Studies into the Balts' Sacred Places 9781407326405, 9781841713564

Table of contents :
Cover
Copyright
Preface
Contents
Introduction
Ch. 2
Ch. 3
Ch. 4
Ch. 5
Ch. 6
Ch. 7
Conclusion
References
Maps
Appendices
Index

Citation preview

Studies into the Balts' Sacred Places

Vykintas VaitkeviCius Lithuanian Institute of History

BAR International Series 1228 2004

Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 1228 Studies into the Balts' Sacred Places © Vykintas Vaitkevičius and the Publisher 2004 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781841713564 paperback ISBN 9781407326405 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841713564 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by John and Erica Hedges in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 2004. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.

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P reface B a i t s 's a c r ed p l a ce s ,t h eo l dc ommon n ame o fw h ich i sa l / c a l , a r eo ne o ft h em o s ti n te r e s t ing m onumen tg r oup s .T hey h ave n o tb een p rope r ly p ro tec ted o ri n ve s t iga t ed f o rm any y ea r s f o rv a r iou sr e a son s : i d eo log ica l ,m e thodo log ica l ,a nd f i nan c i a l . As a c r ed p l a ce i sn o to n ly ah i l lo r as t one .U sua l ly t h ey h ave t h e i ro wn n am e sa nd a r es h rouded i np l a ce legend sa nd b e l i ef s . S ome t ime sp eop le s t i l lb e l ieve t h e se s i t e sb r ing h app i n e s s a nd h ea l th . T hey i mmo r ta l ise t h e c on ta c t b e tween n a t u r ea nd c u l tu r e ,t h eh i s to ry o fg od sa nd h uman s . S o s a c r ed p l a ce sa r eo ne o ft h em o s ta ma z ing r e a l ia o fp r eh i s to r ic w o r ld a nd t h i s monog r aph i si n tended f o r t h o se w ho s e ek m o r e k now ledge a bou ti t . F rom t h eb o t tom o fm yh ea r t Id evo te t h i sm onog raph t ot h e m emo ry o ft h ea n c ien tB a i t s . Many o ft h em p e r i shed i nt h e w h i r lpoo l so fh i s to r ic e ven t sa nd r e l ig iou sc hange s ,w e r es c a t t e r ed t of a raway r e g ion s ,o rw e r ef o r ced t oc hange t h e i rf a i th . T he s a c r ed p l a ce s ,t h e i rc u l tp l a ce s ,t h a ta r ee xam ined i nt h is m onog raph h ave b ecome s h rouded i ns e c r e cy a nd b u r ied i n t i m e . D ecember 2 003

T r an s la t ion :

D a l ia M inku t e

C opy -ed i to r :

J ane A n son

L ayou t :

A ne ta S eepkau ska i t e

R ev iew :

D rA ud rone B l iu j iene , D rV y tau ta sK azakev ie iu s

Con ten t s 1I n t roduc t ion

1

1 . 1T e rm sa nd d ef in i t ion s 1 .2 S ou r ce s 1 .3R ev iew o fi n ve s t iga t ion s

1 2 4

2A lka ,A lka s( gene r a lm ean ing s ) 2 . 1L ingu i s t ic d a ta

7 7

2 . 2H i s to r ic d a ta 2 .3 F o lk lo r ed a ta

7 8

2 . 4A r chaeo log ica ld a ta 3C la s s if i ca t ion o f monumen t s 3 . 1H i l l s

8 9 9

3 . 2F i e ld s

1 5

3 . 3F o r e s t s ,g rove s 3 .4 S tone s 3 . 5Wa te r s 3 . 6H o l low s 3 . 7C ave s

1 6 2 1 3 7 4 6 4 7

4L ink sb e tween s a c red p l ace s 5T he s t a tu s o fs a c red p l ace s 6S ac r ed p l ace sa nd t h ec u l to ft h ed ead 7T he t r ad i t ion so fs a c red p l ace s : c h rono logy a nd 8C onc lu s ion s R ef e r ence s Maps

