC arnivo ra were esti mated at 27 4 ho rses, 84 6 cattl e 5 24 6 sheep 16 8 pigs, 1 19 go ats, 16 81 rei nd eers and 2 3 66 chi ck ens ,
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—T he C ru tacea .
the N o rwegi an N o rth A
tl antic E xpeditio ns ex cl udi ng fo rms p revio usly establi sh ed as b elo ngi n g to the N o rwegi an lit to ral fauna h ave b een d esc ribed by G O S ars Th ey co mp ri se : Brachy ura 1 sp ; A nomo ura 1 ; Cari dea m m M u c s d i s a C e a 1 I opod a phipo a a d a 1 8 A ; 4 ; 45 ; ; 5; y s i c c opepod Euclzeta nome a s t e l w y o n d o n id r a bl e d p h f e a a u a t s c g s ix c i rriped s and S ty lon hy meuodor e a rhizo ceph alo n attac h ed nadora nd d redged ras i t i cally to the abdo m e z l s e a n o f Hy m l a c i a l a g p in 186 1 fatho ms By t/tocaris leucopzs and pay m true deep sea carideans o f the N o rth A tl an tic (1 110 fatho m do n o t pas s s) thro ug h the usual l arv al stages but o n ui tti n g the remark ably large emb ryo s h ave the full n umb er o f appendages fo un d in the parent Hy menodor a g lacialzs has an ex opodi te att ach ed t o the o uter sid e o f the seco nd joi nt o f the l eg s as in the schizop o d s Boreom o s c s l r sz s w e a n hizopod t k by o gi a sc t h N r a e n e yp p y N o rth A tl anti c ex p edi t io n has v ery si n g ul ar eyes T he o uter s urface o f th ese o rgans is co ncave they are attach ed c lose togeth er and are d esti tute of any specifi c o c ul ar pig ment S phy rapus serratus S ars is a si ng ul ar si g htl ess i sopod wh i ch occurs in the open sea b et ween N o rway and I cel an d at d epth s o f fro m 1 16 3 to 13 3 3 fatho ms It has n i neteen pai red appendages T he fi rst p ai r o f l egs sp ri ngi ng fro m the po sterio r p art of t he ceph ali c seg m ent are po werful p reh ens il e o rgans T he sec o nd pai r o f l egs are as lo ng as the bo dy flattened and armed w ith powerful spi nes Five pai rs of s l ender walki ng feet follo w an d are follo wed by five o f bi ramo us swi mmi ng feet and a pai r o f l o ng b ranc h ed and many j oi nted caud al appendages Crustacea
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E M BR Y
ON
AN
U NUS UA L
R
OL OG Y
E L A T I ON on T H E
— T I NE 1N T H E Gw en Th o ug h the g r
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N or omoao
t ki nd ness
rea
I NT ES
T O T HE of D r
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G Baur , .
Peabody M useum New H aven C o nn I am enabled to fig ure an apparently rare mode of d evelo pment o f the noto cho rd in the emb ryo chi ck I n o rd er to enabl e the read er to mo re readily un derst an d the pec ul iar mo rphologi cal rel at io ns to each oth er o f the posterio r end s o f the nervo us co rd cho rda and i ntes ti ne in the seri es o f sectio ns prepared by D r Baur I h ave end eavo red to co mbi ne in o ne fig ure wh at seemed to me to be a c orrect i nterp retatio n of the relatio ns o f the parts i nvolved T he seri es o f sectio ns loaned me and fro m whi ch I am ki n dl y m s r e u r u r s c n e c e itt d to fi h po tio i t t n thi o e s c r n s a s a r e o f n e e i n g p tio n were p repared fro m an emb ryo o f the seventh day T he of
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1
Edited by J OH N A
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R
Y DER
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S mithson ian I
nstitutio n ,
Washingt on
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D C .
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c tio
o ns i st o f a verti cal lo ngit udi nal seri es whi c h S how the panyi ng fig ure d rawn s t ruct ural detail s rep resented in the acc o m w ith the aid of the camera l ucid a T he mo st st riki ng feat ure is the c on ditio n o f d evelop ment pre s ented by the n oto cho rd 671 w hi c h bi furcat es pos t erio rly i nt o two b ranch es ’ n am ely a vent ral o ne Cle an d a po sterio r o r do rsal T he v en t ral o ne C ’ b ranch Ch is in clo se re latio n to the hi ndermost o f r n h e m s tio e t o t e n e r o n p 1 whil e the p o sterio r o r w hi ch d o rsal b ranch r eally seem s to be the s e r u o t io r c o n ti n tio f n o a p se
ns c
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t he
C horda
ucet —Cb, chorda do rsalis ; E xplan ation qf Fa c l se Wi c n nec e n o f chorda develo ped abo ut the ven o r t i o c p " h e i a t e u r i c n n enter al ; C t , hinder c t h c un er s e o f the tral end o f orda o i ned sten o rly to the m f h o e d u ll a c r t i n o o o j p p h i nder r i n Of the ner ust abo ve the s pinalis N ; N c , vesicular cavity j v o us q o rd M I n fa ; oint o f unio n between the medulla spinalis and p t here 18 a rea i race chorda, and reo resenting a dilatatio n o f the n eur ’ e et ic canal ; N c , medullary canal ; I and r a e ss ue be e of “ d m n roc t o m m f f e s e ‘ e P w u ° a “ “ a : ; P " P t w een the end o f Cit and “
o ly
r r o e p p ’
o
d id po t o
t d
ts
th
“
d ly t ti
bl b idg
m m ” x
t he under sid e o f N , whi ch
‘
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0
o ncl usively demo nstrates that th ese two st ruct ures were at an earli er st age co nti n uo us J ust above thi s b ri dge o f ti ss ue th ere i s a cavity N c whi ch must in all p robability be regard ed as a r s f w h n e i s t n t o r tio n t i c n a l hi c h a s b e e dil a t e d e o t h e e u r e n e r c a n p p i nto a ves i cl e at thi s poi nt C ertai n sectio ns o f thi s seri es fro m a s lightly di fferent pl ane S ho w t h at the nervo us co rd N ex tended b ack so mewh at beyo nd the poi nt wh ere the n oto cho rd j oi ned it as sho wn by the dotted o utli ne in the fig ure T he noto c ho rd i tsel f ho wever I cannot t race farth er b ack th an is sho wn in the fig ure tho ugh th ere are so mites developed beyo nd its termi natio n J udgi ng fro m what has p receded it is evid ent th at a co nnectio n ’ between the cent ral neural canal N c and t he d evelopi ng cho rda ' T he cent ral canal N c an d i nt esti ne o nce ex i sted in thi s emb ryo is I beli eve t raceabl e to the cavity N c farth er b ack j ust belo w w hi ch the neural t ub e is co nti nuo us with the cho rda It seems in fact no t i mp robabl e th at the si ngl e poi nt of co nnectio n bet ween t he c ho rda and nervo us co rd rep resents the at rophi ed neurenteri c canal and th at the”po rtio n o’ f it whi ch j oi ned the i ntesti ne passed do wn t h ro ugh Cit and Ch Even suppo si ng th at the co ndi tio n o f thi ngs ob serv ed in thi s part i c ul ar emb ryo is n ot no rmal it is easy to c o ncei ve t hat thi s speci men may rep resent a p ali ngeneti c type o f avi an develop ment co mp arabl e w ith s uch an o ne as has c
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General Notes
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been desc ribed by H o flmann in A na: boscbus in whi ch the m ali s neurentericus is sh o wn (pl 111 fig 5 ) to Open i nto the i ntes ti ne w hil e a canal al so ex tends from it ant erio rly i nto the cho rda itsel f S uch is essent ially the arrangement in the spec imen h ere d escribed except th at the cho rd a has been di fferenti ated alon g the enti re extent o f the neurent eri c canal T he arrangement o f part s in the mo re advanced d uck emb ryo fi gured by Bal fo ur (Co mp Emb ry 11 p is likewi se recon cilable with that ob served in the p reparatio ns m ad e by D r Baur I n Bal fo ur s acco unt o f the d evelop ment o f t his regi o n in the d uck the conditio n whi ch has persi st ed in the spec i men h ere H e says T he [neur und er co nsideratio n has been d escribed enteri c] passage l eads obli uely b ack ward s and vent ralwards fro m the hi nd end o f the neural t ube i nto the notoc ho rd wh ere the l atter j oi ns the p ri mitive streak A narro w diverti c ul um fro m thi s passage is co nti nued fo rward s fo r a sho rt di stance alo ng the ax i s o f t he noto cho rd A fter t raversi ng the noto cho rd the pass age is co nti n ued i nto a hypobl asti c diverti c ul u m whi ch o pens I t is ventrally i nto the fut ure l umen o f the ali mentary t ract c l ear fro m the figure that thi s must have been the case in the speci men h ere und er co ns id eratio n ; th at is t he neurent eri c pass ag e abo ut whi c h noto cho rdal ti ss ue was di f ferenti ated was co n tin ued fo rward i nto the cho rda as the latter was fold ed o ff fro m the hypobl ast and th at fro m thi s p assage in the c ho rd a o ne pass in g do wnward to the i ntesti ne was given o fl abo ut whi c h no to ferenti at ed cho rdal ti ssue was al so di f Whil e it is highly p robable th at thi s emb ryo chi ck di splays an archai c d evelop m en t o f the cho rda yet the facts are s ig nifi cant especi ally wh en vi ewed in the light o f the i nterp retati o ns of “ in the i nverte Ehl ers as to the s ig nifi canc e o f the N ebendam b rat es Thi s speci men shows th at wh at mus t have been a part of ’ the neurenteri c canal d uri ng an earli er stage i c Cle has b een act ually difl erentiated i nto a st ruc t ure hi stologi cally identical wi th the t rue ax i al notoc ho rd 671 Thi s speci men is th erefo re o f g reat i nterest si nce it demo n t rates if we may regard it as rep resen ti ng a pali ngeneti c co nditi o n o f d evelop m itively in abs o ent th at the c ho rda do rsali s was p ri m l ute co nti nui ty with the i ntesti ne (mesentero n) posteri o rly and th at there may th erefo re h ave b een p ri mitive C ho rdata in wh ich the cho rda was us ual ly develo ped as s uch in al mo s t absol ute — a i m A r co nti nuity wit h the ali m d R e entary t ract y [ P R OFES S OR S EL ENE A ON T H E D EVEL OPM ENT OR T H E Orossuu — E PH s n f D I D L Y V N I A N A T e ollo i n ho r t oti c o f h S I R I h w t G e e g ( ) recent i nv estigatio ns o f P ro fesso r Emil S el enk a o f Erl an gen o n the d evelop ment o f the co mmo n opo ssum altho ugh it has ap ’
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D ie Bildung des Mesoderms, die A nlag e der C hords dorsalis und die Entwi ck e lung des C analis neurentericus bei V o gelembryo nen N aturk Verb der Koninkl A kad Wet ensch xx , A msterdam, 1883 .
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s a r e d e o p
me ti me since in a fo rei gn jo urnal
i nterest
un us ual
full as follows :
we
that
l ,
ms to us of suc h
see
in Engli sh the
render
ho r s text
aut
’
in
mber of years I h ave been i ntendi ng to t race more acc urately the developm ent o f som arsupi al T he st udy o f e m th is arch ai c g ro up pro mi ses to cl ear up a n umber o f p robl ems whic h the st udy of the emb ryology of pl acental mammali a has Fo r
a nu
.
i e n v g
i
to , b ut whi
ch
th at st udy has hithert o not been in a i s s m o itio n to olv s u h f pl a s e s n ifi c a n c e o f t e h e c or e x a t h e p g u m r m r i h e c li a r d f e lop m e n t o f t h e g e i n l l a y e s n t e v e o o d a e p Plac entali a the conversio n o f the transito ry respi rato ry o rgans into an apparat us for the n utriti on o f the emb ryo and furth er the h igher di fferenti atio n of certai n o rgans (the b rai n auditory appa — m s h s rat us di aphrag m etc ) u e s tio n t e o l u tio n o f w hi c h a a t y q the same ti me ex p lai n the o rigi n o f the Mammali a D uri ng my stay in Brazil (th ere at th at ti me w i nter) I fo und that n o sex ually mat ure mars upi al s were to be had and si nce I c o uld Obtai n but littl e material and o nly suc h as was unsuit abl e at th at fro m the zoiilogical gard ens o f Ho ll and and Germ any in the c o urse o f years I resolved to attempt to rear th ese ani mal s at Erl angen M ore t han two years si nce I obtai ned eight yo ung Brazili an s whi ch p ro mi sed to do well b ut all of whi ch di ed one o po ss um after the oth er befo re th ey were full g ro wn L ast aut umn how ever I obtai ned th ro ugh the ki nd efl o rts of Mr Karl H agenbec k b urg a l arge number of the hardy N o rth A meri can opos o f H am in a warmed and well ventil ated stabl e th ese ani mal s s um wh ich were well fed s urvived the wi nt er remarkabl y well and all feri ng fro m an o f th em ex cept a few i ndivid ual s whi ch were suf affectio n o f the liver and S pl een began rutt i ng d uri ng t he p ast s p ring al es furn i sh ed wit hi n a few week s abo ut o ne S even fem hundred emb ryo s rep resenti ng the g reat est range of stages o f T o obtai n s uch favo rabl e results vario us meth od s develop ment o f artifi ci al i n terference had to be reso rt ed to a d esc ription o f whi c h is not in pl ace h ere N or wo uld I anti c ipate the co mpl ete acc o unt whi ch will appear in the co urse o f the present year S O th at I shall no w o nly rec ord so me Observati o ns on the rutti ng of th ese ani mal s and the develop ment of the bl ast odermi c v esi cl e t I n eac h S permatobl ast o f the mal e t wo sperm atozo a are developed wh ich however remai n uni ted fo r a remarkably lo n g m m rm w t h e e r i o d T t s p a tozo hi c h r e t k o e a f r h a a e n e u r e a p vag i na of the femal e i mmedi ately after c op ulatio n are al most all s uch tw i n cell s with do ubl e flagell a ;o nly aft er so m e ti me do th ey separate as a co nse uence o f the rem arkably st ro ng and rapid — vi bratio ns o f the fl agella they are li terally th us to rn apart 2 T he rutti ng period o f the femal e o ccurs at n igh t and dur r se
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Ueber dre Entwickelung des Opossums (D idelphy s tralblatt, v, N o t o, 1885, pp 2 94 29 5 .
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Biolog Cen .
General N otes
.
ing the mo rni ng ho urs and l asts only h al f a day I f co p ul atio n does not take place d uri ng thi s period , the female may rut agai n in the c o urse o f several week s S uch femal es al so fro m w hi ch the yo ung are p rem at urely removed fro m t he po uch o r mars u pi um, allow th emselves to soo n agai n be o me pregnant D uri n g the rutti n g period the wall s o f t he uterus th i cken very percep t ibly , and p ri ncipally because of the enl argement o f the uteri n e ly mph spaces, in whi ch the uteri ne gl an ds th en appear to be sus pended and to float v a s a r T f t h tiliz a tio n f g s l w a y o cc u r s fi e d y e e f e r t h e s e o a 3 g op ulatio n and at the lo wer end o f the ovid uct , w h ere t he l att er wid ens i n to the uterus I n the vermi cul arly ben t ovid ucts n o s erm o z r e n d o t t o a e n u e r e o a c p s n s s n e e a r G e t tio n l a s t s f x a tly e ight d y th e thi t d y a r c a e o 4 after cop ul atio n the yo ung are t ransferred to the mars upi um D evelop ment ac o rdi ngl y p ro eed s with ex trao rdi nary rap idity Only th ree days b efo re bi rth do the amnioti c folds clo se ov er the back o f the emb ryo h m T h i r a r t w e e n t e e r i t di t h t b o e i e n c c e e s n r m e a e a e 5 gg bl asti c and holobl asti c type D uri ng seg mentatio n, there is ag g regat ed at the apl asti c pol e o f the eg g a n ut ritive yolk , whi h at fi rst li es q uite o utsid e o f t he ectod erm tho ugh th ree d ay s l ater the neighbo ri ng ecto and mesodermal cell s g ro w over t he yol k , w hi h t hus b eco mes s urro und ed o r i mbedded by th em but the yolk is never i ncl uded by the umbili cal vesi cl e (i ntesti nal o r ent o d ermal cavity) ! R emnants of the yolk persi st up to the thi rd day befo re bi rth '“I n 6 T he fertilized but unseg mented eg g meas ures al mo st 5 in di ameter ; in the co urse o f t wenty fo ur ho urs the bl astod ermi m m m m ves i cl e measures 1 ; in thi rty six ho urs 1 5 ; in si x ty ho urs mm m m m m r a n s i s n r i n e s i u d i ty ho e v e t t w ho u s 8 n 1 n o n x 4 , ; 4 ; y o n the s i x th day after t he co mm ent o f seg mentatio n as encem m m mu h as 20 in diameter s h s m li u f r e d c a e r e d T e bl tod i v i l s fi s t e it a tt e r e s e a t r e e n a c 7 in the uterus ; o n the fo urth day (after the b egi n ni ng of seg men tatio n) , the bl astodermi c vesi cl e over the germi nal area beco mes r e s m h u r e n e loo ly dh t to e t e i e e pith li u a e t n r e v y “ 8 I n the mars upi um o f the moth er th ere were never mo re th an s ix yo ung observed But the number o f emb ryo s [fo und in the uterus] is i nvari ably much g reater and vari es, acco rdi ng to the size an d st reng th o f the femal e, fro m ni ne to twenty seven .
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PH Y S I
T HE
A CT I ON
OL OG Y
OF S UL PHA T E OF S
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PA R T EI NE
ON T H E
— H EA R T T he .
lkaloid S partei ne was di scovered by S tenho use in S par tzum sco i s l a s 0 r i u i 1 s e r u n o u p i i t It bitt li id r n f e n a n i a 8 a s e c e s o G p 5 ble in water Treated w ith an ex cess o f sulph uri c acid it fo rms a '
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T his department is edited by Pro fessor H EN R Y S EWA
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LL
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of
A
nn
A rbor, Michigan
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1
lt whi ch crystallizes and di ssolves readily in water M S ée has made cli ni cal ob servatio ns w ith the use o f thi s d rug and acco rd ing t o his results it is df mo st ex t rao rdi nary val ue in the t reat g ramme ment o f vario us fo rms o f cardi ac t ro ubl e Do ses of o f the s ulph ate of S p art ei ne w h en giv en to a pati ent prod uc ed n o di st urb ance o f the digesti ve o r nervo us sy stem;its effects seemed I n fib ro us cardi ac d egeneratio n a t o be li mit ed to t he h eart s i n gl e do se rend ered the p ul se t raci ng no rmal fo r the p eriod o f t h ree o r fo ur d ays I n i rreg ul ar rhyth m o f the h eart b eat due to i n suffi ci ency o f t he auri culo vent ri cul ar valves o r to co nt ract ion o f t hei r o rifi c es the d rug b rin gs b ack the n o rmal rhyth m T hree 1 I ts res ult s follo w the ex hibitio n o f s ulph ate o f S p artei ne : resto rativ e effects upo n h eart an d p ul se ; i n thi s respect it e ual s digi tali s and its to ni c actio n is very much mo re pro mpt pro 2 A S a reg ul ato r of t he rhyth m o f h eart n o unced and l asti ng b eat it stands un ri val ed 3 It causes accel eratio n o f the p ul se and app ro ac h es b ell ado nna in useful ness wh ere need o f t he l atter — Comptes R enans T cz p 1 04 6 d rug is i ndi cated sa
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— M Fol has fo und in sec tio ns T H E M 1C R OBE OF H Y D R OPH OBI A al s d ead fro m rabi es a mi cro o f the spi nal co rd and b rai n o f an im .
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occ us which he thi nk s is peculi ar to th at di sease and p robably its et iologi cal factor T he fresh ti ssue is h ard ened in a sol ution o f o t a h n d e e e ro m f f n s 1 n s u a t o c r c t bi h t o a c t lph e e c a e r o p p p p re s tai ned with ha m i l r n d t s s a x n e r io i o a e e c t a t o T h m c h n e y p c o cci are lodged us ually in the neurogli a b ut mo re rarely in the selves n erve fibers t hem A n artifi ci al cult ure of t he mi c ro c o cc i in healthy cereb ro spi nal fl uid p rod uced ch aracteri st i c hyd rophobi c s in an i m al s w hi ch receiv ed i nj ec tio ns o f it in the b rai n sy mpto m —Co mptes R endus T cf p 12 7 6 T H E T R A NS FOR M A T I ON OF P EPT ONES BY T H E L 1V ER A ND T H E c
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OF T H E S UGA
BL OOD
N A T UR E OF T H E A S p revio usly repo rted in t h ese pages, P rofesso r FOOD S UPPL Y e S e e n f e nn a e s t o r e n e g i d t k p ov th p pto o u n e a h e s V r a t t e , 1 ab s o rbed fro m t he ali mentary canal are d est royed in t he liver, v s r s o f t h u c i i n g i e to s u g r s e p r od t d o m po s itio n I f a a o n o e f e c g t hi s hypot hes i s be co rrect , we must expec t t h at so me oth er body c o n tai ni ng the nit rog en o f t he p epto nes must be fo rm ed at e ual It was to establi sh thi s fact th at S eegen s r ate w ith t he s ugar later wo rk was und ertak en T he follo wi ng met hod was fi nally adopted as lik ely to giv e res ul ts mo st free fro m erro r : T wo pi eces were cut fro m t he li ver o f a dog j ust kill ed , weigh ed and fi nely mi nced T he po rt io ns were pl a ed in two gl ass vessels co ntai ni ng To fro m 50 to o f defibrinated b lood fro m the sam e dog t he bloo d in o ne o f t he vessel s a pepto ne sol utio n was add ed , and By means o f aspi rato rs t o the o t h er a like vol ume o f p ure water a st ream o f air was p assed th ro ugh each v essel fo r the p eriod o f t h ree to five ho urs A t t he end o f th at ti me a giv en uanti ty of R E L A T I ON
R
1N T H E
T o T HE
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General N otes
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blood was d rawn fro meach vessel all alb umi no us matters were p rec ipitated wit h g reat care and the fl uid remai ning was tes ted after c o ncent ratio n as to its co ntent of nit rogen T he autho r di s c usses fully v ario us m ethods employed in the separat io n o f mi nute uantiti es o f alb umi no us substances fro m co mpl ex mix t ures T he res ults o f these experi ments indi cate a very c o ns ider abl e d est ructio n of pepto ne by the l iver with the formatio n Of a co rrespo nding am ount o f a n it rog eno us p rod uct o f the deco mpo sitio u S eegen was led to the c ho ice o f pepto ne in his st udy fro m the fac t th at S chmidt M filheim had fo und th at mo st of the al bumi ach were ch anged to pepto nes no us bodies dig ested in the sto m and because the research es o f Plo se and Gyerg yai had sho wed th at the bl oo d o f t he h epati c vei n c o ntai ned b ut t rac es o f pep to nes while t hat o f t he mesenteric vei ns was ri ch in t hem the c o nc l usio n bei ng th at the liver was the p ri nc i pal seat o f t he d estruct io n o f pepto nes I n respect to t he fo rmatio n fro m pep to nes o f carbo hydrates by the li ver the autho r fo un d th at in ex peri ments perfo rmed in the man ner d esc ribed above no t o nl y was the s ugar co ntent Of the p epto ne li ver blood i ncreas ed 20— 70 r cent ab ov e t he liver blood w itho ut p epto ne but t he t otal e p T he co n cl usi o n amo unt o f carbohyd rates was i nc reased as well is reach ed th at the functio n o f the p epto nes at l east in carn ivo r al s whi ch are n o t c h an gi n g in weight is fo r t he mos t o us an i m p art to gi ve ri se to the fo rmatio n o f s ugar in the liver I n anot her art i cl e the same autho r di scusses the i n fluence o f vari at io n and nat ure o f the food s up ply o n the p resence o f s ugar in the blood I n the h ungeri n g an i mal (dog) t he blood o f t he h epati c vei n is co nstantly ri ch er in sugar th an th at o f the po rtal vein the rel ative amo unts bei ng nearly two to o ne T he fo rma tio n o f sugar is th en a co nti nuo us functio n o f the li ver Calc ula tio n sho ws th at it is hardly possibl e that this sugar fo rmed d uring hunger co uld have c o me fro m p revio usly sto red carbo hyd rates W h en an ani mal is fed o n food ri ch in starch t he s ugar co nten t o f the po rtal v ei n blood is o nly very rarely i nc reased ; the l arg e amo unt o f s ugar in the h epati c vei n cannot t herefo re o we its ex ist ence di rect ly to sugar enteri n g the liver T he percentage o f sugar in arterial bl oo d is nearly co nstant i n the v ario us co nditio ns o f h unger o r when the an i mal is fed upo n starc h d ex t ri ne o r sugar ; the blood fro m the carotid art ery how ever hold s a slig htly g reater amo unt o f sugar d uri ng t he ho urs when sugar is b ei ng mo st: rapidly ab sorb ed fro m the ali mentary canal T he blood of the po rtal v ei n c o ntai ns the same percentage o f sugar o n a s tarch di et as in h unger but t he s ugar c o ntent increases wh en s ugar is tak en in the food an d to a still g reater ex tent w hen a mi x t ure o f s ug ar and dex tri ne is eaten T he bl oo d o f the h epatic vei n al way s c o ntai ns a l arger perc entag e o f s ug ar ,
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t han
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po rtal vei n not o nly d uri n g h unger but after all man ner o f carbohyd rate di et T he fo rmat io n Of sugar in the liver has no th i n g to do w ith the s ugar i ngested with the fo od T he fo r matio n of sugar by the liver persi st s th ro ug ho ut a p rolo nged period of i nan itio n an d is not i ncreased w h en a l arge amo unt of al carbo hyd rate is fed to the an i m S eegen do es n ot bel ieve th at the gly co gen fo un d no rmally in the liver is t he so urce o f the su g ar o f t he h epati c vei n ; it p robably has so me sp eci al d esti ny f m u f cogen fo und in n f t h e a n a tio o o t gly rh aps the fo rm a T o e p the l iver st and s in very c lo se rel atio n to the amo un t o f carbohy — n 188 2 a d rate in the foo d Hing ” ? d 8 5 pp 3 5 34 of
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P L ET H YS MOGR A PH I C A N D VA S O MOT OR ExPER 1M ENTs W1T H F R OGS — D r Elli s has followed D rs Bo wditch and Warren in a seri es o f in vestigat i S whi ch bi ds fai r to op en the way to much t hat is T he n ew an d va uable co n cern i ng the vas o moto r mec h ani sm latter ob servers st udi ed by the g raphi c met hod the vari atio ns of vo l ume p rod uced in the h i nd leg o f a c urari sed cat by el ect ri cal T he vol ume o f the li mb was st i mul atio n o f the sc i ati c nerve meas ured by the plethysmograph and any fl uct uatio ns in it co uld T he o n ly be due to vari at io n in the amo unt o f blood s upply au tho rs fo und wh en the p eripheral end o f the nerve was ex cited — s th ere was b y rapidly repeated i nd uctio n s ho ck (16 6 4 per Wh en a slo wer rate was u s ually c o nt ractio n o f the vessel s n m m t h e r w s dil t tio Wi t h a e di u e r e a a employed (4 a p rate o f sti mulat io n th ere follo wed fi rst a narrowi ng and afterward sec p receded t he co nst ri ctio n a dil atatio n A l atent period o f sec the dil atatio n T he l att er effect so meti mes per an d o ne o f s isted fo r sev eral mi nutes after cessatio n o f the sti mulat io n but t h e fo rmer usually ceased w ith it By an ex ceedi ngly i ng en io us appli catio n of a t est t ub e ple t hy smo g raph co nnected with v ery d eli cate reg isteri ng tam b o urs D r Elli s has been abl e to st udy the vaso moto r c h anges sti mul at io n o f the by rod uced in the leg o f curari sed fro g s p T he general results ag ree very well w i th tho se s ci ati c nerve I n g eneral slo w i nterruptio ns (1 al ready obtai ned o n the cat w hil e rapid sti mul atio n (15 o r 2 per sec ) caused dil atatio n “ T h u c ) caused co nt ractio n e m I d a tho r k t y s e r r e s : n s e u r a p i ng t he vary i ng effects o f el ect ri cal sti mulatio n upo n the b lood vessel s several facto rs must be co nsid ered 1 The in tensity T he greater the i nt ensity o f the sho ck s of the induction slzocbs ai n i ng the same the g reater the ten d en cy to o th er c o n ditio ns rem immedi at e co nt ractio n o n the p art o f the blood v essel s T he co n ely the weak er t he stimu verse o f thi s is in a meas ure t rue nam Tire 2 lus t he g reater the t endency to i mmedi ate dil atatio n e r s e c o n d s s T h n m e h g t r b n umber o i n u c t i o n h oc k e r e e t e u r o f d a f p shoc k s per seco n d the g reat er the li ability to co n t ractio n an d a i o s i m u l a t i o r t h e t n e lo a s e r i u t n T h n e r e s D co n v ers ely f o 3 g -
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General N otes
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k sho ck s rapidly follo wi ng o ne anoth er is appli ed the mo re likely is it to cause co nt ractio n T he i ntensity Of the S low ly repeated sho ck s whi ch p rod uced dil atatio n was usually much greater th an th at o f the rapi d st imu l atio n w hi ch caused co nstri c tio n ; b ut wh en the total sti mul at io ns to whi ch the nerve is subj ected obtai ned by multiplyi ng the inten sity o f each sho c k by the n umb er o f shock s appli ed are co mp ared in the two cases it is fo und th at w h en dil atatio n is o btai ned the total sti mul atio n is much l ess than wh en co nst ri ctio n is caused Th ese ex peri ment s i ndi cate the Ex i stence o f two separate per ipheral vaso moto r mech an i sms o ne h avi ng the functio n o f vas o co nst ri ctio n and the oth er o f v as o dil atio n —7 7ze your nal o f of wea
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P/zy siology , Vol
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vi,
p 43 7 .
.
OG Y
P S Y C H OL
A
NT H R
OPOL OGY A N D
.
— PS Y C H OL OGY A t the A b erdeen meeti n g o f .
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A sso ci atio n fo r the A d vancement o f S ci en e, D r A l ex and er Bai n, lo rd re to r o f A b erd een Un iversity, read a p aper “ On the scope o f anth ro pology , and its rel atio n to t he sci ence ” H e end eavo red to poi nt o ut t hat the b ri n gi ng togeth er o f mi nd o f the six d epart ments nam ed resp ecti vely man s pl ace in nat ure, the o rigi n o f man, the cl assifi catio n o f races , t he anti uity o f man — u a n a e a n d l g g did not co ntrib ut e the d evelop ment o f civilizatio n to the mut ual el ucidation o f the several topi s, but merely co neen t rated i nto a whole the subj ect s co nnect ed with t he hig her mys teries o f man s o rig in and d esti natio n H e nex t d ealt at l engt h with a s urvey o f the research es h avi ng in vi ew p reci se meas ure ments o f the bodily and mental characteri sti cs o f h uman b ei ng s, and i n di cated l i nes o n whi ch research might be mad e so as to refl ect n ew light o n o ur i n tell ec tual co nstit utio n T he autho r al so rev erted to the researc h i n to the co ndi tio ns an d t he meas ure o f mem o ry as wholly wi thi n the means o f act ual experi mental d etermi natio n ; al so the i mpo rtant i ntel lect ual functi o n o f seei ng si m il ari ty in the midst o f diversi ty, whi ch can be red uced to mo re o r l ess p reci sio n o f esti mate by s ui tabl e means Taki n g alo n g with t hese res ult s the i n ui ri es i nto the fac ulti es o f the lo wer an i mal s the autho r put S peci al st ress o n the n umb er and d eli cacy o f t h ei r senses as the fo undatio n o f every attem pt to ex pl ai n the hi g h er aptit udes I ntelligence co mmenced w it h the po wer o f dis c ri mi natio n , and i ncreased as t hat po wer i ncreased T he rec o r d o f marvelo us feats o f ex ceptio nal i n gen ui ty was o f v ery lit tl e aid in reveali ng t he secrets o f the ani mal mi nd I n co ncl usio n he urged the admi ssio n o f p sy hol o gy in a mo re avo wed and sy ste mati c fo rm i nto the anth ro pologi cal sectio n H e wo ul d excl ude the topi cs o f metaphys i cal and ethi cal co nt roversy , and wel co me all t he research es i nto the i ntel lect ual and emo tio nal regio ns o f D r Burdo n S and erso n said any o ne teach i ng phy s i the mind olo gy wo uld not be expected to i n l ude anth ropology, and D r the Briti sh
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Bai n had S ho n why it was not do ne That was b ecause wh en w e came to the high er functio ns o f man, call ed men tal functio ns, w e had to do w it h perceptio ns whi h were fo und ed upo n sensa tio n, whi ch meant i n terp retatio ns by the mi nd o f those percep tio ns H e co nsidered t hat the li ne at whi ch phys iologi sts — s topped was Bai n b egi ns namely, the l in e at whi ch D r meas ure H e heartily ag reed with D r Bai n in thi nki ng that p sychology is the s ubj ect that li es at the basi s o f anth ropology , an d sho ul d be accepted as its fo un datio n .
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P H I L A D EL PH I A
A ME R I C A N S OC I ET Y FOR PS Y C H I C A L R ES E A R C H T he Philad elphi a Branch of t he A meri can S o ci ety It has o rgan fo r Psychi cal R esearch holds meeti ngs mo nthly iz ed w i th co mmittees o n tho ught t ransferen ce, hyp noti sm and s pi rit uali sti c ph eno m ena, and ent ered upo n the li nes o f coll e tive i n vestigatio n, followed by both the A meri can and Briti sh so ci e mittee on t ho ught transference has coll e ted the t e t i es T he co m s u lts o f so me t wel ve tho usan d ex peri men t s co nd ucted by a n um b er of ob servers, an d a statisti cal st udy o f th ese seems to S ho w a s li g h t p repo n d erance o f right g uesses wh en the c o n ditio ns are s uch as ren d er tho ug ht t rans f erence po ssi bl e A speci al co mmi tt ee has b een i n ui ri ng i nto the s ubj e t of faith cure ; but wi tho ut at tai ni ng anyt hi ng in the way o f po sitive res ul ts S o me o f the mo st fre uen tly described cases of marvel o us c ures w ere, o n i nv estigatio n, fo und to be w i tho ut any s uffi ” seem ed to I n general , the c i ent b as i s in fact fai th c urists d read and abho r anythi n g lik e a sci entifi c i nvestigatio ns o f t h ei r s ; so t hat any careful st udy o f the p sy chi c p hen o mena whi ch c l ai m atten d the c ure o f even t ho se nervo us an d ill usive mal adi es t hat are k no wn to be amenabl e to mental i mp ressio ns, was o ut o f the uestio n Oth er standi n g and speci al co mmittees will repo rt at th e reg ul ar meeti n gs o f the b ranch BR A
NC H
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M A OR I PH A R MA C OPtE l A
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—M r Kerry .
o urnal o f the A nthrop I nst in t he j c i nes o f the M ao ri s o f N ew Z eal and us
.
ealan d Z h i u rn ten ax ) , N ew or m P ( used fo r parpai , a cutaneo us disease
H a rahehe
.
N i chol s has p reserved fo r m e e 6 n a t h x v 20 t e iv di , ( )
flax, decoction
of
leaves
an d roo t
.
H
i o, t p
or o
decoctio n
a shrub,
of
leaves used for pasai
.
f o un d in the ri n m D acry di um mpr essin u rn ) , ( g cata and hah ihatea (P odocarpus dacry dioides) , eaten as )
I l uhu ,
rub
a
matai (Podocarpus spi medicine .
K ahibatea (P odocarpm dacry dioides) , decoction o f leaves used fo r internal com ain ts l p K a r eas (Phipog on mn scan den s) decoction of roo ts used as sarsapari lla, yo ung S ho o ts .
eaten
for it ch
K aw ahawa 1
.
r P e i ( p
ex celsu
m)
Edited by Pro f OT I S T .
V OL
.
xx
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—N O
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‘V o
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leaf
used
for thepazpai ,
an d to
heal
cuts an d
MA S ON N atio nal M useum, Was hingto n , D C .
.
wo un ds
.
K ohekohe,
milk
a
r f u o l w e p
infusio n
ton ic ; a w eak
leaves
the
of
p
of
the secretion
sto s
.
K ohuhohn , tions
lichen, when dried
a
and reduced to
r d e w o p
is
applied to cutan eous er up
.
K ohahapa (T richoman es) , the leaf is
used to
heal
ulcers
.
K or omiho ( Ver on ica suleijolia ) , an i n fusio n of the leave s is a po werful astringen t ; a de a weak in fusion a to ni c ; t he leaves are applied as a po ult ice fo r ulcers co ctio n of the leaves is valuable in dysentery ; a small ,portio n o f the leaf, if chewed, soo n produces a keen sense o f h ung er M am hu (Cy an thea medullari s) , the bruised pith is used as a poultice for sore eyes .
.
M
(Podocarpurfer r ugi nea ) , ache
ro
weak in fusion
a
of
bark is tak en fo r
the
sto
mach
.
M ouhu ,
wash obtained from the ro ot is good fo r so re eyes charcoal pow dered fin e, is used for cutan eo us diseases
an edible fern ; a
.
Ng arehu, Papan ug a, the in fused bark is drunk fo r the hahihahi P apa
-
au
ma
,
the skin
or
mistletoe
,
.
.
the bruised bark is applied for the itch by
rubbin
i t g
o ver
.
P ar etau (A splen iurn obleguunt ) , a larg e leaved fa n , the root is used for parpai P atete, the sap is used for scro fulo us so res and ringworm -
.
.
Bohutahaw a (Al etr osider os toarn ent osa) , diarrha a
in fusion
an
of
bark is
the in n er
used
fo r
.
P ut atea (A ther osper rna R
aor ao
R
afa
R
P t e r is (
escu len ta
)
,
,
the bark
is used for scrofulous .
of
bark
used
fo r dysentery
.
i nfus io n is used for stomach
cu ressin u nr
)
p
,
an
infusio n
used to
b a r f h a k u s e d o s t m a N e s o d a h n e t a w r o c , ( ) p
r t a a s d n e r li s C o l i u ( y ),
sores.
ten der shoots used for dysen tery
o r sow - thistle, an
R inm (D acry diunt
Ti
)
f u s i t n M e t ros e r r u s i o n o b i d o s a , ( )
aurihi ,
T am
n ova zelan dice
an
in fusion
of
co
heal
mplaints
.
ulcers.
run nin
g
aches an d colds
.
the leaves used for dysentery
.
T aotao (Phy llocladrcs tn chornan oides) , leaves used for scmfulo us diseases Tutu Cor ia ria r uscifb lia) , ten der shoots, when plucked at certain seasons, for dysen tery '
.
aretak en
.
— In j L ap L A N D ER s o urnal
T HE o f A nth rop I ns t , xv w ill b e be fo un d co mmun i catio ns fro m P ri nce R ol and Bo naparte, D r J H Keane respectively , upon t h e G Garso n and P ro fesso r A Th ere are, at p resen t , L app s th at o f the l atter bei ng v ery full L app s altho ugh at l eas t 7 000 are o f mi xed Fi nn i s h bl o o d Th ey are divided i nto upl and o r no madi c and lo wl and o r fi sh i n g Th ei r name is i nvolved in ob scurity and ag ri c ult ural d ivi s io ns ” Fenmen Fi nl anders Th ey the p eopl e call th emsel ves S ame w o ul d app ear to be an o ffshoot o f the g reat F innO Tartari c (Mal o ° ° Th ey are b rachycep hali c (80 to 83 A lt ai c) family S ho r t in stat ure (five feet and l ess) wit h b ro wn h ai r, fl ush ed co mplex i o n , bro wn eyes st raight and reg ul ar n o se T he uplan d L app s li fe is d ependent o n the rei n d eer, who s e fl esh b ei ng mostly d ri ed is co nverted i n to j erk ed meat, wh o s e 0 5 3 1is boil ed an d eaten fresh , who se blood is co ng eal ed p ul ve r ized an d k nead ed i nto cak es o r used as so up ;the milk taken fres h o r frozen in a s ligh t ly fermented state, o r mad e i nto c h eese fo r T he ski n covers the tent floo r the bed and t h e w i nt er sto re body ; the S i news make ex cell ent co rd age, and the bo nes, after ex t ractio n o f the m arro w, are carved i nto many useful and fan c i .
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T he h erds
ful arti cl es upward s
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nthro ology
p
ran
ge
.
mber from 100 to
in
nu
2000 and
.
Th ere are two c lasses o f th ese n o mads those who remai n with th ei r h erds d uri ng the year and those who fro m May to A ug ust l eave thei r flocks and take to fishi ng T he L app is assi sted in t he care o f his h erd by a v ery i ntell ig ent race o f dogs T he s l edges are o f th ree ki n d s ,
,
.
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A
’
L
in which the traveler sits
er r es,
ahheh,
for freight, decked
in
as
boat
a
.
over
.
P u lhan , sledge proper, half
co vered , used o n
important
occasio ns.
T he sno w sho es are six to seven feet lo n g and th ree and a h al f to fo ur i nch es wide, used eith er in walki n g o r wh en the o wn er is drawn by rei ndeer Mr Keane clo ses his d eeply i nteresti n g paper with references to the soci al li fe the religio n and the l ang uage o f the L apps D r Garso n gives a c lo se anth ropo met ri c d escriptio n of a family o f L app s ex hibiti n g in L o n do n .
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R
E L A T I ONS H I PS
Esx
WEEN
BET
— mo T R I BES D r
R i nk gives a the rel atio nship T he followi ng .
.
o rt p aper in jo urnal o f the A nth rop I nst o n o f t he Es ki mo t ribes as d et ermi ned by di al ec t s tabl e il lust rat es the o rder of tho ught sh
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.
.
A
Eastern I II
.
M iddle regions
BOR I GI NA L
I
NL A ND
Esx mo
.
V
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IV
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Mackenz ie
.
Western
1
2.
K aviag mut
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II
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l m nt a e M 3 .
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6 T schug az zes .
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d s a a a n i K 7 jg 8 K ang eugdlit .
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t n li m u a U 4 g k ogmut E 5
L abrado rians
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Greenlanders
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S o uthern
N orthern Pt Barrow
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I glulik , R epulse bay, C hurchill
I
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siaties A 9 ’
A
R C H /E OL OG I C A I /
MA P
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—T he N
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mi s mati c and A nti
u
q
i
So archa
uar an
Phil adelphi a has undertaken the p reparatio n o f an o logi cal map to emb race the vall eys Of the D el aware and S usq ue h anna rivers Thi s map is i ntend ed to sho w the locatio n of all t he pri ncipal remai ns att rib ut ed to the I ndi an t rib es who fo rmerly o cc upi ed th ese regio ns i ncl udi ng the co ntig uo us po rtions of Pennsylvani a N ew Yo rk N ew jersey D el aware and M ary land i A cc urate i n fo rmatio n is soli cited co nc ern ng Pala o lithic gravel depo si ts artifi c i al sh ell h eap s cav e ret reat s encamp men t s o r vil uarri es w o rk shop s s urface de lag e s ites earthwo rk s o ld fi el ds i s of i m pl m t s (cac h es) l arge ro ck s in pl ace used as mo r t n s e e o p tars rock i n sc riptio ns (in sit u) b uri al pl aces t u muli o r mo und s T he C i rcul ar o f t he s o ci ety is S ig ned by Edw i n A I n di an t rails c iety o f
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General N otes
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r d a n n s s r c r oh k H y Philli F i o n r a r n R B a e e r j p j j j C uli n D ani el G Bri n to n Co mmuni catio ns sho uld be r N o 104 S Fi fth st reet Philadel add ressed to H en ry P hilli ps j phi a T he so ci ety is to be co ngrat ul ated fo r its energy in t h i s matter T he City of Brotherly L ove was o nce h ead uarters o f anth ropology in A meri ca — T H E R EVU E D A NT H R OPOL OGI E T he most cel eb rated o f t he many French jo urnal s devoted to the sci ence of man was fo unded in Pari s by Paul Bro ca in 187 2 and co nti n ued by his p upil D r Paul Topi nard after the d eath o f the fo rmer A thi rd seri es was co mmenced with 1886 wi th the coOperation o f the most dis ting uished representativ es o f the vario us b ranch es o f anth rop o logi cal sci ence ; amo ng th em D r Gavarret di recto r o f the Eco l e d A nthropo lo g ie de Pari s ; D r Mathi as D uval di recto r of t he L abo rat oi re d A nthropolog ie a l Ecole des H autes Et udes Mar h u s n h r e h c e l r f t e i d ill e l F id b Hig C l o e a c r a e a o n d N a a G e a h q ; uat refages at the M useu m L eg io n of Ho n o r ; P ro fesso r A de H amy o f the M usée Tro cadero L o f N at ural H i s to ry ; D r R o ussel et ;jul es R o ch ard ;Baro n S avoy and D A rbo is de jubai n vill e of the French I nstit ute D r T o penard the directo r o f t he R ev ue is general secretary o f the S o ci é té d A nthropo log ie d e Pari s and autho r o f the El ements d A nthrOpo log ie to whi ch t he mic des S ci ences awarded o ne o f its ann ual p rizes A cade — T he latest attempt to find a ratio n al T H E R A C ES OF M EN ex p ress io n o f raci al di fferences amo n g man ki nd is by Mr j ames D all as c urato r of the A lbert M emori al M useum Exeter T he autho r is in acco rd w ith t he g eneral t end en cy to see th ree p ri n c i s r u s f u m f w s o p o h ity a ollo a l n a p g
Barber S tewart
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L euco chroi, represen ted by the E uropean Mesochroi, represented by Mong ols and A meri can I ndians E thochro i , represented by N egro es an d A ustralians .
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A i thochro ic g ro up , M r D all as w o uld i n cl ud e Berbers , N ubi ans Even ad mit ti n g t hat thi s type ex tend ed i nto A rab i a, t h ere wo uld st ill be an en o rmo us g ap b etween thi s and the neares t Eastern appearanc e o f the A i tho chro ic g ro up in I ndi a T he K ubli s, Bhil s, Goo ds and R o nd s o f I ndi a ; M i ncopi es, o f A nd a man ;the N eg ri tos and S amang s o f the Philippi nes, and the Mal ay archipel ago ; the Pap uans and oth er p el agi an neg ro es ; the A u s tralians and Tasman i ans all b elo ng acco rdi n g to the autho r, t o I
n the
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g reat type A l tho ugh the E thochro ic gro up is S p read o ver an i mmen s e “ the c h ang es in physi cal geog raphy re ui sit e to b ri ng a ll area th ese i nto co mmuni catio n are far fro m g reat A n el evat io n Of o n e h und red fatho ms wo ul d j oi n all the i sl and s fro m Co chi n Chi na t o n u n n a a c B r N w e u e G n w v i l di g o o i o ld j oi d e a u b e n e o t A us ; j tralin and the narro w seas whi c h wo uld ex i st b etween th e rem ai n i ng i sland s wo uld o ffer no g reat barri er to t he mig rati o n o ne
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greater el evatio n wo uld co nvert the Bay Oi Bengal into dry l and joi n the A ndamans to I ndi a the L acc adiv e and Maldive i sl ands to A rabi a co nverti n g t he A rabi an sea i nto a ” A t the sam b ro ad expanse o f nearly l evel g ro und e ti me a g reat geologi cal barri er wo uld be erected agai nst the no rth ern mov ement o f thi s type Th us we h ave an area to no s mall ex tent d emo ns t rab ly cut o fl fro m the no rth ern regio ns o f A si a and Europe in w hi ch alo ne t races o f the fEtho chro ic g ro up are to be met with and the E tho chro ic p eop les were o rigi nally the M r D all as reli es l argely upo n facts s o le Occ upi ers o f thi s area c o nnected wi th the distrib utio n of apes and oth er mammals to b ear him o ut in his vi ews regardi ng t he S p read of the E thochro i A s regard s the p urity o f thi s g ro up it is s uppo sed th at two develop ments o ne in A fri ca the ot h er in the Philippi nes and I n the oth er areas the sto ck A ndamans al most p ure still ex i st is muc h m ed R o ughly S peaki ng the L euco ch roi c g ro up o c c upi es the w hol e o f Europe wi th the ex c eptio n o f a part o f the no rth ern po rtio n East ward memb ers o f thi s and parts o f H un gary and R uss i a n i a Pers i a Geo rgi a Ci rcas s i a e ro up ex i st in the C aucasus A rm g p utana and A fgh an i stan K ash mi r and H mdustan K attiwar an d R aj i ncl ude the S i ah Posh Kafirs of the I ndi an Caucas us and remnan ts apan K uril e i sl and and K amtshatka I nd eed in C hi na Tart ary j M r D all as look s fo r the o rigi n o f thi s type in t he h eart o f wh at is no w the M o ngol area the pl ateau o f C ent ral A si a b eli evi n g th at th ey extend ed alo ng the eastern coast of A si a fro m Kamt s hatka o n the n o rth to the li mits o f t he A Zthochro i o n t he so ut h F ro m t hi s cent ral regio n the L eucoch roi c race passed westward by the g reat dep ressio n the Z ungarian st rait to overrun fi rst W est ern A si a and event ually the w hol e o f E urope b ranch es bei ng th ro wn o ut wh erever geog raphi cal co nfi rmatio ns o ffered I n thi s di st rib utio n t he wol f otter s h eep mol e and the way marmot are tak en as parall el s amo ng mammal s T he A i no and the Gothi c races are assumed to be tol erably p ure ex ampl es o f thi s sto ck T he Mesochro i occupy the two A meri cas the whol e extent o t the eastern s ho res o f A si a fro m K amtshatka to S i am and th ence N o rth of the Hi malayas st ret c h west ward to the Bay o f Ben gal th ey occupy the o rigi nal seat o f the L eucoc h roic g ro up and t hence S p read over Western A si a follo wi ng the ro ute fo rmerly tak en by the L eucochroi T he Mal ays Polynesi ans L apps Fi ns and Bask s are rel egated al so to thi s typ e T he o rigi nal center o f di strib utio n and the li nes of march in thi s g ro up are l ess i ntell igible T he e xti nct rhi noceros is taken as the parall el in mig rat io n I nti matio ns are al s o given th at the c o urse o f po pu latio n was fro m Europe to A meri ca and th ence to A si a of
man
A
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e t y
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A
nthr o olog ical
p
I
nstitute, xv,
3
04
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—A
German treati se o f Ernst K uh n w as on t he o rigi n an d l an g uag es o f the t ransg angetic natio ns p ublish ed in the T ransa tio ns o f t he Bavari an R oyal A cademy t i i r c a n d l n s u a to giv l id k h i l 2 a n e s a u s e c o f a 2 d c 8 1 8 4 ) g ( 3 pp ti facts observed I n Chi na and I ndo Chi na by recent i nvesti ga to rs K uh n thi nk s that the autochtho n i c pop ulatio n o f the I ndo Chi nese peni nsul a are the peopl e o f A nnam, Kambodj a and Peg u, and th at the i nt rud ers who drove th em to the co ast came o rig i nally fro m W estern Chi na, lik e the Tib etans ; th at the mo no sy l labism of all th ese l ang uag es is n o t o rigi nal , but o n ly the res ult er polysyll abi c st at us ; th at t he Tibetan o f c o nd en satio n o f a fo rm l ang uage has retai ned the most A rabi c fo rms o f the western gro up of di al e ts that the Kambo dja is not a Malayan lang uage, as it has been as sert ed by A y mo n ier and K eane ;th at t he seri es o f i nity o f Chi nese w ith Barma (Bur n umeral s p roves anc ien t afl T he L o rd s Prayer, mese), S i amese, L epch a and Tibetan t rans lated by E H M an i nto the S o uth A ndamanese l ang uage has been fully co mment ed by R C T empl e, and edited by h im with a sci entifi c p reface and i nt ro ductio n on th at curio us agg l uti nativ e l an g uage w hi ch had nev er b een p revio usly i nvestigat ed in T he i nterp retatio n o f the lo al names a philo sophi c manner o f C elti c o rigi n in F rance German y and I taly fo rms a cr ux inter o u f c e m s s f r s p li ki d lo l t y ologi t i m pl r e t a e u a r f a o h m o c n t e e r p t the anci ent C elto Galli c language and its di al ects is al reaso n th a most enti rely lo st to us It has been preserved in abo ut twenty o r thi rty sho rt i nscriptio ns o nly whi ch are very di fferently t ransl ated by the sci enti sts , and in a co ns id erabl e n umb er o f perso nal t ribal A
NT H R OPOL OG I C A L
N EWS
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local names mo st o f whi ch are j ust as en ig mati c as the above i nsc riptio ns T he co eval l ang uages o f the Greek s an d R o mans Oscans and U mb ri an s b ei ng o f the same li ng ui sti c family so me light is th rown upo n the Celti c fro m th at uarter D r ui ri n us Esser i nspecto r Of school s at Mal medy P russ i a has b ro ugh t to bear all the reso urces Of modern li ng uisti cs upo n the el ucidat ion o f th ese lo cal names Of M i ddl e E urop e as R uhr R ezat Gii rzen ich K anzach C re teil Do ub s &c th ro ugh t he hI S to rical method in his Beitréig e z ur gallO k el ti schen Namenk unde Mal medy A noth er seri es o f lo cal names C el t i c and R o 1884 pp 12 8 man i c were l earnedly i nvestigated by the same autho r in a seri es r M alm o f art i cl es p ubli s h ed in t he K r eisblatt f u edy at S t Vith the — A S Gatschet c o unty seat
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M I C R OS C OPY
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T H E D I OPT R OGR A PH T he dio ptro g raph is a mech an i cal d rawi ng apparat us ad apt ed to d raw i ng the o utli nes o f macro scopi c obj e ts It co nsi sts o f a pantog raph (in whi h the t racer is rep resented by a t ub ul ar diop ter) s uppo rted o n a s uare tabl e ’
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Edited by D r C O W H I T MA N , M us F K inkelin, H umbo ldt, I , Part 5 .
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C o mparative Zo o logy, C ambridge, M ass
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By shi fti n g the po sitio n o f the diopt er (sight vane) o n a mirro r e h e s t e c n w e l pl t ollo o tli obj t pl d a s a e a f h u n f h e e c a c t e e o t s y g b elow the gl ass as th ey appear at t he i ntersectio n o f the c ro ss w ires co ntai ned in the diopter T he tabl e is suppo rted by fo ur es whi ch toget h er bound a c ubi cal area, as s uare wood fram s ho wn in the fig u re A pane o f gl ass, fitted w ith a frame, repre s ents the upper urface o f the c ub e whil e the five oth er s id es are s o p en s o as to ad mit o f the frame wi t h the pl at e b ei ng pl aced upo n an y sid e o f the c ub e On the lower frame S ch ro eder s steel re fitted , by m i n i n c e r s a e a n s o f w hi h obj e t b pl c e d m e c h e c a a t y p s u c h a po sitio n as to be o mpl etely d etach ed and vi sibl e fro m all s i d es Th ese pi ncers fi rmly g rasp the obj ect ; thi s is effe ted by fas teni ng a screw and by th ree sh arp poi nts T he ax i s o f t he pi ncers has a bil ateral l ampi ng movement , w hi ch may be regu ,
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l ated by means of a sc rew ; th en th ere is a ro und bar fi xed o n tw o oppo si te sid es o f the lo wer frame o n whi ch a verti cal rota tio n o f the ax i s o f the pi ncers and a ho rizo ntal sl idi n g movement ust o f the obj ect can tak e pl ac e L astly th ere is a co n i cal pin adj abl e by means o f a sp ec i al sc rew an d ad mitti n g o f a ho rizo n tal T he d raw i ng bo ard whi ch is co nnected rotatio n o f the obj ect w ith the tabl e by means o f hi nges can be fold ed do wn upo n the gl ass pl ate of the tabl e I n the fig ure the p antog raph co n si sti ng of the diopter and pen ustment is rep e wo rk fo r mech an i cal adj c il co nnected by a fram T he d rawi ngs may be mad e o f resent ed in po s itio n fo r d rawi ng ay be enl arged or red uced acco rdi ng to n at ural size o r t hey m the p ropo rtio ns re ui red I n thi s Fo r the use o f to uri sts a foldi n g i nstrument is mad e i nst rument obj ects are pl aced o n t h ree pi ns whi ch can be adj usted at the botto m acco rdi n g to re ui rements ,
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A [
General N otes
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p ril
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geomet ri c d rawing o f smaller obj ects the follo wi n g appli ances are used 1 One obj ect pl at e w hi c h is pl aced belo w the gl ass pl at e an d w hi ch by means o f an arm may be moved up and do w n o n o ne Upon thi s pl ate a smal l obj ect i mb edded 1n s id e o f the cub e c lay o r any other s uitabl e substance may be placed 2 A t ub ul ar diopter furn i s h ed w ith a l ens Fo r the
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OPA L I NA
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—T he li fe hi sto ry
thi s very i nteresti ng parasi t i c p rotozoan and the methods to be employed in traci ng it are no w very fully k n o wn th an k s to the i nv estigatio ns c ited b elo w T he s ubj ect 15 o ne o f spec i al i n terest to the teac h er as wel l as to the 1n vest igato r s i nce it ill ust rat es o ne o f the s i mp lest li fe cycl es k n o w n to us and si nce the mode o f develop ment and p ropagatio n ri ses s o mewh at high er th an in typi cal uni cell ul ar P ro tozoa — a i a H bt t Hi nd g ut o f bat rachi ans (al so fo und in planari an s and N aidem ) Pmod qf reproduction —Early sp ri ng b egi n n i n g as soo n as the host l eaves its w i nter uarters fo r the open wat er and co nti nui n g o nly a few weeks in so me speci es whil e l asti ng for two to t hree mo nth s in oth ers M ode of reproduction L o ngit udi nal and t ransverse fiss io n T he ad ult poly nucl eated Opali na (0 caudata and 0 si m z l zs h ave e n e r a d u s u lly t l i o io lly o ly e plit by w o n u c e n c c a s n a n o n s s c a g p ) cess iva divi s io ns i nto a l arge n umb er o f part s each c o n tai n i n g acco rdi ng to the speci es o ne or mo re n ucl ei Th ese parts encys t w hil e in the hi nd g ut o f the ho st and are th en d rop ped wi t h th e remai n faeces i nto the wat er T he sph eri cal cy st s unch an ged fo r several w eeks o n the botto m an d o n ly begi n th ei r develop men t after b ei ng swallo wed by yo ung t adpol es an d pass i ng i nto the hi n d g ut M aten al —T he ad ult Opali na may be easily obtai ned by c utt i n g o ut the hi n d g ut o f a frog and p ressi n g a littl e o f the co nten ts o f .
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U eber Entwickelung 187 5
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Fortpflan zung
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von
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Ernst Z eller U ntersuchun gen fi ber die Fo rtpflanz ung un d die Ent wickelung d er in unseren Batrachiern schmarotzenden Opal inen Z eitschr f wiss Zo o l , xx 1x , p 2 1 3 77 35 .
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W ilh
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Pfitzn er Z ur K en ntn is der K erntheilung bei den Proto zoen ahrb , xl , H 3 , p 4 54 , 1885 J Moritz N ussbaum Ueber die T heilbarkeit d er lebendigen Materie M ik A nat , xxvx, pp 4 87 , 509 and 5 14 , Jan 1886 .
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the ant erio r end
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d rop of water o n a slide I f thi s is do ne in early spri ng all the ph ases of fissiparism may be obtai ned to geth er with ency sted stages T he b est ti me ho wever fo r st udy I f a frog is k ept ing the p ro cess of fi ss io n is d uri n g the wi nter in a warm roo m t wenty fo ur ho urs and fed well it will be fo und th at fi ssio n o f the Opali na if any are p resent has advanced to the stages m d n f s n a n m e e s s f a e r e oi t y ti g c o pl t i dily o e n c e r e o b a a y p obtai ned Materi al for the st udy o f the d evelop ment is obtai ned fro m m m yo ung tadpol es (5 and upward s in l ength ) coll ected fro m th ei r n at ural h aunt s o r b ett er rai sed fro mthe egg and fed w it h Opali na cyst s A few h und red eggs of the frog may be pl aced in a smal l a uar i um and at the same ti me the fa ces fro m sev eral frogs w hi ch are k no w n to c o ntai n n umero us Opali na cysts S oo n after hat c hi ng t he tadpol es w ill b egi n to eat water pl ants and ani mal an d v egetabl e remai ns o f vario us so rts fo und o n t he botto m and w ill t h us b eco me i nfected with Opali na cysts — s d M etfzods of tu y (A ) T he p ro cess o f rep rod uctio n by fi ssio n can be fo llo wed b est by pl ac i n g fresh spec i mens in a d rop o f a v ery dil ute sol utio n o f g um arabi c and exami ni n g wi tho ut a cover gl ass ; o r in a d rop o f h umo r a ueus fro m the frog in whi ch N ussb aum k ept th em alive in o ne case fo ur d ay s T he h umo r a ueus sho uld be i nc lo sed air tight B i d n n u c u o r h s t y f k e t i m u ltipli c tio o l e i r f F t e o t h e c a o c a n ( ) y w hi ch is the l eadi ng feat ure in the develop men t o f mul ti nucl eate fo rms p reparatio ns may be mad e in the follo wi n g manner u h ro m the anterio r en d o f I P s a po r tio n o t e f a e e s f r e s o t f c () the rect um o n to a slid e addi ng a d rop o f w ater s ll e f i f r c e a s 2 C a r lly r m ov e by h e o fi n e f o p vi ibl e u e t a d () pi eces o f sub stance taki n g speci al care to l eave no g rai ns o f sand an d th en cov er w1th a v ery thi n cover slip T he water add ed s ho uld be j us t en o ugh to fill the space b eneath the cover wi tho ut flo wi n g b eyo n d its edges and the space as thi n as po ssibl e in o rder th at the l arger Opali na may be und er slight p ress ure d s s r c a a u B m b u h m a k e a bo r d e r o f pi i i t f c e n s r c a o a ( (3) y rat ed a ueo us s ol utio n) all aro un d the cover an d l eav e the s lid e t h us p repared in a moi st ch amb er fo r o ne o r t wo day s givi n g t i me fo r the acid to penet rat e slo w ly and evenly fro m all sid es m w u h n W s h ith d i s t ill e d a t e r n til t e p li a a r e c o pl e t e ly a w O a (4 ) c olo rless allowi ng the wat er to wo rk slo wly und er fro m o ne si de o f the c ov er whil e it is d raw n away w i th blotti ng p aper fro m the Oppo site sid e Great care sho uld be tak en not to add the water mo re rapidly th an it is d raw n away as the rai si ng of the cover T he p ro cess o f washi n g w o uld allo w the Opali na to float away re ui res sev eral ho urs and must be clo sely wat ch ed fro m b egi n n in g to end m n r a x t a i n ith a c h s a l u m r m i n e o h e to yl i r w r c a e S G e n (5) drawi n g a bo rd er o f the dye aro und the c over as was do ne with a
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id ; th en l eave in moi st ch amb er for a few ho urs (h aema t o xy lin) or o ne o r mo re d ays (al um carmi ne) (6 Wash with di stilled water p roceedi ng as in N o 4 r n s D e hyd r t e w i h b s ol u t e a l c ohol t ki n g c a o t to di t u b t e r a a a (7 the cover and th en add a bo rd er o f c lov e oil T he al cohol s oo n evapo rates and is repl aced with the c l ari fyi n g medi um T he p reparatio n is now ready for ex ami natio n I f the p reparatio n is to be p reserved permanently the clove oil sho uld be repl aced by x ylol and th en a thi n sol ut io n o f bal sam in xylol allo wed to fl ow under the cover as the x ylol evapo rates A s a goo d p reparat io n is o ften S poil ed in the p ro cess of mo unti ng it is well to make the ex ami natio n in c love o il fi rst
pi cric
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S CI ENTIFIC N EWS
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C V R il ey ento mologi st o f the D epart ment o f A g ric ul ho no rary c urato r o f i nsect s in the Natio nal M useum has p resented to the N ational M useum his ex tens iv e p rivate col lee tio n o f N o rth A meri can i nsects rep resenti n g the fruits o f h is l abo rs in collecti ng and st udy for over twenty five years H is c o l sp ec i es rep resented by over l ectio n co ntai ns over pi nned sp eci mens and much addi tio nal materi al p reserved in al cohol o r oth er method s It is esti mated by those famili ar w it h t he coll ectio n to h ave a mo ney val ue o f at l east I n ad d i tio n to the act ual co st o f materi al it is hard to esti mate the amo u n t o f ti me and l abo r th at s uch a coll ectio n rep resents I n acknow l edgi ng the do natio n P ro fesso r Bai rd ex p resses the warmest appre c iatio n fo r t hi s mo st genero us gi ft an d his assuran ce th at b o t h n o w an d in the fut ure it will afford a val uabl e means o f st udy fo r the ento mologi st s o f thi s co unt ry Thi s coll ectio n is espec ial ly ri ch in Coleo pt era and L epidopt era an d the l atter co ntai n s man y rare l arv a blo wn and in al cohol A s it stands by thi s gi ft th e ento mologi cal c oll ec t io ns o f the N atio nal M useum b eco me n ex t in i mpo rtance to tho se at C amb ridge T he ann iversary meeti ng o f the R oyal M i c ro scopi cal S oc i ety was h eld in J anuary wh en the p resid ent (D r D alling er d eliv ered an ad dress d eali ng with the results he had oh tained d uring the l ast fo ur y ears p ri nc ipally in the employ ment o f the g reatly i mp rov ed mi c ro scop e obj ect gl asses mad e o n the ho mo e n m h m e o u s i e s io p r i n ipl T e s i l r s r h hi r n c h a e e c w c D e a e c r g p D allinger has been en gaged upo n and to w hi ch his add ress was ‘ devoted is the e ucidatio n o f the o rigi n d evelop ment divi sio n and ulti mate functio n o f the n ucl eus as fo un d in wh at may be ass umed to be its s i mpl est co ndi tio n in the mo re st riki ng o f t he septi c o rgan i sm s an d his mi c ro scopi cal ob servatio ns h av e b een chi efly made o n the livi ng o rgani s m T he obj ect gl asses em ployed by D r D alling er are hi g h po wers o f most recent construc tio n in whi ch the apert ures h ave b een carri ed to the highest Dr t ure and
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e n w re m e o n t hith r to a t t a i d a n d a d e i e p s srs Po well an d L eal and s by M e i n o a t g ,
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ex p ressly fo r
his
i nvesti
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T he fi rst n umb er o f the Bull eti n o f the S ci entifi c L abo ra t o ri es o f D en i so n U ni versity , at Granvill e, Ohio , ed ited by Pro fesso r C L H erri ck , o ntai ns the follo wi n g arti cl es : Osteo logy
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the evening grosbeak an d frontispiece, by the edito r of
’m o H e o a fi n ( y j
with Plate 1
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M et amorphosis o f phyllopod C rustacea, with Plates
an d
v v
Plate x, by the
ed ito r
m, by A ug F Foerste, class o f 87 S uperposed buds, with Plate a L i micole, or mud living C rustacea, wit h Plate xx, by the editor R o ti fers o f A merica, Part I , w ith descriptions o f a n ew g enus an d several n ew spe cies , with Plates u l v and Plate x, by the edito r T he C linton group of Ohio, with descrip ions o f n ew species, with Plates xxx: an d x w , by A ug F Foerste A compen'l o f labo ratory manipulation , C hapter I , L ithologi cal man ipulation , ac ’ i b on densed translation o f Eu ene H ussak s T ables fo r the deter a n a d e c co m p y g mination o f rock forming min erals, by the edito r .
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T he whol e fo rms a vol ume o f 180 pages, with o rds good evid en e o f the s ci entifi zeal and an d afl s c i entifi c co rp s o f thi s instit utio n
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t meeti ng of the R oyal S o ci ety D r Do wnes read a paper o n the actio n o f s unligh t o n mi cro o rgani s ms in whi ch h e call ed att entio n to the fact th at the ob servatio ns made by him Bl unt d escrib ed in p apers co nt rib uted to the s el f and M r T s o c i ety d uri ng 187 7 7 9 had b een c o rrobo rat ed by oth er i nv esti s sert s th at the hypero x id atio n o f pro to D Do rs r e s w a n o a w n g t o plas m by s unlight is a general law fro m the actio n o f whi c h l i vi ng o rgani sms are shi eld ed by p rotecti ve d evelop ments o f cell I n p revio us co mmuni catio ns D r w all colo ri ng matter &c D o wnes had sho wn th at sunlight was fatal to sap rophytes and t h at in t he p resenc e o f free o x ygen the mol ecul e o f o xali c acid might und er the i nfl uence of light be en ti rely resolved i nto T he alterative ferment of cane s ugar a water an d carbo n i c aci d r ep res en tative o f the di ast ases is al so o x idi zed by s unli ght A t
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E ng li sh M et /tanic
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A question —I s ho uld be very s o me i n fo rmatio n o n the follo wi ng A mphi uma, N e t urus and S i ren :
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much obliged to anybody fo r poi nts regardi ng M enopo ma ,
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Where are these b at rachi ans co mmo n 2 H as anybody ever seen the egg s and l arv ae (emb ryo s) o f — D r G Baur Yale Colleg e t h ese fo rms and in wh at seaso n 1
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M useum N ew H aven Con n ,
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Mr M ell ard R
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p resid enti al add ress to the L iverpool Geolo gi cal S o ci ety has b een p ri nted in sep arate fo rm and w ill H e di sc usses t he w ay in whi ch the eno rmo us in terest geologi sts amo unt o f mi neral matter po ured i nto the A tl anti c is di st rib ut ed H e co ncl udes th at d epo sits tho usand s o f feet in thi ck ness are bei ng l aid do wn abo ut the mo uth s o f g reat rivers formi ng ex ten .
eade s ’
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s o n t t i e i c S c i e c i e S f fi
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p ril
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ions o f the t rue deltas and therefo re what appears to be a sub mari ne p rolo ngatio n o f the m argi n o f a co nti nent may in many cases be merely a sedi mentary d epo sit wash ed do wn fro m t he i nt erio r D r A l fredo D ug és w rites fro mGuanaj uato Mex i co th at o n the sth o f Feb ruary th ere fell at th at pl ac e ei g h t i nch es o f sno w It made a fine appearance c overi ng the t rees full o f l eaves and st upefiec the i nh abitants mo st o f whom had never seen s uc h a ° ° p heno meno n T he th ermo meter fel l to 4 and 5 C m s s s c a r c a n 1 di d s b r g P o f e o r O h idt r e i n t r a s u E S S 7 J who was di sti ng ui sh ed fo r his research es o n t urb ell ari an wo rms and spo n ges as well as several v al uabl e g eneral wo rk s W T T hiselto n Dyer has succeeded S ir Jo seph Hooker as di recto r of K ew gard ens
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P R OC EEDI N GS OF S CI ENTIFI C S OC I ETI ES — I B OL OG I C A L S ocmrv o p W asn mc rou Feb 20 M r R o my n — Hi tch co ck D emo nst ratio n o f the resolvi ng po wer o f a new 1 16 i nch obj ecti ve ; D r D E S al mo n and D r Th S mi th On a new method o f p rod uci ng i mmunity fro mco ntag io us di seases ; D r C V R il ey A carnivo ro us b utterfly l arva ; M r L ester F Ward T he pl ane t ree and its ancesto rs ; D r C H art Merriam Co ntri b utio ns to N o rth A meri can mammalogy I I D esc riptxo n o f a new spec i es o f A plodo nt ia ; D r Geo rge V asey N ew and recen t spec i es o f N o rt h A merican g rasses — N EW Y OR K A C A D E MY OF S C I ENC ES I A n ew el ect ri c wi ndi n g apparat us fo r c lo ck s (ill ust rated ) ; II On the need o f a no rmal ti me system for ob servato ri es P ro fesso r Joh n K R ees — Marc h L M rs A li ce D L e Plo n geo n read an add ress o n Y u catan its an ci en t tem pl es and pal aces T he paper was ill ust rated w ith n umero us l antern photog raph s tak en by D r and M ad ame L e Plo ngeo n d uri ng twel ve y ears o f st udy and ex plo ratio n amo ng the rem ark abl e mo n uments and scenery o f Y ucatan .
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—D W .
r Bosr ou S OC I ET Y OF N A T U R A L G Farlo w spok e o f the coll ectio n o f li chens recently p resented to the so c i ety by Ch arl es J S p rag ue, E sq , and M r S H S cud der di scussed the best method s fo r arrangi ng and cl assi fyi ng the lib rari es o f natural hi sto ry i nstit utio ns — March 3 D r Tho mas D wight read a paper o n the s ignifi cance o f the i nternal st ruct ure o f bo ne, ill ust rated by the stereopti o n
H xs ros v,
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— 10 A n
ascen t o f M ouuram C L U E Feb by Melanctho n M H urd T he C arter M o ri ah path
PPA L A C H I A N
Matterho rn
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mp by W G N o well ; A n ex plo ratio n o f the Pi lot range by W H Peck — Majo r Jed Hotchki ss add ressed the c l ub o n M o unt Feb t 7 R ogers the hig hest poi nt o f the A ppal achi ans in Vi rgi ni a
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THE
A MER
ICA V on
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N
NA
— MA xx .
T H E L I MITS
TUR
— 1886 No
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A L
IS T
5
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OF OR GA N IC EV OL UTI ON
BY 11
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C ONN , PH D
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vol utio n i mpli es a p ast a p resent and a fut ure S i nce the ti me of D arw i n the past and p resent o f the o rgani c world h ave b een st udi ed w ith the result of s ho wi ng th at the his to ry has been one of evol utio n H avi ng no w reach ed thi s con el usio n and h avi n sc ov ered many o f the l aws o f advanc em di nt e g i n livi ng n at ure we are getti ng i nto a po sitio n wh ere we may begi n to s tudy the fut ure It is the obj ec t o f thi s p aper to i ndi cate certai n li mits in develop ment toward whi ch the o rgani c wo rld h ave lo ng been t endi ng T he id ea o f evol utio n i mpli es th at th ere has b een a g rad ual ri se in the scal e o f o rgan i sms fro m the lo w est to the high est But wh en pal e o ntologi st s h ave attempted to sho w thi s g rad ual ri se by a st udy o f foss il s th ey h av e had muc h l ess s uc cess th an the th eo ry of evol utio n wo uld l ead us to exp ect Th at th ere has been a general advance fro mthe earli est fo ssil s in the S il uri an until n o w seems un uestio nabl e But i nstead of b ei ng the most pal pahl e result of st udy thi s advanc e 15 so ob scure as to cause s ur pri se to all who have attempted to mak e it o ut in detail D arw i n i culties ex p ressed his s urp ri se at the l ack of evidence and the d ifl h ave i ncreased rath er th an d ec reased si nce he w rote I n so me gro ups th ere has been an undo ubted ad vance the verteb rates fo r I n a majo rity o f in stance sho wi ng thi s in a mark ed man ner g ro ups howev er we do no t find it fo r while the an i mal s h ave not in any case remai ned ab sol utely statio nary the d evelop men t as a rule has c o nsi sted chi efly in the i nc rease and div ersity o f sp eci es It is a matter o f c o nti nual surp ri se to nat urali sts to and g en era H E theo ry
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V OL .
83
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The L imits of
Org anic Evolution
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o nstantly i nc reas i ng evid ence of the g reat diversity o f l ife With the advance whi ch must h ave ex i sted in the S il uri an era of o ur k no w ledg e of th ese earli est fo ssili fero us ro ck s new g ro ups Our are co n stantly b ei n g added to the al ready ex t en sive fauna k now l edge o f th ese ti mes is still v ery sc anty but even now we A ll o f the s ubk in g kno w th at the fauna was highly d ev eloped do ms of the ani mal wo rld were rep resented abo ut five si xth s o f the o rders and subo rd ers of the p resent ti me many famili es an d a few genera Beari ng in mi nd the necessary i nco mpl eten ess o f o ur coll ectio ns we must co ncl ud e th at thi s fauna co ntai ned rep al s now ex i sti ng resentatives o f a l arge p ropo rtio n o f the an i m N o r were the vario us g ro up s rep resented by th ese l owest ty pes T he C oel enterat a c o nt ai ned Hyd rozoa and A ctinozoa ; si mply amo ng moll usk s we find amo ng ec hi n od erms we find ec hi noid s ceph alopod s ; amo ng A rth ropoda were T rac heata in t he sh ape o f sc o rpio ns A nd whil e th ese types were n ot d ev eloped as highly as th ey are no w th ei r mere ex i st enc e is en o ugh to i ndi cate th at I f th i s al ready a l arge advance in the evol utio n had tak en pl ace is the case it b ec o mes pl ai n th at evol utio n si nce th at ti me has been al mo st enti rely c o nfi ned to the el ab o ratio n of the g ro up s then ex i sti n g N ow we are not at liberty to ass ume an i nd efi n ite amo unt o f ti me p rio r to the S il uri an Of co urse it is i mpossibl e to say j ust how lo ng a ti me el apsed b etween the o rigi n o f li fe and the S il u s h ard ly po ssibl e th at it co uld h ave e ual ed t he ri an but it seem ti me si nce th en But upo n evol utio nary theo ri es the animal ki ngdo mmust h ave developed d uri ng that period fro m the lo west un i cell ul ar co nditio n to the co mpl ex and diverse fauna o f the Wh en we co nsid er th erefo re th at duri ng thi s ti me all S il uri an “ o f the i m po rtant gro up s o f the ani mal ki ngdo m arose and that n o ne h ave ari sen si nce th at ti m e it b eco mes uite evid en t th at evol utio n must h ave p rog ressed with g reater rapidi ty at th at ti me th an it has si nce Thi s co ncl usio n is no new o ne fo r many nat u ralists h ave seen t he n ecess ity o f maki ng so m e s uch ass umptio n It will i ndeed be g enerally ack no wl edged th at evol utio n at ear li er ti mes was mo re rapid th an at p resent N ow it follo ws as a di rect res ult of thi s fact th at the evol utio n s is app ro ac hi ng an end and th at it w ill event ually o f o rgani sm cease I f the rapidity of evol utio n as a whol e has been decreas ing si nce the b egi n ni ng o f li fe it is evid ent th at un l ess so methi ng find
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I i t s [
very
doubtful whether there were any V ertebrata during the S ilurian
—Ed ] .
The L imits
c
oc urs
cea e s
to begi n
the
r n a i c v o l u t i o n O E f g
o
.
p ro cess over agai n evol utio n must eventually ,
.
l ead us to the c o nceptio n o f the ani mal ki ngdo m as not un li mi ted in the ex tent o f its d ev elop ment but as h avi ng a d efi n ite end Thi s may be mad e c l earer by t wo c o mpari so ns Fi rst co nsider the li fe o f any i ndi vid ual Thi s b egi ns with the fertilizatio n o f the ov um Fertilizatio n seems to endo w the ov um w ith a l arge amo unt o f vitality o r wh at has been call ed g rowth fo rce Thi s gro wth fo rce causes the ov um to b egi n to divide and g row with g reat rapidity and the ch anges whi ch take pl ace as the result o f thi s i nvigo ratio n are very g reat d uri ng the early m rst the r t h e d e v lop m e t B u i m e di a t e ly f r o m h e fi t o e n t t a f p rapidity o f thi s g ro wth b egi ns to d ecrease A s the indiv id ual b eco mes old er its rate o f g rowth beco mes l ess and l ess the invig o rati n g fo rce g rad ually ex pendi n g it sel f until fi nally a c o nditio n is reached wh ere no furth er g rowth takes pl ace For so me ti me n o w the an i m al rem ai ns in a state o f e uilib ri um b ut fi nally begi ns to go do wn hill an d di es A better co mpari so n stil l may H ere al so we find at the o utset a be fo und in the li fe of a t ree rapid g ro wth and advance very early the rapidly g ro wi ng st ems gi ve ri se to buds whi c h are to beco me the great b ranch es o f the c o mi ng t ree and in a v ery s ho rt ti m e t he sh ape o f the t ree is determi ned by the g ro wth A ll o f the l arg er b ranc h es h ave ap peared and th ey h ave al ready giv en ri se to many o f the small er But h ere al so the rate of g rowth di mi ni sh es and as the o n es Fi nally at a tree beco mes old er and l arger it g ro ws l ess rapidly It does not o f co urse c ertai n s ize its g ro wth p racti cally stop s It is co nti n ually p rod uci ng n ew l eav es ac t ually cease to g ro w n ew twigs ; old branch es are bei n g in s o m e pl aces ex pand ed in T here is th us a constant o th ers th ey are dy i ng and di sappeari ng c h ange and g ro wth taki ng pl ace in the v ario us parts but the h ree as a whol e has ceas ed n t m r o th t lo g e w o f t e F o r a 1 e r p g haps the t ree may remai n in thi s co nditio n but littl e by littl e the ss o f d ecay en cro ach es upo n th at o f g ro wth and fi nally the o c e r p t ree di es These ex ampl es are o f co urse si mpl e analogi es and it is a e m rd ed as applyi n g to the ani m a s h a r e a tio th y g l u n w f a r b e o e y q k i ngdo m as a whole but th ere are many facts whi ch i ndi cate t hat the hi sto ry o f the o rgani c wo rld as a whol e is parall el to the Th at the rel atio ns of ani l i fe of the i ndivid ual in part at l east Thi s
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mal s
in the wo rld
o th at expressed by a b ranchi ng t ree is now perfec tly d emonstrated T h at all o f the g reat b ranc h es o f thi s tree as well as many of the small er ones had made th ei r appearance at the ti me of our fi rst reco rd of li fe is al so p roved Th at evol ution s i nce that ti me has c o nsi sted c hi efly in the el abo ratio n o f th ese b ranch es by i n c reasi ng t h ei r divi sio n and the diversity of speci es an d small g ro ups is becom ing mo re and more evident Th at th ere has been a slowi ng up o f d evelop m ent in recent ti mes is a fac t whi c h is stro ngly fo rcin g itsel f upo n nat urali sts ; and the conc l usio n has fo und ex pressio n in the statements someti mes made that no new spec i es are ari s i ng to day or th at the p resent is a period o f c o mparativ e rest T he e general p ri nc ipl e is taught fro memb ry olo gy fo r v ery early sam in th ei r hi sto ry do emb ryos bec o me separated into the subki ng doms to whi c h they belo ng whil e mo re and mo re slo wly does the separatio n i nto the small er g ro ups tak e pl ac e A ll o f these fac ts t o get h er st ro ngly i ndi cate th at the i ll ust ratio ns used ab ove are in part real ill ust ratio ns and that the whol e ani m al ki ngdo m must be looked upo n as an i ndivid ual starti ng its histo ry wi th a vigo ro us g rowth whi ch is g rad ually expendi ng itsel f Wh eth er o r not thi s g ro wth will reach a li mit and wh eth er o r not i t w ill event ually cease so th at the ani mal ki ngdo m will di sappear it is o ur p urpose to co nsid er Th at the o rgani c wo rld is approac hi ng a li mit to its develop ment is a co ncl usio n whi ch does not depend upon any vague idea o f g ro wth fo rce fo r its suppo rt ; fo r a littl e tho ught upo n discov ered l aws will cl early sho w us that th ere must be a li mit to advance T he best d efi nitio n whi c h has ever been given of the g rad e of st ruct ure of ani mals is the deg ree to whi c h di fferenti a tio n o f o rgans is carri ed Evol ution as it tends to rai se the grad e als is co nstantly i nc reas i ng the amo unt o f di fferenti atio n o f an i m A d isti nc tio n must be mad e however b etween di fferenti atio n s and spec ializatio n Evol utio n so meti mes results in retro gre sio n and in th ese c ases di f ferenti atio n beco mes l ess rath er th an g reater Evol utio n do es no t th erefo re al ways p rod uce a g reater di fferenti atio n but in all cases even in tho se of ret rog rad e develop ment it do es p rod uce a spec i alizatio n of parts and we may rightly regard evol utio n in the ani mal ki ngdo m as a pro cess of speci alizatio n N ow it is plai n that thi s p rocess can not go on fo rever A low undi fferenti ated unspec i alized o rgan i sm are
to
be look ed
up n as
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The L imits
a i o n o u r c E v t i n l O f g
o
.
i nfi nite possibility in its li nes of speci alizatio n A si mple s ph eri c al mass o f c ell s the supposed c o mm on ancesto r of the a n i mal ki ngdo m may be mo dified in a v ery g reat vari ety of di rce t io ns each o f whi c h may give ri se to a di fferent ty pe o f ani mal T hi s po ssibility li es in the fact th at it is as yet un di fferenti ated a nd unsp ec i aliz ed But j ust as soo n as it does beco me modified in any o ne di rec ti on the po ssibiliti es d ec reas e S o me of the de s cendants o f thi s anc esto r b eco mi n g v ert eb rates are fo rev er pre c l ud ed fro m b ec o mi n g anythi ng el se ; oth ers b eco mi ng mol lusks must remai n moll usks fo rever with all o f th ei r descendants A nd as l ater d escend ants b ec o me furth er modifi ed in any di rec tio n i nto d efi nite types the c h anc e for fut ure modifi catio n bec o mes rapidl y less It is o nly the absol utely undi fferentiated wh ich has infi nite s s s o n s i o ibiliti e f r s s oo a s a i gl e s t e p i t n a n di r e c tio n n a n a s k e p y t h ey bec o me finite Now it is pl ai n si nce evol utio n does not retrac e its steps th at with ev ery step in ad vance the possib le li nes o f d evelop m ent beco me l ess and l ess A ll the descen dants of the verteb rat e li ne must c o nfo rm to the verteb rate type T he vert e b rate beco mes separated i nto fish reptil e and mammal and the i ndivid ual o f each gro up is still furth er fettered in its develop ment by the S pec i al li ne whi ch its ancesto rs h ave taken T he descendants of the an i mal s whi ch h ave started the o rd er of bi rd s They can develop to perfectio n th i s can no t tak e any new li ne type b ut there th ey must stop A nd so o n with every advanced ‘ s tep the po ssibiliti es o f ex p ansio n are c o nstantly dec reas i ng N ow a co nti nued spec i alizatio n o f thi s so rt is sure to reac h a limit event ually it must run to ex t remes and th en stop D evel o pment must reac h a pos itio n wh ere furth er advanc e is no lo nger e u s m ss L e t s u r e s r e x a o ibl ill t t thi p i ipl by o c t a r c e n e n a c e p l ve e A fi e a e n i s s c to d pp d g p e i liz d o hi h u c f m e a a e n n a e r w w p may c o nceive as modified in many di rectio ns I t may beco me a s n r r a n r s u n r n e t a pi g o g a ppo r ti g o g n r s m i g o g c o n a a w i m o r a g I n the g ro up to whi c h o ur rumi nants b elo ng thi s appen dage has b ec o me a s uppo rti ng st ruc t ure I n thi s same g ro up th ere has furt her b een a tendency to ri se upo n the to es in such a manner t h at i nstead o f wal ki ng o n the sol es o f the feet and pal ms o f the hands the an i mal s in uestio n walk mo re and mo re upo n the fi ngers and to es Wh en thi s peculi ari ty fi rst b egan to man i fest i tsel f the mammal s had five to es A s it b ecame mo re and mo re has
an
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1 T his
idea can be found fully
expressed in the writings of
Professor C ope
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The L imits
marked
a n i c r O f g
o
Evolution
.
ho rter toes were littl e by littl e li fted fro m the gro un d and became o f littl e o r no use I n successive ages we find the m s sho rt er to es b ec o mi n e e ll w hil e m iddl e o e b c o m a e t r h s t e g larger Thi s li ne o f speci alizatio n has co nti nued until it has reach ed a li mit in the ho rse whi ch has lo st all but o ne to e o n each foot and walk s o n the ex t reme tip o f thi s t oe N ow it is perfectly evident th at a li mit has b een reached in thi s case T he ho rse may perh ap s in the fut ure lose the r udi mentary spli n t bo nes whi c h still remai n b ut he can not lo se his l as t toe ; and it is th erefo re i mpossibl e to c o nceiv e any furth er d ev elop men t o f the ho rse in thi s di rectio n N o w the same p ri ncipl e will apply to all oth er li nes o f sp ec i alizatio n altho ugh we may n ot al way s be abl e to see wh at t hi s li mit may be Physi cal laws wo uld o f th emselves set li mit s to every li ne o f advance even if there be n o such li mit s determi ned by the o rgan i sm itsel f It is easy to find exampl es whi c h will show th at such has been the general hi sto ry o f g ro up s in the past S o me h ave reach ed the ext reme o f thei r d evelop ment in the di stant past and h av e c eased to advance o r di sappeared Others seem even now to be at the s ummit o f th ei r adv ance and oth ers still are yet advanci n g T he l in e of develop ment rep resented by the t rilobites has co m l e m n l u s i s e i h t d it l It pidly pp o h d s li it v e e x e s e a r c e t e n t a f r a a p y the S il uri an an d th en b egan to dwi ndl e away and has di sappeared c o mpl etely T he b rachiopods had al so at thi s ti me reached their point o f highest speci alizatio n and became a highly d eveloped g ro up even at thi s early ag e S i nce then th ey h ave remai ned statio nary as to th ei r o rgan izatio n havi ng steadily decreased in numbers and the few t hat are l eft sho w n o advance over the S i lu ri an fo rm T he ceph alopod moll usk s grad ually i ncreased in s co mplex ity d uri ng the Pal e ozoi c and finally a li mit of the shelled fo rms was reach ed in the ammo n ites o f the J urassi c and C reta M eanti me ceo us T he c ul mi nation was follo wed by ex ti nctio n a seco nd li ne o f d evelop ment b egan th at o f the naked ceph al o po ds and this has go ne o n advanci ng until the p resent ti me T he decapod C rustacea rep resent a gro up whi ch is even now near its c ul mi nation F ro mth ei r fi rst appearance in the Carbo ni fero us th ere has been a tendency toward concent ratio n o f o rgans toward A s thi s S peci alizatio n advanced the abdo men became the h ead all er whil e the h ead regio n b ecame l arger Fi nally in the sm c rabs whi ch appeared in the J urassi c everythi ng was co neen the
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The L imits of Org anic Evolution
l
.
i nto the h ead regio n ; the abdo men b ei ng littl e mo re than Evid ently we are h ere near a l i mit and we may a rudi men t lo o k upo n the crab s o f to day as the cul mi natio n o f the special line of d evelopment whi ch has ch aracteriz ed thi s li ne o f ani mal s T he v erteb rates in general h ave been co nti n ually ad vanci ng d uri ng geologi cal ti mes with a co nti nued i ncrease in S pecializa ultit ud e o f ty pes t io n and in m But even h ere th ere has b een T he ganoid s c ul mi nated in the t he same sto ry o f li mitatio n D evo n i an and h ave advanced n o fart h er One g reat li ne o f rep t i l es reach ed its li mit in the J urassi c A nd so every wh ere T he s t udy o f every g ro up teac h es th at the past hi sto ry has b een a u S m n r a d l p i liz tio w hi c h a pp r o a h e li m it I n y a a e c a n c s a a c a s s e g i n the past thi s li mit has b een reach ed and advance ceases ;w h i le i n oth ers ani mals are sti ll o n th ei r ro ad to ward it It is pl ai n th erefo re th at the evol ution o f the whol e animal Wi th k i ngdo m is slo wly but i nevitably app ro achi ng an en d every adv ance in di fferenti atio n the po ssibl e li nes o f d evelop ment decrease and si nce the act ual li nes follow ed are tendi ng to run t h emselv es o ut the whol e must event ually stop R ecog nizi n g th en th at th ere must be a li mit to advance we must next aslo the uestio n wh ether after thi s li mit is reach ed the an i mal ki ngdo m w ill b eco me ex ti nct ;wh eth er lik e an i ndivid ual it will die of old ag e A nd h ere we must di sti ng ui sh two ues Fi rst is it not po ssibl e th at ari mals whi ch h ave remai ned t i o ns unspeci alized d uri ng all ti mes S ho uld give ri se c o nst antly to new l i nes of d evelop ment and th us be a perpet ual so urce of new forms P S eco nd will the p resent g ro ups after reac hi n g th ei r cul mi nati on bec o me exti nc t or S i mply remai n statio nary P Th at th ere is a th eo ret i cal po ss ibility of the o rigi n of new N ew ty pes i e new li nes for specializa t ypes cannot be d eni ed But s uch n udit t io n can ari se o nly fro m un di fferenti ated fo rms Even the mo st feren tiated fo rms still ex i st in great n umb ers unspec i alized fo rm of all the uni cell ul ar an i mal s are ab und ant ss eno ugh and in all g ro up s we are ac uai nt ed w ith mo re o r l e n reaso n why e i liz d t p Th o ti lly th s r c a t h e r e s n o e n e r a e e e e y g any o f these fo rms sho uld no t ex pan d itsel f and th us fo rm an S o lo n g as the unsp ec i alized et ernal so urce o f new wo rld fo rms fo rms do not bec o me ex ti nc t we cannot d eny the possibi li ty of an i nfi nite n umb er of fut ure sub ki n gdo ms whi ch wo uld o f co urse make the ani mal ki ngdo man exampl e o f never en di ng evol ution t rated
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The L imits
But all
a n i c r O f g
o
Evolution
.
vidence i ndi cates that such a fut ure is p robab l y no t a p racti cal po ssibili ty ev en tho ugh as far as we can see it may be a th eo reti cal o ne A ll biologi cal st udi es poi nt st rong l y to the co ncl usio n that i nst ead o f several poi nts o f o rigi n the an i mal ki ngdo m has had o nly o ne T he subki ngdo ms h ave n o t arisen i nd epend ently fro m the P rotozo a but h ave all had a co m mo n ancesto r the gastrula and thi s means th at o nly on ce has the uni cell ul ar fo rm giv en ri se to i mpo rtant li nes o f mul ticell ul ar d escend ants Tho ug h the l enterata stand very near thi s r m s i itiv e u n p c i liz d o m th r i s vid n c th t it h a s t h a a e f r e n o e e e e e e p po wer o f furth er di fferenti atio n but o n the c o nt rary all tends to sho w th at wh atsoever di fferenti atio n o f th i s S i m pl e type ever did take pl ac e to giv e ri se to the s ubki n gdo ms o ccurred before the S il uri an S i nce pala o ntology sho ws us th at no new g reat ty pes h ave ari sen si nce the S il uri an it is plai n that all o f the expan sio n o f the si m pl e un i cell ular fo rm must have taken place b efo re the S il uri an A nd c o mi ng th ro ugh the later ages wefind evid ence the same in its teno rs T he c o ncl usio n every wh ere seems to be that wh en a generalized fo rm has given ri se to o ne o r two li nes o f develop ment it eith er di sappears o r loses its po wer to o rigi nate new fo rm s Every step of pal aeo ntol ogy carry i ng ex i sti n g g ro ups farther and farth er b ack in the g eologi cal ages adds fo rce to thi s general co ncl usio n Every bit o f evid ence whi ch i ndi cates a fundamental unity o f the a n i mal ki ngdo m testifies to the same Witho ut uestio ni ng the th eo reti cal possibility th at any o r all of the ex i sti ng mo re o r l ess unspeci alized fo rms may in the fut ure develop we must ack no wl edge th at the p robability is agai nst it N othi ng in hi st o ry i ndi cates that th ese gro ups retai n po wer t o ex pand and th ere is th erefore no reaso n fo r thi nki ng it a poss i bility in t he future R ememb eri n g wh at a l arge n umb er o f gro ups we are l earn i ng to t race back to the S il uri an remember ing th at d evelop men t has Co nsi sted in the l ater geologi cal ages si mply in the ex pansio n o f g ro ups app eari n g lo n g b efo re we must co ncl ude th at the power o f the undi fferenti ated fo rms to ex p an d i nto di fferent li nes of develop ment di sappears very early in th ei r hi sto ry Whil e th en we cannot deny the possibil ity o f an i nd efi nit e fut ure dev elop ment fro m the ex i sti ng generaliz ed types it is certai nly i mp robabl e th at any new g reat g ro up s w il l Man seizi ng upo n the l ast undi fferenti ated faculty the ari se i ntell ect is developi ng t hi s to ex treme and wi ll p robably be the last type to app ear o f o ur e
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1886
3
q
tion c o ncerni ng the p robability of the vario us i s o t n n u n a o p s b o m i ti c t r hi g th i c u l m i tio r n e e n e r r e c x f t a c n a e g g s o easy to an swer It is certai nly po ssi ble to c o nceive o f th em as remai n i n g s tatio nary at th ei r culmi natio n neith er d ev elopi ng furth er no r bec o mi ng exti nct Undo ubtedly the hi sto ry o f t he i i l z a a a s e s c w s m o f s t ho th t g o u p r c h e s x t e r a f t e n r e a n e e a r a a p p y tio n it do es no t remai n statio nary fbut b egi ns to decrease in n um bers finally to di sapp ear But the number of g ro up s whi ch h ave th u s beco me ex ti nc t is not very g reat and it is a uestio n wh ether it i s j usti fiabl e to c laim th at th ey really represent a general ten den cy It is c ertai n that di st urbi ng causes whi c h have acted in the past to p rod uce ex ti nc ti o n will g ro w less and l ess in the fut ure We can see that ex ti nctio n in the past has been due to the i nability o f th ese ex treme fo rms to adap t themselves to new c i rc umstances with suffic ient readi ness Of co urse when all of es o ur p resent g ro ups sh all h ave d eveloped th em selves to ex trem they too w ill be unabl e to ad apt th emselves to new c o nditi ons and wo uld do ubtl ess b ecome ex ti nct if t hey were call ed upo n to meet adverse circumstances But it is an ac k nowl edged fact th at re for w e h s e l n y i c c h l pid th th y a h m e s s r a n o w a c a n e s r u e a p g merly and th at th ey are co nstantly di mi ni shi ng I f thi s is the case the develop ed ext rem es o f the fut ure w ill not be call ed upon t o meet such ch anges in c o nditio n as tho se whi ch h av e i n d uced ex tin cti on in the past ; and th ey may even th en be abl e to un d erga such slight modifi catio ns as will enabl e th em to meet the s light ch anges in co nditio n M o reover in the past ex ti ncti ons have very generally occ urred because ani mal s h ave b een unab le to c o nten d w ith the new and mo re vigo ro us fo rms whi ch were capabl e of a mo re rapid modifi cati on than the older ones But as we h ave seen the n umb er o f po ssibl e new fo rms is co nstantly dec reasi ng an d the ti me mus t c o me wh en it is no lo nger po ssible fo r new fo rms to ari se to c ro wd the older o nes out of ex i stence W it h almost statio nary physi cal conditio ns and wi th no new ay be th at the an i m al ki ngdo m is app roac hi ng a con rivals it m d itio n wh en for reas o ns whi ch we h av e seen it cannot advance an d wh en th ere will be nothi ng to cause ex ti nc tio n and it w il l t h erefo re remai n statio nary Th ere is o ne new c o ndition however whi c h is to have a pro d igio us i nfl uence upo n the evol utio n o f the fut ure T he influ p uted but it ence o f man o n the ani m al k i n gd om can not be c o m T he seco nd
ues
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The L imits
a u o r n i c E v l n o t i O f g
o
.
p robabl e th at in many respects it will be a death blo w t o its evol utio n Man is rapidly cau s i ng the ex ti nctio n o f al m ost all l and an i mal s at l east the l arger o nes A s the fro nti ers o f c ivili zation are b ei ng ex tend ed furth er and furt h er i nto the un i n habited regio ns he is d rivi n r animals u f r e i t l g o t o x e l f a n e s e c a l t h e o g and many o f the sm all er o nes W e h ave o nly to look ah ead a co mparatively short ti me to see the ex ti nctio n o f all land ani mals ex cept suc h as man may p reserv e fo r his own use To wh at ex tent thi s may apply to oth er an i mal s to i nsects mari ne an i mal s etc is no t cl ear But in the hi g h est gro up o f an i mal s the v erte b rates it is p retty cl ear th at man is event ually to b ri ng abo ut not o nly the end of advance but al so the p racti cal extermi natio n of all an i m al s ex cept s uc h as he espec i ally p reserves With all o f th ese consideratio ns togeth er it seems perfectly pl ai n th at we must look upo n the evol utio n o f the an i mal ki ngdo m as d efi ni tely li mited and app roachi ng an end T he ten dency o f spe c ialization to advance t o ex t reme li mit s the i mpo ssib ility o f the furth er adaptatio n of th ese ex t remes to new co nditio ns the S ig n ificant fact th at n o new fo rms of i mpo rt ance h ave ari sen duri ng all the l ater geolo g i cal ages the g reat i n fl uenc e o f man in causing ex termi natio n of all so rts o f an i mal s all th ese poi nt to the same J ust as evol utio n b egan in ti me so it will end in ti me and end we must look upo n the an i mal ki ngdo m as p rogressi n g to ward a li mit Wh en this li mit is reach ed eith er there will follo w a g rad ual ex ti nc tio n th ro ugh a di mi nutio n o f vital po wer o r if t h i s be no t the result a statio nary co nditio n will ensue in whi ch s uch ani mal s as man has l eft in ex i stence will remai n un modifi ed unti l t he p rog ress o f phys i cal ch an ges makes thi s wo rld no l o n ger h abitabl e is
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A
ncient
A NCI EN T
R
och
I
nscri
n s t i o p
in Eas ter n D akota
.
OCK I N S C R I PTI ONS D A KOTA
R
IN
EA S T ER N
.
BY T
H
.
.
L EW I S
.
l b t d map of I N N i coll et of the H ydrog raphi ” cal bas i n o f the Upper M i ss i ssippi riv er p ubli sh ed by the U S Government in 184 5 appear fo r the fi rst ti me two st range names in Eastern D akota n ot far fro m the so urces o f the M i n ne s ot a riv er T he fi rst is Wahiy an H urpi (o r th und er s—no t light — n ing s nest ) pl aced abo ut thi rteen mil es n o rth west o f the foot m s o f L ak e T ravers ; and the oth er is Wahiy an O e w il e a f e y west o f the h ead of the same l ake T he ro ut e follo wed by N i col let ho wever did not pass by eith er pl ace so he must h ave put them do wn fro m the general descriptio n of his g uid es as he makes no mentio n o f th em in his tex t It is o f the l atter locality wel l k nown by its t rans l ated e uival ent of Th und er Bi rd s — — s Track that thi s arti cle o n acco unt o f the i nc i ed ro ck s th ere treats ; togeth er w ith an oth er ro ck o f lik e ki n d in the neigh N the
ce e ra e
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borhoo d
.
mo nth
g t 1883 I was engaged in t he survey o f the sep ul ch ral t umuli fo rts and oth er earth wo rk s o f Big S to ne an d Travers l akes and th us bei ng b ro ught i nto the vi c i n i ty o f the uestio n too k the oppo rt unity affo rd ed o f maki n g care ro ck s in ful trac i ngs of the pi ctog raph s th ey sho wed co nsideri ng th em o f much arch aeologi cal i nterest Th ese trac i ngs h ave b een red uced by pantog raph to o ne eighth the size o f the o rigi nals and d raw ings th us mad e fro m th em acc o mpany this sho rt acco un t o f the ” track ro ck s T he fi rst di ag ram sho ws the pi cto g raph s co n stit uti ng Th un ” as th ey are eng raved o n an i rreg ul ar sh aped der Bi rd s Track ro c k located s o m e six mil es west and a littl e no rt h of the v il l age o f Bro wn s V all ey M i nnesota an d w ithi n the li mits o f t he S i sse T he ro ck to n and Wahp eto n reservatio n o f D akota Territo ry li es o n the summit o f a hill whi c h c o mman d s a good vi ew of the c o unt ry tho ugh there are oth er hill s in the vi ci ni ty whi ch h ave a reater altit ud e i s abo ut th ree and a h al f feet in d iam d It t e r e a n g the ch arac t ers are g roov ed in its s urface to abo ut o ne fo urth o f T he g rooves are for the mo st part very an i nch in d epth It will be seen however th at th ese fig ures do not mak e s mooth very g o od bi rd t rac ks and I thi nk th at th ey mo re p rob ably rep I n the
of
A
u us
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A
ncient
R
I
och
mj otions in Eastern D akota
ns
M a [ y
.
,
t h uman h ands For c o nveni ence of reference the separate c h aract ers are n umbered on the di ag ram and may be th us desc rib ed 1 and 2 R ep resen t h and s pl ac ed in di fferent po sitio ns w m ho s h d s i n c o b i tio t a S w o n n a n 3 I f a s o n o n d e s c r ipt s h a p e 4 6 s a f i n r n d A r e do u bt dly m e t h n d a s th e i o u t l e s u n a n a r e o 5 can be i mi tated in sh adow on the wall by p lac i n g o ne s ow n h ands in the p roper po sitio ns I r e s e s n f e r n a oth o d c r ip tho gh po tio it s e n n s t u r o t n a r e a 7 p h an d T he oth er ro c k is k no wn as Th under Bi rd s T rack s Brother — that is a b roth er to the t rack and is sit uated abo ut tw o miles east of his eld er on the S lope of a terrace b orderi ng the valley o f the M i nnesota river A s wil l be seen on c ompariso n the di ag rams ill ustrati n g the two roc k s are enti rely di sti nct fro m each oth er in res pect to the shapes o f t he c h arac ters and by n o means bear o ut the c lose rel atio nsh ip bet ween the localiti es im pli ed by the names the I n d ians have given th em T he i nsc riptio ns o n both ro cks are apparently very anci ent and it is ex t rem ely do ubt ful wh eth er the p resent I ndi an s or th ei r i mmedi ate predecesso rs (the Cheyennes had anythi ng to d o with carvi ng th em I mad e i n ui ry as to any traditio ns th at might be curren t amo ng the D akota I ndi ans on the reserve co ncern i ng th ese rocks and obtai ned c ertai n mythologi cal info rm atio n no w c on c isely stated Thund er Bi rd is said to h ave had his nest on a high mo und whi c h was co mposed of sti cks and b rush and was s it uated so m e ten mil es n o rth west o f the foot of L ak e T ravers in the cen ter of a deep wid e g o rge One day th ere was a g reat sto rm wh ich flooded the whol e c o unt ry Th under Bi rd in his anger at h avi ng been d riven from his nest by the ri si ng waters flew away and — alighted o n thi s ro ck Wahiy an Oy e whi ch was the onl y pl ace no t c overed by water and left the i mp ressio n of his feet there On subse uently looki ng fo r p ri nted rec o rd s o f thi s t radition the fi rst acco unt I c o uld find o f it was in the sh ape o f a sho rt poem fro mthe pen o f an I n di an trader of 182 3 W J S nel li ng m s n f h m r o o w n n ili r y o r ho Fo t lli g d t t a f fi c e a f t e S e w s n m a a r e e ( ) resen
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Variation
in Trees
and
S hrubs
.
ppeared in Gri swold s Po ets and Poet ry o f A meri ca and has b een rep ri nted in M r N eill s hi sto ri es T he l ast stan za but one has di rec t reference to the ro c k I h av e h ere fi rst desc ribed and runs th us
w hi
ch
W a e r t f
o
’
a
’
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,
mountain h eight T he fi rst and worst o f stem s abode For movi ng in his fearful might A hmad the God bego tten strode A far on yon der faint blue moun d I n the horizon s utmost bo und N o t lo ng
upon this
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A t the first stride his foot he set arring world The j
S tranger ! the track R
VA R IA
mains upon
confessed the shock . of
the living
e
TI ON OF WA T ER BY D
T hunder yet
.
rock.
IN
TR
EES A N D S
H R U BS
.
P PEN HA L L OW
.
.
mo unt of water whi ch highly lignified pl ants contain r r a u a s n n n f r w ti c l ly i fl d by o a o ditio g o th a u e e n d c n a s n c e s o p obvio usly bears a mo re o r l ess i mpo rtant rel atio n to physiologi cal p ro cesses i ncident to gro wth and most c o nspi cuo usly to those w hi ch emb race the mov emen t o f sap S t udi es rel ati ng to the mec h an i cal movement o f sap in early sp ri ng at o nce suggest the uestio n as to ho w far th i s is c o rrel at ed to g reat er hyd ratio n o f I t was the ti ss ues at the ti me wh en thi s mov ement is st ro ngest w ith a vi ew to ex hibiti ng thi s rel atio n mo re cl early th at d eter minations of moi st ure in a l arge n umber of woods rep resenti ng gro wth of one an d also of ten y ears coll ected at di fferent seaso ns T he range of seaso ns was not as co mpl ete were mad e in pt was made to formu as c o uld h ave been d es i red and no att em l ate a general law appl i cabl e to thi s uestio n Wi th a vi ew to ex t ensio n o f d ata in thi s di rec tio n additio nal es ti mates were un dertaken in 1882 and it is the obj ec t of the p resent pap er to co m bi ne all the res ults th us obtai ned togeth er with suc h oth er facts HE
a
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W
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S C lark .
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A gri culture o f Massachus etts, p
.
28 9
.
Variation of
Water
in Trees
and
S hrubs
.
h ave co me to o ur noti ce and see how far th ey i n di cate a gen eral law Th eo reti cal co nsideratio ns l ead us to i nfer that if th ere is any vari atio n at all the hyd ratio n o f st r uct ure must be g reatest d uri n g the p eriod o f activ e g ro wth and l east d uri ng the perio d of res t H o w far thi s is suppo rted by the facts will appear in wh at fol lo ws
as
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H Y D R A T I ON
OF
D EA D WOOD
q
.
I ncidentally to the mai n uestio n spec i mens of dead wood d ep rived o f the bark an d rep resenti ng an age o f fro m fo ur to eight y ears were col lected and the moi st ure d etermi ned Whi l e o ne o f th em were in an advan ced state t he b ranch es were d ead n o f d ecay so th at the c o ntai ned water c o uld not be regard ed as th at of active d eco mpos i tio n but si mply that whi c h wo uld be readily retai ned in the li fel ess air d ri ed sub stanc e as ex po sed o n T he results obtai ned fro m fi fteen s peci es of t rees t he t ree b e n h r a n e s ho wed an ex t rem e v ari atio n o f e r c e n t e g i t g p h ra n f T m e n e r c e t to r n t w t r e a hyd fro m e c o a e e p p e r e n T h t c e t io n obtai ned fro m th ese d etermi natio ns was p r es ults appear in the follo wi ng tabl e ,
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H Y D R A T I ON OF D EA D
D etermined
A cer saccharinum A melanchier can aden sis Betula alba lutea len ta C arpin us americana C u tan ea vesca C ydo nia vulgaris C ornus seri cea Pin us stro bus Pyrus malus Pru nus serotina l a b a e r u s c u Q T sug a canadensis Ulmus american a
at 100°
WOOD C
.
.
Variation of
H Y D R A T I ON T he S peci mens
Water
OF
in Tr ees
WOOD mon
and
L
S hrubs
.
I V I NG
TR EES
.
pon whi ch the p ri ncipal facts in thi s pap er are based were coll ected as sectio ns o f livi ng b ranch es rep resenti ng o n the o ne h and g ro wth o f two y ears and o n the oth er h an d the ro wth o f fo ur y ears h r s t e a h u s r e a n a obvio o th t b k o r F t e g c o uld n ot be p roperly separated fro m the wood with any deg ree o f uni fo rmity it was l eft o n in every case so th at in all t he d eter minations h ere given the resul ts S ho w the co mbi ned percentage o f water in wood an d b ark Obvio usly thi s gives a result whi c h d iffers materi ally fro m th at whi ch wo uld be obtai ned if the wood an d bark were c o ns id ered sep arately A l so whil e care was tak en no t to c ol lect spec i men s in whi ch the d ead bark was st ro ngly develop ed th us securi ng as g reat uni fo rmity as possibl e the very fac t t hat t he bark was p resent as wel l as the certai nty o f its vari a bility in st ruct ural c h aract er an d th us al so in hyd ratio n as col lected even fro m the same sp eci es at di fferent seaso ns rend ered Thi s will do ub tl ess certai n vari atio ns in the res ults unavoid abl e ap pear upo n exami natio n o f sp ec ifi c cases b ut erro r fro m thi s s o urce is red uced to a mi n i mum in the agg regat e so th at the mean results in vi ew o f all the p recautio ns tak en may do ubtl ess be accepted as co rrect F ro m an exami natio n of the follo wi n g results it w ill app ear t h at co mpari ng the yo un g g ro wth with the old er w ood the per c en tag e o f wat er is so m eti m es g reat er in one so meti mes g reat er in the oth er co nfo rmi ng to st ruct ural peculi ariti es of the S peci es an d the rel ative p repo nd erance o f mo re o r l ess st ro ngly hyd rat ed ti ss ue T he mean results ho wever cl early show w h at we migh t i nfer upo n th eo reti cal g ro unds viz th at in the yo ungest g ro wth as al s o in the sap w ood the p ercentage o f water is high er by two n r c e n i n t h t th a e old e r g r o w th w h h h t w ood i e i s e r t e e r n e a p Thi s is fo und to hold t rue in the mean results rel ative ex cess n o t o nly fo r each seaso n but al so for all seaso ns ; in the fo rmer case ho wever the di sp ropo rt io n sho wi ng a vari atio n fro m r cent to e r c n t e e p p u
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Variation o f I f we nex t
in
q
Water in
and
Trees
S hrubs
.
i
i to the rel atio n whi ch seasons bear to the contai ned water we will observe that the percentage conti nual ly ri ses fro m the mid w i nt er period until S p ri n g and th at it agai n fall s fro m the clo se o f summer to the mid wi nter period T he ext reme vari atio ns as ex hibited in o ur fi g ures S how between h t e February and S eptember a diflerence of n t e r c e f r o p r n yo ungest growth and e c e t o th t hi h i s old e f r a w r c p u re n
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M EA N H Y D R A T I ON OF WOODS D etermi ned
at 100°
ss t
C
year
.
.
.
ad
year
.
1s t
year
s t
.
d year
.
Our fig ures al so i nd icate th at the max i mum hyd ratio n of th e ti ss ues must occ ur either in S eptember o r at so me period i n ter mediate to thi s mo nth and A p ril By graphi c rep resentatio n O f these results it will beco me possibl e to determi ne with appro x i mate accuracy the true period at whi ch thi s max i mum is reac h ed T he fig ures sho w th at fro m Feb ruary to A p ril the rate o f per centage i nc rease is much mo re rapid t h an the rate of p ercentag e d ecrease fro m S eptemb er to D ecember showi ng th at the max i mum must fall nearer the fo rmer th an the l atter period A p roperly c o nst ruct ed curve will sho w all o f th ese rel atio ns By reference to the acc o mpanyi ng di agrams it will be seen th at the curves fo r both yo ung and old w ood run nearly p arall el but th at th ey tend to app roac h at th ei r greatest dep ressio n or the mid wi nter p eriod and to mo re widely separate at th ei r g reates t altit ud e d uri ng the sp ri ng period It is al so seen th at fro m mid wi nter to sp ri ng the curve ri ses rapidly and reach es its g reat es t el evatio n abo ut the l ast o f May fo r the yo un g wood th at whi ch is old er po ssibly reach i ng its max i mum a few d ays l ater Fro m thi s ti me on the curve descends at a mo re g rad ual rate until D e cem ber wh en it s udd enly d rop s to its mi n i mum d ep ressio n whi ch ev id ent ly o ccurs in J an uary .
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Variation o f FantoDs
Water
FOR
in T r ees and S hrubs
.
C ES S A T I ON
or
GR OWT H
.
pon th eo reti cal g ro unds the ti ssues c o ntai n most water wh en the growth is most ac tive data whi c h w ill enab le us to acc urately fix the l i miti ng period s fo r the seas o n s g ro wth wil l l h av e an i mpo rtant b eari ng upo n thi s uestio n M r W E S tone accepti ng the c o m pl etio n of termi nal \ b ud s as marki n g c o mpl e tio n o f the lo ngit udi nal g ro wth fo r the enti re year has obtai ned the follo wi n g data as establi sh i ng the li miti ng p eriod s o f g ro wth ’ ° fo r the l atit ude o f West Poi nt N Y 4 1 2 3 N A
s
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JUNE A cer
saccha ri n urn ru bru rn
A u elan chier
Ca ry n
alba
L
Wang
.
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t sr
.
alba
Quer cus
.
L
Willd
bicolor
.
can adensis
Gray
T orr
.
.
.
l a M i c h x m o n t i r o m e s v p
N utt
ri
.
S ambucus M
Fr ax in us
.
anu r icana
L
”
( was
mer icana sh/a
.
Michx
.
.
JUNE
1sr n
.
L in der a benzoin M eissn Carpin us
meri can a Michx
a
.
.
L
a
fi Populus trern uloides Michx
L
anser ican a
Tili a
.
Michx
en:
.
M oms r ubra L
.
.
.
Ost ry a virg in ica Willd
.
y
ug b ns n ig r a
L
Prun us
.
.
191 n .
meda I tgmtr ina M uhl A ln us in can a Willd n dro
L
-
JU L Y
A
cer asus
Ny ssa nt ulhfi or a W ang S taphy lea trifolia L
.
.
.
.
I ND ET ER M I NA T E PER I OD .
A
a } u i i a i h x o n u o l d M c f / p q q i
ns
R hus sp Vit ir sp
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l ength h avi ng ceased at th ese periods the energy th en b ec o mes di rected to the lignification of o f the pl ant t i ssues and the d epositio n o f reserve materi al fo r g ro wth the Th ese c h anges however of nec essi ty i nvolve followi ng year a co nti nual d ec rease in the c o ntai ned water T he data above also pl ete th ei r lo ngit udinal sho w th at the majo rity o f pl ant s c o m g ro wth withi n the fi rst six week s of the g rowi ng seaso n ; th at most of these co mpl ete th ei r g ro wth in fro m th ree to fo ur weeks ; and th at as the seas o n advances the n umber o f pl ants sti ll g ro w ing rapid ly di mi ni sh es until the middl e o f J uly aft er whi ch ti me there are l eft but few those b ei n g p lants like the grape w hi ch co nti n ue to g ro w until arrested by severe cold Growth in
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Bull T orrey Bot C lub, xi t, 8, 83 .
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D omestication of the Griz zly Bear
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n s i n c n c n w n g ph i c r p r s t tio n th c h g o e tio it h e n f a e e a o e s e e r a A the curves o f hyd ratio n will enabl e us to determi ne t he relatio n tion o f ti ss ues Thi s co mpari son o f g rowth an d seaso ns to hyd ra will sho w most c o nspi cuo usly th at th at period at wh ich g ro wt h fo r the seas o n is c hiefly termi nated is nearly coi nc id ent with the period o f max i mum ti ssue hyd ratio n the fo rmer bei ng but five o r ten days l ater th an the l atter Fro mthe fo regoi n g facts the follow i ng appear to be the general l aws l st T he hyd ratio n o f woody p l ants is no t c o nstan t fo r all sea so ns and d ep end s upo n c o nditio ns o f g ro wt h 2d T he hyd ratio n reac h es its max i mum d uri ng the l atter p art o f M ay or early J une and its mi n i mumd uri n g the mo nth o f Jan uary w i i n Hyd tio n s g r e t t i n t h e s a w ood l e a s t th a t h i c h d r a s a e 3 p is older m e a n i s r r e s c t t hyd tio di c tly c o l t d to o t tiv r s r e a h a t e e r a e G 4 g rowth o f the pl ant ; lig nification and sto rage of starch and oth er p rod ucts bei ng co rrel ated to di mi ni shi ng hyd ratio n Th ese facts apply o nly to latit udes lyi ng between N ew Yo rk For oth er l atitud es certain modifi catio ns might be and Bo sto n n ecessary ,
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:o :
D OM ES TIC A TI ON OF BY
T H E GR I ZZ L Y BEA R
JO
H N D EA N C A T ON, L L D .
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bears is amo ng the mo st widely di strib uted g ro ups of the uadrupeds and is rep resented by a number Th ey occupy the pol ar regio ns o f the no rt h of livi ng speci es and the t emp erate an d to rrid regio ns o f both h emi sph eres S o me are of eno rmo us st rength and fierceness oth ers are di mi nutive Nearly ev ery spec i es has and co mp aratively mild in di spos itio n been h eld in captivity in co nsid erable n umb ers yet o f th ei r ad ap tability to do mesti catio n but littl e of real sci entifi c val ue has been written an d I thi nk I may add but littl e is k no wn for the want o f j udi cio us ex p eri ment and careful ob servatio n Th ey are so meti mes met with in the st reets in vario us co untri es ex hibited by st reet show men who h ave taught th em vario us amusi ng t ri c ks evi nc i ng c o nsiderabl e i ntelligence and do c ili ty H E family
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D omestuation o t n i s a h e s B e r G f ly '
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th ese are generally of the s mall er and mild er spec i es and but little o f th ei r t rai ni ng o r do mesti catio n has been rec o rded T hose whi c h h ave b een ex hibited in gard ens o r menageri es as a g eneral rul e are merely h eld in c o nfi nement and not in do mes ticatio n so th at little can be l earned fro m th em o f th ei r ad apta b ility to co mpl ete subj ec tio n to h uman c o nt ro l Thi s can o nly be l earned by lo n g co nti nued ex peri ments and ob servatio ns und er favo rabl e c i rcumstanc es by those whose tastes and i ncli natio ns fit th em fo r the task “ My attentio n was call ed to thi s subj ect by readi ng the A dven ” t ures o f J ames C A d ams who was a cel eb rated h unter o f C ali fo rnia who seems to h av e had a geni us for capt uri n g and do mes t icating wi ld an i mal s A mo ng oth ers he fai rly do mesti cat ed uit e a n um b er o f the gr1zzly bear (Ursus ferox L ewi s and Cl ark) wi t h co m pl ete success Thi s is the l arg est and fiercest k no wn o f all the spec i es and it migh t be ex pec t ed the mo st i nt ractabl e o r n usub missive to h uman co nt rol yet suc h appears not to h ave been the b ut
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c ex pe i me caught tak en i
T he fi rst spe imens
t d
with were two
c ub
over a n e a r w n e e e w old h hi gto T ito y b t rr e n n n e r s W a y L ewi s and Cl ark s fo rk of the Col umbi a Th ey were b roth er and s ister ; the latt er was retai ned by A d am ents s and his ex peri m were princ ipally cond uc ted on her whi ch he call ed L ady Wash ” i ngton S he seems to h ave been the mo re tractabl e and s ubmis s iv e T he mal e he part ed with to a fri end after he had received b ut the rudi ments of his ed ucatio n A t fi rst th ey were c h ai ned t o trees near the camp fire and res i sted all attempts at famili arity and ki ndness ; th en severity was ad opted until th ey fi nally s ub m itted S oo n after the mal e was parted with and we h ave no account O f his subse uent career T he femal e was al way s after treated w ith the ut most ki nd nes s and in a few month s became as t racta b le as a dog S he followed her master in his h unti ng exc ursio ns fo ught fo r him with o ther gri zzl ies and saved him fro m the e s r e a t t r il s e g p S he slept at his feet aro und the camp fire and took the pl ace O f a mo st vig ilant wat c h dog H e taught her to carry b urdens w ith the do c ility of a mul e and as she grew Up her g reat st rength enabled her to rend er him g reat ass i stanc e in thi s way A nother bear of the S ame spec i es he capt ured in the S i erras in n e
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D omestication
f
o
the
Griz zly Bear
M a [ y
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Cali fo rn i a befo re its eyes were open and rai sed it on a grayho und b itch in co mpany with her o wn pup Thi s he call ed Ben Frank lin and p roved mo re do ci le even th an the fi rst H e never fo un d it necessary to con fi ne in any way thi s speci men but he was allowed to ro am and h unt with his fo st er b roth er the g rayho un d They were i nseparabl e co mpanio n s and seemed to h ave as much affectio n fo r each oth er as if th ey had b een o f the same spec i es Befo re he was ful l g ro wn wh en his master was attack ed by a wo unded g rizzly he joi ned in the fight w ith s uch fero c ity as to sav e his master s li fe and tho ugh he was sev erely w o unded in thi s c o ntest with careful nursi ng he survived and ever after sho wed as muc h c o urage in attacki ng his o wn sp ec i es as if he had n ot met with thi s severe p uni sh ment H e seems to h ave had l ess c o nfid enc e in L ady Washi ng to n fo r she was generally kept c h ai ned d uri n g the n ight and wh en o n the jo urn ey tho ugh allo wed to follo w free w h en o n the h unt Thi s may be ex plai ned by the fac t th at she was over a year old wh en capt ured whil e the oth er never had any taste o f wi ld li fe Wh en she was ch ai ned up near the camp fire in the R o cky mo untai ns she was vi sited several nights by a large w ild bear whi ch her mas ter refused to di st urb and s he in due ti me bo re a c ub whi c h g rew to m at uri ty under the t uitio n o f her ow ner an d whi c h he call ed F remo nt whi ch he says mani fested co ns id erab le intelligence and sagaci ty but not e ual to th at o f his dam o r t o his favo rite Ben F rankli n It is to be reg retted th at exact dates are no t giv en fro m whi ch we can d et ermi ne p reci sely the perio d of gestatio n but by co mp ari ng all the d ates th at are given it may be stat ed p rovi s io nally th at that period was ni ne mo nths It has been stated by good autho rity that no i nstance has b een k no wn o f any member o f the bear family h avi ng b red in do mes t icatio n and thi s is the o n ly i nstance wh ere I have fo un d suc h an event reco rd ed o r h eard it st at ed Our autho r rai sed many o f th ese ani mal s but generally dis posed of th em befo re they reached mat urity but he gives us n o parti cul ars ex cept in th ese two i nstances H e fo und the bl ack hear wh en rai sed in camp as readily do mesti cated as the grizzly and as fo n d of his so ci ety follo wi n g him abo ut the camp and th ro ugh the wood s with fidelity an d attach ment ,
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It is certai nly interesting to ob serve how co mpl etely the savage nat ure o f th ese fero c io us an i mal s was overc o m e in tho se whi ch w ere bo rn in a w ild state and it wo uld be i nteresti ng to k no w what modifi catio ns might be made in succeedi ng generatio ns by d o mesti catio n an ex peri ment w hi ch co uld o nly be s uccess fully t ri ed under favo rabl e c o nditio ns whi ch do not ex i st w ith the reat n umber o f an i m m n l s f thi s g e n u h ld i n c o n fi n e e t o s o e a n w g I may remark h ere a wid e difl erence in the efl ect o f do mesti ca t io n upo n the di spo sitio n o f thi s an i mal and many oth ers w hi ch in the wild state sho w no fero city but o nly ti midity Take the C ervid ae fo r i nstance wh en b ro ught up by h and ; th ey lo se all fear o f man th ey d ev elop a wi c ked ness and fero city never man i fested in the w ild state ; w hil e the bears so terribl e w h en uh tamed sho w do cili ty co nstancy and affecnon w h en b ro ught i nto c lose familiarity w ith man They seemto appreciate his ki ndness and care and repay it with attach ment and devotio n whil e the o th er c l ass o f an i mal s whi c h are n ot fero cio us by nat ure seem t o be enti rely unapp rec i ative o f ki nd ness o r at l east seem i ncapa ble o f c o nti n ued perso nal attac h ment to the h and th at feed s th em When I fi rst read M r A dams advent ures I co nsid ered it an interesti ng ro ance or at l east th at it was l arg ely emb elli sh ed by an i ngenio us i magi natio n but U po n i n ui ry in S an Franci sc o I met reli abl e perso ns who had k nown himwell and had seen him s n ro ugh the st reets o f th at c i ty follo wed by a t roop o f i g th s a p t h ese mo nst ro us g rizz ly b ears unrest rai ned w hi c h paid no t the least attentio n to the yelpi ng dogs and crowd s of c hild ren w h ich c lo sely follo wed th em givi ng the most co ncl us ive p roo f o f the s n deed th ey were so well t rai ned t do c ility i I e c f h m a l r f t e a n e o p th at th ey obeyed i mpli c itly thei r mast er s every wo rd or gest ure in the mid st of a c ro wd ed c i ty with s urro undi ngs whi ch we might s uppo se wo uld h ave aro used th ei r native fero c ity if th at were e co n o ibl o f t h m st careful i n vestigati o n I becam s s e A e r t e p vinced of the reli ability o f the narrative and as the fact s o ur autho r gives are i n teresti ng to sc i ence I vent ure to rep eat th em reg retti ng ho wever th at he d id n ot app rec i at e the great val ue o f his ob servatio ns si nce he might h ave given us mo re parti c ul ars whi ch must h ave co me under his observatio n ; but so it is t hat a o rity o f tho se who h ave good Oppo rt uniti es for observ vas t maj ing do not k no w how to ob serve j udi c io usly or do not reco rd thei r observatio ns ,
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On the N ature and Orig in of the Mr A
S
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co u
Kent
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of
S an R afael , Cali fo rni a, who fo r
many years
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h eal th spent several mo nth s each year in camp li fe in the mo untai ns pri ncipally h unti ng the deer i nformed me th at he o nce p urchased a co upl e o f cubs o f the g ri zzly bear whi ch he took i nto camp w ith him One of th ese p roved very d oc il e and tractabl e and seemed fo nd o f his attentio n and soc i ety and us ually sl ept co ntentedly at his feet T he oth er seemed po s sessed o f a much mo re vi cio us di spo sitio n and he was obliged to kill it Possibly this might h ave been overco me by patient care and j udi cious t rai ni ng Th ere is no do ubt th at di fferent di spo sitio ns among th ese ani mals as amo ng most oth er may be met with M r Kent s observatio ns ten d in so me deg ree at l east to co n firm tho se o f M r A d ams May we no t hope that so me one with the nec essary taste and p roper fac iliti es will try ex peri men ts and g ive us the b enefit o f thei r observatio ns P A co mpl et e mo nograph of any o ne of o ur spec i es of b ears und er all co nd itio ns wo uld be a val uabl e additio n to o ur zo O log i cal literat ure on
ac
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of
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ON T H E N A
OR I GI N
TU R E A ND
S PI R A L
TH R BY A
EA .
S
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OF T H E S O CA -
OF T R A CH EE
D
PA C K A R D
L L ED
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H I L E we owe to P ro fesso r 0 Bii ts chli the di sc overy o f the mode o f o rigi n an d mo rpholo gy of the t rach ea whi ch as l he has shewn ari se by i nvagi natio ns o f the ectobl ast ;th ere bei ng o rigi nally a si ngl e l ayer o f epiblasti c cells co ncerned in the fo rma ’ tio n o f the trach ea ; we are i nd ebted to Pro fesso r A Weismann ” “ fo r the di scovery of the mode o f o rigi n of the inti ma fro m t he epibl asti c l ayer o f cells fo rmi n g the p ri mitive fo und atio n o f the t rach eal st ruct ure We are al so i ndebted to Wei smann for the di scovery o f the mode o f o rigi n of the termi nal t rach eal cell s Wei smann did not observe the earli est steps in the p ro cess of fo rm atio n o f the sti gma and mai n t runk o f the t rach ea wh i ch Biitschli afterwards cl early described and fig ured Wei smann ho wever th us describes the mode o f d evelop ment .
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Entwiclt lungsgeschichte der Bi en e
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D ie Entwiclt lung der D ipteren imEi
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Zeit wissen Zoo logie, xx, 5 19 , Zeit W issen Zoolog ie, 10 11, 1863 .
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1870 .
“
so- called
S piral Th
a T t r / m e f q
ead
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ma ; after desc ribi ng the cell s desti ned to fo rm the peri membrane he says : T he l umen is fill ed with a c l ear
o f the inti
t o neal
fluid
,
l dy sho ws a defi nite bo rd er in a slight thi ckeni ng o f the cell wall next to it “ V ery soo n thi s thi cken i ng fo rms a thi n st ruct urel ess inti ma w hi ch passes as a d eli cat e do ubl e li ne alo ng the c ell s and sho ws its depend ence o n the cell s by a so rt o f adh erence to the ro und ed s id es o f the cell s (T af V I I 9 7 A a 6 e) Th ro ugho ut the mass as the i ntima thi ckens the cell s lo se th ei r i nd epend ence th ei r wall s p ressi ng togeth er and coal esc i ng and soo n the co ns iderably en larged hollo w cyli nd er o f the i nti ma is s urro unded by a ho mo n e e u f s u s r o s l a y e r o a ti s e w ho e o r i gi n o m ll i s og n iz e d c e e c s f r g o n ly by the reg ul ar pos itio n of the ro unded n ucl ei (T af vu fig B ) 97 Th en as soo n as the wavy bands o f the i nti ma enti rely dis appear and it fo rms a st raight cy li nd ri cal t ube a fi ne pal e c ross str i atio n b eco m es noti ceabl e (vxx 9 7 B int) whi ch fo rms the well kn own spi ral th read a struct ure whi ch as L eydig has s ho wn po ssesses no i nd ep end ence but ari ses m erely fro ma parti al t h ickeni ng o f the o rigi nally ho mogeneo us i nti ma Mey er s idea that the spi ral th reads are fi ssures in the i nti ma t e f r is di sp roved by the f a e n r d u c d by h e e t c o a i a c t th t t h ro e a n p H ence the sp i ral th read s are p resen t lo n g b efo re the air enters correctness of L eydig s vi ew based o n the hi stologi cal st ruct ure ed by the emb ryolog ical develop ment o f the t rach ea is co nfi rm an d the old idea o f th ree memb ranes whi c h bo th M eyer and ” M il ne Ed ward s maintai n must be given up W ei smann al so c o ntend s that the el asti c memb rane beari ng the spi ral t h read is in n o sense a p ri mary memb rane not co rre spo nding hi stologi cally to a cell ul ar m embrane On the con t rary the perito neal memb rane co mp ri ses the p ri mary el ement al l est o f the t rach ea ; it is nowh ere ab sent but envelop s the sm bran c h es as well as the l argest t run ks o nly varyi n g in thi c k ness whi c h in the emb ryo and the yo un g l arva of M usca stands in relatio n to the thi ckness o f the l um en T he trac h ea th en c o nsi s ts p ri marily o f an epith eli al l ayer the ” rito neal mem n h b e o r t e i n v gi n t e d e pibl t o m thi s l y r e r a a a f r a a s e p an i nti m a is secreted j ust as the ski n or c uti c l e is sec ret ed by the hy pod ermi s We may call the perito neal memb rane the ecto trachea the inti ma or inner layer d erived from the ectotrachea and a rea -
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On t he endatraehea ;
the N ature and
Origi n qf the the
to show th t ll ed spi ral th read is n ot spi ral in arrangement but si mply thi ck eni ngs o f the en dot rac h eal memb rane p arall el to each oth er not necessa se rily co nti nuo us n or arranged in a spi ral mann er For th e chiti no us b and s we w o uld suggest the name ta nidia (Greek littl e hands) Our ob servatio ns h ave been made o n the l arva o f a spec i es o f D atana whi ch was pl aced in al cohol j ust b efo re p upatio n w h en t he larva was in a semi pupal c o nditio n and the l arval ski n c o uld be readily st ripped o ff: A t this ti me the ectotrachea o f the l arva had und ergo ne hi stolys i s n othi ng remai ni ng but the molted en dotrachea rep resented by the ta nidia w hi ch lay loo sely withi n T he ectotrachea o r perito neal mem the cavity o f the t rach ea b rane o f the p upa was meanwhil e in p rocess o f fo rmatio n ; the n ucl ear o rigi n o f t he ta n idia was v ery app arent and it was th ei r ap pearance whi ch led me to ex ami ne the o rigi n and mod e o f ” d evelop ment of the so call ed spi ral th read and to endeavo r to trace its rel atio ns to the inti ma (en dotrachea) and perito neal mem b rane (ectotrachea) Fig I is a lo ngit udi nal sec tion thro ugh a seco ndary t racheal b r a n c h sho wi ng the o rigi n o f the we
h0pe
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so ca -
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circular c
b an ds
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hi t in o us
or
ta nidia
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pi eces of six ta nidia w hi ch h ave been molted ; ectr are t he n ucl ei fo rmi ng the o uter layer the c ell ul ar ectotrachea o r peri memb rane to neal L o ngi tudinal section o f a trachea showing F16 L — s e n ud e' send e ig i o f the ta nidia or so called piral th ead the l o n g sl end er pro lo ngatio ns aro und the i nsid e o f the p erito neal memb rane ; th ese p rolo ngatio ns as may be seen by the fig ure b eco me the ta nidia T he ta nidia b ei ng closely app ro x i mate gro w tog eth er mo re or l ess and a thi n endotrach eal memb rane is th us p rod uced of T he w hi ch the t a nidia are the thi ck ened b and l ak e po rtio ns endot rach eal memb rane is th us d erived fro m the ectotrachea or A t t
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or
Th
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—
so ealled
S piral 77tread
Tf acheca
f
o
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i mitive t rach eal memb rane and the so call ed spi ral th read is fo rmed by parall el thi c keni ngs o f the n ucl ei co mpo si ng the sec o nd ary l ayer o f n ucl ei and whi c h b eco m e fill ed with the chiti n secret ed by th ese elo ngat ed n ucl ei T he middl e po rtio n o f the ta nidia i mmedi at ely after the molt is cl ear and t ransparent w ith ob scure mi nut e gran ules whil e t he n ucl ear base o f the cell is
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fill ed
l
as us ua
cleo lus
wi th ab und ant
g ranul es
o
i
and c nta n a
,
distinct
'
nu
.
T he o rigi n
of
the ta n idia is al so well
likewi se a lo ngit ud inal s e c t i o n o f a trach ea at the po i nt of o rigi n of a b ranch T he p e r i t r a c h e a l memb rane or ec to trach ea (ectr) is co m n s e d o f l r g e r a u o a p g lated nuc lei and w ithi n are the mo re transparent endo trach ’ are eal cell s ; at t frag ments o f the molt
s
ho wn by Fig
.
whi
2,
ch
is
o
.
FI G
.
2
.
Origin of the ta nidia
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process of develop ment at t ; at b ase th ey are seen to be g ran ul ated n ucl ei with o ften a dis ti nct nuc leol us and sendi ng a lo ng sl ender t ransparent poi nted se unite to fo rm the rach ea h e f t e r ss lo g i id o t Th oc e a n t h e n s e p chitinous bands o r so call ed spi ral th reads h ave fo und to be separate i nd ep endent solid T he ta nidia T he ri ng s mo re or l ess parall el and i n d ependent o f each oth er beli eve to be an opt i cal ill usio n ent s uppo sed spi ral arrangem T he ta nidia o f a mai n b ranch st op at the o rigi n o f the small er branch es and a new set b egi n at the o rigi n of each b ranch Thi s fac t al so s ho ws co ncl usively th at the c hiti no us band s are not N o r do the ta nidia at the origi n of the b ranc h pass en spi ral t irely aro und the i ns ide o f the perito neal memb rane ; in the ax il s th ey are sho rt separate S pi ndl e shaped bands T he ta nidia are usually thi n flat b ut o ften slightly co ncavo c onvex the hollow looki ng towards the center of the t rachea I have been unable to find any fo rmi ng i nco mpl ete hollo w ri ngs o r s n u e r n d to fig d u e a tub ules like the pseudot rach ea o f the fl y g ed ta n idia
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T he
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N ature and
2 44
Origi n of the so called S piral Thread “
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c ibed by P ofe o G ct io f the ta idia i
M a [ y
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ms to me th at the fun n o n s lik e th at o f the cartil ag ino us ring s o f the t rach ea o f vert eb rates i e to keep the air passage open so A ll t hat the air may pass to the cell s at the end o f the trach ea the fig ures o f the s pi ral th read hith erto p ubli sh ed I b eli eve to be inc o rrect I n Guyo n s wo rk o n Pater penetrans th ey are repre sented to fo rm a loo se spi ral and so th ey appear at fi rst g lan ce under a lo w po wer in the trach ea o f the co mmo n flea of the cat But on clo se exami natio n in an ex cell ent preparation the so called spi ral th read is a seri es of i nd epend ent parall el ta nidia the spaces between th em b ei ng wider than usual I n Fig 3 fro m a prepa des
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S tigma and trachea of Pnlex
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tion ki ndly p resented to me by M r J usti n S pauld ing a repre s ents o ne o f the fi rst abdo mi nal S pi rac l es and the t rach ea ari s i n g fro m it ; 6 the fi fth ; and c o ne o f the l ast abdo mi nal spi rac l es an d its t rac h ea Wh en the t rac h ea bend s o r c o n trac ts in di ameter the t a nidia beco me l ess parall el and a spi ral appearanc e is p rod uced I n the l ast pai r the ta nidia are remote fro m each oth er I n a p reparatio n of o ne set o f the salivary gl and s fro m the head of the ho ney bee given me by Mr S pauldi ng the c ommo n d uct is much like a t rach ea h avi ng si mil ar ta nidia and h ere they are ob served to be parall el i nd epend ent bands T he sectio ns o f D atana were mad e fo r me by P rofesso r H C Bump us of Olivet Coll ege ra
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T hus far I find
spirals o f the
myself unable
ro r e p p
trachw
I n his
ture o f the T rachea of I
(A M ER N u n,
strafed
nsects
the true nature of the
.
crenulated
are
the ta n idia are really tubular
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Pro fessor G
to agree w ith
Macloskie that the
ma
thick en ings o f the i nti
valuable and sugg estive article, .
m
xv
seudo trachea of p
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”
or
that
T he S true
I believe he has demon
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the
fly
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H is
ms of C hun s am un able to
criticis
’
figures I believe, i n the main , to b% co rrect, but thus far I l s s f t h a h l fi s u r e o f h i i convi nce m t e x t r n a e n d i a t a t e e t n the figure he copies e y from C hun , whose orig inal essay I possess, is really such it appears to be a n ew
views an d
min
ta nidiu
r f o e ss o c p
formatio n previous to
molti ng
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EDITOR S E D I T OR S :
In
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PA C K A R D A N D E
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C OPE
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i ssue of J une o f l ast year we referred to certai n ns o f mem c o nditi o b ership o f the N atio nal A cademy o f S ci ences “ in t he follo wi n g terms : I n the i nterval b etween the annual meeti ng s of 1884 and 85 two members o f a co mmittee appoi nted t o i n vesti gate a uest io n afiecting o n e o f the b ureaus o f whi ch t h ey th emselv es are employees were re uest ed t o resig n fro mthe c o mmitt ee by the chi ef o f the b ureau in uestio n Thi s was in ent can o bedi ence to a rul e th at a depar men t o f the Gov ern m n ot be criti ciz ed by its subo rdi nates It re ui res no arg ument t o s ho w th at if thi s r ul e be carri ed o ut with reference to the A cademy o f S ci ences its useful ness as an i nd ependent body is at an end Th ere is al so anoth er danger whi ch flo ws di rectly fro m t he same o r a si mil ar attit ud e o n the p art o f h ead s o f b ureaus Th ese gentl emen by filli ng up the acad emy w i th th ei r employees Thi s wo uld be im c an ob tai n p racti cal co nt rol o f i ts d ec i sio ns mensely Co nveni ent to th em under vario us ci rcumstances but it w o uld i ntro d uce an el ement o f co rrupti on i nto the academy fro m whi c h it has been hith erto h appily free and w hi ch w o uld d ep rive ” it o f the respect and co nfi dence o f the co unt ry I n the case first ci ted the b ureau s act io n wo uld i ndi cat e an app reh ens io n o f ho stil e criti ci s m p erhaps j udgi n g fro m the ch ar acters o f its empl oyees who had b een appoi nted to i nvestigat e I n t he l att er case reference was mad e to a case wh ere the b ureau c o ncerned did no t as k its employ ees to res ig n si nce it evid ent ly d id n ot fear any adverse repo rt as a res ult o f th ei r i nvestigatio n I n t hi s case so me o f t he memb ers of the co mmi ttee appoi nt ed by t he presid ent o f the academy to co operat e wi th the co mmittee o f Co ng ress in the i nv estigatio n o f the sci entifi c b ureaus were em re are a good loy e d by s o m f h b u r u s high s a l r i e s Th e a e o e e t a a t p many men who under such ci rcumstances w o uld be unabl e to t e r n o rc e n n s f n t h m n s r a f e iv i y h g d i i t tio h i a e c e s r e s i a t e o c a n e p y b ureaus T he positio n of the acad emy in rel atio n to th ese matt ers altho ugh at p resent unavoid abl e is to say t he l east o f it unfo rt u A nd the s i t uatio n o f its members is red uced to utter h elp nate l essness in co nsideratio n o f the manner in whi ch co mmittees are Th at is th ey are appoi nted ap oi nted and are permi tt ed to repo rt p i n the i nt erval o f the academy s meeti n gs by t he p res i dent alo ne ake th ei r repo rts witho ut the sup ervi sio n o r criti ci sm o f the an d m o ur
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d my whi ch o nly h ears o f th em at the nex t meetin g as a mat ter o f hi sto ry ! T he academy is th us made respo nsibl e fo r any repo rt th at a co mmittee o f paid em ployees o f a depart ment may T he s it uatio n is s uch choo se to m ak e respecti ng th at b ureau t hat no memb er of the academy can wi sh it to c o nti nue T he refl ectio ns whi ch the wo rld can j ustly m ak e o n its po si tio n o ught n o t to be po ssibl e A s a remedy fo r thi s fundamental evil we p ropose the fo llo w ing ch anges in the co nstit utio n o f the acad emy : I N ot mo re th an o ne h al f o f the memb ers o f the N atio na l A cademy sh all be paid employ ees o f the Govern ment 2 T he p resident o f the academy sh all be select ed fro m t ho se memb ers who are no t paid employees o f theGo vernment v o f a G m m t e s e n o Co i t e s l t d to po i e c y e c e r t h e e f fi c r o t n e 3 ern ment b ureau s h all no t emb race any employ ees of that b ureau d T t n a n h e c m m s e t h r e o i h ll l d by p id t e e s e s a b e c t t e s e e 4 co unc il whi ch sh all al so app rove t he repo rts o f co mmitt ees be fo re th ey are sent to Co ng ress o i a x o T e h m m e e rs o b e f h o il u c h s t e c u n w o c h o a r e n t 5 fl s h all be sel ected fro m the di f ferent cl asses hf the academy as to l lo ws One fro m the anth ropo logi cal cl ass ; two fro m the b iolog i c al two fro m t he physi cal and o ne fro m the appli ed cl as s 6 Fo r co nv eni ence o f reference and sel ectio n t he memb ersh i p o f t he academ y sh all be divid ed i nto fo ur classes as fol lo ws : A nth ropology emb raci n g philo sophy p ure math emat i cs an d an th ro ology in the li mi ted sense ; Biology i ncl udi n g the p biolog i cal sc i ences and psy chology ; Phys i cs i ncl udi ng ast ro n om s c s c m e s hy i h i try and geology wi tho ut pala ontolo gy ; p y an d A ppli ed sc i ence T he p ropo rtio n o f memb ership o f eac h s ho uld be 1 c p p p p c n d 1 c c a 5 35 35 5 I n r d r e t a t h e memb ers o f the academy shall be mo re o r o h t 7 l ess i ndep endent o f Go vern ment pl aces they sho ul d be sal ari ed ; $ 1000 per an num for memb ers ; $ 1500 for members o f th e co uncil an d $ 000 for the p res i dent — C 5 aca e
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:o :
R E C EN T L
IT ER A TU R
E
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T ue A N NA L S or me C A K C H I QU EL S l — T he Cak chi uel t ribe o f I ndi ans fo rms o ne o f the mo re interesti ng po rtio ns o f the Maya sto ck o f C en tral A meri ca t h ei r t erri to ry ex tends at p resen t fro m L ake A ti tl an, S o uth ern Guatemala, to the east and th en ce to the so uth do wn to the Pacifi c T he rui ns o f th ei r fo rmer center and .
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T he A n n als of the Cahehzqn eb’ T he o rig inal text, w ith a translatio n , n o tes an d in trod uctio n By D A N I EL G BR I N T ON, M D Philadelphia, 1885 8vo , V I an d ' 234 a e s F o r m s N o 6 o f the editor s L ibrar o f A bon inal L i terature p g ( y g ) '
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R ecent L iterature .
I m l n i s m h i t a n u a e x c h é a r e it t d i D e p t n t o f a t h e n m e a r e C , , m w n a e o u rs u c a i g to th i g i lt l p it to h lthy li t O e r a r c u r a u s h e e t g an d the co nse uent density o f pop ul atio n, th ese I ndi ans, as well as so me oth er Maya natio ns , d eveloped a high er c ult ure, mat eri al an d mental , th an many oth er neighbo ri ng pop ul atio ns o f S o uth ern M ex i co , Ho nd uras , etc Many t racts of Guatemal a co ntai n sc ulpt ures and architect ural remai ns o f th ese gi fted t rib es , attest ing no mean d egree of civilizatio n , and thi s th ey must h ave ac ui red by slow p rog ress lo ng b efo re the S pani s h co n uest U nder the S pan i sh do mi natio n several o f the mo re enligh tened I ndi ans appli ed th emselves to gath eri ng and writi ng do wn the l egends and hi stori c t raditio ns o f the people, moved by pat riot is m and by the d es i re of p reservi ng th ei r natio nal anti uiti es One o f th ese mo n ument s is t he Pop ul V uh, wri tt en in K iché ; an o th er is the book n ow b efo re us w o rded in C ak chi uel , a dia l ec t difiering fro m Ki ch e abo ut as much as S pan i sh does fro m Po rt ug uese T he man uscript was call ed by Brasseur de Bo ur ” bo urg , Mé mo ri al de Tecpan A ti tl an but D r Bri nto n has sub ” “ s tit ut ed the mo re app rop ri ate titl e, A nnal s o f the C akchiq uels T he origi nal fo rms a vol ume o f fo rty eight l eaves o r n i nety six pages, i ntended to figure as a do c ument in a l awsuit to reobtai n o r secure l and ed p roperty b elo ngi n g to the an c i ent family o f t ribal rul ers the Xahila Thi s l egal i nst rument i ncl ud ed in its pl ea the full hi sto ry o f the t ribe and the genealogy o f the Kahi l a fa mily, to make th ei r c l ai m mo re v alid , and it had sev eral mem bers of th at family fo r its autho rs Th ey wrote it in A titl an in the o urse of the s i xteenth cent ury , and o nly the hi sto ri c o r fi rst por tio n o f it is p ri nted in the vol ume befo re us T he p rec io us man usc ript be ame the property o f the l ate A bbé Brasseur, and with his coll ectio n fi n ally passed i nto the hands of M r A lpho nse L Pi nart, who loaned it to D r Bri nto n fo r p ubli catio n A ssi sted by natives the l earned A bbé had made a tentative French transla ti o n of the doc ument , and in p erfecti ng it he was materi ally ai ded by the th en ex tant S pan i sh t rans l atio ns of so me sel ect po r tio ns T he do cument is auth enti c and o f h igh eth nog raphi c L et us n ow ex ami ne ho w D r Bri nto n has ac ui tted him val ue sel f o f the tas k o f ed i ti n g, transl ati ng and co mmenti ng it T he mi ssio nary , F de la P arra who di ed in ( 560 i nt rod uced i nto the Cak chi uel alph abet five un S pani sh l etters o r signs to 1 so unds These o cc ur c ut rep resent certai n o f th at di al ect al s o in the X ahila manusc ript ; Bri nto n rep ro duces fo ur o f th em, Th ese bold , bl a k faced haracters no ren d eri ng the fi fth by ts do ubt i mpart to the book an air o f erudi tio n ; but D r S toll in his g rammati c sketch of Cakchi uel repl aced them by apostrophed e A t any c o nso nants, and D r Bri nto n mig ht h av e do ne the sam rat e it is p uzzli ng to see th at th ey do not appear al so in the o f th ese e r nam s h s n p li h t l tio opp o it f e n n n s r s o e o t E r a a e e g p
pital
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S o unds followed by vor .
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a short stop of the voice. 30
R
M a [ y
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l etters the cuatrillo Bri nto n often t ranscribes by q but wh en he s ho uld wri te Baqahola he writ es Bag aho/a (p Cak chi uel nev er became a literary l anguag e in o ur sense o f the t erm and co nse uently its o rthog raphy was n ev er regul ated by anythi ng lik e steady p ri ncipl es I n the A nnal s the o rth o g raphy 13 abo ut as unsettl ed as can be N ow in editi ng text s o f thi s descriptio n the fi rst thi ng to do 13 to adopt sci entifi c p ri nci pl es d ed uced fro m and co nsi st ent w ith the ch aracter o f the lan g uage ; to i nt rod uce a co rrect logi cal p unct uatio n to separat e the p refi x ed p ro no uns fro m t he1r v erb s o r n o uns if separable to mak e c o mpo und w o rds co nspi cuo us as such at sight and to un ite the ten se and mod al s ign s w ith the v erb i nto o ne wo rd On the lower marg in the editor has to indicate all the reading s of the orig inal for which he introduces emendations acco rdi n g to his syst em into the text Of a si mil ar p ro ceedi ng Bri nto n has no co nception w h at ever fo r he rep rod uces the mo st fl agrant in co ng ruent ies w hi c h ev ery school boy might eas ily c o rrect in his tex t Th us he chu writes : q ui hi and in oth er pl aces ui hi their names (p I x imche and Y x im kahibal and chukahibal at the setting (p e o f the cap 1tal wi th the old fashio ned S pan i sh y fo r ch ee (nam m a n ari i nst ead o f q a ri and the p a n d y o t h e r i p y ( i nstances s uflicient to perpl ex the st udent Besid es thi s Bri nton has al so do cto red the man uscript by i nt rod uc i n g t ex t readi n gs I felt mysel f free o f his own fo r in the i n t rod uctio n (p 6 3) he say s : to exerci se in the p ri nted page nearly the same freedo mwhi c h I find ” in the man uscript H e d id so undo ubtedly no t o nly in the I n di an tex t but al so in F rench uot atio ns fro m Brasseur in w hi ch he sho ws hi msel f fearfully at vari an ce wit h the accepted F ren ch On p 206 the accent uatio n : p 19 7 an d still mo re o n p 206 t ermf orm/re is tw i ce written l euvre N eith er has the p roo f read ing been tho ro ughly attended t o ; p 16 8 we find Y ax o ntik and in the t ransl atio n Y ax o nk ik ; p 107 V oo kaok a p roper name e i or n t h e whi ch is sp elt voo k aok o n p 1 10 ;p 66 mahaniok be ; f vo cab ul ary the same term is spelt mahanick A fter all thi s we are no t much s urp ri sed at the p unct uatio n of the I ndi an tex t fo r wh ere th ere is and o ught to be a p erio d in the t ranslatio n Bri nton o ften has a co mma o r nothing at all in the tex t On p 66 paragraph th i rd is s ubdivided i nto 1 1 o wh ere he has 1 2 3 in the t ransl atio n It takes j ust as much ti me to s t udy Bri nto n s freedom syst em o f ed i ti ng and as he c al l s it his ” in the p ri nted page as it does to ac ui re the w hol e o f the C ak chiq uel l an g uage whi ch can not by any means be called a v ery ,
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Whil e professi ng to di sagree in many passages with the A bbe s t ranslatio n the merits o f whi ch he oth erwi se fully ack nowl edges the edito r someti mes attempt s a better o ne and gives his motives fo r doi ng so i n the N otes pp 19 5 20 8 Bei ng th us b en t o n cor t eet i ng he neverth el ess ren ders ix kaqahol (p 6 7 and o ften) by ,
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wh en the co rrect sense is : y ou our children Ou pp 17 6 177 he o mits in the t ransl atio n the whol e sentence : toh x bokotah chiga el Qeche vinah because he co uld no t find in his di ctio nari es the o rigi nal fo rm o f the v erb x bo ko tah L ik e w i s e are o mit ted fro mthe t ran sl atio n o ppo s ite the wo rds rahpop ac hi I g ich a nd the counselor I g ich N o g ap o r empty s pace was l eft in the t ransl atio n to remi nd the reader o f an o mi ssio n as fai rness w o uld h ave p ro mpted every c o mmo n sense edito r t o do ; n eith er do Bri n to n s N otes gi ve n oti ce o f any o mi ssio n h avi ng b een mad e co nscio usly S t udents co n fiding in the tr anslation alon e might t hus g et c h eated o ut o f v ery i mpo rtan t fact s stat ed in t he I nd i an o rigi nal It wo uld be i nteresti ng to find o ut ” w h eth er Bri nto n mad e any s uc h o mi ssio ns fro m the o rigi nal al so ; in th at case passages wo uld be l eft o ut in t he t ex t as well as in t he t ranslatio n I n co mpari n g the small co mpass o f the vo cab ul ary co ntai ned ‘ — in pp 209 2 2 7 with the b ulky t ex t , whi ch hold s no t less th an s i x ty p ages, o ur c urio s ity b eco m Fo r es aro used to so me deg ree ho w co uld the l arge n umb er o f t erms co mpo si n g the t ex ts b eco me enclosed withi n so s mall li mits, altho ugh th ere is a sep a rat e i ndex fo r p rop er nam es F urth er exami nat i on eas ily reveal s the fact, th at vuo o , voo ”fi ve a n umeral o ften o ccurri ng in the t ex t , is not in the vo cab ul ary ; ahauh, r uler , is th ere but the verb to r ule, o f whi ch x ahauar (p 87 ) is a co nj ugatio nal fo rm, is not th ere ; we fail to find th ere petebal, navipe o no hel, g auel (the onth o f the tex t f r o m 1 i m a fi itio t n ame o f a m o r t h d e n 5 O e n f p ) Tok 1s p robably the same ted, t ho ugh referred to in the N otes ‘ as tak tho ugh we g et no i nfo rmatio n o n thi s poi nt ; g ana (p t ho ugh t ransl ated by g lorious, is no t reco rded T he di fferent fo rms o f o ne w o rd p rod uced by alternatio n o f so und s are referred to in a few i nstances o nly I n vi ew o f thi s negl ect to enter all the words o f the t ex t i nto the coll ecti on, w hi ch Bri nto n was bo und to do , we understan d why he used the term vocabulary and n o t the o th erwi se mo re app rop ri ate term g lossary to desig nate it Fo r the c o mp reh ensio n o f a t ex t in a fo reig n l ang uage we nat urally h ave to enli ght en o urselves o n its grammati c el ements S upposea read er gets hold o f the A nnal s in so me remote co r n er o f R ussi a o r I n di a and w i sh es to st udy th em n o t fro m the bot hy t ranslatio n o nly , but fro m the t ex t itsel f, he fi n d s no ch ap ter o n the g rammar o f Cak chi uel in the vol ume, ex cept o n pho neti cs, but is referred by Bri nto n to the Grammar whi ch he ” T he chi ef el ements of i nfl ectio n at l east s ho uld be h as fo r sal e o ntai ned in the book , as p refi x es, s uffi xes, verbal i nfl ectio n , w o rd co mpo sitio n, etc Of all thi s we fin d i n cidental noti ces in ” t he N otes, but nothi ng th at co uld serve fo r g rammati c g uid ” Bri nto n s above mentio ned o nsi sts of two Grammar ance ars unit ed i nto o ne vol ume, o ne o f the seven teenth o ld g ramm Th ey will p rove o f ent ury and t he oth er o f the eighteenth oh
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h elp to st udents undoubtedly but of wh at help th ey w ill be can be gath ered fro m a remark o f D r Otto S toll who studi ed the to ng ue on the spot H e states (Z ur Eth nograph ie Guatemal as p th at Cak chi uel possesses th ree tenses o nly and th at the th ree o r fo ur oth ers giv en by the S p an i sh mi ssio naries do n ot ex i st but w ere s ueez ed o ut o f the n ativ es by t he appli catio n o f L ati n mo del s T he v erb lok (p 14 6 ) whi ch s uppli ed para dig ms to the unfo rt unate g rammati c attempts o f the P adres to c o nj ugate amare to love does not signify to love at all but to pur T he v erb to priz e to hold dear to esteem is n ot as fal sely chase r O ot d by i to p lok k o toll p u r b t l o n u e B n S j( q ( did the l an g uage ch ange as much as th at withi n the last tw o h un d red years ? I n the I nt rod uctio n p 9 the edito r states th at the th ree M aya s t he ui ch e natio ns mo re clo sely rel ated to the C akchiq uels : the Tz ut uhil s and the A kahals d welt respectivel y to the west the so uth and the east o f the C ak chiq uels H ad he look ed up the matter in S toll s map and in the map o f the Grammar published by himself he w o uld h ave n oti ced th at the K ichés l ived and s till live upo n a muc h l arg er t errito ri al ex t ent no rth west an d partly so uth o f the C akchiq uels and that t he Tz ut uhil s are en c losed o n all ex cept the western side by Cak c hi uel settl emen ts I n the lo ng li st above the mi stak es and sho rt co mi ngs w ere uoted fro m a few p ages o f the book o nly an d read ers may decid e fo r th emselv es ho w nu mero us the erro rs may be for the oth er ni neteen t wenti eth s o f the vol ume It was edited o n fal se p ri ncipl es an d h ere as el sew h ere the edito r was too much in a h urry to appear b efo re the p ubli c Book s like th ese re ui re the p rolo nged d i scri mi nati ng and ploddi ng wo rk o f a mi nd co ncen t rated upo n it sel f To ren der thi s t ex t o f use to sci ence M r Pi nart p rop ri eto r of the o rigi nal and hi msel f a li ng ui sti c sc h o l ar ed ucated at German un iversi t i es sho ul d rep ubli sh the ch ro ni cl e and the still w anti n g family r ecor d after sci entifi c p ri ncipl es add ing a co rrect an d full t ranslatio n an d a co mpl ete glo ssary togeth er w ith a v ari ety of g rammati c and eth n ologi c n otes fo rmi n g a corn mentarius perpetuus Thi s is the o nly way to do j ust i ce t o thi s ” impo rtant do c ument n ow so pi teo usly do cto red up by the rud est ki n d o f malp racti ce — A S G R EPOR T on T H E N ew Y OR K A G R I C U L T UR A L Exp enmas r S T A ’— I t do es no t S peak well fo r the ki n d of wo rk g enerally do ne T I ON upo n the ag ri c ult ural ex p eri ment statio ns of t hi s co untry th at readers o f sc i en tifi c j o urnal s do n o t ex pect to find in th emrevi ews o f the ann ually p ubli sh ed repo rt s A g ri cult ure has been c urs ed by a g reat er amo unt o f very poo r wo rk under the name o f ex per ,
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1
Fou rth A n n ual R e ort o t h e B oar d o n t r o C l t h e h Y or o e w N A g r i cultu r al f p of f E xper imen t S tation for they ear 1 885 With the reports o f the directo r an d o fli oers T ransmitted to the L egi slature J an uary, 1886 R ochester, N Y , E R A ndrews, r n t n d r i e a bookbin der, 1886 p .
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imentatio n th an any oth er o f the g reat i nd ust ri es D eali ng as it does with the soil the at mo sph ere, pl ants and ani mal s, o ne wo ul d s uppo se th at careful an d exp ensive ex peri m en ts wo uld i nvari ably be co n fided to men t rai ned in o ne o r mo re o f the g reat mod ern ch emi st ry , phy s i cs , botany zo é lo g y , g eology , meteo r sc i ences ology That such as, ho wever, no t been the case, is show n by an exami natio n o f t e repo rts whi ch h av e app eared with mo re o r less reg ul arity ever si nce the ag ri c ul tural coll eges and ag ricult u ral d epart ments o f the S tat e un iv ers i t i es were o rgan iz ed With h ere and th ere an exceptio n, such repo rt s h ave co ntai ned n othi ng w h i ch were o f any val ue to a s i entifi c i nv estigato r in any fi el d w h at so ever T he repo rt o f the N ew Yo rk A g ri cult ural Ex peri ment S tatio n for the year 1885 is notewo rthy in several ways, not the l east i mpo rtant of whi ch 13 its early appearance, the copy under revi ew h avi ng reach ed us early 1n Feb ruary I ts co ntents are full o f val re 1n its uab le m atter overi ng nearly the w hol e fi eld o f ag ri cult u w id est sense W e can tak e t i me h ere fo r but a h asty gl ance at a few of the mo re i mpo rtant tOpics T he results o f d upli cat e pl anti ngs (p 3 7 ) are suggestive I n the case o f I n di an co rn di fferences in yi eld s e uival en t to fro m two to fo urt een and fi fteen b us h el s per acre were obtai ned fro m si mil ar pl at s t reated in t he sam e way Of si milar sig nifi can e are many o f the d upli at e germi nat i o ns of seed s (p I n the germi natio n o f seed s to d etermi ne the i nfl uence o f age p 3 s n 1 c u a h m u h g t u titi s e t k e n th a to r y t e c r e a r a n e e r a m e w , ( usual number h ere b ei n g so me h und red s, o ften reachi ng several tho usands R esults obtai ned in thi s way are much mo re sati s fact o ry T he same p recautio ns ent er into the temperat ure ex per iments upo n g ermi natio ns of I ndi an co rn (p and in the l att er as e so m e v ery useful res ults h ave al ready b een reach ed Of a very di fferent nat ure, but still of hig h sci entifi c i nterest, are the follo wi ng , viz a st udy o f maiz e, b ei ng an attempt at fo rmi ng a new vari ety (p vari atio ns [o f I ndi an o rn] fro m seed (p b ei ng the ch aracteri sti s o f wh eat vari eti es (p a s ystemati cl ass ifi catio n an d arrangem ent o f many v ari eti es ; i mprovement in sel ecti ng (p a bit o f wo rk su h as D arwi n del ighted in ; a d escriptio n o f the p ri n ipal vari eti es of l ett u e m m a s n d e n p y t ti l s ifi tio g t ob v tio s a c a n a r e s e r n s e a a r n a a s , ( o n g ro wth , h aracter and depth of roots p ’ T he botani st s repo rt (pp 24 1 26 5 ) d eal s wi th pear bligh t, the spotti ng o f ui nce fruit , the rotti ng o f to matoes, l ett uce rust, l ett uce mild ew, the rotti ng o f h erri es and pl ums , the di sease of the c lov er l eaf weevil , weed s and th ei r fun go us parasites It is needl ess to say th at thi s w o rk has b een well and carefully do ne ’ I n the h emi st s repo rt amo ng many oth er i nteresti ng topi s may be parti cularly ment1oned a st udy o f the fat glob ul es o f mil k, the lysi meter ob servatio ns, the reco rd s of sunshi ne, and the .
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digestio n ex peri ments, in whi ch art ifi ial d igestio n is reso rted to in o rder to det ermi ne the val ue o f feedi n g st uffs T he whol e repo rt is o ne o f whi ch the board o f co nt rol may well feel p ro ud , an d we t rust th at the di recto r and his co rps o f abl e ass i stants may be en abl ed to co nti n ue with i ncreased fac i li ti es the li nes o f i nvestigatio n so ex cell ently b eg un Charles E -
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Tums p ubl i catio n of thi s book was not a speci al st udent o f the mammal s he was the autho r o f a useful wo rk o n co mparative anato my and w ell fitt ed by his general st udi es fo r p repari n g the p resent i nteresti ng sk etc h T he book is mai nly of i nteres t to the A meri can st udent fo r its d i sc ussio n o f the fo ssil mammal s o f the old w o rld I t is very much behi nd the ti mes as regards o ur k nowledge of A meri can ex ti nct mammal s as muc h light has withi n two o r th ree years past been th ro wn o n the subj ect by the p ubli catio n s o f Cope and o f M arsh parti cul arly the recent generalizatio ns o f the former autho r whi ch appeared in thi s jo urnal duri ng 1884 and 85 T he ex t ract fro m S c h midt s book whi ch appeared in o ur d epart ment o f geology an d pala o nto lo gy s ho ws his mod e o f t reatment of the s ubj ect E ually i n teresti n g is his acco unt o f the evol utio n o f the pig s the d eer and esp eci ally the o x en T he di sc uss io n as to the ancest ry o f the wh al es is an i nteresti ng o ne S ch midt favo ri ng Flo wer s vi ew th at th ey are an o fl shoo t fro m t he un g u l ate mammal s A s to the o rigi n of the mo n k eys and apes S ch midt s ugges ts th at the A meri can gro up may h ave descended fro m the I nsect iv o ra and t he old wo rld fo rms w i th the apes fro m the Pachyder mata certai n ly a novel vi ew A s to the o ri g i n o f man fro m s uch a so urce he thi nk s we are j ustifi ed in postpo ni n g any s uc h dis c ussio n as the st udy o f anth ropolo gy can in n o way bo ast o f ” h avi ng made any defi nite p rog ress d uri ng the last ten years S cn mn r s M am man a m m am R emr l ou T O a —A l tho ugh D r S ch mi dt who has di ed si nce the ’
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— Thi s is an ex cell ent pi ece Gmma s C L A S S BOOK or GEOL oov o f wo rk bo th literary an d sci en tifi c I n v ery read abl e fo rm w ith most exc ell ent ill ust ratio ns paper and p ress wo rk it is a pl eas ’
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to t urn over the pages Every thi ng has been don e to mak e the book and s ubj ect at tractiv e to t he b egi nner W e h ave look ed wi t h mo st care ov er t he early p art of the vol ume fo r in phy s i cal geology the autho r is at his best H is t reat ment of rock s and mi neral s is ex cell ent b etter th an anythi ng we k no w of publ i sh ed in thi s co unt ry ; it is so cl ear si mpl e and att ractive T he w ood c ut s b ei n g al so unusually well d rawn and eng raved We are a littl e di sappoi nted w ith the fo urth part on hi sto ri cal ure
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D A ppleton 8 : C o , N ew Y ork Class booh of Geotoy By A ncmaaw G millan C o , 1886 12mo , pp 5 16 .
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Geology
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ology It is scarcely adapted for use in thi s co untry tho ugh valuabl e fo r reference T he ill ust ratio ns are mai nly o f European fo ssil s and the t reat ment is rather meager and dry co mpared with the o th er po rtio ns o f the book ; the c l assifi catio n adopted is in so m e poi nts not fres h and the enti re t reat men t is not w h at is no w wanted T he Eophy ton linnceanum is fig ured as tho ugh it were a pl ant ; the Cer atiocaris is still referred to the phyllo pod C rust acea the T uni cata are still retai ned with the b rachiopod s in th at myste ” r io n s coll ectio n M oll uscoid ea call ed Th ese ho wever are s light d efect s But pala o nto logy cannot be set fo rth in its t ruest light by o ne who has not do n e p racti cal wo rk in biology and
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l a a o n t l o o p gy
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:0
N OT ES
GEN E R A L G E OL OG Y
A ND
PA L E
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ON T OL OG Y
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T H E PL A GI A C L A C I D I E OF T H E PuE R co Ep ocn Th ree speci es o f thi s m arsupi al family h ave b een th us far d etected in t he b ed s ’ o f the P uerco Th ese are Ptilodus media vus Co pe Vol 111, R epo rt U S Geol S urv Terrs , p 17 3 , P1 xxmd Fig 1 ; P trovessartianus Cope l c p 7 3 7 , A M ER I C A N N A T U R A L I S T , 1885, 4 9 3 ; N eoplag iaulax am N A T UR A L I S T , erican us Cope, A M E R 1885 , p 4 9 3 Of th ese the last named speci es is the l argest , t he lower j aws rep resenti n g an an i mal o f the p robabl e s ize o f I am no w abl e to add a fo urth sp ec i es to thi s the N o rway rat li st in a second speci es o f NeOplag iaulax , much l arger than the I V ameri canus, and h ence the l argest S peci es o f the family k n ow n It is estab li sh ed o n an enti re i n ferio r fo urth p remol ar T he l ength o f the b ase of thi s tooth is one thi rd g reater th an t h at o f t he c o rrespo n d i ng tooth o f the N americanus, an d th ere are fi fteen k eel c rests o n the sid e of the crow n, wh il e th ere ericanus T he o utli ne o f the cro wn a re but seven in the N am is of the elo n gate and mod erately co n vex ch aracter o f th at o f the N americanus, and th us no t so el evated as in o ur sp eci es T he i rreg ul arity in the o utli ne o f the b ase o f t he o f Ptilo dus et er o f c ro w n is l ess th an in t he oth er sp eci es an d the d i am the root s is sube ual T he anterio r b ase o f the ro wn is not ex cavated fo r the fo urth p remol ar as i n the sp e i es o f Ptilo dus W “ m m i L ength o f base o f cro wn 16 el evatio n at middl e, S T he di s covery of speci es o f thi s family o f i ncreased size was to h ave been anti cipated , in vi ew of the di mensio ns o f the Thy lacoleo c arnifex whi ch was no do ubt d escend ed fro m the Plag iaulacida I call the an i mal N eoplag iaulax molestus —E D Cope .
