The Akkadian of Alalah

Citation preview

GEORGE GIACUMAKIS

IE

AKKADIAN eh ALALAH

JANUA

LINGUARUM

STUDIA NICOLAI

MEMORIAE

VAN

WIJK

THE AKKADIAN OF ALALAH

DEDICATA by

edenda curat

C.H. VAN

SCHOONEVELD

INDIANA

SERIES

UNIVERSITY

GEORGE CALIFORNIA

GIACUMAKIS,

STATE

COLLEGE

AT

PRACTICA 59

1970

1970

MOUTON THE

HAGUE

°

PARIS

MOUTON THE

HAGUE

° PARIS

Jr.

FULLERTON

© Copyright 1970 in The Netherlands. Mouton

& Co. N.V., Publishers, The Hague.

No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means,

LIBRARY

OF

without written permission from the publishers.

CONGRESS

CATALOG

CARD

NUMBER:

68-17879

Dedicated to my mother UNIVERSITATS-

Stavroula Giacumakis

BIBLIOTHEK

who urged me to gain an education which had not been her privilege

MARBURG/LAHN

Printed in The Netherlands by Mouton

& Co., Printers, The Hague.

PREFACE

An educated man can never consider himself to be selfmade since many play a part in shaping his thinking along the way. Through the years there have been a number of people responsible for my guidance and instruction in the field of Near Eastern studies. It would be difficult to name all those who have contributed in some way to make this work possible. However, I wish to express my gratitude to Mr. Melvin R. Dahl, formerly of Shelton College, who first introduced me to this discipline. His interest and encouragement was a guiding factor leading to this particular effort. The privilege of sitting under the instruction of Professor Cyrus H. Gordon, professor of Near Eastern studies at Brandeis University, cannot be overstated. The enthusiasm expressed through his scholarship and teaching has been a constant challenge to me. He opened before me broad avenues of learning which I never dreamed existed. My debt to Professor Dwight W. Young, my major advisor at Brandeis University, is very great. His interest in the learning of his students, his valuable time spent in their counseling, and his keen scholarship have been beneficial in giving a proper perspective to the whole area of study. He has shown great patience in advising me concerning this study. Words fail to express my appreciation to my wife, Joan, for her hard work and constant encouragement during the process of my studies. She has been willing to do

whatever possible in order to bring this work to fruition. A few others, who in one way or another have participated in this particular study, should be mentioned. The suggestions of Mr. Dennis Kinlaw, of Asbury Seminary, Wilmore, Kentucky, were incorporated in the original draft. Dr. Frederic W. Bush of Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California, granted certain insight into particular grammatical problems, in light of his work in Hurrian studies. Correspondence with Professor D. J. Wiseman, who did the original work on the Alalah Tablets, helped to get this project off the ground. I owe a great debt of gratitude for the patient analyzing and typing of my notes into a presentable dissertation, to Mrs. Kimie Yamauchi. An expression of thanks also goes to Miss Mary Staton for typing the revised manuscript for presentation to the publisher. The writer’s interest in the Alalah Tablets began during the first year of graduate school when a few of these tablets were the object of study and analysis in a particu-

a

8

PREFACE

lar class. This interest ultimately led to the present book which is a revision of the dissertation submitted to Brandeis University in April of 1963 in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The reader should take note of the fact that some of the references used in this book are in abbreviated form. For added information the reader may refer to the Abbreviations and Symbols at the beginning of the book or the Bibliography at the end.

California State College at Fullerton Fullerton, California May, 1966

TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

GEORGE GIACUMAKIS, JR.

PREFACE ..

0...

cee

ee ce te ce ce ce ce ce ee

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

.

.

2...

1

se cae ee ce oe ve 0

ee

ee

welt

arkT

BES

ee

15

1, INTRODUCTION. . 2. 2. 2. Ld . Excavation Of Site ccc ce oe ca ce be ck v8 oe ob oe cd nw ve ve ee YOOMOMONS 1.2 . Excavation Periods... ... .. ..29ms¥ lsnoanel to xgnlenodS of. 47. 1.3 . Levels of Excavation ................... .i Had@ hee atode. 56 1.4 . Statue of Idrimi Publication .. .. .. .. .. .. .» pad? bos otode. £6.

1.5-1.10 Contents of Statue of Idrimi Inscription 1.11 1.12. 1.13. 1.14. 1.15

. 2... 2 2.

Alalah Tablets Publication. .. 2... en Land and City Exchanges... . «© 8 6 6. es MOHORTAGD. af. Return, Loans,. Sales Contracts..ziawoV. [email protected] anigqaitl akl. 0.6 Marriage Agcotintssdiqsn A bos wealaoiaV. .boaic jo.nelalae). 2&6, Scholarly Comment on Inscriptions. ..... 2.0.0...

1.16. Purpose.of This Study

..

...

4...

20.04

.-7uI2 Ipnali

18 19 19 19 20 20

OLE.

20 21 21

.

1.19. Transliteration.of Signs...

ein of

ELE.

21

1.20 The Asterisk Before Tablet Numbers . 2... 2 oe 1.21, Tablet No. *256 and Tablet No. *273.. ..a do. moitslumniezA ond .2 1.8. 1.22. Tablet No. *237 .. 0... 6. ee ce ee ee ve MOOGTONS, jawlids2 D416,

21 21 22

2. ORTHOGRAPHY. « vo ve ce oe se ea nk ee oe we we MIQMIONS 2.1-2.2, Differences of Scripts ..cquono19 inabasqabn! ovitsnimol) .V 2-14

23 23

2.3 . The Difficulty of the Script

.. .... ..

17 17 17 17 18

J\ o1.Mivia sgnedO abt 1b. . 2... el,

1.17. Layout of This: Book... .......... .. .. 1.18 Comparative Material to This Book.

wosla ogmedD

add

7

oT

.znuveanesd insbnsqabslewieG Q1b-2.4

ValuecoftheiPl Language, 14 (1938), pp. 134-143. Also . . } +99 1 iladelphi A : f t li i j Dialect of adian ¢; adeiphia, University of F enna., unpuolishe

Ph.D. dissertation, No. 23, 1937).

PHONOLOGY

29

3.6 Contraction seems somewhat rare in the Alalah texts. The two best examples are found in the statue of Idrimi which also includes uncontracted forms. The contracted forms are i-mu-ru-un-ni-ma (SI:24), ‘they saw me’, and is-mu-un-ni-ma (SI:35), ‘they heard me’. The same a-u sequence did not contract in il-/u-an-ni-ma

3. PHONOLOGY

(SI:59), ‘they came up to me’.

Aro® has rightly pointed out that in the i-a sequence

practically no contraction has taken place: bit e-li-a-am (*7:28), ‘upper house’; bit §a-ap-li-a-am (*7:30), ‘lower house’; Sa-ni-a-am-ma (18:12), ‘furthermore’. 3.7, As is common in Akkadian, there is a tendency to lose short vowels between single consonants. A comparison of i-na bu-lu-ut (*8:19) and i-na bu-ul-ti-Su-ma

(*6:3), ‘in his lifetime’, show this feature. In another example da-mi-ig (SI:49) is used

3.2

dialect little attention in this book is linguistic phenomena in names do not the people. A few names are included on a particular feature is shed.

The variation between short a and short iin pronominal suffixes and in verbal

preformatives is probably due to Canaanite or West Semitic influence .! On the one hand there occurs mdri-sa (*55:5), ‘her son’, while on the other mdaré"**si-ma (91: 15), ‘her sons’.? In verbal preformatives both ta-sa-bat (2:21), ‘you shall seize’, and Ja-a tig-na-an-di-in (115:13), ‘you shall not give’, take place.® 3.3 The substantive kissénu shows a definite confusion between the short a vowel and the short e vowel: ki-sa-nu (*42:2), ki-iS-Sa-nu (*237:1), ke-es-Senu (*240:18; *244:2; *280:6). All of the forms come from the same period. 3.4 In some words there seems to be a confusion between short ¢ and short i.4 Examples of this are seen in the month name Ekkena. In one place it is written

TVE-ki-na (*239:17), and in another '™E-ek-e-na (*241:11).

Likewise i-nu-ma (*1:1;

3:2) also appears as e-nu-ma (106:9). However, in other words the scribes are very careful to distinguish between short e and i. The substantive eperu, ‘territory’ is never written with an initial i but always with an e: e-pi-ri (*55:6; *455:18; *456:11). The

same consistency can be seen in the initial i of i§-tu or it-ti.

3.5 The writing of long vowels is irregular. Evidently the pattern that was used was left up to the discretion of a scribe or schools of scribes. The following are examples of the irregular writing of long vowels: The adjective ayimmé ‘any’ is written as a-i-im-me-e (2:26), and as a-i-im-me (3:36). The substantive dinu ‘case, judgment’ is written as di-i-nim (*95:Rev.2), and as di-nim (13:8). In other contexts there are

inscribed both *"?-™iking-g-ti (*274:7) Ann also occurs in verbs. 12313). 1

For

a discussion

of this feature,

and *tlé.meifj nati (*273:3).

cf. Tsevat,

HUCA,

29 (1958),

pp.

129-130.

For examples

Amarna, cf. Bohl, Die Sprache der Amarnabriefe (Leipzig, Druck von August Preis

* ’ *

The irre-

An example of this is i-ta-a-ar-ma (*7:33) and ni-ta-ar

Further examples are given in § 4.16. Further examples are given in § 8.15, Moscati identifies this phenomena as Amorite, cf. CGSL, p. 48, § 8.73.

1909), ,

at

p. 51ff. ca

in the singular, whereas dd-am-qu (361:6) is used in the plural. 3.8 Wiseman’ has pointed out that there is confusion in all categories of voiceless, voiced, and emphatic stops. Examples of this feature can be seen in chapter IT which

deals with the orthography of the language. 3.9 When nasalization takes place it is usually before a dental or a velar. The plural of aptu ‘window’ is ap-ta-am-t(i)-su-nu (*60:1). Here one sees the long 4 of the

plural ending nasalized.® The substantive ikkaru ‘farmer’ is nasalized in its appearance at Alalah: in-kdr (*261:21). Concerning the verb naddnu ‘to give’, nasalization takes place only in the verb forms from MB tablets. The nasalization occurs only in the present forms of naddnu: i-na-an-di-nu (3:23), i-na-an-din (49:17), ta-na-an-di-in (115:12), ta-na-an-din (122:17), it-ta-na-an-di-in (100: 5, 9).

3.10 The glottal stop is expressed in a few words by the consonant 4. '”Ba-la-e (*258 : 34) is also written as '™’ Ba-la-i-ih (*98a:2). The verb nd’u is found in the statue of Idrimi as in-na-hu-u (SI:41, 48). The substantive pir’u ‘issue, offspring’, is written pi-ir-hi-Su (*1:15).8 Another way to indicate the glottal stop is by following a VC syllabic sign with a simple vowel sign: Je-eb-i (SI:29), ‘seven’. The glottal stop is also expressed by following a CV syllabic sign with a simple vowel. An example of this is ki-a-am (*455:17). Aro’s rule, “after u a glottal stop becomes w ... and after i it becomes y”,’ does not fit every particular case. Beside his examples, su-wa-ti (3:42) and ki-ia-am (*6:15), there occurs Su-a-ti (*8:18) and ki-a-am (*455:17). The very

interesting writing %¢-")q-’-pi-ru

(*58:29)

appears

in OB,

whereas

*”"ha-pi-ru

(164:4, 5) is found on the MB level. 3.11 The change of 5t> Jt almost never takes place at Alalah. The examples of St are many: is-te-en (*366:22), is-te-ni-if (*7:12), us-te-pi-su-u-Su-nu (SI:89), and

i§-ta-kdn-Su (48:14).

Exceptions are /u-ul-te-bi-ru-nim (109:11), ‘may they pass over

to me’, and il-ta-ar-qu-Si-(ma) (4:3), ‘he stole it (?)’.

Nn aa oO

3.1 In dealing with the phonology of the directed to the pattern of proper names. The always have a direct bearing on the speech of in the following discussion where definite light

10

J. Aro, “Remarks on the Language of the Alalakh Texts”, AfO, 17 (1954-56), p. 361. For Nuzu, ef. DNT, § 1.9. D. J. Wiseman, Zhe Alalakh Tablets, p. 19. Pointed out by Tsevat, op. cit., pp. 117-118. For a discussion of this feature at Boghaz-k6i, cf. LAB, p. 32.

J. Aro, op. cit., p. 361.

30

PHONOLOGY

3.12 ihe change of st> ss is espec ially seen in the perfect form of the verb sabdatu eee : is-sa-bat-ma (3:9, 14), is-sa-bat (3:16), is-sa-ab-tu (*7:13). : - rs teas fd mt > md because of the labia l is seen in the statue of Idrimi: ee -da-l :35), ‘he recei ceived’. ved’. Thisis isi problematici because of the confusioi n of the

4. PRONOUNS

; 3.14 When a third-person pron ominal suffix is attached to ar =p sibilant, the ¥ of the suffix often remains unchanged: ub-ba-at-&ya . he eee them’; ah-te-bat-su-nu-ti (SI:70), ‘I robbed them’: is-bat-Su : € seized him’3; a-wa-at-suSu (1( 16:13 +13), ), ‘his word’. : How ever, there are man ‘ 5 Where the dental or sibilant assim ilates to the § of the suffix, with the sons eque al chit ie

-SS-! idan

(*55:5) ‘their earth’; s-ub-bi-is-s

u-nu -1f-bu-us-su (*1:16), ‘may he crush him’; 37-bu-us-su (*7:17), -_ € substantive security » Ma-dz-za-az-za-nu-tim (*18:7), Ma-an-za-za-nu-tim

assimilates in the Nt form of the verb bast: it-tab-si (SI:4).

(110:7),

‘seize them’ ;

‘his wavaeset mazzazuniitu ‘pled (*21:6). The _ aise

:

4.1 Some of the independent pronouns do not occur within the Alalah texts. For this reason blanks will be left in the paradigm below for those pronouns not attested. The independent personal pronouns in the nominative case which are attested are as follows: 4.2 First common sg. a-na-ku (SI:1, 90; 2:73); a-na-ku-ma (SI:10, 25); a-na-ku-mi

(114:17). 4.3

Second masculine sg. at-ta (2:18; 4:4); at!-ta-ma' (110:9); um-ma at-ta-ma

(114:9). at Amararna, na,® Ugarit,"4 ; and Nuzu.'5:

F or examples of the

are written see chapter II, orthography. 16

sibi

nani

“—

4.4 Third masculine sg.2 um-ma Su-ti-ma (4:2; *6:15; *8:18); Su-d-ma (*9:2; 428:8); Su- (*6:22, 24; 110:6). The pronominal system of the people of Alalah also included some Middle Assyrian forms of the third masculine sg.: Su-ut-ma

(74:13); su-ut® (355:8). 4.5 Third feminine sg. um-ma Si-i-ma (*8:6; *11:5). 4.6 First common pl. ni-nu-um (122:6). 4.7 Third masculine pl.4 um-ma Su-nu-ma (*12:9; *455:16, 17); Su-nu-ma (67:10; 68:11; 70:13; 72:11); su-nu (15:14).

4.8 Alalah: ‘to me’. 4.9 4.10 4.11

1

a4

ee Poin e out by S. E. ted

.

Bohl, op. cit., p. 22, § 10.

Lo ewenstamm,

* “Notes on

the Alalakh Tablets”, IEJ, 6 (1956 ), p. 220.

G. Swaim, “A Grammer of the Akkadian Tablets Found at Ugari versity, unpublish . ‘i t” (Waltham, Brandeis Uni-

8 DNT. t124, ed Ph.D. dissertation, 1962), p. 9, § 1.6, § 1.17. 18

§ 2.27,

The dative case presents the following independent pronominal First common

forms

at

sg. a-na ia-si-im® (S1:39); a-na ia-Si (2:21); ia-si-im (*11:7),

Second masculine sg. a-na ka-si!® (2:24), ‘to you’. Third masculine sg. a-na Sa-a-Su (108:4), ‘to him’. Only one independent personal pronoun is attested in the genitive/accusative

This reading was pointed out by Tsevat,

HUCA, 29 (1958), p. 119.

2 There is no second feminine sg. nom. attested in the texts. 3 The form Sat also occurs at Ugarit; cf. Swaim, “A Grammar of the Akkadian Tablets Found at Ugarit” (Waltham, Brandeis University, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, 1962), p. 15, § 3.1. * No second masculine or feminine independent pl. pronouns are attested. In the third person pl., only the masculine is attested.

5

Note that the scribe does not distinguish between § and s.

§

Wiseman

(AT, p. 27), and Jussi Aro (“Remarks of the Language of the Alalakh Texts”, AfO,

17

[1954-56], p. 362) both read this pronoun as a-na ka-if. After careful observation this writer has decided that the scribal sign is closer to si! which would be another example where the scribe does not distinguish between § and s.

32

PRONOUNS

case.’

Sometimes the work of the independent prono un is expressed by pronouns

which are verbal suffixes. The one example is the third masculine pl.: su-nu-ti (SI: 60; 107:15), ‘they’. Thus the following parad igm of the independent personal r emerges: a Nominative Genitive] Accusative Dative

Sg.

Pl.

4.12

i

lc. 2m. af. 3m. 3h

andku atta — Sa, Sat Sf

lc. 2m. 2f. 3m. 3f.

ninu — — sunu

— —

yasi kési 481 — SaSu

_ — — — — — Suniiti —

few

pronominal suffixes with nouns and prepositio ns which will be listed

4.14 Third masculine Sg. i-na mi-im-me-s u (*63:11), ‘from his possessions’; ab-bu-ut-ta-8u (2:41), ‘his slave mark’; a-bu-su (16:3, 14), ‘his father’; i-na bu-ul7. su-ma (*6:3)

, ‘in his life’; a-na kallati-su (93:4), ‘for his bride’: einai

pies ‘his mother’; i-na mu-uh-hi-su (*120:14), ‘from him’, a 4.15 There are a number of places in the texts where the scribe confuses gender in ie tad person pronominal suffix: si-imsu (*66 :7), ‘her price’; arki-su (92:18), ‘after her’; mi-is-ta-an-na-Su (3:22), ‘her equiv alent payment’; mi-nu-um-me mi-im-Su (92 :8), ‘whatever of her possession’. This is not necessarily an error of ignorance, but instead, the scribe’s attitude towards gende r. This sporadic absence of gender a the scribe’s part is due to the strong Hittite and Hurrian influence.® ms Third feminine sg. mdri-sa (*52:5), ‘her son’: mu-ti-sa (*455 :5), ‘her hus7

+ For the Hittite evidence concerning the lack of aosdee of Benes at Alaa (Heidelberg, Carl Winter, Universitatsverlag , 1940), § 59. Speiser says,

i Shades

of gender cf. Friedrich, Hethitisches Elementarbuch, 1

gender h a nor any

analo platy gous class-distin istinct ctiions...” Me IH, p. 199, § 229.