4 8 4 9 5 6 5 8 6 1 6 2 7 1

A ppend ix A .T he B a i t si nt h el a te 1 " -e a r ly 2 n d m i l lenn ium AD A ppend ix B .T he B a i t s ' t r ibe si nt h ei n ve s t iga ted a r ea i nt h el a te 1 " -e a r ly 2nd m i l lenn ium AD Append ix C .A dm in is t ra t ive m ap o ft h e i n ve s t iga ted a r ea Append ix D . S i te sc i ted a nd a na ly sed i n t h e monog raph I ndex . My tho log ica la nd r e l ig ious t e rm s

1 0 4

1 0 5 1 0 6 1 0 8 1 8

1I n troduc t ion L i t t le a t ten t ion i sp a id t ot h e s ub jec t o fs a c red p l ace s i n s c ien t if i cw o rk sb ecau se i ti sc u s toma ry t oa na ly se t h er e a l ia o fm en ta l c u l tu r e ( i nc lud ing my tho logy ) s e pa ra te ly f r om s a c r ed p l ace s .T he r eh ave b een t e ns t ud ie sd evo ted t oB a l t s ' s a cred p l ace s . I n t h e se , t h e s a c red p l ace s a r e u sua l ly d e sc r ibed a cco rd ing t o t h e f ew k nown w r i t ten s ou r ce s , r e f e r enc ing m o s t ly t h e s ame f ew e xamp le s o fi n ve s t iga t ed m onumen t s . T he n on -sy s tema t ic v i ew o f t h e v a r iou s a nd p l en t if u l i n f o rma t ion o nt h es a c r ed p l ace st h a ti sp rov ided b ys eve ra l s c ience s i st h e m a in p rob lem t h a tp r even ted u s f r om u s ing t h i s v a luab le b a se o fs ou r ce s f o r t h e i n ve s t iga t ion o ft h e B a i t s 'r e l ig ion a nd m y tho logy . T he a im o f t h is w o rk i st o e xam ine v a r iou s s c ien t if ic i n f o rma t ion ,t oc l a s s if yt h eB a i t s 's a c r ed p l ace si nL i thuan ia a c co rd ing t ot y pe ,t op o in to u tt h em a in t y pe sa nd g roup so f s a c red p l a ce s , a nd mo r eove r ,t oa na ly se t h e i rr e l ig iou s a nd h i s to r ic c on tex t s . T he B a i t s 's a c r ed p l ace sa r ee xam ined s y s tem ica l ly :t h ey a r e e xam ined t y po log ica l ly ,a c co rd ing t oc omp lex a r cha eo log i ca l , h i s to r ic ,e t hno log ic ,l i ngu i s t ic ,f o lk lo r i s t ic s c ien t if ic m e thod s a nd t h ec a r tog raph ic a na ly s i so fm onumen t s .T he r e su l t so f t h e se e xam ina t ion s a r e c ompa r ed t oo t he r d a ta a bou t t h e B a i t s a nd t h e i rn e ighbou r s t h e S l ay s , G e rman s a nd F i nno U g r ian s . F ig . 1 .S acr ed o ak so fJ o skauda i( K re t inga d i s tr ic t ) . P ho to b y a u thor , 1 993 .

