Sun of our freedom. The independence of Guinea Bissau

Table of contents :
CCLAMGpam-1.tif......Page 1
CCLAMGpam-2.tif......Page 2
CCLAMGpam-3.tif......Page 3
CCLAMGpam-4.tif......Page 4
CCLAMGpam-5.tif......Page 5
CCLAMGpam-6.tif......Page 6
CCLAMGpam-7.tif......Page 7
CCLAMGpam-8.tif......Page 8
CCLAMGpam-9.tif......Page 9
CCLAMGpam-10.tif......Page 10
CCLAMGpam-11.tif......Page 11
CCLAMGpam-12.tif......Page 12
CCLAMGpam-13.tif......Page 13
CCLAMGpam-14.tif......Page 14
CCLAMGpam-15.tif......Page 15
CCLAMGpam-16.tif......Page 16
CCLAMGpam-17.tif......Page 17
CCLAMGpam-18.tif......Page 18
CCLAMGpam-19.tif......Page 19
CCLAMGpam-20.tif......Page 20
CCLAMGpam-21.tif......Page 21
CCLAMGpam-22.tif......Page 22
CCLAMGpam-23.tif......Page 23
CCLAMGpam-24.tif......Page 24
CCLAMGpam-25.tif......Page 25
CCLAMGpam-26.tif......Page 26
CCLAMGpam-27.tif......Page 27
CCLAMGpam-28.tif......Page 28
CCLAMGpam-29.tif......Page 29
CCLAMGpam-30.tif......Page 30
CCLAMGpam-31.tif......Page 31
CCLAMGpam-32.tif......Page 32
CCLAMGpam-33.tif......Page 33
CCLAMGpam-34.tif......Page 34
CCLAMGpam-35.tif......Page 35
CCLAMGpam-36.tif......Page 36

Citation preview

SUN OF OUR FREEDOM

THE INDEPENDENCE OF GUINEA BISSAU

SUN OF OUR FREEWM (Second Printing, Nove.ber 1974) Ihe year 1974 w u one of unprecedented v i c t o r i e s f o r tho people of Guinea-Bissau, Angola, Mozambique, Su, T o n and P r i n c i ~ and of Portugal i t s e l f . After t h i r t e e n y e m of h a a i p t h e Portuguese people had become ron and mra unwilling t o continue t h e unjust and f u t i l e colonial w a r s i n Africa. The v i c t o r i e s scored by the African Liberation Movements precipitated a oaup i n Portugal on April 25, 1974, which bagan the process of dismantling the f a s c i s t dictatorship a t horn, and 500 years of colonialism i n Africa.

--

On Sqtember 10, 1974, the new Portuguese government acknarledged Guinea-Bissau's independence and b o g n withdrawing i t s troops. On September 17th t h e Republic of Guinea-Bissau w a s formally admitted t o the United Nations.

'IHE STRUGGLE CONTINUES

But t h e liberation struggle i n Guinea-Bissau cont i n u u : the struggle f o r land, f o r education, f o r health care,for e q m l i t y m d justice; t h e struggle t o grew r n ~ r f if e d md t o control one's own resoiurces; t h e s t l u g g l e t o r e d and write; t h e struggle t o l i v e beyond the age of five; t h e struggle t o f i n a l l y expel c o l o n i a l i s r from the C . g Verde Islands.. .in short, t h e struggle t o forge 8 n w nation, one which w i l l control i t s own destiny. This i s the h i s t o r y t h a t the people of Guinea-Bissau are making today. A LIRA ONTINUA! THE STRUGGLE CONTINUES!

NO PINTCHA! FORWARD !

"OWL ~ U I Umati .b pain and b o d StRcLight mad fit rwr The bun o $ ow Qwtdom.. "

..

( f r o m "Our Sure Roadt' by Cape

Verdem poet, Supajudo)

PROCLAMATI8H OF THE STATE 0F GZfINEA BISSAU

by the Peap1e1$ Natisnak Asscnilsly

"The cuhncur;t m e$ mzhs,b kinltehg A & m M z e d by the b;DluggEe ob peopiEu doh ;tkein h d pa;tian w b W m , i m p u d a & h m , & d m and aLt ofiett d a m 04 domina;tion,and opphe6ahn hmpuciy1g kurnh deviztepme&- and &gnLtg, peace erred pmg/tesb

~~

6

?lo &e . t % M e d Urn 0 4 Gui~eaBiAaau, scln. p u p & , guLd&d. try Pam%& A $ ~ e a n oda lndependeurcLu. $a G d e & C d o V d e f PA1GCf .UA~.WL&c enRig&cn&d~XeadmkCp ed 4 b d a and.No, 1 miell;anX, ~ WCab&,I b, fie &@tide66 1 7 y m 0 4 p o U d a . n $ ~ w dar;tkttgg.te, co~ur.twced a w f i b & wd now pa46u6e6 a conbXanA;egand evoRving a$midlt;rwLtive oagerziza*tion, a a& cuR;Wtae aettvicu, a judic/iae ayaltem, a alteadiey devaoping ewvwmy and nationat m e d dotrces..

..

A t & rneu%ng

04

1 4 SepXmbex 1923 i n

;the.-Bee-

teg.is.w, fie Peoplea& N a t t o d haedaly,d expneeaiing Rhe a o u d g n cafRey06 $he. peepte: SQ~E,@If. Y PROCLAIMS 'Tff E STATE Of GUllJEA 8lSSAU The .S;tw*te o&Guina U ~ a u.&. a &ave/r&gn, xepubLimn, dm~au.Ec, s r t t Z t + e a l e o W Z ahti+&h p i m W A l t S M e w k o ~ epmmy eb j e d v e s a Rhe complete U e h a f i o n o 4 &e peeptc e 4 .GuiiuteaBbau and e ~ p eVadc and, (oksiatj e g ,a unisn be&eea &me liwa Xwr,Lte~&aieh lEhe pwysda-e e$ b uiecLirzg -rzAltrrang A $ ~ c a nhem&kd- $cdic&&d 20 p m g / t e b ~ . The amangemem% M wtiolz w a be W e m i n e s t , ajjxerr x;thae -two l t W e ~ a a Lib-$, k~ 8tccsrtLQaMce w a &te luiRe 0 4 lthc peoptc, The SAX.& 0.5

Guinedt

Bi~swaam&

a m d

d@ ofi &king action t o e x p e u e , b y e v a y meam, Rhe expuRnion 06 Rhe fiohceb 06 a g g m h b n ofi Pasuguebe c o l o n i ~ m&omRhat pa4.t ofi the ; t W q a fi Guinea Bhaau which Rhey h W occupy and t o ivLtemifiy the hlf;tLugglei n Rhe Cape Vende lhlan&, which born an integhae and i w e n a b l e patLt od Rhe d o n & t W t r y ofi Rhe people 0 6 GuineaBhhau and Cape Vende..

..

The S m e ofi G&ea ;&inamanhwnes ne6pomLbLLLtq don pmrnofing Rhe economic advancement 04 Rhe c o d y , Rheneby orr.ea/ting Rhe m a ; t W b a b h doh Rhe dev&opment 0 4 c W e , bcience, and ;technology, w i t h a view to Rhe can;tinuling irnpmvement ofi Rhe a a c i a e and economic LLvLng h&mfa&b od om popu8a;tian and w i t h Rhe U a X e aim ofi achieving a LLQe 0 4 peace, w&-being and ph0ghUh doh I! om coun;trtyta chithen..