“Hurrian recognizes neither

Thisi

same

phenomenon

band’. Frequently throughout the tablets -si appears in place of -Sa. This has usually been interpreted as a confusion with the third feminine sg. acc. suffix,*° but it need not be. There is a strong possibility that the “i” vowel was due to Canaanite influence." Examples of this are: ga-du-mdré"*-Si-ma (91:15), ‘with her sons’; a-ha-te-si Sa ummi-ia (SI: 5,6), ‘(her) sisters of my mother’ i.e. ‘relatives on my mother’s side’; mi-immu-Si (92:12), ‘her property’; bit a-bi-si (92:12, 24), ‘her father’s house’. 4.17 First common pl. bit a-bi-ni (*7:11), ‘our father’s house’; pa-nu-ti-ni (S1:52), ‘our ancestors’; a-bi-ni! (SI:89), ‘our father’; abiabi (A.A.)-ni-ma (S1:87), ‘our 4.18 Third masculine pl. a-hu-Su-nu ra-bu-u-(u)m (*456:59), ‘their eldest brother’; be-li-Su-nu (S1:25), be-el-su-nu (*1:1), ‘their lord’; bu-Se-su-nu (SI:73), ‘their possessions’; er-se-es-su-nu (*55:5), ‘their earth’; a-na bi-ri-Su-nu (S1:50), ‘to their midst’. 4.19 Third feminine pl. be-el-si-na (415:21), ‘their lord’. 4.20 The Sumerian third masculine sg. possessive suffix N/J= -Su is found writtena

— —_ — —

personal pr i the situation is filler do lala Ariba

33

grandfather’.¥

under the genitive case in the paradigm below are as follows: First common sg. a-bi (*11:9) ‘my father’ ; be-li (*8:22, 24), ‘my lord;’ a-bi-ia (SI:3), ‘my father’: a-hi-ia (12:12) my brother’; it-ti-ia-ma (SI: 8, 41), ‘with me’; a-bi-a (*11:7), ‘my father’. 413 Second masculine sg. a-na mi-im-mu-ka (109:4), ‘for your possessions’: ae (*126:27), ‘your enemy’; bit ki-lim-ka (2:24), ‘your prison’; tteakerucka Sat oy enemy’; du-Su-mu-ka (113:4 ), ‘your household slave’; it-ti-ka (*7:1D ),

€ genitivelaccusative of the independent co Bees aa At Boghaz-kot

PRONOUNS

takes

times:

DAM.A.NI

(*27:3),

‘his wife’;

S4*DAM.A.NI

(*378:6),

‘his wife’;

DAM.NI-Su (*28:18; *20:5), ‘his wife’; DUMU.A.NI-su (*35:4), ‘his son’. 4.21 The accusative and the dative case of the pronominal suffixes are those suffixes that are attached to verbal forms. There are no plural examples of the dative pronominal suffixes found within the texts. It should be kept in mind that the first person

singular suffix of both the accusative and the dative cases is always attached to the ventive forms of the verb.1? 4.22 The attested pronominal suffixes of the accusative case are: First common sg. i-mu-ru-un-ni-ma** (SI:24), ‘they saw me’; ma-ti-ia is-mu-un-ni-ma™ (S1:35), ‘my land heard concerning me’; 1i-na-kir-an-ni (S1:44), ‘he was hostile with me’; tu-ba sd ra-ni-mi (2:28), ‘you shall inform me’; i-ta-Su-us-ni (122:10), ‘he grieved me’; Su-zi-baan-ni (122:11), ‘save me’. 4.23 Third masculine sg. *Addu...li-ih-bu-us-su (*1:16), ‘may Addu crush him’; uk-ta-na-as-Si-id-u (92:7), ‘she continually harasses him’; #-Sa-al-la-am-Su (*21:12), ‘he shall repay it’; el-qi-su-mi (2:34), ‘I took it’. There are a few apocopated forms of

the suffix: a-ud-di-i§ (*95:15), ‘he appointed him’; u-man-ni¥ (SI:98), ‘he recited it’. 4.24 Third feminine sg. u-Se-zi-ib-si (*8:28), ‘he caused her to deposit’; i-Sa-ad-daad-§i (92:11), ‘he mistreats her’; i-z(i-i)r-3i (92:6), ‘he dislikes her’. 4.25 Third masculine pl. ub-ba-at-Su-nu-ti-ma (*28 : 8), ‘he enslaved them’ ; i-ba-duSu-nu-ti-ma (*12:8), ‘they lodged them’; ip-fu-ur-Su-nu-ti (*29:8), ‘he released them’ ; Si-ta-al-Su-nu-ti (4:5), ‘ask them’; Su-si-as-Su-nu-ti-mi (113:9), ‘bring them forth’. 10 il

Cf. Jussi Aro “Remarks...”, op. cit., p. 362. .si is found in Ugarit cf. Swaim op. cit., pp. 16-18, §§ 3.4 and 3.5. For a discussion of its occur-

rence at Amarna and in Phoenician with Canaanite influence cf. Tsevat, 12

No second masculine or feminine pl. pronominal

18

Cf. GaG, § 84d.

H UCA, 29 (1958), p. 129.

suffix in the genitive case is attested at Alalah.

14 Note the contraction which takes place between the verb and the suffix. 15 Both of these forms raise somewhat of a question. u-ud-di-i¥ could come from edésu instead of wadu and the writing of u-man-nis is questionable.

34

PRONOUNS

PRONOUNS

The Assyrian form of this suffix is quite frequent at Alalah:6 uS-te-pi-su-u-Su-nu (SI: 89), ‘they caused them to be done’; 5u-ti-iq-Su-nu (110:10) , ‘send them’: U-5(é)-ella-Su-nu (2:52), ‘he produces them’. Notealso the strange form il-qu-nim-su-nu (354: 7) ‘they received them’. i

Maid

Third feminine pl. NU.TUG

(la isu)-3i-na-ti (47:10), ‘it does not Possess

hem Note again the Assyrian forms: bal-ti i-ip-pa-al-si-na (47:16), ‘the surviving one shall pay them’ ;: i-ma-al-lu-i-i-na (47:13), :13), ‘the y shall pay them’;iLi/-ta-ar-qij-si1-Si (4:3), ‘they stole them’. “ CO LERED 4.27 The attested pronominal suffixes of the dative cases are: First common sg. dat.

la i-ba-gar-ru-n(im) (114:14), ‘they shall not lay a claim against me’; /u-ul-te-bi-ru-nim

tes id they send them to me’; ip-hu-ru-nim-m a (S1:26), ‘they assembled to me’; W-id-di-nam-ma (*8:25), ‘let him give to me’; w-ta-ar-ra-am-mi : ‘ returned (it) to myself’. , eae ENS 4.28 Second masculine sg. pa-aq-da-ak-kum (*8:8), ‘it was entrusted to you’; i-na-ad-di-na-ak-kum (*126:27), ‘he will give to you’; ur-tab-bi-a-ku (S1:26), ‘he increased for you’. ) 4.29 Second feminine sg. (i)d-di-na-ak-(k)i (*11:11), ‘he gave to you’.

; ae

Third masculine sg. Sa...id-di-nu-sum (*56:27), ‘he gave to him’; i-qa-ab-bu-

Sum ( 79:18; "456: 45), ‘he says to him’; i-sa-a-al-sum (*79:13), ‘he shall ask of him’. 4.31 Third feminine sg. id-di-in-3i-im-ma (*8:27), ‘he paid to her’. 4.32 Thus the following paradigm of the pronominal suffixes comes forth:

Genitive Sg.

Pl.

4.33 times which silver

le. 2m. i 3m. 3f.

-su -Sa, -Si

“ni — — -Su, -§ -Si

lc. 2m, 2. 3m. 3f.

-ni — — -sunu _-sina

— — — -Suniti, -Sunu -Sindati, -Sina

-i, -ya, -a -ka

4.35

The demonstrative pronoun anmi is found written twice on the Statue of

Idrimi: an-mu-u dldni *'-4 (SI:69), ‘these are the cities’; an-mu-t e-te-pu-us,-Su-nu (SI:90), ‘these things I did’.2° Note in the first occurrence it is used as an adjective and in the latter as a substantive. 4.36 The distant demonstrative ulli is used only once in the texts: ul-lu-u ah-te-batSu-nu-ti (SI: 69, 70), ‘those ones I robbed’. 4.37 The near demonstrative anni as well as the other demonstratives are frequently used without regard to case, gender, or number. Avnii in its different forms is used both as a substantive and as an adjective. As an adjective it occurs both before and after the substantive without any apparent reason. Examples of it used as a substantive: an-nu-tum e-te-ni-pu-(us) (4:8), ‘these things I continue to do’; /i-il-qi an-nitam (*7:23, 24), ‘let her take this one’; sa an-ni-im (415:21), ‘of these’. The following exemplify the adjectival usage: an-na kaspum (*366:12), ‘this silver’; an-na...“”" 'tup-Sar (SI:98), ‘this...scribe’ ; ri-ik-Sa-am an-ni-e-em (3 :4), ‘this contract’ ; i3-tu ami™ an-ni-iim (15:2; 17:15), ‘from this day’; as-Sum kaspim an-ni-im (*19:6), ‘concerning this silver’; ¢-pi-ri an-nu-ui (*58:15), ‘this field’; e-pi-ri an-ni-i (*58:21), ‘this field’; tup-pu an-nu-um (87:21), ‘this tablet’; an-nu-tum awilé™* (224:1), ‘these men’; is-tu imim™'™ an-ni-i-im (*455:37), ‘from this day’.

The causal interrogative pronoun mind occurs three times in the texts: a-na

the gods?’ a-na mi-nim (107:14), ‘why?’ a-na mi-nim iméré"* Sa awilé™*-ia is-bat-ti

-am, -nim -ku, -kum -ki -sum -Sim

(116:15, 16), ‘why did they seize the donkeys of my men?’ 4.39 The impersonal interrogative pronoun is not found in the Alalah texts. 4.40 The personal interrogative pronoun mannum is used by the scribe on the Statue of Idri-mi: ma-an-nu-um bit a-bi-Su lu-tt i-sag-kal (SI:10, 11), ‘who wants to

acquire the house of his father?’ ma-an-nu-um a-na maré"4 “ E-mar" lu-u illi (S1:11, 12),

— —_— — — —

nts

ti teint The suffix af bork-Sunu Ob for acdthe third masculine ine pl.pl acc. isi found only in level i TV (MB) tablets while i -Suniiti 16

‘that SA-object’.

mi-nim be-li ni-is ilani"® i-za-ak-kar (*8:22, 23), ‘why does my lord swear the oath of

Dative

Demonstrative pronouns. The different forms of demonstrative s@ are somedifficult to distinguish from the third person indepe ndent pronoun. The places are distinguishable are the following: kaspum Su-ti t-ul ti-sa-ab (#30: 7 Ne shall not add interest’. sum-ma kaspam §u-a-ti (*8:18), ‘if that silver’. is-t

ami™ su-wa-ti (3:42), ‘from that day’.

4.34 The distant demonstrative adjective Sdsu which appears many times at Ugarit,!” Nuzu,!® and Boghaz-k@i,"® occurs only once at Alalah: SA sa-a-su (*413:2),

4.38 Accusative

35 vay

‘who wants to go up (as a slave) to the sons of Emar?’ 4.4] The indefinite relative for persons is mannummd, manummé ‘whoever’ and mamman, and mamma?! ‘anyone’. With a negative these have the force of ‘none, no one’. ma-an-nu-um-ma ... ti-ul ih-Su-us (SI:8 9), ‘no one understands’ ; ma-an-nu-umme-e salam-ia an-ni-na-ti ix-za-ar-ri-qu (SI:92), ‘whoever steals this statue of mine’; ma-an-nu-um-me-e mu-un-na-ab-ta is-sa-bat (3:15, 16), ‘whoever seizes a fugitive’; ma-an-nu-e a-wa-ti Sa tup-pi (a)-an-ni-e-em i-ti-ig (3:44, 45), ‘whoever transgresses a Cf. Swaim, op. cit., p. 20, § 3.10. 18 Cf. DNT, p. 42, § 2.25. 19 «Cf. LAB, p. 209. 20

There is a question as to the derivation of anmii. von Soden (AH

p. 52)

suggests the relationship

of it to annummii which would then relate it back to anni. S. Smith, The Statue of Idri-mi p. 32, 97, relates anmii to ammit. Anmiiis also found a few times at Boghaz-k6i and Ugazit. 21 For the relationship of mamman/mamma to manum ‘who’ ef. GaG, § 48b.

36

PRONOUNS

word of this tablet’; sum -ma ma-am-ma-an i5-t u lib-bi mdti-ig (2:17), the midst of my land’; sum ‘if anyone from -ma ma-am-ma-an i-sabat-xy (2:23), ‘if anyone Sum-ma ur-ra i Sé-ra-am seizes him’; ma-am-ma (75:6, 7), ‘if at any time anyone...’; a-na da-ri-ia ix-ty qa-ti-Su ma-am-ma la i-li-gi (15:23, 24), ‘no one shall take (it) from sion forever’; ma-am-mahis possesan i§-tu qdti-su t-u] i-li -qi (88:7-9), ‘no one fro sion shall take (it)’. m her posses4.42 The indefinite rela tive for things is minumm é, mimmi, mimma anything’. The indefinit ‘whatever, e relative for things is at times better transl ‘all’. As it is the case ated in English as of the personal indefinit e relative, either form substantive: mi-nu-ummay be used as a me-(e) zitty zi-ta-u (16:7, 8), ‘whatever is inheritance’; mi-nu-umthe share of his me mi-im-xy (92:8), ‘whatever of her Pos mi-na-Su-ma (16 :7), ses sions’; ka,-la ‘all of his things’; i-na mi-im-me-sy (*63:11), Possessions’; mi-im-my ‘fr om his things/ Sigil Si-im-Sy (*98a:4), ‘whatever the amount a-na mi-im-mu-ka (109 of his Price’; : 4), ‘all that belongs to you’; mi-im-ma anthis’28 nj-i (363: 7), ‘all of 4.43 The indefinite pronomina l adjective ayimmé is used only three times IV (MB) tablets: j-ng a-i in level -im-me-e (mati) (2:2

6), ‘in whatever land’; ali (3:36), ‘in whatever/ i-na a-i-im-me any city’; i-na a-i-im-me -e umi™ (3:40), ‘in any 4.44 The reflexive day’.

Pronoun raménu is use d only once in the text case it is used adjectiva s and in this single lly: i-ng a-wa-at rama-ni-su-ma (*120:3), own will’, ‘according to his

with the force of an indefinite relative ; d) Sa is found in front of preceding noun, with a Clause, without a the meaning of ‘as for’ or ‘concerning’.24 Not e that the second 4.46 Examples of ja serving as a link betwee n a noun and depend the following: i-na "Sk ent genitive are akki 3a qa-ti-Su (*1:16 ), ‘by the weapon of his han “wi Sa-ra-qu Sa mati"'-ka d’; sum-ma (2:48), if a thief of you r land’; sum-mg mu-un"Id-ri-mi (3:30), ‘if na-ab-ta §a the fugitives of Idrimi ? 3 1 ma-na kaspim Sarrim (*24:1, 2), ‘On ga Am-mi-ta-kum-ma e mina of silver belong ing to Ammitakum, Sa kaspi”' (48:11), for the king’; a-na sibti the interest of the silver’, 4.47 Examples of sq serving as a link betwee n a noun and a clause upon it (the common that depends relative): i-na ba-3i-ty ga iS-t u ma-at Ha-at-tett u-S 80), ‘with personal pro e-r i-du (SI: 79, perty which I brough t down from the lan 22 For the relationship d of Matte’; a-na of mimmu/mimma

3

For the indefinite rela tive force

to minum ‘what’ cf. GaG , § 48e,

of sa cf. § 4.48, For a full treatm ent of sq cof. O. E. Ravn, “The So-called Accadian Particle 8a”, Relative Clauses in Nyt Nordisk Forlag, Accadian or the Arnold Busck (Copen of the above in JCS, hague, 1941), and 1 (1947), pp. 73-80, Goetze’s review

PRONOUNS

37

i- Su Sa ma -ar-a-ri awil Glim ul-du-ti-Su (*6:11-13), ‘to omar hs oh cies holiest Me ona the governor of the city, bore ars eh Oe Ps ae §q il-kam & di-ku-ut i-Su-th (*55:11, par feo the ed ae igati : rk exist’; 10 alpé® Sa i i. abd Terhtnlitn mu-up-bi Ia-ri-im-li-im 1 ated Oo 10 ifs which the king placed against : Dy. es

are

are found in front of a clause, WHEOUE

7 eee

fsa) ie showing the force indefinite personal EE Sa Fe ea hen ‘whoever breaks of thean contract’; Ja arra-am se-ra-am i alte C 8-11 12) ‘whoever breaks the contract in the fahine : fa rndes

ae.

raises a claim’; sum-ma

nae

i-na Gli-Su Sa it-ta-as-su-ui_ ib-ba-as-Si

fea ten sis of e which we ae ont of a clause, without a —— a ered force of ‘as, for’ or ‘concerning’: Sa 4 me eee : ie oe GA.HA (401:9, 10), ‘as for the bronze of the arrowheac S sage than . 50 Two distributives occur at Alalah. TA.AM af mE pad oe a

the -simi ilar

TA.E: IGI3 TA.AM wakil 10° (222x) ‘3 = ety spim 4 TA.AM a-na (*39:5, 6), ‘one half at 25°’; kaspum ne > oe olathe ther one half at 25%’; 4 me qa Sikaré" a-na Le 2 pe qa-mieusires of beer for three a piece’. TA.E ems ea

wee eae

Women

tables, bless era tna aren ee Gea “Twenty-one chairs, three An ae ressed in the tablets by kali. It is used both asa substantNe _ Sain, sabstantive: kag-la mi-im-ma-su (16:9), ‘all of ite asso 3 ee Bigg. 23)

call of it’. Adjective- ilani™** ka-li-Su-nu-ma (3:46),

‘all the g

Lee katana (100:8 split adjective), ‘every desire of the king’.

:

PREPOSITIONS

against Mr.

Abban

39

shall contest a claim’; $Ta-at-te-e-ia a-na Ia-ri-im-li-im awil

Yarimlim, A-la-la-ah" ir-gu-um (*11:2-5), ‘Miss Tatteya contested a claim against Mr. the ruler of Alalah’. g) ‘on account of”: a-na sumu® la ta-ad-du-uk-Su (2:16), ‘on account of his name

you shall not kill him’.