1 . 1T erm sa nd d ef in i t ion s A lka o ra l ka si sa nI ndo -Eu ropean w o rd u s ed b yt h eB a i t st o d ef ine t h e i r s a c red p l a ce s . H oweve r , s c ien t if i c w o rk s t h a t a na ly se t h e s ub jec t o fs a c r ed p l ace s u se aw ide v a r ie ty o f t e rm sa nd d ef in i t ion s .T he c ommon d ef in i t ion sc an b ed i v ided i n to t wo m a in g r oup s . T he f i r s t g roup c on s is t s o ft e rm s t h a t u sua l ly d eno te t h e s a c r ed p l a ce so fn a tu ra lo r ig in ,e . g . :s ac r ed p lace ,s anc tuar y , d er K u l tp la t z , d a s N a turhe i l ig tum , s ' w i c i tyn ia p oga t iska , S " v en tv ieM , s vi tv ie ta , c e su le zmoe m e cmo . T e rm s d ef in ing s a c r ed p l a ce st h a tc on ta ined c on s t ruc t ion s ,a r t if ic ia le l emen t s o ft h ee nv i ronmen to ro t he re qu ipmen tb e long t ot h es e cond g r oup , e . g . : t emp le , d er T empe l , d a s H e i l ig tum , g ven tyk la , s v&n i ca , CeR MUJItiuie. Mo r es p ec if ic d ef in i t ion so ft h et e rm sd eno t ing s a c red p l a ce s w ere n o t p rov ided e ven i n t he Wor ld C ong ress o f A rchaeo logy " Sac red s i te s , s a c red p l aces a nd s i te s o f s i gn if i can ce "h e ld i nV enezu e la i n1 9 90 ( Cann iche le ta l ,1 9 94 ) . I nt h ew o rk so fL i thuan ian a u tho r s ,s u ch t e rm sd ef in ing B a i t s ' s a c red p l a ce sa r eu sed : a l ka ,t h ec u l tp lace o ft h eo ld b e l ief , p agan t e n zp l e . I n1 990 t h et e rm m y tho log ica l sacra lo b jec t w a si n t roduced ;a f t e r aw h i le t h ec oncep tm y tho log ica lp lace w a so f f e r ed .

1

V y k in ta s

V a i tk ev iau s .

S t ud ie s i n to t h e B a i t s ' s a c r ed p l ace s l e gend s a nd o t he r c ha rac te r is t ics o ft h e monumen t s . N o b i gge rd oub t s a bou tt h er e l iab i l i ty o ft h i s g roup o fs ou r ce s a r i se .

A mo r eo bv iou sd i f f e r ence b e tween t h et e rm ss acr ed p lace a nd c u l tp lace h a s n o tb een s i ng led o u ty e t ( a l so t h e t e rm s h o ly p lace / sac r ed s i te ,d e rK u l tp la t z /d e rO pf erp la t za r eu s ed i np a r a l le l ,c f .W i l son , 1 996 ;E rn s t , 1 998 ) .S oi nt h i sw o rk t h e s a c r ed a nd c u l tp l ace sa r es imp ly c a l led s acr ed p lace s ;c u l t c on s t ruc t ion s -t emp l e so rs anc tuar ie s ;c omp lexe so fs a c r ed p l ace s s i tua ted i n ac e r ta in t e r r i to ry -s acred s i te s . T he e x i s tence o fo ne k i nd ( t ype , g r oup ) o fs a c r ed p l ace s i na c e r ta in r e g ion i sc a l led at r ad i t ion o fs acred p lace s .

P rof e s s iona l e xcava t ion s o f t h e s a c r ed p l ace s h ave o n ly s t a r ted ac oup le o fd ecade sa go ( s ee D augud i s , 1 992 p p .523 ) . S i nce 1 970 ,w hen t h ec u l tp l ace o fg i la le 'w a st h ef i r s tt o b e i n ve s t iga ted ( F ig . 2 ) , a bou t 7 0 c u l t p l ace s h ave b een e xcava ted . Mo s to ft h em a r es t one sa nd t h e ir g roup s —i n5 3 c a se s . Monumen t so fo t he rk i nd sa r eh a rd ly e xcava ted ( n ine h i l l s , t h r ee i s land -pen in su la s , o ne f i e ld , o ne w e t land a nd a s p r ing )o rn o ti n ve s t iga ted a ta l l( e .g .g r ove s ,h o l low s ) . F o r v a r iou s r e a son s , i nm any p l a ce s e xcava t ion s o fo n ly s ma l l a r ea sw e r ec a r r ied o u t ,u sua l ly a r ound 1 30 m2. O n ly i ne i gh t p l ace s h ave a r ea s o f 1 00 a nd mo r e s qua re m e t r e s b een e xcava ted .