...

PEOPLE'S NATIONAL ASSEMBLY Boe region, 24 September, 1973

On Septeaber 24, 1973, t h e West African n a t i o n o f Guinea-Bissau declared i t s independence from Portugal. By November, 74 nations throughout Africa and t h e world had r e c o s i z e d t h e new republic The d e c l a r a t i o n of independence culminates f i v e c e n t u r i e s o f m i l i t a n t s t r u g g l e , and follsws a ten-year w a r a g a i n s t Portuguese r u l e , l e d by t h e African Party f o r t h e Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde, t h e PAIGC. The d e c l a r a t i o n came at t h e f i r s t meeting of t h e newly e l e c t e d National Assembly h e l d i n t h e southeastern region of Boe i n l i b e r a t e d Guinea Bissau. The 120 delegates had been chosen a y e a r before i n popular e l e c t i o n s h e l d throughout t h e a r e a s l i b e r a t e d from Portuguese control. The Assembly adopted a c o n s t i t u t i o n e s t a b l i s h i n g a 15-person Council of S t a t e , headed by Luis Cabral, Deputy Secretary General of PAIGC and b r o t h e r of t h e l a t e p a r t y l e a d e r , Amilcar Cabral , a s s a s s i n a t e d by Portuguese agents i n

.

January 1973. Aristedes P e r e i r a was chosen t o head t h e Party a s Secretary General. In desperation, Portugal c a l l e d t h e d e c l a r a t i o n of independence a mere "~ropagandastunt". However, t h e United Nations General Assembly supported t h e new republic when 94 c o u n t r i e s voted t o comdemn Portugal a s a "foreign aggressor" i n t h e "sovereign The United S t a t e s , t r u e s t a t e of Guinea Bissau." t o i t s a l l y , w t e d with 5 o t h e r countries i n denyi n g t h e existence of t h e new republic.

Located on t h e west coast of Africa between Senegal on t h e North and t h e Republic o f Guinea ( ~ o n a k r y ) on t h e East and South, Guinea Bissau covers 14,000 square miles and holds a population of approximately 800,000, with a high population d e n s i t y of 40 persons p e r square mile. A diverse t e r r a i n allows abundant wet r i c e t o be c u l t i v a t e d along t h e coastal lowlands, while groundnuts, m i l l e t , and c a t t l e a r e r a i s e d on t h e savannah p l a t e a u s o f t h e i n t e r i o r . The major language groups a r e t h e Balante(200,000), t h e Mandjak (110,000), t h e N a (80,000) and t h e Mandinka (70,000) ; and t h e Pepel, Mancagne, Felup, Bissagos, and o t h e r s a l l number around 200,000 including those l i v i n g on Cape Verde, 350 miles west and north of t h e Guinean mainland.

A&ica AQnica d e u p d w q i uenty A~rcictl.AQnica

Gwle .in y s w hand4 Fek independence. Viva M e md Cape Ven$e Viva Angob

MazambQue

Saa Tome We a

U pu/t down C o & W m

keB o m land

aee B w i land

l;tt6 $on OWL pw)llee We ah& pui d a m 1mpenicLeidm wi;th &h gum, luiRh Jtheirr money We dwtt need Ahem wha;tlac&i~a Nm AWCa A6fLiw A & i u

vim GcLCne .e Cub v w Viva &dea Mouunb~ue Saa Tome. Seng of Freedom Fi$hters

in duines Elssatu, from No ~ i n t c h a , T . Ogawa, 1972.

PORTUGUESE COLONIALISM I N GUINEA BISSAU Portuguese domination hi Guinea Bissau i s older than colonialism i t s e l f . From t h e f i r t e e n t h through t h e eighteenth c e x t u r i w Guinea Bissau and the Cape Verde Islands were t h e center of Portugal1s flourishing trade i n slaves, gold and ivory. Plantations and t r a d i n g posts were s e t up i n Cape Verde, which b e c m the center f o r Portuguese administration. Africans from the mainland were carried ss slaves t o Cape Verde, o r sent on t o Brazil. It was only i n the nineteenth century, when the r e s t of Europe began i t s scramble f o r African land and resources, t h a t Portugal formally colonized i t s " t e r r i t o r i e s " (including also Angola and Mozambique) and attempted t o penetrate the i n t e r i o r of Guinea Bissau. The verb "to colonize" cannot adequately describe the process t h a t then took place. For Portugal. inflicted- the harshest forms of forced labor, r a c i a l - d e e a a a t i o n by i t s policy of "assimila;tionl', c u l t u r a l destruction via, i t s " c i v i l i z i n g mission", a d economic exploit a t i o n t h a t l e f t the Guineans without adequate food, s h e l t e r , health care, sr the mans t o subsist. Owing t o the Ouinean people's streng resistance t o assimilatien, aa well as t o PortugalSs own particular b r w d 0.9 racism, i n 500 y e ~ k sLess. than 3$ of the AMcan population waa " a s s i d l a t e d . " Furthermore, even under colonial rule, the' occupying Portuguese were never able t o extend t h e i r presence i n t o the whole t e r r i t o r y , and they made no e i f a r t t o settle maw than a few enclaves. Despite the o f f i c i a l policy of assimilation, the Portuguese showed ao i n t e r e s t i n developing t h a area for the welfare of i t s inhabitants, who were regarded as no more than a source of unlimited, if i n w l u n t a r y labor. And the forced labor exacted i t s t o l l i n blooa. '

Nau d 4 m h e noX avaieabte To fie drteamm, Nan AOngd To fie S i n g m . In home lanth Vmk n i g h t And coLd Ateel Pnevate ---B u t -the &eam W i l l came back And -the hang B/reak

71t6

Jd. Langst on Hughes Oppression

THE MOlBIvENT FOR NATIONAL LIBERATION BEGINS

"The viotence wkich h a d e d oven -the onddng od -the coLoniae waned, wkich h ceab&aaLy chummed -the rrhylthm dun lthe d e s h a X o n 04 native aociae b o r n and bna km up cui;thau;t ned enve the A yaZem6 ad ne~enence0 4 the economy, -the C L L ~ Z OOQ ~drteba ~ and extetuzae fide, a%& aame vhtence cuie& be ceaimed and ;taken oven b y lthe na;tive .in the moment when, deciding @ embody kis.121h.y .in ki6 own penaon, he amga into the dottbidden q u a m W ~", F'ranz Fanon The Wretched of the Earth

"In SepZembeh 1956, m e w 9 sechetey i n &ismu, a dew Afihcam decided .to embody &.tony i n theiR awn pwons. They domed the A&can Parr;ty d o t Independence a 4 Gccinea and Cape Vertde latanah (PAIGC) They numbened e x a d y aix, .inc&uding A m i e w ~Cab&, who w u ltheirt gcLiding a p m ;

.

bu,t they h nwhme ~ ltheg wme going, They pnoceeded a3 puce&& appeal2 don p a U c & and ao& change, and wme answmed by aLtence wd h a w e d B a s i l Davi dson nepne66ion. " The Liberation of Guine

"On 3 Auguht 1959, at a mu& junc;tune h t h e kinltamj 04 t h e aakqgLe, Rhe PohAuguae cotoniaeh;ts commWed t h e m a a a a e 06 PidgiguLCi., h w k i c h t h e duck wotrhenn ud Bhaau and t h e n i v m tmn6puh.t 4 ; t n i k m wme t h e v i m b , and wkich, a t a coat od 50 W e d and o v a 100 wounded, wan a pCLiY16u.t t a a o n $on am people, who Leanned RhaA: t h m e was nu quakion a $ chooaing b-een a peace$& ah-qgle and m e d combat; t h e Pumhguae had weapon6 and wme pnepatred a3 W e " Amilcar Cabral Address t o t h e United Nations, 1972 It became i n c r e a s i n g l y evident t o t h e l e a d e r s of PAIGC, however, t h a t a c o l o n i a l r e v o l t by i t s e l f would not be s u f f i c i e n t t o achieve t r u e n a t i o n a l independence

...