5. PREPOSITIONS

h) ana + inf.: ‘from that day the kum (*8:8), ‘which the journey of the

° - Many of the possible Akkadian prepositions are used by the Alalah scribes. The illerent types of prepositions which are employed are: a) true prepositi ons, i.e. tho that are always used as prepositions; b) prepositions that are derived from come

ohne

ee

made up of true prepositions together with those detived

non nouns.

ome would consider as a fourth class of prepositions those words derived PI us an adverbial ending.’ For the sake of reference the prepositions will be dealt with in alphabetical order instead of by classification. ; J. adi, ‘until, as long as’: a-di bal-{bal}-td-at (16:4), ‘as long as he lives’; mare sa andi alpé" i-ip-pd-al (*32:8-10), ‘sons, who until the cattle are paid for *; a-di

u-ul i-na-ad-di-in (*79:21), ‘as long as he does not pay’; a-di ™La-ab-bi -

(*56:28, 29), ‘as long as Mr. Labbina lives’.

b : a 5

a

henna attire i. a-na ‘ilies Mi-ki-iS-be™ (SI:32), ‘to the land of Muki8’; a-na

ea ae is Aalto !

is i ; a-na Sarri™ be-el-ia qi-bi-ma (107:1, 2), ‘to the king, my e-pi-ri Sa awil A-la-la-ah (*58:16), ‘to the territory of the ruler of

b) ‘for’; (duration): a-na Sanati Tkam-mes (SI: 25), ‘for seven years’

c) ‘for, as’; (purpose): a-na bit ekallim™™ a-na li-it-ti_ wa-si ib (*23:4 6), ‘he casa ue temple asa hostage’; kaspum a-na *'Ku-nu-wa a-na thnean ioren’

eee oy ihe silver to the wi of Konuwa for a pledge’; 33 1/3 sigli kaspim eli foe ie mae ett (*65:1-3), ‘33 1/3 shekels of silver was debited to Miss ,

d) ‘for’; (exchange): a-na Si-im ga-me-er i-Sa-am (*52:14, 15), ‘for the full price e purchased (it)’; a-na 4 me-tim kaspim...i-¥a-am (*60:5), ‘for 400 (shekels) of

silver...he purchased’; NEN

€)

i-na (@)mi™-su

... a-na pu-ha-at

aly rin dit a

ne

ml :5, 6), ‘at that time he gave Alalah for the exchange of Irridi’

i aa

‘over’: Se-eb-i §a-na-ti Addu a-na gaqqadi-ia it-tu-ru (SI:29, 30), ‘Addu aus d wie years to turn over my head’, i.e. ‘seven years passed by’; Sarakut* a-na™A-] i

apk GE 58), ‘I became king over the city of Alalah’.

van

against 7 CEE

ag-gu-mu(*7: 35-37),

———

a-na ‘Bi-it-ta-at-ti & 4 Bi-it-ta-at-ti a-na Ab-ba-an t-ul

‘Neither Mr. Abban

against Miss Bittatti, nor Miss Bittatti

1 Cf.A G. Ryckmans, Grammaire] Accadien i ne (Louvain, i Publications Universitaires, This classifi ; cation in this book isi treated ini chapter IX along wi ® For adi as a conjunction see chapter X. B Wilh the other adverbs,

i) ana with the verb wasdbu:* a§-ba-nu a-na 4lF_mar™ (SI:6), ‘we abode in the city

, “Mr. of Emar’; ™Na-as-wa a-na bit ™Am-mi-ta-kum Sarrim...wa-a-aS-bu (*22:4-7) a-kum Am-mi-t bit a-na king’; the um, Naxwa dwelled in the house of Mr. Ammitak Ammitaof house the in ¥arrim a-na ma-az-za-az-za-nim a-si-ib (*25:5-7), ‘he dwelled ‘when the kum, the king, for a pledge’; i-nu-ma Sarru a-na 4l 4-be-na as-bu (355:2), king stayed in the city of Abena’. under j) ana is also composed with prepositions and adverbs. These are listed the respective prepositions and adverbs. lib-bi-si5.4 agar, ‘from’: a-sa-ar li-ib-bi-i-su (*21:13, 14), ‘from his midst’; a-Sar

na i-lak (47:14), ‘from their midst he shall go’; a-Sar is-te-en (*366:22), ‘from one

(place)’. ‘on 5.5 assum, ‘on account of, concerning’: as-Sum kaspim an-ni-im (19:6), 55), (S1:54, im-da-har a Su-ul-mi-i account of this silver’; a3-sum ma-na-ha-te™*-ni Am-mu-ra-pi ‘on account of our achievements he received my gift’; as-Sum bit assat® show, examples (*7:1), ‘on account of the property of the wife of Ammurapi’. As the assum is most often used to introduce a dependent clause. u-nim-na 5.6 biru, ‘among, between’: a-na bi-ri-Su-nu mamita dan-na (i¥)-ku-n bi-rii-na a-ba-ti (mu-un)-n them’; between (SI: 50, 51), ‘they established a strong oath return’; to continue shall Su-nu (ut-ta)-na-ar-ru (3:6, 7), ‘the fugitives in their midst they the silver of... i-na bi-ri-Su-nu kaspam Sa ... t-ma-al-la-ma (*28 : 21-24), “between them, concerning the they shall pay’; mamita Sa* bi-ri-Su-nu ix-me-ma® (S1:52), ‘he heard oath between them’. who were 5.7 eli, a) ‘over, above’: ah-hé-ia Sa eli-ia rabit (SI:7), ‘my brothers,

for older than P°;8 "Mu-ra-ar™ e-li zi-i (t-ti-Su) t-ri-id-di-Su (*456: 38, 39), ‘he added

him the city of Murar over and above his share’. p. 364, says that ana 3 Aro, “Remarks on the Language of the Alalakh Texts”, AfO, 17 (1954-56), with wasabu occurs four is used where one would expect ina in the phrase ‘to sit/dwell in a place’. ina

29 (1958), pp. 131-133, in an extentimes while ana with wasdbu occurs twelve times. Tsevat, HUCA, Canaanite substratum because this of evidence gives sive discussion shows how ana following wasabu Amarna. at and Ugarit, at Hebrew, in found is on phenomen

4 5

1960),

p.

97

is-tuami™ Su-wa-ti mu-un-na-ab-tum qa-bi a-na (tu)-ur-ri (3:42, 43), fugitive is decided to be returned’; Sa a-na na-da-nim pa-aq-da-akwas entrusted to you for giving’ ; a-na a-la-ak Sarrim (*236: 3), ‘for king’.

n itself. cf. GaG, § 115c. 3a yeplaces ina or ana in a compound preposition and acts as a prepositio e KGnigsliste und ‘Dunkles The reading of this word was pointed out by Landsberger, “Assyrisch

Zeitalter’”, JCS, 8 (1954), p. 55. s: Alphabetic Origins and 6 For this interpretation cf. Albright, “Some Important Recent Discoverie 15, p. (1950), 118 No. BASOR, the Idrimi Statue”,

40

PREPOSITIONS

PREPOSITIONS

toce-t b) hebset ranea ‘on, ; upon’: : ku- een -um-té -um-td el ku-su-m su-ma-t a-ti-su i-su-nu - ’ (SI:60), : =

i D0

hata a

3:1, 71, 2 musunt’; 5/6 mina 6 immeré

‘ ‘ceremonial i meal

30 siglit kaspim Sa Am-mi-ta-kum eli Bé-en-tam-mueku ni

2); ekels of silver belonging to Ammitakum debibited to Bentam5/6 ma-na kaspim $a ! Ta-al-m -ma-am a-an -mu eli j Ir-kab-tum ‘an mar indo Sarrim eae (*35: of silver belongiging to Talmammu was debited sittin, demos mess eli-Su-nu-ma (344: 7), ‘6 sheep are their debt? ERS NE 5.8 ina, 7 a) ‘in, ; among, » upon’: Upon’: i-na i. biti"' iti* Am-min ta-kum-ma sarrimim (* (*20:7, 8), ¢ i the nouse of Ammitakum, the king’; i-na warat Su-mu-ha-al-se il-gi dee 7) Bode

mon ku

of Sumuhale they borrowed’; 1 me iki eqli i-na "La-ak-kaki (56:22)

oe

wal )

of a field in the city of Lakka’; i-na qa-qa-ri (SI: 61,

62), ‘upon the

in

rt

d’

by, with : evru-ub a-na™ A-a-la-ah™ ali*-ia ina fobta-tten (SI: 78) enter d ah, riry capital, with spoil’; i-na tu-ku-u(l-t)i “Addu

_ sae ae pi-su i-sa-ad-dd-ad (16:15, 16),

ee

(*1:2) “by the help of Addu’ ‘he drags (him) by his nose’ se’ i.e. ice. ‘ ‘he mistrea i ts

ee

er ali ; ma e-—pi i hae ; (*55:29), ‘from his territory he shall depart’ i € verb wasdbu®: i-na bit" Am-mi-ta-kum wa-si-i -SI-ib (*19:8-10), ‘ es in the mn Ammitakum’; i-na bit ™Am-mi-ta-(kum) Sarrim = ma 3 i mat ~nu-tim erwa-as-bu (*21:5-7),) ‘hew. as dwellining g ini the house of Ammita i kum, thee king, kine, a

€) inais also composed with prepositions iti and i respective prepositions and adverbs. oA iit, 10 « oe Tniryini-im a Fii sie ff from’:95) iS-tu dmim™=' ™ an.nj-iim (*7:32), ‘from this day’; is-tu ka,-la ae

enema (16:17),

foe

inl; es sum-ma

5.

from all his possessions’; if-tu ™*Nj-Aj (426:3) sisa i§-tu bit ma-an-an-nim nim-(m - a)

‘from the

: (2:33), 4 ‘if (they ste: steal) a horse

ah

gN RaS5. oy gas ae ; be ae ae * U-ti-ta-ma as-bu-u (ST:8), ‘they abode with me’: it-ti-xy -bi #8 tneit abtiheans Mdrin :16, ite, 17), ‘with him in the midst of of th the chariot’ iot’; "Ba-raen tar-na soliontenn -ku-u(r)(r) ( (3:41, 42), 2), < ‘Mr. Baratarna with i Mr. Idrimi imi took

a-na : it-ti the

aL as ut bi ‘ sm 911. : m"Se-en-ni 7 Qwila ‘sabdm qa-du aisati-su ut maré™*-§u a-na 72 Siglé kaspi i ene bu-bu-li-su "Am-mi-ta-kum-ma Sar @A-lala-ah ip-tu-ur (*30:1-7) ‘Min

mmitakum, the king of Alalah, released Mr. Senni, the innkeeper

with his wife 4

tos, For the solution to this m ost difficu i lt readini g cf. Goetze, “Review of The Statue of Idrimi”, JCS, 4 8

. eli is written

written

7

with

th ©

£ syllabically same Same

hr three

i deo; era m

‘ times tim:

and

d

at

j

€ ast

it it 18 is S$ ometimes

a

60

ti times

pr oblem

ith h id with t ¢ ideogram as

to

UGU

which ainpeni tion

Si is

INCE

muff

meant.

hhi i is The

bi Siglé kaspim 4Su-mu-un-na-a-bi Si-im ga-me-er i-Sa-am (*64: 5-8), ‘Miss Sumunna

g to) purchased from Mr. Illumabi, the son of Addi, for 27 shekels of silver (accordin Sa-am-ma-ti its full value’; 30 Siglé kaspim sar-pu itti "Ilim-ilim-ma mar Tu-ut-te m ES. 30 borrowed Quzya, of citizen the i, mar "Qu-uz-ia ilgi (49:2-6), ‘Mr. ES8ammat Tutte’. shekels of refined silver from Mr. Ilimilimma, the son of c) ‘against’: ai-Sum ha-ni-gal-ba-tu-ti-su it-ti Ni-iq-me-pa di-na is-bat-ma (13:4’; 6), ‘on account of his fanigalbatutu status he entered into litigation against Niqmepa Am-ma-ra-du it-ti- Ir-pa-du u-ul i-ra-ag-gum (*41:12-15), ‘in the future Mr. u,-ra Se-ra™

Ammaradu shall not take up claim against Irpadu’.

:13, ki, ‘according to, concerning’: ki 30 kaspim gaqgadim eli A§-ma-a-du (*28 5.11 ki-i ASmadu’; 14), ‘concerning the 30 shekels of silver for capital debited against ni-bi-ir,-ti-Su-nu (108 :12), ‘according to their transit tax’. 5.12 kima,” kimé, kimi, ‘as, for, concerning’!*: i-na pa-ni ™Nig-me-pa ki-mu-t istén® awili ™Etir-4addu (82:5, 6), ‘before Mr. Niqmepa for Mr. Etiraddw’; ki-ma was killed’ ; he nt punishme his (SI:37), ‘as one man’; ki-ma ar-ni-Su dik (17:9), ‘for anki-ma kaspim an-ni-i-im (*18:6), “concerning this silver’ ; ki-me-e maré"® ma-ri-iaof Alalab’; nu sa *A-la-la-ah™ (15:5, 6), ‘like the sons of the mariyannu of the city silver’. this of interest the ‘for (49:8), ki-i-me-e sibit kaspim a-ni-im Sutu’. libbi, a) ‘in, among’: li-bi sabe" Su-tu-ui (SI:15), ‘among the soldiers of 5.13 17), ‘T (S1:16, bi-da-ku -a b) ana libbi, ‘in’: it-ti-Su a-na li-bi isnarkabti sa-''lil-te

spent the night with him in a covered chariot’: kimta®

Sa a-na lib-bi ma-ti-ia™

(SI:84), ‘the families who were in my land’.

your c) ina libbi, ‘in’ : Sum-ma i-na lib-bi mati-ka as-bu (2:19), ‘if he is abiding in

one family land’; istén® bita i-na lib-bi mati''-ka la ta-ka-(li) (2:59), ‘you cannot hold Se-a-am li-ib-bu i-na siti Se’i in your land’. ina libbi, ‘from’: naphar I me-at 10 pa-ri-si from re expenditu Sa Ir-ra-i-mi-it-ti (*241:20-22), ‘the total of 110 parisi of grain, the

the grain of Irraimitti’. d) istu libbi, ‘from’ : is-tu libbi 9 awilé™* 2 awilé a-na at-ri (229: 3), ‘from the nine

i-na (mdti-ka men, two were surplus men’; 3um-ma ma-am-ma-an iS-tu lib-bi mati-ia land’. irub) (2:17), ‘if someone from my land enters into your Sarrim mahru, a) ‘before, in front of?: s#-bu-us-su ma-har Ni-ig-mé-e-pa 5.14 "Bé-en-di-li ig-bi-ma (*7:17, 18), ‘his witness spoke before Niqmepa, the king’; the king’. ma-har Sarrim pi-su u-(bi-il?) (*455:35), “Mr. Bendili (affirmed?) before to me’; came ‘they (SI:40), il-li-ku-th b) ana mabri, ‘to, before’: a-na mab-ri-ia prethe into entered ‘they 14), a-na ma-har Ni-ig-mé-e-pa Sarrim i-ru-bu-ma (*7:13, sence of Niqmepa, the king’. 12 For kima as a conjunction see chapter X. must be translated into 18 Gordon remarks that the basic meaning of this preposition is ‘like’, but p. 225, § 6.8. DNT, of. to’, ‘according or of’, ion considerat ‘in for’, English as ‘in exchange

Cf. note 3 of this chapter, For istu as a conjunction see chapter X,

11 out It levels seems OFstrang Alene e that CAD, » v. V. 7 7, pp. 302-303 does not list i this meaning.

=

Ad-di a-na 27 sons from his creditor for the 72 shekels of silver’; it-ti ™]-Jyum-a-bi mar

It is heavily attested at

1

form of the preposition used at Aro,“Remarks...”, op. cit., p.364, advocates that mahru is the OB

pattern, but there are level VII, whereas ana/ina pani is the MB form used at level IV. This is the usual SI:40. is exceptions. One exception, for example,

42

PREPOSITIONS

PREPOSITIONS

515 muhbhi, a) ana mubhi" ‘to’: a-na mubhi-ia ip-hu-ru-nim-ma (S1:25, 26), ‘they gathered to me’; a-bu-te!*-ia a-na mubhi-Su-nu in-na-hu-t (SI:48), ‘my fathers turned to

' them’. b) ina mubhi, ‘upon, against’: 1 me-at immeré" 10 alpé®4 i-na mu-uh-hi™Ia-ri-imli-im id-du-u (*9:8-10), ‘100 sheep and 10 cattle they placed upon Mr. Yarimlim (as a fine)’. 5.16 pdnu, a) ‘before’: pa-an hursdni Ha-zi .... ak-Su-ud (SI:33, 34), ‘before Mount Cassius.... I arrived’; pa-ni B(é-en-di)-li mar Se-ne-en-Sar-ri um-ma (su)-nu-ma (*455:15, 16), ‘before Bendili, the son of SenenSarri, he said’; awila a-lik pa-ni-Su ta-na-din (2:26), ‘a man to go before him you shall provide’. b) analina pani,'® ‘before’: i-na pa-ni Nig-me-pa Sarri (47:1), ‘before Mr. Niqmepa, the king’; a-na pa-ni™Nig-me-pa Sarri™ (46:1), ‘before Mr. Niqmepa, the king’; immeré" a-na pa-ni-ia ub-lu-t-nim (S1:35, 36), ‘they brought sheep to me’; i-na pa-ni "Ilim-ilim-ma Sarri™ (87:3), ‘before Mr. Ilim-ilimma, the king’. c) istu pani, ‘from’: is-tu pa-ni na-ak-ra-ti (122:9), ‘from the enemies’.

5.17

qadu, ‘with’: "AS-td-bi-Sar qa-du aSSati-Su-ma a-na bit "Ilim-ilim-ma...as-bu

(47:5-9), ‘Mr. AstabiSar dwelled in the house of Mr. Ilimilimma with his wife’; “'Ku-nu-wa qa-du-um pd-at-ti-Su (*53:1, 2), ‘the city of Kunuwa with its surrounding territory’; ga-du te-ek-ni-ti-Su a-na Si-im ga-me-er i-Sa-am (*54:13-15), ‘with its full rights for the complete value he purchased it’; ga-di "kirsappi-Su-nu (435:15), ‘with their footstools’. 5.18 qati*’ a) ‘of, belonging to’: naphar 2 me 50 siti ga-ti "Eh-li-istar (*369 :10-12), ‘the total of 250 (shekels of silver), the expenditure of Mr. Eblistar’; 5 sigli ga-ti Sarrim (*376:11), ‘Five shekels belonging to the king’. b) ana gati, ‘to’: a-na qa-ti ™Adad-ni-ra-ri mdri-ia ap-ta-qi-id-Su-nu (SI:91), ‘I

appointed them to Adadnirari, my son’; 2 me 50 pa Se-em a-na qa-ti™ A-na-ni-mu-su-ni a-pi-il (288:2, 3), ‘250 parisi measures of grain was paid to Mr. AnanimuSuni’; a-na qa-ti Sarrim Su-ru-bu (*335:3, 4), ‘...to the king were sent’. c) istu gati, ‘from’: ma-am-ma a-na da-ri-ia i§-tu qa-ti-Su la i-li-gi (15:23, 24), ‘no one shall take (it) from him forever’; sum-ma is-tu qdti-Su i-na harrani™ la as-bat-su (2:47), ‘if from him along the way I did not take it...’; ma-am-ma-an i3-tu qati-su u-ul i-il-gi (88:7-9), ‘no one can take (it) from her!’ d) Sa qati, 1* ‘of, belonging to’: naphar 5 immeré® Sa qa-ti U-a-ia (*346:6, 7), ‘the total of five sheep belonging to Uaya’; 4 “pasiuré ka,-za-an-e-na-am (§)a ga-ti ™ Ha-u-hé-ia (420:5), ‘Four kazanenam tables belonging to Mr. Hauheya’.