1 . 2S ource s D a ta f r om a bou t 1 200 s i t e s i nL i thuan ia w e r e u sed f o rt h e c l a ss i f ica t ion a nd c a r tog raphy o ft h e s a c r ed p l ace s . 4 20 m onumen t sw e r el o ca l i sed a nd d a ta a bou tt h em r e co rded b y t h e a u tho r o ft h is m onog r aph d u r ing h i s s u rvey s i n1 9901 999 . T he se d a ta h ave a l r eady b een w ide ly u sed i nt h ef i r s t p a r to ft h ec a ta logue o fL i thuan ian s a c red p l a ce s( V a i tkev i e i u s , 1 998a ) .I nt h ep r oce s so t he rd a t at h a ta r ek ep ti na r ch ive s a nd r e sea r che r s ' i n f o rma t ion p ub l i shed i nm onog r aph s a nd p e r iod ica l sw e re u sed . T he a im w a st ou se f a c tua l d a ta t h a t a r e c onf i rmed b y s e ve r a l i n dependen t s ou r ce s o ft h e s ame k i nd o rb ys e ve ra l s ou r ce si nd i f f e r en ts c ience s .

Among t h ee xcava ted c u l tp l ace s i ti sw o r th n o t ing t h eo ne i nP a langa ( t he B i ru te h i l l ) ,a l so t h ec u l tp l ace sb ys t one si n A n takmene , K a t ina i , K u t i gk ia i , P ad ieva i t is , S t abu lank ia i , S auk l ia i ,T rumpony s( F ig .3 ) .V a r iou sa r chaeo log ica lo b je c t s a nd f i nd sh ave b een f o und i n4 0 monumen t s( i na bou t 5% o fa l t h em onumen t se xcava ted ) . 2I nm o s to ft h ec a se st h e r e w e r ef o und f i r ep la ce s ,p i t s ,s ome i n d iv idua lf i nd sa nd r ema in s o ft h ec u l tu ra ll a ye r .

Archaeo log ica ls ou r ce s .T he m a jo r i ty o ft h ed a ta a r e t a ken f r om m anu sc r ip ts u rvey r e po r t s s t o red i nt h ea r ch ive o ft h eL i thuan ian I n s t i tu te o fH is to ry . T he r ea r ed e ta i led o r s ho r td e sc r ip t ion so fs a c r ed p l ace st h a tc on ta in t h eg eog r a p h ica ll o c a t ion ,s i z e ,a nd c e r ta in f e a tu r e s ,m o t ive so ft h ep l a ce -

'F o rf u r th e ri n f o rma t ion s e eA ppend ix D . I ts h ou ld b em en t ion ed t h a ti nm any c a s e st h eg r ound w a sn o t s i f t ed o rc h e ck e dw i th am e t a ld e t e c to r .

F i g .2 .I n v e s t ig a t ion so fg i l aM c u l tp l ac e( S k uod a sd i s t r i c t ) .P ho t ob yE .J u rga i t i s , 1 970 . 2