"Thene A no people on eatr/th which, having been subjec;ted t o t h e h p W t yoke ( c o % W t on independn u - c u t o W t ) , h a managed ;to gain ence ~LthoLLtv i c t i m , The h p o n t a n t thing A Xo d e t m i n e which d a m a { violence have t o be uned by t h e d o & f i b W n {otrca i n ohden not o n t y 20 aMlom t h e violence 0 4 h p u r . h d A m but. &o to i n s m e t h o u g h t h e aRnuggle t h e ~ i M a evictotry 06 ;thein w e , ;trure nation& independence. The p k and phedent expenienca 06 vLvtiuub p w p h , t h e pnenevct a W o n 06 natiautag. L L b W o n a . h q g t e s i n Zhe w o d ( a p e U y i n Vidm, Congo, and Zimbabwe) a w& a6 t h e aLtuaLLon 06 pmanent violence. .A haw un no2 o n t y .that comp&omA utith h p W m do not wonk, but d o t h a t t h e nomat way od n u & Libsna;tion, h p o a e d on pwpla by h p U t treptresaion, .b m e d a&uqgle.ll

.

-- milc car ~ a b r a l ,1966 11 The Weapon of Theory"

"By t h e end 96 7 962 $hey wetLe heady {en warrdarte. Y e t Lt rotu $0 be # m a m e n s t himply the out $he Pouugues e, bCLt above keekgaGzc t h e couvLtrLy a0 nav finen. 74 X h a e had $0 be wartdae, AX wa6 t o be datt / r e v a U s ~ a t t yen&. .Mae nevo&, no nlatta haw buccaa&.X, could neven i n h e l d jua;ti& t h e swQQeninghit w o a d cause.. Rev@& ah kt wsuR$ -be Ire$ten rwt munt . h p Q heva-n, ~9a m at &.'' --0avA4on, The libehU n ag GlLine

.

.

Buk a great dad. ef wsrk wles necessary b e a r e armed struggle would be pessfble. A group of r e l i a b l e organizers had t o Be r e c r u i t e d and t r a i n e d b e f ~ r ethey could s e t about t h e long task of organizing t h e G u i n e a v i l l a g e s . A PAIGC m i l i t a n t once described how he would go about t h e job of convincing t h e villagers t h a t t h e s t r u g g l e to be waged was t h e i r own: "So you ga i n t e a v W g e a@% ind ding abau;t ;the &den, Xhe man who h a mo/rae slu/the&ty i n ;the v W g e ; and youlne dhesaed a a peanant. F h t 04 1 ask doh the &dm. Then 7 g n e a kim wvtd aisk Bcf.4 hapL&&ity, The bsECavt.te aire v w and ' h o ~ p k i k b t c , ThlE -&dut wsum my gne-ga aho& $an tea$ ,Xe bt 'pnepcured.

a,

@hen .the iaad W v e s , 1 t o a h Rt ha$ ;tkreylye Z;tla m e .they btLing Gee 04 ckichen. 14 Ith41te1b o n l y &e & pahad! Aauce, 5 hay Xo

bheugkt.

f i e &cia:

fatha, whg de you g i v e me only &ice? The Baetrnte a e a hodpi-tabte peeple.' ' I um a p0oh ma^. No ckickens. '

' B u t hugtd tha$, @!ha? You1ve been wohkuzg a t t y o m LLde and you haven1$ even a,-.-s i n g l -ee cock i n cjoun. yatrd?' 4-'

'My hon, w y a k AUCLL A g a . 7 a e d Its have c a w , h b 4 &a, b u t ;the w & t a have a h e n them $ox Rax* '

'And doeb .Lt a& you, QaAhen, wha;t ;the whLteb m e doing?' ' I t doebn't a& me. BuL what can I da? They'ne ;tau a;Drong. ' So $atr I ' v e been getting an idea abou;t what ;the o l d man U k e . fie1a a e t r d y ;tau me he doesn't l i k e ;the c o t u W l t 6 . BuL I have anked no big quebZLun6, I ' v e a a i d n o f i g hpa/r;tavLt y&. Now I go a bLt % um & . FaAhm, i d by chance ;thmela aoma%hg Itha..t could give you a b&m f i d e ;tamonnaw, w o d d you be in $avom o $ &?'

'

'W& Ithen, t h i n k about .Lt. Fun now we have a Parr;ty X h t &igm;the Pomkguebe ao we can be dnee and ao you can keep what you g& by youh w0h.k. ' i n k v i d s o n , The Liberation o f Guine

-

THE ARMED STRUGGLE BEGINS 1 961 -

On t h e t h i r d of August, 1961, PAIGC began d i r e c t armed a c t i o n . S t a r t i n g with sabotage, t h e s t r u g g l e progressively developed u n t i l i n January, 1963, t h e people ' s g u e r r i l l a war was d e f i n i t i v e l y launched i n t h e South, with only t h r e e o r f o u r p i s t c l s , h a l f a dozen guns, and many farm t o o l s . By t h e middle of 1963, 1 5 percent of t h e country had been l i b e r a t e d . 1 963 The Portuguese

responded by sending i n a force which grew f'rom 5,000 t r o o p s i n 1963, t o 45,000 i n 1973, concentrated i n t h e towns and a few countryside posts. 1 964 I n 1964,

t h e Portuguese attempted t o regain l o s t t e r r i t o r y by a t t a c k i n g Como I s l a n d , but t h e y were soundly defeated a f t e r a 75-day seige. They l o s t 900 s o l d i e r s , a s e r i o u s l y l a r g e amount of m a t e r i a l , and were forced t o withdraw. This defeat of t h e Portuguese only contributed t o t h e ranks o f PAIGC by i n s p i r i n g almost 1,000 new volunteers f o r t h e i r army. Today Como I s l a n d i s one of t h e most developed l i b e r a t e d areas.

1965-67 B y - 6 6 PAIGC had l i b e r a t e d h a l f t h e n a t i o n a l t e r r i t o r y ; and by 1967 t h e e n t i r e g u e r r i l l a f o r c e had been incorporated i n t o t h e r e g u l a r armed forces o f PAIGC, c a l l e d FARP (people's Revolutionary Armed ~ o r c e s ) . While t h e people's m i l i t i a defended t h e l i b e r a t e d t e r r i t o r i e s , t h e r e g u l a r forces (FARP) advanced t o t h e f r o n t s . It became i n c r e a s i n g l y obvious t o Portugal t h a t t h e only way t h e y would be able t o f i g h t t h i s w a r w a s from t h e air. This new e f f o r t was l a t e r t o include biol o g i c a l and psychological. warfare p a t t e r e d on t h e U.S. model i n Vietnam.