5.19

qereb, ‘in’: la ta-na-as-sa-ar-Su-nu qe-r(eb) mati™-ka (2:56), ‘you shall not

protect them in your land’. 5.20 (w)arki, a) ‘after’: Simu a-pi-il arki 15 imé u-Sa-a5-qa-al (67:6-8), ‘the price 18

Cf. note 8 of this chapter.

16 Cf. note 14 of this chapter. 1” This preposition is at times difficult to distinguish from the noun ‘hand, possession’. ples that are given are clearly prepositions. 18

Cf. note 4 of this chapter.

The exam-

43

to be paid’; arki-su 4Na-i-du apla which was to be paid after fifteen days he caused son’. ullad (92:18), ‘after her Miss Naidu bears a

i-im (*56:25), ‘after the day’. b) ana warkiat, ‘after’: a-na wa-ar-ki-a-at umim today’. c) ina arki, ‘after’: i-na arki™ ami™ (17:17), ‘after

45

NOUNS

are not is oette mS he level VII (OB) tablets. It must be noted that the scribes i‘ 1 ), ‘for id-di-in (*77:10, ri ga-am -ri-im Si-mi-i ite a-na si-mi-im for they also write Fi State with ich he aid?! There is definite confusion concerning the one A ) are use a, een a-na and suffix. Both a-na pa-an-ka (110:6) — -_ for tow wine texts IV level throug hout the i Occasioi nally -em isi written

6. NOUNS

“a me This ending is known from Mari.’ Examples of this are: ri-ik-Sa an

™

between them’ ; 2 ‘ eed bi)-ri-Su-nu ir-ku-Su (3:4, 5), ‘they sealed this contract ‘250 parisu measur sh os e-em a-na qa-ti ™A-na-ni-mu-su-ni a-pi-il (288 :1-3), Suni’. vesto doMr.notAnanimu er Ssi Adjectiaid always agree in gender

with the opened uk a

6.1

Mimation is used consistently in the tablets from level VIT (OB). In the level

IV (MB) tablets the practice of mimation has begun to break down. Scribal discretion concerning mimation seems to prevail throughout these later period texts. CVC signs ending in m are to be read as CV signs in the MB period at Alalab.? A few examples of mimation from level VII period are: a-ba-ra-am a-na pi-Su i-Sa-ap-pa !-ku (*95: Rev. 6), ‘they shall pour lead into his mouth’; (a)-la-am pu-ha-at a-li-im (*1:12), ‘a city in exchange for a city’; i-na an-da-ra-ri-im (*65:6 ), ‘from fiscal release’, The adverbial phrase urra séra, written in one place as ur-ra ut Se-ra-am (75:6), represents the scribal confusion over the use of mimation. Furth ermore, the demonstrative pronoun is used in this latter period both with and withou t mimation: is-tu ami™ an-ni-i-im (17:15), ‘from this day’. In another tablet an-nuu is used three times (415:4, 14, 17), and an-ni-im is used once (415:21). 6.2 The breakdown of the proper use of case endings in the level IV period is quite evident. During the earlier period the case endings appear to be used correctly, with only a small number of exceptions. The improper use of case endings can be frequently seen following a preposition. A few examples are: i-n(a) bi-tu-su & ardu™ (2:53), ‘in regard to his house and servant’; a-na qa-ta (122:2); a-na a-bu-su (16:3). An incorrect use of a case ending in an OB tablet is i-na /i-ib-by (*241:21). 6.3 The construct state, which is frequently used throughout the texts, is employed in various ways. The construct of a genitival relationship occurs often: be-e/ hu-bu-li5u (*30:4), ‘possessor of his debt’ ie. ‘creditor’; ma-at hu-ri-ib-te (SI:14), ‘wilderness land’; bit" Am-mi-ta-kum (*19:8, 9), ‘house of Ammitakum’. The practice of using a noun in construct with a finite verb is witnes sed in some of the tablets:3 a-wa-at Abba-an i-pu-5u (*1:13), ‘the act which Abban has done’; a-na si-im ga-me-er i-Sa-am (*52:14; *54:14, 15), ‘for the full price which he paid’; 4 di-ku-ut i-su-i (*55:12), ‘the corvee work which exists’. Most of the nouns in construct with a finite verb occur in + At MB Nuzu mimation has almost comple tely dropped out of the language; cf. DNT, p. 47, § 4.1, It is sporadically used at Ugarit, but o: n its way out of practice; ef. Swaim, “A Grammar of the Akkadian Tablets Found at Ugarit 1962), p. 27, § 5.1. ®?

”

(Waltham,

Brandeis

University,

unpublished

Ph.D.

dissertation,

For examples with this feature ef. chapte r IT, § 2.12. 3 This construction is recognized in Akkad ian for it oc curs in various places including the Code of Hammurapi. It also is used in Usgaritic, cf. UT, p. 56, § 8.16, n. 1; also cf. Gen. 1:1.

| |

me _

moe

‘ ‘this s ‘old tablet’;>» sa salmi an-ni-na-ti (SI:99), : la-be-er-tity (87:19), , However modify. oe Adjectives commonly follow the substantive which they ne pe oun anee the when practice this for ncy aheve appears to be no consiste seid as an adjective. Examples of anni following and prece wh i ae leita ae ; en an ing interpos st iin can be found in § 4.37. The practice of ka-li-ma (100:7, Eeitiantive and the adjective is found: i-ri-is-ti sarri -pu

:

.

i

eo

av

.

v

ori

ie

:

os

:

king’.

i

ives which view are nar aon poinied out® that after numerals the substant nan ot oe ie : si -maften used in the singular: 6 ka-ka,-ru.eré™ d (17:13), ‘si‘six fleas p “twenty (*36:2), kundSim (009:8-10) ‘three kumanu measures’; 20 pa-ri-si oft sie f emmer wheat’. ~" en s e ae are formed in various ways at Alalah. The slaple a Leen 72), “their ae anual geil: hu-up-Se (202:45), ‘the bupsu people’ ; bu-Se-Su-nu (SI: 1 is am belgie pices plural common Si (sI :5) ‘her sisters/relatives’. Another a ae fo 279:2), ¢ i-la-a-ni of this ave? a-la-ni (*95:Rev. 1), ‘cities’ and a-na

third familiar ending is -dti/-dte: ma-na-ha-te™ (SI ef

ace

a-ba-tii (3:8, 12), ‘fugitives’. -na-ba-t i mu-un-n nurses’;ives , ‘wet i (*247:10) hil cite on substant which may have been derived drown

; ” fie

{hs aes

= a

” i , ssi 5 adjectival ending: a-bu-te!4-ia (SI:47, 48), “my fotutathers 57), -ia (SI: awilati* s’; witnesse ‘his a » ‘my my comrades’: ; 2”#!-™e83j-bu-te-su (2:52), °

people . Th € A number of Hurrian endings appear ini the language of Alalah "68 et is ware >. | ‘quiver’ i lural e ending - -na or - -ena is very common:* The substantive ispatu as hu-up-Sse-na the plural as igpatena (430:Rev.).° The hupsu people are written § i how

butt

nouns: renee p. 362, ca lls these 17( fO, 17 (1954-56), language of the Alalakh Texts”,» AfO, lenenunen ih Tae one without sometimes are they that xplain a fails tee

construct “- w: de finite verb. : Note that an element can be interposed between at | at

L’Accadien

© \ Reoveneinil, b. B63:

des Lettres

de Mari

(Bruxelles,

Palaisi

des

Emies, Académies,

1956),), D p. 8ff.

he Hurrian i n cf. Bush, s “A Grammar of the i oe “ cee aa ; 139. For a more complete discussio 1964), p . 157-162. i oe i ra Ph.D. shed i unpubli ty, Universi Brandeis , ” (Waltham L in AT, p. Sener’ is only found in Wiseman’s summary of the tablet

;'

a

46

NOUNS

The substantive tahapsu ‘belt, strip?’ is pluralized as 10 ta-ha-ap -Se-na (433:6).

form hi-il-la-ri-na may be plural of the substantive hillaru meaning some a

The

of

precious object. 6.10 The -hu/-hi/-be ending seems to be connected to many nouns: fa-ni-a-ah-hi

(135:12), ‘hani people’; 2 me tu-ur-ri-hub4 (48:10); "ta-ga-ba-ru-ushé (27:15); Se-satu-ub-hé (425:2, 4, 10).

7. NUMERALS

Even though the meanings of many of these words ae still

uncertain, some of them have an adjectival force.

6.11 There are many Hurrian words which end with the combination of the -hé ending plus the -za plural ending: ga-pa-ru-us-hé-na (423: 24); ga-as-mu-us-hé-na (430:10); su-hu-ur-hé-na (422:1); 2 Su-ul-la-hé-na (390:7); uh-ru-(u)5-hé-na-na (438 :6) As mentioned above it is difficult to discern the meaning of these words. —

6.12

arr

The Hurrian ending -sena is also suffixed to a number of Hurrian words in the

vals 1) hu-ku-un-na-Se-na (423:7); pa-pu-un-n(a)-Se-na (423:6); su-ha-n{a-3)e-na

6.13 Agent nouns designating officials or occupational terms are often suffixed by the ending -upuli:!2 °”"'yq-al-zu-hu-li (101:9), ‘court official’; °¥#! 2-™e gp t9-ty-hue 8yli (22756), ‘weavers’; “'mas-ku-hu-li (197x), ‘leather worker’; pur-gusul-lu-hu-li (227:

8), stonecutter’. Sometimes the ending -upli is used instead of -uhuli: mar Jaeanezucibe li (*246:23). The exact meaning of this last word is unknown . : : 6.14 The abstract force is usually expressed by the addition of the ending -at to the substantive: fa-ni-gal-ba-tu-ti-su (13:4), ‘his hanigalbatutu status’; ki-in-na-tu-tim (*65:3), ‘service, servitude’; i-na ma-ru-tim (*455:29, 34), ‘from sanahipes Sarrit’-Su (SI:95), ‘his kingship’. The abstract force can also be shown by the -dt endisig: Thus the phrase a-na ma-ri-a-na-te (329:18) can be translated ‘for maryannu duties’8 or ‘for maryannu-ship’. In a few cases the Hurri : % .

wedi

urrian abstract ending of -se may possibly be

7.1 Only some of the cardinals and the ordinals are fully written in the texts. It will not be possible to discuss at length those which have not been written syllabically. 7.2 The cardinal form of the number ‘one’ occurs in the form of istén.1 The one example of this number written out is: a-Sar i5-te-en (*366:22), ‘from one (place)’. Note that every other occurrence of this number is in the ideogram DIS (3:21) or DIS (SI:37; 2:59; 415:15; 440:1-3). The adverb pananum expresses the ordinal force of istén in one place: 37 ga Samné"® pa-na-nu-um, ‘37 measures of oil the first time’ (324:1). The ordinal is also seen in the phrase, Sum-ma ... a-na pa-ni-im-ma!*

apla ullad, ‘if ... gives birth to a son first.’ (92:18). 7.3

The plural of iitén which is isténdtu is found in only one tablet and there it is

written as an ideogram with phonetic complements: DIS¢"™4 (440:4) and DIS™-™4 (440:11-14), ‘set, pair’.? 7.4 mala seems to be used in the texts with the force of a unit or single measure. It is only found in the OB texts. Some examples of this are seen in the following: ma-la kaspum hurdsum a-na *Addu (*52:19), ‘one measure of silver and gold for the

(temple) of ¢“Addu’; ma-la kaspum hurdsum a-na ekallim (*52:20), ‘one measure of

10

Speiser, _ JH, 1H, p. 45, 5 § 56, » andan Bush,

GHL , p. 163, consider i thisi an adjectival jecti suffix.

~s added force at Alalah, for it does not ~Se 1s an abstract particle in Hurrian, i actual force here with the use of the Cf. IH, p. 130, § 173; also ef. DNT, 18 Cf. AT, pp. 94, 95, 4 Cf. note 11 of this chapter.

It

t hi

always occur in an adjectival expression en JH, p. 117, § 162. It is difficult to d ni is i plural ending -na. eitiatiaiaade p. 51, § 4.14.

silver and gold for the palace’; ma-la kaspum hurdsum u-ma-al-la (*53:Rev. 3), ‘one measure of silver and gold he shall pay’. In one instance it is written as: ma-al kaspum hurdsum a-na bit “Istar (*61:16), ‘a measure of silver and gold to the temple of TStar’.4 7.5 The cardinal form of ‘two’ occurs only once: Si-na biti-su (87:5), ‘two of his houses’. Elsewhere it is written ideographically. The ordinal sani when written syllabically is more frequent than its counterpart Sina: i-na Sa-ni ami™ (SI:17), ‘one the following/second day’; aplam Sa-ni-a-am (*6:19), ‘a second heir’, asSatam'™™ Sa-na-am (94:16), ‘a second wife’ ; a-na Sarrim Sa-ni-im (*456: 46), ‘for a second king’; Sarrim Sa-ni-im (*456:48, 55), ‘a second king’. 7.6 A strange form of the number two is found in one of the Alalah texts which lists many Hurrian commodities: si-na-am-ni (440:8). Since the context definitely 1

p. 2 8 4

Note the common

44, §3.1. Though This reading was Cf. DNT, p. 44, Note that ma-Ia

shift s¢ > /t does not take place in this numeral as it does at Nuzu.

this shift does occur at Alalah it is not very frequent. pointed out by Speiser, JAOS, 74 (1954), p. 25. §3.3 showing that isténitu is the pural of istén. is like Ugaritic ml’ (UT, Glossary, p. 433, n. 1479).

Cf. DNT,

48

NUMERALS

NUMERALS

calls for a number, this is probably the Hurrian form of the number used in this area. he dl The adverb sa-ni-a-am-ma (*18:12) seems to have the definition of ‘furthermons or ‘moreover’, but the context being broken causes some doubt, The adverb Sanitam has lost its numerical value and simply has the meaning of ‘furthermore’. Examples are: Sa-(ni)-tam as-Sum... (*126:26), ‘furthe rmore, because...’: aia titi... (*126:32), ‘furthermore, with...’ The phrase, sa-ni-ti harrdni (323:2) takes place in a very short tablet of three lines and seems to mean ‘moreover/furthermore concerning the road’. 7.8 The substantive kilali, ‘both, two’, which occurs both at El-Amarna and

meal

is also found in these texts: sum-ma ki-la-li-Si-na-ma (91:29), ‘if both of

em’. 7.9 The word tdpalu meaning ‘pair’ is found in these texts: | ta-pal zikari 1 ta-pal sinnisti “Zu-zu-la (329:2), ‘one pair of male (horses ) and one pair of female (horses) of the city of Zuzula’; 2 ta-pal SarSarrati siparri (396:2), ‘2 pairs of bronze chains’: ta-a-pal (330:5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 18). 7.10 The cardinal of the number ‘three’ does not appear syllabically spelled. Instead, two occurrences of the feminine gender of the ordinal appear within the same tablet: asSatam'® §a-Iy-us-ta (91:28, 30), ‘a third wife’. 7.11 The Hurrian numeral kig ‘three’ is used at least three times within lists of

commodities.” 21 "kussé ki-ga; TA.E (417:2), ‘21 chairs — three each’: 21 'skirsappé

ki-gas TA.E (417:3), ‘21 footstools — three each’. ki-gi,-nu-Se (436:7) isina list of numbers and may mean ‘three’, a multiple of ‘three’, or a fraction of ‘three’. 712 The Hurrian numeral for ‘four’ seems to occur in one MB tablet which contains many Hurrian terms. Draffkorn has identif ied the reading of the tablet at this particular line in her unpublished dissertation. She relates the reading ta-um-na-taJa-an (114:12) as the Hurrian tunmi ‘four’ + tae + Ila +n This reading fits the context of the tablet very well. 7.13 Seven is the next fully written numeral to appear. Both the cardinal and the ordinal, which are identical, appear in the statue of Idrimi: Je-eb-i Sa-na-ti (SI: 29) ‘seven years’; i-na Se-eb-i Sa-na-ti (SI:45), ‘in the seventh year’.® rin 7.14 Only the feminine ordinal form of the numeral ‘eight’ is seen syllabically written in the Alalah texts. The example of this is: i-na su-mu-un-tim Sa-at-tim (*455:

12), ‘in the eighth year’.

TAS The numeral ‘sixty’ may also be used as a unit of measure in these texts. Itis usually written 1 Su-si, but it does occur once as Su-Si. Examples of this are: 1 su-si ° This is true not only in Alalah, but also in Nuzu and in the Akkadian tablets found at Ugarit of. Swaim, im, “A Grammar of the Akkadian Tablets found at U it” i iversi unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, 1962), § 4.7. aR SY Bian aa : Cf LAB, p. 148 and EA, 10:29, : pies in IH, p. 82 shows kik or kig to be the Hurrian number ‘three’,

.

iss Draffkorn now goes by her married name Kilmer , cf. HHA, pp. 209-210 and JH, p. 82 cf. GaG, § 69b. As pointed out rli the sibilants s and § are not carefully distinguishe d in the script. , cin Note that the usual Babylonian word for ‘seven’ is sebi,

)

49

subat oh-ry-us-hu (*126:36), “60 ahrushu garments’; 2 me-tim 1 Su-si 5 pa-ri-si §e-a-am (*240:1), ‘265 parisu measures of grain’; 1 Su-si 4 pa-ri-si Se-a-am (*265:16), ‘64 parisu measures of grain’; 3u-3i ganati® (*203:17), ‘60 arrows’. 7.16 Wundred. This numeral is written three different ways in the various texts: 2 me Sigla kaspim (*8: 26), ‘200 shekels of silver’ ; 6 me 40 pa-ri-si kundsim (*42:1), ‘640 measures of emmer-wheat’. Some have advocated that me is the ideogram of the numeral ‘hundred’, but this is not necessarily so. Other examples show that the Alalah scribes favored writing with abbreviations.‘° There are many examples of me’atu: 1 me-at immeré# (*9:4, 8), ‘100 cattle’; 1 me-at kaspim (*62:7), ‘100 (shekels) of silver’; 1 me-at Se’i (61:6), ‘100 (measures) of grain’. The third way of writing this numeral is: a-na 4 me-tim kaspim (*60:5), ‘400 (shekels) of silver’; 3 me-tim issurati™@ (*126:11), ‘300 birds’; 2 me-tim 1 Su-si 5 pa-ri-si Se-a-am (*240:1), ‘265 parisu measures of grain’. me-tim only occurs in level VII texts, whereas me and me-at are found at both levels.4 7.17 Thousand. Thisis also written in three different ways: 6 li-im eré (2:32), ‘6000 (measures) of copper’; 3 /i-im 80 Sigli (*56:13), ‘3080 shekels’; 5 li-im 7 me eré (72:8), ‘5700 (talents) of copper.’ 1 fi pa-ri-si Se’i (*52:9), ‘1000 measures of grain’; 1 Ui Sigh hurdsim (*54:20), ‘1000 shekels of gold’. The third way that the scribes wrote

this numeral which appears only in level VIT texts is: 1 /i-mi 1 me-at immeré (*410:8), ‘1100 cattle’; 3 li-mi kaspim

(*432:20),

‘3000

(shekels)

of silver’; 7 li-mi kaspim

(*455:4), ‘7000 (shekels) of silver’. 7.18

Myriad.