1I n troduc t ion v a lue o fe a ch o ft h e s ou r ce s . I ti si mpo r tan t t h a t i nt h e se s ou rce s , a pa r t f r om a b s t ra c t k now ledge a bou t t h e B a i t s ' r e l ig ion ,s e ve r a ls a c r ed p l a ce st h a te x i s t ed u n t i lt h ec onve r s ion i n1 3 87 a r em en t ioned . Q u i te an umbe ro fs a c r ed p l ace s a r e m en t ioned i nv a r iou s d ocumen t so ft h e 1 6 t hc .U sua l ly t h e se a r ej u s tp l ace -name s , w h ich a r e n ow s a id t ob e t h e n ame s o fs a c r ed p l a ce s . T he A nna ls o f L i thuan ia ( J 7umoec i ca s i A emonucb , X ponu i ca E b ixoe t ia ) o ft h e 1 66 c . , w he r e s ome b e t te r -known s a c r ed p l a ce sa r ed e sc r ibed ( t he P a jau ta G rave h i l li nG u rony s ,t h e K ukava i t i sh i l li nB a r au e izna ,t h eS pe ra L ake ,t h eg ven ta r a g i sv a l ley i nV i ln iu s )s hou ld b em en t ioned s e pa ra te ly .l nt h e r e co rd s o ft h e C a tho l ic C hu r ch o ft h e 1 7 t h18 I h c .a nd t h e d e sc r ip t ion s o ft h e J e su i t s ' m i s s ion s , s ev e ra l p r e -Ch r i s t ian c u l tp l a ce s( s tone s ,t r ee s )t h a tw e r es t i l lw o r sh ipped b yp eop le a r ea l so m en t ioned . U nfo r tuna te ly , m any o f t h e h i s to r ic s ou rces , c h ief ly d e sc r ip t ion s o ft h e p o s ses s ion s o f l a nd , i n ven to r ie s a nd o t he r sf r om t h e 1 6 'c .a nd e s pec ia l ly f r om t h e 1 7 t h18 t hc .a r e n o tp ub l ished y e t ,w h ich i sw hy t h ey a r eh a rd ly u sed i nt h is w o rk . Language s ou r ce s .N o tm any s a c r ed p l a ce sn ame sw e r e r e co rded u n t i l t h e 2 0 t hc en tu ry . I nt h eq ue s t ionna i re so ft h e L i e tuvo s2 emi sV a rdyna s( Onoma s t ic so fL i thuan ian p l a ce n ame s )o f1 9 3539 t h a tw e re u sua l ly f i l led o u tb yt e ache r s , t h ou sand s o fp l a ce - a nd w a te r -name s f r om a lmo s t a l o f L i thuan ia o ft h a tt i me w e r ew r i t ten d own . Among t h ev a r ie ty o fp l a ce -name s p rov ided i nt h e se q ue s t ionna i re s t h e re i sa n umbe ro fn ame so fs a c r ed p l a ce st h a ta r eu sua l ly f o l lowed b ya dd i t iona lv a luab le i n f o rma t ion a bou tt h el o ca t ion o ft h e s i te a nd i t s f e a tu re s . N o b i gge r d oub t s a ppea r a bou t t h e r e l iab i l i ty o ft h i ss ou r ce .

F ig . 3 . I nve s t iga t ions o fT rumpony sc u l tp lace ( I do le tu id i s tr ic t ) . P ho to b y VU rbanavd iu s , 1 972 . L 1H -32958 .