1968-69 Thus t h e Portuguese have been put completely on t h e defensive. Despite a i r backing a poor country l i k e Portugal cannot maintain t h e high c a s u a l i t i e s and l o s s o f m a t e r i a l and weapons, so only a few bases remain i n t h e countryside. Bissau and Bafata, t h e two l a r g e s t towns, continue t o be Portuguese enclaves, although s i n c e 1971 t h e y have been insecure because of PAIGC a t t a c k s . 1970-71 The years 1970 and 1971 introduced t h e Guinean people t o t h e use of Napalm and herbicides by desperate Portuguese troops. I n t h e s p r i n g of 1971, t h e enemy began t o launch fragmentation bombs which destroy houses, f o l i a g e , t r e e s , and everything within thousands of f e e t from t h e c e n t e r of explosion. Villages, b r i d g e s , schools , camps, h o s p i t a l s , a l l a r e wiped o u t , but only u n t i l they can be r e b u i l t o r moved t o another place within t h e country. Nothing i s a permane n t setback; always you can h e a r t h e c a l l "NO ~ i n t c h a ! " "Forward" it i s t h e only way t o go.

-

-

By t h e end of 1971 more than two-thirds of t h e population i s l i v i n g i n l i b e r a t e d t e r r i t o r y .

"THE GUERRlLLA WALKS PROUDLY ON THE LAND, WHT LE TH E L I T T L E PORTUGUESE COMMANDS TH E CLOUDS"

-

Song o f school c h i l d r e n i n l i b e r a t e d Guinea Bissau 1973 Since a l l

supply t o t h e Portuguese troops must come from t h e a i r , they a r e extremely vulnerable. PAIGC t a k e s t h e i n i t i a t i v e i n t h i s war. From March t o May, 1973, PAIGC shot down fourteen Portuguese planes, f o r t h e f i r s t time using a n t i - a i r c r a f t m i s s i l e s . Thus t h e PAIGC poses a s e r i o u s challenge and t h r e a t t o Portugal's supremacy of t h e air.

..

ll. a i d e dnom Ahe wowzded, Ahe dead, Ahe enemy airtcnadlt, Ahe bombn , Ahe 6igWng men, Ahe po-Li$ i dwonhm, Ahe miai;ta&, ;the Pa/r;tg - how many obj e d v e n U u n;tiee ;to c o d ! Uene uti;Uz un - d i d you g m p AX? - evenyMng A objecave neaeity: women, ckiedtten, men, & e u , n p U d l o w m , even Ahe dead. Fan we m e a nocieyty 0 6 Ahe Living and ;the dead; and that A not a weahnua. On Ahe con;Dratrg, L t ' a a amng;th agaivtcllt Ahe aacnidicecl we m u b i make. "

- Amilcar Cabral, PAIGC

Tff E LONG PAY ' S MARCH

ARR f i e WU w i l l give wag To t h e ~ W L Y 06 OWL d e a

And no one w i l l Wkicfl

w&

~&e/r

in the Long d q ' n manch

doh Ahe blood

To devom ;the du;t on Ahe noadd

Vhunk wLth We dh&

OWL

bho&g

dahhen ;the hn&cape &om a i m

F/rom lthe pevlde wLonie6

We nh&

at L m l t ~ m Z eup at the n;tarr-Ligkt.

-

Onesimo Silveira PAIGC Militant

Napalmed v i l l a g e being guarded by a member of the peoples' m i l i t i a .

ENEMIES AND FRIENDS

"Evehyone known thd PonALLgaL d o u no;t make any

airrchar&t, no$ even ;tCIgn $oh ckiedhen. Om n i t ua;tiun ;tkis Pomkguue agghgnnhn agai~n;tout

-

peopLe - d o &voLven t h e W e n od PotLtugaL, b d u d i n g G/tea;t BtLi/tain and t h e U n i t e d StaAen. And thehe Xoo out n h g g t e bhingn anothm gain: .it ;teachu un Xo know t h e &Len& and enemiu 0 4 om peopLe, A4hica,11

- Amilcu

Cabral

Some of t h e weapons used by Portuguese troops and where t h e y come from:

- Reconnaisance j e t s and bombers - West Germany h e l i c o p t e r s - France

- Alouette

- F r i g a t e s , gunboats - B r i t a i n and Holland - B-25s, ~ - 2 6 ~h,e l i c o p t e r s - U.S .A. - Herbicides, napalm, d e f o l i a n t s - U.S.A.

Flus guns, b o a t s , and ammunition f r o n NATO. Not t o mention t h e $436.5 m i l l i o n i n economic a i d and c r e d i t s o f f e r e d t o Portugal by t h e U.S. i n 1971 under t h e "Azores Agreement."

"The S/ta;ts, ad GLLinea lWnau hegarrch t h e 4;tttengfiening o 4 n a h h L t y and neldiettey bmtherrhood between om people and ecta peoplu 0 6 t h e Pak/tugueee colonied a one a 4 ;the ~undmen;tat p~ncipCsno 6 Lix bentLp poficy; Lt 4;tm& in sofidanity w L t h t h e peopla h&ggfivtg doh the& Aneedarn and &dependence i n Ahnim. &La and LGutin hnwLca and w i t h ' dee Anab peojtes &igkting a g a i n ~ t ZLovLism,"

od .the, f i n k

-Proclamation of Independence

The people o f Guinea a r e l i n k e d t o those f i g h t i n g a g a i n s t Portuguese colonialism i n Mozambique, Angola, Sao Tome and P r i n c i p e , through t h e Conference o f t h e N a t i o n a l i s t Organizations i n t h e Portuguese Colonies (CONCP), which i s made up o f representat i v e s o f PAIGC, MPLA (popular Movement f o r t h e Liberation o f Angola), FRELIMO (Mozambique Libera t i o n F r o n t ) , and CLSTP (Council f o r t h e Liberation o f Sao Tome and P r i n c i p e ) . People i n t h e Portugueseoccupied a r e a s o f A f r i c a know t h a t t h e i r s t r u g g l e i s one, and t h a t t h i s s t r u g g l e i s l i n k e d t o t h e r e s t o f Africa, e s p e c i a l l y t h e a r e a s o f Southern A f r i c a s t i l l dominated by white minority regimes. PAIGC r e c e i v e s m a t e r i a l a i d f i r s t of a l l from o t h e r African c o u n t r i e s through t h e Organization o f African Unity, t h e n from progressive n a t i o n s and people a l l over t h e world.

MY BROTHER

My bno;then LA not he Lvho wah barn Q u m Rhe womb o h my molthen.

He A Rhe one who in ;the dnee paAhQ S t i n b w a h me ;taday ;the watm a$ Rhe same /tiveh, aleepa unden Rhe aame shy, aingh wM me fie aame aonga a$ WCVL. M bmkhen LA Rhe one who $atget6 kim6db : d e L i b W o n od kid peopte LA kin neahon d o t Living,

My bm;thett h ;that one a t my aide who &Lgh&.