Tsevat shows how the pronunciation of ribbat ‘10,000’ was unknown

until the appearance of it in the Alalabh texts.12

It occurs three times: 1 ri-ib-ba-at

hurdsim (*55:27), ‘10,000 (shekels) of gold’; 1 ri-ib-ba-at (*56:40), ‘10,000’; 1 ri-ibba-at kaspim (*56:36), ‘10,000 (shekels) of silver’. 7.19 Thereis one example of what would be equivalent to the present day minus

sign for subtraction. The term, mafi ‘less’ is written in ideographic form in the phrase: 3 me 70 LAL 2 as-bu (290x:20 — translit. in JCS, 13 [1959] p. 51), ‘368 measures remain’. 7.20 Fractions. 1/2, 1/3, 2/3, 5/6 are found within the tablets but only in ideographic form. The scribes had several ways of expressing fractions. The most popular method was to write it in the form IGI (num.) GAL. All the examples of this can be seen in the glossary under JGI. 7.21 Besides the ideogram MAS the scribes also used the substantive bdmtu to

express 1/2 or ‘half’. Two examples are: ba-ma-at kaspim (*39:5), ‘a half of the silver’ ;

ba-ma-at IGI 6 GAL (*39:7), ‘a half at 16 2/3%’. 10

Jimu ‘thousand’ is written at times simply as /i. parisu ‘measure’ is sometimes written pa. There is

one example where kumanu ‘measure’ is abbreviated to ku.

For this reason it is difficult to agree with

Finet, L’Accadien des Lettres de Mari (Bruxelles, Palais des Académies, 1956), p. 105, that me is the ideogram for ‘hundred”. 11 me-at is common at Ugarit among the Akkadian tablets found there, whereas me-tim is common at Mari, cf. Finet, ibid., p. 105 ff.

12

Cf,

HUCA, 29 (1958), p. 127. It had only appeared in ideographic or consonantal form.

50

NUMERALS

7.22 The numerical idea of ‘once, twice, thrice, etc.’ is expressed by adding the pronominal suffix -5u to the ideographic form of the number: 1-su pu-hi il-qu-i (300x: 18), ‘once in exchange they took’; 2-su pu-hi il-qu-ui (300x:25), ‘twice in exchange they took’; 10 ga Samné"* 3-Su (324:3), ‘10 measures of oil — three times’. There is one example where the numeral is fully written, with the suffix -su: 39 ga Samné™™ Sa /-ni-Su (324:2), ‘39 measures of oil — twice.’

8. VERBS

this chapter. 8.1 The functions of the verbal tenses are discussed in the first portion of .’ It presented are attention Following this some of the verbal forms that merit special

only should be noted that the scribes of Alalab as of other places used certain verbs

to define the with particular forms. Problems are encountered when one attempts many of the difference between preterite and perfect. Unlike classical Akkadian, differapparent any without perfect the scribes seemed to use both the preterite and detected. be ence. Occasionally, as is pointed out, a distinction can a-di alpé™@ 8.2 The present tense usually has reference to the future: mdre"® Sa-a shall pay for i-ip-pd-al warad Sa Ia-ri-ri-im-li-im (*32: 8-11), ‘sons who, until (each one) ekallim i-ba-anthe cattle, (each one) shall be a slave of Yarimlim’; awilé.me’y qogré Sa i-na lib-bi-ku-nu ardi-ia Sum-ma ; palace’ the nu-t (*269:13), ‘carpenters who shall build then you shall midst, your in ak-bu & tu-ba-sd-ra-ni-mi (2:28), ‘if my slave is abiding ‘I with you, 12), inform me’; a-na-ku it-ti-ka bit a-bi-ni iS-te-ni-i§ ni-za-a-az (*7:11, together, we shall divide the property of our father’. ™Nig-me-pa 8.3 The present tense can function as a durative present: imeré"’ Sa they are which Niqmepa Mr. of donkeys a a-na §a-a-su i-dab-bu-bu (108:3, 4), ‘the claiming against him’. future time, 8.4 Negation with the present tense of the verb is always negation of

um or present time with regard for the future: ™ Am-ma-ra-du it-ti Ir-pa-du u-ul i-ra-ag-g

mi-is-ta-an(*41:13-15), ‘Mr. Ammaradu shall not raise a claim against Mr. Irpadu’; t payment equivalen the pay not shall ‘he ni a-na ma-am-ma t-ul i-na-an-din (3:28, 29), (him)’. to anyone’; Sum-ma la ta-sa-bat (2:23), ‘if you do not seize rare usage is 8.5 The present tense can also have reference to past time. This u-Su-nu found in an indefinite relative clause: Sa Subta la u-us-Sa-bu a-na-ku u-Se-si-b in one’. The (SI:85, 86), ‘whoever did not live in a dwelling, I caused them to abide way. this in tense present the subordinate clause may be a factor for using ma-an-nu8.6 One of the functions of the preterite is to express the simple past: things the od um-ma a-wa-te"® Sa ah-Su-Su t-ul ih-Su-us (SI:8, 9), “no one understo

19), ‘I which I understood’; an-mu-us-ma u a-na ma-at Ki-in-a-nim™ al-li-ik (SI:18, departed

13

Cf. GaG, § 71a for a discussion of multiple numbers.

1

and

to the land

of Canaan

I went;

i-na

mu-si-im

ip-te-e-ma

i§-ri-ig-su

the glossary, chapter XI. Exhaustive listings of the different forms of each verb can be seen in

52

VERBS

VERBS

(*119:12-14), ‘at night he opened and stole it’; ri-ik-Sa-am an-ni-e-em (i-na bi)-ri-Su-nu ir-ku-Su (3:4, 5), “This treaty they drew up between them’.

throughout the texts: an-mu-t e-te-pu-us,-Su-nu i a-na ga-ti ™*Adad-ni-ra-ri_ mari-ia ap-ta-gi-id-Su-nu (SI:90, 91), ‘These things I did and I appointed them to Adadnirari,

8.7

When the jussive proclitic /d is prefixed to the preterite forming a compound

tense, the Examples steals my "kakki Sa

preterite tense then functions as present time with reference to the future. of this are: pi-ri-ip-Su [i-il-qu-ut ‘Sa-mu li-iz-zu-ur-Su (SI:93), ‘(whoever statue) let heaven snatch away his seed, (and) let it curse him’; “Addu i-na qa-ti-su li-ih-bu-us-su (*1:16), ‘(whoever changes the deed) let Addu crush

him by the sword of his hand’; be-li ni-if mi-im-ma Sa na-da-nim li-id-di-nam-ma lu-ku-ul (*8:24, 25), ‘let my lord give me what is to be given and I will truly accept’.? 8.8 The functions of the verbal tenses found in Summa clauses are especially interesting. Both present and past conditional sentences are used. However, the present-future conditional sentence seems to be the most common: Sum-ma i-na Gli-Su Sa it-ta-as-st-u ib-ba-aS-Si kundSam qa-du sibti-Su u-ma-al-la (*42:10-14), ‘if there exists anyone who would pull out of his city, then he shall pay for the emmer-wheat with its interest’; Sum-ma damqu Sa i-pa-as-Sa-ru-Su-ma la ta-sa-bat (2:21), ‘if it is a notable who frees him, then you shall not seize (him)’. The past conditional sentence was also used by the scribes of Alalah: sum-ma kaspim Su-a-ti i-na bu-lu-ut DAM. GUSKIN-ma la a-pu-ul ni-i§ ilani™® i-i¥-mu (*8:18-20), ‘if I had not paid that silver during the lifetime of Miss DAM.GUSKIN, then they would have heard the oath of the gods’. Frequently, the scribes take freedom in placing the present tense in the protasis and the perfect or preterite in the apodosis: sum-ma i-tam-mu-Su-nu ar-ka,-nu ardi-Su u-Se-el-la-Su % Sar-ra-qu u-up-ta-ka ri-it-ta-an (2:30-31), ‘if he declares to them

(and) afterwards produces his slave, then he is a thief and his hand shall be pierced’ ; Sum-ma

... i-na ap-pi-Su i-sa-ad-dd-ad t ip-ti-ru-u (16:15, 16), ‘if ... he mistreats him,

my son’; mu-un-na-ba-ti §a™Pil-li-ia ™Id-ri-mi is-sa-bat-ma v1 a-na™ Pil-li-ia ut-ta-na-ar (3:8-11), ‘The fugitives of Mr. Pillia, (whom) Mr. Idrimi has seized, to Mr. Pillia he

shall continue to return’; is-sa-ab-tu a-na ma-har Ni-ig-mé-e-pa Sarrim (*7:13), ‘they took the matter up in a legal case before Niqmepa, the king’. 8.11 The subjunctive’ is found regularly in a relative clause which is introduced by

$a: 8 ka-ak-ka-ru 1 li-im 8 me-at Sipate"® Sa 3 me-at 8 immeré Sipaté!’ Sa ™Ki-pu-ug-ga ib-qu-nu (361:1-3), ‘eight talents and 1800 measures of wool of 308 wool-bearing sheep which Mr. Kipugga plucked’ ; mi-im-mu-8i Sa bit a-bi-Si 5a u-Se-er-ri-bu wa-ad-du$i (92:12, 13), ‘her possessions from her father’s property which had been apportioned to her she brought (with her)’; zi-it-tam wa-at-ra-am (§)a el-qu-u (*7:9, 10), ‘the

remaining share which I took’.

The subjunctive does not always follow eniima as it

does in classical Akkadian: e-nu-ma ™Ar-ta-Sa-ma-ra as-ra-nu i-il-la-kam (108 :8-10),,

‘when Mr. ArtaXamara arrives there’; i-nu-ma mdrat awil ® A-pi-Sal™ i-hi-ir (*409:45 46), ‘when the daughter of the ruler of Api8al he chose for a mate’. 8.12 In the statue of Idrimi subjunctives often occur in place of indicatives. Aro considers these examples as mistakes of barbaric Akkadian.® Since this practice is widespread, as Sidney Smith so clearly shows, it is difficult to bypass this phenomenon as simply error.” Béhl and Smith relate this to the stress of the sentence.* The follow-

ing are a few of the examples: i-na ma-at Ki-in-a-nim™ "Am-mi-ia™ a§-bu (S1:19, 20), ‘The a-na come who

then they shall release (him)’.

city of Ammiya is situated in the land of Canaan’; ma-at Ha-at-te t-ul ip-hur t muhhi-ia u-ul il-li-ku (S1:70, 71), ‘the land of Hatte did not assemble, nor did it against me’; sa subta la u-us-Sa-bu a-na-ku t-Se-si-bu-su-nu (SI:85, 86), ‘those did not have a dwelling, I found them (one)’.

8.13

8.9 The Alalah scribe also used the perfect form of the verb to express the occurrence of an action in past time. This is especially true in the statue of Idrimi, which uses both the preterite and the perfect side by side:* Sa lib-bi-ia e-te-pu-(u)§ Sal-latet4-Su-nu d5-lu-ul-ma nam-ku-ri-Su-(nu) bu-se-Su-nu ba-si-tu-(Su)-nu el-te-gi % u-za-az a-na sabé"* til-la-ti-ia (SI: 72-74), ‘what was in my heart I did; their spoil I plundered; their goods, property, and possessions I took and divided among my auxiliary troops’.

§3

these.

The ventive is usually found with verbs of motion, but it is not limited to It is used with other verbs when the dative suffix is attached.

However, there

are a few attestations where it does not seem to have any particular force.

A few

Tn one context the perfect may be used, while in a similar context the preterite may be

examples of the ventive with the verbs of motion are: it-tal-kam (17:12), ‘he came’; lu-ul-te-bi-ru-nim (109:11), ‘may they cross over to me’; il-lu-an-ni-ma (SI: 59), ‘they came up to me’; i-ru-ba-am (2:55), ‘he entered’; il-qiu-nim-Su-nu® (354:7), ‘they received them’; id-di-na-am (*1:6), ‘he gave’; li-id-di-nam-ma (*8:25), ‘let him give to me’; ub-lu-ti-nim (S1:36), ‘they brought’. The following have the ventive but are not

used: 1 /i-im kaspi sur-p(u) il-te-qi-su (70:10, 11), ‘he bought it (for) 1000 (shekels) of

verbs of motion: /a i-ba-gar-ru-n (im) (114:14), ‘they shall not make claim’; iq-ba-a

refined silver’; a-na 5 1/2 ka-ka,-ru eré"® il-gi-Su (*69:6-8), ‘he bought it for 5 1/2 talents of copper’. Taking the tablets as a whole, it appears that more scribes favored expressing the simple past by the use of the preterite.

8.10

The perfect tense expressing completed action in the past is found extensively

2 Jukul from the root akélu, “to enjoy, accept”. For 8 In Old Babylonian the preterite is usually found Old Babylonian Verb”, JAOS, 56 (1936), p. 303. n. * Pointed out by J. Aro, “Remarks on the Language

a discussion of rhe li of asseveration, cf. § 10.11. after surmma, cf. A. Goetze, “The t-Form of the 18. of the Alalakh Texts”, AfO, 17 (1954-56), p. 364.

5

8 7

For the different uses of the subjunctive in classical Akkadian, cf. GaG, § 166b-g.

. J. Aro, op. cit., p. 364. Boghaz-k6i, Nuzu, at place takes this that remarks Smith 37. p. Idri-mi, of Statue §. Smith, The

; and Amarna. 8 Smith, ibid., p. 37. BGhl, Die Sprache der Amarnabriefe (Leipzig, Druck von August Pries, 1909), p. 7, § 3r. ® This appears to be the only occurrence where the ventive is written before the accusative suffix

without an assimilation of the m,

54

VERBS

VERBS

(117:8), ‘he said’; i-mu-ru-un-ni-ma (SI :24), ‘they saw me’; is-mu-un-ni-ma (SI: 35), ‘they heard about me’;?° 4-wa-ad-di-a-am (*11:7), ‘he appointed to me’. 6.14 Because of the contexts of the different texts, commands expressed by imperatives are found only in second masculine singular: daydni-su Su-ri-ib (116:12), ‘bring his judge’; Si-ta-’-il-Su-nu (11617), ‘ask them’ ; sw bi-la-as-S u-nu (1 10-12), ‘bring them’; Su-si-as-Su-nu-ti-mi (113:9), ‘bring them forth’; mus-sir-s u-nu-ma (108: 5), ‘release them’; zu-uk-ki-Su-nu (108:11), ‘clear them’; id-nam (*8:9), ‘give’; gi-bi-ma (107:2), ‘speak’; w-st-uq (355:11), ‘choose’. 8.15 Only a few examples of the participle are found within the tablets: sum-ma la a§-bu awila a-lik pa-ni-Su ta-na-din (2:26), ‘if he is not in your area, then you shall provide a man who will go before him’; a-na ga-ti mu-ka-as-3 i-di-su li-ma-al-li-&u (*1:18), ‘may he be delivered to the one who is his adversary’ ; na-har 64 bitdti e-pi-i¥ Si-ip-ri (227:18), ‘the total of 64 houses for carrying out the work’. 8.16 The infinitive is usually introduced by ana and expresses purpose. Examples of this are the following: sa a-na na-da-nim pa-aq-da-ak-kum (*8:8), ‘which was entrusted to you for giving’; a-na ma-sa-i id-di-in (*120:6), ‘he gave for plundering’; mu-un-na-ab-tum qa-bi a-na (ti)-ur-ri (3:43), ‘the fugitive is decided to be returned’. An example of an infinitive expressing purpose without the preposition ana: a-na bitim za-a-zi-im i§-Sa-ap-ru (*7 :27), ‘they were sent to the property in order to divide (it)’. Some infinitives are used as verbal nouns: a-na a-la-ak Sarrim (*236:3), ‘for the royal journey’; be-li mi-im-ma Sa na-da-nim li-id-di-nam-ma (*8:24, 25), ‘may my

lord give me that which is to be given’. Tsevat shows that there is at least one example

in the Alalah tablets of an infinitive plus a finite verb construction:12 a-lik pa-ni-su i-din li-id-di-nu (111:10, 11), ‘let his official surely give (them)’.

8.17

The permansive is frequently used throughout the texts and especially in the

statue of Idrimi. A number of examples are attested showing the active use of the permansive and the West Semitic perfect.!4 Examples of the regular permansive are: Si-im-Su a-pil za-ku (*66:7, 8), ‘her price is paid and free of claim’; bi-da-ku (SI:

17), ‘I spent the night’; iu

amim™-*™ gn-nj-i-im (a)-hu a-na a-hi t-ul hu-ub-bu-ul

(*8:29, 30), ‘from this day the one to the other is not in debt’; Ja ™Hu-su-up-su!-Li

na-ad-nu (*358:9, 10), ‘which Mr. Husupsuli paid.’

Examples of the active perman-

sive and the West Semitic perfect are: i-li-ia-ku (SI: 34), ‘I went up’; fal qd-nu (SI: 4), ‘we fied’; ma-la tup-pi a-ba-ra-am a-na pt-i-Su Sa-ap-pa-ku (*96:4, 5), ‘according to the tablet one shall pour lead into his mouth’; a-na ma-ri-ia-an-na wa-sar-su (15:4), ‘for mariyannu status he released him’. 10

Note the strange phenomenon

that contraction took place in i-mu-ru-un-ni-ma and is-mu-un-ni-

ma, but not in il-lu-an-ni-ma which was quoted above. "An

2M.

All three forms are from the statue of Idrimi.

Gilik pani can be a military or civil official. ef. glossary, chapter XI.

Tsevat, “Alalakhiana”, 1 UCA, 29 (1958), p. 131.

18 For a thorough discussion of the active permansive including many examples, cf. M. B. Rowton, “The Use of the Permansive in Classic Babylonian”, JNES, 21 (1962), pp. 233-303.

4

§. Smith, op. cit., p. 38, and M. Tsevat, op. cit., p. 130, have both pointed this out.

examples, cf. B6hl, op. cit., p. 44ff.