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F OR MA T I ONS OF S P1T Z BER GEN T he arti cl e with the above titl e pri nted in the l ast D ecemb er n umb er o f the A ME R I C A N N A T U R A L I S T fro m a man uscript whi c h L
I ST
OF T H E
GEOL OGI C A L
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M ay
General N otes
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years ag o I h anded to o ne of the editors o f thi s j o urnal had A s ho wever well needed a revi sio n b efo re its l ate p ubli cat io n no oppo rt unity was giv en me to revi se it I beg to add the follo w ing emendatio ns b ased o n the l ate di scoveri es by D r A l fred N atho rst in the ex peditio n under his ch arge in 1882 T he Cretaceo us sy stem s ho ul d be stri ck en o ut fro m the li st the b eds p revio usly suppo sed to b elo n g to thi s sy st em b ei n g “ s a t e r u u r s e a s i c h N I high ho izo t p b d f r r n n h e o t o a e a y p C ape Boheman T he fo ssil pl ant determi ned as S equoia reichen bachii b el o ng s to an oth er g en us Of c o ni fers all ied to A raucari a T he Per mian sy stem sho ul d be added to t he li st b eds o f thi s sy stem ex i sti ng ev ery w h ere o n the I ce fio rd and Belso und b et ween the Carbo ni fero us an d Tri assi c b eds sho uld be I n the Car bonifer ous sy stem the 1 upper b eds ” o mitt ed fro m the li st ; th ey are identi cal with 3 ursastufle b ut pl aced o n the top o f by an i nver 2 calcareo us b eds l sio n w hi ch had b een overlook ed by p revio us ex p o rers T he ex i stence o f the D evonian sy stem o n S pitzb ergen is no lo nger do ubt ful N atho rs t has fo und o n Di ckso n bay and E R ay L an k est er describ ed ch aracteri sti c fo ssil s e g r S caphaspis an d C eph al aspida 7 osua L indahl eig ht
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H A N i chol so n in his N I C H OL S ON ON S T R OM A T OPOR 1D 1E mo nograph of the Briti sh S tro matoporo ids, frankly accepts the vi ews o f Carter, L indstrOm, Zittel and oth ers as to th ei r ca len terate affi n i ti es, and regards th em as a speci al g ro up of the H y dro zoa h avi n g o n the o ne h an d rel atio nships with Hyd racti n i a o n T he skel eto n of the typi cal S tro mato the ot her w ith M ill epo ra s but essen ti ally r a i m u s m o p t t by u o i u t s n r a e d n e r n e x u r e e fl e e p parall el verti cal t ubes no t bo unded by di sti nct wall s, but enc lo sed by the vermi ul ate fibers o f the ca nosteum, p reci sely lik e t he zo O idal t ubes in M ill epo ra T hese t ub es are traversed at i n terval s by cal careo us plates A detailed co mpari so n bet ween Hy drae tonia echinata F lem, and fo rms o f A ctin ostro ma N i ch , sho ws a rem ark abl e si mi l arity bet ween the chiti no us skel eto n o f the fi rst an d the l arge cal careo us c mno steum o f the seco n d Our auth or arranges the gro up in fo ur famili es, tw o o f whi ch A ctino st ro mi da and L abechuda are H y dractino id, whil e the S tro matopo rida and I diostro mida may be reg arded as M illepo ro id T he l ast family co ntai ns genera w hi ch h av e a cent ral , ax i al , tab ul at ed t ube w itho ut p roper wall , givi n g Ofl l ateral b ranch es, whi ch al so .
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— Fossu H I PPOPOT A M I D r H enry W ood ward in a revi ew of the sp eci es o f Hippopotamus sho ws th at at l eas t two sp eci es (H major amphibius and H minutus and p robably identi cal with .
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liberi ensis)
o ccurred in Europe in late Terti ary and early uaternary ti me whi le fo ur spec i es are k no wn fro m I ndi a II e n i r e t l a n e n e s c a e x bo hi h i gly b d t i ily d t h f w c e n i o e d u n a n n a c S p
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illineralogy
Petrog raphy
and
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by M r Wood ward (ag reei ng with P ro fesso r Boy d Dawki ns) c o n sid ered to be id enti c al wi th H m inutus fro m the cav es and fiss ures o f M al ta ’ T he I ndi an speci es are sivalenszis ir avaticus and namadicus fro m the S i walik hill s and pala indicus fro m the N arbadas is
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M I N ER A L OG Y A N D P ET R OG R A PH Y
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MI NER A L OG I C A L N EWS
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D r L asaulx , .
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“ cen tly exami ned v ery t ho ro ughly the mi neral o rund um with reference to its mi cro st ru t ure and opti cal p roperti es T he fact th at sectio ns Of thi s mi neral cut perpendi cul ar to the verti cal ax i s o ften sho w a bi ax i al i nterference fig ure in co nverged pol arized light has been k no wn for so me ti me L asaulx attempts to find the cause o f thi s S e tio ns o f cry stal s fro m ni ne lo caliti es were arefully mad e an d tho ro ughly st udi ed I n s ummi ng up the O res ul ts o f his ex am i natio ns he co ncl udes that (1) co rund um is undo ubtedly a uni ax i al mi neral , crystallizi n g in the h ex ago nal system; (2) the ano m ali es in opti cal properti es are due to irreg u larity in g rowth ; (3) thi s i rreg ul arity in g ro wth o ften gives ri se to a zo nal arrangement in whi ch the diflerent zones are in t wi n n i ng po si t io n to each oth er, the t wi n ni n g pl anes and pl an es o f gro wth b ei n g identi al ; (4 ) the opti cal ano mali es are due in so me cases to t ensio n in the i ndivid ual zo nes Co mp ressio n obtai ned in a di rectio n no rmal to th ei r g reatest ex tensio n in the b ase ; co nse uently the pl ane of the Opti cal axes is p arall el to thi s di rectio n o f the lamell a ; (5) in oth er cases wh ere the dif feren t l amell a are twi nned , Opti cal di st u rb an es are p rod uced ; fi nally (6 ) deco mpositio n may give ri se to agg regate pol arizatio n rtho clase has been fo un d fo r the fi rst ti m e as a d ruse min 8 eral in leucite teph rite I n the caviti es o f thi s ro k were fo und rystal s of phillip s i te, al c ite, o rtho cl ase (ad ul ari a) , altered py rite T head ul ari a and al cite ag ai n, in a reg ul ar o rder of depo sitio n oc urred in gro ups coveri ng the phillipsite and al so in peri mo rph s of cal cite C ry stal s o f the l att er mi neral were ov ered with a druse of ad ul ari a, an d sho wed und er the mi croscope a rim with agg regate pol arizatio n , as if the cal cite s ub stan e were g rad ually ‘ bei n g replaced by ad ul ari a I n an arti cl e o n g bthite, Ed Pall a de l ares as a result o f a seri es o f meas urements on rystal s fro m Co rnwall , that the mi neral is eith er o rtho rho mbi c with the axes " ° ' 6 6 2 0 1 n n c w o o li i ith a zb : c I : r m o fl 5 3 9 3 9 h e s e h r m e i a n t 1 I f e f o e r vi w t k and a zb : c 6 t 6 : 8 1 00 9 4
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sndered as v1c1nal
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Edited by W S BA Y L EY , Johns H opkins U niversity, Baltimore, Md ’ Zeitschrtft fii r K rystallog raphie, x . p 3 4 6 ' V von Z epharovi ch Zeitschri ft fttr Krystallographie, x, p 60 1 Zeitschri ft filr K rystallographie, x 1, p 23 .
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Genera. N otes
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P Thi n pl ates parall el to the c l eavage are trans Pg lucent to t ransparent w ith very weak pl eo ch roi sm if any T he po sitive bi sect ri x is p robably p erpendi cular to the cl eavage plane T he di spersio n very l arge a p so th at fo r red light the mineral is un i ax i al Fo r g reen and bl ue light ho wever the opti cal an gle is abo ut I n all its Opti cal p roperti es it resembl es rutil e very ‘ c losely I n att empti n g to p rov e by means o f etch ed fig ures 3 th at cryolit e is witho ut do ubt a mo no cli ni c mi neral Baumhauer has succeed ed in s ho w i ng th at in the massive mi neral two crys tal s are s o un ited th at (1) 00 P and OP o f the o ne are p arall el re spectively to 00 P an d OP o f the oth er ; o r (2 w P of the fi rs t is ) parallel to OP o f the seco n d and vice versa C rystal s of st ruv ite with a di fferent h abit fro m any h ereto fo re desc rib ed h ave been ’ fo und at Ho mb urg v d H an d i nvestigat ed by Kalko wsky T he pl anes ob served were P 33 0 P 2 P! 2 P5o 00 P 53 P ; and I n p hysi cal p roperti es the mi neral fro m thi s lo cality also 00 P2 d i ffers fro m th at fo und el sewh ere a b c 6 1 1 8 1 3 5 5 9 T he acute bi sect ri x is the macrodi ago nal T he crystal s are h emi ‘ mo rphi c with o P the analog ue pol e Fri edel o f Munchen has analyzed p ure st aurolite fro m Framn itzberg and fo und it to co r res po nd to the fo rmul a H 4 M F i M e A e O F F e l S ( g ), )“ n “ ( g ), ( A l, (A l O)“ (O H ), (S iO4)u in whi ch the ox yg en ratio is 2 l 5 D oelter has recently s ucceed ed in efl ec tin g the sy nt h es is o f sev eral mi neral s o f the g ro up Of the s ulphid es and s ulpho salts by t he use merely o f tho se reagent s whi c h ex i st nat urally and at a t emperat ure much lo wer th an th at us ually employed in s uch ex u e r i m n s s h c n f s l Py r it ob t i d i n c t l by t a tio r o e t s e a s e a e a n w p y h r m u u e e r n m e r o f a n t hyd og h tit t p t d n e e a t a e e d t e o a r a p al so by the actio n o f an a ueo us sol utio n o f the sam e reagent o n ° s id erite and mag netite in seal ed t ubes at 8 0 Gal ena was o b tai ned by h eati ng togeth er cerussi te and an a ueo us sol uti o n o f hy drog en s ulphid e in a seal ed t ube to the same t emperat ure C rystal s of C i nnabar covellite ch al c ocit e bo rn ite c h al copyrite bo urno n ite mi argy rite and j ameso n ite were all obtai ned by meth o ds analogo us to o n e o r the oth er o f th ese and in no case was a high temperat ure re ui red T he results are o f co nsi derabl e in ferest as afl ording a ready means o f ex pl ai n i n g the origi n o f som e o f the mo st c o mmo n mi n eral s we h ave to do with " M essrs F ri ed el and S arasi n recently h eated togeth er a mi x ture o f p recipitated cal c i um c arbo nat e and a sol utio n o f ten g rams o f cal ci um chlo rid e in 6 0 o f wat er in a st ell t ub e li ned w ith ° pl ati num A fter ten ho urs h eati n g at 500 the mi x t ure was ,
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C f A M ER
I CA N
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NA T U R A
L I S T , 1886 ,
Feb ruary, p
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Z eits chrift filr K rystallog raphie, x l p I h , x1, p 1
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29
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éé é
p 0 Bulletin de la S oci t .
13 3
15 8.
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Min
ralogi
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July
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1885,
p
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0 . 4 3
Mineralog y
and
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Petrog raphy
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o ntai n litt le rho mboh ed ra o f cal cite W ith twenty m r a s o f a u m m c l c i c hlo id ho boh e d obt i d w hi h r e r r w e e a n e c r a g ° a e m n e s o a r m i v t gl r u n a n o f 1 e v l e e a n e e e r e x 0 S a g 5 p ment s were made but in no case was any arago n ite fo rmed ’ H a mostilbite is d escribed by I g elstrOm as a new mi neral fro m the i ro n mi ne o f S j oeg rufvau Grythyttan pari s h S weden I t is o f a blood red colo r by t rans mitted ligh t and is fo und in a g ang ue o f t eph roit e in fi ssures w i th cal cit e in a bed o f li me s to ne in g ran ulite A n Opti cal ex ami natio n by Bert rand proved t he mi neral to be o rtho rho mbi c T he acute bi sectri x is negativ e a n d is perpen di c ul ar to the easy cleav age T he Opti cal angl e is s mall and the d i ch roi s m v ery p ro n o unced I n h ardness and gen eral appearance it app ro ach es haussmannite A n analy si s e i ld d e : y
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Th i s c o mpo s itio n is rep resented by the fo rmul a S M nO S b, O, or M n m O w e a n hi c h i s v y th t f a n oth e r i e a l a l r d O e n e a r a r r o s s 9 y d escribed under the name o f man ganostilbite with whi ch the h a mostilbite may be id en ti cal ,
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—A very i n teresti ng
P N EWS arti cl e has j ust 2 appeared in the Beil age Band o f the N eues J ah rb uch on the g eo lo gi cal and pet rographi cal rel atio ns o f the po rphyri es o f the C ent ral A lps I n it the autho r C S ch midt d escribes the mass ive r o c k s o f t he Gro sse an d Kl ei ne W ind z u rass i c m o n g h J i l l A t e e g s c hi st s an i ro n oO lite was fo und Thi s co nsi st s o f a reddi sh li me s to ne co ntai n i n g o O lites co mposed o f mag netite both massive and c ry stallized in a g ro un d m ass o f cal c it e and h ematite with a rim o f a g reen fib ro us mi neral whi c h the autho r thi n k s might be the c h amo site o f Berti er T he crystalli ne ro ck s are p ri ncipally n e h s s s r e r t o i ho n bl d r o k i n l di n g p idoti e a n d a e e c s c u a e n r g p p y ( r itic ro ck co mpo sed o f l arg e agg regat es o f ho rnbl end e in a co arse r a n i e m u f e n u a i s n o i d pl gio l hi c h l o l g o t git c i w s a a e a a a r s n a e g s mall er g ran ul ar agg regates u tz po rphy ri es whi ch are n a d r a ) d ivid ed i n to five types A s a result of the p ressure to w hi ch th ese po rphy ri es h ave been subj ected so me o f th em are fo und t o pass ov er i nto a co mpl etely schi sto se ro ck in whi ch the o rigi nal co nstit uent s can be t raced und er the mi c ro sco pe by means o f th ei r alteratio n p rod uct s Fro m a st udy o f the g rani t i tes and po rph y ri es fro m oth er l o caliti es in the same regio n S c h midt c oncl ud es that the W indgéille ro ck is eith er a fac i es o f r a n e o r d e a s s it di s i c t o k m s th t it i s n o po ibl e to n n s d a t t r c a a g c l are po sitiv ely whi ch o f t hese is really the case T he paper is w ell ill ust rated by a map and five sectio ns M i ch el L évy has ET R OGR A PH I C A L
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‘ Bull
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Minéralogi
flit Mineralogie
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etc
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J un e
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18 85,
Beil Bd .
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8 8 3 p .
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tly exami ned a ro ck fro m the l eft b ank o f the J amma a t rib utary o f the Bl ue N il e Thi s ro ck co nsi sts o f the remai ns o f o rtho cl ase o f the fi rst generatio n in a g ro und mass o f seco ndary uartz w ith littl e c rystal s o f neph eli n e o rtho cl ase and amp hibol e It is acco rdi ng to L é vy a type o f ro ck b et ween the t eph rites an d 2 the pho nolit es I n the same j o urnal L acroi x has a n ote o n the basalti c ro c k s o f Co unty A nt ri m I rel and Th ese are l ab ra do r basalts wi th a typi cal ophi ti c struct ure Th ey co ntai n the follo wi n g mi neral s in the o rd er o f th ei r c rystal lizatio n : apati te magneti te oli vi ne l ab rado rite and py ro x ene in l at he sh aped cry s tal s pal ago nite hematite chlo ri te and z eolites T he zeolites are in t he cavi ti es o f the ro ck A searc h was mad e for the nati ve i ro n mentio ned by A ndrews as o cc urri ng in th ese ro ck s bu t n o ne was fo und Fo ur additio nal p arts o f t he Erlauter ungen ”3 z ur geologi sc h en S pec ialkarte des K O nig reichs S ach sen have j ust been p ubli sh ed T he sectio ns describ ed are Oschatz M ugel n by Th S i egert Falk enstei n by S chrOder W urz en by S chalch and A uerbach L engenfeld by D al mer Th ese autho rs descri be the E ib ensto ck to urmali ne g ranite the Ki rchb erg g ran itite and the sl ates an d sand sto nes metamo rpho sed by t h em M I S C EL L A NE OUS T he D eni so n U niversi ty o f Granvill e Ohi o has j ust i ssued in its Bull eti n o f the L abo rato ri es o f D eni so n U niversi ty a co mpendi um o f pet rographi cal manip ul atio n by C L H erri ck T he fi rst p art is a co nd ensatio n o f the th eo reti cal part o f H ussak s book in whi ch many o f the erro rs o f the o rig i nal h av e b een recti fied T he methods in use fo r the p reparatio n and ex ami natio n o f ro ck sectio n are d esc rib ed as c l early as migh t be ex p ected in a t reati se o f s uch small siz e U nfo rtunately a few mi stakes still remai n to co nfuse the st udent who attempts to make use o f thi s littl e wo rk w itho ut the aid o f an i nst ructo r to ex pl ai n away his di ffi c ulti es M o st o f th ese errors ho wever seem to be due to too much h urry o n the part o f the co mpo ser On page I 3 2 fo r i nstance the axes of el asti city are S pok en of as Opti cal ax es T he seco nd part is a t rans l atio n o f H ussak s tabl es It is safe to say th at in the h and s o f a co nsciencio us teach er thi s littl e pam f u n s w h hl e t o f M r H e rr i k ill p r ov e o r e a t l u e to s t d e t c s w v a o p g desi re merely to gai n so me i nsig ht i nto the method s so gen erally made use Of at present in the st udy o f rock s 1
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B OT A N Y
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— P u s a C A R BONA C EOUS R F M L n Errera poi nts o ut in the Co mptes R end us o f the F rench A cad emy o f S c i ences a lo se analogy in thi s respect b etw een fun gi I n the seed s, t ub ers, &c , o f Ph anerogams and flo weri n g pl ants OOD
ES ER V E
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MA T ER I A L S
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C omptes R endus, C I I , No 8, p 4 5 1 ’I h . 4 54 C f A M ER I CA N NA T UR A L I S T , A pril, 1886 , p 3 74 Edited by Professor C H A R L ES E BES S I -zv, L incoln , N ebraska .
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Botany
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to red up either in the fo rm of starc h i n uli n &c on the o ne h an d o r in th at o f oil o n the oth er h and E x actly the same di fference is ob servabl e in fungi s ubsti t uti ng o n ly glycogen fo r starc h o r i n uli n T he g reat reservoi rs o f food materi al in fungi are the scl eroti a T he scl ero ti a o f Clawceps o rin us ni t/ ens l sa scler o a u r u r e i s P e e z o t oil tho n n e c a o f C p p p t iorum &c gl ycogen w hil e in oth er cases the food materi al 13 a c c umul ated as i n s o me seeds in the fo rm of thi ck en i ngs of the c ell ulo se wall s Wh en scl eroti a whi c h co ntai n glycogen germi nate the glycogen u i n g fung us r r w d lly e hil it l t g o i a a d c e a s e s m u e s n t h e u r w e a c a c g i n the stipes pil eus and l amell a i nto whi ch it appears to pass d i rectly fro m the scl eroti um I n the germi natio n o f the scl eroti a o f ergot the o il rapidly di sappears and is repl ac ed by gly cogen w hi ch is ho wev er o nly o f a t empo rary pers i stence soo n dis a ppeari ng and ag ai n maki ng its appearance in the part wh en the Thi s resembl es clo sely the fructificatio n is sub se uently fo rmed m h n s lik e tho se e o e n hi h tt d g m i tio oily s ee d a w c a e e e r n a n f n t h o p Transi to ry glycogen is al so fo rmed o f R i c i n us an d C ucurbita 7 — A 1 4 Ben nett i n the g ermi natio n o f the spo res o f many fun gi
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H ENS L ow S S T U D I ES or EV A POR A T I ON or W A T E R FR OM P L A NT S I n D ecemb er, 1885 the R ev Geo rge H enslow read a paper “ b efo re the L i n nean S o i ety en ti tl ed, A co nt rib utio n to the st udy o f the rel ative ef fects of di fferent parts of the sol ar spect rum o n ” t he t ranspi ratio n o f pl ant s, w hi ch is o f s uch i nt erest th at we r ep ro duce its mo re essenti al p art s A fter revi ewi n g the wo rk o f o th er ob servers the autho r d esc ribes his m ethod o f w o rk , whi h c o nsi st ed in us i ng gl asses o f di f feren t c olo rs ’
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pl an I fi nally adopted was to g ro w s mall pl ants in mi ni a t ure pot s two i nch es hig h and nearly t wo i n ch es in di amet er T h ese can be enti rely w rapped up in g utta perch a sh eeti ng whi ch i s carefully bo und ro und the stem o f the p lant w ith co tto n wool w ithi n an d aro und the stem Thi s effect ually p reven ts any ev ap o ratio n fro m the s urf ace o f the earth o r pot ; and all lo ss o f w eight is due to the transpi ratio n fro m the ex po sed s urface o f the l n t a lo a n e p My ex peri ments were made upo n l ett uce box Ec h everi a s mall seedli n g pal m s ferns cact us and many o th er ki n d s o f s h rub s and h erb s ; h avi ng sel ected th em wi th very v ario us d eg rees o f d en sity in the epid ermi s as well as Of diflerent fami T he results w o uld seem to enti rely co rrobo rate the co ncl u li es s i o n o f Wei sner th at t ranspi ratio n is m ai nly effect ed by the red b l ue and viol et ray s whil e the (opti cally ) b rightest rays o f yellow d o n o t an d g reen are generally l ess abl e to effect it even if the y hi nder it I emphasize thi s sentence as th ere appear to me to be g ro un ds fo r co mi ng to such a co ncl usio n as w ill be seen h ere ” a fter T he
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General N otes
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d etaili n g his ex p eri ments the follo wi ng is given as th e co ncl usio n : T he ab ove ex peri ments sel ect ed fro m a l arg e seri es seem to m e to ab undantly p ro ve th at Weisner s results are c o rrect ; and while recognizi n g the fact that ob scure heat ray s cause a certai n amo unt Of the lo ss o f water by ev apo ratio n th at t ran spi ratio n per se (th eo reti cally di sti nct fro m the p urely phys i cal p ro cess Of evapo ratio n whi ch tak es pl ace fro m all moi st s ur faces and bodi es dead o r ali ve) is especi ally if n ot sol ely refera ble to those p arti c ul ar b and s o f light w hi c h are ab so rbed by c hlo rophyll and t hat s uch light b ei n g arrested is co n verted i nt o h eat whi ch th en rai ses the t emperat ure wit hi n the ti ssues and T he o nly additio nal fact w hi ch I h ave causes the lo ss o f water h ere ad vanced so mewh at tentatively is th at yello w light has a uence upo n t ranspi ratio n fo r the reaso ns giv en retarding infl Th at li fe has a retardi ng i nfl uence upo n evapo ratio n as abov e di sti nct fro m t ranspi ratio n I thi nk my ex peri ments (whi ch I hope ” to co n ti nue hereafter) h ave di sti nctly p roved It will p uzzl e any one to make o ut a good reaso n for usi ng two terms fo r the p ro cess o f wat er loss in pl ants W e have it sai d ” th at evapo ratio n is the p urely physi cal p ro cess while the t ran spi rat io n is after all ex peri ments S ho w th at wh at is call ed and wh en we are told as in the l ast sen a phy si cal p ro cess al so ” t ence above that li fe has a retardi ng effect o n evapo ratio n the ewh at emb arrassi ng Why not co nfus io n o f ideas b eco mes so m — n d h m r r n use b ut o e t erm an th at t e o e gene al o e evapo rati on T he fact o f mo dificatio n o r co nt rol o f evapo ratio n is so co mmo n a ph eno meno n in nat ure th at we can not regard it as o f g reat Co mmo n salt o r sugar added to water retards evap s ig n ifi cance o ratio n T he mut ual att ractio n o f the mol ec ul es o f cell ulo se an d wate? retard s evapo ratio n ; so do es the mut ual att ractio n o f the mol e H eat i ncreases the rate o f evap c ul es Of p rotopl asm and water o ratio n w hil e a red uctio n o f t emperat ure (oth er thi ngs b ei ng e ual ) retard s it etc etc Why not call the loss o f water in the — pl ant wh at it is evapo ratio n and th en disc uss the several modi fy in g i nfl uences ? C ertai n ly s uch a co urse wo ul d co nt rib ute to c l earness and accuracy and wo uld reli eve the b egi nner o f o n e of — i culties in v egetabl e phy siology the difl Charles E Bessey EL L I S A N D EVE R R A R T S N OR T H A M ER I C A N F UNGI T he six teenth and seven teenth cent uri es o f thi s v al uabl e di strib utio n of d ri ed speci mens o f the fungi were sent o ut early in March With the fi fteenth cent ury the fi rst seri es o f cent uri es clo sed and in o rder to mark its termi natio n M r Everh art p repared an al phabet i cal i nd ex to all the speci es T he fi rst fi fteen cent uri es were pub lished by M r Elli s b ut n ow with the b egi nni n g Of the new seri es the name o f M r Everh art appears upo n the titl e page and the l ab el s A s S eri es I i ncl uded fi fteen cent uri es we may co nfidently hope th at S eri es 11 will carry the wo rk up to thi rty cent uri es l A fter
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T he cent uri es b efo re us are l argely d evot ed to the S pha riacea ” and the so call ed i mperfect fungi T he gen us C erco spo ra is rep resent ed in C ent xvx by t wen ty five S p ec i es, man y o f w hi ch h av e been but recently d escribed S epto ri a is rep resent ed i n Cent XV I I by si x teen speci es, S pha rella by el ev en W e t rust th at thi s i mpo rt an t wo rk , whi ch must be l argely a labo r o f love, will go o n to the co mpl etio n o f the seco nd seri es, -
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h appily beg un
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— N EWS F ro m the T
tio ns o f the I nstit ut e of Nat ural S ci ence o f N ova S co t i a we h ave a pap er o n the Canadi an sp ec i es o f t he genus Melilot us by Pro fesso r Geo rge L awso n T he el eventh annual repo rt of the A meri can Po st al M i cro S C O ical Cl ub c o ntai ns a co upl e o f p ages o f sugg estiv e bo tan i cal p ” “ n ot es fro m the note book s o f the cl ub S uperpo sed b ud s are d i sc ussed by A ug F Foerste in a l at e n umb er o f t he Bull e T he paper is aeco m tin o f l abo rato ri es o f D eni so n U n iv ersity n i d F a r l s e r o n a D w e by pl a t o p B iologi l t a hi g a a a e r c e c n p p in coll eges p ubli sh ed in the March n umb er o f the Popular S ci ence M onthly w ill be read with i nterest by every t each er o f the “ T he M arch ?our nal of My labo rato ry method in botany colog y c o ntai ns d esc riptio ns of the speci es o f Phyllo sti cta Cl avi ceps and Co rdyceps and al so a sketc h of the li fe and l abo rs of the botan i st S ch wei nitz the l att er acco mpani ed w ith a po rt rait p an i ed by pp 113 to T he March n umb er o f Gremllea is acco m 12 8 o f the new editio n o f Cook s H and book of Briti sh F ungi Th us far the d escriptio ns i ncl ude 4 56 speci es all o f the gen us A gari cus L ate n umbers o f Flor a con tai n an i mpo rt ant paper ll o f D armstadt T he Z ur S ystematik der To rfmoo se by D r R O ” coll ecti ve speci es with th ei r n umero us varieti es and fo rms are fai rly b ewilderi ng and st ro ngly s ugg est the i nad e uacy o f the L in na an no m T he Bull eti n o f the To rrey Botani cal Cl ub encl at ure has been much i mp rov ed the p resent y ear I ts I nd ex to recent A meri can botan i cal literat ure is n o w o ne o f its mo st val uabl e feat ures I n the Feb ruary n umber L H Pammel p ubli sh es a paper o n the st ruct ure o f the testa o f several l eg umi no us seeds acco mpani ed by t wo pl at es I n the M arc h Botanical Gaz ette D H Campbell describes the dev elop ment of the root in Bo try chium ter natum and J N R o se co nt rib ut es an arti c l e o n the mildews (Erysiphei) of I ndi ana T he J une n umb er o f thi s invalua ble j o urnal is to be devo ted to fi eld and h erbari um wo rk and h ence will be o f parti cul ar i nterest to coll ecto rs H enry Holt 8 1 C o o f N ew Yo rk anno unce fo r early p ubli cati o n a H and book of p lant di ssectio n by J C A rthur C R Barnes and J M Co ulter BOT A N I C A L
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General N otes
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EN T OM OL OG Y
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—A
D EV EL OPM ENT OF T H E M OL E C R I C K ET K o rotneflhas pub lished in the Zeit sch ri ft fiir wi ssen Zoologi e X L I 4 5 7 0 a well ill ust rated essay o n the emb ryology o f the mol e cri ck et whi c h has been al so noti ced by C Emery in t he Biologi sch es C entral bl att fo r Jan 15 in co nnectio n w ith Grassi s ob servatio ns o n the d ev elop ment o f the ho ney bee T he eg g o f the mol e cri ck et has an ab undant yolk whil e th at o f the bee has littl e yolk and is sm all and t ransparen t Y et both observers h ave i nd epen den tly I t is n ot e a rriv ed at t he same res ults in fo ur i mpo rtant poi n ts wo rthy th at in both fo rms b efo re the fo rmatio n o f t he bl asto derm a st age was observed in whi c h the amoeboid emb ryo n al c ell s Wi th thi s res ult might be seemed to po ssess n o c l ear n uc l ei S o mmer in the case c o n nected the rel atio n b ri efly describ ed by A o f a Po duri d wh en the rip e eg g was enti rely w itho ut a n uc l eus W h eth er th ere was in all th ese cases a genui ne absence o f the use n ucl eus fo rm s uch as Graber di scovered in n ucl eus o r a difl the P rotozo a is still to be determmed and wo uld no t be with o ut i nterest in co nnectio n w ith th e l ate refl ectio ns of Wei smann an d o th ers on h eredity I n Gry llot alp a t he emb ryo ni c cell s are at fi rst scattered o ver t he surface o f the eg g ; s o me mig rati ng i nto the d eeper parts o f the yolk and fo rmi ng the yolk cell s regarded by K oro tneflas the p ri mary mesod erm Fro m the ectoderm ex cl usively separates t he endo derm Th ere fi rst o rigi nate und er the ectod erm cell s w hi ch K o ro tnefl d en ot es as mesenchy m and n ot till l ater does t he sep aratio n o f the myobl ast s follo w alo n g the v ent ral medi an li ne L ater still ari se fro m the ecto derm near the t rach ea oth er g ro ups o f cell s w hi c h are al so to be co nsid ered as mesenchy m a n d w hi c h were al so observ ed in Bo mbyx by T icho miro fl i T he emb ryo nal memb ranes sero sa and amnio n ari se as ect o dermal fold s A fter the li mb s are i ndi cated the seg ments are K o rotnefl enumerates eight een seg ments i c fo ur in fo rmed the h ead th ree in the t h o rax ten abdo mi nal and o ne t ail seg ment T m i r s d s u m i n B m x h e n r i ob v b o by T c h o o fl e r e t h e a m e n e r e ( vo us sy st em p ri marily s ho ws a co rrespo ndi n g o rgan izatio n in sevent een pai rs of g angli a whi ch are reduced to thi rt een by the co nsoli datio n o f the th ree hi nd er h ead gangli a (in the t ex t th ey are erro neo us ly call ed tho rac i c gangli a) and the th ree l as t abd o m i nal gangli a T he cereb ral gangli a are fi rst separated fro m each o th er and o nly j oi ned t o the v ent ral ch ai n by s l end er co mmi s ” s ures T he st ruct ure call ed by N usbaum is a med ian cho rda ec tod ermal o ne whi ch g ro ws in b et ween the two seri es o f gan gli a and has n othi n g at all to do with the fo rmatio n o f the co nnective ti ssue o f t he nervo us system Thi s l ast ti ssue must ari se fro m t he i mmig rati ng blood cell s Especi ally i nteresti n g are the ob serv atio ns on the st ruct ure of .
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m and digestive canal T he c ell s o f the p ri mary ento d erm (the yolk cell s) undergo a radi al divi s io n of the yolk the yolk py ramid s th us ari si ng mel ti ng i nto eac h oth er cent rally S o me o f the cell s g ro w an d fo rm und er the sero us memb rane
toder t he en
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w hi ch has not yet di sappeared , the do rsal wall o f the body, and Th ro ugh the g rowth of the t he do rsal pl ate o r do rsal o rgan p arts fo rmi ng the l ateral wall s o f the body , the do rsal o rgan g rad ually b eco mes covered , its cell s si nk i nto the yolk and seem to b reak i nto frag ments A fter the ectodermal parts o f the diges tiv e canal (fo re and hi n d i nt esti ne) h ave fo rmed , amatboid cell s s till mig rate i nto the yolk , and seem to co ntrib ute to its fl uidity s s i v r u u n r a h l u e t h t hi g t hol yo k by p pi fl A f e c n e w e a m n , ( g g) g movement , g rad ually be o mes, i ncl udi ng wh atever is co ntai ned in t h e same, p artly deg enerate cell s, t hus p ushi n g the so call ed pri mary ento derm i nto the po rtio n o f the fo re i ntesti ne, call ed the c r op T he mesentero n receives no epith eli al coveri ng fro m the r i m m d h e i e m m y tod e r n t e p t h li u h e d i n t e s ti a r e n a o f t i n e , , p n am ely , the d efi n ite o r s eco n d ary en tod erm, ari ses fro m the meso d erm, acc o rdi ng to K o rotnefi, th ro ugh the wand eri n g blood cell s T he mo rphologi cal sig nifi cance o f the strange do rsal o rg an is , ac co rdi ng to K oro tnefi, n othi ng el se th an a stepper whi ch fill s up t he do rsal g ap o f the bo dy wal ls o f the emb ryo Physiologi ally t h e organ pl ay s an i mpo rtant rol e in the manufacture of the y o lk mass desti ned for the no uri sh ment o f the emb ryo I n the d iges tio n o f the yolk , so to speak , th ree ki nd s o f cell s are a tive : 1 the yolk cell s ; 2, the do rsal o rg an ; 3 , i mmigrant blood co r u l s e s d r s f r s s n a n h w a a r bov o i tio t do l o g c B t h e a e e t e n a a n o p y i n eggs with a scanty yolk is ex pl ai ned W e will T he fo rmatio n o f the h eart is v ery fully d escrib ed Blood cell s are early p resent o n ly give the follo wi n g ab st ract almo st ev eryw h ere b et ween the yolk and mesod erm; the h eart b e o mes i ndi cated in the fo rm o f two furro ws, w hi ch d raw near t o o ne anoth er togeth er with the do rsal edges of the myobl as t s, an d whi ch un ite in the h eart t ub e ; each furro w bo rders a w id e b lood l acuna whi ch covers the do rsal sid e o i the yolk and be c o mes red uced to the cavity o f the h eart .
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EX PL A N A T I
ON OF
PL A T ES X V I I I A ND X I X
mc
L n rrz a '
mmbo id blastodermic cells
a bc, a
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a n t , an tenn a.
,
blasto derm cells
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cf
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minal vesicles
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ro ven trieulus, or crop. p
J ar,
ventral
d o, dorsal V OL
.
diaphragm .
organ
11.
—
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abdo
dym, dorsal diaphragm. in , endodermal cells
mt enteric layer at body f f
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6 1, blastoderm
6 14
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o r , arteri al sinus
be,
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no V .
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n l a i n . o g g
H , M, heart
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I , lacun a
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M
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in ,
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ventral
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cavity of
mouth
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the
myoblast
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c
General N otes m5 myoblast cells md mandible men mesenteron ’ mx I st maxilla ” labium or secon d maxilla m m1 leaf like port ion of mes enteron ,
-
,
sto
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lg , thoracic
l a n o n i g g
y
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n erve- furro w .
I
P , primiti ve groo ve r , pro cerebrum p
vent ral
,
mids
i f a r o p
i st
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.
o l k r y py a
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muscle
l o k . y
,
y)
a , a sOphagus.
.
feet
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11, 2 d
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m
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d r i m i v e i s k i d t , p p
,
mu
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modaeum
m
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l a n i o n g g
5g , sube sophag eal
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u r oc t o d e m m p p
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d 3
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Fxcvans
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FI G
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—Egg i
L 2
.
which the ammboid
n
mation T he blasto dermic cells
active nucleus- for
— 3 .
(
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)
nuclei are
have
movin g toward the surface
.
reached
the
surface, an d
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have n o
l
nucleu
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an d are
a d l c e p
show an
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at e ual
distance
apart
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— w f m i i l t d n a n t n u h b a m ll u T e e e 4 g — t i b i f h l a d i d m t w h t e i k e e t s e c c C gg 5 s o
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ros
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of
tion
6
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— C
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med
already fo r
— C 7
s
o
mal cells
the endoder
ross. secti on
.
c
r
co
s o
s
o
r
s
layer
.
also sho wing the
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mic
the blastoder
disk , with the
myoblas t
m
.
-
c
-
on
(fl )
form a com
.
thro ugh the heart ; I I
,
cavity o f the heart ; the tw o
heart sin uses having uni ted dorsally, ventrally they are bo un ded by the w alls o f t he mesentero n -
C 10 —
(a b)
-
.
— i t e S 9
cells
through the thorax o f the e bryo ; the body cavi ty extended
8—L o ngitudinal section of the embryo ; the yolk pyramids mon inn er yolk mass (y ) .
disposi
.
ross -section
into the limbs
of
n
or
halves
still Open
of
the
and are
.
mbryo showi ng the blood lacuna separated on the back by the dorsal org an (do) ; the i n testin al fasciated layer (darmfaserblatt) has n ot completely en closed the yo lk Embryo com letely segmen ted w ith the rudiments o f the appendag es 11 — n ) labrum (lab) an nervous g an glia pr— g showing the stom oda eum (st) indicated as a 12 —A more advanced embryo .
ross section o f an e -
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frontal protuberance S ection through the recently hatched larva, showing the cells of the me 13 sen teron or chyle stomach, and the cellular layer on the front surface ; also the proventri culus o r crop .
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— BE E A n ab st ract Of G as i
s s D EV EL OPMENT OF T H E H ONEY r Ob servatio ns appears in the Biol C entralblatt whi ch we t ran sl ate T he d evelop ment o f the ho ney bee is muc h mo re si mpl e in so me resp ect s th an th at o f the mol e c ri ck et b ecause the necessary st ruct ures for the dig estio n Of the food yolk are enti rely l acki ng Yolk cell s ex i st after the fo rmatio n Of the o ne layered bl astod erm T he bl astod erm is at but do no t li mit the cl eav ag e Of the yolk fi rst S p read co nti nuo usly over the whol e eg g b ut afterwards be T he mesoderm so ari ses fro m the es arrested upo n the b ack co m e ti me si nk s in ectoderm th at a medi an v ent ral pl at e at the sam oi n i ng later parts Thi s pl ate and b eco mes overg rown by the adj .
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fi rst o ne l ayered and afterwards is c o mpo sed o f two l ayers an d th en divid es fo r the fo rm T he po s atio n Of the body cavity terio r and anterio r end s of the mes oderm pl ate l en gt hen to fo rm the mesod erm Of the h ead and end Of the abdo men Fro m t h ese l ast po rtio ns Of the mesoder m ari ses al so the defi nite en toderm viz the epith eli al coveri ng Of the mesentero n T he yolk cell s th ereupo n di sappear ;acco rdi ng to Grass i the fig ures uoted fro m T icho miro fi as well as fro m O and P H ert wig 1n regard to the roo f Of the o rigi n Of the endod erm 1n the yolk cell s can al so be p ex pl ai ned to ag ree with his vi ews T he amnio n and sero us mem b ranes are not separated in the bee but fo rm a si ngl e l ayer Of cell s Grassi is i ncli ned to t race the emb ryonal memb ranes Of insects phylogeneti cally fro m an especi ally modifi ed d ermal fold whi ch was i nh erited fro m the ancesto rs o f the cl ass ; s uch a dupli cat ure suggests Emery might be co mparabl e to the man tl e o f many Ento mo st raca A cco rdi ng to Grass i the cereb ral gan gli a ari se i n d epend ently Of the vent ral ch ai n and is afterwards co nnect ed w ith it T he en ti re nervo us sy stemand as far as c o uld be Ob serv ed al s o the c o mmiss ures ari se di rectly fro m the ectod erm T he antenna are developed fro m the h ead plate (pro ceph ali c lob es) and are s it uated in fro nt of t he oth er appen d ages A pai r of cephali c appen d ages p revio usly Ob served by Biitschli whi ch o nly appear fo r a sho rt ti m e in fro nt Of the mandibl es soo n di sapp ear Grassi co nsid ers He themas ho mologo us to the seco n d ant enna o f C rust acea fo und abdo mi nal append ag es o nly ex ceptio nally and no t o n all the seg ments T he ob servatio ns Of Grassi o n the mod e Of devel ent Of the h eart ag ree well wi th tho se o f K o ro tnefi o n Gryl o pm lo talpa ; both uphold the hypoth es i s of Bii tschli o f the o rigi n of t he vasc ul ar system fro m the resid ue Of the seg ment atio n cavity z c the p rimitive body cavi ty T he sex ual o rg an s o rigi nate as two mesod ermal elo ngated st reak s in the 4 th 8th abdo mi nal seg m ents T he t rach ea arise very early ; th ere are ten pai rs o f stig ma r sent the s t tho rac i c and the two l ast abdo mi nal seg m e n s e t p w anti ng the same I n the co rrespo ndi ng pl ace o f the two l as t seg m ents appear the g erms o f the m alpighi an t ub es whi ch as s oo n as the hi n d i ntesti ne is fo rm ed ext en d and Open i nto it T rach ea and uri nary t ubes sho uld be regard ed as P Mayer s up d u s s s r e o e a s ho ody n m i c o g a s Thi opi io i a l o ppo t d m n s n s a r n p by the results o f T ichomerofi s research es o n the silk wo rm; the latter fo und n i ne pai rs of stig mata but th ree pai rs of malpighi an t ubes Grass i furt h er s upposes th at the s ilk gl ands and oth er in ” vag inatio ns o r h ead canal s fo und by him near the mandibles and max ill a are ho mologo us with the t rach ea I n case an entodermal o rigi n fo r the antennal gl and s o f the C rustacea and the seg mental o rgans (schleifenkanali) Of an nelid s bec omes p roved th en the fi rst might be the ho molog ues of the is
at
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General N otes
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h ead
-
ca
na s o f
i i h n a pg
l t ub es
mb ryo an d both the trach ea and mal p roved ho mologo us wi th the neph ridi a of the
the bee-e
be
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lids F rom s uch a vi ew Emery di ssents : he thi nk s the rel ation Of th ese o rgans in Peripat us are no t co nsi stent si nce in that an i mal o cc ur bo th neph ridia and t rach ea unl ess we suppose that the t rach ea o f Peripat us and of the oth er arth ropods are not eq uiva l ent I f o ne accepts the fact th at the t rach ea and the malpighi an t ubes h ave o rigi nated fro m di ffusely di st rib uted cutaneo us gl ands th en one co uld furt h er suppo se th at th ei r openi ngs unite l ater wit h the Openi ngs of the nephridi a by whi ch means th ey ass umed a seg mental arrang ement But ho wever it is no t at all neces sary to mak e the neph ridi a ari se fro m the ectoderm whi c h wo uld co nt rad ict all the researc h es hi th ert o m ad e anne
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S EC OND R EPOR T as S T A T E ENT OMOL OGI S T OF N EW — YOR K Thi s fo rms a vol ume of 26 5 pages, rep resenti ng wo rk do ne in the ears 1882 and 1883 Bes id es many mi scell aneo us n otes y o n v ari o us lo cal attacks o f i nsects an d remedi es, ertai n well k no wn i nj urio us caterpillars are desc ribed at l ength , as well as n o x io us fli es, b eetl es, b ugs an d o rthopt ero us and neuroptero us L
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I n the appen di x , rep ri nted fro m oth er s o urces, is d es ribed a new sex ual c h aract er in the p up a o f so m e mot hs, and an eg g par asite o f the c urrant saw fl i e scrib ed , whil e b esid es is a li st o f d s y notes Of a mi scell aneo us nat ure p ubli sh ed in v ario us jo urnal s, s ucceed ed by a rep ri nt o f Fit ch s W i nter I nsects of N ew Yo rk T he repo rt is rath er mo re mi scell aneo us and co ntai n s perh aps the res ults o f l ess fi eld wo rk th an the fi rst, b ut stil l wil l p rove ser viceable to the farmers o f N ew Yo rk T he S tate sho uld be mo re lib eral in afl o rding ill ust rat io ns fo r so i m po rtant and useful a repo rt , t ho se no t rep rod uced bei n g poo rly d raw n and engraved Thi s is not the fault o f the ento mo log ist, and sho uld not be und er the co ntrol of the S t ate -
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p ri nters
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E NT OMOL OGI C A L N Ews —A t t he meeti n g o f the Frenc h A cad em f o r a n m 2 n r n t n t h a a Ch ti d o o p r tiv M a e a a e o e e y J 5 J mo rphology o f the l abi um in Hy menoptera I n the Bull eti n o f the Buf falo S o ci ety Of N at ural S i ences (Vol v, 1) , D r D S K ellicott d escribes as new N onag ria subearnea, and co mp ares its l arva with th at o f S p/zida obliq uata I n the Canadian Ento molog ist fo r J anuary M r H erbert Osbo rn p ubli shes a useful pre In li mi nary li st Of the speci es Of mites o f N o rth A meri ca E ntomolog ica A mericana fo r March , D W C o q uillet ives a syn g o psis, wi th d escriptio ns Of new s pe i es , o f o ur speci es o f bom Mi ss M M urtfeldt shows by lid fli es of t he gen us T ox opho ra th at certai n seed feedi ng Col eopho ra l arva, whi ch remai n ten o r el even mo n th s, and so metimes even lo nger, in a do rm ant state, .
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Mr H B feedi ng in the sp ri ng o r s ummer mo nth s M oschler di sc usses the systemati c positio n o f the gen us Of zyg A t the meeti ng o f the Washi n gto n a nid mo t h s, T riprocris Ento mologi cal S o i ety fo r Feb I I , M r S ch warz said th at amo ng ny fo rms o f seco n dary sex ual ch aracters in t he C o leo p the ma tera so me wo uld likely be fo un d to be analogo us in functio n to H e referred mo re parti cul arly to the t hose in the L epidoptera t ufts Of h ai r in the ment um o f T ro g osita, and those o n the ven t ral seg ment s o f the mal e o f D ermest es D ifl eren ces in the ves t iture Of the sex es are k no w n to o ur, e g , H Oplia, wh ere the mal e has scal es and the femal es o nly h ai rs but in thi s case it is hardly po ssibl e th at we h ave to do with odo ri fero us o rgans n ot
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Z OOL
OG Y
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dvanced the vi ew th at t he marki n gs o n an i mal s are p ri mitiv ely lo ngit udi nal st ripes w hi ch may sub se uently be b rok en up to fo rm dots and th ese Thi s vi ew is suppo rted by the fuse to fo rm t rans verse ri ngs o ntogeny o f many an i m al s D r W H aack e c o nt rovert s thi s T he vi ew fro m the st udy o f an A ust rali an fish H elotes scotus ad ul t fish is mark ed by eight lo n git udi nal bl ack b an d s ; yo un g s peci mens h av e in additio n a ro w o f c l ear t ransv erse b and s w hi ch — d i sappear wh en the fish attai ns to mat urity 9 mm R oy Mier M A R K I NGS
OF A N
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S oc , February , .
BL I N D
1886
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— C u es M r J Wood .
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Mas o n stat es th at fo ur speci es
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Brachy ura were d redged in the Bay o f Bengal fro m d epth s ex c eeding l oo fatho ms d uri n g t he past seaso n, by H M s I ndi an mari ne s urvey steamer I nvestig ator Th ey belo ng to the genera A mathia, Ethusa, E ucephalo ides (n g en alli ed to C ollo des S timp s o n) and L y reidus o f whi ch the l ast n amed (L d i ann m) is espe c ially i nteresti ng o n a co unt o f the rudi m entary o nditio n o f the ’
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Th ese o rgans are une ually red uced the c o rnea of the l eft bei ng o f the n o rmal fo rm and ex tent but Opa ue and devoid o f all t races o f facets as in M unidOpsis OrOpho rhy n chus N ephrOp s is and oth er bli nd fo rms o f t he deep sea whil e th at o f the right is entirely abo rted its pl ace b ei ng o n ly i n di cated by a small ooth S pot marked o ut by the t ransparence o f a l ead colo red sm p igment si mil ar to that whi ch is seen th ro ugh the i ntegument Thi s i nteresti ng b rachy uran aro und the b as e o f the l eft ey e whi c h is at o nce di sti ng ui sh ed fro m the Japanese and A meri can S p ec i es by h avi ng the ant erol at eral margi n o f the carapace armed with tw o pai rs o f lo n g and sl en der spi nes were t rawl ed up fro m — — o c r u a r f F e b o h o tho u r R M i e r S o a t 2 m s 8 f 0 a y y y 5 4 5 p
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P ro fesso r Feb 86 )
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T H E I NT ER C ENT R UM C ape, in his impo rtant
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A H T E I A T R ( ) thi s poi nt (A n N A T
S PH ENODON
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has shown th at the i nter ent rum in S ph en odo n is co mpl ete in the caudals ; I can add th at the same co n ditio n is to be fo und in Thi s mak es P ro fesso r Cope s vi ew the pra caudal v ert eb ra al so Of the Embolo meri b ei ng the bat rachi an typ e ancest ral to the R eptili a, still st ro n ger l F ritsch beli eves th at he has fo und the rep resentatives o f the pl euro cent ra in the cervicals Of a yo ung S phenodo n ;the pra zyga sent t hese el em e s ; w hi ch are devel say s p e n t h s s h r e r 0 e e p p y oped fro m a di sti nct poi nt o f oss ificatio n (acco rdi ng to F ri tsch) m m I exami ned two S ph enodo ns in al cohol (o ne abo ut 290 lo ng) I co uld no t find s uch a co nditio n, and nobody w ill find it not even in emb ryo s A rch ego saurus has well d eveloped pra zyga o v ert eb rat e are t he pra s n s id h pl r o c e n t r a I n s o h s e e t u e b e e p p y zygapophyses developed fro m a di sti nct cent er ; and S ph eno ” “ T he Of the vert eb ra in do n mak es no ex ceptio n cent ru m reptil es an d mammal s is fo r m ed by the pl euro cent ra ; an d emb ry Ology o f the R eptili a will p rob ably sho w th at the cent ru m is de D r G Baur , M arch 23 velo ped fro m two l ateral el emen ts I 8S 6 ’
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— — M ammalia H H Joh nso n N EWS
i Z OOL OGI CA L n h i s o r k w , o n the Kili manj aro ex p editio n , not es a si n g ul ar resembl ance s c m c e n h f hi h o m ll i i r b t w p t O h t a ll w c s m e a c a m e e t e a e t e ( y y) red b ro wn ant elope, A leelaplzns cabei, and the mo un d s b uilt by termi tes T he colo r bei ng the same and the lo ng g rass hi di ng the ani mal s l egs , it was really difl i c ult to di sti ng ui sh an antelope fro m an ant hil l T he mi mi c ry was so meti mes mad e mo re l udi cro usly ex act by the sh arply poi n t ed l eaves o f a ki n d o f s uill , w hi ch s uggested the ho rns o f an antelop e F W T rue has described in a recent i ss ue o f the P ro c U S N at M us a new s peci es o f M esoplo do n M ste e e a n n B s n n bt i d e i i l d O e o r a n n g j’ g ) ( by M S tejneg er T he speci es 'rests upo n the ch aracters o f the ui te b adly water wo rn , Of a yo ung i n divid ual c ran i um I n g en eral p ropo rtio ns it ag rees w ith the sk ull Of M hectori, b ut t he co n to ur o f the o cc ipi tal the sectio n o f the b eak , etc , are di f fer ent M r T rue p ro no unces the Hyperoodon semi/lunetus Of Cope to be a Ziphi us, di sti nct fro m Z eavzrostris I n the general fo rm and p ropo rtio n the sk ull app ro ach es mo st losely to Z g en / ai m S o werby s w hal e (M esoplodon bidens) has b een fo und upo n A mal e sp eci men fi fteen feet ni ne i nch es the co ast Of Yo rk shi re lo ng was l eft st rand ed in sh allo w water at the ent rance to the H umb er Fo urteen i nstances Of the o ccurrence o f thi s S p e i es o n vario us parts Of the Europ ean co ast and o n e in N o rth A meri ca N u n t a n c e r e n u n a n a H i s t k t m d A d M 1 8 6 a e e t e N a t r a , , ( 7) ( g .
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B M acall um ( uart Jo urn M ic follo wi n g s ummary o f the results .
Fauna der Gaskohle
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H eft n , Prag ,
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18 85 .
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S oc , o f his .
t di es of the nerve termi natio ns in the c utaneo us epitheli um of t he tad pol e Certai n fibers pl aced belo w the c o ri um and k no wn as the fundamental pl ex us give o rigi n to fib ril s whi ch enter the ep ith eli umand end in c o mparatively l arg e bead lik e bod ies be tween the cell s and may o r may no t b ranc h ari se fro ma netwo rk o f fine anasto m edi ately b elo w the o zing nerve fibrils s it uated i mm ep i th eli um and fo rmi ng mesh es s mall er th an the s pace co vered by an epith eli al cell One co mmo n ly two o ften three o r mo re n erve fibrils termi nate in the i nterio r o f each epi th eli al c ell near its n ucl eus T he fig ures o f Ebert h are sh eath s fo r i nt ra cel lul ar n erv e t ermi natio ns Colo nel R H Beddo me describ es the eart h snak es (Uropeltida ) o f I ndi a and C eylo n in a recent n um ber o f the A n nals and M ag of N at H ist S ix speci es o f R hi no phi s o ne o f UrOpeltis ni neteen Of S ilybura five o f Plect rurus o ne o f T eret rurus (nov g en ) th ree Of Melanophidium and t hree o f Platyplec trurus are ch aracteriz ed: S everal sp eci es are new — Fi shes N ature (Feb 4 1886 ) has an i nteresti ng arti cl e by A E rnst upo n the shoal s of livi n g and d ead fi sh es whi ch are cast upo n the s ho re o f C arupano V en ez uel a T he pl ace is cel eb rated fo r the o cc urrence o f th ese s ho al s whi ch for the mo st part co n posed o f several di sti n ct speci es s i st o f s mall fi sh es and are co m T he s ho al s are mo st co mmo n fro m May to N ovemb er d uri ng t he rai n y seas o n but in fine weath er wh en th ere is a mod erate b reez e fro m the sea S h ark s and oth er p red ato ry fishes as well T he movement o f t he as wh al es an d sea g ull s fo llo w the sho al fish es is p robably d ue to migratio n in search of food the co nfo rma t io n Of the co ast at Carupano is s uch as to favo r t he embay ment o f the sho al s at th at poi nt and the death of the fi sh es is caused by ari ne eruptio ns o f gas es T J C unni ng ham ( uart s ub m Jo ur M i cr S oc ) co ntrib utes Observations upo n the relatio ns o f t he yolk to the gast rul a in t el eo steans and oth er v erteb rate types C whiti ng began to hatch o n A t an av erage temperat ure o f T he fertilized o va o f t he t enth day h addo ck o n the el eventh t he co d had do ck and whiti ng are si mil ar in all resp ect s save s ize w hil e t he ov um o f Trig la g nrnar dns has a s i ngl e l arg e b ro wni sh y ellow Oil glob ul e I n the earli er co nditio n o f the p eriblast the c ell s Of the blastodermare co nti nuo us with it T he i nvagi nated layer Of the germi nal ri ng is never co nti n uo us beneath t he seg mentatio n cavi ty nor is it co nti nuo us wit h the periblas t ; it passes b eneath the ax i s o f the emb ryo and fro m the fi rst hypobl ast T he floo r o f the i ntesti ne c o nstit utes t he do rsal is in all p robability d erived fro m the peribl as t T he whol e edge o f the bl astod erm rep resen ts the ancest ral bl astopo re and t he fo rmatio n o f the emb ryo by c o ncrescence is s i mply the clo si ng o f the bl as to po re fro m b efo re b ack ward s T heedg e o f the bl as t o derm in A mphibi a Pet ro myzo n an d t he g anoid s is ho mologo us T he w ith th at Of t el eo steans but no t W 1th t h at o f el as mob ranch s i nfl ected part o f t hi s edg e in the l atter rep resent s the whol e o f it in s u
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T he ancest ral part o f the p ri mitive st reak 1n S au rOpsida rep resent s the an cest ral bl astopo re whil e the s i o t o r p q part rep resents the o al esced uninflected part of the b lasto dermi c rim in t he el asmob ranchs T he fish fauna Of L ak e Balkh as h a c o rdi n g to M N ikol sky , n umb ers fo urteen spec i es viz Per ca selzrenh i , Pho x i n us (tw o Barons platy rostrzs, S chizoth o rax i u s s i i e k i fi t l z i o w r e s e s O v h p i e d o a n d t e c f D l D e O h s a ( py p p y A ll b ut one O f th ese are new an d n o ne are fo un d ei ther 1n t he A ralo C aspi an basi n o r in the system o f the Obi Five gen era are co mmo n to L ak e Balkh ash and the Cen t ral A si an l ak es In all th ese l ak es C yprinida an d C obitida p redo mi nate and t w o Three spe» sp eci es are co mmo n to L ob no r an d L ak e Balkh as h i es, the two Phox ini and the perch are the o nly o nes w hi ch a l ly Fro m th ese fac ts the fauna Of the l atter l ak e to th at Of the Obi M N ikol sky co ncl ud es th at if the dep ressio ns o f the A l at a u, A ral Caspi an and S ib eri a were ever a co n ti n uo us mari ne b as i n the firs t was separated earli er th an the oth ers Messrs G B Good e and T H Bean d escrib e S i x teen n ew speci es o f fi shes r N c c M u s 8 e d t a P o U S a t O 1 8 obt i n by h e U Fi s h t S , , ( 5) Co mmi ss io n mai nly fro m deep water Off the A tl anti c and Gulf T he S pec i es i ncl ud e five H etero so mata (A pho ristia tw o , c o asts H emirhombus o ne, Cith ari chthy s o ne Etrop us o ne) two speci es of Macrurus , one Of C o rypha noides, o ne Of M alo co cephalus, t h ree of Bathgadus , one of N eobythites (nov gen) o ne o f Po r o u n d w B h n u s n m i s d g a n t o o f a o hi c h l t s a a s t w a e s u a b g ( y ) stitute fo r Bathy nectes Gnthr , p reo ccupi ed in C rustac ea the t el eo st eans
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M ollusks — I t
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pp ears fro m the ex peri ence of M r W A rm s t ro n g an d W K Brook s th at seed oy sters g row mo re rapidly an d are o f a b ett er sh ap e wh en pl aced o n flo ati ng coll ecto rs than wh en d epo sited o n the botto m Thi s is due to the ab sence upo n th ese flo ati ng surfac es o f t he sedi men t whi c h Often fo rms a coat upo n the botto m b efo re the spat can b eco me att ach ed ho T se who wi sh to k n ow how a li st o f speci es fares in the h ands Of o n e who c riti cally rep ubli s h es it sho uld look over the R epo rt on the testaceo us M oll usca obtai ned d uri n g a d redgi ng ex cursio n in the Gul f o f S uez in the mo nth s o f Feb ruary and March 186 9 by R ob ert MacA n drew R ep ubli sh ed with ad ditio ns and co rree tio ns by A l fred H and s Cooke (A nn and M ag N at H ist Feb .
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— M derms
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p reli mi nary but i mpo rtant p ap er upo n the Eo cene Echi ni of F rance co nt ai n i ng descriptio ns and fig ures of the sp eci es belo ngi ng to the genera H ow S p atangus M aretia Euspatang us and H ypS OS patang us ard A yers as a result o f st udi es Of the st ruct ure an d fun ctio n of the S pha ridia o f the Echi n oid ea carri ed o n at Bany ul sur Mer r N o v a rr a n M t Jo u r i c o iv e t h e c o l io u r s a c t c u s n S ( th at th ese o rgans possess the do ubl e functio n of taste and smell Eelzino
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G C otteau has put fo rth .
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T hey are much mo re highly speci alized th an t hey are d escribed b y L o ven to be, and h av e in fact a great er speci alizatio n o f parts t han can be seen in si mil ar o rg ans in the Med usa S o und s, ect the S pi nes and pedi cell ari a i mmedi at ely , are no t w h i c h afl n o ted by the S pha ridia whi ch are fi rst to recog n iz e the p resen e M r R R athb un (P ro c o f a d rop o f acet i c ac id in the wat er U 5 . N at M us ) co nt rib ut es a repo rt upo n t he Echi n i oll ected b y the U S steamer A lbatross in the Gul f o f M ex i co fro m Jan u ary to M arch 1885 Thi rty o ne speci es were coll ected in suit abl e co ndi t io n fo r det ermi natio n I bese rep resent sev enty eight d redgi n g s tatio ns in fro m twen ty o ne to 13 3 0 fath oms, o n ly o ne s eci es h avi n g b een Obtai ned in sho re coll ecti ng e e v t n e n e S p s pec i es were ad ditio nal to tho se Ob tai ned in 1884 , y et n i ne S p eci es o f th at d ate were n o t fo und in 1885 .
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— Wor ms D r
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i nsto w (Zeit fl wi ssen Zool ) en umerates fo urt een co urses Of d evelop ment k n own amo ng N ematelminths m acc o rdi ng to the medi um in w hi ch t h ey d ev elop 1 e e n o S () g era pas s di rec tly i nto an ad ult fo rm; (2) the l arva live in the earth the ad ult s in pl ants ; 3 ) the l arv a li ve in wo rms an d o n thei r d eath pass i nto the earth and b eco me adult ; (4 ) in S pawn i laria oomoi the ad ul ts live in the earth and the fruit ful femal es en t er the bodi es o f b ees an d th ere rep rod uce ; (5) the l arva live in the earth the ad ul ts in so me an i mal ; (6 ) the h ermaph rodite w o rm lives in so me ani mal whil e the Offsp ri ng dev elops i n to bi sex ual fo rms in the earth ; (7 ) so me ad ults are free livi ng and sex ual o th ers h erm 8 h aph ro di te and p arasiti cal o n an i mal s e t () l arv a h atch in the earth and d ev elop i nto h ermaph rodite fo rms in ani mal s ; (9 ) the l arva live in i n sects the adults in earth o r water ; (10) the l arv a liv e encapsul ed in o ne an i mal and w ith it m a ss s m r n e c e i n to t e dig s t iv s t e n o t h i m l n d b o h e e o f a e a a a p y ad ult ; (11) the hermaph ro di te fo rm liv es a sho rt ti me in the in t esti ne o f so me an i mal and h ere p rod uces a larva whi ch b ecomes encapsul ed in the muscl es ; (12) the ad ults liv e in the t rach ea Of b i rd s the emb ryo s are ex pecto rat ed swallo wed w ith the bi rd s food h at ch o ut in the crop and (E soph ag us wander i nto the bro nchi a and air sacs and th ence to the t rach ea (S y ng amus traefiealzlr) (13 ) Go rdi us has two l arval fo rms o ne in b eetl es the oth er in moll usk s whil e the adul ts li ve in water ; (14 ) Of two larval fo rms o ne is a uati c whil e the oth er i nh abits the l ung o f an amphibi an and p asses t h en ce i nto the i nt esti ne of t he same ani mal w h ere it develops i n to the hermaph rodit e fo rm Thi s is the case w ith N ematox is long icauda the l ast fo rm o f wh i ch is de s c ribed and fig ured by D r L i nsto w T he annelid S ip/i ono stom a diploe/ta tus acc o rdi n g to M Et Jo urd ai n has t o pai rs Of w t rue eyes p rovid ed wi th a refri ng ent bo dy analogo us to th at re sent in t un i cates an d t rav ersed with radi ati ng st ri a Thi s p w o rm is c o mmo n in the mud near M arseill es and is covered with a very thi ck co at of mucus d eriv ed fro m two ty pes o f papill a .
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General N otes
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ovoid as it were i sol ated in the muc us and fo rmed of gland ular cell s si milar to tho se whi ch enter i nto the st ru ct ure Of the epid ermi s the oth er fusi fo rm and wi th fil aments at t h ei r ex t remity T he papill a are j oi ned to the body by lo ng and sl ender ped uncl es F E Beddard (A nn and M ag N at H ist Feb 1886 ) d esc rib es th ree speci es o f Pericha ta and o ne o f M o nilig as ter fro m C eylo n and the Philip pi nes T he l att er gen us is remark abl e fo r the apparent ab sence o f a clitell um and the p resence of five di sti nct gizzard s in the (E sop hag us — Protoz oa A C S tokes (A nn and M ag N at H ist ) d escrib es sev eral N ew I nfusori a fro m A m H J C ar eri can fresh waters ter d escrib es in the J anuary and Feb ruary n umb ers Of the A n n e and M ag o m s f r t h i s S c s f s n e thi ty e i po g o N a t r v e O H t fi e f p n eighbo rhood o f Po rt Phillip h ead s S o uth A ustralia
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ON
S Y M M ET R Y OP T H E F1R S T S EGMENT A T I ON F U R R OW S OF T H E BL A S T OD I S K OP E L A S MOE R A Nc n 11 —T he n early sy mmet ri al subdivi sio n Of the bl astodi sk o f Tel eo sts by t he fi rst fo ur seg mentatio n furro ws has lo ng been k no wn T he d etail s Of the early d evelop ment o f the bl astodi sk o f Tel eo sts h ave b een very carefully el abo rated by A gass iz an d Whitman, who se co n cl u sio ns are I beli eve, generally accep ted by em b ryologi sts Of the develop ment Of the bl astodi sk o f El as mob ranc h s we k no w co m d n a r i l s 1 n s a n a t v littl p i lly r e l tio to l a tiv e po i t io e e e e c a a e r e n t h , p y di rectio n of the fi rst seg mentatio n furro ws T he Obj ect o f the p resen t note will th erefo re be to desc ribe the early seg mentatio n o f the bl astodi sk Of o ne Of t he l atter, viz , R aia erin acea, as dis pl ayed by an egg removed fro m the ovid uct and cloaca o f a femal e of th at species, J uly 11, 1885 at Wood s Holl Mass Upo n Openi ng the to ug h ho rny memb rano us envelope in whi ch the ov um p roper o f R ai a is enclosed 1t is fo un d th at the eg g is so m ewh at pi nki sh in colo r, and is 1mbedded in a l ayer o f v ery e a u m e w n e r l i y w hit r lb e n w hi c h fill h p a b t e t h s e o a s u e c e t g p egg and the ho rny case T he pi n ki sh eg g p roper is s o mewh at fl attened and oval in sh ape, and is i mmedi ately i nvested by a very thi n and d eli cate vitelli ne memb rane A t o ne side Of t he flattened vitell us, whi ch measures nearly on e and a uarter i nch es th ro ugh its lo ngest di ameter a small ci rcul ar w hiti sh area abo ut two mil limeters in di ameter is noti ceabl e Thi s is the bl astodi sk o r ger mi nal area Of autho rs and is the poi nt wh ere d evelop ment fi rst b egi ns to man i fest itsel f I f t he egg case is carefully opened the white removed an d th en l aid i nto a o ne per cent sol utio n Of ch ro mi c acid, the bl asto T HE
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Ed ited by J OH N A R Y D ER , S mithsonian I nstitution , Washi ngton , D C ’ On the development o f some pelagic fish eggs Proc A m A cad A rts an d S ci 84 xx, 18 .
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Embryology
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may be h ard ened in situ witho ut di sto rtio n and afterwards s eparated fro m and carefully li fted Ofl o f the und erlyi ng vi tell us t o g eth er w ith a thi n h ard ened fl ak e o f the l atter to suppo rt it S uch was the t reat ment to w hi ch the bl astodi sk h ere fig ured and d escrib ed was s ubj ect ed T he surface vi ew Fig 1 was d raw n w i th t he camera l ucid a after hard en i n g and the sectio n sho wn in F ig 2 was d rawn fro m o ne taken at abo ut the po si tio n o f the li ne a in Fig 1 Cl eavage had al ready advanced so far as to s ubdi v i d e the area o f the bl asto di sk i nto fi fteen sh arply defi ned cell s s o th at it may be ass umed t hat t hi s bl as todi sk has nearly c o m d s i x teen cell ed s tag e o f dev elop men t o r th at t he fo urth i l e t e t s p pl eted c l eavage is abo ut co m A co mpari so n o f the fi rst fo ur cl eavage pl anes Of thi s bl asto d i sk sho ws th at th ey are fo rmed in v ery nearly the same o rd er Fo r an d rel atio n t o eac h o th er in E l as mob ranch s as in Tel eo sts ex ampl e the fi rst pl ane 1 in Fig 1 has cut thro ugh t he o rigi nally c i rcul ar bl astodi sk an d caused it to b eco me elo ngated at right an l es t o the di rectio n o f the fi rst seg mentatio n furro w ex act ly g as i n t he egg s o f tel eos t ean fi sh es T he seco n d furro w 11 c uts t he fi rst at right angl es s o as to further s ub divide the fi rst two c ell s i nto fo ur T he nex t cl eavage is caused by two nearly par whi ch appear s i multaneo usly and furt her a ll el furro w s s ub divi de the cell s Of the bl as T he fo urth t o disk i nto eigh t c l eavage is caused by tw o par c utti ng the al l el furro ws IV b l astodi sk app rox i mately at r i ght an gl es to the two furro ws It th us o f the t hi rd c l eav ag e result s t hat s i x een c ell s w ill t b e d eveloped and it w ill be apparent al so th at the met hod o f seg mentatio n th us i n di cated is exactly c o mparabl e w ith th at c h aracteri sti c Of the developi n g o va Of t el eo st ean s W e h ave i n fact the same elo ngatio n Of t he bl astodi sk in o ne direc t io n as is p rod uced by t he fi rst s eg ment atio n furro w in the l atter T he same oblo ng s uari sh o utli ne o f the bl astodi sk as en t o b serv ed in the si x teen cell ed stage o f tel eo stean d ev elop m is al so Obvio us and it is al so evid ent th at s uch a s uari s h c o nfig uratio n Of the bl astodi s k do es n o t di sappear until the mo rul a co ndi tio n is reach ed o r at l east app ro x i mated j ust as i n Tel eo sts These data serve to sho w th at the feat ures Of s eg m en tati o n as ob serv ed by sev eral i n vestigato rs in the egg s o f Tel eo sts are repeat ed wi th n o essenti al v ari atio n in the de
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ment Of the eggs o f the El asmob ranch s T he s ubdivi sio n o f the bl astodi sk i nto cell s in bo t h typ es Of I chthyes is es sent i ally by the fi rst cl eavage pl ane a sy mmet ri cal o ne d et ermi ned Wh eth er o r n ot the fi rst c l eavage pl ane of the ov um of elasmo b ranch s coi ncides w ith the medi an pl ane Of the fut ure emb ryo as s uppo sed by Whi tman R o ux Pfl ii ger and E V an Beneden it is i mpo ssibl e to decide at p resent but it wo uld seem no t at all i mprobabl e th at such might be the case A seri es Of sectio ns o f thi s bl astodi s k Of R ai a p repared by the aid o f a Camb ridg e ro cki ng mi cro to me whi c h was p resent ed to the U S Fi s h Co mmi ssio n by P ro fesso r A dam S edg wi ck h ave ena bl ed me to reach so me i nteresti ng co ncl usio ns in referen ce to the struct ure Of the bl astod erm o f the El asmob ranchii d uri n g its o ne l ay ered co nditio n A t thi s stage the fo ur medi an o r cent ral cell s are not co mpletely sundered fro m the underlyi ng peribl ast P Fig 2 s i nce t he cl eavage furro ws are fo und to termi n at e ab r uptly befo re th ey h a te uite cut th ro ugh t he fi nely g ranul ar pl asma o f the blastodi sk p roper as sho wn in Fig 2 I n thi s resp ect the cl eavage o f the bl asto di sk o f El as mob ranc h s d ifl ers very decidedly fro m th at Of tel eo sts as d escribed by A gas siz an d W hit man in the paper al ready c it ed T he germi nal pl as ma of the di sk is c o mpo sed o f a cl ear s ub st ance in whi ch v ery fine g ran ul es are i m b edded Th ese gran ul es are p robably Of the same nat ure as the cry stalloid s o r tab u lar crystal like rigid bodi es whi ch l argely enter i nto the co mpo s i tio n o f t he yolk Y I n fact a careful exami natio n reveal s the fact th at the very fi nely g ran ul ar pl asma o f the segmenti ng bl astodi s k passes by i nsens ibl e g radatio ns i nto th at o f the yolk c harged wi th very c oarse g ranul es o r tabl ets A n exceedi ngly thi n envelope o f fi nely g ran ular pl asma whi ch is c o nti nuo us w ith the m arg i n Thi s is repre of the bl as to di sk covers the en ti re vitelli ne mas s sen ted by the i rreg ul ar o utli ne Of the area P in Fig I b elo w I n Fig whi ch li es a di scoi dal mass of c oarsely g ranul ar yolk Y 2 the rel atio n s o f the co rti cal l ay er P o r peribl ast to the V itell us are s till mo re di sti nctly sho wn an d it is very evi den t t h at the t m h t h l a s a O f t e bl todi s k i o i n o s i n f e r io ly w i h i e l a s s c n t u u r e v t p li ne mass and th at a cl eavage cavi ty must be developed at a co n siderably l ater st age T he lower li mits o f the seg mentatio n furrows were very sh arply defi ned as sho wn in Fi g 2 and the n ucl ei of the co nst i tuent cell s o f the bl astodi sk were Ob served as cl ear ro und o r ov al areas in the pl asma o f t he cell s and near the center o f each o ne co ul d be seen a v ery well mark ed nearly glob ul ar ch ro mati n body whi ch o ccasio nally was ob served to be p rovi ded wi th i rreg ul ar p ro cesses whi ch ext en ded o utward i nto the nucl ear space N o karyoki neti c ph eno mena were ob served Fro m wh at has p reced ed it does not seem at all p robabl e th at ” “ free n ucl ei whi ch are fi nally d eveloped und er the bl as t o the velo p
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Elas mob ranch s
o rigi nate spo ntaneo usly It is i n deed far mo re likely th at they o rigi nate by a p ro cess of seg mentatio n in w h i ch the margi nal cell s o f the bl astodi sk are i nvol ved the same as in Tel eo sts S uch a vi ew is in fact suppo rted by fig 15 g iven i n Bal fo ur s Co mparati ve Emb ryology Vol 11 p 34 in w hi ch t w o free n ucl ear S pi n dl es are s ho wn at the edge o f the d eeper ly i n g part Of the bl astodi sk Of Pristiurus in t he mo rul a co nditio n c o n s i sti n g Of fo ur superi m po sed ro ws Of cell s Bal fo ur s fig ure a l s o sho ws th at b et ween the lo wermo st cell s co mpo si ng the bl as t o d isk and the co arsely g ran ul ar vit ell us th ere is still a co ns ider ab l e unseg m ented strat um Of fi nely g ranul ar pl asma i nterpo sed “ I n thi s lo wer layer o f fi nely g ran ul ar pl as ma alo ne the free n uc l ei are fo un d th us furni sh i ng ad ditio nal evidence th at the vi ew exp ressed abov e as to the o rigi n o f such nuclei is p robably c o r rect I n the di sk o f R ai a exami n ed by me the cl eavage a n s a r e s r m e a m h r l l o k d by l a gi d t ll a e e c e a r n s O f a n c e s a s t a c e p j in t he bl astodi s k o f Pristiurus fig ured by Bal fo ur T he bl asto d i s k Of R ai a h ere fig ured and d escribed measured milli me ters in widt h and milli meters in l eng th I ts thi ck ness in the c en t er was abo ut 6 o f a milli m et er an d thi nned o ut at the mar i m n i s r m i n to a v e y thi n l y r f pl s a w hi h O bvio u s ly ho olo a a c e o g go us with the co rti cal o r peribl asti c l ayer of the tel eo stean eg g L ater stages of the bl astodi sk o f R ai a sho w it s ubdivid ed i n to small er and mo re i rreg ul ar cell ul ar areas ; the whol e di sk al so agai n as sumes much mo re nearly the o rigi nal di s coid al fo rm c h aracteri sti c o f it p revio us to t he b egi nni ng o f seg mentatio n To j udge fro mthe co nditio n o f the bl astodi sk h ere d escribed it o f c o urse i s to be i nferred th at t he fert ilizatio n o f the e e a t k s gg place whil e it is still in the ovid uct o r possibly even befo re it en ters the l att er —9 olxn A R y der
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PH Y S I
GL Y COGEN 1c FUNCT 1ON OP
OL OG Y
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—I
in yo ur g en eral notes o n Phy siology in n umb er of the A M ER 1C A N N A T UR A L I S T , p 3 9 7 , an abstract is given o f P ro fesso r S eegen s research es o n the glycogeni c fun ctio n Of the liv er One Of his most i mpo rtant co ncl usio ns is th at pepton es are d est royed in t he liver by b ei n g split i nto li ver s ugar an d a n it rogeno us res i due N ow thi s is ex actly the co ncl usi o n at w hi ch I arrived in my p aper, On the gly cogeni c fun ctio n of the liver, p ubli sh ed “ 2 eight years a o e refo re n th t p p e I s p Th I a a r a g y ( and thi s is a very i mpo rtant poi nt—album in oids are decomposed in the liver into g lycog en and some nitrog enous matter w hi ch is excret ed partly in the bil e b ut p rob ably mo stly resto red to t he blood to be ex creted as urea by the kidney I n thi s way ex cess Of alb umi noid ov er an d abo ve wh at is n eces sary fo r b uild
L I V ER the A pril
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T his departmen t is edited by Pro fessor H EN R Y S EWA L L , o f A ’ A ns 7 our S ci , V ol xv, p 9 9, 1878 .
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nn
A rbor, M 1chigan
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M a [ y
General N otes
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mg is red uced to a co n ditio n suitabl e fo r co mb ustio n I do not p retend to put my results fo unded enti rely o n general reas o ni ng o n the same footi n g as t he careful research es and ex peri m ent s o f P ro fesso r S eegen b ut it seems to me so ex pli cit a statement de serves recog n itio n A gai n P ro fesso r S eegen d raws attentio n to the fact that fasti ng an i mals still co nti n ue to mak e liver S ugar an d t hat th erefo re thi s fun ctio n is continuous I n the same paper I state th at wast e tis sues b ei n g alb umi n oid are undo ubt edly eli mi nated in the same way i c by splitti n g in the liver i nto a carbo hyd rat e w li iclz is burned and an i nco mb ustibl e n it rogeno us res id ue to be eli mi nated l mostly by the kid neys T he research es o f S chifl demo n strate th at waste ti ssue undergo so me i mpo rtant y ea necessary c hange in the liv er b ut as to the nat ure Of the ch an ge he says n othi ng I f the di spo sal o f waste is co nnected wi th sugar maki n g as I irm t hi s fact enti rely ex pl ai ns the co nti n uity o f the functio n afl A gai n Pro fesso r S eegen says : T he fo rmat io n o f pepto nes (at ” least in carn ivo res no t gro wi ng ) is mostly to fo rm sugar I say T he w hol e alb umi n oid ex cess is split i n to s ugar t o be b urned fo r vital fo rce an d vital h eat an d an i nco mb ustibl e res id ue to be oth erwi se eli mi nated i c the w hol e alb umi noid ex cess is utiliz ed ” as s ugar A s to the ex peri ments o f P ro fesso r S eegen and oth ers sho wi n g th at wit h carbo hyd rate di et the s ugar in the po rtal vei n is l ess th an in h epati c v ei n I con fess th ey are wholly un i nt elligibl e to me Wh at b eco mes o f the s ugar whi ch is abso rb ed in suc h l arge uantiti es I s it no t possibl e th at it may be p resen t in so me fo rm whi c h do es not res po n d to t he o rdi nary t ests fo r gl uco se T he fi nal co ncl usion of P ro fesso r S eegen th at g lycog en al ways p resent in the liver is not the source of liver sug ar must be estab lished o n very firm bas i s befo re it will be accepted by physiolo gi sts —josej) lz L eConte .
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BER x EL EY , C A L
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A pr il 8,
18 86
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PS Y C H
OL OG Y
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— M EY NE R T S PS Y C H I A T R Y V OL I Thi s vol ume o f 2 85 pages is l argely d evoted to the g ro ss and mi n ute anato my Of the b rain Besid es the appendi x o n the mech an i sm o f ex p ressio n and a ’I
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ho rt ch apter on the n ut ritio n o f the b rai n two thi rds Of the b oo k are d evot ed to anato my and o ne thi rd to the p hysiology o f thi s i mportant o rgan T he wo rk rep resen ts the res ults o f M ey nert s r c n m a t h research es up to 188 i fi u e a e e c l v l b i g n d s O f r s t a s s a s a 4 s
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des S cien ces, V ol 5 8, p 203 , 187 7 7 Ps chiatr h or Me i s h a i n B T e o d s i t s d f t e F r e b r a n a c l n i c l t r a i e o e a s e o o e , y y y y n ert, M D , pro fessor of nervous diseases an d chief o f psychl atri c c lin ic o f V ien na ’ 8110 , V ol 1 N ew Y ork, G P Putnams S o ns T ran slated by B S achs, M D 1885 1 A rch .
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Psy c/zology
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desc riptio ns of a master in cereb ral anato my and phy siolo gy T he t ext is acco mpani ed by mostly ex cellent eng ravi ngs whi ch are so n ecessary to the co mp reh ensio n Of thi s ab st ruse subj ect We give so me Of th ese Figs 1 2 and 3 (N o s 9 24 and 56 of the book ) whi ch represent st ruct ure and Fig 4 (60) w hi ch ill ust rates “ the law o f musc ul ar actio n un d er sti mul us M eynert Opens his ch apter on the physiolo g y of the b rai n with the assertio n (p 13 8) th at it is an o rgan Of w hi ch the functio n may be i nferred fro mits struct ure Thi s i nference is j ustifi ed by T he mo st im fact s Of phys iology both n o rmal and ab no rmal po rtan t no rmal physiologi cal law whi ch is add uced in evid ence .
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FI G 1 Convexity o f the human brai n j, island o f R eil ; 86 , sylvian fissure T he letters are placed on the temporal lip of the fissure ; abo ve the islan d lies the Operculum, bo un ded by the anterior ascending limb, which passes upward toward ' h l tt t e e ers é l , and the posterior ascending limb approaching the lettering ar e 1 6 , central fissure ; QC , pra central fissure (anterior rad ial fissure) ; t a, (Ga ) , post l l occipital fissure ; el , é l radi al fissure sulcus o cci ito parietalis) ; 6 on o ngi p ( tudinal fiss ures in fro ntal and tempo ral lobes ; GP, design ates below arallel fissure 6 4 0 pre occipital fissure q gyrus fusiformis) Ca, anterior centra convolutions C) , posterior cen tral con vo utions ; Ps (Qu ) , superior pari etal lobe (lobus uadratus ) ; ar e 1, ar e 11, in ferior and superior parietal con vo lutio ns ; g a e, extern al occipital fissure (ape fissure) ; Cu , Occ, Occ i , the three o ccipital con vo lutio ns o f Ecker ; Cu , indicating the co n vex surface of the cuneus , and Oec i design ating the co nvex sur face of the gyrus lingualis ; 01. em, calloso marginal con volution ; ar c acc, o ccipital ) ’ arch ; I above 86 , frontal convolutio ns L .
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th at of Bell that the cond uctio n o f nerve fo rce is in a cent ri p etal di rectio n th ro ugh the po sterior and in a cent ri fugal direc ” tio n th ro ugh the anterio r spi nal root s Th at cereb ral functio n has defi nite locatio ns is demo nst rated by th ree facts amo ng many T he fi rst o f th ese is the i nti mate rel atio n Ob served to oth ers is
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General N otes
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ex i st b etween
the
siz e
ell ; the sm
o d
the
sec n
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Of the
lo se
c
ol facto ry lobe
an d the sen s e
l tio n b et ween
re a
the
size of
of
the
ol facto ry lob es and the gyrus fornicatus with whi ch its fibers c o nnect Thi s convol ution is g reatly developed in Mammalia w ith st ro ng Ol facto ry po wers fo rmi ng w ith the ex ternal Ol facto ry c o nvol utio n the v ery ex t ensiv e c o n v ex i ty o f the co rn u ammo ni s ; th i rdly the di rect co nnectio n whi ch ex i sts between di seases o f the regio n abo ut and wi thi n the sylvi an fi ss ure esp eci ally the cl aust rum an d di so rd ers Of the f ac ul ty Of speech T he ex peri ments of H itzig N oth nagel Ferri er and M unk receive due att en tio n and th ei r curio us res ults are given in detail D r Meynert s d efi ni tio n o f the eg o is i nteresti n g as pro ceedi n g fro m the physiologi cal standpoi nt T he s um H e says (p i ndi vid uality the of th ese [i nnervatio n] cen ters co nstit utes the eg o of ab st rac t p sy chologi sts I attach so me i mpo rtance to ,
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F10 3 T ransparent longitudin al section thro ug h the brain of a monkey Fr , fro ntal end ; occ, occipital end ; R d, cortex cerebri ; M , medullary substan ce o f the fore brain ; N e, caudate n ucleus ; L , lenticular nucleus ; C, anterior co mmissura ; 1V, l i d n l o b u s l u s a m a l a i i t r n l l a c a d I I t t r a 1 e a s u t h a l a m A O c c t C e T b s u , ; , , ; ; ; , g p ; g p y p B r , brachium co rpo ris uadrig emin i ; L b, discus lentifo rmis (by mistak e o f the en w er united to the stratum intermedium T he dark po in ted triang ular mass i n g ’r nt of it is the radiatio n o f the posterior long itud in al fasciculus Un dern eath B r the radiatio n o f the n ucleus ruber) ; L L L , lemn iscus o f the superior and in ferior co rpus big em in um, and o f the valvula cercb he li ; P P , pes pedunculi ; P po m vari o li i ; R b, corpus rhombo ideum; 0, in ferior o live ; Cbl, cerebellum, P r , r oc e ss us p cerebelli ad cerebrum; R , co rpus restiforme ; Fp, fun ic ulus posterior .
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i ndivid uality because it is fo und ed upo n the anato mi ca l st ructure Of the c o rtex and the s i mpl e phy siologi cal p rocess w hi c h ent ers i nto o ur p resent di scussio n I ndivid uality i mpli es the sumo f firmest asso ci atio ns whi ch un d er o rdi nary ci rc umst anc es fo rmi ng are well n igh i nseparabl e ; the ag g regate o f m emo ri es a so lid ph al anx the rel atio n o f whi ch to co nsc io us mov ement s can be d efi ned app arently wit h m ath emati cal p rec i si o n Thi s un the wo rd
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V OL
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Gener ac N otes
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l activity of the fo re b rai n c o nstit uti ng i ndivid uality vari es regard s c o ntents and d eg ree w ith eac h p erso n ; it is d es ig nated
e ua as
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F10 4 D iagram explaining the mechanism o f a conscious movement o f the arm F, fron tal co rtex ; cc 0, o ccipital cort ex ; C N , n ucl caud ; L N , nucl lenticulari s ; A T , thalamus o pticus D , mesen cephalo n L , pon s variohi ; 0, med o blongata, inating with a cross characterized by the o livary body ; AI , med ulla spinalis, term sectio n o f the cervical spinal co rd ; ed, cerebellum, blue lin es indicate centripetal red lines cen tri fugal tracts, the red and blue circ les in the spin al cord and fore brain denote cen tral gray n uclei, black lin es mark the as soci ation fibers ; [ a] , senso ry tract Of the arm; 3 , part o f the cortical cen ter for cutaneo us sens ation ; 2 , tract for effect ing the mo vement of the arm; 3 A , co n ducting tract of the opti c nerve : A , part of the visual cen ter ; 4 6 , tract conducti ng sensation o f inn ervation interrupted i n the thalamus ; C, a center in the cortex for sensations o f in nervation ;5 , centrifugally co nducting tract ori g in ati ng in the cortical area C .
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A
ntlzro ology
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l o as the ch aracter o f eac h i ndivid ual It has b een j ustly ob serv ed th at if the c h aracter (i ndi vid uality) o f a perso n were en t irely k no wn we wo uld be abl e to p redi c t the tho ugh ts and deed s o f s uc h an i n divid ual ho wev er co mpli c at ed th ey might be On p 170 it is perti nen tly remarked th at th ere is n o gap b et ween co nsc io us and refl ex movements to be fill ed in by ” i nsti nct D r M ey nert mak es the follo wi n g reference to the nat ure and “ val ue o f o ur c ognitio ns (p I wi sh to add th at it is the bold est hypot hesi s sh ared alike by the o rdi nary mi nd and by sc i entifi c reali s m to ass um e th at the wo rld is s uc h as it appears t o the b rai n to be ;th at the l atter can be lik ened to a mi rro r whi ch s i mply refl ec ts the fo rms o f the o uter wo rld th at the wo rld as it appears to the b rai n ex i sts i nd epend ently o fthe p resence o r ab sence I ndeed it seems to me to be a c ruci al t est o f an i n di o f mi n d vidual s po wer o f tho ught to d etermi n e wh eth er he can co nceive s whi c h o ur o r no t Of the unreality of the w o rld cl ad in fo rm mi nds h ave b esto wed upo n it It sho uld be reiterated that the i d eali sti c co nceptio n of the wo rl d is suppo rted by phys iologi cal fac ts and still mo re positively by the fac ts o f cereb ral architec ” t ure befo re all uded to We cannot l earn fro m thi s paragraph w heth er D r Mey nert is an i deali st in the Berk el eyan sense o r no t I n any case the pathologi cal argument has a do ubl e edge Perceptio nal and ideatio nal i ncapacity b ased o n pathologi cal co n d it io ns no mo re p rov e the un reali ty (i c i mmensurability ) of the n on e o r f u r th a h p e e c tio f u r og n itio n e a bl s s to e n e t n o o c s n e g p c eive all th ere is Of the wo rld Because we do not app reh end all it is not to be i nferred th at we th erefo re app reh en d nothi n g D r M ey nert p ro mi ses to di sc uss the i mpo rtant uestio n o f hereditary p redi spo sitio n to mental di sease in the seco n d part of the wo rk H e o utli nes his po sitio n on thi s uestio n in the p reface “ to Vol 1 in the follo wi ng l ang uage: It is taki n g altogeth er too s i mpl e a vi ew o f thi n gs to regard mo rality as o ne o f man s tal ents and as a d efi n ite p syc hi cal p roperty w hi ch is p resent in so me per — s o ns and l ac ki n g in oth ers C
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A NTHR
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OP OL OG Y
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T H E A BOR I GI NA L A x OP T H E S A L T R 1V E R VA I L EY , A R I ZON A T he fertil e all uvi al l and s Oi the g reat vall ey Of S alt river, whi ch h ave been lyi ng idl e fo r unk no wn ent uri es , are now b ei ng rap i dly redeemed by i rrigatio n and pl anti ng Ph oen i x the Garden Ci ty of A rizo na, now n umbers so me 5000 i nh abitants , and is rapidly g ro wi n g in pop ul atio n and wealth upo n the g ro und w hi h was fo rmerly d ensely o cc upi ed by a race p resumably ex ti nct unl ess it fi nd s rep resentatio n in the Pimos and Mari opas Of to day .
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Edited by Prof OT I S T .
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MA S ON, Natio nal Museum, Washington, D C .
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General N otes
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pas t t urned up by the mod ern plo ugh the abo rigi nal sto ne ax is the most co nspi cuo us and ab un dant T he n umero us speci mens S ho w th at but o ne general fo rm and ty pe p revail ed and th at the material in all was nearly the same—a co mpac t firm dark g reen dol erite A vaili n g do ubt l ess o f the river wo rn bo uld ers nearest to the d esired fo rm the anci ents sh aped th em by rubbi ng o r gri n di n g i nto ax es Of superio r fo rm and fi n i sh capab le o f doi ng good servi ce in cut ti n g an d h ewi ng the so ft cotto nwood t rees of the lo wl and s and even the h arder mez uite of the first terrace w h ere th ei r ho mes were b uilt T he fo rm o f the ax is b est d escribed by t he acc o mpanyi n g fig ures in side vi ew and tap vi ew T he g roove or ch annel fo r A
mongst
the
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tho ng of rawhid e fo r the h andl e is generally deep an d l eft so mewh at ro ugh in surfac e w hil e the rest Of the ax is g ro un d smooth and is po li shed I n so me spec i mens ho wever T hi s t he g roove is al so smooth and poli sh ed as if by lo ng wear g roove ex tends acro ss the tap Of the ax and do wn the two sid es but not across the botto m or under ed ge whi c h is lefl : st raight an d is g ro und smooth apparently fo r the receptio n o f a key or I n many wedge to tighten the c lasp of the tho ng on the stone S p ec i m ens parti c ul arly in the h eavy hammers o r sl ed ges al so fo und h ere the bo rd ers o f the groov e are raised in a ridge a uarter Of an i nch or mo re above the general s urface th us givi n g a b road er and fi rmer b eari n g fo r the tho n g whil e the bl ad e and h ead Of the ax are made small er an d thi nner T he thi ck ness Of the ax es vari es c o nsid erably as al so the l engt h due in part to wear by lo ng use and repeated g rindi ng the with e or
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T he wei g ht
ldo m exceeds th ree
o d u s n p
se
and the
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l ength eight
i nch es One do ubl e bitted ax an unusual fo rm is seven i nc h es lo ng an d one and a uarter i nch es thi c k It is well sh aped and ap e a f a l l r s e n e s o to h v b iv tool t i g d a e e n e t h n e e e u a f f c T e c t p g t he ax es w ere fo rmed w ith g reat care and are c urved as in o ur modern axes Th ey b ear i ndi sp utabl e evidence o f careful gri nd i n g i nto sh ape and to a cutti ng edge Thi s g ri ndi ng was do ne w ith g reat accuracy and skill T he rectili near parall eli sm of the l i nes o f ab rasio n is surpri si ng Evidence Of the use Of sto ne ax es is fo un d in the remnant s o f the ced ar floo r b eams in the w all s o f the rui ns Of C asa Grande Wm P Blake Plucnix A ri
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—T he di scovery in C ub a
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D E POR M ED C R A N tA o nly call ed d efo rmed C arib sk ull s, rs itsel f o f a seri es o fcrani a o mm ent agai ns t th is i dentifi atio n, fo r it is well k no wn th at an arg um th ere never were eith er Caribs o r p racti es o f d efo rmatio n 1n C uba M le Do cteur M o ntaneread b efo re thi s so ci ety , at a fo rmer meet ” in g , an essay entitl ed, A C ub an Carib an epithet as oppo sed to the Opi n io ns o f the autho r o f the p resent paper as , fo r exampl e, a J amai an A ztec, a Venez uel an ui ch ua, a Po rt ug uese Bas ue o r an a M agyar En gli sh m L et us establi sh who are the C aribs and und er w h at c i r um s tances were the ran i a fo und P T he Caribs, acco rdi n g to P Casas and other 1 chro niclers o f A meri ca, were the i nh abitants o f Guadelo upe and Do mi n i ca, the fi rst i sl and s th at Oppo sed the C astili ans C h ri stoph er Col umb us f s O m e h m e w e a v th o o di n g th ith Ch lyb a e e t h e a m e n t n u c f n , g A s ia, warlik e peopl e, neighbo rs to the A mazons, d welt upo n by t he geog raphers an d hi sto ri ans Of anti uity Th ese Caribs belon ged to the same race as the oth er inhabi tants of the archi pel ago , with no other di fferen e ex ept weari ng Thi s l as t accusatio n, un t he h ai r lo ng and eati n g h uman fl esh p roved , extended later to oth er peopl es o f the co nti nent b elo ng i n g to di fferent races T he wo rd C arib b e ame the syno ny mo f an th ropoph agy , and th ere were C arib s th ro ugho ut A meri ca, in M ex i co , the A ntill es Brazil , &c T he fi rst to bear thi s name d i sappeared a few years after, ui ck er th an th ei r rel atives in oth er isl ands War, sl avery , and th ei r o wn agg ressive wars mo re p ro mptly resulted 1n th ei r extermi natio n I n fact h al f a cent ury after the di scovery o f A meri ca, Guad elo up e, D o m1n ica and adj a A new ra e o f I ndi ans establi sh ed cen t i sl ands were deserted its el f th ere and the l and was occupi ed by France and oth er S O C A L L ED -
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pow ers Th us the I ndi ans call ed at the end of the seventeenth century C aribs by Breto n D u Tertre R och efo rt and L ab at and who .
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R
ead in
S panish before the A
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nthro ological
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S ociety in H avana, N ov , .
1885
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o di ng to R oc h efo rt came fro m Flo rida (an i ncredibl e theo ry) and acc o rdi n g to oth er autho rs fro m S o uth A meri ca w ere no t the d escendant s o f the first n amed i n h abitants of the arc hipel ago T he autho rs n amed abov e d epi ct th ei r C arib s w ith raci al ch arac teris tics ui te di fferen t fro m tho se Of the race an t erio rly described by the fi rst co n uero rs Th ei r l ang uage acco rdi ng to Breto n had nothi ng in co mmo n with th at famili ar t o Col umb us and his co mp an io ns Th ey were mo reover much mi x ed w ith the n eg ro es o f S ai nt Vi ncen t and T ab ago fo rm i ng a race co mmo nly call ed C arib neg ro es T he Opi nio ns advanced in thi s st udy are rel ated espec i ally to the t rue and anci ent Caribs o f Col umb us and the fi rst ch ro n acc r
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iclers T he pl aster cast b efo re us was tak en fro m o ne o f a n umber fo und , in 184 7 , in a cave near the east ern end Of C uba by M ig uel icial meas R od rig uez Ferrer, who se explo ratio ns , writi ng s and Ofl ures have co nt rib uted so much to sci entifi c st udi es in o ur i s l and T wo Of th ese crani a are no w in H avana, wh ere th ey were st udi ed by the l earned Po ey ; two o th ers were sent to Mad ri d, w h ere th ey were st udi ed by M M Graells Vil anova and Peres A rcas ; oth ers remai ned 1n the possessio n of the di scoverer T he o rigi nal of thi s cast belo nged to the U n iv ers ity o f H avana an d was de st royed by fire Fo rt unately S r N i col as Guti erez had p reserved a perfect rep rod uctio n 1n pl aster, whi ch he p resented to the S o c i ety o f A nth ropology T he cranial measurements o f S r M o ntanealtho ugh useful , an d i nd eed i ndi spensabl e in oth er craniologi cal st udi es h av e no im po rtance wh en we h ave to p rove o r di sp rove an hi sto ri c fact as defi n ite as the usage att rib uted to the C arib s and oth er A meri can savages o f vol untarily ch an gi n g the fo rm o f the h ead C ran io logi cal measures are useful in d etermi n i ng the ch aracters o f a l arge seri es o r in decidi ng wh eth er a given sk ull b elo ng s to a c l ass well k n o wn But M M o ntanedoes no t po ssess the dimen S io ns o f a s i ngl e seri es o f cran i a call ed d efo rmed C arib ; w h at is mo re he has no t the measures of one s u h I f s uch d ata ex i sted th ey wo uld be fo und in the best k nown tex ts, but we search fo r th em in vai n N eith er in p ubli or p rivate museums n o r in atlases h av e we a si ngl e ex ampl e o f a d efo rmed C arib s k ull ’ Only o ne has been d escribed under thi s h ead in M o rto n s C ran i a A meri cana fro m a cast in Phil ad elphi a, the o rigi nal o f w h i c h ex i sted in Pari s and had b een used by Gall and S purzheim in th ei r 1 ph renologi cal st udi es But n oti ce th at thi s came fro mthe I sl an d M o re o f S t Vi ncent , the p ri n ip al ho me o f the Carib neg ro es over, thi s sk ull has not been measured by any mo dern methods, or at l east D r Montan é do es n ot give t h em On the co ntrary, th ere is at Ch arl esto n a veritabl e Carib sk ul l .
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D r Moultrie, uo ted by Morton, ” S choolcraft, A rchives , 11 .
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Physical T ype
of
A
merican
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ndians,
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A
nthro olo
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fr o m Guadelo upe ; b ut, noti ce well , it is not fl attened but, uite t he co nt rary , v ery high in the cro w n a decis iv p roo f agai nst the j usti ce o f the cl assifi cat io n generally call ed efo rmed C arib Fi nally, th ere are at Pari s several other crani a co mi ng fro m the L esser A ntill es call ed Carib whi ch h ave b een meas ured by mo d er n methods But mark well , t h ey are no t defo rmed ; th at is to say D r M o ntanedo es n o t po ssess the meas uremen ts o f a s i ngl e d efo rmed C arib c ran i um Co nse uently he undertakes to di scover resembl ances bet ween th i s and cran i a fro mA nco n, in Peru H e repo rts the measure ment of two types o f th ese the defo rmed an d the no n d efo rmed T he fig ures p ubli s h ed in his wo rk , if th ey p rov e anythi ng d emo n s t rat e th at the sk ull in uestio n is n o t C arib at all but o f the no n d efo rmed fro m A n co n, Peru On the co nt rary the repo rt o f M Graells, Vil anova and Perez A reas, signed by a l arge S p eci al co mmitt ee o f the M useum o f l M ad rid relates to the two cran i a di scovered by S r Ferrer T he autho rs do n ot h es itate to recogn ize the resembl ance b etween the t w o sk ull s befo re th emand tho se generally call ed defo rmed C arib T h ey d eclare th at a co mpl et e st udy o f the uestio n Of artifici al flatteni ng is i mpo ssibl e witho ut a numero us seri es of the same fo rm Th ey clo se by sayi n g th at in relatio n to the two cran i a b efo re th em, th ey do not b eli eve th at th ere had been d efo rmatio n b ut that the sh ape is nat ural S r Feli pe Poey, who exami ned at H avana, abo ut t wenty years ago , two c ran i a found by S r Ferrer, b eli eved th at o ne o f th em w as perfectly nat ural S r R od ri uez Ferrer hi msel f did not b eli eve them to be Carib , relyi n g mai nly upo n the b eli ef th at we h ad never had Carib s in C ub a I ndeed, they never came in th ei r ex urs io ns furth er th an Po rto R i co o r at l eas t th an S anto D O mi ngo th ey never flattened the sk ull and fi nally th ei r cran i a w ere not o f the fo rm whi ch th ey had been suppo sed I n 15 12 an abando ned vessel was di sc ov ered o n the oast o f G uani mar so uth S id e Of C uba N o t race of its crew was after w ard fo und Peter Marty r, fro m his lib rary in S p ai n wrote th at t h ey were d evo ured by anth ropoph ago us savages On the o nt rary L as Casas says : Thi s has not the slightest app earance o f t ruth N O o ne has b een able to p rove th at the — — Caribs if th ere are any s uch peopl e h ave ever t ravel ed so far fro m th ei r i slands, whi h are Guad elo upe and Do mi n i a, sit uat ed I beli eve t hat they far to the east o f S an J uan (Po rto R i co ) land at l Espag nole (S ai n t Do mi n go) o n ly no w and th en Tho se ”2 who speak lik e Peter Marty r take th ei r fanci es fo r realiti es ” “ T he ph rase, if th ere are any , appli ed to the Carib s w o uld appear a littl e st range fro m the pen o f such a g reat autho rity ,
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R eport presented
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Madri d, March
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by S rs
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Graells, V ilan o va and Perez
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Casas, H istoria de las I ndias
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Madrid, 187 5 ,
111,
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General N otes
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Casas had no faith in tlfe ch arge of anth ropoph agy mad e against the I ndi ans by the co n uero rs o f the new wo rld an acc usatio n w hi ch he attrib uted to a des i re for a p retex t to ensl ave t he savages S till mo re st range is it th at neith er Casas n or any oth er of th e earli er hi sto ri ans S peak o f the I ndi ans call ed Carib s as apply i n g — to the h eads o f th ei r i n fants apparat us to c hange the fo rm an o mi no us sil ence wh en we co nsi der th at th ese same writers are full Of d etail fal se o r t rue rel ative to th ese same savages In a wo rd Col umb us Ch anca A meri c us V eS puciuS Bernal D i az Peter Marty r En Ci so Ferdi nand Col umb us L as Casas Ovi edo Go mara and many o th ers fo r a cent ury an d a hal f after the dis co very are unan i mo usly sil en t abo ut the artifi c i al d efo rmati o n o f the cran i um att rib uted in l ater ti mes to t he early i n habitants o f the L esser A ntill es I f the fi rst w itness es and ch ro n i cl ers o n A meri ca are mut e regardi ng d efo rmatio n th ey d esc rib e w ith g reat ex ac t ness t he h ead s o f the i ndigenes o f th ese i sl an d s and the result is that the sk ull s are very el ev at ed in the c ro wn T he mo st anc i ent and autho ritativ e Of th ese wit nesses Ch ris to 1 ph er Col umb us d ecl ares th at the i nh abitants o f the A n till es the Greater and the L esser and tho se Of Terra Fi rma resembl e o ne an oth er in resp ec t to th ei r n at ural fo rm wi th w id e fo reh ead s an d h eads well el evated Th ere were not in the A ntill es the two races as all eged but o ne un i fo rm race w itho ut vari at io n Of phys i cal c h aracters Th is is so t rue th at w h en after ten years of ex ploratio n in the archi pelago an d t he n o rt h ern part o f S o uth A meri ca Ch ri stoph er Col umb us arrived at the I sl an d o f Guanaj a an d the co un t ries o f C entral A meri ca wh ere he fo und fo rms o f h ead uite di fferent fro m th o se whi ch he had fo rmerly seen he reco rded thi s fac t in his notes 2 A meri cus V espuc ius who saw the same I ndi an s o n the i s l ands as well as o n the c o ast co mpares th ei r vi sages with th at o f th e Tartars who h ave the fo reh ead very wid e " Do cto r Ch anca asserts th at the o n ly di fference among the I n di ans o f th ese i sl es co nsi st ed in the pretended weari n g lon g hai r by the Carib s and the weari ng by the wo men o f a ki nd Of cott o n band s aro und the l egs above and b elo w the cal f ‘ Bernal Di az who never lived in A meri ca but who saw at S evill e s o me h undreds o f I ndi ans sent to be sold under the unj us t many of who m he acc usatio n Of b ei ng eaters o f h uman fl esh lodged in his own ho use says the Carib s h ave the same phys i cal co nfo rmatio n as ot hers Th ey are not mo re defo rmed th an oth ers o nly th ey h ave thi s evil custo m I n all the i sl ands there
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V ida del A lmirante, cap 89 F C o lo n H istoria, 111, 109 , 1 13 C asas Premier N avig atum 3 Chan ca L ettre au M unicipe de S eville, Jan , 14 94 C oll de N avarrete, 8 35 4 Bern al Diaz I I istoria de los R eyes C atOlicos, cap 118 1
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3 53 ,
A nthropology
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difl erence ei th er in the fo rm o r the m anners o f the inhabi A ll h ave the fa e and fo reh ead tants, no r in th ei r l ang uag e lo ng , the h ead ro und , w ith the same di stan e between the templ es ” as fro m the fo reh ead to t he o ccip ut ‘ W e may aflirm th en in vi rt ue o f thi s testi mo ny, th at the p ri m i t ive Carib s had no habits of defo rmatio n, and th at th ei r h eads, in stead o f bei ng elongated and fl attened as was suppo sed , were ro und and el evated 1 Ovi edo was the fi rst to start the repo rt o f the ex i sten e of vol I n his editio n o f 15 3 5 he says u ntary d efo rmatio n in A meri a t hat the i nh abitants o f S t Do mi ngo had the fo rehead very wid e For at the mo ment of o n acco unt Of certai n man ip ul atio ns, ” b irth th ey p ress the fo reh ead and the occip ut o f child ren S uch treat ment wo uld not effect a permanent change in the 2 fo rm o f the h ead 3 Go mara ex p resses hi msel f in parall el terms in rel atio n to S ai nt D o mi ngo o n ly he specifi es th at it was the wi se wo men to who m H e add s, re w as d ue the s h ape o f the h ead in th ese I ndians n h n u m a a t h e ressure made at the di g I di C n th p f a t s r t e a n o a g mo ment o f acco uchment was eflected by two b undl es o f otto n Go mara was never o n A meri can soil ‘ L as Casas says th at in Peru it was a g reat p rivil ege g ranted to c ertai n chi efs w ho m th ey w i s h ed to ho n o r to give to the h ead s Of th ei r i nfants the fo rm of tho se o f the ki ng and p ri nces of the ro yal f amily Fro m thi s we co ncl ud e that the p racti ce was neither obli gato ry n o r general , no r p racti ed upo n the h ead s Of the royal family M o reover Casas was never in Peru On the o ntrary he k new S ai nt Do mi ngo b ett er th an did Ovi edo, but says not o ne wo rd H e k new c o ncerni n g the h ead s o f the i nh abitants of t h at i sland C ent ral A meri ca better th an did Ovi edo , and tho ugh he mentio ns p racti ces attrib uted to moth ers o r wi se wo men, defo rmatio ns o f t he sk ull h av e no pl ace ‘5 It is Ci eza de L eo n who co mmences to speak vag uely o f w ooden apparat us appli ed to the h ead s o f I ndi ans H e says th at amo n g the Ch anco s, i n the p rovi nce o f ui mbaya, an d in oth er regio ns th ey co mp ress the h ead s o f new bo rn b ab es w ith tabl ets whi ch are repl aced later o n by ligat ures It is asto n i shi ng that with respect to the C ara ues, near M anta, by uito , the operation is reversed , fi rst the bandages and then t he tabl et s w hi ch in his opi nio n remai n fo ur o r five y ears in pl ace But he k no ws o nly indiflerently the o unt ri es Of whi ch is
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Oviedo
H istoria general y N atural de I ndias, 11, cap 5 ; ’ ’ T opinard Elements d A nthropolog ie gen eral e Paris, 7 56 .
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Go mara
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H istoria de las I
Madrid
n dias.
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185 2, 17 2, 206
A pologetica H istoria, cap 3 4 , 3 9 2 L a C ronica del Peru, cap 26 , 3 7 8, 1853 Madrid
C asas
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4 5 1 3 99
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A lso
cap
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0 5 ,
4 04 ; al so
cap.
General N otes
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he speak s as hi msel f avo ws A s to Peru p ro per, he mentions the defo rmative p ro cess o n ly amo ng the Coll as, sayi ng n othi ng o f C uz co L i m M o reover thi s a and o th er pl aces in the empi re autho r is o ne o f the mo st c red ulo us Of his ti me l Fi nally Garcilas o repo rts th at the I ndi ans o f Man ta, by uito , d efo rm the h ead s o f th ei r c hild ren by mean s o f t wo tab l ets w hi ch th ey tighten mo re and mo re every day d uri n g fo ur o r five y ears H e says th at in T ul a, o r Flo rida, the same res ult was attai ned by means Of certai n ligat ures whi c h th ey used n i ne o r ten years But Garc il aso vi s ited neith er o f th ese c o untri es Cabeza de Vaca lived ten years in Flo rid a, d escribes many c us to ms of the I ndi ans but makes no mentio n o f defo rmatio n A s to uito, Garc il aso evi dently copi es Ci eza It is w ith relatio n to Peru p roper, wh ere he was bo rn and w h ere he lived up to his t wenti et h year, th at Garc ilaso is an autho rity o f the fi rst o rd er H e says no t o ne wo rd Of d efo rma tio n amo ng t he Coll as n o r o f any pl ace in the empi re o f the I ncas It is i mp robable that he wo uld h ave o mitted an operation so co mmo n and o ne p racti ced o n his own h ead , if it had ex i st ed M o reover he d escribes wh at is do ne to i nfants at the mo ment Of bi rth and d uri ng lactatio n I nstead Of the co mp ression o f the head, eith er by the h an ds , o r by b and ages, o r by tabl ets, the h e ad is l eft enti rely uncovered an d is never to uch ed , parti c ul arly near the b rai n , w hil e the body and arms are securely wrapped Th ere are many oth er narratives o f the co n uest, but in no ne o f th em is th ere the l east co n fi rmat io n o f the stat ement as to ran i al d efo rmatio n H uman nat ure is so p ro ne to receiv e with o ut ex ami natio n ex trao rdi nary st at ements , th at the ball o f snow o f vol un tary d efo rmatio ns in A meri ca attai ned colo ssal p ro po r tio ns Th at whi ch b egan by b ei n g redited co n erni ng th ree o r fo ur regio ns wide apart , fi n i s h es by bei ng ex tend ed over the en .
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ti re conti nent A cent ury and ah al f after the ex ti nctio n o f the C arib s fro m the L esser A ntill es we find oth er savages in the same i sl and s in regard to who m the voyag ers o f th ei r ti me h av e rep eated all the sto ri es fal se o r t rue th at the fi rst S pani sh co n uero rs told co n cerni ng vario us I ndian pop ulations It has been said that thi s ab surd p racti ce end ured lo ng after the co n uest and th at it was fo rbidden by o rd er Of the S pan ish e r n m n rs e s s f c f ov e n t c o r di g to oth e by h d e i io n o o u n c il o a c t c a g L i ma acco rdi n g to o thers by a papal d ecree T he M ar ui s de N ad aill ac afl i rms th at the co uncil in uestio n was h el d in 154 5 b ut M Topi nard b eli ev es th at it took pl ace in 15 85 an d th at in 17 5 2 the governo r o f L i ma p ubli s h ed a new edi ct agai nst defo r matio ns N ow th ere were no co uncil s h eld in L i ma in 154 5 and 15 85 T he five co uncil s h eld th ere took pl ace in 155 1 156 7 .
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Garcilaso de la V ega C omentario reales de los I del I nca, l v, cap 15 ; C omentarios, 111, cap 12 l
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ncas , 11 1, cap
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8; L a Florida
A
nthro ology
p
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T he dec1s1ons are p reserved , and th ere ‘ ar e no t the slig ht est all us io ns to defo rm atio n 2 R ivero and T schudi vi s ited a l arg e n umb er o f Peruv ian to mb s, ex ami ned the mummi es in them, amo ng oth ers a foet us Of seven mo nths Old still in the moth er s wo mb , many child ren of all ag es, and o f ad ults, and h avi ng ob served th ro ugho ut the same d e f c ran ial fo rm h e s r o itho t l t v tig d p io w u t e e n e a s e o f r e ss n o , fo rmi ng apparat us , th ey came to the convi tio n th at th is was the nat ural fo rm o f the h ead s M R ob erts o n ex ami nes no l ess mi nutely the platicephalic rani a o f the mo un d b uild ers o f the U n ited S tat es , suppo sed to be d efo rmed , and the analys i s convi nced him th at the ran i a were 159 1 and
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160 1
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h e t a s s th t c o di g to C c n a a r a W h ead s Of Guatemal a I ndi ans d efo rmed in ti mes anterio r to the d i sc overy had giv en ri se by i nh eritance to crania spo ntaneo usly d efo rmed A cco rdi ng to oth er wit nesses the same thi n g took ‘ m n g the Omaq uas Of S o uth A meri c a c l c a c i r a e a o p t e h e T p havi ng been att rib uted to th ese savages by Ulloa an affirmatio n repeat ed in 17 54 by U narte it res ults th at thi s fo rm of h ead is at rfect ly nat ural and th at rld r e n m h w s e t p e Child e o i n to t e o n r c e p ” in thi s tribe and so me oth ers with the h ead di slo cated T he same result follo ws c o ncern i ng the th ree races Of Peru t hat ex i st at thi s mo ment w ith the same fo rm o f h ead th at th ey fo rmerly had witho ut any need o f defo rmato ry p rac ti c es I n the w o rds Of R ivero and T schudi But th ere is o ne p roo f still mo re c o nc l usive agai nst the usag e Of mec h ani cal means ; it is the ac t ual ex i stence o f th ree races in di sti nc t altho ugh c o nt ract ed areas wh ere we find n o t rac e o f b an dage no r o f p ressure ex er c ised on the h ead o f the new bo rn It is th en d emo nstrated th ere is neither hi sto ric sc i entifi c nor atio n th at in Tropi cal A meri ca th ere r tio nal base fo r the affi rm a w ere c o unt ri es wh ere the h ead was modifi ed in fo rm by mechan i eans N at ure by its own fo rces was enti rely e ual to the cal m task of p rod uci ng th en and p rod uc i ng to day th ese same fo rms i n many part s of the w o rld Thi s t ruth is still mo re evident in rel atio n to the savages call ed C arib s Of the L esser A ntill es ; fi rst because n o ne o f the earli est c h ro ni cl ers att rib ute to th ema s i mil ar h abit and sec o ndly b ec ause n o one has fo und the fo rm of h ead th at has b een att rib ut ed to — as h t em yuan I g naci o de A rm e
h ave seen
in
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fo rmer
c itatio
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L eyes de I
S olerzan o, Politics I ndians ; H ermes, Coleccion de Bulas D o cumentos relati vos a la I g lesia de A meri ca y Filipinas Bruxelles,
ndias ;
Breves, y o ttos 1 879 R ivero et T schudi A
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R obertson
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ntiquida
des Perua n as
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L es Mound Builders
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b urg , 1, 4 3 as de la A S obro n L os idiom R ivera an d T schudi, op cit .
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C ong I .
Vienna, nternat.
merica laterla Madrid -
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185 1,
dA ’
p 52 .
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mé ri canistes
106 .
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L uxem
M I C R OS C OPY A
N
A
L C OH OL tc
D R 1P
FOR
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T H OMA J UNG M I C R OT OME —A s is well k nown sec tio ns o f man y hard ened spec i men s may be r e a d i l y made w itho ut i mbedd in g by simply fastenin g th em in the ho lder o f a mi c r o t o me w ith o r w i t h o u t c o rk pith etc fo r suppo rt Trial sec tio ns o f mod erate thi nness th us mad e o ften p rove surp ris in gly useful D ecal cified bo ne cart i l ag e kid ney and man y oth er hardened an i mal tissues may be exami ned wi t h g reat d es p at c h w h i le stems roots and o th er fai rly ri g id po rtio ns o f pl ants al so give ex cellent Th i s sim result s m l e e e l thod g ly e n r a p demands ho wever th at the obj ect s hall o od be co nstant ly fl ed with st ro n g al c o hol and the same necess ity ex i sts al ways in the use o f celloidi n w hi ch we h ave fo und to be an i mb eddi ng material es o f g reat utili ty a ll a l i i n v e g t e c e y p hi stology Fo r the S ch anze and other mi croto mes in whi ch the obj ec t 13 rai sed w itho ut any l ateral consisti ng partly at l east of rubber T HE
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movement
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i mpl e siphon
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Edited by D r C .
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O WH I T MA N, Mus C omparative Zoology C ambri dge, Mass .
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pl aced a co mmo n screw cl amp for regula ti n g the Outflow suppli es a d ripper whi ch is effective and ui ckly ho me mad e in any l abo ratory Fo r the Tho ma mi croto me it is al s o avail abl e eith er by floodi ng the k n i fe wh en thi s is set sl ant in g and p ush ed cl ear o f the i nst rument o r by fre uent readj ust ments to co mpensate the progress o f the obj ect up the i ncli ned r o f th ese ex p edi ents ho wev er i nvolves Obj ectio ns l E e ith a n e p w hi ch are avo ided by the use o f the si mpl e apparatus h ere fig ured Co nstant p ress ure and flow are sec ured by the sipho n whi ch is
tubi ng , upo n w hi ch is
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i d c o nveni ently as in Fig 1 T he stopper Of the fl ask or b o t tl e may of co urse be o mitted but in the figure it has three h o l es : o ne fo r t he sipho n t ub e one for a small funnel and one fo r t he ex it of the vapo r wh en al coho l is po ured in th ro ugh the fun nel Fo r use with the Thoma mi croto me the end of the fl ex ibl e s ip h o n t ub e is attach ed to the obj ec t hold er in s uc h a way as to tra vel with it and h ence over the Obj ec t w h erev er it goes (Fig Thi s done by means of a bent (or st raight) stifl wi re (a) Ob t a ne
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e s c m r w e b r i o r a top hi h old e r d c lipp g ip h c h b e s s c i o f w the () a 1 e s v d u a n r e i t e n h w c s n a s ipho t b ho fig e n u t he end o f the s g () h f r t r h d b k o u c o s e a b e e r r llo i g h d ipp to t e wn ustm ent by a adj p ” “ I nstead of the wi re and clip a sleeve holder h avi ng a lo n g n s w u t n n a d e n o r a s h d ly t ight i g t i ti m e r e f e r at ay be use s ank m g i s e r h e e t r w e h k tt h t h i to obj c t hold f t e m n e o A ac the s an n o n m r e w e w r i s s c d by oll hi c h c d do fi ly w d r a ( ) se ure the c p u u s t a u a n d e a n a s e a e m m e i giv ti c o d v l bl d s a h e t t es a t he w re and j a h e d s a t a n e H a rr O t bo v ti c l i To c y v l c ohol a s x a men a ut a er a m a b e n i n w i s s n opp t o gh d ho Fig It d a s e u u i s i c er o r t n r y 3 d a n e a e f e m e o a t h t n fl dily d by b di g a thi pi c t l u n n m e rea a e p
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by the additio n o f a small hoo k (n) o f the same materi al tho ugh thi s may be d ispensed with T he t ro ug h fits un d erneath and behi nd the obj ect hold er as sho wn in Fig 2 the hook a: servi ng to hang it (Fig 2 , x) T he n otch es s s in the tro ugh are fo r a loop Of w i re o r st t 1ng pass ing abo ut the neck of a b eaker (Fig I w) wh ich is th us carri ed un derneath catch es the W h en al c ohol and is o ccasio nally empti ed i nto the sipho n fl ask oved by looseni ng n ot in use the sipho n d rip and the wi re are rem the c oll ar (Fig 2 d) and are h un g as o ne pi ece upo n the b ull dog hook (p Fig I n the d evi si ng and c o nst ruc ti ng o f the apparat us I h ave been c o nstantly aided by my frien d and p up il M r G E S to ne who has al so mad e the acco mpanyi ng d rawi ngs is
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7 S edgw ick .
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Hoceeding s qt S cientific S ocieties “
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S CI EN TIFIC N EWS
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T H E A U D UEON S OC 1ET Y T he A ud ubo n S o ci ety (named a fter the g reat nat ural i st , fo und ed l ast Feb ruary , is rapidly ia ) c reas i n g its mem bership in all parts o f the co untry T he p urpose o f the so c i ety is to rev ent 1) T he killi ng of any w ild bi rd n o t used fo r food T he taki ng o r d estroyi ng o f the eggs o r n ests Of any wild bi rd s w T e e rs o f i g th ild h w r n e f e e a f t h o a 3) b i rds T he o ffi ce is at 4 0 Park R o w N ew o rk T he soci ety wi sh es a lo al sec retary in every to wn and vill age t o secure s igners o f its pl edges and w ill upo n appli atio n furn i sh c i rc ul ars o f i n fo rm Upo n the return o f atio n and pl edg e fo rms t h e signed pl edges ertifi cat es o f membersh1p will be i ssued Beyo nd the p ro mi se o ntai ned in the pl edge no obligatio n nor r espo nsibility is i ncurred Th ere are no fees, no d ues, no r any ex penses o f any ki nd Th ere are no co nditio ns as to age T he p ro moters Of the movement are san g ui ne of effe tin g a r e a c a n e f s f n t h O e ti t l tiv to d s t o n o o u r s o g i n m n e e t h e r e r a e t u g g s t ers an d i n sect d est royi n g bi rd s fo r hat d eco ratio n .
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P R OC EEDI N GS OF
S CI EN TIFIC S OCI ETI ES
— 6 T he 188
N A T I ONA L A C A D EMY OF S C 1ENC ES , A p ri l 20 22, fo llo wi n g are the titl es of the papers read at the sessio n -
T he geologi c ag e o f the 1 :3u T he C owles electri cal furnace
By G K Gilbert By T S terry H unt Batrachia ByE D Co pe
fauna
T he comet
of
the
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By E D C ope
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l a a m li c m a n t a l M a e p By H A N ewto n
the
Biela
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On the phylogeny of O n the phylog eny o f
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hig h barometric pressure over Europe and A sia By Elias L oomis T he cockroach in the pas t and in the presen t By S H S cudder
A
reas of
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man cy of ebonite and obsidian
the diather
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an d o n the
orescence a i f l r d u c t o o c o n p
by means of screens o f ebonite an d obsidian By A lfred M Mayer the coeffi cien t o f expansion of ebonite By A lfred M Mayer
On On the determination of
q
the cubical expan sion of a solid
M ayer
.
.
.
n ot re uire cali bration o f vessels,
weighings ,
.
.
.
or
by
a
method
linear measure
.
which does By A lfred M .
.
On measures o f absolute radiation By A lfred M M ayer On the geology o f the region near Zacualtipan, H idalgo M exico By E D Cope On an cient and modern methods of arrow release By Edward S Morse .
.
.
By T heo Gill the absolute and relative wave length of the lines o f the solar spect rum A R o wlan d
T he ordinal
O
and super ordinal -
f r o s o u g p
fishes
.
.
.
-
.
.
By H
.
.
mpound as additive molecules W Wolcott Gibbs By I ra R emsen I n fluence o f magnetism on chemical action U pon the deaf an d dumb o f Martha s Vi neyard (continuation of research By A lexander Graham Bell to the ance s try o f the deaf) Platinous
.
.
.
.
.
n
.
.
,
co
.
.
.
.
.
’
.
.
On the invisible spectra
By S P L ang ley C retaceo us metamorphic rocks of C alifornia (by invitation) .
.
relating
.
.
.
By G F Baker .
.
s
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PA G E
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V ariati ons of T r aders a ntic w r emea Bota ny S o me abnormal pom s o f V aucheria [ l llnst ated]
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E nl arg e A c arnivo rous Butterfly L arva Plan t lice ced ing H abit o f Fa u n a: { o r g a n-i n s W i tlaczil on C oecidz T he Orig i n of the S piral T hread in T rachee A C orrectio n D es t ruc ti ve n l" T a u .
C aus m o r Fo az s r R OT A T I ON
Oas aa v ar ro ns t r i te‘ J
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Geological S urvey 5 34 .
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meri can
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ailway
Pa le on tology T he lo ng spina l T he R epo rt o f T heromo rpha of the Permian ep oc h - Fus t A ppearance o f t he t h e C o ng res s of Geo log ists G ra sses Geolog ical N ews
G
Blue
.
A n th r opolog y C orem T he R elation of A n t hro t o t he S cience o f M in d olo je\vis h A bili t y bleau i es Bac bs anguc l ua e T e g n l ar c lut s m 3 08 x A “ W W“ 3 i gg mg l he A zt ec L an g u ag e
ects proj valley ; A s iat ic ourney t o L ake N ya sa s
s ia : R T r a vels o un t ry ; l he H eri rud
a nd
A frica : M r Kerr s N c ra A meri ca T h e Berbera ; T he C o ng o Euro pe : Euro pean N ews N ew s .
Monads
T he D evelopment of Patella a ment of D entalium —3 T he D evelo p ment o f C hito rs or Po lyplaco phora 4 T he Develo pment o f t he Gill in Fasciolari a
Bu d T he
—
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No r t e
m
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r
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ivis ion in S ept ic
Per tion o f Bri ht ness an d M arine A nlm T he S ac r mof Meno [ I lIl strl tetl ] Zoo log ical N ews
Frye/ro le T he S wa
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mer ican Orn itho log ista U nio n C hec k lis t 0 N orth — r n i d s B R ecent Boo ks and Pamphlets i a r c me
‘
-
.
and- boo k o f Plant D issect ion T he Fourth A n n ua l R eport of the U S Geolog ical S urvey I I T he Z oolo ical R ecord fo r he l l at r l t ell l
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P ECULIA RITI ES
I N T HE MA NUFA CT UR E or P S N T S L P E I R Y S A S N C N E E J ’
mpio n
HE
cha
o nly
s e i n f t h e o p p
fo und wo rthy to be imitated !
e i n s p p
manufacturi ng not resist the tem t i ! t a o n p
co uld
One party used glue as ant
fo r the producti o n
mists
extre
clares
(
not
u s f n d o o p
to
ano ther n s i e ; p p
men
albu
,
use o f all
e
°
of
3 101
my
my cir
testimon ials
g
eps in , and
’
n i s e , p p
my name
und erli ne
n ow
l
the g en ui ne an d the spurious
my
thus,
misconception
no
my
.
read ily escaped
A fedreal R
ecor d
D r Edwin R
.
.
sicians h p y tion ' E NS EN S C rystal
l
of
Dr
L
.
.
in which the ferment is
W hen
i e s n p p .
thereto
is
obtaining
added
—L on i o
my
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.
osenthal, acting on
W olff
,
has
used
the
an
s ugg es
ac id ulated
l i ca n a n a s a s i e pp p p
membran es o f diphtheritic patien ts for which there seemed to be no other help than re o rts that i t acted like a a n d tracheoto m y p branes admitti n g a charm disso l ving the mem
tion to the
.
lo dged is entirely disso lved, thereby the
.
.
,
,
,
,
all
by the catheter
concentrated solution o f
can excuse sub
f
’
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article
o
6 g rains o f D r J ensen s Pepsin disso lved water, a large amount of a dark, visci d , feti d
fluid
most
.
machs
ec tio n A few hours after the inj
.
about I in
T he great reputation o f this pepsin that it is a peptone pepsin, i e , the tex
t ure o f the sto
,
w ith blood
.
stitutio ns.
lies i n
,
minoid masses mixed
T he protectio n chiefl s thro ugh n i r l i d u o e e y p ’ the pro fession s vigi lance in discriminating be n b r i e s c r i p
s.
contained coag ulated albu
.
W hen
.
,
,
.
ury these imitations cause T he great inj reparations can easi l o o d t n rs b e u d e y p
t ween
.
by two introductio n o f a catheter failed to prod uce the third party wrap desired res ult I t was found that the bladder
.
full
.
d n i z e o e t p p
h undred hogs st omachs A th eir imitatio ns in an exact far
making
mples will receive prompt returns D r H ellman (Ned-er ] PVeeé éL 18 p 2 7 2) an ag ed 80 year repo rts the case o f an old m suf fering from retention o f urine i n w ho m the sa
.
.
’
c ulat ,
,
wri ti ng for
T his part y n ow de the pro fess io n) that they use sixty
dry q g
albu
a cheapening adulter
o f scale
me cheapness
its
,
.
che
h s a r k t r t n c d h e m a u e a o w s e d i n fl i c e e oo d n t g p y wi nh their imitatio ns of my scale pepsin, owing to
ET C
'
minoids have inspired physician s of l su so as a so lv ent :1 e m i n d t i a s t r t i v o t e gg y
T he upon
world !
the w ealthiest
Even
mrra rrons
OF T H E
N A T UR E
'
m l n h e a c i t p g T he so lu co nvalescence
the blood, and
of
free aé ration
the road to
soon on
.
impro vement in precipitati ng fro m this tion he used w as solutio n all o f the earth s l a n a t r d a i n m e e t , y ’
recent
leaving
only
all o f the
the azo t ized constituent, contain ing
t i c e pp
l e n d fi a s r a n ll i f u r t h e , , , p p y co n cen trated by drying it upo n g lass s unti l l a t e p b rittle scales are formed, the reaso n for its hi gh
Pepsin, A cidi H ydrochlo ric, C P s in, A qua
can eas ily
surpasses also
be understoo d
in keeping
q
.
W hy
M S .
throat-
materia medica
ro d uced
p
I t is
also
e c tly so luble u on the ton ue, e r f p g p
a ste, h l t t e e a n o t t a s p
A ltho ugh it any o ther
an d
i
ract call p y
ino do ro us
mop
copiously
t t g
ii
.
W i n e of
a
P ep sl n
iss
.
g
r
.
v
.
of
.
For
,
severe attack s
o f colic
it has
af forded
few doses have been g i ven w hen o ther remed ies have
sent relief, after a r e p
.
OF
gj
.
.
.
.
C A R L L J EN S EN E
.
.
.
OM
xx
T his is three grains S ig f 3 j after meals I the peps in in each teaspoonful
.
H
.
ho ur w ith
From Me M edieal B ulletin
.
less the most prescribed I ts purity an d so lu i n short intervals, bil ity, combi ned W i th its g reat digestive po wer failed .
every
.
.
mmands a higher price than in the market it is n everthe ,
—A pply
.
C arl Jensen s Pepsin , S herry o r po rt wine, G lycerin puris, A cid T art aric,
co
sin e p p
.
gj
’
for the market in
scales .
.
.
F or mu la fo r
ualities all of the
former pepsi ns, is o wing to its scaly an d brittle texture, it being the o n ly org an ic medicine in t he
s en s
q
ri nci
d igestive power it
R
Jen
.
F I C E
,
2 0 89
G R
E E N
PH I L A D EL PHI A
.
S T R
,
E E T
,
T HE
I CA
A M ER
N
NA
— 1886 N
— xx 7 UNE
Von
.
.
TU R A L I S T .
,
o
.
6
.
M A K I N G OF M A N
T H E
.
.
BY C H A R L ES MOR R I S .
—h
ow m any not ev en period o f many millio ns y — o the w o rld o f v ert eb rat e li fe co nti nued nj ect ure can dec id e c i ng d ev iat io ns th erefrom b ei ng rath er appa uad rupedal the seem Fo r a peri od rent th an real S udd enly a t rue bip ed appeared o f e ual d uratio n the mentality o f ani mal s d evelo ped with ex ecs s iv e s lo w ness S udd enly a highly i nt ell ect ual ani mal appeared T he c o mi ng o f man i ndi cated both phys i cally and mentally an ext rao rdi nary d evi atio n fro m the establi s h ed co urse of o rgan i c d evelop ment Bot h physi cally and mentally evo lutio n seems to hav e tak en an en o rmo us l eap i nstead o f p ro ceedi ng by its usual mi n ute steps ; and in the advent of the h uman spec i es we h ave a rem ark abl e p robl em who se sol utio n is as difl i cult as it is im n r t a t o p I t migh t be solved in a mo ment were we abl e to accept the ents o f t ho se who hold th at man is t he o utco me o f a dis arg um ti nct act o f creatio n and is i nvested with po wers and ualiti es and p repared fo r a d esti ny in whi ch fro m the b egi nni ng he has s to o d apart fro m all oth er livi ng bei ng s Y et th ese argument s no biologi st o f o ur day can accept It has beco me clearly apparent t h at t he poi nts of di sti nctio n bet ween man and the lo wer ani mal s are simply o f d eg ree n ot at all o f ki nd and th at both phy si cal ly and mentally man c o m es i nto c lo se c o ntac t with the lo wer fo rms o f li fe Th ey do not o nly to uc h th ey are i nti mately i nterwoven T h ere is an i nt ri cate net wo rk o f st ruct ural rel atio ns whi c h bi nds man i next ri cably to the real m o f lower li fe Thi s real m is not alo ne the basi s o n w hi c h he res ts It is the soil from whi ch he
OR
of
a
q
ears
,
q
.
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
q
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
-
.
Va
c.
83
.
—O I
.
.
VI
’ .
33
7 7te M aking qf Man
.
i nto whi c h he is so d eeply rooted that not the han d o f a god co uld tear him l oo se It is not o ur p urpose h ere to give any o f the arguments in Th ey may be fo un d fully presen ted favo r o f th is co ncl usio n We design rath er to endeavo r to t race the l ine o f el sewh ere an fro m the lower an i mal wo rld an d to seek to dis ascent o f m c over to wh at co mbi natio n o f highly favorable ci rcumstances his develop ment is due Physically man does no t d evi ate very greatly fro m the mam mals nex t b elow him H is method o f loc o motio n is essenti ally changed but structurally he is very c losely related to the hi g her Y et so muc h are all livi ng bei ng s the creat ures o f circ um apes stance th at it seems po ssibl e and even p robabl e th at the remark abl e mental difl erentiat ion o f man may be a necessary res ult o f ly sli g h t physi cal d i fferenti atio n H is erect atti thi s c o mparative t ud e with certai n vari atio ns in his li fe habi ts w hi ch di rect ly ari se fro m it b ri ng him i nto new rel atio ns w ith surro un di ng n at ure a nd th ese new relatio ns h ave certai n ly very muc h to do w ith the ay new c o n ditions whi c h h ave ari sen wi th i n him A s i ng l e st ep m st t rain o f unex pected co nse uences and l ead at ti mes to a va suc h se m s to h av e b een the case w ith th is new step in evol ution e made by man Man is the on ly true bi ped H e has but two poi nts o f suppo rt w hil e all oth er an i mal s are s uppo rted at fo ur o r mo re speci ali zed poi nt s o r el se rest o n the general surfac e o f the body I n bi rds for i nstance w hi c h are usually co nsidered bipeds the wi ngs are o rgans for aeri al suppo rt and have no oth er functio n T he near est app roach to man in thi s respect amo ng ex i sti ng ani mal s may be fo un d in t he fo rms w hi c h p rogress by j umpi ng such as the kangaroo Y et in th ese the st ruct ure and funct io n o f the fo re li mbs is di sti nctly loc o motive A nd s uch was probab ly the case with the di no sauri an reptil es o f a past geologi cal era des pite the fac t th at th ey seem to h ave been abl e to walk to so me ex tent on th ei r hi nd li mbs alo ne It is certai nly remarkabl e th at in the wh ole exten ded periodof an i mal li fe no si ngl e verteb rate fo rmap peared so far as we can di sco ver befo re the advent o f man in whi c h the fo re l imbs were co m plet ely freed fro m d ut y as o rgans of suppo rt and b ecame st ruc t urally un fit fo r th is d uty A parti al freedo m in th i s respect wo uld be o f minor val ue si nc e the fo rmatio n necessary to loc o has
p
s rung , and
.
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
'
.
-
,
,
,
.
q
.
,
.
.
.
.
,
,
'
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
moti ve duty must
develop ment of any new functio nal po wer wo uld be ch ec k ed Th us in thi s respect man is an ano m aly in the ki ng do m of li fe A nd to thi s ano m alo us fea t ure is uite probably due in very c o nsiderabl e measure the pecu l iar c haracter o f his d evelo p ment It is very evident i ndeed th at the full adoptio n of the erect att it ude gave man an i mmense moto r s up remacy ov er the lo wer an i mals ; fo r it co mpl etely rel eased his fo re li mbs fro m duty as — for the fi rst ti me in the k nown hi sto ry o f ver o rgans of suppo rt tebrate l ife Th ey were set free to be employed in new methods and to d evelop new func tio nal powers to whi ch the g raspi n g functio n whi ch man i nh erits fro mthe ape t rib e was an in val uabl e It is to the po ssessio n of two li mb s whi c h are freed fro m aid any o rganic d uty oth er than attac k and d efen se and whi c h are ad ap ted to g rasp weapo ns and tool s that man o wes his eno rmo us It opens to himpossibiliti es advantage over the lo wer an i mal s w hic h do not ex i st beneat h him A ll the fo rc es o f nat ure are at his co mman d as soo n as he can l earn to c o nt rol th em T he fi rst c l ub o r sp ear he g rasped the fi rst mi ss il e he th rew i naug urat ed a new era in the hi sto ry of li fe and opened the way to man s c om pl ete mastery A nd so far as we can perceive thi s i mpo rtant s t ruct ural advantag e p reced ed the d evelop ment o f his mental s uperio rity and gav e the c ue to it I n the vertebrate c l ass belo w man th ere ex ist s but a s i ngl e ani mal form that possesses a li mb w hi ch is free fro m d uty as an Thi s is the el ep hant w ho se no se and upper o rgan o f s uppo rt lip have developed i nto an enormo us an d h i g hly flex ibl e t runk w ith d eli cate graspi ng po wers T he po ssess io n of s uch an o rgan has undo ubtedly had its sh are in the marked i nt ell ec t ual d evelop ment of the el eph ant Y et th is o rgan is far i nferio r in its po wers t o the h and and arm o f man whil e the fo rm the si ze and the habits of thi s an i mal stan d in the way o f its gai ni ng the ful l r es ults whi c h m ig ht ari se fro m the possess io n o f such an o rg an i n c o nnectio n w it h a better adapt ed bo dily st ruc t ure A s to the evol ut io nary p rocesses th ro ugh whi c h man gai ned the c li a r feat ures o fhis struct ure we h ave interesti ng evid ence in the u e p I n o ne type o f li fe and o ne al o ne can we ex i sti ng fo rms o f li fe u d a rceive i ndi c atio ns o f a grad ual vari atio n fro m the ruped al e p t o wards the biped al struc t ure Thi s is the ape type o r rat her t hat of t he l emurs and ap es in c onj unc tio n I n all ot her mammali an types be retai ned ,
and the .
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.
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body is di sti nctively ho rizo ntal L i fe in t rees does not necessarily p rod uce a deviat io n fro m thi s ho rizo ntal ammal s ex c ept tho se aspect si nce it is retai ned by all arbo real m j ust mentio ned Y et it o ffers an Oppo rtunity fo r s uch a devi ation and thi s oppo rt unity has b een i mp roved by the l emurs and apes Th ei r h ands have developed a g raspi ng po wer whi ch is po ssessed by no oth er arbo real ani mal and w hi ch opens to th em new motor po ssibiliti es Th ey may assume a semi erect or a fully erect attit ud e by graspi ng upper b ranch es with the h and s A nd t h is ability in the high er apes has led to the d evelop men t o f a mod e o re or l ess i ntermed iate o f p rog ress io n o n the g ro un d w hi ch is m bet ween the uad rupedal and the biped al modes Thi s fact is o f g reat i nterest as it seems to l ead us di rectly to wards the d evelop ment o f the bipedal h abit as attai ned in man Tho ugh such a h abit may be partly attai ned by t ree livi n g ani mal s a residence o n the g ro un d is essential to its full d evelop ment A nd it is sig nificant in thi s co nnect io n th at no ex i sti ng apes h av e fully given up the arbo real h abit Of the anth ropoid apes the o rang and the chi mpanzee d wel l habit ually in the t rees On the g ro und th ey are o ut of th ei r t rue el ement T he same is the cas e w ith all the spec i es o f the gib bo ns A ll th ese c reat ures move with so me di ffi culty o n the g ro und b ut freely and easily in the trees T he go ri lla o n the seem s to d well mo re h abit ually on t he s urface co nt rary I ts g reat weight tend s to rend er an arbo real li fe unsui tabl e and its h an d is not so well ad apted to cli mbi ng as that o f the chimpan Y et it has o nly in part given up its arbo real resid ence I t z ee ascend s t rees fo r food and to so me ex tent to sleep tho ug h there is so me reaso n to beli eve th at the ad ult mal es sl eep o ccasio nally and perh ap s h abit u It seems to be in a t ran ally o n the g ro und s itio n state bet ween the arbo real and the s urface li fe h abi t Of the lo wer apes the baboo ns mak e the g ro und th ei r usual pl ace o f residence Th ey h ave not lost thei r cli mbi ng po wer ho wever but can ascend t rees with ease and rapidity M ost o f the oth er apes d well wholly o r n early so in the t rees Thi s fact of the parti al o r co mpl ete arbo real habi t o f all exi st ing apes is of i mpo rtance in th i s co nnectio n It p revents any of th em fro mattai ni ng the peculi ar st ruct ural d evelop ment of man T he mod e o f prog ress io n best ad apted to a li fe in t rees is oppo sed to t he erect attitud e of man and thi s attit ude c o uld not be fully t he aspe t
of
the
.
,
.
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.
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q
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n . Making of M an
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d ex cept by a speci es whi ch d welt wholly o n the g ro und A nd li fe in t rees ab sol ut ely re ui res the use o f the arms as lo co motive o rgans and p rohibits th at freei ng o f them fro m thi s d uty w hi c h ex i sts in man W hen man ascend s t rees he is obliged to r et urn to the h abit o f his ancest o rs and use his arm s as o rgan s o f r s f r e s n m e i e og io It s vid e t t h e e o r th a t f m a n d s c d d e e s e n r e n e p fro mthe apes his ancestral species must have been a fo rm whi ch had fully given up its li fe in t rees and had b eco me almo st as awk ward in c li mbi ng as man now is ere it fai rly began to c hange fro m ape i nto man T he adoptio n o f a s urface res idenc e by any ape wo uld necessi tat e certai n ch anges in st ruct ure T ree d welli n g apes wh en th ey descend to the g ro und p resent us fre uently with an awk ward c o mp ro mi se b et ween the ho rizo ntal and the v erti cal mod es o f motio n Nei ther o f th ese modes is nat ural to th em and to be co m e p rop erly ad apted to eith er so me ch ang e o f st ruc t ure is n ecessary Many o f th em p rog ress in the t rue uad ruped al man n er and in o ne g ro und livi n g t rib e the b aboo ns the st ructure of t he bo dy has suffered an acco rdant ch ange They h ave beco me t r ue uad ruped s I n oth er cases th ere is an i ncli natio n toward s an erec t mode o f motion Even amo ng the l emurs thi s is occasio nally di spl ay ed S o me speci es o f th ese p rogress o n the g ro und by j umps the body bei ng semi erec t and the arms h eld above the h ead T he anth ro ssio n o n the g ro un d s l u s r r id p h v io m od p og a a l e c r e f e o e a a o u p i ntermedi ate between the erect and the ho rizo n tal methods T he o rang the chi mpanzee and the go ril la alike use th ei r fo ur li mbs in rog ress io n but in a m u r v ery unlik e th at o f o rdi nary a n n e d a p r upeds They swi ng the body in a c urio us fashio n b etween the arms I t is a so rt o f h al fj umpi ng h al f walki ng motio n R est ing the body o n the h and s the ani mal s wi ngs itself bet ween the arms an d moves fo rward by a ui c k s uccessio n o f s uch li fts and s w i ngs I n thi s mo vement t he o rang and the c hi mpanzee b ri ng t h ei r clo sed k n uck les to the g ro und but the go rill a is said to k eep the h and open and apply the pal m to the gro und T he o uter edge rath er th an the sol e o f the foot to uch es the g ro un d T he whol e movement is as awk ward as is th at o f man wh en he att empts to c li mb t rees and seems to i ndi cate th at th ere can be n o sati sfacto ry co mpro mi se b et ween the two li fe h abits A s ur face d welli ng ani m al must t end to b ecom e either a quad ruped or a biped
n a e g
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7 7te M aking qf Man
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c
l t in all these cases seems to depend larg ely on A ll the th ree spe the c o mparat ive l en gth o f the arms and l egs c i es nam ed h ave sho rter legs and lo nger arms th an man an d can th us read ily li ft th eir bodi es upo n th ei r arms whil e in a semi erect Y et they all are obli g ed to inc li ne the body forw ard in attit ud e movement Th i s is less the case with the gibbo ns the ex treme leng th o f whose arms enabl es them to reac h the g round w it h the hand s wit ho ut ben di ng the bo dy Th us t he g ibbo ns can wal k on the fo ur li mb s with the bo dy erec t C ertai n speci es o f the gibbo n can readily walk erect o n thei r They o ften legs alo ne by balancin g th emselves with th ei r arms do so and can even move tol erably fast the body rocki ng fro m But if urged to speed th ey d rop th ei r long arms to s i de to sid e Of the oth er t he g ro und and p rogress in the swi ngi ng fas hio n fo rms th ere is no sati sfacto ry ev id ence t h at the o ran g ever walks e the erect attit ud e w h en erect tho ug h it may be abl e to ass um M r S avage says th at the chi mpanz ees are so meti mes attack ed seen wal ki ng erect the body b ent fo rward w ith the h ands c las ped over the o ccip ut to bal ance But on the appearance o f danger th ey i mmedi at ely tak e to all fo urs to fly T he go rill a seems mo re i nc li ned to walk erect or rather in an inc li ned po si tio n ;the body bendi n g fo rward with the h ead h ung do wn A nd it stoops l ess wh en o n all fo urs th an the c hi mpanzee s are lo n ger s i nce its arm Wh en wal ki ng it balances its h uge I ts gait is a rolli ng o ne fro m body by fl ex i n g its arms up ward s s id e to sid e When attack ed it seems to al ways assume the erect u s re I s ruct ural fo rm a n i s o t n t tio it b e tt e r fitt e d t o t h e c t e r e p attit ud e th an is t he gibbo n T he subj ec t h ere co ns id ered is o f c o nsi derabl e impo rtance in its relatio n to the evol ut io n of m an W e observ e vario u s phases iv o f t end ency to ward s the biped habit and can read ily e r e c e p that the walki ng gibbo ns o r the go rill a might in ti me bec o me t rue bipeds if th ey s ho uld c o mpl etely gi ve up th eir arbo real T he l ength o f the arms is an i mpo rtant el ement in res id ence thi s p robl em I n all the spec i es mentio ned the l eng th o f the arms di ffers but in all it is lo nger as c o mpared wit h the body an T he speci es fro m w hi ch man descend ed and l egs than in m wi th its lo nger l egs and sho rter arms th an in the ex i sti ng anth ro s c o uld n o t witho ut t he g reatest difl e oid p h v pt a i c u l t d a e e a d o p y e r s w n n h i i i m od e o f otio c o d n N r u i o a a eo usl have a d t v l m t n t g g g y T he a tual
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The M aking qf M an
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d p d l h abit as in the baboo n whose fo ur limbs are nearly e ual in length It was fo rced to ward s the bipedal h abit by sh eer necessi ty On taki ng the gro und surface fo r its pl ac e of residence it was p rob ably obli ged to wal k erect as t he o nly movem ent to whi c h its st ruc t ure was well adapted N eit her the q uadruped al nor the semi uad rupedal movement wo uld h ave been s uited to the propo rtio ns o f its li mb s and its anc estral movement in t rees may h ave been mo re verti cal than is co mm o n with apes I ts biped al develop ment may have beg un wh il e it was sti ll arbo real Th is erect post ure o nce fully assumed and the arms th us com l e t e f e f l r e m d r o d u ty a s o r n f s u ppo r t t h e a i m a l a a n e t n s o y p y g ape wo uld h ave had an advantage o f t he g reat est val ue over its fello w apes and over all other memb ers o f the ani mal ki ngdo m N early all uad ruped s use th ei r li mb s to so me ext ent in attack and defense Y et the necessity o f resti ng o n th ese li mb s inter feres to a certai n ex t ent with thi s duty I n the ani mal in ues tion the d uty o f lo c o mo tio n bei ng c o n fi ned to the hi nd li mb s the fo re o nes were c o mpl etely set free to be used as weapo ns A nd to thi s po wer was added that very i mpo rtant o ne o f th ei r pecu li ar adaptatio n to g raspi ng wh ich enabled the creat ure to add greatly to its nat ural strength by the use o f mi ssi le and oth er weapons Thi s advantage has not b een co nfined to man and his progen i to rs T he po wer of the g raspi ng func tio n in thi s di rec tio n is o f servi ce to m any o f the ap es T he sto ry o f the co co an ut fling ing mo nkeys does not need to be repeated A nd it is e ually wel l k nown th at the orang wh en attack ed w ill b reak o ff fragments o f b ranch es and sho wer them to the g ro und in a rage But in all suc h cases t here is nothi ng to i ndi cate any p reci s io n o f aim T he th rowi ng seems to be do ne at rando m I t is p robabl e t hat the arm has to be ed ucated to the p roper use o f mi ssil es and th at to n s f r e e f r m e r u e s i thi c tio i t o oth d ti s u n u n m e a f t d b g Th ere is no po sitive evid ence th at any apes use weapons ex cept in thi s manner T he sto ry is told th at the c hi mpanzee w ill wrest the spear fro m the h unter and use it agai ns t him But thi s sto ry needs to be verifi ed A l so the co mmo n pi c t ure o f the o ran g walki ng erec t an d suppo rt i ng itsel f w i th a staff is enti rely i mage inative N othi n g o f the ki nd was ever seen in nat ure T he t eeth seem the m ai n depend ence of these c reat ures for purposes of ass u
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n a M f
7 71: M aking
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d efense Th ey w ill b reak o ff li mb s and twigs and mak e th em s the ut most li mit selv es b eds w ith g reat rapidi ty b ut thi s seem of th ei r c o nst ructive po wers A s fo r the an i mal fro m w hi ch man descend ed it must have ui c kly go ne furth er th an thi s in the use o f artifi c i al weapo ns an d Possibly its fi rst assumptio n o f the in the arts o f const ruct io n erec t attit ud e may h ave been aid ed by the use o f a stafl an d if so thi s wo uld n at urally be employed as a c l ub o r a spear o n o ccas io n Th ro ugh uses o f thi s ki nd the arms wo uld g radual ly beco me ed ucated to thei r new duti es and gai n facility in im po rtan t movements whi ch were i mpossibl e whil e th ey were forced to retai n th ei r lo co motive adaptatio n Thi s li ne o f arg ument need not be carri ed furth er I t is evi dent th at we h ave h ere the b egi nni ng o f a new c o urse of develop ment who se end is yet in the future T he freedo m of the arms and hand s fro m the d uty o f s up po rt th ei r g raspi ng po wer and the use o f artifi ci al weapo ns and tool s were un uestio nably main ents in the evol utio n o f man Fo r und er s uch c i rcumstances el em the employ ment o f artifi c i al i nst ruments wo uld nat urally be p rogress ive Th ere wo uld be no li mitation to thi s p rogress fro m t he necess ity o f usi ng the arms fo r oth er d uti es and s uch struc t ural li mitatio n as may h ave o rigi nally ex i sted must grad ually have d i sappeared th ro ugh i ncreas i n g perfo rmance o f and g ro w ing adaptat io n o f the ar m s and h and s to th ese new d uti es T he use o f c l ub s in attack and d efense and o f sto ne mi ssil es for the sam e p urposes might readily h ave been adopt ed by an ape so c onstit uted and modern arch aeologists do no t hesitate to trace all sub se uen t dev elop m ent in the arts to j ust s uch a s i m pl e begi n n i ng R ud ely chipped sto nes are fo un d as early weapo ns o f p ri mi tive man Nat urally s h aped stone weapo ns undo ubtedly p reced ed th em Wh eth er o ne o r mo re speci es attai ned thi s bipedal d evelop ment is a uestio n n o t easily settl ed It is al most certai n that there was o ne o nly Y et if so vari atio ns in the st ruct ure of th is o rigi nal biped must h ave taken place at an early date po ss ibly ere it became a full biped and began to st ro ngly resi st the moldi ng infl uences of nat ure if we may j udge fro m the essent i al struc t ural di fferences b et ween the p ri ncipal races o f manki nd Y et h igh ly favo rabl e as was the st ruct ural d evelop ment o f t he an it needs n o ext end ed c o nsid eratio n o f the s ubj ect ori inal m g .
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The M aking of Man
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perceive th at in thi s we h ave but o ne o f the facto rs to whi ch he o wes his s upremac y T he freei ng o f t he arms to the perfo rm an c e o f new d uti es was an essenti al agent in any rapid mental d evelop ment Y et it was not the o nly agent T he mental devel en t o f the apes It is ent of man began in the mental d evelop m o pm b ut the co mp letio n o f a p ro cess whi c h ex ten d s much furth er b ack th an the beg i nni ng of the h uman era and th ro ugh whi ch in o ne type o f li fe t he mammali an i ntell ect attai ned an ex cep H uman mental p rog ress began at the high t io nal un fold ment To the causes o f the un level attai ned by the anth ropoid apes fo ldment o f the ape i ntell ect s o me attentio n is t herefo re d ue T h ere I S n o thi ng in an arbo real residence in itsel f to speci al ly p ro mote mentali ty T he s ui rrel s and oth er arbo real uad rupeds U ndo ubted ly the acti vi ty are n o t o f a high i ntell ect ual g rad e the variety o f motio ns and the g raspi n g po wer o f the mo nk eys must have aided in thei r mental unfold ment yet we find that the l emu rs with the same general o rganizatio n and li fe h abits are i n t ell ect ually d ull Fo r the i nciti ng el emen t to the develop ment o f the ape i ntell ect th erefo re we must look furth er A mo ng the lo wer li fe fo rms the C arnivo ra are mo re i ntell ect ual as i ndivid ual s th an the H erbivo ra Y et as g ro up s the l atter o cca sio n ally di splay i n tell ect ual co n di t io ns far high er th an anythi ng T hese i nstances of intelli attai ned by the soli tary C arn ivo ra s s n e r e f u m n s a e c a n d a r e s e c o ly o d o g o i l p i di pl y d e a n n a t h e c e a g mo st remark ably in the co mmunal cl asses the ants b ees and ‘ beavers Y et even in th ese the p urely pl ant k edi ng bees fail to di splay the g reat vari ety o f i ntelligent act s o f the partly carniv It wo ul d appear th erefo re o ro us and activ ely b ellig eren t ants t hat whil e the activity and c unni ng ari si ng fro mcarnivo ro us hab its aid in the develop ment o f i n divid ual i nt elligence it is e ually ai d ed by so c i al h abits and th at a co mbi natio n of th ese two re ui sit es p resents the m o st favo rab le co nditio n for high p rog ress in i ntell igence I n fact if we c o nsid er fully the ant s we find th at t h ese mi n ute c reatu res w i t h n o ne o f the adv an tages in st ruct ure ov er th ei r fello ws po ssessed by man h ave advanced poli ti cal ly and i n d us t rially to a l evel whi c h was no t reach ed by man until after he had d welt fo r ages upo n the earth A nd so far as all i ndi catio ns poi nt thi s exceptio nal develop ment is due to so cial o r co mmunal to
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S ee Co mmun al S ocieties, Popula r S ezenee M on i ka, '
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7 7mMaking qf Man
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i nfl uences alo ne It appears th erefo re th at soci al c o mbi natio n u ite as is a high ly essen ti al agent in i ntel lect ual d evelop ment i mpo rtant as perh aps mo re i mpo rtant th an any s pec ial advan tages in st ruc t ure and i n divid ual h abit s T he solitary li fe o f cats spid ers &c whil e aidi ng to d evelop mentality in i ndivid ual s p revents the t ransmi ssio n o f useful id eas Only i nsti ncts are transmitt ed Ideas die with th ei r o rigi nato rs On the other h and the co mmunal h ab its o f ants an d b ees whil e hi g hly ad ap ted to the p reservatio n o f useful i deas tend to hi nd er i ndivid ual excursio ns o f mi nd an d the growth o f ideas A n ant c o mmun ity is a so ci ety o f rapid T he best co nditio n for i ntell ect ual p rog ress st ri ct spec i ali sts w o uld seem to be an i ntermedi ate o ne in wh ich co mpl ete i n divid ual ac tivity ex i sts yet in wh i ch soci al li nks are closely d rawn so th at id eas may be t ransmitted by ed ucation and obser A nd to the full est utility vatio n as well as i nsti nc t s by h eredity e d egree o f carn ivo ro us h abit s wo uld seem o f thi s co nditio n s o m It needs no i ntell ect uali ty to gath er fruit fro m the essenti al t rees It need s o ften the highest ex erci se o f c unni ng t o capt ure an i m al p rey w hil e it p rod uces a vari ety o f p erilo us and ex citi n g sit uatio ns to whi ch t he stri ct v egetari an is not s ubj ect ed T he A mo ng mod ern apes s o ci alis m ex i sts in vario us deg rees l emurs di spl ay b ut littl e so ci ali sm S o me speci es o f mo nk eys di spl ay it in a high d egree and it is a general ch aracteri sti c o f M ut ual aid in d anger is c o mmo n ed ucatio n is not the family wanti ng c o mbi natio n in enterp ri ses is fre uen tly ob serv ed and p robably thro ugh th ese and the like i nfl uences ob servatio n and imitatio n h ave been d eveloped to a d eg ree no t seen el sewh ere Y et so adv antageo us is s o ci al co mbi na amo ng the Mammali a t io n in p ro moti ng i nt elligence th at the hi g h deg ree o f c un ni ng di spl ayed by b aboo ns in po sti ng sent ri es whil e robbi ng frui t pl antatio ns is but a full er d evelop ment o f a si mil ar h abit po s al s s essed by sev eral speci es o f oth erwi se d ull so ci al anim A mo ng the ex i sti ng anth ro poid apes ho wev er the so c i al habi t T he o rang the c hi mpanzee and t he go rill a is g reatly l acki ng T he o rang is p arti c ul arly are mo re o r l ess solitary in th ei r h ab ts s o and is never seen in g ro up s o f mo re th an two o r th ree T he c hi mpanzee and the go rill a are so mewhat more social yet not mark edly so T he g ro ups of the gorill as appear to be polyg a mo us bands si nce th ey never p ossess more th an one adult male .
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7 7a M aking of M an
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band bei ng c o mposed o f femal es and yo ung T h ere is mo re evid ence in favo r o f the chi mpanzees co mbi n i n g i n l arger g ro ups yet thi s d oes not appear to be th ei r us ual h abi t R eade remark s th at both th ese S pec i es witho ut b ei ng g regario us eti m U nfo rt unat ely es seem to assemb le in l arge n umbers so m very litt l e sati sfacto ry i nformatio n is possessed as to th eir h abits i n a state of nat ure Th ese larg e apes are also stri ctly vegetari an They lac k the i nc it ement to intell ect ual dev elop ment arisi ng fro m carnivo ro us habi ts On the whol e th en th ei r mark ed powers of intel lec t are so m ewh at surpri si ng I t is prob abl e if we may j udge fro m the habits o f the lo wer mo nkeys th at the anth ropoid s d escend ed fro m soci al spec i es and h ave in part lo st th ei r so c i al h abi ts Thi s is also i nd icated by the fact that the yo ung of these anth ro po id apes seem mo re in c li ned to soc i ali sm th an do the adults It is al so sh own in the high er soci ali sm o f the g ibbo ns the ex i sti ng representatives o f the p ri mitive anth ropoid s I f we seek th en fo r the ances to rs o f man in the family of apes we must look for a spec i es po ssessed of several essential These re ui sites all o f whi c h can be fo un d in no ex i sti ng apes ay be briefly re ui si tes as c o nsid ered in the p recedi ng pag es m s um marized T he ancesto r o f man must h ave been o f suffic i ent si ze and weigh t bo th to render c onti nued li fe in the t rees i nc onveni ent and to give the necessary st rength to c o mbat wit h the peril s o f a ac e li fe H is streng th indeed must have been suffic i ent s urf c o mbi ned with his cunni ng to make him a match for the l arger H e must h ave been agg ressive as well as defens iv e and an i m al s if not o rigi nally carni vo ro us must h ave bec o me so in a d eg ree S t ri ctly h erbivo ro us habi ts wo uld h ave tended to c h eck mental develop ment S econ d and y et mo re i mpo rtan t was the assumptio n o f an erect att it ude and o f a t rue biped st ruct ure with the co mpl ete freei ng o f the fo re li mbs fro m d uty in lo c o motio n Th ere nat u rally followed upo n thi s an i ncrease o f th at use o f m i ssiles al ready s s e ss e o e a n a n s d by t h a p ith dv c i g kil u s e o f t e s a n i n t h e w r l a i p ficial weapo ns as the arms b ecame ad apt ed to this new functio n W ith thi s came th at d omi nance over the lo wer animal wo rld whi ch has been so essenti al a feat ure in the p rog ress of man A nd wit h it began his stil l in c reasi ng c o nt ro l o f the energ ies of nat ure .
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7 7¢ e M aking
To these physi cal
c o ditio f man c o uld
a n M f
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U
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dd ed the so c ial o ne T he ancestors o n o t h av e b een solitary in th ei r h abits but must h ave been st ro ngly so ci al It is po ssibl e th at the soli tary co nditio n o f the ex i sti n g g reat apes is a res ult o f thei r st ri ctl y vegetari an h abits A n anth ro poid with carn ivo ro us t endenc ies and o rigi nal so ci al h abits wo uld tend to i nc rease rath er th an to lo se th ese habit s th ro ugh the g reat benefit d erived fro mmut ual aid in co nflicts with the larger ani mals That man at an early peri od in the sto ne ag e waged war w it h the l arg est ani mal s we h ave sati sfacto ry evid ence in the res ults o f arche ologi cal di sc overy T he o rigi nal h uman so ci ety must h ave b een o ne of mut ual aid co mb inatio n in enterp rises so me d eg ree of l ang uage o r o f the use o f s o unds co nveyi ng warni ng and i nfo rmatio n p rot ec tio n an d ed ucatio n o f the yo ung and h abi ts of ob servatio n and i mitatio n A ll th ese ex i st in so me t rib es o f mo nk eys A s to vocal po wers the gibbo ns po ssess th em in a high deg ree tho ugh th ere is n o evidence to sho w th at any ex i sti n g apes h ave spec i alized so und s to c o nvey spec ial i nfo rmatio n It is to a gro up o f the higher apes whi ch po ssessed t hese c h aracteri sti cs in an un usual deg ree th at we must look fo r the ancesto rs o f man I f we be asked fo r t races o f such a gro up we can but poi nt to man T he ancest ral li ne has vani sh ed in th at o f its d escendants T he ex i sti ng anth ro p oid apes are but sid e iss ues in the p roblem T he develop ment o f the so c i al c o nditio n and of the ed ucatio nal p rocess must h ave had a vigo ro us i nfl uence in the enl argement o f the b rai n I n man the dividi n g li ne b et ween the physi cal and the mental po wers as o rgan izi n g agents was fi nally passed A t ribe had ari sen for the fi rst ti me in the lo ng hi sto ry of ani mal li fe th at t rusted mo re to its mi nd than to its muscl es and whi ch had beg un to substit ute artifi c i al for nat ural tool s and weapo ns W i th the attai nment o f thi s co nditio n th ere was taken the fi rst decided step in th at lo ng li ne o f mental p rog ress whi ch has pro duced the b rai n o f man I n all p rec ed ing ages evol utio n had been mai nly physi cal and exerted its c hi ef i nfl uence upo n the li mbs and musc l es N o w fo r t he fi rst ti me mental evol utio n gai ned the sup remacy and develop ment centered itsel f in the b rai n the o rgan of the mi nd while the bo dy in g reat meas ure ceased to change U nd er th ese ci rc umstances th ere is n othi n g very s urp ri si ng in the fac t that the h uman b rai n has attai ned an ex ceptio nal d evel n
ns
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Prog ress
l
ment
f
o
N A .
I
.
eontolog y nvertebrate Pala
or 18 85
f
0 5 5
.
growth was stro ng ly mark ed at a very early d ate H ow far it has i ncreased in size over th at of its no n h uman a ncesto r we cannot j udge fro m co mpari so n w ith the b rai ns o f a ny ex i sti ng apes si nce th ese may be o f a much lower g rad e o f d evelop ment They are p rob ab ly not fai r standards of co mpari son A nd if the body stood al most unch anged fo r ages and all t he i nfl uences o f nat ure centered th emselves upo n the b rai n a c o nsid erabl e i ncrease in size and so me vari ati o n in st ruct ure were i nevitabl e c o nse uences and it is no t easy to perceiv e und er the c i rcumstances th at th ere is anythi ng ext rao rdi nary in the sp ec i al ro wth o f the h um n a b i n r a g I n the maki ng o f man th en w e perceive the c riti cal step t hat t ook the ani mal wo rld over the dividi ng li ne b et ween p hy si cal and mental evol utio n ; and in h uman d evelop ment we are c on c erned n ot w ith t he m at urity o f an old but w i th the i nfancy o f a n ew evol utio nary p ro cess whi ch is full o f far reachi ng an d ex traor d inary po ss ibi liti es of whi ch the i nt ell ect ual p rog ress yet attai ned Th ere may be needed as by man may be but the begi nn i n g many mi llio ns o f years fo r the ful l d evelop ment o f the mi nd as have been c o nsumed in the evol utio n o f the body and the o rgan ay yet attai n an i m po rtance in the sch eme of the o f t he mi nd m s m c a r a n s f c e n n c h i l o g i hi h h v c o ptio o w e o n w a e p y op
or
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20
OF T H E P R OGR ES S OF N OR T H A M ER I C A N I N VER TE BR A T E PA L / E ONTOL OGY FOR 1885
R EV I EW
.
BY
J
.
s
.
mas cou
.
j ust p assed shows a marked i ncrease in ber o f palmo ntolog ic arti cl es T he tend ency to pub the n um li sh new speci es wi tho ut any ill ust ratio ns is al so di mi n i s hi ng and those i nterested in the sci ence can look with g reat sati sfactio n on the aug mented activity of N o rt h A meri can i nverteb ratepala eo n HE
year
whi ch has
.
,
to logy
.
T H A ld ri ch g ives N otes on the Terti ary of A labama and M i ssi ssippi with descriptio ns of new spec i es and N otes o n ” Tertiary fossil s rare o r littl e k no wn in the Jo ur Ci nci nnati S oc N at Hi st Vol vm pp 14 5 and 15 3 Observatio ns upo n the Tert i ary o f A labama appeared in the A mer your S ci 3 d ser V ol xxx p 300 H M A mi has a L i st of fossil s fro m Ottawa and vi c i n ity .
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R
N or t h m i a n A e r c f q
eview o i t r e P r s o r s e f g
dditi onal notes on the geolo gy and palmo ntolo g y o f ” Ottawa and vi ci n ity in the Ottawa Fi eld Nat ural ists Cl ub T ra n s N os 5 and 6 V o l 11 p 25 l F ranc i s Bai n and (S ir) J W D awso n h ave a j oint pa p er N otes o n the geolo gy and fo ssil flo ra of Pri nce Ed ward isla n d in the Canadian R ee S e: V o l I p t 54 C E Beech er p ublishes a L i st of the spec i es o f fo ss il s fi o rn an ex po sure o f the Uti ca sl ate and ass oc iated ro ck s w it hi n t h e ” li mits o f the city o f A lbany in the 3 6 th R ep New York S t ate M us Nat Hi st p 7 8 W R Billi ngs describ es T wo new spec ies o f C rino id s a n d e s t h e R f a l w a r iv e t o h e o t o lo i c a l b e t e o t n r a n c h i h t a t n O g p g p Fi eld Nat urali sts Cl ub T rans N o 6 Vo l I I pp 24 8 and 259 N L Bri tto n has an artic l e o n the di sco very o f C retaceo us ” pl ants fro mS taten I sl and in the T rans N Y A cad S ci V o l v A
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28
p
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N L .
.