S ot h es t a t i s t ic so bv iou s ly s how t h a t av e ry s ma l ln umbe ro f s a c r ed p l ace sh ave b een i n ve s t iga ted s of a r . I nm o s to ft h e c a se s i tw a sd one o n ly f o rp ro spe c t ing p u rpo se s . H oweve r , t h e o p in ion i sf r equen t ly e xp re s sed t h a t i ti sw o r th le s s t o i n ve s t iga t e s a c red p l a ce s a r cheo log ica l ly . T he a s soc ia t ion b e tween r e sea rch i n to s a c red p l a ce s a nd a r chaeo logy i s , u nfor tuna te ly , s t i l l i nf luenced b y t he L i thuan ian u nde r s tand ing o ft h i s c oncep t . I ts hou ld b en o ted t h a ts eve ra lp r e -Ch r i s t ian c u l tp l a ce sh ave b een f ound d ur ing t h e e xcava t ion s o f o the r k inds o f a r chaeo log ica l monumen t s( e .g .s e t t lemen t s ,c eme te r ie s )( c f . B u t r ima s , 1 983 p p .34-5 ;G en iene & G eny s , 1 993 p p .6 9-70 ; V a i tkun sk iene , 1 995 ) .S ome t ime st h e r ei sn ou n i ted o p in ion a bou t t h e o b jec t s ( e .g . p i t s w i th b u rn s , f i rep lace s , s t one p avem en t )f o und d u r ing s u ch e xcava t ion s .F o ri n s tance ,i ti s d i spu ted w he the rt h ep i t sf ound i nt h ec eme te r ie so fK uk ia i , G in ta l i gke ,a nd G ode l ia ih ad s ome r e l ig iou sp u rpo se o rw e r e c r ema t ion s . I ti ss t i l ld i scu s sed w h e the rt h e" s a c r ed p l a ce s" i nK e rnav e( Luch tana s , 1 990 ) ,D aug lauk i s( Ma lona i t i s ,2 000 ) , a nd b en ea th V i ln iu sC a thed ra l( K i tkau ska s , 1 9 89 p .115125 ) a r er e a l s a c r ed p l a ce s ,o rw he the rt h ey w e r er e a l ly s e pa ra t e p a r t s o ft h e e xcava ted s e t t lemen t s . I ti sd i spu ted w he the r O be l ia iL ak e( U rbanav ie iu s &U rbanav ie iene , 1 988 p p .35-6 ) w a s ap l a ce f o rb u ry ing o rs a c r if ic ing a nd t h el i ke .

T he p l ace -name s t h a t w e r e w r i t t en d own a f te rt h e S econd Wo r ld Wa r p rov ide a c ons ide rab ly s ma l le r a moun t o f i n f o rma t ion a bou t t h e s a c red p l ace s b ecause t h e m a in p u rpo se a tt h i st ime w a st or e co rd t h el i ngu i s t ic f a c t sb u tn o t mo r eg ene r a l( i . e .c u l tu r a l )f a c t s . T he c a rd f i l e s o ft h ou sand s o fp l ace - a nd w a te r -m ime s a r e k ep ti nt h eI n s t i tu te o ft h eL i thuan ian L anguage . Fo lk lore s ou r ce s .T he s a c r ed p l ace so f ten a ppea ri nt h e s phe r e o ft h e n a r ra t ive f o lk lo r e . P l ace legend s u sua l ly t e l l a bou tt h er e a lo rm y th ica lh i s to ry o ft h e se p l ace s ,a bou tt h e i r f e a tu r e sa nd o r ig in .S ome o ft h e se t e x t sa r es t o r ed i nl i b r a r ie s , t h em a jo r i ty i nt h eL i thuan ian F o lk lo r eA r ch ive . T he a u then t ic i ty o f t h e f o lk lo re s ou rce s i sq u i te ab ig p rob lem .T he s ou r ce st h a ta r ec r i t ica l ly e va lua ted ( c f .J ony n a s , 1 984 )o rt h a tw e r ep ub l i shed i ns c ien t if ic p ub l ica t ion s ( c f .B a ly s , 1 9 40 p p .223-7 ;B a ly s , 1 949 p p .49-56 ;S auka e ta l . , 1 967 p p .598-604 ,642-49 )w e r e m a in ly u s ed i nt h i s s t udy . When u s ing t h e u npub l i shed f o lk lo r e s ou r ce s t h e c r i t ica l s e lec t ion m ade b yr e sea r che r s i st a ken i n to a c coun t .

Histor ica l s ou r ce s .A .M ie r zy t i sk i( 1 892 ,1896 )a nd W . Mannha rd t ( 1936 ) c omp le ted t wo f i r s t c o l lec t ion s o ft h e w r i t ten s ources c ons ider ing t h e B a i ts ' r e l ig ion a nd m y tho logy .T he n ew s upp lemen ted c o l lec t ion o fs u ch s ou r ce s h a sb een c omp le ted b yN .V e l iu s( 1 996 ,200 1) a nd i sw ide ly u sed i nt h i s monog raph . T he l a t t e rc o l lec t ion a l so c on ta in s c omp r ehen s ive c ommen t sa bou tt h er e l iab i l i ty a nd s c ien t if ic 3

V y k in ta s

V a i tk ev iau s .