- Mozambique Revolution

THE INSTITUTIONS OF NATIONAL RECONSTRUCTION

Ten years of armed struggle against Portuguese colonialism has been p a r a l l e l e d by t h e PAIGC's e f f o r t s a t national reconstruction of t h e econoqy and s o c i a l and c u l t u r a l i n s t i t u t i o n s . These e f f o r t s are ref l e c t e d i n t h e many schaols, health centers and c u l t u r a l i n s t i t u k i o n s which are f o r t h e f i r s t ti= serving t h e needs of t h e people. All these have been b u i l t i n t h e midst of napalm bombs, herbicides, and other forms of t e r r o r used by t h e Portuguese.

This mask of t h e goddess NIMBA-KAMATCHOL is a symbol of the c u l t u r a l heritage of t h e "Nalus" i n southern Guinea Bissau. Seized by t h e Portuguese a u t h o r i t i e s , it was recovered from t h e Colonial Museum i n Bissau by PAIGC m i l i t ants

.

EDUCATION Af'ter 500 years of Portuguese domination..

..

..

.99% o f t h e Guinean people remained illite r a t e ; l e s s than 3%of t h e population were i n primary and seaondary schools, and even fewer people were allowed t o go beyond t h e elementary l e v e l . A t o t a l of 56 secondary schools had been e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h e country, 11 government and 45 missionary. Only 1 4 u n i v e r s i t y graduates were t h e achievement of t h e 500-year " c i v i l i z i n g mission." Now, i n t h e a r e a s l i b e r a t e d by PAIGC..

...

.

education i s t h e cornerstone o f t h e new nation. By 1972 PAIGC had e s t a b l i s h e d more than 245 primary schools, with over 250 t e a c h e r s and an enrollment o f more than 20,000 students. I n school Guineans, young and o l d , l e a r n t h e reasons f o r t h e s t r u g g l e , t h e p o l i c y and ideology o f PAIGC, a s well a s h i s t o r y , geography, m t h , n a t u r a l sciences, and language.. One of PAIGC's highest p r i o r i t i e s has been t h e development of l i t e r a c y among t h e peo?le, f o r they know it i s the means of l i b e r a t i n g minds and c r e a t i v e a b i l i t i e s . A mass l i t e r a c y campaign has been i n s t i t u t e d , Primary education i.s o b l i g a t o r y .and f r e e . Teachlng and t e c h n i c a l t r a i n i n g c e n t e r s have been e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h e l i b e r a t e d a r e a s , along with programs i n n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t u r e and a r t s and physical education, a l l non-existent under t h e Portuguese. I n a d d i t i o n , PAIGC has two military schools i n s i d e l i b e r a t e d Guinea which focus on a d u l t l i t e r a c y t r a i n i n g . By 1972, 497 c i v i l s e r v a n t s a d prof e s s i o n a l s were t r a i n e d t o administer PAIGC operat i o n s i n s i d e l i b e r a t e d areas. Each of t h e t h r e e m i l i t a r y f r o n t s has a boarding school through t h e fourth grade, and t h e b e s t students a r e 8 e l e c t e d

f o r f u r t h e r t r a i n i n g i n academic, a d m i n i s t r a t i v e and military s e r v i c e s . I n June 1973, a graduation ceremony was h e l d f o r over 700 students i n t h e northern f r o n t . The progress of PAIGC i n education i s w e l l demons t r a t e d by t h e simultaneous regression of t h e Portuguese. I n 1968-69, t h e Portuguese claimed t o have 815 t e a c h e r s i n 342 schools; i n t h e following y e a r , a s PAIGC expanded i t s c o n t r o l of t h e countryside, t h e Portuguese claimed only 458 t e a c h e r s and 241. schools.

...

Fange 4 h p L e w a d thaX even the ckiechen can undmhd w a n d Aich luiee e n t m evmy houe &he t h e wind and ~& &he ned h a t e m b m an auh peaple'a ha&. l n auh h n d

B u t Y u 2 m e beginning a% 6 t o w m .

-

Jorge Rebelo

FRELIMO

Student helping t o construct a school i n G u i n e ~Bissau where classrooms a r e thatched with palm l e a v e s , and desks and c h a i r s made from branches

HEALTH SERVICES When armed s t r u g g l e broke out i n 1963, t h e r e were only 4 doctors i n t h e countryside. Most t r a i n e d doctors stayed i n t h e c i t i e s and d i d not serve t h e masses of people Now, a f t e r 10 y e a r s , PAIGC has 40 doctors i n s i d e Guinea Bissau. PAIGC has a c e n t r a l h o s p i t a l i n each of t h e country's t h r e e regions, smaller h o s p i t a l s a t t h e s e c t o r l e v e l ( 3 o r 4 small v i l l a g e s ) , and h e a l t h c e n t e r s within t h e s e c t o r s . Health teams frequently v i s i t v i l l a g e s t o b r i n g medical care t o t h e s i c k wh3 cannot be moved, t o evacuate o t h e r s t o t h e h e a l t h c e n t e r s o r h o s p i t a l s , and t o i n s t r u c t t h e people i n childcare and hygiene. The h o s p i t a l s a r e all d i r e c t e d by Guinean medical doctors, and each mobile h e a l t h team c o n s i s t s of a male and female nurse. One h o s p i t a l complex, Simon Mendes M i l i t a r y Hospit a l i n t h e Sara region, i s s t a f f e d by 1 0 doctors and 1 5 nurses. There i s a hut f o r general consult a t i o n and dispensary work, another f o r operations such a s appendectomies, amputations, and caesarian b i r t h s , and a s e t of buildings t o house t h e s t a f f and another f o r p a t i e n t s . Although t h e h o s p i t a l i s o f f i c i a l l y f o r "military" use, t h e majority of p a t i e n t s a r e c i v i l i a n , coming t o be t r e a t e d f o r a v w i e t y of diseases mala.ria.. b i l h a r z i a , sleeping sickness, s k i n d i s e a s e s , int e s t i n a l i n f e c t i o n s , e t c . An i d e a of how many people t h e h o s p i t a l serves can be obtained from h o s p i t a l records: January t o A p r i l , 1973 1.,180 p a t i e n t s f o r consultation ; 177 h o s p i t a l i z e d , 25 of whom s u f f e r e d from m i l i t a r y wounds.