Britto n
and
A rt h ur H o llick
have
i l
L ea f
an art c e on
beari ng sand sto nes o n S taten Isl an d New Yo rk in the Tran s N Y A cad S c i V o l m p 30 Charl es Bro ng niart has L es I nsectes Foss il es des T errai n s P ri maires Co up d azi l rapide s ur la faune ento mologi ue des ter in the Bull etin de la S ociete des A mis d es rai ns palé ozo iques S ci ences Nat urell es de R o uen 3 seri e V i ngt et unteme anné e Thi s arti cle was t ranslated in the Geol Mag semest re p 50 new seri es D ec 3 V ol I I p 4 81 uat ernary and recent M oll usca o f R E C all writes On the th is co nstit utes the Great bas i n wit h desc riptio ns o f new fo rms Bu ll eti n 1 1 of the U S Geol S urvey P H Carpenter p ri nts F urt h er remark s upo n the mo rph o lo gy in the A nn and M ag N at H ist sth ser V o l o f the Bl ast o id ea This is an answer to and a c ri ti c i sm o f Mr G H am xv p 2 7 7 bach s art icle entitl ed Co nt rib utio ns to the anato my of the ” Pent remites wi th descriptio ns of new S p ec ies in the T rans S t L o ui s A cad S ci V ol w p 14 5 i ri ef o utli ne o f the g eb l a l n i cc e s s Cl k giv b o e s o c s u a r e A M g J in the R epo rt in Ontari o co unty N Y to acc o mpany a map I n thi s he g i ves l i sts of fo ss i ls S tate Geologi st fo r 1884 p g Bull eti n U S ferent D evo ni an formatio ns o ccurri ng in the di f On the high er D evoni an faunas o f Geol S urvey N o 16 is Ontari o co unty New York "
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I
m
tolog y for 1885
n verteérate Pal
.
ti cl e On the verti cal range o f cer in the A M ER tai n fo ssil spec i es in Pennsy lvani a and New Yo rk 1cax N A ruaau sr V o l x1x p 64 4 n s e s a s f s s r ss Co h n ti l f o il n d b o il l d h ll e r a c e n a u s a o a O C J p ” g speci es p ubli shed by o f the Un ited S tates w ith notes o n li vi n c e s c i e n pp t he Cali fo rni a A cadem o f 2 S 2 y 35 55 W H D all noti ces the M io cene deposits in Flo rid a H e has als o N otes o n some Flo rid an S cience V ol vr p 82 land and fresh water sh ell s with a revi s io n o f the A uriculacea o f ” in P ro c U 5 N at M us V ol vm p the Eastern Un i ted S tates 2 55 I n Bull eti n of the U S Geol S urvey No 24 is a L i st o f marine Moll usca c o mp ri s i ng the uaternary fo ssils and recent fo rms fro m A meri can lo cal iti es bet ween C ape H atteras an d C ape ” R oq ue i ncl udi ng the Bermudas e w e a a D n a h a s a n ot o n L o r i l u r i f s s il t C n a D a a n o s a S n J N in S cience V o l v1 p 2 83 N H D arto n has a Preli m i nary n ot ice o ffossil s in the H ud so n R iver slates o f the s o uthern part o f Orange c o unty N Y ” in the A mer your S ci 3 d ser V o l xxx p 4 52 an d elsewhere G M Dawso n in the Bull C hi cago A cad S ci V o l 1 N o 6 a e n e B u e c s m h a s n ti c l titl d o ld r l y n t h e i c o a r e a r O p 59 scOpic st ruct ure o f certai n bo ulder c l ays and the organi s ms co n ” tained in th em w h s R r i a n o s i W D o hiz c p P l zoi c r s a n n t h e a e o a O S ( ) J i o s o n a n a d e n s s o n B i c e iod ot oz i e T h r N e o c fl o r s M e s e a ; p A nc i ent insects o f the R oc ky Mo untai n reg i on o f Canad a ; and in the Canadian R ee S ci V o l 1 pp 19 5 8 14 1 and sc o rpio ns H e has al so A mod ern type o f pl ant in the C reta and 207 ” and A Jurasso C retaceo us flo ra in the R ocky mo unt oec us ” in S ci ence V o l v pp 5 14 and 5 3 1 T he C ret aceo us ain s flo ras o f Canada in N ature V ol xxxm p 3 2 ;and S ir Willi am oras o f t he R ocky M o untai n reg io n o f D awso n o n the Mesozo i c fl ” Canada in the A ME R I C A N N amaau sr Vol xi x p 609 are ah stracts and not ices publi sh ed i n advance fro m t he autho r s essay On the Mesozoic floras o f the R oc ky M o untai n region of C an ” in the T rans R oy S oc Canada V o l 111 S ect W p 1 ada S W Fo rd has a N ote on the ag e o f the sl aty and arenaceo us S c henectady c o unty N ew ro ck s in t he vi c i n ity of S c h enec tady in the A mer your S ci 3 d ser V ol xxxx p 39 7 Y or W F E Gurley d escrib es so me New Carbo ni ferous fo ssil s E
W
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C l aypole has
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R eview i n Bull eti n N o
f
o
o wn series
his
2 of
.
merican
e r i s A N t the Prog ress o f
;
ill ust ratio ns
no
c
a co
mp an y
th ese descri ptio ns J ames H all has p ubli sh ed a l arge number of papers so me o f w hi ch h ave appeared in li mi ted editio n s in p revio us y ears b u t H e p ubli sh e s a t h ey h ave n ot yet b een noti ced in th ese revi ews N ot e o n the i nti mate rel at io ns o f t he Ch emung gro up a n d Waverly sandsto ne in N o rth western Pennsylvani a and S o u t h ” west ern N ew Yo rk and a N ote on the E urypteride o f t he D e vo n ian and Carbo ni fero us fo rmatio ns o f Pennsyl vania w i th a ” s upplem entary note o n the S ty lonurus excelsior in t he P ro c A I n the 2d Ge o l A A S Vol xxxm Part 11 pp 4 16 and 4 20 S urv Pennsyl vani a R ep o f p rog ress PPP p 2 3 he has a N o t e o n the Eury pteride o f t he D evo ni an an d C arbo n i fero us fo rma ” I n the R ep S tate Geologi st fo r 1881 p tio ns o f Pennsyl vani a ” I n t he Classifi cat io n o f the L amellib ranchi ata 8 th ere is a 2 p 5 th ere is a Di sc ussio n up o n R ep S tate Geologi st fo r 188 t he manner o f g ro wth v ari atio n o f fo rm and ch aracters o f t h e genus Fenestell a and its rel atio ns to H emit rypa Po lypora R ete ” po ra C ryptopo ra etc T hi s arti cle is co nti nued in the R ep S tat e S i xty o ne photo li thograph ed pl at es Geologi st fo r 1884 p 3 5 acco mpany the R ep S tate Geologi st fo r 1882 Th ey are p ubl i sh ed in ad vance w ith th ei r ex planatio ns under the follo wi ng h ead s Fo ssil co ral s and Bryozo ans of the L o wer H elderberg g ro u p p p 17 and fo ssil Bryo zoans o f the Upper H el derb erg g ro u pl ates 1 xxxm in ad vance o f Vol v1 Pal e o ntolo gy of Ne w ” Y o rk ; Brachiopod a pl ates and ex pl anatio ns pls xxxrv L x r i n I n t he ad vance o f Vol xv Part 11 Pal e o ntology o f New Yo rk R ep S tate Geologi st for 1883 p 5 he gives a D escript io n o f t h e T he Bryozo ans o f the H amilto n g ro up (Fenestellide ex cepted ) w s N e t M u t s s Yo r k a t a Hi t c o n t i n e ollo t h wi t h R e S e N a f n 3s p g papers : N oti ce o f the machi nery and met hods o f c utti ng s pec i ” mens o f ro cks and fossil s at the New Yo rk S tate M us Nat Hi st p 12 1 Preli mi nary no ti ce of the l amellib ranchi ate sh ell s o f the Upper H el derberg H amil to n and C hemung g ro ups preparato ry fo r t he Pal e o ntolo g y o f New Yo rk Part 1 p 2 15 ; D escrip tio n o f fossi l co ral s fro m the N iagara and Upper H el derberg “ u s 0 s n s m r d o f h o p p Ill t r a tio i o opi t t n u t e c r s c a s r u u c c r e ; 4 7 g ” o f Brachiopod a pl xx" T he 36 th R ep N ew Yo rk S tate M us “ N at Hi st c o ntai ns the follo wi ng papers : Bryozoa (Fenestel ” lid e ) of t he H amilto n g ro up p 57 ; On t he st ruct ure o f the .
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nve rtebrate Paleont ology
I
or 188 5
f
.
D esc riptio n of a new spec i es genus Ort hi s p 7 3 ” o f S tylo nurus fro mthe C at skill c r n 6 a n e s o p p D iptio r d u 7 g o f a new genus fro m Greenfi eld S aratoga c o unty N pl V 1 T he R ep S tate Geologi st fo r 1884 co ntai ns the fo llo wi ng pape ” On the mod e of g ro wth and relati o ns of the Fenestellide p 8 1 8 2 c s f o r n n u e r m f e G e o ti d o p t t ologi t f 1 t a o h e R e S ; 4 35 p On the relatio ns o f the genera S tictopo ra Ptilodietya A crog enia ” and alli ed fo rms in the Pal e ozoi c ro ck s o f New Yo rk p 46 ; an d Note (o n so me Paleozoi c pecteno id p 47 To wn Geol A ngelo H eilprin has p ub li sh ed a book enti tl ed ogy : the l esso n of the Phil ad elphi a ro ck s S t udi es of nat ure al o n g the high ways and amo ng the by ways o f a met ropolitan town ; pl ates I V and v co ntai n fig ures o f the C retaceo us i nverte b rate fauna I n S cience Vol v p 4 7 5 and Vol v1 p 83 he has two notes o n T he cl assifi catio n and pal e o ntolo gy o f the U S Tert iary deposits th ese are c riti ci s ms of D r Otto Meyer s vi ews E W H ilgard has two p apers o ne in S cience Vol v1 p entitl ed T he cl assifi catio n and pal e o ntology o f the U S T er er Your S ci 3 d ser tiary d epo s its ; and the oth er in the A m Vol xxx p 266 entitl ed T he old T erti ary of the S o uth west both are c riti ci sms o f D r Ott o Meyer s vi ews G J Hi nde has a Descriptio n of a new spec i es o f C ri n oids ” wit h arti c ul ati ng spi nes in the A nnals and Mag az ine of N atural H istory sth ser V o l xv p 157 A lph eus Hyatt in the P roc A A A S V ol xxxm Part 11 pp 4 90 an d 4 9 2 p ubli sh es two notes o ne o n the S t ruc t ure of ” the sipho n in the Endoceratide and the ot her o n the S t ruct ure ” and affi ni ties o f Beatricea H e has a l etter (relative to the Fter opo ds o f the S t Jo hn g ro up ) in the Bull Nat H i st S o c N ew Brunswi ck N o w p 102 I n the P ro c Bo sto n S oc Nat Hi st V ol xxm p 4 5 he has p ubli sh ed an el abo rate di scuss io n of the L arval th eo ry o f the o rigi n of cell ul ar ti ssues a m e i h u r n N s 1 1 J s t e Jo Ci n i n ti c a Hi t o l p t F n c a S o V v J ” 15 1 has an art i cl e o n the F uco ids o f the Ci nci nnati g ro up I n the A uaarcan NA ruaau sr Vol X I X p 16 5 he has a note enti H e has al so R emark s on tied A re th ere any fo ssil A lge a suppo sed fossil fun g us fro m the coal meas ures R emark s o n so me marki ngs o f the ro cks o n the Ci nc i nnati g ro up d escribed under the names of Orm m and e arks athicuus and Walco ttia R ; s
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merican
N orth A
h e P r o r e s s o eview o t f f g
R
une.
genera L epidolites A no malo ides I schadites and R ec epta ” r Ci nc i nnati S oc e c ulites fro m t he Ci nci n nati o p Jo u i h u r n t g N at H i st V o l V 111 pp 157 160 and 16 3 A A J uli en has A st udy o f Eoz oan canadense; fil ed obser ” in the P ro c A A A S V o l xxxm Part 11 p 4 15 vatio ns G F K unz has an art i cl e On the agatized woods and the ” Mal achite A z urite etc fro m A rizo na in the Trans N Y A cad S ci V o l v p 9 Co nt rib utio ns to the fossil flo ra o f the L eo L esq uereux s W est ern Terri to ri es Part 111 T he C retaceo us and Tertiary flo ras R ep U S Geo l S urv T err F V H ayd en U S g eo lo ” gi st in ch arge 4 to V ol V 111 Was not p ubli sh ed till Feb ruary 1885 altho ugh it b ears the i mp ri nt 1883 A H Mackay p ubli sh es an arti c l e o n the Organi c s ili ceo us remai ns in the l ak e d epo sits o f N o va S c oti a in the Canadian R ec S ci V o l 1 p 2 3 6 J ul es Marco u writes o n T he Tac o ni c system and its positio n ” in the P roc A mer A cad o f A rts and in st ratig raphi c geolog y S ci ences new seri es V ol x i 1 p 174 s r e B M c u r r r r e ss f N m n e o c o d P og o th i i v t b t a o r e c n e e A r a r r a J pal e o ntology fo r 1884 in the A u s mcnn N ar uaau sr V ol xxx p 3 5 3 Thi s is a b ri ef sketch of the p al e o ntologi c wo rk do ne in the year ;a mo re ex tend ed revi ew o f it is p ubli sh ed in the S mi th so n i an repo rt fo r 1884 N o 6 10 pp 1 20 Was hi ngto n I n the P ro c U S N atio nal M useum Vol V 111 p 29 0 he 1885 nozoi c types in the coll ectio ns has A li st o f the Mesozoi c and C e o f the U S N at Museum and the Id entifi catio n o f certain ” fossil s and st rata o f the Great S io ux R eservatio n (in T he L ig n it es o f the Great S io ux R eservatio n a repo rt o n the regio n be ” t ween the Gran d and Mo reau ri vers D ako ta by Bail ey Will i s Bull U S Geol S ur N o 2 1 p G F M atth ew has R ecent di sc overi es in the S t Joh n g ro up ” “ in the Ca nadi a n A new g en us of Camb ri an Pteropod s and I n the Bull Nat H i st S o c R ec S ci V ol 1 pp 136 and 15 2 New Brunswi ck N o xv p 9 7 he has A n o utli ne o f recent dis Joh n g ro up Wi th a l etter of Pro fesso r coveries in t he S t I n the A mer 9 01m A lph eus Hyatt rel ative to the P teropod s On the prob ab l e S ci 3 d ser V o l xxx p 7 2 he has a n ote occ urrence o f the g reat Wel sh Parado x i des P daviazs in A m er ” I n the same vol ume p 29 3 he has a No ti ce of a n ew ica the
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I
nverteérate Pala eontology
f
or 188 5
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m ri an u o C b I a n g p ( ) t h is H e has a N ote o n the h a w o s s e n u s e n o t e c a i n h e M n e e r i e D e c a d 1 t t e 1 1 V l S e G l o g g 11 p 4 25 I n t he T ran s R oy S oc C anad a V o l 11 S ec w p “ a r h i s u s r n e u n f t h n r a pp e I ll t a tio t h f o e t Joh g o u p s o f a a S 99 c o ntin ued ; and a pap er o n the C o noco ryphea w i th furth er re ” marks o n Paradox id es Ch arl es Mo rri s in the P ro c A cad N at S ci Philada for 1885 “ 8 h s w c m d a ti l e s n itl e d T h e p i a y o di e r a n o a r t r c n t 3 5 pp 97 t io ns o f fo ssilizatio n and A ttack and d efense as agents in ani ” mal evol utio n Otto Meyer in the A mer your S ci 3d ser V ol xx1x p 4 57 and V o l xxx pp 60 and 4 2 1 has an arti cl e in th ree parts ent i t led T he genealogy and t he ag e o f the speci es in t he so uth ern ” o ld Tert i ary T he author assumes the ex t rao rdi nary positio n t h at the s uccess io n is j ust the co nt rary fro m wh at it has hith erto been co nsid ered to be t he V i cksb urg acco rdi n g to him b ei ng the atio n I n Part 1 o ldest and t he Cl aibo rne the mo st recent fo rm ” T he geologi cal rel ati o ns o f the speci es he parti ally desc rib es a n um ber of speci es and vari eti es witho ut any ill ustrat io n s ; th ese he co nsiders to be new Part 11 is on T he age o f the Vi ck sb urg ” Part 111 R eply to cri ti c isms and the J ack so n b eds T he autho r d efen ds his vi ews agai nst the cri ti ci sms o f E W Hilgard E A S mi th and T H A ld ri ch in t he October numb er o f t he I n S cience V o l v p 5 16 and Vol v1 p 14 3 A mer your S ci he has two not es o n A ngelo H eilprin s c riti ci sm o f his wo rk i h A n N n t b y n Y c d Vol p e w e r e A a C I r N 1 1 1 1 S S 2 J 7 has a D esc ri ptio n o f so me pec uli ar screw like fo ssil s fro m the ” Ch emung ro cks Th ey are al so d escribed in the Trans N Y A cad S c i Vol 111 p 3 3 H A N i chol so n and R ob ert Eth eridge Jr in the Geol M ag h ave an arti cl e On the n ew seri es D ecad e 111 V o l 11 p 5 29 y st ruct ure and geologi cal di strib utio n o f S olenopter a sy no ny m ” a cta Bi lli ng s s com p p H A N i chol so n and A H Foo rd in the A nn and M ag N at H ist sth ser Vol xV 1 p 4 96 h ave an arti cl e On the gen us F istulipo ra McC oy wi th d escriptio ns o f several speci es A S Pack ard in the A ME R I C A N N ar uaau sr Vol x1x pp 29 1 w h n g arti c l es : 8 f 8 a s e s o f C arbo n t ollo i Typ n h e a d 0 0 0 0 79 7 i fero us Xiphosura new to No rth A meri ca T he S y n carida, a Pteropods fro m the S t Joh n he d escrib es t he g enus D iplo theca
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R eview
A N h o r t the H og ress o f
f
o
meri can
U
gro up of Carbo ni fero us C rust acea On the Gampso ny ch id e ” On t h e an un desc ribed family o f fo ssil schizopod C rustacea ; A nthracaride a family o f macruro us d ecapod C arbo n ifer o u s ” C rustacea alli ed to the Ery o nide “ A nc i en t a i r B N Peac h in N ature V o l xxxr p 29 5 has a general revi ew o f Pal eozoi c sc o rpio ns breath ers x A o u r x m I i H P y h m e r d s e r Vol r i e r n t c e S 57 f 3 p J has a N ote o n a fossil coal pl ant fo und at the graphite depo s it in mi ca schi st at W o rcester Mass J uli us Po hl man and R P Whitfi eld in S cience V ol v1 p 183 h ave a note o n A n A meri can S il uri an sco rpio n A rep ri nt of geologi cal repo rts and oth er papers o n t he g eo l by the l ate William Barto n R og ers has ogy o f the Vi rgi n i as been i ssued S H S cudd er p ublis h es T he geologi cal hi sto ry of Myri o po d s and A rach n id s Eighth ann ual add ress of the reti ri ng p res id en t ” in Psy che V ol 1v Jan o f the C amb ridge E nto mologi cal C l ub — I n the M em N at A cad S ci V o l uary March 1885 p 24 5 D escriptio n of an arti cul at e o f doubt ful r ela 111 p 1 he has a t ionship fro m the T erti ary b ed s of Flo ri ssant Colo rado I n t he P ro c A cad N at S ci Philada fo r 1885 pp 34 and 10 5 he h as N ew genera and speci es o f fo ssil c o ck roach es fro m the o l d er ” N otes o n Mesozoi c c o c k ro ach es and A meri can ro ck s In the A n sw er» : N A T UR A L I S T V ol x1x p 87 6 is an ab stract o f h is ” paper o n the R elations o f the Pal eozoi c i nsects H M S eel ey in the A mer Your S ci 3 d ser V ol xxx p 3 5 5 describ es A new genus of ch azy spo nges S trephochet us E A S mith in the A mer Your S ci 3 d ser V o l xxx p 2 7 0 has R emark s o n a pap er o f D r Otto M eyer o n S peci es in t h e s o uth ern old Terti ary C Wach smuth and W H Barri s h ave D escriptio ns o f n ew C ri noids and Bl as toid s fro m the H amilton g ro up of Io wa an d ” M i c higan C Wach smuth and Frank S p ri nger i ssue a R evi sio n of th e Pale ocrino idea Part 111 Di scuss io n o f the c l assifi catio n an d relatio ns o f the b rachi ate C ri noids and co ncl us io n of t he generic d escriptio ns in the P ro c A cad N at S ci Philada fo r 1885 p ,
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3 25
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C D Wal cott has a D escriptio n o f the (D eer c reek A rizo na) l e n e o r a e d S a t e h o 0 8 t ss second ses Do c Co N l n 2 c fi Ex , 4 g .
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ontolo y nvertebrate Palae g
I
f
or 18 85
.
ppendi x 1 p 5 H e c o nt rib utes the follo wi ng papers to the A mer four S ci 3 d ser V o l xxx pp 1 14 and 3 28 and in V o l xxx p x7 Pal e o ntologi c notes Pal eozoi c not es new genus brian Trilobit es Meso nacis and N ote on so me Pal eo of C am ” zo i c Pteropod s L F Ward in the Botanical Gaz ette Vol xx p 169 has T he foss il flo ra o f the glob e I n the P ro c A A A S V ol xxxxxx “ Part 11 pp 4 9 3 49 5 and 4 96 he has Hi sto ri cal vi ew o f the fo ss il flo ra of the glob e Geologi cal vi ew of the fo ssil flo ra o f ” the glob e and Botani cal vi ew of t he fo ssil flo ra o f the globe I n the A m aaxcm r N A T UR A L I S T V o l xx x pp 6 3 7 and 74 5 he has an art i cl e o n Evol utio n in the veg etabl e ki ngdo m “ C A White has T he appli catio n o f biology to geologi cal his to ry a p resid enti al add ress delivered at the fi fth ann i versary meeti ng of the Biolo gi cal S oci ety o f Washi ngto n J anuary 2 4 I n the in the Proc Bio l S oc Washi n gto n V o l 111 p 1 A mer ?our S ci 3 d ser Vol xx 1x pp 2 2 8 and 2 7 7 he has “ T he N otes o n the J urassi c strata of N o rth A meri ca ; and ” genus Py rg ulifera Meek and its asso ci ates and c o ngeners Bull U S Geol S urv No 15 is On t he Mesozoi c and C enozoi c ” pal e o ntology of Cali fo rni a Bull U S Geol S urv N o 18 is On mari ne Eo cene fresh water Eocene and oth er fo ssi l Mo l l usca of Western N o rth A meri ca it is di vid ed i nto th ree parts i n Western 1 T he o c c u l a n i costa L am rc k rrence of Cardita a p Orego n ; 11 Fo ssil M oll usca fro m theJoh n D ay gro up in East ern Orego n ; 111 S uppl em entary notes o n the no n mari ne fo s s il Moll usca o f N o rth A meri ca S o me additio ns and c o rrec tio ns fo r the ill ust ratio ns o n p 19 are made to t he above wo rk Bull U S Geol S urv N o 22 is On new C retaceo us fo ssil s fro m Cali A
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h L a r o f r a t i h e r a e F po n t e I v e t b t r n h t a s h a s a e o W e v e R t J amie and C retaceo us ro ck s o f the vi ci nity o f the Bo w and Belly in the riv ers and adj acent l oc aliti es in the N o rth west T errito ry Geol and N at Hi st S urv Canada A R C S el wy n di rec to r ; C o nt rib utio n to Canadi an p al e o ntology Vol 1 Part 1 I n the A mer your S ci 3 d ser V ol xx1x p 44 4 he has Not es o n the possibl e age o f so me o f the Mesozoi c ro cks o f the ueen Ch ar ” I n the Trans R oy S o c lot te i sland s and Briti sh Co lumbi a D esc riptio n o f a new Canad a Vol 11 pp 2 3 7 and 2 39 he has spec i es o f A mmo n ite fro mthe C ret aceo us ro ck s of Fo rt S t Joh n .
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Gravitation
and the
S oaring Birds
.
Peace ri ver and N ote o n a d ecapod C rustacean fro m ” the Upper C retaceo us o f H ig hwood ri ver A l berta N W T “ A n R P Whi t field c o nt rib utes to S cience V o l v1 p 87 ” I n the Bull A mer M us N at A meri can S il uri an sco rpio n H i st Octob er 10 1885 Vol 1 N o 6 pp 181 19 1 and 19 3 he On a fo ssil sco rpio n fro m the S il u has the followi ng art i cl es : eri ca N oti ce o f a new C eph alopod fro m the ri an ro cks o f A m N oti ce o f a very l arge spec i es o f N i agara ro cks o f I ndi ana Ho malo not us fro m the Ori sk any sand sto ne fo rmatio n H S Willi ams in the P ro c A A A S Vol xxxxxt Part 11 r n d s n c e c p bli h ti l G og r a phi a l ph i l c o di s e s a a e o n a c a n 2 2 u y p 4 tio ns as mo di fyi ng fo ss il faunas I n the A mer f our S ci 3 d ser V ol xxx p 4 5 he has a N o ti ce o f a new li muloid C rustacean fro m the D evo ni an A W i nch ell in the A mer four S ci 3 d ser V o l xxx pp 3 16 N o ti ces o f N H Wi nch ell o n L i ng ul a and Para and 3 17 has ” do x ides fro m the red uartzites o f M i nnesota and On C e nos tro ma and I diostro ma and the c o mp rehens ive charac ter o f S tro ” matopo ro ids Fo ssil s fro m the red uartzi tes at N H Wi nch ell describes ” Pipesto ne in the Geol and Nat H ist S urv M i nneso ta 13 th A nn R ep p 6 5 H H Wi nwood in the Geol M ag new seri es D ecade 111 Vol 11 p 24 0 remark s o n the Geologi cal ag e o f the R ocky mo untai ns ; in it he reports fi ndi ng a Menevi an fauna between the 116 th and 1 17 th parall el s o f lo ngit ud e o n the Canadi an Pacifi c rail way B H W right in the 3 sth R ep N Y S tate M us N at Hi st p N otes o n the geology of Yat es co unty N Y 19 5 c o nt rib utes on
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: o:
G R A V ITA
TI ON
A N D T H E S C A R I N G BI R BY 1 L A NC A S T E R .
DS
.
.
p i mental philo sophy all p ropositio ns collect ed by in d uction fro m ph en o mena are to be h eld ei th er ex actly o r app ro x i mately t rue until oth er ph eno mena are fo und by whi ch tho se p ropo s i tio ns can be mad e ei th er mo re acc urate o r s ubj ec t ” to ex ceptio ns (Newto n s Pri ncipi a Book T he soari ng bi rds seem to be ex c used fro m ob edi ence to the l aws determi ni ng the actions o f o th er i nert bodies h eavi er th an N
ex er
,
’
,
,
Gravitation
and the
S oaring Birds
.
c
Weighi ng mo re t h an the air t hey di spl ace and us i ng no musc ul ar ex ertio n to s u s t ai n th em selves th ey still in the sense of g etti ng nearer to the ea rt h do not fall Wh en we seek fo r a motive po wer whi ch is c o mpet en t to res i st t he weight o f t he bi rd s b ody and neut raliz e Bi rd t h e resi stanc e o f the air to its t ransl atio n we seem baffl ed a n d air fo rm a materi al sy stem in whi c h no oth er obj ect is in c l u d ed so th at it is i m po ssibl e to obtai n power fro m the wi nd W i n d is motio n o f the enti re system as a whol e c o mpared to a fi x ed obj ect as an observer and s uch motio n does not affect t he motio n o f t he p arts Wi nd fro many di rectio n o r at any veloci ty o r enti re calm are di ff erences o f air c o nditio ns to an ob server but n o t to a bi rd We are th erefo re li mited to the g ravi tati ng fo rce o f the bi rd s body to fin d the po wer p rod uc i n g the ph eno mena as it is n o wh ere el se di scoverabl e But h ere we are co nfi ned to c ertai n n otio ns d erived fro m st i c k s and sto nes and in fact all alli ng thi ng s and they do no t seem to h elp us in ex pl ai n o th er f i n g a thi ng whi ch do es no t fall We are lik ewi se taught th at the d irectio n o f the g ravitati ng fo rce is verti cally do wnwards i e in a st raigh t li ne fro m t he bo dy mani festi ng it to the center o f the eart h What we und erstand by thi s di rectio n is that wh en g ravity does wo rk wh en it is in the act o f maki ng anythi n g dif ferent fro m wh at it was b efo re when it moves a thi n g at rest or s t ops it wh en in mo t io n or accel erates it o r is in the act o f man ” i festing energy in the way whi ch we call wo rk th at the direc tio n in whi ch it do es it is verti call y downward s H ow th en can th is fo rce d ri ve a body up wards o r t ransl ate it ho rizo ntally S till furth er A l tho ugh we ad mit when o ur attentio n is call ed to it th at weight is the result of g ravity acti ng o n a uantity o f matter we are apt to co nfo und mass and weight and g ravity i nto Thi s is i nad mi ssible si nce the doct ri ne o f o ne id enti cal thi ng t he co rrel atio n o f fo rces is establi sh ed as it is enti rely po ss ibl e to an i fests c h ange every ato m of g ravitat i n g fo rce whi c h a body m i n to so me o th er form o f fo rce in whi ch case eith er the fo rmer is uantity o f m atter o r the l atter is created s eparate fro m the We t hus fin d o urselves in a so rt o f dil emma We are obliged to co n s i der g ravity as s o methi n g apart fro m body an d stil l we h ave n o dge o f it excepti ng what we are enabl ed to i nfer abo ut it k nowl e Were it no t fo r th ese i n ferences we wo uld be shut up to the uantity of m atter was acti ng and th at g rav c o ncl us io n th at the t h e air, whi h are ab ando ned to its
ppo rt
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was simply non existent for it never man ifests its po wer but in co nnecti on w ith body and the act i on o f the body is o ur rul e to d et ermine the acti o n o f the fo rce It wo uld be expected that in d eali ng with agencies o f thi s kind the greatest care sho uld be exercised l est we fall i nt o erro rs and it is apparent th at many o f o ur notio ns in regard to grav itating bodi es h ave been b ro ught up fro m generali zatio ns w hi ch do not To includ e all the facts T he soari ng bi rds h ave been o mitted the extent of th ei r excl usio n o ur id eas are subj ec t to erro r It is imperative th at th ey be b ro ugh t under the d o min io n o f gravity o r e u e c d e a and th at the ph eno m a p t d by t s h ll h v e m h e n r e s e n e a g nitio n i n d etermini ng the ch arac teri sti cs of th at fo rce ity ,
as a separate
fo rce
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I h ave shown in the pages o f thi s magazi ne th at th ese bird s A pl ane resti ng in air and acted can be red uced to lo wer terms o n by a fo rce ex hibits all t h ei r ac tiviti es and up to thi s ti me s o far as my k nowl edge extend s the mec h ani cal wo rld has fai led t o rec ogn ize the fact s ex hibited by such a b o dy when s ubj ected t o wo rk o n elasti c air To acco mpli sh my purpose mo st di rectly it w ill be best t o to uch upo n g ro und al ready covered and I will do so in the fo llow Unles s ing p ropo sitio ns whi c h are sel fevid ent o n statement otherw i se noted acceleratio n will be suppo sed to have terminated and un i fo rm motio n p rog ressi n g .
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Gravitation A
s
and the S oaring
Birds
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th ere is no autho rity for the val ue o f fri ctio nal res i stance of air
mooth surfaces
I have fail ed to meas ure it by any exper imental test at my c o mmand on acc o unt of its ex t reme small ness the argument wo uld be in n o wi se affect ed if it were not tak en into acco unt fo r any o f the vel ociti es that we shall d eal wi th T he read er m ay th erefo re pl ace upo n it any val ue withi n reas o nabl e li mits L et A B rep resent one of the ed ges o f a pl ane say one foo t s uare resti n g in a ir and of the same wei g ht as the at mo sph ere it d isplaces 1 T he o n ly act ual o r c o nceiv abl e wo rk the pl ane can be sub j cet to und er the do mi nio n of any fo rce wh atever is eith er air press ure upo n its sid es o r resi stance to atmosph eri c surface o r ski n fri ctio n parall el to i tsel f or in its own pl ane 2 F ro m the law o f fluid p ressures and the co nt rary and e ual c h aracter o f actio n and reaction a force operative upo n the plane A B fro m any di rec tio n do es wo rk in o ne o r both o f two ways viz ei ther in it o r at right angl es to it i n i t c d h l n a n r o di io p a di c i h e c n o f o n t e e c e e n t r r F r s e y 3 tio n are not resolved by the plane but wo rk to th ei r full val ue in absol ute i n d ependence o f eac h oth er as th ey are right angl ed
on s
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and as
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i a n e n c n x c e n n h a d r Fo o di tio pti g e pl n r c e s f r m r e o t a n e 4 y mal to it are resolved by the pl ane i nto those two di rect i o ns u s e n n h m b o f f o r c e n o i n t pl a n e or o r m a l to it A n n e r t 5 y o perate upo n it in the res ultant o f o ne fo rce fro m o ne di rectio n ; and thi s resultant if no t al ready in the pl ane or no rmal to it is res olved th erei n by the pl ane 6 It follows that the pl ane can be subj ect to wo rk o nly (1) in its own pl ane (2) in a di rectio n at right angl es to its surfaces 3 ) in b oth of th ese di rec tio ns h f ce ac ti ng no rm r h w n t r l t o k do by o T h n a u o f e e e a t e e r 7 to the pl ane is co mp ressin g air and as the res i stance o f the atmosph ere to motio n in thi s di rec tio n is very g reat the veloc ity w ill be co rrespo ndi ngly slo w 8 T he nat ure o f the wo rk do ne by the fo rce in the pl ane is overco mi ng atmosph eri c fric tio n o n the two surfaces whi ch bei ng very litt le motio n in thi s di rectio n will be co rrespo ndi ngly .
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a r e t . g
9
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A fo rce not in the pl ane,
o mal to it
no r n r
,
is
res
olved by
the
Gravitation
and the S oaring
Birds
.
p lane i nto those fo rces in the same rati o that the di rectio n o f the fo rce bears to tho se di rect io ns To i ll ust rate t hese p ropo si tio ns we will sup pose a fo rc e e f;ia ° clined 18 fro m c d to operate o n the pl ane A B with a val ue o f si xty fo ot po und s per sec o nd T he pl ane wo uld i nstantl y res o lve thi s fo rce i nto t welve foot po unds in its own pl ane in the di rect i o n 2 and fo rty eight foo t po und s in the di rectio n c d at righ t angl es to it wh en it wo uld be reaso nabl e to s uppo se th at the twelve po und s wo uld d rive the plane ag ai nst fri cti on o f air wi t h far g reater velo ci ty th an fo rty ei g ht po unds wo uld agai nst ai r co m p ressio n I f motio n in the di rectio n 2 were resi sted to the poi nt o f pre ventio n all t he fo rce ef wo uld do wo rk in t he di rec tio n c d wh en the enti re si x ty po und s wo uld be sett i ng up air p ress ure A and the p lane wo uld be in e uilib ri um in the di rec t io n 1 2 v ery small fo rce say o ne o r two po unds wo uld no w d rive the plane in any di rectio n say towards 1 wi th co nsid erabl e veloc ity It is ob vio us that the s i xty po und s o f air p ress ure wo uld be eno ugh to s upply t he t welve po und s n eeded to b al ance the fo rce act i ng toward s 2 and the o ne o r two po und s additio nal needed to d rive the pl ane to wards 1 w it h a velo ci ty we will sup pose o f 1 50 I f we s uppo se the motio n o f the pl ane in t he feet per seco nd di rectio n ef to be at the rate o f thi rty feet per sec o nd it w ill mo ve in Oppo si tio n to the di rectio n o f the fo rce as fast as it d o es with its di rectio n and we will h ave the ano in alo us case o f a fo rc e developi ng eno ugh fo rce in mo vi ng a body to move several s uch bodi es th ro ugh the same space in the same ti me diamet rically oppo site to its o wn di rectio n 1 Thi s seems ab surd and needs rectifi catio n to make it tol erable We h ave enti rely o verlooked the fact that the mo ment ef began t he t ask o f wo rki ng it ab ando ned the di rectio n in whi ch it re ° to c d and o ne fift h sid ed and fo ur fift hs o f it went over 18 ° went o ver 108 to A B T he di rectio n ef is vacated it is w it ho ut Fo r all the i nfl uence it has o n t he plane it might as si g nifi can c e Th ere is now no mo vement o f the pl ane agai ns t wel l n ot ex i st N ow t he fo rces wo rki ng o n the di rectio n o f the fo rce wh atever air and d rivi ng the pl ane to ward s 1 are at right angl es to each T he p robl em is the abili ty o th er and do no t resi st each o th er atway s t h ro ug h o f a fo rce to d ri ve a pl ne faster edgeways t han fl .
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a
art .
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Gravitation I
and the S oari ng
Birds
.
goi ng over the one fifth th at t ravel ed 108 was wasted i c it neutralizes an e ual amo unt o f the o th er so th at o nly fo rty eight po und s i nst ead o f si x ty po unds are avail abl e to d rive the a n w e e a s r m c e a n e l d y b thi o ld b o p t t to p od u t e e n u e s w u c ; p g eno rmo us velo c ity H ad the fo rce been o rigi nally in c d the enti re s i x ty po und s w o uld h ave b een avail abl e But wh en we recti fy the di ag ram s o as to make ef vert i cal and add two po unds weight to t he plane so th at the fo rce em e w e b r a s s loy d ill g vity l h gho s t hi c w s u ppo d l a id e a l t e w h e a t p o nce reappear in vast ly mag nified p ropo rtio ns T he o utcry no w is th at the law o f falli ng bodi es is viol ated for a body in falli ng can do no mo re wo rk th an s ufl i cient to li ft it th ro ug h the same n
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p di cul ar heigh t It seems that here is a good place to establi sh an exc epti on and we will exami ne into the way in whi ch it may be do ne Whil e the pl ane A B is l evel the g ravitati ng fo rce is no t re so lved by it but acts at righ t an gles to the s urfac es w h en l at eral moti on will be resisted by n o thi ng but at mosph eri c fri ctio n and t hi s t he o ne o r two po und s is c o mpetent to overc o me d rivi ng the l to w hil e it i s falli ng the thi rty feet in whi ch the s i x ty D a n e p erefo re pass to H the res ultant o f d It w ill th i s developed u n s o p It will si mply h ave a lateral motio n o f 150 feet t he two motio ns To its edg eways th ro ugh the air add ed to its fal l of thi rty feet w o rk of air co mp ressio n there wil l be joi ned an addi tio nal item ing 150 feet of atmospheri c fri c ti on T he o f work in overc o m n e r e p
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Gravitation
and
the S oaring Birds
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d evelo ped in the fall will be eno ugh to supply the lateral fo rce and still leave fifty eight o r fifty n i ne po und s to go to waste by falli ng to the tensio n of the surro undi ng air ” But th is wo uld not be soarxng as the pl ane will soo n reach the gro und I f we no w th ro w the pl ane over o n an i ncli ne o f one in five or we h av e an additio nal twel ve po unds o f l ateral res i stance to overco me whi ch the si xty po unds is enti rely co mpetent to effect tog ether with the one o r two need ed to carry the pl ane to c and still h ave fo rty six or fo rty s even po und s m o re than is wanted l eft over W e no w have the pl ane el evat ed as fast as it fall s so that its resultant passag e to D is the ho rizo ntal t ransl atio n o f flight and a body in falli ng do es wo rk en o ugh to no t o nly li ft it to the s am e h eight fro m whi ch it fell but to mov e it agai n st air res i st ance and h ave a l arge surpl us l eft over ! Thi s seems i mpo ssibl e But the reaso n o f such appearance as al ready sho wn is th at we are entertai ni ng a fall acy We are s uppo si n g the di rectio n o f the g ravitati n g fo rce to still be v erti cal after it has go ne over eighteen and a h und red and eight d eg rees We h ave as a matter o f fact c hang ed the di rectio n o f g ravity mo re th an we h ave sl anted the pl ane One fifth o f its total amo unt has go ne over T he pl ane has tak en the same lib erty with the g reat co smi cal fo rce o f g ravi tatio n th at it w o uld with any oth er fo rce It refuses to be operat ed upon by any en ergy wh atever o f a mech an i cal ki n d whil e doi ng wo rk on el asti c fl uid s ex cepti ng in the two di rec tio ns mentio ned and any fo rce wh atever no t in eith er o f th ese is i nstantly put there by the plane T o say th at the gravitati ng fo rce is st ill verti cal and i culties o f the case has not go ne over is to i ncrease the difl I n s uch ev ent the law o f fl uid p ress ures and not to ab at e th em is viol ated whi c h d emand s th at th ey be at right angl es to the co m p ressi ng surface T he pl ane wo uld al so fall verti cally with po ssibl e S ome fo rce is o ut l atéral motio n all o f whi ch is i m ' B in its o wn plane and no rmal to it Fro m whence act uat i ng A Th ere is b ut one so urce of s upply T he plane has co mes it ? s i mply res ol ved g ravi ty until its p erpendi c ul ar li ne has been vacated and t e located at right angl es to the lateral fo rce acti ng in the pl ane whi ch li fts no weigh t and res i sts n othi n g wh atev er T he pl ane in its t ransl atio n to ward s c is movi ng b ut fr ictio n ' to wards e but not to wards e It is goi ng co ntrary to the abstrac t fo rce
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Causes of Forest R otation
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c
gravity but not co nt rary to the di rec tion in whi ch th at fo rce is now wo rki ng whi ch alo ne c o ncerns us T he whol e matter hi ng es on the ability o f a plane to resolve I n doi ng so it the g ravitati n g fo rce as it resolves oth er fo rces d oes a very wo nderful thi ng It makes o f g ravity a c ontin uo us motive po wer It i nt rod uces a new idea i nto o ur co nceptio ns of things and makes it i mperative that we recti fy o ur notions of the s whi c h we h av e not f vit ti g f o ce so as to ad m it th e c t r a n s e a r g a hitherto rec og nized It dignifies the so ari ng bi rd s i nto the positio n o f favo red crea Th ey i nhabit a universe o f th ei r own T he t ures o f nat ure h o rizo n o f thei r wo rld is not the l evel o f the sea but the i ncli ne Th ei r gravi o f th ei r o wn w i ng s whi c h th ey can c h ang e at will tati ng fo rce is eith er in a straight li ne fro m th ei r bodi es to wards the center o f the earth o r the moo n o r the sun or any of the s tars o f h eaven indifl erently as it s uits th em to sl eep o n the b reeze to play at gymnasti cs high in air to enact the rol e of the high way robber o r to serenely flo at fro m zo ne to zo ne I have now p resented the case o f the soari n g bi rds to the ex tent o f my ability T he task co uld have been bett er do ne by a s peci ali st in analyti c mec h an i cs as it is in thi s sph ere th at its sig T he whol e matter is ex t remely pec uli ar n ificance li es I n con s e uence o f the th ro ng o f prec o nceiv ed id eas whi c h t end to c ast the ob sc urity o f n ight ov er the w hol e case the evid ence upo n w hi ch it res ts altho ugh ax io mati c th ro ugho ut is difl i cult to see T he mech ani sm al so seems d evoid o f o rgan izatio n a si mpl e pl ane is all th ere is o f it and still it has the po wer to c h ange the ho ri z o n o f the wo rld to s uit its o wn p urpo ses It wo uld be unwi se t o suppo se th at a devi c e cap abl e o f doi n g thi s was not co mpetent t o give to man wh at he has lo ng covet ed the po wer to navigate
dire tio n
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t he air
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C ertai nly we must ent ertai n two stand ard s of ho ri zo ntal , o ne the l ev el of the sea, and the oth er the i n l i ne of the wing s o f the
c
i g bi rds
s o ar n
.
10
C A US ES OF FOR 3?
m 1:
r o j
c
ES T R
OTA TI ON
.
C A M PBEL L
tly received fro m D r S V C levenger he men tio ned a case co mi ng under his o wn observ atio n o n the N o rt h Pac ifi c rail road in Minnesota near Mill e l a cs where the rail road N
l t
a e ter re en
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Causes qf Forest R otation
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o mpany out the pi ne ti mb er o fl o f th ei r o wn alternate sections fo r rail road ti es and o ther p urpo ses T hi s p ine fo rest was suc ceeded at o nce to all appearances spo ntaneo us ly by oaks I h ave often h eard No rth Caroli ni ans say the same thi ng about old fi elds in th at S tat e when abando ned as wo rn o ut l and that ber dxflerent fro m th at whi ch had b een c ut o ff when so m e ti m cl eari ng the l and at fi rs t wo uld sp ri ng up spo ntaneo us ly o r ap pear to be spo ntaneo us I can speak o nly fo r my o wn lo cality no t h av ing ob served any oth er H ere (West cent ral I ndi ana) we h ave in many locali t i es a p revaili ng S pec i es o f ti mb er b ut no s p ec i es th at ex i st to the But o f ex cl usio n o f all o th ers as is o ften the case wi t h pi ne b er o r any oth er ki nd sugar mapl e excepted o ur p revaili ng t i m n o ne seem to be rep rod uci ng th ei r ki nd in th ei r i mm edi ate vi c i n ity Fo r reaso ns whi ch w ill follow I surmi se th at nearly all fo rest t rees bear and sh ed l eaves whi ch are unfavo rabl e to the T he most n o tabl e sp ro uti ng and g ro wi ng o f th ei r o wn seed s i nstance I can no w thi nk o f is the red cedar i ntrod uced i nto thi s vi c i nity fro m the no rt h and no rth east abo ut fo rty five years ago I do n t rememb er at what age th ey fo r o rnamental p urpo ses began beari ng seed but I thi nk as early as ten y ears co unti ng th em to h ave b een th ree years old fro m the seed wh en t rans pl anted h ere U nti l certai n ki nd s o f bi rd s began to eat thei r I do n ot seed s th ey were no t fo und g ro wi ng wild in the fo rests k no w what bi rd s eat the seed but evid ently all do n ot el se th ey wo uld h ave b een pl anted as soo n as the parent t rees bo re seed s W hen w hi ch was no t the case for fully fi fteen y ears afterward th ese seed s pass th ro ugh the craw and i ntesti nes o f bi rds th ey are p rep ared to sp ro ut wh en th ey co me in co ntact with the g ro un d N ursery men w hen th ey o f the p roper deg ree o f moi st ure gath er th emdi rect fro mthe t rees are obliged to put th emth ro ug h T he bi rd s d rop th em so m e p rocess o f scaldi ng befo re pl anti ng p ro mi scuo usly ov er the co unt ry wh ere th ey h ave been appeari ng wi thi n the pas t fi fteen y ears numero usly and o nly rarely befo re Th ey are a h ardy t ree and bid fai r to beco me abo ut th at ti me It is o ne o f the fo res t t rees o f the fut ure in t h is part of I ndi ana e th at th ese seed s wo uld be mo re ab undantly reaso nabl e to p res um d ropped under and very n ear th ese parent t rees th an el sewh ere fo r uite p robably the bi rds th at nest in th ese t rees eat th ei r seed s Y et no yo ung cedars are ever seen to sp ro ut and g ro w th ere '
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Causes of Forest R otation
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T h e same is
t rue (i e no t g ro wi ng th ei r yo ung with i n the radi us o f t h ei r l eaf fall ) o f t he white pi ne firs an d oth er ev erg reens t r a nsri o rted h ere fo r o rnamental p urpo ses S o me o f t he old er o n es are t wen ty i nch es in di ameter and h ave bo rne seed s m any .
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a e r s y
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I h av e lo n g ob serv ed th at the seeds o f fo rest t rees shed t h e fo rest l eaves ,
g
mapl e
po n
u
pted can not S p ro ut T hi s is v e ry spec i ally t he case wi t h t he A m eri can popl ar seed s Y et I o ft en find in the w ood s cl ust ers o f o u g popl v i g n s n i n a r a a e r g y y fr o m one y ear to S i x ty and seventy y ears L ast year I fo und o ut h o w th i s co mes abo ut I f the seed s h appen to fall o n thebare r o und o f the right d eg ree of moi st ure th ey at o nc e tak e root g a n d g ro w I f abo ut t he ti me t h ese S eed s are falli ng th ere S ho uld b e a hog in the woo d s and he sho uld h ave an appetite for g ro un d w o rms he w o uld th rust his st ro n g sno ut th ro ugh the l eaves i nto t he g ro un d an d cast up fresh earth in a very p ro mi scuo us manner an d every popl ar (o r oth er) seed th at sho uld h appen to fal l o n t hat fres h g ro un d wo ul d st and a good ch ance o f g ro wi ng I saw y o ung popl ars j ust barely S p ro uted und er the above c i rcum s t ances whil e at the same ti me o th er and b rot her seed s had fal l en on the l eav es near by wh ere th ey lay d ead and as dry and c ri sp as s moki n g tob acco S o meti mes s ui rrel s h ares g ro und s ui rrel s (ch ipmunk s) dig t h ro ugh the l eaves i nto the g ro und fo r food whi ch th ey find t h ere I p res ume and th ese pl aces g i ve a ch ance fo r o ne o r mo re seed s t o g ro w and the hoofs o f h eavy b ullo ck s (and in ti mes past the elk and bufl alo ) h ave m ad e d eep t rack s th ro ugh the l eaves i n to t he g ro und whi ch wo uld gi ve a lik e ch ance w hil st the c oati n g T he hog s were o f l eaves wo uld p revent the g ro wt h o f all the rest b ro ugh t here at the very earli est ti me o f set tl ement t urned loo se in the wood s wh ere th ey mul tipli ed rapidly b eco mi ng wild fero o re d angero us to man t h an b ears wolves o r panthers c i o ns and m M any o f th ese cl usters o f popl ars co rrespo nd in age to thi s ti me I n R o ckvill e I ndi ana wh ere I resid e t he river botto m so ft mapl e is very g enerally pl anted for a st reet S h ade t ree mai nly b ecause o f its rapid g ro wth Many o f th ese are ten to t wenty i n c h es in diameter at the b utt and h ave been b eari ng seed s fo r years T he seeds o f thi s t ree must find favo rable g ro wi ng co n ditio ns as soo n as th ey fall o r th ey are lo st fo r o ne d ay s baki n g in the hot s un kill s th em Th ey must h ave a steady moi st ure s u ar
ex ce
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Causes q Forest R otation
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with warm but
hi ne T he trees bo re a bo unti ful crop o f seed l ast May and o f the fi rst th at mat ured and fell I tri ed to sp ro ut abo ut a dozen by pl ac i ng th em in good g ro und and water ing every day fo r several days But as I co uld not give th emall my ti me th ey dri ed up between wateri ngs and di ed A fter th ese had di ed th ere came a th reateni ng bl usteri ng sto rm o ne S unday eveni ng abo ut s undo wn whi ch S hook o ff the remai n i ng s o ft mapl e seed s Th ey were so ab undant th at th ey gav e the st reets a b uflc olo r w here th ey fel l T hewin d was follo wed by a light steady rain w hich co nt i nued several d ays alt ernati ng with sunshi ne Thi s was favo ra ble to sp ro uti ng th ese seeds and th ey came up all over the st reets yards and gardens as thi ck as weeds in a negl ected fi eld a th in g that never happened befo re in the twenty t wo years I h ave resid ed in the pl ace Tho se in the st reet the co ws ate up tho se in the gar dens were weeded o ut and those g rowi ng el sewh ere were killed by the follo wi ng summer d ro ught On the s o uth end of my gar den wh ere a cell ar d rai n termi nates the p roper moi st ure was mai ntai ned th ro ugh the d ro ught and th ere stands a th ick cl uster o f th em the o nly survivo rs so far as I k no w o f the millio ns that A fter th ese t rees are th ree years old th ey sp rang up l as t May can be s uccessfully t ranspl anted i nto any ki nd o f soil we h ave h ere and seem as h ardy as any dry g ro und t ree ;but d uri ng thei r i nfancy the co nditio ns must beas befo re stated o r th ey die S o I t hi nk it is cl ear th at thi s t ree w ill never be sel f pl anti ng except alo ng the low mo ist botto m o f the st reams wh ere we find it native T he h ard sugar mapl e does pl ant its own seed s wit hi n the I n 1884 th ere d eveloped a l o cal rai n all radi us o f its o wn l eaf f in the so uth east uarter o f thi s (Park e) co unty w hi ch co nti n ued S ho wery fo r several d ays alternati ng w i th s unshi ne j ust as t he T he result was as in the cas e o f apl e seeds were falli ng s ugar m A s thi s favo r the s o ft mapl es l ast May ; all the seeds sp ro uted abl e c o ndit i on did not h ap pen wh en the oth er t rees were S h eddi ng th ei r seeds the result in th at p art of the co unty is th at the sugar mapl es are a h und red to one o f all the oth er yo ung trees co m bined and the d eep sno w and cold w i nter th at follo wed maki ng a h ard crust o n the s no w p rev ented the S h eep cattl e and rabbi ts m w si ng th em do wn tho ugh it starv ed tho usan d s h o b o r s f r e a r ) ( o f rabbi ts as th ei r bo nes fo und in holl o w log s and trees ab un dantly attest ; but it saved the yo ung sugar mapl es till th ey are not
hot
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Causes of Forest R otation
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no w
l arge eno ugh to
he were
be
my ex cept man
fro m every
safe
ene
If
.
years abo ut all the p resent fo rest t rees w ill h ave liv ed o ut th ei r ti me and th ese yo ung s ugar mapl es wo uld be al mo st the o nly t rees of the fo rest in the area w h ere a rai n h appened to fall with the seed I n the oth er th ree uarters o f the c o unty th at state o f thi ng s wo uld not ex i st for t here o nly the luc ky seed that fell wh ere a hog had rooted o r a b ull had t rodden has made a t ree and thi s l uck was as favo rabl e t o other seed s as to the s ugar mapl e Th ese mapl e S eeds send roo tl et s right d own th ro ugh t he co ati ng of l eaves i nto the g ro und e am apl e and I h ave seen ov er an area o f many ac res at a ti m s p rout fo r every fo ur i nch es s uare or n i ne to t he s uare foot q n o ne seemi ng to h ave mi ssed sp ro uti ng I n repl anti ng the gro und w h ere the p resent fo rest has b een c ut away the s ugar mapl e makes the l east S h ow o f all the fo rest t rees A s an infant it S eems to th rive b est in the S h ad e o f old er t rees H ow the oak can take the pl ace o f pi ne wh ere th ere are no o ak s in the vi ci n ity to b ear ac o rns I am n o t s ure but it is eas i er and mo re ratio nal to beli ev e th at th ere is so me nat ural agency fo r t ranspo rti ng the seed o f the apparently spo ntaneo us new t ree th an to beli eve it to be really spo ntaneo us wh eth er we und erstan d t he t ranspo rti ng agency o r not One o f the most i nd ust rio us and persi stent seed t ranspo rti ng ag enc i es I k no w o f is th at ubi uito us energeti c rolli c ki ng med dleso me b usybody the c ro w Did y o u ever take a yo ung crow and rai se it as a pet Pl ease do so o nce and yo u w ill h ave more i nfo rmatio n abo ut cro ws th an I co uld give yo u in an enti re n um Th ey b eco me very tame and after th ey ber o f the N A T UR A L I S T o f e r s r n d w o e are abl e to fl it m s h e d e light a k th i liv to s e e t o b e t y pi ck up and carry fro m pl ace to pl ace any and every arti cl e whi ch is no t too h eavy for th em A fter a pet cro w has had a li tt l e practi ce he i s as expert at t ri cks o f l egerdemai n as a S ho wman H e w il l steal a spool o f th read a thi mbl e a pai r o f sci sso rs a paper o f pi ns o r wh at not ? right befo re y o ur eyes and as he flies away will t uck it so ad roitly up und er his tail feath ers th at H e mak es a d ecepti ve g rab as he starts to fly, y o u can t see it by takin g a few steps as if to gi ve hi msel f a littl e mo ment um to start his flight an d o ne o f th ese steps he w ill pl an t s uare on t he arti cl e he i nt end s to steal w h en his c laws clo se ro und it and Perc hance he w il l alight o nly a few yards d istant o fl he go es o ut
of
the way for 150
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Causes q Forest R
[J
otation
.
l so s h h e w e a g o d b id ip hi h hip light il s c h w c c a s e u e n e a h r , t , , ui k ly and ad ro itly t urn over w i th the o th er foot as to c over o ut
on
q
c
ight the arti cle he has tak en H e wil l th en tak e a few steps abo ut the chip w i th his to es all p rop erly radi ating p urpo sely t o issi ng arti cl e in his claw S ho w y o u th at he do es no t hold the m Un l ess you are ac uai nted with his t ri cks yo u wo uld concede t hat he had not tak en yo ur thi mbl e so ad roitly is the t rick per Th en he is ready fo r so me new mi schi ef 05 he goes fo rmed t o the chi ck en yard w h ere a hen and her c hi ck s are s cratchi ng T he littl e c hi ck s H e alights pl ump i nto th eir mid st for b ugs T he old hen with her feathers sc ream and scamper fo r sh elter all aw ry d ash es at him as if s he wo uld t ear him i nto st ri n g s b ut j ust as she gets in striki ng di stance the c ro w opens his mo uth and caws lo udly right i nto her face S he stops ab ruptly h esi tates an d s low ly b acks ofl Then co mes the cock o f the yard like a c h arge o f caval ry to drive the i ntruder fro m his p remi ses but as he too gets in striki ng di stance the crow opens his mo nth abo ut th ree i nch es wid e and caws so lo ud right i nto the c ock s face th at he can be h eard a uarter o f a mil e T he c o ck too stops s udden ly and his look o f s urp ri se an d am ost azement is m H is wrothy feath ers gradually smooth do wn and he amusi ng takes a few steps cautio usly b ack ward th en whi rl s and runs back und er the ro se b ush and th ere t ell s the h ens how the cro w acted lik e I rvi ng s Kni ckerbo cker soldi ers who were sent up the H ud so n to capt ure a fo rt and who had n o se th umb and fi ngers all wiggl ed at th em at o nce over t he wal l by the garriso n whi ch was s uch a s t rang e and unex pected p ro ceedi n g that th ey h astened back to h ead uarters to repo rt wh at had taken place I had a pet cro w two years ag o th at c ut so many t ri c ks in his way th at a neighbo r shot him o ne mo rni n g A fterward in clean ing the l eaves o ut o f my eave tro ugh s vario us of o ur o wn and o ur neighbo rs arti cl es were fo und in the t ro ug hs and on the of s
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t t is all the ti me b usy at so me such wo rk as I h ave d esc ribed I can not di scover th at he has any d esign in thi s b usy meddl eso me mi schi ef I f th ere is d es ig n in his wo rk it is back o f the cro w in the Great S uperi ntend ent o f nat ure s p ro cesses I have seen cro ws gath er by h und reds and h ave a reg ul ar po w wo w a mass co nventio n w h ere th ey S eemed to dis eas ures and ap oi nt o fficers I h ave h eard thei r cawi ng cuss m p T he crow in his wild
s a e
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Causes of Forest R
mo re than a mi le di stant
otation
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t hro ugh by finish ing thei r wo rk o r ti ri ng o f it and s erse A s th ey start to fly di p away m any if no t all will d ro p s o m I h ave fo und th ese ethi ng to be aco rn s wal n ut s hi cko ry nuts b uc k eyes sycamo re ball s sti ck s eg g sh ell s p ebbl es & c A s a c ro w l eaves an oak he wil l u c a n m fi r n c a c rr v m e n d l o hi h y il ligh k a c w h e a e s a o a t n p y beech tree w h ere so methi ng el se wil l att ract his attentio n wh en he will d rop the aco rn and may be pl uck a po d of beech n uts and fly away so mewh ere el se T he s ui rrel is al so a nut t ranspo rti ng agent T he hog wil l eat his n ut wh ere he fi nd s it but the s ui rrel m ust find so m e suit abl e pl ace to eat his n ut lik e so me fas tidio us board ers I h ave k nown who wo uld not and co uld not eat if they fail ed to get th ei r o wn co nspi cuo us pl ace at table T he s ui rrel will sel ect his n ut take it in his mo uth s kip alo n g a few yard s p ause a mo m ent t h en a few mo re s kips and pause p referri ng a fe nce o r fall en t ree to the gro und for his road way H e w ill so meti mes carry his n ut several h un d red yard s no t to his ho m e co nspi c uo us e but to so m tall fence stake o r d ead p roj ecti ng li mb o f a t ree o n whi ch he s i ts o n his h aunch es his tail c url ed o ver his b ack and in thi s st riki ng attit ude he co mpl acently g naws th ro ugh the sh ell o f his n ut to m i s e s n u s a s r e l It il o ti h pp th t j t dy t t h e w l s m e e a e a h e a e r n e k g to beg i n on his nut a hawk will swoop do wn after him and H is Co mpl acency is glad to d rop his n ut and fli rt do wn to the und er s ide o f the li m b for p ro tectio n Thi s n ut may fall o n good gro und and make a fut ure great fo rest t ree H e will be ch ased by a dog fox o r h awk so meti mes whi le o n his way to his eati ng pl ace and i nvol untarily p lant an oak a wal nut o r hi cko ry T he part ition fences across o ur cl eared farms and st umps o ut in the field s h ave many such pl anti ng o f o ak wal nut and hicko ry far fro m the t rees th at bo re the nuts whi ch I att rib ute to the cro w o r the s ui rrel I k n o w a pl ace abo ut fo ur mil es so uth west o f h ere wh ere a low pl ace in a fi eld was too wet to be plo wed and has g ro wn up full o f yo ung bur oak s but th ere is no parent t ree any wh ere near no t near eno ugh even for high wi nd s to carry s uc h aco rns I thi nk thi s g rove o f S uch aco rns sp ro ut o nly in wet gro und They had a pre bur oak s is the result o f a froli c o f the cro ws vio us froli c o n a bur oak and in leavi ng it fo r thi s pl ace each carri ed an acorn, as is th ei r hab it l ength th ey
A t
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Young
OBS ER VA TI ON S
ON Y OU N G
bservations on
BY 11 s .
.
Hu
-
[J
Birds
.
HU M M I N G BI R D S -
.
a s auo uo u p
.
U R I N G the mo nth o f J une l ast I heard thro ugh fri en ds o f the nest o f a humming bi rd (Tr oelzilus eoluoris) at Cot uit o n Cape Cod w h ere I was th en stayi ng and h avi ng lo ng w i sh ed fo r s uch an oppo rt un ity I i mmedi at ely d ec id ed to do wh at I co ul d to wards ob servi ng the g ro wth o f the y o ung U nfo rt unately the positio n o f the nest mad e thi s rath er di ffi cult for it was o n a sm all d ead b ran ch o f a y ello w pi ne tree so me di st an ce fro m the t runk and t welve to fo urteen feet fro mt he g ro und o r th ereabo ut Of fo ur nest s th at I have seen all in Cot ui t th ree were in yello w pi nes and o ne o n a s ilver popl ar two abo ut t wenty o r t wenty five feet hi g h o ne n i ne o r ten an d the l ast as above stat ed the o ne o n the popl ar was o n a small d ead b ran ch w ith regard to tho se that were hi gh est up I do n ot remember w h eth er th ey were o n dead li mbs o r not T he yo un g bi rd s were fi rst seen by me o n a S at urd ay the pre vio us W ed nesd ay a lad who m I sent up the t ree repo rt ed t wo eggs as he had al ready do ne o n ce befo re so th at I cannot say wh en the bi rds were h atch ed and had feared to mak e d aily vi sits at thi s stage l est I sho uld fright en away the old bi rd By means o f a lo ng step l add er i mp rovi sed fo r the o ccasio n by tyi ng to geth er t wo o rdi nary l add ers I was enabl ed to vi ew the yo ung wi thi n a few i nch es Tho ugh very small t hey were rath er l arger than I had ex p ected th em and app eared to be al ready c o vered for the mo st part a bare st reak e x t e n d i n g howev er do wn the middl e o f the back ; ,
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bills
the
slzor t
w ere
and
a e d a n g p
very
w ide
f
o
l l e o w n a d y ,
general appear ance o f h ead and bill was d ecid edly swi ft lik e b ut wh eth er the — t a s f h e u o t f f i bill ll n a k e t h m e m f u m c i a r n c a r t L D w F y y g g e t e fl e u h d t a mall m fissirost ral typ e i c e n fi e A t e d c e d s h ; w d t i e s b o i n o o r p p gape ex ten d i ng to below the eye I am no t sure I feared to tak e the yo ung o ut fo r the
,
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Observations
on
ing Birds Young H umm ~
-
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i nspectio n lest I sh ould i nj ure th emo r frighten o ff the ol d and I p arti cul arly wi sh ed to asc ertai n oth er poi nt s whi ch c o uld o nly be do ne by l eavi n s s r h w o t di t b d e e u u T n e t h e n t g u n o e l a u s h s r i t till botto m f s t w hi c h w a d e e p e a t t e o t e n e h y g y ( t h an tho se I h av e seen after the bi rd s h av e l eft and with s id es and edge beauti fully fi ni sh ed ) with th eir heads po i nti ng the same way an d th ei r bill s so m ewhat up ward and agai nst the s i de o f the n est T he annexed di agram fro m memo ry will give a fai r id ea o f th ei r n e e a r i s r a m i m n e n a l pp a a n c e a t thi s ti b e i g bo r n n i d th t e t e e g p c ial attentio n was paid to he h ead and bill t On the follo wi ng Th ursd ay I agai n went up to the nest and fo und the bi rd s so mewh at g ro wn and the typi cal h ummi n g bi rd b ill begi nn i ng to show itsel f I can b est d esc ribe it by sayi ng t h at it look ed so mewh at as if it had g ro w n o ut o f o r o n to the o th er lik e an ex traneo us thi ng but was stil l o nly a fractio n o f an i nc h lo ng say a uarter or t rifl e l ess D uri ng t hi s ti me the o ld i b i rd had b een on the n est nearly al ways wh en s s e or f a d by p away was v ery soo n b ac k A few d ays l ater h o wever I fo und her ab sent fo r so me ti me at d i fferent ho urs o f the day and feared so me acc i den t had h appened but o n watc hi ng n ear by I e finally saw her ret urn and feed the yo ung and a h i r g d t h en s it o n the nest agai n I no w bo rro wed an bi d head T hu s xt h opera gl ass and passed a good deal o f ti me :3 sixf n e m watchi ng the feedi ng o f the yo ung v Wh en fi rst s een the old bi rd p erc h ed o n the edge o f the nest in an erect atti t ude v ery muc h as a w oodpecker o n the t runk o f a t ree and bent do wn her bill clo se to her n est whil st feedi ng the yo un g ; later o n the po siti o n was vari ed so meti mes s itti ng nearly ho ri zo n A fter tal and feedi ng a bi rd o n the oppo s it e s id e o f the n est t he y o ung got a littl e l arg er she co uld be seen to th rust her bil l i n to th ei rs ; she fed fi rst o ne and th en t he oth er apparently by re i u r i m n h s b e n r e n g t tio c op otio o ld gio a n r m t e r f or a n c u e e t e f h o g o f the th ro at and after feedi n g o ne she wo uld hold up her h ead fo r an i nstant befo re feedi ng the oth er I n a few d ays she ceased I o ften saw her t o b rood the yo ung b ut fed t hem v ery fre uently fly to the nest and wh en she had gotten near she wo uld general ly n goi ng se and look ro und b efo re perchi ng o n its edge oi O p es fly o f f i mmedi at ely till o ut o f sight away she wo uld so meti m at oth ers wo uld alight some t wenty tofo rty y ard s o ff and stay fo r l b i rd
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a few
mi nutes
then away as befo re S he did not appear to mi nd y presence much if at all th o ugh I was uite near wi thin t hi rty feet and so meti mes much l ess say fi ft een or sevent een i e al mo st di rectly un d er the nest A t no ti me did I see the male bi rd co me abo ut the nest S o me ten d ays o r thereabo ut after the yo ung were fi rst seen th ei r bi ll s began to sho w abo ve the edge of the nest and soo n after were generally pl ai n ly vi sibl e On t he morni ng o f the fi fteenth day after the bi rd s were first seen o ne o f th em was ob served to fl utt er its wi ngs j ust a littl e fo r t he fi rst ti me I n o w j udg ed th at the bi rd s wo uld soo n l eave and acc o rding ly p assed sev eral ho urs every da und er t he nest y
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Fl
o3 —H umming bird feeding its young ; copied .
-
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the spo t in
mmer of
su
from pencil drawi ng
made on
1885 .
l the yo un g i nc reased ; thei r h ead s general ly sho wed abo ve the edge o f the nest th ey looked abo ut and fre uently t urned ro un d and every n o w and th en o ne wo uld fl utt er its wi ng s o r so meti mes o n ly S p read o ne o r both th i s ph ase was v ery i nteresti ng to observe o n acco unt of the p rogressive activity By the follo w i ng s ho wn and th at w itho ut l eavi ng the nest at all Wed nesday the restl essness had i ncreased very much the bi rds ewh at and t he motio n o f the wi ng s bei ng rai si ng th emselv es so m v ery rapid p rod uci ng a gauzy h alo like appearance as in old bi rd s T he followi ng mo rni ng Th ursd ay i e the t wenti eth day rest essness o f
T he
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O
bservations on
Young H umming Bir ds -
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th em rai se hi msel f o n tip toe and fl uttering his w i n gs g et upo n the edge o f the nest and th en down upo n the b ran c h sit th ere a mo ment and th en b ack i nto the nest in the s ame way I watch ed all the mo rn i ng but neith er bi rd l eft the tho ugh both seemed very restl ess ; on my ret urn in the n es t a fternoo n o n ly one yo ung bi rd remai ned I saw the old o ne feed h im o nce or t wi ce a n d no t i ced th at she app ro ach ed him fro m a d ifferent di rec tio n to w h at I had befo re seen co mi n g do wnward s fro m the cl ump o f pi nes o n the edge o f whi ch stood the nesti ng t ree i n stead o f the Open gl ad es fro m whi ch I had al way s b efo re se en her app ro ach I acco rdi ngly l aid o n my back and looked u pward and p resently saw her ret urn and perc h o n a bo ugh be I now watch ed s id e anoth er h ummi ng bi rd feed it and fly away t he bi rd o n the bo ugh v ery carefully and s oo n saw it fly an d thi s it did repeatedly at sho rt i nterval s so meti mes do wn agai n up o n a l evel and in curv es ; ex c ept fo r the sho rt ness o f its flights I c o uld see no di f ference fro m th at of the old bi rd (and as it was w ell grow n had I seen it casually I sho uld not h ave k n o wn it for a yo ung o ne) ; th ere appeared to be the same p rec i sio n o f mo ve ment fac ility o f t urni ng and ri si ng and the same h ummi ng styl e o f flight tho ugh I was n ot near eno ugh to h ear any so un d Once to ward the end o f an un us ual ly lo ng flig ht l tho ught I p erceived sig ns o f fatigue but do not feel sure o f thi s T he sec o nd bi rd co nti nued in the n est and was still th ere o n F ri day mo rni ng and agai n in the afternoo n the oth er bi rd b ei n g in the n eighbo ri n g t rees flyi n g p erfectly and both fre uently fed by the On S at urd ay mo rni ng the seco nd bi rd had al so l eft and o ld o ne all th ree b ird s if I rememb er righ tly were ob served in and abo ut er I no w t ri ed to g et so me pots o f flo w t he neighbo ri ng t rees i n g pl ants to pl ace n ear by and d et ermi ne if po ss ibl e ho w soo n t he yo ung wo uld begi n to feed th emsel ves b ut did n o t s ucceed in obtai n i ng any so th at I co uld no t ascertai n thi s poi n t I fre uently h eard a fai nt chi rpi ng j ust befo re o r d uri n g feed in g but do not k n ow if made by old o r yo ung o r bo th tho ugh as wh en feedi ng the flo wn bi rd I o n ce saw the old o ne seek him som e lit t le ti me he h avi ng ch ang ed his p lace and h eard the I am in thi s case incli ned to thi n k the yo un g bi rd chi rpi ng; must h ave made the so und and perhaps the old o ne al s o I o nce saw the old bi rd th rust her to ng ue o ut and to a much greater di stance than I sho ul d have suppo sed I
o ne o f
s aw
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ble to secure any pho tog raph s tho ugh a friend k i ndly tri ed to take so me for me o ur l ad der p ro ving to o shor t to admit o f g etti ng the cam era i nt o po s itio n fo r fo c ussin g ; but the ro ug h d rawi ng made o n the spot with the aid o f an Opera glass may m e r i u t h e o t h d d v e e r f i b e tt id t o by a e a o t h e f e e i n i n a ss s o m e g g p bi rd th an my descri pti o n has do ne I was
una
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20 :
OF S OA R I N G
T H E M EC H A N I CS nv Pnonnsso n
J
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n n .
mo nrcxs
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p ubli sh ed th ro ugh the med ium o f the A M ER I C A N N A T UR A L I S T his v ery i nteresti ng and val uabl e ob servatio ns o f soari ng bi rd s and has in the A p ril n umber (N o s s o l f h m n o f a r n a giv pl tio h i c o i g th n n e x a n a n t e c a t a e V x x e o 4 ) might l ead no n tech ni cal readers ast ray a b ri ef revi ew o f the Mech ani cs o f S oari ng may not be unprofi tabl e to so me o f the read ers o f the N A T UR A L I S T A s much th at M r L anc ast er has said is in acco rd ance with the recog nized p ri nci pl es o f mech an i cs I will not enc umber the pages o f t he NA T U R A L l sr wi th a general revi ew o f t he whol e arti cl e but will co n fine thi s pap er mai nly to a co nsid eratio n o f the uestio n p ro po sed by him and whi ch he regards as a c ruci al test o f the valid i ty o f his th eo ry o f soari ng I n i nvestigat io ns c o ncerni ng the o peratio n o f fo rces it is im po rtant th at the di sti ncti on bet ween co nti n uo us and mo mentary A l tho ugh all fo rces re ui re ti me fo r th ei r fo rces be k ept in vi ew e and th en cease Operati o n y et s uch forces as act fo r a sho rt ti m to act are call ed momentary fo rces and the ti me d uri ng w hi ch th ey act is no t co nsidered the velo city ind uced bei ng c o nstan t and e ual to the i ntens i ty o f the fo rce divid ed by the mas s Wh en a fo rce acts uni fo rmly fo r a co nsid erabl e po rti on o f ti me it is call ed a constant fo rce and the ti me o f its ac ti o n is invol ved in the velo city it i nd uces whi ch is rep resented by the i ntensity of the fo rc e mul tipli ed by the ti me and divided by the mass o r weigh t of the body A ltho ugh we do not k no w wh at p rod uces the ph eno mena of g ravitatio n we k no w as man i fest ed o n t he s urface o f t he earth it is a res ult o f two oppo si n g fo rces (a cent ri petal and a ference at any p o int o n the earth s centri fugal fo rce) wh ose dif S Mr
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I
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L
t
ancas er
has
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TI re M et /Jame s o f S oari ng
c
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i ndi cated by the wei ght o f the body at th at poi nt W eight th erefo re o r g ravi ty is a co nstant fo rce and di ffers in no respect fro m any oth er c o nstant force It is fo und by ex peri ment th at a c urrent o f air h avi ng a velocity o f thi rty feet per seco nd and me eti ng a statio nary n e a t h e d r h i h h r l p oj c ti n f w b i n t e i e tio n o otio e o o c f m t h e n p h as a s uperfi ci al area o f o ne s uare foo t exerts upo n the pl ane 2 i n the di rectio n o f the c urrent a fo rce 2 lbs X s in 0 wh ere 0 denot es the angl e w hi ch the pl ane mak es with the di rectio n o f t he motio n ; and fo r di fferent pl anes the fo rce is app ro x i mat ely r n r a t h r a s t s opo tio l to pl th t pl e e o f h e a n e s o a o n a a a n e p o n e foot w id e and six feet lo ng as s uppo sed by M r L an caster when the current is no rmal to the plane the force ex ert ed upo n the pl ane by a v elo c i ty o f thi rty feet e c o d ill r s e n w p be t wel ve po und s Thi s is the val ue o f the sp eci al fo rce assumed by Mr L ancaster and wh eth er we co nsider the t wel ve po und s ressure as res ulti ng fro m a co nstant e t m o s ph r i t a r c c u r e n o r p an y oth er cause is ob vio usly i ndi fferen t I f th en we suppo se the weight o f the pl ane to be twelve p o unds and its descent v erti c al th ro ugh a ui escent at mos h e r e w h e s n s i s n t e a w b hil pl ho izo l i ll h t t h e a e u f a c e t c t a e r r e a p o f a falli n g body in a res i sti ng medi um and wh en t he pl ane sh all h ave ac ui red a velo city o f thi rty feet per seco nd we k no w fro m t he ex peri ments abo ve referred t o th at the pl ane will meet a co n s tant res i st ance o f t welve po und s and thi s bei n g the wei ht o f g the pl ane it wil l th encefort h d escend with t he un i fo rm v elo city o f thi rty feet o d s c e r e n p I f whil e th us d escendi n g in e uil ib ri um a mo mentary ho ri z o ntal fo rc e the i ntens i ty o f Whi ch is e ual to g ravity be i m p ressed upo n the pl ane b ecause it wo uld i mpart to o ne po und a velo ci ty o f thi rty two feet per seco nd it will th erefo re i mpart t o the pl ane t he weight o f w hic h is t welv e po un d s a v elo city t X o f o n ly r s e c n n s 1 f f 2 e o d i t e a d o 2 f t f t 000 t e or r 3 p p rs % s ec o nd as assum ed by M r L ancas t er I f no w the pl ane be til ted so as to mak e an angl e 0 with the vert i c al the verti cal p ressure it will enco unter w h en the veloc ity 8 is t hi rty feet per seco nd wil l be 12 sin 0 lbs and b ecause its w eight remai ns the same the pl ane will cease to be in e uilib ri um elo city o f the descen t o f the pl ane in t he A n i ncrease in t he v ’ 0 V sm I wo uld res to re the e ui lib ri um and the plan e rati o of s urf a e
is
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desc end
wo uld 30 ’
(
/ 1 sin
We
feet per 0
)
the
long
a
co
se
n
d
res
i fo rm velocity
w ith the
t
un
of
.
q
p repared to answer the uery p ropo sed by M r L ancaster as a crucial test o f t he validi ty o f his th eo ry viz Will the tilted surface suppli ed with the rest o f two po unds and mo vi ng with uni fo rm velocity ob ey the i mp ul se of an external fo rce appli ed in its o wn pl ane w ith e ual facility in any di rce are
now
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”
fion ?
bove fo rmul a fo r uni fo rm vel oc ity of descent i ndi cates th at fo r all i ncli natio ns o f the pl ane th ere is an unbal anced fo rce w hi ch acts do wnward and parall el with the face o f the pl ane and ” th erefo re to ward the rest T he tilted surface th erefo re wil l no obey the i mp ul se of an ex ternal fo rce appli ed in its own ” pl ane with e ual facility in any di rectio n T he i mpli catio n o f the case th erefo re is th at if an i ncli ned pl ane is free to descend th ro ugh the at mo sph ere by vi rt ue o f its weight it will in co nse uen ce o f the at mosph eri c resi stance mo ve laterally dow nw ard unless it enco unters a curr ent of air th at be ing resolved by the und er s urface of the pl ane gives a vert i cal c o mponent whi ch is e ual to o r greater th an the weight o f the plane in whi ch case the pl ane will move ho rizontally o r ascend ; o r if t he pl ane is p roperly sh aped it may in co nse uence o f rear rem ai n statio nary with respect to the o f the air ex pansio n T he
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It follo ws th at all o f the ob serv ed ph eno mena o f soari n g are in acco rd w ith the recog niz ed p ri ncipl es o f mec h an i cs but I t rust it is s uffi ci ently ob vio us fro m the p recedi ng di scuss io n th at a so ar ing bi rd is not t ranslated at right angl es to the g ravitati ng fo rce ” or ho rizo ntally sol ely by the actio n o f th at fo rce ,
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20
E DITOR S E D I T OR S :
t j
A
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S
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TA
BL E
PA C K A R D A N D E
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D
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C OPE
.
as the
i no rgani c appears to h ave p receded the o r i i t e n n h c s r a f h hi to y ph o m e t i o g i c o t e e n n a f r r a o e e n n h n a u t g p receded the o rgan i c as the mo st potent facto r in t he envi ro nment in w hi ch o rgani c nat ure developed Co nv ul sio ns o f i no rgan i c nat ure were fre uent and i rresi sti bl e in the most anci ent p erio ds e and th ey di mi ni sh ed in n umber an d i m o f tim o c li e r t a n e a s f p us
,
q
,
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r
i d and multipli ed T he c o nditio ns of the fi tness essenti al to s u rvival were th us o rigi nally tho se o f phys i cal end urance and as l ife multipli ed and i no rgani c nat ure reced ed in i mpo rtance as a fa c to r these co ndi tio ns came to d epend mo re and mo re co nti n u a l ly o n i nt ell ect ual d evelop m ent o r ad apt atio n to the want s o f t h e mo st i nt ellig ent o rgani sms T he mo st useful and s uccess ful man in t he Plymo uth R o ck colo ny was he o f the st ro n gest arm an d b road est sho ulders b ut the mo st useful and s uccess ful man et ropo li s to day is he o f the g reatest b usi ness tact and o f the m s h rewd ness and the b ro adest h uman sy mpathi es “ W h en we S peak o f the survival o f the fittest it is obvio us th at we must k eep b efo re o ur mi nd s a cl ear id ea o f the sense in ” w hi c h the wo rd s s urvival and fittest are used I f the co n ditio ns o f a certai n sense o f the w o rd pass away o r survival i n defi nitely decrease in rel ative i mpo rtance we cannot reaso nably ex pect to apply the wo rd in th at sense as if it were invari ab le I t is necessary i nstead to employ a mo re co nstant and general s i g n ifi catio n o f the wo rd I f th ere were no universal and overwh el mi ng c o nv ul s io ns o f n at u re after the arrival o f the high est memb ers o f the scal e o f an i m al li fe at a pl ane o f ab sol ute i nt ellig ence we are warranted in s up po si ng th at the mo st i nt ellig en t m were ammal s at l east capabl e o f p reservi ng th emselves fro m destructio n and b urial by t he l esser c o nv ul s io ns o f nat ure th at o cc urred fro m ti me to ti me M o reover if we assume fo r the sak e o f arg ument th at man descended fro m the high est development o f anth ropoid apes w ho se ex i stence in p rehi sto ri c ti mes is k no wn we must ad mi t the oc currence of a co nsid erabl e i nterval b et ween the cessatio n o f s uch co nv ul sio ns o f nat ure as were lik ely to b ury and p reserv e the remai ns of ant hropoid ap es and the att ai nment by the anth ro ‘ po id of a suflicient deg ree o f i ntelligence to sug g est the b uri al o f the dead in a manner cal c ul ated to p reserve th ei r remai ns for modern sci entific i nspectio n T he lo n ger thi s i ntermedi at e period is s uppo sed to be the g reater the i ntell ect ual d evelop ment whi c h und er the laws of evol utio n sho ul d tak e pl ace in the co urse of it T he reaso nabl e i n ference is th at the g reater the gap bet ween the hi g h est k nown fo rm of an th ropoid ape and the lo west k no wn fo rm of man the mo re i mpo rtant rel atively must h ave beco me the soci al and moral c o nditio ns of develop ment whil e the physi cal c o ndit io ns var e
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U
R ecent L iterature .
dwi ndl ed
that
i mpo rtance d uri ng
in
the
ep resented b y
period
r
a g p
.
math emati cally speaki ng we let rn rep resent the p ro d uct o f physi cal co ndi tio ns in effecti ng the vari atio n and develop men t o f t he o rgan i s m and n the prod uct o f so c i al and mo ral co ndi tio ns we find th at m vari es i nversely as n I f m be i n fi n ite and n i nfi ni tesi mal as at fi rst and on co nt i nually di mi nish es whil e n ia c reases acco rd i n g to d efi nite laws t he attai n m en t o f a poi nt a t whi ch m is i nfi ni tes i mal and n i nfi nite is o nly a uestio n o f ti me T he co nditio ns o f any po ssibl e develop ment o f man fro m anth ropoid apes appear t h erefo re to re ui re t h at t h ere should be ” “ mi ssi ng li nk in the sense th at p hysi cal evidences o f i nter a ” cal ary types are unp reserved T he survival o f the fittest at a certai n period in t he hi sto ry o f li f e means exactly suc h s ur v ival as wo uld mak e it i mprobabl e th at many remai ns sho uld be pre served and thi s s urvival o nly t he fittest w o ul d und er t he c i rc um stances attai n S uch anth ropoi d ap es as were capabl e o f generati ng man sho uld h ave been s uperio r to tho se whose remai ns were pre served b ecause th ey had no t i nt elligence eno ugh to prot ec t th ei r lives T he fi rst c o nsid erabl e p reservat i on o f p ri mi tive man wo uld begi n wh en he vent ured o n navigatio n ; b ut his remai ns s o pre ” “ served w ill be mi ssi ng unti l s uc h t i me as the sea gives up ” her dead T he c o mmittee o f Co ngress whi ch has been i nvesti g ati ng the U S Geologi cal S urvey has no t dealt ki ndly w it h M ajo r Po well and his ch arge Th ere is no int ri ns i c reaso n why Co ng ress s ho uld n o t be favo rabl e to t he Geolo i cal S urv ey b ut th ere is g p robably no depart ment wh ere it is l ess likely to to l erate ab uses W e cannot say that the s urvey has been enti rely free fro m faults of thi s ki nd I f Majo r Po wel l is carryi ng any Jo nah s hehad bet ter reli eve hi msel f o f th em I f,
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A
H A N D— BOOK
R EC E N T L
ITE R
A
OF PL A NT
TU R ‘
E
.
—T his lo ng p ro mi sed
D l S S ECT I ON wo rk has at l as t appeared , and we h ave no do ubt th at it wi ll be wel o med by l abo rato ry wo rkers th ro ugho ut the c o unt ry It is apparen tly an enti rely o rig inal wo rk , n o statemen ts bei ng mad e at seco nd h and , and no di rectio ns fo r wo rk bei ng giv en whi ch h av e no t been actually w orked out by t he autho rs t hem sel ves One fi nds evidence o f thi s o rigi nal wo rk o n al mo st every page and t hi s fact alo ne w i ll c o mmend t he book to all teach ers and t o every p up il who wi sh es to b eco me an i nv esti gato r in st ruct ural .
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c
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,
botany
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H an d B oob of Plan t D issection By I C A R T H UR , M S c , botanist to the N ew Yo rk A gricultural Exper i ment S tatio n ; C H A R L ES R BA R N ES , M A , pro fessor o f bo tany in Purdue Universit , an d orm M C OU L T ER , Ph D , pro fesso r o f bo tany y j i n Wabas h C olleg e ; editors o f t he B otan ical Gazette : N ew Y ork, H enry H olt 8 C ompany, 1886 , pp xxu, 2 56 , 12 mo, with tw o plates 1
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R
ecent
L iterature .
T he book opens with tw o pl at es, ill ustrati ng (1) gro ss anato my an d (2 ) mi nut e anato my and the method s o f reco rdi ng resul ts by means o f the penci l or d rawi ng pen T hi s is followed by a ,
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i nst ru ments reagent s sectio n cutti ng mo unti ng etc et c in whi ch the t reat ment is refres hi ngly n o n t ec hni cal There li ngo and is a suggestive ab sence o f t he ushal mi c ro scopi cal a plai nness o f st atement whi ch cann ot help pl eas i ng every reader T he s ucceedi ng c h apters t ak e up in o rd er the follo w i ng pl ants v iz g reen sli me (Protoco ccus viridzls) dark g reen scum (Osczllaria ten uis) c o mmo n po nd scum (S pirogy ra quinzna) w hite rust (Cy s t opus candidus) lil ac mil dew (M rcr osphe rafn esiz) co mmo n liver w o rt (Mare/rantia polymorpha) mo ss (A triehum undulatmn ) maiden h ai r fern (A diantumpedatum) S c otch pi ne (Pinus sy lves t ris) fi eld oats (A vena sativa) t rilli um (Trillium recurvatum) s h eph erd s p urse (Capsella bursa pastoris) A chapt er is devo ted t o eac h pl ant and in the t reat ment the g ross anato my is fi rs t t ak en up and afterward s the mi n ut e anato my P recedi ng both h o wever is a sho rt statement givi ng such general facts as to habitat appearanc e st ruct ure develop ment etc as will enabl e t he st udent to find the pl ant and un d ertak e its st udy with l ess pt er
c ha
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w ill be ob serv ed th at the wo rk p ro ceeds fro m the si mpl e to t he co mpl ex , and th at every g reat b ran h o f the v egetabl e ki ng do m is rep resented by speci es whi ch may be obtai ned easily in i n any part o f the co untry T he autho rs h ave ex erci sed unus ual care, as it appears to us, in t hi s matt er, and h ave succeed ed in maki ng a li st o f ill ust rative pl ants w hi ch even a ty ro w ill h ave ‘ lit t l e difl iculty in se uri ng wherever he may h app en to be
It
c
.
c
.
W e wo uld di rect the att entio n o f those who are skepti cal as to t he poss ibility o f begi nners st udy i ng the lo wer fo rms o f veg eta t io n to the g ro ss anato my st udi es und er eac h spec i es T he thi ngs w hi ch can be seen in every o ne o f the lo wer pl ants w il l asto ni s h t he old fash io ned teac h er Even in the two p rotophyt es (Proto c oc c us and Oscill ari a) the autho rs coolly set the s t ud ent at wo rk rst wit h nothi n g but his unaid ed eyes o r at m m o t w ith s i pl s a e fi h and l ens ; and he is ex pected to find o ut a good d eal too by s uch means W e vent ure the assertio n that co ns idering the al mo st i nfi nitely g reater co mpl ex ity o f sh eph erd s p urse over Pro t o coccus the l atter has far mo re w hi ch can be mad e o ut by ss n m m I h i a h f r r f s u n r o to y t n o e t d t littl a a h e e e n c a s e e e n t t g P rotoco ccus w ith his unaid ed eyes o r with a hand l ens it is be “ cause th ere is very li”ttl e to be seen T he old adage a short h o rse is soo n c urri ed is app rop ri at e here One must not ex pect t o see as much in P rotoco ccus as in C aps ell a but one must not n egl ec t to see the littl e t h at is t o be seen A n excell ent p ro no unci ng and d escriptive glo ssary and a full in dex c omplete the vol ume Charles E Bessey .
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T H E FOU R T H A NNUA L R EPOR T on T H E U S GEOL OGI C A L S U R V Ev —Bes i des the usual repo rts s ho wi ng the p rog ress i n t he s u r vey by the di fferent members t he body o f the vol ume is fi lle d by the follo wi ng memoi rs : H awaii an vol canoes by Capt C E D utto n ; A bstra t o f repo rt o n the mini ng geology of the E u reka di st ri c t , Nevada, by J S C urti s ; Po pul ar fallac i es regardi n g t he p reci ous metal o re d ep osits, by A W il li ams Jr ;A revi ew o f the fossil Ostreidz o f N o rt h A meri a by D r C A Whi te ; A geologi cal re o nnai ssan e in S o uthern Orego n by I C R ussell .
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H avi ng al ready called att entio n to D r White s val uable essay we wo ul d b ri efly noti ce Capt D utto n s el aborate acc o unt o f th e Bes ides d etail ed d esc ript io n s vol canoes o f the H awaii an i sl and s acco mpan i ed by ex c el lent ill ust ratio ns and m ap s o f Kil auea an d Mauna L oa the autho r al so desc rib es Mauna Ken and the o ld ex ti nct vol cano Of Koh al a and the l ava fi eld s o f H ualalai T he d esc riptio ns o f the mo untai ns and lava st reams and beds are careful and the facts p resented will be i mpo rtant to the st u dent of v ul can ism T he autho r do es not regard Ki lauea as a crater but c o nsiders the d ep ress io n in th at mo untai n w hi c h he design ates a caldera as due to the d roppi ng o f a b loc k o f t he mo untai n crust whi c h o nce c overed a reservoi r of lava thi s reser voi r bei ng tapped and d rai ned by eruptio ns o ccurri ng at muc h ” lo wer l evel s A ck no wl edgi ng th at vol cani c actio n and reg io nal upli fti ng are ena the autho r stat es th at the cause is really asso c i ated ph eno m mysterio us the attempted sol utio ns not standi ng c ri ti c i s m t ho ugh s uggesti ng th at the effects are due to exp ansio n o f the earth s crust in the regio n i nvolved T he th ree plates whi ch we are allowed to rep ro d uce fro m thi s vol ume will c o nvey so me idea of the grandeur and beauty of thi s vol cani c regio n ’
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— m e a a Thi s vol u pp 188 e r e d 4
ZOOL OGI C A L R EC OR D FOR p ro mptly o ur noti ce o f it h avi ng been d elayed It fo rms the twenty first vol ume o f the seri es and lik e its p redecesso rs it is i ndi spensabl e to all wo rk ers in systemati c zoOlogy and it is to be hoped th at its fut ure p ubli catio n w ill be mai ntai ned even tho ugh h eavy sacrifi ces be made Whil e memb ers o f the Z oOlog ical R ec o rd A ssoci atio n and sub scribers receive the vol ume for £ 1 T he und ertaki ng the vol ume is i ssued to the p ubli c at £ 1 103 is partly suppo rted by a g ran t o f o ne h un d red and fi fty po unds fro m the Government Grant Co mmittee of the R oyal S o c i ety and o f o ne h und red po und s fro m the Briti s h A ss oc i atio n but T he R eco rd is no w edited by sti ll mo re s ub scribers are need ed P ro fesso r F jeffrey Bell and th ere has been a numb er o f changes We regret to noti ce that Profes in the li st o f assi stant edito rs so r E vo n Martens fro m t he fi rs t t he rec o rd er o f M oll usca and C rustacea has been obliged to resig n H is p lace is taken by T HE
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L iterature
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yo unger men T he wo rk of co mpil ing such a reco rd as thi s is a great l abo r b ut is a mo st useful task and the res ults are a g reat boo n to those sit uated away fro m librari es To s uch the i s p ubli s h ed h R e nd ed It t h e e co rd is earnestly co mm f u r c e o a s p by M r J V an V oo rst Patern o ster ro w L o ndo n T H E A ME R I C A N OR N rr n omc rsrs U NI ON C H EC K L I S T OF N OR T H ‘— Thi s catalogue o f N o rth A meri can bi rds as A M ER I C A N BI R Ds the l atest i ss ued is the mo st co mpl ete and will be a useful wo rk T he vol ume al so con tai ns a digest o f reference to o rn i t holo g i sts encl at ure adopted by the A meri can Orni t hologi sts o f rul es o f no m U nio n Th ere has al ways been a l arge p ropo rtio n o f autho rs o f w o rk s o n bi rd s with literary rath er th an sci entifi c tastes so th at the co nc l usio ns o f an o rn ithologi sts unio n wi ll re ui re careful T he d anger s c ruti ny o n t he part of the sci ent ifi c i n vestigato r fro m t he sid e of l etters is t he subo rdi nati o n o f the t rue i nterests T he o f sci en tifi c research to red tape and literary arch aeology w ay to do thi s is to ex c use autho rs fro m givi n g d efi nitio ns to the a n ew w o rd s th ey i n trod uce an d so to open wid e the doo rs to am We are teurism and its at tend ant co nfusio n and red undancy gl ad to Observe that the new code agrees wi th the old o nes in re u i ri ng th at new generi c names sh all be d efi ned in o rd er to be But a few pages later the cod e c o nt radi cts itsel f by say adopted in g th at w h en an autho r d esc ribes a new spec i es whi ch belo ngs t o a new genus it is no t necessary to giv e a separate d escriptio n o f the gen us altho ugh a new g eneri c name may be p roposed T he cod e o n thi s poi nt th erefo re app ears to us to be wi tho ut au t h o rity eith er way and we have to rest o n the ol der cod es w hi ch N o r do w e find the c od e cl ear as r e ui re d efi n itio ns in all cases t o the necessity of furn i shi n g defi n itio ns for divi sio ns o f hi g h er rank A noth er obj ect io n we find is that it re ui res the use of an Old e wh en the generi c name l ater p ropo sed is id enti cal s p ecifi c nam S uch names are really mo no no mi al and no mo re to be w ith it uad ri no mi al o nes however T he ad opted th an uestio n is ent rath er one o f taste th an o f any serio us mo m A part fro m th ese poi nts we co ncur h eartily in the rul es of the fo ur
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L y dehher, R
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N ote
from the Quart
—A
Co at , G ft
i or
nut
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scaN r
the
on
Jour
.
'
BOOKS
zoolog ical
Geo l S o c .
.
n n ual re o rt o f the p
.
,
A ND
B u reau
f
o
.
.
1885
E ducation
the department
.
r
of
S tate geologist
the
.
M icrochrerus
Both
.
.
of
N ew
.
,
1885 .
Jersey
,
1885
Geolog ical Fro mthe author
operatio ns
of
Fro m the
.
and
‘
N atural
.
C o mmissio ner
of
Education , x883
84
’
~
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From
.
Y ork, A meri can Orn itho log ists Unio n 8 Foster, 3 5 Pine street, New Y ork ci ty 83
1 N ew
L
.
s n u e g
A ll from the autho r
.
—
—R epo t
.
s i o n o f t h e o t i p
S ummary report Of the S elwy n , A R C H istory S ur vey o f C anada to 3 l st D ec .
PA u rn L E rs '
’
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.
.
18 86 ,
8vo , pp 3 92 .
.
For
sale
by
R Baird, S
men t
H all
.
j
.
nnual repo rt o f the
—I hi ty eig hth
.
S mithsonian I
From the d epa rt
nstituti on , 1883 .
.
‘
as
tory
—A
E
.
L iterature
ecent
r
From the directo r
.
the N Y
ann ual re ort o n p
-
.
S tate Museum of N atural H is
.
.
A lso the 3 3 d, 34 th, 3 sth, 3 6th an d 3 7 th reports o f the same museum Part 1 l a m N atural history Of N ew Y o rk Pala eo ntology V ol v ellib ran ch i ata 11 T ext an d plates From the author .
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—H i t
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.
Bemerkung en
A
.
d Monatssch f A
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H ist ol
nat. u.
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1886
,
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atlas and axis o f the C ro codilia.
T he proatlas,
-
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s orische
B aur , G
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T he oldest tarsus
-
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T he in tercentrum of livi ng R eptilia T hese three A mer N aturalist extras, 1886 ' W K Parker s Bemerkung en fi ber A rchz o pteryx, 1864 , etc S p A bd a d Zoo l A n zeig er, N o 2 16 , 1886
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—D ie filte te T a .
—H P f S p A bd — w i C Di
ro essor
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e
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a
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e
ez
(A
mps
—A
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—N
otice
D avidson
Th
sur
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theore
Caen,
.
18 86
-
of
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.
.
.
S cience, Feb ,
( 88 6
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.
—
Bull U S Geol S urv , N o
California
the stratigraphy of
otes o n
.
From the department
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19 , l 88 5.
.
.
Ueber die Wirbelkbrperepiphysen un d Wi rbelk A lbrecht, dem E pistro pheus, A tlas und Occipitale der S l ugethiere
rgelenk e z wi schen
’
n e h a e n 1 884 , g p
o
.
.
Ext des C o mp tes rendns Ueber die vier Z wischenkiefer, das Quadratum, etc Bo th from the aut hor la 815 0 session da C o ng per in tern at d sci med
-
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es j m j a
,
—C
E
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H ist
J
an
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18 86 .
,
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Ext
C incinnati g ro up From the autho r
ephalopo da of the
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j
our.
Ci n cin S oc N at .
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—O
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—O
D o Bull N o .
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, 1885
22
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A ll fro m
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—
Ontario
of
N Y
co unty,
.
Bull U
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I dding s, j P Ou the development o f crystallization in the igneo us , of Washoe, N ev From the d epart Bull U S Geol S urv , N o 17
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ment
.
an d
A ro cks
H ag ue,
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.
.
.
C al i fornia
.
u the higher D evo nian faun as Clarke, j S Geol S urv N o 16 , 1885 11 1
of
fossil Mollusca o f Nort h
an d other
.
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.
mari ne Eocene fresh water M iocene D O Bull N o 18 A merica Ou n ew C retaceous fossils from C aliforn ia the department u
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.
.
White C A Notes o n the Mesozoic and C enozoic paleo ntology Bull U S Geol S ur vey, N O x5 , 1885 .
From the
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A new From the author
—N
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19
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C ontri butions to the mineralogy o f the R ocky mount C r oss , PK , H illebr an d, IV E From the department Bull U S Geol S urv , N o 20, 1885 ai ns .
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W
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s of
[
885
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—T he lignite
hit , B S urv , .
Great S io ux
the
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From the author
reservatio n.
Bull N o .
.
2 1,
U S Geol .
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D an Pliocl n i m T halg ebiete der zahmen Gera in T hilringen Fritsch, K 11 A bd a d J ahrbuch d k preus g eol L andesanstalt f 1884 ' C arl R itter s Zeichn ungeu des L o phiskos a d N ee Kai wan i, S antorin , Fro m the author .
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I
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mof maximum dissipativity law o f m erin o chem istry Ext A mer J our
i k e r G I i Bec ,
madag casan ensis ’
i m C arpus vo n S phenodo n u d W i rbel v S phen odon u . Fro m the same, N o 2 19, 1886 A ll fro m the author
entralia .
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.
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Gecko ver tia llatus autho r
.
.
s- D eslong cha
.
Fromthe same
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K Bardeleben s Bemerkung en fi ber Centetes d Z oo l A nzeig er, N O 2 20 , 1886
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B ub
rcha eosaurus ) ’
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rsus
s
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S ep
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18 85.
—
t n u n c i b e t w e t h s o e n e l n b s e r v a i o n o n t h e h a m b e r ( Z e O t T C i , . j eastern sandston e an d the Kew een aw series o n K ew eenaw point, L ake S uperior Fro mthe depart ment Bull U S Geo l S urv , N o 2 3 , 1885
r ving ,
R
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D
an d
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White
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Our recent debts to A n ans wer to D r K een s address entitled C E Phila , 1886 Fro mthe aut hor vi visectio n M ay er P Zoolog ischer Jahresbericht filr 1884 T unicata, V ert ebrata Berli n, 18 86 From the editor ’
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Geog raplty
— B— U b
Fifth P ow ell, j 17 departmen t .
G efmtx, I f '
~
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the U
S
.
Geol
S urv ,
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.
From the
18 85 .
.
,
—
of
ann ual repo rt
,
Travels
and
e er
.
.
Palmac ites
H adrian , A
.
C
.
.
nach
Geo g nostische Excursion autho r.
A bd d I sis,
.
D ippoldis wal de, 3 0
—P elimi
nary report on
r
N ote o n the blas todermic
,
n
.
mammals
ves icle o f
.
A ll
.
.
fro m the S ci Proc R
rep.
.
oy.
.
—O
.
6 188
ments
From the aut ho r
.
of
R epri nt from
I relan d
.
.
.
fro m C entral A
e d r n a i t e o a j
n
.
.
.
.
R ecent co n tributio ns to the marine in vertebrate fauna T he Zo olog ist , Jan , 1886 A ll from the autho r
P ut n am, F F ifi H ist S oc ,
Both from the
1885 .
J uli
the fau a o f D ublin bay
N o te o n H aleampa elzry rantlcellum Peach D ub S oc , 1885 .
188 3.
.
merica
.
Ext Pro c M ass .
.
.
.
:o :
N OT ES
GE N E R A L G E OG R A PH Y
— R azlw ay A sra
A ND
.
T R A V EL S
‘ .
— M r H olt P jects in the S lum Country H all ett states that the mo st practi cabl e l i ne fo r a rail way in I ndo C hi na to co nnect I ndi a w i th th at co untry is up the valleys o f the M eh Pi ng and Meh W ung t rib utari es o f the Meh N am to Ki ang H sen o n the M eh Ko ng A t R ah eng t hi s li ne wo uld be joined by an o th er fro m M aulmein at t he mo uth o f the S al ween in N o rth o f Ki ang H sen the rail way w o uld be Bri ti sh Burmah p ro duced alo ng the M eh Ko ng vall ey to Ki ang H ung fi fty mil es fro m the C hi nese to wn o f S s umao By taki ng thi s ro ute the mass o f mo untai ns lyi ng east o f the I rawadi is avoided T he Bur mese S han S tates east o f the I rawadi are b eli eved to i llio n an d a hal f o f i nh abi tant s the S ia c o ntai n a millio n to a m mese S h an S tat es abo ut two and a h al f million s whil e the M eh Nam vall ey so uth o f the l atter has abo ut th ree and a h al f millio ns T he S hans are d escrib ed as a c ul tivat ed peo pl e free fro mcaste industrio us and energeti c ho spi tab le and frank to ward s trangers eager fo r free t rad e and o f g reat capac i ty as petty t rad ers T he h ill t rib es are a h ard wo rki n g manly peopl e good ag ri cult uri st s en g reat g ro wers o f c ot to n tob acco i n digo and and handi c rafts m t ea and ex ten s ive b reed ers o f catt l e There are two races o f L ua o r L awa one o f whi ch the Baw ” L ua is ack no wl edged to be the abo rigi nal race Th ey are fo und c hi efly in the M ai ng L o o n e v ll y h b bo e e a n d e e n m r a r u e u a t gy n i ne tho usand — I T re H eri rud Valley D r A it chi so n nat urali st to the A fgh an D eli mitatio n Co mmi ss io n states th at the vall ey o f the H eri rud is ex t remely fertil e p rod uc i n g mag nifi cen t c rops o f wh eat b arl ey c otto n g rapes m elo ns and t he mulb erry t ree A mo ng the t rees g ro wn are Pinus I ra/epemzs an as h and two elms T he co unt ry app ears b arren and ari d in w i n ter but in sp ri n g is covered wit h 1 T his de a tm t i s e t d b il d e l h i n e e d i h a a W N L oc x m c r o n P y p p '
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V OL
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xx
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—no
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vx.
36
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hoot from under gro und root sto ck s b ulbs t ubers and rhizo mes A mo ng th ese are the assaftetida pl ant (Fem/a scor odosma d a n t e r e u o h F l hi h yi ld g lb r n f s a m a s o e o w c e a u n ) and another is tall er th an a man o n ho rseb ack Forests o f pis tachio are met with amo ng sand sto ne ro ck s Manna is c oll ect ed fro m a Cotoneaster tamari sk and a t ho rny pea s h rub call ed pl ants
w hi ch
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li t sp ri ng flo wers are three Merenderas follo wed by a many c olo red tuli p and several Eremuri (liliaceo us) T he gold en flo wers o f a D elphi ni um are c oll ected for dyei ng sil k yello w M o re o rdi nary plants are tw o low A rtemi si as two spec i es o f Ephe d ra and n umero us A st ragali A n A scl epi as w hi ch sen ds up an n ual stems fro m an und er g ro und root s to c k yi eld s a go o d fiber whi ch is mad e i nto cloth — A siatic N otes T he Calcutta Eng lzsltman states th at M r N eed ham and Captai n M ol eswo rth follo wed the co urse o f the Brah ma p utra fro m S adiya to R i ma and are abl e to st ate autho ri tatively t h at t he Z ay al C hu fall s i nto it T he ex ped i tio n di spat c h ed t o the Fly riv er by the Geog raphi cal S o c i ety o f A ust ral as i a i n N ovember l ast has ret urned R epo rts o f the massacre of the party were c i rc ulated by two nativ es who b ec ame pani c s t ri ck en at a ti me w h en t he st eam er was s urro unded by h o stil e n atives who th rew sp ears and shot arro ws fro m the b ank s Petrol eum appears to abo und in A si a It o c curs in Burmah al so n ear uett a (Hi nd ustan ) and the whol e c o unt ry fro m t he n o rth eastern c o rner o f the Black sea th ro ugh the C aucas us to Bak u o n the C a5 pi an abo und s w ith it There is much di sp ute abo ut the titl e o f M o unt Everest undo ubtedly the high est k n o wn peak in the w o rld M r D F reshfield mai ntai ns the acc uracy o f the S chlag intweit s observatio ns and i ns i sts o n Gaurisankar b ri g ht o r white b ride o f S iva as the native n ame fo r the peak is th at o f the g ro up while D evadun ga the abod e o f D ei ty General j T W alker deni es t h at Mo unt Ev eres t is id ent i cal wi th Gaurisankar T he fi rst name was given by S ir A Waugh be cause n o native nam H erman S chlag int e co uld be di sc overed weit id entifi ed it wi th the Gaurisankar o f the N epal ese b ut fro m t he d esc riptio n he gives it is obvio us th at he mi stook M akal u hi w i s nearer to his poi nt o f vi ew and tho ug h 1200 feet lo wer c h ( app ears high er because o f the earth s c urvat ure) fo r Ev eres t whi c h he call s S ihsur T he
ear es
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A
—M f
K err s
— L ake Ny assa W
M o ntagu
j Kerr gives in the Feb ruary i ssue o f the Pro c R oyal Geog rap hi cal S o ci ety an acco unt of a j o urney fro m Cape To wn to L ake N yassa T he t ravel er passed th ro ugh G ub uluwayo the capital o f L O Beng ula ki ng o f the Matabel e by who m he was c o rdi all y received T he nex t peop le met with w ere the Masho nas who as a rac e are i nferio r to t he Matab el e Th ey file a tri ang ul ar open i n g FR I C A
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ourn e y
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Geog raplxy b et ween the fro nt
teeth
Tf au l t
and
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med
bows ax and two o r th ree assegai s T he wo men sh ave the h ead Th ey are a per s ec uted race d welli ng in to wns amo ng the f as t nesses o f the ig neo us mo untai ns T he nex t peopl e vi sited the Mo ko rik ori r es em bl e the Masho na A mo ng the S enga the wo men p erfo rate t h e upper lip pl aci ng th erei n a ri n g o f 1vo ry o r wood call ed the a a s B n r 1 c o t a tly e n l a gi g thi th y s d n m ki g t h n n s u c c e a n e e e jg y ec t t wo and a h al f i nc h es l i p proj Tete a flo uri shi ng Po rt ug uese to wn in L ivi ngstone s ti me is n o w h al f rui ned for the el eph ant has ret reated to the far i nterio r an d the ivo ry t rad e is sm all A fter l eavi ng Tete M r K err w as d eserted by his follo wers an d l eft alo ne amo ng a tribe o f ki dnappers o f mi x ed Z ul u and T he ki n g has ab sol ute po wer ; ex ec utio ns are C h0 petta o ri g i n fre uent and namel ess cruelti es g eneral It might h ave fared ill w ith the t ravel er had it n o t been fo r a Po rt ug uese h unter A t l ength L ak e Nyassa was reach ed at the mi ssio n stati on o f L i vi ngsto ni a T he statio n was d eserted and the A j awas who r emai ned wi th t he t rav el er wo uld no t ri sk th ei r boats o n the A fter si x teen d ay s in a d eserted hut he was resc ued by M S hiré G i raud th en o n his way to the c oast L ak e Nyassa is many feet lower than in 1859 and the S hiré is d i mi n i shi n g in vol ume — e r B e r h e s b M Fo ncin (R ev ue de Geog raphi c Fev ri er 1886) T s t at es th at the Berb ers are the p redo mi nati n g rac e in A lgeri a Ph eni ci ans Carth agi nians and R o mans have di sappeared and cc casio nally the blo nd e type o cc urs in K abyli a an d recal ls t he s o ldi ers o f Genseri c ; the A rab to n g ue p repo nd erates e e t v e n y t he A rab is merged in the anci ent Berber race Th ere are in fact — o n ly two chi ef races in A lgeri a A rabized Berbers abo ut 2 s t ro n g M oo rs 000 st ro ng and Berberized A rab s abo ut T urks and negroes are few and are beco mi ng fewer but Jews 1n r z T he Berbers are o ften no m tse ad s and were so in the ti me o f ,
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T he sed entary t ribes are the Kabyl es of the mo untai ns east of A lgi ers, the natives o f the D ah ra the T raras and L ittl e K abyli a, t he A urasians o f the A ure s, the high est mo untai n mass o f A lgeri a and the Kso urians o r nati ves of the oases o f the A lgeri an S ah ara, i ncl udi n g the peopl e o f M zab T he T uareg are no mad Berbers Tire Cong a —M de Brazza th us s ummarizes the res ults o f his last expedi t io n, w hi ch covered a space o f tw o years and ni ne mo nths T he survey o f t he Ogo we has been co mp let ed ; the A li ma and the Co ngo (fro m the N k andj a to Brazzavill e) has been t h o ro ughly s urveyed ; important topog raphi al and hyd rograph i al wo rk has been ex ecuted o n the co ast o f L oang o ; numero us as t ro no mi cal observ atio ns h av e b een tak en at di f feren t poi n ts ; nat ural hi sto ry S p e imens o f interest h ave been ex tensively co l ,
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General N otes large numb er
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photog raph s sk etch es and ethno g raphi cal no tes have been b ro ught ho me A l most all the tribes alo ng an d b etween the Ogo weand Co ng o h ave been bro ug ht under t he i nfl uence o f F rance i ncl udi ng t o so m e ex tent the cann ibal Fahuins M r Grenfell has mad e anoth er ex plo ri ng voyag e d evoted to the L ulo n go and the Bo ruki the o n ly rivers o f i mpo rtance that re mai ned unexplo red bet ween the Kasai and the L o mame T he ° ’ ’ L ulo ngo fall s i n to the Co ngo in 18 4 2 E lo ng and 0 4 1 N ’ M r Grenfell ascend ed it to 22 3 2 E lo ng and 10 N lat ; lat it th erefo re runs nearly parall el to the mai n st ream T he Bo ruk i is fo rmed by the unio n o f t hree rivers one o f whi c h the juapa ° was ascend ed as far as 2 3 14 E lo ng and 1 1 5 lat wh ere it was still an open wa ter way o ne h undred y ard s wid e an d twel ve feet deep — — A merican N e ws Ex plo ratio ns co nd ucted in the A u s s i es Gran C haco by M de Brett es h ave res ulted in t he di sco very o f a ° ’ ’ " l arge sal t l ake sit uated bet ween lat 2 5 57 06 S and lat 2 7 30 ” Th ree rivers flow i ng no rth and so uth p robably t rib utari es 18 5 o were d i scov ered T he nati ves C hun upis V elo las o f t he V ermej T he co unt ry and M atacos are deg rad ed c ruel and hypo c ri ti cal at covered w ith t ho rny t rees mars h es and tall sharp p rai ri e is fl g rass D r T en Kate has ex plo red the canal co nnec t i n g the S uri nam and S aramacca rivers ascend ed the Wayo mbo the banks o f w hi c h are i nh abited by t he A rro wak s proceeded fo r five days up t he N ikerie whi c h flo ws th ro ug h a well woo ded but un i n h abited reg io n and ret urned down the N ikerie and up the Co renti n to Oneala M T ho uar acco rdi ng to the Br azil and R iver Plate M ail has returned s uccessfully fro m his seco n d jo ur ayo and has p roved t he river to be navigable ney up the Pil co m — — u r o E e a n N e w s u h m e t ti ti l EUR OPE T e r a s B r e a u a n c a G S p gives the pop ul atio n o f Berli n in 1885 as I n 1880 Germany had o nly eigh t to wns o f mo re th an 100 000 i n h abitants T he D ob ruj a has an area o f abo ut 57 66 n o w it has fo urteen s uare mil es abo ut two t hi rd s o f w hi ch is p rod uctive the rest marshes an d sand W 1th l akes T he o ffici al esti mates pl ace the pop ulatio n at and a
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G E OL OG Y
A ND
PA L -E ON T OL
OG Y
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— I T T OF T H E Penman Emm a h ave at vario us ti mes described t he extrao rdi nary develop ment o f neural spi nes o f the do rsal v ert eb ra: in the gen us Di metrodo n whi ch belo ngs to t he C lepsy dro pidae o ne o f t he carn ivo ro us famili es o f the sauri an o rder Th ero mo rp h a T he d entition o fth ese an i mal s is o f the mo st fo rmi d able ch aracter c o n s i sti ng o f co m p ressed fi nely serrate teeth o n the max ill ary and d entary bo nes mi ngl ed wi th h uge co ni c t usk s o n the mi ddl e o f the max ill ary ue L ONG S PI NE D -
H ER OMOR PH A
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Geology
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Pala ontolog y
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io r end o f the dentary and occ upyi ng the enti re alveol ar face o f the p remax ill ary T he h uge neural spi nes fo rmed an ele v at ed fin o n the b ack I n a medi um sized s eci men o f D imetrodon p m m i nci sions wh ere the verteb ral body i s 3 5 1n l eng th the el evatio n m m o f t he spi nes is 9 00 es as g reat T he o r t wenty and a h al f t im apex o f the s pi ne in thi s speci es is s l end er and apparently w as flex ible T he utili ty is di ffi cult to i magi ne U nl ess the an i mal h ad a uati c h abits and swam o n its back the c rest o r fin must h ave been in the way o f active movements A cco rdi ngly the s p i nes are o ccas io nally fo und di sto rted at the un io n o f surfaces o f frac tures T he li mbs are no t lo ng eno ugh no r the c l aws acute as in the ex i sti n g en o ugh to demo nst rat e arbo real h abits ry pec uli ar s re a si mil ar crest ex i sts n u s B a s ili s w h e A v e u e c g s pec i es has b een d es cribed und er the name o f N aosanms clavig er C o pe Th ere the spi nes are not uite so elevated as in the D incisions but th ey are mo re rob ust and h ave t ransverse pro bl e the yard arms o f a s hip s mast c esses or b ranch es w hi c h resem I n a full sized i ndivid ual the lo n gest cro ss arms whi ch are t he m m o r ten and lo west in po s ition h ave an ex panse of 260 whil e the spi ne has abo ut the h eight o f uarter i nch es a m mm m n m c s h e lo g T h a i i h body b i g 6 n e t e n n e a l 0 00 ) 5 mus t h ave p resented an ex t rao rdi nary appearance Perh aps its d o rsal armat ure resembl ed the b ranc h es o f s h rub s th en as th ey do now and served to co nceal th em in a b rushy o r wooded region Or mo re p robably the yard arms were co nnected by membrane w ith the neural spi ne o r mast th us servi ng the an i mal as a sai l A w ith whi ch he navig ated the waters o f the Permi an l ak es very s i ng ul ar ch aract er o f the spi nes in all the spec i es is that t hey are hollow as in C oel acanth fi sh es and that the central c avity is not clo sed at the apex Th ere is a well p reserved crani um of the D clavig er but the muzzle is unfo rt unately wanti ng T he medi an li ne ri ses forward s o t hat the co nvex ity o f the top o f the muzzl e 13 high er t han the po sterio r parts o f the sk ull who se pr ofile descends rapidly Thi s th rows the o rbit far back and giv es the ani mal a peculi ar appear an t er
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Nao saurus di ffers fro m Di metrodo n in the t ransverse p ro cesses Th ere are three speci es, o f t he neural spi nes o f the v ert eb ra er as follo ws w hi ch difl .
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o f vertebra:
S pi nes
cylindrical
distally
transvers e processes replaced above by
t uberos ities
ss r e d e expan ded an d com e S pines of vertebra p Palatin e teeth large, forming a pavement
Palati ne teeth
much smaller
an d
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more w idely spaced
N
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cla v ger . ‘
fro m the Permi an fo rmatio n o f Tex as F ig ures of the N clavig er w ill be p ubli sh ed in the T ransactio ns E 0 Cape eri can Philo sophi cal S o ci ety o f the A m A ll
th ese speci es
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l a m w p
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ierodq: C ope, Proceeds ,
r e m A
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Philos S ociety, 1884 , p, 3 7 .
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Gener al N otes
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—Thi s publi ca
C ONGR ES S or Gnomo i s rs t io n i nc l udes a repo rt o f the p ro ceedi ng s o f the c o n g ress and repo rt s o f the sev eral c o mmi tt ees appoi nted to p resent sy st ems o f n o mencl at ure and cartog raphy by the Co n gress o f Bolog na Th ese repo rts are highly i nteresti n g and di splay in an i nst ruct ive manner the poi nts o f agreement and divergence b etw een the s r e s o f h d e n d ologi t e i e t o n t r i e f u op d ig r t f f c u s o E r T h e e s t e e e g s ult will co nsti t ute wh en co mpl eted the mo st val uabl e syn ops is o f the s ubj ect y et writt en U nfo reseen ci rcumstances prevented the co mpl etio n o f the repo rts of so me o f the A meri can c o mmi t t ees and the U n it ed S tates Geolo g i cal S urv ey w as not ade l u t e r r s a e e e t e a u M i t e p d ltho gh d i s s t w i h n M r c e e d h b e t h G y q means at his d i sposal T he colo r system adopted is as it sho uld be fo un ded o n th at w hi ch has lo n g been c urrent in all co unt ri es T he new system p roposed by the U 8 Geologi cal S urvey was not adopted b ut a l etter fro m Majo r Powell reco mmen di ng it was read S o me o f the d etail s for rep resent i ng d etail s p ropo sed by Maj o r Powell might we thi nk he i ntro duced w i th advantage T he i mpo rtant A meri can fo rmatio ns o f the L arami e and P uerco must al so be rep resent ed by app ropri ate colo rs W e hope that the Co ng ress o f L o ndo n w il l mak e up fo r th ese d efi c i enc i es and add to the good wo rk do ne by the Co ng ress o f Berli n whatev er may be necessary fro m oth er po rtio ns o f t he earth T he repo rt is wel l p ri nted and is in all respec ts wh at was to have been ex pected o f the di sti ng ui sh ed secretary o f the A meri can Co mmi tt ee — F I R S T A PPEA R A NC E o r T H E Gam es A t a meeti ng o f h eld at L o n d on A p ril 2d J the Geologi sts A sso ci atio n S tarki e Gard ner di scussed the poi nts beari ng o n the geologi cal peri o d at whi ch g rasses fi rst co mmenced to ass ume a p repo nder ati n g po s itio n in v egetatio n Th ei r val ue and i mpo rtance at the p resent day were fi rst sketched and it was remark ed th at th ey o ccupy under c ulti vatio n o ne th u d o f the enti re area o f E urope i ncl usive o f l akes and mo untai ns whil e ex cl usive o f malt and spi ri t uo us d ri n k s di still ed fro m th em thei r p rod ucts to t he v al ue po rted annually o f n early o ne h undred millio ns st erli ng are i m i nto thi s co unt ry alo ne Th ere are over 3000 spec i es fit ted to o ccupy mo st di verse statio ns and to overc o me nearly every ki nd o f co m petitio n under no matter wh at c o nditio ns w ith the res ult th at abo ut ni nety five per cent o fthepl an t s g ro wi ng in o rdi nary meado w land are g rasses T he c o ncl us io n arrived at was th at th ere was n o g reat d ev elop ment o f g rasses until to ward s the c lo se o f the Eo cene no defi nite remai ns b ei ng asso ci at ed w ith any o f the older Eocene flo ras of t emperate l atit udes A n umber o f facts T HE R
E POR T
OF T H E
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T he Work of the I nternatio nal C ongress o f Geolog ists o f Berlin and o f its com mittees Published by the A merican C ommittee under direction of D r Pers ifo r 1
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Geology
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Pala ontology
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b ro ught fo rward to show th at g rasses c o uld by no po ssibil ity h ave fail ed to b eco me asso ci ated with the remai ns o f oth er i s d epo sit ed un d er s uch c o ndi t io ns as t ho se o f the e l a n t s n b d p E o cene had t hey ex i sted in any pro fus io n th en whil e furth er to s u ppo rt thi s arg u m ent it w as stated th at t he v ery si milar Oligo c ene and M io cene b ed s all o ver Europe are c ro w d ed w it h th em Furth er it was sho wn th at the d entitio n o f all t he early Eo cene herbivo ro us Mammali a was adopted for crunchi ng fruits snappi ng t w igs and g rubbi ng o f roots rath er th an fo r b ro wsi ng o n s uch food as g rass s o th at the evol utio n o f t rue Graminivo ra as w ell as the s p ec i alized C arnivo ra t hat p rey o n th em must be p ost d ated to T he geologi cal hi sto ry o f t he appearance o f the g rass itsel f t h e w hol e cl ass o f i nsect s was revi ewed wi th t he obj ect o f s uppo rt in g the co ncl usio n arrived at as to the post mid Eo cene d ate o f h s m m c u r i a ld i g ho v n l t r a s s r r e a n s o f a s a w e e r o c t e O e r s g y seri es o f Terti ary d epo sit s in S pitzbergen b ut as yet th ei r age has Fi nally it was sho wn that the n ot b een acc urately co rrel ated i n t rod uctio n o f an aggressi ve ty pe in vast n umb ers and o f differ e nt h abit s to p re ex i sti n g vegetatio n ex ert ed an i n fl uence o n ter e ren r estrial li fe al to geth er wi tho ut p arall el and fo r the fi rst ti m d ered po ssibl e the d evelop ment o f a meado w and p rai ri e v egetatio n as di sti nct fro m th at o f marsh sc rub and fo rest with all the at t endant fo rms o f ani mal and vegetabl e li fe to whi ch s uc h vegeta t i o n is i ndi spensabl e A n o rog raphi cal and geologi cal GEOL OGI C A L N Ews —General map o f T urkestan the wo rk o f M Mo uchketofl has b een pre i e des S ci ences de Pari s acco mpani ed by s ented to the A cadé m a g eologi cal d escriptio n o f the A ralo Caspi an st eppes — r a o r o n e u s t h i a b lt r m th t e e p r od c tiv M u B n a fl i r R e a u e C s f b od i es o f C al amod end ro ns are g rai ns o f poll en whi c h o c cur in ro ups o f t h s u w f s a r e f e r t r a c t ithi o i d by il b r n u a r e t f c r s c o e h g Th ese p lants must t he fruit whi ch recall s th at o f A nnul ari a t herefo re acco rdi ng to M: R enault be regard ed as gy mnOS per mo us phanerogams — o r e c n da y S R F To mes (Geol Mag March 1886 ) d escrib es t w o speci es o f Mad repo rari a o f the genera T hecocyathus and T rococyath us fro m the Upper L i as of Glo ucestershi re Tertiary R L y dekker has d escribed the pal atal half o f t he c rani um o f a l arge E ri naceus fro m the Up per M io cene o f ( E ni ngen I t is clo sely alli ed to E eur opa ns but the d esc rib er es it a ning ensis n am T he same pal e o ntolog ist has d escribed t h e anterio r po rtio n o f the crani al ro st rum o f M elitosanms elrarnpsoides a c ro codili an fro m the M io cene o f Mal ta A l fred Bell revi ews the s uccess io n o f the l ater terti ari es in G reat Britai n in the Geolog ical M ag az ine fo r Feb ruary 1886 H e c o ncl ud es th at Bri tai n was never oth erwi se th an co nti nental fro m t he clo se o f the M iddl e R ed C rag to t h at o f the mi no r gl aci at ion a ls o t h at man came i n to Britai n after the gl aci al epoch w ere
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— s e h t r l r o r v i u a t a r W d i c h e n e r n f o c o di g P o e A c n t r N o Q y g J fo rms o f do mesti c dogs h ave ex i sted in E urope fro m all uv i al ti mes until now whil e fo ur S peci es o f dil uvi al dogs are k n o w n .
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Ex i sti n g E urop ean dogs are th erefo re n o t descen ded fro m an y s pe i es o f C an idmn o w livi ng in Europe tho ugh th ey may h ave T he so all ed fer al b een cro ssed w i th the wol f, fox , or j ackal dogs o f S y ri a may be the remnant o f a d il uvi al t rue w il d do g t h e g rey ho un d is said to be certai nly d escen ded fro m a di l uvial s sim ensis , and lo n g c ared small d o g s ancesto r o f the A fri can Cam may be descended fro m a dil uvi al ancesto r o f the fenne S ir R Owen has d escrib ed the p remax illary and s alp ri fo rm t eeth o f a l arge ex ti nct wo mbat (Plzascolorny s curw rostri r Ow ) fro m the Welli ngto n bo ne caves T he an i mal must h ave been so mewh at small er th an the type o f the s ub g en us Ph ascolo mys
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M I N E R A L OG Y A N D PET R OG R A PH Y
— N EWs In
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P reli mi nary paper o n an in vestig atio n o f t he A rche an fo rmatio ns o f the N o rth west ern ”2 S tates P ro fesso r R D I rvi ng mentio ns the results he has reach ed in the st udy o f the A rcha ean fo rmatio ns in the reg io n ex t endi n g fro m L ak e H uro n to S o uth eas tern D akota T hese res ult s as well as those reach ed by oth er i nvest igato rs h ave b een i nco rpo rat ed in a map whi ch p resents in good form the p resent v i ews h eld by the autho r i n regard to the di strib utio n o f the ro ck s o f thi s reg i o n T he map i s acc o mpan i ed by a repo rt of the wo rk w hi c h has al ready b een do ne m the v ario us di st ri cts and a d escriptio n o f the plans to be follo wed in the sol utio n o f p robl ems whi ch are p resented in such g reat n umber Th ese p robl ems are all o f the very h ighest i mpo rtance to a k nowl edge o f the rel atio ns whi ch the old er fo rmatio ns b ear to eac h oth er and to the ex pl anatio n o f t he o rigi n o f the crystalhne sc hi sts T he subj ect o f metamo rphi sm 1n the H uro n i an ro cks is referred t o and a p ro mi se is mad e th at b efo re lo ng s o me p ubli catio ns in thi s di rectio n may be ex p ected A mi croscopi cal ex ami natio n o f ho rnbl en de rock s occ urri ng th ro ug ho ut the regio n seems to poi nt t o the co ncl us io ns (1) th at many o f the no n schi sto se vari eti es are really ch ang ed augiti c erupti ves ; 2 th at so me o f the ho rnbl ende () schi st s were o ri gi nally al so augi t i c erup tiv es w hil e oth ers g rade i nto and are asso ci ated w i th the ho rnbl end e g nei sses I n t hese the ho rnbl end e app ears al ways to be o f a seco ndary nat ure every p hase b ei ng fo und bet ween schi sts in whi ch augite excl udes the ho rnbl end e to oth ers in w hi ch the ho rnblende excl udes augite e T h s o c a e n t s s s u ll d a c ti ol i sc hi t r o ti o ly e lt m n e a e s m e s h e r e t 3) o f ex t rem e al teratio n o f erup tive g reen sto nes T he fact o f the P
ET R
OGR A PH I C A L
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Edited by 3
Fi fth
W
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S BA Y L EY , .
ann ual report o f
J ohns H o pkins U niversity
the D i rector
i ce, 18 85 Government Printing Ofl
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of t e
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Baltimore,
Md
h U S Geol S urvey .
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Washington
lilineralogy
and
Par ag raph]
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o nd ary o rigi n o f b ro wn b asal ti c ho rnbl ende is emph asiz ed T he p roo f reli ed upo n fo r thi s b eli ef is (1) the i nti mat e rel atio n O f t he two mi neral s ; (2 ) t he occurrence in the ho rnbl end e o f c o res o f augit e sev eral o f whi ch pol ariz e togeth er ; (3) t he o ccur r enc e o f every ph as e o f c han ge fro m co m pl ete aug ite to co mpl ete h o rnbl ende an d (4 ) the nearly i nvari abl e coi nc id ence o f the o c c urrence of the seco ndary ho rnbl end e w ith oth er i ndi catio ns o f a lt eratio n I n a N ote o n the mic rosc0pic struct ure of so me ” r o c k s fro m the neighbo rhood o f A sso uan coll ect ed by S ir J 3 2 W D awso n P ro fesso r Bo nney describes g nei sses granites ho rn b l en de schi st uartzi fero us kersantite an d a schi sto se roc k not ” Of a highly metamo rphi c aspect whi ch has been made o ut of ” a dio r1te o r a ho rnbl ende sc hi st I n so me o f the g nei sses s t r uct ures were ob served w hi ch the autho r t hi n ks are ch arac ter is tic o f the old er ro cks o f thi s nat ure and very s i mil ar to a uartz o r a gnei ss fro m the Greenvill e seri es o ccurri n g near Papi neau v ill e statio n o u the Ottawa river Messrs M i ch el L evy and ‘ B e r e e r n e r c e n n w r n t h e g o h a v tly b a t o k r ptiv o k e e o e u e r s f c o J t he R o nd a mo un tai ns in the so uth ern part o f S pai n Th ey con s ist p ri ncipally o f n o rites lh erzolites to urmali ne g ranite an d dio r ites L ik e MacPherso n befo re th em L e vy and Bergero n thi nk th at the serpenti nes h ave b een d erived by the dec o mpositio n o f lh erzolites Thi s l atter ro ck by the ass umptio n (if ano rthite fre uen tly passes over i nto no rite T he co nstit uents of thi s are s pi nel twi ns o f zo nal olivi ne tw i nned ano rthite ch ro mi fero us ro x ene in twi nn i ng rel atio n with l arg e b ands o f enstatit e and a y p li ttle bl ack secon dary mi ca Bro nzite o ften o ccurs in l arge c rystal s givi ng the ro ck the appearance o f a po rphyrite Oph iti c rock s fro m the same regio n are co mposed o f titani c i ro n l ab rado rite and py ro xene w ith a littl e olivi ne in the mo st basi c vari eti es T he most i nteresti ng fact in connectio n w ith th ese r o ck s is the o cc urren ce in th em o f a seco nd ary gl aucop hane wit h “ the usual pl eo ch roi sm T he mo st an ci ent s chi sto se ro cks are the c o rdi erite g nei sses and am phibolites I n a mass of dolo mite in tercal ated in t he g nei ss the follo wi n g mi neral s were fo und in t he o rder o f thei r crystallizatio n : py rit e il men ite sph ene rutil e rgas ite a u m e s u m e n h it c li o h it pl o t o r thit l n e a a n e a n d c t a p Follo wi n g the schi stose ro ck s in ag e o ccur eclogites and crystal l i n e li mesto ne co ntai ni ng metamo rphi c mi neral s amo ng whi ch are ep dote sph ene rutil e and scapol ite i 1
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C t A u naxc A mer jon r S ci .
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N A r na A sr D ecember, October, 1884 , p 2 59 .
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T hc Geologi cal M ag azi ne, March, I h , October, .
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18 84 ,
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C omptes R endus, Mars Ib
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18 85
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103 .
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12 15, and
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Williams,
[J
General N otes
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— M I NE R A L OGI C A L N ews A
has an arti cl e in the C o mp e mi neral s whi h are tes R end us o n t he Op ti cal p rop erti es o f so m I n it he afl i rms the di sco very by D es w itho ut crystal fo rms C lo izeaux t hat g rii nerite is an amphibol e and not as is g enerally ° held a pyro xene I ts cl eavage pl anes make an angl e o f 124 T he pl ane o f the opti cal axes is 00 P 3° and the w it h each ot her ° bi sect ri x is negative and i ncli ned 15 to the no rmal to t he o rth o pi na oid Pleoch roi sm is feebl e and t wi ns are ab undant W ar w ickite is a bo rotitanate o f i ro n and mag nesi um I ts c rystal sy s A mi cro scopi cal examinatio n tem is n ot po s i tivel y k no wn makes it app ear o rtho rho mbi c, with a pleo ch roi sm in th ree sh ad es the bi sect ri x T he pl ane o f the opti cal axes is 00 P o f b ro wn bei n g po s itive an d n o rmal to thi s whi ch is the d1rectio n o f easy l eavage Wi th amite, xantholite, sco ulerite and chalilite are id en t ified respe tively w ith pi ed mo nti te, staurolite and t ho mso nite, o f whi c h the l atter two are b ut i mp ure vari eti es S o me i nteres t ’ ing manganese mi neral s are d esc rib ed by Wei bull fro m the W ester S ilfberg mi ne in D al e Karli ca S wed en A manganese i s un r cent o f M nO It mag netit e gave o n analysi s e p cry stalliz ed and is asso ci ated w it h masses and g rai n s o f mangano r cent o f Mn O and T he massive vari ety co ntai ns e cal cite p c areful exami na t t he g ranul ar mi neral r c e n A e p ’ tio n o f l gelstré mite (2 Fe, (Mg ) S iOcl M o, (Mg ) S iOJ p ro ves it to be o rtho rho mbi c, w i th t he opti cal axes in the pl ane o f the b ase and the a ax i s the negati ve bi sect ri x Pl eo ch roi sm : B g rayi sh yello w a g rayi sh yello w whit e a yello wi sh g ray ‘ c b S ilfberg ite, fi rst descri bed by Weib ul l A bso rptio n a in 1883 is furt h er i nvesti ated I ts c rystal s are bo und ed o nly by g parall el t o w hi ch the c leavages run t he pl anes 0° P and 00 P I n polarized light th ese crystal s are seen to be co mposed o f t wi nned lamellaz with the o rthopi nacoid t he t wi nni ng pl ane T he pl ane o f the op ti al ax es is the pl ane o f sy mmet ry and the do ubl e di rty refractio n is negati ve T he pl eo ch roi s m is marked c b ro wn, 5 b ro wni sh yello w wit h a g reen ti nge a yel lo w a w hite A b so rptio n, c > b A n analysi s o f a p ure vari ety ac ro ix
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gave : 0, 51
I n the same arti cl e the autho r repo rts the result o f a re ex ami na tio n o f the K neb elite o f D annemo ra T hi s mi neral occu rs in col umnar m asses o f bl ack to bl acki sh g ray i ndivi d ual s w ith t hree very per c l eavages o ne p arall el to the faces o f a p ri s m o f 50 fect and the oth er two p arall el to the b rachy and macro pi n a -
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p arti n g p erpendi cular to
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C o mptes R en dus, c 11, M ars 15 , 1886 , p 6 4 3 ’ Mi neralo ische un d P r et og raphische M ittheilungen, vu , g C f Zeitsc hn ft f K ryst , V 111, p 64 7 4 Geo l Faren F6 rhandl, v1, p 504
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1885,
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l o
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ob served T he rel atio n o f t he ho rizo ntal axes is o 4 6 7 zt T he ax i al pl ane is the b ase w i th t he a ax i s the negativ e bi sectri x T he pleo ch roi s m is st ro ng a g rayi sh b yello w i sh g ray c w hi te a> b> c T he analysi s o f K nebeli te wo ul d i ndi cate th at it is a manganese olivi ne with most o f the opti cal p roperti es o f t hi s mi neral .
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B OT A NY
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VA R I A T I ONS or TR A D ES C A NT I A vmc mrcm—A n i nt eresti ng case o ral vari atio n is under observation by the writer in the of fl s h ape o f a highly ab errant fo rm o f Tr adeseantza or spi derwo rt al s o call ed in uai nt all usio n to the eph em eral nat ure ” o f its petal s w idow s tears S ai d pl ant p resents as the res ult o f thi rteen years c ul t ivatio n the c urio us as pect o f a mo no coty le do no us pl ant h avi ng in bloo m at the same ti me flo wers o f d i mer o us t ri mero us tet ramero us pentamero us h ex am ero us and h ept am ero us typ es respect iv ely each flo wer h avi ng t wi ce as many stam ens as sepal s p etal s o r carpel s o f ovary T he p lant was set o ut in 187 2 and receiv ed very ri ch t reat ment so th at it gave fo rth blo sso ms measuri n g two i nch es in di ameter I n 187 4 it b egan to d evi ate fro m t he o rigi nal t ri mero us type and to ass ume t he t et ramero us o ne by d ev elopi ng anot h er p et al and i nstead o f doi ng t hi s at the expense o f the pi stil o r stamens it added ano th er sepal anoth er carpel wi th styl e and two stamens t h us maki ng a typi cal tetramero us flo wer T he pl ant has s i nce t h en co nti n ued to di fferenti ate in a g reat er d eg ree each s ucceed ing year the d if ferentiated fo rms b ei n g typ i cal pl ants and mat uri ng seed capabl e o f perpet uati n g and po ssibly i nc reasi ng t he di fferent i atio n T he seed o f di fferen ti ated fo rm b er o f s gi ves pl an ts h avi n g a l arge n um aberran t fo rms w hil e th at o f no rmal flo wers gives a few ab no rmal fo rms sho wi ng th at the pl ant is wo rki ng o ut a pl an o f evol utio n T he o ri g i nal t ri mero us pl ant was set o ut in 187 2 ; in 187 4 the tetramero us pl ant was evolved ;in 187 6 the pentamero us in 187 9 t he h ex amero us ; in 1882 t he di mero us ; and in 1884 t he h ept amero us Of th ese di fferenti ated fo rms as observed l ast year the mo st pl enti ful were the pentamerous flo wers givi ng a co mpl ete refutatio n to t he di ct um Endogens never h ave the parts o f the ” flo wers in fi ves T he di mero us an d h eptamero us ty pes are as yet but few as th ey are st ruggli ng fo r ex i stence T he h examero us and h ept amero us flo wers o ccas io nally sho w an i mperfect carpel and in ero us ovary w i t h t wo o n e case a h eptamero us flo wer had an o ctam i mperfect carpel s sho wi ng t hat seven is evid entl y n ot the li mi t o f d i fferenti atio n A n umber o f i nteresti ng ex peri ments h ave been mad e regardi ng the i ntens ity o f variatio n sho wi ng th at it is very p ro no unced R oots o f thi s pl ant and seed s fro m t ri mero us t et ramero us ’
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Edited by Professor C H A R
L ES
E Bxssxv, L incoln, N ebraska .
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hexamero us and pentamero us fo rms h ave been sent — G A Br ennan, R Gray fo r ulti vatio n at his re uest
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ments th at
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see
D r A sa oseland, I fi
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wo rthy Of
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—While engaged
S OME A B NOR MA FOR MS OF V A UC H E R I A st udy Of V au h eri a w ith m s s i n e l bot y a s a n y my attentio n was alled to so me very urio us .
to
in t he
o me weeks si n ce ab no rmal d evelo p s
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T he
c o mmo
nest
peci es of V auch eria in the neighbo rhood o f D etroit is V g em osa and it was in t hi s spec i es th at the ah znata Vauch var racem no rm al gro wths referred to were Ob served s
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Botany
I
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o rdi nary fo rm Of the fertil e part o f the pl ant is sho wn in F ig I T h e sex ual o rgans ari se as b ud s upo n a co mmo n b ranch t h e s i ngl e anth eri di um bei ng termi nal and d ecidedly c urv ed ; the m o n i a n i u f w i h v yi g b o t ypi l o r m oO a n n e r r m t o n t e c a f O f t h e r g s pec i es to eight o r n i ne in s o me spec i m ens Of the vari ety They a re arran e in a ci rcl e abo ut the b ase o f the anth eri di um (Fig o) I g d T he speci mens wh en fi rst c ollected sho wed no pec uli ariti es but after b ei ng k ept fo r a week o r two in rath er co nfi ned uart ers a l arg e p ropo rtio n Of the fertile branch es d evelo ped ab no rmally o w i n g no do ubt to the unnat ural c o n ditio ns in w hi c h t he pl ant s w ere gro wn T he acc o mpanyi ng fig ures w ill sho w the mo re peculi ar cases I n all Of th ese it will be seen th at the b ranc h es th at Ob served u n d er o rdi nary ci rc umstances wo uld d ev elop i nto t he sex ual o rg ans are h ere vario usly modifi ed I n Fig 2 the anth eridi um is repl aced by a fil ament th at is in ent all respects like an o rdi nary v egetative fil am I n Fig 3 the anth erid ium is p erfect b ut the 06 go n i a are re pl aced by sl ender fil aments I n Fig 4 o ne o ogo ni um has d ev elop ed but its ap ex is pro lo n ged i nto a filament like tho se in Fig 3 I n Fig 5 the anth eridi um is co mpl ete but o ne Of the l ateral b ud s has developed a seco ndary b ranch beari ng a co mpl ete set Of sex ual o rgans a perfect anth eridi um and fo ur perfect 0 6 go n i a Fig 6 sho ws a case wh ere in addi tio n to the o rdi nary anth er idium two oth ers are d evelop ed w i th acc o mpanyi n g 06 go n i a fro m t he l ateral b uds I n Fig 7 on e Of the l ateral b uds has g ro wn o ut i nto a fil ament w hi ch bears l aterally a small er b ranch upo n whi c h a p erfect anth eridi um and Oogo n i um and a rudi ment o f a seco nd o ogo n i um T he .
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BOT A NY
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l a s H g
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r ll o i D e t t A l r i b e Cam , , p p ,
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1886
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—I n
co nnectio n w ith the s ubj ect of W I NT ER ” Teachi ng botany in wi nter t reated recently tho ugh b ri efly in t he A M E R I C A N NA T U R A L I S T I wo uld lik e to say a few wo rds My o re cl ass Of over fi fty members begi ns its seco nd t erm in s opho m bo tany the l ast week in Feb ruary T he coll ege vacation is d uri ng T he S o pho mo re D ecemb er J anuary and mo st o f Feb ruary c l ass has had o ne term Of botany as fres h men in the p revio us T he cl ass meets t wi ce each week in both the fresh men a ut umn and sopho mo re years an d a fi eld ex erci se is re ui red bet ween D uri ng the aut umn the class st udy fi rst l eaves each meeti ng A ny bo tani st w ill at next flo wers and l at er in t he seaso n frui ts T he c l ass o nce n ote t he speci al fac ili t i es for the st udy o f frui ts es to the sopho mo re wo rk in Feb ruary h avi ng had very littl e co m T he fi rst fi eld ex erc i se fo r t hi s year c o ncerni ng st ems an d b uds w as the maki ng Of a careful d rawi ng Of at l east th ree i nch es o f
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General N otes
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m and Of a maple b ranch T he st udents w ere given no furt h er i nst ructio n They are never told what to l oo k fo r F ro mmy pil e Of sk etch es and descrip tio ns I uote the whol e Of the fi rst o ne w itho ut maki n g any sel ect io n I D raw i ng o f mapl e b ranc h w i th termi nal and oppo sit e lat eral b uds S tem thi c k and Of a red c olo r covered w ith smal l speck s Woo d not so to ugh as elm Buds mo re tender 2 D rawi ng Of elm t wig w i th a termi nal b ud and alternate lateral b uds Wood c o mpact and to ugh Buds appear to be better pro tected fro m weath er th an mapl e T he d rawi ng if no t the d e scI iptio n wo ul d i ndi cate th at the mapl e is A eer dasy ear m n p Fo r the next fiel d wo rk each member Of the class w as re uested to mak e a study Of the l ast year s gro wth Of a b ranch Of eac h o f two ki n d s Of A cer Wh at is A cer ? was o ne Of the fi rst ues tio ns each member answered fo r h i msel f Thi s l esso n b ro ug ht o ut the spec ifi c pec uli ariti es o f members Of t he same gen us peculi ariti es not easily fo un d in books withi n the reach o f st u d ents One Of the fi rst d uti es Of a t each er in nat ural sci ence is to keep st udents away fro m p ri nted descriptio ns Th ey must g o to the Obj ects and make th ei r o wn descriptio ns I uote again fro mt he fi rst paper T he bark Of N O I is o f a lighti sh c olo r and it is di ffi cult t o tell a year s gro wth whil e th at o f N O 2 is of a red colo r and it is very eas t o recog n ize a year s g ro wth as th ere is a marked y di fference I n the colo r T he c ov eri n gs o f the b ud s o f N O I are muc h mo re scaly than those o f N O 2 and th ey are al so mo re c losely attach ed to thei r b uds than those Of NO 2 are attach ed to th ei r b uds T he i nternodes Of the fi rst are much sho rter th an t ho se Of the sec o nd T he year s g ro wth Of t he fi rst is s ho rter th an t hat Of the seco nd as it g rows mo re slo wly M uch b ett er wo rk t han thi s is fo und o n several papers T he c h ance sel ectio n is no t far b elo w the average T he [pilowing uestio ns were given the c l as s at its n ex t meeti ng and writt en answers h an d ed in s r e I H a v e u ob r v e d a n b a n c hi n g o o n () y y t he l ast year s g ro wth ? (2 ) Wh at are t he d i fferences in t he buds Of t he t wo mapl es P 3 ) Give numb er Of b uds o n year s g ro wth Of each R e a s d s t h f h w n d s l tiv iz fl ibili y t g ki e e x n r n t e t o t e a e O (4 ) Of twigs d h f u Wh e r a r t h e r b u s P T e o u r th e s tio n e e e fl o w (5 ) Opened the eyes to many i mpo rtant s ubj ects and the fi ft h set th em in search o f t he p ro mi ses Of blo sso ms on the twigs A t thi s meeti ng two mi cro scopes were so pl aced th at each student o f the l arg e c l ass co uld look in as he fil ed o ut Of the l ect ure roo m at the clo se Of t he ex erci se U nder the fi rst i nst rument was sho wn a lo ngit udi nal sectio n Of a fres h l eaf b ud and under t he seco nd a lik e vi ew Of a fl I t may be o wer b ud bot h Of the lil ac st at ed h ere in p ass i n g t h at eac h m emb er Of t he c l ass gets ei t h er o ne o r two mi cro scopi c vi ews in t he above way at eac h meet i n g Wi tho ut h ere fully follo wi ng o ut the co urse it may be sai d th at the
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b ran ch es had b een canvassed we took up the everg reens and as a fi rst l esso n each st udent mad e a d rawi ng Of Thi s a b ran ch o f any pi ne and any sp ruce he might choo se was follo wed by a st udy Of two speci es Of Pi nus whi ch b ro ught o ut the c h aract eri sti cs th at pertai n p ri nc ipally to b ranch es and T he st udy Of the evergreens bei ng di spo sed of in t hei r l eaves Of co urse o nly a general way the cl ass took as a s i ngl e fi eld ex erc ise the follo wi n g : M ak e a st udy o f a b ranch b eari ng tho rns an d Of anoth er b eari ng p ri c kl es It w o uld be a pl eas ure to reprod uce h ere the descriptio ns o n a d ozen papers but al ready th ese n otes are far lo n ger th an th ey H ere is one ho wever w ere ex pected to be at the o utset N o I has l arge spi nes o r th orns s i tuat ed j ust above the lat Th ese tho rns are branched havi n g small tho rns v ery eral b uds much lik e the o ri g i nal o ne o nly small er One o f th ese tho rns has two s mal l o nes upo n it sit uated nearly Oppos ite each oth er N O 2 has many p ri ckl es w ith th ree o n each i nternode Th ey appear to h ave a d efi nite arrang ement with respec t to each bud o n e b ei n g s ituated a lit tl e to the l eft Of and belo w t he b ud anoth er is a li t tl e farth er down o n the stem and to the right ; the thi rd is much fart h er do wn and di rectly under the b ud T he p ri ckl es are ny i l g h e b s e u t e a s ily b rok en o ff fro mthe b ark M t r t a b a u t e a e a q P ri ckl es g row o n the bark and h av e no Of th em h ave fall en o ff u n io n w ith the wood an d co me o ff o n t he bark w h en t he b ran ch is peel ed T he tho rns are co nnected with the woody structure T O day (March 2 8th) the c l ass b ro ught in th ei r wo rk upo n the s t udy Of pi t h T he di rectio ns given were as follo ws : S t udy t he T he s tem Of a pl an t with a l arge pith and o ne wi th a sm all pit h Mak e a c ro ss sectio n t wo st ems are to be Of the same di ameter o f each stem and d raw th em fo ur ti mes enl arged sho w i ng all the a s for cro ss w rts k a i l s e c t io l e gth i s n d d r a w M r n n e a a d a a e p sectio n A speci men paper Of Eac h st ud en t coll ects his own materi al c o urse wi tho ut the d rawi n g s is sub mitted i nch in diame T he li nden (N O I ) has a s mall pi th abo ut T he rel ative thi ck ness Of t er; s i t uated at o r near the c enter w oo d to pith in N o I is abo ut o ne to sevent een and in NO 2 s f m r e f i s u t r fi v T h e n e r h e s f a c O ld bo t h to di t o u e r i a e e c t e t e a ( ) 5 1 t he bark to t he pit h in N O I is abo ut 1 , i nch t he stem being a I n NO 2 the di stance fro m l i tt le mo re th an 5 i nch in di ameter i nch the di ameter t he surface Of the b ark to t he pi th is nearly T he pith in t he l atter is b ei ng abo ut t he same as th at o f NO 2 and seems to be mad e up o f l arger n ot so firm as th at Of N O I T he mid dl e l ayer Of b ark in N O I is o f a g reen i sh colo r c ell s t h at o f NO 2 has b ro wn S pots w hi ch seem to alt ernat e with spot s Th ese spots are mostly t rian g ul ar in fo rm with the O f white b ase nex t to the w ood Wo rk Of the nat ure above poi nted o ut will be co nti nued unti l after the
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flo wers co me wh en each student is p repared to make It an h erbari um o f pl ants c oll ected and determi ned by hi msel f is do ubtl ess t rue t hat the wo rk in the fall t erm h elp s in t he fi el d wo rk h erei n mentio ned but th ere is no uestio n t hat s t ud ents with no k no wl edge Of pl ants can tak e hol d Of bo tany in the win — wo rk th at is at the fo unda ter and do ex cell ent i nteresti ng w ork tio n Of mo rpholog y an d g ro ss anato my the fresh material fo r w hi ch is in better co nditio n th an d uri ng the g ro wi ng seaso n w h en b ud s are fo rmi ng and b ranch es and l eaves Obsc ure the view the spri ng
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By r on D H al sted
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EN T OM OL OG Y
A
C A R N I V OR OUS BUT T E R FL Y
L
A R VA
—One
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—PL A N r L I C E FEED I NG H A BI T '
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FE NES I C A T A R QIJI NI US Of t he mo st i nteresti ng Of o ur b utt erfli es is th at kno wn as Feneszea tar gnznzus a uni ue L y caeni d h avi ng the wi ngs above b ro wn bl ack in colo r with co nspi cuo us o range marki ngs both o n p ri maries and seco nd ari es I t has a w i de g eographi cal range occ urri n g v ery g enerally over N o rt h A meri ca as al so in A si a “ Do no van in his I nsects o f I nd ia (Pl xmv fig I ) il lust rates the butterfly rat h er poo rl y b ut says nothi n g abo ut the l arva n de l A m e s d Ch Bo isduval and L eC o nte (H i st des L e t e e p S ept p 12 8 PI xxxvn ) fig ure t he l arva p upa and i mago und er eg i uo te A bbo t as and s i mply t he name Of Polyommatus or ate stati ng th at the l arv a liv es o n several speci es o f C rate gus S c udder (Pro c Essex I nst Vol I I I p 16 3 186 2) treats o f it und er t he n ame o f Poly ommatns porsenna (S y n L i st o f A m R ural es Bull Buff S oc N at Hi st 111 p 129 May 187 6 ) and gives the food pl ants Of the l arva as A l n us R ibes ia Vacci n i um and Vib urnum L ater in the A ME R I C A N N A T UR A L I S T fo r A ug ust P robably arro w he gives t he foo d pl ants as follo ws : 186 9 ” wood elder and h awtho rn Grote (Trans A m Ent S oc 11 p 3 07) fi rst p rop osed the generi c name Of Fenesica but says nothi ng abo ut its larval hi sto ry S trecker (Butt and Moths etc Di urnes p 10 3 ) rep eats s i mply fro m S cud der ; whil e W m H Ed wards in his ad mirabl e li fe hi sto ri es Of b utterfli es has not so far t reated Of thi s parti c ular I n sho rt so far as the p ubli sh ed reco rd s go it has b een sp ec i es generally assumed th at the larva feed s upo n the pl ants named T he Obj ect Of thi s b ri ef c o mmuni cati o n is to s h o w t hat in t hi s l arva we h ave o ne th at is t rul y carn ivo ro us a fact whi ch is ex t remely i nt eresti n g because so far as I can find th ere is no t ano ther reco rded c arni vo ro us b utt erfly l arva ; and M r S c udd er who has gi ven g reat attentio n to t he b utt erfli es writes me in a re cent l ett er in reply to an i n ui ry o n thi s poi nt that he cannot re cal l any mentio n Of such uite a n umber Of H etero cero us larvae ‘
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bstract o f a paper by C S ociety o f Washingt o n 1A
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V R iley, .
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es d
Feb
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20,
1886 ,
befo re the Biological
k no wn to be carni vo ro us by exceptio n an d no t a few are so as a rul e Th es e are chi efl y fo und amo n g Pyrali ds and it is not n ec essary fo r m s en t p urpo se to refer to t he cases in d etail p r e y Fo r so me years no w I h ave b een st udyi ng the remarkab le li fe h abits o f t he A phidi dae and especi ally Of so me Of the g all maki n g and l eaf c urli ng speci es Of Pemphig inze I n the c oll ecti n g Of materi al and maki ng Of Ob servatio ns I have been assi sted by M r Th Perg and e who has o n a n umb er o f o c cas io ns s i nce 1880 fo und t he larva Of t hi s Fenes ica asso ci ated w i th vario us pl ant li ce A mo n g the speci es with whi ch it has b een th us fo und asso ci ated are Pemphig us fr axi ngfoln R il ey whi ch c u rl s the l eav es o f F rax i n us ; S elt zlsonenr a tessellata Fit ch w hi ch h a o c ro wd s upo n the b ranc hes o f A l n us ; an d Pem u t r i i m r s b i e p g Fitch whi ch co ng regates in l arge masses o n Fag us A ll th ese s peci es p ro d uce much fl oc culent and sacch ari ne m att er T he fre uency with whi ch thi s l arva was fo und amo n g th ese pl ant l ice j ustifi ed the suspi cio n th at it feed s upo n t h emo r derives b enefit fro m th em; y et U p to 1885 the p resumptio n was th at it b en efited fro m the secreti ons o f the pl ant li ce rather th an fro mthe i nsect s themselves L ast fall ho wever M r Pergand e Obtai ned ab un dant evid ence th at the Fenesica l arv a act ually feed s upo n the A phidids and I tho ugh t it wo rt h whil e to call attentio n to th is po si ti ve p roo f Of the carnivo ro us h abits o f the S peci es Th at the d i fferen t spec i es o f pl an t li ce are the n o rmal foo d Of thi s l arva is ren d ered m o re than p robabl e fo r the follo wi ng reaso ns pts to feed the l arva upo n the l eaves upo n w hi ch it was 1 A ttem fo u nd h ave p roved futil e the l arva peri shi ng rath er t han feed upo n t hem 2 T he food pl ants given by the autho rit ies are s uc h as are wel l k n o wn to h arbo r pl an t li ce s s r s f w d u r c u dd e r a u tho iti e h e i n o r m s m r pi c k e M S e e e a 3 p h ere and th ere and o ne Of th em fo r al der whi ch he recall s viz : “ a M r Emery fo und it mo re co mmo nly o n a li mb amo ng pl an t ” l ic e r n M r r h s e u e a u t o u g e a r n tly b v d t l v a o O t L f O s e r e h e a r d 4 g { or o n beech but never dis t a m m n k Balti mo re amo ng Pemphzz o g udg e L awrence j oh nso n also fo und ass o c i ated fro m the li ce and j it in co n nectio n wit h the same speci es aro und S h revepo rt L a l as t fall and s urmi sed th at it mig ht feed upo n the Pemphig us but nei th er Of t hese Ob servers were abl e to g et positive p roo f Of the are
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— fac t C
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V R iley .
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— Comma D r
E W itlaczil co mpl etes his notes W I T L A C Z I L ON o n the pl ant li ce by an i nterest i ng arti cl e o n the M o rpholo g y and anato my Of the Co cci de in Z eztsclt r f Wzlrsen Z oolog ie Vol x1 I I I pp 14 9 174 A t fi rst bot h t he mal e and t he female l arva po ssess li mbs antenna and si mpl e eyes whi ch are subse uently lo st by bot h sexes the females degenerati ng so as to bec o me wax covered .
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V OL
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I KE
—O N
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immovabl e fo rms, and the mal es ac ui ri ng an i mp roved editi o n Of T he antenna and all th ese o rgans , w i th wi ng s s up erad ded wi ng s Of the mal es ari se as evagi natio ns fro m invag inal d is k s are afterward s w ith drawn d uri ng the ui escen t o r p up al stage, to Co nt rary to be fi nally d riven out agai n o n reachi ng mat urity the usual way in Hemiptera, th ese mal es un dergo co mpl et e metamo rpho si s T he waxy coat of the femal e consi st s no t o f t he l arval c uti cles th at were S h ed but Of vario usly crumpled and felted wax fil amen ts emi tted by d ermal g land s , and enclo si ng the re mai ns Of the cut i cl es T he emb ry olog i cal develop ment 13 muc h as in A phid es , but the egg s have n o p seudo vit ell us S o me n otes on the C hermet ida are appended to the art i cl e, es l t h s e h s obictts and o n Ph llo x era e a l e k pt e c a l l o n e r m e H i C g p y y al es es caped , n, till the part hen ogeneti c fem o f Ch ermes , in aut um T he femal e Of two vari eti es , so me yello w, Oth ers nearly bl ack ovipos i ted o n the needl es Of a pi ne b ranch in a heap A fter t hi s operatio n the moth er di ed p ro tecti ng the eg gs wi th her s h runk body and wi ngs I n S p ri ng large wi ng l ess femal es were fo und o n the pi ne s hoo t s , h avi n g remai ned o ver wi nter Each had th i rty to fo rty eg g t ub ul es, w i th two to fo ur wel l fo rmed eg gs and t he eggs had a p seudo vit ell us T he eg gs were l aid in mass es at the base Of the y o ung pi ne shoots the masses Of egg s bei ng covered w ith wax and w ith the carcass Of the mo th er T he y o un g i ss ui n g fro m th ese egg s mov ed to the ax il s of the needl es, and to get h er fo rmed the n ucl eus o f a co ne l ik e gall ;by th ei r s u ki ng the n eed l e swell s , c o al es i n g w i t h the gall It is not t he swelli ng Of t he n eed le, b ut o f the b ranc h that causes the gall and thi s is d ue to — the pi erc i ng actio n Of the l arv a , not Of the mot h er G M aclosé ie .
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T m: OR I GI N OF T H E S PI R A L T H R EA D I N T R A C H EE —A C OR R EC T I ON S i nce the arti cl e o n thi s subj ect was p ubli sh ed in t he M ay N A T U R A L I S T , I h ave ex ami ned mo re speci mens Of i nsect trac h ea ” in whi ch the spi ral th read seems to be p resent ; but I do no t t hi nk the t a n idia i nvari ably fo rm a co nti n uo us spi ral th read In t he ax il s Of t he b ranch es we see sho rt spi ndl e shaped ta n idia ; and each b ranch has a separate I n certai n fine spi ral th read t rach ea Of the ey es o f the fly no spi ral thread s are developed j udg i ng by H i ckso n s research es Where t he th read 15 co nti n u u o us it may be call ed a ta nzdzum, w h en o nly separate ri n g s are d ev eloped th ey may be call ed teemflza I thi n k , ho wever, that I have d emo nst rated the n ucl ear o rigi n Of the S pi ral th read , and th at the elo ngated filamental n ucl ei Of the en dotrachea coal esce to form the S pi ral ta ntalum—A S Packard .
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— D uri n g s
T an the p ast wi nt er the eggs Of so m e speci es Of lo custs were repo rted by M r R T Fl ewell en of Ho usto n Tex as to occur in g reat numbers in Wash ingto n co unty and fears were ex p ressed Of g reat i nj ury t hi s sea son from the result ing locusts Pro fesso r R il ey Of the D epart ES T R UCT I VE
L ocusrs
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m e n t o f A gri cultu re has had the matter i nvestigated an d it appears t h a t the yo ung lo c usts w hi ch are n o w all h atched t urn o ut to be o n e o f the l arger w i de sp read speci es viz t he di fferen ti al lo cust m a / o u r l s e h s t e s e n Thi i i b v r y e d a z s s e c s a a t e e t s C n e n t z ( p p fi ): a b u n d ant in I lli noi s and i n o t her S tates but ac co rdi n g to its pas t h i s t o ry t here I s no danger Of its ever beco mi ng S O serio us a p est a s t he R o cky M o untai n lo c ust and h ence P rofesso r R il ey b eli eves t h ere is n o o ccas io n fo r al arm ,
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— E NT OMOL OGI C A L N EWS A t a recent meeti n g Of the L on do n Eu t o mo lo g ical S o ci ety t he venerabl e P ro fesso r West woo d remark ed t h at an i nsect (M ae/za rota ensgfer a Burm in C eylo n alli ed to the fr o g hopper (A ph ropho ra) i nstead Of bei n g en clo sed in a liquI d e n h u s h e d h a d n o f c koo s pit l f m by t r a pi r i g t e c d a c a e r t e e o ( ) l i u i d secreted D r Geo Marx arti st Of the A g ri cul t ural D e r ic ana fo r May a des cri ntonzolog za A m e p bli h m a r e n u s e n E s t t i p p t i o n Of t he mal e o f Gaster acant/za r uf ospznosa fro m Flo rida with A l t ho ug h 17 0 spec i es Of t hi s ex c ell en t fig ures o f the two sex es m l s s f n w e s e n i u a r k n o w n e a l e s o o y t o p c i e h a v e b e e n e h t g T he mal e di ffers much in sh ape b es id es h i t h erto di scovered I n Bull eti n b ei n g l ess th an o ne uart er as l arg e as the femal e N O 5 Of the C al A cad S ci ences T L C asey revi ses t he C alifor n ia sp ec i es o f L ithocharis and alli ed g enera o f S taphy lin ida T he Transactio ns Of t he A merican Ento molo g i cal S o ci ety x11 N o s 3 4 co mpl ete an ex cell ent vol ume Th ey co ntai n a tho ro ugh mo nog raph Of No rt h A meri can C hry sidida by S Frank A aro n i ll ust rat ed by five pl ates a mo nog raph o f t he earli er stages o f the Odo nata s ub famili es Go mphina and C o rdulegastrina by D r H A H ag en ; an d a useful bibliog raphical an d sy no ny mi cal cata l o g ue Of the N o rt h A meri can C y n ipida by Mr W H A sh mead w i t h des criptio n of new speci es A ppended is a li st Of speci es peculi ar to desig nated t rees and pl ants the g reater numb er as is well k n o wn livi ng o n the o aks .
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Z OOL
OG Y
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— M ONA D s I n D r
B alli nger s ann ual D I V I S I ON I N S E PT I C add ress befo re t he R oy al M i c ro scopi cal S o c i ety Feb 10 be de tail ed t he result s whi c h are p ubli sh ed in ful l in t he jo urnal Of t he Fo ur fo rms were sel ected fo r st udy I n each so ci ety fo r A p ril o f the fo u r o rgani s ms the facts were di scov erabl e in the d evelo p ment of the nucl eus t he o rigi n o f the fl agell a and the g ro wt h Of Th ey were best seen in Tetr amrtns r ostratus and Poly the body tonra avella ; not ui te so well in D allrng erza ary sdali an d l east perfectly I n H eter omzta r ostrata but in all th ey were seen w i th Each o f th ese septi c o r fic i ent c learness to l eave no do ub t s uf t i sm rmi nates a lo ng seri es o f fiss io ns w i th wh at I s pract i n s e a g T he l ast two Of a lo ng ch ai n o f cally a generat ive act o f fus io n d forms fuse i nto one beco me uite still and at l ength sel f divid e
S EL F
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General N otes
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b ursts and a co untl ess ho st Of germs is po ured T he g ro wth Of th ese g erms i n to fo rms l ik e t he paren t w as fo rth c o nti n uo us ly watch ed s ho wi n g g rad ual en l argement an d ul ti mate but as to ti me so mewh at uncertai n appearance Of the n u cleus an d the so mewh at s udd en appearance Of the fl agell a o r th read like moto r o rgans the l atter bei n g fo und in each i nsta n ce to ari se in the nucl eus Very soon after the ad ult stag e is reached the act Of sel f divi sio n co mmences and is k ept up for ho urs in T he d eli cate pl ex us lik e struct ure b eco mes ag g re s uccessio n t d h n u c l eus l eavi n g the rest perfectly c lear t n e e n d O f e a o t e a g ex cept that a fai nt beadi n g is seen in the middl e li ne wit h tw o o r three fine th reads fro m it to the pl ex us Th en o ccurs the co m mencement o f part i tio n o f the nucl eus followed by a sli ght i nd i ui ckly afterwards t he catio n Of di vi sio n Of the body sub stan ce es co mpl etely cl eft and the body s ub stance follo w s n ucl eus b eco m Th en the pl ex us like co nditio n is agai n di ffused e ually s uit over the whol e n ucl eus Wh en the generative co nditio n is ap roached by t he l ast g eneratio n Of a lo n g seri es Of dividi n g fo rms p it is remarkabl e th at the Organ i sm beco mes ama bo id s ho wi n g ho w far reachi ng is the ama bo id state I n thi s co n ditio n wh en tw o such fo rm s to uc h o ne ano th er th ey co al esce and fuse i n to each other al most as tho ugh two glob ul es o f mercury had to uch ed unt il n uc l eus reach es n ucl eus and two melt i nto o ne and the bl en d ed bodi es b eco me a glob ul ar sac whic h ulti mately emit s an en o r mo us number Of germs P revio us to the blendi ng it is no w made o ut th at all t races Of pl ex us like st ruct ure are lo st in the n uc l eus whi ch beco mes g reat ly en l arged and ass umes a milky aspect an d sho ws n o t race Of st ruct u re th ro ug ho ut the p ro cess Of fus io n A fterward s it begi ns to di ffuse itsel f radi ally th ro ug h the body sarco de unt il every t race o f the n ucl eus is go ne and the sti ll glob ul e Of livi ng matter bec o mes t ight and glo ssy but no t race o f st ruct ure can be any w h ere fo und in it I n t hi s c o nditio n it remai n s fo r s ix ho urs w hen it emit s the multit ud e Of germs A fter givi ng s i mil ar detail s abo ut several oth er o rgan i sms D r “ B alli nger s ummed up th us : One thi ng appears c l ear the n u cleus is the center Of all the high er activiti es in th ese o rgani sms T he g erm i tsel f appears to be but an und evelo ped n ucl eus and wh en th at n ucl eus has attai ned its full di mens io ns th ere is a pause in growth in o rder t hat its i nt ernal d evelopment may be It beco mes p racti cally i ndi s p utabl e t hat the body acco mpli s hed sarc o de is so to speak a secretio n a vital p rod uct Of the n ucl eus Fro m it the fl agell a o rigi nally ari se ; by it t he act Of fissio n is i niti ated and in all p rob ability carri ed to the end ;the same is the case w ith fertilizatio n and t he p rod uctio n o f germs We are th us b ro ught i nto close rel atio n w i th the behavio r Of the n ucl eus in the s i mpl est c o n di t io n N O do ubt far p ro fo und er and s ubtler e s a r n c u r e e n r h a n g o r tly o e d i g o r e a r e n o e n c W e f u s c c O c p nearer to the solutI on Of what li f d i s t n c e is u n c a e t to o m B ea y the i nvesti ng
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k n owl edge o f how the mo st livi ng part of the min u t est o rgani s ms act s in d etail has for me and fo r mo st biologi st s ” an i ncreasi n g fasci natio n — BL U E C OL OR OF A NI MA L S P ro fesso r F L eydig says th at a bl ue ranul ar pig m rely fo und in ani m s h e s f o r n t i s a l n c r a yfi h r a i e t ; g T he bl ue colo r is mo re Often ex ampl e th ere are bl ue c ry stal s d ue to i nterference o wi ng to the p resence o f l amell a o r to the fib ril s Of co nnective t i ssue as in the tapet um fibro sum Of t he eye Of ru mi nants ; the c o ri um Of t he livi ng l arva Of Pelobates fuseas is s i mil arly bl ue A d ull materi al overlyi ng bl ack pig ment pro d uces bl ue as in the case Of bl ue eyes whi ch are due to the urea e frogs D ark s hi n i n g th ro ugh the no n pig mented i ri s and in so m c h ro matopho res h av e a lik e ef fect as has too the swelli n g Of t he I n co ncl u co ri um co nse uent o n the filli ng Of the ly mph sp aces s io n t he autho r di scusses the teg umen tary secret io ns whi ch are Of vario us colo rs and whi ch can be washed away ; an ex ampl e is to be seen in t he cel esti al bl ue colo r o f the ab do men Of L ibellula de f bloo m the p upa Of the A pollo but O and p erh ap s the , m t h m t r b i n e s o f o h h a d e c olo i n g a t e a c ll e n t e t r n r e terfl h O y y t he epid ermis as is the cas e wi th the ro sy c ol o r o f Tetrao uro u l s an d can th en Of co urse o nly be removed aft er the de a l g ’ — structio n Of the ti ss ue w hi ch co ntai ns it jour n R oy M icr S oc
n earer
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PE R C EPT I ON o r BR I GH T NES S A ND COL OR nv M A R I N E A N I MA L S P ro fesso r V Graber has made so me furth er ex peri ments o n mari ne H e fi nd s an i mal s w i th t he divi ded bo x al ready used by him t h at the c o mmo n star fish is an emi nently leucophilo us o r light lo vi ng ani mal fo r the b right divi s io n of the bo x al ways co ntai ned as man y i n divid ual s as the dark ; th ey avoi d red o r are ery t hopho bes th ree ti mes as many seeki ng a d ark bl ue co mp art ment T he co mmo n j elly fish (M edusa anrzta) was neith er spe c ially sensitiv e to b right n ess n o r to col o r ; but it is po ssibl e th at [ dotea trieus the res ults might be di fferent wi th l arger a uari a a x i mum di fferences in i v a t a ry sen sitiv e to light at t he m d i s e p b rightness fo r as many i ndivid ual s so ug ht the whi te as the dark co mpart ment ; but they are ui te i nsensitive to l ess marked di fferences Th ey Obj ect to red and like bl ue Gammarus locusta do es not seem to be affected by li g ht o r s h ade R zssoa oetona d i slik es t he d ark and is sensi tive to l ess mark ed di sti nc tio ns ; it ag ai n in the p ropo rtio n Of 10 3 to 2 lik ed bl ue an d avoi ded red Gasterosteus sptnaolzza lik e fresh water fi sh es p refers dark ness in s aeus gave so m ewh at the propo rt io n o f 7 8 to 6 and S y ng nat/ m — o a R o M c 1 8 6 o r A r il 8 i c m S S i mil ar res ul ts y f p — I n a recent p aper read be T H E S A C R UM OF M ENOPOM A fo re the Biologi cal S o ci ety Of Washi n gto n M r F A L ucas d rew attentio n to t he fact th at t he fig ure o f the p el vi s Of Menopo ma in t he arti cl e A mphibi a n i nth edit io n o f the Encyclopa dia Britanni ca .