S t ud ie s i n to t h e B a i t s ' s ac r ed p lac e s D u r ing t h el a te 1 9" a nd e a r ly 2 0' c . ,a l k i nd so fp r eh i s to r ic m onumen t s , i n c lud ing s a c r ed p l ace s ,b egan t ob es u rveyed m o r e a c t ive ly . T h i s w a s c onnec ted w i th t h e i n i t ia t ive o f i n d iv idua lr e sea r che r sa sw e l la sa c t iv i t ie so ft h em embe r so f L i e tuv i t tm ok s lo d raug i ja ( L i thuan ian S c ience S oc ie ty )a nd Mok s lo d raug i ja ( Sc ience F r iend s S oc ie ty ) ( c f . S zuk iew icz , 1 900 , 1 90 1p p .32-4 ;T o to r a i t i s , 1 908 p p . 186-7 ; 2 i o g a s ,1 909 p . 330 ) .T he r e su l t so fL .K r zyw ick i ' ss u r vey si n S amog i t ia ( 1 906 )s hou ld b em en t ioned s e pa ra te ly .

When u s ing t h e p l a ce legend s , t a le s , a nd b e l ief s t h a tw e re w r i t ten d own b y t h e a u tho r , f i r s t ly t h e c a ta logue o ft h e mo t ive s o fL i thuan ian n a r r a t ive f o lk lo r e ( Ke rbe ly te , 1 973 ; 2 001) a nd t h ea u then t ic i ty o ft h et e x t sw e r ec on s ide red . Ethno log ica ls ou r ce s .A tt h ee nd o ft h e 1 9 "a nd d u r ing t h e2 0" c .an umbe ro fs a c r ed p l a ce sc on t inued t ob er e ve r ed . T hey h ad m u ch i nc ommon w i th v a r iou sc u s tom sa nd b e l ief s ; mo reove r , c e r ta in r i t e s ( u sua l ly o ft h e s ync r e t ic t y pe ) t o ok p l ace t h e r e . U nf o r tuna te ly , s u ch d a ta a r ec on s ide rab ly r a r e a nd e p i sod ic . T hey a r e u sua l ly f ound i nt h e m anu sc r ip t l e gacy o fl a nd r e sea r che r s :B a ly sB u rga s ,I g na sJ ab lon sk is , A n tana s Mai iu l i s ,J uoza sM ickev ie iu s , J uoza sg l iava sa nd o t he r s .

F rom 1 920 t h ei n ve s t iga t ion a nd p ro t ec t ion o fs a c r ed p l ace s a r e c onnec ted w i th C o lone l P e t ra s T a r a senka . H i s a r t ic le s w e r ep ub l i shed o n ea f t e ra no the r( 1922 ,1 9 23 ) .T h ey d e s c r ibed t h e s u rveyed s a c r ed p l a ce s , a nd t h e a u tho r m ade t h e f i r s t s c ien t if i ca s sump t ion sa bou tt h ei s sue so ft h e" o ld L i thuan ian s a c red p lace s" a nd s acred s t one s . P .T a ra senka a l so e ncou r aged t h e g a the r ing o fi n f o rma t ion a bou tp r eh i s to r ic m onumen t s( 1 926 , 1 927 ) .A f te rs umma r i s ing w ha th a sb een w r i t ten e a r l ie r , i n c lud ing t h e i n f o rma t ion o b ta ined b y h im a nd h i sc o l league s ,P .T a ra senka c omp le t ed i n1 928 L i e tuvo s a reheo log i jos m edf iaga ( L i thuan ian A rchaeo log ica l Ma te r ia l s ) .I tc on ta in s al o to fi n f o rma t ion a bou ts a c r ed p l ace s a la r ound L i thuan ia .