-

-

I n a d d i t i o n , PAIGC has e s t a b l i s h e d numerous " s a n i t a r y brigades" which t r a v e l t h r o x h o u t t h e l i b e r a t e d zones f o r innoculation programs and h e a l t h education. Large-scale vaccination cam-

paigns a r e p e r i o d i c a l l y c a r r i e d out by PAIGC. In 1971, t h e y e f f e c t i v e l y p r o t e c t e d t h e people i n t h e l i b e r a t e d areas from a cholera epidemic widespread i n neighboring Senegal and t h e Republic of Guinea ( ~ o n a k r y ) . This was accomplished i n t h e absence of e l e c t r i c i t y and r e f r i g e r a t i o n . Malnutrition i s a b i g h e a l t h problem, p a r t l y caused by t h e systematic s l a u g h t e r o f l i v e s t o c k by Portugugese t r o o p s i n an e f f o r t t o defeat PAIGC's program of n a t i o n a l reconstruction. As a r e s u l t , PAIGC devotes much time t o eccouraging people t o r a i s e l i v e s t o c k . Life expectancy has -gone up cons i d e r a b l y i n 1 0 y e a r s , where under t h e Portuguese more t h a n 50% of t h e children d i e d before age two. ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION The People's Store i s t h e backbone of t h e economy i n t h e l i b e r a t e d areas. F i r s t organized by PAIGC i n t h e mid-19601s, t h e s t o r e s have now been s e t up throughout t h e countryside. Villagers b r i n g t h e i r produce t o t h e s t o r e s and exchange t h e i r goods f o r b a s i c n e c e s s i t i e s such a s c l o t h i n g , cooking utens i l s , and food. I n areas remote from d i s t r i b u t i o n c e n t e r s , economic brigades b r i n g goods t o t h e people. Through t h e people's s t o r e s l o c a l produce such a s r i c e , palm o i l and hides, i s a l s o recycled t o m i l i t a r y u n i t s , schools and h e a l t h c e n t e r s , and some i s now even being used t o generate foreign exchange. FAIGC has a l s o e s t a b l i s h e d a t a i l o r shop which can be commissioned t o make c l o t h e s i n r e t u r n f o r vouchers, and has s e t up a separate f a b r i c a t i o n c e n t e r which makes a l l m i l i t a r y clothing. By 1967 t h e Guineans were producing enough r i c e not only t o feed t h e ~ e o p l ei n t h e l i b e r a t e d areas and t h e PAIGC army, b u t t o export! In c o n t r a s t , r i c e had t o be imported i n t o t h e Portugueseoccupied areas. PAIGC has a l s o been a b l e t o export- c o l a nuts , beeswax and crocodile s k i n s , f o r p r i c e s f a r lower than t h e Portuguese ever offered. PAIGC i s now thinking of introducing i t s own currency

.

The Portuguese have been unable bauxite and timber resources of war. These resources await the development by f r e e Guineans i n

t o exploit t h e r i c h Guinea due t o t h e opportunity f o r t h e future.

The r e d i s t r i b u t i o n of land, formerly plantations under the Portuguese, has a l s o been c a r r i e d out by PAIGC. Land i s farmed c o l l e c t i v e l y , but t h e Party i s p a r t i c u l a r l y s e n s i t i v e t o consider t r a d i t i o n a l and locU customs with regards t o land and production as it pushes f o r more progressive and c o l l e c t i v e a g r i c u l t u r a l practices.

"We MhA:;to get back om land and ~ p 4 .Thhough Xhe s Z m g g k k we ~ Q U we I ane p o N ~ & d . NOW&+ we have bchooJA and can wn6& a dac;tolr. W e sac0 &ljf i a hp0n;tavct 1& &k.t...." a peasant i n the South

-

Peasants greeting PAIGC leader, Amilcar Cabral, a t a meeting inside l i b e r a t e d Guinea Bissau ,1972.

POLITICAL IITSTITUTIONS Under t h e guidance o f PAIGC, t h e people have organi z e d themselves t o run t h e i r own l i v e s , from t h e most b a s i c level on up:

"We've heed decCL0m huh a P t w t y cummi;t;tee i n each (hxbanca Lt a l'&xbanca" co-ee vdYage, We CUM h Guinea-Cneote doh vdXage 1. l n genettae, Lt h compoaed ad Rhme men and ;thhee women, and h &ec;ted b y ;the evlltitLe vLUage. We e x p k n behahehand ;the rua14 i~ which ;they m u t g e t onganizd, the ,tab ltlzey have to canny ou;t, and Ahe basic ptLinc i p t a oa Ahe P h 4 . Young people m e oaten d e c t d . The o t d peopte havelz't &aya been happy t o aee Ah& platen i n ;the viL&tge Leadmhip &ken oven b y ;the young, Aemoat a l l o d om Gghtm ate young. B u t ;then again, aince evaybody; o l d and young, had had enough 0 6 ;the PotrAuguae, even Ahe o l d oneb who at d h t dkagged .the.& deet 6.ivuxRey came mound. So anyhow, c o m e e oa&Lcm m e etected b y Rhe ~ L U u g m . We i n Ahe P m y m e comuated, and we decide ;ta buppatr/t a candidate on ;the bash 0 6 Rhe wu& ahelhe h a aetready accompldhed doh Rhe ? M y , and 06 Ahe ateem h wkich Rhe o;thm p e a a d ho&d kimlha. 1n phincipte, Rhe p e a a d ' choice h m p e c t e d . 16, h om opLnion, ;they have choaen badty, we Leave ;the c a n d i a e i n o ddice. We w&t doh the peasant^ ;ta m&ze Xheitt mi6take by Ithema&veb, N a h m . U y , ;the P m t y /ramven t h e n i g h t .to hemove Ahoae who une R h b phenaga;tiua .in ;th& own Lntenaa2. We don't want a new c k i e ~ t a i m k i payAtem. A new commi;ttee h dected at Ahe pea am2 ' heyuent ; and aec;tioa me d o held p&odic&y j u n t ,to avoid what you might c d t h d e n i n g 0 6 Rhe aAdtetLia

h e v&ge commiktee hm a e v e u t tab, A-t Rhe phaenk b&ge, one 06 Ahe mob2 hpontan;t .LA ;ta & a c m e agtLicue;tuhae p m d u d o n , ao Rhat Ahme

w X be plenty 0 4 nice $an both ~ & u and

d i g h t m . The Ggh;tm &o pnoduce nice, Wet, etc., bu;t Rheh 6aod h buppfied maivLey b y ;the vLUuge. We1ve m a t e d n w coUec;tive GeLd-5 40 Rhat Rhe v L U a g m can pmduce dun .the & L g h t ~ . The vdXage commi;ttee &o ;taka carre 06 Rhe mtei/tia, which w m h a 06 young peopte uho arte not FARP hhtm bLLt guuaLUu parr;tibaM6 wLth n i 6 . t ~and no unL6otun6. They m e p m t 06 Rhe vLUugela a&& W zonu, they play an deaeme gkoup. Tn c 0 4 ~ m i v trote. e They . five i n ;the vdXage and m e Xmmdertt~ed Qnom pace t o place accotrding Xo .the neqLLirtemen/tb 0 4 o!ln ~RhuggLe. Obviounty, Zhsy arte v o M e m . Theg j o h UA b e w e 04 the palLZicat wonk i n the vLUaga. Tkin woth & done .& Rhe &caL language.

PoL.&Lcd wonh ~ e a mg W g ;the people .to know ab0u.t ;the Pan;ty and exp.eaining why we exint ancf what we ~uant. We e x p U L wConiaeidm m w . A-t @LAX, we explain Rhat Gui.~eaAn'Z Po&tugd and fhzt we can g o v m a ~ ~ v wLihoLLt e b the ?OMuguese &king o m fivutach, W ~ o u heavy t Itaxen, and blocus, a d d m 04 ;the Po&tuguese, We exptuin ;tha;t whu..tla happening h a e A n 1 &an act 0 4 God, and fiat it l a aheady happened .& a t o t o 6 oRhvL cowl;ttLia, We have Ao ahow om peopte fiu..t Rhe WOW d o u n l t end a.t Rh& vLUuges. Om pnobtem h Xu make Rhem u n d m W ;the pkesevllt lev& 0 4 ;the a h g g t e , ;that duct Rhat Rhe a t u g g t e doebnl,t cancan j u t lheirt v W g e bu;t d t ad Guinea, und .that i t ' d nut ~ h p . t ya mtLcnat bu.t &a an hta&n& a;trucggle, We have .to make .them awme .that .in osrdm a 3 advance, Rhe must guahavttee .the nZmggtela c a t f i w , e y m u n t ; a s chahge 06 Rheih own d u ; t i n y by botvug Rhuh pmbtem otz .the vittage Lev&, dev&p.&g pmduc/tion, amding RheirL chA%ten .to achaot, and hotding dkequent meeJtinga.