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General N otes
un e
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must h ave been d rawn fro m an ab no rmal speci men T he fi g u re an d acco mpanyi ng tex t c red it Menopo ma wi t h two sacral v erteb ra b ut an ex ami natio n o f ten sp eci mens failed to S ho w the Occ u rren c e .
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mo re th an o ne A n ab normal S pec i men in the possessio n o f Pro fessor H A Ward s ho wed an i ntermedi ate c o ndi t io n between t h e fig ure in the Enc Brit and the n o rmal sacrum h avi ng t he ri g ht ili um at tach ed to o ne verteb ra and the l eft to two verteb ra M r L ucas furth er call ed at tentio n to t he vari atio n in t he n umber Of do rsal v erteb ra in certai n Urod el es Menopo ma may h ave 19 o r 2 0 pre sac ral s ; N ect u rus 18 o r 1 i h v r m e S n a a e 1 2 9 4 4 y o r 4 3 pre caudals ; M ura n Opsis 6 4 o r 6 o T h e t l n t a u m ber o f 5 vertebra in two perfect S kel eto ns o f S i ren was 10 1 and 10 8 i n ; t h ree perfect Mura nops is 105 107 1 1 1 Of
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i bi c i c m h a n r t l i o a r v fi 2 a e A E l O d w t h a e r t c w s t c l e b r a a , , , g p , y p i r B tannica, 9 th c d ; B , specimen n o rmal o n right S ide, two s acrals o n left d raw n by H L Ward fro ma skeleto n in the possessio n o f H A Ward ; C, n ormal spec i
men
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A
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mes —M j Perri er anno unces as the res ult Of his st udi es o f the T rem ato da (A rchives de Zool Ex peri mental e 1885 ) t hat the muscl es divi de at th ei r ext remi ti es t he ZOOL OG I C A L
N EWS
Ver
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divi s io ns
b ei ng i nsert ed upo n proj ectio ns o f the i nner s i de o f t h e T he s uck ers h ave a mo re d evelo ped musc ul ar sy s t em c ut i cl e t h an has hith erto b een admi tt ed ; si nce th ey are c o mpl et el y en veloped by o ne o r t wo el asti c memb ranes upo n w hi ch the mus eu lar b un dl es o f the o rgan are fi x ed and are al so s ubj ect to t he T here is Often a mass o f gl and u l ar actio n Of ex t erio r musc l es T he d iges t i ve cell s i n the ex ternal l ayer Of t he parenc hy ma t ract is al ways covered i nternally by a l ayer Of elo ngated cell u l es T he can al Of L aurer is not a vag i n a united o n ly at th ei r b ase but a canal o f safety permitti n g o f the d i sch arge Of any t o o F ro m t he di spo si tio n o f t he exter n al ab und an t geni tal p ro duct s o rifi ces external sel f fecundatio n is the o nly mo de Of fecundat i o n po ssibl e T he spo ngy co rds fo und in all Platyelminths a re certai nly nerve fi bers and the l arge mul tipol ar cell s are ner ve D r vo n L i nsto w d escrib es (A rc h Nat ur 1885 pa rt cell s I I I ) several new N ematod es an d T rematod es — Ecln noder ms M Ed Perri er co ntrib utes to the A nnal es des S c i ences N aturelles an ac co unt Of the ec hi nod erms col l ected by .
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1 886
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t h e T ravailleur and
Talis man
Th ese i nclud e several
Brising ida a n d S t ichasterid a ; S pecies Of C ribrella an d S o laster ; several Pter a s terida a family al most enti rely co n fined to g reat d ept hs many G o n iasterida , and so me A rchas terida an d Po rcellanasterida A st eriada and A sterinida are al mo st wanti ng L inckiada enti rely so S i x ty fo ur speci es is the tot al , o f w hi ch fi fty are n ew .
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M
—T he A chi v
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p t a I I r I ( ) c o n t ai ns rem ark s upo n t he po st emb ryo nal d evelop ment Of t he N aiada by F red S ch mid t I n a seco nd arti c l e upo n the mo] l us c an fauna Of Beh ri ng s sea (A rc h f Nat urgeschi chte 1885 part 111) A K rause enumerates si xty six Gast rop oda i ncl udi ng several n ew s peci es and th ree Pteropod s o ne Of w hi c h is new M ammals — D r E L T ro uessart (A nn d S ci N at urell es) s up po rt s his p revio usly ex pressed vi ews t hat t he musk rat Of t he A n till es s ho uld be pl aced in t he genus H espero mys but mad e t he t y pe o f t he s ub gen us Megalo m f s T h e o m f i s t e th w i l r o t e l y n o t p ermit it to be ranged und er the s ub gen us H olo c hilus w hi c h is by M r T ho mas co nsid ered to be a genus M eg alom s i l r s o e id y p has as yet b een fo und o nly in M arti ni ue and S t L uc i a It reac h es the s iz e Of a rabbit an d did g reat d amage to t he pl an ta t io n s S ystemati c war wag ed upo n it by the colo ni sts has al m o st i f n o t uite b ro ugh t abo ut its ex ti nc tio n so t hat the exampl es in t he Pari s M useum are p erhaps all t hat is l eft Of t hi s c uri o us and — i nteresti ng spec i es m e o m s i h l T e n a e M a s p r o c u pi B d c e e d [ g y ] ollus s
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N at urgeschi ch te fo r
1885
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E M BR Y
OL OG Y
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— PA T EL L A D r Willi am Patten
T HE
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D EV EL OPMENT OF of Bo sto n while wo rki n g in Cl aus s l abo rato ry at T ri este succeeded i n artifi c i ally fertilizi ng the o va o f a speci es o f Patell a the spe um T he o va measured 0 12 e o f whi c h is no t given in cific nam di ameter ; bl ui sh g reen in colo r and opaq ue A ceti c acid and e r w m r n s r e n u f e u n e a e n h r ly c i d to d th t p t o g n e r e s e e e r a o r a g T he i nternal ch an ges st udy Of the g eneral ex t ernal ch aracters T he eggs were mat ured w ere st udi ed by means Of sectio ns fro m the fi rst Of N ovember to the middl e o f J an uary T he o va were co vered by a v ery thi ck t ransparen t cho rio n t raversed by fine po re canals T he mi cropyle was a wi de c rater like openi ng in the cho rio n at o ne po le o f the eg g ; w i thi n t hi s o peni ng were a numb er Of hig hly refractive glob ul es whi ch g reatly i nterfered wit h the Observation o f the fec undatio n and fo rmat io n o f the pol ar glob ul es T en mi nutes after remo vi ng the o va fro m the o vari es t he pol e glob ul es appear as two colo rl ess an d tran s parent p rolo ngatio ns ari si ng fro m t he s urface Of the ov um at the b ottom o f the crater like mi cropyl e T he pol ar cell s are o f great I
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Ed ited by JOH N A
T he Embryolo gy
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pp
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14 9 - 174 ,
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R
S mithsonian I
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Pat ella
of
l s p
Y D ER
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A rbeiten aus
I to v, 18 85 .
Washington D dem Zo o l I nst zu Wien
n stitution ,
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VI
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z o mpared with those o f oth er types T wo pol ar gl o b ul es ari se s ide by sid e and no t o ne b eneath the o th er as in o ther cas es A s many as five di sti nct pol ar globules were ext ruded in abno r mal cases an d the ex tremity Of o ne o f th ese was enlarged i n to a gl ob ul ar fo rm the same as o ne o f the two in the case o f the n o rmally d eveloping egg T he pol ar cell s fi nally beco me much red uced in s iz e and are easily detach ed from the eg g T he seg mentatio n is sligh tly merobl asti c an d a hollo w bl ast ula is soo n fo rmed ; h at chi ng o cc urs in abo ut ten ho urs w h en the api cal cell s and the two e uato ri al ri n g s o f vel ar c ell s h av e b ec o me c ili ated A t the vegetative pol e of the blast ula four large so call ed a do mesodermal cell s fo rmi n g p art o f the wall o f the blast ula are elo ngated and p ro lo nged i nto t he blasto ca l and two Of th em hav e th ei r i nner end s segmented Off to fo rmthe p ri mitive mesoderm t he other two and wh at remai ns Of the t wo p recedi ng o nes give ri se to the endod erm o r i nt esti ne wh il e the decreas i n g area o n the o ut s i de o f the bl ast ul a em b raced by the endo mesodermal cell s rep resents the bl astopo re T he p ri mitive pai r o f mesob last i c cell s are bi lateral in positio n and render t he l arva bil aterally symmet ri cal T he bl astopo ri c area g rad ually assumed a mo re vent ral po s i t io n and is th en shoved fo rwards and i n wards fi nally di sappeari n g at the bot to m o f a d eep furro w whi ch parti ally c lo ses o r c o h eres — ces fro m behi n d fo rward l eavi n g t he p er m sto mo anen t mo uth — a d um at its anterio r end from whi ch the (esoph ag us ex tends i nwards toward the o rigi nal s ite o f the bl astopo re at the botto m o f t he sto mo da al i nvagi natio n On eith er si de o f the po sterio r part o f t he stomo da al furro w there is a swelli ng ; thi s pai r o f swelli ngs event ually l ead s to the fo rm atio n o f the foot o n ei t h er sid e Of whi ch the oto cys t s are i nvagi nated A t thi s st age al s o the sh ell gl and is develop ed and the two p ri mitiv e mesobl ast i c cell s h ave segmented i nto a ro w Of th ree cells each lyi ng symmetr i cally o n eith er si de o f the medi an plane o f the emb ryo A glos S O ho ral s ac is fo rmed in the floo r Of the oesoph ag us and the p an us is ob vio usly b ro ken th ro ugh l ate T he i mpo rtant poi n ts b ro ug ht o ut in thi s p aper are the follow ing : (1) t he po ssi bili ty Of artifi ci al ly fert ilizi ng the eggs o f Gas t ropo ds ; (2) the p resence o f a defi n i te bl astopo ri c area w hi c h is carri ed ventralwards and fo rwards l eadi ng to the fo rmatio n Of the mo uth and oesoph ag us ; (3 ) the presence Of a pai r o f bil aterally di spo sed p ri miti ve mesobl ast cell s derived fro m two o f the en do meso dermal c ell s and the s ub se uent development fro m the fo rmer Of a pai r o f mesobl asti c co rd s o n ei th er s i de Of t he medi an li ne h t e a s n c s d r r r p ti a l c o n r e c e n c a d lo u r o b e hi f o d c e r e f m n w a s f o 4 ) ( the vent ral furro w in whi ch t he bl astopo re is sit uated T he Oldest emb ry o fig ured is o n e o f 130 ho urs T he fig ures are ex cell en t an d the paper as w hole bears evi dence o f h avi n g been p repared with g reat care an d rep resents an i mpo rtant co n tributio n to moll uscan emb ryology si e as c
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Embry olog y
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— 2 D M K owalevsky co n Oi D ENT A L I UM el udes t h at the d evel o p ment Of D entali um has a goo d d eal i n c o mmo n w i th th at Of the L am ell ib ranch s the seg ment atio n resem bli ng th at Of U n io as d es cribed by R abl and Teredo as described by H at sc h ek T he seg mentatio n is nearly reg ul ar an d leads to the fo rmatio n of a hollow bl ast ul a and an i nvagi nate gas t rula T he mesoderm is d eri ved fro m t he i n ner wall Of the invag i n ated S i de o f t he bl ast ul a and the mesod ermi c cell s are di spo sed s y mmet ri cally o n eith er s id e o f the medi an li ne T he S h ell gl and b eco mes d efin ed very early o n the do rsal aspect Of the emb ry o an d as the bl astopo re t ravel s fo rward as in Pat ella the area o f t he s h ell g land o r man tl e o rgan b eco mes g reater so t hat it g rad ual ly emb races the bo dy Of the em b ryo especi ally over the regio n j ust b ehi nd the foot l eadi n g to the develop ment o f the ch aracteri sti c t ub ul ar shell T he resembl ance of the l arv a of Dentali um to t ho se Of the A n nelid s is show n to be o nly a very s uperfi ci al o ne Th ree cili ary gi rdl es enci rcl e the anterio r o r ceph ali c pol e Of the larval body T he bl astopore is wi de at fi rst and persi sts as such much lo nger th an in Patell a ; it is al so elo ngated in the p ro cess of shi fti ng to ward s the v ent ral A rad ul ar sac anterio r aspec t is d eveloped o n the i nferio r sid e Of the a S Ophag us T he cepha lic gangli a d ev elop fro m a pai r o f d eep i nvag i nat io ns Of the ect o derm Of the velurn ; the pedal gang li a fro m a pai r Of proli fera t io ns o f cells fro m the ectod erm o f the foot T he oto cyst s are developed befo re the pedal gangli a on ei th er side Of the foot and much in the same way as in Patell a Thi s memoi r ill ustrated wi th eight well ex ec uted pl ates the fig ures bei n g drawn fro m actual sectio ns is a very i mpo rt ant con t ributio n to moll uscan mo rphology as no thi ng o f e ual val ue has appeared si nce the p ubli catio n o f the p ap er on D entali um by H L acaze D uthiers in 1857 T HE
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EV EL OPM ENT
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D EV EL OPMENT OR T H E C H I T ON I D E OR POL I I PL A C OPI I OR A —Thi s i mpo rtant paper by M Ko walevsky di sc usses very fully the dev elop ment of Chiton polii val uabl e Ob servatio ns b ei ng al so reco rd ed upo n Cir olivaceus S p en gl er an d A ean tlroelrites dis er e s i a n s n h m e i bo u t a s s f e gg t 5 h c a r r e s a O T e a 2 p mantl e cavi ty between the gill s and mantl e ; tho se set free by t he 9 do no t develop no rmally T he ova are enclo sed by a chiti no us coveri ng c o ns i sti ng o f h exago nal plates whi c h s uppo rt p rocesses externally whi c h vary in fo rm in the vario us speci es T he fo ur fi rst segmentatio n sph eres are nearly e ual each o f t hese sub divi de i nto two g ivi ng ri se to fo ur upper and fo ur lower o nes T he pol ar glob ul es rest near the cent er o f the area Etude sur I Emb y ge ie du D e tale mem i e V I I par M A K v alev ky A n n T H E 3 .
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du M us d H ist N at de Marseille, Zoo l T o m I , S econ de partie, 1882 1883 ’ Embryogenic du Cl uton avec uel ues remar ues sur le D evelop ’ s d H i s t s A n n u w e n t (les autres C hitons, mem a A o a l e v k M v r M e m o i r K e , p y, p i V I I I 6 s t o N at de Marseille, Zool , T om I , secon d parti e, 1883 , 4 , pp 4 p ’
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General N otes
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mb raced by the fo ur upper small er cell s o f the ani mal pole By d ivi sio n Of the lo wer cell s t here ari ses a t hi rd l ayer Of fo ur inter med iate cell s an d soo n after th ese fo ur o thers appear whi ch are ap parently deri ved fro mthe fo u r upper o nes T hereupo n s ix mo re sm all er cell s are d ev eloped at the ani mal pol e an d s o mewhat l ater ei g ht mo re such appear at the vegetative pol e so th at the emb ryo is no w c o mpo sed o f thi rty s ix c ell s A t thi s s tage t he gast rul a mo uth b egi ns to d evelo p ; at fi rst as a s light dep ressio n whi c h l ater b eco mes d eep er l eadi n g to t he fo rmatio n o f a sy m metri cal gastrul a co nsi sti ng Of ecto and endo derm T he two ann uli o r c ycl es o f l arge cell s whi ch rep resent the vel um are ferenti ated no w d i f a s r i n s s h u s x w g t l e t o m h t o g t d bl to e a e a l n a d n e r t h a e e a n a e T po re an end od ermal cell is p ushed i nto t he blas to ca l to gi ve ri se T he bl asto po re is s oo n di spl aced so mewhat t o t he mesod erm ventralwards and si multaneo usly certai n ec t odermal cell s are drawn i nward s t o fo rmpart Of the wall o f t he cavity o f the gast rula There are two di sti nct sy mmetrI cally di sposed g ro up s o f meso der mal cell s near t he bl asto po re ; t he l argest o f t hese cell s still fo rm part Of the endod erm and t ake part in li miti ng t he cavity o f the gast rul a T he bl astopo re is g rad ually shoved nearer to the vel um and in co nnectio n wi th it is d evelop ed an a so phag us fo rmed o f T he meso dermal cell s h ave multipli ed but re ec tod ermal cell s tained t hei r bil aterally sy mmet ri cal pos itio n T he (e soph ag us is no w a spacio us sac fro m the posterio r in I mme ferio r wall Of whi ch a rad ul ar sac has b een i nvagi nated diately b ehi nd the mo uth in a medi an li ne th ere is d evelo ped an i nvagi natio n whi ch Ko walevsky call s the pedal gl and T wo oi ned t hi cken i ngs Of t he ectod erm lo ngi t udi nal anterio rly co nj w hi ch enc ro ach upo n the mesod erm fo rm t he rudi ments Of t he pedal and b ranchi al nerves T he fo ur nerve co rd s are grad ually s pli t Off fro m the ectod erm and ass um e th ei r defi nitive po si tio n in the meso derm T he cavi ty in the p ed al gl and b eco mes fill ed A t the apex Of the velar area a pai r o f wit h a s li my secretio n al cell s s up port a t uft o f cili a A t certai n poi nts wh ere ectod erm S pi c ul a appear l at er eac h spi cul e fo rmi ng ectod ermal cell ac ui res T here no w appear seven t ransverse furro ws o n a cl ear vac uol e the do rsal as pect in each Of whi ch the c uti cul a w hi c h n o w covers T he v ent ral aspect is no w mostly t he b ack b eco mes thi ck ened emb raced by t he foo t whi c h c o nsi sts o f a l ayer Of d eep col umnar A nterio rly t he ceph ali c ganglio n is d eveloped as a c ili at ed cell s and po sterio rly the cell ul ar bo dy enc lo s i ng a hollo w cavi ty b ran chial g anglio n appears as the widened end s o f the two b ranc hi al nerves lyi ng c l ose to the ectoderm T he po st erio r ass Of mesodermal sect io n Of t he g ut is s urro und ed by a d ense m cell s w hi ch do ubtl ess furni sh the mat eri al s for t he d evelop men t A t a so me Of the seg men tal o rg ans v essel s an d sex ual o rgans wh at l ater stage fib rils fro m mul tipol ar cell s are d ev eloped in the e
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Embry ology
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li ganglio n I n the anterio r part Of the body the meso der ma l cell s fo rm a gel ati no us co nnecti ve ti ss ue bet ween t he o rgans T h e pedal g l and is no w very stro ngly develop ed ; it s S e cretio n is n f r it be u red o ut b et ween the ectod erm c e s e c a O n l ll i l p e i g o a s a o p p i n g ab sent A t the si des o f the bo dy abo ve t he foot a c ili ated b an d is p resent w hi ch marks the si te wh ere the b ranchi a w ill appear A t the l evel Of t he fi rst do rsal fol d the eyes may be reco g nized T h e l arva no w l eaves the eg g envelope and s wi ms abo ut by means o f its vel um T he cal careo us spi c ules are still enclosed by t h ei r moth er cell s but soo n b reak thro ugh A fter the l apse o f s ev eral ho urs to several d ay s t he l arv a fi nally res t o n t he bot t o m lo si ng the v el um w hi ch is repl aced by o th er ectodermal cell s A dI verticulum o f the i ntesti ne at thi s ti me p robably rep resents A n i nvagi natio n at the po sterio r end o f the bo dy t h e liver T he p edal gl and seems s eems to be the rudi ment o f the rect um t o h ave b eco me s mall er th an in the p recedi ng stage ; in yo un g C h ito ns (p rob ably a year Old ) it is still p resent but in t ho se s o mewhat l arg er it is ab sent ; it is th erefo re an Org an p ertai n i n g T he c uti cul ar thi ck en i ngs w hi ch lie in t o t he emb ry o ni c perio d t h e t ransv erse do rs al furro ws are t he rudi ments Of the seg ent ed s hell and in eac h furro w b egi n n i ng at its ant erio r bo rder small T he ey es are heéps o f pig ment in ca l careo us pl ates are fo rmed t he ect od erm with a c l ear n ucl eus in t he center lyi ng close to t he b ranchi al nerves I n a fully developed yo ung Chito n th ey w ere s unken i nto the ski n and the ecto derm b ecame c i rc um s c r ibed s o m T he eig ht seg ments ewh at in the fo rm o f a co rnea o f the sh el l appear s o m eti me after t he met amo rpho si s in Cir polii an d einerens b ut I n olivaeeus so mewhat befo re it c ep ha c
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— Dr
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FA sc I OL A R I A D OR GI L L Os bo rn s ob servatio ns S ho w th at the gill o f thi s gastropod is developed fro m a ridge Of t he ectoderm fo rmed in the medi an l i n e bet ween the bo rd er o f the advanci ng mant l e and t he v el um L ater w i th the g ro wth and fol di ng fo rward Of the mantl e and t he fo rmat io n o f a mantl e cavity t he gill is al so carri ed fo rward an d is b ro ught to o cc upy a po s i t io n o n t he o uter i nstead o f t he i nner wall Of the b ranchi al chamber Thi s change o f posi tio n t he autho r fi nd s is ent i rely due to the manner in whi ch the mant l e cavity is d evelo ped T he speci es i nvestigated by D r Osbo rn was F tulipa L i nn var drstans L am 4
T HE
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EV EL OPME NT
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S tudies from Bio log 2 , 5 pp 17 2 25 , pl 11111, 1885
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L eslie Osbo rn .
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H opkins University,
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General N otes
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— OPOS S U M A dvi ces f o mho me
r I NT EL L I GENC E OF T H E H E N A N D i nfo rm me th at an early b rood o f chi ck ens w i t h t he mot h er hen were tak en i nto the cel lar to p rotec t th em fro m the very c ol d weath er whi ch prevail ed H ere th ey did well and appeared co n tented till a th aw an d flood o ccurred When the cellar w as vi si ted the nex t mo rn i n g sev eral i nch es Of water w ere fo un d in it floodi ng t he uarters occupi ed by the b rood T he hen w as standi ng deep in t he w ater with all Of the chi c k s perch ed o n her bac k S he was standi ng on the hig hest Obj ect to whi ch s he c o uld st ep S he co ul d h ave flo wn to high er obj ects but t h i s wo uld h ave di slodged the yo ung sters an d resulted in th ei r bei n g d rowned Thi s remi nd s me Of an i ncident wh i ch I repo rted to the N A T U R A L I S T many years ag o whi c h may be b ri efly repeated A boat man o n the Ill i noi s and M i chigan canal observed an Obj ect o n a fence po st s urro und ed by water whi ch enabl ed him t o w o rk his bo at up to it Th ere he fo und an opo ss um with several yo ung o nes in the po uch o r po cket w ith whi ch nat ure has p rovided thi s ani mal in whi ch to carry her yo ung S he was nearly fam ished and suffered hersel f to be tak en o n board w itho ut the l eas t Oppo sitio n and ate raveno usly Of the food given her Th ey were tak en to Chi cago and p resent ed to my b ro th er in w ho se po sses s io n I saw th em after the yo ung o nes had attai ned the S ize Of s mall rat s Th ey made rather p retty p ets I n bo th Of th ese i nstances th ere s eems to h av e been mo re of reaso n th an o f i nsti nct if by the l atter we mean th at i n h eri ted fac ul ty whi ch lo ng repeat ed emergenc i es has taug h t a lo n g an c estral li ne a mo de Of avoidi n g or escapi n g d ang er D Cato n .
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T H E S wA L L ow A s A S UR GEON D r Walter F M o rgan , Of L eaven wo rth , Kan , sends to the M edic al R ecord thi s c urio us acco unt o f wh at may be cal led aviarian s urgery rel ated to him in 187 6 by the l ate Jo seph O Brien, Esq , o f Cl evel and 0 On s n i I n h a n M B r i e s oi g i to i ov d llo b r n d s r e d w a O c e a w s n e s t n a , g bei ng a nat ural Observer and lov er o f ani mal s, he cli mbed to the n es t and fo un d in it tw o yo un g sw allo ws , o ne b ei n g sm all er and less vigo ro us th an the o th er and havi n g a sligh ter coveri ng Of feath ers Upo n taki ng the yo un g bi rd in his h and he was asto n ished to find o ne o f its l eg s very t ho ro ughly b andaged wi t h I rorse I zairs H avi ng carefully remo ved the h ai rs o ne by o ne, he was still more asto n i sh ed to find th at the nest li n g s le b ok s w a r e n g M r O Brien carefully repl aced the bi rd in its nest and resolved ‘ to await furth er d evelop ments Upo n vi siti ng t he pati ent the n ex t day t he leg was a ai n fo und b and aged as b efo re bi d h T e r g s urgeo n was no t ag ai n i nt erfered w ith , and the case b ei ng k ept un d er Ob serv atio n in abo ut two week s it was fo un d th at t he hai rs were bei ng autio usly removed, o n ly a few each day ; and fi nally -
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ntltro olog y.
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was di sti n tly fel t, an d the u n io n o f bo ne evident ly perfect , as t he bi rd was abl e to fly o ff w ith its mat es S uch i nstances may seem i ncredibl e to t ho se not repared to fully ac ept the ax io m of the sci enti st s , viz , e p t y ‘ Th at the i ntelligence o f an i mal s di ffers fro m th at Of man o nly ’ in deg ree and no t in ki nd
w h en
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—T he U nited S tates
Natio nal M useumhas j ust received fro m Ensig n J B Bernado u, U S N a l arge and i ntelligently se lected coll ectio n Of eth nologi cal Obj ects fro m Co rea A mo n g t h em are several ill ust rat ed book s full o f wat er olo r s ket ch es o f Co rean li fe A l mo st the same day , Messrs Ti ck no r C O sent us M r Perciv al L o w ell s wo rk enti t l ed C hosOn , the l an d Of the ” M o rni ng Cal m, a sket h of Co rea We rarely h ave the oppo rtu n ity o f testi ng a book of t rav el s in an o ut Of the way regio n , by the to uch sto ne o f thi ngs It has been for th at reaso n a so urce o f ’ g reat pl easure to us to read M r L o well s book in the li g ht Of E nsig n Bernado u s spe i mens Perh aps the air Of the philoso ph er, whi ch the autho r h ere and th ere assumes, may to so me readers appear the mo re att racti ve p art But to us we must ad mit, the c hi ef ch arm li es in the assurance, g rowi ng o n us fro m e a t T h e u n e o r i s e n e u h g p a g th t t t lli g t t j o y e a t h e i e h r w r t r , p to S O ul fro m Ch emulpo in a sedan ch ai r, and the kh an h eated w ith b rush , are veriti es W e h ave seen pi ct ures o f th ese thi ngs pai nted by C o reans themselves, and they look like Mr L owell s d escriptio ns T he wall s, gateways detach ed ho uses endl ess s eri es o f c o urtyard s , til e roo fs, g ri n n i ng m onsters o n the ho use to ps, are well d rawn wo rd pi ct ures Of thi ngs th at h ave ex i sten e Th en the baggy clothi ng, pantaloo ns that measurej ust seventy two i n h es in the wai stband , g reat flo wi ng s urpli ces, shoes o f st raw h ats in endl es s vari ety , thesa k clo th o ft he I n o urner t h ese are po rt rayed s o fai t h fully t hat we h ave o nly to t ransfer Mr L o wel l s l ang uage t o the l abel T he th ree h apters impersonalily , patriarc/zy and t he position of w oman, are well and cl early wo rd ed exp ressio ns o f o nvi ctio ns after a b ri ef stay and s uperfi ci al exami natio n A meri ans who h ave spent many years in the far east h av e lo st so me r e e c n s e s c r dil tio th bj t t id e p i n e s u s a e a w r e e n c e f o e x r e p T he pal aces o f Co rea are essenti ally Chi nese Fi rs t the g reat c o urtyard wh ere ho rsem en di s mo unt, b ull s Of b urd en h alt , and sed an c h ai rs di s h arge th ei r livi ng cargoes Th en the arched r s a t a w s n n s n a t y a d p r a o s oo f c ov e r i g t c to fi a f r t h e n r a n e e O e g g inner o urt , wh ere b earers Of gi fts and i nvited g uests arrange h arms to captivate royalty T he graded ways and pl at fo rms leadi ng to a verand ah ed th ro ne roo m, wh ere soldi ers an d citi zen s vie in the go rg eo usness o f th ei r o a tti re and esp eci ally r f s e u p
C OR EA
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Edited by Pro f OT I S T .
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MA S ON , N ational Museum, Washington, D C .
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General N otes
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in the divers ity o f th ei r h at s A bov e all, the affected grand eur Of royal ty ami d decay and natio nal poverty , th ese are all s ubj ects w hi c h M r L o well fully app rec i ates and des cri bes wi th c harming .
g race
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po pulatio n M r L o well says : Mo ney bei ng mo re i mpo rtan t to t he Co rean Offi ci al oligarchy th an men the amo unt o f t ax abl e p rop erty in t he ki ng do m rep resen ted p ri ncip ally by ore acc urately k no w n th an is t he n umber Of ri ce fi elds is muc h m its i n h abi tant s N O cens us o f t he pop ul atio n is ever taken t he ber Of the ho uses alo ne b ei ng co unted T he esti mate fo rmed n um ad e to recently by a J apanese p ap er is p rob abl y the nearest y et m T hi s esti mate gives Co rea i n habi tants t he t rut h “ A s fo r S Oul the agg reg ate o fpop ul atio n including bo th t he c ity — — p roper th at I s the part withi n the wall and the o utlyi ng s ub urbs s o ul s T he amo unt Of w ill p ro bably n o t ex ceed in all g ro und covered is abo ut ten s uare mil es But a ci ty in t he far east ex t end s o nly in t wo di mens io ns n o t as w i th us in th ree To kio in J apan w i th abo ut i nhabi tants covers eigh ty A
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T he fabulo us ly l arge esti mated pop ul atio ns Of Chi nese citi es — fo r i nstance C anto n wi ll, l thi nk on t rust wo rthy cens us be ‘
,
fo un d to
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have been g reatly
e g t r a e d g
ex a
”
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T H E R EL A T I ON OF A NT H R OPOL OGY T o T H E S C I ENC E OP M I N D I n the scheme Of anth ropology follo wed by the NA T U R A L I S T , t he sc i ence o f mi nd follo ws h ard u o n co mparat ive phys iolog y n I p t hi s j o urnal , as it wo ul d be in an academ y o r sc i ent ifi c asso ci atio n t he rul e has b een to al lo w o n ly t hese p sy chi cal i n ui ri es t o ent er i n w hi c h nat ural hi sto ry metho ds and p rocesses well app roved, have been engaged It is w i th p rofo und pl easure, t herefo re t hat we d raw attentio n to D r A l ex ander Bai n s paper, read at t he l ast meeti ng o f the Bri ti sh A sso ci atio n, upo n the mo OfanthrOpOlogy and it s rel at io n to t h e sc i ence o f mi nd S ays thi s d i sti ng ui shed autho rity : T he mo de Of research, g ro und ed o n di scri mi nat i ve sens ibility, and wo rki ng up fro mt hat, acco rdi ng to t he b est k no wn p ri ncipl es o f o ur i ntell ectual nat ure, may be co nt rasted w i th anot her mode w hi c h has al ways been in vog ue, namely fi ndi ng o ut and n oti ng any s urpri s i ng feats th at ani mal s can p erfo rm, o ut o f all p rop ort io n to w hat w e s ho uld be led to ex pect Of th em T he S pi rit o f s uc h i n ui ri es is rather to defy expl anatio n than to ro mote it ; t hey d elig ht t o no n l us and p uzzl e t he sc i entifi c ih p p vestig ato r, who is wo rki ng his way up ward by slo w step s to the hig her mysteri es Befo re acco unti ng fo r the ex ceptio nal gi fts Of — the g eni uses Of a t ri be ani mal s we sho uld be abl e to p rove the average and rec urri n g cap abili ti es .
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ppose th at mental ualiti es do no t ad mit o f measurement N O do ubt t he hig her co mpl ex feeli ngs o f the mi nd are i ncapabl e Of bei ng stated wi th n umeri cal p reci sio n yet It
is
o to
an err r
su
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A nt/zropology
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p roper mod e o f app roac hi ng the subj ec t a very c o nsid erabl e deg ree Of acc uracy is attai nabl e A s to the p resent po sitio n o f the sc i ence o f mi nd in the Briti sh A sso ci atio n it is no wh ere Tak en in snatches it appears in several plac es ; it wo uld co me in under zo Olo gy whi ch emb races all th at und er phys iolo g y in co nnectio n wi th t he rel at es to an i mal s nervo us sy stem and the senses ; and it fig ures still mo re l arg ely al t ho ugh in an al togeth er subo rdi nat e and sc arcely ack no wl edg ed I nd eed to ex cl ud e it fashi o n in the sect io n o n an th ropolo gy fro m thi s sectio n wo uld be i mpo ssib le ; man is no thi ng witho ut h is mi nd No w whil e zoOlogy and phy siology wo uld k eep the st udy Of mi nd w i thi n narro w li mi ts th ere is no suc h narro wness in the p resent sect io n I n the ampl e bo so mOf anth ropology any really val uabl e c o ntrib utio n to the sci ence Of mi nd sho uld h ave a nat u ral pl ace Psyc hology has no w a very large area Of neut ral [non c o nt ro versial] i n fo rmatio n ; it po ssesses materi al s g athered by t he same method s Of ri g o ro us observatio n and i nductio n th at are followed in T he research es o f thi s sectio n ex empli fy so me the o ther sc i ences I f th ese researc h es are persi sted in they w ill g o still Of th ese furth er i nto the h eart o f psy chology as a sc i ence and the t rue c o uI se w ill be to wel co me all the new ex peri ment s fo r determin in g ment al facts w i th p rec i sio n and to t reat psy chology as an To thi s s ub divi sio n wo uld ac k no wl edged memb er Of the sec t io n t hen be b ro ug ht the researches i nt o t he b rai n and nerves t h at deal wi th ment al functio ns ; the ex peri ments o n the senses h avi ng at hemati cs reference to o ur sensatio ns ; t he whol e o f the p resen t m o f man bodily and ment al ; the st ill mo re adv anced i n ui ri es re lati ng to o ur i ntellig ence ;and the n at ure Of emo t io n as ill ust rated In by ex p ressio n in t he man ner o f D arwi n s famo us t reati se deed if yo u were to admit s uch a paper as th at co nt rib uted by M r S pencer to the A nth ropologi cal I nstit ute yo u w o ul d commit r rai d o n the g ro und o f p sy chology th an o l to m u h f h r u r s f a u e t e c y — A n r o t h is i mpli ed in s uch an enumerat io n as t he fo regoi ng j p
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— BI L I I Y M I Jo seph J acob s
J EWI S H A who has been co mmun i eating to the A nth ropo logi cal I nstit ut e papers upo n t he J ew i s h rac e rep rod uces in t he February n umber o f t he j o urnal o f th at s o c i ety his pap er read at the A berdeen m eeti ng Of t he Bri t i s h A sso c i atio n A pplyi ng to J ews M r Galto n s method s Wi th reference to h ereditary gen i us in E ngl and he ai ms to find ho w many emi nent men o f certai n rank ex i st in each millio n o f E ngl i sh men S cotcl men and J ews It follo ws th at the 7 2 2 000t h is e ual in abi lity to the 7 39 000th S c o tc h man and t he 7 56 000th Engli s hman recko n i ng fro m the botto m Or in oth er word s if we too k a hun d red men at hazard '
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Gener al N otes
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fro m each
th ree races the 7 2d Jew recko ned fro m the l east abl e wo uld e ual in ability the 7 4 th S cotch man o r t he y6 th Engli s h man and w o ul d be the s uperio r to the 7 2d o f eith er Of t he oth er t wo races T hus we arri ve at l ast at a real co mparative esti mate o f J ew i sh abili ty w hi ch we may state ro ughly in t he fo l lo wi n g way T he average Jew has fo ur per cent mo re ability th an the average E ngli sh man and two per cent mo re th an the average S c ot c h man T he men o f ability are arranged in g rades acco rdi ng to th eir It is i nteresti ng t o n o te emi nence over t he S pace Of a c ent ury even the names I n the fi rst ran k M r J acob s pl ac es Benj ami n Di sraeli H ei nri ch H ei ne Ferdi nand L assall e and Feli x Barthol dy Benfey Mend el ssoh n I n the seco nd c lass are A uerb ach BOrne C remi eux Gans A Geiger Gra tz H al e vy S ir W H er sch ell J acobi J esse] L ask er Mai mo n Marx Mey erb eer N eand er Oppert Palg rave R ach el R i cardo J ul es S i mo n S tei n t hal an d L azarus S ylvester S tei nsch neider and Z unz T he reaso ns assi g ned by M r J acob s fo r J ewi sh ability in c er tai n li nes are do ubtl ess co rrect and furni sh a co nfutatio n Of the doct ri ne th at o nly p rosperity mi n i sters to h uman p rogress Of the
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— L A NG UA GE Dr
Bri nto n read b efo re the A meri T H E M A NGUE b er l ast a paper o n the Mangue, can Philo sop hi cal S o c i ety , in N ovem T he hi ef an ext i nct d i al ect fo rmerly spoken in N i carag ua s o urce o f thi s paper was the M S Of D o n J uan E l igio de la R o ha T he Mang ue is the moth er to ng ue fro m whi ch t he Chi apanec i T he M ang ues at o ne ti me o ccupi ed o f Chi ap as b ranch ed Ofl t he whol e coast, fro m the ent rance Of the Gul f Of N i c oya to F Onseca bay S o me ti me in the fo urteenth cent ury a l arge co l o ny Of A ztecs d escend ed t he c o ast and seiz ed the st rip b et ween L ak e N i carag ua and t he Pac ifi c t hus S plitt ing t he M ang ues in t wo and d rivi n g a l arge p art Of th em fro m t h ei r ho mes .
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is t he name given by L eo n de R o sny to a certai n do ubl e pl ate o f t he C ortesian Co dex By that name he i ntended to i ndi cate th at the tabl e or pl ate refers to t he fo ur Bacabs, o r god s, whi ch were s up po sed to b ear up the fo ur co rners — the god s o f the cardi nal poi nts Of the earth On thi s pl ate are the fo ur ch aracters suppo sed to be the sy m bol s o f the ardi nal poi nts A s th ese p robably o ccupy o n t hi s plate th ei r p ro per relative po si tio ns , we have h ere, perh aps the best ex i sti ng d ata by whi ch to d etermi ne the respective poi nts to w hi ch the symbol s are assig ned Enteri ng upo n the st udy Of the pl ate w ith thi s Obj ect in vi ew , I soo n formed the Opi nio n th at the pl ate is, in fact , a Gal en dar tabl e T he di sco very th at t he ro ws Of day sy mbol s, li nes and dots in the o uter fo rm but a si ngl e co nti nuo us li ne and cover o ne cyc l e o f t hi rteen mo nth s , o r 260 day s co nvi nces himo fthe co rrect A pplyi ng thi s di sco very to the plate 44 Of t he n ess Of thi s Opi n io n
T A BL EA U
D ES
BA C A ES
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Cod ex and beari ng in mi nd that it was M ex i can it was readily sho w n to be a cal en dar fo rm e pl an as the ed upo n t he sam ” Tabl eau des Bacabs H I S nex t step was to d et ermi ne if po ssi ble the Obj ect Of the si ngul ar arrangement Of the d ays in the mid ervary dle ci rcl e Of the C o rtes ian pl at e and in the co rners o f the Fej pl ate Thi s he has sho wn cl early to h ave been in acco rd ance w ith both a Maya and Mex i can c usto m Of di vidi ng t he t wenty days Of the mo nth i nto fo ur g ro up s by pl aci n g th em in t he o rder th ey co me o ne alternati ng in each g ro up Each Of th ese s o f bo th c s u e r a s r a n o t h e r a r o p h v p i l l tio to o y u e e a e f f a e o n g cal endar systems T he fi rst part Of my paper is devoted to the ex pl anatio n and di sc ussio n Of th ese po i nts ; the remai n i ng po r tio n to the proper assignment Of the cardi nal poi nt sy mbol s I n t he co urse Of thi s di sc uss io n I ent er at so me l ength i nto t he uestio n o f t he assig n ment Of t he years colo rs an d el ements S i nce the p ubli catio n Of thi s p aper it has b een ascertai ned t h at so me Of the co nc l us io ns reach ed by me h ave b een arri ved at i ndepend ently by o ne o r t wo o f the European st ud ent s who se papers o n th ese co di ces will sho rtly be p ubli shed I am how sat i sfi ed th at I am abl e to ex pl ai n and ill ust rate t he use and s ig n ificance Of nearly all t he numeral s in t he D resd en and o t h er M aya co dic es By means Of thi s di sc overy the reality o f whi ch is demo nst rabl e mo st o f the obliterated day sy mbol s and n umeral c h aracters can be resto red an d erro rs in t he rep rod uctio ns de Thi s di scovery S ho ws th at th ese calendar systems are tec ted — u c e m h S i mpl er than th ey have b een s uppo sed to b Cy rus ervary Fej
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A BOR I G I NA L BA KI NG PA Ns I wi sh to call thespec i al attentio n m u o f archa o lo g ist to a fo rm o f sto ne i m e e n d l t po hi h di n w c a p has j ust sent to the t io nal ligh t has been th ro wn L t R ay N ational M useum a coll ectio n o f Obj ects ill ust rati ng the abo rig inal i nd ust ri es Of the H upa I ndi ans Of Cali fo rn i a A mo ng th ese are five sto ne i mpl ements call ed b aki ng pans, used in cooki ng b read mad e Of aco rn meal T h ey may be very p ro perly termed ” i ndivid ual pans, each o f th em hol di ng eno ug h meal to bake a good s iz ed c o rn cak e w i t h b ro wn c rus t all aro und Th ey are made eith er of lapiso llaris, o r o f a so ft schi st not s ubj ect to fire c rack s T he di mensio ns are as fo llo ws, alt ho ugh the o utli ne is a -
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Very
i rreg ul ar o val —L ength
inch inches ; w idth, 2 5{ inches ; heig ht, i nches L ength, 3 I nches ; w idth , 3 54 I nches ; heig ht, 1 inc hes L engt h, 5 i nches ; w idth, 3 % i nc hes ; height, ” inc hes L en g th, 4 in ches ; w idt h, 3 53 i n ches ; heig ht 2 L ength, in ches ; width, 5 5 i nches ; height, I X inches
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W ith the ex ceptio n Of to 1 i nch o f schi st th ey are fro m thi c k Co mpari ng th ese wi th o ur archa o log ical coll ectio ns I find many sp ec i mens o f so ft materi al l ab el ed p ai nt c ups which are muc h mo re likely to h ave b een i ndivid ual baki ng pans — ,
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V0!
XX
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NO
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VI
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General N otes
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W
—T
d the end Of A p ril the sec retary Of the S mi t h so n i an I nstit utio n receiv ed fro mD r S tephen Bo wers OfS an Buenav ent ura C ali fo rni a edi to r o fthe Pacific S a enee M onthly N o 4 Vol 1 Of th at p ubli catio n co ntai ni ng an acco un t Of t he di scov ery o f I ndi an reli cs in a cave in the S an M arti n mo untai ns L os A ngel es co unty C ali fo rni a A mo ng the reli cs were four heavy perfo rat ed sto ne (p robably serp enti ne) di sk s measuring fro m fo ur to five and a hal f i nch es in di ameter and still retai n i ng th ei r handl es o f toy on o r bearberry wood whi ch is amo ng the hard est in S o uth ern Cali fo rni a T he handl es are fro m thi rteen to f bl untly T O j udg e sev enteen i nches in l en g t h and are c ut Of fro m an acco mpanyi ng photog raph the st o nes are in every way analogo us to a certai n c l ass amo n g the many perfo rated sto nes coll ected by M r Paul S c h um ach er and o th ers in the same neig h bo rhood and now in the archa o lo g ical co ll ectio n Of the Natio nal M useum “ D r R au ex p ressed ten years ago (in A rcha o lo g ical C oll ectio n ” the Opi nio n th at the mo re Of the U S N atio nal M useum p b ulky o f the Cali fo rni an di sk or co ne shaped sto nes served as cl ub h eads and he was st rength ened in his vi ew by the fact th at the ex t ensiv e N atio nal M useum coll ec tio ns fro m the abov e named ents whi ch co ul d h ave regio n co ntai n no o t her h eavy i mpl em been used for st riki ng ; but he co uld not th en fo resee th at his th eo ry wo uld be so unex pectedly verifi ed by the fi ndi ng o f such M r S ch umach er co n sto nes w i t h thei r h an dl es s till i nserted sidered the sto nes as weights fo r di g gi ng sti ck s rel y i n g o n the ent o f a h al f b reed vagnero statem AR
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D I GGI NG
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vorite l anguage among li n g ui st i c st ud ents as well as amo n g the schol arly aut ho rs Of T he h armo nio us vocali c struct b ook s o n A meri can eth nology ure Of its wo rds as well as the cop io usness o f its literat ure may acco unt fo r that and we g rateful ly ack nowl edge every new effo rt to pop ul ariz e the st udy Of A ztec w h enever such efl o rts T he di recto r o f the Mex i can S tati st i cal rest o n a sc i entifi c basi s Bureau M r A nt Pefi afiel has made a new ad vance in th at di rce t io n by rep ubli shi n g t he A rte Mex i cana Of the J es uit p ri est Of P ueb la A nto n io del R i nco n (d i ed w ho after a p rolo nged t heo reti c study o f h is ow n di al ec t th at Of T ezcuco p ubli sh ed the A nto nio del R i n co n was a de abov e A zt ec g rammar in ” ki ngs o f T ezcuco n ear Mex i c o and as s uch scendant Of the had peculi ar faciliti es Of b eco mi ng ac uai nted with all the dial ect s o f A nah uac if n ot Of the whol e N ah uatl family I n the vo cab ul ary app end ed he di f fers in many poi nts fro m Moli na and w h eth er he t hen g ives his nativ e Tez cucan dial ect fo rms o r vary ing fo rms Of the literary A ztec; is not al ways po ssibl e to find o ut A s an early so urce for di al ecti c st udy t he A rte Mex i can a w i ll p rove to be of peculi ar val ue A S Gatsc/ret T HE A
Z T EC
L
A N GU A GE
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MI CJR OS OOPY
1 .
— T he follo wi ng n ot e refers to S T R UC T UR E OF T H E H UMA N S H I N a method Of i s ol ati ng the epid erm i s o f h uman and oth er emb ry os fro m the
d lyi ng dermi s and to t he p resence Of a l ayer o f cell s no t p revio usly d escrib ed whi ch may b e Ob served i n the epid ermi s w h en so p repared and whi ch co rrespo nds I t hi nk to t he epit ri c hi umOf bi rd s T he method is al so c o nveni ent fo r the s t udy of the d evelopment o f hai rs I t is w ell k no wn to phys i c i ans th at if the foet us di es and is retai ned it is p reserved fo r a c o ns iderabl e period w itho ut dis inte f i o h e i u u a o n ti ss e n t h m ioti c fl id s p i th s r t e t a n I n m n s u s e c e g p reserved it is o ften fo und th at the epid ermi s is loosened so much t h at st rips can beremo ved witho ut tearing o ff t he und erlyi ng ti ssues N o w as the amnioti c fl uid is littl e mo re than a salt sol utio n the fac ts j ust stated nat urally sug gest t hat a salt sol utio n p reserved fro m septic c h anges is s ufl i cient to loo sen the epidermi s o f the em b ryo My experi ments have sati sfi ed me th at a sojo urn ofseveral sol utio n o f co m r e m w days in a c t o s a lt ith r c e t e n n n e p p t hy mol added to p revent p ut refac tio n is a simpl e and sati sfacto ry way o f liberati ng the emb ryo n i c epi dermi s fro m its co nnectio ns so that bits can be eas ily re ov ed for hi stologi cal exam i natio n for w hi c h th ey are apparently still adapted even the mi nute st ruc t ure o f t he nuc l eus w ill p ersi st th ro ug h thi s t reatment tho ugh imperfectly A p i ece o f epid ermi s o f a h uman emb ryo o fabo ut six mo nth s tak en fro m the scalp by t hi s met hod and stai ned w it h h a ma eac h dot repre to x y line is s ho wn in the acc o mpanyi ng fig ure sents a n uc l eus We disti ng ui sh two ki nds of nuc l ei t hose whi ch are darker stai ned and those whi c h are lighter S o me Of the n uc l ei in the fig ure appear d arker fro man oth er cause to be stated di rectly but w ith the exceptio n Of th ese all the dark nuclei belo ng to cell s whi ch part i c ipate in the fo rmatio n o f the hai rs t he A t fi rs t the dark nucl ei make a li ttl e cl ust er as at 1 and 2 c l usters g row in size ; o ne a litttle l arger is seen j ust to the left o f that numbered 2 o ne a good deal larger is sho wn at 3 S ec tio ns i s and s ho w that s uch c l usters are o n the und er s id e Of t he epid erm fo rm S light p rot uberances o r rudi ment ary p apill a ; t he papill a l engt h en o ut and ac ui re ro unded ends 4 th ey gro w rapidly do wn i nt o the cuti s and by the c o ntractio n Of th ei r upper part bec o me cl ub sh aped 5 and 6 T he next step is the fo rmatio n o f the der mal papill a o f the hai r 7 a littl e notch ari ses at the t hi ck end of al i ng ro wth and the ti ss ue filli ng thi s not c h is the S O the epid erm called dermal papill a T he fig ure presents al so a well d eveloped h air ; h ere t he ax i al po rtio n of the papilla has fo rmed the hai r I t whil e the co rti cal po rt io n has formed the folli c le f the end Of the un er
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Edited by D r C O .
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W H I T MA N Mus
T he illustrations are borrowed
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Co mparati ve Zoalogy, C ambridge Mass
an ing work on hum froma forthcom
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m
e bryokg y .
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(Ja
mal N ous
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h ai r is thi c kened lz as the so called hai r b ulb ; the sebaceo us gl and 6 1 has b egun to g ro w o ut fro m the folli cul ar wall s I n t he upper p art o f t he folli cl e the h ai r li es uit e free h enc e in sev eral pl aces w h ere the h ai rs h ave b een fo rcibly to rn o ff the up per part o f the folli cl e F still remai ns whil e the lo wer part attac h ed '
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—Emb y
mis to the h ai r is go ne I n the wall s of the fo lli c l eI n oti ce gran ul es w hi ch I tak e to be o f eleidine (cf R anvi er s T raité tech n i ue Fto
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L
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epider
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T he ab ove descripti on
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thi ng
n a ns no
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v merely as an explanatio n o f the p reparation regard ed as T he p repa an obj ec t to d emo nst rate the develop ment o f h airs ratio n al s o rev eal s t he ex i stence o f an i m po rtant undescribed layer in the s ki n namely the epit ri chi um W ith a lo w po wer o ne observes in the p reparation we h ave been c o nsid eri ng and in oth ers si mil ar to it th at th ere are scat tered abo ut every wh ere li ttle gro up s o f nuc l ei th ree to five as I in Fig l whi ch ap pear d arker t h an the rest ; o n ly a very few o f th ese are rep resented in the d rawi ng ; exami natio n wi th a high er power sho ws th at thi s effect I s p rod uc ed by large stai ned bo di es lyi ng on the o uter s urface o f the ski n T he ch aracters o f the bodi es in uestio n are i ndi cated by the ac co mpanyi n g fig ure They are i rreg ul ar in size and shape i r u l r n i g p p u t e r a n a e ; q aratio ns stai ned in pi c ri c acid carmine eac h body is readily seen to lie in a separate area w ith very di s ti nct polyg t he o nal o utli nes but area is o nly partly fill ed by the body ; o c casio n ally th ere is a di sti nc t all er ro und body o f sm s ize and mo re darkly stai ned th an the mai n body we are no w de s c ribi ng I c o nsider — 2 F w H u m n i i m r c h u e t i the o utli nes to be cellu p lar the g ranul ar bo di es to be t he shrunken mass of p rotopl asm I n fact o f the c ell s and the i nn er ro und body to be the n uc l eus the suppo sed nucl ei appear very clearly in al mo st every o ne o f t he cell s after a spec i men has b een stai ned by al um ha mato xy li ne T he cell s are very much l arg er than those o f the ho rny layer p roper two l ayers o f whi c h are d rawn m in the fig ure to scal e fo r c o m pari so n T he l ayer o f cell s I s co nti nuo us over t he whol e surface even over t he h ai r folli cl es and the h ai rs and is ab sol utely di sti nct fro m the ho rny l ayer It can h ardly be ues t io ned th at it is ho mologo us w ith t he so call ed epit ri c hi um o f Fo r a full acco unt o f the epit ri chi um o f tho se bi rds and reptil es ani mal s I refer to the val uabl e memoi r by E G Gardi ner in the A rchiv fI i r mik ro skopi sch e A nato mic V o l xxxv p 289 Wel cker lon g ag o (1864 ) sho wed th at an epi tri chi um o r a spec i al l ayer amm o uts id e o f t he ho rny l ayer ex i sts in vario us m al s but K ol liker has exp ressly d eni ed the o cc urrence o f a t rue epit ri chi um in man and after sayi n g in his l arger Entwickelung sgeschichte u f e r a s o p th t o t p 2 d c d 6 a t h e r t t h e h o r n l e r m a a b e 7 ) 7 y y y ( th ro wn o ff;adds it has not been demo nst rated that o ver all and to
ser e
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in the fi rst i n stan e o nly the ex ternal layer is slo ugh ed OH;an d th at b et ween thi s and t he nex t follo wi ng ho rny l ayers there is a ” d efi nite co nt rast A s we have seen the di sti ngui sh ed Wii rzburg ustifi ed by t he facts , b ryol ogi st has ex p ressed do ubts no t j em th ere bei ng an ex ternal l ayer whi ch is ext remely di fferent fro m the ho rny l ayer, and is apparently a t rue epit ri chi um T he h uman epi tri chi um, so far as I h ave observed is d evel oped q uite l ate, abo ut the fo urth o r fi fth mo nth tho ugh to be s ure an en l argemen t o f t he o utermost epid ermal cell s may be .
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observed earli er th an thi s I deem it p rob ab le th at the p resence o f the epi tri c hi um as an i ntact memb rane results in the retentio n o f the secretio ns o f the foetal sebaceo us gl and s and is th erefo re the immedi ate cause of t hat hit herto unex pl ai ned ph eno meno n the fo rmati on o f the so call ed ver nix caseosa o f phy si ci ans It is not rare in sci ence that s o methi ng eas ily seen remai ns lo ng o verlooked and each ti me we are to uched by s urp ri se when ob s ervatio n is th us c o rrected C ertai nly t he h uman s ki n is not a st ruct ure whi ch t he mi c ro sc o pi st wo uld h ave searc hed in o rder to di scover a new l ayer o f c ell s w hi ch are easily demonst rated I may co nfess t hat I looked at the p rep and v ery co nspi c uo us aratio ns whi c h S ho w the epit ri chi um pl ai nly a g reat many ti mes w itho ut observi ng at all w h at I no w see at t he fi rst g lance .
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C/I arles S edn
ck
M
1301.
K A R YOK I NES I S —I n the st udy o f karyoki nesis in the arth ropods 1 Pro fesso r J B Carnoy obtai ned the best res ults with the t wo follo wi ng mi x t ures : .
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( ) I
’
C hromic
Osmi c
,
acid
ac id
Glacial
(
2
(
2
p
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c . or
more)
p
.
acetic acid
a t e o r r o sive sublim C ( ) Glacial acetic acid (I p 2
.
T he obj ect (testes) is left fro m six to '
mi x tures ;th en wash ed al c ohol
in
ten
di still ed waters
mi nutes
in o ne o f th ese and further hardened in
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:o
S CI ENTIFI C N E WS
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cke ma
p ro fesso r o f botany in A mhers t Col l ege di ed March 15 aged si xty ni ne years H e was a g rad uate o f H arvard Coll ege o f t he H ar of U n io n Coll ege st udi ed hi sto ry p hilo sop h o y a n d b t a n vard L aw S c hool (I 8 y any and in 185 8 was appoi nted to t he several years in Germ herst Co llege whi c h he h eld to the day of c h ai r o f botany at A m Ed ward T u
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L a C yto dié ré se chez les A rthropo da , p 20 fas , L ouvai n, ’ Modified form of Flemming s mixture
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E x t r a i t de la R evue (
L a C ellule,
S cienti fic N ews
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Di sti ng ui shed as a li henologi st , Tuckerman was o ne h is d eath o f o ur most philo so phi cal botan i sts an d a rip e s holar w i t h l i t erary ski ll o f a high o rder b elo ng i n g to a family well kn o wn fo r its literary and mus i cal tastes P ro fesso r T uckerman was a m u d s i o n r i n t y f t h W hit e M o u n t i flo i s n a e a e t h e s o e a H e n r a p an ex plo rer w i ll be ever remembered in the ravi ne o f M t Wash i n g to n whi ch bears his name A mo n g his p ri nc ipal w o rk s are " t h e follo w i ng : A n enumeratio n o f N o rth A meri can L i ch enes 184 5 A synops i s o f the L i ch enes o f New Engl and the oth er ” N o rt hern S tates and Briti sh A meri ca 184 8; Genera L ichenum ” “ an arrangemen t o f the N o rth A meri can L i ch ens 187 2 ; A ” sy n ops i s o f the N o rt h A m eri can L i chens , part I 1882 H e al so ' c o nt rib uted the chapt er o n li henes to the bot any o f Wi lk es U S Explo ri n g Ex peditio n, and was the autho r of a n umber o f oth er papers and wo rks .
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—T he ann ual report of the t
t the A meri can M useum — N ew Yo rk for 1885 86 o f N atural H i sto ry in C en t ral Park rog ress in the sci entifi c d ev elop m s ho ws g rati f n f h i g p t t e n o a t y i n stit utio n T he expendi t ures fo r mai nt enance were w ere spent fo r i mp rov emen ts and ad ditio ns to w hi l e a gi ft o f M r W H Vanderbilt bei n g the c oll ect io ns ; ent fund T he p urch ases in cl ud e the carri ed to the endo wm Bail ey coll ect io n o f bi rd s nest and egg s to ward the p urch ase o f w hi c h M rs R ob ert L S tewart c o nt rib uted $ 1500 rus ees of ,
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—T he
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l b tio the i ty n i nth year o f the N ew Yo rk A cad emy o f S ci ences took pl ace o n the even i ng o f May l oth at Col umbi a Coll ege S ec retary H L Fai rchild read an i nteresti ng résum é o f the so ci ety s hi sto ry D r A sa Gray read his fi rst pap er I ts fi rst p res i dent was the H o n S amuel befo re thi s so ci ety ice sev en y ears H e was succeeded L M i tc h ell who h eld the o fl by D r Joh n To rrey Majo r Joseph D elafield P rofesso r Ch arl es T he hi sto ry of the so c i ety A Joy and D r Joh n S N ewberry ect o f a fo rth co mi ng vol ume will fo rm the subj n of
e e ra
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—Fro m the
po rt
of
Philadelphia were rai sed it appears th at as the result o f speci al effort fo r the p resent an d fut ure s uppo rt o f the garden S till a l arge endow ment fund is needed t o ren d er the garden permanent T he most remarkabl e addi tio n was a pai r o f h ai ry nosed wo mbats fro mA ustrali a A notabl e additio n is th ree h ybrid s bet ween a female Cams latr ans and a mal e dog said to be a S cotch c oll ey re
the Z o ologi cal
S oci ety
of
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i nteresti ng feature o f recent numbers of the Jo urnal o f the R oyal M i cro scopi cal S o c i ety has b een the p ubli catio n of po rt raits T he fro m photog raph s o f all the p resid ents o f the so ci ety A p ril n umb er furni sh es a full page lik eness o f the present p resi dent R ev W H Dal li nger n
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o a e s i e c i e n t c S t z S qf fi '
oa rdi ng s -
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Wall ace
di sti ng ui shed Engli sh natural ist is to give a co urse o f eight l ect ures at t he L owell I n stit ute Bo sto n Mass begi nn i ng in No vember nex t —M r C W Peach so well k n o wn as a zealo us fi eld naturali st and c oll ecto r o f fo ssil s w hose nam e appeared so o ften in Go sse s sea sid e book s di ed in March —D r T S pencer Cobbo ld well kno wn fo r his wo rk on para s itic w o rms di ed in L o ndo n I n Marc h ag ed fifty seven T he emi nent botan i st o f L i ege P ro fesso r C J E M o rren di ed l ate in Feb ruary at the age o f fifty th ree years -
M r A l fred R .
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P R OC EEDI N GS OF N A T I ONA L A
papers s ented On
OF
C A D EM Y
S CI ENTI FIC S OCI ETI ES
—I n addition to
S C I ENC ES
d at the Washi ngto n meeti ng p ril 2 1st and 2 2d
t he
rea
A
By Og den N R ood of the C am brian systemof N orth A
color co ntrast.
C lassification D Walcott .
C rystallization Wright
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the li st
of
follo wi ng were pre
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merica (by invitation)
By C has
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of
b l n u m m e a n s i a t y p
the electric discharge in vacuo
of
By A
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T he S tomatopoda o f the
collection.
Challenger
By
By W K Brook s Budding in the T unicata Effect of magn etization o n the electrical resistance of
W
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K Brooks
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On
a
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W Wright Greenland during the present summer
osed expedition o r p p
w ith c
o as
metals
in to the i nterior of a base (by in vitation ) By R .
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By A
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E Peary, U S .
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i g meeti ng o f the acad emy the H enry D raper medal w as fo r the fi rst ti me awarded to P ro fesso r S P L angl ey T he Wats o n med al wi t h an for his research es o n solar physi cs ho no rari um o f o ne h undred doll ars was given to D r B A Go uld as a recog nitio n o f his servi ces to ast ro no my in fo undi n g A t t he same meeti ng and co nd ucti n g the Co rdo va observato ry a biog raphi cal n oti ce o f the l at e P ro fesso r A rnol d Guyot pre pared by Pro fesso r J D D ana was p resented and a s i milar notice D raper was read by Pro fess or o f the l ate P ro fess o r Joh n W Bark er A t
an even n
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Marc h 6
—Co mmun i
W BI OL OGI C A L S atio ns : D r Geo rg e Vasey N ew and recen t spec i es o f N o rt h A meri can g rasses ; M r C harl es H allo ck , Hyper i nsti n t Of an i mal s ; D r W S Barnard , Exhibitio n o f a fung us with remarks ; D r H G Bey er, U S N , R emarks o n antipy reti cs A S H I NGT ON,
OC I ET Y OF
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— March 20 Co mmun i catio ns : .
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D E S al mo n and D r Th S mi th N otes on so me biologi cal analy ses o f Poto mac d ri nki ng w ater ; D r H G Beyer U S N R emark s o n antipy reti cs ; D r W S Barnard Ex hibitio n of a fung us, with remark s ; M r F H .
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Knowlto n, A 1885
ddi tio ns to
cha
and
n
— pri l 3 C o mmuni catio ns :
ges
in the
Flora Col umbi ana for
.
Frank Baker and M r J L W o rtman R ecent i nvestigatio ns i nto the mech an i smof the elbow j oi nt ; M r J B S mith S o me pec uli ar seco ndary sex ual ch arac ters in the D eltoid s and th ei r suppo sed fun ctio n ; D r C H art — m r Co ntrib utio ns to N o rth A me i can mammalogy I I I M erri a D escriptio n o f a new s ub species o f a g ray s ui rrel ; D r R W S hufeldt U S A S o me early and as yet unp ubli sh ed d rawi ngs o f A ud ubo n A p ri l 17 Co mmun i catio ns : D r Th eo Gill T he ch arac teri sti cs and famili es o f i n io mo us fi sh es ; M r F A L ucas N otes o n the v erteb ra Of A mphi uma S i ren and Menopo ma ; Mr Frederi ck True I Exh ibition o f a wood hare with ab no rmal g ro wth o f fur ; 2 S o me di sti ncti ve c ran i al charac ters o f the Canadi an ly nx ; M r Joh n B S mith A nts nests and thei r i nh abitants — Co mmuni cations : D r R E C S tearns I nstances o f May I the effec t o f musi cal so und s on an i mal s ; D r Joh n A R yd er T he evol utio n Of the mammali an pl acenta ; D r T H Bean T he tro ut o f N orth A meri ca w ith ex hibition of speci mens ; M r W H Dall I On the attach ment o f L i ng ul a w ith ex hibitio n of spec i m ens ; 2 On the divisio ns o f the gen us Pecten A
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N Ew
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A
YOR K
p rogress in ch emi st ry by College H art fo rd Co nn ,
,
March
OF S C I ENC ES ,
C A D EMY
Dr
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H Carri ngto n .
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— March 2 2 S ig nificance o f flo ra to the I ro matical notes) by M rs Erminnie A S mith .
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miti gated vi rus by Mr
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Bolto n,
q
of
Tri ni ty
oi s (w ith gram
u
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— March 29 Th eo ries c o ncern i n g
15,
— 1886 R ecent
p rotective i nfl uenc e
the
of
Pitki n — A p ril 5 Geologi cal n otes in Western Vi rgi ni a N o rth Caro li na and Eastern Tennessee (ill ust rat ed with speci mens) by D r N L Britton — A pril 19 Mi neralogi cal n ot es (a On the h ardness of a Bra zilian di amo nd ; b A fi fth mass o f meteo ri c i ro n fro m A ug ust a co unty Va ; 0 A steriation in garnet) by M r Geo F K unz Mi neral s Of S taten I sl and by M r B B Chamberli n — r A p i l 26 On the vari ati o n o f d ec o mpositio n in i ro n py rI tes its cause an d its rel atio n to densi ty by D r A l ex i s A J uli en May 3 R evi ew o f the fo ssil fi sh es Of N o rt h A meri ca wit h n oti ce of so me new speci es ill ust rated w ith spec i men s and lant ern vi ews by D r J S N ewb erry .
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— Dr 1886
BOS T ON S OC I ET Y OF N A T U R A L H I S T OR Y March 17 , C C A bbot described the habits o f the white footed mo use ; P rofesso r W m T release read a paper o n the N o rth A meri an spec i es of Th ali c t rum meado w rue) , P ro fesso r W T S edgwi c k ( .
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H
n a k h c m e a r s S S f fi
o arding : o
U
une, 1886
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hibited so me new and si mpl e fo rms o f apparat us in use in the bi o logical labo rato ry o f the M assach usetts I nstit ut e o f Tec h ex
no lo gy
.
— Dr A p ril 7
d rews read a paper o n the d evelop men t Of the t eeth (ill ust rated by the stereopti c o n ) ; D r S K neel and sho wed so m e metalli c t ubes fro m a gi rdl e fo und o n an I ndi an — s kel eto n at Fall river the s or call ed S kel eto n in A rmo r and M r S H S c udd er spoke o f the mod e o f l i fe o f an anc i ent beet le — r 1 M r Perc ival L o well read a paper o n the C o rean A p il 2 lang uage ; and P ro fesso r A Hyatt sho wed and ex pl ai ned H at sc h ec k s mod el s o f the d ev elop m ent o f a verteb rate (A mphio x us) — May 5 T he annual meeti ng was h eld on thi s date Busi nes s A nnual repo rts o f t he curato r sec retary and t reasurer o n t he c ondi tio n and wo rk of the soci ety ; repo rt o f the co mmittee o n t he Walk er p rize fo r 1886 ; el ec tio n o f o ffi cers fo r 1886 7 C o m municatio n : D r G L Goo dal e read a paper upo n plasmoly sis R
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— 86 M r J
C L UB M h R ay ner Edm ands read a paper entitl ed A day o n Fl ume mo untain ” an d a night in t he wild erness ; M r S H S c udd er made so me rem ark s o n the p ro gress o f the S tat e topog raphi cal s urvey ; M r R osewell B L awrenc e ex hibited a new map o f M iddl esex Fell s i ntended to S ho w wood roads an d foot path s T he follo wi ng sub e c w s e s s s u b e n r p t d di io Wh t ho ld do by a r e n f r s u a n e t e o c s : o f o r j p erso ns detai ned (po ssibly lost o r i nj ured ) among woods and mo untai ns Marc h 2 3 M r S H S c ud der o cc upi ed the eveni ng w it h an ac c o unt o f his th ree mo nth s adv en t ures by stage can oe and o x cart with an eclip se party in the W in nepeg and S as katch ewan co un try a uarter o f a cent ury ag o — A paper by Pro fesso r A S Pac kard enti tl ed Over A p ril 14 ” the M ex i can pl ateau o n a diligence was read by M r F W F reebo rn ; P ro fesso r E C Pi c keri ng p resented fo r disc uss i o n plans for a s ummer school in geodesy and topog raphy — to A pril 20 A semi so ci al meeti ng was h eld fro m D uri ng the even i ng R ev John Wo rc ester sho wed fi fty l antern vi ews o f scenery o n the Great R ange A
PPA L A C H I A N
OUNT A I N
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10, 18
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" " it
mE T
A N"
r aw
A
BA
H
sn
R A F D OO'
L l Gl
n n ow
rs ro a r o r
Gu
E
N
—
W
Ba r ton
Ea
.
r
60 7 Pa r L oc m
" 3
E
0
.
.
Cape
En sm xs T A I
R
m“M L I lllnflfl te‘ l -
.
Governmen t Depart ment of S cI ence and Public
n s truct ion
LIT
ac n rr
E
E
R A T UR
“m C
EN I R A L
e
by
J
.
PeI I hi
——
.
a nd
,
sen
at
.
—
-
Ou the
Wes tern C anada
.
-
—
.
a —
;
‘
'
-
'
e
o
os si
lo ra
otes on I
oss
t e
o
—T h
D evelopmen t he D ev elopmen t of A g r lena ter r est r rs Embryology of A rmadillo s s r
o o
a
.
-
’
jar/m
of
e early
G mb P y k l gy —
mar/ in
T he V ision
Brain - M emory in the o f Birds
.
my
cade
.
e
M icr on ofy r A S taining D ish [ I llustrated] -
N 3 W3
ie
an n t on o
PR OC
EE
D I NGS
or
.
et ta s
T he D avenport A A n thr ofiolog y cabulary o f A rc hery
an of
ara
p
.
.
l gy — Th F il M m lF f h L F —N h V i f
Pal eonto
a nd
T ong king : T he A siat ic I slands and n N ews A mer rican N ews 629
sia : .
ex ico
g p L
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’
—
Mechanics o f Zoolog Ph io log ical S elect ion P — i c ifi c I he S w im lad a m i h l l r i u n o t e I s‘ es er o l e fo rmer o ut fiern L l mit s O ti e W hite or Polar Bear [ lllnstrsted] Zoolog ical N ews 6 5 3
H umble Bee
.
Gr ain
.
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.
T h ed a A S un ey 0 apan ; A siatic N ews Europe Euro A us t ralia , et c A frica ica : A merican News Grap
.
.
'
— “
Nom
g
—
E mbry olo
Gilbert s T opographic Features o f L ake S hores an d Pam R ecent u ffi n phlets ’
—
m
”
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l LE
.
t io n of the Form of the s wa n k Da Female in a L am rid l u r in : r iver s i H o rn ) s o f P o ly H isto ry o f the Bu alo GnaL rval Fo rm dermu macadami a Occurren ce o f ea rly stages o f Blepharocera - Entomolog ical N o tes
.
'
A
fl " ! Ch u
0?
Petrog raphI cal
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T
lfi
[I llns
.
-
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599
.
f fy
a
beds
Fig ures of some A merican C onifers S t ra ng e Po llen tubes of L obelia [I llust rated] Boo ks o n Fun i A Pocket M anual o f Bo tan y k of M asses A cha p H and Bo tanical N ews Bota ny
.
MA or I a
I
.
ggmgz i dqsix ff fi fzfl
.
sh
ing
593
E L ew is S tur
u
o verl)
.
'
POI NT
.
mam m
[I r
-
T an
r aost
NT S
certain
'
.
—
T ertiary Fossils in " flail Geological N ews
Gm F
'
J ohn M ur doch
.
itar .
Y E L L OW-mu
I I E
uu
FR A GM
NDA R ?
Es xn l os
-
ta u n t
T
I ON. sa oo
-
°
S craN rI r I c S OC I '
E E TI
S
— V
o
PECUL IA RITI ES I N T HE MA NUFA CTUR E OF S P S N C Y A N R T I E S L P E N E S J ’
OF T H E I M I T A T I ONS
NA T UR E mpion
t h e n o f e s i p p
cha
HE
only
T he upon albuminoids, have inspired physicians o f a be imitated ! suggestive mind to try it also as a so lven t for
mists
manufacturing t t ! resist the tem a i o n p
co uld n ot
diphtheriti c
che
the w ealthiest
Even
,
.
w orld !
found wo rthy to
n s e i p p
ET C
membran es
in the bladder
co ag ulat ed
and
T he success
.
blood
also o f these n o vel
b e c o m n l e l n o w t o e r a k n e g y One party used g lue as o t h r f e e a s m n a l l v r w o e t h e o l i s r d P h a n s c i r h p o e y ant for the production of scale peps in ; an t t i n o r sam les w il l receive w r i f t r r t u rn s o m e k a r e t g n e m p t fl oo d h p i s n c e d i n a o w s u e e d c p r t h a g y p has
uses
a cheapen ing adulter
already
.
.
with their imitatio ns
of
my scale
to its extreme cheapn ess elares
(
n ot to
Dr
p
.
T his party no w de the pro fession ) that they us e sixty .
.
men
H ollman
W ebb! 18 p 2 7 2 ) repo rts the case o f an o ld man a ed 8 r S 0 e a g y suf ferin g from reten tion of uri ne in w ho m t he
epsin , o win g
d N e a l ( -
.
"
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,
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,
by t wo introductio n o f a catheter failed to produce the ’ A third party wrap desired res ult I t was fo und that the bladder hundred ho gs st omachs contained coag ulated albumino id m their imitatio ns in an exact far : i mzle of my cir asses mix e d o nials m t t i e s w b l i t h f o o d A ew ho urs after the inj c ular, mak ing full use o f all m ectio n of y s of u n d o p
dry egg
albu
,
t i z e d n e o p p
.
.
’
.
itations ury these i m i nj
T he great
reparat ions can easily
p
T he pro tection
cause
be un derstood
fly reli ed
chie
.
my
.
f s o r a i n g
in water,
a larg e a
fluid
is thro ugh
upo n
about 16
the pro fession s vig ilance in discriminating be t w een the g enuine an d the spurious art icle
Jensen
Dr
.
mount of
readily
escaped
’
a
Pepsin dissol ved
s
dark , viscI d, fetid
by the catheter
.
—L om1m
’
D r Edwin R
.
.
m ost i n s m e y p p p n ame thus J E NS EN S C rysta l n ow und erlI n e m y Pepsin and no misco nception can excuse sub
W hen
rescribing
sicians h p y
,
tion o f D r
'
tio n to the
,
T he great reputatio n o f this pepsin that it is a pepto n e pepsin , I c , the tex
lodged is all
sto
entirely
thereto
added
is
free
my
é
impro vement in precipitati ng fro m this tion he so lution all of the earthy and sali ne matter,
R
o n ly the azotized constituent, contain ing
all o f the
c t i p e p
n c l e i r i p , p
an d,
n o o ther
that
it
membran es
blood,
the road to
used
acidulated
for
,
help than lik e
a
mittin g
a
acted
ad
,
and
.
was:
Pepsin, A ctdi H ydro chlo ric, C P , A ua 5 ft ’
Jensen s
.
q q S —A pply
finally, is further
an
l n m e t h a c i p g convalescence T he so lu
a ration of the
recent
leaving
the
,
soon o n
us ed
Of pepsi n as an applica
an d reports
,
m dissolving
char
obtain ing
disso lved, thereby
W hen
the peps in .
tracheo to
.
in which the fermen t is
machs
has
,
membran es of diphtheritic pati en ts
my
'
ture o f the
.
acting on the sugges
which there seemed to be
stitutio ns .
.
Wold '
con cen trated solutio n
,
l ies in
L
.
osen thal ,
.
.
.
.
5j .
t t g
.
xx
.
fl .
by dryi ng I t upon g lass plates unti l co pio usl M v e o i r u r w t h e h y y b rittle scales are formed, the reason for its hI gh throat mo o M a r m e M e d i c l F Bulld zn p digestive po wer can eas ily be un derstoo d Why F o r ula fo r i n e o f P ep ai n it surpass es als o in k eeping ualities all o f the concentrated
.
.
a
'
-
.
q
fo rmer pepsins, is owing to its scaly and texture, it being the only org an ic medici ne in
materia medica
ro duced p
R
also
rfectly e p
l e a sant to the taste, p A lthoug h it
C arl J ensen s Pe sin , p S herry or po rt wi ne, G lycerin puris, A cid T artaric ,
.
for the market in
less the most .
bility,
co
luble
an d
S ig f5 .
upo n the tong ue,
ractically
p
c ribed. s r e p
mbined with
its
after
meals
.
viss
.
.
iss
.
g
r. I I .
of
.
For
,
I
severe attacks
of colic
it has
afford ed
few doses have been given when other remedies have
t relief, after a e n r e s p
I ts purity an d solu l i n sho rt in tervals, e r failed i e s t i w o a d ve r e t g p g .
.
OM E
19 2
T his is three grains
C A R L L J EN S EN H
.
.
ino doro us
mmands a higher price than in the market it is n evert he ,
j .
g
r
the pepsin in each teaspoonful
co
other pepsin
any
so
W
’
scales.
I t is
.
m
b ri ttle
the
-
.
OF F I C E
,
203 9
G R
E E N
PHI L A D EL PHI A
.
S T R
,
E E T
,
A M ER
ICA
V OL
A
.
N
NA
— No 1886
xx
.
.
N EW
TR A
BY PR
TU R
P D OOR
.
.
7
.
F A T K I NS ON .
IS T
.
S PID ER
-
OF GEO
A L
.
.
ll wo rk o n trap doo r spid ers M r Mogg ridg e says Th ere wo uld do ubtl ess be a j ust feeli ng of p rid e and satisfac t i o n in t he h eart of a nat urali st who co uld say th at he had mad e h i msel f th o ro ugh ly ac uai n ted with all the spec i es o f a part i cul ar al s had l earned t hei r mo st sec ret h abits and mas ro up o f an i m g t ered th ei r several rel atio ns to the obj ects ani mate and i nani mate w hi ch s urro unded th em But perh aps a still k eener pleasure is e p robl em o f the e njoyed by o ne who carries abo ut w ith him so m k ind but part i ally sol ved and who holdi ng in his h and the c l ue w hi ch shall g uid e him o nward s sees in each new pl ace th at he T he l atter is certai nly v is its fresh op po rt un iti es Of di scovery t he co ndition o f tho se who take an i nterest in searching o ut the ”l h abits and charac ter o f the t rap doo r spider Whil e many i nteresti ng facts in the li fe hi sto ry and arch itect ure o f trap doo r spid ers were ob served and coll ated by M r Mo g e stly says th at m i e m r r e h e a n v y od y i g t d m a e b e a r e t n t o h g g y ered in ; that we are o nly o n t he th reshold o f di scoveri es o f t h ese uietly in the earth cent ury after cent ury c reat ures who h av e l ai n h o ld the doo r and th at he w ill be sati sfi ed to h ave been able to s uffi ci ently aj ar to permit t hose who love nat ure and her ways to catc h a gli mpse of the won d ers and beauties o f the un t ro d den ” land that lies beyo nd A favorabl e circumstance afl o rded me an Opport unity for making some observations o n the unseen wonders and beauties N his
exce ent
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T rap door S plders , S upplement, p s H arvestin t s a A n a n d T d oor d e r s i S r 13 6 , p g p p nts and
H arvesti ng A
-
.
-
vo a xxx -tap .
.
r . ys
.
3
.
18 0.
A
new
Trap
-
’ door S prher
.
bod e of these i nteresting creatures and it is w ith a sense of pl easure that I note them S o me ti me in the l atter part o f May or earl y part o f J une 1885 M r M erritt of Pittsbo ro ugh N C b ro ught to Ch apel H ill two trap doo r spid ers w ith th ei r nests and pl aced th em in the care o f Pro fesso r Hol mes for the University o f N o rt h Caroli na T he n ests with th ei r occupant s w ere pl aced in the g ro un d fo r the summer On N ov 12 after a careful search P rofessor H ol mes was abl e to find on ly o ne and thi s o ne w ith difl i c ulty as fo r so me reas o n it had dug th ro ugh the l ower en d o f the tube and was hi dden in the earth L ater I sh all o fler wh at seems to me may be an ex pl anatio n o f thi s On the mo rni ng o f the same day the s pid er with its t rap doo r nest was pl aced in m w h n c k pi hi e e g y was the fi rst i nti mation I had o f the p resenc e o f s uch an agree able neighbo r A t PM I pl aced th ree and a hal f i nc h es Of earth in a glass w s r fi n c s i d o f a v e i e n di m t s v i n h s e p thi d r a e e r a n d n e e T o e e c h j t he s urface o f the soil was th en c overed w ith moss I n thi s the and the j S pid er was pl aced ar and its co ntents taken to my roo m th at I might if po ssibl e ob serv e the operatio n o f dig gi ng the t ube and maki ng the t rap doo r T he res ults were most g rati fyi ng J ust b efo re goi n g to s upper rv ed t h at the spid er had no t un dertak en t he wo rk at d usk I obse PM Upo n ret urni ng at I fo und the task undertaken T he m “ m m spid er was resti n g in a hol e abo ut 20 d eep by 2 2 in di ame ter w hi c h she had ex cavated at one sid e o f the j I placed t he ar r a u m u d s u m s po n t y t bl j s t b th light t d e n t l a a e u e n e a e f a t o h j y p so th at whil e readi n g I co uld ob serv e any mov em ents made by my co mpan io n T he spid er was resti ng in the hol e w ith its l egs par t ially folded the anterio r o nes lyi ng upo n the edge of the ex ca vatio n A fter I had been ui et fo r so me ti me the spid er b egan to move cautio ixsly and t urni n g abo ut slo wly went h ead fi rst i nto t he hol e and dug fro m the botto m with her mandibl es a pell et of earth abo ut the size Of a s mal l pea Th en t urn i ng carefully aro und she pl aced it at the edge o f the hol e w h ere she p ush ed it off with the aid o f her palpi at the same ti me w o rki n g her mandibl es up an d do wn A t fi rst the spi der seemed ti mid an d w o uld cease op eratio n s upo n the s lightest movemen t o n t he m s e u r n o f f h u r s o f h r l D i g c o v i th t t e e r e e e e o t h a n n r e t e y p g Of the unt rodd en land
whi ch is the
a
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q
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,
A
o
n s e rs , p
Trap
new
-
door S pider
me to my roo m had
who
ca
.
the fo rt une
,
to
witness the
operatio n of diggi ng o ut the earth T he spider soo n became bold paid no attentio n to movements in the roo m and permitted me to watch her very c losely Occasio nally by usi ng b oth palpi at o nce the di rt was fli rt ed sudden l y fro m the g rasp of t he m an dibles wit h s uch fo rce as to st rik e agai nst the oppo site sid e o f the a r H a d n n o s u s e it b thi ob t o di t t h v b t e e f r s u t i n m a e o r c t h e r e n j th rown th ree o r fo ur feet A lter d epo siti ng each load o n the edge o f the hole the spider wo uld t urn aro un d agai n for anot her l oad but befo re pi cki ng it m m up she wo ul d p roj ect the po st erio r pai r o f spi nnerets abo ut 5 fro m the abdo men and carefully k nead the vi sc id li ui d upo n and aro und the fresh ly pl ac ed p ell et o f earth and over the edg e fo r a m m di stance o f 4 o r 5 for the p urpose of maki ng the soil adhere an d p revent its cavi ng in I n Pl ate xxm Fig 4 the spider is s ho wn in the act o f removi ng a pell et o f earth fro m her mandi bles In Fig 5 is represented the appli cation o f the vi sc id li uid T he ends o f the spi n nerets are appli ed to the surface alternat ely as sho wn in the ill ust ratio n T he l egs took no part in t he appli ca ti on o f the vi scid li uid ; n or did the li ui d fo rma th read w h en the spi nnerets were d rawn fro m the s urface as I h ave si nce seen it wh en the spider was c rawli ng abo ut on the s urface of the 1 earth A t I o cloc k wh en the hol e was abo ut in d epth to my “ s urp ri se an d pl easure the S pid er b egan to make the t rap doo r S tandi ng upon its fo re feet and pl ac i ng the S pi nneret s agai nst the gl ass jar at the l evel o f the edge of the hole the spid er covered the gl ass with the vi scid li uid S everal pell ets o f earth were st uck to thi s each ti me anoth er po rtio n o f the vi scid li uid b ei ng ap m m pli ed A fter a depth o f 5 had been bixilt up in thi s way w hi ch was to answer as the hi nge the spid er cut a sprig o f the mo ss and cement ed it to the hi nge so th at the e nd p roj ec ted above it S mal l sti cks parti c l es of moss and earth were c onstantly placed upo n the edge o f the g rowi ng doo r Each ti me the spid er wo uld e o ut o f the hol e fo r new materi al ret reat b ac kward and t urn co m Pl ac i ng the lo ad hal f way aro und so as to apply it to the doo r .
,
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q
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q
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,
q
q
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,
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’
,
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q
,
q
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,
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1
AsI
mn ow w riting Jan
a
,
.
16, 18 86
P ll
,
.
.
,
the S pider is crawling about
q
on
ar of earth S o metimes the viscid li uid adhering the surface o f a freshly prepared j “ oss ect is draw n o ut in a band o f si lk a wide, and the pieces of to some o bj .
h are 1003e matted
strewn o n the eart
“id eof the in . .
together in the
m
ath of the spider about t e
p
h
A
new
Trap door S pider -
.
id e o f the p arti al doo r she w o uld carefully mo ve it up to the edge Th en pl ac i ng t he di stal po rtio n o f the p alpi al po rtio n of and anterio r p ai r o f l egs above whil e the p ro x i m th ese li mb s and the ends o f the mandibl es were o n the un der s id e o f t he p ell et and doo r she wo uld fit and p ress it in sh ap e as o ne wo uld mold w ith the h an d a moi st po rtio n o f eart h by p ress T hi s is il lust rated in Fig 7 Plate xx m i ng it i nto a thi n sh eet I nd eed it look ed very much like the bl ack bo ny fi ngers o f a hand perfo rmi ng the wo rk o f p ressi ng T he g reatest p ressure seemed to be b ro ught to b ear upo n the ro unded en ds o f t he man dibl es A fter fasteni ng o n a po rtio n t hus the spid er wo uld take an in verted po sitio n and apply vi scid li uid alo ng the edge and un d er the s urface o f the doo r as sho wn in Pl ate xxu t Fig 6 S he w o uld T he hole t h en t urn abo ut and c rawl o ut fo r mo re materi al ar I c o uld wat c h the operation bo t h in bei ng by the s id e o f the j By o ne o c lo ck in the mo rn i n g the h o l e and upo n the c over d a h e S e l o t h doo fi i h s o th t t pid r o ld p u l e c N 1 e r w a s n s u v 3) ( do wn the lid whi ch co mpl etely closed the entrance n i cely fi tt i n g in aro un d the edg e an d appeari n g as if th ere was no hol e no r spid er but th ro ugh the glass the spider co uld stil l be seen A t interval s d uri ng the co nst ructio n of the doo r the spider wo uld p ul l it do wn to observe w h ere the nex t pellet sho uld be placed in o rder to make the do o r fit the ci rc ular openi ng o f the t ube Di scoveri ng thi s she wo uld t urn c o mpl etely aro und and n o t b ei n g abl e w ith her h ead in the botto m o f t he t ub e to see the p l ace w h ere she in tend ed to put the nex t lo ad s he wo ul d find it by feeli n g abo ut with her S pi nnerets T he vi scid li uid wo ul d th en be appli ed an d the p ell et o f earth fitted w it h ex treme n i cety By day S ati sfied with the res ult of my ex peri ment I reti red break I fo und th at the ex cavatio n was con ti nued after the com r the soil bei ng de o s it ed aro und t he nes t i n o f e t p doo l e t o t h r a p p ar to a l evel w i t h the top t o rai se the s urface o f the earth in the j o f the nest W itho ut close searchi ng it was impossible to detect t he doo r T he mod e of maki ng the trap doo r by thi s spi der difiers very wid ely fro m th at observed by oth er nat urali sts so far as I can find Mr M o gg ridg e saw the femal e N emesia meridian any reco rd alis c o nst ruct a t rap doo r in captivi ty H e mad e a cyli ndri cal hol e in a flo wer pot o f earth I nto thi s the spider di sappeared D uri ng the n igh t follo wi n g the day o f her cap ture she made a on
the un d er
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ov er the ap ert ure i nto wh i c h she w o ve a ny m ateri al s w hi c h came to h an d T he t rap doo r at t hi s stage resembl ed a rud ely co nst ructed ho ri zo nt al geo m et ri cal web attach ed by two o r th ree th reads to the earth at th e mo uth of the hol e whil e in t hi s web were caught the bits o f earth roots mo ss l eav es etc whi ch the S pid er had th rown i nto it fro m above A fter the sec ond n ight the doo r appeared nearly o f the no rm al tex t ure and t h ick ness but in no case wo uld it open c o mpl etely and it seemed the S pid er was too muc h di sg us ted w ith her uarters to thi nk it ”1 wo rth whil e to make a perfect doo r H e al so reco rd s the maki ng o f a doo r by a very yo ung o ne of thi s species in whi ch the th read s except at the hi nge were out ’ so th at the doo r wo uld open and sh ut T he o nly thi ng he rec o rd s w hi ch seemed at all anal og o us to the mod e o f maki ng a t rap doo r ex hibi ted by the spider in my possess io n is that manifested in the en largement of nests and trap doo rs by S pid ers as they grow larger and co nse uently re ui re nests o f l arger di m Thi s operatio n was not w itnessed ensi o ns by him however but the ad ditio ns to the size o f the doo r were proven by measurements and observatio ns upo n nests of young ’ spiders at di fferent seaso ns It wo uld seem nat ural to suppo se th at in maki ng sligh t add i t io ns fro m ti me to ti me to the edge o f the nest the spid er wo uld ceme nt pell ets o f earth pi eces o f mo ss etc to the ed ge i nstead o f fi rst spi nn i ng a web ; unl ess the web is sp un over the lo wer ad e to proj ect j ust far eno ugh to fit the en sid e o f the doo r and m larged t ube I n Pl ate xxm Fig 8 can be seen eight co ncent ric “ li nes o f growth as th ey migh t be termed of the t rap doo r correspo ndi ng to the growth and need s o f the spider Th ese I r co n h e m f t s r e n s o d to p t cc iv l e t doo e h e n a e u r r e s e n t e e s e u s g j g c omitant with the enlargi ng o f the t ube We can safely say that these add itio ns were mad e by c ementi ng the materi al pi ece by se r e o t h e e d f h e hi h o c h i g to e doo Th i e c f r m s r t e w c e a n g p li nes of g rowt h are not p resent in the doo r mad e by the ad ul t I i nd uced the spider to make the do o r the s pid er in captivity fo urth ti me (Jan 19 1886) in o rder to observe if th ere was any enti ng o f the parti cl es whi c h might fo rm reg ul arity in t he cem
t hi n web
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1
Harvesting A I dem, p
.
’
I dem, pp
.
nts and
T rap door S piders, p -
119 . 123 , 127 an d 150, and
.
1 18 .
S upplement,
24 5.
A
new
T
oor S ider d p p
ra
-
.
th ese li nes o f growth in a door mad e by an ad ult spid er Th ere is n o such reg ul arity I ndeed this last doo r was mad e o f abo ut a doz en v ery l arge pel lets o f c l ay whi ch bei n g very pl as ti c t h e s pi der was abl e to p ress eac h p ell et i nto a sh eet o f c o ns i derabl e di mensions It is to be regretted th at Mr Mo gg ridge did not h ave th e Oppo rt u nity o f ob servi n g the manner o f en l argement o f t rap doo rs made by the spid ers whi ch he st udi ed o r th at he did no t o ffer so me th eo ry as an ex pl anatio n I f the part i cl es are cemented to the edge it wo uld be uite nat ural th at the speci es of spider in my po ssessio n o nce made its doo r by fi rst S pi nn i ng a web across the mo uth of the t ub e and th en weavi n g i nto it o th er materi al as in the case o f N men dzonalzlr and th at t he h abit follo wed th ro ug h li fe and s uccessive g eneratio ns o f maki n g additi o ns to the doo r by cementi n g parti cl es to the edge fi nally became so fi xed that th i s mod e o f maki ng additio ns to it b ecame the perman ent h ab it and type o f co n st ructio n o f the t rap doo r fro m t he fo undatio n ! T he rapidi ty ease and i ntel ligence mani fested in thi s met hod o f b uil di ng up the doo r pi ece by pi ece certai nly i ndi cates a high er dev elopment o f i nsti nctive po wer A perfect and neatly fitti ng and swi ng i ng doo r made in 1% ho urs ! Wh en I took the spider fro m her nest it was necessary t o remove nearly all o f the soil fro m the j ar and take her fro m t he lo wer end o f the t ub e as all efio rts to att ract her fro m the nest fail ed A s the soi l was very loo se and the nest n ot lo ng made the wall s o f the t ube coll ap sed I n ten d ays the spi der w as ret urned to the nest Tho ugh t he t rap doo r was capabl e of bei n g used and seemed to sati sfy the S pid er s i dea o f the fitness o f ” thi n gs it was in a very dil apidated c o nditio n Thi s ag rees w ith what M r M o gg ridge says of the rel uctance man i fested by spiders to abando n an old nest T he ex amples c ited by him are that if a do o r he pi nned b ack d uri ng the n ight a seco nd doo r will be made ; t hat if the nest be covered wi th earth the t ube will be prolo nged to the s urface o f the superi mposed earth and a new t rap doo r w i ll be made ; and th at in so me cases nests b ec o me in v erted w h en a doo r bei ng mad e at t he no w upper end o f the 1 t ube the nest wil l h ave a doo r at eac h end T he co nd uct o f my S pid er und er an oth er c o nditio n farth er ill ust rates thi s feat ure Wi shi ng to ob serve the h abit o f the spider if possibl e whil e the .
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H arvesting A
nts and
T rap door S piders, pp -
.
12 1 and 122 .
,
A d oo r
Trap door S pider
.
mm in
lo sed I p repared a gl ass test t ube 17 m d i ameter by pl acin g 4 fro m the mo uth a c ork botto m so th at t he spi der mig ht h ave s o methi ng o n whi ch to stand whil e maki ng ar This with the spi der in it I placed in the glass j t he doo r and s urro un d ed it wi th earth to d ark en the wall s hopi n g th us b ecause o f the firm smooth s urface of the t ub e she wo uld not l i ne it with silk and by li ft i ng the t ub e fro m the soil I co uld o h s erve the pos i t io n o f the spid er as it h eld do wn its doo r T he ex peri ment was a d ecid ed s uccess Thi s was p repared at el even o clock o n the n ight o f D ec 27 85 Pi eces o f moss were st rewn abo ut the t ub e By mo rn1ng a f e r m s c n r w i s h tly fitti g doo b ti lly ov d t o b e u c e r e h a d e e n f e a u p c o nstructed (Pl ate xx1v Fig A bo ut thi s ti me many vi sito rs cam e to see the spi der and in p ulli ng at the doo r to S ho w how e r s s n t S h s i n n m w e i t e ly e o u ld r s i t t s b e i g op n e d t h e hi g e b c a e e e p l o o sened and the doo r was p ulled do wn upo n her S he h eld on t o the doo r w i th s uch tenac i ty t h at I p ull ed it i nto b its in my effo rts to remo ve it fro m her g rasp It was removed D ec 30 85 an d on the foll owi ng night she b uilt anoth er as neatly as the fi rst T he hi nge to thi s became loo sened and the doo r moved do wn abo ut fro m the mo uth o f the t ube H ere S he st rength ened the hi nge by spi nni ng a b ro ad pi ece o f silk the w idt h o f t he hi nge fro m the doo r do wn o n to the wall of t he t ube S everal t i mes in end eavo ri ng to Open the doo r I to re pi eces fro m its edge Fi nally wh en I and in ev ery instance the spid er repai red it w i sh ed to remove her fro m the t ube I was obliged to p ush up o n t he co rk botto m and in thi s way cro wd her o ut th ro ug h the doo r A fter thi s was do ne it was w ith so me di fficulty th at she freed her sterio r feet fro m the silk ba o r u e h c n s c t t h i e o t t d w h c h s h a d e a p g bo tto m so fi rmly did she hold o n I h ave thi s yet to add I n a note I h ave men tio ned the wan d eri ng o f the S pid er abo ut in a j ar o f freshly p repared earth Jan 16 Fo r th ree d ays she has b een restl ess an d tho ugh sev eral att em pts h ave b een made to dig a t ub e she had fail ed I came to the co ncl us io n th at the soil was not such as she co uld wo rk easily o r sati sf acto rily Wi shi n g to have soil whi ch wo uld make a more d urabl e t ub e th an the loose soil in whi ch I saw the fi rst nest made I used a large p ropo rtio n of fine pl asteri n g sand mi xed with b l ac k earth Thi s was wetted and pi eces of mo ss st rewn over t he s urface S he tri ed several ti mes to take up pell ets o f the of
the nest was
new
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med to
c
mbli ng S he then t ri ed to bo re a hol e by p us hi ng do wn with her mandibl es w hi l e t urn i ng her body aro und S he evidently w i sh ed to hide her m h ead fro mthe light for after mak ing a hole 2 deep she remained w ith her h ead at the botto m To day j 86 the so il in the an 14 woods h avi n g thawed s uffi ciently I prepared a j ar o f moi st fer rugino us cl ay v ery much lik e th at o f whi ch the n est is co n st ruct ed th at c am Upo n thi s I put a fin e e fro m Pittsbo ro ugh mat o f fresh moss coveri ng the earth ex cept a spo t at o ne si de I then in di ameter I n thi s I pl aced the spid er at n oo n cov ered it fro m the light A s I ret urned to my room after din ner she was resti n g in a hol e deep whi c h she had ex cavated and small pell et s o f earth were pl aced ag ain st the mo ss at the mo uth o f the hol e S he wo uld no t wo rk d uri ng the day un less I co vered the j D uri ng the eveni ng by lamp ar fro m the li g ht It lig ht I had the pl eas ure o f seei ng her make an oth er doo r re ui red abo ut o ne and a h al f ho urs Only o ne pi ece o f mo ss was used and th at I let d rop i nto the hol e whil e she was at wo rk Thi s seemed very strange for the t ube was the o n ly place no t c overed with moss and to save her the tro ubl e of c utting the mo ss I had st rewn loosened parti cl es abo ut the hol e I n this case all o f the earth used in the constructio n o f the doo r was tak en fro m the botto m o f the hol e T he doo r being made almost en ti rely with the c l ay was very co ns i cuo us in c o m p a riso n p w ith the s urro undi ng moss ; tho ugh the doo r fitted v ery neatl y the t ube b ei ng b uilt up to a l evel w ith the top o f the mo ss T hi s ti me i nstead o f maki ng the hi n ge agai nst the sid e o f the j ar it was mad e o n the oppo site sid e o f the t ube S urely thi s persist ence is e ual to that S ho wn by the S pid er who maki n g her web the t hi rteenth ti me taught a g eneral l esso n o f perseverance I was unabl e to und erstand ho w the resi stance to open i ng the doo r was o ffered if the S pider fastened its fangs and all of its M og g ridge cl aws i nto the und er surface o f the doo r as M r ‘ A reference to Plate xxxv Figs 3 and 4 w ill sho w the stat es ent wh en t he spid er was i nd uced res ults I reac h ed in the ex peri m T he po r to mak e a t rap doo r to the mo uth o f a gl ass test t ube T he spid er t io n o f the t ube fro m 5 to c was not li ned w ith s ilk evid ently not ad mi ri ng t he c o rk at d fo r a botto m to her nes t S he carri ed in p ell ets o f earth and bits o f mo ss as show n at g earth,
but
see
be di s gusted with its
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H arvesting A
nts and
T rap door S piders, pp 9 5 9 6 -
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-
.
p a S ho rt bag Of s ilk f whi ch was attached by the mo uth to the wall s of the tube at c and rested o n the piece of o f co rk T he mo uth of the t est t ub e was li ned with silk fro m m m m “ t he edge for abo ut 5 T he en ds o f the silk li ni ng at 6 to 7 and the silk bag at c were fo r s o me di stance t ransparen t so th at I was enabl ed to see the spid er fai rly wel l A s can be S een in F ig 4 the spid er cli n gs to the bag o f silk at the botto m (or wall s Of the tube) w it h the c l aws of her two po sterio r pai r o f l eg s and t o the under surface o f t he doo r w ith her fang s and the cl aws o f h er ant erio r pai r o f l egs By part ially li fti ng the doo r I was enabl ed to see the hold upo n the doo r and wh en I p ush ed the s pid er o ut o f the t ube as befo re stated I fo und her feet entangl ed i n the bag o f silk T he manner in whi c h thi s spid er hold s dow n l t he doo r is p rec i sely the same as th at d esc ribed by Emerto n in a e h e r e s a e s t he case o f Ctenzz a ealg or n z x pt th t t t thi d h c e a t e f and fo urth pai rs of l eg s are p ressed o ut ag ai nst the wall s o f the t hen
s un
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t ube
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th is spid er belo ng s to the si mpl e unb ranch ed type w ith sh allow co rk doo r T he doo r b elo ngi ng to the nest in “ w hi ch the spid er was caught (Pl ate xx1v Fig 1) measures 3 to 4 i n thi ck ness ; the edge is b evel ed and fits neatly in the mo uth of m m ac ro ss near the hi n ge ; the T he doo r measures 2 5 t he t ube t ub e T he wall s are badly coll ap sed and the in l ength It will be rememb ered that the l ower edge ragged and Open s pid er was fo und in the earth b elo w the t ub e w h en the n est was t ak en up in N ov ember T he fi rst nest whi ch the S pi der made u nd er my ob servatio n was l ef t open at the botto m and wh en I attempted t o tak e her o ut fi ndi ng she co uld not hold do wn the d oo r she attempted to b ury h ersel f in the soil at the bott o m of t he t ube T he uestio n nat urally arises I s th i s not l eft open as a l ast means of escape fro m enemi es I am incli ned to thi nk it i s in so me cases at l eas t w ith thi s spec i es as thi s is the o n ly F urth er ob servatio n is res o rt fo r safety af ter the doo r is open n eed ed on thi s p o i nt T he t rap doo r of thi s nest is so hung that it t ends to c lo se itsel f I n Fig 2 Pl ate xxw at a are patch es o f silk t hat are d rawn o n the st retc h w h en t he doo r is open Wh en all resi stance is remov ed th ese tend to c lo se t he doo r T he subj ect o f the food o f t rap d oo r spiders is an interesti ng T he nest
of
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S tructure and H abits
of
S piders, p 4 5 .
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ll
o ne, and
muc h
ct
is yet to be l earned o f th ei r h abits in thi s had the spi d er o ut o f her t ub e I o ffered her
res pe
.
Whil e I several ho use flies holdi ng them by o ne wi ng w it h the fo rcep s near her h ead T he struggles o f the fly att racted her att entio n W it h a ui ck sweep o f the palpi and anterio r pai r o f l eg s she w o u l d cl utch the fly and pl ace it b etween her po werful mandibl es c rushi ng it i mmediately S he h el d so me o f th ese abo ut o ne mi n ute but I very muc h do ubt her h avi ng d erived any no uri sh ment fro m th em One o f t he small er spec i es o f t he fli es b elo ngi n g to the genus Tab an us It seemed o nly to frighten her as she c o u l d was o ffered her n o t be m ad e to to uch it even by b ei ng an gered but w o uld t ur n and run away as if in g reat fear A fter ret urni ng the s pid er t o her nest D ec 8 I pl aced in the j ar t wo an t s and a s mall carabid beetl e T he ants hid t hemselves in the eart h D ec 14 the b eetle was sti ll unh armed and I co ncl uded t he spid er did not c o me o ut for food I th en li fted the t rap doo r and pl aced the beetl e i nsid e D ec 16 I fo und the b rok en h ard parts o f the beetl e st rew n abo ut j ust o utside the nest It had been killed the so ft parts eat en by t he spid er an d the part s o f the s k el eto n ej ected fro m the n es t I 6 e n r e f I l d a h a l doz l a g y e llo w n t s i c a n n a 8 a e t r e 1 h a p 7 j J ttacked her she wo ul d catch and c rush t hem b ut I did A s th ey a n ot see th at s he ate any o f th em s al mo st lik e a summ w n 6 w hi c h a e a C p a 8 r 2 d a t a h e l J y H ill I went i nto the woo ds fo r the p urp ose o f coll ecti ng so me moss Whil e teari ng up a l arge p atch o f t his at the foot o f a t ree I di sc overed a hol e whi ch I tho ught to be t he nest o f a t rap doo r spid er I d ug do wn i nto the t ube and fo und at the bo tto m I n t he afternoo n I fo und s ev a spid er b elo ngi n g to thi s family al e S pid er U nder so me sto nes I eral nests and o ne mo re fem I pl aced th em in j ars o f eart h co ntai ni ng mo ss fo und a mal e One of the femal es escap ed the oth er b uilt a nest and made a s lanti ng do ubl e doo r whi ch mig ht be co m pared to an Outs id e cellar doo r Each door is made of moss cemented wit h silk and h ung by a semi ci rcul ar h inge T hese the spid er w ill Op en and S h ut at pl eas ure s o m eti mes fasten i n g th emtog et her with a th read I n both o f the nests in whi ch I fo un d t hese spid ers o f S ilk th ere were the remai ns o f ants I had i ntend ed to ill ust rate and d escribe farth er the nests and h abits o f t hese fo und by mysel f at -
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T he spider was not in her
n es t.
L eg endary Frag ments from the Point Barrow Eskimos
18
59 3
.
Hill as th ey are lively creatures and seem to o ffer i nter But esti ng Obj ects fo r st udy as to h abit food and arc hi tect ure as thi s arti cl e is al ready lo n g an d I wi sh to mak e farth er c ollec t i o ns and st udy th ei r h abi ts mo re clo sely in captivity I w il l ‘ e r eserv e the s ubj ect fo r a fut ure t im C h apel
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E X PL A N A T I ON
OF PL A T ES
PL A T E X X I I I
S pider,
1
.
2
3
dorsal
natural S i ze,
.
.
view
entral
v
.
side
— S pid 4 .
er
.
a,
in the act
l l e t o f e h e a r t p
of un loadi ng a
while excavating the tube
.
e ll o f a r t h e e t p
.
— l i u r d h l l n id id t h e f e s l a e l f v q e i l i s o c e o e a t h d e r a i c t t r S p yp p 5 p y g p n erets
6
.
—S pide .
r applying viscid
— 7 .
6, doo r ;
—
8 .
q
li
uid to the edg e o f the part ially constructed
e,
,
.
'
tube
doo r
correspon ding
—N atu al 2 — T ap d r
.
claw and
3
.
g
— N
fang
.
a,
o f silk
hands
made in glass test tube ss and earth i s ofm c o e e p
a,
.
— S pid 4
w hi ch ten d to
clos e
the Open
door ; 6,
do w n the do o r
h1nge ; f, bag
.
of S ilk
m;
; d, cork bo tto
.
er
.
caught.
marks o f spi der made while holding
est
,
.
in which the S pider was
size of n est
o o r o pen
r
.
the
.
PL A T E X XI V 1
ment of
to the enlarge
hinge
a,
.
.
.
.
additions to the edge o f the
G
doo r
i f m oss e o e c s p S pider in the act o f fitting to edge o f the doo r a pellet o f earth, a T rap door sho wing erg ht co ncen tric rings which represen t the successive
a, S pi nn erets ;
FI
a , S pin
.
.
i n set
of
holding do wn the door while i n the nest
.
A ll
natural size.
20 :
FEW L EGEN D A R
A
P OI N T
Y FR
F R OM
OW ES KI MOS
BA R R
BY
A GM EN TS
JO
T HE
.
H N n uan oc n .
i nk in his T ales and Traditio ns o f the Eski mo has al read y call ed att entio n to the fact t hat amo ng t he rare cases th at we h ave o f any Eski mo t raditio n fro m t he western regio ns i n what is no w the territo ry o f A l ask a th ere is o ne l eg end th at o f the s un an d t he moo n wh i ch is id enti cal w ith a well k nown and fro m thi s d r aws additio nal evi G reenl and t raditio n (p d ence of the id enti ty of the Eski mo race over t hi s ex tensive r egio n T he fol lowi n g frag ments of sto ri es were c oll ected by the writer R
R
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A descriptio n
is
of
these spiders I
reserve
made and habits more clearly observed
.
for
a future ti
me when a fuller collection
A
e w f
L eg endary Frag ments from
other members of the U nited S tates I nternatio nal Polar E x m f n B rro w A lask a whi c h is t he i i f r a o ki o oi t d n m h e E s s o P e o t t p ex t reme no rth western poi nt of the co nti nent o f N o rt h A mer ica T he fact t hat d uri ng a stay of two years (fro m 1881 to sev eral o f th em sho w feat ures i ndi cati ng a rel atio nship w ith well k now n Greenlandi c sto ri es seems to the w riter to render t h em scanty as th ey are wo rt hy o f p ubli catio n T wo o r th ree o f th em h ave al ready been p ubli sh ed by L i eut R ay t he c o mmander o f the ex peditio n but as th ey appeared in l perhaps no t access ibl e to all readers a govern ment p ubli catio n it will no t be o ut o f pl ace to repeat th em h ere Occupi ed as o ur party was w ith the mani fold ro uti ne scien tifi c wo rk o f the stati on it was ex ceedi n gly difi cult to g et ho ld o f any o f t he t raditio ns o f the natives tho ugh th ey sho wed n o u n willi ng ness fro m s uperstitio us o r oth er reaso ns to talk freely I n the fi rst place th ere were so many (to the Es ki abo ut th em mo s) mo re i nteresti ng thi ngs to talk abo ut with us that it w as di fficult to bri ng the co nversatio n ro und to the s ubj ect in ues tio n Then o ur l ack of familiarity with the l ang uage was a g reat h i nd ranc e to obtai ni ng a c onnected and accurate versio n o f an y T he j argo n o r ki nd of I ing ua franea mad e up o f Es ki mo sto ry pigeo n Engli sh g rammar whi c h served well eno ug h roots and fo r every day i nterco urse w ith t he natives enabl ed us w ith the help o f ex p ress ive gest ures to g et the general sense o f t he s to ry but rend ered it i mposs ibl e to write do wn an Eski mo tex t o f t he tal e whi ch co uld afterwards be translated Mo reover the c o nfa sio n an d di fficul ty was still furth er i nc reased by the fac t th at tw o o r th ree p eopl e generally un d ertoo k to tell the sto ry at o nce I n writi ng o ut the follow i n g sto ri es I hav e end eavo red to avo id int rod uci ng ideas and exp ress io ns o f my o wn and to adh ere as clo sely as po ss ibl e to the s i m pl e sense of the b ri ef di sco nnected sentences o f the narrato rs — w H o 1 peopl e were mad e L o ng ago A selu a dog wh ere he came fro m I did no t h ear —was ti ed t o a sti c k H e bit the sti ck [i e set hi msel f free] an d went i nto the ho use w h ere he had intercourse with a wo man who gave bi rt h to men and dogs T he b eli ef t hat a dog was one o f th ei r remote p rogenito rs is a very co mmo n o ne amo ng savages A cco rdi ng to Eg ed e (Green and
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R eport of the U nited S tates I nternation al Polar Expedition to Point Barro w , By P H R ay Was hington , 1885 A laska .
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p 19 5) the Green landers believed th at white men were the fsp ri n g o f a si mil ar un io n b et ween a wo man and a dog T o f h e ( ” erred to in R i n k s Tal es &c p s ame sto ry is al s o ref an bei ngs I n t he 2 A noth er ac co unt of the o rigi n o f h um T he narrato r to ill ust rate thi s eaS t a t all t ub e [ like a reed shing rod s] s t uck u o f o ur b am f i t d to boo o e o e r m t o n n fi h e p p m n r e h u B e d o d b ok e t b hol y r u n A t e m n m e n n a d a a g ” w o men l f 1ndeer and fi sh es r r e B r T o igi oth i d fi h h e n o e n e r n s e s e a d 3 w ere mad e by a mythi cal perso n o f who m we got o n ly a vag ue H e was sai d to be a ten mentio ned ac co unt tho ugh he was o f l i t tl e man with lo n g t usk s lik e a wal rus and many o f the littl e E ski mo fig uri nes and mask s o f ivo ry soapsto ne o r wood whi c h w e b ro ught ho me fro m Poi nt Barro w rep resent s uch a bei ng and ages o f th i s p erso n a re perh aps meant fo r i m Wh en the deer was not thi s man mad e o ne o ut of earth T he — th ey d eer all had l arge t eeth in the upper j aw an d wer e bad ” m e e r n d h e l a wh en t h ey b it peopl e S o he said to th em: Co ” N o w th ey are good c ame he p ull ed o ut th ese teeth T he rei n deer o f co urse lik e the sh eep and ot her rumi nants aw and thi s myth is c ertai n ly h as no i nci so r t eeth in the up per j an 1ngen1o us way o f acco unti n g fo r thi s fac t w hi c h must h ave s eem ed very st ran ge s i nce all the oth er an i mal s k no wn to the E ski mo s are well suppli ed wi th teeth in both j aws W hen the fish were not thi s man h ewed a pi ece o f wood by T he chip s fell i nto the water and t he river s id e with his adz e w ere fishes Th ere seems to h ave been a si mil ar myth in Greenland A c Th ey say fish es were p rod uced by a Green co rdi ng to C rantz : lander s taki ng the sh avi ngs o f a t ree d rawi ng th em b et ween his legs an d casti ng th em i nto the sea (H i sto ry o f Green land V ol and Eged e t ells a si mil ar sto ry (Greenl and p 1 p u n r e Th d e a n d light n i g It r r ly th u d r s Poi t o e n a n t n B a a r r w 4 b ut the nati ves k no w wh at th ese p hen o mena are and acco un t for t hemas follo ws : L o n g ag o a g ro wn p erso n and a c hild went up in to the sky carry ing a d ri ed seal s ki n and to rc h es o f tar With th ese th ey make the th under and lightn i ng apparently by wavi ng the to rch es and rattli ng t he seal ski n D r joh n S i mpso n the s urgeo n o f the Plover the Engl ish dis covery ship th at wi n tered at Poi n t Barro w t hi rty years b efo re us l an d
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A
L eg endary Frag ment sfrom
e w f
gives a versio n S li ghtly difiierent but agreei ng in the mai n w ith thi s Evid ently related to thi s is the Greenland t raditio n referred to by C rantz (Vol 1 p 2 3 3) th at the th under is caused by tw o ” Eg ede (p 20 7 ) w o men st retchi ng and fl appi n g a d ri ed seal ski n gives the sto ry in greater detail T he th under an d light n i n g are mad e by two old wo men w ho live in a ho use in the air They no w and th en uarrel abo ut a d ri ed seal ski n an d w hil e they ar e fighti ng do wn co mes the ho use and b reaks the lamp so that th e fire fli es abo ut re five w e r e n e T h e to y o f o g a th u s s r t h e K o k a m a o L 5 g p very st ro ng b roth ers K okpausina K ok kaun I naluoktuo N imna u a r to i mp ress it to p ti l r r c e and Pii kan igarua T h e n rr a s w e r a a ( upo n us th at th ese men were no t especi ally tall b ut very sto ut an d T he streng th o f K o kpaus ina especi ally seems to h ave st ro n g beco me p roverbi al fo r an Eski mo o nce co mpared the great pow erful h an d o f an old wh al eman o ne o f o ur p arty to th at o f K ok the elbo w the pansi na ) K okpausina lived at Pernye [i e summer cam pgro und in the bend o f El so n bay b etween Poi nt: Barrow and the statio n] K o kkaun east of Poi nt Barro w o n the seasho re I naluo ktuo i nl and in the so uth N i mua at D ease i nl et and Pirkan ig arua at Cap e S myth K okpausina fo und two little o rph ans asl eep and th rust excrement up th ei r noses [apparently fro m sh eer mal evol ence tho ugh we n ever succeeded in maki n g the natives und erstand th at we wanted to k n o w the reas o n o f thi s actio n ] S o th ey went ho me and mad e a littl e bow an d arro ws sho rt eno ugh to hid e und er the j ack et b ut st ro n g eno ugh to shoot th ro ugh a wal rus hid e d ri ed b efo re the fire [an d t here Then th ey went to Pernye and saw fo re nearly as hard as i ro n] So K o kpausina with his b ack to wards th em stoopi ng over e o ut at his col th ey shot him in the b utto cks a nd the arro w cam lar bo ne and he di ed H is g reat sho ulder bl ad e and so me o f his oth er bo nes are stil l w N a s h m m e n B a r r tiv w do o Poi t o vil o c f t h w at Pernye e a e n r [ l age to the statio n o nce or t wi ce told the writer th at th ey had seen K o kpausina s bo nes at Pernye o n th ei r way do wn One aw bo ne wen t so far as to b ri ng us do wn a rath er l arge h uman j fro m the old cemetery near Pernye sayi n g th at it was Kok s in a s ) u a p Thi s sto ry whi ch we h eard fro m several narrato rs witho ut any .
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the Point Barrow Eskimos
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i tio n of names o r i ncidents and witho ut bei ng abl e t o get mo re detail s is the sk el eto n o f o ne o f the semi mythi cal t raditio ns so c o mmo n in Greenl and whi ch may really refer to so m e act ual occurrenc es in anc i ent ti mes but whi ch h ave b een lo calized and adapt ed to suit the regio n in whi c h the n arrato r liv es T he d eath of K o kpausina bears a st ro n g resembl ance to the fi nal catast rophe o f the Greenl and sto ry o f Kagsuk (see R i nk s Tales &c p whi ch is said to have tak en pl ace in Green l and in the di st ri cts o f Hol st ei nbo rg and of S ukk ertoppen and acco rding to D r R i nk is erha s a vari ant o f an old er tal e o nly p p localized in thi s way I n thi s sto ry the w i ck ed Kagsuk after co mmi tti ng vario us deeds of viol ence at l ast murders the so ns o f ” “ two o ld men To rev enge themselves c l ev er in m agi c S pell s th ey p repare bows o f an arms leng th and whil e oth ers engage Kagsuk s attentio n in fro nt th ey creep up behi nd escapi ng o bser vatio n by magi c and shoot him d ead It seems h ardly too bold a statement to say that if Kagsuk and K okpausina were real perso ns at all th ey were o ne and the same man who lived neith er at S ukk ertoppen no r at Pernye but so me w here i n the co mmo n ho me of the p rehi sto ri c Eski mo s befo re the Greenl and ers start ed o n th ei r weary jo urney to ward s t he eas t and the men o f Poi nt Barro w o n th ei r perh aps lo ng er jo urn ey t o ward s the s etti n g sun It is i nteresti n g to not e that the five very st ro ng and (appa rently ) w i cked b roth ers who appear in thi s sto ry are evid ently t he same as the band o f five b roth ers generally call ed a lot o f b roth ers or men who acco rdi ng to D r R i nk figure in so many o f the Greenl an d tal es as the perso n ifi catio n of h aughti ness o r b rutality a s t h n e e d m e o c iv 6 A murd er at Cape S myth l i u w a s a n U g e o f o ne o f K okpausina s fo ur b roth ers but the narrato r n am sel f and said as did oth er n ativ es al s o afterwards co rrect ed hi m t h at Udlimau was a bad man who lo n g ago li ved at U tkliavw ing m a p yth a n d w m u rd ered K u mnero as he lay asl eep be e S h o C ( ) T he ho use wh ere s i d e his wi fe by c utti ng him ac ro ss the bo wel s t h i s murd er was co mmitted was poi nt ed o ut to us in the vill ag e Thi s is p robably an acco un t of an act ual o cc urrence as is the fol lo w i ng n there w e n o e s L a e opl t k li dog o g h T h e w h o l d e e k a 7 g p
es sen al var a
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e E s s n o L e o w ki o 8 a r B a r r m s d i n r a m e n t o m t h e P t r F 59 g f y g
y D ul
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i ron five famili es had th ei r ho uses at I sutkwa (the S i te of the s ig nal statio n w h ere several mo und s inn 1cate the po sitio n of the fo rmer vill age) They were call ed I s utkwamiun they w ho live at I sfitk wa an d th ey talked like dogs T hey sai d i mek l un ga wa ! wa l I want a d ri n k bow wow T he follo wi ng fragment ho wever fo r w hi ch L i eut R ay is my aut ho rity and whi ch was al so rel ated to D r S i mp so n thi rt y y ears befo re whi c h both th ese gentlemen thi n k indi cates that t hese Eski mos are really ac uai nted w it h an unexplo red l and in the e cat e no rt h is in my Opi nio n mo re p robably referabl e to t he sam go ry as the numero us tal es of the eastern Eski mo abo ut the mythi cal l and of A kilinek 8 Ig lu N una H o use co unt ry I n the n o rth is a c o unt ry wh ere t he I g lumiun live W h en all men wo re one lab ret [the ch aract eri sti c lip st ud o f the western Es ki m os o f whi c h a pai r is n o w un iversally wo rn in the und er lip o ne at each c o rner o f the mo uth T he ex p ress io n means a very lo ng t ime ag o as the sin l n r e h a r e f w e l a b r e t lo n g b e e u f hio n d e o ly s a s n t o n a a o f a g p served as h ei rloo m ulets] a s o r am an w ith h is sl edge and do g s lost his way on the ice and travel ed many d ay s til l he came to a co unt ry he had never seen b efo re w h ere th ere were peopl e who spok e his l an g uage W e al so h eard o f vario us fab ulo us ani mals tho ugh in man y cases the names whi ch in Greenl and are appli ed to an i mal s kno tvn o nly by traditio n and whi ch th erefo re have g ro wn i nto fab ulo us onsters are stil l used fo r the an i mal s to whi c h th ey p roperl y belo ng as in L ab rado r and el sewh ere fo r i nstance ammo means the wol f an d amaing a the l emmi n g w hil e in Green land the ama r ok and aving aé are semi supernat ural c reat ures th at fig ure in many o f the old sto ri es T he Green l andi c wo rd éilivfaé or kiliopaé whi ch th ere means al wi th six o r even ten l egs app ears at Poi nt Barro w as an ani m at the M ackenzi e river in t he fo rm é ilig wa as the name o f the mammot h o r foss il eleph ant (see al so R i nk T he Eski mo D ia ” lects Jo urnal o f the A nth ropologi cal I nstit ute of Great Bri tai n N ovember We h eard no ne o f the fanci ful myth s ab o ut thi s ani mal wh ic h h ave been repo rt ed by vario us t ravel ers fro m res o f Beri n g sea b ut the wo rd was in c o mm o n use espe the s h o cially a the name o f t he fo ss il ivo ry whi ch is v ery pl en ty and s much used by the western natives for vario us purposes was
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i nteresti ng to n ot e in thi s co nnectio n th at o ne o f the littl e i v o ry i mag es b ro ught ho me by o ur party fro m Poi nt Barro w rep r es ents a b ear w it h ten l eg s sai d to h ave been seen o nc e at Poi nt B arro w and evi den tly a bi oo d rel atio n o f the many l egged kitin fak o f the Greenl and st ori es There are no ne now A n oth er fab ulo us beast was the ug rn n a It has go ne away only the bo nes Thi s o n t he l and n ame appears to be appli ed to an ex ti nct sp eci es o f o x o r b uffalo w ho se bo nes they so meti mes see in the i nterio r p rob ably alo n g t he b an k s o f the rivers We p ro cured several t eeth o f the n g r n na w hi c h had b een wo rn as amul ets A s in L ab rado r thi s n ame is al so appli ed sati ri cally to the s m all est mammal k no wn to th e Eski mo s a littl e sh rewmo use A s els ewh ere o n the A meri can c onti nent the R ed I ndi an who i n Greenl an d like the wol f has beco me a fab ulo us bei ng d well i n g in the mysterio us i nland co unt ry is cal led by the contemptu ”— I tk i1dling the I ngalik o r so n o f a nit I ngaleet o us name o f N o rto n so und whi ch is pl ai n ly the same wo rd as the eréilek o f the Green l and t raditio ns Outsi de of the st ri ct fi el d of l egendary hi sto ry o r tradition the religio us i deas and sup erstitio us Ob servances o f th ese peop le as far as we had the good fo rt une to ob serve t hem S ho w a g reat blance to tho se o f the Greenl and ers befo re t hei r co nversio n r esem t o Ch ri sti an ity S O st ro ng is the resemblance in thi s and in oth er r espect s th at I feel co nfident th at an i ntelligent ob server w ho s ho uld d evote hi msel f to the coll ectio n o f the t raditio ns o f the E ski mo s O f Poi nt Barro w as D r R i nk has so ably do ne for the Green landers w o uld find h ere the g reater part o f the old er tra ditio ns o f the Greenl and ers in a recog nizabl e S hap e I t is
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: o:
H I S TOR BY
E
.
Y OF C EL ER Y
L EW I S
S T UR T E VA NT ,
.
M D .
.
F we co nsider cultivatio n as emb raci ng o n ly the removal o f a pl ant to ferti l e soil and its p rot ection fro m i nj ury fro m cro wd ing the o nly marked effect o f the c o nti nuance upo n a plant th ro ugh itsel f and its o ffsp ri ng seems to be emb raced in the o ne I f we en l arge the mean w o rd ex pans io n i e i ncrease of s ize in g o f cul ti vatio n so as to emb race sel ectio n and the c ro ss fertili ec t zation o f t he flo wers whi ch yi eld seed fo r fut ure use the subj ,
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V OL
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xx
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—
1ro . V "
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40
fl i rtory qf Celery
.
becomes more co mpli cated and we find it diflicult in all cases to c o n nect the se uence o f cause an d effec t One fact ho wever thro ugh c areful observatio ns seems undo ubtedly t rue th at by sel ectio n alo ne witho ut the ass i stance O f the break caus ed by a c ross fertili zatio n changes in o ur plant are ext remely slow and many generatio ns are re ui red to obtai n and fix any ch ang e other t han i ncrease whi ch is suffic i ent to be noted by the cas ual ey e I n suppo rt of thi s vi ew we can di rect att entio n to the litt l e c h an g e that has been p rod uced by c ent uri es o f cult ure in thos e pl an ts whi ch rep resent but i mp roved farms o f a wild speci es s uc h as the parsnip sco rzo nera sal s i fy etc among roo ts ; and we may al s o cal l attentio n to the stability o f type fo rm d uri n g cent ur i es o f c ult ure in the eggpl ant p epper and I m ay even add the p ump k in Perh ap s o ne o f the most i nteresti ng i nstances o f i nc rease elo n o f size w itho ut ch ang e o f type can be seen in the waterm T he old h erbali sts fig ure thi s fruit o f small S ize but as is very likely o nly small vari eti es were co mmo nly g ro wn in Euro pe Joh n Bauhi n who se hi sto ry o f pl an ts was p ubli shed in 16 50 stat es the many years after it was written (he di ed in watermelo n to be so l arge th at o ne co ul d scarcely emb race it wit h ” Marg uo s fere ambabus man ib us ambi as the two h ands g ravi s whose hi sto ry o f nat ural p rod uc tio ns o f Brazil was pub lished in 16 4 8 d escribes the wat ermelo n as b ei ng as l arg e as ”l mag nit udi ne c apiti s humani o ne s h ead T hat o ur p resent types of fruit were th en k no wn is evidenced in many way s b ut ent in his can be given s ucci nctly by C asp ar Bauhi n s st atem Pi nax edition o f 16 2 3 th at so me h ave a g reen ski n oth ers a s ki n spott ed w ith di ngy w hit e ; the fl es h o f s o me red o f o thers white ; the seeds bl ack red and tawny in vari eti es R ay de I n mo d scrib es the fruit as ro und o r globo se o r ev en ellipti cal b race ern ti mes we h ave fruit so l arg e th at my arms cann ot em the oval and a weight o f n i nety six po un ds has been c laimed p robably w ith j usti ce I n seeki ng fo r a good ill ust ratio n o f the s tability o f type j oi ned w ith a ch ange p rod uced by c ultivatio n and sel ectio n I h ave taken the cel ery as thi s vegetabl e seems to be o f mo dern '
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C ardanus, however, in his de rerum varietate,
melon
,
Magn itudo quandoque tanta
,
ut
homo
15 5 6 , apparently refers to a
ex pansis
brachus
” bu t en w i t h w e rful thln gs l rdanus was dealin d t h C a o n u e t a ; g q r i a u , g
n e o p p
melOpeponem Oh it Galen us ” sed rotunda ut pomum
a u q
.
vocat,
q
uod non
w ater
mplecti
vix una a
He
distincte
cal ls
sit
it
canal
A
n
.
ibus at
vari atio ns fro m the wild pl ant h ave b een appa rently d eemed g reat al tho ugh really b ut s light ex cept in expan s io n p rod uc ed by freedo m o f g ro wth an d ch anges whi ch h ave S lo wly acc umul at ed th ro ugh sel ectio n T he c el ery has o rigi nated fro m the A pium g r aveolens L a pl ant o f marshy pl aces w ho se h abitat ext end s fro m S wed en s o uth ward to A l geri a E ypt A by s si ni a an d in A s i a ev en to the g ‘ Caucas us Beloochistan and the mo untai ns o f Bri ti sh I ndi a and 2 ’ ‘ has been fo und in Fueg ia in Cali fo rni a and in New Z eal and It is supposed to be the selinon o f the Odyssey the selinon I teleion o f Hippo c rat es the Eleioselinon o f Th eoph rast us and Dio sco rides an d the H elzoselinon o f Pli ny and Palladius It does not seem to “ hav e been cultivated altho ugh by so me co mmentato rs the wo rd interp reted as small age has a wild and c ulti vated so rt N o r do I find any clear statement th at t hi s s mallage was used as food for satiwes mean s S i mply pl anted as di sti ng ui s h ed fro m g ro wi ng w i ld and we may s uppose th at thi s A pi um if s mall age was ‘ meant was pl anted fo r medi ci nal use T argio ni Tozzetti says t hi s A pi um was co nsid ered by the anc i ent s rath er as a funereal o r ill o m ened pl ant th an as an arti cl e o f food and th at by early mod ern w riters it is mentio ned only as a medi c i nal pl ant Thi s r a fi n d u h s i u s r lib y I t h a t F seems true fo r in the book s in m c y 15 4 2 does no t speak of its bei ng c ulti vated and i mpli es a medi c i n al use alo ne as did W alafridus S t rabo in the n i nth cent ury ; Trag us 15 52 likew i se ; Pinaeus 156 1 ; Pena and L obel 1570 ; erarius Epito me of Mat al s o R uellius Dio sco rid es 15 29 ; C am S eritur uo ue in t hiolus 1586 say s pl anted al s o in gard ens ” ho rtis and D odo naeus in his Pemptades 16 16 sp eak s o f t he w ild pl ant b ei ng t ransferred to gardens but di sti nc tly says no t for ’ food use A cco rd ing to T arg io ni Tozzetti A l amanni in the S ix t eenth cent ury speaks o f it but at the same ti me p rai ses A l exan ders for its sweet roots as an arti cl e of food Bauhi n s (16 2 3) name A piumpalustr e 8 : A pium ofi cinarurn i ndi cates medi c i nal o rigi n
and the
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Orig
D e C andolle
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R
des Pl C ult .
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Voy to the S outh
oss.
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1 7 .
seas, 11, 29 8 .
A pium
an tar ctiennr,
C ook
’
s
V oy
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ed.
17 69 , 1, 2 8 .
N utt ‘
Jour
.
Forster
.
Bo daeus
15 29 ,
Phila
,
67
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n . ser
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1, 183 .
.
S caliger s T heo phrastus, ed ’
.
1644
Pliny Grandsagne ed Palladins, Gesners .
H ort T rans .
l c. .
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and
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cad
Pl Esc
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5
A
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18 4, 144
5
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u 8 0 R ellias 4 p S cript, rei rust
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D ioscorides,
th er than food use an d Bauhi n s name A pium vulg are ia rd A c c r a u s n n do p o i h ti tio a ti g o t e s n t r m s e m u s s f a c i n t h e e o c a g l in g to Bretschneider cel ery p rob ably s mall age can be i dent ified i n the Chi nese w o rk o f K ia S z mu the fi ft h cent ury A D and is desc rib ed as a c ultivated pl ant in the N un g Ch en g T s nan shu W e h ave a mentio n ho wever of a c ultivated vari ety in 16 4 0 France by Olivi er de S erres in and in En gl and t he seed was sold in 17 26 fo r pl anti n g fo r the use o f the pl an t in s o ups ‘ ’ an d bro ths and M il ler says in 17 2 2 t hat s mall age is o ne o f the herb s eaten in the sp ri ng to p uri fy the blood T he cultiv ated sm all age is even n ow g ro wn in F rance un d er the name o f Celeri a couper di fferi ng but litt l e fro m the w il d fo rm T he n umber o f s uc h as names th at are g iven to s mall age i ndi cate anti ui ty A rabi c A salis Itali an apio German Eppiclz S pani sh Perexil dag oa ‘ “ French asite Egypt K erofs Engli sh smallag e etc T he p reval en ce o f a name d eriv ed fro m o ne root i ndi cates a 7 Vil mo ri n gi ves the recent di sp ersio n o f the c ult ivated vari ety follow i ng sy no ny ms : F rench Celeri Engli sh celery German S el leree Fl an ders D en mark S ellert I taly S edan o S pai n apio ° Po rt ugal A ipo and M I nto sh giv es fo r the S pani sh A pia nortensi r T he fi rst mentio n o f the wo rd cel ery t hat I h ave ob served is in ” W alafridus S trabo s poem entitl ed H o rt ulus w h ere he gives the medi ci nal uses o f A pi um and in li ne 3 3 5 uses the wo rd as follo ws ’
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Passio tum celeri
cedit
dcvicta medelae .
q
to cel ery yi elds con uered by the remedy as it may be li berally co nst rued yet the wo rd eeleri h ere may be trans lated ui ck acti ng and thi s s ugg ests t hat o ur w o rd celery was de r iv ed fro m the medi c i nal uses S t rabo wro te in the n i nth century h av ing been bo rn A D 806 o r 807 and dyi ng in Fra tnce in 84 9 ’ T arg io ni Tozzetti say s it is certai n th at in the S i x teenth cent ury cel ery was al ready b eg un to be g ro wn fo r the tabl e in T us cany I cannot find any mentio n o f celery in Fuchsius 154 2 ;Trag us 15 5 2 ; Matthiolus Co mmentari es 155 8 C amerari us Epito me 15 5 8; T he di sease th en
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Botanico n S in icum, 7 8 Ponce L a C ult Maraich A lso H euze, L es Pl A lim , ' T ownsen d S eedsman, 17 26 , 3 7 Bot Ofl i c , 17 2 2 5 Pin aeus, 15 6 1 Forsk L es Pl Pot , 7 2 Bo ok of the Garden, 11, 150 .
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p 5 .
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obel 1570 ; Gerarde 159 7 ; C lusius r a r pl ant 16 0 1 D od on aeus pempt 16 16 ; o r in Bauhi n s Pi nax 16 2 3 Parki nso n s Paradis us 16 29 mentio ns S ellery as a rarity a n d names it A pium dulee R ay in his H i sto ri a plantarum 16 86 s ay s the s m all age t rans ferred to c ult ure b eco mes mild er and l ess u n g rat eful wh ence in I taly and F rance t he l eav es and stalk s are es teemed as d eli caci es eat en wit h oil an d pepp er T he I tali ans c al l thi s v ari ety S eeleri o r Celeri T he F rench al so use the vege t abl e and the name H e add s th at in Engli sh gard ens t he c ulti v ated fo rm o ften d eg enerates i nto sm all age ui nty ne who 1 w rote p rio r to 16 9 7 the year in whi ch the thi rd editio n o f his we k n o w C o mpl ete Gard ener was p ubli sh ed says in F rance b ut o ne so rt o f it Cel eri is mentio ned however as A pium 2 d ulee Celeri [ ta/omen in Ho rt R eg Par 16 6 5 ; in 17 7 8 M awe a n d A b ercro mbi e n ote t wo so rts o f cel ery in Engl and o ne w ith t he stalk s ho llo w and the oth er w i th t he stalk s solid ; but in ’ 1 7 2 6 To wnsend di sti ng ui shed the cel eri es as small age and sel lery and the latter he says sho uld be pl anted fo r Wi nter S all ad s ” ‘ because it is v ery hot T ingburg say s cel ery is co mmo n amo ng t he ri ch er cl asses in S wed en and is p reserved in cell ars fo r win ‘ t er use I n 1806 M Maho n mentio ns fo ur so rts in his li st o f m n u e n a r d e e s c u l e n t s f o r m r i c n u s It i s c r io u s th a t n o A a e e g t io n o f a pl ant th at can suggest c el ery o cc urs in Bo daeus and S caliger s editio n o f Th eoph rast us p ub li sh ed at A msterd am in P i n aeus
n P e a ;
156 1
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16 44
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T he s ummary
i nvestigatio n h ence is th at we find no all age was g ro wn by the anc i ents as a foo d c l ear evidence th at sm f n m n T h e l a t b th t i pl a t e d a l it w s f di i a l s e c n u t a t a l e u o r a p fi rst mentio n o f c ultivatio n as a food pl ant th at I note is by Oli v i er de S erres 16 2 3 who call s it ac/ze whil e Parki n so n speak s o f c elery in 16 29 and R a n h n m n u i di c a t e s e c ltiv a tio a s c o m e c i g t n y in I taly and ex tendi ng to F rance and Engl and T arg io ni T oz z etti stat es ho wever as a cert ai n ty th at cel ery was b eg un to be r w i u s n i n h s n h e r o n n T c y t e i x t e th t u y e hollo w c l e y r a e c e n T g ‘ is stat ed by M awe to h av e been the o rigi nal ki nd and is cl ai med 7 by Cobbett even as l at e as 182 1 as b ei ng the bes t o f o ur
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nst. , 17 19 ,
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l I o rt C ulin , 17 64 , 2 5 ’ ‘ A merican Garden ers Kalen dar ‘ Maw e an d A bercro mbie Gardener, A merican Gardener -
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17 7 8.
H i story qf Celery
uly ,
U
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l i g ro wn seem to h ave di ffered but li ttl e fro m the w ild pl ant and t he w o rds cel ery and [cultivated] smallage were apparently nearly sy no ny mo us at o ne ti me as we find c ulti vated aelre spoken o f in 16 2 3 in F rance and at l ater d ates Petit celeri o r celer i a couper a v ari ety w ith hollo w st alk s c ul t ivated even at the p resent ti me fo r use o f the foli ag e in s o up s an d b roth s A mo n g the earli er vari eti es we fin d mentio n of hollo w eti mes hollow and so lid stalk ed fo rms stalk ed stalk s so m at t he present t i me the hollow stalked fo rms h ave b ecome d iscarded 1 V il mo ri n d escribes th i rteen so rt s as di sti nct and wo rthy o f c ul t ure in additio n to the celeri a couper but in all th ere is thi s to be n oted we h av e but o n e type A curio us ci rcumstance is that s mall age took o n the appear ance of cel ery b efo re its use was co mmo n ly reco rd ed if at all as a sal ad pl ant as is evid en ced by the drawi ng s h erewith rep rod uced in red uced fo rm T he fi rst d rawi n g is s ub stanti ally the same as th at bernaemo n in Fuchsius 154 2 ; Trag us 15 5 2 ; Pmaeus 156 1 T a T he fi rst
ce er es ,
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tak en fro m Matthio lus Co mmentari es 15 58; thi s rep resents the c o mmo n ex p ressio n o f the h erb ali sts as to the app earance Of A piumpalastr e at thi s ti me T he seco nd pi ct ure is fro m Came rarius Epito m e o f Matthio lus 15 86 and rep resents the fo rm w e T he thi rd pic call cel ery but hollo w stalk ed as at fi rst n oti ced t ure is taken fro m D ecaisne and N audi n s Manuel de l amateur des j ardi ns and rep resent s the unbl anch ed pl ant o f o ne o f o ur most i mp roved vari eti es Th ese pi ct ures suggest the same ideas th at I have p revio usly show n to hold t rue fo r the dandelion viz th at o ur i mp roved st rai ns o rigi nated fro m nat ural so urces an d are no t c ul tural in th ei r begi nn i n gs Take the wild small age t ransfer to fertil e soil and p ro tec t fro m cro w di n g and we sho ul d ex p ect i nc rease o f S ize t o the pl ant ; earth up fo r t he p urpo se o f bl anc hi ng and we sho uld ex pect to i i nc reased weight to the leaf st alk s ; a lo ng co nti n ued sel ec n a g tio n of the best plants for seed g ro wers wo uld grad ually s ucceed in fo rmi ng t he solid stalked ; the g ro wi ng o f v ari eti es fro m the earli est seed wo uld t end to ward earli ness ; t he o ccas io nal g ro w ing th ro ugh acc ident fro m unripe seed wo uld t end t o wards ob tai ni ng a c url ed l eaf fo rm wi th d warf h abit etc W e may h ence say th at all o ur cel eri es in fo rm are not ch anged fro m the o ri g ’
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inal
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a C ( m .
tio n
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unessen a
A pimn palw tr e Ep1t , 1586, p
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In
lity
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l i
c
Celery
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o rrel ated
wi th
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ize
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A pi mu palm Fro 2 C o mm . 15 58. p a m (D ecais ne and N audi n F10 3 Celer i plein 61 )
h a t W t (
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ce er es
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have tend ed
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to b eco me milder
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H i story of Celery
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o me of our vari eti es such as the Bo sto n market are o f a very deli cate taste far di fferent fro m the so rt spok en favo rably o f by Townsend in 17 26 as v ery ho t and very slo w grow i ng It is probable th at so me o rigi nal vari atio n in uality di scovered in the wild pl an t suggested c ultivatio n ffor amo n g a peopl e lik e t he Itali ans w ith who m hig h aro mati c taste seems pop ul ar th e if stro n g savo r o f the sm all age wo uld p resent li ttl e obj ect io n o nly g rateful to th em; o r th at its use was s uggested by so me pop ul ar id ea o f its val ue as a medi ci nal food as seems p rob abl e Th at th ere is g reat vari ety in wild pl ants in respect to fl avo r w e have every reaso n to beli eve S mall age described by mo st bo t an ists as a s uspi c io us if no t d angero us pl ant fo r eat i n g y et in Fueg ia w as fo un d pal atabl e an d h ealth ful by the sailo rs o f th e 2 1 ex plo ri n g ship s and in N ew Zeal and d escribed by Fo rst er truly pl easant and sal utary fo r sc orb uti c sailo rs T he use in Italy as a medi ci nal food and the i nt rod uci ng to garden c ul t ure w ith bl an chi n g etc w o ul d i mp rove the fl avo r an d i ncrease its use and i mp rov ement o nce i n iti ated and recog niz ed wo uld neces sarily co n ti n ue and stability o f typ e fo rm wo uld al s o tend t o co nti n ue as the seedi ng h abits o f the gard en pl an t is no t favo ra ble to cro ss fertilizatio n w ith the w il d o r alli ed speci es it b ei n g a bi enn i al and not usually seedi ng alo ngsi de of oth er spec i es w ith whi ch cro sses might o ccas io nally oc cur W e h ave n ow in celery an i mp roved not ch anged wild plant whi ch does not now ten d to revert to the wild fo rm as it seemed to h ave do ne at the fi rst and a good ill ust ratio n o f the fix ity o f a garden fo rm speci es T he p resent fo rm w ill undo ubtedly c o n ti nne unch anged fo r a l o ng period un l ess cross fertilizatio n w ith an oth er speci es vari ety is b ro ught to pass It wo uld be o f g ar den i nterest to g ro w and cro ss the speci es fo rms fro m di fferen t po rtio ns of the g lob e w i th o ur gard en vari eti es as analogi cal wo uld s uggest possibiliti es as y et un s uspected in reas o n i ng p racti ce no w s
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Tbe Yellew TH E
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BI L L ED M A GPI E
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BY BA R T ON \V
EV E R M A N N
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U R I N G two years spent in Vent ura co unty S o uth ern C ali fo rn ia I b ecame uite famili ar wi th t hi s handso me y et noi sy b i rd o f pl ebei an tast es T he yello w bill ed speci es seems to be r es t ri cted in its ran ge to C ali fo rn i a th ro ugho ut whi ch S tat e it is lo cally ab undant One of the great i nd ust ri es of S o uth ern Cali fo rn i a is w ool r w n h a n v d w s f o i g t e v ll y s a hill s id r o r e ith flo c k d o e e s a e c e ; g s heep fro m a sco re to several tho usand s in n um ber ; and nearly ev ery cafi o n has its co rral to w hi ch the h erder and his faith ful d o g d rive the flo c ks at eventid e H ere th ey are sh ut up and u a r a h e r u e n h m n a n d d th o gh igh o n i g th g i t I n e r e a r e t t g y t urn ed loo se to feed upo n the b urr clover alfillarilla (o r fillareé an d s uch o t h er st uff as can cause o nly sh eep and mul es to th riv e — I n and abo ut t hese co rral s are v ario us ki nd s o f filth carcasses o f sh eep th at h av e di ed o f di sease o r starvatio n bo di es o f d ead l ambs and the refuse o f the S h eep whi ch the h erder has sl augh tered for his o w n l ard er fo r j erk ed mutto n an d to rtill as co nstit ute S uch a pl ace as thi s is t he chi ef part o f his meager bill o f fare H ere th ey can be fo un d a p arago n o f restaurant s to the magpi es in the early mo rn i ng in the eveni ng and at any oth er ti me of H ere th ey co me to feed day w h en th ey h app en to be h ung ry upo n the filth k eepi ng up an al m o st i ncessant chatteri ng cryi ng an d scoldi ng whi ch if t ransl ated i nto i ntelligibl e En gli sh wo uld certai n ly b ri stl e wit h o ath s an d s l ang Fo r th ere wh ere the E n gli sh sparro w has not yet fo un d its way the magpi e rep resents ” hoodl um el ement in bi rd soci ety But w h en the Engli sh t he ai n the magpi e w ill b eco me by co mpari sp arro w i n vad es its do m so n a mo st esti m abl e member o f the avi an fauna o f th at regio n A l mo st any cafio n whi c h has a co nsid erabl e sh eep co rral and is s upplied w ith a few scattered cl ump s o f live o aks cotto nwood s agpi es A nd uite sure to h av e its c olo ny Of m o r sycamo res is when y o u enter o ne o f th ese cati o ns y o u are apt to k no w o f th ei r p resence lon g befo re y o u co me withi n g unshot o f th em unl ess th ey as is so meti mes th ei r custo m remai n ui et and hid den until f u s o r e w w h e o e n r th m h th y op e n r u po it voll y u a a n e e n e fi e o y y oath s i mp recatio ns and mal edi ctio ns whi ch nothi ng but a c harge o f s hot w il l stop
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h a pl ace as thi s is Wheel er catio n a few mil es dow n t he S anta Cl ara vall ey fro m S anta Paul a By fo rmer vi s i ts to t h i s ysel f info rmed as to the p ro g ress th ese bi rds cati o n I had k ept m w ere maki ng in th ei r n esti n g S o o n A pril 2 1881 M r F red Co rey and I paid tne cario n a vi sit beli evi ng th at many fu l l w o uld be gotten We started fro m ho me early in t he sets mo rni ng and drove do wn to the cati o n fully p repared to spen d A S we drove l ei surely alo ng the foot o f the mo untain t he day ero us b ro wn bi rd s (Pupilo fnscns er zlrsalzlr) an d vall ey sl ope n um z l a a l or n i e a m u e sc u r i d o r th i r e f r o a a n d h d uail s (Callzpe f p p ) th emsel ves in the sage b ush C h aparral wh ich th ere abo unds ; ea) and an o ccasio nal b urro w i n g o wl (S peoty to cunienlaria hypog e Where w o uld sal ute us w it h a school boy bo w as we passed the cano n op ens i nto the v all ey are many l arge sp readi ng li ve oaks w hi ch with th ei r d ark g reen foli ag e and sp read i n g fo rm bl e l arge appl e t rees Many o f th em have beauti fully resem ro un d ed top s who se bases are o nly a few feet fro m the g ro un d an d who se small d ark g reen l eaves are so thi c kly set th at it is i mpo ssibl e to see amo ng the b ranc h es ex cept fro m belo w Far th er up the cati o n are a n umber o f cotto n wood s and a few wil lows and still farther mo re oaks and several sycamo res H e who has coll ect ed on ly h ere in the East h ardly k n ow s ho w ri ch may be the res ults o f a day sp ent in such a cati o n as th is H ere every tree c o uld be cli mbed with n o g reat di ffi culty and anythi n g it might co ntai n was nearly al ways obtai nabl e W h en we reach ed the sy camo res and c otto nwoods the hood ed and Bul lo ck s o riol es h appi est o f all the caiio n s h appy bi rds flitted amo ng the g reen l eaves delighti ng the eye w i th th ei r roy al d ress A nd a pai r o f mag and the car w i t h th ei r ri ch melo dy o f s o n g pi es flew up fro m the edge of a little stream wh ere th ey had co m e t o mak e th ei r mo rn i ng toil et and perc h ed upo n a cott on wood near by Emp has i s was given to th ei r s coldi ngs by ex cited j erki ngs of the tail an d body after the manner o f the jay But as w e had d ecided to begi n c oll ecti ng at the upper end o f the co ri o n we passed o n witho ut di st urbi ng the n est w hi ch we pl ai nl y A s we neared the upper end o f the caii on saw in the t ree s top s cali o r n i a n a s o o a C ali fo rn i a v ult ure (Pseudog rypl m r s e f r m t h e f ) g ro und in fro nt o f us wh ere lay a d ead pig upon whi ch it was I k no w o f feasti ng and s oared away to the higher mo untai ns no bi rd of mo re maj esti c flight th an thi s g reat v ult ure o f o ur S
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W estern coast Whil e risi ng fro m the g ro und his movements are a nythi ng b ut g raceful ; he start s with a few v ery awk ward s t eps a n d stil l mo re aw k ward fl ap s o f his i mmen se w i n gs but after r eachi ng an el ev atio n o f fi fty to seventy five feet fl appi n g o f the w i ngs c eases and as he ci rc l es above yo u ascendi ng high er and h igh er on motio nl ess w i n gs he p roves hi msel f ki ng of the soar But the magpi e was the obj ect of our t rip and to her i ng b i rd s w e must ret urn Our ti me was well selec ted for the nesti ng was T he large glob ul ar n ests were seen in the top s of at its h eig ht ees and most Of those th at we cli mbed to co n a n umb er o f t r W e obtained n i ne sets al together t ained good sets of egg s F ive nests were fo un d in sycamo res and co ntai ned th ree six seven T he full nest co mpl ement fo r s ev en and n i ne eggs res pectiv ely each of the fi rst tw o set s had evidently not been reach ed as the egg s were p erfec tly fres h I nc ubatio n had scarcely b eg un in the t wo sets o f seven eac h ;and the ni ne eggs o f the o ther set S ho wed b ut slight emb ryo n i c ch anges T wo sets of eight eggs each were t ak en fro m nests in live o ak s and w i th th ese i nc ub atio n had p ro ceed ed several d ays One b eauti ful set o f eight eggs was fo und in a nest in the top o f a I n o nly two o r th ree w illo w n ear the lo wer end o f the cati o n b ryo ni c ch anges vi sible But one nest was o f the eggs were em in the mo rn fo und in a co tto nw ood the o ne we had spott ed ing and b ut a sho rt di stance fro m the w illo w j ust mentio ned I n Th us fro m the n i ne nests we t hi s nest we fo und fo ur fresh eggs w regard ed as a p ret ty fai r d ay s coll ec t o s c i y gg hi h t x t s w e e g F ro m the above facts it seems safe to co ncl ude that the in g us ual nest co mpl ement o f the y ello w bill ed magpi e is fro mseven to ni ne eggs and that the sy camo re is the favo rite t ree in whi ch to nest in th at regio n T he nest is a l arge glob ul ar st ruct ure very much resembli ng two crow s nests pl aced wit h th ei r faces or edges togeth er the do me o r roo f o f the nest bei n g so mewh at thi n ner th an the lo wer n i rreg ul ar sh aped en t rance way is l eft at o ne sid e and a r t A p the wall s o f the nest s uppo rt t he do me sh aped roo f at a s uffic i ent height to p ermit the lo n g tai l o f the sitti ng bi rd to ex tend up ward as the ho rizo ntal di ameter is no t s uffi ci ent to permit any oth er Excep t in the li ni n g very co arse d i spo sitio n o f th at memb er — materi al is used in the co nstructio n of the nest l arge twigs of c otto nwood bei ng mo st fre uently used T he nest is ro ughly .
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li ned w ith fi ner t wigs and st rip s o f the i nner bark o f the cott o n A few o f the nests we ex ami ned were new ly made but wood t he majo ri ty were old nest s whi c h had b een used in p revi o us years uite a n umb er o f old d esert ed nests w ere fo u n d part ic ularly in the li ve o ak s near t hi s mo n th o f the cati o n w h ere we But a few years befo re a sc hool fo un d no recent nests at all ho use had been b uilt near thi s g rove o f oak s and the small boy p roved too much fo r even the magpi es who retreated up the caito n l eavi ng th ei r t ent s b ehi nd th em T he eggs o f the yello w bill magpi e v ary co ns i derably in colo r as well as in s iz e and g eneral s h ape T he d escriptio n o f the colo r gi ven in Bai rd Brewer an d R i dg way and copi ed by M r Oliver D avi e in his Eg g Ch eck li st o f N o rth A meri can Bi rds T he appli cabl e to nearly all t he spec i mens I h ave seen viz g ro und colo r is a light d rab so cl early marked wi t h fine clo ud i ngs of an ob scure lavend er colo r as nearly to co nceal the gro und ” and to give the egg the appearance o f an al mo st viol et b ro wn One set o f fo ur in my coll ectio n has t he l avender very pro uit e l arg e spots o r blotc h es rath er mo st n u mer n o unced and in T he egg s o f thi s set measure o us abo ut the l arger end x — X n t h e r v g a d a e a 0 e 8 0 x x x 4 9 9 9 95 9 bei ng the largest of any of the sets I h ave seen A no th er set o f X 8 as the l argest X 85 as t he s mall es t eigh t giv es 5 X 85 as the av erage T he average o f a set o f s ix given and X by M r D avi e is 1 30 X 89 and o n an oth er pag e he gives f v m n e t s B p ly g o y s giv 2 m a t h a e r a e B R r b e a e 8 1 e s u 9 M u m f e r m r s e e s r e e n t o a n f o o n t e e y a l Th m a a t h C s 0 e e x 9 gg last meas urements seem rath er und er the averag e of those I h ave .
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to whi ch we cli mbed were old deserted o nes and co ntai ned no eggs Mr Co rey after much di ffi c ul ty reac h ed o ne in whi ch he was surp ri sed to fi nd a set o f egg s o f the sparro w hawk (Tinrmneulus spar verin s) Whil e we had b een ui te s ucc es sful in securi ng many good sets of b eauti ful egg s th ese materi al thi ngs alo n e did n o t rep resent D uri ng o ur mo rn the p rofi ts w hi ch the day had b ro ught to us in g ride b esides the obj ects al ready mentio ned we had seen en j oyed and co nversed abo ut a sco re o f oth er thi ngs no l ess att rae tive A nd no w in the ev eni ng as the sun sank b eyo n d the hill s and the high est p eak s o f the caii o n s wall s received its l ast warm S everal
of
the n est s
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T/re Phy log eny
f
o
tire
Carn elrdee .
it passed b eyo nd the Pac ifi c new ch arms were add ed t o t he pl ace W e saw the beauti ful c rest ed vall ey uail s fly o n w h i rri n g w i n g fro m the mesas an d the C h aparral to the d ense fo l i age o f the liv e o ak wh ere th ei r l eader call ed to the n igh t s r ep o se ; we heard the lo ng c o nt i n ued ri ng i n g not e o f t he g ro un d t it (Clramaza faseiata) fro m the thi ck et by the ro ad side ;we h eard — lt the dismal multit udino us b arki ng s an d ho wli ng s al most fe o f a c oyote th at wat c h ed us fro m a ridg e n o t far away and co uld h ar d ly beli eve o ne poo r b east co uld carry o n such a co ncert ; we s aw and h eard an d felt a h un d red b eaut i es whi c h delight the so u l an d fill it wi th h appy memo ri es W e enj oyed mo st the fish we d id n t catch l w s o g
ere
q
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THE
P HY L OGEN Y OF av E
.
D
.
T H E C A M EL I D E
.
co p e .
k nown the camel s fo rma well di sti ng ui shed divi sio n o f the A rtio dac tyl a o r ev en to ed ung ul ates T he pro mi nent feat ures w hi ch separate th em o steologi cally sp eaki ng fro m o th er A rtiod acty l a are t hree viz the ab sence o f a canal o f t he cervi cal v erteb rae whi ch in other Mammali a encloses the vert eb ral artery t s h n n s r o n a o f t e Fig p i i o too h e id t h e r e s e n c e o c c h e f a ( S is well
-
,
-
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
—P el
labiatm n C ope ; five anterior cervical vertebra , sho wing absence o f vertebrart erial can al ; one half n atural S ize Fig s p , po sterio r views o f Orig inal, from vertebrae lettered to correspo nd w ith t hose represented abo ve t hem s eci men fro m W hite R iver bed o f C o lo rado , represen ted in Fig 7 p
F10
.
1
.
o
r otr i er in rn
-
.
.
.
.
.
aw (Fig pper j and thi rdly the i nco mpl eteness of the k eel s Thi s char o f the di st al end s o f the metapodi al bo n es (Fig acter an d th at o f the p resence o f i nc i so rs are p ri miti ve co nditio n s mo n to all the early Mammali a T he peculi ar cervi cal verte co m bra: c o nsti tute a sp eci alizatio n b ut w h eth er degenerative or pro
u
.
,
.
,
.
,
7 7ze Phy log eny
ce tai
mai ns to
the
f
(
Camelide
.
d I n o ne respect thi s l i n e ex hibits a high speci alizatio n whi ch is present at the earli est k no wn period o f its hi sto ry T hi s co nsi sts in t he red uctio n o f the lat eral (11 and v) met apodi al bo nes so th at but two functi on al toes — Thi s co nditio n has b een reac hed by rem ai n (see Fig 1 c f ) the mo re ty pi cal artio dacty les after a much lo nger l ap se o f t ime for most o f the ex ti nct and recent types di spl ay l ateral digits in a well dev eloped o r rudi mentary co ndi tio n ; in but few o f th em h ave th ey totally di sapp eared I n anoth er respect the li ne o f the camel s at tai ns a high er spec i ali zatio n th an that o f the ty pi cal mo n to the rumi nant s altho ugh its b egi n n i n g is th at whi ch is co m Thi s is in the den titio n T he red uctio n in enti re subo rd er n umb ers o f t eeth sho wed by Owen to c h arac teriz e t he hi sto rical s uccessio n o f all M amm ali a is carri ed furth er in the mol ar seri es el s th an in any hoo fed o rd er ; for in the fi nal term o r o f cam genus Eschatius (Cope) th ere is b ut o ne p remol ar l eft in the upper j aw and t h at is red uced to a s i mpl e co ne T he true mol ars never reac h the co mpl ex ity o f those o f the oth er li ne o f e o r o x en n o r do th ey b eco me p ri sm the Bovi da ati c as in th at family but retai n the sho rt c ro wn well di sti ng ui sh ed fro m lo n g ali a roots whi ch b elo ng s to all the earli er Mamm T he s uccessio nal red uctio n in the n umb ers o f p remol ar teeth l e is sho w n in t he follo wi ng tabl e in the family of the Camelid a There is seen in the genera Protauchenia and Palauchenia a ten dency to an i ncrease o f co mpli catio n of the fo urth i n ferio r pre mol ar i r ss e v e e r g
be as
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ne
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,
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-
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I
Pm -
.
Premolar teeth
.
1 separated
II
Q .
by diastema
Pr oearnelns L eidy
.
Premolar teeth
.
III
.
Premolar teeth
g .
Fourth inferior premolar triangular Fo urt h in ferior premolar composed
P m 3 7) Fourth in ferio r premolar rior
Carneln s L inn
.
of
.
two crescents, which enclose a lake, (an in fe
-
.
mposed of two
crescents ,
w ith two posteri or tubercles
l m a r co m osed of tw o crescen ts o p p Fo urth superio r premo lar co nsisting o f a s imple con e
H olorn en isms C ope E selt ati us C ope
behind them .
IV
.
co
.
Premo lar teeth
1 .
Fourth premolar belo w triangular V
.
Fo urth
Premolar teeth superio r
re
. .
.
l
Fro m Pro ceedings A
mer
.
Phi losoph S oc .
.
188 4.
p
.
.
.
16
.
.
e e Plry log eny of tire Camelidar
.
o nly genera whi ch i ncl ud e ex i sti ng speci es a n d A uc h eni a the camel s and ll amas It may be remarked th at r es pec ti vely t h e l atter g en us whi ch is co n fi ned to the is mo re speci alized th an n ew wo rld C a mel us whi c h is restri cted to the old w o rld T he
C amel us
are
,
.
,
,
,
.
C amelid ae is the ch w hi e u P ro to labis C O e (Fig n s g p the a g r ees with Procamelus (Fig ear li es t g en us o f th at family in mo st r es p ec ts but di f fers dec idedly in h avi n g In a full set o f s uperio r i nc i so r t eeth t h i s gen us we reach the stage in t rac i ng b ack the ancest ry o f the camel s w hi ch w e find rep resented by Oreo do n in the or s eri es o f the Ch ev rot ai ns (T rag ulidm ) t he Geloc us in the li ne o f the cat tl e and d eer It is p robabl e tho ugh not certai n th at in Proto labis the metapodi al bo nes are co mbi ned i nto a canno n bo ne as in e I f S O it di ffers mate the Cameli da the g en us rially fro m its p red ecesso r Poé brotherium and must be regarded as the type o f a speci al family the P roto A
t l to
n ces ra
the
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
labididaa .
T he Po ébrotherudmh ave th ei r general
h
c aracters
l1ke those
didze, but the
of
the
Protolab1
metapodi al bo nes are en b P ’ 3 F “ 1 T h 1 e 0 3 1 ( g 3 7) f
m
F
.
2
.
_
C at pus ’
can n on
alan g es of h p r ocam elus accide nta [ is L eid t ti rely d'S t 1 ro m N ew M ex ico , fro m in d r o r a l i a n v i d 4 F . . n , and the c res se en are ru ee g as vi ews 11 na , no er fa 1l1es, are but the cen s, as R pt U S G G o ne
and
first
i
°
t th t
t ly
l odo t j g r m oth m z W m e G T he premol ars are en four in n umb er i s ; tirely di fferen t in fo rm fro m the mol ars aw co ns i sts o f b ut two crescent s as and the l ast o ne in the upp er j in rumi nants generally .
w
.
.
.
.
.
r
.
,
t
,
,
.
T he family w hi ch
ho ul d be ancest ral to the Poébro thern dae is I t sho uld po ssess the fo ot characters o f the not certai nly k no wn latter with uad rit ubercul ar i nferio r and superi o r mol ars Th at is
q
s
-
.
.
,
77ze Phy log eny
a
tire
Carn elide
.
0
i nstead o f fo ur c rescents these t eeth sho ul d po ssess fo ur c o nes or t ub ercl es perh ap s mo re o r l ess fl attened S uch fo rms are al ready k no w n as ancest ral to so me o th er R umi nanti a as fo r i nstan ce t he gen us A n t hrac o t h er i um wh ere the ex ternal c o nes are fl attened o n t he o uter si de o r D ichobune wh ere the c o n es are n ot fl atten ed at all I n both o f th ese g enera th ere are five t ubercles to the superio r mol ars and the l at eral (11 v) digits are p resen t We po ssess so me frag ment s ho wever o f a lost gen us fro m the ag e o f t he Poé bro therium (the W hite R iver M io cene o r Ol igo cene) w hi c h very p robably rep resents the o ne w h i c h fil ls the i nterval Thi s has b een named S tib arus (Cope) and it is o nly k no wn fr o m parts o f lo wer j aws w hi c h c o ntai n p remol ar t eeth Th ese h ave a g reat resembl ance to the co rre s o nd ing parts o f an old er g en us o f t he same p FI G C a “ 3 p meta a pu a d e d f li ne Pan to lestes fro m the Wasat ch fo rma m m I t might be s usp ected n o r L o wer Eo cene tio z fi igfz fffig: O ig i al that S tibarus is a member o f the Panto T he s uperio r mol ars o f Panto lestes be lestidmbut fo r o ne fact lo ng to the p ri mitive type w hi ch has o nly th ree t ubercl es o r c usp s N o gen us o f ung ul ate mammal s h avi ng thi s ch aracter is k no wn to pass the bo unds o f the Eo cene seri es o f epoch s in an y p rob abl e th at S tibarus will p ro ve c o un try and it is ex t remely i m I h ave very li ttl e do ubt th at the to be an ex cept io n to thi s rul e uadri t ub erc ul ar b ut it is s up erio r mol ars will be fo un d to be i mpo ssibl e to be certai n whether t he t ub ercl es are si mpl e o r cres cen tic T he resembl ance o f the p remol ars to tho se o f Panto les I n t hi s tes l eav es the p rob abiliti es in favo r o f th ei r b ei ng s i mpl e case S tibar us rep resen ts a family in the w i de i n t erval b etween the ,
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Pan to lest idze
and t he
Po é bro therndze
.
mammal fro m the Bri dger Eo cene o f Wyo mi n g as a p rob abl e memb er o f the camel o r n o n r e r a m d a n l o i s seri es un der the n ame o f [ tlz c e d i s It o ly n yg k no wn fro m two p remax ill ary and a part o f o ne max ill ary bo nes T he fo rmer are s l ender an d b ear a co mpl ete set o f i nci so r teeth w hi ch are follo wed by a l arg e can i ne I t is p robabl e th at t hi s gen us b elo ng s in the camel seri es but it cannot yet be pos itively affi rmed M essrs S co tt .
an d
Osbo rn h ave d escribed
a
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
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TI t: Phy log eny of tire Cam elidw
‘
.
q
o rigi n o f the Panto lestidz is th at o f the Thi s I have b eli eved wo ul d o rigi n o f the subo rd er A rtiod actyl a b e fo und to h ave b een fro m so me y et undi scov ered typ e o r s ub l o rd er o f the o rd er A m blypoda N o ne o f the k no wn famili es o f t h at o rd er can h ave o cc upi ed thi s po sitio n fo r altho ugh th ei r rgan izatio n is app rop ri ate th ei r s uperio r and i nferio r l o e n e r a g mol ar teeth h ave b een modified too much fro m the si mple t ritu b ercular type o n whi ch th ey are b uilt T he ancesto r o f Panto lest es was an amblypod with the t ub ercl es of its t rit ub ercul ar ple o r co ni cal N o suc h fo rm has s uperio r mol ars enti rely si m scov ered but I h ave in an ti cipatio n o f suc h di scov ery e b n di e t e y n amed the s ubo rd er the H yo do nta D r E S chlo sser an ab st ract o f an unp ubli sh ed memoi r to T he
ues
tio n
of
the
.
‘
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,
,
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,
,
,
.
.
.
i F 5 Fig 4 g n i z e o s r r a l t h i d n a t u e o n r r u s r n e v u s d o ( g L elt anterior foot o f Pnen ae Fl o 4 p e S f e f c t r s i m e r m i u n i o h e c e l T a , i n i r o n o o d r h o C p f a n u s o M c Ft ) in al ) ( g yp 5 m n u m a a o d e s t z i M r e m o z i u T ; a e s t r m T i f r ; u o , g n e ; c a c g a i l u n r C p a L h o d , s ; p , , ; ; p U , uncilonn .
.
—
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—
-
,
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.
a n s s h e e t a c u r a p o phologi c h h b h t k po itio th t s e s r M i n t h e a r a pe j a e a x r m h e t f r e d e t c tio tyl h v b di ly iv d o T opod e r a a e een dac t he A r m A h e n s e a t u d i h c t i r o ily th l vi g bly P m e p y o f the and fr m the fam ’ poda o ut o f thei r phylogeny I n thi s I cannot agree with him an d for the follo wi ng reas o ns e d n w n a r s a r n e a r e a s o vol tio Dipl th o u lt t i t kl r ar u n o f the T he e w e d r o r s r a a e a x e o d U g t Fig o T o od t ight o h m f r t n ula a ( b ne p n a h e i t r e n e s h a i t kl bo d U g l t Fig b by ot t o a a u n ne w r s and an e ( 2
,
,
,
.
-
-
,
-
,
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-
-
-
.
u r o l S G e r t S e U R o 2 1 8 8 i o e t c h S , p Proceedings A mer Philosop p 447 y, vey T errs , 111, 1885, p 3 82 ’ Z oo log is c her A n z ei g er, 1886 , N O 2 22 aOn co nditio n that t he c ar us of the Peri t chidze (which is unknown ) 15 taxeo py p ous , as I have supposed d o p .
.
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V OL
.
XX
.
—O N
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V"
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7 1mPby log eny
m l z e a e b cz M C f
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.
i nward s o f the seco nd row o n the fi rst in both the fo re and bin d feet Thi s rotatio n has resul ted s oo ner or l ater in the loss o f the In internal digit (th umb and g reat toe) fro m bo th ex t remiti es the hi st o ry o f t hi s s li di ng i nward s o f the sec o nd row t he o ut s id e el emen t o f the row has al way s p reced ed in ti me the i n s i de T he A mblypoda (Fig 5) sho w thi s c l early el emen t T he u nci fo rm bo ne has ex tend ed i nwards so as to s uppo rt t he seco n d bo ne o f the fi rst ro w (l unar) in p art as w ell as the o ne whi ch p ro perly rests o n it (cun ei fo rm) But t he mag n umhas n o t s lipped i nwards so as to s uppo rt the scaphoi d o f Th at c o nti n ues the fi rst row to be s uppo rted by its p roper s uccesso rs belo w the t rape zoi des and the t rap ezi um the l atter taki ng h al f the b urth en Thi s st ructure (Fig 5 ) is ab so lutely i ntermedi ate betw een th at o f t he T ae po da (Fig and th at o f t he D iplart hra nd I i m a Fig a gi n e th a t ( all ung ul ates in pass i n g fro m ,
~
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,
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o d s o u p
the tae
to the diplar
tages t raversed the amblypodo us T he o n ly oth er co ncei vabl e p ath w o ul d h ave been th ro ugh a type in w hi ch the mag n um had ex tended t o Fm 6 —F e leg a d foo t f Hy a b elo w the scaphoi d wh il e M m um vent lu m C pe t w thi d at n u r d “ t h e u f m d i Q 3 3 5 t c o " 1 W l b e d f i v m E e d e e; P I m W “ m m R ° “ Q ° U 5 Q w g P ward s b eyo nd the li mi ts o f the gc l S u v T e m N o s uch type has c unei fo rm b een fo und On the oth er h and I h ave sho wn th at the Oreo do n l tid al: have p ush ed the transpo sitio n o f the bo nes o f the seco nd e th at the mag num has gotten en carpal ro w to s uc h an ex trem t irely und er the scaphoi d w hil e the unci fo rm s uppo rts the l unar Th us the al ternati ng po sitio n wi th its useful mechan c o mpl et ely i cal co nse uence has been lo st to thi s g ro up t he effect p ro duced b ei ng ex actly t hat seen in the A mblypo da Thi s may have had s o methi n g to do with t he ex ti nc tio n o f the Oreo do ntidm thro us
s
.
or
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Pro ceed ing s A
Bull
.
,
No
.
mer
.
Philos S oc .
.
1884 ,
pp
.