For Amarna

8.18

55

The iterative or continuative force is expressed with an infixed “tan or -ten-

and occurs both in the present and in the preterite tenses: a-na ens clean (3:10, 11), ‘he shall continue to return to Mr. Pilliya’; uh tacnara Seiden 192-7), ‘she continues to harass him’; a-na La-ab-bi-na it-ta-na-ad-di-in (*56:34), ‘to Mr. Labbina he shall continue to give’. In the statue of Idrimi one particular sentence has

the verb of the subordinate clause in the perfect tense. Therefore, the verb of the main clause, which is a Gin present, must be translated with a past continuative fotee: ni-ig-git’ a-bi-ni! Sa us-te-pi-Su-ti-Su-nu a-na-ku e-te-ne-pu-us,-su-nu (SI: 89, 90),

‘the

offerings which our forefathers had performed I continued to do’. 8.19 The remainder of this chapter is mainly devoted to the discussion of verbal forms. Care must be taken not to confuse the perfect with the Gt present which is ako found among the tablets. This is brought to focus by the two verbs, eli and wast,” used in the Gz present to express the meaning of ‘forfeit’: 5 me Siglit hurdsim a-na

ekallim'™ u-ma-al-la u i-na bit zi-it-ti-Su i-te-el-I(i) (*7:39-41), ‘(whoever a

a

claim) 500 shekels of gold to the palace he shall pay and shall forfeit his share’; I ri-ib-ba-at hurdsim a-na ekallim'"™ ii-ma-al-la tt i-na e-pi-ri-Su it-ta-as-si (*55:27-29), ‘(Whoever breaks the contract) 10,000 (shekels) of gold he shall pay to the palace cae shall forfeit his property’; (i-na) dlani™-!4-3u u e-pi-ri-Su (it)-ta-as-si (*456:56, 57), ‘his cities and his territory they shall forfeit’. 8.20 Even though the dialect is on the whole Old Babylonian, some Assyrian forms have entered the language of Alalah: i-na mat™ Sa ™Id-ri-mi i-ir-ra-ab (3 124, 25), ‘in the land of Idrimi he enters’; (i-n)a mat™ Sa ™Pil-li-(ia) i-ir-ra-ab (3:31, 32), ‘into

the land of Mr. Pillia he enters’. The Old Babylonian form of the verb quoted abowe would be irrub.1® Another Assyrianism may be seen in the S stem of eli: la u-Se-el-la (2:36), ‘he cannot produce’; ar-ka,-nu ardi-Su u-se-el-la-Su (2:30), ‘aierwate he produces his slave’; sum-ma béla u-Se-la (67:9), ‘if she produces a master’.!” These few examples are all from tablets of the Middle Babylonian period. 8.21 Aro points out that it is an OB feature for weak verbs, third person of the G pres. and the D pres.-pret., to be written with an extra preformative vowel." This can be one way of interpreting this feature. Another way of looking at this phenomenon is that it is influenced by the West Semitic ya- preformative of the verb.!® After collecting all the examples of this type, the following pattern seems to unfold: a) All examples, except six, are expressed by first radical weak verbs: b) All examples, except three, are in the G-stem: c) All examples, except one, are in the third person. Some oe are: i-ik-kd-al (*126:15); i-il-la-kam (108:10); i-il-la-ak (2:40); -ip-pa-I(u) (*24:9); i-ip-pd-al (*32:10); i-il-la (75:8); i-il-li (*56:37); i-ip-Sa (5:2); i-ir-ra-ab (3:25, 32). Third weak forms are: i-ig-ri-ma (*9:1); i-il-gi (15:24; 72:9); u-up-ta-ka (2:31).

a-az-kur-Su is the only verb form of this type found in the first person, and it is a 15 16 7 18

Both of these verbs can be seen in paradigm formation in GaG, p. 44*, paradigm 34. This Assyrianism was pointed out by J. Aro, op. cit., p. 363. Cf. GaG, p. 44*, paradigm 34a. J, Aro, op. cit., p. 363. :

1

~For a discussion and examples of the ya- preformative at Amarna, cf. BOhl, op. cit., p. S5ff,

VERBS

36

strong verb. The preformative vowel of the second person is both a and i. The preformative vowel is standard Akkadian while the i is evidently West Semitic or Cannantts, o Examples of both are: ta-sa-bat (2:21), ‘you shall seize’; la ta-ad-du-uk_ Q ais c did not kill him’ ; ta-na-an-di-in (115:12), ‘you shall give’ ; la-a ti,-na-anee -in :13), ‘you shall not give’; ti,-na-an-(di-i a (di-i)n (115:15); 215); ti-5u ti-si (*126:29), ° ‘you have

9, ADVERBS

; ee aa is not distinguished in the third singular of the finite verb: i-zi-bu-su : ), she shall leave him’; i-pd-tar (92:9), i-pa-at-tar (92:14), ‘she shall go free’. ; i ewise, gender is not distinguished in the third plural. Contexts calling for a third

prnune plural of the finite verb are quite rare. The few that do occur are written as nats masculine plural. An example of this is: “Hé-pdt “Istar "Sukurra-Su li-i§-bi-ru (*1:17), ‘may Hepat and I8tar break his lance’. th 8.23 A few ot thie middle weak verbs double the final radical in the present and in : e ee Sa i-ra-am-mu (*7:20); ‘which he desires’ ; i-3i-im-ma (*6:6), ‘he made ars will’; i-tu-ur-ru-ma ( (*8:31) 1) ‘ ‘(whoever) returns’;ah tu-te-er-ra-Su-nu y (2:58), 5 ‘you return

according to their function instead of 9.1 The adverbs are presented in this chapter seem to fall into the following four by their form. All the adverbs of the Alalah texts sequence; classifications: a) Adverbs

d) Adverbs of manner and mood.

(aya en

- 39), is-al-Su (17:4), Si-ta-’i-il-Su-nu (116:17), are all strong, whereas

i-§a-a-al-sum (*79:13), sa-a-al (116:14), 5-ta-al-su-nu-ti are related to the weak stem.

of time; c) Adverbs

of

rse The adverb umma which introduces direct discou

is dealt with in its own classification.*

9.2. ; ot ; Both the airong and weak forms of the verb ‘to ask’ occur at Alalah: ta-sa-

of place; b) Adverbs

an-n(i)-ki-ia-am a-na (broken The adverbs of place are: anniki’am, ‘here’:

context) (115:7), ‘here...’ as-ra-nu i-il-la-kam (108:8-10), 9.3 a&radnu, ‘there’: e-nu-ma ™Ar-ta-Sa-ma-ra -ia-nu as-ra-nu a-Si-ib (116:18, 19), ‘Mr. ‘when Mr. ArtaSamara arrives there’; ™ Ma-zi ition: a-nu-um-ma awilgrgd Ja-an-hé u Maziyanu is remaining there’. With prepos -12), ‘now then, the servant of Yanhe dayan di-in-Su i-na as-ra-nu a-na pa-ni-ka (116:8 you’. and the judge of his case are there before

9.4

), ‘above of their sky’. elénu, ‘above’: e-le-nu 7UTU (Samas)-su-nu (*55:4

nu (*55:5), ‘below of their ground’. 9.5 §Saplanu,? ‘below’: Sa-ap-la-nu er-se-es-sua ™Am-li (broken) (118:3), “now The adverbs of time are: anni, ‘now’: an-ni 9.6 of Mr. Amli...’ a-na da-ri-ia ma-ri-ia-an-ni (15:8, 9), 9.7. ana dariya,* ‘forever’: marmari™-§u ma-am-ma a-na da-ri-ia is-tu ga-ti-su la ‘his successors (shall be) mariyannu forever’;

him forever’. i-[i-gi (15:23, 24), ‘no one shall take (it) from

10 alpé 04 ¥q Sarrum i-na mu-ub-hi inanna, ‘now’: i-na-an-na | me-at immeré 9.8 sheep and 10 cattle they charged against Ia-ri-im-li-im id-du-t (*9:12-15), “now 100 4 me 36 ka-li-ma (226:4, 5), ‘now the total Mr. Yarimlim’; i-na-an-na naphar | li-im Su-nu i-pu-Su (2:4), ‘now between them they (is) 1436 in all’; @-na)-an-na ... (i-n)a bi-rimade’. bélu-ku i-il-la-kam % ta-na-din 9.9 immatimé, ‘whenever’: im-ma-ti-me-e shall give (him) to (him)’. (Sa-Su) (2:25), ‘whenever his owner arrives you

a-na

20

@

ieera tt ietle eae ahcn

116:16.

erbs. ; Confusion between the verb forms ofof kaikdlu and kali ti is common orms g verb written with a doubled third radical. Thi i Perhaps this mistake was influenced by the third weak roots aati

©

%

BH

For the causal interrogative ana mini, cf. § 4.38. saplanu refer to a piece of property. Both of the phrases beginning with elénu and . broken is context the e becaus This is questionable daritti, At Ugarit the form is adilana dari, dari§, ditri, This particular form only occurs at Alalab. ity, Univers is Brande am, (Walth ” Ugarit at Tablets Found of. Swaim, “A Grammar of the Akkadian 117. p. LAB, used, is dari§ 54, §8.9. At Boghaz-kéi adi unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, 1962), p.

m

Cf. _Tsevat, Tsevat, op. op. cit., cit., p.p. 130. . For Amarn a examples, cf. Bohl, C op. cit., p. 51ff. i ieee 3 is eas a . third feminine singular, G. Swaim, “A Ciena re id ela teres F ( am Brandeis Universit y, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, 196: gari tham, i i i ‘ - a romero oo 7 ee. Sai has possibly come about by analogy to epee

ADVERBS

ADVERBS

58

matimé,® ‘whenever’: ma-ti-me-e ™Tul-pu-ri i-ma-at-ma (16:6, 7), ‘whenever 9.10 Mr. Tulpuri dies’; ma-ti,-me-e i-na mati™-ia (2:57), ‘whenever in my land’. 9.11 pananum, ‘first time’: 37 ga SJamne”® pa-na-nu-um (324:1), ‘37 qa-measures of oil, the first time’. 9.12 ana panimma,® ‘first’: Sum-ma ... a-na pa-ni-im-ma! apla ullad (92:17, 18), “if she bears a son first’. ina Sanat,’ ‘annually’: a-di "La-ab-bi-na ba-al-tu i-na Sa-na-at 10 ma-na 9.13 Sipatim ba-aq-ma-tim (*56:28-30), ‘as long as Mr. Labbina lives, 10 mina of plucked wool (he shall give)’. 9.14 urra(m) Séra(m),® ‘forever, at any time’: Sa u-ra-am Se-ra-am as-(Sum)

aN g-as-tar-bi® a-na Ia-ri-im-li-im di-nam i-gi-ir-ru-% (*11:25-28), ‘whoever of the city of NaStarbi at any time contests the case against Mr. Yarimlim...’; u4-ra Se-ra ™Am-ma-ra-du it-ti Ir-pa-du u-ul i-ra-ag-gus-mu (*41:12-16), ‘Mr. Ammaradu shall not enter litigation against Irpadu forever’; Sum-ma ur-ra Se-ra be-el i-ra-aS-8i (74:11, 12), ‘if at any time an owner shall possess (them)’ ; sum-ma ur-ra u Se-ra-am ma-am-ma

a-na be-el sekerté™* i-il-la (75:6-8), ‘if at any time anyone rises against the owner of

the temple girls’; 5a ur-ra-am Se-ra-am ib-ba-la-ak-ka-tu (*78:11, 12), ‘whoever breaks the contract in the future’. 9.15 (w)arkdnu, ‘afterwards’; ar-ka,-nu ardi-Su u-Se-el-la-su (2:30), ‘afterwards he produces his slave’. The adverbs of sequence are: appina, ‘now then, furthermore’: ap-pu-na 9.16

Sanati Te2"-t4 ™ Ba-ra-at !-tar-na Sarru dan-nu Sar sabé™ > Hur-ri™ u-na-kir-an-ni (S1:4244), ‘furthermore for seven years Mr. Barattarna, the great king, the king of the Hurrian warriors, was at enmity with me’. 9.17 annumma,? ‘moreover’: an-nu-um-ma 1 iméru % awiltu... (415:19, 20), ‘moreover one donkey and a slave girl...’ ; a-nu-vi-ma "Ir-pu-ri (5a) "™* Ku-wa-an-ni (109: 5-7), ‘now then Mr. Irpuri of the land of Kuwanni...’; a-nu-um-ma a-na Sul-ma-ni-ka (broken) (117:4, 5), ‘furthermore for your welfare’. 9.18 aniama and Sanitam are both discussed in § 7.7. The adverbs of manner and mood are: akanna,° ‘thus’: a-ka-a-na awata 9.19 ur-tab-bi-a-ku (S1:26), ‘thus he increased the matter for you’. dum@i§, ‘well’: a-wa-at-su dumgis*-® sa-a-al (116:13, 14), ‘examine his word 9.20 5 Aro, “Remarks on the Language of the Alalakh Texts”, AfO, 17 (1954-56), p. 364, makes the observation that -me is the generalizing ending both at Nuzu and Alalab, and not -ma as in classical Babylonian. This dialectical feature also occurs at Boghaz-kéi, LAB, p. 166.

6 7

These are also discussed under the numerals in chapter VII. At Ugarit this adverb appears as ina Sanatésu, cf. Swaim, op. cit., p. 56, § 8.20.

8

This well known phrase is used at both levels with and without mimation.

used at Ugarit, Mari, ° Swaim, op. cit., p. salutations. Three of 10 gkanna introduces

It is also frequently

and Boghaz-k6i. 58, § 8.26, says that this transitional adverb appears in letters following the its occurrences (109:5; 116:8; 117:4) are found in letters at Alalab. direct discourse at Boghaz-kéi, cf. LAB, p. 92 and at Amarna, cf. Bohl, Die

Sprache der Amarnabriefe (Leipzig, Druck von August Pries, 1909), p. 71, as it does at Alalah, cf. also Goetze, JCS, 4 (1950), p. 227.

59

“Mr. Birasuru said: may ! bu-lu-ut dun-qi-i§ (109:2, 3), well’: um-ma m Bj-ri-a-su-ru-ma 11, 12), ‘the property of a-bi-ni ix-te-ni-if ni-za-a-az (*7: bit r’: ethe ‘tog et ske ay ther’. ig-ru-@ um-ma Su-nu-ma eet), seedy condivid il an ae toge tina Se 15), ‘thus he said ; oe ig-bi um-ma su-ti-ma™ (*6: tested and said’; ki-ia-am oath of the gods’; ki-ia-a 3), ‘thus they shall swear the a a-na ni-i§ ilani™® i-za-qa-ru (2:4 ; s his owner shall declare him ‘thu 6), (2:4 -Su m-mu i-ta bélu-su a-an-nueu Oe u a) la as-bu ma-a o ha-z md, ‘indeed, thus’: (Sum-m 9.23 not dwelling (t 2) is he “(if) -qa-ru (2:27, 28), awilé.mei x_ by ™8_$y a-na ni-is ilani™® i-za owing oath of ue a his elders shall swear the foll thus the mayor with five of ' (2:5), ‘the forces emai’ mi-in-di sabi" "" Su-ti* _ 9.24 minde, ‘without doubt’: of the land of Suti’. ps troo i -ma harranati™® lin b- Beio-bueal na-as-ri-is at !-ta sceu ees Se on send them on the roads, :7-12), “You take them safely; nu nanag-riis Suebi-la-su-nu (110 them’. ing e av ane -ma marméri™-Su likewise’: “Qa-bi-ia ga-tam amma AN 2 a tral’ forever’; ni-nu be ewise Mr. Or ‘lik , 7-9) (15: ni -ani-ia ma-r likewise, our tablet.... -pi-ni... (122:6, 7), ‘and we -tam‘I caused them to dwell tee ii-Xe-si-ib-Su-nu (S1:85), sap "abr. ey lly takes ene oduces direct discourse usua "The adverb umma which intr ed ad where the Cat ever, there are three cases How ect. subj the to d adde ka oe -ma a sine ae f ollows immediately after umm ys alwa ect subj The ® ar.! not appe a ( TI , Nene : 10), ‘I said’; um-ma Sar-rum-m material: wm-ma a-na-ku-ma (SI: teat (#11:12), pan ‘she said’; um-ma 7T. tecaiece said’; um-ma Si-i-ma (*9:5), three A

ad u-ma (107:3), “Mr. Irtesu ae Tatteya said’; um-ma mJp-te-§ pest e li ’; said AkimuSuni

(113:5), (113:3), ‘Mr. ni -Sui-mu ™A-k ma umare: Eblestabi sai . ae m Eh-li-es-ta-bi (114:16), ‘Mr. i ‘Mr. USpusi said’; um-ma e e ain endings: rbs discussed above take cert a 9.29 The majority of the adve a cc wi ngs of mood and manner. The endi o ° -if seems to be limited to adverbs ows foll s -na in these text time and place. The ending -énu are used for adverbs of -ma, The endings -a, -am, rbs of manner and mood. adverbs of sequence and adve the adverbs. ne ouns, nouns, and verbs with -ma is also attached to pron enn s wnen case e ann In with the force of a conjunction. me functions :!4 a) -ma can be used e m ple: ma-ti-ia left untranslated. For exam m used in this way it is better t abou

d u-t-nim (S1:35, 36), ‘my land hear alpé'4 x immeré a-na pa-ni-ia ub-l 1 12

13 14

Note the superfluous writing.

d UgaUg:rit. Cf, LAB, p. 185. of umma both at Nuzu and j i the subject itic -ma following Theie are exceptions to encl GaG, § 123a. uses of the enclitic -ma, of. For the different

60

ADVERBS

they brought cattle and

sheep to me’. b) -ma is also used as an emphatic. ples given above under umma (§ 9.27) would exemplify this.

The

vam 9.31 The scribe attaches enclitic -mj quite frequently within the texts to indic at direct speech: ™Ba-la-(nu-w)a ig-bi -mi (113:6), ‘Mr. Balanuwa said’; a-nak , : sales ana ‘Za-zi-e t-ta-ar-ra -am-mi (114:17, 18), I returned the matte r to va Zaze’; Su-si-as-Su-nu-ti-mi ha-at

ha-ar b,

“Fl

La

10. PARTICLES

(113:9), ‘bring them forth’; Sum-ma-m i i§-tu pa-al-Si ( mu ta-as-bat-Su-mi 5

@s51

5)

if

after

the

bur

lary

you

do

not

capture

AND

SYNTAX

h

10.1 Often it is difficult to separate syntax and morphology. Throughout the morphological sections of this book, syntax has been discussed in relationship to mor-

phological items.

For this reason much of the syntax dealt with heretofore will be

omitted in the presentation of this chapter. The syntactical discussion of this chapter may be classified as concluding remarks on syntax. In connection with this, negatives,

conjunctions, and the particle /a will be examined. 10.2

Verbs may be negated by either aya, Jd, or iil.2 There is only one example of

aya with the verb and it precedes a broken context: a-ia id-din (92:20), ‘he did not give’. The negative a is only used to negate the present, preterite, and permansive forms of the verb with one exception which is discussed below: kaspum u-ul us-sa-ab u-ul id-dd-ra-ar (*31:8, 9), ‘the silver shall not bear interest, nor can it be brought up for litigation’; "Sar-ru-wa u-ul il-gi (422:8), ‘Mr. Sarruwa did not take (it); 1 me-at immeré 10 alpé4 u-ul a-ap-lu (*9:4, 5), ‘100 sheep and 10 cattle were not paid for’. There is one instance where iil is used to negate the indefinite pronoun mimma in a nominal sentence: ur-ra-am Se-ra-am awil A-la-la-ah a-na e-pi-ri an-ni-i u-ul mi-im-ma (*58:20-22), ‘the ruler of Alalah has no (right) to this territory, forever’. 10.3 The negative /d is used to negate both verb and noun. The present, perfect, preterite, and permansive forms of the verb can follow the negative /d in the Alalah texts: mi-ik-sa-Su-nu la te-li-ig-gi (108:6, 7), ‘you shall not take their toll-tax’; la-a

ir-te-Su (415:22), ‘she does not possess’; “narkabdti™ a-na napharé™® la-a i-ru-bu (226:13, 14), ‘they did not enter the chariots into the totals’; 2 i-im 7 me-at Sipate™ la dé-am-qu (361:5, 6), ‘2700 measures of wool were not good’. The negative /d can stand before a noun: /a fup-pu an-nu-um (87:21), ‘not this tablet’. A strange use of the negative /d is found in the ration lists of level. VII. In two tablets there are three occurrences where /d stands before a geographic name: 30 pa kundii Sa la Ak-ka,-di

(*236:1); la Bi-ti-in™ (*259:5, 10).

