Systems analysis and design [9th ed] 9780133023442, 9780273787105, 0273787101, 0133023443

Table of contents :
Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 9
1 Systems, Roles, and Development Methodologies......Page 31
Systems Analyst as Supporting Expert......Page 32
Systems Analyst as Agent of Change......Page 33
The Systems Development Life Cycle......Page 34
Identifying Problems,Opportunities, and Objectives......Page 35
Analyzing System Needs......Page 36
Designing the Recommended System......Page 37
Implementing and Evaluating the System......Page 38
The Impact of Maintenance......Page 39
Using Case Tools......Page 40
Developmental Process for an Agile Project......Page 41
Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design......Page 43
Developing Open Source Software......Page 45
The Role of the Analyst in Open Source Software......Page 46
Summary......Page 47
Selected Bibliography......Page 48
2 Understanding and Modeling Organizational Systems......Page 49
Interrelatedness and Interdependence of Systems......Page 50
Consulting Opportunity 2.1 The E in Vitamin E Stands for Ecommerce......Page 51
Taking a Systems Perspective......Page 52
Enterprise Systems: Viewing the Organization as a System......Page 53
Systems and the Context-Level Data Flow Diagram......Page 54
Systems and the Entity-Relationship Model......Page 55
Use Case Modeling......Page 60
Use Case Symbols......Page 61
Use Case Relationships......Page 62
Developing System Scope......Page 63
Use Case Levels......Page 64
Creating Use Case Descriptions......Page 68
Levels of Management......Page 69
Consulting Opportunity 2.2 Where There’s Carbon, There’s a Copy......Page 70
Organizational Culture......Page 71
Hypercase® Experience 2......Page 72
Keywords and Phrases......Page 73
Problems......Page 74
Selected Bibliography......Page 75
3 Project Management......Page 77
Problems in an Organization......Page 78
Defining the Problem......Page 79
Consulting Opportunity 3.1 The Sweetest Sound I’ve Ever Sipped......Page 80
Selection of Projects......Page 82
Determining Whether It Is Possible......Page 83
Estimating Workloads......Page 84
Ascertaining Hardware and Software Needs......Page 85
Inventorying Computer Hardware......Page 86
Renting Time and Space in the Cloud......Page 87
Evaluation of Vendor Support for Computer Hardware......Page 89
Creating Custom Software......Page 90
Purchasing Cots Software......Page 91
Consulting Opportunity 3.2 Veni, Vidi, Vendi, or, “I Came, I Saw, I Sold”......Page 92
Evaluation of Vendor Support for Software and SaaS......Page 93
Forecasting......Page 94
Consulting Opportunity 3.3 We’re Off to See the Wizards......Page 95
Comparing Costs and Benefits......Page 96
Managing Time and Activities......Page 99
Time Estimation Techniques......Page 100
Project Scheduling......Page 102
Consulting Opportunity 3.4 Food for Thought......Page 103
Using Pert Diagrams......Page 104
Estimating Costs and Preparing the Budget......Page 107
Mac Appeal......Page 108
Managing Risk......Page 109
Managing Time Using Expediting......Page 110
Controlling Costs Using Earned Value Management......Page 112
Communication Strategies for Managing Teams......Page 115
Setting Project Productivity Goals......Page 116
Managing Ecommerce Projects......Page 117
The Systems Proposal......Page 118
What to Include in a Systems Proposal......Page 119
Using Figures for Effective Communication......Page 120
Summary......Page 122
Review Questions......Page 124
Problems......Page 125
Group Projects......Page 130
Selected Bibliography......Page 131
4 Information Gathering: Interactive Methods......Page 133
Five Steps in Interview Preparation......Page 134
Question Types......Page 135
Arranging Questions in a Logical Sequence......Page 137
Consulting Opportunity 4.1 Strengthening Your Question Types......Page 138
Listening to Stories......Page 140
Joint Application Design......Page 141
Where to Hold JAD Meetings......Page 142
Accomplishing a Structured Analysis of Project Activities......Page 143