0 5 4
-
9
,
and 188 4,
p
.
23
P a l ( aeo ntolog
.
Yhe Phy log eny
T he follow i ng
m a C f
’ elzbcz
o
.
n of
the
ggestio ns as to the o igi th n e e a e e s a a th y h v b liarities o f the cameloid seri es o r Tylopod a l m e a s a e h t f n o call ed may be made T he i mperfectio di t l t podi k eel s (Figs 2 3 and 7 ) is p rob ably due to the early d evelop m ent o f an el asti c pad o f co nnec It t ive ti ssue b eneath the p ro x i mal p hal anges is thi s pad whi ch gives t he foot o f the camel its li l t l p io d n causes its step to s n a e c a r a r x a n u e a e p Thi s st ruct ure has b e both el asti c and s il ent r eli eved t he metapo dials o f the c o nc uss io ns to w hi ch the feet o f oth er R umi nanti a are s ubj ect ahd I h ave ad vanced thi s fact as the c ause o f the l m ntio n ed e d e e u rity o f the m i l s li a bov c a e t a a o p p T he cause o f the ab sence o f s up erio r i nci so r t eeth is unk n o wn but has b een s uppo sed to be pl ementary to the p resence o f ho rns in the com R umi nanti a N o ne o f the camel li ne h ave ho rns and the p resence o f the s i ngl e i nci so r o n each s id e m ay be co nnect ed w i t h thi s fact ; but why t wo o f the i nci so rs o n each sid e sho uld h ave b een lo st un d er the ci rcumstan ces is not ex pl ai ned N o r has any ex pl anatio n b een o ffered fo r t he ab sence o f the vert eb rarteri al fo rami na e (Fig o f the cervi cal v erteb ra Th ere have been six speci es o f the Pantoles t id as describ ed all b e lo ngi ng to t he genus Panto lestes T he o nly o nes o f the six w hi ch are H ind FI G 7 k n o wn fro m parts o f the skel eto n are the P f t }P?6 (he “ " m“ m “ m laug h audit s C Ope o f the Bridger Eo cene epo ch e t e n m e e e i p p O ig an d the P br achy stomus o f t he Wasatch Eo cene ed in F g l h “ Fig N i t h e r o f t hese spec i es ex ceed ed an e ( 33 K aexfi 1 2 ex i st i ng musk deer in siz e and both had s l end er C l ad li mb s T he t arsus o f the P brachystomus is k no wn and it is t ruly r umi nant tho ugh all the bo nes are di sti n ct (Fig A t the upper en d the adj acent sid es o f the metatarsal bo nes are fl att ened and appli ed togeth er so th at the l ater fo rmatio n o f a canno n bo ne by t hei r fus io n must h ave b een o f easy acco mpli sh ment T he d is tal parts o f th ese bo nes as seen in the P long icaudus are no t uite di sti nct fro m each oth er T he P c lo sely app ressed b ut are r
su
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’ The Phylog eny o h e t a m e l z h C e e f .
m the Wasatch
etsag icus, also fro
Eo
ce e n
p t d by a rob ust lo wer j aw as
is
re resen e
of a fox
But
Ho rn river po rtio n o f a l arge as that
the Big
of
,
.
peci es of S tibarus is k nown and th at fro mj aw frag ments o nly in my museum and in that o f Pri nceto n Coll ege T h ese fragments appear to have belo nged to an an i mal o f the siz e ofa p in eweasel o r m artin but the p remol ar t eeth are very large for the size of the j aw and may i ndi cat e a l arger ani mal T he anterio r o nes ? first and sec o nd h ave two roots each and are uite elo n ate in the lo re and aft di rce g tio n Th ey are separated by a very n arro w di as tem a fro m the t oo th in front o f th em ? the cani ne T he p remol ars are co mp ressed and h av e a s t raigh t medi an c utti ng ed ge Thi s edge is th ro wn into two lobes Fro 8 P nl le te b a hy mmm between the anterio r and po sterio r ize f m Wa at ch Eo C o pe nat asal ones the an teri o r o n ly bei ng b Fi g a upe i en e f Wy ming m lar teeth f mbel w; b mandible the larger T he whol e tooth resem d f t i e s a rath er lo w prem bl ol t th r a oo f o 1 2g 2 3sgfiz fmfl m fi m “01 beki d ; bef e ; d a dog and was evid ently u ite ( m al e uts i de f : f om Ori g nal c e a c u r f f f tiv a s t t e o s o ft s ub e e from R eport 0 s G e l S urvey T e s V l I " F V H ayden stances Of the Po é bro theruda th ere are two genera T hese di ffer as follo ws : o ne S
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First premolar o f
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I n Po ébrotherium we
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h ave two spec ies a l arger P I abiatmn Cope and a small er P w lsom L eidy (Fig Both are an i mal s o f g raceful and sl ender p ropo rtio n s o f abo ut the si ze and b u ild Th ei r h ead s were ho wever o f a mo re o f the ex i sti ng gazell es T he remai n s o f narro wed fo rm to ward s the end o f the muzzl e t hese ani mals have b een fo und in the Whi te R iver beds o f N e ‘
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The Phy log eny of the Cameliaz '
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D akota Wyo mi ng and Colo rado T h ey were evidently very ab undant d uri ng Oligocene ti me T he gen us Go mphotheri um emb races but one spec i es the G
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FI G 9 .
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L eidy, fro m Whitc R iver Miocene o f N ebraska o n e half natural si ze ; b, su erior mo lar teeth, nat siz e ; e, p Fro m L eidy, A ncient Fauna o f N ebras ka
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Fig a, skull, rig ht side, i n ferio r mo lars , nat size
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mberg z Cope
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by Mr C H S ternberg in the J oh n D ay M io cene beds o f Cent ral Orego n I ts size exceed s that o f eith er o f the Po é bro theria e uali ng that o f a llama '
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fifths n at size, fro m the John Fig 0 , left side ; 6 , i n ferio r side ; e, distal end o f radi us D ay M iocen e o f Oreg on O riginal, from R eport U S Geo log S urvey, F V H ayden Fl a
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li mb s were al so sl en der and in th ei r general ch aracters T he seco nd and r esembl e those o f the genus w hi c h p reced ed it fi fth di gits are represented o n b oth feet by smal l scal e li ke bo ne; I ts
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The Phy log eny
the
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o
Camelzdee '
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dh erent to the sides o f the two medi an metapodials T he i nfo ol ars in thi s gen us are all much c o mp ressed b ut di ffer r io r p rem much in fo rm fro m tho se o f S tibarus T he fi rst upper p remolar is a s i mpl e too th wi th a s ub c o n i cal cro wn totally di fferen t from the lo ng c utti ng cro w n o f the co rres po ndi ng too th in Po é bro T he nex t t wo p remol ars alo ne are c o mp ress ed t ho ugh therium T he fo urt h is lik e that of the thi rd is rath er wid e po sterio rly o th er r umi nants T he ol dest speci es o f Pro to labis P (museum/anus Cope (Fig l l ) was obtai ned fro m the T ic ho leptus bed s whi ch overli e the Joh n D ay b ed s in C entral Orego n I ts sk ull and a few bo nes
a
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i l r ammon tan m C o pe, sk ull o n e third bed o f Oregon Fig a, from left side ; 6 , fro m belo w 11
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r otolab s .
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from T icho Orig i nal
nat
size,
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k nown but the fo rmer di spl ays very co mpl ete denti ti on I ts size is abo ut th at o f the V i rgi n i a deer I ts di mensio ns are in st ri ct acco rd w i t h the rat e o f i nc rease o f s ize to be ob served in t hi s seri es an d whi ch it w ill be n oti ced is mai ntai ned to t he We ens io ns were attai ned cene epo ch w h en the g reatest di m T wo S p eci es o f Pro to labis appear in t he s ucceedi n g o r L o up Fork epo c h whi ch ex ceed t he P transmon tan us i n s ize Th ese are the P heterodontus and the P pr ehensilzlr Cope A cco mpanyi ng the l att er we h av e the speci es o f Pro camelus L ei dy t he earli est memb ers o f the t rue C amelidz I ts S pecies v ary in s ize fro m th at o f a sh eep as P g racelis L ei dy to that of o z o z e e a d e n a l r e d n t e r a d d P i y to th a t o f a e L c a h r l P m l a om l , o nly
are
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The Phy log eny
the
f
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Came/ide
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idy T he P occidentali s (Fig 12) appears to o ccur wh erever t he L o up Fo rk b ed s ex i st fro m N ew M ex i co n o rth and eas t to D akota T he P ang ustzdens Cope i nt ermedi ate in s ize between th i s fo rm and the P robustus is n ot rare in K ansas and Colo rado S ix o r seven speci es o f thi s gen us h ave been named o ne o f th em fr o m t eeth fo un d near R i ch mo nd Vi rgi n i a S pec i es of the gen us r ob ably o cc ur in b ed s o f co rrespo n di ng a e in Flo ri da p g Pliauchenia has b een fo und as yet o nly in N ew M ex i co in tw o s pec i es n o t well p reserved It is no t certai n th at any sp eci es o f L
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Pr oeamelu r oea den l alz: L eidy, on e third nat size, fro m L o up Fork bed FI G I 2 o f N ew Mexico Fig a , sk ull fro m abo ve ; 5 , do from left s ide Orig inal, from R epo rt U S Exp] S urv W t ooth men , V o l W , G M Wheeler .
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h eni a (ll ama) has b een fo und fo ssil wi thi n the U n it ed S tates tho ug h several h av e b een d escrib ed S o me o r all o f th ese en iscus Cope w hi ch has o nly o ne p remol ar b elo ng to H o lo m A S peci es abo ut as l arge as a abo ve w hil e A uch eni a has t wo larg e ll ama has been fo und in the Orego n d esert and named H mtahen anus C Ope A no ther as l arge as the l argest k no wn camel Thi s fine spec i es ranged fro m Orego n is the H hestemus L ei dy th ro ugh Cali forni a to the vall ey o f M ex i co wh ere it has been A still fo und by P ro fess o r C ast illo o f the S chool o f M i nes u or m c s i d y s t L e u m larg er speci es p erh aps o f thi s gen us the H eolz f have exceeded in its di mensio ns eith er o f the livi n g camel s It is k nown fromafewbo nes fro mC ali forni a, and perhaps fro m Mex i co t he g en us
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The Phy log eny
most speci alized
T he
Comelzbee
the
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C amelida Eschati us the vall ey o f M ex i co
o f all
the g enera o f
.
Cope ex tended its range fro m Orego n t o I owe to the co urtesy o f my fri end D r Mari ano Barcena fo rmerly di recto r o f th at department o f the Museo N atio nal o f the City o f Mex i co the oppo rt un ity of i nspecti ng speci mens o f the j aws an d t eeth o f thi s genus It is represented by two sp ec i es T he larger E comdens Cope was abo ut as l arge as a camel o r d ro medary I t ran ged fro m the v all ey o f M ex i co to Orego n ; spec i men s fo un d by Mr S ternberg in the l atter regio n not bei ng di sti ng ui shabl e fro m tho sl the M ex i can o rigi n T he seco nd sp eci es E long i r ostn s is a good d eal s mall er and is o nly k no w n fro m t he same E uus b ed s o f Orego n whi ch h ave y ield ed the l arger o ne T he s uccess io n o f st ruct ure in the l eadi ng genera o f the sel en o do nt o r ty lopod part o f thi s phylogeny may be rep resen ted as follo ws N cann n b ne C ann n b ne p e e t ,
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I n cisor teeth present
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L o wer Miocene U pper Miocw
Pliocene and
P r ocamelus
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P l iauchen ia
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recent
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Thi s tabl e sho ws th at geologi cal ti me has witnessed in the his to ry o f the Camelid ae the co nsoli datio n o f the bo nes o f the feet and a g reat red uctio n in the T he n umb ers o f the i nc i so r an d p remol ar t eet h emb ryo n i c hi sto ry o f th ese p arts is as fol lo w s : I n the fmtal state all the R umi nant i a (to w hi ch the camel s b elo ng) h ave the cann o n bo nes divid ed as in Po é bro therium; th ey ex hibi t al so i n c i s o r teeth as in th at gen us and Proto labis Very s h ave t he additio nal p remol ar r n m yo g t l u n e c e c a e Fm ” an t ; b ai Of POé b ° i i a u e n Th ey s h ed thi s tooth at an early P l h a f c o } theri um e half m I s f n e p r od v y r a e ly a c e l i o d n W t h i b u t r r a u e F t m i e m Em e i “ new T he anterio r p remol ar o f t he the tooth persi sts o f E M M u eum no rmal C amel us I S I n l i k e mann er fo und I n t he N J P in et yo ung ll ama (A uch en i a) but is sh ed lo ng befo re the ani mal at t ai ns maturi ty I may add that in s o me speci es o f Procamelus cad uc o us scal es o f enamel and den ti n e in sh allo w cavit ies re re p rotolabis sent the i n ci s ive d entitio n o f P ,
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g reater detail the d i s t rib ut ed as fol lo ws I
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ex
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ti nct
A
meri can fo rms o f thi s li ne are Miocen e
Eocene
Wasatch Pan tolestes C o pe I thyg rammodo n S O S ti barus C o pe Poé brotherium L ei dy G o mphotheriumC o pe Proto labis C o pe Procamelus L eidy P liauchen ia C o pe H o lmen isc us Co pe E s c hatius C o pe
Bridg er
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Eq uus
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5
mber o f genera n ine o f speci es t wenty S ix T he d evelop ment o f t he b rai n di spl ays the same p rog ress th at has been sho wn by L artet an d Marsh to h ave tak en pl ace in oth er li nes o f Mammali a T he aeco m pany ing figures o f the b rai n S ho w th at whil e the Proco m elus occidentali s is i nferio r to the camel in the S ize and develop ment o ftheco nvo lu tio ns o f the h emi sph eres it is in advance o f the Po? hrothen um mlsonz in t h ese respects (Fig s 13 T he d evelop men t o f the camel s in N o rth A meri ca p resents a remark abl e par all el to th at o f the ho rses T he ancesto rs o f both li nes appear tog eth er in t he W a sat c h lo west Eo cene or and the s uccessive fo rms develop s id e by s id e in all the s ucceedi ng fo rmatio ns Camel s and ho rses are l l S i o u typ n d a d s n a e t a r r — i t f b a 1 a e l e t a li a P Fg m u id c 4 f m skull ep e e ted in Fig I 2 o e half at T erti ar I i o s 0 { m t n a d 0 a y ize O igi al f m R epo t U S G G S u v w of road: me t an V l w G M Wheele th ey must be l earned by T he total
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to d isti ng ui sh readily the ho rizo ns o ne fro m T he ho rse fo rms are mo re n umero us in all the b ed s the o th er in i ndivi d ual s as wel l as in speci es Bot h li nes di ed o ut in N o rt h A meri ca and o f the t wo the camel s o n ly h ave cert ai n ly h el d t hei r o wn in S o uth A meri ca T he hi sto ry o f t he s uccess io n o f ho rses in Europe altho ugh no t as co mpl ete as that in A meri ca ex tend s ov er as w id e a peri od o f t i me N o t so w ith the camels Th ere is no evi dence o f t he ex i stence o f the camel li ne in t he old wo rld p rio r to the l ate M io cene epoc h and so far as the ex i st in g evid ence go es the new wo rl d furni sh ed the camel to the o ld Camelid ae o nly appear in S o uth A meri can p al aeo ntolo g y in t he gen us A uch en i a in Plio cene ti me in the Pampean b eds T he b est k no wn speci es are A uchema w eddelhz and A zntermedia o f Gervai s I t is curio us th at M A meghi n o in his repo rt o n the fauna o f t he M io cen e age fo un d o n the R iver Parana w hi c h co n tai ns the ancesto rs o f s o many Plio cene g enera finds n o ne th at s tan d in th at rel atio n to th ese ll am as any o ne
w ho w i sh es
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:o :
E D ITOR S E D I T OR S : A
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S PA C K A .
TA
BL E
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R D A ND E
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D
C OPE
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ggestio ns h ave been mad e as to the permanent o rgan i zatio n o f S c i ence at the N atio nal Capital T he necessi ty fo r the employ men t o f ex perts h avi ng b een felt in vario us d epart men t s o f t he Govern ment co mmi ssio ns and o ffi ces fo r the co n d uct o f research h ave g ro wn up in th em T he res ul ts h ave been g reatly to the advantage o f the Government and o f the peopl e and h ave o ften rep resented i mpo rtant advances o f s ci ence itsel f T he effi ci ency o f th ese co mmi ss io ns has ho wev er o ften b een i mp ai red th ro ugh th ei r asso ci atio n wi th the vario us b ureaus and d epart ments und er whi ch th ey are pl aced T hi s co mes fro m th ei r necessary d i rectio n by n o n ex p ert s an d the q uantity o f r o uti ne w o rk whi c h may be re ui red o f th em Th ere is al s o necessarily mo re o r l ess overl appi ng of the si mil ar o ffices in the di fferent depart ments Many o f the co mmi ssio ns h ave b een fro m ti me to ti me th reat ened with total ex ti nctio n th ro ugh the wan t o f k n o wl edge o f th ei r ut ility by S o me o f o ur l egi sl ato rs S everal il l ust ra tio ns o f thi s fact h ave recently o cc urred in Washi ngto n T he abl e s up eri n t end ent of t he Co ast S urv ey has b een removed an d his pl ace tak en by s up erio r cl erk o f the Treasury D epart ment V ario us
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b ill has been i nt rod uced i nto the Ho use o f R epresentati ves by M r H erbert o f A labama whi ch fo rbi ds the p ubli catio n o f its r es ults by the Geologi cal S urv ey w hi c h w ith o th er rest ri ct io ns i s al mo st e uival en t to its abolitio n On the ot her h and a bill has b een i nt rod uced by M r R eagan o f Tex as c reati n g a D epart ment o f I nd ust ri es to be rep t e s en t ed in the Cabi n et Thi s bill co ntempl ates co mbi ni n g in the n ew d epart m ent the follo wi n g divi s io ns : A g ri c ult ure L abo r and C o mmerce T he divi sio n A gri c ul t ure emb races the s ubdi vi sio ns : ento mology and 1 A g ri c ult ural p rod ucts i ncl udi n g botany c h emi st ry ; 2 A n i m al i n d ust ry ; 3 L an d s i ncl udi ng the g eo l ogi cal survey A S regard s the i ntri nsi c merits o f thi s p ropo sed new d epart ment we have not hi ng to say but we thi nk th ere are b etter ways T he ent o f di spo si n g o f t he sci en tifi c wo rk o f the Gov ern m above pl an o mits necessarily a n umb er o f i mpo rtan t sci entifi c b ureaus and do es no t p rovi de fo r the co nsolid atio n o f all the Th us t here wil l o ffi ces w hi ch p ursue a gi ven b ranch o f sc i ence b e a ch emi cal co mmi ssio n in the A gri cul tural D epartmen t and an o th er in c o nnectio n w ith t he N avy as at p resent and so o n I f it can be do ne p roperly the creatio n o f an o rgan izatio n to be call ed the D epart ment o r Bureau o f S c i ence and P ubli c I n ent o f the I nte s t r uctio n to be emb raced in the p resent D ep art m S uch a d epart ment eet t he neces si ti es o f t he case ri o r mi g ht m w o ul d emb race t he p resen t N aval Ob servato ry N auti cal A l manac S ig nal S ervi ce Co ast S urvey Fi sh Co mmi ssio n Geologi cal S ur vey A gri cul tural D epart men t Bureau o f S tati sti cs and Bureau o f T he diverse and h eterogen eo us ch aract er o f the E d ucatio n abov e divi sio ns might be remedi ed by a s ui tabl e re c l ass ifi cat io n Eac h o f the di vi sio ns s ho uld be un d er a capabl e ex pert who oti ng the effi ci ency o f the wo rk s ho ul d d evote his ti me to p ro m Fi nanc ial matters to be under di rect management and co ntrol o f the h ead o f t he enti re b ureau But t he essenti al to s uccess o f thi s o r o f any o th er pl an fo r pro mo ting sci ence at Was hi ng to n is th at its o ffi ces be removed fro m H o w thi s is to be do ne is the t he field o f poli t i cal patro nag e T he S mi th so n i an I nstit utio n as a p rivate co rpo ratio n uestio n an d the N atio nal M useum as und er its di rectio n are h appily re mov ed fro m s uch co nti ngency and any system whi ch wo uld pl ace the sci entifi c co mmi ssio ns and b ureaus in a positio n o f e ual sec urity wo uld be a g reat b enefit to th em N o thi n g wo uld be g ai ned in thi s di rectio n by the creation o f the p ropo sed new d epart ment Fo r thi s reaso n the co mmi ssio n appoi nted by C on g ress to i n vestigate the rel atio ns o f the sci entifi c b ureaus to each o t h er and to the Government has decided that n o change o f o rganization S ho uld be mad e at p resent
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R
ecent
R EC EN T L
L iterature .
ITER A TU R
E
.
—Thi s
G I L s aar s T o p oc nar mc F EA T UR ES or L A K E S H OR ES t reati se is rep ri nted fro m the fi fth annual repo rt o f the di recto r o f t he U S Geologi cal S urvey , and is based o n the ob servat i o ns o f many years, parti c ularly in Utah , aro und the sho res o f Great S alt lak e T he aut ho r s tates th at the bo dy o f the essay w as pre pared b efo re he met with the writi ngs o f Eli e de Beaumo n t an d o f I t is well ill ust rated with o rigi nal di agrams an d l and C ialdi '
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FI G t S heep R ock, a sea clifi R o ck bathing reso rt .
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use
.
A fter di sc ussi n g the subj ect o f earth sh api ng , a seco n d s ec t io n t reat s o f litto ral erosio n Whil e the i mpa t of l arge waves has g reat fo rce and its statement in to ns to the s uare foot is most i mp ressive, the autho r beli eves, as the res ul t o f his o wn ob serva tio ns, th at the erosive actio n o f waves o f cl ear water beating upo n firm ro c k is p racti cally nil It rarely h app ens ho wever, -
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R
ecent
L iterature .
i mpact of waves is not rei nfo rced by the impact o f min eral matter bo rne by th em T he det rit us wo rn fro m t he sho re is o f co urse al way s at h and to be used by t he waves in co nti nu ance o f the att ack ; and to thi s is ad ded oth er det rit us carri ed ” alo ng the sho re T he sea c li ff and wave cut terrace are th en d escrib ed and well ill ust rated ; th en follo w the di sc ussio n o f litto ral t ranspo rtatio n U nder the l ast h ead the follo wi ng the b each and the barri er remark s o n the part pl ayed by g reat floo ds and sto rms will i nter t h at the
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est o ur readers
Not
o nly
FI G
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2
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is
it t rue that
cc o mpli
the wo rk a
—Fault sca ps an d sho e line r
r
s
s at the base of
h ed
the
in
a few
days
W asatch
.
d uri ng the h eight o f the chi ef flood o f the year is g reater th an all th at is acco mpli sh ed d uri n g t he remai nder o f t he y ear b ut it may even be t rue th at the effect o f the max i mum flood o f t he decade o r generatio n o r cent ury s urpasses t he co mbi ned effects o f all mi no r floo ds It follo ws th at the di mensio ns o f the ch an n el are establi sh ed by the g reat flood an d adj ust ed to its needs I n litto ral t ranspo rtatio n the g reat sto rm b ears the same rel a t io n t o the mi no r sto rm and to the fai r weat her b reeze T he waves c reated by the g reat sto rm n ot o nly li ft mo re d et rit us fro m ,
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R
ecent
L iterature .
h unit of the litto ral zo ne but th ey act upo n a b ro ader z one petent to move l arger masses and th ey are co m U nder the h ead o f li tto ral depo si tio n the o rigi n o f embank ments wav e b uilt terrac es V t erraces V bars spi ts bars hook s lo ops and o f d unes is d i sc ussed T he thi rd sectio n is devoted to the di st rib utio n o f wave w ro ugh t s ho re feat ures ; a fo urth sectio n to s t ream w o rk an d I n a fi fth sectio n ice wo rk and sho re wall s o n l ak es are del tas desc rib ed A fter referri ng b ri efly in sectio n six to the effects o f s ub m ena un der c o ns id era ergence an d emergence o n t he p hen o m tio n attentio n is call ed in the seventh s ectio n to the di scri mi na tio n o f sho re feat ures und er t he h ead o f cli ffs fault scarp s ter races fault terraces etc and ridges t he l atter b ei ng c o n trasted w i th mo rai nes and o sars Fig 2 g tves a good id ea o f t he remark T he eighth and l ast sec abl e faul t scarps at Farmi ngto n Utah tio n rel ates to the rec ognitio n o f anci ent sho res ec t o f v ery general i nterest every T he essay is upo n a s ubj geologi st h avi ng his attentio n d rawn to t he ph eno mena w hi ch the A s i mil ar w o rk b ased o n sea sho res w o uld be autho r expl ai ns of still w i der i nterest and i mpo rtanc e tho ugh so me att entio n is given to the s ubj ect in o ur l eadi ng text book s o n geology eac
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R ac aur Boo x s A
—D e
PA M PH L
ND
ET S
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fos sil fishes o f the g en era Ging ly Ext Proc Gesell n aturfo rschen der
scriptions o f three S pecies o f
N oetlzng , '
mostoma Odon taspis
an d
,
Freun de , Feb
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1886
S
q
uati na
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Fro m t he author
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Elephant pipes an d inscribed tablets i n the Museum o f D avenpo rt, E , C 86 Fro m the author I o wa 18
P ut n a
m
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D ug és, E
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—M
d une C orydalis
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—
P
r aser ,
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—A
8S 6
I
Walling
work
of
—T
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—
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S oc
Zo ol
.
.
de
cl
C hico
N aturalist s L eisure H our, A pri l,
1886
’
.
.
the
I
nternation al
C o ngress
of
Geolog ists
and
its C o rn
.
han dwriti ng
E , H Feh , 1886
l
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new application o f
tio n o f
.
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.
—T he
mittees
du Bull d
Ext
.
R egla Basalt and A E Fro mthe autho r
oote,
F
morphoses
’
ta
1885
Fran ce,
F
é
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.
the pri nciple
R
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ep
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.
ra
o
mposite
Franklt n I
J o ur
h s urve s i c p g p y Fro m t he author o
o f co
of
S tates
.
nst . ,
h o h t i d a t o o h e e n r t t ifi c a y p p g I 886 Bo t h fro m t he autho r .
.
R ead bef Bo sto n S o c C ivil E ng .
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Fro m t he author K leine palaonto log ische Mittheilung en R og er , 0 — t s u l a s i n t i fi u e s d u n r e s i n l e t x c e C o o i u t e r n R i l G o e a t o n a d e r e n e v i e r E B e R , g g q Fro m the autho r L ausann e, I 8S6 lin .
.
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Van Beneden , P author.
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— L e j
s
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é é
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C tac
s
des
mers
—S cien ce an d the S tate
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—D itt di t —T h ught o
t o
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from the A
s o n science
o
fro m t he
d EurOpe ’
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I
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— .
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From the
mountai n
E at Proc
structure.
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mer J our .
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S cien ce
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From the Fortnightly I n dex,
July
I 2 , 188 4
.
A ll
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’
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esc riptio n o f a n ew
885
.
.
author .
1885
.
.
teaching
Bruxelles,
T he Forum
A reply to M de Batta s R emarks B ouleng er , G A an d Mag N at H ist , 1886
—D
q
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R ep from S o urces o f trend an d crustal surplus ag e i n A mer A sso c A dv S ci , V o l xxx tv, I 885
"fi n e/cell, A
é
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on
R
mpor a r ia
an a te
A
.
nn .
.
fro g
of
Bo th from the aut ho r
.
the
e u s n g
M egalophrys
.
E xt Proc Zo ol S oc .
.
.
Geog raphy
—O
utlines
S hufeldt, R PIC W ashi ngton, .
—
I
885
for
and
Travels
.
museumo f anatomy
a
D epartment
.
—
S IL N omenclator Zoologicus Washington, I 882 I 884 .
—S y
-
885
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I
9,
—
,
A rachn oiden un d I
nsekten
.
.
Mammalia in the British Museum
o ccurr ence of
I
BB5
II
.
.
crocodilian
the
Part
.
.
On the Malta
Physiology,
.
t kh a h e f o ss i l l d e e r a o e o f t u R C , Ly g Ung ulata A rtio dactyla L o ndo n , .
my an d
.
Bo th from the author
.
n ato
Bull U 8 N ational Museum, N o
.
matiscbe Uebersicht der fo ssilen Myriopoden
s te
A
.
.
.
I
of
.
cudder ,
the I nterior,
.
T he skeleto n o f Geococcyx Fro m the J o urnal Both from the autho r L o n do n , Jan , I 886
S
of
T omistoma in theMiocene
e u n s g
of
.
:0
GEN E R A L
— Tong A SIA
G E OG R A PH Y
— hzng T he
N OT ES
A ND
.
T R A V EL S
‘ .
p ril n umber o f the P ro ceedi ngs of t he R oyal Geog raphi cal S o ci ety co ntai ns a map o f To ng ki ng acc o mpan i ed by an art i cl e upo n t he hill regio n whi ch li es b eyo nd t he d el ta of the S o ng co l T he w ri ter (M r I G S cott ) states th at t ho ug h the S o ng co t is a nobl e looki ng river bo ats d raw i ng over fi fteen feet canno t ascend its C ua C am mo uth to H aipho ng whil e i culty in reachi n g H a no i Th ere b oats d rawi n g s ix feet h ave difl are fo ur p ri nc ipal mo uth s o f whi ch the C ua C am is the mo st no rth ern but it seems p robabl e th at t he C ua D ai (t he mo st so ut h ern) w il l sho rtly be made use o f fo r deep sea s hip s T he rovi nces o f K w ung yen L an g so n C ao b ang T hai n g uy en and p T uy en k wan fo rm the pl ateau regio n no rt h o f the S o ng co i Thi s is a l and o f ro und ed g rassy hi ll s witho ut pro mi nent del ta a s e k p T he d elta is rapidly ex tendi ng Wh en H a no i was b uilt by the C hi nese in the eigh th century it was a sea po rt but is n ow a hun T wo cent uri es ag o H ung yen was o n the d red mil es i nl and It st and was t he sit e o f the D utch and Po rt ug uese facto ri es c oa is no w thi rty mil es i nl an d Our autho r decl ares th at L an g son is n n r a c a e s e i s og phi c lly th o phi lly Chi It e r a a n d e n a o t h e g g C hi nese s lope and is separated fro m the rest o f To ng ki n g by a il es in wid th S o me remarkabl e barren mo untai n b el t fi fty m c av e templ es ex i st n ear the to wn — D uri ng the l ast five years the N atio nal The S urvey of japan S urvey of J apan has b een steadily p rog ressi ng und er the s uper i nt endence o f D r N aumann w ho has no w l eft the tas k to be c arri ed o ut by the J apanese he has t rai ned A n acco unt o f the wo rk a u e u i N t r r o rm d m b e f o u n d n A p r i l t h s e r f e a 2 h T e y ( 9 p v ey was b ased mai nly o n ec o no mi cal co nsi deratio ns and st art ed A w i th topog raphi cal g eo logi cal and ag ro no mi cal departments T he ex i stence o f D evo n i an C arbo n c h emi cal sect io n was added i fero us T ri assi c J urass i c C retaceo us and Terti ary rock s was .
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General N otes
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p roved by well c h aracterized fo ssil s R adiol ari an sl ates probabl y old er th an the Carbo ni fero us li mesto ne o ccur in al most every part of the archi pel ago T he J apanese i sl and ch ai n 15 o ne o f the fi nes t ex ampl es o f a mo unt ai n range o f un il ateral st ruc t ure A siatic N ews —T he R uss i an T rans Caspi an rail way w as b y the end o f l ast year Opened as far as Ghiaurs Fro m thi s spot to Merv the necessary earth wo rk s were co mpl eted Fro m th ence to ui I 18 mil es fro m Merv the ro ute will be ac ro ss d esert I t C hardj is pro po sed to p revent the access o f movi ng sand by pl an tat io ns alo n g t he li ne A n eth nog raphi cal map o f A s i a s ix and a hal f feet by fo ur and a h al f feet s ho wi n g the lo cali ti es o f 13 6 divi s io ns o f peopl es and l an g uages in t wenty s ix ti n ts o f colo r an d s h adi ng has b een made by H err Vi ncent vo n H aardt o f Vi en na A recent i ss ue o f China R eview c o ntai ns an arti cl e by M r C T ay lo r upo n the abo rigi nes o f Fo rmo sa M r Taylo r has resi ded fo ur years in t he so uth o f the i s l and an d his i nfo rmatio n reg ard ing the Paiwans o r peopl e o f thi s part is t herefo re deri ved fro m i nti mate ob servatio n H e is al so ac uai nted wi th the A mcirs who h ave scattered th emselves in s mall vill ages alo ng the east With the Pipohuans o r h al f castes c o as t do w n to S o uth C ape o f the pl ai ns an d t he T ipun s he is o nly ac uai nted th ro ugh in formatio n ob tai ned fro mst raggl ers do mi cil ed amo ng t he Paiwans T he repo rt o f M r G S ch umach er p ubli sh ed by t he C o m mittee of the Pal esti ne Ex plo ratio n F und is full o f i nteresti n g detail s upo n the jaul an and H auran regio ns T he river Yarmuk who se co urse marks the so uth ern li mi t o f the J aul an b asal t i c regio n receives fro m the n o rth several t rib utari es whi ch are h ere fo r the fi rst ti me co rrectly mapped T he R ukhad o ne o f th es e ri ses at the foot o f Mt H ermo n ( J eb el esh S heikh ) I ts trib utary t he Wady S eisun fall s 5 17 feet in 4 20 yard s by a s uccessio n o f cataracts Th ese rivers h ave th ei r so urces in sp ri ngs an d t here are cl ear i ndi catio ns o f the ex i sten ce o f l arge reservoi rs o f un d er gro und wat er in the b asalti c an d cal careo us fo rmatio ns .
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— A smr tc I S L A N S A N D A US T R A L I A ar e Barren an d N arco udam two vol cani c i sl ands b elo ng i ng t o t he A ndaman archipel ago an d lyi ng east o f the mai n i sl and s h ave been s urveyed by Capt Hol ,
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day , o f the I ndi an S urvey Barren i sland is ci rc ul ar, abo ut t wo mi les acro ss, and its pri ncipal feat ures are a mai n crater, wi th axes o f o ne an d a hal f mil es an d o n e mil e, and an i nner co ne abo ut hal f a mil e acro ss at its base and ri si ng 10 15 feet abo ve the sea T he i nner c o ne b ears upo n its s ummi t a s mall c rater fro m w h ich st eam and s mok e i ssue T he vol cano is k no wn to h ave b een act ive to wards the end of l ast cent ury N arco udam is abo ut t wo and a h al f mil es in l ength and h alf as b road I t ri ses 2 3 30 feet above the sea, and is co mpo sed o f t rachyti l ava, but n o t race o f any crat er was di scovered T he s lop es are cov ered w ith dense fo rest, but no water was fo un d .
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Geog r ap/zy
M r E W Bi rch has
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Tr avels
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tly vi sited and repo rted upo n the K eeli n g o r Coco s i sl an ds Th ese i s lands over t wen ty in n um b er very narro w and thi ckly pl an ted w i t h c o c o a pal ms s urro un d a l agoo n fo r the most part s hallo w T he i sl an d is evid ently r i si n g T he i sl and s are ad mi ni stered by an En gli sh family named T he R o ss and h av e a Mal ay pop ul atio n o f mo re than 500 t emperat ure is w o nd erfully e uabl e varyi n g in a year o n ly fro m ° ° i n e m e pt b r to 2 S e 8 i r A p il n 4 7 M r Winnecke asserts as in 187 7 th at L ak e Eyre is a co nsid T he h igh est poi nt alo ng his s urvey c rabl e d epth b elow sea l ev el o f the ro ut e o f t he overl an d t el eg raph was the Burt pl ai n s 2 5 3 2 feet above sea l evel but the Mac D o nnell ran ges in w hi ch th ese re s it uat ed ri se sev eral tho usand feet high er l a i T h Fi n k a n s e e p x plo red by M r r i ver the s o uth ern p art o f w hi ch is n o w b ei n g ree L i nd say is d escribed as the l argest and mo st i mpo rtan t in C ent ral A ustralia T he pop ul atio n o f the S an d wi ch i sl and s has i ncreased fro m in 187 8 to in 1884 yet in t hat ti me the native race i ni sh ed fro m to T he census o f 1884 h as di m s n e s e u s m e r a n 12 8 v Chi Po t g e A i a e u e c 2 2 0 66 r g 9 377 B ri ti sh and 1600 Germans ; the p revio us n umb ers (187 8) b ei ng r 6 6 6 n d e s p c tiv ly e 1 8 8 a e 2 1 2 2 43 7 3 7 59 A new atl as o f the D utch East I nd i es has b een p ubli sh ed at It co ntai ns a map o f the ent i re archipel ago fo ur t he H ag ue maps of J av a and Madura givi n g pop ul ation roads etc ;maps o f s o f J av a to a still l arger scal e and ot hers o f Ban k a Billito n t a r p B o rneo Cel eb es S umb awa Ti mo r the Mol uccas etc .
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M eydell
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— Fro m the observations N ews
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t di ng over a period o f eig ht to ten years it appears t h at the waters o f t he Bl ack sea are s ubj ect to s light vari atio ns of l evel dependent upo n the amo unt o f water b ro ugh t do wn by the T he maximum n i ne to seventeen cen ti meters D an ub e D o n etc a bove mean water l ev el is attai n ed in M ay and J une and is high e st in tho se years in w hi ch t he rai n fall in C ent ral and S o uth ern New an d mo re p reci se l eveli ngs to ascer R ussi a is g reatest t ai n t he heigh ts above the sea o f L ak es L adoga Onega and Il men ssi a) pl ace t h emat 16 15 and 59 feet resp ectiv ely ; i nstead u 1 R ( T he pop ul atio n o f o f as b efo re b eli ev ed 59 2 3 7 an d 15 7 feet P russi a (not the German Empi re) acco rdi ng to the cens us o f D e I n 1880 it was c ember 1 1885 was T he hi g h est peak in D en mark is a hill in t he fo rest o f Ky 16 3 meters in h eight — — A merican N ews A S wi ss named R odt has A ME R I C A fo und ed a flo uri shi n g colo ny in J uan F ernand ez whi c h he l eases fr o m C hili N o t o n ly ag ri cult ure but man ufacturi n g i n d ust ri es are T i racti ced h e colo ni sts c omm se memb ers o f mo s t c iviliz ed p I n the Jan n atio nali ti es ex cept P r uss i an s who are ex c l ud ed ex en
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VOL
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3 1
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V"
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y i ssue o f the R evue Geog rapldqae M H C on dreau gives an M o st of the t rib es o f the acc o un t o f the man ners o f t he Uapes r iv er bo rder h av e no garmen t w h at ev er b ut in so me t ribes t he “ men wear a cal embe o f b ark and in the vill ages lower dow n t he riv er the men do n pan taloo ns an d the w o men a ch emi se w h en th ey are fulL dressed S o me t ribes still i nter th ei r dead in the malo ca o r hut whi ch the T ucanas i mmedi ately abando n in o rder to b uild an oth er M T ho nar repo rts as the res ul t o f his last jo urney to the rapids o f the Pil co mayo t h at it is po ss ibl e at any seaso n of t he year to go fro m the mo uth o f t hat river at L ambo ueto the mi ssio n o f S an F ran ci sco de S olan o in Bolivia T he di ffi c ulti es caused by ac at the v ery foot o f the A nd es c umul atio n s o f trees and t he c o nse uent fo rmat ion o f sh allo ws can he beli ev es be ov erco me uar
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— Af FR I C A
— r ican N ews T he mi ssio nari es sent o ut by the A Basel M i ss io nary S oc i ety to t he Gol d c o ast h ave si nce 1882 ex retty tho ro ughly d a l l r e d t h e Volt b i n p a n t h g o p h i s a e e r a c o a p g res ults obtai ned h av e b een co n s id erabl e A map o f the ro utes is p ubli sh ed in the A pril n umber o f the P roc R oy Geog S o ci ety L i eutenan ts K und an d Tappenb eck s truck so ut hward fro m S tan ley pool in A ug ust l ast return i ng to L eopoldvill e o n J an u They crossed t he uango al so the Bolo mbo or ary 27 th e to K wa l uents an d descended the L ukenj S ank uru and its afl mo uth It is stated th at they h ave di scovered a new river the Ikata whi ch M Wauters beli ev es to be the upper co urse of the T he Bull eti n o f the S oc R oy de Geog d A nvers co n M hui tai ns an i n teresti ng acco unt of an ex plo ratio n upo n the S enegal fro m F uta Dj allon to Bambo uc und ertaken by M E N o irot w ho et w i t h a g ood receptio n and w ho is s every wh ere to h av e m s eem enth usi asti c respecti n g the p rod uc tio ns and fut ure c o mmerce o f t he S enegal b asi n T he murder o f the yo un g and en terp ri s i n g F rench traveler Palat at two days di stance fro m I nsalah is all eged t o be due to t he S eno nsian fratern ity On the oth er h and F rench j o urnal s are di spo sed to lay much o f the bl ame upon t he F rench co mmand ant w hose t reat ment o f the advent uro us yo ung li eutenant was s uch as to make the A rabs b eli eve him to be in T he memb ers o f an ex pedi tio n di sfavor with his o wn peopl e sen t o ut by the Geo g raphi cal S o ci ety o f M il an h ave been massa Co unt Po rro t he l eader P ro fess o r c red by t he E mi r o f H arrar M Barral and his w i fe S i cat a an d seven oth ers w ere kill ed who set o ut fro m Obo ck to ex plo re A by ssi ni a w i t h the obj ect o f establi shi n g co mmerci al rel atio ns were murdered by the D anakil s M r R Baro n co mmun i cat es to N a o n the bo rders o f S ho a ture so me v al uabl e n otes upo n the vol c an i c p hen o mena o f C en t ral h s car rt th ere are m I n d a g t i p a y i vol i o a s a n x t n c t n a e c a c c s n e M especi ally in tw o lo caliti es s it uat ed the o n e fi fty to s i x ty mil es w est s so uth west o f A ntan anarivo the oth er seventy to ei h ty m il e g ,
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Geology
and
Pala omoiogy
.
c
i o o th em p robabl y ri si ng mo re than 1000 feet above thei r b ase M any h ave b reac h ed craters w h ence floods o f bl ack basalti c lava h ave flowed T he al most perfect state o f p reservatio n o f the co nes an d the und ec o mpo sed co n ditio n o f the l ava p roves th at th ese vol canoes must h ave been active in co mparatively recent ti mes S carcely a year passes w itho ut on e o r mo re e rth uak e shocks in Cent ral Madagascar a b ut th ey are never sev ere nor o f lo n g d uratio n Cardi nal Mas saj a has p ubli sh ed at R o m My thirty fivc mis e a w o rk entitl ed ” s io n years in Upper Ethiopi a N umero us ill ust ratio ns and a m a ood a c o p y t t c m a n e x t h e g p Th ey
are s o r a c nes, n ne o f
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G E OL
OG Y
ON T OL OG Y
A N D PA L E
.
T H E Fossn MA N PENON , M ax1c0 Ou my ret urn to thi s ity after a lo ng ab sen e, I read the observatio ns p ubli sh ed in the N ew York Tribune o n ern i ng my acco un t o f the fossil man o f t he Peit o u It will give me g reat pl easure to cl ear up the do ubt ex pressed by Pro fesso r N ewberry wit h regard to the i mportan e o f the dis cov ery o f the man o f the Peiio n P ro fessor N ewberry does no t beli eve in the i mpo rtance o f the d i scovery, and argues in thi s manner : T he cal areo us bed in w hi ch the fo ssil remai ns were foun d must h ave b een mod ern t ra vertin ; it co uld no t h ave b een d epo sited b elo w the waters o f a lak e, b ut p robably b elo ngs to an aeri al o r superfi ci al fo rmatio n , s i nce oth erwi se it wo uld be o f e ual thi ck ness and uni fo rm o n t he bo tto m an d o n the bo rd ers o f the l ake ; if the li mesto ne is 01?
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i li ceo us it must belo ng to a hyd roth ermal deposi t It is above all certai n that the li mesto ne is not modern tra an vertin fo r it do es no t fo rm co n cen tri c l ayers above the h um rem ai ns n o r over oth er recent obj ects as wo uld be the case were it such T he bo nes are seal ed up so to speak in the cal careo us r o ck witho ut bei ng in any way coated and were p robably depos ited whil e the ro ck was yet so ft and un d er water A s the cl ear o untai n of Peri on an ecs and ex cavatio ns at the foot o f the small m h ave been co nti nued I have b een abl e to p rove the pers i stence o f t he facts i ndi cated in my artic l e p ubli sh ed in the N A T U R A L I S T A ug ust 1885 as well as in a full er acco unt o f the same s ubj ect a s a n d bli by P o o r A n to n io d C tillo by m e e u sh ed in 188 s l r f e s 4 p T he new ex cavatio ns h ave shown mo re c l early yet the th ree fo rmatio ns o f whi ch I have spok en ranged as follo ws e f v s u t f e e A p e r fi c i l y c e ti m e t e r s hi c k o r m d o a 1 a l e r 1 0 n () g arth co ntai ni ng l acust ri ne s h ell s and frag ments o f modern tab le e e ry ot t p A a u a r n e s s 2 l y r f c l c r o li c e o s t f u t light h d s u e o a a e s i a o f b () w ith remai ns o f old pottery 50 centi met ers thi ck n c s m h i e d e S ili c e o u li s to n e e a r d thi c k b i li n e d r n a v (3) y t o wards the n orth Here are fo und ro ots t ransfo rmed i nto mea "
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General Notes
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ilite and lacust ri ne sh ell s I t is in thi s bed th at h uman remai ns , T he thi ck ness o f thi s bed is and n o ot hers h ave b een fo un d n o t y et k no wn as it has o nly been op ened to a d epth o f T he bed is covered by a thi n l ayer o f a li mesto ne ri ch er in uartz a t rue ribbo n , dividi n g the adj acent fo rmatio ns N ot a s i ngl e mo dern obj ect has b een fo und in t hi s bed, no r in f the mo untai n, mo re anot her s i mil ar o n e sit uated to t he so uth p than a meter thi ck , and resti ng on a l acustri ne and t urfy fo rmatio n T wo mil es no rth west of Petio n th ere is an oth er bed o f s ili esto ne at the foot o f the mo un tai n ch ai n o f Guad al upe, ceo us li m Thi s l i mesto ne is in co mpo and stretchi ng ov er a great l ength sitio n, appearance and po sition id en ti cal with th at o f Pefi o n c o n tai n i ng roots t ransfo rmed i nto menillite, and in its upper part Wh at is mo st i mpo rtant in thi s fo r frag ments o f o ld pottery matio n is the existence of elephant bones sealed in the hardest bed, Th ese bo nes h ave b een taken o ut o n man y like that of Pefi on occasio ns I have do ne it mysel f in the p resence o f the pro fessors o f the N atio nal M useum T he di stance fro m thi s bed to th at o f Peho n is so in co nsider abl e, an d the ci rcumstan ces and phy si cal c haracter are so s i mil ar, t h at thi s bed an d t h at o f Peii o n can be co n s id ered as belo ngi n g to the same geologi cal ho rizo n so lo ng as no obj ect i n di cat i n g a di fferent ho rizo n is fo un d in the l att er M eanwhil e all o ur o b servat io ns i nd uce us to b eli eve in the co nt empo raneity o f t he man o f Peii on and o f the mammoth in the vall ey o f Mex i co I must no w sho w why , acco rdi ng to my beli ef the li mesto ne o f Peii o n was o nce eng ul fed b elo w the waters o f the l ake I n the fi rst pl ace, it is evi dent that the bed has been rai sed and tilted, s o as to o cc upy a po sitio n di f feren t fro m its p ri mitive o ne, and, the Peiio n havi ng fo r an en o rmo us number o f years b een s urro und ed by water, we must beli eve th at the cal careo us bed w hi ch is no w t hree meters above the l evel o f the l ake was co vered w ith wat er d uri ng the same i nterval Besides, it co ntai ns the s h ell s o f Pal u di na and o ther a uati c speci es, and thi s di ssipates all remai n i ng do ubt o f its fo rmer positio n beneath the waters o f the l ake P ro fesso r N ewberry is co rrect in remarki ng th at it is very rarely th at li me, whi ch in the fi rst i nstance is di ssolved in water in the s tat e o f carbo nate, is n ot p recipi tated s o as to fo rm a un i fo rm bed over the botto m o f the l ake T hi s is the o rdi nary case, and w h at might be ex pected ; but t he d epo sit has o n ly b een ob served i n i sol ated masses , and the p eculi arity can be ex pl ai ned by sup posi n g th at the bed has been b uri ed deeply belo w its act ual su r any face and co vered by the mod ern d eposit s of the l ake in pl aces t ho ugh thi s can not yet be stated as a pro ved fact T he hy drothermal o rigi n, whi ch I h ave attri buted to the li mesto ne in the arti cl e in the N A T U R A L I S T has b een p roved by l ater ob servatio ns fo r in many fi ss ures o fthe Pefi o n ro ck th i n vei ns are fo und c o mpo sed o f al careo us matt er in so m ee ases, o f sili eo us in others Bes ides , .
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Geolog y
and
Pala ontology '
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po n the summit Of the Guadal upe mo untains o cc ur masses Of sses lavi nes h s h ell ro ck m a m n a e w i p g t d it s i li c o li r e u s m e e g ) ( s to ne w hi ch d em o nst rates t hei r Co ntempo rary o rigi n Wh at hin d ers me fro m b eli evi ng that the ex i sti ng hyd rothermal sp ri ngs at t he foot Of the Peii o n can be the o rigi n Of the fo rmatio n w hi c h s urro und s the m o untai n is th at th ese sp ri ngs fo rm o nly i sol ated and i nsig nifi cant d ep os its whi ch cannot spread o ut uni fo rmly lik e the li mesto ne bed s ; at mo st th ey c o uld fo rmaccumul atio ns lik e tho se o f w hi ch P ro fesso r N ewb erry speak s and w hi ch are c haracteri sti c Of gey sers T he above mentio ned spri ngs were p robably the l ast t races Of t he ab und ant eruptio ns Of cal careo erly shot fo rth at the same ti me w ith s ili ceo us waters whi ch fo rm lava as at Peiio n and at many oth er poi nts in the vall ey Of Mex i co T he s uperfi ci al revetements are caused by the sol utio n an d rec ipit atio n o f the materi al s whi ch c over the upp er ro ck s Of t he p v ei ns o r o f the alt eratio n Of the b asalts o f the mo untai n We must th erefo re beli eve in the i mpo rtance Of the di scovery of the man Of the Peno n N O o ne can be mo re an x io us th an I to b ase th ese di sc overi es u po n c l ear and well d etermi ned facts as I stated in my arti c le in the N A T U R A L I S T P ro fesso r C astillo and mysel f have assid uo usly st udi ed the Pefi o n fo rmatio ns and with the s i n cerity w hi ch sc i entifi c t ruth ex act s we will i nfo rm the l earned w o rl d Of l ater di scoveri es I f it sho ul d h appen th at in the ro cky t o mb o f the man Of the Peiio n the remai ns Of his p ri mitive w eapo ns o r t he i ro n o f his co n uero r sho ul d be fo und we sh all — d o ubtl ess be the fi rst to ann o unce it M ari aao Bareerza u
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ON
FOSS I L FL OR A OF T H E L A R A M I E S ER I ES OF W ES T ER N ‘— C A NA D A T he L arami eseri es fo rmerly k no wn as the L ig nite T er t iary o r L ign i t i c g ro up o ccurs in Canad a p ri ncipally in t wo l arge areas west o f the t oo th meridi an and east Of the R o cky mo un t ai ns and s tretchi ng n o rt hward fro m the U nited S tat es bo und ary T h ese areas are separat ed fro meach oth er by a lo w anti cli nal Of C retaceo us b ed s over whi ch the L arami e may h ave ex tended regio n e u f h e o vio s ly to h l t r d e n u d tio n t r t e e a a p These areas may be des1g nated 1) T he Eastern o r S o uri s the West ern area ex tendi n g R iver and W ood Mo untai n area alo n g the eas tern s id e o f the R o cky mo untai ns and ac ro ss the u pper wat ers o f the Bow R ed D eer Bat tl e and N o rth S askatche w an rivers I n the so uthem p art Of the di st ri ct of A lb ert a it has b een fo und po ssibl e to divid e the L arami e i nto t hree parts whi ch h ave b een named respectively 1n the R epo rts Of t he Geologi cal S urvey o f C anad a (1) the lo wer o r S t Mary R i ver divi sio n (2) the middl e o r W illow C reek divi s io n and (3) the upper o r Po rc upi ne T HE .
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A bstract Of a pa er read before the R L D FR S S ir William D awso n, 1
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oyal
S ociety
of
C anada, May,
188 6,
by
H ill divi sio n Of th ese the lower and upper c o ntai n fo ssil plan ts mo re especi ally the l atter an d co rrespo ndi ng ho rizo ns can be r ecog nized by th ese t n bo tho f the g reat areas above referred t o T he flo ra of the lo wer divi sio n has a c lo se alli an ce w i th t h at Of the Belly R iver gro up o f the und erlyi ng C retaceo us w hil e t hat o f the upp er divi sio n is in the mai n iden ti cal with th at Of t he Fo rt U nio n gro up Of the U nited S tates g eologi st s as describ ed by N ewb erry and L esq uereux I n the Eastern area the lo wer bed s Of the L arami e rest o n the Fo x Hill gro up of the C retaceo us and are in t urn unco nfo rmably overl aid in the Cyp ress h 1ll s by bed s referred by Pro fess o r Cope o n the evid ence of mammali an remai ns to the White R iver divi s io n Of t he M io cene Terti ary Th us the geologi cal ho rizo n of t he L arami e is fi x ed by its st rati g raphi cal relatio n s as between T he evi t he Upp er C retac eo us and L o wer M io cene fo rmat io ns dence Of fo ssil remai ns acco rd s w it h thi s po sitio n T he L o wer L arami e has affo rd ed reptili an remai ns Of Mesozoi c aspect as s o c iated with fi shes and moll us ks so me Of whic h are Of Eo cene types acco rdi ng to Cope and W hiteaves and its flo ra is aki n to T he Upper L arami e has affo rded t h at Of the Upper C retaceo us a flo ra so mod ern in asp ec t th at it has even been regard ed as M io cene tho ugh in reality nOt l ater in age th an the Eo cene T he Willow C reek or M iddl e L arami e divi sio n may th erefo re (as sug gested by the autho r in his memoi r Of l ast year o n the Western C retaceo us) be regarded as the t rans i tio n fro m the C retaceo us to t he E o cene T he uestio n Of the co rrel atio n Of the L arami e with oth er fo r matio ns has been much co mpli cated by the reference in t he U nited S tates and el sewh ere of b eds hol d i ng its flo ra to t he M iocene period and th ese di ffi c ult i es cannot as yet be w hol ly overco me tho ugh th ey are g rad ually bei ng removed I n Canada s i nce the pl ants began to be coll ected and st udi ed th ere has been littl e do ubt o n the s ubj ect and the autho r n o w as h ereto fo re hol ds to the co rrel atio n with the L arami e flo ra Of the so call ed M io cene Of Macken zi e river A l aska Greenl and and S p itzbergen and beli eves th at th ey s ho uld be regard ed as n ot n ewer th an Eo cene T he g reat er part Of the p ap er is occupi ed with the desc riptio n o f the fo ss il plants o f the fo rmatio n i ncl udi ng those coll ected i n the East ern area by D r S el wyn and D r G M D aw so n an d those Obtai ned fro m the Western area by the l atter M r Weston M r Tyrrell and the autho r Th ese i ncl ude a l arge number Of ex ogeno us t rees all b elo ng i n g to mod ern g enera as Pl atan us Co ryl us Pop ul us, S ali x Vi burnum Carya J uglans etc Th ere are al so so me c uri o us pl an ts alli ed to t he mod ern t rapa o r water c h est n ut and c o ni fero us t rees Of t he g enera T ax odi um S e uoi a and S ali sb uri a as well as s o me ferns and e ui setaceo us p lan ts o f .
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Geology
l
and
muc h i nterest mo re especi ally an d g eog raph1cal di st rib utio n
Pale ontology
in
.
to th ei r
reference
ologi cal
e g
.
N OT ES ON T H E V A R I A T I ON OF C E R T A I N T ER T I A R Y FossI L s I N OV E R L Y I NG BE D s —I n the S o ut hwest ern Old terti ary th ere are s o me high v erti cal ex po s ures w hi ch sho w di ff erent fossili fero us b ed s verti cally above each oth er One Of th em is the p ro fil e n ear Vi ck sb urg d escribed in t he A m n c x c i e e xx er 7 ourn o S , , f 1885 p 7 1 T he High er V icksburg ian , cons i sti n g mai n ly o f red di s h sand s, co ntai ns tho se fo ssil s usually k no wn as Vi c k s b urg ian fossil s the bed L o wer V icks burg ian a dark g rayi sh marl co ntai ns a very si mil ar b ut n ot enti rely identi cal and l ess n umero us fauna ; both are sep arated by abo ut thi rty feet o f l i m e s t o ne S o me Of the lo wer spec i es are no t k n ow n fro m the high er bed , whi ch , ho wever is at l east partly o w i ng to di fferent met hod s Of coll ecti n g in bo th b ed s T he mai n n umb er Of speci es of the lo wer bed o curs al so in the high er o ne I n mo st o f th em fo r i nstance Buccinum misszssippiense C o n r , S ig aretus mzssi ssippienszs C onr , Pleurotoma cong esta C o n r M nrex mzsszssippienszs C o nr l ll c a T crebra diwsnra C onr Trochila trochz r m u r r i e a c e t o i s T L e a , f t ura Co n r I can no t detect di fferen ces b et ween the fo rms in the h igh er and lo wer bed ; but in tw o cases at l east th ere o ccur dif ferences ; Cy therea sobrina C o nr fro m t he lo wer bed is in g en eral lo nger th an fro m the hi g h er bed T en sp eci mens Of the h igh er bed taken w itho ut speci al sel ectio n , showed if the h eight i s put as a l eng th varyi n g fro m to w ith an average l en gth o f T en speci mens Of t he lo wer bed, al so tak en wi th w ith to o ut speci al sel ectio n, had a l ength v aryi ng fro m 3, a n av erage o f M o re striki ng is the rel atio n o f the two fo rms o f Ficus mzssissippienszs Co nn , w hi ch speci es in the lo wer I n t he fo rm o f the high er bed the revo lv bed is ui te co mmo n i n g li nes are mo re d eveloped On the end vol utio ns Of the same ag e and s iz e in both vari eti es, the high er v ari ety s hows one mo re s ystem Of revolvi ng li nes Thi s di fferen ce b etween the t wo vari e t i es is n ot very st riki n g but is l arge an d co nst an t eno ugh to dis t ing uish the fo rms of t he two b ed s w it ho ut referen e to t he lit ho T he follo wi ng di agram represents logi cal co ntents Of the sh ell s t he pl an of the o rigi n Of t he revol vi n g li nes as th ey can be t raced alo n g the vol utio ns Of each fo rm: -
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1 lin es o f the form H igher V icksburg ian .
“ o f the L ower V icksburg ian .
II
,
lines
of
the
form of the
General N otes
.
T he co nc l us io n
to
made is that the two speci es ch an ged ti me whi ch is rep resented by the bed o f
be
o mewhat d uri ng the li mesto ne By the Geologi cal S urvey Of A l ab ama th ere has b een made o ut by a seri es o f p rofil es t hat cert ai n fo ss ili fero us T erti ary b ed s are s uccessio nal in ag e fo r i nstan ce t h at t he Woo ds Blufl beds are Ol der t han t h at Of H atchitig bee blufl t hi s agai n is Ol der t han the L i sbo n st rata whi ch fi nally are overl aid by the Cl aibo rn i an I n th ese co nsecutive bed s we fre uently find the same sp ec i es so m et i mes wi t ho ut apparent ch ange so meti mes rep resented by s light v ari atio ns an d in so me cases by st ro n gly mo difi ed v ar i a tio ns Thi s materi al fro m A l abama whi ch I refer to is in t he — coll ectio n o f M r T H A ld ri ch Otto M ey er — E a Capt B utto n i n his memoi r upo n G OL OGI C A L N Ews Gener l the vol cano es Of the Pac ifi c is lands ex amines and rej ect s the fo llo w ing fo ur t heo ri es Of the o rigi n Of vol can i c actio n : (1) A ccess o f w ater ;(2) p enet ratio n Of o xygen 3 ) mech an i cal crushi ng th ro ug h the ho rtzo ntal p ress ure d ue to the c ooli n g o f the i nterio r ; (4) lo cal develop ment Of h eat fro m unk nown causes El evato ry mo vements are by him referred to ex pansio n o r to an i ncrease o f matter and , the fo rmer hypoth esi s is accepted as ag reei n g bes t w i t h Ob served facts A mo n g the sampl es Of ro ck s c oll ected d uri ng the so undi ng s Of t he T alisman mo stly fro m d epth s Of n r m r e r e t o m e t s e ld m t m o phi c r o c k s a e o h r t O a 000 000 e e e r 4 5 g Th ere were seventy erally rep res en ted than t he erupt ive seri es th ree S peci mens Of li mesto nes si x teen Of arkoses and n i neteen o f sandsto nes t he l at ter s o meti mes ri ch in rem ai ns Of bioti te an d muscovite Fro m the coll ectio ns Of L i eut Gi raud it appears th at the regio n o f L ak es Tanganyika and N yassa is p ri ncipally co mpo sed Of p ri mi t iv e ro ck s S chi st o se ro ck s co n tai n i n g remai n s o f L epi do steus w ere c oll ected at Y endivé s o uth Of Tangan yik a an d at M p asa no rth west Of N yassa These are referred by R ey mo nd to the Upper C retaceo us o r L o wer Terti ary age — Pale oz oic T he o cc urrence Of gl aci al co nditio ns in the Pal mo zoi c era was mai ntai ned by D r W T Bl anfo rd in a recent co m mun icatio n to the L o ndo n Geol o gi cal S o ci ety T he actio n Of ice was evi dent in the K aroo fo rmatio n Of S o uth A fric a the Go nd wana sy stem Of I ndi a and the co al measures and asso c i at ed b eds Of East ern A ust rali a M r R Oldh am the R ev W B Clark e and o th ers had cl early s howed that in A ustrali a b eds c o n tai n i ng Glo ssopt eri s Phy llotheca and N oegg erathiopsis were int ercal ated amo ng mari ne b eds and Carbo n i fero us fo ss il s A b un d ance Of s mooth and stri at ed bo ulders had b een fo und by M r Ol dh am in the mari ne Carbo n i fero us b ed s n o rth Of N ewcastle N S W Oth er bo ul der b ed s ex i sted in the T alchir bed s Of I ndi a and al so near H erat in b eds al so co ntai ni ng T alchir fo ssi l s D r Bl an fo rd co nsid ered it p robabl e th at these bo uld er bed s
s
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Geology
and
Pale ontolog y
.
mark ed app ro x i mately the same gl acial period w hi ch p rob ab ly o cc urred to wards the clo se o f t he Pal a eozoi c and res ul ted in the ex ti nctio n Of many Of its peculi ar fo rms T he peculi ar flo ra Of t he N ewcastl e beds and o f the I ndi an D amudas p roved the ex i st en ce Of bo tan i cal p rovi nces in p as t ages — e r t T iary M C otteau has s ub mitted to the Pari s A cad Of S c i ences a d escriptio n Of the Eo cene speci es o f the echi ni d gen era S arcella Gualtieria Echinocardium L eiOpneustes and Brisso spatang us S aree/la sulcata peculi ar to the Upper Eo cene beds o f Bi arritz is remark abl e fo r its l arge and stro ngly stro bic ulated t ubercl es the arrangement o f its i nternal fas ciol e an d the p ec uli ar s t ruct ure Of its am b ul acral areas ; L ezopneustes antiquus has no fasciol es ; and Brissospatang us can monti may be k n o wn by its v ery ex cent ri c an terio rly pl aced amb ul acral s ummit and its sho rt t ransverse and w i dely separated anterio r pai red amb ul acra sit uated i n a d ep ressio n T he Brissida appear in the C retaceo us reach thei r T he max i mum in the Terti ary and st ill p ers i st in mo st seas C retaceo Eo cene li mesto nes Of the J aulan an d H auran regio ns d es crib ed by M r G S ch umach er seem to h ave b een d epo s ited b efo re the vol can i c l avas Of the U p rai sed and l arg ely d en uded d i st ri ct Were fo rced o ut A s thi s movement and d en udatio n took l e n t e M io cene epo ch the vol can i c erup tio ns may be re i h a c p T he so call ed ferred in the mai n to the s ucceedi ng Plio cene d elta Of t he Ori no co acc o rdi n g to A Ernst (N ature Feb 4 th) A t the en d o f the Tert i ary h as no t b een fo rmed by the riv er r iod a sudd en s ub s id ence fo rmed the Gol fo T ri st e t he Gul f o f e p C ari aco and many Of the l agoo ns in the p rovi nces o f C umana and M at uri n T he so uth ern b ranch is the Old river ch annel but w h en the l and o n the l eft b ank sank g rad ually to wards th e n o rth rt Of t he waters follo w i n g the n ew slop e Of thi s n o rth ern a p ut i nto it the vario us c h an nel s w i th th ei r co nn ecti ng l n e a c p b ran ch es whi ch after a slo w and to rt uo us c o urse empty i nto the s ea b etween t he Old mo uth Of t he riv er and t he so uth ern ent rance A t t he ti me Of thi s movemen t ex t ens ive Of the Gol fo Tri ste t racts Of l and to the no rt h Of the mo untai ns whi ch run th ro ugh t he whol e l en gth o f t he peni nsul as Of A raya an d Pari a were al so P revio us s ub merged and th us t he S ea Of Carupano w as fo rmed to thi s the S o uth A meri can mai nl an d (as sho wn by Mr Bl and in h is i nvestigatio n o f t he West I ndi an sh ell fauna) ex tended to Tobago is st ill withi n the 100 Grenada Tobago and T ri n idad It is evident th at an i mmense uantity Of o rgani c fatho m li ne matt er must h ave b een b uri ed with the sunken l and to fo rm the en and oth er carbo hyd rat es o f the vic i nity s o urce Of the bit um ,
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P ET R OGR A PH I C A L N E ws —R enard in the co urse Of his w o rk o n the ro ck s coll ected by the Challeng er in 187 4 has fo un d s o me i nteresti ng materi al amo ng the speci mens coll ected fro m t he vo l can ic i sl and s in the Poly nes i an g ro up M o st Of the l arger i s l an ds he t hi nk s w ill be fo und to co nsi st Of crystalli ne s chi sts w hi c h t he anc i ent and yo un ger l avas h av e in t urn o verfl o wed and c o n ceal ed A s evi dence Of the fact th at so me Of the ro ck s fo und in t hes e 2 i sl and s are o f pre Terti ary ag e R enard describes t wo slides fro m C eb u o ne Of the Phillippine g ro up One o f th ese co nsi sts Of po rphyriti c crystal s Of Olivi ne Baveno tw i ns Of Byto wn ite o r lab rado rite and b rok en c rystal s Of augi te in a mi c ro c rystal li n e g ro und mass o f plagio cl ase augite and vi ridite po ssess i ng a w ell mark ed flow struct ure A s all the co nstit uents are much alt ered w i th the p rod uctio n o f co nsi derabl e epidote the autho r s uppo ses thi s rock to be an Olivi ne di abase o r a melaphy re U nder t he in fluen ce Of the gaseo us emanatio ns fro m fumarol es the pl agioc l as e is ch an ged i nto a mi x t ure Of albi te saussuri te and epidote t he bisilicates i nto chlo rit e and py rit e Gyp sum asso c i ated w it h py ri te is a fre uent res ult Of the actio n o f s ulph uri c acid vapo rs o n both Old er an d yo un g l avas On the I sl an d Mal an ip a serpen ti ne o ccurs Thi s is cut in all di rectio ns by vei ns o f ch al cedo ny and is Obvio usly the result o f the dec o mpo sitio n Of p eri do t it e uit e a n umber Of s lid es Of spec i mens gath ered fro m the M ol uc ‘ ‘ ” Banda and the Fij i i sl and s were exami ned Th ey p rove cas th at the p redo mi nati ng ro c k on all th ese i sl ands is augite an de 8 s it e On the I sl an d Ternate whi ch co n si sts al mo st enti rely Of a in additio n to t he and esite there occ urs s i ngl e vo lcan i c peak basal t T he fo rmer ro ck is c o mpo sed o f a gl assy b as e w i th n umero us devitrificative p rod ucts and po rp hy ri ti c c ry stal s o f z o nal l ab rado rite t wi nned pl eoch roi c augi te w i th an ex ti ne ° tio n Of fro m 44 I n the augite the and mag netit e pl eo ch roi sm is a b By the actio n Of the vol can i c c .
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reddish- y ellow
g reenish
gases the basalt is almo st co mpl etely c h anged i nto a quartz ifer o us aggregat e in w hi ch are o ccasio nal g rai ns Of augite and pl agi I n an altered o clase and v ery rarely t he remai ns o f Olivi ne ‘ r o c k fro m Band a t he pl agio cl as e cry stal s are fill ed wit h crac ks and fi ssures i nto w hi ch a colo rl ess i sot ropi c sub stance has p ene t rated in many i nstances repl aci n g entirely the fel dspar A c h em i cal analys i s o f the fresh unaltered andesite fro m thi s i sl an d s ho ws it to co ntai n fro m fif ty six to fifty ni ne per cent o f s ili ca whil e the altered v ari ety co ntai ns as high as n i nety per cent ,
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1 ’
Edited by
W
S BA Y L EY ,
.
.
Bulletin de l A ’
Ih
.
Ih
.
l“ Ib
.
cad.
,
III
2,
p
105 .
,
111, 2 ,
p
1 12
,
111, 2 ,
p
,
.
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.
156 .
R
oy
.
J ohns H opkins University
de Belgique, 111,
,
2,
p 95 .
.
Baltimore, Md
.
Mineralogy
Petrog raphy
and
.
.
places the origi nal co nstit uents Of the rock fi rst repl ac i ng th e fel dsp ar t h en the augit e and fi nally t he gl ass base Occasio n N ear the po rt Of al ly thi s s ili ca tak es the fo rm Of t ridy mite 1 uite a n umb er Of ho rn K antavu o n o ne of the Fij i i sland s I n a yellowi sh glassy b ase co n b l ende an d esites were fo und tai n i ng n umero us mi crolites Of feld spar augite an d g rai ns Of mag n etite l arge po rphy riti c c rystal s Of l ab rado rite ho rn bl en d e and T he ho rnbl en de Often po ssesses t he two pi nacoids b iotite occ ur I n so me cases thi s mi neral is s urro unded by a w ell d ev eloped r im o f small colo rless o r v ery lig ht g reen augite cry stal s ar ran ged wi t h th ei r lo n g ax i s parall el to the lo ng ax is Of the ho rn I n oth er cases the ho rnbl end e passes over i nto a perfect b lende seudo mo rph o f b ro w n bioti te w hi c h can be di sti ng ui shed fro m p t h e o rigi nal biotite by the fact th at t he h exago nal sectio ns o f the s eco ndary mi neral are co mpo sed Of t i ny fib ers lyi ng parall el to o ne o f the pi nacoi ds Of the ho rnbl ende fro mw hi ch it was d erived w h il e those of the o rigi nal b io tite appear ho mogeneo us 2 F o u ue repo rt s th at t he rock Of Gamboa o n the li ne Of the Panama canal is an augi ti c l ab rado ri te con tai n i n g ho rnbl ende T he po rphy riti c crystal s o f l ab rado rite augite an d mag netit e o ccur in a mi croliti c b ase w hi ch has been t ransfo rmed in g reat er T ro ck s coll ected d uri ng the crui se o f h a rt i nto chlo rite e p t he Talis man in 1883 h ave been given to M i ch el L évy fo r ex am T wo h undred and fi fty sli des o f S peci mens coll ected i n atio n b etween t he d epth s o f 4 000 5000 meters h ave been ex ami ned By far the largest n umber Of th ese are o f ro ck s of the Old meta ” T he igneo us ro c k s o f the ri dge k no wn as mo rphi c seri es S tanner rock near Old R adno r S h ropshi re Engl an d are stated ' b y Cole to co ns i st Of an aci d seri es i nt rusive in a mo re bas i c s eri es T he mo st highly c rystalli ne member Of the fo rmer is a pal e pi nk g rey peg matite pass i ng th ro ugh a well defined a cr e m r a phi c g r a n i t e i n to m i op a tit e f o r m l s y t lli s s T e e r a h c n e g g members Of t he aci d seri es are fel sites wi th well develo ped Co rroded uartzes surro unded by the s ph eruliti c st ruct ure “ vy w ere Ob serv ed in uartz glob ul ai re o f Fo u ue and L e t he most Of these fel sites T he mo re basi c seri es is co mposed Of d i ab ases dio ri tes and ro ck s i nt ermedi ate b etween t h ese wi th a few in w hi ch the autho r thi nk s he has fo un d evidence Of pre ‘ v io usly ex i st i ng Olivi ne C hrustscho fl has j ust p ubli sh ed an ” “ i n teresti ng arti cl e o n pyro geo us uartz and t ridy mite I nclu uartz in the b asalt o f S triegan were par s io n s Of g ranite and t ially di ss olved and aro un d th em a seco ndary cry stalliz atio n Of new cry stal s are fre uently bo und ed u a r a c e s e tz took pl Th e q Opal
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1
Bulletin de l A ’
’
C omptes R
cad
.
R
en dus, 011,
oy
.
q
de Belgi
NO
.
14 ,
Geological Magaz ine, M ay,
ue, 111, 2 ,
p 79 3 .
1886,
p
.
p
.
156 .
.
2 19
.
M ineralo gische und Petrog raphische Mt ttheilungen,
V I 1,
p
.
29 5 .
General N otes
.
by c rystal pl anes Th ey enclo se gl ass areas whi ch are deri ved fro m o rigi nal i nc l usio ns and co ntai n al so fl uid i ncl usio n s w it h movabl e b ubbl es Tri dy mite is much mo re rare under th ese co n d itions th an uartz It is usually fo und li ni ng caviti es aro un d the perip hery o f gl ass p art i c l es o r v ei ns and is g enerally free T he g raniti c feld spar is lik ewi se in man y cases fro m i ncl usio ns neog eno us s urro und ed by a rim o f feld spar w hi ch fre uently b uilds aro und the o rigi nal i rreg ul ar frag ment a co mpletely devel Oped cry stal T he newly fo rmed fel dspar is much l ess Opa ue th an that fro m wh ic h it was derived and co ntai ns fewer inclu s io n s A mo ng tho se th at o ccur are littl e fluid cavi ti es c o n tai n ing movabl e b ubbl es A mo st i nst ructiv e po rtio n Of t he paper is that w hi ch t reats Of the ex peri ments w hi ch were und ertaken by the autho r to ex pl ai n the o rigi n Of the seco ndary fl uid i ncl usio ns an d to fin d the co ndi tio ns under whi c h the sili ca separated o ut in l Pcihlman has recent ly d escribed biot ite gnei ss c ry stal fo rm uartzi te Olivi ne k ersantit e and n eph eli ne basalt fro m the n o rth ern p art o f Parag uay T he Olivi ne k ersantite co ntains in a dark g ray g ro und mass l arge c rystal s o f biot ite (mero xan) p erfectly Th ese fresh aug ite and flesh colo red p seudo mo rph s Of Olivi ne pseudo mo rph s co nsi st Of serp enti ne v ery pl eo ch roi c b unc hes o f A c co rdi n g a mi caceo us mi neral carbo nates and i ro n o x id es 2 t o C arl Ochsen ius the bl ue colo r Of much Of the S tras sfurt sal t is n ot due t o s ulph ur but is merely an Opti cal efl ect M I N E R A L OGI C A L N Ews Emmon site a new mi neral fro m n ear ’ To mbsto ne A rizo na has been d esc ribed by W F Hill eb rand I t is Of a y ello wi sh g reen colo r t ransl ucent and occurs in crys talline scal es and p atch es in a b ro wni sh gan g ue co mpo sed Of l ead uartz and a b ro w n s ub stance co n tai n i ng i ro n t ell u carbo nate T he mi neral is p rob ably mo no cli ni c w ith a rium and water good cl eavage parall el to t he cli no— pi nacoid Cl eavage pi eces sho w two ot her di rectio ns o f i mp erfec t cl eavage n early at right angl es to each o th er A gai nst o ne Of t hese the ex ti nctio n is Pleoch roi sm v ery slight S pecific g ravi ty abo ut 5 8 A fter allowi ng fo r i mp uriti es the mean of fo ur analyses was as follo ws : .
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H ,O
Fe
Se
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above
mo st p rob ably a hyd rat ed ferri c tell uride T wi ns Of c in “ n ab ar h ave b een fo un d in the recently di s covered o re depo s its in the n eighbo rhood o f Bach mut E katernioslaw S o uth R uss i a T he crystal s are i nter p enet ratio n t wi ns with the base the t w i n n i ng pl an e and the t wi nn i n g ax i s the v erti cal ax i s T he pl anes It
is
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,
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-
.
1
N eues
J ahrbuch filt Min
.
,
etc
1886 , 1,
.
p
.
24 4
I h , p 17 7 Pro ceedings C olorado S cien tific S o ciety, Vol .
‘
.
.
.
I schermak
.
Miner
.
11.
Petrogr Mitth , .
.
VI I
,
.
11,
Pt
.
1 6 p 3 .
.
1, 1885 ,
p
.
1
.
.
I
h
o n eac
y t l
R
cr s a are
,
2R
,
and
t p ohed ro n
Wh en
2P
the ra ez
i
.
the
4
t etartohed ral pl ane is o n t he right edge Of an upper rho mbohe d ral face the crystal is dex t ro ro tato ry erso n ite Of T he j efl F rankli n N J has been i nvestigated c rystallog rap hi cally an d 1 c h emi cally by Kloo s o f S t utt art I n the p ri s mati c zo ne o nly P n w m a d s r n a e t P P e r e f o u n d t l s w e e t e i d by O h e c r a r 00 c a , o y i P 2P d s n e e l n h pl o h oi s m i s t r o n g a ho y a P T e e c r oo 3 3 y lo w 5 yello w g reen c= blue g reen A bso rptio n c (1 S ectio ns ’ ° f a g i s t n a r a n n a d e t n n 1 1 a ll l h li o pi oi g v i io e t o t e C c a e n c t O a x 5 p 7 A c h emi cal analy si s t h e vert i cal ax i s S pecifi c g ravity y ield ed : '
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5 10,
3 9 59 -
N a, O
Mgo
I
the
light o f thi s res ult the autho r does not feel j ustifi ed in ass igni ng to thi s mi neral any defi n i te co nsti tutio n T he small amo un t o f M no wo uld seem to i ndi cate that the mi neral und er 2 Brauns has di scovered i n vestigatio n is not a t rue j efl erso nite a n ew pl ane H, P ; in man gan i te fro m near Oberstei n a d N ah e f r s r e ii n e a I n the cl efts o f a pi ece Of soapsto ne fro m GO n r g p "I W unsi edel S andberg er has fo und uranite and to rbernite in littl e uad rati c tabl es Pseudo mo rph s o f arsen iO sid erite after s iderite fro m Bul ach in W ii rtemberg and green o cki te fro m the cl efts Of z incblen de fro m Brilo n Westph ali a an d N eu S i nk a in S i eb en b ii rgen were al so fo un d and exami ned by the same i nvestigato r n
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B OT A N Y
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—D r
M T M asters F I GUR E OF S OM E A M ER I C A N CONI FER S read a paper enti tl ed Cont rib utio ns to the hi sto ry Of certai n i n n uary o f s ec i es o f Co n i fers c e a b o h i n e n o i ty J e r e n a S e t L f p the p resent year in whi ch s o me A meri can sp ec i es are criti cally di sc ussed Th ey are as follo ws viz : .
.
.
.
,
,
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,
mabilis
.
T his is acco mpan ied with a n early full sized figure Of the cone, a photo engravi n g o f a sterile bran ch, with half a dozen enlarged fig ures Of leaves, leaf sections , bracts, scales and seeds
A bies
a
Forbes
-
.
-
-
.
A bies g r andis L i ndley A larg e double plate sho wing five cones, w ith fig ures sho w T he vartety i ng details Of leaf an d con e structure, illustrate this species lawian a P ieea lowi an a Gordo n , P icea pa rson sian a Barron, A bies lowian a M cN ab) is described and fig ured A second variety, pallida , is doubtfully sep " arated at, and pale in color I ts leaves are o f une ual length, fl .
.
q
.
A bies
.
m
suhal
co ne,
foliage, leaf structure, bracts -
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Full illustrations
acco
mpany
the description
spec1es.
Neues Jahrb fli r Min , etc , 1886 , 1, p 2 11 I h , p 25 2 I h , p 2 50 Edited by Pro fessor C H A R L ES E Bassxv, L incoln , N ebraska .
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an d
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i F e l m n a p g
A bies
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Figures Of the L i n dley illustrate this species
con color
s cales
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of
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L indley T he typical form Of this species is illustrated by a larg e double plate showing the fo liage an d co n e, w ith details of the latt er T he v a rt ety g lauea occurs i n culti vatio n A bies mag n ifi ed T he vari ety mag n ifiea M urray) is illustrated by a larg e double plate show ing cones and foliag e De t ai ls Of the leaf and c o nes are g iven in wood c uts
A hies
n obilis
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STRA
NGE
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OL L EN T UBEs OF -
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OBE L I A
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—T he poll en t ube -
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as
fig
d in the tex t books and el sewhere is Of nearly uni fo rm di ameter t h ro ugho ut its whol e l en gth T he lo wer po rt io n , o r that farth est fro m t he grai n (o r spo re) is us ually sho wn w it h its c o nten ts d enser t han el sewh ere I n the styl e Of the L obelia sy philztica I find t h at the o rdi nary fo rm Of the end Of the poll en t ube is as s ho wn at a Occasio nally the enl argement at the tip t akes t he fo rm o f nearly a p erfect sph ere A S pade like fo rm met w ith is vre
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ho wn at h A t c is sho wn a poll en t ube tip th at is uite ex cep t io nal T he end th ro ugh the thi ckest part is fully fo ur t i mes t he o rdi nary di ameter o f t he t ube A still mo re i rreg ular tip is s ho w n at d T he t ub e is much s woll en at the ex tremity , w hil e b ack fro m the end are two co ntractio ns, after whi c h the t ube is atten uated fo r a di stance up ward and agai n ass umes its n o rmal siz e Th ese changes in size do n ot all take pl ace in the same pl ane T he t ube t wi sts in vario us di rectio ns in the s ubstance o f the styl e T he ex tent t o w hi ch t hi s vari atio n fro m a di rect c o urse may p ro ceed is seen at e, whi ch sho ws a po rtio n o f a pollen t ube s
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ho rt di stance behi nd the tip T he end in thi s case was not fo und T he t wi sti ng i ncreases the c hances of a si ngl e t ub e n ot holdi ng tog eth er w h en s ubj ected to the razo r o r needl es Of the i nv estigato r A ll Of the p arts o f the ill ust ratio n were d rawn with a camera — lticida a Grun ow w hi ch th us far has p roved itsel f amo ng the b est T he tubes c d and f hold the same positions to each oth er as th ey did in the c o nd uctive ti ssue o f the styl e Thi s was an unusually ri ch spo t in Odd fo rms T he co nd uctive ti ssue ed loo se and th ere was no apparen t cause fo r any ch ange Of seem di rectio n o r the fo rmatio n o f enl arged end N O nucl eus was ob served in any o f the t uber like tip s I hope to cultivate the pol — len free fro m any ti ssue and Observe the res ults B D H alsted Botanical L o t} A g ricul Coll A mes I owa — K BOO S ON F U NGI T he A meri can st udent Of fungi is Often so rely p uzzl ed fo r want o f a system ati c man ual to aid him in his st udy and C l ass ifi catio n Of t he multit ud e Of S peci es w hi ch he ig ht collect if he co uld hOpe to do anythi ng w i t h coll ects o r m th em T he book whi ch has been Of most servi ce is p robably Cook s H and book Of Briti sh F ungi p ubli sh ed abo ut fi fteen years ago but its desc ri ptio ns are so i mp erfect an d the syst emo f C l as si ficatio n so an ti uated th at fro m the fi rst it has b een an exasper ati ng book to use o r to put i nto the h an d s o f st ud ents Of A meri can books th ere are no ne We h ave so me lo cal li sts and a goo d many scatt ered papers D r Farlo w has given us ex cell ent mo nog raph s Of several genera M r Pec k has likewi se p ubli sh ed many desc rip tio ns and a n umber Of mo nograph s M r Mo rgan has helped us by givi ng us his My colog i c Flo ra o f the M i ami vall ey Ohio Elli s and Everh art h ave p ubli shed mo n og raphs Of a number Of genera By securi ng co mpl ete sets o f Grewllea the Torr ey Bulletin Bo to nical Gaz ette yourual of M ycology A MER I CA N N A T U R A L I S T and the p ro ceedi ngs o f several sc i entifi c s o ci eti es an d in additio n t he repo rts an d b ull eti n s i ss ued by vario us S tates and c oll eges o ne any as id e fro m the sp ec i ali sts can can do so methi ng but ho w m o rd to supply t hem afl selves w ith all th ese T wo books now p ubli shi ng will do much to h elp the o rdi nary botani st and botani cal st udent S everal y ears ago D r Geo rge Wi n ter began the p ubli catio n o f a new editio n Of the volume n gi ) Of R abenho rst s K rypto gam ra vo n D ie Pilze f e n Flo u ( Deutschland Oesterrei c h und der S ch weiz T he fi rst book Of I t i ncl ud es the S chizomy thi s wo rk was c o mpl eted in 1884 Thi s l atter C l ass in cet es S ac charo my cetes and Bas i dio my cet es ac c o rdance with W i nter s vi ews is mad e to i ncl ude the Ento moph tho rez Ustilagi neae and U redi neae in additio n to the T remel l inear Hymeno mycetes and Gastero mycet es T he seco nd book has prog ressed as far as p 59 2 an d is t h us far d evot ed to the A sc o mycetes Fro m p resent i n di catio ns thi s book at l east will be re ui red fo r the A sc o my cetes and a thi rd book will be acces probably o nly
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General N otes
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y for the th ree remai ni ng cl asses vi z Myx omycetes Z ygo my mycetes T he g reat val ue Of t hi s w o rk l ies in the cet es and OO fact t hat t he d escriptio ns are very full an d i ncl ud e acc urate meas urements I n the y ear 1882 P A S accardo began the p ubli catio n in Pad ua Italy Of wh at is d esti ned to be one Of the g reat books o f t he cent ury the S y llog e F ungo rum d esig ned to co ntai n all t he k no wn fun gi o f the wo rld T he fi rst and seco nd vol umes are devoted to the Py renomy cetes of w hi ch g reat g ro up abo ut 6 000 s ec i es are d es crib ed o the S pha T h thi rd vol um d vo e d e e t t e p e appeared in 1884 It co ntai ns d e ropsideas and M elancon iea scriptio ns o f over 4 000 s pec i es Vol ume I v appeared in A p ril Of t he p resent year I t is devoted to the Hypho mycetes an d d e scribes over 3 500 speci es T he desc riptio ns in Wi nter s wo rk are in German tho se in Both are full al tho ugh the t reat S accardo s S ylloge in L ati n ment is much mo re sati sfacto ry in the fo rmer S accardo merely c o mpil es and th us o ften ad mits t he same p lant und er mo re t han T he l atter is o ne name whil e Wi nt er is ex ceedi ngly criti cal therefo re the better g uide whil e the fo rmer by his li berality in admitti n g S O many d escriptio ns mak es th ese avail abl e fo r the critical st udy Of st ud ents everywhere—Charles E Bessey A POC K ET M A NUA L OF BOT A NY —I t wo uld p uzzl e any o ne to make o ut j ust wh at the p ubli sh ers of the o rdi nary botani cal man n als had in mi n d wh en t h ey d ecid ed upo n th ei r type paper an d bi ndi ng A manual o ught to be a fi eld bo o k It sho uld be po rt abl e w it h a s ize and weight allo wi ng it to be carri ed as t he co m panio n Of the c oll ecto r wh erever he goes Every begi nner in system ati c botany o ugh t to carry his man ual w i t h him b ut it is too much to ask him to carry a two po und bOOk in addi tio n t o his o th er b urd ens especi ally wh en the book is to o big to go i nt o N early five years ago t he wri ter b ro ugh t any Of his po cket s thi s matt er to the attentio n Of p ubli shers (A M N A T Vol xv p But 896 ) and so me favo rabl e co rrespo ndenc e resul ted fro m it we still h ave the Old fi shio ned co arse p ri nt thi ck pap er b ro ad margi ned cl umsily bo und manual s for use in the schools an d c olleges ”1 I n t he To uri sts editio n o f Co ulter s Botany we h ave the neares t A meri can app ro ach to t he styl e o f book with whi ch co l l ecto rs and st udents sho ul d be s uppli ed By the use Of th i n paper the t hi ck ness Of the book is red uced to co nsiderably l ess t h an an i nch w hi c h wi th the fl ex ibl e l eath er bi ndi ng makes a book w hic h can be carri ed muc h mo re c o mfo rtably t han c ou l d H ad the bi nd er b een i nst r ucted to tr i m t he o rdi nary editio n the pages so as to l eave a muc h narrower margi n all aro un d t he book wo uld h ave been much i mproved I n o rder to tes t the sar
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C o ulter s Mt aal o f R o cky M o untain Botany T o urists Blakeman , T aylor C o , N ew Y o rk an d C hicago, 1885 1
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edi tion
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I vison ,
matter the writer took
to a bi nder and had the margi ns p robably the handi est botani cal c ut do wn resul ting in man ual in the co unt ry Thi s i mp roved copy is now exactly seven and th ree eighth s i nch es lo n g and fo ur and seven eighth s wid e an d weig hs b ut thi rteen o unc es It slips i nto an o rdi nary pock et w it h the g reatest case and can be carri ed by the coll ecto r wh et ev er he go es N o w it must be rememb ered th at thi s red uced C opy of the To uri sts edition is p ri nted fro m the identi cal pl ates used for the larg e book and th at app arently no attempt was mad e by the p rinter to red uce the siz e Of page by p ri nti ng C lo ser to the inner margi n where at l east a uarter o f an i nch might easily h ave been saved It is probabl e that with co ns i derabl e care the width o f t he book might be reduced to fo ur and a hal f i nch es U ntil we can h ave so methi ng better let us h ave thi n paper edi ti o ns o f Gray s Co ulter s and C hap man s man ual s p rinted and bo und wit h narro w margi ns all around and with fl ex ibl e co vers w hi c h proj ect but littl e if at all b eyo nd the pages Th en let o ur s e r r n l s e u s s e r r m f b i h io ly c o id t h p obl e O g i vi n g u l thi s e u s a l a t s p a mo derat e co st W h en new editio ns of th ese man ual s are made the p ubli shers c an save much space by the use Of t hi n n er lead s so as to cro wd I n thi s way no t far fro m sev the matter clo ser upo n the pages enty five pages might be saved w hil e by the use o f sm all er type h ere and there the savi ng might be easily carri ed to a hund red — pages A littl e book Of 3 9 2 pages the To uri sts Guid e to the — Flo ra Of the A lps l ately i ssued by an Engli sh firm might well be tak en as a mo del Of it a recent revi ewer say s P ri nted in clear ty pe on thi n paper and bo und in red l eat her in po cket book fo rm it weigh s l ess than five o unces and is th us really s uited fo r the A nd yet thi s book is sold fo r five shilli ngs t hat is for po ck et ” abo ut t wo fift hs wh at is ch arged for Co ult er s To uri st l ,
his copy wh at is
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— A C H EA P H A N D BOOK OF M oss rs One Of the neatest litt l e bo tani cal book s whi ch has appeared fo r many a day is the H and boo k Of Mosses by J E Bag nall and publi sh ed by the well k no wn L o ndon firm of S wan S o n nenschei n 81 C O It is a thi n duodeci mo book of abo ut o ne h und red pages contai ns thi rty ni ne ill ustrations is bo und in cloth w it h t astefully o rnamented cover and sells fo r o ne Engli sh shilli ng T he C hapters t reat Of t he follo wi n g topi cs viz : A ppli ances and materi al re ui red for the st udy ;dev elop ment ;mo ss h abitats ; cl ass ifi cat io n ; geo g raphi cal di strib utio n ; c ul t ivatio n ; uses ; re p pari ng S peci mens fo r the cabi net and h erbari um T he C h apter o n classifi catio n t reats the s ubj ect in a general wa ly givi g n n o y no mo re th an the c h aract ers Of the t ribes We wi sh it were possibl e fo r A meri can p ubli shers to put a book Of the uality size and p ri ce of thi s one upo n the market -
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43
Professo r S ey mo ur s l ect ure befo re the M i nnesota Ho rt i c ult ural S o ci ety in J anuary l ast is a model Of It deal s plai n ly w i th a few c o m w h at suc h a l ect ure s ho ul d be mon but i mperfectly understood fungi o f the frui t garden viz t he rusts o f the raspb erry an d bl ackb erry (Gd oma n iten s and do ubl e b losso m o f t he bl ack Phrag midium ru bi the ” “ b erry (Fusi rpori um rubi) ; the raspb erry cane rust (p robably S phaceloma ampelinum) and the c urrant di sease (S ep T he l ec t ure now p ubli sh ed in pamphl et fo rm c lo ses w ith a few well cho sen remark s abo ut the i nvestigat io n Of the parasi ti c Pro fesso r Tracy has j ust p ubli sh ed in the eig hteenth fung i ann ual repo rt Of t he S tat e Board o f A g ri cul t ure a catalog ue Of It i ncl ud es phanerogams and pterido the flo ra Of M i sso uri s c e s m t A d h o n ly n d e th r r e e n u e r a e d 1 p e i s t y t s a t e e a u e 74 9 y p y o f the li st sho ws the S tate to co ntai n fo ur w ell d efi ned botan i cal river bott ms M ss u regio ns 1 T e i s i ippi i o i 2 h e r h M s s s a n d t () () o r o z a s o i n k e i s r n o sw am e f u e t t e u h o h h r O e s t o f t h t a O ; 3) g p g t he M i sso uri river ; (4 ) the prair i e reg ion Of the n o rt h ern an d T he Botan i cal Cl ub Of t he western po rtio ns Of the S tate A meri can A sso ci atio n fo r the A dvancement Of S c i ence w ill ho ld meeti ngs in A ug ust at Buffalo and w ill meet w ith a warm recep tio n fro m the botani st s and c itizens of Buflalo A ltho u gh t he uit e co nfi dent ly be arrangements are n o t y et co mpl et ed it can anno unced th at t he cl ub w ill be t end ered a h al f day ex c urs io n t o so m e one o f t he sev eral i nteresti ng coll ecti ng g ro und s Of t h at vi ci ni ty T he long ex cursio n o n S aturday w ill al so be arrang ed to enabl e t he botan ists to h ave a po rtio n Of t he ti me fo r co ll ec t ing T he lo cali t i es near the C i ty whi ch h ave been described b y M r D ay in his catal og ue o f Buffalo pl ants w ill p rove as i nteres t in g to vi s iti ng botani sts as tho se Of any ci ty yet vi sited by t he Th ere w ill also be tendered to the cl ub wi tho ut do ubt an C l ub eveni ng receptio n Th ere w ill be no l ack of Opport un iti es fo r beco mi ng ac uai nted w i th one anoth er T he fi rst meeti ng o f t he cl ub w ill be h eld in the roo m ass ig ned to biolo gy on T hursday mo rni ng at 9 O clo ck whi ch is the seco nd day o f the ass oc i ati o n S ubse uent meeti ngs will be ann o un ced o n the d aily prog ramme o f the ass oci atio n It is hoped th at the bo tani sts will be o ut in still l arg er n umbers thi s y ear th an th ey were last or t he year befo re L et every teach er o f bot any arrange n o w to b e p resent at the meet i ngs T he secretary of the cl ub is J C A rth ur Of Geneva N Y BOT A NI C A L N EWS
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E N T OM OL
D ES C R I PT I ON A R Z ( 9 i n ts o j
OF T I I E
I I I PI S R I V E R S I
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FOR M
H OR N
OG Y
OF T H E
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FE M A L E
IN
A
L
A M PY R I D
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r h s h s c e n t e o o N umber Of p p tw el ve L egs six , two on each Of the three an teri o r , excl usi ve of the head , seg m en ts, o r o n tho se po rti on s un dern eath representing t he pro , meso an d meta sternum L eng th , w hen exten ded I n w alking , t wo and a uarter inches ; and the width across the widest art five six teenths o f an in ch .
A pterous, vermi form,
seg
men ted
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64 9 H ead corneous, shining black and n ot well defined an d when at rest hidden T he prominen t character o f the head co nsists o f a b en eath the anterior segment a ndibles like those o f the male o f curved hoo k li ke m n ten na rai ht, i a A r s h o t e r t s , p g oin t bristle like an d gro w in fo ur j o inted ; the apical j o u t f r o t h i o n m e s d e f t h e e d g o I nt, w hich is the lar est an d t ubular in fo rm o f the previo us j g ointed, fo ur being nearly e ual and bead like M axillary palpi five j T he an ten nae an d palpi being s hort, stand stiffl L abial palpi appear two j ointed y o ut fromthei r bas e D orsal surface consists of twelve thin corneo us plates , the three anterior being n arro wed in fro nt and all havi ng an impressed line thro ug h the center T he plates are shini ng, black ish bro wn , marg i ned trans versely w 1th transparent oli ve e e n r , g an d upo n the lo n gitudinal marg ins w ith Opa ue pale yello w interspersed with Olive, which colors in termixed Obtain upo n the sides and the underparts generally S p1racles upo n the sides o f the fourt h to the eleven th segments, i ncl usive, and ust belo w t he S piracles o n the same seg ments is a double fold fo rming a double at eral ridg e T he other seg ments bear but a s in g le fo ld and no S piracles T he thoracic region bearing the legs ex hib1ts indistinct sutures and fo lds present i ng but a faint resemblance to analog ous parts in o ther C o leoptera T he legs are of the type seen in the female i n so me L ampyridmand are fo ur o i nted w it h a short obtuse tars al claw h e l l n T e s i t h e a r v a s o f t h i s i c t l a e n s e t g j g attened o n the under side i nto a ri dg e w hich d iffer fro mthose in the adult by bein g fl is strong ly setose, and the claws o f a! the legs are twi ce as long, more curved, fi ner and more sharply pointed than in the fully g ro wn i ns ect .
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Bul l Cal A cad S ci , 11, 5 p 7 1, A p ril 1886 are to be fo und i no us l arva o f so me s o me referen ces made by me to a l arge l um c ol eoptero n , and I al s o gave an acco unt Of its h abits Thi s l umi no us l arva, th en all ud ed to , is an earli er stag e Of the i nsect I have d es ribed above T he l arva fed all wi nt er, and in March s lo ugh ed its ski n an d remai ned motio nl ess, oil ed in a cell Of earth fo r th ree weeks an d k ept a uni fo rm p ale c ream c olo r w i tho ut l umi no si ty b ut rad ually t he cen ter of the do rsal pl ates b ecam d r k a n d n r a e i e , g t he ratio Of colo ri ng so was the reappearance Of pho spho res ent li g ht ;wh en fully resto red in strengt h it b ecame very active and I n abo ut a week it disap s t ro n gly l umi no us b ut it did n o t eat i rly a red beneat h the earth , and rem a n e d o u ight n a e a f e o t f r s O p mo nth , and thi nki ng it had changed i nto the p upa state I dis I ret urned t u rbed it , and fo und no ch ange to h av e tak en pl ace it to the j ar pl aci ng t he c oil ed i nsec t upo n the top Of the eart h , w h ere it lay m o tio nl ess fo r t wo days On the mo rni ng Of the t h i rd day I fo und it had slo ughed anoth er s ki n but t his ti me a very thi n coveri ng o f un i fo rm pal e b ro wn , and the i nsect i tsel f h ad di sap peared i n to t he earth Thi s l ast do rmant stage must rep resent its p upa state I uneart hed it agai n and fo un d it very s o o n afterward s to assum e g reat acti vi ty and b right l u mi no si ty , Thi nki ng a fresh s up b ut it wo uld take no ne Of the us ual food r l e c r m e a e n h O f r th to b e i a l I e o v e d i n to g d fi e a b e n t h e a t r , j p y an d empt i ed the eart h by t he s t ump Of a t ree, and whil e in thi s ac t sev eral sp ecimens Of Z arhipis pit h ed upo n t he di scard ed earth , an d o ne speci men d ropp ed s wi ftly upo n the until then s uppo sed larva th ro wi n g the femal e i nto viol ent mo vements by the s ud T he mal e soo n attempted C op ulatio n denness o f the atta k T he act, if it really took pl a e, is not o ne Of adh esio n li ke th at I
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in the T elepho rida ples, the attractio n
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T he method was alik e in a number o f ex am al e was perfect , and th ro ugh it I of the fem
pt ured el even mal es T he light o ccurs mo st i nt ense o n the cross margi ns o f t he do rsal pl ates but the l umi no si ty is al so st ron g o n all the marg i ns S o meti mes the i nsect appears as w el l as alo n g the l at eral edges ch eck ered by b ei n g ban d ed with phOS pho rescen ce T he el even mal es att racted were n ot all o f the fo rm k no w n as } L ec These Z n w r sz Ho rn ; so me rep resent the Z ph i/ mm facts w ill cause so me revi sio n o f the genus T he fo regoi ng statements can h ardly be co nsidered as a perfect hi sto ry o f thi s peculi ar i nsect b ecause th ere are many poi n ts n ot u k e o o r d e t w t y Why the l arva sho uld be l umi no us and y et h ave n othi ng to att ract and why the ad ult 9 sho ul d be l umi no us w hil e the a is b ut roams in the s unlight are s till unanswered not no ct urnal T he h abit o f the mal e is to appear o n t he w i ng in uestio ns temp erat e h eat fro m 9 A M to 4 P m but d uri ng the hott es t weath er it do es not appear until the s un is decli n i ng Th en wh at are the di fferences in the l arval fo rm o f the sex es ferences o f the sexes P T he answer to o r are th ere any l arval di f th ese ueri es wi ll co me after ob servation b ut the ans wer to t he o ne co ncern i ng the l umi n o us ch aract eri sti cs o f t he l arva an d adult fo rm may p erh ap s give way to th eo ry and it may be s ug gested that the l umi no us uality is i nh eri ted and tho ugh w it ho ut use to thi s speci es h avi ng a di urnal h abi t yet it may be a deri ved ch aract er t hat o nly co mes i nto use wh en the h abi t is n oct urn al But it must be co nsid ered th at the pl umo se ant enna: o f the mal e — i e r s R v U n i v wo uld i ndi cate t hat it seek s its mate by scent fj ca
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l e l a l r k a B e e C C , y, qf
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— ut T he repo rt o f the U S m
H S ento molo gist fo r 1884 co ntai ned an arti cl e o n the subj e t o f the S o uth ern b uffalo g nat (S i muli um sp o r spp ) w hi ch di s ussed the g reat damag e do ne to sto c k each y ear alo ng the L ower M i ss i ss ippi an d t he h abit s o f the alli ed speci es in thi s co unt ry and in E urope A t t hat ti me the part i c ul ar speci es co ncerned had no t been d e T he h abi ts termined no r had the l arva and p up ae b een fo und i sed to be similar to o f the i nsect in its earli er stag es were surm tho se o f alli ed S peci es, b ut as the sp eci es th at had been st udied, b reed as a rul e, in st reams t hat are cl ear, rapi d and ro ky it was uan titi es in t he a uestio n ho w the i nse t s b red in suc h g reat Co nsi deri ng the g reat damage lo w all uvi al M i ssi ssippi co untry do ne by th ese g nat s it was al so a uestio n o f co ns id erabl e i m po rtan e, as its sol utio n might affo rd a means o f ch ecki ng t he in c rease o f the p est T he p resen t sp ri ng D r R il ey has therefo re, w i th the aid o f two o f his assi stants , M r F M Web ster and Mr Otto L ugger, endeavo red to cl ear up the myst ery surro undi ng thi s s ucceeded M r L u g er, wh ose o est , and has al read st has p g y p i s t o av on T H E
BUFFA L O
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Entomology
t
b een s
at
e i c s e p
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Memphi s Tenn has fo und the l arva and p upa o f o ne o f S i muli um and M r Web ster at Vi cksb urg has fo und ,
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t g o h er so mewhat larger speci es T he h ab i t s o f b oth speci es are s i mil ar and both h ave b een fo und to b r eed in the mo re swi ftly runni n g po rtio ns o f the small er c reeks a n d b ayo us whi ch are permanen t and do no t dry up in mids um mer Th ey are fo und attach ed to the masses o f d ri ft woo d and l eaves w hi c h fo rm at poi nts and w hi ch by i mp edi n g the streams b e l o w fo rm a mo re rapid c urrent at the s urface T he l arv a an d u a w i h v e b e b s ol u t ly o n t e d th th e i r e s p e ti v d lt a e n e n e c r c e u s a c a p p an d a careful st udy o f the general ch aracter of the b reedi n g s a s a c e a r e n c a e s n r e e f t h e l l a dy i di t th t i p t f l t h o e s s o e a e c a t p y ears is i ndi rectly due to the c revasses in t he l evees and that we h ave h ere anoth er str o ng arg umen t for the preservatio n and care o f these l as t — Whil e at Enter L A R VA L FOR M o r POL Y D ES M US C A NA D ENS I S r s 8 P ob desm s u u i e F l a I f o d A p r il h u n d p l tto log m n t r a a e a e p ca n admsis with its body enci rc li ng a mass o f w hi te oval eggs eac h abo ut h al f a milli meter in l ength an d with a thi n cho rio n Th ey wereenclo sed in a s light nid us Pl aci ng the eggs and the myriopod wi th damp sand and mold in a close t in box and b ri ngi ng th em ho me I fo und the yo ung had hatch ed abo ut the f M T a r s f e r h s s r d h l v oo t t hi g ho t thi k t h a e a n a n i n c o a c a 9 y t he bo dy co mpo sed o f eight seg men ts and o rnament ed w ith scat tered l arg e so mewhat C l ub sh aped spi nes T he anten na are fo ur joi nted Th ere were o nly th ree pai rs o f l egs an d th ey were append ed to the first thi rd and fo urt h seg ments respectively there bei ng n o ne o n the seco nd seg ment b ehi nd the h ead L eng th m m al 1 2 of the an i m T he l arva is essenti ally s i mil ar to th at of the European desmas com l n a u s a f i t i s s g d by t u r e t s i Z e i s e n M e c h w n k o f f p ( — xx1v pl xxvx fig but apparently has o ne mo re seg ment A li
ear er s a es o f an t
th e
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OCC UR R ENC E
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— I RA
OF EA R L Y S T A GES o p BL E PH A R OC E
sen d
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u o y
by exp ress a small package co ntai ni ng sp eci mens of l arval fo rms that I coll ected last summer at Gilboa S c hoh ari e co unty N Y They were all fo und in the same s i t uatio n viz o n the ro cks in a water fall at the pl ace wh ere the wat er ran mo st swi ftly generally on the edge o f t he ro c k s T he l arv a o f the bl ac k fly were so ero us th at the edges of ro ck were bl ack wi th th em num T he mode o f attach ment to the ro ck s is by a chiti no us ri ng armed with l ongit udi nal ro ws of hooks T he t ub ercle o n the p rotho rax is al so p rovid ed wi th a si mil ar di sk These di sks served as o rgans of l oco m otio n as well as o f attac h ment J ust above the di sk at the po steri or ex tremi ty o f t he bo dy o n the do rsal surface th ere is an open i ng th ro ug h w hi ch in many sp eci mens a t ufted o rgan appears whi ch I do n ot rem em ber to h ave seen in other larva ‘
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Gener al N otes
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T he i ntesti ne in the speci mens is of
d iato ms
s
olidly packed
with the remain s
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d the o ne mark ed N o 3 seems to be the pupal fo rm of N o 2 Th ey were co nstantly associ ated l a r va and I saw no oth er fo rms near th em ex cept the bl ac k fl y T he mo de of attach men t to the ro cks is the same in both by s ucki n g di sk s I n N o 3 t he di sk s were o n the ex t remiti es o f t he I n mo st cases in t e abdo mi nal segmen ts th ree o n each si de movi ng the S peci mens fro m the ro ck the di sks were separated but th ere is o n e S pec i men I send in whi ch they are still in S i t u and are very di st i nct and I thi nk th ey are show n in so me o f th e oth ers T he p ro tub erances o n the do rsal s urface of the h ead o f N o 3 I suppo sed to be b reathi ng o rgans as th ey are co mpo sed o f lam el la w hi ch the an i mal had the po wer to open and C lo se There w ere n umero us empty cases o n the ro cks but t h ey seemed to b e o nly the ab do mi nal di sk beari n g segments the upper o r anteri o r portio n bei ng carri ed away by the rapid flo w of water as soo n as — m m y R H ue/work the ani al d eserted it T he i nsects h ave b een identi fied fo r us by D r C V R il ey s ] — ENT OMOL OGI C A L N un s T he C eylo n ento mologi sts p ropo se to system ati cally ob serve t he s i ng ul ar mig ratio ns o f b utterfli es in that i sland Vol unteers are to watch fo r the migratio n and send a po st card b ull eti n to the edito r o f t he reco rd s noti c i ng data di rectio n of flight o f w i nd the weat her and t he speci es Pro fesso r C H Fernald s gives de S phi n ges o f N ew Engl and sc ript io ns o f the mo th s and l arva the n umber o f sp ec i es b ei ng fo rty t wo It w ill p rove to be a very c o nveni ent man ual o f o ur D r U hl er s Ch eck li st o f the H emiptera H etero h awk moth s cera p ubli s h ed by the Brookly n Ento m ologi cal S o ci ety is a ti mely p ubli catio n It is sy no ny mi cal and al so gives the g eo g raphi cal di strib utio n o f the speci es H avi n g b een co mpil ed und er di ffi c ulti es it is no t to be wo nd ered at th at a few sp ec i es ev en so me o f D r Uhl er s h av e b een o mitted T he n umber o f d escribed S peci es is 144 8 Mr W H A sh mead has p ubli sh ed the seventh o f his st udi es o n the N o rth A meri can C halcidida Fro m Pro fesso r F M Web ster we h ave recei ved an essay o n ho rti cult ural ento mology read befo re the I ndi ana Ho rti cul t ural S o ci ety A t the J anuary 10th meeti ng o f the L o ndo n Z o olo g ical S o ci ety M r H J El wes read a p aper o n t he b utterfli es of the genus Parnassius w ith sp eci al rel atio n to t he d ev elop ment functio ns and st ruct ure o f the chiti no us po uch fo und in the H e had recogn ized t wenty th ree s peci es femal es Befo re the F rench A cad emy J Gazag naire read a p aper o n the seat o f the o rgan o f tast e in Col eoptera Of the oth er speci mens I
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Z OOL
OG Y
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— S enacr rom A t a ecent meeti ng
PavsroL oc tcu n ean S o ci ety , M r G .
r
the L in
of
s c a m s r o d p a p n phy iologi l a n e r e a e O a J ” s el ecti o n an addit io nal s ugg es tio n o n the o rigi n o f speci es T he autho r co ntend ed that the th eo ry o f nat ural sel ectio n has It is in t ruth b een mi s named a t heo ry o f the o rigi n o f S peci es a th eo ry o f t he o rigi n o f ad aptive st ruct ures an d if unass i st ed by T he a ny oth er p ri nc ipl e co uld not effect the evol utio n o f sp eci es o n ly oth er p ri ncipl e t hat co uld h ere as s i st nat ural sel ectio n wo uld b e o ne th at might mitigat e the swampi n g effec ts o f i ntercro ss i n g T hi s may be do ne by geographi cal b arri ers sh utti ng off a po rtio n o f a s pec i es fro m the rest an d allo wi ng th at po rtio n to d ev elop a n i nd epend ent co urse o f vari etal hi sto ry wit ho ut i ntercro ssi ng w ith the parent fo rm It may al so be do ne by po rtio ns of speci es mig rati ng C h angi ng habital statio ns &c But it may al so be d o ne by wh at the autho r call s phys iologi cal sel ectio n o r in vi rt ue o f a vari at io n taki n g pl ace in the rep ro d uctiv e sys tem in the di r ectio n o f st erility (wh et her ab sol ute o r p arti al ith t e p a rent w h ) fo rm w itho ut i mpai rment o f fertili ty w i thi n the vari et al fo rm F o r i nstanc the seaso n o f flo weri ng o r o f pai ri ng may be eithet e ad vanced o r retard ed in a po rtio n o f a speci es when all the i ndi i v duals in th at po rtio n (o r new vari ety) wo uld be ab sol utely st eril e t o wards t he rest o f t he spec i es whil e co mpl et ely fertil e amo ng t h emselves Th ey wo ul d th us start o n an i n dep end ent co urse o f v ari at ed hi sto ry —Eng lzs/z M echanic .
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M EC H A N I CS
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or
— S omme P ro fesso r H end ri ck s in the N A T UR A
J une i mpo rt s i nto the mechanics o f soari ng a mo men T here is no t ary fo rce whi ch I do no t thi nk i mp ro ves 1t mentary fo rce co ncerned with any part o f the ac ti vity th at I am aware o f T he bi rds are in the air uit e early in t he mo rni ng an d co nti n ue th ere unti l n ight fall all t he fo rces co ncerned in th ei r movements bei ng active every i nstant o f the ti me T he air p ress ures beneath the s urface p rod uced by the no rmal mo tio n are co nstant and t he expansio n o f th ese p ress ures agai nst t he rear curv e is co nstant and t hi s ex pansio n gives the lateral motio n They are bo th d eri ved fro m the g ravitati ng fo rc e of the mass o f the bi rd T here is no o th er fo rce op erati ve upo n the bi rd in the act of soari ng M r H end ri ck s answers my c ruci al uestio n in the negati ve ; “ fo r th ere is an unb al anced fo rce whi ch acts do wnward s and par ” all el w it h the face o f t he pl ane and th erefo re to wards the res t B ut wh en an e ual fo rce acti n g in the oppo site di rectio n is o p sed to it th ere is no lo nger an f e a f o r o b l d o c c ti n g u a a n c e r n p Whil e t he fo rce is th en b al anced and the pl ane in e uilib ri um t he pl ane is th us in eq uillbrium a fo rce will mo ve it wi th e ual facili ty in ei th er di rect io n fo r to s uppo se o th erwi se is to suppose a fo rce active in o ne di rectio n whi c h is not active in the oth er u S r fo r '
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General N otes
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whi
ch
is
to d eny
q
the e ual ity
bal ance
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c
the fo r es
of
c
prod uc i n g
t he
c
Bear in mi nd th at I h ave arefully ex l uded i nertia, o r in ot her wo rds, mass accel eratio n , fro m the probl em T he bi rds have the power o f flappi ng , o r falli ng fro mhigh er to lower l evels , to i n itiate t hei r movemen ts S oari ng has no thi ng to do w ith accel erati o n It d eal s w ith mo tio ns o f uni fo rmity o nly H ence I am j ustified in holdi n g th at o ne o r two po und s of c o nstan t p ressure is co mp e tent to d rive t he pl ane edgeways 1000 feet per seco n d agai nst air A s frictio nal air resi stan e app roach es zero , 3 s mal l fri ctio n o nly No fo rce wo uld mo ve the pl ane agai nst it w ith g reat vel o ci ty weight is li fted in the upward motio n as the fo r es p rod uc i ng t he weight are al ready employ ed to th ei r t otal val ue, as ful ly s how n A s the fo rce p ro d uc i n g the l ateral motio n is d eri ved fro m t h e g ravi ty o f the mass, I am al so j usti fied in hol di ng that a s oari n g bi rd is t ranslated at right angl es to the gravi tati ng fo rce, o r ho ri It wi ll be not i ced that z o ntally , s ol ely by the actio n o f th at fo rce I h ave assumed the fo rce derived fro m the rear ex pansio n t o b e Wh en the w i ngs o f bi rds s uf fici ent to gi ve the l ateral motio n My are ex ami ned t he d etail s o f the l ateral motio n w ill be fo un d ” ‘‘ mechani sm o f soari ng was to S ho w t hat the co ncern in t he fo r es were o n h and in uanti ty s ufl i cient to p rod uce the movement 1 L ancaster , C/ucag o, 111, june 5 th, 1886 .
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— PA C 1F1C My
fri en d , Mr
H W T urner o f the U S Geologi cal S urv ey sends me an ex t ract fro m the S an F ranci sc o Evening Bulletin o f May 29th w hi ch says : A n ovelty o n thi s coast was capt ured o ff the Farallo ne i sl an d s l ast Wednes day afternoo n by Captai n C amilio w ho was fishi ng in his smack in th at vi ci n ity N othi ng lik e the crustacean had ever been s een o n thi s co ast b efo re and the fish ermen tho ug ht t h ey had mad e a capt ure that was val uabl e It was fo und ho wev er t hat the p riz e was o nly a ho rsesho e crab whi c h is very c o mmo n o n It is tho ught th at the crab must h ave been the A tlanti c co ast h atched fro m eggs b ro ught w i th the lobsters whi ch were li ber ” a n s hi t ated in th es e w aters sev en o r eight y ears ag o S L C [ — h av e been the J apanese speci es ED ] T H E S WI M BL A D D ER OF F I S H ES — Ch arl es Mo rri s has p ubli shed in the P ro ceedi n gs o f the Phil ad elphi a A cademy a th eo ry o f the o rigi ns o f l ungs and swi m bl adder and an ex pl anat io n o f thei r He ho mologi es and the pec uli ariti es o f th ei r rel ativ e po sitio ns i magi nes that the p ri mi ti ve fi sh es like the sh arks were wi tho ut thi s o rgan b ut t h at so me o f them vent uri ng o n l and fo r lo nger took in sto mach and throat fuls o f air or s ho rt er ex c ursio ns H e i mag ines whi ch p ro cured a cert ai n aeratio n o f the blood th at the air h eld in the th roat finally p rod uced a di stensio n o f its s uperio r wall whi ch became l ater a di verti cul um and still l ater T he tend ency to r i se w h en a sac w ith a narro wed open i n g in the water wo uld ens ure t h at thi s bag o f air s ho ul d mai ntai n its L
I M U L US .
IN
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those fi sh es wh i ch c o nti nued t o use air as the Dip noi the sac became cell ular and mo re co m w s w l e I t w e ight o ld th n s to s i k b lo t h e a s o h x u e c a u i t n e e a p p u s ro m thi s st age the l ung o f air w s a s e f i n d it i n Polypt e r F u g me most I n tho se fi sh es whi ch beca breath ers was d erived ex cl usively a uati c the bl add er und erwent d egeneratio n if it had I n either ac ui red cel ls and if not remai ned a bladder o n ly case the loss Of the co n nect io n wi th the (es oph ag us (d uct us u m n e a t c s) is the fi nal stag e in t h is degeneracy i u p This p ropositio n o f M r M o rri s is very pl ausibl e and c o rre spo nds w ith the general c o urse o f evol utio n of the sk el eto n D r Paul A lb rec ht deni es the ho molo g y Of the l ungs an d swi m b ladd er in a pamphl et p ubli sh ed by C arré o f Pari s H is reaso n is th at the swi mbl add er is o n the do rsal s d e o f t he i e soph agus w hil e the l ung s are o n the v ent ral side H e th ere fo re regards the swi m bl adder o f Polypt erus as a t rue l ung w hil e t hat o f L epidosteus is a swi m bladd er I n s upport o f his vi ew t hat these o rgans are respectively no t ho mologo us he states th at D iodo n and Tet rodo n po ssess both swi m bladder and l ungs T he latt er he recog nizes in the di verti cul a fro mt he lo wer sid e Of the H e al so e soph ag us w i t h whi c h those fi sh es i n flate th emselves s ees a rudi men tal swi m bl add er in div erti c ula fro m the superio r S ide o f the oesoph ag us whi ch o ccur in s o m e ani m al s for i ns tance i n the pig T H E FOR ME R S OUT H ER N L I MI T S o r T H E W H I T E OR P OL A R — B eam I n my remark s o n the o cc urrence o f the white b ear in “ L ab rado r wh ere it is so meti mes call ed the water bear in dis t inctio n fro m the blac k bear whi ch is very c o mmo n o n t hat c oas t I t h en suppo sed th at t he pol ar b ear was a st raggl er fro m H udso n s and Baffi n s bays rath er by acc id ent than ot h erwi se at But o n look rare i nterval s b reedi ng S O far s o uth as L ab rado r i ng over the acc o unt s o f t he early di scoverers and navigato rs as “ w ell as C art wright s Jo urnal I am led to materi ally al ter my O pi nio n and to s uppo se th at the fo rmer li mits o f thi s c reat ure t tended ev en po ss ibly as far so uth as Casco bay on t he coast o f s o p
itio n abov e
the oeso ph ag us
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Wh ether th ere are any n oti ces of or references to the white b ear in the reco rd s and sagas of the N o rsemen who vi sited the c oas t of N ewfo undl and and N ova S c oti a we are unabl e to say W hite bears were ho wever seen by the fi rst Engli sh navigato r w ho di scovered o ur sho res the i n t repid V eneti an Joh n Cabot T he followi ng referenc e to ag t h en saili ng und er an Engli sh fl w hite bears ap pears in an ext ract fro m an i nsc ri ptio n o n the map o f S eb ast i an C abot in H akluyt s Voyages (111 27 ) I n the yeere o f o ur L o rd 14 9 7 I o hn Cabot a V eneti an and h is so nne S eb asti an (with an Engli sh fl eet set o ut fro m Bri stol !) d isco uered th at whi ch no man b efo re th at ti me had att empted o n t he 24 th o f l une abo ut five Of the clocke early in the mo rn i ng .
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Thi s l and he call ed P ri ma vi sta that is to say First scene because as I suppo se it was that poi nt wh ereo f th ey had the fi rst sight fro m sea T hat I sl and whi ch li eth o ut b efo re the l and he call ed the I sl and o f S Ioh n vpo n thi s occas io n as I thinke because it was disco uered vpo n t he day o f I ohn the Bap ti st T he inhabitants o f t hi s I slan d vse to weare b east ski nnes and h ave th em in as g reat esti matio n as we h ave o ur fi nest garmen ts I n th ei r warres th ey vse bo wes arrowes p ikes darts wo odden C l ubs and sli ngs T he soil is barren in so me pl aces and yi eld et h li tl e fruit but it is full o f white beares and stagges far g reater than o urs This acco unt shows uite concl usively that John C abot s P ri ma vi sta was so me poi nt Of l and in east ern o r n o rt hern N ewfo und l and T he emi nent geograph er D r J G Kohl in his H i sto ry o f the Di sco very o f Mai ne seems full y pers uaded th at t he l and fal l o f Joh n C abot was L ab rado r But if the i nscriptio n an d map are genui ne the d es cri ptio n o f the i nhabi tants o f the i sl and both men and beast s wo uld b etter apply to tho se o f the east ern o r s o uth ern c o ast o f N ewfo undl and T he h uman bei ngs were mo re p robably red I ndians than Eski mo On the L ab rado r c oast t he “ soil is barren in all places whil e the stag g es far g reater than o urs may have been the moose whi ch do es not i nhabit t he L ab rado r coast Wheth er the whi te beares were t he po l ar b ears o r a pale vari ety o f the barren g ro und b ear o f S ir Joh n R i c h ard so n is so mewhat uncertai n We sho uld h ave unhesita t ing ly referred the creat ure to t he pol ar b ear were it n ot t h at in Parmenius acco unt o f N ewfo un dl and p ubli sh ed in 15 83 it is s ai d : Bears al so appear abo ut the fis hers stages o f the eo un trey and are so meti mes kill ed but t h ey seeme to be white as I co n iectured by thei r ski nnes and so mewh at l esse th en o urs H a ( k luy t) T he nex t explo rer Of thi s coast was C o rtereal who in 1500 l anded on the Newfo undland co ast at o r p robably near Cape R ace I n an Old Po rtug uese map of abo ut the year 1520 is a lo n g L ati n i nscriptio n th us t rans lated by Kohl a part o f whi c h we copy : Thi s co unt ry was fi rst di sco vered by Gaspar C o rtereal a Po rt ug uese and he b ro ught fro m th ere w ild and b arb aro us men There are to be in it plenty o f ani mal s bi rd s an d white b ears and fish T he l and fro m whi ch C o rtereal b ro ugh t the w h i t e bears was evidently the same as t hat in whi ch he kid napped fifty seven o f the abo rigi nes These were I ndi ans and not Esk i mo and must have been the i nh abitants eith er of N ew fo un dl an d o r o f N ova S coti a for a p erso n who saw them in the st reets o f L is “ bo n describ ed th em as tall well b uilt and ad mi rably fit fo r ” l abo r Th at ho wever th ey were t he abo rigi nes o f Newfo und l and perh aps Bethuks seems p ro ved by the fact th at a n umb er o f white b ears were al so c apt ured and sent to S pai n wi th t h em F ro m th ese facts it seems reaso nabl e to i nfer th at the w hite o r pol ar bear was a resid ent o n t he eas tern c oast o f N ewfo und land ,
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1886
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T he next navigato r to ex plo re th ese seas was J a ues Carti er, w ho arrived May 10th, 15 34 , o n the eastern o ast o f N ewfo und To thi s Ob servi ng seaman we owe o ur fi rst acco unt s Of land peng ui n o n the I sland o f Bi rd s, t he ho me o f the g reat auk o r n o w F un k o r Fogo i s l and , o n t he n o rth east ern c oast o f New fo undland ; al so o f the Bi rd ro cks Of the Gul f of S t L awrence Whil e harbo ri ng at what is no w F unk i sl and Carti er after d escribi ng the great auks , tell s us t hat he saw a white bear In “ h is own l an guage, do ne i nto uai nt En gli sh by H akl uyt : A nd albeit the sayd I sland be 14 l eag ues fro m the maineland no t w i th standi ng b eares o me swi mmi n g thi th er to eat o f the sayd b i rd s : and o ur men fo und o ne th ere as g reat as any co w, and as w hite as any swan, who 1n th ei r p resence l eapt i nto the sea and u po n Whit sun monday (follo wi n g o ur voyage to ward s the l and) w e met her by the way , swi mmi n g to ward l and as swi ftly as we S O soo ne as we saw her, we p ursued her with o ur c o uld sail e b oats , and by mai ne stren gth took e her, w ho se fl esh was as good e ” t o be eat en as the fl esh Of a cal fe two yeres olde Fro m thi s g raphi and i rcumstanti al acco unt we feel s ure th at t hi s was the great white o r pol ar b ear (Ursa: man tirn us) ; th at it ai nl an d (Joh n reached its full s ize was no t unco mmo n o n t he m C abo t says the l and was full o f th em) and that it b red th ere as t ho se mentio ned by Parmen ius in 1583 were p robably yo un g o nes T he w hit e b ear is still o casio nally seen o n thi s oast , as R ev T he seal h unters o asio nal ly enco unter M r H arvey states es t he w hite o r pol ar b ear o n the ice o ff the oast, and s o meti m it has been k no wn to l and N ow, if in th ese early ti mes o f Cabot and C arti er the eastern c o ast Of N ewfo undl and was the habi tat and b reedi n g pl ace o f the ol r bear, it is not unlikely t h at it o c as io nally might h ave a p vi s ited , as we k no w the wal rus did the co ast Of N ova S coti a and o f M ai ne Our suppositio n is based o n the follo wi ng fa ts : I n an anci ent map o f N ew France, by the Itali an Jaco mo di Gastaldi , in abo ut the year 1550, rep ubli sh ed by Kohl , and whi h we h ere p resent o f red u ed s ize, w h at we sho uld co nsid er as veritabl e w hite bears are d epi cted as swi mmi ng in t he o ean far fro m the co ast o f wh at must h ave been N o va S coti a, and near to but west o f S abl e “ I n the map the bears are placed to is land o r I sol a d ell a rena ” t he so uth ward Of Terra de e vmbega, whi h evidently co m n d is an en bl i l ri sed N o va S coti a and Eastern M ai ne a e s a S p larged po rtio n Of a broad b and , i ntended to rep resen t the bank s o f N ewfo undl and and L a H ave Th at the an i mals rep resented are b ears ad mits Of littl e do ubt ; ost o ne is a seal ; it is d raw n wi th o f the fo ur fig ures the lo werm o ut ears, whil e the th ree oth er fig ures have l arge, d roopi ng cars , A t any rate, if the lo cality was put in at lik e t hose o f a b ear
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H alton
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H arvey s Newfoundland, Bosto n, ’
18 83 ,
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J uly
General N ot es
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haph azard by the map d rawer why sho ul d white bears be al so f I sol a de D emo n i rep resented as th ey seem to be in t he o cean Of T he fi g ures o f the bl ack bear as well as o f the rabbit an d Of t he abo rigi nes are well drawn and it seems no t unreas o nab le to i nfer that white bears were act ually seen and repo rted to the so ut h an d west o f N ewfo undland Th at the white bear may h ave vi sit ed the co ast of Mai ne near Po rtl and is further p roved by the p rob abl e di scovery by M r E a s a sc b f a o e e e s i n t h o hit b tooth h ll h p C o e a s e r a w rs O f M e S y o n e a s e l n i a a u n p ki g bo f h b e r f o d h l h p s e o e t o f h n n e t a e S m f a n s r r e s e e a e t h oo i l C o a i n l t P o o Wy a M s d c b a e a s s n G y 1 57 5 J an uary 186 8: ark ed in the A M ER I C A N N A T UR A L I S I rem T he bo nes of the bear t ho ugh much l ess n umero us were -
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i mil arly b roken by c o ntact with
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in two i nstan es had b een arbo nized A mo ng the spec i mens oll ected by the fi re ’ M r M use in his fi rst vi sit to C ro uch s ove was the l ast mol a r T he cro wn w as so mew hat wo rn , b ut th e aw fro m t he lo wer j faced ; it was o f s mal l S ize, measuri ng ridges w ere no t all ef 5 i nch in l ength and T he average S ize Of ei ght in b readth ens Of the same mol ar in t he bl ack bear was : L en g t h, spec i m i nch ; b readth, w hil e t hat of t wo S pec i mens fro m t he T he t oot h fro m pol ar bear was, leng th i n ch ; b readth , the s hell h eap s , th erefo re, as regard s s ize, mo re C lo sely resembl es
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mentio ned spec i es as it does al so in the shape o f the — c ro w n but it must be unsafe fro m a s i ngl e S peci men o f the m o lar in uestio n to attempt to id enti fy th em T he fo rmer ex i st e n c e o f the pol ar b ear o n t he co ast o f Mai ne is rendered uit e r o b a e t e f a c h u s f w s h bl by h t th a t e t k u lly b t a l r o a a s a c t u a e n e p ” fo u n d at Gardi ner T hat the w hite b ear fo rmerly was an i n h abitant o f N ew fo un d la n d seems p robabl e fro m the facts we h ave b ro ug ht togeth er and i t i s to be hoped th at the anti uari ans and nat urali sts Of N ew fo u n dland w il l i nvestigate the S h ell h eap s sho uld such he fo un d o f t hat i sl and fo r furt her fac ts b eari ng o n thi s s ubj ec t W e will now t urn o ur at tentio n to the fo rmer p resence Of the w h i t e bear on the L ab rado r coast w h ere the sett l ers still call it ” wat er bear W e find o n ly in C artwrigh t s Jo urnal refer t he en c e to t hi s c reat ure but thi s is suffi c i ent to S ho w th at it b red o n an d p ermanently i nh abited thi s co ast fro m Bell e i s l e o r Ch ateau b ay no rt h ward A white b ear was kill ed in 17 6 9 at Pi tt s h arbo r There is a White Bear S o und o n Cart wright s C hateau bay map j ust no rth o f Cape Charl es near Batt l e i sl and Cart wright s h o use was to the n o rt h ward o f Cape C harl es in an arm Of S an d w i c h bay I n 17 7 0 Cart wright saw the t rack o f two l arg e wh it e b ears and the Es ki mo kill ed one the same year near his ho use I n A pril 17 7 2 the t rack s Of th ree whi te b ears were seen In A p ril 17 7 6 a white bear and cubs were seen n ear H unti ngto n i s l and and in the follow i ng May ano th er was ob serv ed White bears were al so seen up the rivers l eadi ng i nto S and wi ch bay and o n pp 4 10 11 Cartwrigh t describes the h abit s o f the w hi te b ear in L ab rado r stati ng th at the y o ung are bo rn in March the parent b ri ngi ng fo rth us ually one at a ti me so meti mes two W hil e o n the coast of L abrado r in the summers Of 1860 and 64 we gath ered w h at facts we co ul d as to the occ urrence o f 18 thi s ani mal p ub li shi ng th em in the P roceedi ngs of the Boston S oci ety of Nat ural H i sto ry (Vol x 186 6 fro m whi c h we take the followi ng ex tract : “ A t S uare i sl and a locality sit uated between Bell e i sl e and D omi n o h arbo r two cub s were capt ured and tak en to S t Joh ns Newfo undl and A t Do mi no h arbo r the ski n o f a b ear kil led duri ng the p recedi ng S p ri ng (186 3 ) was obtai ned by o ne Of o ur a n e r n n r A e u e m h ty i t llig n t h t told e th a t w hit b r w a s e e e a t p not unfre uently seen at S tag ba i og h bo hi h n e a r R e r s w c s r r a y sit uated a lit tl e mo re th an fi fty mil es so ut h o f H op edal e One was kill ed th ere d uri ng the p recedi n g w i nt er and in the autumn th ei r t rack s were ab un d ant T hey were very s hy and could n o t be seen in the d ayti m F urth er so uth th ey are much e rarer T he l ast pol ar bear said to h ave b een seen in the S trai t of Bell e i sl e was S hot fi ft een y ears ag o at the settl ement o f S al mon bay —A S Packard — — ZOOL OGI C A L N Ews A paper by D r H ans G General adow
t h e last
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loaca and cop ul ato ry o rgans o f the A mni o ta was read at t he R oyal S o ci ety o n M arch z sth T he d erivatio n o f the S phi n cter and C op ul ato ry muscl es fro m S k el etal and vi sceral muscl es was follo wed up in the S auro psid a and M ammali a and the mo difi catio ns o f the C loaca in t he chi ef g ro ups Of the A mn iota I n the l atter resp ect H atteri a c o mes n earest w ere desc rib ed to t he A mphibi a and C helo ni a is i ntermedi ate b et ween o st ri c hes and c ro co dil es o n o ne hand and the M o n ot remes o n the oth er T he p eri to n eal canal s are still functio nal i n c ro codiles and to r toi ses but rudi ment ary in H atteri a M uell eri an d uc ts are p resent in yo ung mal e c ro co dil es an d wol ffian d ucts in yo ung T he co ncl usio n is th at t he whol e C lo aca co nsi sts o rigi femal es n ally o f (1) the procto da um o r o ut ermo st epibl asti c anal C h am ber ;(2) the uro da um o r hypoblasti c mi ddl e C h amb er o r p ri mitive o st cloacal c h amber C lo aca ; and 3 ) t he co pro da um o r i n n erm T he uro da um is Old es t and the vent ral uri nary bl ad der as well T he as the do rsal anal sacs (to rtoi ses) are di fferenti atio ns o f it b ursa tabricii o f bi rds vario us h edo ni c gl and s and the cop ula to ry o rgans are d eri ved fro m the pro cto da um T he resem bl ance of th ese o rgans favo rs the phylogeneti c co nnec tio n o f the Mammali a w ith the R eptili a — T he k erato se spo n ges o f the Ch all en ger ex p editio n Porifera h ave been described by N Po léjaeff o f Odessa Tho ugh no t d eep s thi rty seven S peci es were coll ec ted of w hi ch sea o rgan i sm t wenty one are new — ”m es V ol ume X I I Of the C hallenger repo rts is on the A n N O l ess th an 2 20 nelid a Po ly cheta and o c c upi es o ver 5 50 p ag es I n many C ases the food has b een S peci es are d escrib ed as new ex ami ned and it th ro ws s o me light o n the foo d reso urces o f the A l arge n umber o f fo rms o ccur in the N o rt h aby ssal d ept hs T he remarkabl e new gen us Busk iella is co n fi ned t o A tl anti c the aby sses 2000 fatho ms and mo re o f t he A tl anti c but mo st o f A g reat n umb er o f speci es were t he g enera are co smopolitan fo und at Kerg uel en the l and lo cked b ays Of whi ch were ri c h in A ust rali a and J apan furn i s h ed so me pec uli ar an d no vel an nelid s fo rms whil e the N o rth Pacific yi eld ed but few speci es and the majo rity o f those o f the S o uth Pacifi c came from t he S t rai ts o f M agell an T he g reatest n umber o f sp ec i es were t ak en at d ept hs Bet ween 100 and 200 fatho ms t he n umber und er ten fatho ms s b ut th ere o f S pec i es was l ess th an b et ween ten and 100 fat ho m w ere mo re new fo rms an d b elo w t hese d ept h s most o f t he fewer s fo urt een S peci es fo un d were new Between 6 00 an d 1000 fatho m s pec i es were fo und all n ew ex cept t wo ; d epth s b et ween 1000 and 1200 fat ho ms yi eld ed fo ur sp eci es all new ; w hil e b etween 12 00 and 1500 fatho ms mo re th an t wenty sp eci es w ere coll ec ted o nly five o fwhi ch were befo re k no wn mo st o fth emfro ms hallo wer Belo w thi s all t he spec ies fo und were new T he maj o r waters ity Of the d eep sea ann elid s are t ube d well ers On ly t wen ty po n
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i g ht fo rms o f Gephy rea were coll ect ed by the Challeng er w it h ten n ew S peci es and n o new genera Fo rms befo re k nown as l i tto ral were dredged fro m g reat d epth s T he st range mal e o f 1 w ith its c urio us seg men t al o rg ans is fig ured B onellia 711312 111 M ollusca —S o me 500 speci es Of lamellib ran ch s were coll ected by the Cballeng er T he g reatest d epth was mark ed by S emele o u r n n i m ll a or m n d a o e a r d a c e d f u a s d bot h o d ho n 2 t a 0 t f a 0 C p f p ifi 9 i n the N o rth Pacifi c T he repo rt by M r E A S mith fo rms Vol 11111 o f the seri es — a s t c e r u C M r W Fax o n in his revi sio n o f the A stacida a M m m e m M s n e n u e s P t u Co p a t Vol N a r r a t e A 1 1 o 4 ( fi fty two S peci es o f Camb arus and fo urteen o f A stac us Th ese r m h i f e n t f m o i h s i e o po ily a c s e e s u b a m P o a a T e t a c d a t b n A o g t he so uth ern h emi sph ere fo rmthe s ub family Parastacin a A ll t he S p ecies o f C amb arus w i th o ne exceptio n are A merican ; b ut the A stac i occupy th ree well separated areas s e r W t 1 n e () N o rth A meri c a ; (2) Europ e ; 3) Eastern A si a and J apan T he fi rst part Of M F E Beddard s R epo rt o n the I sopod a o f the Ch all enger ex p editio n is o ccupi ed by the g en us S ero lis Fo ur o f whi ch si x teen spec i es n i ne o f th em new were coll ected o f t he S pec i es are dee sea fo rms w hil e the remai n i n g eighteen p k n o wn ki n d s occur between five and 150 fatho ms Fifty seven sp eci es of S chizopod a rep resenti n g t wenty one genera are de sc rib ed and fig ured by P ro f G O S ars in his repo rt o n the S chiz o poda o f the Ch all en ger ex peditio n Fo rty six Of th ese are new P ro f S ars regard s th ese creat ures as a sub o rder o f D ecapoda and recog niz es fo ur famili es : L Ophogastrida E U C Opiida :Eu h a u n d s i r s a u e i a a n d M s d a N i e s p i e f n t h o h a a n e c s o G a p y p d escrib ed o ne o f th em six i nch es in l ength Twenty th ree new s pec i es o f E u haus iida are d escribed and po st emb ryo nal stag es p o f sev eral g enera are fig ured s ho wi ng th at th ey are h at ch ed as t rue N auplii — Birds One wo uld beli eve th at the h abit s Of the European c uc koo are by thi s ti m e well k no wn but M r S eeboh m in his H is to ry o f Briti sh Bi rds t hro ws do ub t o n thi s si nce he states that t he usually received 1dea th at the yo un g cuckoo soo n after it is h atched ej ects the eggs o r yo ung o f its foster parents does not rest on a sec ure fo undatio n N ature p uts agai nst t hi s the obser vatio ns o f M r J H anco ck as reco rd ed in t he N at ural Hi sto ry T ransactio ns o f N orth umb erl and (1866 ) On J anuary 17 th 1884 t he nest o f a h edge sp arro w o r h edge accento r co ntai n i ng fo ur eggs o f the s peci es and o ne c uc koo s eg g was d isco vered On the 2 7 th the c uckoo s eg g and two o f the accento r s eggs were hatch ed A M the c uckoo put o ne of the On the 2 8th at u n h atc h ed egg s o ut o f the nest an d h al f an ho ur l at er it t hrew uite o ut o ne o f the yo ung accento rs the moth er looki ng o n cal mly the whi l e A t 1 it p ush ed o ut the seco nd egg and at e
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General N otes
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I n th i s ase poeti cal retri b utio n was w ro ug ht fo r whil e o ne o f the t urned o ut accen to rs was pl aced in a white th roat s nest , and cared fo r by its fo ster parents t he yo ung c uckoo was abo ut a week afterwards fo und d ead at the bot to m of t he nest
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M ammalia —D r C H Merriamhas repo rted to S cience t he dis .
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plodo nti a S ho w t l or mo untai n beaver w h i ch he b elieves to be s uffi ci ently di sti nct fro m the o rdi nary fo rm to take rank as a new speci es E igh t ex ampl es were tak en in Pl acer C o unty C al T he sk ull o fth1s A major is muc h l arger an d beav ier than th at o f A rufa the o ccipital crest mo re highly d eveloped and the zygo mati c arches mo re st ro ngly c o nvex There are al so di fferences 1n the colo r and p el age A fa tal pigmy sperm w hale o K s n i a m I b r e n a n s t i u v i h e b iv d by S i t h o i t c s h a s e e r e c e e t n ( g p ) e tio n It 18 n o w p roved th at thi s speci es b reeds m May Of an
covery
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EM BR Y OL
OG Y
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T he eg gs of D EVE L OPMENT OF J UL US T ER R ES T R 1S terrestri s are oval w hit e and co vered by a t hi ck c hi t i no us c ho rio n t he n ucl eus is emb edd ed in a mass o f p ro t opl as m in t he c enter o f the egg Thi s cent ral mass o f p rotopl asm is i rreg ular in sh ape but its lo ng ax i s co rrespo n d s w ith th at o f t he eg g Fro m it anasto mos i ng p ro cesses radi at e in all di rectio ns fo rmi ng a n et w o rk th ro ugho ut the eg g in the mesh es o f whi c h t he yolk sph erul es are c o ntai ned T he n ucl eus is no t a di sti nct vesi c l e but its po sitio n is mark ed by c hro mati n g ran ul es an d th ere is n o n ucleol us On the seco nd day the n ucl eus and cent ral mass divid e i n to two parts b ut thi s divi sio n is no t co mpl ete the t wo resul ti n g masses with th ei r n ucl ei remai n i ng co nnected by a net wo rk o f p rotopl asm T he t wo seg ments then again divide in the same inco mpl ete man ner so th at there are now fo ur seg ments co nnected togeth er On the thi rd day the fo rmatio n o fthe blastod erm b egi ns entatio n masses maki ng th ei r app earance o n t he so me o f the seg m o uts id e Of the ov um at di fferent poi nts so t hat t he develo pmen t o f J ul us resembl es th at o f Geo phil us as w o rked o ut by S o g raf T he cel ls in the i nterio r o f the yolk are the di rect descend an ts o f t he fi rst seg mentatio n masses and co nstit ut e the hypobl as t T he fate o f the hypobl as t cell s is vario us so me are employ ed in t he fo rmatio n of the mesobl as ti c k eel th at is in the fo rmati o n o f t he spl anch ni c and s o mati c mesobl ast A no t h er part gi ves ri se to t he hyp o bl as t o f t he mesentero n and a th ird po rtio n and g i ves remai n s in t he yolk after the mesentero n is fo rmed ri se t o m esobl ast cell s whi ch are employed in the fo rmati o n o f vario us muscl es and the ci rculato ry system T HE
EA R L Y
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Edited by OH N A R Y DER , S mithson ian I nst1tutio n , Washi ngt on, D C F G H eathcote, M A Proc R oy S oc L ondo n , V o l X L , N O 24 2, pp 7 3 76 d n R 2 a 1 e a , ( J 1
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With regard to the retentio n Of the p ri mi tive union Of t he cell s o f t he o vu m until thi s st ag e no thi ng o f t he so rt has been d escribed T he mo st i mpo rtant befo re ex cep t by S edg wi ck in P eri pat us part it seems t o me is not the co nnectio n o f c ell to cell but o f layer to l ayer by means o f p ro cesses o f the cell s A bo ut the middl e o f the fo urth day several o f the hypobl ast cel l s app ro ach the epib las t in t he m i ddl e li ne o f w hat will even t ually be the v entral s urface Of the embryo Thi s is the begi n n i n g o f a mesobl asti c k eel s uch as Bal fo ur desc ri bed fo r A gal ena T he epibl ast cell s in the ventral middl e li ne after alteri ng th ei r s h a e i nc rease by divi sio n and tak e a c o ns iderabl e sh are in t he p fo r matio n Of the keel T he hypobl ast cell s belo w th em al so inc rease and on the fi fth day the mesobl asti c keel is co mplet e in t he fo rm at io n of whi ch bo th epibl as t and hypobl as t h ave tak en part T he keel is still present o n the s i x th day but the cell s c o mpo si n g it are b eco mi n g elo ngated in a pl ane parall el to its s urfac e Th ey then sp read o ut to fo rm two d efi ni te splanchn i c and s o m ati c l ay ers o f the mesobl ast belo w the epibl ast Th ese tyro l ayers are co n nected T he keel di sappears o n the sevent h and eigh th d ays and o n the v ent ral s urface t he epibl as t cell s ass ume a c ol umnar fo rm th us givi ng ri se to the vent ral pl ate T he mesobl ast now b eco mes thi cker o n each s ide o f the medi an li n e bo th l ayers b ei n g co ncerned in thi s t hi cken i ng wh ere th ey b eco me i ndi sti ng ui shabl e Outsid e the thi ckeni ngs that is farth er away fro m t he mi ddl e hne the two l ayers are closely appli ed to each o th er and to the epibl ast as befo re It th us res ul ts that the m esobl ast is mai nly arranged in t wo p aral lel lo ngi t udinal b and s alo n g the v ent ral sid e these band s bei ng co nnected acro ss the middl e li ne by a t hi n po rtio n co nsi sti ng o f a s i ngl e ,
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lay er These hands no w begi n to be seg mented i nto mes oblasti c so mit es fro m b efo re b ack wards, th ei r po si tio n co rrespo ndi ng with that o f the fut ure seg ment s o f t he body T here are at fi rst eig ht so mi tes , co rrespo n di ng wi th t he eight seg m ents o f the embryo w hen h at ched These so mi tes are at fi rst solid ;after ward s a cauity appears in them .
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Early
on
the n i nth day the sto
moda um is fo rmed
as an
invag i S ho rt ly
piblast near o ne end o f the ventral s urface after the fo rm atio n o f the sto mo da umthe pro cto da um app ears as a s hallo w s o mewhat wid e i nvagi natio n o f t he oth er end o f the vent ral surface T he body seg ments no w bec o me mo re apparent eac h bei n g mark ed by a d eep t ransverse furro w in the epibl ast T he hypobl ast cell s are st ill p resent withi n the yo lk b ut are g rad ually bec o mi n g coll ected in t he m edi an li ne j ust b elo w t he mesobl asti c b and s T he sto mo da um and pro cto da um b eco me mo re d eeply invag i nated ex tend in g a co ns iderabl e di stance i nto the yol k and at the tio n
na
o f t he e
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VI I
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cell
b egi n to fo rm the mesentero n arrangi ng th emsel ves aro und a cent ral lumen On the tenth day the vent ral flex ure is fo rmed by a d eepeni ng o f the t ransv erse furro w between the sev enth and eighth segments A s thi s furrow deepens and the emb ryo i ncreases in s iz e the last A t the same ti me the emb ryo c urves seg m ent g rows in l en gth ro und to ward the vent ral s urface the end seg ment bei n g ben t ro un d agai nst the h ead T he eighth S egment is lo nger than the o th ers ex cept the h ead Even as late as the twel ft h day when the nervo us system is far d eveloped in oth er part s Of the b ody in t he eigh th seg men t the ti ss ues are i mperfectly di fferen ti at ed the n erve co rd s not s how i ng any gang li a but lyi ng o n the ep iblast uit e separat ed fro m it A t a l at er period Of d evelo pment and not the anal segmen t is co nst ri ct ed o ff fro m the eighth whil e from the anterio r part o f the l att er the additio nal s eg men ts fo rmed in These addi tio nal seg the co urse o f d evelop ment are d eriv ed ments are th erefo re i ntercal ated between the sev enth and n i nth J ust b efo re the appearance o f the vent ral flex ure the emb ryo d evelops a c uti c ular envelope over the whol e surface of the bo dy Thi s is the so call ed amnio n Of N ewpo rt J ust befo re the fo rma tio n o f the vent ral flex ure the nervo us system is fo rmed T he fi rst t races o f this co nsi st in a thi cken i n g o f the epibl as t o n each S ide Of the mid dl e li ne ;thi s is so o n follo wed by t he fo rm atio n o f a sh allow furro w bet ween the thi ck ened parts ; thi s l on git udi nal furro w co rrespo nd s w ith that described by Mets chn ikoff in S tro ngy lo so ma T he bilob ed cereb ral gangli a are fo rmed fi rst and the nerve co rd s are fo rmed fro m b efo re b ack ward s a p ai r o f gan gli a bei n g p resent fo r each segment ex cept the l ast T he po sterio r po r t io n o f the n erve c o rd s is co mpl et ed at a co nsiderably later stage o f dev elop ment T he n erv e c o rd s are wi dely separated but I n l ater emb ryo n i c li fe are co nnected by a thi n medi an po rtio n th ey are c losely app roach ed to o ne another and al most fo rmo ne co rd On the el eventh day the emb ryo has i ncreased co ns id erably in s ize T he vent ral flex ure is co mpl ete and the an i m al li es w i th the lo ng en d seg ment fol ded clo sely agai ns t the rest Of t he b o dy the end Of the tail b ei ng agai nst t he sto moda um T he nervo us system is n o w c o m pl etely separated fro m the epibl ast and the epiblast has assumed the ad ul t fo rm It now separates a sec o nd memb rane lik e that whi ch is fo rmed on the t enth day T he S pl anc h n i c l ay er o f mesobl ast c ov ers the mesentero n the sto mo da um and proct o da um Withi n the yolk whi c h is still p resent in g reat uanti ty in the body cavity th ere are p resent a n umber o f hypoblast cell s Th ese as has al ready b een mentio ned give ri se to the ci rc ul a to ry sys tem and to vario us musc l es Th ey may th erefo re be n o w co n
me ti me
sa
the hypobl ast
s
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s idered as
mesoblasti c
ll
ce s
whi ch
h ave b een di rectly d eri ved
fro m the hypobl ast On the twel fth day the Malpighian t ubes are fo rmed as bli nd o utg ro wth s of the pro cto da um, the nervo us system is furth er d evelop ed and the fi rst rudi ments o f the app endages beg in to appear L ate o n thi s day the animal is h atched wit h o nly the r ud i m ents o f its appendages .
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i nvesti gatio n o f the develop ment o f Geophil us by S o graf s h o ws th af the e arly c l eavage o f the eg g o f C hilopod s is very sim ilar not o nl y that but even the fo rmatio n Of the mesoblasti c bands and ca lo mic cavity is si m il ar Great n umbers o f cell s also remai n in the yolk in thi s fo rm until a l ate period an d apparently mi g rate o utwards and may possibly tak e a sh are in fo rmi ng cer tai n mesob last ic struct ures Th ere is ho wever no evid ence to S ho w th at the yolk li es i mm ediately w ithi n t he body cavi ty in either Geophil us o r L ithobi us but rath er with in the mesentero n so th at in thi s respect t he Chilopod s di ffer p retty wid ely in t hei r develop ment fro m the Diplopods as d escri bed by H eath cote I t may be th at the S pl anc h n ic mesobl ast may i ndi rectly ac ui re ac ces sio ns of cell ul ar el ements fro m the und erlyi ng wall s o f the mesentero n even in the C hilopod s b ut Of thi s there is no very c l ear evid ence ex cep t in the case o f o ne of S o grat s fig ures T he Malpigh ian t ubes d evelop in the same man ner in Geo phil us as in J ul us and whil e th ere is n o c l early d efined anal seg ment d eveloped as in the l att er the so mites are fo rmed fro mb ehi nd fo rwards bet ween the first fo rmed seg ments and the termi nal sec tio n o f the bo dy wh ere the procto da um is i nvagi nated T he wall o f the mesentero n is the l ast struct ure fro m whi c h the yo lle spherules di sappear in the Chilopo ds and fi nally the l umen o fthe mesenteron appears s urro unded by a seco nd nearly ho mogeneo us i nvest m ent o f yolk whi ch li es wi t hi n t he hy pobl asti c wall o f the mesentero n and in whi ch free multi polar cell s are em bedded Th ere o cc urs a d ehi scence o f cell s i nto the ca lo m fro m t he spl anc h ni c m esobl ast i n vesti ng t he mesentero n Th ese free cell s rep resent blood cell s T he p rocess is so mewhat analogo us to th at observ ed in emb ryo fi sh es in whi ch blood cells are freed fro m the peribl ast of t he yolk the peribl ast t ho ugh undo ubt edly o cc upyi ng the po sitio n o f the hypobl ast has o n acco unt o f t he p ec uli ar way in whi ch t he ol k is fi nal ly ex cl ud ed y fro mt he ventral sid e of the intestine taken up the po sitio n Of a spl anch nopl eure in rel atio n to t he so m atopl eure whi ch c overs n ot o nly t he vi scera but al so the yolk so that t he l att er in fi sh es may be co nsid ered to be i nt raabdo mi nal s i nce the periblast o r w hat rep resen ts the spl anc h no l eure at l east in part is in m a n a s e s y c p a t ransito ry structure l eavi ng n o t race o f itsel f in l ater embryo n ic li fe W ere the l umen of t he i ntesti ne ho wev er to o rigi nate in A
l
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i
11,
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n co ntri butio ns
4 to,
18 83
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fro m the L abo ratory
I n R u s s i a n ( ) .
of
the ZoOlog
.
M useum in Mosco w, V ol
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;
U
uly.
me way in fish es as in
My riopod s viz
’
direct canalicu lar vacuolizatio n of the yolk pass i ng t h ro ugh its cen tral long itu di nal di ameter the periblast wo uld do ubtless th en represen t the hypo blast o r w h at it did in very p ri mitive fish like forms while externally it wo uld h ave been covered by a true spl anc h n op leure w hi c h had b een d ev eloped in advance o f the permanen t hypo b last o f the mesent ero n tho ugh the l att er had b een p ri mar ily d erived fro m the p ri mitive hypobl ast T he eggs of the My ri apod a it is to be remembered re present a very peculi ar ty pe that is th ey at fi rst have the germi nal matter co ncentrated in the center but as d evelop ment p roceeds the germi nal matter after seg mentatio n i nto a n umber o f cell s is repell ed cent ri fugal ly o r to the o ut er s urface Of the o vum T he p ri mary seg mentatio n th erefo re o cc urs in the center o f the eg g and not at o ne s id e or s uperfi ci ally unti l so m e p rog ress in seg mentatio n has been made at the center o f the eg g Thi s p ro b ably characteri st i c mod e o f d evelop ment seems to dis ti n g ui s h in a meas ure the My ri apod a fro m oth er A rth ropod a S i nce in no oth er arth ropodo us fo rm does the vi tell us S O co nstantly occupy a s uperfi c i al positio n and so co mpl etely i nvest the fi rst seg menta tio n cell s whi c h are th en agg regated in a cl ust er at the center of the sa
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T HE
— I n the memoi r the
‘
D EV EL OPMENT OP A GE L ENA Na vut pl ace o f p ubli catio n o f whi ch is h ere cited Willi am A L o cy has very carefully worked o ut the d evelopment of the S pider (A ge l ena) and obtai ned a n umber of new and i mpo rt ant mo rphologi cal H e fi nd s th at th ere i s at fi rst a periph eral l ayer Of res ul ts p rotoplasm p resen t and th at the nucl eus Of the first seg mentat io n is central and i mbedd ed in pl as ma Thi s first n ucl eus subdi vi des These an d gives ri se to new nuc l ei each i nv est ed by pl asma mig rate to the periphery o f the egg and appropri ate the periph eral I n thi s way a hollo w blasto l ayer o f p rot o pl asm o r bl astema J ust before the p ri mitive cumul us is fo rmed a derm is fo rmed depressio n appears at the poi nt wh ere the l atter develop s and it appeared no t i mp robabl e t hat thi s dep ressio n rep resents the fi rst po rtio n o f the bl astoderm of the spid er s egg whi ch bec o mes ° i nvagi nated L ater and abo ut 80 fro m the p ri mitive cumul us a s eco nd t hi ckeni ng appears in the bl asto derm thi s seco nd t hi ck en i ng S p reads rapidly and beco mes shi eld s h aped Between the tw o t he i nt erv en i n g bl ast ode rm t h en b eco mes thi ck er th us l ead ing to t he d evelop ment of the v entral pl ate T he pro to zo nites o r fi rs t i n di catio ns o f so mites are th en fo rmed fro m the ceph ali c and caudal pl ates T wo so mites ari se from the fo rmer and t hey b ear the ch eli cera and p edi palpi ; the ot her s o mit es d evelo p fro m the caudal pl at e and gi ve ri se to the T he emb ryo amb ulato ry and rudi mentary pairs o f app end ag es still p resent s a t ransversely b and ed app earance in the t hi rd as in .
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1
Bull Mus C omp Zoology, x l 1, N O 3 , .
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1886 ,
— s 0 1 l 6 P , 3 pp 3 .
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12
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g S ect ions S ho w th at the caviti es of the li mb s are p rolo n gatio ns of the caviti es of the co rrespo ndi ng meso dermi c so mites T he nervo us systemat fi rst co ns i sts of two rows o f gan gli a o ne to eac h so mit e ; these are wid ely sep arated in the mi d dl e li ne except in the h ead and tail lobes where those o f o ppo site s id es are fused T he sto moda um ari ses as an invag i n at io n betw een the gang lio ni c thi ck eni ngs Of the c heli ceral s o mit es and i mm edi at ely belo w the vent ral margi n o f the cephali c p late ex ure appears o r wh en the A bo ut the time that the vent ral fl emb ry o beco mes folded upo n itsel f th e pro ctoda um h eart l ungs t rac h ea spi nn i n g gl ands and muscl es develop T he ch eli cera and pedipalpi appear as po sto ral st ructures but in the c o urse o f A t an furt h er d evelop ment th ey appear as p reo ral appendages early stage the proctoda umis enlarged by the o utg ro wth o f its do rsal wall fro m thi s divert i cul um the so call ed sterco ral po cket o f the adult is fo rmed T he l ateral nerve cords are fi nally ap r m h r m m i e i n iddl li n h e po t r io r a bdo i l s e o n o x a t d t e e a n d a e t p portio n of the nervo us system d egenerates T he poi son gl ands appear as g ro ups of en larged cell s at the b ases o f the ch eli c era T he S pi nni ng gland s d ev elop fro m the ectoderm in the anal regio n o n the v en t ral s ide of the pro cto da um T he l ungs ari se as info lding s fro m a l arge oval pai r o f masses of cel ls the n uc l ei o f whi ch are arranged in parall el li nes Fro m th ese cell s the lamalla of the l ungs are fo rmed T he h eart remai ns open belo w fo r a ti me co mmuni cati ng freely wi th the yolk T he ao rta at a l ater p eriod is c o ns trict ed Off fro m the m esent ero n A t l east two pai rs of the p ro vi s io nal appendag es o n the abd o men are modifi ed into the spi nni ng m ammill a T he remnant o f t he upwardly fl ex ed tail pers i sts fo r so m e ti m e as a po stanal k n o b ; its tip represents the morphologi cal end of the body T he eyes are developed as i nvagi natio ns of the ectod erm (hypo dermi s) T he reti n al i nvol ut io n b eco mes co nst ri cted off fro m the ect o derm enti rely and th en li es j ust b elo w th at po rtio n of the hypodermi s whi ch afterwards beco mes the vit reo us bo dy I n a co n cave d ep ressi o n o n the s urface of the l atter the l ens ari ses as a lenti cul ar thi ck en i ng o f the c uti cul a T he mod e in whi ch t he light t raverses the eye is essentially si milar to the method in wh ich t he light reach es the percipi ent el ements o f the reti na in the vert eb rat e eye I t is a b eli efamo ng the peopl e E MBR Y OL OGY OP A R MA D I L L OS o f S o uth A meri ca th at arm adi llo s b ri n g fo rth o n ly mal e yo ung D r vo n I hrin g of S an Paolo co mmuni cates to Cosmos so me im po rtant ob servatio ns he has made on thi s and oth er poi nts in the hi sto ry of the d evelop ment of the armadillo Praopus hy bridus H e states th at all t he fa tuses taken fro m t wo femal es p resent ed the ex ternal characters o f mal es o nly H e als o states t hat sev eral foet uses—six o r mo re—are enclo sed in a S i n l e c ho rio n g the precedi ng
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whi h is surro unded by as many zo nary pl acenta as there are He foet uses, the pl acent a n ot , however, fo rmi ng perfect zo nes fi nds the ungual ph alan ges at thi s period to d iffer enti rely fro m that o f the ad ult I nstead o f bei n g lo ng and cl aw shaped t hey are w ide and hoof s haped w i th a t rilobat e margi n , as in the ex tinct g enus Gypto do n Thi s is highly i nteresti ng as ex hibiti n g T he sex ual the law of accel eratio n mo di fyi ng th at o f h eredity ch ara ters are p robably lik e those o f t he hy a nas , in th at t he femal e fa tus has a cli t o ri s so l arge as to give her a clo se resem — a n e m bl c to the al e E D Cope .
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P S Y C H OL OG
— BR A 1N T he
F .
t ly (N ovember 2 15 t 1885 ) gave the weight o f Gambetta s b rai n acco rdi n g t o M A Bloc h Thi s weight whi ch was remark ably light (1160 grammes) evid ently Ought to be co nsidered as an enti rely seco n dary el ement in a p roper esti mat e o f the diverse ualiti es o f the o rgan A t a ro P rec ent sess io n o f the S oc i ety o f A nth ropology (March 18 ) fessor M athi as D uval c o mmun i cated a v ery i nteresti ng repo rt in w hi ch he b rought Out and gave th ei r due val ue to certai n struc — u t ral detail s o f thi s b rai n to certai n C h aracteri sti c el ements w hi ch must be regarded as far o utweighi ng the S i mple co nsideratio n of t he g ro ss weigh t o f the o rgan Co mpared w ith the b rai ns o f ia dividuals k nown to h av e been po ssessed of but littl e i ntelli gence and rep resenti ng types o f red uctio n o f the thi rd fro ntal co nvo lu tion the b rai n o f Gamb etta besi des oth er peculi ari t i es S ho w s a type of ex treme development o f that co nvol utio n Thi s devel Opment is such th at n ot o n ly are the seco n dary co nvol utio ns mo re n umero us and mo re co mpli cat ed than tho se o f o rdi nary b rains but besid es thi s the cape is do ubl e Thi s d ev elopment is evidently in favo r o f the locali zatio n dis cov ered by Bro ca who h eld th at the thi rd fro ntal co nvol utio n was M Mathi as D uval has al so poi nted o ut the the seat o f S p eech t wo follow i ng pec uli ariti es the sig n ifi cance o f whi ch he has not been abl e to determi ne right u i m d h e u a l d il t l lob s v y o p i c d 1 T r e r a l e e c a t e a n r a () is divid ed i nto two p arts by a sul cus whi ch starts fro mthe OC C 1p ital fi ssure T he lo wer o f th ese two parts is subdi vid ed i nto many seco n dary co nvol utio ns by the p resence o f a fi ss ure with n umer o us b ranch es arranged in st ar lik e p attern s r O cc i s n e u s n h e lob ot bly d d p i y o 2 T a a e e c a ll c e u e () ipit l p the right s id e M Mathi as D uval thi nk s th erefo re th at Gambetta s b rai n sho ul d — r n a s e r e e n e d fi ed (b ) altho ugh the ex p ressio n does n o t ap be co n id — pear to him scient ific in the sense t hat it p reserves esp ec i al ly in the fro nt al regio n in S pi te o f the c o mpli catio n o f its fold s a regu — R evue S a ennfi qne A pril larity w hi ch may be call ed sch emati c GA MBETT A S ’
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86, 18
p 44 4 .
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M EMOR Y
— BEE T he auth o r removed a
H U MBL E
111 T H E
t
nes
o ntai ning numero us i ndivid ual s o f o ne of the co mmo n h umbl e bees (Bombus terr estrzs) fro m its o rigi nal locatio n and carri ed it H e furt h er c arefully t o his res id ence abo qt th ree mil es di stant watch ed the place fo r so me ti me after h avi n g capt ured all tho se t h at had flo wn to the d efence o f th ei r nest and secured it was be These he i mp ri so ned for several ho urs lieved the enti re colo ny in a wide mo uth ed bottl e and safely reun ited th em in th ei r new h o me A t his ho use he pl aced the nest with its i nh abitants near ui eted mad e a small en a w i ndo w and after th ey had b ec o me I mmedi ately th ey began to fly o ut and in doi n g so must t rance have observed th ei r s urro undi ngs for in a s ho rt ti me th ey o ne by T he follo wi ng n ight ho wever t here was a severe o ne ret urned s torm and whil e the i nh abitants o f the fo rty o th er colo n i es near i t th at had not b eco me acc usto med to th ei r s urro undi ngs were selves not in the l east t ro ubl ed th ese b ees escaped and hid th em Upon searchi ng fo r th em so m ewh ere witho ut d uri n g t he st o rm ueen was fo und d ead upo n the early the nex t mo rn i ng the t o u n d hil fi y o r s i xty o f t he wo rk ers were seen flyi n g abo ut f r e w g — Fro m ti me to ti me o ne or anoth er p robably tho se the ho use — w hi ch had flo wn Out of the ent rance the day b efo re fo und t he Open i n g an d ret urned i nto th ei r nest w hil e the remai nder after flyi ng abo ut for several ho urs g rad ually di sappeared till not o ne A s it was s uppo sed that th ey had in all p rob ability re was l eft t urned to th ei r p revio us nest the pl ace was vi sited in the after n oo n wh ere s ure eno ugh at l eas t fi fty i nd ivid ual s were fo un d Th ey had th us it will be seen disti nctly remembered it and after th ey had so ught in vain to find ent rance to th ei r new ho me th ey had depended upo n th ei r wo nd erful S ense of lo cal ity and ret urned t hi th er A s i milar i nstance was o b served with anoth er nest w hi ch had b een removed a di stance o f nearly five mil es and in whi ch the In same care had b een ex erc i sed to capt ure all the i n di vid ual s unskill fully h andli n g the bo x co ntai ni ng the nest and b ees in its ew th ro ugh new locatio n abo ut thi rty o f the wo rk ers escaped and fl t he Open wi ndo w A fter flyi n g fo r a lo ng ti me abo ut the ho use as t ho ug h in searc h o f th ei r co mrades th ey likewi se di sappeared and ret urned to t hei r o rigi nal nest and again establi shed th em; selves as was afterwards ascertai ned It was fre uently observed that wh en nests h ave been remov ed b ut a sho rt d i stance the wo rk ers d uri ng the fi rst few days after t h ei r ch an ge wo uld fly swi ft ly in the di rectio n Of t hei r old nes t w h en di scov eri ng th ei r mi stak e t hey w o uld ch ange th ei r co urse It seemed evid ent th at th ese li ttl e and go to th ei r new ho me c reat ures thro ugh so me mental process o r other th us di scovered th ei r C h anged C i rcumstances I n o rd er to test furth er thi s remarkabl e sense o f lo cality the ber of individ ual s wit h o il c olo rs and carri ed autho r mark ed a num c
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General N otes
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clo ed i
c
c
wood en ases, a di stan e Of eight or n i ne mil es , when he allo wed t hem to escape Very many o f th em tho ug h n o t all fo un d th ei r way b ac k to thei r nests, an d as a ru l e reached ho me s oo n er than the autho r did hi msel f T he autho r n ot i ced t hat at his s ummer resi den ce wh ere he had k ept numero us hi ves o f th ese bees the followi ng spri ng many in dividuals ap peared and seemed to be searchi ng fo r then p revio us nest s ; but he was unabl e to determi ne wh et h er th ey were i n di vi d To wards the c lose o f J uly , uals o f the p revio us b rood s o r no t astr ucatus, a large s e 1884 , he ob tai n ed three nests o f Bombus m p i es o nly fo und in the mo untai ns , and especi ally the hig her re gio ns, and carri ed th em to his resid ence in the city , wh ere he pl aced th em in a wi ndow o f the seco nd sto ry T he ho use was er c lo sed by high b uildi n g s, w i t h no g arden attached an d y et th ey ret urned readily and d i rectly fro m th ei r ex c ursio n s to thei r n ests Th ey th ro ve, and by the first o f Octob er had i ncreased to co n bers By the middl e o f Octob er th ey w hol ly disap siderable n u m red ; but in the early part o f the fol lo wi n g A p ril i ndivi d uals e a p an d as o f thi s spec i es were ob serv ed fl y i ng abo ut the w i n d o w soo n as th ey fo un d an ent rance, so ug ht t he remai ns o f th ei r o ld Th ey remai ned fo r a whil e w h en nest s, and took up t hei r abode th ei r nest was accidentally i nj ured and th ey l eft N othi ng mo re was seen o f th em till after the aut ho r s return fro m his s ummer vacatio n, in the mi ddl e of S eptember when a si ngl e femal e o f thi s I n th ei r i n abilit y to ob tai n an en S p ec i es made its appearance trance th ro ugh the closed w i ndow , t h ey had evidently b uil t a new n est in the vi ci n ity , and reared th ei r b roo ds Th ese ci rc umstances i nd i cate th at the i nt ell e tual powers of the h umbl e bee are not as S ligh t as we h ave been acc usto med to be li eve H ere in thi s case fro m October to A pril a perio d o f six — mo nth s had th ese bees remai ned do rmant in the g ro und o r hid den in so me crevi ce, and upo n regai n i ng th ei r act i vi ty , had not on ly remembered the pl a e w here t hey were, but had so ug ht and ‘ T hat fo und des p ite the many diflic ulties , th ei r l ast year s nest ’ th ese i ndivi dual s were fro mlast year s b roo d , th ere was no do ubt as th ro ugho ut the p ro vi n e t he S peci es n o wh ere el se Occ urs, pecu li ar as it is to elevated and mo untai no us regio ns T he fo regoi ng is fro m S cience, A p ril 9 1h, 1886 (transl ated fro m K osmos) , but we do not ag ree wi th the stat ement that t he b rai n o f the bee is S i mpl e ; o n the co nt rary it is o n ly l ess c o mpl ex th an th at o f a fish
th em, en
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BI R D S
T V watch mg the wren s HE
I S I ON OF
.
—I h ave been ex ceedi n gly i nterest ed
,
whil e
obi ns and bl ue bi rds at the ti me th ey are reari n g thei r yo ung b roo ds to n o te t he cel eri t y o f thei r mov ements and t he evid en t ac ut eness o f t h ei r vi s io n T hey are abl e t o see an i nsect much further t h an a perso n can di sti n g ui s h o ne an d fl y as st raig ht as an arro w to t he mi n ute o bj ect when it is fro m fi fteen T hey seemto make no mi stak es but al ways to thi rty feet di stant .