3

- Chico,

P o l i t i c a l C o m i s s a r , Northern I n t e r r e g i o n Armed S t r u d e i n Africa (G. Chaliand)

Militants greeting a peasant. broken down the barriers o f t

ADMINSTRATION OF JUSTICE 6

I n 1969 a j u d i c i a l system was s e t up i n t h e l i b e r a t e d areas. Village c o u r t s , composed of t h r e e e l e c t e d v i l l a g e r s , were given j u r i s d i c t i o n t o s e t t l e minor disputes and cases of p e t t y thef't; judgments a r e given on t h e b a s i s of t r a d i t i o n a l cus.tomary l a w and w e aimed a t preserving harmony mong t h e v i l l a g e r s . Fines may be imposed, and i f t h e convicted person does not pay t h e f i n e , he m y be required by t h e Poxty t o do some form o f compulsory l a b o r , such a s t r ~ ~ 1 s p ~ r - Lm i ni lgi t a r y equipment. PAIGC does not m i n t z i n ; ~ r i s o n s ,both f o r economic reasons and because it b e l i e v e s i n rehabilitation. Appeals from t h e v i l l a g e c o u r t s a r e handled by s e c t o r a l c o u r t s , composed o f f i v e members. The s e c t o r i a l -ourt can a l s o try more s e r i o u s offenses and hand down sentences of up t o f i v e years compulsory l a b o r . The m i l i t a r y court i s t h e highest permanent judic i a l body and i s composed of t h r e e PAIGC members and two e l e c t e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . This court can review d e c i s i o ~ sof t h e two lower courts and t r y cases o f espionage, homicide and rape. In cases of high t r e a s o n , t h e degth penalty i s soxetimes handed down. The courts a r e independence o f t h e Party and %he armed forces. A l l c o u r t hearings a r e p u b l i c , and. t h e accused may e i t h e r plead h i s own defense, be represented by a person of h i s choice, t h e R e p r e s e ~ t a t i v eof t h e Secretary of J u s t i c e , o r a v i l l a g e r chosen by t h e Representative?. Any convicted person nmy appeal t o t h e Secretory General of PAIGC. The most important t a s k confronting t h e j u d i c i a l a u t h o r i t i e s i s t h a t of preparing a c i v i l and penal code f o r l i b e r a t e d Guinea, one t h a t i s popularly i n s p i r e d and based on African customs and values, but which could a l s o combat undesireable p r a c t i c e s

such as forced marriage. PAIGC has authorized the village courts o r tribunals t o grant divorces and t o ensure t h a t no woman i s forced t o remain w i t h a husband against her w i l l .

THE POSITION OF WOMEN The necessities of armed struggle have provided a catalyst f o r many changes which go far beyond defeating the Portuguese. National Reconstruction

i s one such change; social reorganization of roles and relationships i s another; and the eman-

cipation of womn t o be full participants i n t h e society i s yet another. All are taking place i n Guinea Bissau i n t h e carving out of t h e new society from the old.

A PAIGC militant speaks t o t h e heart of t h e problem:

n LA ;the rame aeB. oven A & h . We 06 .the r&ave~. B u t no Long-. OWL P t a t y u n d m X a d 6 Ahat Xhe ~ w g L wutd e not advance wLthout women. Women me mom numwus in OWL wunttLq lthan men. The h h u g g l e m o t be waged uLthou;t oven haLd .the popuCation. kt f i e beginning 06 ;the ~ h u g g l e ,f i e P M y made a c& Xo women Xo -pate at a.42 L e v a , even when f i e Pwnty KU oeavtdebfie. Now A h a she Tabancad c ~ ~ e oQe Qivc , Xha2 g e v m Xhe an$ a*t .hut .two 06 .these must be e h o w .tha-t women. SometGnes QOWL ane women. W we must deQ& Xhe cuw;tomb $m.t keep women &om e me buhe OWL men me .in teadmkip. W accotrd lui;th ub but w e o@en have ;to wm6a.t Xheirr . m e n t u h k e b . Re.&&onhoma;tGnes daeb not &w women t o advance. Women cons;tanteq sXJcuggle againdt Xhese b a t m i m . Tn Xhe ExecuLLve ComniA;t&e X h a e "The s

W

m e Xhc 4ikves

-

m.

one warnan. P ~ e v L t e y , in .the Ube/rated cMea in.theSou.th.the/reibawmanwCto cLihat6 &nat m n s W n . We have g U u p & QO~Lthe women 04 Vi&um. We have not been c r b k to ackieve lthe t e v e t th& they have. We do not have a wmmandm 04 a baZ&zUhn uJto .& a woman. B u t OW wmen am i n v o t v d i n f i e & f i g . [Qed o have wmen in .the &ipeomat.ic w w . We ane not d pated, but m ahe in .the pnacesb. l1 Lucretta Andrade, PAIGC

-

And another womau militant emresses simil~rhepe:

l1We am wtt a w a .that lthe long and did@wLt path ha6 not yet been wmplete8, but new f i ~ i.6 nothing which rAw& in lthe wtu/ 6 0 1 ~wmen o$ OW wum3.y .t4 & l t O W t h e Libetration &wm aU . b o a 04 opptesrhn. Tkis .the cnuciaR ~uctorrdo4 .the ltnue &n&C and b o a U e h a t i o n 0 4 O W pwpk." h a Merie Cabral, PAIGC

-

Cabral h i m e l f admitted t h i s problem i n an informal talk with Afr@-Au~rlcutsi a New Yerk City in ktober , 1972:

? ,.But we have big ptre b l e ~ bolve and we have a g W p/urbZvn ( c e n w w h g men) rui;th home 0 4 .the h a d u u 04 f i e PtuAy. We kve,evtn mgeti, to combat e u M e t v u an Xhi4 pWQhn, b e c ~ W ee have .te be able Xo CLLt ltkid cu.&Ud CtUnent, uti;th L t b m o a , u n t i l lthe dag we put doat ltkib bad W n g $he exSs&oL$atLon 04 wemen. B u t we made g U p l ~ l g m bin Zhih &eb[ in these t e n y w . "

--

-

A. Cabral, "Connecting the ~ t r u g g l e s "i n R e t u r n ta the Seurce

Other signs of the advance towarb the t o t a l emancipation of woPaen are t h a t p o l y w , practiced by many Guineans before independence and under the Portuguese, i s declining since the beginning of armed struggle. A t the sapre t a , i n t e r t r i b a l marriages are increasing aa a Guinean national consciousness begins t o transcend old t r i b a l allegiences in the liberated areas. When ~prrrriagea do take place, PAIGC t r i e s t o ensure t h a t husbead and wife are making t h i s decision freely and independently. PAIGC attempts t o teach by education and example, so thrrt such changes do not wrench people from t h e i r traditions a@nst t h e i r w i l l too f a s t , serving t o alienate them f r o m PAIGC and the goals of the new society.

listen in^ t o members o f the UN special mission ts l i b e r a t e d Guinea Bissau, April 1972

A young mother and c h i l d

SOLIDARITY

Freedom-loving people all over t h e world support t h e struggle of PAIGC against Portuguese coloniali s m and t h e i r imperialist a l l i e s . This support m i l i t a r y materials, educational takes many forms supplies, a g r i c u l t u r a l equipment. But an equally important expression of s o l i d a r i t y , e s p e c i a l l y from people within t h e countries a l l i e d with Portugal, i s p o l i t i c a l support and actions t o expose and end complicity with Portuguese colonialism.