The exact force of Jd used in this manner is

uncertain.

10.4 +

Most of the time adi has the function of a preposition.4 However, occasion-

The adverbial particles -ma and -mi are not mentioned in this chapter.

They are discussed along

with the other adverbs in chapter IX. 2 For the function of the present tense following negation, cf. § 8.4. 3

Mentioned by A. Goetze, “Remarks on the Ration Lists From Alalakh VII”, JCS, 13 (1959), p. 34.

*)

Gf §52.

62

PARTICLES

AND

SYNTAX

ally it is used as a conjunction in the texts: a-di Sarru im-du-ud a-na qu-bu-ri.. . (#366: 6), ‘besides, the king measured out for the tomb...’

10.5

asar is used as a conjunction in one tablet:5 e-pi-ri $a @"U-ré-ek e-pi-ri &a QE -ri-ra-am-bi™ e-pi-ri-Su a-Sa-ar

i-ba-as-Su-t (*56:8-10), ‘the terri tory Ure, the territory of Erirambi, and his terri tory wherever they exist’, 10.6 The conjunction eniima/ini ima is usually found expressing a temporal force in the texts. There

is one example where it is used to

introduce an object clause with the meaning ‘that’: i-mu-ru-un-ni-m a i-nu-ma mar be-li-Su-nu a-na-ku % a-na muhhi-ia ip-hu-ru-nim-ma (SI:24-26), ‘they saw me, that I was the son of their lord, and they gathe

red to me’. The temporal force of intima is seen in the following exam ples where with u: i-nu-ma ab-hu-su ™Abba-an be-el-Su-nu ib-ba-al-ki-tu Bes, (*1:1), ‘when his brothers rebelled against Mr. Abban, their lord, then...’ é-nu-ma "Ar-ta-Sa-ma-ra as-ra-nu til-l it is in sequence

a-kam %... (108:9-10), ‘when Mr. ArtaSamara arrives there, then...’ inama is also used to introduce the subordinate claus e without being a part of a sequence: satat

Am-mi-ta-kum

Sarrim i-nu-

ma mdrat awil "Jb-[gkt a-na mari-Su i-hi-ru (*35:8-12), ‘the year of Ammitakum, the king, when he chose the daughter of the ruler of Ibla as a wife for his son’, 10.7 The conjunction itu is very rare in the Alalah texts. Like other conjunctions already mentioned, istu is frequ ently found used as a Prepositio n.* An occurrence of the conjunction

is shown in the following example: itu A-hi-za-du-ug "' Mu-(u)n-niik-(ki) 5 me-tim kaspam Sa a-li-( +) tena" 4-j-ip-rg-kelt (ni-i)d-di (*455 :20-22), ‘after Abizadug (obtained) the city of

Munnikki, 500 shekels of silver which...were deposited in the city of Airrage’. 10.8 kima is often used to intro duce object clauses especially in the level VII (OB) tablets.” It is best translated in this use as ‘that’: "4-bi-a-dy ki-ma * Bi-it-ta-at-ti i-na bit zi-it-tam i-Su-ti 5i-bu-us-si ma-har N i-ig-mé-e-pa Sarrim ig-bi -ma (*7:15-18), ‘Mr. Abiadu proclaimed his witness before Nigmepa, the king, that Miss Bittatti had a property share’;® ki-ma 5 me-tim kaspum i-na *"4-j-ir-ra-se" Ig na-du -ti Si-bu-Su-nu ig-bu-th (*455:25-27), ‘their witne sses stated that the 500 sheke ls of silver were not deposited in the city of AirraSe’, In one example the object of the subor dinat e clause introduced by the conjunction kima precedes the introductory conjunction: ™Am-mita-kum-ma_ kaspam ki-ma it-ta-ad-di-(nu) igq-ta-ab-bi-ma a-pil (*8:16, 17), ‘Mr. Ammitakum said that he had given the silver (and) it is paid’. Tsevat has very clearly pointed out that although this word order is not known from standard Akkadian, examples do occur at Amarna and in Hebrew.® ° *

PARTICLES AND SYNTAX

63

10.9 The conjunction summa ‘if, supposing’, is used to introduce ae von es iti i the fact that summa should not be treatedRees as a condition. Goetze mentions inatingi particle i because itit introduces j the p hrase or sentence that states case ae decided.1° The apodosis usually follows without any cs particle especially in the level VII tablets. Occasionally the voagunction i a i a introduce the apodosis: ™Ir-pa is: sum-ma Sum-pa-*Addu ib-ba-la-ak-ka-at | ri-ib-ba-at kasp fa ekallim'™ igagqal (*56:35, 36), ‘if Mr. Irpaddu breaks the contract, shin ay shekels of silver he shall pay to the palace’; sum-ma béla u-Se-la Sucmu-ma u-za- we (68:10, 11), ‘if he produces a master, (then) they shall release (him) ; aie we i a i-sa-ad-da-ad % ip-ti-ru-ti (16:15, 16), ‘supposing ... he mistreats him, hey shall release him’. =a ig 10 The conjunction u which is usually translated as and is eS used i en texts Aro considers its use in the Alalah texts as rather copious. It can eit a € sentenced by « or u. Some of the different ways in which it is used are: a) intro nies sentences; b) connects subordinate and independent clauses; c) between substantives; d) between adjectives. . ; - 0.11 The particle /é expressing asseveration and the particle /a aoe feos are both ) found regularly.12 The usual pattern isis to find the /a of desire prefixe oe rbal form causing é‘ i a compound tense: 18 Jy-ul-te-bi-ru-nim (109:11), ‘may/let them

an to me’. The /i of asseveration frequently stands independently before “ verval form: mahar awilé”® ilém®* an-nu-tim an-nu-tim lu-t lu-tia-pi-i a-pi-il (*98a:6, 7), ‘before these men, verily, it w. paid’; lu-u ta-ad-din-Su-(nu) (114:13), ‘verily you gave them’. It can be ine ° the finite verb: li-id-di-nam-ma lu-ku-ul (*8 :25), ‘let him give and I will tru y acoert 10.12 The word order of the sentence varies as to the discretion of ne scribe. sual word order of subject, j object, j and pre dicatet is often used, but there are attany many sxcovitons Smith points out some of the exceptions found in the statue of Idrimi: ;

bal-ga-nu pan awilé®* #"E-mar™ (SI:4, 5), ‘we fled to the presence of ~ rad 5 Emar’: Emar’; ma-ti"-ia ia u-ki-in-nu U-ki-i uDt u-ma-si-il Ue i-i] Gléni Glani **'-"+-ia ki-me-e pa-nu-ti-ni-ma (SI: 86, 3 87), ‘T established my land and I made my cities like our former ants : Some Sxcepuces to the usual word order in the rest of the Alalah tablets are: si-im-ti meee property biti-Su dlani™-"*'-5u ilani y e-pi-ri-ku i-ri-Su && mi-im-mu-t mi-im-mu-u-susu ( (*6:6-8), ; ‘he set ~~ the will of his proper (which included) his house, his cities, his territory, and possessions’ ; i aan ip pe i. a-Sar lib-bi-Su-nu i-la-ku qa-ta,-tu-Su-nu (*24:9, 12), “(when) they pay the silver they shall go out from them (according to) their surety’.

For agar used as a preposition, cf. § 5.4, ChS85.9,

* For kima used as a prepo sition, ef. § 5.12. von Soden discusses object clauses intr in GaG, p. 233, § 177. oduced by kima 8 This tablet is commente d upon by S. E, Loewenst amm, “Notes on the Alalakh (1956), p. 223, Tablets”, IEJ, 6 > M. Tsevat, “Alalakhiana ”, HUCA, 29 (1958), p. 113, n. 21. The Amarna exam 19:12 and EA, 26:9. Two ples are EA, of the many biblical examples are Isa. 3:10 and Deut. 31:29 ,

10 au 12

A. Goetze, “The t-Form of the Old Babylonian Verb”, JAOS, 56 oes: Oree J ‘Ato “Remarks on the Language of the Alalakh Texts”, AFO, be oe ; For a discussion of the particle /Z and its functions, cf. GaG, p. ts : - aieeiae

18

Cf. §

14

§. Smith, The Statue of Idri-mi, p. 38.

8.7 for the presentation and discussion of the verb which follows the

j

65

GLOSSARY -

rr.)

‘portion, i

We esac. tance *253:29; *256:5.

a-du-un, a-du-un,

*246:31; *247:24; (cf. HHA p. 154).

‘ . -du *237a:5(cf. § 1.22); . *239:14. ee a-du, *269:67, 73. a-ad-du, *245:3; *251:31; whee ies hae

adi prep. — ‘until, as long as’: a-di, *32:9; *56:21, 28;

11. GLOSSARY

: seen

;

conj. — ‘besides’ : a-di, *366:6. ‘since’: id. — ENLNG, 126: i Snr drutnati -— (mng. . uncert. — perhaps related to adru ‘barn, threshing : adr

This glossary is composed of all the words which can be identified in the Alalah text except for personal and geo s graphic names. A full doc ume ntation has been attempted for those words whose

meanings are unknown or

problematic. This would incl the numerous Hurrian word ude s that were used by the Alal ah society, Common word which are well-known are s only lightly documented. The glossary is arranged in a strictly alphabetic order (a bdeghikimn Pars sSttuwyz). Each heading is immediately followed by its analysis as adj., adv., num., prép., pron., conj., s. (for substantive), v. (for verb ). Following this is the meaning of the heading if kno wn, and at least one exampl e of every different form of the word. Verbs are listed in the following order: stem (GD SN), tense, and numerical order of texts. The abbr eviations which are used are thos e listed at the beginning of this book, Each sign is transliterated according to the pattern of classical Akkadian and not according to its most freq uent value. Each ideogram is listed under its Akkadian equivalent except for those who se

identification is unknown.

heeds agru an s. — “hie ‘hire laborahee : id, id. — ¥U-MESHUN.GA,

_s

rather

os ae

abbitu s. — ‘forefathers’: a-bu-te' 4-ia, SI:47, 48, a-bu-tel4, ST:6 1. abnu s. — ‘sto

ne, stone-weight measure’: id. — ZA (det.), 2:1, 76 5 13:1 3 1791: Sis: 69:1; 71:1 and passim. id. ~ ZA (weight), *33:2, 14; 46:3 ; 48:2 : 31:2; *55:24442b: 2. ab-nu, *57:32. ab-n im, *320:1; *321:1,

Abu - 5th Babylonian

a-bi, *11:9,

a-bi-nil,

Addaru - 12th Babylonian mon th (Feb.-Mar.): id, — TUSE, 312: 1; 313:1 3 314:1,

*¥#2-meigg-7i,ps

awilé.mes7g_

’: id. — 2 SES, S1:39; *23:9; ; 69:5; 69:5; ie

92:15. 92:15.

acl ae a-hu, *8:30;

*456:59.

obi a-hi,

a-hi-im, *126:2. pl.- ah-hu, *1:1. ab-hé*, SI:7, 42,75. ab-hi®,

§ nea — (Hurr.) ‘container’: isténuitu™ isténutu™4 "4 oars q-hu-us-(hu), hu), 440:14. eae sitnent ,— ae :

Marat peru gh-ru-us-hi, 133 if hi h Oe 86 marl *432:11. 4 eee ee i. es

kalu v. — ‘to eat, enjoy’:

A

month (July-Aug.): id. — UYZI, 316:1. abu s. — ‘father, ancestor’: a-bi-ia, SI:3; *9:3, a-bi-a, *11:7, SI:89. a-bi-ni, *7:11, a-bu-5u, ST:10; *6:9; 16:3, 14, 19, ‘grandfather’: id. — A.A-ni-ma , SI:87.

ration’: ion’:

.

G.pres.: i-ik-kd-al, *126:15. i-ik-kd-(al), *126:19.

G.pret.: lu-ku-ul, *8:25. . — ‘thus, so’: a-ka-a-na, du - ‘ong : uncert.): akdu ): 5 pa ak-du, *280: Rev.8.

a S1:26. i-na ekalli, *265:3.

08 a 10 pa ak-du i-na (eka)lli

akkullu s. - ‘pickaxe, hammer’: id. - NIG.GUL, 111:5. A see

i : ame ° . . . %& ees. ee 2:25; 108:10. i-il-la-ak, 2:40; . *21:15; *22:15; *126 :8. i-il-la-ka,, 2:45. i-la-ku, *24:11; 224:1. i-lak, A pr Fe ne Raw : relict : Li S1:40. il-li-ku, S1:71; 2263 G.pret.: a-li-ik, S¥:19. al-lik, SI: 333. il-li-ku-u, li-ku

rasp,

*269:18, 28. il-lik-ma, *1:3.

il-li-ik-(ma), *456:20.

G.part.: a-lik, 2:26; 111:10.

G.inf.: a-na a-la-ak, *236:3. : it-tal-kam, 17:12. lal fe - Gong : an ; Found in list of containers and objects. alalah e): 1 a-la-la-ah (__), *432:3. alik vai 4 — ‘military or civil officer’ (cf. IV 2): a-lik pa-ni-Su, 2:26, 111:10.

Perhaps related a HUCA, 29 (1958) p. 119; also p

to

66

GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY

allaru s. - (type of garment; Hurr. word): id. - T’SSIG,.ZA!

al-lu-rit-hé, 415:13,

alpu s. — ‘ox, cattle’: id. — GU,, 2:33; 72:2; 73:4; 111:4;. *333:1, 2, 3: 344:4 Bh, and passim. id. - GU,.HA, SI:35; *9:4, 8, 133 *32:1,9; *54:8:; *78:7 and passim. id. - GU4.MES, 73:13; 344:1; 354:3. id, — GU,?", 74:8. id. -SLGU 415:15, . alu s. — ‘city, town’: id. - URU (det.), 17:2; 48:5; *55:11; *456:1-8 and passim, id. - URU.KI, SI:38, 78; 2:49, 69; 3:36; *6:21; *12:10 and passim. id. - URU. 2:70, 71; *6:12; *42:10 and passim. id. — URU.HAL.HA, SI:65, 69; 186:1. id. - URU.KILHAL, *6:7. id. - URU.HAL.MES, 329:6, (a)-la-am peha-at

a-li-im, *1:12. a-la-ni, #95:Rev.1.

amallaruku s. — (a skin or leather object; Hurr. word): ™8kg.mal-la-ru-ku, amaru y. — ‘to see’: G. pret.: i-mu-ru-un-ni-ma, S124. ammatu s. — ‘cubit’: am-ma-ti, 442b:3.

:

415:10 i

amtu s. — ‘maid, female slave’: id. GIM, 106:10, 14. id. - GIM.MES, 2:22: *243::1.

ana prep. — ‘to, for’: *1:5, 14; 2:28, 37,43, 50; 17:10; *35:11 and passim. ‘against’: *1:3; *7:35, 36; *11:3. ‘over’: SI:30, 58.

compound prep. — a-na bi-ri-Su-nu, S1:50. SI:40. a-na ee

a-na lib-bi, 81:84.

apalu v. — ‘to pay’: G.pres.: i-(pa)l-Su, 17:16. i-ip-pa-I(u), *24:9. i-ip-pd-al, *32:10. i-ip-pa-a(l), *33:20. i-ip-pa-al-Si-na, 47:16. G. pret.: a-pu-ul, *8:15, 20. i-pu-ul, *9:19; *41:11; *127:12. G.part.: ap-il, *52:16. a-pi-il, *58:10. a-pil, *61:12. G.perm.: a-pil, *8:17; *66:8; 69:9; 72:10; 74:10; 344:4. a-pil, 289:4, 7. a-ap-lu, *9:5. a-pi-il, 67:7; 73:6, 13; *98a:7; 288:3. apilu s. —- ‘payment’ (G.part. of apdlu): ap-il li-ib-ba-Su-nu, *52:16. a-pi-il li-ib-ba-Su, *58:10. a-pil libbi, *61:12. aplu s. — ‘heir, son’: id. - IBILA, *6:19. id. — A, 92:15, 18, 19. appu s. — ‘nose’: i-na ap-pi-su, 16:15; 92:10. ap-pa-am, *57:16. apptna adv. — ‘furthermore, thus’: ap-pu-na, SI:42. aptu s. — ‘window, opening’: ga-du ap-ta-am-t(i)-su-nu (nasalized pl. cf, HUCA, 29

(1958) p. 117ff.), *60:1. apu s. — ‘reed-field, cane-field’: id. — S'SGI, *238:36. araSiyanu s. — (profession or occupation; Hurr. word): *”''a-ra-Si-ia-ni, 297: 6.

a-na mah-ri-ia

a-na ma-har, *7:13. a-na muhhi, 393:2. a-na mubbi-ia, $1:25, 71, 103, 104, a-ni. ‘]: “Te 1+ * . . . it eeeoS ry 46:1; 67:1; *269:11; *98c:8. a@-na qa-ti,: ST:91; *1:18;

anaku s. — ‘tin’: id. — AN.NA, *414:8, a-na-ku, 399:2. anaku pron. ind. —‘T’: a-na-ku, SI:1, 62, 77, 86, 90; 2:73; 7:11. a-na-ku-ma, S1:10, 25 a-na-ku-mi, 114:17. naa anantu s. — ‘battle, combat’: a-na-an-ta, S1:63.

ana/iweni — (describes a chariot; Hurr. word): narkabtu a-ni-we-ni , 425:8.