Using Questionnaires......Page 144
Writing Questions......Page 145
Using Scalesin Questionnaires......Page 148
Consulting Opportunity 4.4 The Unbearable Questionnaire......Page 149
Designing Questionnaires......Page 150
Administering Questionnaires......Page 151
Consulting Opportunity 4.5 Order in the Courts......Page 152
Summary......Page 153
Review Questions......Page 154
Problems......Page 155
Group Projects......Page 157
Selected Bibliography......Page 158
5 Information Gathering: Unobtrusive Methods......Page 159
Sampling Design......Page 160
The Sample Size Decision......Page 162
Consulting Opportunity 5.1 Trapping a Sample......Page 163
Analyzing Quantitative Documents......Page 164
Consulting Opportunity 5.2 A Rose by Any Other Name . . . Or Quality, Not Quantities......Page 165
Analyzing Qualitative Documents......Page 168
Hypercase® Experience 5.1......Page 169
Structured Observation of the Environment (STROBE)......Page 170
Applying Strobe......Page 172
Summary......Page 174
Hypercase® Experience 5.2......Page 175
Problems......Page 176
Selected Bibliography......Page 178
6 Agile Modeling and Prototyping......Page 180
Kinds of Prototypes......Page 181
Consulting Opportunity 6.1 Is Prototyping King?......Page 182
Guidelines for Developing a Prototype......Page 183
Disadvantages of Prototyping......Page 185
The Users’ Role in Prototyping......Page 186
Values and Principles of Agile Modeling......Page 187
Consulting Opportunity 6.3 To Hatch a Fish......Page 189
Activities, Resources, and Practices of Agile Modeling......Page 190
Consulting Opportunity 6.4 This Prototype Is All Wet......Page 193
The Agile Development Process......Page 194
Lessons Learned from Agile Modeling......Page 197
Improving Efficiency in Knowledge Work: SDLC Versus Agile......Page 198
Mac Appeal......Page 200
Risks Inherent in Organizational Innovation......Page 202
Summary......Page 204
Review Questions......Page 205
Problems......Page 206
Selected Bibliography......Page 207
7 Using Data Flow Diagrams......Page 209
Conventions Used in Data Flow Diagrams......Page 210
Developing Data Flow Diagrams......Page 211
Creating the Context Diagram......Page 212
Drawing Diagram 0 (The Next Level)......Page 213
Checking Diagrams for Errors......Page 214
Logical and Physical Data Flow Diagrams......Page 216
Developing Logical Data Flow Diagrams......Page 219
Developing Physical Data Flow Diagrams......Page 220
Partitioning Data Flow Diagrams......Page 222
A Data Flow Diagram Example......Page 224
Drawing Diagram 0......Page 225
Creating a Physical Data Flow Diagram from the Logical DFD......Page 226
Partitioning the Physical DFD......Page 227
Partitioning Websites......Page 229
Communicating Using Data Flow Diagrams......Page 232
Consulting Opportunity 7.1 There’s No Business Like Flow Business......Page 233
Summary......Page 234
Problems......Page 235
Selected Bibliography......Page 237
8 Analyzing Systems Using Data Dictionaries......Page 239
The Data Repository......Page 240
Defining the Data Flows......Page 242
Logical and Physical Data Structures......Page 243
Data Elements......Page 245
Data Stores......Page 248
Creating a Data Dictionary......Page 249
Developing Data Stores......Page 251
Using a Data Dictionary......Page 252
Using Data Dictionaries to Create XML......Page 254
XML Document Type Definitions......Page 257
XML Schemas......Page 258
Summary......Page 259
Problems......Page 260
Group Projects......Page 262
Selected Bibliography......Page 263
9 Process Specifications and Structured Decisions......Page 264
Overview of Process Specifications......Page 265
Process Specification Format......Page 266
Writing Structured English......Page 268
Consulting Opportunity 9.2 Kneading Structure......Page 269
Data Dictionary and Process Specifications......Page 271
Developing Decision Tables......Page 272
Consulting Opportunity 9.3 Saving a Cent on Citron Car Rental......Page 274
Checking for Completeness and Accuracy......Page 275
Decision Trees......Page 276