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A
nthr o ology
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oveted p rey I hav eoften seen these bi rds dart down i n t o the g r ass fro m tho se heigh ts an d seize an i nsec t w i th s uch pre c is io n that it must h ave b een pl ai nly vi sibl e fro m w h ere the start w as made T hi s w o ul d i ndi cate that th ey possess a fac ul ty o f s i g ht dev eloped by ag es o f practi ce altogeth er abo ve th at o f the h u man race and mo st useful in th ei r struggl e fo r ex i st ence But t h e l ate R obert K enni co tt ( uo ted by Bai rd Brewer an d R idg w ay in t h ei r g reat wo rk o n the Bi rds o f N o rth A meri ca) states t h at a pai r o f a w rens w ill capt ure t OOO i nsects per day d uri n g t h e b reedi n g seaso n and thi s fact o f i tself wo ul d i ndi cat e t he — s h arp es t vi s io n and w o n derful cel eri ty o f movement Charles A ldri ch Webster City I ow a 7 m m1st 1886 o sec ure the c
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OPOL OG Y
A N THR
‘ .
T H E D A V ENPOR T A C A D EMY has j ust i ssued V o l I V o f its Pro c eedin g s n early the w ho le o f w hi c h is o c c upi ed w i t h anth ropol T he papers o f D r Ho ffman and M r Hol mes have b een o gy e mo nth s in p ri nt an d h ave b een p revio us ly no t i ced so m A n ap pendi x o f nearly o ne h un dred p ages is by the p resi dent of the El eph ant p ipes and i nscribed tabl ets in a c ad emy and entitl ed t h e museum o f the A cad emy o f N at ural S ci ences , D avenport ” T he co ntents o f thi s appen d ix man be tab ul ated as I o wa fo llo ws .
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I
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A defence of the separate n ation ality their iden tity w i th modern I n dians
the
of
Mound builders against the theory o f -
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2
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A defen ce of the g enuineness of the three in scribed tablets an d tw o elephant i s i n the museum o f the A cadem , es eciall e a i n s t t h s a a e t e n t s f t e m o Mr y p pp y g H enshaw in his paper published t n the seco nd an n ual repo rt o f the Bureau of Ethnology and the endo rs ement of the director o f the bureau .
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3
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A
ment ag ainst
n argu
stitutio n an d
4
5
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A
cen tralization of et hnolo ical g
the Bureau
of
former
Ethn o logy
letters from friends vi ndicatio n
seri es of
wo rk in
t he
S mithsonian I n
.
of
m
mpathy
the D avenport A cade y in sy
with
a
.
o urn als in Extracts fromscien tific j
relatio n
me subject
to the sa
.
M o und b uil ders were
succeed ed in the M i ssi s Wh h s ippi vall ey by t h ei r i mmedi ate d esc en dants the I ndi an s livi n g t here when the whites made t hei r appearanc e three cent uri es and mo re ag o is an Open uestio n tho ug h so me arch aeologist s h ave d ecl ared the arg ument closed D r Carr D r Bri nto n the di rce t o r and t he arch aeologi st o f the Bureau o f Et h nology an d many oth ers are in favo r of t he i dentity S ui er and D avi s P resi dent P utnam and many oth er emi nen t arch aeologi sts hol d the co ntrary V i ew m ai n tai n i ng t hat the M o und b uil ders ex hibit ed t raits o f civili zatio n whi c h set t hem far abov e th ei r modern s uccesso rs o n T he appen di x to the D avenpo rt P ro ceedi ngs is the same s oil an abl e s ummary o f t he arg uments in favo r o f t he high er c ivili zatio n o f the Mo und b uil ders I t seems to us th at a co mprehen si ve revi ew o f what can be said fo r and agai nst thi s th eo ry by so m e j ud i ci al mi n d w o uld be ex ceedi ngly ti mely
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Edited by Pro f 01 18 T .
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MA S ON N ational M useum Washington , D C ,
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Gener al N otes
.
Upon the sec ond poi nt we can th row no addi tio nal li g ht T he D avenpo rt A cademy 19 o ne o f the most th ri vi ng S tate asso cia ti o ns fo r research and coll ectio n o f material I n so me particulars t he museum vi es even w i t h th at o f the S mith so ni an I nst it ut io n There are in all th is vas t treas ure five obj ects whi ch run the whol e gamut of rep utatio n fro m th at o f base fraud to the h ig h Pres ident P utnam g ives the hi sto ry o f thei r est credibili ty ac u i s itio n as follows .
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T he discovery of two i ns cribed tablets l b r b a o a s s L H W i l J c G o d r t t o , , y p so ns, Jan 10 , 187 7 .
.
C ook s farm, near D aven an d H S S tolzen au, with fi ve o ther er p
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M oun d 3 .
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on
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6
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T he discovery of an other tablet, Jan 30 , 187 8, in M ound u J acob Gass, Jo hn H ume and C harles E H arri so n .
.
e .
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on
C o ok
’
s
farm, by
.
T he disco very, t n March, 1880, o f an elephan t pipe in a mound o n H ass farm, in L ouis a county, I owa, by A Blumer, J acob Gass an d F H ass '
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d T he o btain ing of an elephant pipe by Jacob (h as fro m a farmer i n L I o wa, who fo und it o n his farm w hile planti ng corn .
ouisa eoun ty,
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ply to the assertio n that these pi eces are no t gen uine Mr P ut nam enters the mo st elo uent p rotest backed up by Fat q u harso n Pratt and J D P ut nam who were famili ar both w i th the fi nders and the fi nds P res ident P utnam co mmits hi ms el f to belief 1n the contempo raneity of man and the mastodo n in A mer ica i nvoki ng the testi mo ny o f Ko ch Di ck so n Pourtales Do wl er Wi nslo w Whit ney Cl eu H ilgard and Fo ntai ne Thi s co ntem n a subj ect open to di scuss io n and n o do ubt it i s a a g i n i t r e a o y p will receive the attentio n w hi ch it d eserves T he thi rd p art of P resident P utnams arg ument in whi c h the S mi th so n i an I nstit utio n and the Bureau of Eth nology are h eld to be antago ni sti c to lo cal soc i eti es o f o ur co untry o ught to have been o mitted N i nety one pages of the vol ume contai n i ng M r P ut nams arg ument were co nt rib uted by D r H o fiman n and Mr Hol mes of the Bureau o f Et h nolo gy On page W it is dis t inctly stated th at D r H o ffman and the Bureau o f Eth nolo gy furn i sh ed all the i ll ustratio ns for th ese pap ers witho ut ex pense t o On p 24 5 we are told that the speci al t h anks o f t he acad emy the academy were tend ered to Maj or Po well fo r his c o urtesy in ” l ecturi ng free of ch arge fo r its benefit T he writ er of thi s note lo ng b efore his c o nnectio n w ith the N at io nal M useum was famili ar with the i ntense d esi re o f Pro fes H e also at so r Bai rd to fo ster lo cal sci entific o rgan izatio ns M ajo r Po well s re uest sat fo r several d ays o n a co mmi ssio n to n o mi nate anth ropologi cal s o c i eti es an d st uden ts t h ro ugho ut the wo rld to receiv e all the p ubli catio ns of his b ureau in o rd er to pl ace them wh ere th ey wo uld do the most go od It wo uld be an i rreparable lo ss to anth ropologi cal sci ence if by any means t hi s b ureau sho ul d be di sestabli sh ed b efo re Po wel l Pilli ng M allery T ho ma H ensh aw Do rsey Gatschet C ushi ng the M indeleffs Ho ffman Yarrow Boas M urdoch sh all h ave fi ni sh ed t he I
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A w r w c o k hi h g w o uld be far too A meri ca to carry
nthr o olog y
p
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h has und ertaken b urd enso me for any
reat
eac
,
w hi ch asso c i ati o n in
and any o ne o f
i
tific
sc en
,
.
— I n a fo rmer tacama
C A BU L A R Y o r A VO numb er o f the N A T U R A L I S T M r Joh n M urdo ch ki ndly furn i sh ed us w ith a vocab ul ary o f the h arpoo n We g ive belo w a vo cab ul ary of arch ery hOping t hat all who are in sy mpathy w ith us in establi shi n g acc urat e n om encl at ure fo r the vario us b ranch es of anth ropology will aid i n adopti ng th ese terms o r at l eas t wi ll state th ei r obj ecti ons if t h ey h ave any N o c l ai m wh atever is mad e to o rigi nality in most o f the terms D r Joh n Evans the Encyclope di a Britan n i ca P ro fesso r M o rse M r M urdo ch H ansard an d oth ers h ave b een freely co n sult ed T he li st o f wo rd s gi ven b elow i ncl ud es t he ho w the arro w and the arrow mak er s o utfit N o discrimi n atio n is made between anc i ent and mo dern arch ery as it is de an s igned to incl ud e the whol e li fe hi sto ry o f thi s speci es o f h um activity in the same manner th at a zo ologi st wo uld mo nog raph al s : s pec i es o f an i m '
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A
A
Fren ch ar e/l ief , L ati n w ear in s, fro m ar ms , a ho w , , w ith a bo w ; w hen ce archery, shootin g with the bo w o ld
R C H ER
RI
-
GU A R D
wo rn
.
on
-
J
one
shoots
w ho
.
T he apanese, in releasing , revolve the bo w in the left han d ; a guard is the o uter side o f the forearm to catch the blow o f the string .
OW , a missile shot from a ho w
T he possible parts are the head, barb piece, foreshaft, shaft or stele, feathering , n ock, an d seizings A few A R R OW CEMENT , substance used in fastening the arrow head to the shaft trt bes use glue o r cement in maki ng the sinew backed bo w
A
RR
-
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-
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-
A
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desig ned to pro duce a w ound T he parts o f the d v w h a r a ex , faces, sides, base, shank or tan , i t i s t a re the ti m r i e o n a rro e o e g p p p an d facets
R R OW -H EA D , the
a ro w f a n r t o r a p
.
-
.
A
R ao
w
-
ST R
as a
wrench in
)
side
(
BA C K
,
,
a
-
a
r f o r a t i o n t o s e r v e e p
.
the part of the bow aw ay fr om the archer
.
bo w is backed w hen along the outside are fastened strips cord to i ncrease the elasticity
BA C K ED , or
o f bone, wood or ivory w ith i e c e p straighten in g arrow shafts , barbs, etc
M GH T EN ER
a
q
of
w ood,
sinew
.
being w orn over one shoulder, across the breast and un der the opposite arm; general ly much orn amented BA R B PI EC E, the piece of ivory, &c , on some arrow s attached to the true head an d havi ng barbs on the sides T his sho uld be carefully discriminated fro m the foreshaft , w hich has another function altogether BA L D R
I C , the strap suppo rt ing a
uiver or sheath,
.
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.
.
.
BA S E
of an arro w - head, the
BEL L Y
i nside , the part ) (
which fits into the shaft
o t i n or p
of a
.
bow toward the archer,
Bow, an elastic weapon for cas ting an bow, back ed ho w, g rafted bow )
arrow
usually rounded.
from a string
.
l f b w e e s e o S , ( -
mpound
co
.
BOW
-
CA S E , a long
bag
of
wood, leather
or cloth,
in which the bow is k ept when
not
in use .
Bow
-
merce prior to
BOW
-
Bow staves w ere an important item of use of gun pow der
ST A V E, the bow in a rough state S H OT , the
-
.
the
m
co
.
distan ce to which
an arrow
flies from a bow
.
in dischargi ng a ho w T he substances used , the method o rtant to n otice o f treatment and o f nocking are i m p
BOW ST R
I NG, the string used
.
.
Bow W OOD , the substan ces used for bo ws, generally w ood, hut horn , metal have been employed -
.
antler,
bone an d
R
letti ng go the bowstring in shoo ting the vario us releases as fo llow s
E L EA S E,
I
Professor E S
.
.
Primary release, thumb and first 0 00k 0
.
o in t o f
j
.
Morse
characterizes
forefinger pin ching the arrow '
.
2
S eco ndary, thumb
.
strin
g
3
j
middle
forefing er,
and three
fingers
on the st ring .
Medi terranean , fore and middle finger, thumb n ot used 5 Mongolian , thumb on S trin g , with or without thumb ring
4
.
.
-
.
R
als o on
finger
.
T ertiary, thumb
.
oin t of
an d secon d
m applied to
I BA N D , a ter
ment
shaft
talli es, etc
e
the stripes painted o n arro w shafts , gen rally aroun d the T hese ribands have been called clan arks, o wn er arks, g a e -
-
.
.
m
m
m
.
S S
S
mb ring) ( E L F now sim le ( p ) made of a single piece of E FI N
see
thu
-
.
-
,
wood
material
or other
.
H A FT , ancien tly an arro w ,
b ut strictly the po rtio n b ehi n d the head, an d i n shafted arro w the li hter h f o reshaft i d o r t o n b h i n t e e g p
a fore
.
S
OOV ES , furro w cuts alon g an arro w shaft fro m the head backward ; they have been called blood groo ves an d lightning g roo ves, but these n ames are oh jectio nable as in vo lving theories
H A FT - GR
-
-
-
.
f a O
S
H A FT
S
H A N K, the art of an arro w- head corres o ndin to the tan of the sword p g p g
n arro w on
which the feathering is laid
.
.
S H OR S
MENT , the part
'
DA RR
OWS , those which fall short
of
I D ES , o f an arrow- head the shar ened , p
the
mark
r t i n s o o p
called the ed es g
blade
.
between the apex
and the bas e, also
.
S
I NEw- BA C K ED now , on e
o n h e s e s i t f t i s i n d b t h e u n e w a l o t s l a s i i cr e a s e c h o e e w y g y back, either in a cable o f twin e, as amo ng the Eskimos , or laid on soli d by means of glue, as with many tribes in Western United S tates .
S L EI GH S T BL E TA
‘
the faci lit
h i w i t w h c h y
‘
I
,
stale, shaft
(
R GET , a
used
T H UMB
disk
in
)
the wooden
,
his bo wstring
an archer releases
rt of an arro w, an arro w a p
without feather
with canvas, o n w hich are painted mark in lieu o f the ancient butt
of straw co vered
archery as a
.
R I N G , a r ing
.
concentric rings,
.
mb
in archery by those peoples that Mongolian release ; called sefin by the Persians a term a i shar of an arro w head l e d t o t e a x e h p p pp -
head
or
worn
on
the th u
use the
.
T I P, T
RA
-
.
JEC I OR Y , the curve which an arro w describes in ‘
WEI GH T
‘
may be flat
space,
,
hig h, &c
.
bow, the number of po unds req uired to draw a bo w until the arrow may stan d between the strtng and the belly, ascertained by suspending the bow at its grip and drawing wi th a spri ng scale ,
of a
.
WH I PPI NG (seizing reg ularl
l a id y
WI DE-A R R OWS
,
,
serving
)
,
wrapping
any part of a
bo w or arrow with
cord or sin ew
o n.
those sho t to the rig ht or the left of the
M I C R OS C OPY
mark
.
.
—A co nveni ent fo m of stai ni ng dish
has DI S H r hitherto been a d esiderat um;at my re uest the Educatio nal S up ply C o at 6 H amilto n p lace Bosto n has undertaken to S upply this desiderat um T he new dis h sho wn of the nat ural size in the ‘ iciently cut is mad e o f c l ear gl ass with poli sh ed s urfaces ; it is s ufl deep to hold a co nsid erabl e uantity o f fl ui d w hil e the curves i nside are s uch that alt ho ugh large sectio ns lie nearly flat yet A
S T A I NI NG .
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Edited by D r C .
.
O WH I T MA N, Mus C omparative Zodlogy, Cambridge, Mass .
.
.
O
y
nl
6 76
very littl e fluid is used it gath ers i nto the center di sh es o wi ng to th ei r vert i cal sid es are readily stacked
w h en
T he w hile
.
,
,
.
,
b evel is wid e eno ugh fo r a l abel wh ic h can be eas ily seen both wh en the di sh es are stack ed and as they set upo n th e table — e a rles S M u rat r dozen h Th ey are sold at C s i ngly p
the
,
.
.
.
:o:
S CI EN TIFIC N EWS
1 .
museum b uildi ng o f Col umbi a Coll ege N ew Y ork fi rst floo r to ch emi stry the sec o nd to mi neralo g y and
T he new devo tes its
,
,
,
metall urgy the thi rd to arch e ology and geologi cal c o nference the fo urt h to engi neeri ng an d museums the fi fth to g eolo g y and pal e o ntology T he b uildi ng runs fro m4 9 th to soth st reet fo rty feet wide with l ect ure roo ms adj oi n i ng each museum T he lib rary has been arranged and catalog ued and is lig hted by el ec t ricity T he astro no mi cal observato ry over the lib rary in ch arge K R ees has been e uipped wi th tel eg raphic o f P ro fesso r J apparat us and a thi rt een i nc h e uato ri al tel escope co sti n g s e r f e n s u w i s e f n a r e r c iv by i h o d hi h d l h u M t r c u s r u r s e a L o R e o g T he h erbari um has ex tens ive roo ms and is o ne o f the l argest an d mo st val uabl e in the co unt ry T he geologi cal museum under D r J S N ewb erry has b een rearranged and p rovided w ith new cases an d is now di spl ayed at the b est advantage T he table cases are ten by fo ur feet in size and co mpletely fill ed wit h min eral o res and p rod ucts maki ng the mo st vari ed c oll ect io n o f the k i nd ex tan t Fi fteen wall cases are fill ed with mi n eral s and b uil d ing sto nes T he palaao ntolo g iml c oll ec tio n is arran ged in t wel ve t abl e and si x teen wall cases to the best advantage for i nst ruction H ere al so cases co ntai n i n g n umero us spec i mens o f ro ck s and the mi neral s whi ch mak e rock as aux ili ary to the st udy o f li thology Th ere is a large coll ectio n of ani mal s il l ust rati ve o f the di fferent g ro ups beari ng on the st udy o f pala onto lo gy A mo n g the recent additio ns are speci mens o f fo ssil S auri ans fro m the J urassic ro ck s o f W ii rtem berg rep resenti ng the I chthyo sauri ans and T elco sauri ans a fine spec i men o f t he cave b ear etc ,
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Edited by
WM
.
I I OS EA BA L L OU,
26 5
.
Bro adway, N ew Y o rk
.
1 886
J
Th ere is some hOpe o f h avi ng a Divi s io n o f Orn ithology a n d Mammalogy created in the D epart men t o f A gric ult ure Pro fes so r R il ey and D r M erri am recen tly appeared befo re the S en at e s ub co mmitt ee on app rop ri atio ns h avi n g in ch arge the ag ric ul t u ral app ropri ati o n bill and urg ed an amend ment to the H o use t h erefo r b i l l c reati ng such a divi sio n and app rop ri ati n g O ur read ers are aware th at o rnithologi cal wo rk was b eg un last w s ad ded to R il ey s It r und er the Divi sio n o f Ento mology a e a y o t hers d uti es agai n st his wi sh and he d eserves t he th ank s o f o rn ithologi sts fo r carry i n g o ut the wi sh es of the Ornit hologi cal U n io n in appoi nt ments mad e und er him H e realiz es th at th ere i s much in ec o n o mi c o rn ithology whi ch has no b eari n g on ent o mo logy and if the new divi sio n is created Pro fesso r R il ey and D r M erri am h ave arran ged that the fo rmer w ill tak e ch arge of t hat part o f the wo rk b eari ng on the food h abits o f bi rd s in rel a tio n to i nsects T he seemi ng ano maly is p resented by the ex cess ive de man d fo r furs o f the ex termi natio n of l arge speci es and the i n c rease o f small er o nes Thi s is obvio usly due to the fact th at l arge an i mal s re ui re g reat space to roam o ver whil e the small er o n es need but li ttl e t errito ry and p ropagat e w i t h rapidity follow i mmig ratio n and i ncrease w ith the po p ulatio n in farm di st ri cts Furth er the i ncrease o f pop ul atio n di mi n i sh es the territory o f large S pec i es mak ing th em mo re accessibl e and i ncreases the T he annual ex ter do mai n and s uppo rt o f the small er an i mal s an i mal s o f the muskrat mi natio n o f the beaver is abo ut and y et th ere is no perceptibl e di mi n utio n in abo ut t h ei r n umb ers T he g rizzly and pol ar bears an d S h etl and seal are Of the l ast named o nly 200 ski ns were n early ex termi nated ad e fro m th em ad sec ured l as t y ear and the p ri ce o f clo ak s m vanced to $ 1200 T he A meri can causeway or basalti c col umns at Oran ge T he col umns are com N ew J ersey is the l argest yet ex po sed f n ssed i nto a mass r e e e t lo n g a d f high ov i n g 0 1 t 0 0 e e c e r p 75 T he generality s tand vert i cally but so me lie in fo urteen ac res In a ho rizo ntal pl ane and oth ers radi ate fro m a co mmo n center t eriorly th ey are a dark bl ue c olo r covered wi th an inc rustatio n Th ey range i n sh ape fro m p ri sms to o ctago ns o f d ust particl es U nderneath is an eno rmo us de the pen tago ns p redo mi nati ng posit o f red san dsto ne T he col umns are bei ng uarri ed for b uildi ng block s and micodons Candi dates for app renticeships in the U nited S tat es Navy must co me withi n the foll ow i ng meas urements .
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to r5
r5
16
16
17
17
t8
Proceeding s
ly D
S cientific S ocieties
f
o
u
.
1886
,
.
Thos Ed wards the Banfl naturalfst so well kn o w n fro m S mil es biography is d ead S i nce t he p ubl icatio n o f S mi l es wo rk he has enj oyed a pen s io n Of ,g 50 per an n um and l atter l y he has been c urato r Of Ban fl M useum A dro medary in Cent ral park N Y gave bi rth o n M ay I 7 to a cal f weighi n g 105 po unds This is said to be the thi rd birt h o f the ki n d in t he U n ited S tates T he mo rni n g glo ry nat ural grasses and ot h er s pec i es o f l and li fe rapidly take the pl ace o f a uati c plants in the vast areas of d rai ned l ands in s ub t ropi cal Flo rid a T he Chi cago A cademy o f S ci ences has d epos i ted its co llee tio n in co mmodio us uarters at the Ex po si tio n b uildi ng o n the l ak e fro nt ’
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:O
PR OC EE D I N GS OF S C I ENTIFIC S OCI ETI ES — BI OL OGI C A L S OC I ET Y OF WA S H I NGT ON May 15 Co mmu n i catio n : D r C H art M erri am h abi ts Of the short tailed s hrew a r l i B a n ( ) — May 29 Co mmun i cation s : M r Joh n B S mi th A nt s nests and th ei r i nh abitant s ; D r T H Bean T he t ro ut o f N o rt h A mer ica wi th ex hibitio n o f S p ec i mens ; M r L 0 Howard On so me new Ch al ci did a e ; M r L F W ard Ex hi bi t io n Of a S pecimen o f the Palo la C ruz o r Woo d o f the C ro ss — Y F I N w A A D E M e Y O K O E a N C C ES M y 10 R SC A h isto ry o f t he so c i ety fro m it s begi nn i n g to t he p resent t i m e prepared by t he sec retary was p resented I t co mp ri sed the follo wing sect io n s : Origi n ; membership ; biog raphi cal sketch es of p ro mi nent mem bers ; changes o f lo catio n ; t he old L yceum b uil di n g ; c o ll ee tio ns ; lib rary ; p ubli catio n s ; change Of name etc etc S o me were ex hibited o f the old do c uments book s etc — May t y T he follo wi ng paper was p resented T en years pr o g ress in ast ro no my Pro fesso r C A Yo ung o f Pri nceto n C o l l ege — May 24 T he s ubj ec t Of the sanitary i nfl uence o f vegetat i o n in ci t i es and the i mpo rtan ce Of tree pl an ti ng to the h ealth beauty and s ummer t emperat ure o f N ew Yo rk with p racti cal s ug g es tio ns in rel atio n th ereto was p resented by D r S teph en S mi t h an d P ro fesso r D S M arti n — M ay 3 1 On rock cry stal its c utti ng in J apan Germany an d the U ni ted S tates w i t h ex hibi tio n Of c rys tal s ph eres an d o t h er obj ects Of transparent uartz i ncl udi ng so me Of the l argest pi ec es in thi s co unt ry by M r Geo rge F K unz — Mr F W BOS T ON S OC I ET Y OF N A T U R A L H I S T OR Y M ay 19 P utnam s ho wed a collectio n Of i mpl ements and o rnaments fro m C ent ral A meri ca and remarked o n t he evidence th ey presen t o f an early mig rat io n fro m A si a to A meri ca ; D r C S M in ot dis c ussed the o rigi n Of t he m esod erm .
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PECUL I A R I T lES I N T HE MA NUFA CTUR E OF EP S S l N E S C R T N N A L E S Y P J ’
N A T U R E OF T H E I M I T A T I ON S
H E champio n pepsin o f the world ! T he o nly pepsin fo und worthy to be imitated ! Even t he
man ufacturing
wealthiest
mists
che
co uld
have inspired physicians o f a suggts ti ve mind to try it also as a so lven t fo r d iphtherit i c
memb ranes and coagulated
n ot
T he success
te
One party
fo r the prod uctio n o f scale e sin ; ano ther arty p p p has now succeeded in flooding the market w ith
mitatio ns of my scale pepsin extreme cheapness T his party n o w their i
o wing
,
to the pro fessio n
men
eg g alb u
)
blad d er
the
has alrea d y
also o f these n o vel uses
.
pro mpt returns H o llman (N eder l
rec eive
Dr
.
to its
declares
.
b loo d in
beco me g enerally k nown t o the pro fessio n all o ver the wo rld Physicians wri ting fo r samples w ill
cheapen ing ad ulteran t
l u g e as a
used
,
.
ac ids,
mptation
resist the
ET C
.
the ease o f an o ld
(n ot
fro m reten t io n
that they use sixty pounds of d ry
Weai w .
.
man
o f urine,
,
,
18,
p
.
27 2
)
repo rts
80 years , sufferi n g who m the I n trod u c t io n
ag ed
in
failed to prod uce the desired res ult I t was fo un d that the bladder co n tain ed coag u lat ed
of a ca theter
.
b y two hundred ho gs sto m achs A third party wrap their imitatio ns in albumin o id masses mixed with b lood A few ho urs an exact [ ac rirmle o f m circular, making full use y aft er the inj ec tio n o f abo ut 16 grains o f D r en sen s o f m testimo n ials T he g reat inj ury these imita y Pepsin disso lved in water , a larg e amo un t o f a dark t io ns cause my preparatio ns can eas il n d e r b e u y visc id feti d fluid re a dily escaped b y the catheter sto od L on don M edical R ecor d '
pepto n ized
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T he pro tec tio n
fly
chie
relied upo n
D r Ed win R
is through the
osenthal , acting
.
on
the sugg es tio n
p ro fessio n s vig ilan ce in disc riminating b etween the o f D r L W o lff has used an ac idulated co n een W hen prescrib trated so lutio n of pepsin as an ap plication to the g enuine and the spurio us art icle '
.
.
,
.
my pepsin most physi cians no w underlin e my membranes o f d iphtheritic patien ts for whic h there S EN E C r stal Pe sin an d no mis name th us l t d m a n t h m E N s ee e d t o b e n o e r h e t h a n r a c h t o o e o p y y J p con ceptio n can exc use substitutio ns T he g reat repo rts that it acted like a charm d isso lvi n g the reputatio n o f this m embran es ad mitting a free aiiratio n o f the b loo d i n li i n e s e s t h a t i t i s a t o n e e p p p p l i n e a h m oo o e v n n a n d c t e s n t h e r o n c i n o a d t a l e s c e co s i e h t e x t r t e u e O f t e s t h o m i h a c h s n w i c h p p p g h T e solutio n he used w as : the fermen t is lo dg ed is en tirely disso lved t hereb y
ing
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o b tain ing all the
W hen
in . e s p p
thereto is added
Br
my recen t improvemen t
solution
J
in p recipitat ing fro m this all o f the earthy an d salin e m atter leavin g
.
p ept ic principle, an d fi nally , is further co ncen trated b y drying it upo n g lass plates u n til b rittle scales
med
can easi ly
,
M S
W hy
.
it
d uced fo r the market in
.
materia medica
B,
also
perfectly
scales
most
so luble
upo n
the to n g ue,
mmands a hig her p rice than the market it is n evertheless ,
|
S ig f 5 .
1the an y
,
,
I
ts
Pepsin
,
,
s e p p
cid
j .
T artaric
,
after
meals
relI ef,
.
T his is three g rains
OF
F I C E
.
after a ,
of co lic
few doses
in tervals when
,
203 9
G R
Of
m meach teaS poon rit1 it has affo rd ed p resent have been g iven in short
med ies have failed
o ther re
.
OM E
of
W in e
CA R L L J EN S EN H
.
Pepsin ,
Port
For severe attacks
the
purity an d so lub i lity co m b lued with its g reat d ig est ive po wer upon alb u mi .
Wine
ensen s or
Bu lleti n
.
co
pepsin in r e s i r c bed p
,
G lycerin p uris ,
,
o ther
.
ft
’
S herry
pro
pleasant to the tas te an d practically in o do ro us
A ltho ugh it
J
C arl
A
I t is
P
.
—A pply C opiously every ho ur with a t hroat
,
the
.
Formula for
su rpas ses also ,
medic ine in
3
.
in keeping q ualities all o f the fo rmer pepsins is o wi ng t o its scaly and b rit tle texture it b ein t h e g o nly o rganic
.
mo p —Fr om Me M edical .
the reaso n fo r its high d ig estive po wer
be un derstoo d
Peps in ,
H yd rochloric , C
cid i
e q A q ua
o n ly the azo tized co n stituen t , co n tain in l l a Of the g
are for
ensen s
A
,
'
E E N
PH I L A D EL PH I A
.
S T R
.
.
E E T
,
T HE
M ER I CA N
A
V OL
S OM E
— xx OC T OBER
.
.
D EITI ES
TU R
NA ,
1886
A N D D EMON S
BY D R
.
W M A T T H EWS , .
.
IS T
A L
—N o
I
.
.
O
.
OF T H E N A VA J OS
U. S
.
A R MY
.
.
g reat dry pai nti ngs o f the Navaj o p ri ests whi ch I de scrib ed ia a p revio us n umb er o f t hi s j o urnal (Octob er i ll ust rate as I th en expl ai ned the vi s ions of the p roph ets But t he p roph ets saw the god s i n th ei r vi sio ns h ence t he pai nti ngs c o n tai n pi ctures o f the god s w ith all th ei r hi erati c b elo ngi n g s T he c h aracters whi ch perfo rm in the g reat d ances co nd ucted by t he p ri ests are rep resentatives o f the god s I n the anc i ent c rea t io n myth o f the t rib e s o me descri ptio ns o f t he god s are i ncid en t ally given I n the l ater myt h s reco unti ng the act s o f the p roph ets mo re ex act d escriptio ns are to be fo und It is fro m — s uc h mat eri al as thi s t hese o ral t raditio ns th ese pai nti ngs th ese ceremo n i es with t h ei r h un d red s o f so ngs and el abo rate un ch ange ab le rit ual s h and ed do w n fro m generatio n to g eneratio n by wo rd — th at the stud ent must evolve the o f mo ut h an d by ex ampl e o n ly n at ure and scop e o f th ei r wo rship I n o ne of the g reat ceremo ni es that o f the K lee!”H at/tal o r Gay beclzy th ere are acco rdi ng t o t he ci rc umstances fro m t welv e to si x teen di fferent supernat ural charact ers represented S o me o f t hese lik e the g ay baii d b ei ng a n u ero us race of divi n e o nes — men mas ked d ressed and m n s p t d by y d r e s n e n e e a a c r are re p ai nted to rep resen t gods beari ng sacred wands and tali s mans and sy mbolizi ng in every act and motio n s o methi n g in the lives o f t h ei r p roto types livi ng and b reathi ng idol s to who m the s up pli ant p rays and o ffers his sacrifi ces well k no wi ng th at he ad d resses w i th reverent p rayers o nly his o wn b roth er o r uncl e mas ueradi ng in the panoply o f divi nity HE
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ai n
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56
Comparative S tudies upon tire Glaciatzbn of
m r b c N o v e [
,
med to be the p ri nc ipal so urce of the gl aci ers whi c h became c o n fl uent to fo rm the g reat ice s h eet I n its advanc e t hi s ice s h eet p ro bably met and amalg amated w ith a n u mb er o f already g local glac ial syst ems and it was s uggested t hat there ex i st i n was n o necessi ty fo r as s umi ng eit her an ex t rao rdi nary t h i c kness o f ice at the pol e o r g reat and une ual el evatio ns and d ep ress ions o f l and D etail ed st udies made by the autho r in I rel an d in 1885 had s ho wn rem arkably s i mi lar gl aci al ph en o mena T he l arge ice sh eet whi c h covered the g reater part o f I rel and was co mposed o f co nfl uent gl aci ers w hil e di sti nct and l o cal gla c ial sy st ems occ urred in the n o n g l ac i ated area T he p r i nc i pal ice sh eet resembl ed th at o f A meri ca in h avi ng fo r its cen ter a g reat i nl and depressio n s urro und ed by a rim o f mo untai ns Th ese appear to h ave gi ven ri se to the fi rst gl aci ers w hi c h after uni t i n g po ured o utwards in all di rectio n s Great lobes fr o m thi ice sh eet flowed west ward o ut o f the S h an no n an d o ut o f G alway Cl ew S li g o and Do negal b ay s no rt hward o ut o f L o ugh s S willy and Foy l e an d so uth eastward o ut o f D und alk and D ubli n bays whil e to t he so uth the ice sheet ab ut ted agai nst the M ullag ha reirk Galty and Wi cklo w mo untai ns o r di ed o ut in the pl ai ns Wh eth er it stopped amon g the mo untai ns o r in the lo w l ands its edge was app ro x i mately o ut li n ed by un us ual accumu l at i o n s of d ri ft and bo ul ders rep resenti ng the termi nal mo rai nes A s in A meri ca t hi s o uter mo rai ne was l east di sti nct in the l o w lan ds an d was o ften bo rd ered by an o uter fri nge o f d ri ft several mil es in width S o uth of an east and west li ne ex t en di ng fro m Tral ee to \V ex wo rd is a no n gl aci ated zo ne free fro m d ri ft S everal l o ca l sy s t ems o f gl aci ers o cc ur in the s o uth o f I relan d o f w hi c h b y far the mo st i mpo rtant is that radi ati ng fro mthe Kill arney mo u n ta i ns co veri ng an area of 2000 s uare mil es an d ent i tl ed t o b e c a ll ed Great gl aci ers fro m thi s Kill arney i c e s h eet a lo cal ice sh eet flo wed o ut o f the fio rd lik e parallel bays whi ch i nd ent the s o uth A t the same t i me the Di n gl e mo un western co ast o f I rel and tai ns the K no ckmeal down and C o merag h mo untai ns an d t h o se o f Wex fo rd an d Wi cklo w furn i sh ed s mall sep arat e gl aci ers each s h arply defi n ed by its o w n mo rai ne N o evid ence o f any g reat mari ne sub mergence was di s c o vered al t ho ugh the aut ho r had ex plo red the greater part of I rel an d and see
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merica
N ari /z A
l
Great Britain
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h eld to be ph enomena due to the melti ng o f the ice an d the ci rc ul atio n of s ubgl ac i al waters T he I ri sh ice sh eet s eemed to h ave b een j oi n ed at its no rth east ern co rn er by ice c o mi ng fro m S co tl an d acro ss t he N o rth ch an nel A ll t he evi den ce coll ected i ndi cates th at a mass o f S cot c h ice rei nfo rced by t hat o e eland and E ngl an d fill ed t he I ri sh sea o verridi ng t he I sl e o f M an an d A ngl esey and ex tendi n g at l east as far so ut h as Brav H ead so uth of D ubli n A map o f the gl ac i atio n o f I rel and was ex hibited in whi ch the ob servatio ns of the I ri sh geologi sts an d of the autho r w ere co mbi ned in w hi ch was sho wn the cent ral s heet the five lo cal gl ac i al sy stems all the k no wn s triz e and the p robabl e li nes of movement as i ndi cated by mo rai nes stri ae and the t ranspo rt o f errati cs T he gl aci atio n o f Wal es was then co n sid ered Wal es was s ho wn to h ave s uppo rt ed th ree di sti n ct an d di sco nn ected lo cal sy st ems o f gl aciers w hil e at the same t i me its ex t rem e no rt hern bo rder was to uch ed by the g reat ice lob e o f the I ri sh sea T he most ex tensive lo cal gl aci ers were those radi ati ng fro mt he S no w den and A ren ig regio n whil e anoth er set o f gl aci ers radi ated fro m the Plinlimmo n di stri ct and the mo untai ns o f C ardig ans hi re an d a thi rd sy stem o rigi nated amo n g the Bren o c kshire b eaco ns T he gl aci ers fro m each o f th ese centers t ranspo rted p urely lo cal bo ul ders and fo rmed well defined termi nal mo rai nes T he no rth ern ice l ob e beari n g g ran it e bo ul ders fro m S c o tl an d an d s h ell s an d Hi nts fro m the bed of the I ri sh sea i nvad ed the n o rth ern co ast but did no t mi ngl e w i th the W el s h gl aci ers I t smo t h ered A ngl esey and part o f C arnarvo nshi re o n the o ne s id e and part o f Fli nts hi re o n the oth er and h eaped up a t ermi nal mo rai ne o n the o uter flan ks o f the N o rth Wel sh mo untai ns Thi s g reat mo rai ne fill ed w ith far t ravel ed no rth ern errati cs is h eaped up in hum mocks and i rreg ul ar ri dges and is in many places as characteris ti cally developed as any wh ere in A meri ca I t has no ne o f the c haracters o f a sea b each al tho ugh o ften co ntai n i ng b rok en s h ell s b ro ught fro m the I ri sh sea I t may be follo wed fro m the ex treme end o f the L l ey n peni ns ul a (wh ere it is full o f S cot c h g ran ite errati cs) in a n o rth east erly di rectio n th ro ugh C arnarvo nshi re pas t M o el T ry fan and alo n g the foot o f the mo untai ns east o f M enai s trait to Bango r w h ere it go es o ut to sea reapp eari ng furth er cast I t t urns so ut h eastward at D enbig shire at Co nway and Col wy n goi ng past S t A saph and Halki n mo untai n I n Fli ntshi re it
the esk ers w ere
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r, b e m N o v e [
a on the Glaciatio n o u a r t i v e d s u i e t S Com f p p
o uth ward and is magn ificently d eveloped o n the eastern s i de o f the m o untai ns at an el evatio n o f over 1000 feet b etw een M i nera and L langoll en so uth west of whi ch place it en ters En g land Th ere is evid ence th at w h ere the ice sh eet ab utt ed ag ai nst Wal es it was abo ut I 3 50 feet in thi ck ness Thi s is analo g o us t o the thi ck ness o f the ice sh eet in P en nsylvani a w h ere the auth o r had p revio usly show n th at it was abo ut 1000 feet in th i ck n ess at its ex t reme edge an d 2000 feet thi ck at poi nts s o me eigh t mil es b ack fro m its edge T he t ran spo rt o f errati cs coi nc i des w i th t he d irec tio n of stri a: in Wal es as el sewh ere an d is at right an g les to the termi nal mo rai nes T he co mpli cated ph eno mena o f the gl aci atio n o f E ng l an d the s ubj ect o f a vol umi no us literat ure an d d i sco rdan t vi ews had been o f high i nt erest t o the autho r an d had led him to red o ub le his effo rt s to ward its s ol utio n H e had fo und that it was po s s ibl e to accurat ely map the gl aci ated areas to separate the d epos i ts mad e by l and ice fro m those due to i cebergs o r to t o rrential rivers and to t race o ut a seri es o f t ermi nal mo rai n es bo t h at t he Per edg e o f the ice sh eet and at t he edg e o f its co n fl uen t lobes h aps the fi nest ex hibitio n o f a t ermi nal mo rai ne in En glan d is in A g reat mass o f d ri ft the vi ci ni ty o f Ell esmere in S hmpshire several mil es in w idth and full o f errati cs fro m S c o tlan d and fro m Wal es is h ere heaped i n to co ni cal hill s whi ch enc lose k ettl e holes and l akes and h ave all the characters o f the o f Wi sco n sin L ike the l atter the Elles kettl e mo rai nes mere mo rai ne h ere divi des t wo g reat lob es o f ice o ne c o ming Thi s mo rai ne may be fro m S cotl an d the oth er fro m Wal es t raced co nti n uo usly fro m Ellesmere east ward th ro ugh H adeley Macclesfield to and alo ng the western flank o f the Penni ne chai n marki n g th ro ugho ut the so uth ern edge o f the ice s h eet o f N ort h Fro m Macclesfield the same mo raine was trac ed ern Engl and n o rth ward p ast S to ckpo rt an d S tal ey b ridge t o Burn ley an d th ence to S kipto n in Yo rk shi re N o rth east o f Burn ley it is banked agai nst the Bo ulswo rth hill s up to a h eight of r3oo feet S o uth and east o f th i s in the fo rm o f mo un ds an d h ummo ck s lo n g mo rai ne no s igns of gl ac i atio n were di scovered whil e no rt h and west o f it th ere is every evid ence o f a co nti n uo us ice sh eet coveri ng l and and sea alike T he stri ae and the transpo rt o f bo uld ers ag ree in p rovi ng a so uth erly and so ut h easterly di rce tio n of ice movement in L ancashi re and Cheshi re t urns
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N ort/z A
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Great Br itain
and
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r eland
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o rth ward the ph en o mena are mo re co mpli cated A t o ng ue o f ice s urmo unted the watersh ed near S ki pto n and r t r u e h v s f a r s B n e h r d d do ll y e A i r e a a i gl y w e o f w n t e a e o t h e p it s t ermi nal mo rai ne is th ro wn ac ro ss the vall ey like a g reat dam r emi n di n g o ne o f s i mil ar mo rai ne d ams in sev eral Pennsylv an i a v al l eys A co nti n uo us mo rai ne was t raced aro und thi s A i re a a s l c i e r A n oth g r e a t gl a i m h l a r g e r th n thi d e s c n d d e r c e r u e e c g W en sl eyd al e and reached the pl ai n o f Yo rk T hemost co mpl ex u a n n r h e m u n a n l c i l m ov t gl d o d o t i gio a s i n E e i n r e e m e n a cc r t n g abo ut the N i ne S tand ard s wh ere lo cal gl aci ers met an d were o v erpo wered by the g reat er ice sh eet co mi ng do wn fro m C umb er l an d T he ice sh eet itsel f was h ere divi ded o ne po rtio n goi n g s o uth ward the oth er in co m pany wi th local g l aci ers and l aden ” w i t h the well k no wn bo uld ers o f the S h ap g ranite b ei ng fo rced east ward ac ro ss S tainmo o r fo rest i nto D urh am and Yo rk shi re fi nally reach i ng the N o rth s ea at the mo uth o f the Tees T he termi nal mo rai ne runs east ward th ro ugh Ki rby R avenswo rth to ward W hi tby k eepi ng no rth o f the Cl evel and hill s an d all East ern En gl and and so uth o f W hitby appears to be non gl aci ated On t he ot her hand all England n o rth o f S tainmoo r forest and the ri ver Tees ex cept the v ery high est poi nts was s m oth ered in a sea o f solid ice F ro m S kipto n
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Th ere is ab undant evid ence to p rove th at the ice lobe filli ng the I ri sh sea was thi ck er to wards its ax i s th an at its edg es it and at t he n o rt h th an at its so uth ern t ermi nus and th at was rei n fo rced by s mall er t rib utary ice st reams fro m bot h Engl an d and I rel and It may be co mp ared with the gl ac i er o f ax i mum the H udso n R iver vall ey in N ew Yo rk each h avi ng a thi ck ness of so methi ng mo re th an 3 000 feet T he ero sive po wer of the ice sh eet was fo und to be ex t remely slight at its edge but mo re powerful fart her no rth w h ere its actio n was co nti n ued fo r a l onger period To wards its edge its functio n was to fill up ine ualiti es rath er th an to l evel th em do w n It was h el d th at mo st glaci al l akes are d ue to an i rreg ul ar dumpi n g o f dri ft rath er t han to any scoopi ng ac tio n Ob servatio ns in E ng land and S wi tzer l and coi nci d i ng w ith tho se ia A meri ca to co n fi rm thi s co ncl usio n Numero us facts o n both sid es of the A tlanti c i ndi cate t h at the upper po rtio n o f the ic e sh eet may mov e in a di fferent di rectio n fromits lo wer po rtio n It was al so s ho wn th at a gl aci er in its advance had the po wer of rai si ng sto nes fro m the botto m to t he -
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Comparative S tudies upon tile Glaciation
2 9 4
ov r m N e e b [
etc
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t i s t d t o by i i o f i n f r c t o n p lo wer l ayers T he autho r had ob served the grad ual up ward pas i sag e o f san d an d sto nes in t he Grinden wald e d l i a d pl a c n a e r p g t he same ex pl anatio n to the b rok en s hell s and fli nt rai sed fro m the bed o f t he I ri sh sea to the top o f M o el T ry fan to M accles field and to D ubli n mo untai ns T he o cc urrence o f st ratified depo sits in co nnectio n w ith n u do ubted mo rai nes was sho wn to be a co mmo n ph eno men o n and i nstances of st rat ified mo rai nes in S witzerland Italy A meri ca and Wal es were given T he stratifi catio n is due to waters deriv ed fro m the mel t i n g ice and is no t p roo f o f sub merg ence It was h eld th at not w ith standi n g a general opi n io n to the con t rary t here is no evid ence in Great Britai n o f any mar i ne s ub mergence g reater th an abo ut 4 50 feet It was ex pected t hat an ice sh eet advanci n g acro ss a sea sho uld d eposit sh el l frag ments in its termi nal mo rai ne T he b ro ad p ri ncipl e was enunc i ated th at wh erever in G reat Britai n mari ne sh ell s o cc ur in gl aci al d epo sits at high l evels it can be p roved bo t h by st ri x and the tran spo rt o f errat i cs t h at the T he s h el l s o n ice advanced o n to the l and fro m o ut o f the sea T hree R ock mo untai n near D ubli n and in N o rth Wal es and Macclesfield all fro m the I ri sh sea the shells in C umb er land t ranspo rt ed fro m S ol way Fi rt h tho se o n the co ast of N o rth um berl and b ro ught o ut o f the N o rt h sea those at A irdree in S c ot l and carri ed eastward fro m the botto m o f the Clyde an d th o se in C ai th ness fro m M o ray fi rt h were amo ng exampl es add u ced in p roof o f this p ri ncipl e T he i mp rob abili ty o f a great s ubmer gence not l eavi ng co rrespo ndi ng d eposi ts in other parts o f E n g l an d was d welt upo n I t was al so h eld th at th ere was i nsuffi ci ent evidence o f mo re th an o ne advance in the ice sheet al tho ugh halts o ccurred in its ret reat T he id ea o f successiv e el evatio ns and s ub mergenc e w it h ad vances and ret reat s o f t he ice was di sp uted an d the aut ho r h el d th at much o f the supposed interglacial d ri ft was due to s u b gl aci al water fro m the melti n g ice T he l as t po rtio n of the paper di scussed the di st rib utio n o f bo ul ders g ravel s and cl ays so uth o f the gl aci al area Much th e g reat er part o f Engl and was beli eved to h ave been uncovered by l an d ice T he d ri ft d epo sits in thi s area were shown to be t he i n sub s r u a d g res ul t in a rt o f m a ri ne c urrents b earin g i c eber g p of
to
the ice, a fact due
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Peculiarities
18
f
o
tire L
ocal
D rift
tire R
f
o
ocky
M ountains 9 2 5 .
mergence o f so me 4 50 feet T he s upposed gl aci al d ri ft ab o ut B i rmi n gh am an d the co ncentratio n o f bo ul ders at W o lverhamp t o n w ere regard ed as d ue t o the fo rmer ag ent w hil e t he d epo s i ts at C ro mer an d the di stri butio n o f L i ncol nshi re ch alk acro ss T he s uppo sed esk er at S o uth ern E ngl an d was d ue to the l atter H unstanto n was held to be s i mply a sea b each and the L o n do n d ri ft depo s its to be of a ueo us o rigi n Th us the ri val th eo ri es o f flo ati n g i ceb ergs an d o f l an d gl ac i ers were bot h t r ue the o ne fo r M iddl e and S o uth ern E ngl an d the o th er fo r S cotl an d W al es and t he li ne o f demark atio n was fi x ed an d the n o rth o f Engl an d by g reat t ermi nal mo rai nes T he paper c lo sed with an ack n o wl edg ment o f i nd ebted ness to the many geo logi sts o f En gl an d and I rel an d w ho had uni fo rmly r end ered mo s t genero us ass i s tan ce d uri ng t he above i nves ti .
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a t i o n g
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:o:
S OM E
ITI ES OF T H E L OC A T H E R OCKY M OU N TA I N S
P ECU L I A
R
BY D R
T H EO B C OMS T OC K
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.
L
D R I FT OF
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tho ri ti es upo n the s ubj ect o f the gl acial d epo sits o f the R o cky M o untai n regio n ag ree in describi ng them as lo cal o r much restri cted in ex tent S o me w rit ers di s mi ss the mat ter wi th thi s remark l eavi ng it to be i nferred th at in ot her res pects the ui te si mil ar to t he well k no wn déb ri s o f character o f t he d ri ft is the Eastern U n i ted S tates Oth ers h ave b een mo re expli c it and have sho w n ho w sp ec i al co nditio ns o f topography h ave affected I n all cases w h ere the the acc umul at io ns in certai n lo cali ti es detail s h ave b een given the evi dence is stro ng o f ex cessi ve ero sio n b ut al mo st i nv ari ably the t ranspo rtat ive effect s h av e b een A s a nat ural resul t we meet w ith much vari remarkably slight ety in the g ul c hes and go rg es w hi c h can be traced to s uch an o rigi n w hil e the dil uvi um o f the s ubse uent melti ng perio d is made up o f ho mogeneo us materi al s in each i nstance but wholly Thi s gives to many o f the unmodified mo rai nal o f lo cal det rit us depo sit s a resembl ance to all uvi um wh i ch is uite striki ng On the ot her h an d i n so me pl aces (as n o tably near t he h ead o f Wi nd river Wyo mi n g) i ceb erg depo s it s are well s i mul ated by the c o l lectio ns o f bo ulders w hi ch h ave evidently roll ed do wn the steep LL
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Paper
read befo re the
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S
alo, S ecti on E, Bufl '
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1886 .
s
S ome Peculian ties ’
f
o
tire L
ocal
b r e e m N ov [
D rift, etc
.
.
lopes l eft in sid e gulches by the retreat o f the di mi nut iv e gl aci ers Ex i sti ng gl aci ers in the W i nd R iver mo untai ns and in the S an J uan mo untai ns (S W Colo rado) enabl e us to witnes s the actual p ro ductio n ofso me o fth ese peculiar effects an d to un derst an d more ‘ e t h n i n a o n r t a t z h s m r t a pl y d v r y i po t a e a cl early how de r a a e f g p ro ugh c hi seli ng o f mo untai n feat ures in the far West T he general so uth ward t rend o f the glaci er cut cafi o n s is very mark ed altho ugh n umero us sid e g ul ches follow mo re o r less t ransverse co urses I n N o rth ern Wyo mi ng at the c lo se o f the Glaci al Period the old Terti ary l ak e b asi ns were sti ll in c o n diti on t o receive an d asso rt the mat eri al d epo sited by the melti n g ice e and the g reat er part o f t he d rainage was easy ; b ut i n s o m cases in the i nt erio r o f the mo untai n masses to the n o rt hward narro w elo n gat ed b asin s w ere plo ugh ed o ut belo w t h e g en eral d rai nage altho ugh very few of th ese n ow ex i st in w hi c h an out let has no t si nce b een mad e I n the h eart of the W in d R i ver mo untai ns a remarkabl e s truct ure o f thi s ki n d is to b e seen nearly Oppo site old C amp Bro wn at the h ead o f t h e N o rth fo rk o f the Popo ngi e river near the b ase o f F remo n t s peak H ere two o f th ese deep narrow cati o ns run parall elw i se for several mi les w ith sm all gl ac i ers still acti n g upo n th eir s h aded s id es t he d rai nage fro m o ne b ei ng to the M i sso uri t rib utari es t he o ther feedi ng afl luents o f the Colo rado d rai nage I n S o uth ern Colo rado so mew h at si mil ar feat ures are apparen t b ut the excess iv e foldi ng an d faulti ng o f the st rat a h ave very mu c h c o m pli cated matters so th at the results are rath er un i ue T he same type modifi ed by lithologi cal and s t ruct ural co nditio ns may be ob served in the Gunni so n regio n and abo ut the so urces o f t he S nak e and Y ello wsto ne rivers in Wyo mi ng but the spec i al S an J uan features are no t rep eated ex actly in any o th er di stri c t so far as my ob servatio n goes T he di sti nctive pec uli arity li es in t he dupl ex ch aracter o f the ero s io n ; th at is to say th ere are t w o zo nes o f gl ac i atio n verti cally the upper l argely rep resenti ng t he t ranspo rtati ve act io n the lo w er b ei ng eroded witho ut removal o f the déb ri s to any g reat ex tent T he i mperfect d rai nage had fas t ened the ice sh eet so th at it co uld move as a uni t o nly in th e s uperfi ci al po rtio n whil e the lo wer p art acted lik e a s lowly wo r k s
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I propose this term to fro m the w alls o f g orges, 1
act ion of the g lacier
.
express the as
breaking
or
tearing
disting uished fro m the
down
of
mames
o rdinary abradin g
or
o f ro ck
i n i n d r g g
7 7zeMammary Gland
f
o
a n the Ele h t p
.
plo ugh whi ch cut d eeply but not so ex tensively as the over r i di n g m ass I n t he mo re el evated t ract s th erefo re the low er i u s d a c m n r n l e f e o tio o f g oov lik y th e e n l a r e s e c s a n d a o s n t p y ex ist to d ay co nnected w ith the mai n c h annel s often by reversed o r indi rect drai nag e T he lower limit of exportation whi ch de fi nes the li ne o f j unctio n o f the two l ayers follows nearly the c o nto ur o f feet above sea l evel (varyi ng fro m feet T he s i de g ul ch es ex cept w h ere erod ed by mo re to I feet) recent a ueo us actio n c o mmo nly j oi n the mai n cano ns o n thi s ” g rad e T he ti mb er li ne is fai rly co nti n uo us with th ese ae oouc/zures and I am sati s fi ed th at thi s feat ure ha s been l argely i nst rumental in d etermi ni ng th at sh arp li ne of demarkatio n Un do ubtedly the melti ng o f the ice in the canons left many side gl aci ers di sch argi n g by ice fall s over the wall s fo r a lo ng ti me afterwards the v eget atio n g ro wi n g up to t hi s li mit b ecause t he land lo cked catio n s were fo r a perio d fill ed w ith water w hi ch arrang ed mo re o r l ess o f s oil alo n g the sid es o f the chan nel s Thi s fact is cl early p ro ven by the o ccurrence of t erraces in such l acust ri ne mat eri al up to a h eight o f 1000 feet above the p resent st ream b ed s in pl aces T he po s itio ns of scattered bo uld ers in the cati o ns and of tho se i mbedd ed in the d epo s its alo n g the wall s afl o rd furth er evid ence of the lo cal t ranspo rtatio n of mate ri al by floati n g masses o f ice whi ch d ropp ed thei r b urd ens upo n melti ng T he d rift of the R o cky mo untai ns th us po ssesses peculi ar in terest corrobo rati ng the notio n o f its i n ti mate rel atio n to t he gl aci al deposits of the east and yet ex hi b iti ng a vari ety in d etail whi ch may aid materi ally in unraveli ng ob scure poi nts in the his tory o f oth er areas w it h weak d evelop ment o f the same co ndi tio ns T he lo cal ch aracter o f the effects has p revented many fro m app reci ati n g the really gig anti c ero s io n and depo siti o n whi ch h ave tak en pl ace in g
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T H E MA MMA R
Y
0
'
GL A N D
BY S PE NC ER T R
OF T H E EL EPH A N T
.
OT T ER
,
M D .
.
t dyi n g any parti cul ar ani mal fo rm we are w o nt to refer to so me oth er well k no wn type as a basi s fo r co mpari so n and in th is w ay gai n an id ea o f the ani mal s pl ace in li fe its rel atio ns to the envi ro nment and to the oth er bei ngs amo ng whi ch it lives A s our st udi es ex tend and we b eco me mo re wid ely ac uai nt ed with N
s u
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m b e r v e N o [
7 7te fil ammary Gland of tire Elephant
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q
many diverse fo rms we ui ck ly note any depart u re o n the part o f an o rgan fro m its usual fo rm o r posi tio n an d a r e t hus lE di rectly to en ui re i nto the cause o r causes wh ich b ro u g ht about I n tho se mammal s who se h abit it is to s u c k l e t heir the ch ange yo ung standi ng namely the Ung ul ata any o ne who has gi ven the l east tho ught to the s ubj ect is aware th at th ei r mammary gland s are s it uated at the po sterio r part o f the vent ral li n e i in t he i n g ui nal regio n or g roi n A st riki n g ex cepti o n t o t his is seen in the el eph an t wh ere th ese gl and s are loc at ed an t er i o rly in t he pecto ro ax ill ary spaces T he el ephant hold s a un i ue po sitio n in nat ure rep res enti ng the las t o f a lo ng anc est ral li ne whi ch attai ned its max imum d evelopment in the Terti ary I ts i mmedi ate pro gen ito r most likely o cc upi ed the so uthern ran ge th us es capi ng ex ti nc t io n in the d ri ft an d gl aci al epoch s an d carryi n g do wn to p res en t ti mes thi s highly i nt eresti n g and pec uliar fo rm Wi th n o relatives ex tant the el eph ant fo rms a separat e an d di sti nct o rder t he Pro bo scidia but curio usly eno ugh po ssess i n g ch aract ers w h i c h al ly it with the wid ely diflerent R odenti a ; it is h erbi vo ro u s an d in general h abit and mo de o f li fe is an ungul ate in a p o rti o n of whi ch o rder it was usually assig ned a pl ace in the o l der no men the
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clature
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It is as an ung ul at e o r ho o fed ani mal therefo re that the el eph ant i nterest s us and fro m the fac t th at like all t he S pec i es of t hat o rd er the femal e is in the h abit o f suckli ng her yo un g in the standi ng po st u re we are led to ask o urselves t he reas o n fo r the It st riki ng ex ceptio n in the po sitio n o f the m ammary g lands w ill be understood th at I refer to an i mal s whi ch g ive b i rth as a rul e to o ne o r at mo st two o ffsp ri n g at a ti m e and w hi ch c o nse uen tly h ave the mi n i mum n umb er o f gl an ds n o t to tho se w h i ch li tt er lik e the hog family and p resent a series o f gl an ds r un n i n g alo n g each s id e o f t he b elly li ne I n deali ng with a subj ec t o f thi s nat ure we enter o ne o f th o se b road fiel ds o f philo sophi c sci ence whose fart h er bo undary if i ndeed it have any li es far below o ur mental ho rizo n T he ro c k i mbedd ed bo ne of the pal e o ntologi st w hich el sewhere b ears s uch useful t esti mo ny is co m paratively of littl e val ue an d even t he p ro fo under fact s o f emb ryology fail to t ell us why s u ch st riki n g di fferen ces o ccur and w hat b ro ught th em abo ut I t is a subj ect i nvolvi n t h n e n d e r lyi i c i l ti e u n e s o f s s u e m t a m or r g g p p ,
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The M ammary Gland
l s s o i h p
f
o
the Elephant
.
t i io n in th ei r b road est sense ; a st udy vag ue e n o u gh in t he p resent b ut rend ered far mo re so by the l ap s e o f t i me A ctio n and reactio n b et ween o rgan i s m and en vi ro n men t t h e d emands o f i ncreas i n g func tio nal ac ti vi ty upo n pl asti c ti ssue a n d t he efl ects o f use and disuse t hese are the fun damental p ri n c ip les i nvolved an d we can o nly s urmi se at the p ri miti ve co nd i t i o n o f affai rs fro m the few tangibl e poi nts p resented to us By at t en t io n to the follo wi ng fact s we may be abl e to gai n a few i deas w h i ch w ill po ssibly th ro w so me light upo n the subj ect A t the an t eri o r end o f the g reat art eri al t runk (aorta) two b ranch es ari se s ubclam re li mb s se in t urn a n w c r h f hi h p o d to o Th e c e e t e ( ) r i t e r n a l m a m m a w f f n n s iv h b h hi h p do e o e c a r a c c a s e s w a n y) g ( w ard and b ack ward alo n g the anterio r tho raci c wall A t the po s terio r end o f thi s g reat t run k two oth er b ranch es ari se (iliac) p ro ceedi n g to the hi nd li mbs th ese al so gi vi ng o ff each an artery c s u e r i a t l c e a s r i w r u s w r i hi h o d t bdo i l ll f r a n h e m c n a n a w a ( p fi pig ) t o anasto mose w ith t he termi nal b ranch es o f the i nt ernal mam mary th us fo rmi ng an arc o n each si de o f the v ent ral medi an l i n e fro m neck to g roi n Thi s we w ill c all the mammary are N OW it is evid ent th at in those mammal s who se gl ands are sit u at ed so lely in the p ecto ral regio n as in P ri mates Chi ropt era ele ph ant etc the i nternal mammary artery is the mai n supply o f wh il e in tho se in whi c h the struct ure is i ng ui nal as in t he gl and t he ho rse d eer etc the s uperfi c i al epigastri c is the mai n blood an d n u r t
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feeder
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it uated in a ro w alo ng the un d er e etc the en ti re ar e s urf ace of the body as in C arn ivo ra S uid a We o f blood vessel s co mes i nto pl ay as a so urce o f s upply airs was have every reaso n to b eli eve th at thi s l att er state o f afl t he o rigi nal arrangement o f the parts as the lo west and mo s t anci ent fo rms no w ex tant p resent thi s same co nditi o n co rrel ated w i th pl ural ity o f yo ung at a bi rth whi ch is al so undo ubtedly a p ri mi ti ve co nditio n A s sp eci alizatio n p ro ceeded a red uct io n in t he numb er o f yo un g at a bi rt h follo wed and co nse uently fewer sed ; tho se o nly whi ch were the mo st c o n v en i ent l e u n s a d w e r g to the yo ung ani mal whil e the rest at rophi ed and fi nally disap r the p ro t o ty pe o f the Pro e Wh t h e a e red fro m want o f use p boscidians was l arge o r small wh eth er it p ro duced a n umb er o f i gl bi rth and co n se uent ly po s sessed a seri es o f s n u n t a e a o g y l nds run ni ng alo ng the b elly o r wh at its h abits were we cannot a g A
gai n
,
wh en the
gl and s
are s
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7 7t e M
mmary
z
Gland of tle: Elephant
N v e m b e o [
,
.
po ssibility o f s uc h a co n ditio n h aving ex i sted can n o mo re be d en i ed th an it c an be p roved and w e hav e g oo d s o ns in b eli evi ng such to h ave b een the case W e k n ow the rod ent s to be a very anci en t g ro up and if the an c es t o r o f the P roboscidi an was all ied to th em in any way it in all p ro bability p resented many poi nts o f afli nity in st ruct ure an d h ab its I f we t ake the fo regoi ng in a hypoth eti cal sense s up po s i n the ancest ral fo rm to h ave g iven bi rth to a n umber o f y o u n g at on ti me and to h ave possessed a co rrespo ndi ng numb er o f glands we h ave yet to an swer the uestio n : Why sho uld t h e el ephant after speci alizatio n and red uctio n p resen t p ectoral i n s tead o f ia g ui nal gland s i T he hog family S uid ae wh il e not a pri miti ve fo r m o f u n gula e still retai n many ancestral ch aract ers amo ng th em p l u ral i ty of yo ung and gl and structure and we h ave every reaso n t o believe t hat the enti re o rd er sp rang fro m a s i mi l arly low fo r m ; y et they ter S pec i aliz atio n and red uctio n p resent i n gui nal g lan ds all af Th ere may h av e b een many causes whi ch w ill nev er o cc ur to us w hy the yo un g P robo sci d i an s ho ul d use t he an t erio r pai r of gl and s ; b ut two o f th em h ave o ccurred to me as a feas i b le if not in o ur p resent s tat e o f k n o wl edge a sati sfacto ry ex pl a n ati o n A ny o ne whose ey e is acc usto med to tak e in the an i mal form w ill h ave noti ced th at in the maj o ri ty o f hoo fed an i mals t h e belly li n e slopes up ward and b ackward take the ho rse deer ox camel o r any o f the l arg e h erbi vo res fo r ex ampl e N o w the reverse is t rue o f the el eph an t the b elly li ne S lo pi n g d o w n w ard and back ward th i s bei ng in part due to the l arge pen d u lo u s g em tal s in the femal e and in part to the t remendo us abdo mi nal v i s cera b aggi ng do wn and occ upyi ng a rath er sho rt sp ace l en g th w ise in p ropo rtio n to the ani mal s general b uild T he yo ung elep hant s ucki ng as it do es w ith its mo uth an d po ssess i ng a s h o rt and mobil e neck wo uld find it very i nco n ven ient if c o mparati vely i m t he gl and s w ere sit uat ed in the i ng ui nal reg io n w ith the mas si ve k nees o f the mo th er in the way ; and thi s d iffic ul ty wo u ld b e still mo re i ncreased as the yo ung an i mal grew A s it is the n ippl e p roj ects ho rizo ntally fro m the pecto ral regio n the, mo st c o uve n i ent poi nt w ith n othi n g to i nt erfere ; and as the early p ro t o t e yp b ecame mo re and mo re S peci alized the fewer and finally the sin sp ri ng res ulti ng used thi s mo st co nven i ent gl an d t o the l e o f f g ex cl usio n of the oth ers whi ch have di sapp eared fro m want of
say
h b u t e t ;
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I
I
8
u se
s
in the
L ittorina litorea I
lo ng lapse
ntroduced or
ti me before
of
I
nd
i
r o e n u g
P roboscidi an became
t he
h V ery di fferent is the case with the arch ed cl eanly cut i ng ui nal s l n e f h m u n u a a n d i e x i e c o fl c o l g l t lo g k d a t e f e a e s n fl e e e t b p s p ri n g where the mammary gl and is carri ed so easily by the m o th er and is s o accessibl e to the yo un g H ere the anterio r a n s a r n e l d o th t h v b di d d t h s a e n s e e e a e e c a r g T hese are mere spec ul atio ns fo r wh at can we do w ith s uch a s u b ect ? e l e e r attempt S u y o t d i scard it altog eth er ! F b tt r n a r j e v en in the ro ughes t way to i nt erp ret w ith wh at littl e li g ht we h ave fro m the past and fall wide the mark in o ur co ncl usio ns t h an to pas s unnoti ced one frag ment in the g reat hi sto ry o f li fe
s uc
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0:
I S L
ITT OR I NA
I N T R ODUC E D OR GEN OU S ?
L I T OR EA
BY
W
.
I NDI G
F GA N ON G .
.
'
ly thi rty years si nce L ittorina litorea (L i nn ) the Engli sh peri wi nkl e was fi rst repo rted fro m A meri can waters b ut the uestio n as to w h eth er it has b een recen tly i nt roduced o r w as an o rigi nal i n habitant o f o ur sho res is still unsettl ed Thi s mollusk tho ugh n ot k no wn by nat urali st s to occur upo n the c o ast o f A cadi a an d N ew En gl an d p revio us to its di scov ery at H ali fax in 1857 by Joh n Willi s is at p resent v ery ab undan t fro m t he Gul f o f S t L awren ce to Co nnecti cut P rofes so r Verrill (A mer Jo ur S ci iii w p 13 3 187 4 ) says of it : I t has been s uppo sed by several wri ters t hat thi s sh ell (L litorea) has been recently an d acc id entally i ntrod uced fro m Eu r ope ; b ut D r D awso n i n fo rm s m e t h at he coll ected it mo re th an thi rty y ears ag o in the Gul f o f S t L awrence It is ab un dant at H ali fax and we h av eoth er speci mens fro m K enn eb unkpo rt Me H ampto n Beach N H and P rovi nceto wn M ass Th ere is really no s uff i c i ent evid ence th at it was n ot an i nh abitant of o ur sho res b efo re the adv ent o f E uropeans but local in its h abi tats I t may h ave eco me mo re di ffused in recent ti mes by co mmerce b o r it m ay h ave b een o verlook ed fo rmerly by c oll ec to rs T he causes d etermi ni n g the geog raphi cal di strib utio n o f ani mal and pl ant li fe are a subj ect o f the greatest i mpo rtance to nat uralists and any co nt rib utio n to it has its val ue S o pec uli ar and T
is
now near
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1s L ittori na litor ea I
2 93
ntr oduced or
I
ndi
N o vem h n [
g
enous
i nteresti ng are the k no wn facts in regard to the di s t rib ut io n and a n ia t sp read in A meri ca o f the s h ell w e are c o ns id eri n t h a g ui ry i nto the nat ure o f th es e facts an d a s earc h fo r a n ex plana tio n fo r them beco mes a matt er o f mo re than spec ia l i mp o rtance T he val ue of the sett l ement of the uestio n as to w het h er L itte r ina litor ea has b een i n t rod uced in recent ti mes o r is a n at i ve of I t has A meri ca is n ot li mited to the settl ement o f thi s fact o n l y a b road er val ue as well i nasmuch as it has a beari n g u po n the sci enc e o f the di st rib utio n of an i m al s I t must be remembered th at no speci es of an i mal o r p lant can in the st ri ct sense o f the wo rd be i ndigeno us to bo t h E uro pe and A meri ca I f s uch were the case it wo uld be neces s ary to sun po se th at the two i ndependent li nes of d es cent eit h er from a c o mmo n near o r remote an cestor c ul mi nati n g in the S pec ies had follo wed p reci sely identi cal co urses of develop men t T h e latter — r s wo uld re ui re p ec i sely id en ti cal co nditio n o f envi ro n men t and s uch we k no w w o uld n ot ex i st upo n two separate c o n ti nents H ence a sh ell whi ch is co mmo n to t wo conti nents mu s t in some way h ave b een i ntrod uced fro m o ne to anoth er It may b e i ntro duced by the agenc y o f man o r by p urely natural an d p hysi cal Fo r want o f a b ett er term causes s uch as o c ean currents etc t he w o rd i ndigenous has b een used in the p resent pap er t o apply to a speci es i nt rod uced in past ti me by natural agen c i es an d now tho ro ughly establi sh ed as a resid ent nat ive periwi nkl e L itton sa S uch a spec i es is o ur so call ed a i a t 8 co m t rop e Green l an d an d A meri c a l a 1 m l It o n a o E u S ( y) p an d has ex i sted for a lo n g ti me in all t hree co unt ri es bei n g fo und foss i l in the Po st plio cene o f all o f th em It w ill be p res ently s ho w n th at thi s s h ell was p rob ably i n t rod uced fro m t he c o n ti n ent in whi ch it orig i nated to the oth er by way o f Green l and an d I ce l and an d by st ri ctly nat ural agenci es We th erefo re s p eak o f it as i ndigeno us to A meri ca tho ugh w h eth er its descent fro m its parent S peci es took pl ace h ere o r in E urope we are unab l e t o say But we hope to be abl e to sho w th at L ittorina litorea did no t ex i st in A meri ca un til i n t ro duced fro m E urope by man and th at s i nce the b egi nni ng o f the p resent cent ury M r Joh n Willi s who was the fi rst to an no unce its di sco very in A meri ca (Trans N ova S coti a I nst N at S ci V o l I ) fo und it at H ali fax in 1857 H e co nsi dered it to be i ndigeno us to N ova S coti a chi efly for the reason th at so me o f t he old est i n h ab itants
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18
L ittor ina litor ea I ntroduced
s
I ndig enous
or
me th at th ey h ave o ften pi ck ed the peri w i nkl e t he same as the E n gli sh o n e o n the sho res c o ntig uo us to H ali fax ” w h en th ey were o nly school boys T he o nly o th er evid ence th at has b een fo und to sho w th at the S h ell was k no w n in N ova S c oti a previo us to 1857 co mes in a x a H e rivate l et ter to the w riter fro m M r E Gilpi n o f H ali f p H i sto ri cal evid ence in the sh ape o f old Engli sh settl ers s ay s : s ho ws it to hav e b een k no w n in the p rovi nce as far back as 18 00 H o w much reli ance can be pl aced upo n the unsc i entifi c evi d ence o f old settl ers is a uestio n ; but g ranti n g th at th ey did n o t c o nfo und it w ith the nat iv e fo rm and th at t h ey act ually saw it p revio us to 1857 no thi n g mo re is p roved t h an th at the s h ell ex i sted in N ova S co t i a s o me y ears befo re W illi s fo un d it S i mi coll ect ed it larly it may be said o f the fact t h at D r D awso n ” mo re th an thi rty years ag o in the Gul f o f S t L awrence that it shell was to be fo un d th ere ear p ro ves (if g ranted ) o nly t hat thez l i er than any p ubli sh ed reco rd shows Or it may be th at if i ntro d uced it was i nt rod uced a t mo re th an o ne poi nt It is so mewhat remarkabl e ho wever th at as will be sho wn farth er o n no oth er coll ecto r fo und thi s co nspi cuo us sh ell in the g ul f until after 187 0 altho ugh D r D awso n must h ave fo und it at W e k no w th at it i ncreases w i th g reat least as early as 184 4 rapidity w h erever i nt rod uced Why th en if it ex i sted there did i t not i ncrease s uffic i ently to enabl e so me o th er coll ecto r to fin d it ? N o ne of the li st s o f Bell W hiteaves o r D r D awso n him sel f mentio n it unt il after 187 0 It is to be regretted th at we h ave n o t so me reco rd o f D r D awso n s di scovery o f the sh ell so far back b es id es the not e by P ro fesso r Verri ll who do ubtl ess w rites fro m memo ry I f thi s sh ell be i ndigeno us to o ur sho res it must h ave been c o n fi n ed p revio us to say 1850 ex c l us ively to the N ova S coti a c oast Th at thi s must be so is shown as well by oth er facts as b y the many li sts we h ave o f N ew E ngl and and Gul f o f S t L aw r ence s h ell s all o f w hi ch m entio n t he nativ e peri wi nkl es L pal l ‘ liata L r udis L tenebr osa w hil e L litor ea n ever appears Th at t he l atter co uld h ave been p resent but overlook ed by c oll ecto rs is altogeth er o ut o f t he uestio n It is a much larger and mo re c o nspi c uo us s h ell th an the nativ e fo rms has the same h abitats and w h erever it o cc urs at all o cc urs ab un dantly have assured
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’
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’
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,
q
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,
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.
For
con ven ien ce
w e w ill
co ns ider these two to
me
are probably varieties o f the sa
species
.
be distinct
spec ies, althou h the g y
1s L ittori na litorea I ntroduced
9 34
ndig
I
or
r N e m b e o v [
7 n o u s e .
,
mo ng the many li sts o f N ew Engl and sh ell s whi c h mi ght be named t he followi ng h ave b een sel ected A
,
Go uld
I
’
s
n vertebrata o f
mentio ns
15 1 ed
.
L
and
n ati :
a a t i l a l , p
.
ten ebrosa but no t l itor ea
.
M
ighel s
‘ ai ne
(
184 3
i s n m e n t o )
L pallid o , n adi r an d tea: but L litor ea is n ot in the list
in the greatest pro fusio n , " 18 C atalogue of the S hells of Mass ( 4 5)
6rosa R
M
of the shells of
list
’
eed s ’
as o ccurri ng
"
R ussell s
R etrospect
of so
.
.
men tio ns
.
'
.
me of the S hells found in
Essex
me th ree but nat
the sa
co un ty,
mentions the same three but not litor ea T uft s L ist o f S hells co llect ed at S wampscott L ynn an d vici nity the same three as abundant but n ot litor ea S timpso n s L ist of the marin e I n vertebrates of Grand M anan
M ass
“ .
.
’
(
1854
(
’
T uft
C atalog ue of S hells in the S tate
s
me three
but
sa
N or has
litor ea
n ot
.
it been
mentions
.
,
’
185 3 )
po rted
re
l
unti
cabinet
q
[
of
Mass ]
c
it
u e re en
1859
(
n tions m e )
n tio ns m e )
the
fro m the G ulf of
tly
S t L awrence .
.
A week i n Gaspe
D r D awso n s ’
.
n ot
L
o bert
Bell
liata
J
.
.
.
me other
i n o t . p
of
Mollusca o f Eastern
“ C anada
o nly
L
r
ll a i d o , p
.
thi rty
L awr en ce
(
1859
m e n t i ons )
ha:
a rs e y
L pet .
.
Whiteaves
F
o f the
L ist
s
at so
and
rudis
.
.
must have been
’
(
L
I f D r D awso n fo und it in the Gulf
litor ea
it
ag o ,
R
.
mentions
185 8)
“ C anada
On the mari ne Mollusca o f Eastern
’
L palli ata (littorali s) , L .
r u dis
.
an d
L
.
tenebr
m
,
but
L
n ot
.
186 9
(
I it orea
m t i ons e n )
.
A
ltho ugh the evid enc e o f th ese li sts is o nly negat i ve thei r c o mb ined fo rce is so stro ng (even had we no oth er evi d en c e) that th ey p rac ti cally p rove th at the shell did not ex i st upo n t he N ew Engl and c oast and p robably no t in the Gul f of S t L aw ren ce p revio us to the middl e o f the p resent cent ury S i nce 185 7 its S p read has b een ph eno menally rapi d A p ap er by A F G ray in S ci ence N ews fo r 187 9 gives many lo caliti es w hi c h i t had co m e to i nh abit upo n the N ew En gl and co as t and t he k n o wn 7 facts o f its spread are th us s ummariz ed by P ro fesso r Verri l l : “ It is well k no wn to A meri can co nc hologi sts th at t h i s co m mo n E urop ean speci es has beco me well establi sh ed upo n t he N ew E ngl and co ast w ithi n ten o r t welve y ears app eari n g fi rs t upon ,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
1
Bosto n
Jour
.
N at H ist
S ee fo r this as well ogy , '
Jo ur
.
"
Essex .
C an N at
.
.
C an N at A
.
m Jour .
1v
.
as o ther .
.
.
,
S mithso nian , V o l
C an N at 5
.
.
.
co unty
,
111,
,
l v, 19 7 .
,
.
Bibliography o f A
1.
N at H ist S o c .
.
.
,
1 .
2 1 3 .
S ee also C an N at 48 iii, xx , 2 5 1
n , xv,
S ci
lists, Binney s ’
,
.
.
.
.
,
11, I V,
27 0
.
merica n
C o n cho
,
I
1
L ittor ina litorea I
s
ntroduced or
I
n di
g
enous
o t o f Mai ne abo ut 186 8; D r D awso n ho wever states th at h e coll ect ed it o n the sho res o f N o va S coti a at a much earli er date I w i sh at p resent merely to put o n reco rd s o me addi t io nal d ata as to its recent p rog ress alo ng the coast I n 187 3 it was c oll ect ed in abundance at S ac o M ai ne by the U S Fi s h C o m mi ssio n and was fo und sparing ly at Peake s i sl and Casco bay I n 187 2 it was v ery rare at P rovi ncetown M ass but in 187 5 it w as co mmon th ere I n 187 5 it was coll ected by the w riter at Barnstabl e Mass o n the s ho res o f Cape C od bay in l arge uan ti t i es I a 187 9 it had beco me ex ceedi ngly ab und ant at Pro vi nce to wn I n 187 5 o ur parti es fo und two speci mens o n ly o n the s o uth ern s ho res o f C ape Cod at W ood s Holl b ut in 187 6 it was fo und to be c o mmo n th ere and is now very ab und ant T he fi rst s peci men fo und so far west ward as N ew H av en was obtai ned by P ro fesso r S I S mi th d uri ng the past wi nter Oth er so l itary S pec i mens h ave si nce b een obtai ned h ere by E A A nd rews an d by J H E merto n It is at p resent ex ceedi ngly ab und an t at ” N ewpo rt R I It is S p readi n g i nto the Gul f o f S t L awrence too fi ndi ng p rob ably a co ngen i al h abi tat in t he w armer water o f N o rt humb erl and v s t rai ts w hi ch co ntai n s o many so uth ern fo rm s hi a e F s e t W J fo un d it at S o uri s and Ch arlotteto wn P E I in D o n ot th ese facts affo rd an ex ceedi ngly st ro ng arg ument th at t he sh ell has b een i nt rod uced I ts rapid i n crease so uthward — S ho ws th at a favo rabl e h abi tat was th ere waiti n g fo r it a much mo re favo rabl e o ne th an the No va S coti a co ast T he co nditio ns w hi ch d etermi ne its sp read were h ere at wo rk a cent ury ag o but i t was not fo und any wh ere in N ew Engl and A S has al ready b een poi n ted o ut no speci es o f ani mal o r plant c an be t ruly i n digeno us to the t wo c o nti nent s It must eith er h ave o rigi nated in o ne an d S p read to the oth er o r it must h ave o rigi nat ed at so me other poi nt and sp read to both A sh ell such as we are co ns i deri ng whi c h is at p resent co mmo n to both co n t i n ents must eith er h ave b een i nt rod uced fro m o ne to t he oth er by man s agency o r by p urely nat ural means I f it can be s ho wn t hat the nat ural means did no t operat e in thi s case it w o uld p rove th at man must h ave i nt ro duced it ; and the st ro nger the p rob a b ility of the fo rmer the st ro nger wi ll be that of the l atter Wi nds o r t he agency of bi rds so active in t he di strib utio n of pl ants co uld h ardly operate upo n a sh ell o r its yo ung Ocean But by no ethod o f co nveyanc e c urrents seem t o be the o nly m means co uld eith er L litorea o r L palliata di rectly cross the A t
t he
c as
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R eport vo r
.
on xx
.
deep- sea dredg ing
—
no
.
x r.
.
operatio ns
in the Gulf
of
S t L awrence .
.
I s L ittorina litorea I
6 93
ntroduced or
m N v e b e r o [
I ndig enous
— lantic in suc h a way th ey must have co me
,
if th ey
,
me by
ca
nat
l means at all by way o f I cel and Green land and L ab rado r Thi s we find act ually was the case w i th L palliata Wh ere it o rigi nated the w riter do es not k no w no r does it matter in the p resent co n nectio n but certai n it is th at it is now co mmo n to ‘l ‘ ’ Engl and Greenl and L abrado r A cadi a and New E n g land A nd not o nly does it ex i st in th ese pl aces now but it has for a lo ng ti me past fo r it is fo und fossil in Po st pli ocene dep osits in ’ L palluzza) Engl an d in S o uth ern Greenl and (L g ronlandica Daw so n reports and in Canad a tho ugh no t act ually in A cadi a ‘ ‘ it from the Po st pliocene o f Gaspe and L yell fro m Beauport W e may h ence co ncl ud e th at L palliata is in the sense in whi c h we h ave used the w o rd i n digen o us to A meri ca But as to L litorea not on ly do es the l atest and bes t li st of 2 Greenl and shell s make n o mentio n of its o cc urrenc e t h ere nor ' does Packard in a li st o f the s h ell s o f L abrado g (tho ug h he men tio ns L palliata and L rudis as ab und ant and n o t unco m mo n but no trace o f it has as yet been repo rted fro m an y Post pliocene deposits o f Greenl and L ab rado r Canada o r N ew Eng l and I t is a sh ell much mo re likely to be p reserved in s uc h dc po sits than L palliata bei ng much l arger and sto ut er—tho ugh nei th er from t hei r ro ck lovi ng nat ure stand as muc h chan ce of bei ng preserved as sand o r mud i nhabiti ng speci es A ll o f these facts ten d to S ho w t hat L litorea was no t i nt roduced fro m one e ti me o r by t he sa m e co nti nent to the oth er eith er at the sam means as L palliata and that if by any unk n o wn agen cy w hat s oever L litorea had reach ed A meri ca it must h ave been con fi ned to N ova S coti a alo ne unti l the middl e of the p resent cent ury But we have ano ther so urce o f i nfo rmatio n abo ut th e sh ells whi ch liv ed upo n o ur coast b efo re the advent o f the E u ro peans I n the I ndi an s h ell heaps alo ng the c oast of Mai ne an d New Brunswi ck mo st o f the edibl e moll usk s o f the c oas t ar e fo und ‘ o ng the h eaps o f clam shell s D r Wyman repo rt s t hat in a am sh ell h eap at C ro uch s c ove C asco bay Mai ne L itton n a p al/iate ura
,
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-
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,
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-
,
-
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'
’
-
,
Forbes
an d
Manual
,
H anley s British Mollusca, V ol ’
an d
instructi ons for the A
C an N at .
.
C an N at .
.
,
11,
4 08
,
l,
34 5
.
.
A 11 N un , Vol, .
.
.
.
1,
No 11, 1868 .
111.
rctic expedition .
Packard, M em Bost N at H ist S oc .
.
.
,
Vol
.
,
1
.
L o ndon ,
1876 .
I
18
L ittorina litorea I
s
n troduced or
I
n di
n o e u s g
fi
w as fo und
lo ng with such speci es as Purpur a lapillus N atica ner os Buccinum undatum N assa obsoleta N assa tn uittata etc b ut he makes no mentio n o f L litor ea M r G F Matth ew i n 1 h is acco unt o f i nvestigatio ns i nt o an undi sturb ed sh ell h eap o n t he sho re o f Passama uoddy bay N ew Brunswi c k after men t io n in g t he o ccurrence of several litt o ral speci es say s : T he r o ck peri wi nkl e L i tter inn r udis i o io l y o d u s cc n s f a n a l ) ( b ut the co mmo n European peri w i nkl e (L ittorina litor ea) no w so ” c o mmo n o n thi s coast is enti rely wanti ng I n a p rivate l etter “ t o the w riter the same g entl eman say s : I h ave seen no t race of L litor ea in any s h ell h eap Th at the I ndi ans w o uld h ave col l ected the s mall er native peri wi nkl e and oth er small litto ral S pe c i es and no t the l arger Engli s h o ne were the l atter p resent is ih c o ncei vab le n o m atter wh ether the fo rmer had been coll ect ed for food or o nly accidentally i nt rod uced i nto the sh ell heaps T he s ame causes s ho uld h av e i nt rod uced L litor ea if it had ex i sted at t h ese pl aces A gai n the co n cl usio n is fo rced upo n us th at if the s h ell ex i sted in A m eri ca at the t i me o f the fo rmatio n o f the sh ell h eaps it must h ave been c o nfi ned to N ova S coti a We h ave no u i s s bl h e d li s t s f s h e ll s r o m h N ov c oti a s h e l h e p n or o a l a f t e S p has the writer b een abl e to find by p rivate i n ui ry any satisfac to ry acco unt o f th em A ll o f the facts th at we h ave so far mentio ned in co n nectio n w ith thi s s h ell S ho w th at if it ex i sted at all in A meri ca p revio us to the present cent ury it mus t h ave been co nfi ned to the coast o f N o va S coti a Th ere are other general co ns id eratio ns whi ch sho w th at in all p robability it did not ex i st th ere One o f th ese we — h ave al ready mentio ned the fact that it was no t i nt rod uced in t he same way as L palliata by way o f Greenl and and t herefo re w as probably not nat ural ly i nt ro d uced i nto A meri ca at all Many undo ubtedly European sp eci es o f bot h an i mal s and e n tal m a c n c w h e r c l a t o u ld d i h po th i r ifi i l id b e n a e c u r a t c a o n p i nt rod uctio n i nto thi s co unt ry h ave d riven o ut and well nigh ex termi nat ed clo sely alli ed nativ e spec i es Every wh ere upo n the c o ast o f N ova S coti a as well as th at o f the rest o f A cadi a and N ew E ngl and L litorea is doi ng p reci sely thi s d rivi ng o ut the native L palliata Every wh ere the native fo rm gives way befo re it and b eco mes rare j ust in propo rtio n as the Engli sh fo rm beco mes ab und ant Thi s fact o f itsel f gives us st ro ng a priori grounds a
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Bull N .
.
i c o a t s t H S N B .
,
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,
111, 188 4
.
,
I
8 93
s
L ittorina litorea I
I
r N o v e m b e [
.
,
to h ave been recently and acc id entally ia tro duced b ut it ac ui res ad di tio nal fo rce taken in c o nnecti on w i t h o th er facts whi ch poi nt to the same co ncl us io n But g ranti ng fo r a mo ment th at the shell did ex i st in N ova — S co ti a p revio us to thi s cent ury w h ere it must h ave b een con — fi ned if it was in A meri ca at all wh at an anomalo us co n d ition of li fe we h ave A t present as we follo w its p rogress so uthward T he w ri ter has we find it g row i ng mo re and mo re ab un d ant very fre uently noti ced its di st rib utio n o n the S o ut h ern New B runswi ck coast but it t here o ccurs in nothi n g like t h e p ro fusi on In in whi c h he has seen it at N ah ant M as s o r N ewpo rt R I th ese two pl aces and th ey are like oth er localiti es in th ese two S tates in thi s respect it literally covers the rock s the n at ive spe W hat is the mean i n g o f the ci es bec o mi ng c o mparativ ely rare fac t th at it b eco mes mo re ab undant s o uth ward P C an it mean any thi ng el se th an th at (withi n certai n li mits) as it g o es s o uth it meets wi th a mo re and mo re co ngeni al habi tat ? I f th is be so litorea and we can see no oth er c o ncl usio n it sho ws th at L th rives better in warmer water th an that o f the coasts o f Nova e S coti a and N ew Brunswi c k and th erefo re th at the nat u ra l hom er o f the speci es o r the pl ace wh ere it o rigi nat ed w as i n w arm Thi s co ncl usio n is stren g thened by water t han t h at o f A cadi a the fact o f its no n o cc urrence in Greenl an d o r L ab rado r to both o f whi ch pl ac es it s ho uld h av e b een carri ed by the same ag encies whi ch too k L palliata t here T he latt er is cert ai n ly a more er and it may be th at t he c o ndi no rth ern spec i es th an the fo rm tio ns of li fe in th ese two pl aces are altogeth er uns uited to the mo re so uth ern L litorea in whi ch case it co uld certai n ly not h ave been carri ed fro m o ne co nti nent the other by way o f G reen l and I f th en L litorea ex i sted upo n the N o va S cot ia c o ast as re usi n g the w o rd an i n digen o us s e i w e a w c n hi h h s s e e n i n t e ( ) p w u s r n u n m s n i it s e x i ti g itho t p e a di g d e r c o i y w r a t l u n s a v a e e c p favo rabl e c o nditio ns o f temperat ure etc whil e favo rab l e c o ndi tio ns were waiti ng fo r it not far to the so uth ward S u rely the n f r m o n e c e g i hi h took it o o n ti t to oth t c n h e e r t s w i f u n e e c a n a ( rally i nt ro duced ) c o uld h av e carri ed it to the N ew Eng lan d c oast I s it no t mo re nat ural to s uppose wh at so many of the fac ts in n w h m t s i r a r e w a e r th t e i c h it th rives the bes t are e a t h w a c t i d lik e tho se o f its ho me and th at its ho me is in the wat ers o f the Engli sh coast whi ch we know to be so muc h warmer t han those of N ov a S coti a ? fo r
beli evi ng
ntr oduced or
7 ndig enous
the shell
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I
8
L ztto '
s
'
nna
litorea I
ntroduced or
I
ndzg enons '
meani ng o f its wo n d erfully rapid s pread and why if it ex i sted in N o va S coti a p revio us to say 1850 did it n o t b egi n to s p read b efo re ? I ts S p readi n g as rapidly as it has s ho ws th at it was o n ly waiti ng fo r the oppo rt un i ty to tak e advan t age o f it b ut why if it is i ndigeno us did it no t begi n to sp read s oo ner ? S urely the same causes whi c h h ave carri ed it s o uth s i nce 1850 were in Op eratio n b efo re I f th ey were nat ural s uch as c urrent s etc th ey certai nly have b een p resen t s ubstan ti ally u n ch anged fo r cent uri es P ro fesso r Verril l s uggests th at it may have ex i sted fo rmerly in N ova S coti a but h ave b eco me mo re ” d i ffused in recen t ti mes by co mmerce But surely t here was c o mmerce b et ween N ov a S coti a and N ew E ngl and b efo re 186 8 i n w m e w c r i s r e f r M a n a n d n u hi h y a fi t o t d o o gh e a t s r e e f r o ( p i ) i t to sati sfy the mo st ex acti ng d emands o f t hi s th eo ry I n all r n e ob a bility h e r a pid d i u s io n o f h e s h ll s i c s i t f f e 1 8 i n a t 5 p 7 meas ure due to bot h o f th ese causes but the fact th at th ey did n o t h ave a lik e effect b efo re seems v ery st ro ngly to sho w t hat t he sh el l was no t in N ova S c oti a fo r th em to sp read T he waters w hi ch bath e the A tl anti c coast o f N ova S c oti a are carri ed by the s t ro ng F un dy tid es acro ss to the N ew Brunsw i ck an d Mai ne c o asts and if c urrents had anythi ng to do with carry i ng L palli a la fro m o ne co nti nent to Green l and an d t hence to the o th er it s ho uld h av e carri ed the free swi mmi ng em b ryo s o f its ally L li torea fro m the N ov a S coti a to the N ew E ngl and c o ast But g ranti ng agai n fo r a mo ment th at L litorea has ex i sted in N ova S coti a fo r an i nd efi nitely lo ng ti me as an i nd igen o us speci es w e h ave it ex i sti n g und er c o n ditio ns very di fferent fro m those in w hi ch it th rives in En gl an d h avi ng as has been sho w n n o co n n ectio n with the l att er and yet retai n i ng its spec ifi c id enti ty It i s po ssibl e fo r a spec i es to k eep its id entity in wid ely separated l ocaliti es wh ere the c o nditio ns o f li fe are no t p rec i sely the S ame o nly by a co nti nuo us i nterco urse b et ween the di fferent lo cali t i es T hi s is in all p rob ability the case with L pallzata fo r we find it l rangi ng freely aro und the N o rt h A tl anti c in Engl and Greenl and L ab rado r A cadi a and N ew E ngl and and the agenci es w hi ch carri ed it fro m o ne l an d to t he oth er h av e in all p rob ability been i n op eratio n ever s i nce But w ith L litor ea the case is di ffer ent ; if it ex i sted in N ova S c oti a it must h ave b een c ut o ff fro m all co mmuni catio n w ith Engl and and th at it sho uld retai n its But
g i
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We have fo und no
list
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of
the shells of I celand
.
,
I s L ittorinn litorea I ntroduced
0 94
I
or
ndig enous
o vembe r N (
,
p ific identi ty under suc h con ditio ns is altogether inco n ceiv abl e W e have not b een abl e to p resent any direct proof that L lito T he rea did no t ex i st in N ova S c oti a befo re t he p resen t cen tu ry testi mo ny o f the numero us li sts (by i nd epend ent ob servers who c o uld not have o verlooked the sh ell had it b een present) o f shells o n the c oast o f N ew En gl an d an d N ew Brunsw i ck in n o ne of whi ch occ urs any mentio n of L litor ea the testi mo n y o f its ab sence fro m the Po st plio c ene d epo sits o f other part s o f C anada wh ere L pal/iota (alo n g with whi ch it al ways ex i sts) h as been fo und the testi mo ny of the I ndi an sh ell h eap s i nto w hi ch it wo uld certai nly h ave b een carri ed by the same means o r fo r the a l i m b d a fl ord l t a l l o e s c i n e th o a a e same p urpo se as was L f p al mo st ab sol ut e p roo f th at the sh ell did not ex i st o n the A t lantic c oast of A meri ca o utsid e of N ova S c oti a I f these same tes ts uestion w o uld be co uld be appli ed di rectly to N o va S c oti a the A n early li st o f the settl ed as to w h ether it o ccurred th ere sh ell s o f th at P rovi nce o r careful i nvesti gatio ns i nto its Po st pli c cene depo sits and I ndian sh ell heaps w o uld practical ly remove But the fo rmer d oes n o t exist all do ubt one way o r the o th er ad e and the l att er has n ot b een m It must h ave ex i st ed in N ova S coti a if at all But at the sa me ti me i ts absence fro m Greenl and and L ab rado r wh ere in acc o rd ance with wh at we k no w o f the g eog raphi cal di st rib utio n o f an i mal s it o ught to o ccur alo ng with L palliata if it is i n d i gen o us ; the ex t reme i mp robability of its remai ni ng in such a s mall area w itho ut sp readi ng with causes in ex i sten ce tendi n g to carry it froma l ess favo rabl e to a mo re favo rabl e h abi tat ; an d the i mpo s ai n i ng i sol ated fro m the paren t st o c k in sibility o f the spec i es rem En gl an d fo r an i nd efi n itely lo ng time and yet in spi te o f q u ite a di fferently co nditio ned h abitat remai ni n g specifi cally iden tical w i th it all o f th ese facts tend to show that it did no t ex ist even in N ova S coti a I s n ot the co ncl usio n warranted th en th at L itto rina litorea is n ot i n dig eno us to A meri ca but has been recen tly and artifi c i al ly i ntrod uced fro m Europe s ec
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ntition Ou L emurine R eversion in H uman D e
ON L E MU R I N E
R EV E R S I ON I N BY E
D
.
HU MA
.
D EN TITI ON
N
.
C OPE
.
th of man given by anato mi sts difler in i mpo rtant respects T hus F C uvi er (D ents d es M ammi fers) states th at whil e the crow n o f the fi rst superio r ’ t ru e mol ar c o nsi sts o f fo ur t ub ercl es tho se o f the seco nd and t h i rd superio r t rue mol ars co nsi st o f but th ree t ubercl es I n the “ A merican editio n of S h arpey and Quain s A nato my it is stated that the c ro wns of the superio r t rue mol ars of man c o nsist o f ad e in A llen s l ate fo u r t uberc l es and the same statement is m w o rk o n h uman anato my M y ob servatio ns havi ng sho wn me th at both o f th ese descrip ti o ns apply co rrectly to certai n types of dentitio n I d etermi ned to ex ami ne fo r mysel f to ascertai n it po ssibl e the extent and val ue of the variatio ns th us i ndi cated My i nterest in the subj ect had been especi ally sti mul ated by the research es amo ng the ex ti nct M ammali a and the results w hi c h I had d eri ved fro m them Th ese are in b ri ef as follows : Fi rst the uad ritubercul ar type of mo lar cro wn ill ust rated by the fi rst superio r t rue mol ar of man belo ngs to the pri mitive fo rm fro m whi c h all the crested upper m s m m m s n n o f t h e c e lophodo t ol hoo d pl t l l h v b e a r f e a e n a a a a e ( ) derived ; and sec o nd thi s uad rit ubercul ar type o f molar has itsel f been d erived fro m a still earli er t rit ubercul ar c ro wn by the Thi s tri additio n o f a c usp at the po st erio r i nternal part o f it tubercul ar mol ar in the upper seri es has given o rigi n di rec t ly to the superio r secto ri al teeth o f the C reodo nta and Carn i vo ra In the inferio r series I h ave show n th at in k no wn pl acental Mam mali a at l east the pri mitive mol ar cro wn is ui n uetuberc ul ar or trit ubercul ar with a po sterio r h eel ; th at thi s fo rm g ave o rigi n to the i nferio r secto ri al tooth o f Carn ivo ra by modifica tio n ; and to the uad rit ubercul ar type co rrespo ndi n g to the s uperio r uad ritubercular c ro wn by a lo ss o f the ant erio r in ner angl e and cusp A nd from the ui n ue and uad rit uberc ul ar types o f lo wer molar crown the vario us spec i alized typ es o f the ung ulates h av e b een d erived Co nsiderabl e signifi cance th erefo re attach es to the uestio n as to wheth er the superio r true molars of H mo sapiens are uad ritubercular o r t rit ub erc ul ar T he i nferio r mol ars are al so eith er d rit ubercul ar o r a n u u u u e r u e s s s i t b l a l ig ifi c r u e n c a c e t n b a t q taches to this modifi cation than to th at of the superio r true molars ES C R I PT I ON S
of
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rine R On L emu
eversion
in H uman D entitio n
v m r N e o b e [
.
,
o wi ng to two fac t viz the fifth t ubercl e is no t the as terio r i nner whi c h co mp letes the anterio r t ri angl e of the p ri mi tive inferio r mol ar b ut is a medi an po sterio r s uch as is n o t un cow mon in Mammali a of P uerc o and Eocene age ; an d sec o n d be cause thi s t ub ercl e is o f uite small size and is t herefo re more li ab le to vari atio n fro m i nsignifi can t causes I n the nearest alli es o f man the anth ropoid apes the superior t rue molars are uad rit ubercul ar the posterio r i nternal tubercle all er th an in t he other of the l ast o r thi rd mol ar b ei ng us ually s m molars in the chi mpanzee T he i nferio r mol ars are q uinq uetu bercular in t he h uman sense the go rilla no t i nfre uent ly ad di ng a s i x th lob e o n the ext ernal posterio r margi n o f the cro w n T he mol ars of both seri es are uad rit ubercul ar w ith an o c cas ional posterio r fi fth in the i n ferio r mol ars in the S emnopithec idz and C ebida ex cepti ng t he genus Pith eci a o f the l atter w here th e su perio r mol ars are trit ub erc ular T he superio r molars o f t he Ha palid a are t rit ubercul ar I n the L emuridae the seco n d a n d third and fre uently the fi rst superio r t rue mol ars are trit ub erc u lar In the T ars iida: the superio r t rue mol ars are trit uberc ul ar t h ro ugh o ut T he sup erio r mo lars of the ex ti nct l emuroi ds d i ffer l ike those of the recent fo rms Th us in A dapi s aud its al l ies they uad rit uberc ul ar but in N ec rolemur th ey are t rit u berc u lar are I n C hriac us (who se reference to the L emuroid ea is u n certai n) th ey are t rit uberc ul ar as is the case also w ith I nd ro d o n I n Th is is A napto mo rph us th ey are o f the t rue t rit uberc ul ar typ e the gen us o f L emuroid ea whi ch in its d ental ch aracter mo st an as I have else nearly app ro ach es the anth ropoid apes and m 1 T he fo rmul a is I 3 ; C Pm 3 ; M 5 w h ere p o i nted o ut T he cani nes are s mall and th ere is no di astema in either j aw It may be readily seen in c o nsideration o f these facts t hat the app earance o f t rit ub erc ular superio r mo lars in the gen us H o mo co nstit utes a revers io n to the l emurs and not to the an th ro po i d A nd amo ng l emurs the rever apes or to t he mon k eys p roper s io n is mo st p robably to t h at typ e whi c h p resents t he cl o sest t e bl ance to H o mo in other parts o f the denti tio n T he gen us sem w hi ch answers most n early to thi s re ui remen t amo ng th o se at p resent k no wn is A napto mo rph us I n st udyi n g the d entitio n of man I h ave exami ned the crania Thi s
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R eport U S Geol S urvey T errs F V H ayden V ol fig 1, and PI xxv, fig no ; and A u smcan NA rus au sr , .
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111, 1885,
24
5, PI
p 18 85, p 4 66, fig .
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13 .
u
ive
,
On L emurine R eversi on
t i
d
c o n a ne
in H uman D entition
.
in the follo wi ng five c oll ectio ns :
ce
those o f the A
d my
ca e
Phil adelphi a ; o f the A rmy Medical M u s eum o f Washi n gto n ; of the Coll eg e o f Phy si c i ans o f Phil a d elphi a ; o f the U niversity of Pen nsylvani a and of my own mu s eum T he first o f th ese is espec i ally val uabl e o n ac co unt of the n eg ro Egypti an and H i n doo c ran i a it c o ntai ns My ackno wledg ments are due to the Board o f C urato rs o f whi ch Pro fesso r L eidy is c h ai rman fo r the oppo rt unity of st udyi ng it T he c oll ectio n of t he A rmy Medi cal M useum at Was hi ngto n is espec i ally i mpo rt an t o n acc o unt o f the Kanalras Es ui maux P eruvi ans and N o rth A meri can I ndi ans whi c h it po ssesses I am under g reat obliga t io ns to its di sti ng ui sh ed di recto r D r J S Billi ngs for the facili T he museum o f the Phil a ti es whi ch he pl aced at my di sposal d elphi a Coll ege o f Phy si c i ans c o ntai ns the coll ec tio n mad e by t he l ate P ro fesso r H y rtle o f Vi enna o f cran ia o f Eastern and Medi t erranean E uropeans I n thi s depart ment it is unrival ed and I am g reatly i nd eb ted to the c o unci l o f the c oll ege and its c urato r D r Guy Hi nsd al e fo r the oppo rt un ity of exami n i ng it S o me F rench sk ull s in the U niversi ty o f Pennsylvan i a were of val ue in t he i nvestigatio n My o wn coll ectio n tho ugh small co ntai ns a n umber of Mao ri s A ust rali ans Tahiti ans and N o rth A m eri can I ndi ans whi ch h ave proved to be of i mpo rtance Of Engli sh and A nglo A meri can c rani a I h ave b een abl e to exami ne b ut few algam ated race o f wh at might be termed the tho ro ughly am Of the l atter t h ere are p rob ably many crani a in the war coll ectio n o f the A rmy M edical M useum but ho w free t he race o f eac h may be fro m fo reig n i ntermi xt ure o f co urse it is i mposs ibl e to k n ow I n sel ecti ng s uch as are s uppo sed to be stock A meri cans those o f perso ns wit h E ngli sh nam es h ave been p referred altho ug h many no w true A meri cans are of German ancest ry I n o rder to i ncrease the li st o f thi s c l as s o f exami natio ns I h ave i mpo sed on the fo rbearanc e o f my fri end s by fre uent i nspec tio ns o f th ei r dentiti o ns in ar e aperto I suspect th at the ch aracters th us obtai ned will prove o f im po rtance in a zo ologi cal and eth nologi cal sense Th ey h ave been al ready fo und to be o f great fix ity and h ence s ignifi canc e in the lower Mammali a T he o nly reas on why th ey sho uld be l ess so in man is th at the modifi catio n in reverti ng to the trit ubercul ar mol ar is a pro cess o f degeneracy and may be h ence supposed to be l ess reg ular in its ac tio n th an was the opposite process of of
N at ural S ci en
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On
L emurine R
eversion in
H uman D ennison
.
r o v e m e N b [
.
b uildi ng up or additio n o f the posteri o r i nternal c usp S o me j ustifi catio n for a light esti mate o f its val ue may be fo un d in the embered th at it is n o t always follo wi n g tabl es But it must be rem possible to determi ne exactly the race o f the perso n rep resented by a sk ull even when care in its id entifi cation has been ex ercised Emig ratio n and war h ave c o nstantly rend ered races imp ure and t ranspl antation o n a l arge scal e has in so me parts o f t he earth m a n c rania u u o f d c d hyb d c lt s t dy h r u e r i r a e s h e o f a s e o r s u T p We are sure to be mo re o r l ess viti ated by th ese ci rc umstanc es obtai n averages rath er than exact defi n i tio ns N evert hel ess the ex t remes o f the seri es o f vari atio ns are lik ely to be fo un d to be c h arac teri stic o f establi sh ed fo rm s o f man and w il l th us j ustif y my beli ef in the val ue of the ch aracters p resented To ascertain the rel atio n o f th ese vari atio ns to the races is the obj ec t o f the sent en ui ry r e p T he cause o f the t rit ubercular reversio n belo ngs to the c l ass of agenc i es active in evol utio n o f o rgani c ty pes o f who se real nat ure we k no w li tt le It can not be said to be due to a c o nt ractio n of s the max ill ary arcade fo r the Es ui maux and so me other peo pl e whi ch di spl ay the t rit ubercul ar d entiti o n are not defic i en t in this respect Trit ubercul ar molars do not re ui re l ess l ength t han the e uad rit uberc ular fo r the ex ternal width o f the cro wn is t he sam in both cases Th ey re ui re l ess materi al ho wever than a uad rit uberc ul ar c ro wn si nce a t riangl e is small er th an a s uare d rawn on t he same base li ne ; however in so me men o f the lo wer races who p resen t the t rit uberc ul ar molars th ei r o utli n e is nearly ‘ s uare T he h y poth es i s advanced to acco unt fo r the red uct ion o f the number and uali ty o f h um an teeth obse rved in the hig her races as well as fo r the repl acement o f the p rognath o us w b a y j the o rt hognatho us is th at suc h ch anges are d ue to a t rans feren ce of m ateri al and o f g ro wth energy fro m th ese arts to the s uper ior p part o f the sk ull and its contents T he rel ative superi o ri ty o f the di mensio ns of th ese latter parts in the high er rac es is suppo sed to acco unt fo r the red uc tio n o f siz e o f the j aws I n the followi ng tabl es the t uberc ul ar fo rmul aeare rep resen ted by n umbers On ly the l ast th ree o r the true mol ars in each aw are co n j s idered T uberc l es o f red uced size are rep resented by fractio ns Th us 3 n c a e s d i i t th at eac h s uperio r mol ar is uad rituberc ul ar 52 5; and eac h i nferio r mol ar ui n uet uberc ul ar Thi s rep resen ts t he ex treme o f the seri es rep resented by the lowest rac es T he .
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Proceeds A .
mer
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Philos S oc .
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187 1,
p
.
25 2
.
On
L emurine R
eversion
in H uman D entition
.
i ndi cates th at the t rue mol ars have fo ur th ree and : 32 t h ree t ubercl es respectively and th at the i nferio r t rue mol ars have fo ur each Thi s rep resent s the ex t reme co mmo n amo ng the high er races For c l earer und erstandi ng of th ese ch aracters th ey are ar rang ed in the fo rm o f a t abl e Only the pri nci pal races are rep ‘ res ent ed and hyb ri ds w h en d et ermi nabl e are o mitted T he c h aracters o f t he s uperio r mol ar t eeth o n ly are ref erred to Th ese — — n are cl assifi ed u der fo ur h ead s viz fi rst t ubercl es 4 4 4 ; — — t ubercles 4 4 s secon d u or 4 thi r d t b e rc l e 3 — — — — f o u r th t u b e r l e s c A s a l r e a dy r e m r k e d h t e a 4 4 3 4 35 3 3 ex t reme types o f the seri es giv e the mo st p reci se i ndi catio ns o f edi ate c o nditio ns h ave a vario us range race whi l e the i nterm I n the fi rst tab le the mo st obvio us resul ts are th at o nly the fo rmul a
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otals
E uropeans
8 an d
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Es uimaux
an d
Europeo- A
“
3
8
mericans
C huktchi
H indus
'
N A .
rn eri ean
N egroes
and
A ustralians
Malays
I ndian s
.
Egyptians
M icro nesians
an d
”
th ree lo west races p resent fo ur t ubercl es on all the superio r mol ars and th at of those with t ritubercul ar seco nd and t hi rd ,
M ulattoes, M
estizoes ,
H alf breed I ndians, Gypsies, etc , -
.
mitted
are o
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On L emurine R eversion in H uman D entition
.
N e m ov e r b [
,
mol ars E uro peans and th ei r A meri can d escendants greatl y pre do mi nate A l so that o f unci vilized races the Malays and N eg roes ,
.
M i cro nesi ans v ery rarely p resent thi s type o f denti v tio n whil e in the Es uimaux it consid erably p redo mi nates I now gi ve a tabl e o f the characters o f the superio r mo l ars in the Euro peans and Euro peo A meri cans ex ami ned T he n umber is no t s uffi ci ent fo r fi nal co nc l usi o ns ; nevert h el ess t here are so me i ndi catio ns o f value S o me o f the o ne h und red and n i neteen dentitions exami ned are referred with do ubt to their
ne er, an d ,
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Europa A -
mericans
French
Germans an d S cand in avians
Greeks
an d
W estern
I talians
A siatic:
Th us the Euro peo A meri cans may have been in races instances i mmig rants as many suc h l eft th ei r bo nes o n the b att l e fi eld s o f the A meri can Civil war where many o f the cra ni a were so s are largely A us trian s i c k d p o d e rm a n u s e e G T h u s e p p p a r t h at so me o f th em may be mo re or l ess S l avi c o r Maj y A s res ults we h ave the follo wi ng : T he t rit uberc ular den ti ti o n appears in el even o ut o f t wenty five S l avs ; in seven o ut o f t wenty th ree Greeks and Itali ans ; in six o ut o f t wenty two Ger mans and S candi navi ans ; in six o ut o f eight F rench an d in T he o n ly g reat race t wenty o ut of th irty E urop eo A meri cans -
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p resent s a si mil ar hig h percentage o f t rit ub ercul ar mol ars is the Es ui maux wh ere th ey o ccur in ni neteen o ut of twenty ei ght d entitio ns T he t end ency is most mark ed in S lav s F renc h an d Europeo A meri cans and is l eas t mark ed in Greeks and I t ali ans and in Germans T h ese two sub races stand in the seri es bet ween the intermedi ate type o f the N o rth A mer i c an I ndi ans an d the oth er Europeans I have seen no Engli sh dentitio ns It is i mpo rtant to remember in thi s co nnectio n th at the dis t in g uished eth nologi st and arc h a eologi st W Boyd D awki ns af fi rms that the earli est i nhabitants o f Britai n and so me oth er parts o f Europe were Es ui maux H e refers especi ally to the men o f the caves w ho se i mpl ements and art s he d ecl ares to be identi cal 1 w ith t hose used by the Es ui maux of the p resent day A s it is evid ent th at the l emuri ne or t ri t ub erc ul ar reversio n co mmenced w ith the Es ui maux it may be th at in so me i nstances at l east its app earance in men o f A nglo S ax on and ot her E uropean races is d ue to i nh eritance alo ne But it is reaso nabl e to suppose th at in thi s case as in oth er evol utio ns the cause whi ch p roduced thi s modificatio n o f the Es ui maux d entitio n is st il l active and its fre uent appearanc e in the mo st ci vilized races may be due to this cause as well T he prog ressive c h aracter of the French den titio n in thi s respect is in b road co nt rast wi th the pri mitive ch ar acter o f th at of I tali ans an d Greeks T he ch aract ers seen in the l atter go far towards sustai ni ng P ro fesso r H ux l ey s hypot hes i s that the dark Mediterranean sub races co nsi st o f a mi x t ure of Egy pti an with the I nd o European sto ck I n co ncl usio n it may be stated that the t rit uberc ul ar superio r molars of man co nstit ute a reversio n to the d entitio n o f the L emurid aeo f the Eo cene period o f the family o f A napto mo rphidaz A nd sec o nd that thi s reversio n is pri nc ipally seen amo ng Es ui maux and the S lavi c F renc h and A merican branches o f the European race w h i ch
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Early M an in Britain,
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E DIT OR S E D I T OR S :
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t t ment is o ften made t hat teachi ng an d o rigi nal i nvestigatio n are i nco mpatibl e Thi s is n ot so ; furt her w e main tai n th at he who is engaged in advanced st udi es in any department o f sc i ence is far better adapted fo r fulfilli ng the fun c ti o n s o f an i nst ructo r at l east in a c oll ege th an he who is c o ntent to allow oth ers to make his di scoveri es fo r him A 11 i nst r uct o r to be tho ro ughly ualified to i nst ruct sho uld keep hi msel f tho ro u ghly sted o n all the rec en t di scoveries in his p rovi nce h b e o n e U l e ss p an o rigi nal i nvesti gato r he will fail to do so H e w il l res t co ntent with the t ex t books and the littl e he can assi mil at e by readi ng ab st racts and revi ews in the semi pop ul ar sc i entifi c j o ur n al s ; he itho ut whi ch no go od res u l ts can be w ill l ac k th at enth usi asm w ex p ected fro m the st ud ent T he o rigi nal i nvest i gato r has that Witho ut it he co uld no t be co mpell ed to g o t hro ugh enth usi asm all th at d rudgery whi ch is necessary to p rod uce g o o d res ul ts T he st udent in c o mi n g i nto his p resence is at o nce in sp i red to wo rk and to be tho ro ugh in his wo rk T he o rigi nal in v est ig ator m l m s e s e f e d t k p hi s is fo rced to k eep up with the ti mes e e u t o H p ay as to wh at is goi ng o n the whol e wo rld over in o rder t hat h e m n ot waste his ti me and energi es in doi ng wh at has already b ee n thor o ughly perfo rmed H e goes to the botto m o f his subj ec t an d his p upil s may rely upo n wh at he says ; it w il l be the ex press i o n o f the mo st recent Opi nio n and will be autho ritative so far as it li es in his speci al li ne It may be said he will be narro w and that h e w ill h ave an ex aggerated id ea o f the i mpo rtance o f the subject o f his To a certai n ex tent thi s is t rue but n o t s o far own c ho sen fi eld as one wo uld at fi rst thi n k A ll d epart ments o f any sc i en c e are i nterd ependent an d he who is spec i ally engaged in o ne l in e is obliged to k eep track o f wh at is b ei ng do ne in the oth ers fo r he must turn in every di rectio n for hi nts and co mpari sons S o me pec uli ar ualiti es o f so me s ub stance d esc ribed in the pap ers o f so me c h emi cal jo urnal m ay give the physi c i st j ust the po in t s he need s to mak e so me ex peri men t a s uccess S o me featu re i n t he o ne may th row light o n some pro bl em in st ruc t ure of a sea anem the d evelop ment o r the di seases of man T he o rigi nal i nves ti g ato r is fo rced to ex plo re every co rner and k eeps his mi nd st o red w i th the l atest di scoveri es w hil e his uni nvestigat i n g coll eag ue sees o nly what chance th ro ws in his way Whi ch o ne oth er t hi ngs bei ng e ual will mak e the better i n structo r T he
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R EC EN T L
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very ti mely work in vi ew o f t h e recen t earth uak e at Ch arl esto n Fo r thi s reaso n we sh al l fo r the use o f o ur readers ab st ract so me o f the l eadi n g poi nts r el ati ng to earth uak es an d t h ei r causes whi ch seem generally ac cepted and to accord w ith ob served fact s Whil e it is esti mated t h at sev eral earth uakes o ccur daily th ro ugho ut the wo rld refer en ce is al s o m earth tre ad e to the small er movem ent s call ed ” “ mo rs whi ch o ccur so co nstantly that it wo uld appear th at the g ro und on whi ch we d well is i ncessantly in a state of tremulo us ” motio n A typi cal eart h uake ho wever co nsi sts o f a seri es o f s mall tremo rs succeed ed by a shoc k o r seri es o f sho ck s separat ed ” by mo re or l ess i rreg ul ar vib ratio ns o f the g ro und A fter dis c uss i n g sei smosc op es i nst rum ents w hi c h are so co nst ructed as to move at the ti me of an earth uak e and l eave a reco rd of the mo tion as well as sei smo g raph s o r reco rd receivers earth uak e motion is discussed th eo reti cal ly Mall et s and A bbot s res ults bei n g given as well as the results obtai ned by the autho r in J apan H is A si ngl e sho ck is as Mall et states an i mpo ss ibility statement is T he al mo st universal successio n uot ed as follo ws : o f ph eno mena reco rded in earth uak es is fi rst a t rembli n g th en a severe s ho ck o r several in ui ck successio n and th en a t rem bli ng g rad ually but rapidly b eco mi ng i nsensib le A s the results o f observatio ns o n the velocity o f propagatio n o f an earth uak e it appears t hat in the Tokio eart h uak e o f October 2 5 1881 the di st urbance must h av e t rav el ed between Yokoh ama and Tokio at the rate o f 4 300 feet per second but fro m H akod ate to Tokio at a v eloc ity o f Th us Mi lne feet per seco nd co nc l udes fro mhis o wn observ atio ns and tho se o n the L i sbo n and other eart h uak es th at 1 Di fferent earth uak es al t ho ugh th ey may t ravel acro ss the sam e c o unt ry h av e very vari abl e v elo citi es v aryi ng between sev eral h und red s and sev era l tho usand s o f feet per seco nd 2 T he same eart h uak e travel s mo re ui ckly ac ro ss di str i cts near to its o rigi n t han it do es acro ss di st ri ct s whi c h are far re moved i h h r r a s t T e g e a t e r h e i n t e n s ity f s ho c k t h e g e t e r e t t o h e 3 velo c i ty M ult i pli ed ob servatio ns show t h at however chaoti c at fi rst s ight appears the r ui n p ro d uced by earth uak es th ere is in many cases mo re o r l ess law govern i ng the positio ns of bo di es wh i ch h ave fall en the di rectio n and po si tio ns of crack s in walls and the vario us ” other ph eno mena whi ch result fro msuch d est ructivedi sturbances M l L un s EA R T H QUA K ES ’
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E artnquaé es and ol ner E artlz M ovements By JOH N M i n ts, pro fessor of mining and geolo i rty eight 1n the I m eri al C o llege o f En i neeri n , T o kio, J a an i t h t h W gy p g p g figures 12m m, pp 363 N cv Y ork, D A ppleton 8: C o 1886 .
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D arw i n tell s us th at in the earth uake at Co ncepc io n in 1835 the wall s w hi c h ranged S W by W and N E by E s to o d better th an those whi ch ranged N W by N and S E by S the undu “ latio ns co mi ng fro m the S W I n C araccas t he c i ty o f earth ” uak es it is said t hat every ho use has its log o securo or safe s id e w h ere the i nh abi tant s pl ace th ei r fragil e p roperty Thi s toga securo is the n o rth sid e and it was c hosen b ecause abo ut two out o f every th ree destructwe s ho ck s t raversed t he c i ty fr o m west to east so th at t he wall s in th ese s ides o fa b uildi ng have b een stri cken ” b ro ad s id e o n .
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FI G t of 185 7 .
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t i c ts al so in an earth uake co unt ry are free from sho ck s si nce M il ne t ell s us th at even in a c o un try lik e Japan w h ere th ere are o n the averag e at l east two earth uakes per day it is po ssibl e to c hoo se a pl ace to b uild in as free fro meart h uakes Caverns well s uarri es moats and the prox as Great Bri tai n imity to ravi nes and cafi o ns p rotec t a small regio n fro m the severe sho c k s o f earth uak es S ei smi c di sturb ances in the ocean are di sc ussed in the ni nth ch apter A mo ng the mo st st riki ng ex ampl es is that o f I ui que S pe
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P eru T he sea wav e o f the I ui ue earth uake o f May 9 187 7 l ik e many o f its p redecesso rs was felt ac ro ss the basi n o f the w hol e Pacifi c fro m N ew Zealand in the so ut h to J apan an d Kamschatka in the no rth an d but fo r t he i nterven tio n o f the Eurasi an and A meri can co nti nents wo uld h ave mad e itsel f app rec i abl e over the w hole o f o ur globe A t pl anes o n t he S o ut h A meri can co ast it has been stated t hat the h eight o f the wav es vari ed fro mt wenty t o eighty feet A t the S amo a i sl ands the h eight s vari ed fro m six t o t welve feet I n N ew Zeal an d the sea rose and fell fro m th ree t o t wenty feet I n A ust rali a theh eights to whi ch the water o scil lated w ere si mil ar to tho se observ ed in N ew Zeal and I n Japan it ro se an d fell fro m five to ten feet I n thi s latter co untry the w m f s s t ructive earth uake a h n o s e a w v e hi h ollo w d e e e n a o c f a p eri can c oast are s o well k no wn t h at old res id ents o n t he S o uth A m h av e wri tt en to the papers ann o unci ng the p robabili ty o f s uc h o cc urren ces havi n g tak en pl ace so m e t wenty five ho urs p revio usly i n S o uth A meri ca I n thi s way news of g reat cal ami ti es has been an ti cipated d etail s o f whi ch o nly arri ved so me week s s ubse uently J ust as the dest ructi ve earth uakes o f S o uth A meri ca h ave an no unced th emselves in Japan ; in a like manner the de s t ruc ti ve ea1t hq uakes o f J apan h ave an no unced th em selves upo n t he tid e gauges o f Cali fo rn i a S i milarly but no t so fre uently di st urb ances sh ak e the o ther o ceans o fthe world Fo r example t he great earth uak e of L i sbo n p ropagated waves to the co asts of A meri ca taki ng o n t hei r j o ur n ey n i n e an d a h al f ho urs T he co mpl ete set o f ph eno mena whi c h may acco mpany a vio l ent s ub mari ne ex plosio n is as follows (p 17 4 ) By t he i n i ti al i mp ul se o f ex plos io n o r li fti ng o f the g ro und a great sea wave is generated whi ch travel s sho rewards w i t h a velo city d ependent upo n its s ize and the d ept h o f t he o c an ; at t he same i nstant a may be p ro duced in the air so un d wav e ” w hi ch t rav el s at a ui cker rate th an the g reat sea wave A ” th i rd wave whi c h is p ro duced is an eart h wave w hi c h w ill r eac h the s ho re w ith a v elo c ity depend ent o n the i n tensi ty o f t he i mpul se and t he el asti ci ty o f t he roc k s thro ugh whi ch it is prOpa m v s s r r a s s t e d T h i l t e r w hi h t r e l h e f t e t a c a y n i a a t c a o s t t y g ” b ack a s mall fo rced sea wave On reachi n g the sho re an d w w se a s lig ht recess io n of s i ng i n l and thi s r t h v e ill c a u s e a a a p s lips fro m its b ack t he wat er as the fo rced s ea wav e t ravel th ey will giv e blo ws to A s t hese fo rced sea waves s hips b eneath w hi c h th ey m ay pas s b ei n g t rans mi tted fro m t he botto m o f the o cean to the botto m o f the s hips like so und waves i n water A t the t i me o f s mall earth uakes p ro duced fo r exam s n s s m s l e o f u n t 1 f w r t plo io ll i g vol b e e x a a t i e o a t e e n e r n t h y p q c an ic fi s s ures o r by t he s udd en co nd ensat io n o f st eam fro m s uc h a fi ss ure en teri n g the o cean a ueo us so und waves are p ro duced —O O -
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k observed o n coast li nes only 124 w ere acco mpan i ed by sea waves Out o f 109 8 rec o rded on the w est co ast o f S o uth A meri ca o n ly n i neteen are said t o have been ost acc o mpani ed by sea wav es ;but fro mad di t io n al fac ts stat ed al m ev ery severe earth uak e o n th at co ast has b een acco mpani ed by co n s id erabl e agi tatio n in the neighbo ri n g sea On A p ril 2 185 1 wh en many to wns in C hili were des troyed the sea was no t di st urbed A t the ime o f t he g reat eart h uake of N ew Zeal and (J une 2 3 e from alt o ug h all the s ho c k s cam the sea yet t h ere was no flood T he small s ho c k o f F eb ruary 14 ” ho wever was acco mpani ed by a mo tio n in the sea T o these facts t aken fro m F uch s wo rk o ur autho r add s the fac t t hat the But
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g reat er n umb er Of di sturb ances whi c h are felt in the n o rtheastern part Of J apan alt ho ugh t hey emanate fro m beneath the sea do Th ey are ho wever s ufficient no t p ro d uce any vi s ibl e sea wav es to cause a vib rato ry mo tio n o n board s hips sit uated n ear their ,
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It has b een lo ng k nown by p hysi ci sts that the vel o c ity with w hi ch a given wave is p ropag ated alo ng a t ro ug h O f uni form depth holds a rel at io n to the d ep th o f the t ro ugh ; h enc e cal cula t io ns Of the averag e dep t hs o f the Pac ifi c dependent o n t he veloc ity wi th whi ch earth uak e waves h ave b een p ro paga t ed have b een made by many i nvestigato rs but M il ne t hi nks t h ese are ed vi n g ass um Open to c ri t i ci s ms in co nse uence o f t he w ri ter ha t hat t he wave o ri g i nated o n a co ast li ne w hen t he evid ence clearly e di stance o ut at sea A s an exam s ho wed t hat it o rigi nated so m l o f s uc h cal c ul atio ns we copy M il ne s acco unt o f t he wave of e p ,
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o uth A meri can coast and lives were lo st Thi s wave l i k e all the others t ravel ed the l ength and b readth Of the Pacifi c I n J apan at Hok odate it was Ob served by C aptai n T B B l aki sto n R A w ho very ki n dly gave me the follo wi n g acco un t On A ug ust I 5 at A M a seri es Of bo res o r tid al waves c o mm enced and l asted until 3 R M I n ten mi n utes th ere was a d i fference in the sea l evel of ten feet the water ri s i ng abo ve high w ater and falli ng b elo w lo w water mark w ith g reat rapidi ty T he o rdi nary tid e is o nly tw o an d a h al f to th ree feet T he di sturb S
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p rod uci n g th ese waves o rigi nated b et ween I ui ue and A ri ca in abo ut lat In S at abo ut 5 P M o n A ug ust I 3 G reenw i c h ti me t hi s w o uld be abo ut I 3 h 9 m 4 0 s A ug ust I 3 T he arri val o f the wav e at H ako date in Greenwi c h ti me w o ul d be abo ut I 4 h 7 m 6 s A ug ust 14 ; t hat is to say the w ave took abo ut 24 h 57 m to travel abo ut 87 00 mil es w hi ch gi ves us an average rate o f abo ut 5 I I feet per seco n d These waves were fel t a ll over t he Paci fic s s s e r i t e t h Ch a t h a i l d t h y h e d it u n n a w m h A ance
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h viol ence th at w hol e settl ements were dest royed A t the i ch i s l ands the sea o scillat ed at i ntervals o f ten mi nutes for S an d w ” t h ree day s Co mpari n g thi s wave w i th the o ne Of 187 7 we see that one reach ed H akod ate w i th a v elo c ity o f 5 11 feet per sec o n d whi lst t he oth er t rav el ed the same di stance at 5 12 feet per sec o nd Oth er p racti cal probl ems are t he determi natio n o f earth quake o rigi ns and the d epth o f an earth uak e cent rum d i sc ussed in Ch apters x and x1 Fro m Mall et s cal cul ation s the greatest poss ibl e depth Of any earth uake sho ck is li mi t ed to about t hi rty g eog raphi cal mi les b ut M il ne ad ds that the o rigin of d ate the Owen s Vall ey earth uak e Of M arc h 187 2 w as estim e 1 8 s w t h m c 2 e a m Jo b i g l fi f t y il lo r u r S a s e n a t t e s b e A e 7 ) ( s uc
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U nder the h ead o f di strib utio n o f earth uakes ti me referen ce is made to a map w hi ch does not ,
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opy o f the book A s an ex ample o f the vast area over w hi ch an eart h uak e is sensibl e t hat o f L i sbo n in I 7 5 5 is giv en w h i ch was felt o ver an area o f 3 300 mil es lo ng and 27 00 mil es W 1de but in t he fo rm o f tremo rs and p ul satio ns it may h ave sh ak en th e whole Earth uak es chi efly o ccur in vol can i c an d mo u n tai nous globe regio ns L ooki ng at the b ro ad feat ures o f the globe w e see on its s urface many vast dep ress io ns S o me o f th ese saucer lik e hol lows fo rm land s urfaces as in C ent ral A s i a T he majo ri ty of A ctive vol canoes th ese ho wev er are o cc upi ed by the Ocean s chi efly o cc ur n ear t he rim Of t he hollo w s whi ch h ave the steepest T he majo rity o f earth uakes p rob ably h ave th ei r origi n s lop es ” o n o r near the botto m o f th ese slopes 0 2 6 t u e u s o h e f r e n c f r t h e s s s m f y k Kl g ti o e u e e a t a a e o t A 4 q s 1 e e r s 8 n a e a n 8 r a n d v i ly d e e a a t w r o t 1 a be sn th y a w 1 57 50 g g y c
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by o ur autho r to be much b elo w the t ruth as th ere may b e perh aps ten and perhaps o ne h undred it b ei ng i mpo ss ibl e to s tate t he n umber d efi n it ely M il ne c o nc l ud es after a l en g thy discussion o f the facts t hat the maj o ri ty o f earth uakes are due to explo sive effo rts at vol can i c fo ci T he g reater n umb er o f t hese ex plo sio ns tak e pl ace b eneath t he sea and are p rob ably d ue to t he ad mi ssio n Of water t hro ugh fi ss ures to the h eated ro ck s b eneath ; A s mall n umb er o f eart h u a s r e n a a s s r k o i i t e t l vol o o m a th k e a r o e e t c u a c a n S r u a e a e q g p d uced by the s udden fract ure o fro ck y st ratao r the p ro ductio n o f fa ults T hi s may be attri butabl e to st resses b ro ug ht abo ut by e l evato ry p ress ure L astly w e have earth uak es due t o the c ol ” lap se o f un d erg ro und ex cavatio ns T he wo rk co ncl ud es with b ri ef ch apters o n earth t remo rs earth u satio ns and earth o sc ill atio ns l p t ho ught
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W n enL ea s R EPOR T U PON T H E T H I R D I NT ER NA T I ONA L Gno G R A PR I C A L C ONG R ES S Better l at e t han never is the ad age w hi ch enters the mi n d upo n read ing t h at the co ng ress the pro c eedin s o f w hi ch are h ere re o rt ed was h eld at Veni ce It al y g p d uri ng t he l ast h al fo fthe cal end ar year 1881 A s th ese g eog raph i cal co ng resses are held every five years thi s vol ume j ust escapes b ei ng mi stak en fo r a fo recast Of the fo urth co ng ress R ep resent at iv es fro m t wen ty n i ne n atio nali t i es em b raci ng three fo urth s o f t he earth s i nhabi tants w ere p resen t T he uestio n o f a co mmo n i n i tial meridi an and un i fo rmstand ard ti me seems to h ave b een the most pro mi nent matter b ro ught b efo re t he attentio n o f the assem b l ed geo g raph ers and ex plo rers b ut vo tes were taken upo n fo rty s even uestio n s A mo ng t hese were the ex act t rigo no met ri cal d etermi natio n o f t he po si tio n o f li g ht ho uses the establi s hment o f s ubo rdi nate met eo rologi cal statio ns to co nnect pol ar statio ns wi t h tho se in middl e l ati t udes ; the d esi rability Of regi steri ng the super fi cial temperat ure o f t he soil ; the c o mpil atio n o f a uni versal pho n eti c alph ab et ; t he rep resen tatio n Of mo untains (in el ementary at l ases) by l evel c urves ; the fi xati o n o f a universal scheme o f c olo ratio n fo r di f ferent h eights depth s and ki nds Of soil and t he reparatio n o f ll sts Of t he ex plo rers o f eac h co unt ry T e x h E p h ibitio n was h el d in seven ty fo ur roo ms in t he royal pal ace and w as attend ed by abo ut vi sito rs T he pri ncipal part o f the vol ume is o ccupi ed with an acco unt o f the Gov ern ment L and an d M ari ne S urvey s o f the Wo rl d co m mencing w i th a s ummary o f the o rigi n o rgan i zatio n ad mi n i st ra tio n functio ns hi sto ry and p ro g ress o f th ese s urveys with li sts o f t he general and S p eci al topog raphi c maps p ubli shed etc C apt W heel er states that in all the ol der c i vilized co unt ri es t he to po g raphi c s urvey is the p ri ncipal o ne and th at in all l arge and wel l o rgani zed Go vernments it has b een co nti nuo usly mai ntai ned un der military ad mi ni stratio n N o such s urvey no w exi sts in the U nited ’
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S tates
m r b e N e ov [
L iter atur e
ecent
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geologi cal s urveys of the vario us c o un tri es are n ex t tak en up s ep arately c o mmenc i n g w i t h G reat I n A s i a o n ly o ne i nd epend ent c o u n try Brit ai n and its co lo n i es J apan seems to h ave topog raphi c and geologi c surveys T hose w hi ch were i naug urated by Brazil the U n i ted S tat es o f C o lo mbia Ecuado r Peru Co sta R i ca S an S alvado r Guatemal a and M ex ico T he were all stopp ed at the date o f the w riti n g o f the rep o rt maps i nc l ud e o ne o f the w o rl d sho wi n g the areas whi c h h ave been t rigo n o met ri cally s urveyed a mo re detail ed map o f the E u ropean s urveys an d anoth er o f the U n i ted S tat es an d several s ect ions T he fro m the topographi c ma s Of vario us E uro pean co un t ri es p advantages o f the vari o us met ho ds o f rep resenti n g reli ef can be studi ed by c o mpari n g the h ac hu res ill umi nated by Obli u e ligh t o f the S w i ss at las w ith tho se ill umi nated by v erti cal ligh t o f that o f R uss i a an d bo t h w i th the sy stem o f c urv es adopt ed in t he T he sectio n fro mS i eg fri ed s at l as o f S w i t zerl and S pan i s h s urvey gi ves t he slighter el evatio ns in c urves the hi g h er in h ac h ures an d fulfill s it s p urpose admi rably I n the maps o f S ax o ny c ur ves and c rayo n sh adi n g are used w hil e in th at o f France five c o l o rs are used in c o mbi natio n with c o n to ur li nes There is unfo rt u nately a l ack o f referen ces to enabl e o ne unversed in all the vari eties of T he n ecessity t opog raphi c representat 1o n to understan d t hem o f a co n sens us o n the s ubj ect is evi den t T he tOpo g raphic
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T un M OR PH OGENY OF T H E V ER T EBR A L C OL UMN 11s T H E A u xi l OT A I n t hi s b ro ch ure o f thi rty pages D r Baur g ives a h i s t o rical rev i ew o f t he O i n io ns Of anato mi sts as to t he ho mologi es o f the p -
.
.
g ments whi ch are most easily di sti ng ui sh ed amo ng the R hachito mo us Batrach1a Th ere have been th ree d i fferent vi ews o n th i s s ubj ect tho se o f vo n Meyer Cope and Gaud ry T he Opi n io n o f Gaudry has been sup po rted by F ri tsch and L y dek ker V o n M ey er regard ed the i n tercent rum in A rch ego sauru s as an i n ferio r v erteb ral arch co rrespo ndi ng b elo w to the n eural arc h abo ve Cope b eli eved it to be a di sti nct bo dy i ntercalated b etween the t rue cent ra whi ch he regarded as rep resented by t he two pl euro cent ra Gaudry tho ugh t th at t he pl euro cen tra and i n ter cent rum tog et her fo rm a cen t r um an d he th erefo re names Cope s ” “ i ntercent rum hypo cent rum D r Baur sho ws Cope s w ew to be the co rrect o ne o n vario us g ro und s A mo n g th es e is the do ubl e bil ateral o rigi n Of the t rue cent rum in Verteb ra as s how n by M ull er R o seberg A lb rech t and Fro riep D I E C L A S S E N u OR D N UNGEN n rs T H I E R R EI C H S 1a W OR T U BI L D ; von J G Bro nn ; R eptili en fo rtgesetz t y o u D r C K — Ho ffman Thi s i mpo rtant p ubli catio n is p rogressi n g in its vario us d epartments and bi ds fai r to reac h an early co mpl etio n M any o f its dep artmen ts are co n t rib uted by abl e nat urali sts T he de verteb ral
se
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Ueber die tlforp/rog cu ic der C entralblatt, A ugust, 1885
Wir belsauleder A mn roten
V o n D r BA U R .
.
Biolog isches
R
ment o f
L i terature
ecent
.
p ili a is rep resented by a co nsiderabl e amo unt Of matter co nt rib uted by D r H o flmann T he anato mi cal po rt io n o f t h i s wo rk is ui te t ho ro ugh and fo rms a val uabl e tex t book o f the s ubj ect We cannot say as much fo r the systemati c po rt io n Thi s h as been written o n the p ri ncipl e o f i nserti ng everyt hi n g w itho ut c riti ci sm Th ere has b een no co nsideration of evidence as to a c o rrect rep resentatio n o f nat ure and t he l east ex p ress ive model s h ave Often been sel ec ted N o atten tio n has been p aid t o uestio ns o f syn o ny ms ; h enc e the sam e g en us Often appears und er di fferent es o ccas io nally att rib uted to the w ro n g autho r n am Thi s po rtio n o f the wo rk s ho uld h ave b een co n fi ded to a mo re co m petent e r s o n p a r t p
R
e t
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-
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mitn
S
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—R ep
the east coast o f the
F R
N os
3
2,
.
von
.
.
,
nc nu r
Book s A ND h u man
s
.
decapo d C rustacea o f the A lbat r oss dredgings off the Washi ngto n, 1886 Fro m the author U S A i n 1884
ort o n the
L
.
R
'
— .
.
—A nnalen
Wien
,
18 86
.
.
.
.
.
des K K N aturhisto rischeu H ofmuseums, Band I , From the edito r .
.
.
.
Bulleti n o f the I llinois S tate L aboratory of Natural H istory F or bes, S A 1886 Fro m the author o n the contagio us diseases o f insects .
.
.
WacI i smutn
Sp and relat io ns
C, classificauo n the authors .
,
rin
and
e r, g
—Z
.
—R evisio
i
I i
of
.
n o f the
the brachi ate
S tudies
.
Palaeocri n o idea C ri noids, etc Phila
Part I I I T he 18 From 86 .
.
.
.
,
.
.
P ackar d, A 18 86
S
.
.
for C olleges
oology
h d t t e i i o n 5
.
H
.
.
H olt 8: Co
.
N ew Y ork,
,
.
d 3
Briefer Zoblogy
—
.
H
edition .
.
H olt 8: C o
.
N ew Y ork,
,
1886
.
P ar ker , I V M Elemen ts o f the comparati ve an ato my o f V ert ebrates, adapted fro m Wieders heim Macmillan 8: C o , 4 886 From the the German o f Pro fessor R author .
.
.
L y man , B .
.
9
.
.
—A
—I l C ontrast
Boselti , E autho r .
D
Walt er
,
17 1
j M j .
.
fra l A
o
—H a db k M —L ette
.
aw son ,
o log ical tri t o e p g '
n
.
oo
rs
r s.
,
of
From the author
.
.
Y esso in
rn ore
Zoology
Fro mthe author
1874 .
.
.
M ontreal
.
M ilano ,
la Bellezza
e
from a mother to
a
.
,
18 86
.
mother on
188 6
From the
.
From the aut hor
.
children s '
teeth
.
1885
.
.
—Bull
S cien tific L aboratories T he E vening Gros beak ; Metamorphosis and morphology of certain Phyllopods ; N o tes on A mer ican R otifers Fro m the autho r
H err ick, C L .
.
of
.
—R ep
the D en ison
.
.
M en i mam11 -
.
of
.
the progress of the geo deti c triangulation
From the author
18 85.
of
Pennsylvania
.
.
M elt P I I
R
-
.
,
.
.
ep o f the .
A labama weather service, A of a new
D escri ptio n P ilsory , I I A V From the autho r -
.
.
—
.
H ydrob ia
ug . 18 86
From the
.
R ep D avenport A
.
.
.
author
.
N S .
V ol
.
.
P arker , W K Ou the structure and developmen t o f the skull in the Mammalia Part I I I I nsect ivora From Philos T rans R S , 1885 Part 11 Edentata From t he author '
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.
.
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.
.
.
.
S ur l
E rr er a , L author .
—Palfi — T h e [ j f
exis teuce
’
du glycogene dans la levure de biere
.
Fro m the
.
scu m” , M
ontolog ische
L
on
esle y,
.
a
N otizen
From the autho r
Ueber der C reodonta
.
.
b n i n d u i n a d i s t r i t o g
of
.
the D elaware and C hester
K aolin de
o sits .
p R eport
ou
R esurvey -
A
the of
C ornw all iro n
ore
mines
I
.
.
’
C A
.
.
-
.
.
.
A ll from the author
the Pittsburg coal reg io ns
H ill , F A , and L ewis, fl o f the Wyom ing L ackawanna valley
sno u rn er ,
8S 6
.
C
.
—N otes onthe Quatemnzy g eology
v r m e e N o b (
R ecent L iter ature .
M n rner, C A
A
s
—R ep
— Se
cond rep o f
.
.
W yoming
ort on the
H eilpri n , A L
—F
ossils o f
.
L
esouer eux ,
j
.
valley
.
Wyoming
diiieren ces
.
.
.
limestone
valley
.
From the author
.
.
of sen satio n
'
I t
Bo th fro m the author
limesto ne beds
—T he vegetable origin of coal
— small n O j
astr oro,
the
in the anthracite coal regio ns, Pu t
r o . p g
.
,
N at A
.
.
cad
S ci
.
.
V ol
,
.
III
Fm
.
the autho r
— .
.
.
.
C atalo gue of the fossil Mammalia in L y dekker , R From the trustees Brit Mus 188 6 .
T he mulberry silkworm R iley , C V R eport of the ento mologist I S86 R ep on the cotton worm an d bo l
—
-
.
.
.
S mithson ian [ ust
.
—A
.
S
[
an d
,
.
.
.
18 85
.
A ll from the auth or
.
Wirbelsaule
— mj S tudie
m
s of rhyth
astr o
884
.
From the authors
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Fro m the
mnioten
der A
.
.
Bull U S Geol S urv , No
.
.
.
m
or
—L ist of marine Mo llusca
D ali , I V li
,
.
.
.
.
nn ual repo rt of th e bo ard o f reg ents, I
.
.
.
.
-
autho r
II I
Bull U 5 D ept A gric D ept A g ric
.
U S
.
Ueber die Mo rphogenie der
B o ar , G H all, 6
8S6
I
.
-
,
.
.
.
Museum Part
Bri tish
the
-
.
.
.
.
.
s Crypto gam
o rders of
Guide to the recogn ition o f the principal S a rg en t, F L Fromthe publisher C ambridg e, I 886 , C W S ever
24
.
Fro m the
.
autho r
.
T he presen t technical B ar nes, P Bull U S Geo l S urv , N o 2 5 .
.
.
.
.
K edaxe, I
—C
.
.
.
H owe, H 11 1 autho r '
con dition o f
-
.
.
melti ng
o pper
s
Bull
—
U
.
—
S
.
Geol
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
L
C olors
ang le y,
S
18 86
—
.
Ext P Bo st S N H .
.
.
.
.
.
natural
.
,
885
I
.
.
—
.
C olorado
E xt T rans
.
.
.
From the author
.
.
Ext A .
.
o ogical
.
i neralogy
mer Jo ur
Boston , C assino
.
and shooting stars
.
.
Fro m t he
S cience S upplemen t, A
.
,
.
A labama
of
S urvey
S ci
.
.
ug
.
.
.
S
.
A
-
.
n cient and
mo dern methods of
arro w release
.
D escri ptio n of a new Gecko o f the g en us Nephrums 18 A nn an d Mag N H 86 D escription of a new iguanoid lizard Ext P Z S , 1886
Bouleng er , G A .
.
.
.
.
R emarks author
mens
speci
on
E xt
.
.
.
.
-
W
.
—Ge l
M ey er , 0 of
syste
M eteo ri tes, meteors N ewton , H A 1886 From the author
-
.
mm
.
.
A
and
,
.
autho r
ll orse, E
S
-
.
a
of
.
—
.
C hi cago ,
Co
.
.
.
S
From the
26 .
.
C Grig gs
.
P Ou hitherto unrecogn ized wave lengt hs From the autho r
.
.
S
.
.
.
T
.
and sun spots
-
.
o f soils
.
.
.
.
A lar ick , T I t S arit a, E A From 0 Meyer I S86
H un t,
S urv , No
.
.
Cornstoot , T B T he geolo gy and vein structure A Min Eng , I 886 Fro m the author oint struct ure N otes on j Crosby , I V 0 -
U S
.
li S o lar heat , gravitatio n S 6 From the publishers .
of the
industry
steel
From the author
.
.
the
of
R
an a
.
.
arr/ alts
.
.
.
Ext P Z S
.
.
.
.
.
,
18 86
A ll from the
.
.
L
auren ,
ten
C
mper t
a
,
m e s f I
I
.
.
-
—D ie H
IC
—Ou a
T he geology
of
olothurien vo n
S
C H , et venience
wan ,
.
.
C in cinnati
.
.
.
.
.
Johns
H opk
18 86.
.
.
.
U ni v
.
.
,
From the autho r
.
the palreon tology of the C inci n n ati
Ext C i n S oc N
—ou Py g .
.
.
r u I O sis, p
.
.
H
.
,
I
886
.
a new ri sso id
Fro m the authors
—C omparative .
aI
-
-
S tud Biol L ab
-
m in
.
.
K aempe Do ven dyr S laeg
.
S ild Georg ien , I S 86
recent syn ony
.
.
at
.
Call, E , an d P ush y , H A D av A N H , Vol V .
.
From the author
.
R
,
Bemaerkn in g er i A nled ning 886 From the author
W —L ife history o f T halassema
.
u
—A ntikritiske
C oelo don
Con n , H I 886
L
.
r g o up
.
Both from the autho r
.
mo llusk
.
Ex t
.
Proc
.
size of
metric and old units
with
reterena
to
con
.
R E ver man n , B
-
(I
.
S
A list .
ver
the birds
Fisk Commission
P ei r ce, C E
of
—F B m
M
.
man n
,
.
o f the fishes o f
.
o bserved
—R ep
o rt
an d
,
R
.
in V entura 188 3
for
P A .
.
C al
in fluence
revisio n .
.
of
S 86
I
.
.
A ll fro m the author
.
85 18
,
S 86
I
.
nd .
I
co un ty,
K ansas
co unti es,
co unty,
N S Phila ,
.
Franklin
Was hington
.
.
.
.
ockville,
'
Meek, S 15 —A
epr
R
in H arvey and C on ley
unctio n, its evo lution and
Gerres
n e g us
list
collected
fishes
of
L ist
—A
PIC
.
L iter ature
ecent
.
.
.
Fro m the author
.
merican
the A
s
i e s o f the c e p
From the authors
.
W et aI —Eighteenth and n i neteenth ann ual reports o f the Peabo dy Fro m the curator Museum of A mer A rchz o logy and Ethno logy I S 86 d S itz d k bayr A 11 —Ueber C o nod onten A R okon 7 A kad d W 1ss M un chen I 886 Fro m the author et aI M ars/ m il M N ar d M an d B ear d I S tudies fro m the Biolo g ical L abora From Pro fesso r Manchester England I 886 tories o f the Owens C ollege P ut nam, F
.
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,
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,
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.
.
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.
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,
,
,
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—
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,
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M arshall M on ks M iss—T he trap door spider Ext
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From the author
H isto rica l S oc 8 C ali forn ia,
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86 . 18
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Fresh water sponges fromN ewfoun dland P otts, E Fro m the author -
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18 86
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L a T erre des M erveilles
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Paris,
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Fro m the author
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N otice sur mollus ues recueillis par M le C apitain e S torms dans la P el sen eer , P t B ll u re io n du T anganyka E x (1 Mus R o y Belg , I S 8 6 g .
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S ur la presen ce de R ici ns dans le tuyau des plumes d es T r ouessart , M Fro m the author Ext C omptes R en dus, r886
E zgemna n n , C H Phi la , 1886 .
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Wotterstorf .
A revi ew o f the A Fro m the autho r
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W —Ueber fossile Frdsche i nsbeson dere d Jahr d N aturwiss V ereins Mag deburg
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S ep
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Oiseaux
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das g en us Palz obatrachus Fro m the author 1885
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D ie En tstehung des Eies von C olymbet es W iss ensch Zoo l , L eipzig , 1886 From the .
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Beitrage zur K en ntn iss der S tammgeschichte der H ufthiere un d V er S elrlosser , M M unchen , I 8S 6 Fro mthe such ei ner S ystematik der Paar un d Unpaarhufer author .
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l d i i res f e d a n s s e r e e s m a m m e m a m
A lbreekt , P S ur la place morphologi ue de l ho From the author I S 86 .
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A us d S itz d Witrzburger Phys med H err Paul A lbrecht zum letz ten M ale Gesell , I S 86 I SS 6 V og elschnahel un d S l ug ethierlippe aus d Fortschritte der Med icin ”
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Ueber die morphologische Bedeutun g von Penischisis, Epi un d H ypospadie S ep abd Ueber den mo rphologischen Wert h tlherzahliger Finger und Zehen 86 a d C entral blatt tur C hirurg ie, 18 .
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Ueber den morphologischen S its der H asenscharten K ieferspalte logischen C en tralblatt , I S 86
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Ueber die V orderfiosse vo n Protopterus Wissens ch A ll from the author
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P ifi T he eco nomical aspect o f agricultural chemistry , alo, I 8 86 before the A A A S , Bufl .
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A ddress delivered
o m b e r N v e [
Gener al N otes
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GEN ER A L G E OG R A PH Y
—I n
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N OT ES
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T R A V EL S
A ND
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t n umber o f the M ittheilungen o f the Geog raphi cal S oc i ety o f Vi enna D r Penck tak es i ss ue w i th the us ually accepted p ropo rt io n s o f l and and water (1 t o as s ert ing th at t he unk now n regio ns aro un d the po l es are to o ex tens i ve to permit o f any reaso nabl e ap proach to accuracy in t hi s respect M R ambaud gi ves the ex tent and pop ul at io n o f t he F ren ch colo n i es o r rat her po ssessio n s I ncl udi ng To nk in an d M ada gas car th ese co mp ri se abo ut I 800 000 s uare kilo meters and nty fo ur an d a h al f mil lio ns o f peopl e abo ut twe I n t hi s t otal the po pul atio n o f the French Co ngo possessio ns is no t i n c l uded and Tonki n is c redi ted wi th o nly o f i nh abi tants T he c o m merce with th ese colo n i es was in 1883 abo ut 9 ! o f fran cs — Majo r Feild en nat urali st o f the A rcti c ex pedi tio n o f ( 87 5 7 6 has given in his adh esio n to t he beli efth at t h ro ug h the sec u lar co ol ing o f o ur pl an et t he pol es b ecame fi rst fi tted fo r t he reedstio n of l i fe ; that in Pal aeozoi c t i mes t he no rt h pol e po ssessed a c li mate at l east as w arm as t hat n o w ex peri enced at the e uato r an d t hat d uri ng t he Miocene period the temperat ure tho ugh g radually c ooli n g suppo rt ed a flo ra w hi c h S p read so uth wards GENER A L
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TheX ingu —Peterman n s M ittheilungen (N o s 5 and 6 ) co ntai n s a full acco un t wit h map s, o f the German Xi n g u ex pe di tio n o f 1884 T he Xi ng u is fo rmed by the unio n o f t h ree lar ge ri vers : the K uliseii, the R o n uro and t he Batov , t he l ast o f w hi ch y fall s i nto the R o n uro a li tt l e abov e its co nfl uen ce w ith the Kali seii , whi ch may be co ns id ered the mai n stream T he ex ped i t i o n d escended the Bato vy whi ch flo ws in nu mero us ben d s t hro ugh a flat co unt ry, b ut is i ntersected by many ro cky strata fo rmi n g rapid s A fter the co nfl uence the Xi n g u flo ws th ro ugh a l evel ° c o untry till it reach es 10 S lat H ere it enters g rani te hill s an d ° ° fo rms the M art ins cat aract F ro m 10 to 3 the Xi ng u rec eives ' ° ‘ o nly two i mpo rtant aflluents both fro mthe l eft A t 3 4 0 b egins the g reat b end o ftheXi ng u the cataracts upo n w hi ch were ex plo red by P ri nce A dalbert o f P russi a in 184 2 Withi n thi s bend the riv er fall s 2 60 feet A t its co nfl uen e wi th the A mazo n s the Xi ng u is a migh ty st ream nearly five mil es wi de T he di fferent b ranch es of the Xi ng u are i nhabited by n o less th an eigh teen dif feren t I ndi an t ribes tho ugh t he to tal pop ul atio n d oes no t ex ceed T he S uya I ndi ans live in beehi ve sh aped ho uses w i t h a di ameter of thi rty th ree feet A M ER I C A
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— A merican N ew s L ak e Taho e is d eth ro ned fro m its po s i tio n as the d eep est l ak e upo n the co nti nen t C aptai n D utt o n h avi n g fo un d a d epth o f t gg6 feet in C rater l ak e Orego n T he aver ag e d ep th is abo ut 14 90 feet T he sho res o f thi s l ak e are very ,
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T his department is
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N L OC K I NG I ON , Philadelphia '
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Geogr aphy
Travel s
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p recipito us and the same rapid d esc en t co nti nues b elow the w ater so t hat depth s o f fi fteen to eighteen h un d red feet are fo un d It had b een p reviously so und ed by Capt all aro und the margi n M Ch arnay has d uri ng his G M W heel er U S Engi neers l ast seaso n o f ex plo ratio n in Y ucatan di scovered the remai ns of A l so a to wn call ed E k Bal am o r the ci ty o f the bl ack tiger u po n an i s land abo ut eight l eag ues no rth o f Campeachy he fo un d a Maya b uri al g ro und whi c h had never befo re b een vi s i ted by a man o f science ,
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— — o I A M z a m u biq e T he Po rt ug uese are aidi ng to fill up A FR C A n ex pediti on to t he so m e o f the gaps upo n the map o f A fri ca gold mi nes o f Mari ca wo rk ed at a ti me o f whi ch no reco rd s h ave reach ed us has res ulted no t o n ly in t he fo rm atio n o f a new to wn .
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Vi lla Go uvei a but in theexplo ratio n o fthe lo wer co urse ofthe A ru ang ua o r P un g ue whi c h p roves to be navigabl e fo r a co n sid erabl e d i stance as are al s o the R ev ue an d Buzi the c o nj oi ned streams o f whi ch enter the o cean slightly to the so uth o f t he P un g ue Th ere appears to be a chan nel co n necti ng the P ung ue with the I nhandué the t rib utary o f the Z ambezi upo n whi c h the new to wn is s it uated L ak e S ung ue w hi ch vari es much in s ize acc o rdi ng to the seas o n di sch arges by the U rema i nto the P ung ue w hil e t he M uc ua c o n nect s it with the Zang ue o r lo wer co urse o f the ,
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full d escriptio n of the Co mo ro i s l and s is o ntai ned i n the R evue S c ien tifiq ue (A ug ust T he religio n is M o ham medan, and the peopl e a mi xt ure o f A rabs and Caflres, w ith Mad agascan s etc T he l argest i sl and, Great Co mo ro or A ng az ia, has a s uperficies o f 1100 ki lo meters M o heli is the small est b ut mo st fertil e o f t he g ro up ; A njo uan has the best h arbo r and is mo st fre u e n d r s h m u e t by E u op n yot t r h o r e e o s t s o th o e a a n d a e M a t M , , q ern and western o f the archipel ago , b elo n g s to F ranc e Peterman n s Mittheilung en (J uly) co ntai ns an acco unt o fthe Ger man ex pedi t i on o f 1884 to A ng ra Peq uefia, o r L uderitzland T he i mmedi ate neighbo rhood o f the settl ement 13 d escribed as a d reary spot w here t h ere is scarcely any livi ng thi ng but snakes an d liz ards A s ho rt di stance to t he n o rth are ex tensive d unes reachi n g a h eigh t o f 500 met ers T he i nterio r do es not appear to be much better R iver b ed s are dry even in w i nter S nakes sc o r pio ns and beetl es seem to h ave been the most noti ceabl e obj ects ° ’ ° A us an d Gubub east o f 16 E lo ng and abo ut 26 4 0 S lat , are t he high est poi n ts o f t hi s p art o f A fri ca, t he l evel falli n g to the so uth to wards Oran g e riv er T he scenery h ere co ns i sts en ti rely o f b arren tabl e mo untai n , b et ween w hi ch an d the o cean ex ten d s a b road sandy pl ateau F urth er to the so uth a g rassy regio n was ’ fo und D r l o hle repo rts an enti rely negativ e res ult ;the want o f rai n fall and l ack o fdr1nk 1n u t t e fi di t r i olo iz io w r n t h e c t f r n a n o a t s c , g mi neral s are few , and v egetatio n is so scarce th at man and b eas t could sca rcely be ke t a v li e p It has been p ro ven th at w o rkable d eposits of pet ro l eum exist
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the Eg ypti an sho re o f the R ed sea T he aterial w h i ch has lo st its o re vol atil e o po nents, is fo un d at the l evel o f the sea
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po n pi erci ng the recent co ral formatio n o f the fo resh o re Col A rdagh beli eves th at the so urce o f the pet rol eum is in t he o l der li mesto ne beneath t he c o ral M A ub ry d uri ng his vi sit to S h oa in 1883 s urvey ed the so urce o f t he H awash an d its co urs e fo r abo ut 19 0 mi les a n d also s urveyed the M ug ueur a t rib utary o f the Blue N i le EUR OP8 —S ur vey s in tire fi remen —R ecen t s urvey s in t h e Pyre n ees by M S c h rad er aid ed by t he ex p lo ratio ns o f D r m t a b e a u J h ave p ro ved the ex i stence o f a l ake the l argest o n the n o rth ern S lop e o f the Py renees in a a b et ween two c h ai ns o f peak s w hi ch g p app ro ach ed fro m oppo site s id es had p revio usly been s up po sed to be id en ti cal M S ch rad er states that o n the so uth an d s o ut h east o f the A ran vall ey are several ranges n earl y feet h ig h t hat are unnoted o n any geog raphi cal m ap T he A ran v all ey is tri b utary to the Garo n ne u
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—Bnrmalr —T he A
t i ss ue of the P roceed ing s o f the Burmah Geog raphi cal S o ci ety co ntai ns an i nteresting ac c o u n t of Burmah the co unt ry and peopl e by M r J A Bryce T h e t o pog raphy o f the regio n the physi cal an d oth er ch arac teri sti c s o f the races w hi ch i nh abit it t he p rod uctio ns and c li mate and the p res ent stat us o f the v ario us nat io nalties are di scussed M r Bry c e fears t hat the Burman in S pite of th at vigor which has enabl ed him to c o nti nue do mi nant fo r two tho usand years w ill succu mb to the mo re energeti c S hans and Kakhy ens (S i ngpho s) no w t hat his T he B u rmese empi re has b een put an en d to by t he Bri ti sh o cc upy the up per part o f the I rawadi d el ta the upper va ll ey o f the S itt ang a narro w space o n each sid e o f t he I rawadi in U p per Burmah and the M OO val ley bet ween t he I rawadi an d t he T he Tal ai ngs still fo rm the b ulk o f the po p u l atio n K yendwin in the d el ta o f t he I rawadi and S ittang T he Talai n gs are s mall er l se e h m f d h e u r m l e i l s h t d th i r r e r n d s a r f a r e n B w u u a e e e a a t p p Mr t he S hans are bigger and sto uter th an the do mi nant race Bryce p uts the total pop ul atio n at seven and a h al f millio ns ab o ut h al f o f th em Burmese — t lze D ry ing up of S iberian L akes T he rapid d ry in g u p of t he l ak es o f the A ral Caspi an regio n is no t li mi ted t o the t wo g reat l akes w hi c h gi ve th ei r names to it M Y adrin ts eff in the Izvesti a o f t he S t Petersb urg Geog rap hi cal S o c i ety gives t wo maps o ne represent i ng a gro up o f S iberi an l akes acco rdi ng to a s urvey mad e in 17 84 the oth er g ivi n g the same l akes as th ey app eared i n 1813 1820 1850 1860 an d fi n ally in 1880 T he g ro up co ns i sted o f th ree l arg e l akes T c hany h e l rg est) S umy and A bysh kan and t he s mall l ak e M o loki a t ( between A byshkan and T chany T he l att er l ake has g reatl y d wi ndl ed since 17 84 L ak e Mo lok i has di mi ni shed fromtwenty A
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Geolog y
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mi les in l en gth to th ree ; and L ak e A byshkan in the early part o f t h e cent ury fo rty mil es fro m n o rth to so uth and seven teen fro m eas t to w est is red uced to three s m all po nd s t he l argest scarcely a mi l e and a h al f W 1de A n o ther lak e T chebakly whi ch in 17 84 w as fo rty mil es by thi rty is also now red uced to th ree po n d s the lar g est l ess than two miles ac ros s A mo ng the result s of the N ew Zeal and eart h uake are the addi ti o n o f300 feet to the height o fM o unt Taraw era and the subsi dence o f t he b eauti ful L ak e R oto m ahana w hi ch is t ransfo rmed i n to an ex p an se o f seethi ng mud I ts ren o wned terraces are repo rt ed t o b e dest royed L arge areas are covered wit h vol can i c dust and mud L ake R oto mahana was the wond erl and of the vol can i c b elt o f the N o rth i sl and as it was surro und ed wi th terraces of s i li ca fro m w hi ch i s sued hot sp ri ng s an d g eysers T he T ranscaspian rail way was o n the 14 th day of J uly opened fo r traffi c as far as M erv T he enti re l ength o f the li ne to S am arcan d w ill be 133 5 v ersts o r 8 il T ree h und red versts m h e s 0 9 o f t hi s is in Bok haran t errito ry Between Michailovsk o n the Cas pi an and S amarcand there are in all six ty three statio ns sev eral o f whi ch have to be s uppli ed wi t h wat er by pipe li nes o r w ater t rai ns w hil e oth ers are p rovid ed with artesi an well s M r H O Fo rb es has returned to N ew S o uth Wal es H e was unabl e to ascen d the Owen S tan l ey ran ge but reach ed a poi nt si x ty five mil es fro m Po rt Mo resby ,
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G E OL OG Y A N D PA L E ON T OL OG Y
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Exr mc r Gnvsan Bas rs I N S W C OL OR A DO} I n many feat ures the Y ellowsto ne N atio nal Park regio n is closely p arall el ed by several oth er di st ri cts I n its geog raphy and to a large d eg ree in its geo g n osy it does n ot materi ally d i ffer fro m " “ acent to t he elevat ed pi nna l e, a po rtio n of t he co unt ry adj whi ch parts the waters o f the R io Gran de, the A rkansas and the Colorado A s early as 187 9 , my o wn famili arity with the fo rmer area led me to the d etectio n o f t races in S o uth ern Colo rado o f the same actio n w h ic h has mark ed the l at er stages o f vol can i A ft erward s, fro m mo n th to mo nth evi decadence in the park deuces o f thi s nat ure multipli ed fro m furth er research es, until in 1882 it was safe to an no unce th at a c o nsid erabl e po rtio n o f the S an J uan mi ni n g regio n is covered by the d eposits fro m anc i en t 2 thermal sp ri ngs A t thi s ti me the pec uli ar bonanz as o f the R ed Mountai n di stri ct b egan to receiv e attentio n, and t he p redi ctio ns of the w riter, b ased upo n the fo regoi n g co nc l usio ns , were invari But the develop ably verifi ed in the ex ploitatio n o f the mi n es ment of the o re bodi es and much mo re detail ed ex ami nation o f A
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R ead before S ectio n E , A A A S , Buffalo Meeti ng , 1886 Notes o n the geo logy an d mineralogy of S an Juan coun ty, C olo rado , by T heo B Comstock Published in T rans A men can I ns titute of Mining Engineers, Vo l x1, 1 a 6 1 / i s n t 1 w i 5 9 ( pp p) 1
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io n reveal ed o th er and mo re i n terestin g facts co ncerni ng the gro wth of the lodes in thi s restricted area I t soo n became evid ent that t he extrem ely pec uli ar t opo g raphy of t he c o unt ry at the h ead o f R ed creek in Ouray c o unt y co u l d h ave b een p rod uced o nly by the acc umulati ve actio n o f numero us enor mo us geysers far mo re effective than those to day at w o rk in the Y ellowsto ne Park tho ugh o ccupyi ng perhaps a l ess ext ensi ve basi n P robably ho wever not a littl e o f the area over w hic h the hot S pri ng depo sits can be t raced may have b een t he s eat o f im po rtant geysers I n fact th ere are reaso ns fo r maki n g t hi s state ment mo re d efi nite but it w ill be best to con fi ne o u rselves to wh at can be cl early d escribed in a few wo rds w i t ho ut co ns idera tio n o f n i ce st ruct ural detail s T he upper vall ey o f R ed c reek is thi c kly studded wi th mo unds A ll t hes e are o f v aryi n g siz e but not w id ely di fferen t in fo rm mo re o r l ess c losely co nnected with the p resent (o r c o mpara tively recent) lo cal d rainage whi ch is al s o bo und ed at i rreg ul ar i nterval s by dry pits and pool s o f cold water uite s i milar t o the bo wls of ex i sti ng hot sp ri ngs in o th er locali t i es T he remarkable c h aracteri st i cs o f thi s b as i n are t he n umb er and the mag n itud e of t he mo unds and the total absence o f acti ve t h ermal s p ri n g s n ot wi t h stan d ing the ex i s tence o f s uch in l o cali t i es no t far d i stan t as T he altit ude o f the di st ri ct is fro m abo ut 9 50 0 feet to at Ouray feet wh ereas few if any of t he p resent hot water b o wls are k n o wn above 6 500 feet h ereabo uts T he caii o n of R ed creek is undo ubtedly not o ne w hol ly of a ueo us eros io n but the drai nag e has b een i nd uced in part by sei s mi c ac tio n modifi ed in an i nterest i ng man ner by gl ac i al s eo r i ngs and subse uent dil uvi al depositio n T he R ed M o untai n geyser area as we may desi g nate thi s t ract is no w topo graph ically rest ri cted as h ere i ndi cated al mos t w holly to the up per po rtio n o f thi s i nteresti ng cati on but it may be really separated i nto t hree well marked bas i ns whi ch formerly fed as man y sepa rat e afl l uents o f the mai n st ream T wo o f t hese are proven to be mem llifero us whil e the thi rd is al most unex plo red tho ugh g i vi ng indi catio ns o f si mil ar ch aracter b ut l ess p ro mi si n g perhap s T he geyser areas do n ot seem to ex ten d beyo n d the reg i o n of max i mum i ntensity o f the vol canic act io n in the rhy o lyt ic period and the o re bo di es all furni sh evidence of seco ndary t e actio ns taki ng pl ace in the li ne o f a p ro mi nent faul t fissure o f t hat A ll alo ng t hi s co urse over a co nsiderab le b readt h o f t erri age to ry the remai ns o f ex ti nct thermal spri ngs are (rec og n i zab ly ) mo st ab undant but the geyser c h aracter is not n oti ceabl e far to wards the no rth o r so uth o f R ed peak T he t ransfo rmatio ns in the vei n materi al the agg regati o n o f the o res i nt o bo nanzas (as at the Yankee Gi rl A l aska an d Old L o ut mi nes amo ng o thers) w i th t he very remarkabl e dis trib utio n o f mi neral s in the lod es are b ut a few o f the i nt ensely i n teres ti n g t he area in
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Geolog y
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Pale ontology
6 9 5
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c
detail s w hi h can be th ere st udi ed to the b es t advantag e M uc h t hat is th ere reveal ed has al ready th ro wn ne w lig ht upo n t he o rigin an d li fe hi sto ry o f metalli fero us d epo s i ts , b ut I cann ot n ow 1 t o uch upo n th ese topi cs T he gi ganti c geyser mo unds are in t hemsel ves o f marked i nterest , no t o nly fro th ei r g reat size and ex ternal c o nfig uratio ns, but al so o n acco unt o f th ei r i ntern al s t ruct ure as p roven by the ex cavat io ns mad e in so m e o f th em fo r mi n i ng p urposes T he A meri can Bell e, Grand Prize and oth er mi nes were Opened di rectly in mo unds o f thi s nat ure, and (as in many oth er as es wh ere o nly o rdi nary th ermal spri ngs p robably ex i sted ) cav erns were i nvari ably ent ered after passi ng t h ro ugh an o uter sh ell o f co ns id erabl e thi ck ness I n nearly all o f th ese so me c o nnectio n wi t h the surfa e was t rac eabl e by follo wi n g the t rac k s o f wood ch uck s, whi c h had utilized the p assag es as do mi c il es I n the cavern s, Whi ch are so meti mes o f l arge dimen sio ns , there is u sually a depos it o f s ulph urett ed o res , w ith alli ed mi neral s, w i t h a v ery co ns id erabl e amo un t o f y ello w and red mat eri al res ulti ng fro m its o x id atio n and the p rod uctio n of carbo nates No do ub t muc h val uabl e i nfo rmatio n b eari ng di rectly upo n the l i fe hi sto ry o f the geyser may yet be gath ered fro m detail ed s t udi es in this district But littl e real ex plo ratio n und erg ro un d has yet b een acco mpli sh ed , and th at small amo unt is but par t ially k no w n to t ho se who can make the best use o f it fo r scien t ific p urpo ses A ll th at the w riter has yet ob serv ed ag rees in mo st ess enti als with wh at may be seen in t he ex tinct s ubterranean ’ s m a a s a s r e e e a n s m x h g t i iv Wyo i g pt th t t l G a r d e r e r n e c e a t , , p lifero us d epo si ts and the g eyseritic reli cs are pec uli ar to the R ed — M o untai n area D r Theo B Corn stook, Champaig n , I llinois .