67

“narkabtu

a-na-we-ni, 425:9, andararu s. — ‘fiscal release’: i-na an-da-ra-ri-im, *65:6. aa * — (Hurr., an implement): an-ku-nu, 407:1,2. an-ku-na, 430:8. an-ku-un-na, anmi pron. dem. — ‘these’: an-mu-t, ST:69, 90. anniki’am ady. — ‘here’: an-n(i)-ki-ia-am, 115:7. anni pron. dem. — ‘this’: an-na, S1:98. an-nu-ti, *58:15; 415:4, 14,17. an-ni-vi, 363:7. an-nu-um, 87:21; 235:1. an-ni-i, *58:21. an-ni-im, *9:17; 49:8; 73:1; 74:1; 87:2; 415:21; an-ni-i-im, *7:32; *8:29; 15:2; 17:15; *18:6; *26:6: #455:37, an-né-e-em, 3:4, (a)-an-né-e-em, 3:45. an-nu-tum, 4:8; 224:1; 354:4: 406:4, an-ni-na-ti, S1:92. an-ni-na-tim, S1:99. an-nu-ut-ti, 2:77. an-nu-ut-tim, *257:18: *409:44; *410:10; *411:23; *414:11, an-ni-tam, *7:24, a annumma adv, — ‘furthermore, now then’: an-nu-unma, 415:19. a-nu-um-ma 107:18; 116:8; 117:4. a-nu-u-ma, 109:5, anribena - (mng. uncert.; Hurr. word): as-Sum an-ri-héna u '*Su-na-an-na, 114:19,

aratiyannu s. — (mng. uncert.; connected with chariots; Hurr. word): 1 “narkabtu Se-Sa-tu-ub-hé a-ra-ti-ia-an-ni, 425:3. 1 “narkabtu Se-Sa-tu-ub-hé a-ra-ti-ia-ni, 425:5, 10. 1 "narkabtu ub-ba-ra-ni a-ra-t(i)-ia-ni, 425:6.

arku s. - ‘length’: id. - GID.DA-su-nu, 442b:3.

adj. — ‘long’: id. - GID.DA, 422:6. arnu s. — ‘punishment’: ki-ma ar-ni-Su, 17:9. arutugu s. — ‘obligation’? cf. Goetze, JCS, 13 (1959), pp. 63-64; Hurr. word): a-ru-tu-si i-na ekallim'"™-ma, 297:13. a-ru-tu-u-Sa, 297:20 (HHA, p. 157 identifies this as Hurrian verb ar- ‘to give’). asiru s. — ‘captive, prisoner’: @!@-"*%g-si-ri, *243:2; *246:22, 25; *247:18; *253:4; *256:18: *265:15, 72-8 g-sf-ri, *261:5; *278:4. assinnu s. — ‘eunuch’: id. - SAG.UR.SAG, *1:19; *265:4.

aSannu — cf. Sanannu. a8ar prep. — ‘from’: a-Sa-ar li-ib-bi-i-Su, *21:14. a-Sa-ar li-ib-bi-Su, *22:14. a-Sar lib-bi-Su-nu, *24:10. a-Sar lib-bi-Si-na, 47:14. a-Sar is-te-en, *366:22. conj. — ‘where’: e-pi-ri-Su a-Sa-ar i-ba-aS-Su-, *56:10. a&a8u y. — ‘to grieve, trouble oneself’: Gt.: a-ta-Su-us, 122:8. i-ta-Su-u5-ni, 122:10. aShalu s. — (a type of container?): 1 a5-ha-lum siparru, 113:14. askapu s. — ‘leather-worker’: id. —“U-MESASGAB, 227:5; 269:12; *269:54; LUASGAB,

*272:5. aSkiruShu s. —(a utensil; Hurr. word; cf. AH, p. 81): 10 TA.AM as-ki-ru-us-hi, 417:6. agranu adv. — ‘there’: a3-ra-nu, 108:10; 116:10, 18. as-ra-nu-um, 115:10. a’Satu s. — ‘wife, woman’: id. - DAM”, *7:1; 94:11. id. - DAM.NI-su, *20:5; *28:18.

id. -DAM.A.NI, *26:5; *27:3. id. -DAM-su, *30:2; 47:6; 48:16; 87:17; 91:4.

68

GLOSSARY id.—- DAM, *63:4. id. — DAM*, 91:28, 30; 94:16. id. - SLDAM, *273:4. id.— S4©DAM.A.NI, *378:6. SAL-SALTDAM.A.NI, *378:1,

GLOSSARY

*246 21;

irnu s. — (mng. uncert.; describes a chariot): 2 “warkabtu aS-Si-ir-na, 227:17. a um prep. ~ ‘on account of, concerning’: assum SI:54; *7:1, 34; *11:1; 13 74; 14:1; 173125 *19:6: *28:6: 83:5; *120:29; 112:4; *455:4 0 and passim. AStabi — (month name): warat AS-ta-bi, *263:20. aSuwaninnu — (mng. uncert.; Hurr. word): (@)-su-wa-ni-in-ni a-na awil "U/-ni-ga, 422:

9. a-Su-wa-ni-in-ni a-na awil "' u-us-ri, 422:11.

atha — (mng. uncert.; perhaps Hurr.): 10 pa at-ha SAG.UR.SAG, 265:4,

atta pron. ind. — ‘you’:

at-ta

te-Se-em-me-su,

2:18.

at-ta awite.mesSor-(ra-qi),

4:4, at !-ta-ma, 110:9. um-ma at-ta-ma, 114:9, Attana — 7th month in Nuzu and Alalah. (cf. AH, p. 87; Gordon, ArOr, 10 (1938) p. 61; Hurr. word): warat At-ta-na-ti, *65:14, warat At-ta-na-tim, *246:30, art 47. ta-ni, *247:2, #"t 4t-10-na, *247:26; *249:15, warat At-ta-a n-na-t(im), *248:15, waralt 4t-ta-an-na-tim, *251:8.

atl s. — ‘porter, gatekeeper’: id. — LU-MESNT.DUH, *258:3 ; *265:23,

awatu s. — ‘word, act, situation, case’: id, — INIM, SI: 26 (cf. JCS, 4 (1950), p. 227). a-wa-at, §1:53; *1:13. a-wa-at-Su, 116:13. a-wa-ti, 3:44, a-wa-tam, 114:17; *455:9,17. a-wa-ti, 87:22. (a-wa)-ti-ni, S1:49, a-wa-te™ , ST:9; 2:75, ‘will’: i-na a-wa-at, *120:2, 3. awiltu s. — ‘maid, female slave’: id. — SAL.L U“4, 82:3, 9; 230:2; 231:2, 4 ; 233:5-9,

11; 415:8, 20. id. - SAL.LU.MES, 234-1,

awilu s. — ‘man, governor, ruler’: id. - LU or LU.MES& (det.), 4:4; *18:3; *19:5; *24:4; *38:2, 15; *368:7 and passim. id. — LU, SI:37; 2:26, 33, 45, 60; *6:2, 12, 37; *8:5, 33; *11:4; 50:3; *52:7; *64:3 and passim. id. - LU" 3:18. id. — LU",

*126:2, 5. id, — LU", SI:57. id. - LU.HA, S1:5. id. — LU.MES, SI:75,

76, 82, 83.

‘citizens’: id. - LU.MES, *33:4; *42:4; 68:8,

aya neg. — ‘not’: a-ia id-din, 92:20. ayabu s. — ‘enemy’: a-ia-bi-ka, *126:27.

a-ia-bi-§(u), *456:28.

Ayaru — 2nd Babylonian month (Apr.-May): 'T89GU,, 310:1,

ayimmé adj. ~ ‘any’: a-i-im-me-e, 2:26. a-i-im -me, 3 :36, 40. azazhu — (mng. uncert.; Hurr. word ; type of sacrifice): i-na ni-ig-gi a-za-az-hi-(im), *126:17. sum-ma a-2a-az-ha-am te-ep-pu-us, *126:24. sum-ma a-Za-az-ha u-ul te-ep-pu-us, *126:28. azlahhena — (mng. uncert.; Hurr. word): az-laah-hé-na kaspu, 440: 5.

azutu — (mng. uncert.): “E-mar a-zu-ti, *254:1 2; *269:52, 74.

Azzali — (month name), cf. Izalli. azzammu s. — (a cult vessel; cf. JCS, 13 (1959), p. 36): 2 a-na az-za-am-mi, *265:19,

69

B abalu s. —- (occupation or profession): *”"'ba-bd-la, *268:20. BARS - ‘ome cert 15 pa-ri-si kundsi BABAR a-na NIG.DIM, iis ' babaSSare — (mng. uncert. ; type of cup or vessel; Hurr.): rabit kaspum ba-ba-as-Sar-ri-e,

*366:2, 5, 8. babtu s. — ‘promissory note, trade agreement’ (cf. HUCA,

29 (1958), p. 121, n. 81;

AH, p. 95): id. - ZA.GL.A, *270:8, 19, 26, 30. adu v. — cf. biddu.

ein S. TB

hence

hunter’: *“"'bd-i-ru, 48:4.

Bala’e — (month name): “"Ba-la-i-if, *98a:2. *283b: Rev. 3. baladtu s. — ‘life’: ba-al-tu,-um-ma,

id. — SU.KU,, *279:5; Hee “%Ba-la-e *258:34.

*20:11. ba-al-(tu), *38:12;

*40:1.

”Ba-la-i, bal-ti, 47:15.

i-na bd-la-at, 50:8.

balatu v. — ‘to live’: G.perm.: ba-al-tu, *42.8, a-di... ba-al-tu, *56:21, 29. D.pret.: li-bal-li-tu-vi-Su, S1:100. balkatu v. — ‘to break a contract, be rebellious’:

S.pres.: us-bal-kat-su-nu, 2:77.

li-i§-bal-kat-su, 2:79.

.

N.pres.: ib-ba-la-ak-ka-tu, *52:18; *54:19; *55:26; *58:11. ib-ba-la-ak-ka-tum, *53:Rev.2; *61:15; *63:8. ib-ba-la-ak-ka-at, *56:35. (ib-ba)-la-ak-ka-at, *56:

39. ib-bd-la-ak-ka-tu, *78:12. N.pret.: ib-ba-al-ki-tu, *1:1. baltatu s. — ‘life, living’: a-di bal-{bal}-td-at, 16:4. bamtu s. — ‘half’: ba-ma-at, *39:5, 7. band y. — ‘to build’:

G.pres.: i-ba-an-nu-ti, *269:13. baqanu »v. — ‘to pluck (wool): G. pret.: ib-qu-nu, 361: 4.

G.perm.: la-a bu-ugq-nu, 351:22. baqaru v. — ‘to make a claim’: G.pres.: i-ba-qar-ru-n(im), 114:14. ; baqmu adj. — ‘plucked (wool)’: 10 ma-na Sipatim ba-aq-ma-tim, *56:30.

bari s. - ‘priest’: “”'bd-a-ru, 182:16.

id.

—“VUZU, *274:29; *378:21.

bari v. - ‘to look at, inspect’:

G.pret.: ab-ri-ma, S1:29. basaru y. — ‘to tell, inform, speak’: D.pres.: (tu)-ba-sar-an-(ni), 2:18. tu-ba-sd-ra-ni-mi, 2:28. u-ba-sd-ru, 3:37. baSe — (mng. uncert.; Hurr. word): istén® ba-a-Se, 440:16. ba8itu s. — ‘possessions, goods’: ba-si-tu-(su)-nu, SI:73. ba-si-tu, S1:79. baStu s. — ‘shame, disgrace’: i-na ba-a-a§-tim-ma, *11:9. (cf. HUCA, 29 (1958), p. 114, n. 24),

70

GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY

baSfi v. - ‘to be, exist’: id. — TUG, *66:9; 69:10; 70: 13; 72:11; 87:20. Gat G.pres.: enc (i)-ba-a$s-Si, iece 2:69.. i-ba-a5-Su-, *56:10 56:10.. i-ba-a5 i-ba-as-3i, -s 91:26. :

bit zitti — ‘property share’: id. — E zi-it-tam, *7:16. a (8 i-ba-a5 -(5i),

N. pres.: (i)b-ba-as-5i, 2:10. ib-ba-as-5i, 2:20; 42:12; *55:23, Nt.: it-tab-si, ST:4. bellube — (mng. uncert.; perhaps Hurr. word): isténdty™-t4 be-el-lu-hé ( ), 440:12

béltu s. ~ ‘mistress’: id. ~ NIN, SI:2. id. - NIN-ia, SI:2.

bélu s. — ‘lord, owner, possessor’:

TaOs1g 181:1. VEN“, 2:62.

id. - EN, S1:97,

, *63:12. (it)-ta-a s-si,.

113

Zz zaballa ~ (mng. uncert. perhaps related to saplu, *bowl’): 3 za-ba-alla, 435:4. zabalu v. — ‘to bear, carry’: G.pres.: i-za-ab-bil-Su, 17:6. zabbe — (mng. uncert.): 17 za-ab-be, 438:4. zabena — (mng. uncert.): 4 za-be-na, 438:7, 9. zabzuranu s. — (a profession or occupation): *"'z¢-ab-zu-ra-ni, *238:25. zaibu — (mng. uncert.; Hurr. word?): 1 za-i-ib, *432:4, zakaru vy. — ‘to speak, swear an oath’: G.pres.: i-za-ka,-ru, 2:28, 43. i-za-(kar)-Su, 2:37. i-za-ka-ru, 3:39. i-za-ak-kar, *8:23, G.pret.: a-az-kur-su, S1:58. iz-ku-ru, 3:3. i(z)-ku-u(r), 3:42. G.perm.: za-ik-ir, *456:41, S. pret.: u-Sa-Gz-ki-ru, *456:76. zak&i v. — ‘to clear, make free of claim, release’: G.perm.: za-ku, 2:35, 44; *66:8; 72:10; 73:13; 74:10. za-a-ku, 70:12. za-(k)u-t ,

& Pres.: U-Se-es-su, *410:13. S.pret.: u-Se-su-t, *63:22. S.impy.: $u-si-as-Su-nu-ti-mi, 113:9,

St.: us-te-es-st, 113:10.

wa8sabu ». — ‘to abide, dwell; be situated’: G.perm.: as-ba-nu, SI:6, as-bu-t, ST:8. as-ba-ku, S1:28. as-bu, SI:20, 23: 2:19, 26, 27, 28; 47:9; 82:4; 290x: 20; 344:6; 355:2, 6. a-Si-ib, *25:8; 49:11: 116:19; 284:10, wa-as-b(u), *18:9, wa-as-bu, *21:7. wa-Si-ib, *19:10; #93:6: *36:6; *44:2; *119:4, wa-as-bu-u, *20:10. wa-a-as-bu, *22:7, D.pres.: u-us-Sa-bu, SI:85. D.pret.: ti-wa-as-bu, *24:8. S.pret.: U-Se-Si-ib-Su-nu, SI:85. u-Se-Si-bu-su-nu, S186. waSaru y. ‘to leave, abandon’ (G); ‘to send, release’ (D): W.Sem.perf.: wa-Sar-Su, 15:4, D.pres.: -wa-as-Sa-ru, *368:9, u-wa-as-Sa-ru-ma, *456:48. D.impy.: mus-Sir-Su-nu-ma, 108:5. D.perm.: us-Su-ru, 325:6, Dt.: -te-es-ru, 5 3, 14. wagranna 5. — (mng. uncert.; Hurr. word): 10 wa-as-ra-an-na, 433:3., wastena adj. — (describes a bird; perhaps ‘oracle’): issurdtité wa-as-te -na, 355:13. watru adj. — ‘surplus, excess, remaining’: 2 awili a-na at-ri, 229:3. at-rum ki-ma kasa0 *368:4. kaspam at-ra, *368:10. at-ry Kaspu, 405:2. zi-it-tam wa-at-ra-am,

91:16.

D.pres.: u-za-ki-Su, *66:11. t-za-ku, 67:10. u-za-ku-u, 68:11. w-za-ak, 69:11. u-za-ak-ku-u-Su, 72:12. u-za-ak-ki-i, 74:13. D.pret.: ti-za-ki, S1:28. D.impv.: zu-uk-ki-Su-nu, 108:11. zakitu adj. - ‘exempt, free of claim, choice’: za-ku-us-su, *52:3; *54:3. za-ku-tim, *55:6. zali — (mg. uncert.): 1 za-li, *432:8. zalu s. —(mng. uncert.; perhaps a vessel): za-lum siparru, 113:5; 415:2, 5, 16. za-lum hurdsu, 390:1. za-lum KU, 416:19. zamdu s. — (Wiseman suggests ‘sheath of dagger’): patru Sa hurdsi za-am-du , *409: 43.

zarapbhu adj. — ‘threshed (grain)’: za !-ra-ap-hu, *240:5. Se’za-ra-ap-hu, *247:14, Se-a-am za-ra-ap-hu, *245:1. za-ra-ap-hu, *249:4; *252:20.

wiklatena 5. — (a type of garment .; Hurr. word): At wi-ik-la -te-na, 362:6. wigs S. ~ ‘couch’ (ef. HU CA, 29 (1958), pp. 127-128): 4 "ergy sa wi-is-sa-e-na, 227:13. wurni — (mng. uncert.; Possibly some type of implement; Hurr. word): wu-ur-ni,

zazu v. — ‘to divide’: G.pres.: ni-za-a-az, *7:12. G.inf.: za-a-zi-im, *7:27.

D.pret.: t-za-az, S1:74. zéru s. — ‘seed, offspring; seed (of grain)’: id. — NUMUN,

*269:60.

¥,

id. - NUMUN-Su, 2:78.

z€ru v. — ‘to dislike, hate’: G. pres.: i-ze-er-ru, *7:22.

ig a-na ia-si , 2:21, ta-Si-im, *11:7,

*240:14; *251:4; *252:8:

id. - NUMUN.MES-su, SI:98.

i-z(e-e)r-5i, 92:6.

(i)-zé-er-5u, 94:19.

ziba s. — ‘black cumin’: id. - UTIN.TIR.MLSAR, *260:7, 9, 10, 11.

465:13.

zi-bu-t, *256:11.

zi-bu,

zikaru s.— ‘male’: id. ~ NITA, 72:25 329:15; *333:2; *334:2, 5. id. - NITA, 329:2-4;

330:9, 16; 339:3-8, 9; 342:2-4, 15,

+

Asys ; z yas pron. ind, or — ‘to me, for me’: a-na ta-st -im, S1:39,

*241:12;

114

GLOSSARY

zinzi — (mng. uncert.): 1 zi-in-zi ( ), *432:27. zittu s. — ‘property,

share’:

a-na zi-ti-Su, *86:5.

zi-it-tam,

*7:9,

zi-ti-tim, *95:18.

16.

zi-it-ti,

*7:34.

zi-it-ti-3u,

*7:4]

id. — HA.LA zi- ta-Su (gloss on id.), 1), 16:8. 16:8.

ZU s. — (month name): id. — TUZU, 309:1. zuru — (mng. uncert.): zu-ri-im, *240:11. zuzugee annu adj.? — (mng. uncert.: > H Hurr. word describing cattle): : ibi

BIBLIOGRAPHY 2 GUD

ZU-ZU-ga-

PRIMARY

Smith,

Sidney,

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MATERIALS

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ON

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verlag, 1940). Gordon, Cyrus H., Ugaritic Textbook (Rome, Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, 1965). Greenberg, M., The Hab/piru (New Haven, American Oriental Series, No. 39, 1955). Labat, René, L’Akkadien de Boghaz-kéi (Bordeaux, Librairie Delmas, 1932).

—., Manuel d’Epigraphie Akkadienne, France, 1959). Landsberger, Benno,

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zum

3rd. ed. (Paris, Imprimerie Nationale de Sumerischen

Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, 1957-59).

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(Rome,

116

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Mercer, Samuel A. B., The Tell El-Amarna Tablets (Toronto, The MacMilla n Company of Canada Limited at St. Martin’s House, 1939). Moscati, Sabatino, An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of Semitic Languages (Wiesbaden, Otto Harrassowitz, 1964). : Ryckmans, G., Grammaire Accadienne (Louvain, Publications Universit aires, 1960). Smith, Sidney, Alalakh and Chronology (London, Luzac and Company, 1940).

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