Consulting Opportunity 9.4 A Tree for Free......Page 277
Choosing a Structured Decision Analysis Technique......Page 278
Summary......Page 279
Problems......Page 280
Selected Bibliography......Page 282
10 Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design Using UML......Page 283
Classes......Page 284
Inheritance......Page 285
Interacting During a CRC Session......Page 286
Unified Modeling Language (UML) Concepts and Diagrams......Page 288
Use Case Modeling......Page 289
Activity Diagrams......Page 292
Creating Activity Diagrams......Page 293
Consulting Opportunity 10.2 Recycling the Programming Environment......Page 295
Sequence Diagrams......Page 296
Communication Diagrams......Page 298
Class Diagrams......Page 299
Method Overloading......Page 300
Defining Messages and Methods......Page 301
A Class Example for the Web......Page 302
Presentation, Business, and Persistence Layersin Sequence Diagrams......Page 304
Relationships......Page 305
Generalization/Specialization (Gen/Spec) Diagrams......Page 308
Statechart Diagrams......Page 311
A State Transition Example......Page 312
Packages and Other UML Artifacts......Page 313
Putting UML to Work......Page 315
The Importance of Using UML for Modeling......Page 317
Hypercase® Experience 10......Page 318
Keywords and Phrases......Page 319
Problems......Page 320
Selected Bibliography......Page 321
11 Designing Effective Output......Page 323
Choosing the Right Output Method......Page 324
Relating Output Content to Output Method......Page 325
Factors to Consider When Choosing Output Technology......Page 326
Consulting Opportunity 11.1 Your Cage or Mine?......Page 328
Recognizing Bias in the Way Output Is Used......Page 331
Consulting Opportunity 11.3 Should This Chart Be Barred?......Page 333
Guidelines for Display Design......Page 334
Dashboards......Page 336
General Guidelines for Designing Websites......Page 338
Consulting Opportunity 11.4 Is Your Work a Grind?......Page 339
Specific Guidelines for Website Design......Page 341
Mac Appeal......Page 344
Web 2.0 Technologies and Social Media Design......Page 346
Consulting Opportunity 11.5 A Field Day......Page 347
Designing Apps for Smartphones and Tablets......Page 348
Set Up a Developer Account......Page 349
Determine How You Will Price the App......Page 350
Design for a Variety of Devices......Page 351
Design the Output a Second Time for a Different Orientation......Page 352
Create the User Interface Using Gestures......Page 353
Output Production and XML......Page 354
Ajax......Page 355
Summary......Page 357
Review Questions......Page 358
Problems......Page 359
Group Projects......Page 362
Selected Bibliography......Page 363
12 Designing Effective Input......Page 364
Making Forms Easy to Fill In......Page 365
Controlling Business Forms......Page 368
Keeping the Display Simple......Page 369
Using Icons in Display Design......Page 370
Consulting Opportunity 12.1 This Form May Be Hazardousto Your Health......Page 371
Graphical User Interface Design......Page 372
Hidden Fields......Page 375
Event-Response Charts......Page 376
Three-Dimensional Web Pages......Page 378
Ajax (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML)......Page 380
Website Design......Page 382
Mac Appeal......Page 384
Summary......Page 385
Review Questions......Page 386
Problems......Page 387
Group Projects......Page 389
Selected Bibliography......Page 390
13 Designing Databases......Page 391
Databases......Page 392
Reality, Data, and Metadata......Page 393
Files......Page 398
Relational Databases......Page 399
The Three Steps of Normalization......Page 401
A Normalization Example......Page 402
Usingan Entity-Relationship Diagram to Determine Record Keys......Page 410
Many-to-Many Relationships......Page 411
Integrity Constraints......Page 412
Mac Appeal......Page 413
Denormalization......Page 414
Data Warehouses......Page 417
Data Mining......Page 418
Business Intelligence (BI)......Page 419
Consulting Opportunity 13.3 Losing Prospects......Page 420
Text Analytics......Page 421