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— D r S c hlo sser S a osss n on C ano nour a A N D Pueuaco nvs has attack ed the p roblem of the C reodo nta w ith his acc us t o med skill and has th ro wn the additio nal light o f his exten s i ve ac uai n tance with mammali an anato my on the subj ect H is Opi n io n of the affi ni ti es of the g ro up are as follo ws : H e regards the C reodo nta wi th C 0 pe as a s ub o rd er but no t lik e him o f an o rd er Bunotheria but rather w i th L y dekker o f the o rder Carnivo ra H e do es n ot regard th em as an oest ral to the Carn ivo ra b ut as h avi n g had a co m mo n ancesto r w i th th at o rder Thi s co mmo n ancesto r he derives fro m hy o t h m x e t i c l u u m e t H e pi li ith o t po y t h a M a r s u a n e r s r a e r a w e e p c ludes fro m the C reodo nta the H y a no do n t ida an d M iacidze ’
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T he wri ter has announced these disco veries and given some o f his own conclu sions in a series of art tcles puplished in the Engin eeri ng and M ini ng Jo urnal, 1882 in a further s er ies in the 84 in clusive, D istributio n of S an J uan co unty same j also ournal, 18 Metallurgy o f S an Juan county Ores 84 — 86 , no w runn ing in the paper previously uoted in T rans A m I nst M E , an d at greater leng th in the same T ransactions , May, 188 6 Geology and V ein S tructure of S W C ol with four maps ) ' Ueber das V erhaltniss der C ope schen C reo don ta zu den itbrigen Fleischfressern Morphologisches J ahrbuch 1886 , p 287 , vo n D r Max S chlosser
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b e m e r N o v [
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g di ng both as t rue Carnivo ra ; the fo rmer o n ac co unt o f the s uppo sed scaphol unar bo ne repo rt ed by Gervai s t he latt er o n ac co unt oi the s i ngl e fl esh toot h H e restri cts the C reo do n ta t o t hose fo rms whi c h have two fl Fro m the L ep t ictid: esh t eeth if any he ex cl ud es the genera L eptictis Meso dectes an d I cto p s p lacing t hem in the I nsectivo ra H e th erefo re changes the name L eptic n to Pro viverridaz t i de S chlo sser does not agree to t he intro d uctio n to the C reodo nta by Cope o f the trit uberc ular fa milies t he Talpi dae C hry so us ually referred to the I nsectivo ra viz M ytho myidae and T upmidat ; b ut he does chlo ridida e C entetidz no t give his reaso ns fo r thi s vi ew T he follo wi ng remarks may be made o n the above po s i tio ns of o do n p o ss esses a T he s uppos itio n th at H ya m D r S chlo sser scaphol unar bo ne has been sho wn by P ro fesso r S c o tt t o be an error so th at th i s fo rmmust be retai ned in the C reodo irta t o w h i c h it is co n nec ted by Ptero do n S pec i mens o f M iacidae in the Prin ceton M useum sho w t h at t hi s family al so possessed no scap h o lunar bo ne Thi s t oget her wi th the no n tro chl ear astragal us w h i ch I h ave d escribed sho ws t hat the M iacida: must al so be referred to t he C reodo nta Th ese poi nts ad mi tted it bec o mes much eas ier to beli eve th at the Carnivo ra are the descend ents o f C reo d o nta th ro ugh the M iacidm (T he suppo sed connectio n between Oxy az n idman d Felidae I d eni ed in my l as t phylogeny in t he art ic le on T h e ex c l u C reodo nta in the A ME R I C A N N A T UR A L I S I for ed fro m the L eptictid ae (Pro s io n o f the th ree genera above nam viverri dae) has littl e s ignifi cance until the reaso ns fo r separating the C reodo nta fro mthe t rituberc ul ar I nsect ivo ra can be s h o w n D r S chlo sser s representatio n o f my phylogenet i c vi ew s is very i naccurate o wi ng to a mi s understandi ng o f the dates o f p ub l ica t io n o f my respective p ap ers T he old est o f th ese is the V o l 111 R epo rt U S Geol S urvey Terrs sent t o p ress in 187 9 and T he nex t in poi nt o f date are the n ot i ss ued until Feb r uary 1885 ill ust rated papers o n ex ti nct Verteb rata i ss ued at vario us t i mes in My l atest phylogen eti c o pi n io n s the A MER I C A N N A T UR A L I S T d eliv ered fro m full er materi al and mo re mat ure reflecti o n w ere p ubli sh ed in a paper on the Evol utio n o f the Verteb rata Pro ” e ruary M rch an d A p ril ressive and R et rog ress i ve i h F b e n t a g n umbers o f the A M ER I C A N N A T U R A L I S T fo r 1885 I n the las t o f th ese papers the L emuroid ea are separated fro m the Bun o theria an d pl aced in the Tax eopo da near t he Co n dyl arth ra to w h i c h t h ey are alli ed Thi s does no t i ncl ud e t he Meso do nta (Pely c o d us) whi ch bei n g un g ui c ulate remai ns with the Bunotheria In the abov e paper all are d erived fro m carnivo ro us Mars u pi alia in acco rdan ce with the vi ew o f H zeckel s S chopfun gs g e ” schi c h te D r S chlo sser genero usly ack no wl edges in an other pag e t he p rio r i ndi catio n o f the ancestry o f the P henaco d us and H y raco therium o f the ho rse li ne to his o wn by D r J L Wo rtman in t he re ar
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and
Geology
Palaeontology
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R evue S cientifi que Vol xxx1 p 7 0 5 But th ese rel at io ns had b een p revio usly poi nted o ut by mys el f; th at o f Hy raco th eri um i n the Pal a eo ntology o f the R ep ort o f the S urvey W o f t he 100th meridi an in 187 7 ; and th at o f the Ph enacod us in the P ro ceeds A mer Philo s S oc , 1881, p 17 83— 12 D Cope .
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— T he di sti ng ui h ed
s D OL L O on Ex r mcr T oar o rsns Belgi an an ato mi s t M L o ui s Dollo has recen tly p ubli s h ed two i mpo rtan t a e rs o n r s m c s p ti t to oi o h o o io e x n t e f r e E e n e f r m n s f t c a t o B e l p m i u T h t e m e e h a h w hi c g v r i s e to h fi t th s e e r f e s e i s h e t o t d e g s c riptio n o f a new gen us and sp eci es o f C hel dridaa Pseudo y tn ony x del/reidi Dollo I n p repari n g to do thi s the autho r re v i ews the c l ass ifi catio n o f t he Test udi nata in an ex tremely abl e man ner H e adopts the system o f Cope in the mai n a n d in givi ng his reaso ns fo r doi n g s o makes an i mpo rtan t H e di ffers in so me d etail s fro m the c o nt rib utio n to the s ubj ect a utho r o f th at sy st em Th us he separates Eurystern um fro m t he C hely dridas as type o f a di sti nct family b ecause it po s ses ses a fo n tanell e o f the pl ast ro n ; a c h aract er whi ch the revi ewer do es n o t regard as o f family v al ue H e al so un it es the Pro plc urida: w i th the C helo n iidaz but as we sh all see he reestabli sh es it as a s ub family in t he s eco nd p aper uo ted witho ut apparen tly b ei ng aware of the fac t M Dollo so meho w suppo ses th at the autho r o f the system he adopts regard s the pl ast ro n o f the Test ud inata as ho mologo us w ith t he stern um o f oth er Verteb rata and al so th at t he n ames he employs fo r the el ements o f the pl astro n are o rigi nal w i th him Thi s is an erro r T he terms po stab do mi nal etc w ere i nt rod uced b y the di sti n g ui sh ed Engli sh anato mi st W K Park er and the nu t ho r criti ci sed by M Dollo has stated in o ne o f his p apers o n w hi ch I cannot at thi s mo ment pl ace my h and that he ado pts t he Vi ews as t o the ho mologi es o f the pl ast ro n held by th at autho ri ty But M Dollo t hi nk s that the names D actylo sterna C lido sterna an d L ysosterna imply the erro neo us ho mology w it h t he st ernu m a nd sho ul d th erefo re be ch arged H e th en n ames thesedivis io ns D actylo plast ra etc N o w names o ught not to be ch anged w itho ut better reas o ns t han those o ffered by M Dollo fo r the well k no wn oppr oo riurn scientia is the mul ti t ude o f nam es Those in questio n sterna w ere no t given un der an erro neo us i dea b ut t he wo rd w as used fig uratively j ust as it is in many g enera o f the o rd er A s w ell might M Dollo ch ange the g eneri c names Eury s t ern um Pleuro stern um etc i nto Euryplastro n Pleur0plastro n et c A nd thi s o ur autho r has not y et do ne T he pl ates call ed i nterg ul ar by me in Baena app ear to me to be ho mologo us wi th the co rrespo ndi ng pl ates in Pl eurodi ra al tho ug h ’
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3
A lso i n N ar uaau s r fo r 1881, p 10 17 ’ Premiere no t e sur les C heloniens du Bruxellien de la Belgi ue ; (Bull M us R oy Belgi ue 1886 , p Premier N ote 8 l C heloni ens L anden iens de la Bel i u l 6 e c 1 8 8 ; , p g q ( '
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General A
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M Dollo thi nks .
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m v e e r N o b [
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fi nd s occasio n fo r the creati o n o f a new an oth er C ry pto di re gen us has a s i n g l e o n e well
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o nd arti cl e M Doll o separates certain s pec i es re ferred by Pro fesso r Owen to the gen us Ch elo n i a as rep res enta I t is tives o f an ot her g en us w hi ch he names Pachy rhy nc h us ch aract eriz ed by the un derro o fin g o f t he po steri o r nares a n d bv H e reg ar d s this the g reat ex tent o f the mandib ular sy mphy si s s ub fami l y of a o f the charact er as re ui ri ng t he c reat io n Chelo n iid ae the Pachyrhynchinae T he p resent w ri ter has however d escribed t he same ch aracters in tw o g enera the Pro pleuridm (Euclastes a n d L yto referred by him to lo ma) and has referred to o ne o f the E uro pean s peci es (C kelone — nimen tum Owen P chy rhy n chinm Dollo ) as p res en t i n g this l a a p ‘ ch aracter M D ollo s gen us is p robably o ne o f t he A merican M fo rms and his Pachy rhy n chin a: is the PrOpleurida: C Ope Dollo 3 family characters are ho wever better th an tho se given — by C open E D Cope — — M S tei n man recent ly g ave to Gen eral GEOL OGI C A L N ews the S wi ss S oc i ety o f N at ural S ci en ces an acco unt o f his ex p lo ra tio ns in t he S o uth ern Co rdill era T he fo ss il fauna an d flo ra are T h e U pper al mo st i denti cal w i t h t ho se o f E uropean fo rmatio n s Tri as R haeti an L i as J urassi c and C retaceo us are w ell repre M o ntp elli er le Vi eux a ci ty o f eroded roc k s s it u ated ren t ed tw elve ki lo meters fro m M ill au in the d epart men t o f A vey ro n France seems acco rdi ng to a n o te o f M E A Martel to be in so m e respects even mo re w o n derful th an the Garden o f t he Go ds A mass o f ro cks s i x ty to eig hty met ers h i g h o r M o numen t P ark si mul ates an embattl ed do njo n an d is call ed the c i tadel A r o und thi s five dep ressio ns 100 to 124 meters deep s eem in o n e S p o t to fo rm an amphit heater in ano th er a nec ropoli s in ano ther pa rt an Open pl aza and agai n a city w i th narro w st reets obel i s k s g ates T he w h o l e rs s ur etc recalli ng Po mpe11 K arnac o r Persepoli s 100 to 150 meters h igh ; ro unded by a ro cky wall ex terio rly ravi nes passi n g t hro ug h the tal us o f t hi s s i mul ate d i t c hes and o utsi de o f all t hi s many g ro ups o f rui ned ro cks co n s t it u te a h t r n a s r e n i li g c t ly i S e co n r d cei nt u re o f d etac h ed fo rt s t u t e b J t o the L i nnean S o ci ety of N ew S o uth Wal es a paper o n fu rt her T he aut h o r an d evid en ces o f gl aci at io n in t he A ustrali an A l ps D r L endenfeld fo un d erratics perched bloc ks s moo thed s ur faces and old mo rai nes upo n Mo unt Bogo ng the h ig hest mo un ta i n in Vi cto ri a — M H eb e rt who has fo r a c o ns id erabl e perio d been S iluri an occupi ed wi th the st udy o f the mo st an ci ent sedi mentary r o c ks o f t he n o rthwest o f F rance has co me to t he co nc l us io n t h at 111 N o rthern Brittany an d Wes tern N o rmandy t he verti cal s l ates s o f S ai n t L o are at the b ase w hil e upo n t h em lie the p ll a d e h ) ( y T ansactig ns A merican Philos phical S o ciety 1870 pp 14 6 — 8 I
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Geology
Palaeontolog y
and
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l most ho rizo ntal p urpl e co nglo merates schi sts and red san d s to nes W S Fo rd (A mer Jo ur S c i J une 1886 ) describes Obolella desiderata Billi n gs under the name o f Billing sia o n ao c o un t o f pec uli ariti es o f the ven t ral v al ve w hi ch he co ns i ders e n r e A M e i c e ly m Jo u c i J ly d ib h S A e r r u s e cr e s t r S e e g ( ) ne w s pec i es o f spo nges o f the gen us S tropho chet us and n o tes t he di st rib utio n o f the gen us t h ro ug h the M iddl e Ch azy Pro lesso r N S S h al er co ntrib utes to t he same i ss ue an acco unt of t he geology o f C o bsco o k Bay di st ri ct Mai ne T he uppermo st b ed s o f the seri es co ntai n fossil s whi c h he refers to the D evo ni an ss t h e o ibly to O hio s h l B e lo w t h s a b d s hi h a e e r e w c s m e e ee to p b elo n g to t he N i agara and Cli nto n ho rizo ns whil e t he mo st n umero us li st o f fo ssil s seems to he o f L o wer H el derb erg ho rizo n T he seri es is l ess ri ch in o rgani c fo rms th an that o f the S t L aw rence o r o f C ent ral N ew Yo rk T he l and area o f thi s fio rd regio n is p ri ncipally o cc upi ed by i nt rus ive vol cani c rocks a
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—M
his l ast memoi r upo n fo ssil Echi n i enumerates fi fteen speci es o f BriS S O sis m n t d Cl e i M r e e R p has recently studi ed the Plioc en e depo s i ts at Di est an d A nt werp, after whi ch he ex ami ned the depo s i t o f i ro nsto ne at L en ham, E ngland , the fo ssil s in w hi h were in 185 7 , referred to the Plio cene by P ro fesso r P rest wi ch T he ex ami natio n resulted in a t ho ro ugh c o nfi rmatio n of P ro fesso r P rest wi ch s i dentifi cat io n w hi ch had b een di sp uted Th ere is no t a s i ngl e Eocene speci es ; w i th two o r th ree ex ceptio ns all are k no wn Plio cene fo rms b ut many are represented by speci es no w li vi ng in the Medi terranean D r Otto Meyer co ntrib utes t o the A mer Jo ur S ci J uly 1886 s o me ob serv atio ns o n the Terti ary and Gran d Gul f s trata o f M iss msippi H is co ncl usio ns are (I ) t hat in no pl ace can Gran d Gul f strata be seen in s uperpo si t io n over the mari ne Tert i ary ;(2) t h at t here are two pl aces wh ere strata undi st i n g ui s habl e fro m Gran d Gul f can be seen overl ai d by mari ne Terti ary ; 3 ) that the Grand Gul f fo rmatio n is mai n ly no t mari ne ; (4 ) th at a t hi ck an d ex ten d ed mari ne g reen san d fo rmatio n w i t h a Claibo rn i an fauna, app ro ac hi ng the J ack so n i an is fo un d in Eastern M i ssi ssippi T er tiary
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Past ter tiargn— M A C aud ry recently ex hibited to t he Pari s A cademy o f S ci ences a rei ndeer s antl er pi erced with a l arge hol e, an d covered w i t h well ex ec ut ed carvi n g s One face s ho ws t wo seal s a fis h sal mo n o r t ro ut an d t hree t wig s o f pl ants n e o f O ( ) t he seal s seems to be P vita/i nd On t he o ther face are two eel lik e sl end er an i mal fig ures, three i ndetermi nabl e an i mal s (alike) and an i nsect Thi s fragment o f the rei ndeer age was d iscovered by M Po ig no n in t he Mo ntgaudier caves , department o f C ha vente A valuabl e paper upo n the po st Tert i ary el ev atio n o f the S i erra N evada, as sho w n by t he ri ver beds has b een co n t rib ut ed by Pro fesso r Jo s L eC o n te to the A meri can Jo urnal o f T he cano ns o f C ali fo rn i a, c ut far b elow the ancient S ci ence -
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e m b N o e r v [
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river bed s are co rrelat ed w i th the feat ures o f the p lateau region to p rove a g reat elevatio n whi ch was permanen t w h i le t h e drift and river d eposits o f the eastern regi o n p rov e s ub s i d en c e after Terti ary ti mes -
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H ow
uv BE u uo u r 111 A GR I C U L T U R A L
Bon
S HA L L
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et s ?
N umero us facto rs enter i nto the p robl em, s uch as t he s ize o f the cl ass, t he ag e an d p reparatio n o f the st udent s the s eas o n o f the year the l ength o f the coll ege term the p robability o f s u bseq uent st udy the means o f i ll ustrat io n s whi c h can be co mman d ed and many oth er si mil ar co nsi deratio ns A ll o f those fact o rs are so di fferent and so vario us ly co mbi ned that a method w h ic h o n the whol e might be the best in so me part ic ul ar case, mi g ht n o t be the b est in any o t h er case wh atever R o ughly cl ass ified, we may mak e o ut th ree di fferen t meth o ds of teachi n g botany no w in vog ue ; th ese may be termed th e text book metho d the l ect ure metho d and the l abo rato ry meth o d I t is fashio nabl e now a d ays to decry t he t ex t book meth od as altogeth er o ut o f d at e, but in the h ands o f a co mpet ent t eac her a goo d t ex t book is a mo st val uabl e aid T he l ect ure met h o d is necessary in very l arg e cl asses, b ut sat i sfact o ry res ults a re rarely reach ed, ev en wi t h the aid o f copio us means o f ill ust rat io n an d a N o r is fai rly goo d wo rk o f referen ce in the h and s of the st uden t the l abo rat o ry metho d p ure an d s i mpl e al tog eth er free fro m o h f rg ely t o hi msel f to fin d o ut i mpo rtan t f i e a a t l n o n L c t s i r e e c t j gard to the speci mens he is gi ven to study , the st udent is s u re to go astray and waste much ti me, a lo ss needl es and i nex cusabl e A j udi cio us co mbi natio n o f the method s named w o u l d in all p robabili ty secure the best resul ts in a majo ri ty o f cases L et me suppose the cl ass t o n umber fro m thi rty to fo rty c o m po sed o f yo ung men o f av erage attai n ments and abil ity and that fro m th ree to five ho urs p r week fo r a year is to be gi ven t o the s ubj ect A d esi rabl e ti me fo r b egi nn i ng the w o rk o f i n s t r uct i on is at the open i ng o f the w i nter t erm w hi ch in mo st co l l eg es is soo n after N ew Y ear s Fo r the fi rst term the obj ect is to g a i n a general vi ew of pl an ts and plant li fe T he basi s of the i n s t ru ct ion sho uld be l ectures o r talk s o c cupyi ng a p art o f the ho u r , w hi ch the teach er can v ary acco rdi n g to t he need s o f the cl ass A n ex ’ cellent acco mpany i n g tex t book is Bessey s Essenti al s of Bo t any fro m whi ch pages may be o ccasio nally ass ig n ed as a l ess o n t o be carefully learned Every s ubj ect tak en up sho ul d be co p i o usly ill ustrated wi th speci mens whi ch the stud ent is to see an d ex am ine fo r hi msel f O casio nal days are to be set as ide fo r careful revi ew s of subj ects al ready s t udi ed , and fro m ti me t o t i m e o ppo r uni ty sho uld be affo rded fo r the exami natio n o f spec i mens un d er ,
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T he speci al ad vantage of thi s method o f i nst ru tio n h ere sug w f o ld : rst its fl ex ibili ty ; and sec o nd the o p o rt u t o s e e d i s t Fi g p n ity it affo rd s fo r t he ef fective use o f t he black bo ard Fi g ures a nd d iag rams , d rawn b efo re t he c l ass in w hi c h vario us phases o f d evelop men t c an be s ho wn are far mo re val uable t han any tex t b ook fig ure o r p revio usly p repared di ag ram N o r s ho uld the ad vantage o f giv i n g o ut s ui tabl e t opi cs o r p robl ems fo r the members o f the cl ass to ex ami ne and repo rt upo n be o verlook ed T he s kill ful teach er w i ll find n o d if fi c ul ty in as s ig ni ng appro pri ate s ubj ects w hi c h will re ui re in d e endent o bservati o n an d t ho ug ht p o n the part o f the st uden t A terms wo rk o f thi s ki nd sho ul d gi ve s uch a o mprehensi ve v i ew o f pl ant s as to mak e subse uent st ud i es to the high est deg ree val uabl e and effec tiv e A seco nd term may be d evoted mai nly to the high er pl ant s By thi s ti me the s pri ng has so far ad vanced t hat an ab und ance o f materi al fo r all so rts o f wo rks may be ob tai ned T he basi s o f inst ruct io n may still be in the fo rm o f famili ar l ect ures, but Gray s T he i nst ructio n L esso ns may be used and arefull y st udi ed s ho uld be so pl an n ed th at the wo rk in cl ass roo m and o ut s h all re ui re a l arge amo unt o f ob serv atio n and st udy o f pl ants th em selves S o me ti me may be devot ed to the id entifi catio n o f s pec i es, n ot th at the name o f t he pl an t is t he obj ect so ugh t b ut th at t he w o rk in uestio n can not h elp but i n c rease t he k no wl edge o f the st ud en t in regard to the st ruct ure o f pl an t s, th ei r difl eren ces and bl ances A S peci al st udy of parti cul ar s ubj e ts may be mad e, resem s uch as polli natio n and the vari atio n s in struct ure and develop ment rel at i n g t h ereto Certai n nat ural o rders may be mo re care fully st udi ed an d written d es riptio ns and fig ures o f so me spcc ies o r gen era mad e fro m the st ud ent s ow n ob servatio n , may be re ui red S o me wo rk al so in the p reparatio n o f h erbari um sp eci mens, if tho ro ughly well do ne, is al ways p rofitabl e A thi rd term may be given to uestio ns rel ati ng to the physi ology o f pl ants I do not k no w of an y subj ect mo re i mpo rtant to T he i nst ructio n h ere must be an ag ri cul tural st ud ent th an thi s l argely in the fo rm of l e t ures Go o dale s Physiologi cal Botany is a mo s t ad mi rabl e wo rk It is p erh aps too co mp rehen sive to be used as a tex t book in o rdi nary cl asses, b ut wo uld be s ervi ceabl e as a wo rk o f reference S o me well arran ged l abo rato ry wo rk in t he hi stology o f pl ant s is very d esi rable as a part o f the i n st ructio n in the s ubj ect n o w und er o nsi deratio n A sp eci al effo rt s ho ul d b e mad e o n the p art of the teach er to ill ust rate his i nst ructio n Many o f th ese must be w ith as many ex p eri ment s as po ssibl e c o mm enced lo ng b efo re th ey are need ed fo r use in t he cl ass roo m One act ual ex periment whi ch the cl ass can see is wo rth a l arge n um b er of mere descrip tio ns of ex peri ments N o r is it di ffi c ul t to d evi se, in a fai rly e uipped l abo rato ry especi al ly if a g reen ho use is al so avail abl e, a l arge n umb er o f exp eri ments, whi ch the st ud en t -
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h1mself o nd uct mak e his own ob servatio n an d p repare a repo rt o f the res ult s To my mi nd the sch eme whi ch I h ave here o utli ned rath er than d escribed s uggests at l east a desi rabl e metho d o f teach in g bo tany It is capabl e o f a great d eal of un d er the li mi tatio ns n amed modifi catio n as ci rcumstances deman d , and in the h an d s o f a I n u se s kill ful t each er is lik ely t o p rod uce sati sfacto ry res ults the i nstructio ns en d w ith the y ear the st udent has ac q u i red as l arge and useful a k n o wl edge o f pl ants as c o ul d reas o na b ly be ex p ected ; and if he is to co nt i n ue his st udi es fu rth er h e h as an ex cell ent fo und atio n fo r tho ro ugh wo rk in speci al s ubj ec ts I think we are all ag reed there is no royal ro ad t o lear n i ng ; am sure t hat to n o s ubj ect is thi s tr ut h mo re applic ab le t han an d to botany A nd in co ncl usio n wo uld suggest t hat th e val ue of any method o f i n st ructio n may be t ested fi rst by t he ex t en t and acc uracy o f ob servatio n whi ch it call s fo rth o n the pa rt o f the st ud ent and sec o n d an d chi efly by t he amo unt o f earn es t and tho ro ug h w o rk w hi c h it l eads him to do r B qfessor A N H a nks erican H orticulturi st 01 A m can
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N ews —A mo st i mpo rtan t p aper is now in c o u rse of p ubli catio n in the Jo urnal o f the L i n nean S oc i ety , b egi n n i n g w i th It is an En umeratio n o f a ll the the fi rst n umber o f Vol xxm l t n s k n o wn fro m Chi na p roper, Fo rmo sa H ai nan t h e C o rea, a p t he L uch u archipel ago and t he i sl an d o f Ho n g K o n g t o g ether ” w i th t h ei r di st rib utio n and sy n o ny my , and w ill b ear t he t it le of I ndex Flo ra S i nensi s I t is the joi n t w o rk o f F ran c i s B Fo rbes and Willi am B H emsl ey A l ready o ne hund red an d s i x ty pages h av e app eared c o veri ng t he en umeratio n fr o m R an A fine map o f the regio n aec o m unc ulaceat to L eg umi no sae i m s M o ro n g 5 p aper o n t he a Tho n s t he w o rk oez: e N a i a d a a p ” in the To rrey H erbari um p ubli s hed i n the S eptember n umb er o f It enumerates seven ty t he To rrey Bull eti n is a mo st useful o n e th ree speci es o f w hi ch Potamog eton run g/1113 Z an me/tellia i n deed and Z oster a marina L , var (f) latzfozia are d esc ribed fo r th e fi rst I n the same jo urnal D r Vasey p ubli s h es a sy n op s i s of ti me t he g en us Paspal um w hi ch w ill p rove val uabl e to g ramin o lo g istsz Twenty s ix speci es are d escrib ed A l at e n umber o f the Gar den er s C hro ni cl e (S ept 4 ) co nt ai ns an ex cell en t w oo d c u t o f t he n ut pi ne o f C o lo rado (Pin us edulis) fro m a draw i n g by S ir D J H ooker I t is acco mpani ed by a sho rt descript ive no te T he “ S eptemb er Bo tani cal Gazette is an A sso c i atio n n umber , c o n tai ni n g arti cl es o n the bo tany of the recent meeti ng o f t he A meri can A sso ci atio n fo r t he A dvancement o f S ci ence the B0 tan ical Cl ub o f the asso ci a tio n w i th an i nstall aient o f the p apers and n umero us n otes an d no tel et s BOT A N I C A L
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L eyd ig it was fi rst given to mak e a decid ed step in ad z v ance I n di fferent w riti ngs had t hi s nat urali st b usi ed hi msel f w ith the i nteg umental st ruct ures o f A rthro pod s and d ec l ared E richso n s vi ew as to the ol facto ry nat ure of t he ant ennal pits as t he truest , befo re he in his careful w o rk o n t he ol facto ry and a udito ry o rgans o f c rab s and i n sect s gave excellen t repre s c utatio ns o f t he n um ero us anat o mi cal d etail s whi ch he had se l ected fro m his ex t ensive research es in all g ro up s o f A rth ropods Besid es the pit s w hi c h were fo und to ex i st in C rustacea S colo e r t r e n d r a e s N u e a r b tl Hy m opt Dipt r thop t e r a op e e e e n e a r a O e , p and H emiptera an d whi c h had o n ly t hus far b een regarded as s ense o rgan s L ey dig fi rst all s att en tio n to the w id ely di strib uted f a n l e s a d s s s n s c t e e h a l o o i i g th m a s o g a O e t n s d e e e r n c r n p g ” t o ry teet h, occ urri n g as pal e peg s perfo rat ed at the end o n the ” s urf ace o f the antenna of C rustacea My rio poda, Hy men op tera, L epidoptera, Col eo ptera are eas ily di st i ng ui sh ed and besid es the ol facto ry pegs o f the palpi may be c l ai med as o rgans o f smell T he nerve en d apparat us fi rst di sco vered by Hi ck s in the h alt eres an d wi n gs L eyd ig thi nk s sho uld be ranked as o rg an s o f heari n g ‘ R eg ardi ng the C r ustacea, L eydig in his l atest wo rk gave a lasti ng ex planatio n o f the nat ure o f t he pal e peg o r yli nder on t he end o f the ant enna e: w hi h he fo und in n ew gro up s o f thi s c l ass whi h was adopt ed by a lai g e n umb er o f nat urali sts Th us ‘ Cl aus, in his di fferen t essays, exp ressed the vi ew that these L ey digi an o rgans had the fun tio n o f maki ng sensibl e sli gh t ch anges in the chemico physi cal co nditio n o f the water I nd eed in his ‘ ues later essay s he w i tho ut h esitatio n call s t he st ruct ures in ” t i o n ol facto ry t eeth , w hil e he at the same ti me o ffers a seri es o f anato mi cal d ata o n the fi ner st ruct ure o f the sam e Enti rely
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T ranslated by A
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C oncluded fro m p 894 .
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£ 9 11!n Z um feineren Bau der A rt hro poden , M uller s A rchi v, 1855, 3 76 4 80 ; Z ur A nato mic der I nsekten . A rc hiv fllr A n ato mie, 1859 , pp 3 5 89 and 14 9 4 83 ; L ehrhuch der H isto logi e, 185 7 , 2 20 ’
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T hese pegs . as occurring in A sellus an d D aphnldae, had al ready been well de " T il hingen , 60. in his mo nog raph Naturg esc hichte der D aphiden sc ribed, in 18 18 60, without, how ever, a discussion o f the uestion whether they were o lfactory
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U eber A
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Ueber die Org an izatio n un d V erwan dtschaft der Copepoden , D i e freilebenden C o pepoden , L ei pz ig, 186 3 , 5 5
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Zeit Entw icklung , Organization and S ystemat S tellung der A rguliden Clara Z ur Kenntniss der Organ iz at i o n un d des feineren Baues der f w Z oo l , 187 5 Z ur K en ntniss des Baues un d d er Or Zeits f w Z oo l , 187 6 D aphniden , etc ath N aturw W i en er A kad wi ss M nk schr d D e i on der Poly hemiden t a n i z a p g D er Organismus der Pbronimideu, Wien , 1879 , t o C lasae, 187 7 , xxxvu, 24 5 .
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in the same di rectio n do S ars , Weismann , R o ug emo n t Gam ‘ “ ‘ H ock H all er and o th ers more or l ess dec i de upo n the roth o l facto ry nat ure o f the o rgan o f L eydig ’ Jo urdai n (4 0) does no t accept t hi s o pi n i o n, and W rz é sn io w ski T he adopted the vi ews o f M i lne Ed ward and L a Valett e ” calceo li o f A mphi po d a might be regarded as org an s o f s mell Th ere was still so me o ppo s i tion to L eydig 3 o pi n i o n t hat 111 the i nsects t he sense o f s mell i s lo caliz ed in t he an ten n a (t eeth 8 and pi ts ) and here the w o rk o f H ensen might be men t i o n ed w h ic h in 1860 had a d ec i ded i nfl uence upo n the co nclus i o n o f so me ’
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T hus L andoi s (15) deni ed th at the ante nna had th e s en s e of s mell an d decl ared th at the pits in the an tenna o f t he s tag beetl e ec t ed L ey were audi t o ry o rgans I n lik e manner Paasc h (16) rej d i g s co nclusio n whil e he so ug ht to agai n rei nstate the o ld o pin io n o f R o senth al as to the ol facto ry nat ure o f the fro n t al mvity o f the Dip tera I n spi te o f the exact ob servat i o ns an d in teres t ing ' t here ap an at o mi cal di sc overi es o f Fo rel i n ants made i n 187 4 enrod the g reat wo rk o f Wol ff o n the ol facto ry o rgans o f b ees p i n whi c h t hi s ob server with much s kill and acuteness s o u g h t to give a basi s fo r the hypoth es i s o f Ki rby and S pence that t he seat o f the sense o f s m ell lay in the s o ft pal ati ne s ki n o f th e la b ru m w i thi n t he mo uth Jo seph two years l at er drew att en tio n t o t he sti g mata as ol facto ry o rgans referri n g to the o lfac t o ry g ir ‘° dle and o rel so ug ht by an o ccas io nal criti ci s m o f W o l ff s co n c lusio ns to p ro ve ex peri mentall y t he ol facto ry functi o n o f t he “ antenna but Graber in his much read book o n i nsects defen d ed t he W o lfl in t he mo st determi ned way an d den i ed ian no se t o t he ant enn a t hei r so o ften vi ndi cated faculty o f s mell I n 187 9 ea a Berte(5 2) tho ught he had ob served in t he antenna o f the fl “ di sti nct audito ry o rgan and L ubbo ck co nsidered the o rgan s of ,
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67 18
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Ueber den Ban un d der L ebenserschein ungen der L eptodora hya li na, Ze11s f w Zool , xx 1v R oug emon e N aturg esch1chte des Gammarus putean us, M un chen , 187 5 , 9 .
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Gamma Beitrag e zur K enntniss der N aturg eschichte der C aprellen, Z eits f w Zool , 1111111 187 8 H ock C arci no logi sches in T ydschr d Md D ierk V ereen D eel, W , 102 H o ller : D er L a madipo des fi li formes Zeits f w Zoo l , x xx m, 1880, 3 68 .
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Mon thly Micr J o urn .
18 87 ,
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F o rel in the antenna o fant s as a mi cros opi c st etho scope I n 187 9 Graber d escrib ed a new oto cy st lik e sen se organ in the ant en n a o ffli es (20) whi ch was acco mpani ed by a o mpl ete li st o f all the c o n eivabl e fo rm s o f aud i to ry o rgan s in A rth ropod s I n thi s w o rk G rab er describ ed in M usca and oth er Dip tera clo sed o to cysts w ith otolith s and audito ry h ai rs as L espé had p revio usly do ne B ut Paul Mayer in two essays (2 1 5 3) refuted t hi s vi ew in a criti c is m o f the Opi n io n o f Berte referri n g the oto cysts with oto l it hs to the well k no wn antennal pits i nto whi ch t rachea might r did n ot d ecid e o n the functio n o f the h ai rs w hi ch a ss M e a y p ex t en d to the botto m o f the pits ; w hil e in the mo st recent re s earch, th at o f H auser the autho r agai n energ eti cally co n t en ded fo r the ol facto ry functio n o f t he anten na Bo th t hro ugh s r m hy iologi l e x i e n t s a n d e t a il e d n a to m i a l i n v s tig io c a e d a c e a t s n p p H auser so ught to p rove his hypoth esi s as Pi erret , Eri ch so n S l ater an d oth ers had do ne befo re him bes i des w o rki n g fro ma D arwi n i an poi nt of vi ew I n a p urely anato mi cal aspect especi ally p ro mi n en t are his di sco very o f t he s i n g ul arly fo rm ed nerv e rod s in t he pits and peg like teeth of the Hy menoptera and thei r develop ment , as well as the assertio n that numero us h ai rs in the pits de s cr ib ed by L ey dig M ey er, etc , s ho uld be co ns id ered as di re t termi natio ns o f nervo us fi bers pas si ng i nto the pi ts I n the pi ts he farth er w it h Eri chs o n , n oti ces a sero us fl ui d, whi c h may serve as a medi u m fo r the percep tio n o f s mell s A mo ng the l atest art i cl es o n thi s s ubj ect are tho se o f K ii nckel and Gazag naire (4 1) whi ch are enti re anato mi cal , whil e the l atest t reati se o f Grab er o n 1 the o rgans o f h eari n g in i nsects Oppo ses Hi ck s t heo ry o f the ol facto ry functio n o f the nerve end apparat us in the h al ters , w i ngs, etc and arg ues fo r the audi t o ry nat ure o f th ese s truct u res Fin ally , ex peri mental research es by Voges o n the seat o f t he ol facto ry “ o rgans are o n ly k nown to the wri ter by a no ti ce in the T ag ”2 A cco rdi ng to thi s ob server the sense o f li chen R und sch au sm ell is no t lo aliz ed , but sp read over the w h ol e body .
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— P ro fesso r l iqu or s
mu s S PI D ER S A N D P Bertkau repo rts th at in a spec i men o f A typus he has been abl e it is s urro und to find a di sti nct efferent d uct fo r t he co x al g l an d ed by t he same fib ro us pl ex us as the gl an d itsel f in s ix oth er speci m en s the d uct was not to be fo un d tho ugh the o rifi ce was seen This rare ph eno meno n may ei th er be ex pl ai ned by sup po si ng th at th ere was an ab no rmal retentio n o f an o rgan whi ch is C OX A L
GL A N D S
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oth er cases ab so rb ed o r it may be suggested t h at in ad ult exampl es the efferent d uct is reg enerated fro m ti me to ti me in whi ch case the co x al gl an d wo uld not be a rudi mentary o rgan but o ne th at is i ntermittently functio nal ; the c o nstant p resence of the o ri fice is an arg ument in favo r o f the l att er hypo th es i s It in
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Gr al er : A rchiv f Ueber die C ho rdoto nalen S in n eso rg ane der I nsekten krosk A n at xx, 506 6 4 0 x x1, 6 5— 14 5 1881, 1882 ’ T l g liche R undschau Zei tung fit: N ichtpoli tik er, 1882, S eptember (P) .
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i mpo rtant to n ote th at the o rifi ce appears o n t wo seg ments for thi s i ndi cat es a repeti tio n o f t he gl andul ar o rgan and is pr o tow a s uppo rt to the vi ew o f R ay L ank ester th at t he c o x al g l ands of A rach ni ds an d o f L i mul us are the ho molo g ues o f the s eg mental o rgans o f Peripat us T he autho r s ugg ests th at t he g lan d at the re t s i des o f the p rot ho rax o f A nisomor lzus o u t oid es n d ose h s a p p fo un d by S cudd er in the Ph asmid a are possibly repr es entatives of the s ame gl an d I n M a ntis relig iosa th ere is a c oi l ed g land at — 1 1 1 1 1 o the hi nd er s ide o f the fo re leg o a R o M i c r S c m y 7 f is
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1886
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—M i ss Olga
ura fi n d s t hat t h e heart H I NS EC T S Po letaj o f Bo mb us is c o mpo sed o f five s eparat e t ubes w h i c h fo rm the ch amb ers o f the o rgan and th at the mo st anterio r o f t h es e is con tinued i nto the ao rt a Each t ub e narro ws anterio rly s o as t o have t he appearance o f a t runcated c o ne w hil e t he wall s bec o me thi n ner ; po sterio rly it en l arges the anterio r end passes in t o t h e pos terio r in fro nt and each anterio r end is s o fl attened lat era l ly as to fo rm a verti cal cl eft ; the cardi ac t ubes are t h us o nly u n it ed wi th o ne ano t her at tw o poi nts ; the free po rti o n fo rms a d uc t (o stium l by whi ch the blo od fromthe abdo men enters the h eart t h e i nter nal s urface o f the anterio r t ube an d the ex ternal s u rfa c e o f the posterio r fo rm po uc h like safety val ves w hi c h reg ul ate t h e move ment o f t he blood T he h eart o f C imbex is fo rmed in es sen t i ally the same way as t h at o f Bo mb us T he writer poi nts o u t t he dif ferences bet ween the acco un ts n ow giv en and t ho se o f s u c h en t o mo lo g ists as S trauss N ewpo rt and Graber and d es c r i bes the mod e by whi ch t he h eart appears to p erfo rm its funct i o n ; c on trary to the Opi nio n o f S trauss the fi rst ch amb er do es n o t fu nc tio n alo ne as the pro pelli ng agent and the osti a are no t per fec tly c lo sed so th at part of the blood does ret urn to the abd o mi nal — — l o e r t cavity Z o A ng } i 1 pp 3 5 — M I GR A T I ONS OF 1 111; A 111): BUT T ER FL Y D uri ng the fo re part ax b ut terfl P o bers o f the A j a il i o f J une 1886 unusual n um ( y p afar ) mig rated th ro ugh th is c i ty S i nce t he o nly feedi n g p lac es l o ts access ibl e to th em in C hi cago at thi s poi n t are scattered wh ere a few b unch es o fclov er o r d and elio n mak e up the p rin c ipal flo weri n g pl ants the b utterfli es made few if any sto ps at t h es e b ut fl ew alo ng the st reet s near the g ro un d at a rapid rat e n o rth ward and it was w ith co ns id erabl e di ffi culty th at a si n gl e s peci men was secured On J une 12th a vi sit was made at W oo d L aw n i es were fo u nd a few mil es so uth o f C hi cago w h ere the b utterfl i g ht uite as pl enti ful and sho wed the same uneas i ness in t h eir fl I n a cl eared g rassy spot in the wood s near at hand white c l o ver had sp read its blo sso ms in b road pat ch es wh ere o ccas i o nally a b utterfly wo ul d make a h asty stop w hi ch ho wever w as o nly fo r a mo ment wh en its fo rm wo uld ag ai n be seen di sappear i ng th ro ugh the wood s One o f th ese speci mens after many futile EA R T OF
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ttempts was caught b ut was badly spoi led and th ro wn away w hi ch by mere ch ance fell on the g ro un d w i th its wi ngs ex tend ed A few mi n utes l at er it was no t i ced that the i nsects th at flew b y were sensibly attracted by t hi s dead i nsect whi ch th ey endeav o red to mak e k n o wn by th ei r o ccas io nally alighti n g di rectly u po n the d ead body o f th ei r fel low Th us notic i ng the d ecoyi n g effects o fthe i nsect a numb er after b ei n g chlo ro fo rmed were set apart as decoys pi nned upo n theends o f tw i g s w hi c h w ere st uck in the g ro und T he effect was s e h u t w u s s t i r e k bl h r ly i gl b u t fly o ld p ight a m a r e s n e t e r e a a d a ; q w i t ho ut alighti ng amo n g th em and b ecame an easy p rey to the n et I n thi s way a l arge n umber o f b eauti ful spec i mens w ere t ak en w h i ch w o uld oth erwi se h ave b een ui t e d iffi c ult to capt ure a
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— A s
E NT OMOL OG I C A L N ou t theJunemeeti n g o f theE nto molo g i cal S o ci ety o f Washi ngto n, M r L ugg er ment io ned the fact th at t he seeds o f the h ard mapl e so numero us in the S mi th so ni an s d t r s u e t u n r o d e r thi y i f o m ly t r il e a tt ib hi w e a u n r s e H e s r e g sea n w n m h e r e h o e n o n to l n t w e t h r i n g t e f lo i g t h e i e m a e d u r n c e p s o n w hi c h p revent ed b ees from vi siti n g t he flo wers H e al s o farth er described the mod e o f fertilizatio n o f the co mmo n l ady s s lipper ( Cy n pedinm acaule) by a speci es o f A nd rena M r p j L ugg er al so remark ed th at a few spec i mens of the Euro A 8 8 e l a 1 i z o d n s c u i m i n r fi t o d by a t i s s u h n r e r w e r e f n 7 p p n ear Balti mo re S i nce th at ti me the spec i es has sp read an d is no w so co mmo n th at it has act ually repl aced the fo rmerly co mmo n A plzodius fi metarins M r J B S mi th de s c rib es an d fig ures, in E nto mologi a A m eri cana (N o the scent o rgans o f L eucarctza c ornea and Py rr arctia isaoella w hi c h are t hrust o ut b et ween the 7 th and 8th seg ment s o f t he abdo men o f tho se moth s S i mil ar o rgans h ave been ob served by Mo rri so n in A g rotis plecta and Euplexia lucipara, and D r R il ey has ob served t hem in A leria xy lina .
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Z OOL OG Y
C Proc
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— P ro fesso r W J S ollas (S cientif or S p ous es D ubli n S ocy v 1886 ) th us arranges the spo nges
L A S S I FI C A T I ON .
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C lass I PlethOS po ng ia S ub clas s I H exactinellida S ub class I I D esmospo ngia S ub class I I I Myxospo ngia C lass I I C alcispongia .
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T he g reat majo ri ty o f the spo nges as w ill be seen b elo n g to t he D es mospo ng ia T he Myx o spo ng ia are no t regarded as a degenerate g ro up S oll as resents (Zool A nz eiger 1886 ) the imp utatio n o f H eid er th at his peculi ar gast rul as o f spo nges were ,
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merely s h rivel ed blast ul a
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v N o e m b e r [
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F R esn
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U s so w
d esc ribes l I V 8 6 a n 1 8 e w a H i t p n n a n d M N a t s x v 10 A 1 m , p ( , ) g I t is a H y fresh water C a lenterate fro m the rivers o f R ussi a dro med usa, but di ffers so fro m all o th ers that it is mad e t he ty pe o f a n ew gen us , Polypo di um T he yo ung stages are remark able in th at th ey are passed as paras ites in t he eggs o f t he s ter l et Th is s tag e is abo ut o ne fifth o f t he eggs b ei ng th us i n fected described as a cyli ndri cal S pi ral tw i sted t ube w it h n u mero us l ateral b ud s Thi s feeds upo n the yolk g ran ul es whi c h are ta ken up by the ectoder mal ell s and are th ence p assed to the en d o der mal o nes Fro m t hi s is d eveloped the free stage, w h i c h is more like a no rmal Hydro med usa an d is p rovided with s ix , t w elve or t wenty fo ur tentac les but l ack s an umbrella T he perfect or sex ual stage is n ot k no wn A full paper is pro mi sed s o o n -
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C tE L ENT ER A T E .
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—M H
Pro n ho s tates N E R VOUS S YS T EM OF T H E S EA th at if o ne suitably t reats a po rtio n of the i nteg umen t w hi ch cov ers the test o f Ecli in us acutns w ith c hlo rid e o f gol d o r citric ac id n umero us bl ui sh li nes co nnect ed by fre uent an as t o moses w ill beco me apparent ; the appearance fo r ibly recall s th at fi g ured by P ro fesso r L oven of the periph eral nervo us system o f B r assar sis lynfera Ex ami ned und er a po wer o f 500 the pl ex u s w i l l be fo und to o nsi st o f a l arge n umber o f fib ril s and s o me o f t he p ri ncipal b undl es w ill be seen passi ng to wards the S p i n es and T he fib ril s o f whi c h thi s pl ex us is fo r med adj acen t pedi cell ari a are i den ti cal w i th tho se o f the t entac ul ar an d amb u l a r al n erves an d each is co nt i n uo us w ith the fib er fro m t he amb ul ac ral n erve whi c h emerges fro m o ne o f the t entac ular po res ; the p l ex u s li es b etween the ex ternal epit heli um and a l ayer o f co nn ec t iv e t i s s ue w hi ch sen d s o ff a n umb er o f co nnecti ve ban d s t hro u g h the mesh es o f the nervo us plex us to suppo rt the epith eli um A t the b ase o f each spi ne there is a rel atively w ell develo ped n erv o us ‘ ri n g T he cell ul ar el ement s o f the pl ex us are very diflic u lt t o detect in the pl ex us but th ey are v ery n umero us and eas y t o s ee in t he nerv e ri ng the autho r does n ot ho wever ag ree w i t h M M Pro n h o has R o manes in his d escriptio n o f th ese el ements al so b een abl e to mak e o ut a nervo us genital ri ng w h i c h co n nects t he five genital gl and s w ith o ne anoth er and by mea n s o f the five amb ul acral t runk s w ith the peribuccal nervo us p enta g o n — Comptes R endus, cii 6 pp 44 4 -
OR C H I N
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— Th ere seems to be a cert ai n fatal T 1111 C R US T A C EA N C A R A PA x ity co nnected wi th so me sci entific facts A way back in 183 4 t he l ate H enri M il ne Edwards had a co nceptio n o f the true mo rp hol ogy o f the crustacean carapax and eigh teen years l ater J ames D D ana still furth er el abo rated the matter But not wi t hstan d i ng the weight o f thei r autho ri ty th ei r vi ews fail ed to gai n gen eral 1 acceptance and al mo st every tex t b o ok to day s tates t h at t he .
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D an a s view was adapted by Packard twen ty years ago, and is a ught in his text books and lectures 1
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lob sters rep resents the c oal esced terga o f all the ceph ali c an d tho raci c seg men ts an d a li ne c ro ss i ng it — h o u s the s ut ure dividi n g the h ead fro m the tho rax t e oi n t e d t a p c ervi cal sut ure Thi s vi ew is wholly erro neo us and has ari sen Dr fro m an attempt to trace ho mologi es wh ere n o ne ex i st — r d H o wa A yers (Bull eti n Essex I nstit ute Vol XVI I pp 4 9 59 pls 11 111 1886 ) has recently rest ated the p robl em an d the evi dence t o s how th at the carapax is in reali ty to be regard ed as the c oal esced terga o f the an tennal and mandib ul ary seg ment s and th at t he cervic al s ut ure merely i ndi cates the li ne between th em H is p resen tatio n of the case sho uld be c o ncl usive H e furt h er s ho ws th at the p art s regard ed by M il ne Ed ward s as epi sterna are in reali ty po rtio ns of the stern umc ut o f f by t he appearance o f fal se sutures D EV EL OPMENT OF P H Y L L OPODS Cl aus in the l ast H eft of the s i x th vol ume o f the A rb eiten zool I nst Wi en giv es an acco unt ill ust rated w ith twelve pl ates o f the st ruct ure an d d evelop ment o f t he Phyllopo d genera Branchip us and A rt emi a whi ch suppl e ments his fo rmer paper p ubli shed in Gotti ngen 187 3 H e dis c usses the seg men tatio n and d evelop ment o f the bo dy d uri ng metamo rphosi s the seg mentatio n o f the mesod ermand the di ffer en tiatio n o f the ectod erm al and mesodermal o rgans the fo rmatio n o f regio ns an d the n um ber of segments i nt eg ument co nnective ti ssue and fat bodi es muscles nervo us sy stem and sense o rgans e n d x cre m m a r n u e n a i c l di n g h e e d i l t l y s e li t y t a n n d e t h a e a e r a a ( ) t o ry o rgans h eart ci rc ul atio n and respi ratio n and the sex ual o r m f e n o a n s e s th u givi g m o og phi t t n t o f t h e d v e lop t n a m e n r a c r e a g t h e g ro up ‘ T n E R I BS or S p n E NODON Cope has shown th at i n so me o f the Pelyco sauri a the capitul um of the two h ead ed rib s is attach ed to the i ntercent rum T he uestio n aro se i mmedi at ely : I s it n ot p robabl e th at the l ivi ng S ph enodo n w ith so many ch aracters co mmo n to the Permi an Pelyc o sauri a sh ows the same co nditio n P T he ribs o f S ph enodo n are d escrib ed by Owen Gii nther and A lb recht N o ne o f t h ese autho rs speak abo ut rib s co nnected w i th t he i nt ercent rum (hypapophysi s) but th ey have observ ed two h ead ed ribs in the cervicals 2 Owen says T he fo urth verteb ra has a S ho rt pleurapophys i s o n eac h S ide w ith a bi furcate p ro x i mal end arti c ul ated by a b ro ad t ubercl e to the di apophysi s and by a s l en d er nec k and h ead to a p
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C Ope, E D D escription of Extinct Batrachia and R eptiha fro m the Permian forn atio ns of T exas Pala o nto l Bull N O 2 9, p 5 18 A mer Philos S oc , A pril 5 , I s7 T he R elations betw een the T hero morpho us R eptiles and the Mono treme Mam malia Pro c A mer A ssoc A dvan c , S e , V ol xxxm, Philadelphia meeti ng, S ep tember, 1884 D escri ve C atalogue o f the Osteolog ical S eries con tai ned in the Museum o f the R oyal C o ege o f S urgeons of England V ol 1 L o ndo n , 1853 , p 14 2 ’
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o e m b N v e r [
General N otes
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di mental parapop hysi s but t hi s is very feebly mark ed o ff from t he di apophy s i s I n the fi ft h verteb ra the parapo p h y s i s and dia i h s i n d e r t r e c e e o og h obli idg hi fly x t d v O s f m e t e a n e r e e r t u p p y h i s c ally and to whi ch t he ex pand ed h ead o f the l u a o s e r p y p p ” art i cu l at es by a s i n gl e s urface l Gunther says I n o ne ex ampl e the pl eurap o phy s is of the fo urth verteb ra is not bi furcate the lo wer b ranc h bei n g replaced by a li gament and no trace of a parapophys i s can be distin ru
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— s i h s m o e u a t r i e v e r t e b r c e r v i l e D a p é e c a y Q p
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lb recht says bi en dé veloppées et sé parées par une échancrure d u n r udi ment ubé ro sité de la cote égal emen t b i en dével T de arapo phy se p te co o ppée et sé paré e aussi par une é c h ancrure d u co l d e la 4 cervi cal e L a diapo physe arti c ul e avec la t ubé ros i té d e la d i te cote tandi s q ue le rudi ment de parapophyse est ré uni par un l igament au co l N o us avo ns do nc ici une c o mbi nai so n des cas d e Owen ” et de Gunth er A c co rdi n g to all t hese autho rs the fi rst rib ap pears o n the fo urth verteb ra My o wn ex ami natio ns made o n two al co holi c S pec i mens of S pheno do n S ho w the follow i ng First ver tebra (atl as) S i n gl e h ead ed lig amentous r ib s con n ected w i t h the di stal p art of fi rs t i n tercent rum (bet w een o c ci pi tal c o nd y l e and atl as) Ca T wo h ead ed lig amentous rib s S econd vertebr a (ax i s) w stal p art of seco nd i nt er cen t r u m (be i o t d i h i m e t d u n e c l c t u n p all tween atl as an d ax i s) ; t uberc ul um co nnec ted w i th a s m diapo phy si s o f the vertebra — r Fi rst speci men two h eaded lig amen t ous ribs ; TI t ir d ver teb a Capit ul um lig amen s eco nd spec i men t wo h ead ed o sseo us rib s to us co nnected w ith small p ro cess (parapophysi s) o n t he p o sterior lateral part o f t hi rd i nt ercent r um t ub erc ul umco nnec ted w i t h dia A
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— T wo h eaded o sseo us rib s C apit u l um w ell de Fourth vertebra velo ped but not entirely o ss ified the p ro x i mal lig amen to us part c o nnect ed wit h the pro c ess (parap o phy s i s ) o f fo urt h i nterc en tr um t uberc ul um attach ed to the well d ev eloped di apophys i s One head ed osseous ribs Capit ul ar p a rt r udi Fifth vertebra mentary and ligamentous co nn ected w i th fi fth i ntercentru m t uber c ulum well d eveloped at tach ed to a sho rt but b ro ad di ap o ph ysis A ll the oth er cervi cal an d do rsal vert ebra S ho w the same c o ndi t io n as the fi ft h cervi cal 3 A lb rec h t b eli eves th at the di apophysi s o f the fi fth an d the .
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C o n tribution to the A n ato my o f H atteria (R hynch ocephalus Philos T rans , Part I , for 186 7 p 11 Owen ) ' N ote sur la p resence d un rudiment de Proatlas sur un ex emplaire A lbrecht, P ’ Bull M us R oy d I I ist N at Belg T ome 1, 1883 , pp de H atteria pun ctata Gray
Gil ntber, A
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fo llo wi ng verteb ra rep resents a par adiapophy szlt and the h ead I beli eve th at the di apophys i s o f t he rib a capitulo tuberculum c o nsi sts o fdiapophysi s o nly , and t h at t he h ead o f t he rib repre 1 s ent s o nly the t ub ercul um t m n s n pi u l u b i g di ti e c a e ct but liga t h , -
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mento us
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livi ng S ph enodo n sho ws therefo re in p ri nc ipl e the same c o n ditio n o f the rib art ic ulation as the Permi an Pelyc osaur i a B ut th ere are still oth er S aurops i da w hi c h h ave so me o f the ribs c o nnected w ith the intercentr um I n all C ro codili a and Di n osauri a t he fi rst rib o f the atlas is attach ed to the intercentrum between t he o ccipital co ndyl e and the atl as T he same conditio n can be fo und in bi rds w h ere thi s fi rst rib has beco me ligamento us and p robably in all S auropsida with ribs co nnected wi th the A tlas I do no t do ubt th at the Orni tho sauri a sho w the same co ndi t io n ’ s i n ce L v A i n mo n has sho wn th at the cervi cal ribs o f R h am — a u r h n s B r a l h o u a r lik tho t h c r o o d il D r G Y e c h e e s f e c e e o p y Colleg e M useum N ew H aven Ct S ept 19 1886 — BI R D S K I L L E D Ev EL ECT R I C L I GI I T T OWER S A T D EC A T U R I L L I enc lo se a s lip cut fro m t he D ecat ur R ep ubli can o f last even i n g ; al s o a li st o f bi rd s b ro ught to me yesterday by boy s fro mdi fferent parts of the ci ty as d etermi ned by Pro fesso r J H Coo nradt o f o ur Hi g h sc hool S o me o f th em are sel do m seen in thi s neigh bo rhoo d so far as my observatio n go es I ndeed mo st o f t h em are rarely n oti ced in the c ity thi s ti me o f the y ear I thi n k no ne were fo un d under the l amps thi s mo rn i ng F ro m the numbers I saw and heard o f y es terd ay I sho uld t hi nk it p robabl e t h at a t ho u san d bi rd s were kill ed aro un d the el ectri c ligh t to wers whi ch lig ht o ur t o wn I s uppo se thi s is not an unus ual o cc urrence but as the n umbers were so g reat I tho ught po ss ibly y o u wo uld lik e to mak e 4 a n ote o f it Follow i ng is the l i st o f the bi rds kill ed by the el ect ri c light t o wers : R edstart (S etoplzag a r utialla) red b reast ed gro sb eak (Go n ia /zea ludovician a a n d o n e a a i digo bi d n s z a c a bl c k i a C n r y p ) ) ( y p t o l o d e s a r T e llo w bl D c u l o s ho w r e u w a r e r e d c m a s e n u r a c e y ( g y ( ) a don) Mary lan d y ello w th ro at (Geothlypis triclras ) A cadi an fl y b r a r u n a a cat ch er (Em i d o n a x n r l t t g a r e n a e a c d i e s s c a a r p ) (& g ) cat bi rd (Galeoseoptes carolinenszlr rush (Turdus oliv b k d th e a c e ) — swaiusonz a u 2 1 8 8 E A e c r e t 6 s a t a n D t m G S ) p 9 — ZOOL OGI CA L N Ews General M Z aro ndnoi (Bull Mo se S o c Nat ) en umerates 184 speci es o f bi rds in the T rans C aspi an fauna H e divi des t he di stri ct i nto th ree s ub regio ns (1) the Kara K um desert (2 ) the A kh al Tekk e oasi s 3) the mo unt ai ns T he fi rst di stri ct has a p retty well furni sh ed flo ra spite o f its i mmense T he
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l he same co ndition ex ists in the L acertilia, Pyt ho n omorpha, and Ophidia ’ A mmo n L v Ueber das in der S ammlung des R eg ens burger naturw issenschaft lichen Vereins auf bew ahrte S kelett einer lang schw aen zig en Flugeidechse R hampho r hynchus lo n gicaudatus, C o rrespondenzblatt des n aturwiss enschaltli ch V ereins I n R e b n u r 8 J e s a h r a n 1 1 8 8 , , 4 p 55 g g 3 g g, l
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b N o v e m e r [
s General N ote .
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dy pl ai n and salt cl ay s T he reptil es of thi s s ub reg i o n w hich ex tends i nto t he A kh al Tekk e o as i s are o f liz ards tw o s ec ies of p Phry no cephalus A g ama sang uinolenta and Varan us sa uc es ; a Test udo and t he snak e N aja az iana Thi s o asi s has a mo s t mo n o to no us l an dscape but is p ret ty wel l furni sh ed w i t h i n sects amo ng th em Julo dis (3 s p ) several ki nd s o f A t euc h us a n d C op us and n umero us M elan oso mata J ack al s and o n the b a n k s o f the few rivers t he w ild cat and the L ago mys o ccur T he s u mmer in thi s o asi s is very hot ; 4 0 Cel si us in the shade is n o t u n c o mmon T he s ummer molti n g o f the b ird s is by o ur auth o r att ri b u ted to thi s great h eat T he l ark has parts o f its body uite b are at that seaso n T he b ulk of the bi rds o f the o as i s d uri ng t h e s ummer belo ng to the A ral Caspi an fauna but oth ers co me fro m t h e moun tai ns follo w i ng the riv ers Gri ffo ns ravens S wi fts an d s w allows live I n t he mo untai ns but d escend to the p lai n to h un t I n the vall eys o f the mo unt ai ns the l eopard and the c h eetah are rare H ye na striata is o ccas io nal and Ellobius talpin us several s peci es s x z r t r i I r s u o i o f E ri naceus and Platy cerco m s a n d t r s t r i r r a e H y y o n T he d readful Viper a eufratica is a so urce o f c o n t i nual c o mm danger d uri ng the grape harv est o fthe fo rested upper v a lley s — u Protoz oa Grub er has been st udyi ng the ph en o mena o f c o nj m states t hat n o t o n ly is resented by Param e c u a n d i i n s a t o a g p “ c o me i n to ih th ere a un i o n o f the n ucl ei b ut th at the n ucl eoli ” ti mate co ntact cop ulate with each other H e cl ai ms t h at the uv enes act has n o t o nly a sex ual functio n but it pl ays a part in r ej cence and th at th ere is an ex ch an ge o f p ro topl asm b et w een the n ucl eoli — m o s w n u r s f h i z o d M i t e e n u e r a t e t e ty f o i e s o e R a r h e l e W c gg p p R hizopo da in N ew S o uth W al es mo stly identi cal w ith tho se fo un d in E urope A meri ca and I ndi a T he li st i n cl udes Pelorny x a po l y s san
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tris , R itaplzids /try s eleg ans,
Clatltrulina
Q
eleg ans,
B io nry x a
an d
— M r G H Fo wl er ( uart Jo ur M ic S oc ) de Cwlenterates y o f two speci es o f mad repo res M dur en21c1 scrib es the anato m has fo ur feat ures I n co mmo n w i th the A l cyo nari a (1) a t en d en cy .
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to absence o f polyps o n the v ent ral si de of the b ranc hes ; (2 ) the very d efi nite o ri entatio n of the polyps ; (3) the di fferent i at io n o f N ot h i n g has the mesent eri es ; (4 ) the di sti nct di mo rphi sm hi th erto been kno wn o f the d evelop ment of the C ubo med usa H aack e p ubli sh es in the Zool A nzeiger (1x p 5 54 ) so me n o tes o n the d ev elop m ent o f an A ust rali an C harybdea i n whi c h h e s h o ws that H aeck el was p robably co rrect i n his suppo si t ion t hat t h ere H e als o g i ves was an al ternatio n o f generatio ns in th ese fo rms n ot es upo n the dev elop ment o f the sense o rgans an d ph ac ell a and T he u mb rell a st at es t hat t he v el ar can al s are at fi rst unb ran ch ed at fi rst is py ramid al muc h lik e th at o f the S cypho sto ma fo rms an d o n ly l ater do es it attai n the cubi cal fo rm c haracter i stic o f t he .
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d ult W L S cl ater describ es (P roc Zool S oc 1886 ) a fi ft h I co m es t h u s S tephan o tro c hus s pec i es o f d ee o l g n s e a c r a o f t e e p fro m the Bri t i sh seas and was d redg ed at a depth o f 570 fatho ms S o me n otes are given of its anato my — 5 2 t M l W B Benham( uart Jo ur M ic S o c ) fi rst gives a cond ensed hi s to ri cal revi ew o f t he v ario us wo rk s o n earth wo rms and a c h ro n olo g i cal reco rd o f t he d i sc overy o f new fact s ; th en b ri efly en umerates and desc ribes all k no w n earthwo rms ; th en t ak es the vario us o rgans in o rder and poi nt s o ut thei r vari atio ns A mo n g th ese is Micr o an d l astly describ es s o me n ew speci es c lueta r a pi fro m S o uth A fri ca a wo rmth ree feet S ix i nch es lo ng p and th erefo re co mparab le w i t h A nta us an d T itan us fro m S o uth A meri ca A n oth er spec i es o f M icrocha ta fro m N atal fol lo ws and an d T rigaster is s ucceeded by U roben us (1 D iacha ta (1 sam h e e s u t s t w g r r W ldo o t ib e to 1 a l l n e e n e M e n c n r a ( p) u n n c e E n i r n o u a s e n a o a l t l n l f o u n d a t P z n i s a n a cco u o f D g g j p w s n n a n s e r l d Th r e e p e c i e f h g n u e p r e vio u ly k o w s o t e e s g D i nophil us is stated o n the o ne h an d to be related to the A rch annelid s whil e o n the other it retai ns many feat ures ch aracteri sti c o f the co mmo n ancesto r o f th ese g ro up s in whi c h M r Weldo n in c l ud es C rustacea M oll usca and R oti fera as well as C ha to po da an d Gephyrea T he rel atio ns of the body cavity ex creto ry sy stem T he tapewo rm an d ph arynx po i nt to a T urb ell ari an o rigi n T a nia fili collts has been k no wn as a p arasite o f t he sti ckl eb ack s m m o f u s r n w s m s c e n s A a t o t idy po t it o p i i G a s e r s e r r r D L e o e f e ( ) fr o mN o rth Caroli na tho ugh th ere is so me do ubt as to whether it w as real ly paras iti c in these fi sh es E A R au repo rt s fo ur cases o f t ri chi no sis at Bethl eh em Pa in the early part o f t he p resen t e ll w r u s e a n e r f hi h s u lt a t lly A e e c a d by ti g f a t w o w c r e e d a o y ” “ fro m t he same infected po rk Kennel in the l ast H eft o f ” S emper s A rbei ten c ompl etes his acco unt o f the d evelop ment H e diflers g reatly o n many poi nts fro m S edgwi c k s o f Peripat us acco unt o f the emb ryo logy o f the s peci es o f t he same g enus fro m t he Cape o f Good Hope — r o A rth poda r u e l h a s n n o u c e d N a t u e J u ly I 8 6 c h a n 2 8 ( 9 JJ ) t hat a Peripat us appare ntly P edwardsii is fo un d in the D em e rara divi s io n o f Bri ti sh Gui ana A n ex ample whi ch wh en not elo ngated is abo ut t hree and a h al f i nc h es lo n g has thi rty o ne u t h u s i rs f f t h l a t t h f hi h it r a r e ly p t s to e g r o n d a o e e t e r e w c e o p e xcep t wh en it goes back ward It fre uently di scharges a vi scid s ec retio n w h en h andl ed M r I mTh urm p revio us ly fo und small s pec i m ens in Esse uibo A cc o rdi ng to ob servat io ns mad e by M G S t R emy upo n the b rai ns o f S colopendra morsitans and so me oth er m y riapods the Myri apod b rai n is s i mpl e and ap ro aches t hat of C rustacea u m s n d u r M r e ss Co pt e e s o a t R T ( p J uly 1866 ) notes the p resence w ithi n the upper part of the sh aft o fthe feath ers o fa c url ew S hot in the wi nter o f sev eral M alloph aga Of the gen us C o lpocephalum T he hol e by whi ch th ese insects a
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65
m N o v e b e r [
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t d was placed upo n the lower side ofthe feather in the furrow abo ut two centi met ers fro mthe upp er umbili c us T he i n sec ts w ere dead and were acco mpan i ed by t he empty s h ell s o f the eg g s they had laid w i t h a few ova whi ch still con tai ned emb ryo s A hole abo ut five milli meters fro m the lo wer umbili cus was app arently T he i nterio r o f the s o ft po rti o n o f the the o utl et o f t he larv ae feath er had been d evo ured It is not yet ascertai ned w hat con dition s det ermi ne th ese devo urers o f feath ers to seek refu g e w i thin A cari da: S y ring o philus an d other gen era have before the uill b een fo und withi n the shaft but these seemto enter by th e upper umbili c us Ho ussay has been st udyi ng the art erial sy s t em of t he sco rpio n (Co mp tes R en dus A ug 2 1886 p T h e g reat est i n terest cent ers in his d esc riptio n o f the st ernal art ery w hi ch ensh eathes the nervo us co rd al mo st ex actly as it d o es i n L i mulus t h us affo rdi ng ad ditio nal evi dence in favo r o f the vi ew h eld b y V an Beneden L an k ester an d Ki n gs l ey th at the ki n g c rab i s c lo sely Wi nckl er havi ng recent ly an n o unced rel at ed to the spi ders t h at he had fo un d a h eart in the Gamas id mites an d t h at i t c o ul d be st udi ed thro ugh the t ransparen t i nteg umen t o f t he livi n g ani mal K ramer call s attentio n to the fact that he ann o u n ced the same in the A rchiv fii r N at urgeschi chte fo r 187 6 B rad y g i ves 1886 ) o f all the k no wn E nto mo st raca of a li st (P ro c Zool S o c S o uth A ust rali a an d adds sev eral new speci es to the nu mbe r Beddard in the same jo urnal co mpl etes his p reli mi nary a c co unt F renzel thi nk s the o f the Ckalleng er I sopo da M i ttel darmdruse (t he so call ed liver) o f the C rustacea has th e fu n ct ion o f a d ig estive gl an d whi c h show s in its p hy s iologi cal ac t i o n r e a t g s i mil arity to t he pan creas o f t he V erteb rata A n ot h er fo ssil my ri apo d must go it h avi ng been di scovered that T r ic h i u lus was based upo n a fern — M ollusca M Th Barroi s gives in his th esi s befo re th e F ac ulty o f S ci ences o f Pari s an acco un t o f t he foot gl ands an d a u i fer o us q po res o f the l amellib ran ch s There is g reat vari ety in th e b y s s us fo rmi ng apparat us b ut Cardium adult furn i sh es a go o d ty p i cal T he byssus is a gl an d ul ar p ro d uct and do es n o t c o n ex ampl e s i s t o f d ri ed o r chiti nized muscul ar fibers C adult has a s impl e byss us o f o n e fil ament w hil e L i ma Pi n na and A vic u l a h ave many I n A rea the fil ament s are uni ted i nto a mass and A n e mia has a si mil ar mass w hi c h is encrusted wi th cal careo us s a l ts s o as to app ear as an ossi cl e M Barroi s describes the musc les o f the byss us ; the cavi ty o f the byss us w hi ch receives the s ec ret i o n ; t he g l an ds o f the cavity ; the byssal canal ; the g ro o ve an d t he glands o f t he g roo ve I n so me spec i es every vesti g e o f t he b y s sal m emi t w hil e ot her fo rms apparat us has di sapp eared (5 01 T he muco us gl an ds are so met i mes s ho w a parti al d i sapp earance scattered ov er the foot b ut mo re o ften th ey are lo caliz ed i n t he free anterio r ex t remity ; w hil e in L ima Pecten an d A n o mi a t h ey d i sc harg e i nto a furro w I t has o ften been arg ued that the rapid en ere
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3 9 5 i ncreas e and di mi n utio n o f siz e ob servabl e in the foot must be c aused by t he p resence o f a ui f ero us po res whi ch permi t wat er to enter i nto t he c i rc ul at io n b ut M Barro i s has searc h ed in vai n fo r s u ch po res M Gi ard has di sco vered a new sp eci es o f Ento n i sens (E ma nadzs) upo n a fem al e Card /ms me nd : obtai ned at W i mereux It was si t uated upo n the l eft si de o f the ani mal , in T he uestio n w hy t he scallop , t he mid st o f t he h epati c c a eca Pect en , is so ab undan tly s uppli ed w i th eyes has o ften b een ask ed a nd has n ev er rec eiv ed a sati sfacto ry answ er D r Benj ami n S h arp n o w states th at th ese o rgan s are real ly pho spho rescent and t h at as the p rod uctio n o f l igh t w o ul d be o f advantag e to the an i mal thi s may po ssibly ex pl ai n t hei r ab undance W D H art man add s new di ffi culti es fo r the st udents of co nchology by de spec i es s c ribi ng several mo re o f t he much ab used gen us Bart ul a T here is no w n ot much choice b etween Par o f the S o uth S eas H eilprin repo rts a t e t u l a o r A chati na and o ur o w n U n io markable i nstance o f vi tali ty in a mari ne moll usk S peci mens of lived fo r a year removed fro m sal t water, and I /y an assa fo r several mo nth s o f thi s ti me th ey were pl aced in clo se p ro x i mity t o a h eat ed wall where certai nly the co nd itio ns were n ot favo rab le fo r th em
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— h Fis es Dr
A lb recht fo rmerly o f Brussels but n o w o f H amb urg n otes t he o cc urrence, in an exampl e o f Pr otopter us mumtens tn the Ko nigsberg M useu m, o f a pecto ral memb er (the r i g h t) whic h is fo rked at t he d i stal ex tremity A bo ve thi s d i v ided fi n are t wo s m al l o uter gil ls whil e t h ere is but o ne above D r A lb recht co nsi ders t he do rsal divi sio n as t he l eft pecto ral H H Gig lio li sends to t he uln a, the v ent ral as the rad ius N ature an acc o unt o f the capt ure o f a speci men o f M al/us bar ba t us w hic h by so me means had beco me tight ly encased in a l arge a atlantzt um T he head o f the fish had reached c o lo ny of & rosom t he bo tto m o f t he so c i al cyli nd er and o nly abo ut a fo urt h o f its l en gth p roj e t ed po st erio rly It was taken alive
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— t i l e e M e s s s r s p
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I shik awa ( uart Jo ur M ic S oc ) repo rt as a general res ul t of th ei r st udi es o f the fo rmat io n o f ent o f t he germi nal l ay ers in the Ch elo n i a that t he develop m t he R eptili a h armo nizes co mpl etely w i th t h at o f Bat rachi a Bir ds —S o me remarkabl e bi rds o f paradi se have b een recently d escribed by D r Finsch and D r Meyer (Z eitsc h Ges Orn u pp 6 i P a zlromzlr " ( do/ hi w i th bl ue wi n gs a d o g r m n h e m s t A 3 9 p an k pl umes T hese no vel ties were di scovered by Mr a n d bl ue fl H unstei n in t he A strol ab e ran ge o f N ew Zeal and M r Fo rbes h as si nce coll ected most o f M r H un stein s speci es an d al so a M elithreptes and a Pseudo g eryg o ne w hi ch seem to be n ew M r Fo rb es bi rds of paradi se g at hered in the rainy s easo n sho w t h e mol ts an d chan ges o f pl umage o f these bi rd s M M C h arbo nnel S alle and Phisalix have st udi ed the so call ed milk R
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M its ukuri
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r v b e e m N o [
General N otes
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w ith whi ch pigeo ns feed th ei r yo un g an d fin d th at it is not : glandul ar secretion (as is the materi al w ith whi ch t he C allocalia co nst ructs its edibl e nes ts) but is a fo rmatio n o f mo d i fie d epithe Thi s materi al is p ro duced in the (eso phag us o f both li al cell s t he mal e and the femal e parents unt il abo ut the tw en ti eth day after the eggs have h atch ed ,
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E M BR Y OL OG Y
‘ .
—I n a recen t
a r b a e W H Y D O C ER T A I N F I S H OVA FL OA T y p p h is r eaders are M r Pri nce (A nn an d M ag N at H i sto ry info rmed th at the b uoyancy o f cert ai n fish o va is no t d u e to the p resence of d rops of Oil in the yolk as sup posed b y R y der or a H ad my co ncl us io ns no t been s o s u mm w o rds to th at effect rily di sposed o f by o ne who se i n fo rmat io n is c l early n o t very acc urat e o r ex t ensive the w rit er w o uld no t t ro ub l e h i ms el f to I n my E mbry reco ns id er the s ubj ect o f the b uoyan cy o f fish ova I h ave stated that t h e buoy o g raphy Of Osseo us Fi s h es (p ancy o f the cod s eg g is un do ubt edly d ue to the d i mi n ished att er o f the vitel l us a n d not s pec ifi c g ravi ty o f th e p rotopl as mi c m to the p resence o f any Oil s I n t hi s respect it represen ts an u n i ue type o f the b uoyant ov um Thi s statement p ub li s h ed i n 1884 b ut wri tten in 1882 is essentially the same as that o f M r Pri nce m m e n t i s unnecessary sh ed in 188 bli C u 6 o p There are several types of b uoyant ova These are (1) Those in whi ch the s pecifi c g ravity o f the yolk ts di mi n i s h ed as in the e g Of t he co d ; 2) those i n whi ch l arg e oil d rop s i n an ec cen ( g t ri c positio n aid i n causi ng t he eggs to float ; (3 ) tho s e i n w hich a v ery large Oil d rop caused the ov um to float even in fresh water Th ese th ree categori es are also in all probabi lity co n nec t ed by intermediate ki n d s ; th at is amo ngst fo rms o f t he s ec o n d seri es th ere are so me whi ch are b uoyant in water wi th as lo w a sp ec i fic w e o th ers are no t b uoyant in wat er Of less vity s hil r a a g s pecifi c g ravi ty th an 1 0 2 5 w hil e tho se in whi c h the p ro p o rtio n a is very g reat o r abo ut as I t o 7 are b uo y an t in o f oil to pl as m o r in that w hich water with a specifi c g ravi ty of very nearly is fresh A s a rul e t he b uoyant ovum has the oil gathered i n t o a s i n gle drop embedd ed in the vitell us nearly Oppo site the g ermi n al d i s k ; Th ere are als o b ut th ere seem to be few ex ceptio ns to t hi s rul e very few speci es k nown whi c h h av e b uoyant o va w ith o ut an Oil d rop and these are b uoyant o n ly in water o f rath er h ig h S pec i fic F u rt h ermo re as a r ul e fish o va w hi c h are b u oy an t are ravity g n o t adh es iv e but float abo ut near the surface s i n gly ; t he mo st n ot ewo rthy ex ceptio n to th is rule is p resented by the g reat p el ag i c eg g ribbo ns o f L ophi us .
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Edited by a h h P p ‘
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J OH N
A
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R
Y D ER
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Biological D epart ment, Uni v
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of
Pen na,
Philadel
Embry ology
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great majo ri ty of speci es Of both fresh and salt water fi sh es w h i c h h ave h eavy s ubs id ent ova co ntai n i ng Oil have th ei r eggs rovid ed w ith thi ck e n h vy m b s w hi h r a dh r t to e a m e r a n e c a e e p eac h oth er o r to foreig n bodi es or to both F urth ermo re th ei r eg g memb ranes are us ually adh esiv e w ith the oil d rop s scattered b en eath the surface o f the vitell us o r aggregated in a fl at ( lis c o idal g ro up beneath o r alo ngs id e o f the germi nal d i s k and not v ery t ransparent T he w hol e eg g is al so us ually mo re o r l ess T he eg g memb ranes o f tho se speci es w hi ch c o l o red o r gran ul ar hav e b uoyant o va are o n the oth er h and ch aracteri sti cally thi n an d d eli cate so th at it is difl i cult if no t i mpo ssibl e to mak e o ut t he p resence o f po re canal s whi l e the whol e eg g is as a rul e re markably transparent Th ese ch aracteri sti cs seem to show th at the b uoyant ov um is a very well defined and speci alized type whi ch has been developed in the co urse o f the st ruggl e fo r ex i stence to serve a v ery useful p urpo se in i nsuri ng the p rotectio n and survival of the emb ryo dur in g the h at chi n g period Th ere are fresh water fo rms al so whi ch h ave b uoyant ova as in the case o f M acropodus ven ustus in whi ch the p ropo rtio nal vol u me Of the oil d rop is g reater th an in any o th er k no wn type T he oil in thi s cas e wh en liberated at o nce flo ats at the s urface as do es t he eg g w h en enti re whil e the pl asma of the germ and vitell us at o nce s i nk s Thi s fact it seems to me fi nally and co ncl usively p roves th at the pel agi c o r b uoyant h abit o f many fish o va is due to the p resence o f oil agg regated as a rule at the vegetative pol e T he o th er co nditio ns Of the vitell us in t he fo rm o f a s i ngl e d rop are (1) t hat the eg g be free and not adh esive w i t h a thi n mem b rane and (2) that it be i mmersed in water havi ng a g reater density th an T he o ne not abl e ex ceptio n to the l ast part o f thi s ‘ general statement viz Macropodus it seems to me serves to s how th at t he p resen ce o f oil is very i m po rtant and may excep — 1 0 m A tionally be t he s ol e cause o f the b uoy ancy o f the eg g . [ T he
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Pl GMENT C EL L S wmc u 1NV ES T T H E 0 11 — 01 10? m P E L A GI C Fts tt Bu en os D uri ng the past summer, in observi ng the d evelop ment o f the co mmo n mackerel , S comber u m ber , I noti ced t h at pig ment cell s began to appear o n the in nerm ost s id e o f the oil d rop b efo re t he tai l o f the emb ryo had he N oti ng the c o ndi tio n o f the oil d rop and its co m e p ro mi nen t rel atio n to the s urro undi n g st ruct ure it was n oti ced th at a t hi ck l ayer of p rotopl asm i nvested I t Th i s i nvesti ng layer o f pro to plasm it was al so observed , was ab sol utely co nti n uo us w ith the l ayer o f peribl ast envelopi ng the yol k Co nse uently , the o n ly so urce fro m wh en ce the n ucl ei of the pig ment cell s urro un di n g T HE 0
OF T H E
1 1 11011 1
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For an o pportun ity to friend Wm P S eal .
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ment of this
velop d h e e t y
stud
q
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form, I am indebted to
my
r e e m N o v b [
Gen eral N otes
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,
d rop co uld h ave b een d erived was the peri blas t That l ay er b ei ng h ypobl asti c so far as its mo rphologi cal rel at io n s are co n cerned it fo llo ws t hat t he pig men t cell s w hi ch are dev el o ped aro un d the oil d rop in S co mb er S co mb ero mo rus C ha to d ipterus — 0 R d m e r A 1 etc ari se fro m t he h y pobl as t y [
the Oil “
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—Thi s
H very usefu l memo ir OF T H A L A S S E M A d eal s with a type t he ph y l eti c hi sto ry o f whi c h is v ery o b sc ure T he autho r co nc l udes th at T halassema is an A n nel i d i n w hich entary can al there si mul taneo us ly w i th the l ength en i n g o f t he ali m has b een a suppressio n o f metameri c seg mentatio n T he o va are d eveloped fro m free plastids whi ch beco me d etach ed fro m the perito neum and float abo ut in the peri vi sceral fl ui d in w hic h they gro w to maturity T he eggs wh en di sch arged are b uo yan t ; un derg o a total and eq ual seg mentatio n acco mpan i ed by th e ex pul s io n Of tw o pol ar glob ul es ; t he fi rst o n e Of th ese fi nal ly u n d erg o ing s ubdivi sio n i nto tw o A n i nvagi nat e g ast rula is fo rmed w hi ch elo n gates as t he sto mach is fo rmed ; the l atter is th en s ub d ivided by th ree co nst ri ct io ns b ends upo n itsel f and fi nally u n it es w ith the body wall and the an us b reaks th ro ugh at a poi nt c o rre s po nd in g to one end o f the bl astopo re whi ch has in the mean ti me be c ome elongated T he emb ryo at fi rst covered by c ili a fi nally d evelopes p reo ral po sto ral and peri an al c ili ary girdles an d th us b eco mes a t ro chosph ere T he ectoderm oppo s i te the g as trula mo ut h becomes thi ck ened to form the beg i n n i ng o f th e n ervo us sy st em t he seco n d p art o f w hi ch is d ev eloped l ater as a v en t ral ectod erm al thi ckeni ng o cc upyi n g t he po si t io n o f the c l o s ed lips T he musc ul ar system a ri s es fro m o f t he l eng thened bl astopo re two mes o dermal b ands near t he an us w hi c h g ro w fo rw ar d and beco me segment ed I n t he co urse o f furt h er g ro wth th e s eg men tatio n di sapp ears the p reo ral lobe b eco mes fill ed w i th mu s c u lar ti ss ue the sets: appear as mesod ermal o rg ans t he anal p o u c h es ari se as ecto dermal i nvagi nat io ns an d fi nally admit t hro u g h t heir i nternal openi ng s a l arge uanti ty o f water i nto the bo d y cavity whi ch causes the an i mal to i nc rease much in size T he larva finally fi nds its permanent ho me in so me c av ity i n a H ere by means o f its p reo ral lobe w h i c h has san d doll ar s h ell n o w b eco m e lo ng fl ex ibl e and musc ul ar and by t he aid o f s ec re tio ns from dermal gl and s 1t arranges fo r itsel f ro ug h chambe rs in I n thi s ch amber it t e the san d with whi c h the sh ell is fill ed mai ns a pri so ner H ere it g ro ws to mat urity co mpl etely s ec u re I ts o nly means o f co mmun i cat io n w i t h t he fro m ex ternal attack ex terio r is thro ugh the s mall o ral open i ng o f t he san d d o ll ar s h ell an d th ro ugh t hi s it must Obtai n all its foo d and cas t its sex ual p ro ducts wh en mat ure T he spec ul atio n s o f the autho r as to the o rigi n o f i rreg u l ar seg L
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I S T OR Y
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C o nn S tudies fro m the Biolog L ab l 6 l 1 xx u 1 8 8 0 X s X 4 , 7 , PP 3 5 , 5 p 1
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J ohns
H opkins Uni versi ty ,
In
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No ,
mentatio n (on pag e 3 7 0 and infra) do not seem to the revi ewer to be bo rne o ut by the facts On page 3 7 3 he says T he obj ect o f foo d yolk as i s well kn o wn is to enabl e t he yo ung to abbre vi nte its d evelop m ent by h avi ng its food suppl i ed an d b ei n g co n s e uen tly abl e to s kip so m e o f its ancest ral stages I nstead o f t hi s b ei ng the fact ex actly the reverse is t rue as has b een s ho wn — by Balfo ur C unn i n gh am an d mysel f john A R y der .
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PH Y S I
S OME
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N OT ES
ON
R
OD OG Y
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OF
EC A L C I FI C A T I ON
— H UM A N T extu a T he l
t t to whi ch h uman develo pment d epends upo n the p roper utilizatio n o f food is s uc h t hat any fact b eari n g upo n the s uc cess o f thi s p ro cess b ec o mes o f paramo unt i mpo rtance L ivi ng in a sectio n o f co unt ry wh ere di et and d ri nk are un us u ally d efi ci ent ln calcific el ements my attentio n was many y ears ag o call ed to the analogo us c o nditio n o f the teeth o f chil dren in t h at regio n w hi ch as a rul e are ch aracteriz ed by a co rrespo nd i ng defi ci ency in calc ific el ement s R apid and remarkabl e ch anges al so o cc ur in the co nditio n o f — al mo st in di rect ratio to t hei r ch ang es o f en t he teeth o f ad ult s T he bak er s b read an d oth er food viro n ment in thi s respect p ro ducts in most general use by the i nh abitants o f the regio n near t he Gul f Of M ex i co an d mo re esp eci ally by the i nh abitants o f c iti es are l argely dtvested o f calc ific el em ent s whil e t he wat er u sed for potabl e p urpo ses is al mo st ex cl usively rai n water w hi c h t h o ugh a good solvent co ntai ns no mi neral el ements T he wo nderful po wer o f adaptatio n po ssessed by o ur race is s uch th at peopl e l ivi ng in thi s regio n fo r a num ber o fgeneratio ns ac ui re the po wer o f app ropri ati n g fro m the meager s upp ly th us fu rni sh ed the necessary el ements to p rod uce fai rly goo d teet h ;but t he very l arge n umb er o f res i dents no t natives o f t hi s s ect io n w ho se early li fe and the li fe o f th ei r ancesto rs has b een s pent in ents were mo re ab undant an d who se r egio ns wh ere calcific el em c o nstit utio nal h abit was acc usto m ed to th at ab undan ce are n o t a bl e to assi mil ate o ut o f thi s meager s upp ly the re ui s i te p ropo r t io n o f limesalts — s T he functio n o f n ut ritio n b ei n g d ual in it ch aract er remo v ing efl ete and wo rn o ut materi al o n t he o ne h and whil e s u pply in g t he el ements to mai ntai n t he i nt eg rity o f the ti ss ues o n the o t her —the calcific el ements whi ch fo rm the i no rgani c b asi s o f too th s ub stan ce an d whi ch ren dered t he t eeth h ard and firm are car uanti ty r i ed away whil e the supply to reb uild b ei n g d efi ci ent in t he c o rrespo ndi ng amo unt is n o t resto red the teeth in co use m i n d f i ed and s o f n r n c e u e c e s oo b e c o e l c t d f li g a s y p e y e a e n a l n a e q t o unfavo rabl e co n ditio ns ex en
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R ead before S ections F
A ugust
18 86 ,
and
II
11:
oint session
j
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Bufl alo Meeting A '
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A
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A
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S .,
e m b e r v N o [
General N otes
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T he fact
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has lo ng b een reco g n ized in the pro ” verb c o ncerni ng moth ers Fo r ev ery child a to ot h n o t ho w ever t h at the materi al o f the moth er s tooth is ab so l ut ely taken away to b uild up tho se Of the ch ild as was o n ce taug ht , b ut that the i n c reased deman d fo r b uil di n g materi al no t bei n g met w ith ‘ i n reased s uppli es suflicient to meet the deman ds o f b o th mo ther and child , t he teeth o f the fo rmer suffer the co nse uen ces o f lack o f suppli es T he rapid decalcificat ion th us occurri ng is n ot a b reak ing do wn o f the o rgani c st ru ture and if the materi al n ec essary to recalcify is provided in a fo rm whi ch nat ure can app r Opriate thi s soften i ng may be p revented o r teet h whi ch are alread y so ft ened may be ren d ered hard and d urabl e — Observi n g th ese ph eno mena thi s so ften ing of teeth in persons co mi n g fro m regio ns w h ere good t eeth are the rul e an d t he t e — i i fi o n f w n t u e l d m ollo i g h ei r ret rn to th i r O ho es led me to calc cat i nvestigate the rel atio ns between envi ro nmen t and the d evelop ment o f teeth A areful Observatio n o f th ese ph en o m ena no t o nly s h o w ed the utter fall acy o f t he old dictum th at the t eet h were s ubj ec t to no hang es after mat urity , b ut al so s howed th at th ere mus t b e a sys tem o f ci rc ul atio n th ro ugho ut the ent i re s ub stance o f t h e t ooth maki ng thi s actio n o f the n ut ri ent functio n possibl e d u rin g the whol e li fe o f the tooth T he fact o f decalcificatio n and recalc ificatio n an d c o n ti n ued nut ri ent actio n d uri ng li fe, b ei ng establi sh ed by lo ng o b s er vatio n suggested the st udy o f the b est modes o r m etho ds o f aiding nat ure in the wo rk o f recalc ificatio n A ny po ss ibl e ch ange fro m o rdi nary di et , was fo u n d as a rul e enti rely i nad e uate ; the nat ural s uggestio n o f t he d i rect ad mi ni stratio n o f the pho sphates—the chi ef i no rgani c elemen ts in — tooth substance al so p roved enti rely unsati sfacto ry , an d led to n at ure w ill no t tak e t h e ele the recog nitio n o f the t ruth th at ments fro m any ready made so urce, but must el abo rate h er Own of decalcificatio n
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pab ul um N oti ngth at the recalc ificatio n ob served in the teet h o f th o s e v isit ing favo rabl e regio ns was not due to the use o f li me in the s hap e Of phosphates and t hat the di fference b etween the n utri ent el emen ts o f t hese same peopl e w h eth er in the mo untai ns o r in th e l o w lan d s lay mo re largely in t he water they d rank t han in t he fo od th ey ate s uggested the ad mi ni stratio n o f a ua cal ci s ; an d t hi s was follo wed by res ul ts as emi nently g rati fyi n g as the us e o f the phosph ates had p roved unsati sfacto ry A new p reparatio n o f li me in the fo rm o f a sy rup o f c al c is of much g reater st rength th an the a ua cal ci s and p ropo rtio n at ely mo re p ro mpt in its actio n and effects has p rov ed still mo re g rati fy ing in its res ults A n ex tended ex eri ence of many years has p roved th at by this p ”
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means it is
o nly po ssibl e to restore so ft decalcified teeth o f all ag es but to prevent th ei r decalc ificatio n and al so to fo restall de fec t ive calcifi catio n o f child ren s t eeth and even to i mp rove the o r i g i nal typ e ; so th at we are no w abl e to ov erco m e not o nly bad en vi ro nment but even bad h eredity al so R unn i ng pasi passu wi th my st udy and ob servatio ns o n the in vestigatio ns o f the mi cro sc opi cal hi stologi sts the di scoveri es o f M c Quillen S P C utl er Carl H eitzman Bod ec k er Frank A h b ott A H Tho mps o n and oth ers h ave d emo nst rated the ex i s t enc e o f the system o f n ut ritio n whi ch reaso ni ng a f ourt h " , I as s umed and ann o unced many y ears ag o T he livi ng fibrillae radi ati ng th ro ugh the d enti nal t ub uli ; the o smoti c action bet ween cement um and denti ne and denti ne and enamel and vice versa the ci rcul ati n g c urrents th ro ugh the areas atter between the enamel rod s and p ri s ms are to day o f l ivi n g m ad mitt ed hi stolo g i cal fact s d emo n st rated by the mi cro sc ope T he too th is rai sed to the dign ity o f a livi ng o rgan w i th a cir c ulati ng system carryi ng p ab ul um to all its p arts to s upply the h unger o f its needy ti ssues A kn ow l edge Of th ese facts and Of the best method s Of supply ing material to mai n tai n the i nteg rity o f the d en tal ti ssues or o f resto ri n g tho se w ho se i nt eg rity has been i mpai red is destined to h ave a far mo re i mpo rtant beari ng upo n h uman wel fare th an any R degree o f ski ll in operative o r p ro sth eti c o ral surgery not
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— T he st udy o f folk lo FOL K L OR E -
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re
may
be said
no w
to h ave
passed th ro ugh t he coll ecto r stage and to h ave b egun to ass ume the shape o f a sc ience I t was very muc h so with stone imple ments Not many years ag o a man who had a l arge c ollectio n o f arro w h ead s and s uc h thi ngs was call ed an arch a But eologi st we now call by th at name the men who utilize th ese thi ngs to spell o ut the hi sto ry of h um Folk an i n d ust ry and i nven tio n lore is to h uman k no wl edge b eli ef literat ure wh at the sto ne ag e is to the i ro n age A t fi rst a folk lo rist was a man who co ll ected so ngs tal es l egends sayi ngs or who rec o rded the custo ms o f agraphi c peopl es ; he is now o ne who arranges th ese in o rd er to find th ei r law o f bei ng T he folk lo rists of Engl and have been wrestli ng for the last th ree years with the follo wi ng uestio ns .
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The definiti on , the in clusions
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The establishment
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I t is very easy the material included ether that are alike ; but it is most dif ficult to settle upo n les into w hat may likeness which will co bine o ur exa
of class ific concepts for
to say, put things to that characteristic 0 be called natural gen era, cepts
mjolt
and exclusion s of the ter
is the asso ciated
.
m
species etc
o ne of
.
C onnected with this i
minology
ter
m
es o f classific con
.
l s Th e a n t a s a n i n t i o f t s a o m O u t m s a t d e v e o c t h n e c t i c e e n f r o c , , , , 4 y p their organ ic parts, their dr am l i r person a , their ess ential in cidents .
a
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Edited by Pro f Or ts T .
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l r o ss a g y
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MA S ON, National Museum, Washington, D C .
.
of
N v b e o e m r [
General N otes
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,
Mr G L Folk lo re Jo urnal (pp 1 H e had pre Go mme undertak es to answer t hese uest io ns o rt of vio usly (in V o l 11 pp 2 85 3 1 1) ad vo cated a systemati c efl folk lo rists in t he same di rectio n A few defi n it io ns are g i ven be low to i ndi cate the mental d ri ft o f the gentl emen i n terest ed Folk lo re is anth ropolo gy deali n g w i th pri mi tive man (A l fred N utt) Folk lo re is anth ropolo gy d eali ng w ith the psyc hological phe n om ena Of unc ivilized man (meani ng un l ettered as w el l as sav age) and embraces bo th folk tho ught and fo lk wo n t (p rac tice) a rtl an d Folk l J 11 i n y H d E e S ( Th at po rtio n o f anth ropology whi ch deal s with the p sy ch o logi cal phen o mena Of p ri mitive man (C S tan ilan d Wak e F olk l I n Vol
the
111 o f
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34 5 ) of
Folk lo tten l i g peopl lo ne is not a sci ence it is the thi ng itsel f One o f the chi ef Obj ects o f t he c oll ectio n and arrang ement o f t he facts o f folk lo re is t o g en oralize and philo sophiz e but the generalizatio ns whi ch w e arrive e a l n B h e o k l 1 H r y W tl y F e 1 at wi ll no t be folk lo re ( J Folk lo re deals p ri marily w ith the s urvi val o f p ri mi t i ve c us to ms and beli efs amo ng civilized races and is co mparable w ith n o t id enti cal w ith the livi n g p ri mi tiv e c ust o ms an d b eli efs o f sav T he sanctio n b ac k o f folk lo re is t radi tio n Fo lk age races lo re is the sci ence whi c h treats o f the survi val s o f archaic b el iefs and c usto ms in mod ern ages (G L Go mme l c 111 F Olk lo re the folk s l earni n g all th at the fol k b el ieve or p racti ce o n the autho ri ty o f i nh erited t raditio n an d n o t o n the u e r r e B l k l Ch lott n F a o 1 autho ri ty o f w ritten reco rd s S 1 1 ( J re is
-
the unwri
earn n
the
Fo l k
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whi ch has for its Obj ect the s tu dy o f i in difl erentiated o r ano nymo us h umanity fro m an epoc h w h i ch may be co nsi dered its i nfancy do wn to o ur o wn day (A n t o n io h s w T i hol t Mach ado y A lvarez Folk l J 111 1 e e s s a m u s [ y be read One can not affo rd to o mit a sentence ! “ Folk lo re is k no wl edge o f folk li fe o r the li fe o f the u n c ul tured cl asses as di sti ng ui s h ed fro m c ul t ure lo re k no w l edg e o f individ ualiz ed li fe the li fe o f the c ult ured cl asses ; and t h e g en eralizat io ns ari s i ng fro m th ese two k no wl edges o r t he scien ces o f folk li fe and o f c ult ure li fe are co mpl ementary and mut ual l y c o r rective divi sio ns o f the same mental and mo ral sci en ces t he h is to rical sc i ences namely o r mental d evelo pment an d of c i vi l p r o g r n l v ress T t u l e n i e Folk r a G S t S ( J We co me no w to the seco n d seri es o f uestio ns the subj ec t o f ” classific co n cepts the st udy o f Wh at sho ul d go wh ere as M i ss Charlotte S Burne h appily p uts it M r E S id ney H artl and divid es folk lo re i nto two d epart men ts o w o u e lk o n c r o l k r s r t i till b tt I lik l o l k t l z a c e o r e / a n d t e f t o k f f f p g wo nt bett er for the reaso n th at folk lo re do es not so much in cl ude
Folk lo re is -
the
sc en ce
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nthro ology .
p
ti ce Fo r i nstance I may tell y o u ho w an arrow maker o r s t u s o t e r r e h i w r s s r p od c a e d do it o g a phi c ly th a t m a l a n a e p c h an ic may co unterfeit th em But I h ave o mi tted the tho usan d an d o ne di spensabl es w hi c h t he lo wly arti san co ns idered i n di s n s m e f r f a e bl l e a vi n g th e o t olk l o r i s to gl h e t e a n p
r a c p
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F olk
lo re is th us divid ed
-
1
FOL K
.
1
-
T H OUGH T
Folk
2.
.
w or l d h l f h os o d e r e o t , , , ( g g cumulative tales, apo lo gues
T ales Of all k inds,
.
tales,
I I
.
drOlls,
so ng s
sag as
-
n ursery
Weather lore
.
4
-
R iddles ; 7
.
Proverbs ; 5 Folk speech
.
.
and
rso n a l s a w s e p
-
.
L ocal
.
.
Worship
1.
sa as, g
.
3 and prophecies ; 6 Fou r W ON T -
-
-
every
,
n s i t e e r a c t i d c e d o g p
destiny
i a ro t e i t p p
the powers infl uen cing
.
2
Folk law
3
-
.
Folk leechcraft ; 4 -
.
.
Games ; 5
M r Go mme gives the followi n g .
(
a)
Fo lk
-
tales
sc
.
Folk
-
craft.
h eme
.
b ( ) H ero tales -
.
Bal lads and
son s () g d ( ) Place legends
c
.
.
ms b i F e s t val cus to m s ( ) c r m e C e i o n al customs () 1 1 s G a m e ( ) a ( )
L ocal
custo
.
.
.
.
3
.
S uper stition:
belie f}
and
(a) W itchcraft
.
b l s A t r o o () gy
.
(c) S uperstitions , practi ces
and fancies.
Q
( ) a
Popular
sayings
.
b P o pular n om l e n c ature () c ( ) Proverbs
.
.
d ( )
J ing le rhymes
riddles, etc.
,
Thi s isamend ed by M i ss C harlotte S Group
1
T r aditional
Class
a
.
c.
Folk tales -
.
-
Bal lads
.
an d songs.
d Place legends .
Group 2
.
an d traditions .
S uperstit ions , belie : f
Class
1 1.
Goblin dom
b
Witchcraft
c
A strology
.
.
d
.
Burne as fo l lows
n a rr ati ve:
b H ero tal es .
.
an d
[
r ad
iu s
.
.
.
S uperstitions
connected
with m aterial thi ngs. '
man s ’
Group 3 fi d ztional custom: C lass 11 L ocal customs ’
.
.
.
b
Festival
.
c
C eremon ial
11 .
Games
.
Group 4
Folk
.
C lass
custo
ms
say ing s
.
mes
nurs ery rhy
b Proverbs .
Old
c.
custo
-
,
.
.
.
J ingles
a
ms
,
riddles, etc.
.
med and unrhymed
saws, rhy
d N ick
-
.
mes
na
,
l a e h m c r e s p y
.
folk
and sayi ngs,
-
mology
ety
.
Mr J S S tuart Gl enni e divides the st udy of man s histo ry into ’
.
.
.
th at o ffolk li fe and o f c ulture li fe T he c lassificatio n o ffol k l o re i s id enti cal with the psychologi cal el ements o f folk li fe co rrespond ing (A ) with the most general facts o f h uman co nsc io usnes s : (1) A n external wo rld (2) oth er bei ngs (3 ) an ancestral wo rld ; (B) and w ith the mo st general facts o f h uman fac ulty : (I ) I mag ina tio n (2 ) affection (3) memo ry Co rrespo ndi n g with t hes e facts o f c o nscio usness and o f faculty the th ree p syc hologi cal el emen ts o f folk li fe are (I ) folk b eli efs (z) folk pass io ns (3 ) folk t rad iti o ns ; and the exp ressio n o f th ese are to be fo und m (I ) cust o ms (2 ) say i n gs (3 ) poesy Folk custo ms as ex p ressive o f fo lk li fe may be mo re espec i ally ex pressive o f folk beli efs o r o f folk pass io ns o r o f folk traditio ns ; and h enc e folk c usto ms may be c l ass i fi ed as so u d m s e a a n g ligio l s s 1 tiv l o i s f e s a 2 e r e n u e s r e u x c e s a () () (3) ( cial) Folk sayi ngs may be cl assified as (I ) rec ipes (mag i cal medi cal and tech ni cal ) ;(2) saws (p roverb s tests ri ddl es) fo re casts (o mens weat h er si g ns and aug uri es) Folk poes y may be ec tio nal an d ied as (1) sto ri es (2) so ng s (mythologi cal afl cl ass i f hi sto ri cal ) and (3 ) sagas -
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13m
I
m
Fo u r
or
Folk beliefs -
.
T an Expans sxons
.
II or
.
Folk passions -
Fou r- u r a
2
.
Festivals
A ND
R
or
III
.
1.
1.
811s
A ND
R
Fou r
Folk trad iti ons -
.
sco nns or
ecipes
.
Fou r w as -
1
.
.
.
S to ries
.
(1) M a cal 2) M ical c h n i T e c a l 3) '
.
.
5
C eremonies
2
.
.
S aws
.
( ) Proverbs sts a T e ( ) d l R i d s e 3) 1
.
.
3 Usages .
.
.
3 Forecasts .
a s a S 3 g
.
.
Omens
( 2 A u u r i e s ( ) g W e a t h e r 3) l)
.
.
s1gns.
.
Foils mus e -
.
e t M ers ( ) 2 M e l o ) ( 1
.
d ies
I 3 ()
.
ns t r u
men u
.
pt Mr Glenme s di ct um th at folk lo re abo ut the folk for that wo uld really be cult ure
We are not p repared to lo re is
our
c
ac e ,
.
A
nthr o olo y g
p
c
.
lo re, ac o rdi ng to his o wn d efi nitio n S everal of the gentl emen h av e w i sely started th ei r study with the two i n ui ri es who are “ t he folk , and wh at is lo re S efi o r A lvarez remark s, T he w o rd o l a l k m k e u G r a w l l u ti a r It li p i h n v o o v l v n s L a n a a n a o S , f , g , g , g s ig n ifi es not the whol e o f h uman ity , b ut a po rtio n o f t he h uman ra e, who po ssess a seri es o f co mmo n sig ns an d are really ano ny mo us in co nt radi sti nctio n fro m th at oth er seri es of men who pos H e wo uld i ncl ude p racti ally all sav s ess a notabl e perso nality ag es and the unt uto red h erd of iviliz ed so ci ety It is very certai n th at what co nstit utes the k nowi ngs, the say i n gs and the way s o r w o nts o f the unt uto red , the unthi nki n g and It is the unp rog ress ive amo ng us remi nd us much of savagery als o very certai n th at each age o f the w o rld eac h g rad us o f so c iety resembl es the geologi cal ages ; th at is, each o ne, in addi t io n to all th at it has add ed o f new emb races i ncl ud es much o f all T he folk lo rists are th ere t he ant eced ent ages, g rad es o r epo ch s fo re, altogeth er sci entifi c in coll ecti n g the lo re o f savages en masse, the lore o f barb ari and civilized peopl es, so far as th ey are sur vival: o f ti mes n ot t h ei r o wn P racti cally , th erefo re, w h at do the fol k lo rists wi sh us to ol and how sh all we name and cl as si fy o ur mat eri al after it is ' gath ered i J ust at thi s w riti ng we are i ncli ned to use M i ss Burne s ’ modifi atio n o f M r Go mme s scheme Fo r the fili n g of tal es the folk lo re so i ety has adapted a s h eme, with printed h eadi ngs, as follo ws :
q
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,
,
c
,
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c
c
.
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,
,
-
,
.
c
.
c
-
’
c
.
.
-
me of story (n ot to be filled up) S pecific name D ramatis persona Gen er ic
1
.
2.
3
na
c
.
.
.
.
4
.
T hread
5
.
I n cidental
6
c
of story.
mstances
circu
.
Where published
.
.
7 Nature o f .
O r i i n n a i o l a t o r t r a n s l () g (2) I f oral, state narrator s name (3 ) Other particulars
co llection .
1
.
’
.
.
8 S pecial points .
noted
by the editor
of
the above
.
(S igned)
A
RR
OW R
m
as sa
—This termappli es to the ac tio ns o f an arch er
in di sch argi n g the arro w fro m a bo w To thi s topi c P ro fesso r E S Mo rse has given mo re attentio n than any o ne el se an d has p ubl ished th ereo n a mo nograph in the Bull eti n o f the Essex I n stitute (xvu 188 o n s r u s p po to th t i l e e c f u r e u r r m e r a e a fo r a 5) more ex tended memoi r o n the s ubj e t T he readers of t hi s j o ur nal who h av e noted the method s o f arro w rel ease in an p t a f r o y thc wo rld sho uld send thei r i nfo rmatio n to P ro fesso r M o rse in , sa em A s an exampl e of diversity in th ese matters, P ro fesso r M o rse says : I n the En li sh r a ti e t t p d fi ly h e b o w m u s r m s e b e r a g ; p g .
.
.
.
,
i
c
.
c c
.
v m N o e b e r [
,
‘
in the J apanese, loo sely I n both cases it is held verti cally but i n the Engli s h metho d the arro w rests o n the l eft o f t he bow T he E ngli sh w hil e in the J apanese it is pl aced o n the right w ristg uard is wo rn o n the i n ner and l o wer part o f the arm ; the J ap anese need no ne as th ey fli ng the bo w h al f ro und at t he mo ment o f release T he Engli sh archer grasps his bo w in t he mid dle ; the J apanese n ear its lo wer thi rd I n the Eng l ish method the st ri n g is d raw n w ith the tips o f the fi rst t h ree fi ng er s ; in the J apanese the stri ng is d rawn back by the b ent th umb .
,
,
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,
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.
T he method s
t iz ed are as follo ws — d e e n a r h w r s n t h e m o k rr o i s g d b e t w ee a I Pr i T e c f t h e a n o y p o f the st raight ened th umb and the fi rst an d seco nd j o i n t s o f the b ent fo refi nger It is p racti ced by child ren un iversal ly an d by the A inos D emeraras Ut es N avaj os Chippewas M i c macs Pe .
l
o f re ease charac er
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
n o bsco ts
.
— T he neck o f the arro w is g rasped w i th the 2 S econdary st raighten ed th umb and b ent fo refi nger whil e the en ds o f the sec o nd and t hi rd fi n gers are b ro ught to bear o n the st ri n g t o assi st in d rawi n g It is p racti ced by Z uiiis Chippewas o f W isc o nsin .
,
.
Ottowas 3
.
,
,
.
T”trary
—I n thi s elease the fo refi nge i nstead o f bei ng be t n
r,
r
ly st raight wi th its tip as well as the tips o f th e second and thi rd fi ngers p ressi n g o r p ulli ng o n the st ri n g t he t h umb as in the p ri mary and seco ndary rel ease active in ass i sti ng i n pi nch ing the arro w and p ulli ng it b ac k It 15 p racti ced by S io u x A rapa ho s Ch eyennes A ssi niboi ns Co manch es C ro ws Blac kfeet N ava s e s e e m r n s i t d m a o a e e a A n a S G j — i o f s w M t e n a n h t i g i s d b k w ith t h t i e rr a e T s n r a a c d n e r e 4 p the fi rst seco nd and thi rd fi ngers the b all s o f the fi ng ers c l i ngi ng to the st ri ng w i th the termi nal j oi nts o f the fingers slig ht ly fl exed T he arro w is lightly h eld b et ween t he fi rst and seco nd fin g ers the th umb st raight and i nacti ve Practi ced by natio ns aro und the Mediterranean by modern arch ers Fl emi sh (usi ng fi rst an d seco nd fi nger o nly ) Eski mo s L ittl e A ndamanese — ng olian s n o s d r M I n thi s r l a s e h e t i g i d r a by fl e e t w n t e x e h e 5 th umb b ent over the st ri n g the end o f the fo refi nger ass i sting in holdi ng the th umb in po sition T he th umb is p rotected by a g uard o f so me ki nd I t is p racti ced by M anch us Ch i n es e Ko reans J apanese T urk s Pers i ans T he l atter h al f of P ro fesso r Mo rse s pamphl et is d evoted to the ex ami natio n o f anc i ent mo n uments etc in o rd er to asc ertai n the method s of rel ease p racti ced in A ssy ri a Egyp t Greece an d other stat es Thi s po rtio n o f the p aper has yi el ded to the aut ho r re s ults by no m eans co mmens urat e with his p ai n s because the anci ent sc ulpto rs w ere no t aware th at th ei r acc uracy w o uld be s cruti niz ed tho usands o f years h ence is
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A
nilzro olog y
p
.
— T he vi ce p residenti al add ress o f T H E OR I GI N or L A NGUA GES the H o n H o ratio H al e b efo re S ectio n H o f the A meri can A sso -
.
Buffalo w as
o ri gi n of l ang uages and the an t iq uity o f speaki ng man I t co ntai ns vi ews so o rigi nal and novel t h at it is emi nen tly p roper to p resent a co nd ensed sc h eme o f the arg ument uestio ns in anth ropology w hi c h we 1 A mo n g the p uzzli ng are bo un d to n oti ce are th ese tw o : Wh en did l i ng ui sti c s to ck s o ri gi nate W hen did man ac ui re the faculty of speech It w ill be seen th at the o rigi n of l ang uages an d the o rigi n o f l an g uage ferent uestio ns ery di f are two v M r H al e rej ecti ng the old th eo ri es whi ch rely upo n ti me the di spersio n o fa mo no syll abi c parent stock the di spersio n o f speech less man an d the o rigi natio n o f l ang uages in di fferent centers avers t hat the o rigi n of li ng ui sti c sto ck s is to be fo und in what may be call ed the l ang uage maki ng i nsti nct s of very yo un g chil d ren To i ns ure the creatio n o f a speech whi ch sh all be t he par ent o f a n ew li ng ui sti c stoc k all th at is n eeded is th at tw o or mo re yo ung ch ild ren sho uld be placed by themselves in a co ndi t id n w h ere th ey w ill be enti rely o r in a l arge d eg ree free fro m the p resence and i nfl uence o f th ei r elders an d th at th ey s ho uld c o nti nue in thi s co nditio n lo ng eno ugh to grow up to fo rm a ho usehol d and to h ave d escendant s to who m th ey can co mmuni Thi s t heo ry is el abo rat ed with g reat care cate th ei r n ew S peec h and the mul tipli c i ty o f sto ck s in C ali fo rn i a mad e by a campi ng g ro und o f the arg ument T he seco n d part of the argumen t is al so acco mpani ed w ith the revival o f startli n g do ct ri nes namely t hat w hil e the anti uity o f man is i ncal cul abl e the speaki ng man is o f recent o rigi n havi ng o ccupi ed thi s planet at most not over ten tho usand y ears If w e are w illi n g to give the name o f man to a h al f b ruti sh b ei n g i ncapabl e o f S peech we must allo w to t hi s bei n g an ex i stence o f vast and as y et undefi ned d uratio n sh ared with the mammo th the woolly rhi n o cero s and oth er ex ti nct an i mal s But if we term the b ei ngs o f th at race the p recu rso rs o f man and rest ri ct the n am e o f men to the members o f the s peaki ng race th at follo wed th em th en the fi rst appearance o f man p ro perly so styl ed must A nd be d at ed at abo ut s ix tho usan d o r ten tho usand years ag o thi s man w ho th us appeared was not a b ei ng o f feebl e po wers a d ull witted savage H e po ssessed and man i fested fro m the fi rst — u u f c i ntell ect al a l t i es i ntell ect ual facul ti es o f the hi gh est o rder H is speech w e suc h as n o ne o f his descend ant s h ave s urp as sed may be s ure was no t a mere mumbl e o f di sjoi nted so und s ; it was a full ex p ress iv e well o rganized speech co mpl ete in all its parts T he fi rst men spoke b ecause th ey po ssessed alo ng w i t h the vo cal o rgans the cereb ral facul ty o f S p eech ; th at fac ul ty was an i nsti nct o f the mi nd as i rresi stibl e as any oth er i nsti nct c iat ion at
po n
the
u
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N m ov e b e r [
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S CI EN TIFIC N EWS
1 .
o i tio n fo r the A dvancement ofS ci enceheld its sessio n thi s y ear at N ancy Thi rty two savans co ntnb uted p apers upo n engi neering and math emati cs fo rty fo ur upo n physics and ch emi st ry fifty eight upo n the nat ural sci ences an d fifty ni ne o n eco n o mi cs so m T he R evue e co nt rib uti n g several papers S cientifiq ue (A ug I 4 ) pri nts in full the add ress o f the p resident M Fri edel upo n the prog ress o f c h emi stry and mi neral ogy ;that o f M E Collig no n sec retary upo n the hi sto ry o f the ass oci ati on d uri ng the year ; th at o f M A V ollan d mayo r o f N an c y and that o f M E Ga l an te t reas urer upo n the fi nances o f the asso ci ation Fro m the fi rst of these di sco urses it appears that sp in el corun d um and rubi es have been manufact ured artifi ci ally an d that the fal se r ubi es are n ot i nfre uen t in the mark et T he l ast meeti ng hel d at Gren obl e received a total o f 3 4 2 co mmun i cat io ns 166 of whi c h were upo n the nat ural sci ences Fo urteen members were lo st by d eath d uri ng the year i ncl ud in g M M Bo uquet Bouley J ami n R obi n and D echambre T he number o f associates is kept up to th ree t ho usand eight h und red A mo n g the p apers read in the nat ural hi sto ry sectio n were tho se o f M C artailhac o n sep ul ch res o f the sto ne ag e etc of M Ch ati n o n the flo ra of Paris and Dauphi ne; of F L ataste o n the d entary system o f Hy rax ; of Mano uvrier o n the del imi tati on of anth ropology ; o f M o rt illet and of o n cri mi nal anth ropo lo g y mi crocé phal es T est ut o n A n umb er o f di stin g ui shed for eig ners were p resent at the meeting M Cartailhac d rew atten tio n to the p reval ence o f b uri al after deco mpos i tio n o f the soil parts I n the rei nd eer ag e thi s was usual I n S pai n the body of until the d eath o f h is s uccessor t he l ate ki ng li es in el p utri do A n i nt eresti ng di sc ussio n o n wh eat p ro ductio n too k pl ace in the T he wh eat g rowers o f Europe reg ard wi th ag ri cult ural sec tion n anx i ety the i nc rease o f the w h eat p rod uctio n o f H indo sm S ome i nteresti ng ex cursio ns were tak en o ne to a spo t upo n German an soil was frust rated by the ig no ran t fussi ness o f the lo cal Germ T he next meeti ng o f t he associ atio n will be h el d at autho riti es To ulo use th at o f 1888 at Oran A lgeria T he F rench A
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T he new Gogebi c I ro n range is located parall el w i th the sho re o f L ak e S uperio r and abo ut fo rt y mil es di stan t , eq ui ex po sed in M i ch igan and Wi sco ns i n Th ere are two vei ns runn ing very near to ea h oth er th at average 2 5 t o 160 feet in width and T he o re is all withi n the Bessemer li mi t are o f unk no wn depth varyi ng abo ut five per cent at the surface but assumi ng an e uality belo w T he vei ns head nearly so uth at an angl e o f t hi rty degrees fro mthe perpendi cul ar T he uali ty averages s i x ty seven per cent p ure h ematite and is so ft and rumbli ng T he opening o fthe range -
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1 Edi ted
by
Wat
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R
osas
BA L L OU,
q
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265
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Broadway, New Y ork
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Proceedings of S aba/{ fir S an cties '
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settl ers h avi n g p d t d mig ratio n lo cated th ere d uri ng fi fteen mo nth s T he range has been ex po sed fo r nearly si x ty mil es c ro pp ing o ut o n the s urface o f the mo u n t ai ns and di sappeari ng to 2 50 feet b elo w in the vall ey s T he d epth o f the o re in the vall eys is ex pl ai ned by its soft t ex t ure t he water h avi ng s wept it away after whi ch soil fill ed in and co v ered it M essrs J B L ippi ncott Co mpany h ave in press a M an ual ” eri can Bi rd s o f N o rth A m by the emi nent o rn ith olog ist Profes s o r R ob ert R idgway c urato r D epart ment o f Bi rd s S mith so ni an I n sti tutio n Washi ng to n D C T he wo rk is to co ntai n so me 4 3 5 i ll ust rati ons s uitab ly ex ecuted and will co nfo rmto the geog raph i cal li mits cl assifi catio n numerati on and no mencl at ure adopted by t he A meri can Orn i thologi cal U nio n W e do ubt n o t it w ill be o ne o f the mo st i mpo rtant tho ro ugh an d o rigi nal co n t rib utio n s to the l i terature o f the s ubj ect whi ch has ever appeared and presume that nat urali sts and spo rtsmen alike will find in it an i nval uabl e aid T he o ut put o f the i ro n o re mi nes o f the L ak e S uperio r re gio n w ill be abo ut 000 to ns fo r the seaso n o f 1886 o r o ne thi rd larger th an in any oth er past y ear
has
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P R OC EEDI N GS OF
S CI ENT I FIC S OCI ETI ES
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P H I L OS OPH I C A L S ocmr v D ec “ C 0pe p resented fo r the T ransactio ns A C hemi cal S tudy o f Yucca ” ang ustifolia by M i ss H C de S A bbott — m m I 1 8 s r e e P o o ll a d o m i tio a n 8 6 r e s A n a c n c n f u a h o n e t J res ult o f ex peri m ents o n el ect ri c light used in photog raphi ng ani mal s in motio n P ro fesso r Cope p resented a paper o n the I ntercent rum o f the Terrest ri al V ertebrate ; al so another by D r A l fredo D ugé s o f uato entitl ed S ur le t inoclzeilus automi Guanaj — n r n t h i a M r e r e a a e e e d n B l y d p p v t do i L s a o e e i 1 e u n r o 5 J u li h r e r s w m i n f h e l m d e i t y n t e H e b c ipt r e c o m o n ly t i o t S s S n r a g ” H e d rew the co ncl usio n t hat it bo re a l ated the A l migh ty mani fest rel atio nship to the dei ty S eti i nt rod uced i nto Egypt and Pal esti ne fro m A rabi a M r L esl ey al so co mmuni cat ed a revi sio n o f the sectio n o f the L e R oy (Ch emung) bed s in Bradfo rd co unty givi n g addi tio n s to t he li st o f its fo ssil s and ex t endi n g it do wn ward nearly 3 50 feet to i ncl ud e a ri ch ho rizo n M r A shburner made a co mmuni catio n sho wi ng the co urse o f the b aro meter d uri ng the sto rm o f Jan 8th D r Pers ifo r F raz er spok e upo n the appli catio n o f c o mposite photog raphy to h and wri ti ng D r H A ll en exhibit ed an ex ampl e of C/z/d m o o i d l z m s t r m y p A M ER I C A N
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— 18 1885 P ro fesso r ,
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v0 L
a
—O
xx
N
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x 'a
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B
I ooo
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occcding s of
ov N m b r e e , [
S cientific S ocieties
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I
886
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— P ro fesso r C Ope p resented a paper o n the s tructure Feb 5 and affi niti es o f A mphi uma A paper fro mD r Ho ffman on I ndi an t ribal names and an o th er .
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by P rofesso r A S Pack ard on the disco very o f tho raci c feet in a c arb o n i fero us Phyllo carid a were p resented fo r p ubli cat io n D r Ho rn ex hibited sketch es and anato mi cal detai ls o f C h ry so .
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bothris “ — A p ap er fro m P ro fesso r S C Branner, enti tled T he Feb 19 " gl aci atio n o f the Wyo mi ng and L ackawanna valleys, w as p re .
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t d P ro fesso r C ope p resented a p aper o n two new species o f th ree toed ho rses fro m the Upper M ioc ene w ith notes on the fauna o f the T icholeptus beds — March 19 D r Bri nto n p resen ted two papers by D r W S Ho ffman o ne on the S eli sh l ang uage and an oth er o n the W ait s humni di al ect D r H o rn expl ai ned the p ro cess amo ng the Pi utes o f sw eet en i ng aco rn meal by p ercol at io n with water so as to ren d er t he p rod uct edibl e L i eut Wycko fi made a v erb al co mmun i cati on o n the ac tio n of heav y vegetabl e or fish oi l s I n red uci ng h eavy c o mbi ng w aves to lo ng swell s sen e
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P H I L A D EL PH I A A C A D EMY or N A T U R A L S C I ENC ES Ju ly I — 188 D r Ho rn ex hibited a pai r o f a S p eci es o f beet l e the 6 T he femal e never femal e o f whi ch had befo re been unk nown passed the l arval co nditio n and had been d escribed as the larva I t is amo ng Col eoptera the o n ly o f an i nsect o f anoth er family k no w n case o f a ferti le l arval femal e T he femal e g rub is tw o i nch es lo ng and its seg ments emit a green pho spho rescence al o n g th ei r margi ns T he speci men had been sent fro m S Car olin a A n alli ed fo rm o ccurs in Cali fo rn i a D r L eidy d escribed a n umber of paras iti c wo rms fro m the etc rabbit meado w l ark etc D r G A K oenig pl aced o n reco rd the id entifi catio n of S tr o meyerite fro m Zacatecas T he Mex i can s call it pl ata az ul It c o ns i st s o f o ne mol ec ul e o f s ulphid e of s ilv er to o ne of sul p hi de uart z i s the us ual g ang ue o f t hi s mi neral o f c opper D r H o rn sho wed a frag ment o f the pal m Wo rki ng A ug 5 toma fi lf cra co ntai n i ng a l arv a o f a b eetl e (D inapate) rec en tl y desc rib ed by him M r L Wool man reco rded the di scovery by him o f a b elt o f Ori sk any sandsto ne near Pennsvill e L y c o mi n g c o unty Pa T his b elt 13 unmarked I n the surv eys T he sto ne was used fo r b uil d [ e s a R n a c o i c rr s n i c l a r a rc n a c t u a d r S a ing and co ntai ned S pirz f amides r o f Geneva N ew Y ork p resented a a u r C A th p e r o n t h e J p h i sto ry and biolo gy of the pear bligh t ,
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S en
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N ew Books Pa r ag r aph} Pet rog raphical N ews
Bota ny
—
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—T he W i
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—A H
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—B
of the A
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—A
N ews
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markable case of L ong evit y in a
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L p l gy —
Z oo
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mer L I T R R A T UR I S edgwick and W il S mit h s A lt ai r “ : C rustacea — — elli d n d L am a i W c a o n s Biolog t e h o o a hi fi l s B r d p y b an c hiata of N ew ers ey R ecen t Bo o ks and Pam
tebrates
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T r a nclr
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Br i dges
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C ruises ; T he N ew Zealand Earthq uake
MCBB Nl WS
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Organ
Po dos to mata,
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Medicine Men
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C ultur e —Echino Exh ibitio n at Paris
M icr oscofiy
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A
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f or b h r a E m r o t l t e d I l u s r a g p y ] [ crosco pw fl lll st raled}
matic M icrotome
use w ith
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—
N 01ice o f Geo logical Palfl n l ology along the eastern shore of L ake C ham
a nd
I n vest ig at ions
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uins
— s w Europe and A sia n e e c a N m r i C etc Pacifi c I s lands : Captai n L a ke L eman ; T he Pamir —
of
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merica —Blood
t oss
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I co nographic Ency clope dia
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and
—T he By
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T rilobites
A tw
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—
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o tan ical
E ntomology
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’
T he Funct ion
ybrid
T he in N ebraska A pple R ujf ia ma r itima L R o ug hness o f certain U redospores - A n other T um
L ong icorn Beetle (Ebur ia q uad r ig wn ixal a ) D I T OR S
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madillo fromthe Mioc ene of Kan
a nd
C n o n nar a s
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M ineralogical N ews
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ble weed o
—
A g ian t A
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M i ner a log y
-
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by Profes sor H M S eeley and M t Brainard T he V eins of S outhwestern C olo
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plain ,
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Paoc aan rncs
or
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S ca
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Zeiss M i
PECULI A RITI ES I N T HE MA NUFA CT UR E OF S EP S C A L P S I N R T S E N N E Y J ’
N A T U R E OF T H E I M I T A T I ON S
ET C
,
.
; H E champio n peps m o f the w o rld ! T he o n ly n o id s h ave in sp ired phy sic ia n s o f a i m i n d t o tr v i t a l s a l or o s a so en t f ven n w o rt h y to b e i mi tated ! l s m o u d e f y p p t he w ealt hiest man ufac t u ri ng c hemi sts c o uld n o t memb ranes an d c o agu lat ed b lo o d t n t h e T he s ucc ess als o o f t h ese n o v e l u ses it res i s t t he temp tati o n ! b eco me g en era lly kn o wn t o t h e p ro fess zo n One part y used g lu e as a cheapen i ng ad ti lteran t t h e wo rld Ph yS i c mn s w ri t i n g fo r sa w fo r the p ro d uc t i o n o f sc ale pepsi n ; ano ther party i rec ei ve p ro mp t ret urn s has n o w succeed ed i n flo o d i ng t he mark et w i th D r H o llman 18 p t h ei r mu tat i o n s o f my s c ale pepsi n o w mg to i ts ‘he case o f an o ld man ag ed 80 y ea rs I ext reme c heap ness T hi s part y n o w d ec lares t n o t fro m reten t i o n o f u ri n e in w h o m t h e in re v
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t o t he p ro fesS i o n ) that they u s e S i x ty p o un ds o f d ry
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fi
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fly
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us art i c le
W hei i
my pepsui m0 t ph y S i u an s n ame t h us l i V s l V N C r y s tal Pepsin i ng
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c o n c ept i o n
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o b ta i n i n g all t he
my
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T he so lu ti o n he
d i sso lved thereb y ,
“ hen '
t hereto i s ad d ed
I}
as
A
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t i z ed c o n s t i t uen t , c o n t ai n i n g, all o f the r
h i i ally i s fui t her ,
c o n c en trated i
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M S
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k eepi n g q uali ti es all o f t he fo rmer pc psms l s o w mg to i ts S c aly a n d b ri t t le t extu re i t bei n t g he ro
W ine
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Pep s in
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S herry
,
Po rt \V in e
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Of Peps n :
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G ly cen n p uri s ,
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A als o
p
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l san t to the tas te e a p
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it
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s o lub le
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mman d s a hi g her p ri c e than the mar ke t it i s n evert heless ,
.
I
ts
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pu ri t y
,
S ig f 3 an y
upo n
the
I
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b i n ed W l l il i ts g reat d i g esti ve po wer
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the
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after
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T h is is
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s t n i n eac h teas o o n fu l e p p p
after a
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o f co l i c
F I C E
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203 9
G R
when
med ies
o t her r e
E E N
PH I L A D EL PH I A
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OF
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it in n
CA R L L J EN S E N OM E
th re
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Fo r severe attac ks reli ef,
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co
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ac
Peps m,
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w as
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in
mo st
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s
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o ther
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t he
o n
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’
15
t he earl
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,
It
of
u
b y d ryi n g i t u po n g lass plates u n t i l b ri ttle sc ales are fo rmed t he reas o n fo r i ts hi g h d i g es ti ve po w er c a n eas i l b e u n d e rs t o “ l t i s r d t u a ss e s also o y y p
d uc ed fo r
by
,
.
o n ly
Dr l
,
in prec i p i tat i n g fi o m t hi s ea rt h y a n d sa li n e mat ter leavin g
p ri n c i p le. an d
pept i c
has
.
of
n
.
o sen t hal , ac t i n g
trated so lut i o n o f peps
res c ri b
mp ro vemen t
o
.
A
'
p p
so lu t i o n all o f the
Dr L
eco r d
.
la rg e a mo u n t
a
.
.
s 'n .
t
.
wat er
g ra in s
i
my memb ranes o f d i pht heri t ic p a t ie n t s fo r i t i: 1 seemed to be n o o ther h el an d n o mis p t h a n t ra c h e t ii su b s t i tu t i o n s 7 110 g reat repo rts that i t ac t ed h ire a c h ar m d s s l i hes i n t hat i t i s a pepto n e memb ran es ad mi t t i n g a fr ee ae ra t i o n o f an d p lac mg them so o n o n t he r o a d t o c o n vale o f the st o machs tn w h i ch
m t c the texture t he fermen t is lo d g ed i s en ti rely '
w i t h b lo o d
read i ly es c a e d p
A l edzca .’ R
D r E d wi n R
p n o w u n d erli n e
.
on do n
of
in
feti d fi u xd
visc i d ,
d i sc ri mi n ati n g b etw een the '
min o i d mas ses mi xed
Pepsin d i sso lved
is thro ug h the
relied upo n
r
‘
aft er the i nj ec t i o n o f ab o u t 1 6
L T he p ro tec ti o n
fai led to p ro d u c e t h e d es i ref l fo u n d t hat t he b lad d e r C O D I J l D C d c o s :
I t was
T he g reat i njury these i mi ta reparatio n s can eas i ly be u n der p
my t est i mo n i als
t io ns c ause
h u n d red ho g s
b y two
o f a c at heter
.
S
T
R
g i v en
q
h av e fa ilc j t
.
,
E
E T
.
5
T HE
MER I CA N
A
V OL
NA TUR A L I S T
— xx D E CE MBER
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— 886 N
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OUGH it had l o previo u ly b e joyed by th e ho r N E la to th e i t rod tio f th e c allop e ibl e i to th e N Yo rk ma rket rece t 85 o r 59 th e a l p ro c t f th e fi h ery hi c h re t r i c te d i a re d mo t to o me thi g like bj ec t to m c h v r i tio llo l o rth fro m t e ty fi to thi rty tho d dolla r fir t c o t N Yo r k rece ive d di pe e abo t th re fo rth P Th e pec i e f c a11 p i q e t o hi c h i d co mmo it bl e pla ce all lo g co t Be i e thi ther hal f oz e oth er v r i e ti e livi g at mo re le epth i f hi c h h g re t P th e e ter A tl ti c th e c o t f M i e F dy f r mer ly hi hly w i too c rce to p v e d by th e p e op e f h t re g io b pe r th e t bl e f e ve th e r i c h e xcept at ra re i ter val m rk e t f Th e fi h ery d method f p re p atio cal lop p re e t e veral fe t re f e er l i tere t d I b li e ve that m t dy f th e m tt er a f ye a r e t f th e g B re a I abl e to l ea r o me d e tiv e C g p rti c l r to th e h bit f th e moll k Tho g h o cc rr i cattered f to th e o th r it i o ly b et ee C pe C d d N J er ey th t co mmercial c llop fi h exi t ave at f poi t the S o th er coa t lo g M o re h e d C ity N C f a mall lo cal t rad e Eve thi li mite exte t th e fi hi g i co ti o b be f l lo we d ith re g la r i y o ly re tri cted area f zz rd bay M a rraga e tt bay R I i Peco i c b at th e e te H
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The S callop
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D m e c e r b e [
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o ng I sland and at a few mi no poi nts o n th New Jersey oa st L o ng I sla nd so un d N ew Yo k bay S andy Hook and mu h o f th J s y sho hav b n so tho o ughly d populated has b n aba ndo n d Occa that any fish y fo r s allops th s io nally a s upply appears at thi s o that poi nt but uncertainly I w as told fo r x a mpl by th oyst r planters and t mpo a ily o n th no th sho that s allops w tolerably of L o ng I sl and pl nti ful ther (pa ti ula ly at N o thpo t) o n in fiv y ars S uch a s tat m nt is p uzzli ng and l ad s to a st udy o f th habits of the s a llop in s a h o f an xpl anation Th p ope ho me o f thi s sp i s (P in adiam) se ms to bein — i th sa n d o to ugh mud; fai ly d p wat o n a firm botto m y t in many lo aliti s g a ssy b ds (z c l g ass—Zost a) are so t d to by it sp ially wh n yo ung Th g n al habits an d b havio o f o ur A m i a n s allops s u h as living in com pa ni cs o movi ng abo ut and da ti ng to th su faceol th w at by a ui k op ni ng and sh utti ng o f th sh lls to sink do wn ag ai n alo ng an i n li n d pla n fo wa d a fa milia to al s of nat u al hi sto i s an d lo s ly si mil a to those of the ad E u op a n S t Ja ob s sh ll s Th spa wn of o ur s allop is th o wn o ut in a ly summe and ” o mes f tiliz d and is abl at h s or so mu h o f it as b s et s ds and oth firm s uppo ts f omthe o n sto n s sea w d tid pool s do wn to a o nsid rabl d pth By th middle sh l t s d is abo ut as la g as th h ad o f a l ad pencil o f J uly thi s ks o more an d it do s no t d op f o m its s uppo t fo r two w Th g o wth is so v y apid that th yo ung s a llop s hav attained abo ut hal f th i siz by th ti m old w ath h ks thei r ad m nt van th yo ung s allop s spaw n d th p vious June I n N ov mb will b fo und in g at n umb s all alo n g t he l a n sho r s of Nar rag ansett bay f o m an i n h to an i n h an d a hal f in di am te and l g ass g rows in great movi ng abo ut v y a tiv ly W h th y o ung k p a mo ng it li ng i ng to the uan titi s ho w v m o w t l u n o alk ti by th i i ht th y b d h do to b t s n m w t h e n st g t o b ak th m o ff and are sw pt a way w i th th g ass when it go s ad i ft in th fall S ho uld su h a t na nt d ra ft of sea weed d i ft i nto a bay and st th as f u ntly o u s in Long I s la nd so und that spot w ill b olo ni z d with s allops v n where n on had x i st d b fo end o f L
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The S callop
Fi r/wry
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re t mber ho ever fo r ake the p rotectio f th e eel g ra d h e old e o h da c i g abo t th e e i g hbo rhood ill th ey hit po th e r i ght ki d f botto m h e th ey c o me to cho d t y there l e d rive a ay by e xt aor i y i ter to rm U er ch acc ide t tho a d f b h e l m o meti me b e r ive po th e b e c h h ere all a re p re tt re to di e by freezi g R eferri g to thi poi t S g H arbo r m told m that if po ibl e h e d r ive b e fo re a to r m th e y ill o rk to i d a rd d he a red m that h e had ee the m i mmi g i c hool eep The e move me t a re all fee t ithi a rr o li mit ho e ver f th e re t r i c t ed bo d f th e fi h g ro me ro m y ea r to ye a r a re p retty e rly th e h th e c allop ho h of e it i i mpo ibl e to ho ld mo re c tive d exte d the i r r ge The yo f if h ol er moll k th L at e i th e fall ho e ver th ere po rte d to b e a re la r mi g ratio c llop to ard th e f ad l ho re h ere po th e fi hi g b e i b thi tate me t ell b ta ti te I fe r Th e ize f th e yo g callop i l ittl e i crea e d i g th e colder mo th b i th e pri a w period f peedy growth be gi id to b e re c h e ithi a y ea r A d m t ri y i r te the e moll k il l pro ce p i th e J e fo llowi g d a re re ady f th e i r bi rth m rk e t th e b eq e t a t m Th e api ity with hi c h th ey e la r e th i r b lk b mo re e pe ll th e i r f t e o r p ropo rtio f fl e h to h e ll i re ma r k bl e Th a b h e l f th e e moll k il l yi e l o ly abo t w q a rt f me at O ctob er h erea a b h e l fr o m th e me lo cali y ill t r a g allo C h r i t ma Th e fi h er me be li e ve that c allop e er pa b o ce d b fo re th e y re c h th e g f th ree yea r at all r l m hi i a fa ct to th e e te t all e ge d b if it p re e t a ca e h ere th e ge eratio follo w a oth er c lo ely that th ere ever w ra k o r e er tio c o ditio to reprod ce o ce (e x cept i ra re i divid al i t ce ) i ce all o r ea rly all f th e old o e di e b e fo re th e yo g bec o me mat re e o g h to f co r e p cata trophe I f c h a tate f a ff i r e i t c h a de tr ctive wi ter gal e o r th e free i g over f lo p er iod f th e at er h ere i th ey li e by killi g all th e te er yo g a di t ri c t ill e termi te th e b ree d th ere i ce e e if h old er o e rvive ch a hock h ey wo ld l i e l g G
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7 71: S callop
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£15 Fi r/zery
D e m r e c b e [
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o ugh o r at any at b unabl to spa wn a gai n and so fail to sta rt a new g n atio n S i mila ly an unus ual atta k by nat u al n mi s o excessive d d g i n g by men mi g ht in o ne s aso n xti pat th scallops ofa w hol e b d o bay To its a tiv po w s o f mov m nt and its mi g ato y habits th s allop must mai nly t ust fo r preservationas a a and to th fo t uito us d i fti ng in of yo ung upon rafts of sea w d most d pl t d lo aliti s hi fly l ook fo r habilitation W hat v th xpla natio n th supply has tai nly decreased alo ng o ur oast d u i ng th past thi ty y a s v n tho ugh at cer — — i a n s s s t i poi nt a n th P o n i s th ms no di mi nuti on The h uge smooth sh ll d Ped er: tenuzcostatus o f th N o th as bigas a f uit p lat whi h fo m ly abo und d o n th o ast of Maine has no w b o m so a as to be a p i z in th abi n t o f th conchol — i o g st ath th an an dibl o mmodity a sult un uestionably n m e n s e due to ov n n d t hi tiv ply to th a a d a f f o y g g w ho told me that th y tho ught th mo th s allop b ds were mo ak d th pl enti ful th moll us k s b ame L ong Island so und no lo ng fishi ng and th d pl ti on there affo d s p o fitabl lo al fish m n to th fa t th at in cullingtheir I S att ib ut d by th e d dg load s th littl o n s w not th o wn ba k The sam sto y b lo ng s to N ew Yo k bay an d mu h o f th New Jersey oast Th i g ula ity in sp t to pl nit ud and al so of the — moll usks in th th siz lo aliti s Bur and fat n ss o f th s zard s bay C o w s tt bay (R I ) and L o ng I s l an d —wh re they a still g ula ly tak n is s t a dily o mpl ai n d o f S allops are aug ht by h and d d g i ng f o m s mall sail boats Th d d g s a abo ut thi ty i n h s in width hav a s rape blade upo n th botto m an d in favo abl w ath s v al may b thrown ov f o m a h boat I n shoal wat an i o n f a m d dip net is alm d ay s s o m ti m s us d o n It is p etty h a d wo k and en tai l s x posu to v ry s v w ath Th o n ly dibl pa t o f th s allop is th s ua i s h mass of muscle rt is d w d s a th a d u to hi h hol th s h ll s tog th thi d s a n ) ( p s kill fully c ut o ut by op n s who hav th i ho us s at theland th d dg s tak t h i a g o s to b sol d I t ing pla s wh no t th d dg who Op ns is th b uy uts o ut the m at and p pa s it fo r ma k t I n so m p la s men {a l one are — mploy d in thi s wo k at oth s wo m n and g i l s for the most pa t and th y will a n fro m ighty nts to a day Tb n
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S callop
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and its
Fishery
.
rk perfo r med ith g reat dexterity The motio f e x pert ope er a re b th ree a ter th e callop a d Th e biv lve tak e th e l e t ha p lm ith th e hi e f th e l — lop to r d th e ope er body Th e k i e i mpl e pi ece f tee l r o d ha r p ith t ck a ood e ha l e — i erte d i th e pe i th e h e ll f rth e t fro m th e b rea t Th e pper eye evere th ro h by thi moveme t A fli r th e a me mo me t th ro f th e pp er h e ll Th e ec o d m tio c t th e lo er fa te i g th e ey e to th e pper h e ll d tak e th e o ft d e le im ff Th e la t motio pitc h e h d li my im i to a oth er h e ll i to ba rre l d th e o ft hil e th e eye i th ro i to a ba i f ye llo w to ewa re hol i g m f allo Th e y a re th e po re d r o th e ba i i to l r e c ol g g l er tho ro hly hed pl ced c lea bo e d hippe d to Yo r k Brook l A littl e fre h ter o r i ce i pl ce d i c o ta c t ith th e me t po ibl e it tho ht etr i me tal the i r firm e flavo r A thi lto e th er a i ter operatio th e h e lp f i ce i t ra po rtatio ally eede Th ere o r o ht to b e a t e i h c allop fi h ery O ma re Th e e I l d th e re f e tak e by th e f r mer Lo fa ri g g r i c lt r i t have al ay b ee a cc to me to l f th e bea c h ith th e cr pi h th e i r hal f e xha te d la d d oth er e i e fi h ith th e me hade hi c h c o ld b e — f fi ca ht pl e ti f lly e o gh f th e p rpo e th e g m c h to th e di g t f every t ra ger h fo d hi m e l f to l ee a rd f f ili g th ere th e i r fi e ld Thi de m al ay al e f th e ref e to h re l r fe tilizer cto ri e c ttere alo th e ho re Th e h e ll a re p re ferre d above l oth e by th e oy ter pl ter tool o r c ltc h to p rea po th e i r dee p ater la t m b e obj ec t p hi c h th e oy t er pa d g ro Thi i e prefere ce i d to th e fragili y f the ca 11 p he l l per mitti g it to b re k i to pi ece er th e t r i f a f hi c h will b e b e e fite d o i g c l ter f oy t er ea c h f fe llo by th e epa ratio whi c h free it fr o m th e cro di m f d iv e it r oo to e p d by it e l i to c o e ly val bl e m g rot dity,i tead f re m i i a trap hape d di to r ed me mber ll th e i r h e ll th re fo re ea ily be f c o l e ce t g ro p fr o mth r e to fi old by th e o pe er to th e oy ter me ce t a b h el is
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e c e e e e e e e r c re er c c c c e re e e r e er e r c ere ce r e e er re r e ee r e c re cc r re er e e c r re r c e r c r r ee r r r c e r ec c re er r ree c
Th s allop fish ry is of s mall mo m nt in th Un it d S tat s be s id th p od u tio n fo r ma k t o f oyst s and la ms and the f stati sti s o r w hi h I am hi fly s po ns ibl ) are m e a r an d not g ( late than 1881 tho ug h I do ubt wh th thi s y a s fig ures w o uld f o m th stat us o f fiv y a s ag o n show mu h d i ff B i fly s umma i z d th s sho w th at abo ut 2 50 men (an d fo r a s ho t s a so n at N ew S ufl o lk L o ng I s l and abo ut 4 70 w o men and hild n a o di n g to F d Math ) are n g ag d in eit her ca t h ing o p pa i ng s allops usi ng bo ats an d apparat us w o rth per haps Th total p od u t is f o m to gallo ns o f t he ed ib le pa rt as ma k t d w o th at fi st h and f o m to A bo ut o ne hal f o f thi s o m s f o m P o ni bay an d mo re than hal f the mai nd f o m G n wi h L o ng I sla nd ,
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S U P ER M ETA MORP H I S M A N D V UL C A N I S M
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BY T H EO B C OMS T OC K
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ere e r c er e r e r r e cr ec c e e ere e e e rc e r r e c rec e e ce c re c e r e e ere c e re r e ee e e e c e e e r e cc rre ce e ree e r r e e e e e ec e e e e e e e er e e r c e e cr e er e e e er e c er e e e e er r r er e er c e rec c e e er c c r e e re e c e e re c e e ree e e e re e e e c re c e e r c e e e e r rr r r c r e ee r c e ce .
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F it b t u that m ta mo phi sm has o nv t d A c haea n sedi ystalli n o nditio n in w hi h those m nta y st ata i nto th b d s now usually x i st th littl do ub t th at s o me i g n can b o k s h av had a si mil a o i g i n We can n ot d te t t he o us di t vid n o f su h p vio us o nditio n in th tho o ug hly is in ma ny as s no al p oo f t o t he c o n fus d ma ss s but th t rary to say the l ast N o w if th s s i mpl po st ulat s be a d mit — t d ho w can we o nsi st ntly d ny th poss ibility nay t he p ob — ability o f th o u n o f all d g s of m ta mo p h is m f o m th si mpl baki ng to th m lti ng ff ts P G olo g i sts ha ve co m monly s uppo s d t hat a w ll defined zo n of m tamo rph is m has xi st d ov th a th i nvolvi ng j ust so mu h o f th s ub s trat um ust n v passi n g th bo unda ry set by th low st mem o f th b o f th Pal e ozoi s i s Thi s vi w do s no t c o mp o rt w ith th v y g ad ual t ansitio ns ob s vabl in all oth n at ural p ro d u t s no r can it b o n il d w ith th n um o us fa ts w h i h g o to p ov that th g at g ologi ag nts o f th past a a ti ve n o w as th n in ki n d if n ot in d g R all y th n it wo uld b ma v lo us if xt nd d st udy o f g eo lo g i al hi sto ry sho uld no t veal fl u t uatio ns of th m tamo p hi zo n abov and b lo w th a bit a y st ati g aphi bo u n da y a dopt d in th a ly days o f our yo un g s i n .
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A bstract
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read
before S ection E, A
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A
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A
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S
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Buffalo ,
1883
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S uper M etamorpbism and Vulcani sm
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r er e re re e er e c c ee c e re c r e re r ec e e e e e rre e c c e r r e r e rec e e ee e er c e r e r e cce r r e c er e r r e r e e re ec e e e re er e e e r r e e e r e e r e ere r er er e re e re re e e c e r r cc r ec e ee e e rc e r r e e ec ee e r e e c e e e e e c ec e e ce e r c c rc e er ee e r e r q r e e e ec e e c ec e cce r e c ee e c e er e r er e r c e ee r c e c er e r r e re ee e e e er e e er r c e er r re e r c e e er e r e r e c c e e c e e c r er e r er e er re ere ee er rc ee e re c er e e e ee ere c c re e e c e eq e er e err e rece re r er e r er cr e ce e re ce e e e er c e c e c c er e e e e r er e e r e e e c e c e er e e e e e r er cce
Witho ut a g ui ng thi s poi nt fu th I d si to p s nt h e s o m fa t s whi h s m to i ndi at th at t u Pal e ozoi st ata h av i n o ne g io n (S W C olo a do ) b o m i n volv d in th zo n of m ta mo rphi sm; th at is to say super metamorphi sm has o c cu d A ll alo ng th Ro ky M o untai n hai n to th n o th w a d th o g nizabl altho ug h I hav s n S il u ia n b d s are t h m v y mu h bak d in po tio ns o f N o rth w ste n W yo mi ng T he sa m su ssio n o f st ata f o m top to botto m o f th Pal a o zoi is di sc n ibl so uth wa d as a ul at until we st ik th g l o op o f th o nti n ntal divid in th S an J uan mi ni ng gio n w h e th s di m nta ry fo matio ns ski t th bas o f th Qua tz it mo untai ns o f H ayd n s su v y H the C a bo ni f o us and t h e und lyi ng D vo ni an a p s nt d and i nsi g ni fi ant w ll r emna nt s of s uppo s d S il u ia n st ata o u in situ I n so m as s t h s la st m ntio n d o k s sh ad down g ad ually f o m th un modi fied s di ments to th o mpl t ly m tamo phos d lay rs and D vo nia n l i m sto n is so i nti mat ly o nn t d o c as io nally th w ith th subja nt g ra nit as to fo m a o nti n uo us blo k of the i nto o ne mass B n ath th g a nit s t w o o k s welded to g th is a vas t fo matio n o f ua tzit an d th w hol s tio n st udi d by it s l f and in o nn tio n w ith th s u ss io n o f st a ta in th o unt ry s ms to m wholly i nexpli abl upo n any adjoi ni ng th o y tha n that o f s up m ta mo phi sm i nvolvi ng a con o th a ly Pal aeozoi b ds in l udi ng n a ly s iderable thi k n ss of th a ll o f th S il u ia n fo matio n Thi s id a altho ug h wo k d o ut i nd p nd ntly by mys l f was I fin d nt tai n d so m y a s ag o by D Endli h who pass d m e n i f io n 1 8 Th i po a n o th a pa t o f the r apidly ov t 74 g m ta mo phi sm app a s v ry evi fa t if su h it b of thi s s up d nt wh n we o m to st udy th hi sto ry o f v ul a ni sm in C olo F o m obs vatio ns by th w it in th lat r ado and W yo mi ng ms no do ubt that v y si mila o ndi s t a a in 187 3 th at fo us o f uptio n altho ug h th t io ns hav x i st d in that g mu h obs u d by th lava flo ws and l ss b n th r sult s hav o sio n d i s lo s d by s ub s u nt R f i ng to th p di ng ma ks o n s up m ta mo ph i sm ssiv ust o fl si stan ering x w e may und stand ho w w ith a th ign o us fusio n may b lo ng o nti nu d tha n in the as of a tho s o f th a ly T tia ry in th W st o uptio n lik v ol an i th H a wa i i a n i n itial o utflo ws all o f th a nd siti ty p V on Ri htho f n s s i s as x mpli fi d in th o d o f su ssio n o f ,
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S uper M etamorplusm and Vulcams m
D m b e e [
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e e er e r e c e ec c er ere cc e c e e cc rre ce e rc er e r e re e erc e re ce r er e r ce cer e e c e e r c r r c e er r re rc e e c c e e c er e e er ec c ec e ee e e er c re cce e e c r r ee e r e e re e c er eeq e e r e e er e ee e r e e r e e ee r re er e e cc r e ere e c e e e e e r e e ee e e eere c c e r e e re ce e r c e ere e e e c c e r e e e e c r c e ce erc e e re ce re c c e r e e e er e r r rc e r r e r e re ce er erc e c e e e e e er r e ec e e e e er e r c e r re e e re ece r c e e e e ec ee r e c c e er e cr cc e cr er e ec c e e e r re e re r e e r e c r c e e c c e r e
lavas of th W st n U n it d S tates is in the o ug h o f s uch mo re th an a wid app li atio n that we must xp t to di s ov m a id nt al a us Th o u n of o nly o ne ty pe o f l ava as and s it e t a hy t hyolit o ba salt may b adily ex pl ained s i stan ov o mi ng o f th to o utflo w a t o ne o as due to th oth stag o f the p o ss o f fus io n S o in tai n w i de areas it mi g ht b possibl fo r all o f Ri htho f n s typ s to be ej ect ed f o m as many di sti n t o og aphi c nt s But in W y o mi n g and C o lo ado two g at di st i ts h av th old vol ani ven t s so re lat d to a h oth in th s v al flo ws that o ne can n o t avoid th o n l usio n th at a h fi l d has b n th s at o f o ne l o n g co n ssiv po hs o f c up tin ued p iod o f a tivity ma k d by s u d ti o n Thi t n y a s o f st udy in th s io n s h a v e v l r e e a g ma ny fa ts b a i ng upo n th s u stio ns H avi ng l sew he e o ut l li n d a pla usibl th o y o f vulcanism bas d upo n th s an d g en atio n g l a n d f o m the W st I n di s in m r ly t rave s ral i nfo m u u n n ing th at io n t g th ith th p bli h o t s l i o w s d a o f e a d e g g a utho iti s I s h all not h att mpt a di s ussio n o f it b ut c o n fin my s l f to a si mpl stat m nt o f its mai n poi nts I n b i f th n it s ms vi d nt tha t th a li st vol an ic o ut flo ws am o ut th o ug h li n s o f l a st si sta n in t he ax es of folds in th st ata I n as s w h th s li n s oi n i d w it h t he maj o fo l ds and th li nes of maxi mum t nsio n th o utfl o w w i ll b a ndesiti o basalti i e basic I f the t nsio n be n o t s uffi s i sta n i nt to ov o m th mo a idi mat rial w i ll be fo m d at th top of th mag ma und th folds and th i s may b u st fo t h as t a hyt o finally as hyolit p ovid d th at the is not soo n si sta n ov o m Basalt o m s l ast as the d ep s at d h avi po tio n o f th magma and in so m as s t h i s fo l lo ws an d sit w itho ut th i nt v ni ng t a hyt and hyolite I n the S an J ua n mi n i ng n i w sto n e Park io th Y llo d n a n g a a the n ssa y o nditio ns fo r th s ucc ssi v j ti o n s have b n b o ug ht abo ut by a so m what o mp li at d s i s o f fo ld i n g s o ss fol d i n g s and faults a o mpani d by an elastic us t o f s il i ceo us mat i al Th subj t is one w hi h can b st udi d in t h se but we a o nly beg i n n i n g to u n de eg io ns to g at adva nta g pl is th p obl m whi h nat u e has solved w ith stand ho w s i m mu h vari ty o f d tail to s uit hang i ng o nditio ns o f nv i o n m n t the
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1
T he Geo logy and Veimstructure
stock
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T ransactio n s I
a s m 4 l ) (
.
nstitute of
R eprin t, pp
.
24
-
of
S o ut hwestern C o lorado
M i n ing Eng i n eer
29 , et seq
.
,
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Bethlehem
By T heo
meet ng i
,
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B C om .
May
,
1880
Z oic M axi ma
,
MA X I MA
Z OI C
or
Periods
N
meriml variations
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,
OR P ERIOD S OF RI A TIO N S I N A N I M A
VA
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BY L
e e e er r r
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1009
N U M E RI C A L
LS
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P GR A T A C A P
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re er e c e re ere er ec ec e c er rr r r r c re e c e e e r e r e ce c e cc r e r er er c e e e e c er e r c c e re e ec r e e c rc cr e e er e er c ec e re r r e re re e er er re re e e r c cc rr r e r c r e ee r e cr e er c e e e c e e err r e e er r er e e re e e e r c e e e e re r e c r ce er e e e c e e ce e e e ec ee e e e re er e ce c c e r e ce e er e e er e e e err e e e ec e e e e cr re ec e re e er ec e e ee r e r c e r ce e e re e e c er e e e c rre ec e e e r e e r c c c re er e e e r r ee e e e e rc r c e ee r c e c e re e ec r e e e e ec e ere r e e r ere ce e e c e e ere r e r r ee r e c er e r er er e
O f at u p haps in his g olo g i al and fi ld st udy aflo rds th pal e o ntolo g i st mo i nt sti ng mat ial fo r his sp ula t io ns on th o n ditions o f th past in its zo olo g i al b a i ng s mai ns in th fo ssil t h an th i eg ula di st ib utio n o f o gani b a i ng o k s N ot o nly in th sa m g olo g i cal ho i zo n w ill h fi n d st iki ng va iatio ns in th ab unda n in w hi h th fo ssil s o u to lay o f o nti g uo us and o ft n of th sam as he pa ss s f o mlay b ed s but h soo n di s ov s th i mpo tant fa t th at lo aliti s a d i sti ng ui sh d by p uli a fo ssil s that a li mit d ra ng i um s ib s th l at al as well as th v ti al di ffusio n of a sp i s as n umerical concentr ation and that a ai n poi nt s o far as s a d g g p s ntativ s o f l i mit d a a s p s nt in ov flo wi ng n umb s u i n g th o ug ho ut a wid a n o g a n i s m w hi h g enerallv o e o g re at th s ng a n s ill ust at d in aphi al a poi t o d d w n d a g e x ub ant olo ni s Th w ll k nown fi slz beds lo at d by N wb y and W o th n in t h L o w C a bo ni f o us li m sto n o f Illi noi s a x ampl s o f th ma kabl lo ali zatio n o f fo ms in W is fi st as m ntio n d th d by C ha mb lai n and by him d no mi nat d as vi c o ns i n i nsta n ” olo nial t nd n i s is an xa mpl o f th s o nd as d ences o f xt nt tho ug h th s a p haps in th mai n in al so to so m erent l ass o f fa t s th faunal statio ns o f W illi ams s o f a difl s tan pap s on th Foss il Fauna s o f th s o admi ably d pi t d in th ”l w hil D vo ni an th i nt upt d di spl ay o f th sa m U pp i s in th sam li n o f o ut op in sp t to th lativ n um sp s n o th i lo al di sapp a a n w h n b s o f S p i m n s to b th a a xami n d has any o nsid abl xt nt o spo nd i ng to thi d l ass o f fa ts a b a h li n o f mil s in l ng th ill ust at s th w hi h we f to as th di mi ni sh m nt w st wa d f o m G n se o f P ntam rus in th C li nto n o ks of New Yo k lo s ly lat d o ne A sso iat d w ith th s famili a fa ts is th o nt ast d siz o f th sa m fo ssil sp i s in di ff nt pa ts o f th n ot al way s x pli ab l n f o f siz sam fo matio n a di f o f th m assumptio n o f favo abl o unfa vo abl nvi o n m nt o n th haps th S pergen H ill fo ssil s a ffo d a v y p ti n nt o f whi h p '
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Bullet i n L
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Geo l S urv .
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NO 3 .
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D [
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r e r e e e c ec e e e er e er e e c c r er e e e er e e e e re e c e e ce r e r c ec e r cer c e ere ce e r e ec r e e r ce e e e re e r e e rece e r ce e ce e e rc e er cq e c c r c er e er e q e ec e cce r c e e e e e e r re e e re e ce c r e r c ce r c ce r r c r r c r e c r ec e e ee c e e e e c er e e ce c r e r e ere c e r r e r rc r e e ce re e r cce re e r ce e e e re ee e c e e e e r c c er e r r re e c er e ce re r e ce r e e re er r e re e ce e r r r e r e e e e e r ec e e rre r e r c c e re e e re e r ec e e ce ce er c c e r ecre e r e e r er e e e e c e e ec e e ec e e e er
r,
ill ust ratio n fo r as poi nt d o ut by P o f sso W hitfi ld th e d i mi n utiv fo ssil s o f so m moll us o us S p i s fo und at S perg en hill b ca m at Pay nt s hill a littl ov a mi l w st o f the fo rm r lo ality mu h la g w hil th B ll opho n and E uo mphal us of th Ell ttsvill I nd b d s g atl y x e d in si z the sa me spe i s f o m S perg en hill an d in a l ss st iki ng way oll ecto rs have rtai n fo s s ils as b o m fa milia w ith tai n lo aliti s w h s um an un us ual o h an dso m si z o nt asti ng w ith thei r depan p rat appea a n l s wh re A g at d al o f i nst uctiv and ca r ful st udy has been ex pended in th a dva n o f r s a h has made n at ural n t y a s si n ists b tt a uai nt d w ith the o s illato ry ha a t o f faunal pop ulatio ns upo n th p pl x i ng u stio n o f th o nt mpo ran ity and s u ssio n o f fo ssil fa unas and Barrande Eth er i dg e H al l H ull and Go sselet ab oad and W illiams W al ott C al l C l a ke p o i nt d o ut s o m o f the details of and M atth ws at ho m hav d m i i f s ults in thi s i nv sti atio n and hav a l a th i al ady i z g th s i ntifi wo ld with th i mpo tant o n ptio n that va ietal faunas o modifi atio n o f a o nt olli ng a n i mal fac ies o r nt al o ies may even sha ply o nt a st d zo olo g i al ag g eg atio ns o f S p b lo ng to th sam po h and b laid do wn in th n i g hb o rh ood o f a h oth sa m o a ni o lak floo i ng o n th was not to di s uss th va i atio ns o f s pec i fi Our i nt ntio n h fo ms in th fo ssi l b ea i ng o ks as th o wi ng li g ht upo n the sy n c hro no us ss i o n retreat o f di f x i st n fe nt fauna s th i su app a a n and fusio n It is undo ubt d that th se as sumptio ns xplai n and a i nd d th hi f xpla natio ns to b o ffered fo r th va yi ng h ara t o f n a lyi ng fo ssil g o ups ; b ut w e w i sh to u g upo n th o nsid atio n of pal e o ntolo g i sts th ne s s ity o f — allo wi ng as far as g a d s th i nsta n s o f fo ssil di st ib uti o n it ed abov viz th g at o l ss p val n at n a ho izo n s o r beds o alo ng th ho izo ntal xt n sio n o f th sa m b d o f the sam — fa una o S p i s fo r tho s i n u la iti s p o d u ti f l if f o o o e g w hi h ca us i n o ur p s nt s a s d iffe nt y a s to b o me d i s t ing uished fo r a ph no m nal ab unda n rtai n fo rms of as oth s to l ai m a di sti n tio n fo r th ab no mal d as o d isap a r e a n f s a m m l c e o f s th o s ov th a m g og ph i a e r a c a r a p Th us a g iv n S pot o n a oast li n al ways yi ldi ng a pa rt i u l a sp i s may in o ne s aso n b o m th abod o f n umb s o f th es ,
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N at H ist .
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No 3 .
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c r e .
N umerical
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p opo t io n to its o di na y census of occu a t i o n d i n o s n n u a th a o p by ab pt ha g o p a n s a n n a ss p h aps th o ug h a S i s o f l ss vio l nt alt natio ns to a o nditio n of sid nts o mpa ativ o a t ual d n udatio n of th s Th w o k o f th Fi sh C o mmi ss io n has mad us fa milia w ith fa ts o f mu h w id i mpo t wh n la g s tio ns of th o ea nic ba si n h av b o m d pop ul at d Thi s l att case app a s to b atas t ophi in its a us s b ut o m s w ithi n th s ope o f o ur s ug g es t io n as to th fl u t uati ng f tility o f a sp i s A nd th fa t be o m s so m ti m s appa nt th at in a st i t d gio n o mmand ing a mo o l ss fix d s upply o f no u i sh m nt th siz o f th as in th y a s o f d o ani mal s w ill i n as d f tili ty and respo n din gly di mi n i sh in th d p od u tivity a s a so ns of nha n r latio n n ot un nat u al To w h at xt nt we may pa all liz th s two lass s o f fa ts t he o ne d ali ng w ith th ha n ging ab un da n o f fossil sh ll s o r mai ns ith v ti al ly o ho izo ntally di st ib ut d in b ds o f th sam ag e and th oth xhibiti ng th va yi n g n umb s in s pa at d s as o ns o f o nt mpo ra n o us a n i mal s alo ng o ur sea b oa d s o in o ur f sh wat lak s o v n so far as we can d in th p l ag i a as is n ot at fi st o in all cas s ually t mi n mi n asy to d t But it is po ssibl to vi w so m onsid a tio ns b a i ng upo n th g neal u stio n Th ob s vatio ns w hi h may b add u d as b a i ng o n thi s n u stio n a d and wh n fo und a fo r ssa ily w id ly s att th mo st pa t o n n d with thos fo ms o f li f w hi h subs v so m i nd ust i al o r o no mi us s o w ith those in lo s latio n with th fo m th o d d i uptio ns o f sta as fo r i nsta n d ill s (Ur osalpinx cinerea) in dif fish s (A sterias forbesii ) and b d s I n lassi fyi ng how v th ferent y a s upo n o ur oyst ffi i n t aus s w hi h ff t th s va iatio ns o f a ni mal pop ulo n hi n g upo n g o un d mo nt o l ss sp ulativ n ss w itho ut we may say th at th ha ng i ng ab undan o f a ni m al fo ms in lo aliti s a i s s mai nly f o m di ff nt y a s o t st Oppo t un i ty fo r o di ffi ul ty in obtai n i ng f undatio n at of g o wth habits t o f o ga n i s m 2 d C o nstit utio n a i n t m ha a t o f h bitat latio n botto d o C 3 n s s m u a m Ph o a l i fl at a ly poi o d o h at d h n n n s s s n t 4 wat s sto ms d st u tio n by n mi s — n n i zcnlty in obtainin d o I O ortun ity for or difl c n a t That e g f pp sa
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m e e b er f thi i mpo r t i fl e ce i c ri reat o r m ll rep re e tatio th e m ri e i mal moder e l abl e f q e tio ed tho h it l y f to th e mo r o r l e r pid at re e f thei d fe me tho m ltipli c tio Th e mo t criti c l ti m D r Br ook y li fe th e A mer i ca oy ter do bt e dly th e ti me h the i c h r e d i to th e at er to b e er tiliz e th e h e f w gg that e ac h g g hi c h flo t i to th e o cea to hi ft it ill i mmedi t e ly mee ith a mal e ce ll v e y li g ht it e e tial that th e g ho ld b e fertilized very q i ckly the ertilize gg i de troyed by the ater a ve ho t ti me m T yo h e t e d th t th e i i p ec i e h l m C gg pod m e xpe ie ce o me d fli l i effecti g e x l io d th e ob erv tio po th e m y di ffere t y f S opt e thi r o p f Moll c a f fe tiliz tio j ti y fere ce that h d er favo r bl e c i rc m t ce i divid l a me ro p m y e co ter e ch other d th e c h i mi i h e d ex ct t o to h fr itage f th e a me e era b e th e oppo ite pl p r e by co ge er f th ei r ec t o W i h o me f th e g t ropod e x al io e ffec ed d re tly da er i c rre d fr o m th e e xi e c i e f th e p r t ec fe mal e ov m e rc hi h th e p er mati c ve i cl e at r f Thi e t bli h e a afe a rd whi c h avo r th e m ltipli c tio tho e p h hi c h po e it oth er r o p h h m T r o c h b l th e m al e e l e e t S C b ( ) c ha rged i to th e ater d a re th e ake i to h er T i i t rod ce a r i k hi c h m t i cre e o r l e e a cc o rdi g to p re e ce o r ab e ce f p re d to ry fi h e h e vo r th e p t h f vo rabl e till e ter te mper t e o r ch m l f th e c o ditio hi ch f ab orm l o l de troy th e e m P ro e o r Mo r e h d e cr ib e d th e di ff c l y r i i g at k poi t Ea tpo rt M ai e f th e la r er mal e f B i m m ec r i g c o t c t ith th e di mi tive fe m l e ecre t e d i h rro pert re crevi ce f the l e ge t te f thi fir t o ld hav e a e d cy to re hi c h ce th e mb e i ivi mber f mall mal e ere e l al til a ffic i e t Z oic Maz ima,
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c e ee e c er c r c e rr e e e c re er e r er ce e rc re ec e r ce c r er cr ce r e e r e er e e e r er e e e e ec e e e e re r er e r e re e er r ec ee r re e r re re e rr e e ec r ec e e e e e e e e e e c c cc r e er r e r r e e e e er e cee req re er ec e c e e e e e re re e eq r ce r er er e e re e re er e e e e c e r e c c rc ce c er e e r c c e e r er er er e re r e r ec cce ec e er er e re er r r e re e c e r c er re r e e e r e e e re ee e r ere r c rre r r r e e er ee r e e re r e r e ee e e e ec q c e re er er er er r e c rc ce c c re re re e r e ce r ce e e r re ce e r c ce e re e re ec ee r r er e ee e ce e e re e ce er e cc e r er c re c r r e e r ce e e e c ere c e e c c e e rc e
to mai ntai n th most o mpl te g n rativ a tivity tho ug h thi s mi ght di mi ni sh vi tality di sa ang th v y o nt a tio n o f s iz s mi nal fun tio n and s ult in st ili ty Th o d s Of C lado ra C op poda and O st a oda will in thi s sp t b favo ably pla d in o mpa i so n with oth usta an m f u o u p s a s i th s t ib s tilizatio n o th a l la t d i n n f f s s g g h li f ti m o r at l a st a s aso n and in so m as s th yo ung f mal s a bo n f tiliz d f o m th i mp g nat d moth Th us favo abl o nditio ns with th s g o up s g ai n a p do mi nati ng in fluence as th y fo ti fy and assi st an al ady p ex i st nt advan tageo us a a ng m nt fo r s u ity o f f un datio n A mo n g st fi sh s advant ag w ill b g iv n to tho s w ho s spawn ing s aso n is mo st xt nd d as w ith od wi th w hi h a o di n g to th obs vatio ns o f P o f sso S a s it xt nds ov r ni n con “ ui d by any oth io d x di ng that secut ive mo nth s a p ”1 Sp i s Of whi h we h av any k no wl d g Th s a not o n ly mo lik ly w i th ual vital ity to p o du a la g n umb Of in divid uals but th y are ab sol ut ly favo d by th g at xt nsio n va i abl i n i mi al i umsta n s whi h latt s ap Of ti m to b i ng li mit d in d u atio n mi g ht if oi n id nt with th sho t p io d o f oth fish s g atly i mpai th p o sp ts Of s u ssful Th lo n g p iod of th co d n d s its pa tial o f undatio n nti s ap f o m s u h d i sast s mo p obabl Th S pa wni ng s as o n fo r an i ndivid ual o f s h ad sal mo n o w hit fish is o nly a few d ays But th lik lihoo d of i mp g natio n s ms to b di mi n st o ng ished On S paw n i n g g o und s w h u n ts are fo un d o s a r iv du i ng sto ms as i mm ns n umb s o f th d n e o n gg th sho s o are so di ffus d and di st ib ut d as no t to m t the milt Of th mal and as th eg g o f th od ui kly los s its vitality g at n umb s p i s h Und v y favo abl i um o n ditio ns fo r i mp g natio n mi g ht p v ail as w o ul d stan s su h s ult in an no mo us x ss Of i ndivi dual s p od u d whil st an du th p o du tio n to a mi ni Oppo sit stat o f affai s wo ul d mum A gai n an i nsuffi i nt supply Of mal s wo uld g atly mod xt ao di na ry f tility in ify th sult s o f f un datio n as th s sitat s th m s fi s n e f m a h n o f th a l o t p s f s s n o e v g gg al mal s to a o mpli sh th i f tilizatio n Eggs of fish whi h un lik tho s o f a o f s u h a g avity as no t to i s to th su fa th co d and ma k l o m l ss in o nta t with th d st u tiv ,
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g n i s Of th su fa and i n as th i r lik l ihood of fe unda tio n by th lo ng r po ssibl p iod th us s u d for a greater n um b S u h fish as spawn in iv s o in th l at s a so ns as arly s umm may b in so m i nsta n s o mo st mo l ik ly to per u e t e m f w a t a at n u r i n th n th i o n n s h o s e O S b o fl a g p p g g s i n s r th o a r e po s d to at i k s o d s t u ti o n o f n x a gg g at s aso ns wh n sto ms a p val nt tho ug h thi s o ns ide ation is agai n modi fi d by th po ss ibl p s n as Of more in ith n um o us n mi s r m a n o a n i s bits etc o Constitution rate of g row tle l m f g I t is Obvio us that o nditio ns favo abl fo r th p s vati on and maturizatio n Of i ndivid ual s will p vail wh n th s onditions ha moniz w ith th habit and li f hi sto ry o f th o ga ni sm and that the v s will nsu wh n th y do no t and oth thi ngs b i ng ual we may xp t tho s sp i s to p do mi nat at a lo ality whos h abits li f hi sto y t are ith b s t adapted to the o nditio ns o f th at lo ality ov its o mp tito s o are of such a ha ra t as to w ith sta n d o nditio ns whi h g n ally unfavora bl to all fo ms o f li f are met by it wi th b tt sa feg ua ds and s i sta n g at o ndi t io ns th lo ng ti m in whi h the unfavo rabl U nd yo ung o f a ma i n sh ll a f e b fo atta h m nt th less ea for a s u vival o f a g at n umb han and at s u h a ti m s l tio n wo uld b ff t d in favo o f tho s s pe i s whos S pat most ui kly a m to st and th s w o uld s ubs u ntly become ph no m nally f u nt A gai n the po w o f an o ga n i s m to nd u ha nge Of temper at u as o mpa d with oth s l ss abl to s u viv va iation in thi s sp t Obvio usly wo ks in its favo and may l ad to an ‘ apparent x a small fall ss Of i ndivid ual s say s A s S mp in t mp at u may b as i nj u io us to o ne a n i mal as a g at fall to anoth whil a thi d sp i s may b wholly unaff ct d by ” M Obius has d s i g nat d a n i mal s und ith th i s ga d as ndure enfy tlt er rnal and stenotlt er m uali fi d to al as th y are g at o s mall v at u Thi s w ill al so hav an a iatio ns o f t mp e m s a e t h impo tant i nfl u n s w n ho that i s on S iz b s h a M O u as sp i s Of moll usk livi ng o n th oast Of G n l and o in th Bal ti was in th fo m as la g in th latt d wa f d and he at a
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t ib ut d it to th va iabl t mp at u in th latt lo ality Rate Of g o wth as it is apid o s low o nti n uo us o p iodi will a ff t the n um i al di splay Of a sp i s Th us Pecten irradio ns g o ws v y ui kly stops in wint b gi nni ng a gai n w h n th s allops are o ne y a u m a whol thi s i la ity b Old and o n th r e y g garded as t ndi ng to di mi n i sh n umb s Pow of lo o mo tio n agai n assi sts its po ss sso s to s ap f o m un favo abl s u o und i ngs o f o m n mi s S wa mi ng o mig ato ry habits as with lobst s aff t th num i al p opo tio n of th sp i s at a g iv n poi nt in tai n s aso ns but p obably has l ittl i nfl u n o n th f t ility o ab und an o f i ndivi dual s Tho s a ni mal s as usta ceans whi h ast th i integum nts a id nts x po s d to a d u i ng th i xpo s d p io d and S ho uld th y th n b subj t d to sp ia lly d st u tiv i n fl u n s wo uld s uff g at n um i al d pl tio n .