-

Here i n t h e United S t a t e s , s o l i d a r i t y i s expressed by actions directed against those forces which seek t o oppress working people here as well as t h e t h e m i l i t a r y , b i g business, people i n Guinea Bissau and corrupt p o l i t i c a l leaders.

-

T o end up wCth, I shout2 U e Xo rmrhe one i h ~ t point about s o L k h L t y b&een Xhe .i&muu%d wo&g cea6s movement and o m &na8. &ibenation -glee Thehe a/re AWO uLWwmaXves: & h e h we admi*t t h a t thehe aeaUq LA a sX4~~gg.Ce againbt . i m p a i d h m lvlkich intmua evaybody, o/r we deny 14, as wuRd seem &om aAt t h e evidence, h p W m exis& and A w i n g shuetaneousty to dot h e wo/rking U s in att t h e advanced w W u and smatheh t h e &na8. Uehation movmentb in aeC t h e undvuievetoped w W e 6 , &om we she then t h a e i.6 o d y one enemy b i g f i g . I Qwe m e $ & f i g tocqetheh. then I Mnfa t h e main u p a t 04 om soUda&Lty A extheme.& simple: Lt i.6 to &kt I don't ;tkinh ;thehe A any need Xo di6ct.u~ Jtkio verry much. We uu s & u g g f i g ih GLGinea wCth guns ih a m hands, you wt s&ugg& in qom wun0r.L~ a6 weU I don't say wCth guns in y o w hands, I ' m not g o k g Xo t& you how Xo s&uggte, &'s yow b u i n e ~ h ;but you m u 6 t &td t h e b u t meand and Xhe b u t Q o m 0 4 $ . @ f i ga g u t o w wmmon enemy: Xhe b a t d04n1 06 A o l h h h 3 . j .

.

-

-

31

T f m e ahe, oQ w w e , o t h a sewndarrq bo~un4 06 s o . t k b r A g : pubLiAking matehiae, sending medicine, ate; 1 can guaruxn-tee you that id Xomohhaw we make a btreakthmugh and you m e engaged Ln an w e d stmggte againbz h p h d . b m . . .we w i U aend you borne

medicine &o.

- A.

Cabral, Revolution in Guinea

BIBLIOGRAPHY Cabral, Amilcar, RevaEuLion i n Gdnea: An Adhican PwpEe'h SZhuggLe, S d e o t e d T e x h . S t a g e I ondo don)

.

o r Monthly Review P r e s s (New ~ o r k ) Cabral, Amilcar, Repuht on Pohtuguae Guinea and ;the 1ibeha;tian Muvemed, i n Ufahamu, Vol I . , Bo. 2 , Univ. of C a l i f o r n i a , Los Angeles. ( v a l l , 1 9 7 0 ) . Cabral, Amilcar,

A Bhied Repaht an the S i X d o n - Aug. 1 9 7 1 ) . I n Ufahamu,

0 6 Rhe SLtuggLe (Jan.

Vol. 11, No. 3, ( w i n t e r , 1 9 7 2 ) . C a b r a l , Amilcar, Ouh PeopLe Ahe O u t A l u u d a i ~ . Com. f o r Freedom i n Yozambique, Angola & Guine (1971). Cabral, Amilcar, ReXut~nLO ;the S v w ~ c e, A f r i c a Information S e r v i c e (mew vork: 1973). Chaliand, Gerard, Ahmed SLtuggLe i n AhtLica, Monthly Review P r e s s (New York: 1 9 6 9 ) . Davidson, B a s i l , The L i b m d a n 0 6 Guine: Ahpedx a 6 an A&ican RevaLuLion, Penquin ( ~ a limore t : 1969 )

.

Dickenson, Margaret ( e d i t o r ) , When R f i b

Regin t o FEowm: P a m ad Renbin;tence dtram AngaLa, Mozambique and Guine, East African P u b l i s h i n g House ( 1 9 7 2 ) .

United Nations, O f f i c e o f P u b l i c I n f o r m a t i o n , Mhhian X 3 Guinea ( B d b a u ) , ( ~ e wYork: 1 9 7 2 ) .

The material i n t h i s booklet w u o r i g i n a l l y presented rs a p r o g r u t o celebrate t h e victory of t h e people of Guinea-Bissau, following t h e declaration of independence. A collection of quotrtions, poems, proverbs, photos and o f f i c i a l statements, it is offered as a celebration of a victorious people's struggle against colonialism m d imperialism. We o r i g i n a l l y produced t h i s booklet on the f i r s t anniversary of tho u s u s i n a t i a n of PAIGC leader Amilcar Cabral, whose writings on the s i g n i f i cance of culture t o Revolution inspired our o r i g i n a l program. The Chicago Cowrittee f o r the Liberation of Angola, Mozambique and Guine was organized i n 1971 t o provide material, financial and p o l i t i c a l support f o r PAIGC, FRELIMO and MPLA. The Committee supports the t o t a l l i b e r a t i o n of Southern Africa; works t o end U.S. m i l i t a r y and economic complicity with colonialism and minority r u l e i n Southern Africa; and seeks t o c l a r i f y t h e links between people's s t r u g g l e against imperialism i n the U.S. and i n Africa. 1st Printing, January 1974 2nd Printing, November 1974 CCLAMG 2546 N. Halsted S t r e e t Chicago, I l l i n o i s 60614 (312-348-3370)

Photos from t h e PAIGC, and from No Pirctcha! (The Libutati4n S - g h 06 Guinea), by Tadahim Ogawr, (TAIMATSU-SHA, Tokyo, Japan, 1972)

.

"You Loved f i e apLendouh 0 6 ouh 6ohebx2 U c h bhe%m O u h pa/Ltcnan b a a , w h k h p&Ote& O u h poplLeatcons and p m t e c t e d you a6 w U 6mm thobe cnunuzd bombugb. Thebe 6ohaXh m e now a h a a L m n g f i doh o w peopee, 60h o m A h g g L e . Bedotre, f i e q m e a weaknua, b e c a u e Ne wetre aQmd 0 6 ouh dohe.b$b, burned bahaons 0 6 m n h and evehq L n d 0 6 spa. Now we m e aQuid no Longm; f i e bp.inCtb 0 6 we have conqumed and mob&zed -the 6 0 h a X , -tunned a3m o k k n e b ~uub a ~ Z t e n g t h , ThaX a whaX b h u g g l e mew : m n m g weahnab i n t o a&engXh."

- A. Cabral t o a f o r e i g n v i s i t o r i n l i b e r a t e d Guinea