Hypercase® Experience 13......Page 423
Keywords and Phrases......Page 424
Problems......Page 425
Selected Bibliography......Page 427
14 Human–Computer Interaction......Page 428
How Fit Affects Performance and Well-Being......Page 429
Designing for the Cognitive Styles of Individual Users......Page 430
Physical Considerationsin HCI Design......Page 434
Considering Human Limitations, Disabilities, and Design......Page 435
Implementing Good HCI Practices......Page 436
Types of User Interface......Page 437
Menus......Page 438
Choosing and Evaluating Interfaces......Page 439
Gestures......Page 440
Badges......Page 441
Meaningful Communication......Page 442
Minimal User Action......Page 443
Standard Operation and Consistency......Page 444
Types of Feedback......Page 445
Including Feedback in Design......Page 446
Soliciting Feedback from Ecommerce Website Customers......Page 447
Consulting Opportunity 14.5 When You Run a Marathon, It Helpsto Know Where You’re Going......Page 448
Easy Navigation for Ecommerce Websites......Page 449
Query Types......Page 451
Query Methods......Page 454
Consulting Opportunity 14.6 Hey, Look Me Over (Reprise)......Page 455
Summary......Page 456
Hypercase® Experience 14......Page 457
Review Questions......Page 458
Problems......Page 459
Group Projects......Page 460
Selected Bibliography......Page 461
15 Designing Accurate Data Entry Procedures......Page 463
Keeping Track of Something......Page 464
Classifying Information......Page 465
Revealing Information......Page 467
General Guidelines for Coding......Page 469
Consulting Opportunity 15.1 It’s a Wilderness in Here......Page 470
Deciding What to Capture......Page 472
Avoiding Bottlenecks and Extra Steps......Page 473
Choosing a Data Entry Method......Page 474
Ensuring Data Quality Through Input Validation......Page 478
Consulting Opportunity 15.3 To Enter or Not to Enter: That Is the Question......Page 479
Validating Input Data......Page 480
The Process of Validation......Page 482
Storing Data for Later Use......Page 483
Providing Feedback to Customers......Page 484
Keywords and Phrases......Page 485
Problems......Page 486
Group Projects......Page 488
Selected Bibliography......Page 489
16 Quality Asurance and Implementation......Page 490
Responsibility for Total Quality Management......Page 491
Structured Walkthrough......Page 492
Top-Down Systems Design and Development......Page 493
Consulting Opportunity 16.1 The Quality of MIS Is Not Strained......Page 494
Using Structure Charts to Design Modular Systems......Page 495
Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)......Page 497
The Folklore Method......Page 498
Consulting Opportunity 16.2 Write Is Right......Page 499
The Testing Process......Page 500
Hypercase® Experience 16.1......Page 501
Consulting Opportunity 16.3 Cramming for Your Systems Test......Page 503
Implementing Distributed Systems......Page 504
Client/Server Technology......Page 505
Cloud Computing......Page 506
Network Modeling......Page 508
Training Strategies......Page 511
Guidelines for Training......Page 512
Consulting Opportunity 16.4 You Can Lead a Fish to Water . . . ButYou Can’t Make It Drink......Page 513
Conversion Strategies......Page 514
Organizational Metaphors and Their Relationship to Successful Systems......Page 515
Physical Security......Page 516
Behavioral Security......Page 517
Privacy Considerations for Ecommerce......Page 518
Disaster Recovery Planning......Page 519
Evaluation Techniques......Page 520
The Information System Utility Approach......Page 521
Evaluating Corporate Websites......Page 522
Consulting Opportunity 16.6 Mopping Up with the New System......Page 523
Hypercase® Experience 16.2......Page 524
Keywords and Phrases......Page 525
Review Questions......Page 526
Problems......Page 527
Selected Bibliography......Page 528
Glossary......Page 531
Acronyms......Page 539
C......Page 541
D......Page 542
F......Page 543
J......Page 544
P......Page 545
S......Page 546
V......Page 547
Z......Page 548

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