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s pois oned or heated m fl — w aters storms shocks destr uction by enemies I t is n o ug h to m ntio n th s to s ug g st th i f e u nt o u n But the ff t Of th s in g olo g i al t im has b n do ubtl es s in so me to p od u d po sits o f ani mal fo ms in s ud d n ab u ndance as as w h n a fa una by th i a tio n has al mo s t s i multan o u s ly dis app a d Th us D N wb y has s ug g st d that t he fi sh beds d st u tio n o f fis h l ife o f Illi noi s af fo d vi d n o f a whol sal possibly th o ugh s ub ma i n di ffusio n Of po iso ned x plo sio n vapo s t whil th ph no m nal di sapp a an Of an imal l ife as sho w n by th Ob s v atio n s O f t he Fish f o m th A tlanti Of a w id ly ex t n ded C o mmi ssio n in 1881 is a mod n i nsta n atas t ophi oblit atio n of an i mal fo ms — Z oic M om ma I t is vi d nt that if all th abov co n d i tions o dan e w ith w favo ably o nj oi n d for so m aso ns in a th n ds Of any sp i al o gani s m o any g o up o f o g an i s ms that th s wo uld attai n p obably an un usua l f t ility a n d that di ng y a s w o u l d de if pa ssi ng s u h a li max as thi s th s u u r abl e we n f a sa m w a n s t iki ly vo s velo p o n ditio ns in th a g y w o ul d h av in th ma i n d po s it s a umul at d d u i n g t h ese y a s t wo o nt rast d b d s o f sp tiv ly i h and ba ren c o n t nts o nn t d o g ad d i nto a h oth by i nt v n i ng b ds o f di mi n i shi ng p o d u tivity in sh ll mai ns But if aft a pe iod p od u tio n o f fo ms o f ph no m nal a t ivity an d s u ss in th s u h as i nstan d a di sast s u h as tho s we hav s u g g s t d th fo u th h adi ng took pl a th n we w o ul d h av e a b ed un d g a dually a h d th o ug h lo w b ds o f i n asi ng nu m r ical n gth until it st o wn d th s i s as a li ma t i to be s u c l ay s uit d void Of ani mal mai ns ceeded by l at Th s p io ds wh n all th o nditio ns are most favo rabl e fo r a n i mal multipli atio n we d si g nat as Z oi M axi ma ; an d as th y are in a o da n with th m nts o f th g ates t ui n um b of sp i fi fo ms we al l th m Pan zoi M axi ma ; o r a th y a so o mbi n d as to x t a s l tiv i nfl u n e p r mitt i n g th p po nd a n o f o ne o a few S p i s o di tly co n tri b u ti ng to th p opagatio n o f thi s o ne S p i s both in numbers a n d in siz we all th m S o l zoi M axi ma It is tai nly t ue and k no w n th at s u h Z Oic M axi ma bo t h in th i g n al and st i t d ma n i f s tatio ns ;are k n o w n in o u r o nt mpo an o us fa unas It is p obabl that th va y i n g ab u n d an c o f fo s s i l emai n s in th b ds Of fo ssi l b a i ng o k s are d ue to si mila aus s
I V Phenomenal
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The P. abod) l M
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er ee c r e e e r c ce e e e re e er r e er e r e r r e c e e ee cc ece r er e r e rr e e er e ce ere e c ere c ere e re e r r c e ec r c c e r ee ee ee r e e ree r r ce r r er ee r e er ec c rc e e e er c re re er ee r e re ere e re e r ee rr r r c e er ee e c e e e er e r ec e c er e e ee r e e ce e e e r e r e e e ee e r e c ec e e er e e re e e er c re e e e r er e r c rc e ee e er c e e e re e e er e e e e r ce er e e r e c rc e c r r c rc e ere er r e e re r r ec c e ee e e rr ee e e ee r ee r r e c c erce re e e e e r e e e e er r e r r c r c er e er e e er ec e e e re err .
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t uly say a new h apt has b n addéd to o ur archaeo lo g i al w o k in the vall y o f th L ittl M i ami Fi st y o u must kno w that o ur a mp is pit h d by th sid Of th g at pil a t h w e t u n d ov in o ur xplo atio ns Of th g o up o f alta of mo und s o n th l and o f M r M i h a l T p rner W e h av b n mi ss io ns o n thi s and th w o rki ng w i th o a sio nal n ssa y i nt past fiv adjoi n i n g fa m Of M r B nja mi n M a iott fo r th we h av d i s ov y a s and thi s is th pla wh d so mu h Of i n t st w ithi n th g at a th wo k Of whi h th follo wi ng is a sk t h : A hill th o ug h w hi h two dit h s thi ty f t d p had b n hill i nto th pa t s A o und t he nt al po c u t sepa at d th t i o n a wall o f a th had b n ai s d maki ng a p f t i l 5 50 I n thi s i n los u was a l a g mo un d and n a fe t in di am t i t a small o ne Th s mo unds p ov d Of g at i n t st particu la rly th l a g o ne w ith its sto n wall fo u f t hi g h s u o un di n g lay W e fo und s v al human sk l to ns in th a n al ta o f bu nt lay o utsid o f th sto n wall and two oth s On th wall w ith t s mad o f opp sh ll an d sto n Th a th tak n v a io us obj fro m th dit h s was us d to mak th g ad d w ay f o m th top hil l to th l v l la n d b low Thi s g ad d way o nn t s o f th w i th an mb ank m n t o f a th so m what oval in shap and 1500 in wh i h a tw o op n i ng s Oppo feet in its g at st di am t th no th n op eni n g is an a th i l 300 f t in di am t s it no t y t xplo d a n d in thi s is a s mall mo un d whi h w e h av Oppo s it the ast n op n i n g is a mo un d n i n fe t hi g h It was five y a s o n thi s mo un d th at we b g an o u r w o k at thi s pla ag o A t th foot Of th g ad d way is a s mall i l in lo si ng a tw o oth i l w b u i al b u i al mo un d N o th o f thi s mo und s and ast Of it was th g at g o up o f alta mo und s a h Of w hi h was a wall o f sto n s fo u r f t hi g h b uilt a ro und Th s mo unds co n b lo w th s u o un di ng l v l o f th fi l d tained f o m o ne to s v n alta s fo m d o f lay o n w hi h fi I t was in t wo of th ba si ns o f th alta s in fi s had b en mad th mo unds th at I fo und th i mm ns numb o f o nam n ts Of pa ti ul a ly Of opp th p a l s S h ll v a io us ki n ds b ads and ot h Obj t s al so th wo nd rful littl fi g u s of t a CA N
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The Peabody M useums Explorations in
10 18
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c otta rep re e t i g m d o me A l h e obj ec b th r o i to th e fi re po th e lt r e vide t ly cri fice b r t o ff r i g i g i mpo rta t cere mo y Th e th i ty e pit th e i l r t be o r fl c o ecte ith the m co crete l yer r ve l i ro over th em the i g l tr t re f th e re t mo d h d re d fee t i i me t er e f e t hi h th e re t pit c o t i i g th e m y k ll o me f th e m rr ed r o k l eto whi c h h d hol e d r ill e d pla ce a h e all erv e ho t hat c o ec te it h t r f mo d ere e te ive cere mo i e f h ee pe t i mpo rt th e p e op e Th e e e xte ive e a rth o rk m e ch e labo t l d co i i g e vid e ce f th e ea th f th e b il r l f h cere mo ial c ha r cter f th e o r k t he m e lve a il l ea to h c o c l io hat th ere m t h v e b ee l r mb Th e b e ti l l f p e ople c o ec te d ith th e i r c o t r c tio tio ro p f e rth o rk th e l eve l ec o ter f th i d hi c h e xte mil e th e fertil e v lley ro by h ill fro m hi c h fl ever f ili g pri i i cat th t th re io th ere m t have bee a l rge pop l tio th e f h m re m i hi c h d th e mo ith i ith fo th e e c i rc li g ll a re fl i to mee t h eq r me t ere prob bly tho e f di ti i he S c h re mai o b ri ith pec i l ho o r b h ere ere th e ot h r Th th e m y alta r o r b i e cl y hi c h vi tl fb h bee e over over a gai d ere ith tio e mpty h e th e mo d ere erecte d over th e m i c tio f c e m io d yet here ere th e b r t h m mai ope fi e il e e arily v m C r m tio c lc i ed bo e i h h a h e l e uch re m i fr me t b r t over over i p ec i l p i t k r c all to h e o l w had fo d i a i c h e f th e d abo t th e l r e lta r mo d h b r t bo e d a h f i ivi al I f th e e alt r ere th e pla ce h er cr m io took pla c h t the had b c o me f th e re m i Th r q e tio hi c h D r Metz my el f fte a ke f a her d lt c o fi e t th t o me h ere ea r by th er m t b e eral ri l pl ce f th e co mmo ea d m y a h m e rf i i c t o O the o rth f h i d we t f h la rge c i rc l e M T r er b r w c ly s n
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7 713 Peabody Museums Explorations in
8
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Ohio
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c ere r e r c c e e e e r r e ere re e r re e r ec e r r re er r e e er r e c e e e c ere e e ee er e er r e re r e e c e e ee e c re e r re e e e er e r e e e re e e c r c ce r r ee re e c e e e e r e e er c e r r e r e e e e e ec ere e er e c r e r e er e c c e e r ere e e e e ec e c e e e ec e e r e c e r r e r e e c er e er e ee e e e r e c er r r r r e e r e r e e ee e er e e e er e r e er e c I e e re e r ce e e e er r e c e e r e ce e er e c ee e e e e ee re e e e r e ee e rc r c e e re e e r c ce cre ee e e re e r r e ce r e er e c er er e e e e q er r e r r e r e r e e c c e r e I e rece r e e r ec r c r c r r e
di s ov d a g av W o ul d it p o ve to have any o n n e t io n with th p opl who b uilt the arth wo k s an d the alt a mo un ds a t n d th y w e e s o o n to be Our hop s w a g aliz d as far as o ne g av o uld t ll its sto y On c a eful ly movi ng the a th f o m th ast n end o f the g av lo s to th sto n we di s ov d th toe bo n s o f a h uman s k l t o n and a ft s v al ho u s o f th h a d st ki nd o f t o w l di gg i n g w e had th sati sfa tio n o f xpo si ng th sk l to n ly i ng at full l n gt h on I ts sk ull sli g htly t u n d to th its b a k i g ht sted o n a flat sto n at th w st n end o f th f s i d e o f the av th l t n O g s k ull was a l a g sea s h ll o f the sy o n f o m w h i h the u s n B u g mov d a o mmo n m thod o f maki ng nt al po tio n had b n va io us p opl s o f A m i a an d o ft n fo und v ss l s a mo n g th in b u ial mo un ds and g av s f o m th Gul f S tat s to M ic h i gan al s h l l bea ds als o o f a W ith th bo n s o f th n k w s v o mmo n fo m an d as w i d ly di st ib ut d ov th o u nt ry as the Th a ms w xt nd d at full l n gt h alo ng Busy o n sh l ls a h si d and i n los d by th bo n s o f a h ha nd r s ti ng o n the hip s was a spoo l sh ap d o na m nt (whi h o ur xplo ati o n s h ave p oved to b ear o nam n ts ) mad o f opp an d lik e t h o se fo und wi th s v al o f th s k l to ns in t he mo und s o f thi s g r o up W e h av at th mus um ear o na m nts o f thi s h ara ct f o m b u i al mo un ds in v a io us pa t s of Ohio and w st to th M i ss i s b ut I h av e n v sippi in Illi noi s an d f o m C nt al T nn ss fo und th m in any o f th s v al tho usa n d sto n g av s o f t he d n o r hav w e fo un d a x plo C umb l and vall y whi h hav t a o f th m a mo ng th s v al tho usand g av s asso iat d w ith th si ng ul a ash pits in th m t i s whi h we hav xp lo red in th L ittl M ia mi vall y nor w ith th sk l to ns b u i d in t he mo unds no r in ma ny o f th si mpl b u ial mo unds o f Oh io sto n mai n s o f a Th y s m to b pa ti ula ly a sso i at d with th m l w h d a som n t and w h o b u il t op p a ti tio to xt o n p ma ny o f th g at a th wo k s o f th Ohio vall ey Th at it is an a n i nt fo rm o f o nam nt mad f o m nativ opp t h e can be b en mad al so by th d e n o do ubt al t ho ug h t hey may hav s cen dan ts o r co n u o s o f th is p eopl in l ate ti mes ; a n d it is th at the fo m o f th o namen t may h a v n o t at all i mp o babl s urviv ed to the ti m o f o n ta t o f th red ac w ith t he w h i t e n t I nd ian s I h av av can o n ly s ay th at in all th o e d e n g p o k no w abo ut th is p ulia ha a te o f o nam nt has n o t been t hat
w e had at last
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7 7“ Peabody M useums E xploraaom in '
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Oldo
102 1
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ey ere ever m e by th e hite d f r i he d e have ever h pp e e that ho e d fi d vide ce f ct W have cert i ly fo d the m der ch o ditio Ohio that th ey m t have b ee b r i e d it h th e i r er lo g be fo re th e di covery f A meri ca The a i l have fo d hav e b ee mad e by ha mmer i g pi ece f ative opper by ca ti g th e metal B th e i e f th e r i ht tibia f th e k e l e to i th e g ave a ood e b e d c ov ere ith thi c opp er a lo f p l e der fl k e f fl t d a fra g me t f o me ki d f or a me t ma e f h e ll Th e e lo fli t k ive a re f h a me ha pe d c h rac t r th e e ll k o ob i ia flak e fro m M have fo d th e m a r l e a o c iate d ith c opper d o r me t like tho e i thi rave They a re ha rp ed ed M d a re ood k iv e th e e xi c a fl k e hil e p e ki g W g m f th e m e er al t er fli t th e y a re re ality flak e t r c g f to e ma y th e m b e i g f a b r i ht fro m e ver l v r i e ti e ja per d oth er f c hal ce do y Th e ood e b ead c overe d ith c opper i f th e a me c h r c ter other have tak e fro m th e b ri l mo d i hi c h have fo d th e c opper ea r o r a hip b w i c h e abov e C lo e to th e r ight h d me t hem cov ri a pace a foot di meter were a ma f f b r t h ma bo ith bit f c ha rc oal mix e d fr ag me t f cre mate d bo y had b ee ith a h e Th e e re mai ath ere d bee b r t b ro ght to thi r ve fr o m th e pla ce h ere it h la ce d by th e id e f th e body at th e ti me it laid i th e rav e Th e c lo e c o t c t f th e re mai to th e fi er bo e f th e k l fl i i whi c h ere di t rb e d evide ce f thi rave h fo d the evide ce a oc i ti g H ere th e i d th e re t f th e e a rth o r k abo t i ith th e lta r mo d i rave it e l f ithi th e e a rth d e p e d e tly f th e f c t that h l th e oth er o r k W had fo d e vi e t ly all rro i th e b r i l place f th e p e opl e ab da tly c o firme d d thi o r k p ro re e d f eek bee e ga e d i e lo ri th i W have b r i l pl ce d r i g th i ti me h ve di c overe d e i htee rave fo r l r e d eep pi d e er l hol e d g i the r vel ell place here there h d bee fire d mero other i t ere ti g f c t ma y f hi c h by th e m e lv o ld b e t r ivi l hi c h h e th ey a re all to geth er ill give a f be t e b fo und ; and if th to th I ndians I
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102 2
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7 7ze Peabody bl aseums Explorations in ’
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cr e e e r e e e re r e c ee r e er ere r r r e e cc e r e c ere rc r ere r e e ee ce e e ce e e c e ee e re r e e c re e e ere c r ce r c e e c ere r e e c ee c e ee r e e e e r e e ee ere r e e re e e er r e e e re e e e ere c ec c e er e c e e ee e e r e e ec c r r e e e e e e c r er e r e e r e e e re e r c ec r r ee er e cre e c e e erec er er r ec c re e r e e r e cr e e e e e e e e r e er e er r er e e e ere e e c er c er e e c er e e e ee e e e e r e re e e er ce r er e er c r re re e e c ere e r e e r e e c ere e e e e r ce c e ee c ere e e r e ee er e ec e ere er e r e r e ce er c er e ece ee rc e ee e r e e c r e ce e e er r e e ee rc r e e r e e
i ha p d s mall in siz and a efully mad o f flat sto n s I n t h mwe fo un d b u nt h uma n bo n s and ash s I n o ne was a pip c a v d f o m sto n whi h had b n b u nt with th body and in an oth w f ag ments o f a b u n t c0 pper o na m nt I must gi v an a o unt of th g a v s whi h w o f p a ti ula int st G av N o 5 in o ur n ot book was s ix f t six i n h s lo n g two fe t n i n i n h s w i d an d o ne foot i g ht i n h s d p m as u d f o m top o f th sto n s It was made w ith a an d th sto n s w a efully pla d so as to fo m a s ub sta ntial wall T he bo t t o m was o mpl t ly ov d by fo u l arg flat sto n s o n w hi h t he s k l to n lay o n its b a k Th sk ull was at th ast end o f t he g av Wh n th body was p ut in th g av th k n s w d a w n up th l ft h an d body and th i ght was l ai d st d o n th s t ai ht alo n f f h e s th id Th lt th t th bo l t s s u w a s a n o t g g h and w fo und in lo s o nta t w it h th upp n d s o f t he t ibi a e w hi h had fall n do wn b t w n th f mo a I n th bo n s o f a h hand was a op pe ear o n am nt lik tho s I h av m ntio n d I n the o n f s a f w o t a v a th b th l oot s f e o f th a n o n g la g sea sh ll f o m w hi h th n c ut away en t al po tio n had b N a thi s was a li ttl c up a v d o ut o f sto n two an in t e th o f a b a a h w ith l at al p fo atio ns an d in a h toot h was t he h alky mnant o f a l arg p ea l C lo s to th m was a l a g ys t al o f gal na and a k ni f mad o f a lo ng fl ak On th o f fli nt s a m si d d n d p a t ly a u o f th v a ly o po it to h e s ho l s a t n p g u nd th si d sto n s w i g ht o f th opp ear o rnan rents in a b un h and un d th m a lo ng bo n poi nt W e did not dis ov th m until we had tak n o ut th sk l to n and b ga n to re mov th sto n s fo r it is o ur ul al way s to mov v ythi ng v y i n h o f di t p pla d by h uman h and s and to t u n ov vio usly di st u b d On taki ng up th flat sto n s whi h w d by th dg s ov firmly imbedded in th g av l a nd had th i s id s to n s w e fo und th fo llo wi n g a ti l s whi h must hav b n pla ed wh we fo und th mb fo e the sto n s had b n put do wn U nd th s o nd sto n (th th was n othi ng und fi st) n a th nt b ad and s mall thi n pi s o f was a opp iro n probably m t o i b ut it has not y t b n a nalyz d and it A s may p ov to b bo g i ro n whi h has fo m d in th at pla i o n o n th we h av fo und s v al o na m nts mad o f m t o i altars o f th mounds in thi s g o up as w ll as two good si z d
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Ohio [ D ec ember
T he Peabody M useums E xplorations in ’
1024
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T/ee Peabody M useums E rplorations in ’
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r,
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Connecting Genus of Chordata
.
e re e ere e re e r r ere er r e r ree c e c c e c e e c cre e er r e e e re r ee e ere e r c e r e e ee er e r ec e e e e r e e e er ee e e re r r r e e r ce e m e c r c er r e cre e er e ere re ee r e ee e ee e r e ee e r e e e e cere e c e e ce e e e r c e e er ce r c e ee e ee e cre e ere re e r er ere er re e e er e e r e r er e e ce e c ec e r ce cere e c ce ere e r e re e e e er r c e r e re ere rc e e c e e re re e re e e r c re e r cere e c ec e re r r c r e e e ere re ce e e e re e c re c ee re er ec er ee r r e e e e r e er ec
m mb d th at in th g at mo un d o f th g o up It is to b o f alta mo und s th w as a lay th in h s o f g av l t wo o t h i k w hi h we hav all d th o n t l ay Thi s g av l was c e m nt d by a la g a mo unt o f i o n and it has b n a p uzzl wh th i o n a m f o m I t was far too g r at in amo un t to h av b n d iv d f o m th lay in th mo und abo v and be s i d s th d s s s a v l f th s a m l a y abo u t th loo o w a g g a n d li g ht w itho ut any mixt u N o w thi s i o n g av l o f i on ha a t as that fo mi ng th fr o m th b u i al pl a is o f th sa t l ay in th mo und and it th fo s ms p obabl that con b n dug for th p u pos of obtai ni ng it t h s pit s mus t h av mo ni s A s thi s g ravel had b n us d d u i n g th xt nsiv whi h must h av tak n pla at th ti m th mo und was co n s t u t d th v y pl a f o m w hi h it was tak n s ms to hav b n h l d sa d an d th pits th fo fill d w ith b u nt mat i al c ov d o v and ma k d in th sa m ma nn as so m o f th s n n f a v Thi s a a i n i s f th vi d n o f th o tio n o th u g g b u i al pla and t he mo ni s whi h took pl a th with th alta mo un d s Th mo we xami ne i nto th d tail s of thi s w o nd ful g o up o f an i nt wo k s th mo i nt sti ng and in s t u tiv th y b e o m We hav al ady sp ad b fo us th mo ni s o nn t d o utli n s o f a g an d pi t u of th s i ng ula w i th the li g io us and mo t ua y usto ms o f a st an g p opl Th a still so me to u h s to b g iv n b fo th pi t u is o mpl t b ut it is mo p f t th an any oth that has b n d awn an d as o ur w o k g o s o n we may y t b abl to fill it o ut and finally p es nt it as a p f t whol e The Boston H erald .
,
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20 :
A N I NT E R E S T I N G C ON N EC T I N G GENUS
C H O RD A BY E
.
D
.
TA
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OF
.
.
ell k o that th e o ly o ri fice i th e cra ial part f th e ca r p ce i tho e all ed fi he f h Old Red a d to e d Both r iol e pi i P eri c hthy i gl e d me dia d t ra l pla ce d to c over th e p ce o cc pi e d by th e o rbit d th e i tero rbit l re io c h V er eb rata have h ey e I per io r th e e hi c h d c lo e to e th er C ephal pi h b ee l o ppo e to b e fi h o rbit i ter pace d o cc py abo t th e c o rre po di g po itio i th e cra i l b c kl r T
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Th is fo und lyi ng in th m dia n o i fi o f Both iol pi s a b ony valv whi h is uit f all o und Thi s has b n s u ppo s d to p s nt th i nt o bi t al pa t of the a apa and th u n overed pa rts o f th o i fi at a h o f its xt miti s h av b n s upposed to b th o bits A n xa mi natio n o f n um o us S pec i m ns of Bothr iolepis canadenses W hiteaves has l ad me to oppo s e th is lat t vi w I hav o n th o nt ra y o nsid d th n ti e o ific to b p obably ho mologo us wit h th n asal po u h o f t he lamp eys ‘ mo uth o f t he T uni ata and o f th i nv t b ra tes This and th ha a t to g th wit h th ab s n o f lo w jaw w o ul d f the g n us to th Ma sipob an hii o l ass o f l amp ys o t o th T u in th n icata F o m its o nsid abl s mbla n a apa to the t uni at C helyso ma and m th lat al a ms to A pp nd i u l a ia I f d Both iol pi s p ovi sio nally to th at la ss Th C ephalaspidida: a mo lik fish s tha n th Pteric hthyi da in th at th y h av a di sti n t h ad and di sti n t o bi ts Th y h av ho w ve no lo w j aw and th us app oa h if t he y d o not nt th Ma s ipob a n hii But th y h av no n asal po u h or n o st il s as has b n ob s v d by D L ank st Thi s c ha ra ter s pa at s th m w i d ly f o m ith It fish s o M a sipob ran hi i al so g iv s olo to th s uppo s itio n th at th o bi ts in t h i s family p r s nt th xt miti s o f th m di an o i fi o f Both i o l ep i s sti ng sp i m n whi h I o we to th ki n d n es s of A hi g hly i nt my f i nd R D L a o c o f Pit tsto n P nnsylva n i a th o ws co n sid c abl li g ht o n thi s s ubj t I t onsi sts of th as t o f th e ranial and n u hal b u kl of a v t b at alli d to but d i ff en t f o m th fa mil i s abov m ntio n d Th fa t that it is d ived fro m a hi g h g olog i al ho izo n tha n any o f th m that is fro m the oal m as u s adds to its i nt st B sid s th typi cal s pe i m n oth e po tio ns o f a p obabl body b u kl are in my po ss ess io n Th h a a t i sti p e ulia ity o f thi s fo m o nsi sts in t he fa t th at it o mbi n s th p s n o f o bits s i mila to tho s o f C eph alaspis w ith a m dia n o i fi b t w n th m in th po s it io n o f th at o f Bo th iol pi s A nd thi s m dia n o ifi is divid d i n to tw o ual pa ts by a n ar o w lo ng it udi nal s pt um Th p a ts are w ll p se v d in th sp i m n and p f tly di sti n t T he t w o me d i an o i fi s p fo at th mid dl o f th io n w h i h i o i s d c u e g p ,
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e
r e er r e c er r er e re e c er r c re e r e e e r ce e r re e r e re r e e r c e ec e ere e er r e r e r e c ere r e e e r e e ee ere e r r e e r re e e e e re e ee e e e e e e e e c r ce e c e e rec r e c er e r e r c e ec ce r e e c e e e r e re e c c e re r c er er ere e e e c r e er e e re e ee e e ere re erre e e e ec e c re re e ec e e e er c c r c er r c er e r c e e e r ce c r e er e c r ce c r c e e e ee e c re e r er e e e cr c er e ec c r er e r r e r e c rc r r cre
th plateo f Both iol pi s but di ff i ng f o m it in b i ng o nti n u o us an t io ly an d post io rly w ith th b u kl st o f th Thi s st u tu mak s it p ob abl th at th m di an o i fi o f th P terichthy idae ep s nt s both p oto sto m (na s) an d o bit s an d t h at th s o i fi es h av b o m d i ff fo ms Th nti at d in l at m s m a d oto to oth iol pi ov by a p ob bly ovabl i n B i s s p v alv Th at th o ga n o f sm ll s ho uld hav b n di ff nti at d f o m a p i miti v mo uth is alto g th e aso nabl in vi w o f th l atio nship subsi sti ng b t w n th s s ns s ; but that th c l os s ns o f s i g ht sho ul d h av had a o mm o n o i fi is not to b a nti i d a t Th t e n r e p ma kabl di s ov y o f a r u di mental e e in t he pi y n al n a l d liza d d o f s o s g n o t th o w mu h li ht o n g t h subj t si n t u ey s o exi st w ith it in t ho s an i mal s an d the m dian y es o f the Fte ic hthy idze had l ft the fi el d lo n g b efo the ad vent o f R eptili a in a h p y lo genetic sen s Fro m a h ro no lo g i al poi nt o f vi ew it is n o t un li k ly th at the p sent n ew e g n us b i n s S u c h f I m o S g FI G l —tlly te p di tu C pe C a ial s rn ce a d u hal bu kle f m ab ve lo s to g eth t l u a i e 94 is littl do ubt but t hat th P l o sau ia o f th P mi an th y ss s s o d la g pi n al y s p f Th new g n us h d to may b na m d M y ctero ps and the si ng l sp i s whi h th us far p s nts it may b all d My c tcr ops ordmatns Th g n i ha a t is as fo llo ws C an i al b u k l un divid d t e mi nati n t pi ik i n n a u s a n l g s s a t e a h o poste o xt nal ang l w hi h is d i e t d ba k p wa ds an d w itho ut arti ul atio n s T he spac b t we n th s S pi n s o cupi ed by a l a g un di vi ded shi el d s parated by a t ansv s s ut ur fro m th an i al b u k l Th sp i es h a a ct s are as follo ws M uzzl b oadly o und d O bits s mi i ula o w idel s y by
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An
t o 30
o r a a / z t e ctin e n u s d o o nn G C C f g g
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e cc e rc e e er e e c r ce e e e re e ce r ce e e r er e e er c r rc c e ec e er e c r r c e e re e re r e e ce ce r e c e ce e r er e c e e e e r r e e e e e r e ec e e e re r e e ce re e e er c e er e e er e
ee e e er e er e e re r e r er er e er e e e er cc r e ce r c ec e r er er re c
Th MycterOpida th n o upy a positio n b tw n th A nti a ha an d Mars ipobranchu (M o no rrhina) o n th o ne ha nd and th fish s o n the o th nt Th y wo uld w ith th latt th s a lad us A mphi hi na o f H se k l if that divi sio n b a d d g d fin d by th p s n o f two n areal o i fi s But thi s di spo s i tio n o f th m wo ul d viol at t u affi n iti s to th o d s w itho ut lo w jaw and s ap ula a h fo r w hi h th t m A g natha l spididae a a H h m n d s m a w e a k l b t i o p ith a e A d C a e p ( ) y My cterOps app oa h s n a st to D idy maspis L ank st Th richthy e P t d s f M ycteropida: may b d a s d s n da n t o th a g didae an d an sto s o f th Pla o gan oid i th l att o u S in a li in g olog i al ti m (D vo ni an ) than th MycterOpida: (C ar bo nifero us) we may s uppo s that M y cterops is a d s n dan t o f a S il u i an o D vo n i an typ w ith a s i ng l m di an n o st il whi h will b a family of M o no rrhina F o m thi s hypoth ti al fa mily th A rrhina (C ephalaspididae t ) and th M arsipobranchrr (lam m s h r s d d s f th b a t Th o lo t a n n d n s m a s e a d p y ) y g n a s by d s i n s e a y th latt d n at oth p t n a r e ; g g .
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r m D e c e b e [
EDITOR S E D I T OR S ! A
S
.
.
P
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A C KA R D
BL E
.
A ND
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.
D
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.
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ee r e e e er c e e c r re e e r c re r e e e e e ce rec r e re e ce c e cc e ere e ec r r r c c re er r e r re er e e e e rr r re r r er e e e er r c e ce e er re r r re rqe e e ee e r c ee r c c e er e e ere c er e e re er r e e e re eere e e e r e ce re e e r er e e c e e r req e e e r e e e r e c e re r c c e er c ce c re e c e r er r e c ec e re e e re ere ce e e r e e e re e e r c e r ee e e re r c c e e e
Th dito s o f th A M E R I C A N N A T U R A L I S T w i s h to a ll th att ntio n o f A m i an st ud nts to th fa t that t h ei pages a op n fo r th p o mpt p ubl i atio n o f s umma i s o f the res ults m e d m d e o f o i g i nal i n v sti g atio n w hi ch fo r an a o it a b e n r s y y d si rabl to pla o n o d b fo th i ssua n o f the o mp l ted a o unt L ook d at m ly as a m ans o f s u i ng p i o r i ty pre li mina y o mmun i atio ns a not ov p ai s wo thy T h e c dit aki ng a di sco v y s ho uld n o t b th s ol end o f i n ves ti g ation of m and an att mpt to h u y i nto p i nt so as to fo st all s o me o the T he s tu dent wo k in th sa m li n is no t hi g hly m ito io us sho ul d h av a hi g h aim; and h appily q ua r l s for of s i n p io ity a far l ess f e u nt th an th y h av b n in y a s past n s o ug ht P el i mi nary t h us i n di ati ng that a hrg her end has b o mmuni ati on s hav anoth valu th an th m an ti i pat i o n o f a noth Th y place b fo oth s wo ki n g in th same lin e an o utli n o f th s ult s at th mo m n t an d thus a li st po ssibl o ft n fu n i sh i nva luabl assi stan F ully as g at is th ei r val ue to th st ud nt wo ki ng in a noth li n Th o mpl t d pape is us ually lo n g and f u ntly p roli x so t hat it is a s ver d ai n upo n th ti m to wad th o ug h it fo r th fa t s d s i d T he p re li mi na y o mmuni atio n o n th oth h and is usually sh o rt an d o n i s ; it o ntai ns o n ly the mo sali nt fa ts and o mits th l a g pa t o f th spe ulatio ns I n thi s way it b o m s mo whil it do s n ot w ith dra w f o m th as ily avail abl fo r f n mo d tail d a ti l val u o f th F o m th s two p o int s o f un i atio n is val uabl an d d ser v s en vi w th p li mi na y o mm co urag ement ,
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R EC ENT
L
IT E RA TU R E
.
e re e er r ee c r e e rc e r e e re e er ec e e re r ee e e c ec t e cribed th e p re e p per o el
A L BA T R OS S rrn s Th d dg i ng s o f the Sm C R US T A C EA U S Frsh C o mmi ssio n st a m A l batr oss are t u n ing up a w o n derful d p sea fauna an d pl a i ng t he wo k do n by A m rican st ud en t s in thi s di e tio n at l ast o n a w d n r a ith th a t o i e n u E p op I n th p s nt pap i s o f d capod s are c o d ed 10 7 sp n t ak n in th oll tio ns o f 1883 and 1884 and o f as h av ing b '
‘
’
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.
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-
,
.
,
hes
but two
are
as new
des
in
s nt
a
.
N
v
S mith s R epor t on tire d ecapod Cr u stacea of t ire A lbat r oss d r edg i n g s M east coast a] t ire Un i ted S tates d u r i n e r a n d aut u mn M e u m m e s 1 e 8 R 8 g of q] p 4 U S Fi sh C o mmis fo r 1885 , pp t o r, ao plates , 1886 S idn ey I
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e re e er e e c e ce e re e ce e ce e r c e re er e e c cre e e e e erc r r e e e e c c e ce ee e cc rre ce r c re e e rec r r ree ec e c r e e e e ere e r e re er e re e e rec r e r e e e e e e e e e er r e er e r e e e e re e e e re e er e c r ce ee r e e re cr r e e e r re c r e re e r e re r r e e r e e e c re er c e e e c e e c r e ce e e c er r e ce cc ee e er e e e e re re c e er c re e e e e re re ce er e e ee r r ere c r cce r r re e c re ce re cer e er e c re c e c ee ee ec r ce e er ec e e re er e c ec e e e ee er r e er c er e e e e er ee e e ec e e cr N p n W have a littl e f lt to fi d ith th e p e e t paper Th e fir t i that hi c h d ll f th e Fi h C o mmi io p bli fo c tio b hi ch here bad emb ryolo i c l ork th e c t W oti ce a te d e cy to th e cre tio f p r o ce f hi c h ha r ly ee m to be a rra t e U til w fa mili e k o mo re fth e mo rpholo y f th e cr ta ce a g ill it ha r ly ee m dvi abl e to make g ill t r c t re alo e th e b i f fo r mi high r ro p d eparati g i e ly pec i e hi c h all oth er c lo e ly alli e d p — B W h ve e veral g id e to W S labo rato ry o r k i biolo y b th e g re at f lt ith all that th ey ti c k clo ely to the a atomi cal d deve lopme tal ide
ti s a how v but a sli g ht t st o f the val u o f any contribu tio n to s i n and th p s nt i n sta n is no x ptio n Th p i n ipal f at u o f thi s pap is th xt ent to w hi h it i n as s o ur k n o w l dg o f th bat hy m t i al di st ib utio n of the fo ms n um rat d an d poi nt s o ut th oi n i d n s bet w n d pth o f u o n and poi nt s o f st u t u Th s li sts o d fo ty sp th i s as o mi ng f o m b lo w the 1000 fatho m li n whil t w nty tw o w tak n f o m a d pth g at tha n 2000 fatho ms Th g at st d pth o d d is 294 9 fatho ms and f o m a si ng l s tatio n o f thi s d pth abo ut 3 50 mil s mo uth o f th ast o f th C h sap ak th t awl b o ug ht up A cantlteplzy ra ag assiz n A br evi r ostri s N otostomus n escus Hy menodor a g lacialis Parapasip/tae s ulcatz r n e o s H e o m e n o a u l d s t r n d e r e s t e s m l i s f th p a O S f p g t inence o f th fi st o f t h s to th s m u s t d h s o d o bt i a t s p g xp ss d as at anoth ti m o ne was a ug ht sw i mmi n g at the s u fa ma u o us A ll o f th s fo ms it is to b not d a olo l ss but mo st a o f so m S o m o f th d e p sea fo ms a b i g ht S ha d o f d o o a ng Th i y s hav upderg o ne a a ful s up fi ial xami natio n I n so m th bl a k p i g m nt th o n al fa ts and th lik are mu h as in sh allo w wat fo ms x pt that o asio nally th y s are small I n M un idopsis and Pentacheles th vi sual l m nts a in ntly la ki ng whil appa o th olo d and th vi sual l m nts a s t he pi g men t is li g ht du d in n umb is I n so m o f th d p wate sh i mps th a u io us a sso y o gan bo n o n th eye stalks whi h may be phospho s nt in its nat u It tai n ly d s v s a ful hi sto s logi al xami natio n at o mp t nt ha nds I n th too a gg p ulia ity is noti d A mo ng th shallow wat d apod s th m m u g s a u s lly s s all th a t it i s a m a tt f s o di f fi lty to u a o o g c ut s tio ns o f th m but in th s d p wat fo ms th y attai n a v y o nsid abl s iz tho s o f Parapasiplzaé sulcatifr ons havi n g o mmo n so ft sh ll d ab a di am t fift n ti m s tho s o f th ,
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l most nti ly i g no th physiolo g i al aspec t o f animals A stud nt has gai n d a val uabl fa t w hen h has an d pla nts l a n d th na m and st u t u o f any o gan but un til h e k now its fun tio n and th m tho d in whi h it is p fo m d h is k no wl s m s d i i n a k t o a i n t i n o m pl t Th p s t h d bo o a i dg n g g t a h th phy siolo g i al as w ll as th mo pholo g i al s id e and th us fill s a pla whi h no oth wo k in th En g li s h la ng uage do s It is we und stand but a po rtio n o f wh at is i nt n ded and thi s fa t sho uld b bo n in mi nd in th follo wi ng a o u n t S ti ll in its p s nt o n ditio n it is a dmi ably adapt d fo r g ro un d i ng Th a n um o us x i s s fo r th l abo st ud nts in biol ogy di tio ns fo r thes are x ll nt ; t h y t l l the rato ry an d th him to d s ib th s u lts t h us st ud nt what to do b ut l av givi ng th i nst u to a t st o f the st ud nt s p o g ss Th fi st th hapt s a d vot d to th ph n o men a o f li fe st udy o f o g a n i matt th n follo ws a hapter o n the and th l l aft whi h o m s th st udy o f S p i al fo ms Of thwe — fem Pt i s and th th a th wo rm an d we are two th w ith th a utho s in ga di ng th s two fo ms as well ag adapt d fo r st udy by th b g i n n as any Th boo k is well uts b i ng o i g i nal ill ust at d mo st o f th an d tho ug h made by photo p o ss th y a usually l a an d f f o m b ro k n li n s A rath veal s b ut little a ful xa mi natio n o f th book iti i sm On p 12 3 it is stat d th at all whi h all s for adv s th o ga ns of th body are o i g i nally d v lop d f o m the walls th ccelom o f th a th wo m whi h is not t u in t he sense of in whi h it wi ll o di na ily b un d stood A gai n o n e mi g ht I iti i s th use o f toblast and p th ntoblast f 8 r o ( 7 ) i nn and o ut g m lay s S v al oth t rms have prio ri ty ms n dl ss to multiply t ms fo r a h stag in t he de and it s To be o nsi st nt th autho rs s h o uld velopment o f th o ga n i sm pla th th t m a h nt o n o n p 14 9 (not o n 14 8) by me Th p oof adi ng has b n v y w ll do n an d th sentero n typo g aphi al o s a Th p i nt is how v to b c riti has us d a badly wo n fo nt of type and b o k n an d c ised as h b att d l tt s a mu h too o mmo n W ith th xc epti o n o f ha a t w e hav n oth i n g b ut t h s few poi nts and a few of lik p ai s fo r th book W a PI EL D s BR A C H I OPOD A A N D L A MEL L I BR A NC H I A T A o n N ew ‘— m e v s u u i n Thi a r to vol s o u pi d ith th hi e s w B r a d a o o J p Ra ita n lays and g nsa nd marl s an d L am ll ib a n hi ata o f th n a f B a d a u o hiopo T b a t la T r On ly th e r e b t u l i a a a n d n g T erebratella o u in N ew J s y an d o nly two sp i s T er e Th bratula ltarlani and Terebr atella plicata are at all ab un da n t plasti lays so m o f th lay s of whi h yi ld l a g n umb ers o f and a
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R arit an clay s and g r een L M urp hy, S tate pri n t i ng .
R ecent L iterature .
re
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plant mai ns fu ni sh five sp i s o f la m llib a n h s th of whi h are new Th lo w ma l b d s a mu h i h and f o m t h m M r W hit fi ld d s ib s a n ew P t n an A mus ium a Campto hectes and a M o diola b s id s fo un di ng tw o new g n a New sp i s o f I no a mus C ivo ta A x inea N u ula N uculana T igo n i a Go nidi a L u i na Di as and s v al o th g n a are al so d s ib d To th fa una o f the middl ma l s a ad d d a Grypha a two sp i s o f I do n earca and a M od i ol a ; an O st a a Modiola a C a dita two C rassatellmand o ne sp i s a h o f C io a di um P t i ol a V l da C a yati s and Periplo mya are add d to th b ds at th bas o f th upp ma l s whil fift n new sp i s n ma l s Th o n l udi ng hapt co n en i h that o f th Eo tai ns an a o unt o f th U nio n i dae f o m th lays at Fi sh H o us are thi d s ib d Th C a md n o unty two new sp i s a ty five full pa g ill ust atio ns and a map ,
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—On
P r estwie/t , do n , 1886
BOOK S
EC ENT
PA M Pu L ars
A ND
'
.
mperatures
un dergro un d te
From the Proc R oy S o c L on
etc
.
.
,
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.
On the ag ency of water in volcanic eruptions 1886 Both from the author lVoodw ar d, A S —Ou th e relations of the man dibular an d hyoid arches in a C reta .
.
.
.
ceo us shark
Z
.
Ext P
.
.
.
L o n do n
S
.
Bo ar , G —Ueber das A rchipterygium aus dem I chthyopteryg i um .
—Uebe
und
.
die Entw ickelung des C heiropteryg ium
.
die K anale im H umerus der A
r
M amgaalt G E .
,
.
—T he
Proc Elliott S oc .
Fro m the author
1886 .
.
.
Bo th fro m the author
.
.
Black Whale captured in C harlesto n harbor Fro m the autho r
.
—
mn ioten
J
an
.
18 80
,
.
R eport of the A merican C ommittee o f the I n ternatio nal Co ngress Fr azer , P Ext P A A A S A ug , 1886 From the author Geo logists .
—0iag .
B oettg er , 0 18 86
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.
Z ur K enntn iss der N eritinen C hi n as Both fro m the author
Ext
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d D eut .
.
Malak Gess ,
18 86
H aarlem,
187 2
.
—
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n ot, C
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—C lassification A
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.
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18 86
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N otes
on
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the
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On
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.
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men t o f viviparous
.
.
.
N at Mus .
.
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18 85
On the development of eries, 1886
o ur
l n t a a e r y p
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syste
.
Pro c
.
m of oyster culture
o f a rati onal syste
-
.
.
the develo p
Proc U S
.
.
.
.
xposition o f the prin ciples A n e A j Ext R ep Fish C om , 1886
R y der ,
R ep
-
.
.
mer
Ext A
R ecent Quatern ary an d N ew fresh water M ol lusca Fro m the author D aven po rt A cad N at S ci Vo l v, 1886 E
d
.
.
H en n essy , [ rt Ou the fluid state o f bo dies co mpo si ng Fro m the author R oy I ri sh A cad , 1886
-
meri ca
From the autho r
histo logical techn ique
.
—Ou
.
.
.
.
.
S ep
.
.
Ou Pyrg ulopsis, a new genus C all, E , an d P ilsbry , H A From E C all descriptions of tw o new forms C all,
.
.
—
Walcott C D o ur S ci J M
.
Iii Ueber einig e sudbrasilian is che H eS pero mys A rten 1886 From the autho r oo l Jahrb
ee/re,
.
.
f H k a /1 Ueber die K n bchernen S chadelhock er der V ogel Jan s , Fxom the author
L
.
o sseo us
fishes
and o f the
A tlan tic
mon
sal
.
oss eous
fishes
.
Ext A .
.
T he develo pment of the M ud
-
minnow
,
etc
.
nn .
R ep C o m Fish and Fish .
.
.
.
R R y der ,
7
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.
.
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T he early development
—
T he metamo rphosis l A u u s t t u e S , , g p J y
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—T he development of Patella of
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.
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.
Ou the value of the fin rays an d their characteristics S N at Mus 1886 A ll from the autho r
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.
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.
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E igen ma n n , C H , an d For dice, AI so m creek , M erto n co unt , I nd y .
Woodw ard
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.
.
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.
.
Beau Blos
For ami n ifer N
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.
.
.
.
S ur au bois de R en ne, Gaudry A C omptes R en dus, July, 1886 ,
.
.
.
lo cality fo r H ap/ophr agmmm carsi r, 18 From the author 86
,
.
fishes From the autho rs
n ew
.
Ext Pr oc P A
catal og ue o f the
Ext i dem
.
Y Micros S oc .
W —A
.
by the late
.
.
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.
w o rmits
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Pr oc R oy S oc -Obituary n otice o f T ho mas D avidson , L I D ren m an n , C H A review of the A merican Gas terosteida e E zk From the aut hor S , 1886 .
.
the eart h
,
Cr an e, M iss A On a brachiopod of the g en us A tretia, named in M S D r T D avidso n From the autho r P S , 1886 .
Proc L
.
.
.
D T he gape w ormo f fowls (Sy n , on gt ual hos t Ext Bull Buff S o c N at H
develo pmen t
'
de gravures , decouvert a M o n tg audier
orn é
.
.
-
S ur l A ge de la Faun e de Pikermi, du L é bero n l S oc Geo l , 1886 ’
.
.
.
S ur un A lbr eckt , P
de Maragha
Bull (l
E xt
.
.
.
.
no uveau
e n r e g
de R
eptile lt Oll V é
—Epiphyses entre l
occipital et
’
.
et
Os trigone du pied chez l homme
dans le Permien d A ’
utun
.
le sphé notde chez l homme ’
.
’
.
Epihallux chez l homme Back/t ome, j Ou a man dible o f Machm rodus fro m the Foster bed o urn Geo l S o c , 18 r h r m e a u t o t h 8 6 F o J '
.
.
.
L y dekker , R S oc , A
—
—
.
.
.
—N ote on ome V ertebrata from the R ed C rag s
ug
.
18 86
,
From the autho r
.
Q
uar
.
.
.
.
.
E xt
.
Ext
.
Q
uar
.
.
J
o ur
.
Geol
.
.
S upplemen t
S iwalik Mammalia the author
.
Palm o ntologi ca I
1 .
ndica,
1886
Bo th from
.
.
S towe/1, T B T he trigemin us 188 6 From the author .
.
—
in the domestic
nerve
-
.
A
cat.
mer
Ph i los
.
S oc
.
.
R ehmer , P N otice sur les crustacé s dé ca des du ma strichtieu du L imbo urg Bull M us R oy Belg , 1886 From t e author .
.
.
.
Brown , TZ—Man ual
.
.
o f the
N ew
Z
Earr
.
.
ealan d
18 86
C oleoptera
From the
aut h or
Osborn , H R I —T he orig in o f the corpus callosum 1886 From the auth or M om s, C R everse vision Proc P A N S , 1886 From the autho r — E verman » , B a t A revision o f the A merican spec ies o f the n d M e e E S , , .
.
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'
-
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m
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—
P A
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N S .
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,
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.
Gerres
u e n s g
.
.
.
.
.
From the author
1886
.
H oer ner, R T able des Matieré s du Manuel de Paleon tologie, tradui t par L L ibrarie F S avy Paris Fro m the publisher .
.
—N ote sur
D ollo, L A rch .
Biol
(1.
.
—
.
.
.
D o llo
.
.
les lig aments Gan d, 1886
ossiti é s
des D inosauriens de Berni ssart
.
Ex t
.
.
,
D ollo, M L N o ticesur les R eptiles et Batrac iens recuellis, par M S torms d ans la From t he aut hor R eg io n du T ang anyka Ext Bull Mus R oy Belg , 1886 Premié re note sur les C heloniens L andeniens (Eocene I n ferieur) de la Belg i que Ext Bull Mus R oy Belg , 1886 Both from the author .
.
.
—
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
uries W Ou i nj S kafeldt. R M e d o ur C om 1 8 8 6 p J -
.
N at A .
—R ep .
.
cad .
ment A rfibumer
S ci
.
.
o rt
N otes
,
C A .
on
.
,
the
an d
of
the beak in birds, and
Fromthe
for the year
H i ll, R I A
Mahoopany
.
.
.
—
.
.
.
.
coal
author
18 85 .
—R ep .
o f repair
.
Ext
.
Washington
ort on
field
methods
,
18 86 .
Fro m the depart
the Berni ce coal b asi n
.
.
Geog raplty A rkh
C A
rner ,
.
L esley , j P
.
—B
—
.
.
for oil
orings
—Pressure quantity
.
Travel s
and
“
,
,
.
mpositio n
and
co
fuel
value of rock -gas
ii relim r a d o o I i n a r e t o n il n a s r P T he last five, y p j g the R ep Geol S ur v Pen na From the survey
C arll,
.
.
.
"filliamr, A
.
.
.
—Mine al pro ducts of the U .
r
—
.
.
advan ced copies
from
.
S
18 85.
.
D un woody , H H C Monthly weather review, 1886 Fro m the U S War D ept D escriptive catalogue o f a collectio n of the econ omic minerals of S elwy n , A R C From the autho r C anada C o lonial an d I n dian Exhibition , 1886 .
.
.
.
.
— .
.
.
.
—
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H omblende rocks
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Bull U S Geo l .
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mistry and physics
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Gabbros G H 28 , No r s
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Geo l S urv .
.
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.
Work done in the division of Clar ke, F ty U S Geo l S urv , N o 2 7 .
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.
.
29
I
nvertebrates of the
N A .
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Bull U S .
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—T he O ig in of the Fittest r
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8vo
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Co
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GEN ERA L
GE OGR
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N OT ES
A ND
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T R A V EL S
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e rc e e e r ce er e r e r er c e re e c rr e r ec e ce er r ee r e c r e c ee e ce r e e r c e e e er e r e e e cc e ee r e e c e cr er e e c r e e e c e r e e c re r e r e e e e e c e ee e c re e e re e c ere e r e e c ere r e ee e r err ce c ee e r e e r c e ce e re e e rer e cc cc e ec e e re cc e re e r eq e re r e r e c e er ce e ce e er c e re e e e r e c re ec re e e c e ee re e r e e e ee c e ec r c r rc e e e ere r r eqe er e r er c ere e e re e c er er c e er e e ee r r e e e e e e er ere e e e e ec e c r — eta A
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P M a d l y P o u A M ER I C A C s f p ( Roy G o g S oc , S pt ) has a l ng thy a ti l upo n th ui ns an d th s ult o f x s it o f Qui i g ua and C op an C nt al A m i a l i n in ( 883 an d 188 A f i d i i a th hi i o r a o t u n n a t o s u 4 Q g p nt s in thi t n la g a v d mo nolith s whi h s mto hav t erest o n ado n d o ne o fth p i n ipal plazas o f th P u blo Th s ui ns Th a o unt a re tw nty five to thi ty mil s no rth w st o f C opa n s s u n s f n o s iv th a li t a th ti d iptio th i that Di o f u n o g g d Pala io , w itt n in 157 6 M r Ma ud sl y mai ntai ns that al mo st a ll th so al l d py a mi ds o f C opa n are th rai s d fo un datio ns whi h suppo t d oo f d b uil di ng s p ob abl y t mpl s ; and that th lo ng h aps o f sto n s w hi h hav b n tak n for ity wall s a r ally th mai ns o f si ngl h amb d sto n oo f d h ous s whi h w ai s d o n fo undatio ns o nly a few f t hi g h Th g o up of t a s whi h s m to h av s uppo t d th p i n ipal di fi s was who s a o unt is a o mpan i d by pla ns cl a d by th xplo Th la g st mass o upi s an a a n a ly ual to an d s k t h s that o f th g at py a mid at Ghiz h and is b uilt o f a ubbl o f ro ugh blo k s o f sto n an d mud with bi ndi ng i nt nal w all s o f fa d sto n and m nt an d an o ut as i ng o f w ll wo k d sto n labo at ly s ulpt u d T he sto n asi ng is us ually in g at o ft n st ps so m o f w hi h are i g ht f t in b adth and h ight A l oo f d buil di ngs no w r mai n sto n s cut to a b v l , t ho ug h no s u h as w o uld be s uitabl for th o nst u tio n of ho izo ntal a h s lik thos of Tikal , w fo und Our a utho mai ntai n s that C opa n , u n n T n i i a Pal ikal a th i th iv a i ta u u d u o n s m n u U Q g w ab ando n d b fo th S pan ish di s ov y o f A m i a Pala s ho ws th m to hav c io s l tt b n ui ns in I 57 6 , and p ov s that th I ndi ans th n livi ng had no k no wl dg o f th b uild s an d w th ms lv s witho ut skill to x ut su h wo ks Mr The R
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T his department is edited by
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General N otes
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h v e e cribe th e r i f a to whi ch h e be li m f h b e h C h jl f C o te z H ere th e ho e lo g d a rro fo rm b ere roofe d ith thatch d f co tr ctio f — N w f h U to A g t 7 fifty th ree h ee A m i f th e U ite S tat e hav e b e b ge eral topo r phi c l tl f th e Ge olo i c l S rv ey a re rk i M l h d Th e fo rce N o r th er V i rg i ia C t ral A r izo h gol h re gio aro d O reville T topo aphi c parti e d h hy rogr phi c pa rty a cc o rdi to S c i e ce at o k rvey f S Fra c i c o bay Th e C oa t S vey l o rk th e t r c o ti e tal a rc with t e l e g aphi c l g i p rti e at S lt lak e d O e — — m L k L F ro m a paper re ad b P A EU Fo re l b e fo re th e A o c iatio h ic l f S i Ge f pa rt L ak e L e m S o c i eti e it app ea r that th ere a re A lpi e h mall d h llo th e oth er la r e d eep cter Th e eparated by the Y ba k o r b hi c really a glac ial mo i e ho by h fl d r dg e d ce tral portio f th e lake till ve y m K o l e dg e f f m m m m Th e r a e t r o c k o e ti e b r o ht r o a t f l g g p me t re a re c overe d ith mo f b e ti f l g f i ty fa c t that ee m to ho w that li g ht pe e t at e h e pth It i a b l c i ha b ee di c overe d hat th e r iv er Rho e flo m — P m i f th e R Th e la t i e f th e Izve ti i l f th e pper c r a m f h Ge o g raphi c al S oc i e ty c o tai d d e ree f l tit d e A m D r ia b et ee th e 3 h d h f lo git d e Th e hol e f th e Pa mi d 7 6 h d e ree 66 h pe a r thi m a cc o r i to th e rece t v ey b r me i c f th e Pa mi r e xpe ditio whil e a mber f o her l e ve li vey a re t k e i to cc o t M K d k (Me moi r K h k fl S f N at ral i t ) B vote to th e e t a r i e f th e D i e p er h e p g mall er o e th e e ighbo rhood f K h er o d Od e H iv e th e c ha r a c t er g e olo i c al hi to r y f th e t r e g g ff fr o m th e hi c h h by th e i r a d b r h e bec o me mere e lo gate d alt lake Th e Ge o r phi cal d S tati ti cal Di c tio a ry f th e R a t e t ye a r g j E mpi re c o mme ce mo re h m I re at v l e y N t re th e e x ce ll e t g ph l g p f th e lo caliti e t re te i c al e cr iptio l di g o ly c h T k eparate over me t f R i S d h C c b f th e e th t bo rder R ia d f thei r i la d T eology fa a flo r have al o receive d m ch tte ti d th ere i a c o mpl e te biblio raphy app di p r mi A ivi g d e cr iptio f re io c h th e Thia a F S h h g
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e r er r e r e e ec r cr e r e ce cc e ree ce e e e e e e e e e r e e e e r ec r re r e rece c c er e e e r e e e c re e re c e ce r e er r e er r e e re e r r e ce r e e er e r e err c e r er e r q e e ce e ere re re cr c r re e e ce e erc e ee e r c c r e e ee q c cc rre ere r e e er e r e e r e e r e e e e er c e er e e c r ere ere e c e e r ec e er r r e r er r e r er re e e ee ee re e e er e ec e r e c c e ee c ere e er e e r ec r r e e er e r r er re re r e r e ee e ee r e er r e e er er rre r c e e e re er e e ee er e er c rre r er r re e er e e ee e e re c e re e er cc e e e err c er e e err ce re c e ce re re ee e ee e r e er e c rc r e c r re ee c e e e er r c ee e e re e re er e er e e err ce c r e r e c e er re ee er e c e er
th a ts i nf io to both th li g ht and da k races o f S Th p ulia ity o f ma odo ntism z e the ex E New Gui n a t nsio n c l o ne tooth ove th spa usually o upi d by t w o or W h il in th was noti d a mo ng th men o f Ross l i s l and th so uth o f N ew Gui n a th nativ s are in th sto n ag e in the n o th th y use sh ll i mpl m n ts The N ew Z ealand Earthquake— D H to s p li mi n ary t e uptio n in N ew Z eal an d en able po t upo n th nt vol a n i s o m i d a to b o n v uls i o n of fo m d o f th ma g n it ud o f thi s Th o utb ak o mm n d at h al f past two on the mo n i ng n at u uptio n f o mth top o fW ah a nga t he n o rt h n o fJ un I oth by an mo st summit c l theT arawera a ng Thi s was in a few mi n u t es fo l lo w d by a mo viol nt o utb u st f o m t he s ummit o f R uaw ahia th nt al p ak o f th s a m ang an d thi s was sho tly afterwards ifi xplosio n f o m the so uth end o f Taraw a follo w d by a t its l f Fo two ho urs vast uantiti s of st a m p umi d us t and po u d o ut A g at a k o fissu was fo rm d sto n s w mo untai n and M r P y S mi th r epo rt s alo n g the ast fa o f th ast end was blo wn away th d éb i s ov eri n g the t hat th whol o unt y fo r many mil s Up to thi s ti m th a rth uak e s h ock s c am dw whi h o u n o t v e y viol n t but ab o ut 4 A H a po w ful a th sho ck att n dant o n th o utb u st o f an i mmense By 6 a u vol um of st a m f o m th sit of R o to mahana l ak th p iod o f a tiv uptio n had pass d ; but th t o w n an d s moth vi i nity o f Wai oa w d in th mud o nd ns d f o m th lo ud o f st am and soli d matt th ow n up f o m R o to mahana no w Th fo m ly ab upt sid s of Ta aw a a v ry w h r so f t n d by g at s lop d po s its o f mat ial j t d f o m a ran g in a mild stat o f up t i o n o f vol a n i v n ts s v n o f whi h w wh n vi s it d by D H to F o m th so uth w st n xt emity uns so uth w stwa d fo r so m a a g at fissu o f M t Ta aw s v n mil s Th aste n sid o f thi s has a n a ly st ai g ht w all but th w st n is v y i g ul a and is o nti n ually alt red by th falli ng in o f its wall s as th y a un d mi n d by th a c t i o n n u s la i t val th o o f s v n po w ful g ys s whi h at i w u g p g at vol um s o f boili ng wat sto n s and mud to a h ig ht o f L ak R o to mahana has di sapp a d in t h is 6 00 to 800 f t hao s Th la g st mud g ys o upi s th sit o f the Pi n k t a e a noth th at of th Whit t a A t its n o r th o mm n s in a g at ern end th is fi ssu nt 2000 feet d p 500 wi d and 300 d p o n t he si d o f Tara we a s a pm an d th s o uth n end is a bold s mi i ula en t ms to o nti nu b yo nd th d p essed N o fissu o r fault s p o tio n whi h s ms to b ly due to th nti moval o f mat ial One mud g ys abo ut a mil so uth of th Pi n k is o n o mp a ativ ly hi g h g o un d an d has b uilt up fo r t a its l f a mo und whi h was s v al h und d f t high a few day s aft th hi f uptio n dg
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Geolog y
I
and
Palaeontolog y
.
e e ee e c rc e e e e re c e e r r c e ce e r ec r c c e e er e re r er e e c c e e c c r c er — — Af i A N a S e d e i th e L i e t E Gl i ce f th e C o o F ree S tat e rece tly cro e A fri ca fro m th e Z f o to ib r b l e t e r ly a y e a r itho t C H h f g ppli e at th e re mote tatio at th e e ve th cat r ct f th e S ta l f ll d fi ally l e ft f E r ope by th e aid f f d f r i h e T p b Th e j o r ey to th e e a t S b th e r i c h A rab t r d er mo th a t o cc pi e d Repo rt by th e l t e S P S crat c h l Br iti h S p ec i l C o mmi io er to N give de G i e cr iptio f th e characteri ti c f th e t ve f di ffere t po rtio f th e c oa t f Br iti h N Th e litto ral ee m to b e G i ea e ll i habite except o me po rtio f th e o rth ea t coa t T i ver th e D ere di covered i Mil e b d d H h l tt er r iver a la r e D r P i hk rite th e Mi h l f th e Ge o raphi c l S o c e ty f V e a po th e w hyd r og raphi c p r obl e m f th e S o m li p e i l that th e U pper W e bi d that f th e J ba H b e li e v e that m t f h l ke ek th e o rce f h Webi i G ra e
A ll th frag m nts fo un d s m to b o f lo al o k , tho ug h e y e wit n ss s stat that th y a h d th g o und in a pa t ially i n a nd s nt stat uptio n to hav D H to o n l ud s th b een a p u ly hyd o th mal ph no m no n on a g iga n ti s al , b ut quit lo al in ha a t .
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GE OL OGY
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A N D P A L E ON T OL OGY
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V
NOT I C E OF GEOL OG I C A L I N ES T I GA T I ONS A L ONG T H E EA S T ER N S H OR E OF L A K E C H A M PL A I N M A D E av P R OFES S OR H M S EEL Y A N D P R ES T EZ R A BR A I N A R D —I n thi s pap is a n no un d th discov ntly o f uit an xt nsiv new fauna in li m sto n s, appa ery o f N ew Yo k s i s, n a t he ag e o f th Bi d s y li m sto n o f th t h mo uth of th Ott k L ak C hamplai n whi h is o f mu h fa t that o n ly abo ut fift n sp i s o f fo ssil s int st o wi ng to th Th new fo ms h av hith to b n k n o w n f o m th fo matio n f o m thi s one bed a fi ft n in n umb , d s ib d in th pap o mp i si ng o ne B a hiopod , six Gast opod s and ni n C phalo pods One o f th Gast opo ds has giv n a so ns fo r th stab lishment of a n ew g n us L Opho spira with Marclzzsonia bzcincta H all , and M lzelicteres S alt , as th typ s Th b d o f li m sto n ogniz d C h azy i n u stio n is a sso i at d in the vi i nity with li m sto n s, and holds a po sitio n co n Bi d s y and Bla k Riv th M a l u a b ds o f th C h azy lo s by A s iderably abov l atio n with fo ssil s S ho ws a mu h n a c lo se o mpa i so n o f th th an w ith th C hazy ; t he fo m o f th Bi ds y an d Bl a k Riv th k no wn sp i s b i ng p i n ipally f o m the Bi ds y Billi ng s and M zlin eaturn H all , M aclurea afi nzs c ras o Mu h , A sap/ m H arpes s canalis C o n ad , Bathy urus ex tans H all a crasszcauda Wahl ottawaenszs Billi n s and [ lla m H all Th ( ) g A saph us is k no wn in th C hazy as w ll as in th Bi d s y , and
er
ce e q e e e e e e re e r ee e e e r er e e r e e er cree e c c ere e c ee ec e e er ee r e r e r e cr e e er r re ee er c r rc er e e e er e re ee e er e e e e e e qe c e c rec e r ee c er e e e e c re e e c e c r e c e rer re r e r ee c er e e ec e e r c r r ee rc r e e e e r ee .
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General N otes
.
e H arpe w de cribed o r igi ally fro m th e T re to A e pec ifi c id e tity f h l tter there i yet o m bt Be id e th e fo il al re ady me t io e th e p p l o i l — e criptio f a oth er e f a tero d C l h f m m a cr ook a f o r c oll ec t e d a e t t b ( ) fi d h i o r thi rty feet be lo d j t abov e th e M a c l r ft e h fo r m f E o mph l th e i er coil b a f i i h c omi g d fi t rai g ht li e to th e e te T r ilobite a C y rto era fr o mth e Bi rd fI l A l o Motti at B ffalo d d r i g th e e k e vio h S i ce h mee ti me ho r f th e paper i c o j c io ith th e p th e titl e f th e p per have mad e oth er c oll ec tio th e m lo c lity hi c h h re lte d th e cove y d mi ti ever l o her peci e th e de criptio f hi ch ly r th e p re f th e m f th e e g r v er Th d ill t r atio fa a th e Bi rd eye li me to e at that loc ality k o to c o i t f th e follo i g g ro p f fo il th th
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Geology and Pale ontology
.
e criptio d ill tratio f hi c h th w o e h o rtly to ppea r i a B ll eti f th e A m M N at ral H i to ry ith d e cr iptio th e ge olo gy f th e re g io by P ro fe o r — R P W tf d d Br i a r d S e ly — T S U I q ite imp V C ibl e to tho ro ghly d er t d th e c o mpli c te v i t r ct re f t he S J re io itho t i ti mate k o ledge f th e Th e t il h trati graphy are very i tere t l o g i cal hi to ry b th e m h ere S ffice to w ca ot top to re vi th t th e cce io f th e t rat a i e fro m lo c l fe t re f littl i mpo r a ce f p re e t p rpo e i m c h th e me i p l ec tio fr o m h Ro c ky mo tai th ro gh Wyo mi g d N o rth e C olo rado Th e re l ve i hi to ry b e i ith th e c lo e th e C ret ce o h e th e g reat old took pl ce hi c h fter r b eca me th e e at f volca i c ctio I m t re er to the previo p per re d m c h f h t mi h thi meeti g th e A o c iatio f m at o c d p r operly b e b ro ht i t di c io h ere p ro cee d to b r i e f d e cr iptio th e v e i d th e i r a rra e m t th e c o t ry c o mp ri i g I th e per iod f h a d e i i c o tflo d th e g reat S J a C e t ral a rea it at e d that h lava cover it d m c h f thi m terial id reach th e rf ce fo rce d it be t ee th e li me to e d oth er ro c k b m e Th e ge eral c o r e f th e fi re lo h p r i m ry lo g it di al fold (N d h ve i ere pro fa lt cre vi ce d Owi g to h reater g f th e d p d th e i r freq e t i t r ive c ha ra c ter th ere i c o i erabl var i ety i th e mi eral c o te t th e cro ctio f h d ve i Th e ea r li e t appe r to b e tho e f th e L Pl ta di t r i c t ith tho e f th e Ri c o t ra ct d th e S mmit di t r i c t o rigi ati g me p rhap o mewhat later Th e fir t ch racterize by th e ab d ce f ol both free te ll r id e i mil r co mpo th e Ri c o a rea p ec li r fro m c lo e re l atio hip to h C a rbo i fer o li me to e re ti g i th e o r ma io f h oth er re ec t hi be lt v ery ea r h b d o re tho h S mmit di t r i c t Pl t t rac t i ge e i id e ly e pa rated fro mth e e ba i d h bee th e eat f m c h ctio that th e te f i i iti l tage ve i fo rm d io ith re lt i mila r to tho e f di fi c lt to d e ter mi e b the late t e po ch I m t ro ly f th e opi io that th e ge e i littl e f l ter h that f th e oth er et b I th e C e t r l S d J a re th e c o mpl e xity very g reat h di t r ib tio f th e ve i m b e b r o ght i o o r er b a ti f l y te m ith rp i i re l rity th e ro pi g There a re i radi l zo e pa i g fro m R e d p e k (th e g ey er d
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e A d P i dS i a re w k o fr o m e e bed — d Th e ce t ral re g io f T i a cc o r i to M Rol S m l d co i t re at pa r t a e o ia e d ith li m e f f g m to e yi e l i g i ceph lopo Thi ma h ere mm liti c b e d Th e e be d a re fo all d th ere c ppe by ro d th e M editerra ea re gio b tho e f A l ier d T i ch racteri e by pec li r pec i e M Tho ma h d re bed f pho phate f li me T i I h o h e t a re i c h d e y e t e ive o ce e de po it hil e ea r Fer i th ere a mall b I th e A lbia ma r l f C C re ta ce o ot bl e C reta ce o be d thi A l ger i th ere mi eral — M m h R e vi ere at th e ee ti th e F re c f Q o c A d S at Gre obl e i av e a li t f h e ll A 5 7 f Me do h d i c overe d th e rotto thi y ea r e cr i be d th e fi he Th e f fi h e fo a re p r i c ip lly tho e f d bi r d re h ater hi ch eem i e xpli cabl e a mo peopl e livi th e ho re f a ri c h fi he the Me diterra ea Th e erteb ra f al mo a fi h f the orth er r iver fo d d pe ak f th e mi atio th e e Q ater a ry pe opl e
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PH Y
‘ .
e r r r e r e ee rece e e ee e e r e re e re e r e re e e e r r e r r c e m e ology e er ally a cce pt e d th e p re e t ti e d e voti q it e g g co iderable p rtio f th e book to the mi cr copi c l characte to th e t r th hi c h th e mi cro c ope re ve l fr o c k e ll th e theo ri e to hi ch th e f thi i t r me t h ive r i e That po r io f th e book hi c h h al re y appe re ell ill trated by early o r h dred photo e r vi Mo t i th e e ill t ratio tak e fr o m lo c liti e i B va r ia Th e tho r ho ever h he itate to d ra o rce that h o ld erve hi p rpo e b e ter tha tho e ha d w o t ry Th e r lt a mo t ati f c to y te xt book f e olo y hi c h all th e mo t moder me thod f e olo i cal re e a rc h a re e cribe d th e re lt to hi c h ea c h l ea ca r f lly g ive Th e bj ec t f met mo rphi m receive d c o ider bl e atte tio al o th e th e o r i e re l ti to pet ro e e i o r th e o r i g i f rock The ec o d vol me ill be devoted to a de criptio f th e eology Bava ria Th e fi r t f eri e fmo ograph d —Th thi
d pa t o f P o f sso von Gumb l s Ge N EW BOOK S ”2 has j ust b n iv d o lo g ie vo n Bay eru A ltho ug h n ot y t c o mpl t d , no ug h o f th fi st vol um has al ady app a d to In S ho w th at th wo k in its nti ty will fill a lo ng f lt wa n t thi s vol um th a utho p opo s s to set fo th t he p i n ipl s o f .
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Edited by D r W S BA Y L EY , M adison , Wisconsin ’ Geologie von Bayern Bd I , L i ef, I , I I , I I I , Grundzilge der Geologic von Gil tn bel C assel, I 884 6
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catio h r ce tly bee p bli hed by H eath C f Bo m ily It i a eat lit l e book f t hi r y fi p ge i te d e d c ll th e atte tio f te cher the ri e d deve lo me t yo e t bra c h ge ol g ical ci e ce d to h me th h f i it a re made rel A ve y l r ge a mo t f i o rm ti m i to th e hi to r y p e t r o phy e b ce ith t h fi g t e ty fi p e f thi littl e vol me Th e e xt fi tai a li t f th e mo t i mpo rta t wo rk d evote d to h bj t th e periodi cal hi c h pe t ro r phi cal rti c l e p bl h I f i th e re p r ti th e re mai i pa e h metho m d e ectio a re e cribe d d the ame e li ble d l f thi d mat er ial th e i t r me t ed ith h c o f th e give — N w P l l a w mi eral d M b fr o m C olo rado It cc r th e d Eaki f i ie Cr o fra me t i ve i c l r a ite a d e ite fo h c o g l mer te i Je ffer o i co y I o rm f Gree d T bl e mo f ho d e li c t e t ft d po gy ma e c o mpo e d h r lik eedl e hi ch are ally depo ite d po chal cedo y h po r to b f th e r o c k U d er th e mi cro c op th e e ee dl e i dia me ter c olo rle tr pa re t pri m abo t m ae by a b l pl e Th e i r e ti ctio i pa rall e l to th e m ic A axi a aly i f th e p r i fie d mater i l yi e lde d M E k th e follo i g e lt e
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c rre e r r ere e e e r c r e e c e e e r re e re e r er r e rece re c r e ee ec c r e re r e e r c e e 51 d 30 Th e fa c t that o ly pl f th e 0 3] [ ] 0 ad 3 0 a re d e ve lope d i ea c h o cta t i m fo r m f m th e cr t l o rtho rho mbi c y mmet ry Th e t rq oi M e xi c o h bee t di e d c h e mi lly N L C r illo Dill er f th e U ited S t e mi cro c opi cally by M e r C l r k It o cc r i mbe d e i a fi g ai e Ge olo i c l S rv ey o rtho c l e ro c k ith a mi cro g ra iti c t r ct e o m me .
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Thi s o spo nds to th fo mula R o A l goa I OS iOg l 5 H zO T he mi ne al is i nt sti ng as b i ng th hyd rat d fo m of t he most a i d a n hyd i d k no wn a mo n g th S il i at s with the xc eptio n o f th a mi n ral mila it A ps udo mo ph o f li mo n ite aft 8 ntly fo un d in Balti mo py it o unty Ma y l an d c o n f ry stallo raphi tai ns six of th s v n possibl o m s o f th g sy st m oo O oo u m u la Th f o s a t ally ob v d a r e 0 s r g -
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compari the e re lt ith tho e obtai ed by oth er ig th e tho r c o c l d e th t o r m l t rq oi e be re pre e te d by the form la A H PO Th e va rio c olo r hi ch it po e e a re p robably d to th e mi t re f a c opper mol ec l e C O P 0 4 H 0 Th e p re e ce f i ro alt o ld te d to ive a ree i h ti g e to h mi eral U d er th e mi cr o cope it e to be co mpo ed f mi te grai o r ho rt thi ck fiber eakly do bly refracti ith a hi h refractive i dex Th e e ti ctio pa rall e l to th e lo g xe f th e fib er c o ide atio f the arra ge me t f h fiber i th e ve i th e co mpo itio f th e ro ck i Whic h th e mi er l i fo d d i oc iati ith e pidote l ead th e a tho r to th e ppo tio that m y have b ee d erive d fro m apatite — N w P P Th e gabb ro o cc rr i g ea r Balti mo re o c i te d with th e m hav e bee d th e ho r bl e d e r o c k f th e U S Ge olo i c al S rv ey made th e bj ect f a b ll e ti Th e t re t me t f th e e ro c k by th e a tho r very tho ro h Th e paper pe ith i rod c tio c alli atte tio to th e fac t tha er ptiv e ro c k m y d er th e i fl e ce f h eat d p re bec o me c hi to e d th e i r c h ra c teri ti c ve y lik e th e c y talli e chi t hi c h have bee deriv d by the alteratio f q eo fo rm tio Th e mai po rtio f th e o rk i evot d f hyper th e e gabb r o i to a c hi to e r o c k c all e th e t rac i by th e a tho r bb r o dio r ite Th e m ive abb r o c o i t e e ll to c oa r e g rai e d mixt re byto ite light g ree fa fi iallage itio d hyper th e i va ryi g p r opo r io I the e th ere l o co t i ed th e gabb ro a littl e ye llo i h b row ho r bl e d e t ro ly pl e o c h roi c d f ll f mi t e bl c k i c l io o me m etit e i ta ce c o id erabl e f f th e di llag e p tite B alteratio hyper th e e i to fib ro ho r bl e e th e gabb ro pa e g rad ally i to a c hi to e rock co tai i g additio to the plagiocla e d ho r bl e de a co iderable amo t f epidote d o me ga r et apatite r tile ph e e et c I h c a e f th e alter tio f h per th e e th e a tho r ppo e a re ac tio to have ak e place betwee thi
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A mer Jo ur S ci xxxn , A ug , 86 , p 122 C f A M ER I C A N N ar uu u sr N otes, Feb , 1886 , p 16 1 Bulletin 6 , C alifo rn ia A cademy o f S cien ces, p 9 3 4 C f A M BaxC A N N ar uaau sr N o tes D ec 188 1 1 2 6 , , , 5 p 5 Ori in of the ferru in o us schists an d iron ores of the L ake S uper io r g g ’ A mer Jo ur S ci , xxx u , Oct , 86 , p 2 55
in
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reg i o n
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r re io were d erived from o ri i al iro carbo ate hic h i ter be dd e d ith c a rbo a ce o hal e hi c h ere th e m elve o te i mpreg ated ith th e ame mi eral B a p roce th e e c bo ate bea r i g lay er ere tra o rmed f l fi i m i to th e va r io ki d f ferr g i o rock ith i hi re io I o me c a e ili c i fyi g at er ecompo e the ro ca rbo ate i pl ce prod ci tremolite acti olite f ili c a re mai i g fo r me d th e m g etite hi c h ith th e e x ce cti oliti c chi t freq e tly fo o c iat e d ith th e i r o re I oth er ca e i rect oxi tio f the c rbo ate ave ri e bodi e f h e matite I till oth er ca e d ri th e ifi io f th e ro c k th e c rbo ate th e i ro d th e d ec o mpo itio remove by l e chi d depo ite d her place it ppo e d to b e ec o d y d to me oxidize d Th e j per c rbo te i have b ee d e po it e d po th e re mov l f th e i r o f l fi Th e v r io th e o r i e hi c h h v e h p r o ce h ere to fo re bee p fo r a r d to acc o t f th e e i terbe e d i r o d p r o o ce d j per lay er a re all t r e xa mi e d ffi to explai th e ph e o me a m with e very h ere th e t dy f th e re io
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.
B OT A N Y
‘ .
— T as e T ops S i n
ce
r er
187 5 the w it W I ND A N D T H E has d in va io us pa ts of th o unt y I 56 i nsta n s o f i nj u y s by wi nd t o th t unk s o b an h s o f t Of all o di na y t s th o mmo n d mapl app a s to suff most in ha d wi nd s and th whol 156 obs v d as s o f i nj u y o nfin d to th va io us sp i s of d id uo us t s Th w has s n h un d ds o f lo ng l a f pi n s in G o g ia and Flo w it i da that had b n blow n up by th oots but not o ne i nj u d in was y t standi ng t unk o r b a n h w hil th t A l so los in m m s ob s u d w s u m i y Io a a a hol vatio a o g th i n w n n n q w hit pi n s o f T nn ss v al a si ng l as in whi h a fail d to t re of that sp i s was i nj u d by th wi nd Of th t 56 oh s of i nj ury s ixty o ne p nt w li mb s split o ff s erv d i nsta n ot h a t th Th ot h s of a t a its w ak poi nts Nat u og n iz s w ak n ss by sw lli n g o ut th t h i s fa t and g ua d s a gai nst th w ood abo ut th poi nts o f b a n hi ng N otably is thi s t u o f th I n a la g t o f thi s sp i s th li mbs o m o ut in w hit pi n M i dway b tw n a h two r g ula who l s abo ut two f t apa t who l s th su ss iv nt al axi s o f th t has a mi ni mum s iz A bov an d b lo w thi s poi nt of l ast i umf n th t unk g ad ually sw ll s o ut to suppo t th su ssiv s ts o f b an h s I n sixty per n t of th ob s v d i nj u i s th t un k divid d i n to two o mo la g n a ly ual b an h s and o ne of th s
T HE v o bs
er e er
r r ec r ce r r r c e ree r r ree e c re e er er r e e er e c e r ere c e e r ec e ec ree e r er ee re e e er r ee er re r r c e e ree e c e r e er er e e e e e ee e re e ec e c e ec e re e e e ce er ce ere e cr c e cr c e ree re e re rec e c r e e e e e e r c re e e e r e ree ec e e c e e r r ee r e ee e c cce e r e ce r e ree e e e e c rc ere ce e r r e r e cce e e r ce ce e er e re e r e r re r e e r eq r c e ee -
,
,
.
,
.
-
,
.
’
.
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
Edited by Pro fessor C H A
R L ES
E BES S EY , L incoln , N ebraska .
.
e
m D e b c e [
General Notes
.
e
r,
r e er The e large li mb yi g a h ff i e tl re e er d are freq e tly po rt e d th e crot c h mea i g f all thi i that a t r e f h i ch h t r k T m m l h habit ally divi e i to la r e l b r a c h e r q liabl e to b e i j re d by th e wi d tha ha i g tr g t f e xa mpl e th e h it a i with ma y mall li mb i f th e Th th e acc m l te d e ffec i d hav e d be l B h q bee to e ve lo e x c rre t fo r m f t ree t at rally a ri e pi e p r ce e tc have thi o r m re t perfec tio tha oth er t ree th e fir t pla ce d i We ll d t ree a re ally i j re d by th e i d o ly hil e fol th e mmer mo th evergree bei al ay i f l e p ra c ti ally e xpo e to th e actio f th e i f at l e t ic re t a ti me each year a re maple el m etc Th co rdi to l l the co e beari g ever ree m i t exi te ce ma y tho a d perhap millio f ye r e f t ree that ally h e d l e ave Th th e c o i er o v er r e have had a va tly lo er ti me hi c h to a cc m lat h e ff t f th e i d e c rre t fo rm f h h ve d d e ve lop — I d t ree B F H M / — B R ece tly a t d e t b ro ht m A A HY D vi appl e c h r c teri ti cally ma rke th ro g ho t l it l l mo tha th ree fo r th f rface th e re mai der (a i t re ak fro m t e m c lyx) h vi g o bted ma r k f Jo atha va ri e ty Th e t ree fro m hi c h it c me i B f D vi Jo atha t ree ta ithi a di t d a eral rod Upo c t i g the appl e it o d that h h co fi ed ca rpe l d that the devel m t h th e fl e h f th e e d th e co rre po i g caly e me o me hat g reater lo it di ally co ide ably le h fl h l tha th e re m i i g ca rpe l U po t ti th e Jo atha pa rt f th e appl e it fo d di ffer q bl fr o m that f th e B Davi pa rt It p robabl e t h t h ve t hi appl e e ampl e f h m me iate e fect f h poll e po th e fr it I thi c h c l r Jo tha poll e fec t e d th e fr it (a) by c ha gi th e ki (b) by c a i g th e hyb r i eg me t to ro l r rro er th approxi m ti g ea rer to —h Jo atha f rm c( ) by ch i g the t te f the fl h Ck E B — RU Thi m ritime pla t L mN f th e m late ly bee b r o g ht to m fro m a po d ea r t ri g hi ch occ r i th e vi ci ity f L i col Th e pe i e reco rded i the catalog e f the We ter S ate fl M i e ota (Upha m) Io a (A rth r) M i o ri (T a c y) K a f m h a rr th do e it o cc r th e t a ay r o e i e C i E ( ) h fl a f I with fo d i a i gl e e xceptio It was th i nj u ed m mb wi nd , act as g at l v at
n n
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ci ati (Jame ) Mi chi ga B h W h ee l er m it Ohio e a r d l ee B f f alo Day ay a S C ( ( ) ) ) ( N Y (D dl ey) eve f Wa hi to D C (Ward) It w d i c ov ere d ma y ye a r i O e ida c o ty Y by Pai e N g h ay f it Thi pl t d i c o mpa io [N mj ] a re to th e i ter io r havi bee k ow hith erto exc l ive ly ma riti me (Ei g htee th A Re p f th e Re ge t f th e U iv f h S t te f N Yo r k th e S tate C abi e t f N Hi t p 3 ) I F r k T ee dy Flo ra f th e Y e llo to e Nati al Pa rk R pp m i m id to b e c mmo th e l g i h t re a m ter hole f h p r i g d gey er a re a d (p l e h ere (p m m h th e tat e e t e that it b ee ) erve it t o h ere the water h d a temperat re f 9 Fah re h e it Th e o cc rre ce f t hi littl e pla t i th e e id e ly epa rate d lo c aliti e i to th e l e t v ry i tere ti Fro m th e o t to th e O e i co ty N Y t tio f lly 5 mile mil e h e ce to th e Ne b ra ka t tio d fr o m th e l tter mil e N atio l pa r k i 7 poi t to Th e di ta ce r o m th e N e b ra k t tio to th e G l f f M e i c o bo t mil e Ch l E B — T R U R ece tly hil e U mi i th e re do po re f P i a c o mmo r t f h oat a t e t m labo ra ory co mpl i ed f the di ffic lty m ki g he h th e p ri c kly ( / dig ) rf ce f h po re all Th e po re h d b ee mo t e ater al h it it h th e t mo t i ffi l y th t ro h e th e rface co ld b e mad e he m e it fi t a rra t th e re ma r k that a c ha ra ct er di ffi c lt to b e b erve d d like ly be overlooked ho l be m de f i d e cr iptio Th e po re fa c t appe a re d i mo t po i io to be p erfec tly mooth Th e g e io ma e to e x mi e th e m m d h e lo ! th e p r i c kl e ppe re d ith th e reat e t di ti ct e Thi hi t m be o th re me mberi m ch f l b ta i cal abo rato ri e wo r k E C — A TU W hil e r idi g th r o h Ph e lp d K a r ey c o ti e m atte tio S o h ce t r l N e b ra k ll e to eat ma e f o me m ch b r ch e hite oolly pla t hi c h o cc pi d th e dit c h e by th e i e f h rail y I ppea ra ce w d di ffere t fro m a thi g I h e ver ee that I c o l co ce ive h it co l be A fo rt te top f th e t r i o t id e th e li mit f a to allo we d m c re peci me hi ch po exami atio proved to be P l P r h Th e l e av e had ll th e ak e d b a c h e ifl i d ryi had diverg e d till mo re tha i li fe givi to th e pl t u C o lt (
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ec e er e ere e ree r r e r re c e e e re e e re e er e r e er er e e r c e e e e ec e er c e r r ce r c e e c er c c e rc e e c e r er c .
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L o no tco an Baen a — an QU A D R I GE MI NA T A ) Ou th t i th o f J uly 1886 I a ug ht s fo r th p urpo s at s uga , w hi h had b n pla d upo n appl t o f att a ti n g moth s a li g ht b o w n lo n g ho n d b tl ma k d w ith ivo y y llo w spots o n th My att ntio n was pa lyt a t icularly att a t d at thi s ti m to th i ns t o n a o un t o f a pecu lia aki ng so und whi h it b gan as soo n as I pi k d it up I had no di ffi ulty in findi ng th at t he so und was p od u d by th r ubbi n n s h x u n f h po t io m a i n e p otho a o th a t io o t e o t f p g g ma gi n o f th m sotho ax Th sam so und o uld b mad a ft t he i n s t was d ad by wo ki ng ba k wa d and fo wa d its h ad and p ot ho ax thi s o scurrence I apt u d a S ev al day s a ft s p e i m n , si mila to th loth s o f a f i nd but it fi st upo n th d i sapp a d b fo I a h d ho m On th 17 th o f J uly I fo und a thi d sp i m n oh a t but a few f t di stant f o m that upo n whi h I di s ov d th fi st S p i m n ; thi s i ndivid ual was al so vid ntly att ra t d by th s uga Fiv d ays lat J uly 2 2 1886 ,
r rc
C asa o r L ONGE
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ce e ree e e r r e ee e r e r e ee r e r r ce e e ec cc r cre c e ce c r ce e er r r r r e er r r e e r e e c e e er ec e r c r r r e r r er er c re c e r e r ec e re e re e re re c e e e r ec e ree ee r c c ere e r ec e e e ce e r e er a oth er pec i me c me i to m po e io der m c h mo re ma rk bl e c i rc m t ce D r Boyd f D bli Way e c o ty I lki g alo t ree t I d c ll e d m tt e tio h o ce p r o cee e d to re move mall c o r k ith hi c h had c lo e ope i g i th e doo r ill f h o ffice H th e q e te m to e xpl i h t had m de the t el th t evide tl exte e d o me di t ce i to the ill I reply to m q e tio h e t te d that atte tio bee c all e to th e fre hly m d e pe i early the m r i th t ti me th e hol e ere m c h mall er ere ragged ro d th e ed e The e ro h e e he had mooth e d ith k i e h e c o l top t e m ti htly it h c rk A ho rt ti me fter h e m de th e di covery me tio ed hi atte tio t rac t e by b zzi oi e hi c h c me fro m el Thi h e f th e d to by po r i g c hlo ro fo r mi to d th e th e o pe i g pl ggi g it p i h a c o rk Th ere had .
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e r e er e e e er er re e e c r e ere e ee e r e r e e ee e r e re e cr e ee e e e r e e cr e e e re e e r e re r e er r c erc e r er e re ce r er e r eec e e ee e r e r r er er c e e ee e r e er r e e e er e q er ce e e er e er r e e er r e e e er r e e er e e er r e er e r er e e ec r ree r c e e re e e c r c e e e e c rr c er e e e r e e e er e ere e e e e re r r c r e c er e e e e cre e e e er e r re e r ee e e e e r c r re e e ree r c e e e e e re e rec rc er c e e e e er e e ec c ee c r ce ee e e e e c e ere e ree e ree re qe r e e e e e erec e e r e e e e ee r e re e r ce e er r e e e r r c r ec re e ree e e e e rec r e c e e e c e ere c ec c ee e e e e e e r e r e e c e ec e r ec cr e rr c e e re e e e c e c e ce e e e r re ee e e ee e r e
d of li f f o m th o th t unn l but he had c losed it mov d th o rk f om in th sam ma n n U po n h a i ng this I th so und had b n h a d and in a mo m nt t he t un n l w h d agg d o ut by its a nt nnae a b tl si mila to those w h o se findi ng I hav al ady d s ib d Thi s b tl is a ma quadn g emi na ta S ay M r Tho mas in th S ixth R po t o f th Il li noi s S tat e Eu ” to molo g i st d s ib s th i ma g o as follows : Eoun a q uadrig em i nata Body nti ly pal y llo wi sh b o wn ; ant n n a hardly mo obvio usly hai y on th basal j oi nts than o n the o th s ; tho ax with two bl a k t ub l es abov ath b fo t he mi ddle pla d t ansv s ly and a sho t spi n a h sid on the mi d dl of th l ng t h of th tho ax ; l yt a at h pal tha n th o rax ea h w ith two do ubl s o m what l vat d b ight y llo w abb rev iated v y sho t li n s ; th two m mb s o f th basal S pot e ual the oth spot is pla d on th middle th i nn m mb is s ho rte tha n th xt io o ne ; tip tw o spi n d th io sp i n the xt long st ;i nt m diat and post io thi g h s two spi n d at t ip the ” M r Tho mas al so stat s th at t he ia i nn spi n ath lo ng st s t is f o m th fo u th s to an i n h in l ngth and th at its l arva liv s and bo s in th ho n y lo ust (Gleditsclzia tr zaeantl ms L inn) ho n y lo us t bo e and f o m thi s fa t it g ts its na m o f th A lo s xami natio n Of th t unn l s in D Boyd s do o rstep s ho w d th at th xt nal Op ni ngs w in th mi dd l o f th l ngth and b adth o f an ash doo s ill and abo ut fo u i n h es dis ta nt f o m a h oth Th siz o f th t unn l s i n as d rap idly w ithi n until th d i am t was th re o mo t im s as g eat as at th xit Th y x t n d d do wnwa d and ba k wa d sp cti v ly th and fo u i n h es Th sill was o f pai nt d ash and it as w ll whol b uildi ng as th st d di tly upo n a solid b i k fo u n da tio n A ft h avi ng o mpl t d th abov Ob s vatio ns I did no t h sitat long in co mi ng to th o n l usio n tlfat th g g s w hi h had p od u d thi s b tl and its f llow that had ma d g o o d its w In l aid in th g n w oo d in th t spo n s e to s ap my u stio ns D Boyd mad th stat m nt that th b uil di n g w as t d in th S p i ng o f 186 7 Thi s wo uld mak th se i n s ects n and p obably t w n ty o r mo y a s o ld n ot l ss tha n n i n t th ti mb was d y wh n put i nto th ho us Upon i nv esti si n so i fi n d f s a i n o n I that P o e P ka d i s I t I j u i to h n a t s s r u o n s g ” Fo st an d S h ad T s mak s no m ntio n of thi s be tl e b ut th at h has o d d two as s of unusual lo ng vity in beetl s st in thi s o nn tio n I n both i n sta n es whi h will b o f i nt th s b e tl s hav b lo ng d to th family C eramby cida: o lo n i m n tio n d n s a s w a s c o r Th fi s t th a t f a p i s m o n f o g M ono/zammus confusor K i by th o mmo n lo ng i o n pi n b o e whi h M r A C Good ll o f S al m Mass p s nt d to the M r Good ll took th i ns ct f o m P abody A ad my ofS i n a b u au that had b n in th ho us for fi ft n y a s an d w as n ew wh n bo ug ht b
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e er c e e e r r c e e ree r er e c c r e er c e er e ree e r er r e ec er ee e e c e e er r e re r e ee e e e ere r eq e e e e er er ec er r r e e r ee e r c e e e e e r er e r e r e e e ee e r e r c r e ere ig mi I fi d that Eo i g ive H bb rd d d th e L k e S perio r L i t f C ol e opter fo S ch ar f th e io th e C o t r ib tio a li t f C l f M i c hi a L ower Pe i l by th e a me a tho r B S ch rz L i t f peci e f C oleoptera fo d Flo ri d ig mi me tio e d be i Eo i ra re g r f ree J e It iv i t p ec i e C L g Ea ter N M e xi c o b it me tio e i h L i t f pec i e f Ka N e b ra ka I h N p c i e f N o rth A mer m i c a C ol e opte h e re er it h or i ar i i f h S o h er S ate M i i i pi v ll ey Th hil e a c o mmo e o h i ec t o er la r e terr i o y o her c e f rem rk bl e lo vity e m to h ve bee re or e O m c o ll ec tio th e o ly o mp r it ith th e oth er pec i me f di ffer ce a re th e mall er i e d ec id d poi t f th e la ral d pi e f th e p rotho r x th e termi al pi e th e e lyt ra th e lo er a e hi c h x cee i th e l e th f th e bo y i h oth er pec i me thi h l f i me —
a o unt of th oth a s I giv in th wo ds of D Fi t h : Th wood o f th appl t was fo m ly hi g hly val u d fo r abi n et w o k in thi s o unt y I n 17 86 a son o f G n al I saa Put man r sidi ng in W illi amsto wn Mass had a tabl mad f o m o ne o f his appl t s Ma ny y a s a ft wa ds th gnawi ng o f an in s t was h a d in o ne o f th l av s of thi s tabl whi h noi s co n lo ng ho n d b tl ma d t i n n d fo r a y a o two wh n a la g its xit th f om n oi s was h a d S ub s u ntly th sam agai n and a n oth i ns t and a ft wa ds a thi d all o f the sam ki nd i ssu d f o m t hi s tabl l af th fi st o ne o mi ng o ut tw nty th t unk was c ut and th l ast o ne t w nty i g ht y a s aft down Th p oo f o f th i dentity Of th s b tl s is no t com r as lzorus balle f s s e P o o Pa ka d thi k h y l e t e t n u s b t w C p p A
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r re er rc r e e ere r re e e e r e r e e r r e r er e r e r e e rec r e r e r er — I t may interest thos
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ad s A ME R I C A o f yo u sh wat Ento mo st a a to k n o w that pe hap s th mo st l gant and ma k abl o f t hat i nt sti ng g o up L eptodora lzy aein a, L illj, is mu h mo ab un da n t an d as ily obtai nabl than is i mpli d by a n ot o n p ag 89 6 o f yo u la st i ssu Fi st dr dged by P o f sso 5 I S mith in L ak S upe io in 187 1 it was nex t fo und by e in J un , 187 7 in th Il li noi s iv at P o ia , as re po t d in 187 8 in Bull 2 V o l 1 o f the Illi noi s S t at L abo ato ry o f N atio nal H i sto ry , p 88 I n the sam b ull ti n I o d d its o u n in th food o f D ory soma eepeaiann m Poly odon jolzmn , and Hy odon terg is us , all f o m th Illi n oi s iv I n o ur Bull 3 , L EPI OD OR A who oll t f
c ec re er ee re r c e e r e r e m re cc rre ce e ’
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IN
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1
I nvertebrata edited by
J
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S c .
sw v,
SC D .
Malden , Mass
.
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D [
General N otes
.
e
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ce
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or o ne ia in 1880, it is u n M o t d at by yo n s a p g ter r upta and M er oprer us pallidus, and ag ai n by D o ry s o ma In th A MER I C A N N A T U R A L I S T fo r A ug ust, 1882, it is furt h o t p d f o m both nd s o f L ak Mi hi g an and f o m numer o us small — l ak s o ne o nly hal f a mil wid and no t ov t w nty fe t de p I n thi s l ak I m mb , it was ath ab unda nt I n C eda l ake in N o rth n Illi noi s we took it at n ight wit h C o th ra l arv a but we mad o ur mo st notabl h aul o f thi s sp i s in M n dol a l ake at Madi so n , W inco nsin, wh we apt u d h und ed s in th tow in g net o n a b i g ht s umm day in 1885 I t may be expect ing ly so ug ht wh ev , in ath m d p w at e , s uf an n t and p fic ient n umb s o f th small so f t bo di d E nto mo st a a o ccu to giv it a fai h an fo r p y It is not a swi ft sw i mme and — t s i food must b ab un d ant S A Foroes
p ubli sh d
'
e e r e
er re r e e c r e e er e e e e re e er r er r er re e e ec e e ere c re r e r er er er er e r er ee r er e er e rc r e r c ce re r e B H pki I V D r H o e ll Joh S t ie e cribe bloo f h ki cr b oft he ll cr b d m ec i e holot r ia i l th e blood k li e f h I p q i ckly c oag lati g It co tai fi alb me i c co te i ffere t te mper t re b hi c h l b e lo to th e lob l i g o p Th ey re e mbl e a re ide ti cal ith p lob li Co g l tio h blood f io th ec o p l m l re lt by h d th e e xi t e ce c o lative ferme t h ye t p rove Th e fi ri m c h lik e h t f m mm ol bili t H m certai ly co tai c opper l i C p th e blood alk li e c oa lat e l e q i c kl th b ) g mo that f L i m l It c o tai to b e c la w alb me th e lob li th e c o l tio mo re c o mpl e te th ki cr b The fibri ve y d fl ro m th t f L i m l d f it D r H o e ll m to y Th e di ffere ce ee m wi e to f rm ppo e clo e re latio hip b t ee the e ecially t hey have the me ge er l vi ro me t m de til a er i e f i mila r ob erv tio th e rpi or o me a r c h id i ll have ffic i e t e vi ce to m j t i fere ce ith re ga rd to th e re latio hip th e e fo m me I th e holot th t ia fr o m th e ta poi t h ere f cor hi c h id e ti fie d l mm ki Tl l h m l ere reco ize a be r i cl e t d ov l o r m p eri cal hite clea e orm C o l io o cc io e d by th e f io f th e hite o rp c l e taki a rt i th e o r m tio f c o l m e xce pt th e ee t le th e m h e f th e oth r a oth er rti c l e th e me p bli c tio D r o ll ti ce I th e e xi te ce f h m th i holoth ria th e ec o f thi e l e me t f th e blo echi oderm It c oag late lo er te m er t re (56 6 C ) th th t f er e f c ti c b rate p rec pit te d by a per ce t ol tio d h m gl b ac i F e ti er ob ervatio th e e xi te ce .
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th a ui f o us syst m Of Ophiactis (Bull A ad R oy B lgi ue x lix p 4 02 1880 ) app a to hav H o rrell s noti s ap d D .
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.
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—Th e
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, .
Tm O R GA N I N L EMEL L I BR A ncns fi st po tio n of D Ba oi s a ti l is a v y full d s iptio n Of th byssal o gans o its mai ns in fo ms f o m al most v y family , t w nty o ne in is al so all , an d in fo ty n i n sp i s of l am llib a n h s Th a hi sto i al ésumé o f th subj t , d s iptio n o fadditio nal g la nds , and a di s ussio n o f th ho mologo us o gans in g a st opo ds I n Cardium edule th o gan is d s ib d in full and oth s are ” o mpa d with it I ts pa ts are: I Th avity o f th by ssus k l o f th a larg spa in th hat h t sh ap d o f th nt ” The canal of th by ss us, op n i ng o n th s urfa by a foot 2 ” h m n t f e o Th by a hyali th d i o s u s a u n n n o u s t 3 p g ” a nal 4 ll s By ssal g la nd s, g l and ula avi ty th o ug h th lyi ng b low th pith li um and Op n i ng s pa at ly i nto th avity 5 Th g oov a nal alo ng un n i n g fo wa d f o m th th ma g i n o f th foot to th ant io end 6 Glan dula ll s T h e o f th a m n s oov p i g i to it o th pith li ll O n n n u m g g pith li umis v ywh pe f tly o nti n uo us and in th avity is th o wn i nto n um o us la m lla fold s d s ib d and fig u d ; V a io us d pa t u s f o m th pla n a may b no fun tio nal by ssus but th oth pa t s may all th b p s nt , o th g oov , o th g la nds o v n th avity may may b in th a dult no t a of any o f the b wanti ng o th o gans I n th sam fa mily o v n g n us wid va iatio ns may o u Th us Tapes virg inea has no fun tio nal byssus th avity gland s and l am ll a a p s nt, w hil in Venus rudis and oth s family no t ra o f th appa at us mai ns I n A nomia o f th m u i e n i e m s l d th o i l by hi h th a n i a l atta h a t ss w s d i p pp byss us, fo m d in a avity li n d with la m ll a , a p i s ly s i mila s n t in th Th a no mali s o ne b i ng p foot o fA rca tetr ag ona of its latio n to th pa t s of th body a xplai n d by the ” “ lat al atta h m nt o f th at u Th comet o f A no mia , with its g oov l adi n g to th byssal avity , is si mila to the mu ipa o us gla nd o n th a nt io pa t of th foot o f Pecten maxi mus I n U n io and A nodonta a avity in th k l o f th foot is th o nly mai ns o f th byssal o g an in th ad ult Thi s , do ubtl ss th wat po o f K oll ma nn Griesback and oth s , is li n d w ith o nti n uo us pith li um It is to b g tt d that la k of mat ial has p v nt d s a h i nto th mb ryo ni o ndition o f ma ny o f th t og ad fo ms Ba oi s al so d s ib s as ha a t i sti o f th la m llib an h s sp ial mu i pa o us gla nds in th a nt io po tio n of th foot ; th s in so m th i nsi d o f a avity , e g , Pecten as s li n as s th o ga n b i ng v t d th y li n th rnaximus in oth ‘
: Bvssar
r rr r c e er e cr e r r re r r e er e r e ec e e r c ere rc r e ec e cr c e r er e r e cr e er c re r ec e e ce e ce er e ee e ce e e e e ce re e e re r r c r ec r ce e ee e e e r e e c e r e r r r r ec e r e e er r r ce e r e e e e e ce e e e er ere r ec c ec r er e r r e r re r e re e cr e re ere e c e er r e re e r e r e r e re e ec e r ere e e r ce r e e ree e e r cc r c ec e re re e e er e ce e r re e ce c e ce r r e c e e rec e r e re e e e e re e r e re e e er c e e cre re e r ee e c r c r e er r r e c e ee e e re e r e e e er re er e c e e e re re e c er re e e re e rc ee cc e re r r e r rr e cr e c r c er c e e r c ec c r e er r r e ee e c e e e e c er c e e r e e er e e e e .
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—P
L es Glan des du Pi ed et les Pores A quiferes chez les L amellibran ches 1 Barrois, L ille, 1885 , pp 160, pl x 11 .
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ar
le D r
.
m r e c e b e D [
General N otes
.
er r ce e r c re ec e r e e re r ce e ec re e e ce r er e
er
,
e e
e c e e e e r rc c c r c re c re rr ere r e er cre r e r rc c er re c r er e re rec r e e e re re re e e r
t s u fa und the pith li um o f a p d lated l b s h aped body e g L uci na lactea Th vi w that th byss us o f the la m llib a n hs is ho molo g o us with th g ast opod ope ulumis j t d on a nato mi al and hi stolo g i al g o und s an d the mu i pa o us byssiparo us g lands a tho ug ht to o r s po n d w ith the ” “ hledriisen of C a i t h e one and FusshO L ipp n d rii sen upo n the ep upo n th fo en d of the g ast opod foot th oth ing s u fa Th s o nd po tio n o f th wo k is a full hi sto i al an d c riti al “ vi w o f th po o nt ov sy N o new ob s rvations wat a o d d and th po sition mai ntai ned by the o f i mpo rta n is th sa m as al ady p s nt d in thi s j o u nal (see V ol w it —H enry L eslie 0soorn Purdue Univ L afay ette 1nd 111 p I ou
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un u
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ON T H E C L A S S POD OS T OM A T A
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U
A GR O P E MBR A C I NG T H E
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M E R OS T O
er re e re e c e ce e e e re e r r rc e e r e re e e re c e e e e e ee e c ere e e e e e re e e er r e e er e e e c e e ere re r e e c r r er e r ee e r r re e ce c e e c er c r c er c e r ec e e e r r e r r c e ce c r ce cc r e e e re e r e r e e e rce r r er c ce c e e re re e e e c c e c rc e r e e e e re e r c e c e e r c e e r c ce e e e c r e e er c rc rr e r er eee er e ce c ce r cc e e r r e r e e r cr e e e r er e re er ec e e e ec r c ee e e er e ec er r e r c er c r c er c e r e e ce c e e e er e r er c r rce r e e e er er r ec r e e e c ,
— I n a pap M A T A A N D T R I L OBI T Es ad b fo th N atio nal A cad nd avo of S i n d by g ivi ng th hi sto y o f the s w e hav X ip ho su a Pa ciI Opo da and Gi ganto st a a to s how that w hile th na m X iphos u a sho ul d b tai n d fo r th subo d r o f w hi h th nam s Precilopoda an d Gig an tostraca L i mul us is th typ hav b n appli d in su h di ff n t s ns s th at th y can n o t w ll b tai n d fo r th M o sto mata and T ilobi ta tak n to g th in th s ns we a dvo at p opos d t he t rm We hav th fo Podostomata fo r thi s lass o f A th opoda It is d iv d f om de foot ; and “ one mo uth in all usio n to the f t lik o n oise m a phali app nda g s whi h s urro un d the o f th amb ul ato y nat u mo uth in a mann ha a t i sti o f th g o up Th lass Po dosto mata may b d fi n d as a g o up o f ma i n a th opo ds in w hi h th phali (L i mul us) o phalotho ra i i f m t ilobit s app n da s a n th o l 1 a b lato y f s e m o u ( g g ) app ndag s us ually n di n g in fo ps o la g laws ( h l a ) w hi h in th sol livi n g p s ntativ o f th la ss are arran ged in an i n o mpl te i l a o und th mo uth ; th ba sal joi n t o f ach leg is sp i ny so as to aid in th t ntio n an d pa ti al ma sti a tio n of th food N o fun tio nal ant nna ma n dibl s o maxill a Eyes both o mpo un d an d si mpl R spi atio n by b ran hi a at ra h d to th abdo mi nal app nda g s whi h are b oad an d lam l l at in M o sto mata and yli nd i al with na o w g ill s in T rilo bita Th b ai n s upplyi ng n ves to th y s alone ; the n ves to th phali o r ph alotho a i app nda g s o i g i natin g f o m an (esoph ag al i ng ; th v nt al o d nsh ath d by a ven tral a t i al syst m mo p f tly d v lop d tha n in i ns ts o seor pio ns ; oxal g la nd s hi g hly d v lop d ;w ith no xt n al open ing in th a dult Th lass di ff s f o m th A a h nida a mo n g o th ha a t s in havi n g no fun tional cheliceres mandibl s o in th p dipalps ph ali app ndag s ith n di ng in l a g l aws o fo p s o in b i ng si mpl th t mi nal j oi nt n ot b a i n g a pai o f mi n ut laws o ung u s lik thos o f A ra h .
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ec e er e r c e r r e er e e r e r e er r e r re er er e e r r ce e er c e r ec r rc e e r er ee e e e e e e e e e r er c e e er c r e re e r er
e
I ns ta nabli ng th i po ss sso s to li mb as w ll L i mul us as walk Podosto mata hav no u i na y t ub s und g o s a slight m ta mo pho s i s whil in t ilob it s th ad ult o f tho a i di ff s f o m th la va in havi ng a g at numb s g m nts F o m the C usta a th Podosto mata di ff in th la k of o mpo und y s hav fun tio nal a nt nn a and mo uth pa ts ; in th ing no ods o o n s in th b ai n i nn vati ng th y s ( o mpo und and s i mpl ) alo n ; in th s hap h ad and pyg idi um o o f th nt al abdo mi nal s hi ld and in th a t ial oat nv lopi ng th n vo us o d Th Podosto mata a divid d i nto two o d s n
ida
and
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e
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r cc e c ee c r e ce r
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M er ostomata with three
X ip/rosn r a, S y nzip/wsn ra
suborders :
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A
er e r c c cer r er ree c e e e r er e e r e re
— C UL T U R E Dr J
.
S Packard
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.
er e
ec e re er c ee r c c e e ce ee er r r e c err e re ee r r
has a pap t on thi s s ubj OYS T ER A Ryd in th R po t of th U S Fi sh C o mmi ssio n d taili ng th co n st u t io n o f appa at us fo r th a ti fi ial ult u of oyst s whi h tai nly s ms p a ti al H is f o m a th o ti al sta ndpoi nt pla ns h av b n o utli n d in thi s ma gazi n and h n n d no t b p at d One of th poi nts b o ug ht o ut is that L ankester s b a uti fully ill ust at d pap o n g n oyst s (Qua t J M S — xxvx pp 7 1 9 4 pl V I I 1885 ) o ntai ns h a dly an additio n to o ur k no wl dg of thi s ph no m no n b sid s th o nf i n g o f th na m ma n ni n o n th olo i ng matt ab so b d A l mo st v ry poi nt mad was p vio usly p ubli sh d by P uyseg u D escaine o Ryd f o m two to five y a s b fo
e e r rc r e re e ee e re e e e e e e re e er r
r c
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e
r e
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e ec ,
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e
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D E VE L OPMENT —Fewkes has so m ob s rvatio ns o n th d v lop m nt o f Ophiopholis and Echinarachnius H e m a i s s by an invag sho ws th at in th n dod fo m g n us th inatio n b ut h a n not stat th latio ns th blastopo b as to ith mo uth o a nus of th pl ut us Th m sod m a i s s sy mm t i ally ith r sid th blas topo and appa ntly is o f th nat u N othi ng is g iv n o f m s n hy m tho ugh n o t so stat d o n n i ng th d v lop m nt o f th m soth lial ti ssu s A posto lid s who has p vio usly st udi d th d v lopm nt o f Ophi u a ns o m s in fo r som appa ntly m it d iti i sms I n th sa n d dolla Echinarachnius th a ly d v lop m nt is mu h th sa m Th pl ut us is o mpa d wi th that of S tro ngy locentrotus f o m w hi h it di ff s in th p s n pi g m nt spots on a h o f la g ” arm and th ab s n iliat d pa ul tt s Th whol of th of pl ut us is ab so b d in th yo ung sand dolla whi h has a v y di ff nt app a a n f o m the ad ult Th d v lop m nt p s nts but sli g ht difl hi nod ms erences f o m oth EC I I I NOD ER M
e ee
e e r er e e e er r e ec e e re e re e r e er r e e e e er r e e rc e e e e re re e re ee c e e c cer e ee e e e e e e re e e ee e r c e e re er e cr c e r eer ee e c e e e e c re r c er e re e ce re e ec e e ce c e e e e e e e e re e r c er ere e r ce r e e e e re e r er ec er .
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— T ue BR A 22A EXH I BI T I ON A T P A R I S A n e x hib itio n o f the con t e nt s oi e igh ty box es b ro ug ht fro m th e F re nc h po ssessio ns on .
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that g io n o f whi h thi t n a no w d s ib d for th first ti m B ll all s S om anato mi al and hi stologi al not s are g iv n att ntio n to th fa ct that m th l an d pl ana i ans the fo m of th h ad is v ry va iabl and a nnot b us d as is o ft n do n as a basi s o f g n i divi sio n H e al so stat s th at Bipali um is s nsitiv to light and if th li g ht b too st ong th sp i m n is kill d C oll t d s ib s (P o Z ool S o cy 1886 ) a new sp i s o f E hi no rhy nchus (E mo er ) f o m R udo lphi s o ual (Bala noptera bore al is) H e s ug g sts that i ts a ly sta g s may b pass d I n Eu a u n h s i a i e rr n i s e n d a th o n o f h s a o T o p y p — a m M d an M r G o g W S hrubso le (Jo u nal of C o n hology V 66 1886) has so m not s o n osio n of f sh wat sh ll s H e n oti d that in sp i m ns o f Pla no bi s livi ng in th T nt a nal mo nths in t he sh ll was nti b i ng k pt fo r th b ut a ft w at D on sid abl o sio n had tak n pla f o m th Riv might hav a Thi s sugg st d that th hara t o f the wat s s w m n s d n o i t pla th o io a aly i ho d that n i n n a n s h e t p w at o f th T nt a nal o ntai n d abo ut th ti m s as mu h l i m in sol utio n as th at f o m the Riv D Th fa t that osio n did not set in at o n is xplai n d by th xi st n of the pid mi s M r Ed ga A S mit h stat s th at th g n ra T urton ia an d C yanium a di sti n t th latt g nus po ss ssi ng an i nt nal a ti l ag J ff ys had p vio usly unit d th m Brachiopoda—M i ss A g n s C a n d s ib s (P o Z ool S oc L o ndo n 1886 ) a new sp i s o f b a hiopod (A tretiafras ieri) f o m Po rt S t ph ns N ew S o uth Wal s — l A rac rnida m ti ng o f th Pa i s G S ai nt R my at th A ad my S pt 20 p s nt d th sult s o f his st udi s of th b rai n o f th S pid bas d upo n the g n a T g na i a Ep i a and Phala ngi um Th b ai ns of th s fo ms h av th sa m g n ra l f n f s w l a o o a n i z atio n that o th s o pio o n hi h a po t n a g p h ad p vio usly b n mad A dolph H o n d s ib s th poi s o n appa at us o f t w nty one s p i s Of spid s in th B i ht of Th poi so n glands t he Oberhessichen G s ll s ha ft fo r 1886 o nsi st o f t wo lo ngat yli nd i cal oe al sa s nv lop d in co n tiv ti ss u an d S pi rally a a ng d mus l s Th i d u ts t mi h G assi d s ib s a new n a n at ma ndibl s the tip s o f th a a h nid in th Bull ti n Of th Italia n Ento molog i cal S o i ty rao i a m K n e n m z s i l e s l V I u n d h n a e e i H ga d V o X I 1 8 8 6 t e ( ) M i oth lypho nida I n g n al it as th type o f a new o d th fo m stands n a st th thelypho nids as th nam app a a n i n d i at s G a ssi poi nts o ut t w n ty fo u poi nts in w hi h it di ff rs f o m th whip s o rpio ns — d s ib s fo u t n new sp i s o f as idians A scidians S l uit Fo o ne of th m a new g nus S tyelo ides f o m Billito n i slan d is p oposed — r u s t e P o f ssor C L H i k g iv s (Bull D ni so n Univ ) ac a C — O ,
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V
L
.
xx
No
1111
.
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General N otes
D [
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ecembe
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r e e ee e r ce e cr e c cer cr ce c r e cr r e ee e c r cr ce e e e r e e ee cc r e c e e e ee re e ee e r e re e e e e e cr er re e c r e e r e e r e r e re e ee e e e re e r e
a o unt o f va io us sta g s in th d v lop m n t and poi nts in the mo pholo gy o f L irnnetis g ouldii and Clziroceplzalus I rotma ni two phyllopo do us C usta a H e al so d s ib s Ny ocryptus setifer a Pa ka d d s i bes (P oc mud livi ng lado o us usta an Philos S o c XX I I I 3 80) th f t in C rypto zoe a new g n us of a n alli d to N bali a T he fig ur s are usta fossi l Phyllo a ida n too poo to show any d tail but th f t a o di ng to the t xt N othi ng had b n k n o w n of are mu h lik t ho s o f N bali a f t in th fo ss il fo ms b fo o f th the nat u — a n ial n ves is a Ver tebr ten Th S g m ntal val u o f th t at d o f hi stolog i ally and a g um ntativ ly by P o f ss o r A M il n s Ma shall in V o l I o f S t udi s f o m th Biol L ab o rat o i s Th followi ng tabl xp ss s t he res ults o f Ow ns C oll g a riv d at an
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w d d a n or l b o i s t a n d I h m u n e t h e r i n e n i t h t , p S o me have in fluen ce I n on e sp here, oth ers 111 so me O erate o n the sick , o thers o n th e 0011 p
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Tha nk s to th eflo rts o f M r H ow itt and oth s we are ab l to “ n i ng the A ustral i an s s o m o f th s u stio n s o n I answ ” “ hav adopt d says thi s autho th t m m d i i n men as a o nv ni nt titl for thi s m moi but th t m do to o r bla k is al ways us d in A ust alia fo r tho se men in a f llo w do to t ib who p o f ss to h av sup nat u al po we s T he doc n ativ mag i ia ns o wi za ds I may o ug hly d fine d oc t o s as to rs a men who p o f ss to xt a t f o m th h uman body fo r i g n sub s whi h a o di ng to abo i g i nal b li f hav been pl ac d s ta n by t he magi of oth do to s w i za ds o sup rn at u al th K a nai o Ng ar u ng o f th b i ngs s u h as th Pr ewin of th W o iwo rung latio ns o f th s bla k f llo w do to s to the co m T he s o i al mun ity va i s f o m trib to t ib I n so m t ibes th head man n d not b a wiza d but is ith a v ry b rav man o r a man of infl u n A mo ng th M un i ng t ib th g ommera is bo th h ead man and so o mbi n d H e is th oramoian or mas t o f his lo al g o up Th ol d st g omrn era is the barn oian o f the o th H e must b g ray b a d d speak s v al dial ec ts and b i n g thi ng s o ut of hi ms l f d u atio n o f the do cto rs A vast d al of myst ry su o und s th — M r H o witt na at s at full l ngth pp 4 9 5 2 th sto y o f his o wn in itiatio n told by one o f his f i n ds asso iat d in fun ct io n A s said th do to and wiza d a Th y p of ss to p oj t a ua tz ystal o bl a k ston ag ai n s t o in to th i vi ti m o i n to th i o wn bodi s to a us magical t h ings to nt a vi ti m by b uryi ng th m in his t a ks and o n the o the ha nd to a nnul th pow of th s i nt oj tio ns Th se sam strai n the w eather l gy l ai m to k now and to o mp l o m h i m a r t o o s opy o e t e r r t fly th o u g th o m t c a o t a o o c ( y) mo phos th ms lv s i nto an i mal s to b i nvi sibl and t o render p so ns and thi ng s i nvi sibl to talk and asso i at w ith g hosts the causes o f and fa mi li a s to ab st a t a ma n s fat to di s ov d ath di s as o vil fo rt un and finally to p od u e a d i s tan t ect upo n a p s o n by p efl fo mi ng it upo n a pa rt o f h im o has to u h d o r h ld so m thi ng h o mes o ut in thi s st udy the v y best i nt rpretatio n of Th r '
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nthro ology
A
p
1069
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ec c c rcer e c e ece r e e ce e re r rr r c e e r r e ce e er r e e ece e e e ec e c er r ce re e e e c r er e c c r c rr r c c e e r c ce e e c re re e r cee r c cr ee e c e ee e e ec e r e c r req e c e re r q e q ee e e e c r er r er e er c r c e e c r e e e ec e r c e er e r c e e e r e re e e r e e c r e e c ee e e e e e cc r e c e e re r e e r r r e ec er e e r ce r er c e e e e e e ce e ee e r e ce cr e e r ce e e e r er c r e e e e c e c ee e cree e e e er ee r ec r e e ec r e e e e c e e e er e e r e e r e c r e e e re e e r e e e re c e c e e ce c e e e e er e c r e e e e e er e e e e cr e e c e e e e e c r c e cc ee e e c e e e r ec r er re e e e ee r e e er e e r ec e c er ec r e e e r e e ce e e e e e er
of y n do hi al so y an d m di i n W hy sho uld a pi has to u h d b b u n d w ith the t h e man o o f so m thi ng h o thi n g th at is to do t he fatal a tio n t ho n b u W hy si mply nt o f th man j ust t o g iv th spi it o f thi s h u t ful thi ng th s s t ai n yo ung do s by allo wi n m f as h un t th m to s ll a pi o g g a ug ht t h e h id o f th a ni mal th y wi s h to b A s to th a t ual p fo man s d ss an d i mpl m nts o f th d o to s M r H o witt is v y xpli it A ll do to s a y o k rystal s an d use th m in th i p ra ti d f om S o me di s a s s su h as h umati sm a suppo s d to p o ro k s n s s i n h f h e n t e al s I d d th i t d l littl to t a f fl c a n t y a ff t d pa t Th do to f u ntly su k s the part in pai n x pell i n g a fo ign body a mo uth ful o f wi nd o a ua ntity Of bloo d H e ma n ip ulat s and s u z s th p ati nt S i n g i n g ha ms and p fo mi ng i nn um abl myst io us a tio ns I n p od u i ng a sp ll th do to s o ft n fast n th fatal obj t to th end o f a th o wi n g sti k with h awk f ath s and so m h uma n o r kan a f a n f oo a n d ti k th apo la ti n th g o d b o th t s w n s i n u n g g It fall s do wn Th wiza d has m anwhil sung his h a ms fire A g ai n th po und d fl sh o f a d ad an d th S p ll is o mpl t d man is mix d with toba o o th o n s o f th Casuarina quadri valrn s a th o wn i nto th fire so th at t h i spi its o littl s o nds may g et und his y li ds and p od u g a nulatio n A po w ful magi al i mpl m nt is th y ulo an i mpl ment tw lv i n h s lo n g mad Of th l g bo n o f a ka nga oo poi nt d havi ng atta h d to it a lo ng o d Of tw i st d si n ws thi ty six i n h s lo ng ndi ng in a loop It is us d by th wiza d fo r bi ndi ng th i th kid n y fat W at hi ng vi ti ms f o m who m th y w i sh to tak until th vi ti m sl ps h ps up pass s th bo n und his k n s a o und his n k and th o ugh th I oop d end o f th o d It is al so poi nt d at p opl and is suppo s d to a us d ath by nt i ng i nto th m Th w iza d was s uppos d to sw i ng th y ulo a o und his h ad and sli ng it at his vi ti m F o m Mr H o witt s lang uag we wo uld s uppos th y ally tak th fat f o m th d ad and eat it and that h ally b i n d s his livi ng r e ent s its u vi ti m w ith th l o r k n o k s i m o w ith th o h d w n o y p ast rid his h st b lo w th ib s xt ra ts uts op n th ri g ht s i d his fat b i ng s th c ut dg s o f th wo und to g th and bit s th m to mak th mj oi n so that no s a w ill b vi sibl We w ill lo s thi s n ot with all usio n to t he y en/ in a so ng o f lop m nt s ung by a l ass o f w iza d s all d Bunjil y enjin who se o upatio n is to aid in th lop m nt o f yo ung o upl s W h n a young man want d a g i l w ho m h o uld not Obtai n f o m h pa nts h mploy d o ne o f t h s p o f ssio nal s Th latt would li n a th o mpanio ns and amp w ith th yo ut h an d his u si ng a so n t h e oth s j oi n i n i th ho s W h n h tho ht n u g g g his sp ll st o ng no ug h h yo ung folks nem con as d and th wo uld tak to th b us h to g th
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P
T H E I C ONOGR A PI n c ENC YC L O
c
— Th
e
vol ume of
s ec o n d
e e c er re r c r r c e e e r e c r ce e e ec e e re e e r c r c er e e ec e e r e c e ce r e e e c r r c e r e er e e e c e e r e e r e e re r c e e er re e er e E DI A
thi s p ubli atio n is b as d o n vo n Ey s C ult urg esc h ic hte but ha a hapt o n P hi sto i A rcha ology by P o fes s o r D aniel G B i nto n w hi h do ubl s the val u o f th o i g i nal w o r k We have at th h ad o f all ompendi n o h s i tatio n in pl a i n g t hi s a ti l t Th m thod o f t at m n t is h i s to i al ums upo n thi s subj Th i nt od u to y h apt is d vot d to a s k t h o f th science and th m thods and p obl ms w hi h hav fo r t he pas t q uarter r a ntu y mi nds o f archa o lo g ists T h e c haracteris n ga g d th ti s and a t p od u tio ns o f th Eu op an age Of s t o n e in its two p iod s th pala o lithic and th n oli t hi ; th ag e o f b o nze and th age of i o n are tr at d in the fi st fifty pag s Th p hi sto i archa o logy o f th w st n hemi s phere is th follo wi ng a nalysi s : t at d und '
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Pala o lithic period T he Pala o lithic perio d o f N orth A I 2 T he Pala o lithic period o f S o uth A
.
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.
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C o ncluding II
N eolithic period A A rchaeology
marks
re
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Pala o lithic perio d
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1
A rt in
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Pottery
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Bon e
4
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S hell
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a l s M e t 5 6 Other ancient remains B A rchaeo lo gy o f M ex ico an d C entral A merica .
.
.
.
.
.
1
A rt in stone
2.
Metals
3
Pottery
.
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4
.
5
.
.
.
Bo ne an d S hell Paper
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rcha eo logy of
C A .
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the A ndean natio n s
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A rt i n bon e, shell and wood
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Pottery
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Observations o n
A
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c r r e ec e r e e ec r r c
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It is ma v lo us to see how mu h D B i nto n has o w d ed into s u h a sm all spa N o o ne is xp t d to say v ythi n g in an encyC I Opa dic a ti l Th o nly i mp ov m nt we o ul d s uggest w o uld h av b n to g iv w ith a h pa ag aph a f n to the most di sti ng ui sh d t ati s o n that topi Thi s w o uld hav done
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— M I C R OT OM E T he mi croto me
R EVOL V I NG A UT OM A T I C repre s nt d in th a o mpan y i n g c ut is th i nv ntio n o f A da m P f i f m ha ni and i nst um nt mak to t he Biolo g i al L abo ato y o f th Joh ns H opki ns U n i v s ity Th ma hi n is d s i g n d to sav ti m and labo in th p pa atio n o f s i s o f s tio ns and to attai n at th sam ti m th m n at s t u n i f o ity i n th thi k s s o f th s tio n s g Th m h an i s m is v y si mpl Th f a m (Fig B) o ntai ns a ho izo n tal s Th car w b n ath th s li d i n g a i ag (C ) r ia e a s h n f s f i t e k i Thi a i a i ov d o d by K s m w a g g ( ) t u ni ng of s w T wo a ms o f th f am s uppo t th a x i s (j) o f th volvi n g w h el (E ) to whi h th i mb d d d obj t is atta h d Th kn i f (K ) is l amp d in an up i g ht po sitio n o n t he a ms i s i ng f o m th slidi ng a i ag s o th at t he d g o f th k n i f is in th sam ho izo ntal pl an with th nt o f th axi s m s i s Th s a s t h lid i a i a ov d by th s s th u e n w o j) g g k ni f is mov d to o f o m th volvi ng obj t Th a ia g s li d s by m ans o f s d t a k s o f th n n i s oov ai s o f a d a m g n o t di tly o nn t d with th s w b ut is S i mply p ush d by Thi s a a ng m nt mak s it i mpo ssibl that any sli g ht n ut (N ) nt i ity o f the S w sho ul d aus a jolti n g o f th a i ag Th h ad o f th s w is a solid wh l (M ) at th end o f th T he s f am and has 2 50 at h et t t h o n its i umf n w Th k ni f th fo has t w nty th ads to th i n h ( is mov d an i n h by t w nty vol utio ns o f th s w ; an d as th r are 2 50 t th to the vol utio n a h tooth p s nt s
e e e cc e e e er ec c r e er c r r e er e c e e e e e r e re r er e ec e e e e re e r e c e e ec e ec er e e r e c r cre e e e c rr e e c rr e e c rr e e r r r cre r e r e r e e re e c e e e ec ce e e c e r r r r e c rr e e e e e e e r e e ce er e c rr e e e cre e e e r r e re ec e c rr e e e r e r e rc er e rec c ec e e cre e rr e e e e ecce r c cre c e e c rr e e e e cre ee e e r e r c ee c rc ere ce cre e re e c e e ere re e c e re e cre ee ee re ec re re e .
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W H I T M A N Mus ,
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r c e e c c e rece ce r e r e r er e e e e er ere c e ce e er re e r re r e er c e e ce e e re r ec c c e c rece e c r er e e er e r re e e c e c e ce e r r e er e er r c e c e r ce c r ce er r e reece e er e e er e r c r c — Th e h mi ce re ferre d to by M A ld r i c h i A c r io per titio p 7 th e p re e t vol me a re pp re tly th e h re co c r i hi c h per titio th e a me c h r ct er ere fo rmerly c o mmo E l d Re ere ce to th e be lie f th t th e e i m l o l c e i j ry to th e oot m o r be B iti h Q ad over hi c h th ey p e d m b e o d i Be ll t ral H i to ry f S e lbo r e h ere m W hit e l o b e fo d o me c rio re me i e f th e la me e re lti g — A th e rece t mee ti oc iatio f f th e Briti h h A v ce me t f S c i e ce ha m th e follo i pp rop ria Bi r mi tio f biol i c l re e rc ere m e ymphat c y te m pl e zo lo i cal t tio £ Ply mo th biolo i cal £ 5 tio £ 5 Gr to biolo g i c al tatio £7 5 Z o olo i c l R ec o rd m o r a f h i a flo r d f a f th e er oo fl C C £ f bi r r iti h m r i e re a B Th e £ 7 5 M i g atio 5 3 5 5 mber tte di th e mee ti bo t 5 mo r d e li c io bit f ill have to go f to fi O e e tha co tai e the follo i title f a rti cle hi c pp e r f th e c i e ti fic j o r l T i e tifi catio f Br i i h i c h th e it f me re f th e M o d b ild er f th e Ohio v ll ey Th e p bli c tio c o mmittee m t h ve bee ppi g h e thi a rti c l e a cce pte d — D r B r f th e Yal e C olle e Pe body M e m rro ly e c pe erio i j ry rece tly by h explo io f eco mpo o t ri c h g Th e dde e p e f c o fi e k o c ke d h m e ele th e g rappe a c loth h eye happily e cape d i j ry Th t th e octo r h d to b mit to a i i fectio fter r ill rp ri e —Th e pec i e f t ee mo U b ro to a co ider h abl e l e g t h o th ho re f L ak e S p er io r S pec i me D I saa L ea th di sti ng ui sh d o n ho lo g i st of Philadel p hi a di d d ag e H e was bo n in Phila n tly at an adva n d lphi a an d d u i ng his li f was ngag d in b usi ness a li st is s i n was ho w v al way s g at as a book s ll H i s i nt d f o m b usi n ss a ly w ith a o mp t n and d vot and h eti H is sp ialty was o n holo g y ed hi ms l f to his favo it p u s u it nt and xti n t fo ms an d in thi s fi l d his p ubli atio ns o n both H e was fo r s v al y a s p si are n um o us and w ll k n o wn d nt o f th A a d my o f N at ural S i n s o f Phil ad lp hi a and was an ho n o a y m mb o f th n um o us ill ust io us so i eti s i n l ud ing th mo st i mpo tant s i nti fi bo di es o f E ng l and F an Ger ma ny Ital y S witz l and A ust i a B l g i um G I ndi a an d R ussia H e n t tai n d 200 m mb s o f th B iti sh A sso iatio n at his L o n g B a n h vill a in 1884 .
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e e c ec e r e er ere r ee e r e r c e ree c r e re e e r e e c r er re e er r c c r e re e e c r r e e re r er e r er e e e c c r e r e re ee e e e r e er c cr r r e e ce ccc r e e e r e r ece er ee ec e e e e ee e e e r e r rce e e e c e r ec e e re e e e er r ree e req re e re r e c ee e e r
add d to th oll tio n at th N o th w st n U n iversity fo u f t lo ng Th mo ss t rail s f o m t he li mbs Eva nsto n w I t is o f a bean a la th pa a s iti S pa n i s h mo ss o f the S o uth ti ful p a g n olo Th st a ms p n t ati ng th Go g bi I o n ran g e n a the so uth sho o f L ak S up io are so bl a k w ith d is o lo ration that fish can not liv in th m This is pa rti ula ly f o m th o t u o f th M o nt al iv th n o th n S tat li n b t w een Wis o nsi n and M i hi g a n P o f sso H n ry L Osbo n of L afay tt I n d i ana ha tak n th po sitio n o f dito o f th A m i a n M o n t hly M i o abs n o f M r H it h o k in Japan sco pical Jo u nal d u i n g th We look fo r an i mp ov m nt in th j o u nal — M r J A M cN iel of Bi ng ha mpto n N Y Off rs fo r sale y in o ne h al f bbl s v nty five pi es po tt ry s o f pott fo ty pi i mpl m nts in bbl Th s are far abo v e the av r and fifty sto n ag e ia styl an d d si abili ty — T h k k Nat u hi sto i s h n H ot mus um in V ie n na has b g un th p ubli atio n o f its annal s th fi st and s o n d n umb rs d o f V o l I havi ng app a A si ngl gill net I n use a mo n g th A po stl i sl an ds in Lake ui s an n ti day t o empty mil s lo ng and S up io is th and set it A po rt ait of H rma nn S hl g l o f L eid n may be fo und in t he A lt nb u g Mittheilung en fo r I 886 cently
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P R O C EEDI N GS OF
S C I ENTIFI C S OC I ETI E S
eld e er 9
T H E N A T I ONA L A C A D EM Y OF S C I ENC ES h o mm n i ng N ov mb ing at Bo sto n, Mass
er ere re d N ove mb r 9 h
ap p
w
s
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,
c
ec
its .
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ee
t mn m t T he fo llo wing
au u
a
e
t
T he solar L unar spectrum, by S P L angley ; A basis of chemistry, by T S terry H unt ; On lemuri ne reversion i n human dentitio n, by E D C ope : On th col umella auris o f the tailed Batrachia, by E D C ope ; C hang e in M ya s in ce the Plio cene, by Edw ard S Morse ; T he C ave Fauna o f N o rth A merica, w it h remarks r i on the anato m a n d o o f bl n d f r m s b a k a r i i d n c A o P S , y g y -
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e mber
N ov
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10th
Primiti veforms o f C e halopoda, by A lpheus H yatt ; A case o f evolution I n t he migra u s H yatt ; L ituites of the lim o f Phi llipsbur , C an ada n tion of forms, by h e o e s e s t p g by A lpheus H yatt ; A chart o f the stars in the group Pm epe, by C H F Peters ; A catal og ue of stars from S I tI onS i n various astro n omical peri o dicals, b y C H F Peters ; A catalog ue O bright li nes observed I n the atmosphere o f p L yme by O T S herman ; On the relative mo tions of the Pleiades gro up deduced from L I I e surements made with the K on igs berg and Y ale C ollege heli ometers, b W y ,
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R N ov
A
ember
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ntific S ocieties S cie
f
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I I th
valley, Ohio , con ducted b F W l c orations in the L ittle M iam a l e x i i g p y Putnam an d C L Metz , by F W Putn am; D raper memorial pho tog raphs , by ’ F C Pick ering ; S ome Observation s w ith Pritchard s w edge pho tometer, by C A Y oung ; T he questio n of barometer exposure, by C A bbe ; On the co nstructio n o f n ew tables of S aturn, by G W H i ll ; On the relation of the Green Mo untain ro cks to the T aconic, by R Pumpelly ; H ardness an d chemical indifferen ce in s o lids, b u n w i rrier in relati on to o n e o f the m n H t n d a s a s a t rr d T e ee ost O c S ; y y d ifl icult pro blems in geog raphical distribution, by A lfred R ussell Wallace
rcha olo
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ere e e ee e er e e e er r c
e ec e e e c e e er er re e e e c e e r e e c r c er c e c r c c er ece r re ee r e rc e e e e e c e er e r q e eee e e r e r e err e er re e e e err c ce e ec e r q e c c c r e e c e e r e e c e er re e e e ere r e e er re e e ece e e c c er r e er cr c r e r er ee e ee e ec re er e r c er e ce e e c e r ee er e er c r e r r e cr e e e e re r e er e r re ee e e er e e e e ec e r ere e er e e re ere r e rc e ee re r e r e c ece r c e e e e e e r e e r e er r e r e r e c e e e r r e e e e e ec ee e r e .
io ns w h ld in th I nstit ut Of T h nology On W d n sd ay v n i ng N ov mb t oth th a ad my was nt tained at th ho us o f G n al F a n i s W alk p s id nt of th i n stit ut — BI OL OGI C A L S OC I ET Y OF W A S H I NGT ON O t 30 1886 C om mun icatio ns : M r W m H S aman N ot s o n M arsilia quadnfolia ; D Th o Gill Th ha a t i sti s o f ta nio somo us fish s — N ov I 3 C o mmun i atio n s : D Filip T rybo m o f S to khol m R nt p o g ss in zo Olo gy in S w d n ; M r J W C hi k i n g Jr T av l s in A laska ; M r W m H D all H i sto i al not s o n th d a m e m n a r t t O f n M u s u th atio l N U S p N EW YOR K A C A D E MY OF S C I ENC ES O t I 8 I 886 —Th follo w ing pap was r ad : Ea th uak s : what is k n o wn and b li v d abo ut th m by g ologi sts by P of sso Joh n S N wb y — Oct 2 5 Th follo wi ng pap was a d : N ot s o n th g olo gy Of Blo k i sla n d an d N ant u k t by M r F J H M il l — N ov I Th s ubj t o f a th uak s and vol ani a tio n fo m d th bas i s o f a di s ussio n s uppl m nta y to th pap r o f O t I8 N o v 8— Th follow i ng pap was p s nt d : A li mit to the h i g ht o f atmo sph by D H n ry A M ott — o N v I 5 Th follo wi ng pap was p s nt d : R nt i nv sti i n s n t w a s t o o h m iti a tio p tho i a t ia ith ill u t a e o a n B n f g ( g g t io nS by th la nt n an d mi o s ope) by M r C E Pellew N o v 29 —P o f sso A lb t R L ds o f th S t v ns I n stit ut o fT h nolo gy ad his pap o n th p u i fi atio n o f w at s uppli s a nno un d fo r th 2 2d and unavoidably postpo n d — BOS T ON S OC I ET Y OF N A T U R A L H I S T OR Y O t 6 1886 A t th fi st m ti n g aft th su mm va atio n P o f sso W O C osby ” no wn as s n d s ib d th g olo gy o f th io k Pa adi a n g N wpo t R I It had p vio usly b n st udi d by s v al geolo s u s s o u i t th l t t b i D l Th hi poi t b o ht s a n M r a f t n g g g w s n w n t fi that th mi ddl idg s o f th io t ati d o g o ks as th y had usually b n g a d d but i nt usio n v i ns Thi s fa t n ssa ily ha ng d th v i ns o f th ax s o f th st ati fi d slat s fo mi n g th o ut id g s P o f sso Wm T S d gw i k xhibit d so m appa at us ec ntly d vi s d at th I n stit ut o f T h nology fo r l m nta y t achi ng T he
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H
oceeding s
e e r
“S ci enti c S q fi
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oc eties
D [
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e e ere r r er r e e c e e e r r e ec e r e ec c r r e ec r e e ce r e r c c r e c ce e r e r c c r e e ce e r q e r r e ee e r er e ce r e r e re e c c c e e c e e e e c c er e cr e e ee e e er e cr e e c e er e e ee er e e e er r ere e re e e rece re e e r c r er e ce
ec
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S S6
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models to sh ow o m facts in h uma n physiolo gy Th r w th va io us p opo tio ns o f wat p ot i ds fats etc in t he h uman body and in th daily i n o m and o ut g o Th n in b o ttl s were s am s ho wn th relat I ve p opo tio ns o f th o nstit u n ts in milk b utt e m al t ;w hil e ha ts ill ust at d th o mpa ativ food val u o f t w nty five nts w o th of so m fo ty o mmo n food s t ufl s I n i dentally it was b o ug ht o ut th at th po rk an d beans l b at d was a nat u al di s h an d one fo r w hi h Bo sto n is so x ll d fo r n ut itio us ualiti s w hil Ol eo whi h o ul d ha dly b ma ga i n is a b n fit to all manki nd th fa m s x p t d T he at val u in o n v yi ng to appa at us w ill do ub t l ss p ov of g p up il s in o ur o mmo n s hool s a k no w l d g o f j ust thos e p ri n iples mo st val u in aft r l if o f th o f physiolo gy whi h will b — O t 20 Mr S H S udd d s i b d t he mod o f l i f o f a fo ssil b tl — M r Ja m s H E m to n d s ib d th anato mi al Nov 3 ha ng s und g o n by th milk w d b utt fly in its C h ysal is st ag ; and al so s pok o f th flyi ng S pi d s o n Bo sto n c o mmo n N ov I 7 D G o g L Goo dal vi w d nt i n v es tiga tio ns l ativ to th ab so ptio n o f olo i ng matt by l ivi n g vege tabl ll s ofs
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I NDEX T OVOL UME XX
.
A b ies amabilis , 64 3 g randi , 64 co nco lor 3 nobilis 6 , 44 subalpt na, 6 4 3 A bi et ina placenta of, r6 7 A bnalri dialect , 89 A cha n odon , 29 5 A chnan thes linearis , 2 80 A c horutes , 300 A cro n yc ta, darken ing of the hairs of before pu patiou, 8r3 m’ 6 5 I sa “can 7 as 880 9 n9 a a A gas siz , L o uis , l fe 0 r4 s A g elen a na via, developmen t of, 666 A g n atha, ro3 r A gricultural experiments, botanical value of, 65 . A ax butt erfly , mig rations of, 9 76 A lash ruins , 150 A las n ex orations , r5 r A laskaite A ldrich, C , a curious supers ti t ion , 7 44 instance of ind ividual van ation , 807 vision of bi rds, 6 70 A lligator darwini , 2 89 , 290, 292 . mississ ippiensis, 2 9 8 A llen, H armon , on the tarsus of bats, x7 5 on t he types o f tooth st ructure ln M ammalia, 295 ’ A lphabets , t he w orld s, 2 52 A lps , glaciers in , 881 A maranthus retrofl exus, 168 A merica, 6 3 I , 8 , 8 7 7 9 7 A moeba , reproductI on by spam in, 7 53 . A mblystoma punc tatum, I 9 , 20 A mer ican Orn ithologist U nI on , 209 hilosophi cal S ociety , 203 A mn ion , orig in of the, r 79 A nato y , myri a o d , 89 5 A nculosa dissi n i is , A ndes ite, definit ion 0 r60 A nimal torms , develo men t of, I 52 distr ibution of pelagic a A ni als , geo graphi n ne, 7 2 3 A nimal t ratts s A nthropolog lé i oc iety of ashi ngt on , r9 5 A nthro o metry , 905 A nt larc a, so y ’ A nts nests and their inhabitants , 6 79 A ntwerp , zoolog ica l gardens of 900 A nurida mari t ima, development of, 299 A phodI us errat icus , 9 7 7 A piumgraveolens L 6o x palustre, 605 A ppalachian M ountai n C lub, 320 , 420 , 582 A ralo C asp ian basin , 876 A rcheg osaurus , 7 7 , A rcha eological frauds , 9 r0 A rcha ology, A merican , some points in , r9 2 A rchery vocabulary of, 6 3 A rm adI llo , embry ology o 66 7 A rrhina ro3 r “” “99 5 ropo s , org an 0 I sm ell I n , 88 9 9 73 A sh tree, rust o f 806 ; A quattc res piratI on in turt les , 2 3 3 A sa Gray vase, the, 6 3 A s idonecres spirifer, 2 3 p A n a, 62 630 . 79 7 798. 76 . 87 7 an the island s , 7 r4 A siat ic islands , 6 3 0 A stachus pach pus , r 7a y A ttacus cecro I II , 9 2 A tkinson , G a new trap-door spider, 58 4 .
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Afi 3
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A t us picons, 2 87 A uc enia, A urelia aurita, un usual abundance oi , 8r6 A us tralia, 6 dilina 2 87 A ustralian , A ps , lacrat ion in, 96 8 medi ne men , r06 7 .
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Bacterium, new spec ia , 68 Ballostoma, I 7 I Ballou, W H the fl ood rock explos ion , : Baltimore oriof e, 2 8 Bat elres , 7 50 Batrachian intercentrum, 7 6 Bathyurus , : 56 Bathyopsis , 2 96 Bats , tarsus of, : 7 5 Baur , G the intercent rum of living R .
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74
7
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2
Bessey . C B .
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§
9
bro der elementary botan y 8 adven ti tious infl orescence 0 cuts g lo merata , 8 a pocket manual of o tan y , 6 46 books on fu l, 64 5 Bower an d ines ractical Bo t an y . u s ’ C oulter s R ocky M ountain 80 :
a
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8
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2 54 .
Goo
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45
V eg etable
W
P
hysiology ,
the n es t of the ash t ree, Biological S ociety of ashi ng ton . 20 , 9 Bioti te, 7 54
806
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5 80
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Birds , 66 x, 73 8 of nador of S n u islands, 8 killed by elec tric i male, caring for the r eggs .
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oi
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and young , 903
rat io ns oi ,
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vis ion of,
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223 if
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be distin .
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Bear, former southern limit of white, 6 5 5 Bee, memo in the humble, 669 ' 000 6 0 l rge 1'n s W OOd bori 0g . 7 54 Be ‘um zeolog ical survey of, 5 7 Be ed king fisher, 2 8 internal s ne formation in dis Benn ett , A
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d
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7
S phenodon , 9 9 notes on bir migrations
var eties o f apples their fl owers ? : 62
m
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:
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tac zanowslt i x7 9 C a logen ees chan e of, 7 5 3 C olor in C omandra pallida, C ommerce, ancien t , 908 x C o moro islands , tive stu es upon the glaci at ion of N orth C om erica Great Britain an d i n land , 9 s C omstock , f B , a remarkable exti nct eyser bas in i n S W C o lo rado , 96 3 local drift of R ock y mountains
genus
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C ho rdata,
: 02 7
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D ollo on ext in ct tort o ises , 9 6 7 embry ology o f armadi llos , 6 67 gian t A rmadillo tro m the M iocene of Ka ns as , 104 5 lemurine revers i on in human den ti tion , 94 x h logeny of the C amelidz 6 : c caser on C reodon ta and Phen a codua, 96 5 S chlosser on t he hylogeny o l the ia, 7 19 ung ulate M am materi al con dit ions of memory , 83 the bat rac hian in tercen tru m, 76 the copperhead an d other snakes
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3 0 59 .
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9 69
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H i t tell s histo ry of, 87 t C alocampa cineri tia 168 alco tt , 800 C ambrian of N orth A merica, by C amelidz , phy logeny of, 6 m C amelus , C ampbell, J T , causes of forest rotat ion, 85 x C ampo dea , 300 C anada w es tern fossil flora of, 6 35 C anals in Pitoplatecarpus mars hi , 804 o urn ey , 3 5 3 C apeilo and l vens j C arapax , crus tacean , 9 78 C arci nus mmnas t s C aries in t ooth o f h astodon floridanus , 75 3 C arbo ni fero us ins ec ts , 68 C aria s dolichopsis , 4 9 C ary ‘ erma s no vranum, r04 5 C ast illeia afi nus, 768 C as to ro ides , 39 C at bi rd , 2 7 C atocala , peculiar subc utaneou org ans in the C aterp illar of, C ec idomyia poae, 206 C emen t 75 x C ephalasp ididz 00 3 : C ephalic app endag es o f M ollusca, 29 7 C et o n ia hirt ipes , 6 8x C hari na, 29 3 C hely dos aurus , 76 C henopodiumalbum, 768 fremonti , 7 6 8 '
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C opp er river, : 5 2 C o n ! deep aea , 98 C ordillera, ex plorati ons in t he S outhern , 968 C oro n ium, rubies and spin el , man ufacture 99 C os c inodiscus punctulatus , 280 C ow bird , 2 8 C ran ia oi N eg ro es, C rater lake, 60 C rawfordsvi e S cient ific S oci et y , 3 00 C reodon ta, 96 5 C retaceous , n t e English, 266 C ricotus , 76 , 7 7 C rino ids , discover of stems of, 885 C rocodiles, fossil, 'ist ory of, 884 C rocodilus americanus , 29 : ebert si, 290 , 29 2 C row blackbird , 2 8 C ro ws , roost ing , 7 77 .
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D ali on masks , D andelion, 5 D as lep tus lucasii 68 e raz a o n the 0 3 0, 2 63 eyes 0 a yssal , ecapo: ‘y lbatross , dredged b t he D elaware , shoahn g 0 7 54 D evitrificatio n of g lass , 2 76 D iatoms , 7 54
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Echidna hyst ri x , 1 79 , Echinoderms , heart of, 82 3 Echia phag a ambulans , 7 3 : E c itons , 1 the relat io ns of t he p ectoral Ed wards , muscles of birds t o the power of flight , 2 5 Elephant , remains o f, 83 5 Elephas i ndicus, 44 melitens is , 60 pri mig emus , 4 9 , 83 5 Embry ograp h , : 0 7 3 E mbryology of L imulus , 29 8 E ntero nens ta , unseg mented condit ion of, 823 Epit e ium, hair like processes on g landular, t5 Eq uilien , J urassic beds of, 885 E uus fratern us , 4 9 Eri ia spi rifro ns , : 72 Esc atius , Esk imo , p arts of harpoons oi , 828 of oi n t Barro w 199 . 59 3 Etched fig ures in minerals , : 5 8 E thnology , annual report : 881 2 , 309 Eublepit an s variegatus , habits of, 7 3 5 Eucalypt us marg i nata, : 36 ros t rata , : 3 6 Euro pe, 6 r, 881 Fury pteri 39 art on W , the y ellow - billed m Eve tann , B agpie ‘ 7 Eye, arthropod 86 2 compound, the fun ct io n o f, 20 3
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Earthwo rm , 9 83 E burin q uadrigeminata,
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Galleri a mellonella 169 Gambet ta s brain , 608 ' Games, I ndian children s , 08 9 Ganong , P , L ittorina li torea, 9 3 1 Gardn er i S , the En lish C retaceous , 266 Garnet, u terati on of 1 1 Gas tman , E A , bird: killed by elec tric lig ht
.
o ri g i n of,
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co lt- shelled turt les, 2 3 3
N ew Zealand, results N ort h A merica, 869
Earth uak es , 9 49 3
Gabbro W ilds chinau , Gag e, S H and S P .
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gen era of. 7 54 D iclonius mirabilis , : 5 3 r5 D iego Garcia, co ral ato ll o 799 D ie ycty lus miniatus, 2 3 viridesc ens ,
Foers te, A F fertilizat ion of T eucrium cana deme, 66 Folk-lo re t Forbes , S L eptodora in A merica , 1057 Fores t ro tatio n causes o f 8 orm tio n of s arc i n aves , 16 5 a van ca orm tca pens Fossil fl ora 0 N Canada, 15 7 Fossils , L ower S ilurian , 803 T ert iary , variati on of in overlying beds , 37 Fourt eenth annual report of t he Geology and N atural H isto ry S urvey of i ndiana, 49 Fowl, do mes t icat ion of w ild , Fowls , gapes in 898 Fox 2 wl 28 l Fren colon ies , Fri tsch, A n ton , t e vert ebra of S phenodon , 73 6 Fundulus hetero clitus , developmen t of, 824 Fungi , books on , 64 5 stink-horn, 8 04
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2
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Geologtsts , t t n ternatio nai C ong ress of 59 Gephyrea, met hod of killing , 3 15 German an nexations , 26 3 Ge e: basin , extinct , i n C olorado , 9 6 Gil rt s topog raphic features of lake ores , 6 26 Ging ko, 88 G i llman , H enry , skull of adult with fro ntal .
.
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8 Glaciers oi l nited S tates , 2 G land, sense org an in t he p i neal , 7 36 Glandular and vaso motor fi bers of t he chorda t mp n i , 82 Go e c iro n ran e, 99 8 g Go dfi nch A meri can , 23 Go mphot herium, sternberg u , 6 1 9 Goose, tame, 29 w ild, 2 3 , 2 9 Gordius verrucosus , 178 Gran ite, variolitic , 2 75 Granop hy re, 160 Grapto li tes , 39 or anisation of, 156 Gratacap, L fish remains and tracks in T ri ass ic roc ks at eehawken , N sut ure, 7
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Faun a, T rans C aspian , 9 81 Fi eld sparrow , 2 3 Fij i, nanga custo mo f 909 Fish , mortality o r at Lake M ille L ac , Minn ova , 85 rem a us at eehawken N J , 3 4 3 b oo ks , C alifo rn ian and i’olynes ian , 83 3 Fishhawk , the tort ure of 2 2 3 Fishes , fres h w at er o f I talian expedition , 822 swi m bladder o f, 6 5 4 Fison , L ori mer, t he Fij i an nang a custom, 909 Fissures , human cerebral, 90 r Flig ht . organ s of, Flora, iossi l, of the L aramie series oi es te C anada, 6 5 ’ of M art ha s iney ard and Nantucket , 7 5 2 Flori da, H eilpri n s collecting tour in, Flood R ock explosion , 92 -
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Great Britain , C arbo ni ferous fo rmation of, 885 Grenacher s met hods of preparing the art hropo d .
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B usted, B D 644 L
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L ohslia,
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L aboratory appliances , some, 9 10 L actuca angust iana, 2 3 1 .
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.
H aplodus bay i, 1046 H arringtonite, 2 7 7 H art man s anthro poid apes 2 5 3 ’ H en drick s, J B , note o n the problemof soari ng birds , 4 mbeke on , 819 H eredi B , t he ermian tn N ebraska, 881 H icks H imah n peaks , heig ht of, 149 H inds, lara, B , chi ld growt h, 74 5 H oltier, J B some moot points in A mer o‘017 . 19 2 H olmu on prehistoric textile fabrics, 3 11 H olomeniscus, H omarus americanus , H M ilne Edwards , H omoto ma, 2 83 H ornaday s I wo ears in the iungle, 42 H ornblende 01110rphs , 16 1 H owell inves tigat ions .
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H orizon , og ical , 7 5 3 H udson s y , 15 2 H y bridism, 752 H y drophobia, 3 H ymenoptera, e sexes in , 7 2 H yperoarti 103 1 H yperotreti, 103 1 H ypers thene andesi te 16 1 H yracotheriumcuspidatum, ven ticolum, .
.
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L eeches , 895 L ena, explorat ion on , 79 7 I ontodon palus tre, 6 pt docyrt ts , L epidoptera in A meri ca. 896 method of bleaching w ings of, 204 mo hology of, 1 I c pidos tern or ys teg um, L epto dora hy na, 10 5 7 L ett uce, a s tudy o f, 2 30 L eucarct ia acre s scen t organs o f, L ewis , B C arvi ll, glaci ati on of orth A mel i a Great Bri tain an d I relan d, 9 19 L ichanura, 29 3 L ight , penetration of, into deep -sea water , 7 5 1 L imnohyus, 296 L imulus tn the acific , 654 L i nnm ao S ociety , 20 9 U tterina li t orea, is i t int roduced or 9 pal iata, 9 2 L obelia, stran e po en tubes oi , 644 g L obster, A men mn meta mo rphosis of, molt ing oi 17 3 nervous physiolog y of, 8 96 L ocking ton , N , notes on the zoological gar dens at A ntwerp and L o ndon , 900 L ocus t ho ney , seeds o f, 7 54 seven teen-year, 7 5 4 of, .
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I uanodon bernissartensis , 153 P onolite in inclusion , 16 1. I ndex . cephalic , 906 I ndia, forest area of, 52 trigonometrical survey of, 50 I ndiana A cademy of S ciences , 100, 3 18 I ndian children s games , 908
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h aul a e ol t n of, 7 g L angille s bo t irds an their L ea, I saac, necrology , 107 5 '
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forest survey , 15 1 local names , 87 I n dians, manufact ure of bows s3 2 I ngersoll, the scallop fishery 1 I njec tion mass to be used caid, 3 14 13 n atural, I nsccts , the ey e 0 7 1. 88, 90 is of color in , 814 eart of, 9 76 en t of the orders of, 8 new arrang em 08 I ntelligence oi an thropoid apes 306 of animals , Men au t s , 308 L ubbock on the, of t he dog , S ir J 18 8 01 i congres s 94 i nternational I solat ing the p c layers of the compound eye, .
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ourney i n , 878 Kalahari Farini aj Kalltowsky s Elemente der L ithologie, 2 78 Kam tis 150 p Kane a handbook of European butterflies, 1 58 Kashmir, 149 K assai 5 3 Kelyphite, 16 1 K ing bird 2 8 King , F ii chemical and mechanical erosion in ’
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Kings ley , J S , the art hropod eye, 862 Kola pen i nsula, 261 .
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N avajo names fo r plan ts , 76 7 e dei ties an d demons of the so m N avaj as , 8 4 1 .
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834 foss il of eri o n , 6 3 3 Man E H , the N icobarese, 7 50 Man ihot axiovih 6 7 Mark , E some laborato appliances , 9 10 Marshall on segmental ue o f brain nerves , 1066 Mason, 0 T , resemblances in arts wi del y sepa
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M e atherium 3 7 M ei oog the 266 M elanerpes ery throcephalus , 818 M elan esia languag es of 90 M emory the mat erial cond9 tions of, 8 M erriam C H a new sub species o the
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M esonyx 296 M eteor which fell near C laysville Pa 83 5 M ex ico , tossii man o i eti on , in , 63 3 M ice, 82 1 M i crochmta ra pi 9 83 M icrochemica reactio ns , 62 M icrolite 6 1 M icrosco py , 6 75 M icrOtome revolving auto matic 1071 M iller, G h , t he post mortem imbi bition
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52 Oolite, inferior, 80’4 Orange H ubbard s insects aflecting the, 7 30 Orchard oriole 28 " O is , an eversible g land i n the larva of, 814 On ces , defense of in sponges, 7 54 Orislt any sandsto ne 1000 Ori zaba, volcano o 122 Orn ithosaurs , 39 Owens C olleg e, studies fl-om the biological is ho ratories of, 874 Owl, screech, 2 7 Oxus , the, 26 5 Oyst er, g reen coloring of the, 29 8 .
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M o ern unis 26 3 M ollusca 66 1 M olluslrs shell format ion in bivalve 732 M o llush vi tal ity in a marine, 9 85 M onachus 29 6 M onoclonius crassus, 15 3 M onorhina, 103 1 M ontpellier ie V ieux , 68 M orris , C has the re ation of min d an .
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Mosses, cheap han d hook of 64 7 02 Moun tain chains lifti ng of 8 M ount O mei 5 2 M onth gastrula 5 3 Mo zambi ue, exp orati ons in , 9 6 1 M ud hen o r coo t 2 7 M ud minnow development oi . 823 M ullus barbatus 9 8 M urdoch, J A , a 5 cv legendary fra -
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M ya arenari a 1 3 1 M y cologic flora of Missouri 16 7 M yct erops o rdinatus 102 8 M ylodon 3 7 anatom M y ria 5 M yria e a s tridu ng and sense organs .
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T oad fish development of, 7 7 T odd, J E boulder mosaics in D akota, 1 T o mocerus 3 00 ' T on e , I urki 79 8 mandibular, in M ysorex varius, 903 T oo of C raspedod on lonaeens is 8 04 ’ T orrey s bi rds in the bush, 14 5 T ort oi se 82 2 extinct , 96 7 T ranscaspian rai lway , 963 T ri e nia mirabilis , 300 T rilobites , 3 8, 39 T ri o za , 2 83 , 2 84 T ro tter, S , mammary gland of elephan t, 9 2 7 T unicata 103 1 T urtl e, ascension , 822 T urt le lo a lty of, 89 7 T wigs kill by telephone wire , 806
S phc ru laria bo mbi , 7 3 S phenodon, intercentrum of, 1 7 5 ribs of, 9 79 vert ebra of, 7 3 6 S phenosaurus , 76 , S ph ro phicus , vari 818 S p i er, new trap d oor, 5 84 S p iders , coxal glands i n , 7 5 o bservations on e em bryology of, 82 5 S ponge , classification of, S t earns , R E C , the T ere or shipworm, 13 1 S te ban ite, 60 S oc bridge, H E , pro tracted flig ht of a golden plover 89 8 S t one Baargefeld, 2 6 1 plummets , 8 162 S t ori es , precious , o the U S A S terilit y of seeds of hard maple, 9 7 7 S trata, co mparison oi , 7 5 3 S tromeyerite fro m Zacatecas, 1000 S tudy of plants in winter, 6 5 rdeo lett uce, 2 30 S turt evan t , E L , a st udy o f a study of e dan delion , 5 history of celery , 599 S ummer warbler , 2 8 S uperior, L ake, output of iron o re mine of, 999 S upers ti tion a c urious, 744 S urvey , U geo logical, 709
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I ndia, stone i f emen ts of, 908 p heat , the dr ing 64 ’ hitman , C os mic acid and M erkel s fl ui d for developing nascent histo logical dis ti nc t ions , a00 W hitmee on olynesi a, 86 Wiss man s expedition , 2 6a m“on ( occ dz , 287 pecker, g o l en wing ed a8 red hea ded , 2 8 ood s nature teaching s , 4 6 orld , governm en t lan d and m arine surveys of, gS S Worrns , 7 38 ren house, 2 7 est
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hysiology , Goodale, 4 5
75 3
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X enylla, 300 X in g u, t he, 960 .
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n i, 1 Zag lossa bruij Zo no tri chia , elbico l 818 ’ Zoo logy , Packards s fi rs t lesso ns in, 873
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t h e N at ur alis t fo r 1886 w ere iss u ed
at es : J an u ar y , D 00 29
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25 t h ; A p ri l , M ai
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t h e fol
1885 ; Feb r u ary , J an 2 8, 1886 ; .
2ad ; M ay , A p ri l 24 t h ; J un o ,
J un o l et ; J ul y , 9 ; A u g u s t , 9 ; S ep temb er , 9 ; Oc t b er ,
N ov emb er , N ov 2 3 d ; D ec emb er , D ec 29 th .
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18t h ;
TI ze A men kaa N aturalist
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T HE T
W E NT Y
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FI R S T
Y EA R !
mer ican
is t
atur a
°
A Popular I llustrated Msg azlne of Natural History and T ravel
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A NNOUNCEMENT FOR 1887
VO L UME XXI
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o urn al of popular N atural S cience is published by Messrs M C C A L L A 8 T his j : S T A V EL Y , Phila i phis , Pa , under the editorial management o f D r A S PA C KA R D and Prof E D C o p e, with T he typo g raphical dress an d illustrat io ns, which have e assistan ce o f emin ent men o f science ret o fo re g i ven character to this magaz ine will be sustain ed, and it w ill be of a tho ro ug hly p0 p ar n ature, so as to interes t the general reader as well as the yo ung n aturalist I t w ill contin ue be a j ournal o f sci ence educati on and for the use o f science teachers T he later volumes were double the size of the earlier volumes ; an d for variety, interest an d ed that the N A T OR A L I S T i: w it/t out a r ival :shn ess o f scientific news, i t is claim Each number o f the N A T U R A L I S T contains carefully written o riginal art icles on vari ous scien u ents R ecent L iter atu re, Geog r aplxy an d T r ot/ eh , c subj ects and, in addition , twelve departm r t/op t, M in er alo r h n a a out e a n d P a a B o t a n a e olo d P h n t o m o o 0 E l 5 1 01 0 r 2 E 6 , , , , g ] gy p y y 0 gy y g k a n t h r d / a l A l o a n M i c r h e o o a b P r o o r r e f a r T d e e n t t sh P o B u i s e di t e d , , , a gy y p gy p w y Pro f C E Bassnv, that o f M icroscopy by Prof C O W al n u ts, that o f Mineralogy an d trog raphy by D r W S BA Y L EY , that of Embryology by Pro f JOH N A R Y D ER , that of A n g Maso n and Geogre by an d T ravels by W N L ocx c ron I nver t o po lo gy by Prof OT I S T K l nGS L EY , S c D , and cientiflc N ews by W H osnA BA L L OU >rata is edi ted by J S T he attention of publishers an d teachers is called to the critical notices of standard scienti fic o ks , to w hich especial attention has been given the past year, and will be i v n n t e d u r i h e g g mi ng year our leadi ng n aturali tt: have appeared in the Ori i ri al articles or notices by over one firml r ed lumes for 1881, 1882 , 1883 , 1884 , 1885 and 188 among which occur the follo wing names .
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D W P ren ti s s, M r R ichard R athbun, D r C harles R au, P ro f I C R u s s ell , P ro f C V R il ey , P rof J A R y der, D r R W S h ufeld t, D r T H S t reet s , M r H erbert H S mith, Pro f S 1 S mit h , Prof V M S paldi n g , M r Frederick W T rue i F W h t a ves, e J Pro f F H S n o w , D r R E C S tearn s, Pro f C yrus T h o mas, Pro f J E T o dd, M rs M ary T reat, Pro f W illiam T releas e, M r L eater F W ard, D r R H W ard, Pro f M E W ad swo rth, P ro f C A W hite, Prof R R ams ay W ri g ht D r A lfred C S t o kes, Pro f H F Osbo rn , P ro f E L M ark, M r Edw ard B Bangor,
P ro f G B ro wn G oo de, M r E dward L ee Green e, A u R G rebe. Pro F V H ay den, Pro f T B urrill, R ev E H ill, Pro f D H C ampbell , Pro f E W C layp o le, M r W illiam H H olmes, Pro f T S t erry H un t , Pro f A H yat t , E rnes t I n g erso ll , M r jo seph F James, Pro f: D 8 Jo rdan, Pro f H F K in g , D r J S K in g s ley , Prof S amuel L o ckwo o d, Prof L eo L es qu ereux, Pro f G M ac lo akie, M r J H M ellichamp, D r C H art M erriam, D r J C M errill, M r C harles M o rris,
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P ersifor Fras er , r J W F aw k es , at J S t arki e G ardn er, o f A rch ibal d G eikie, Gilb ert , r C harles H r H en ry Gill man, C arl F Gh aler, .
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N 1887 T H E L I V I N G A G E enters upo n i ts has met w ith t he co ns tan t co mmendatio n o f t h e lead i ng a 81 o urnals o f the countr , and wi t h un interru ted s um j y p A W E E K L Y M A G A Z I N E , it g ives di ty t wo n umbers of sixty Jew pag es each , or more t han T h ree an d a Quar ter T h o u s an d dantly column octavo peg es of read ing m at ter yearly I t presents i n an h exp si ve form. cons idering its g reat am oun t of m atter . wi t h fres h“ w ig to its week ly I ssue, and with a completen ess n owhere else utt er-p et The best Essays. Reviews. Criticism s. S erial and S hort S teril e. S ketches of h e ld Discovery P S cientific. Biographical, Historical. and Political M l c fromiheen ni e ce o f d i r e P i a n F o e r i o u e a n d f romthe pun ! , g -
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T h e ab l est an d most c u l t i vated i n tel l ec ts, i n every d epar tmen t of U t eru s S cience. Polit ics , an d A rt , fi nd expressi on in the Periodical L iterature of E urope. mi especially o f G reat Britain T h e L i vi n g A g e, fo r mi n g fo ur l arg e vo l u mes a y ear , fur nishes fro the gr and g en erally i n accessi ble mass of th is literat ure. t he o n ly compilation th at . w hile M t he reach of all. is sat is facto ry in the C OM PL ET E N ES S wi th w hich i t e br ues whatev is of i mmediate i n terest . or of solid , perman ent value I t is t h er efo re i n d i s pen sab l e t o every o n e who wishes t o k eep pace with th self or his fam ily gene! even ts or in tellect ual progress of t he ti me, or to cul ti vate i n hi m i ntelligence and literary tas te
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all . fo und i n th e c urrent l lterat ure o the day T he read er ht o f th e ag e. o i s kept abreas t wi t h th e best tho ust c llt ical scien t ifi c. and lit erar . w h l 0 there is j o reso lid pa reed be w een t he t lon enoug h luters i nd . T o our ers to be rest fu and ent ertai ning o A G : has no eq ual . and we cannot see it : L t v " her i co uld be i pro ved - 0hri stsaa at ork. e” or O of t he cond uctors is to gi ve the best and T h e ai freshest t ho ug h t of t he t i e : and I n th is t hey are s ucceed ing new . as for so an ears. to the great sat is fac t io n and p rofi t of a u ti ud e o f at once ex " act i ng and sat isfi ed read ers - New Yort E vangel ist .
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