Wh i le c onc lud ing t h er e v iew o ft h es ou r ce si ts hou ld b es a id t h a t i ti s ap i ty t h a te xcep tf o ri n ve s t iga t ion so fh uman i t ie s , o t he rk i nd so fr e sea r ch i n to s a c r ed p l ace sa r es t i l lv e ry r a r e . S o f a ro n ly ac oup le o fe t hnoa s t ronom ic r e sea r che s o fp r e C h r is t ian c u l t p l a ce s h ave b een c a r r ied o u t . B iophy s ica l m ea su r emen t s n ea r t h e s a c r ed s t one s h ave b een e p isod ic a nd t h er e su l t sh ave n o tb een a nnounced .S of a rt h ew a te ro f o n ly af ew s p r ing st h a ta r es a id t ob es a c r ed h a sb een t e s ted c hem ica l ly a nd a na ly s is o ft h eg eo log ica ls t ruc tu re o fo n ly a f ew t e n so fs t one st h a ta r es a id t ob es a c r ed h a sb een m ade . T hey h ave n o tb een e xam ined m o r ew ide ly a nd h ave n o ty e t b een i n te rp r e t ed i nt h ec u l tu r a lc on tex t .

I n 1 9 30 P .T a r a senka s t a r ted as e r ie so fa r t ic le s d evo t ed t o s a c r ed s t one s ( 1 933a—d , 1 9 34 ) . L a te rt h e se a r t ic le sf o rmed t h e b a s i s f o r t h e m onog r aph a bou t h i s to r ic s t one s ( 1 958 ) . T he r e i sn o tm uch i n f o rma t ion a bou to t he ra r chaeo log is t s ' i n te r e s ti nt h eL i thuan ian s a c r ed p l ace sa tt h es am et i me .

1 .3 R ev iew o fi n ve s t iga t ion s

I n1 943 as t udy P agon i gko s io sl a ido j imo a pe igo sL i e tuvo je ( Pagan b u r ia l r i te s i n L i thuan ia ) b y Ma r i ja G imbu ta s ( A l se ika i te )w a sp ub l i shed .O ne c hap t e ri ni t( p p .65-7 1) w a s d ed ica ted t os a c r ed p l ace s . T he a u tho r b r oad ly u s ed t h e r e sea r ch r e su l t so fE l ka h i l l si nL a tv ia a nd s h ew a so ne o ft h e f i r s tp eop le t oe mp loy a r chaeo log ica l ,h i s to r ic a nd f o lk lo re s ou r ce sf o rt h ei n ve s t iga t ion o ft h ep u rpo se o fs a c red p l ace s a nd t o s o lve t h e r e sea rch p rob lem s . M . G imbu ta s h as e xam ined a nd c ompa r ed t h em c a r ef u l ly .

S ac red p l a ce s i nt h e L i thuan ian t e r r i to ry c au sed i n te r e s t i n t h eR oman t ic e r a .T .N a rbu t tb road ly d i scu s sed t h i st o p ic i n D z ie je s t aroiy tne n arodu L i tew sk iego ( H is to ry o f t h e L i thuan ian N a t ion , 1 8 35 ) . S a c r ed p l ace sw e r ea l so m en t io n ed i nt h eh i s to r ic a nd g eog raph ic s t ud ie so fv a r iou sa u tho r s t h a t w e re p ub l ished l a te r ( c f . T y szk iew icz , 1 842 p p .43-4 ; K i rko r , 1 8 55 p . 452 ;B u sz in sk i , 1 8 74 p . 119 ;V o l t e r , 1 8 86 p . 66 ) . T he m anu sc r ip t L i tuan iea , c omp le ted b y t h e p r ie s t A . K o s sa rzew sk i 1 8 57-63 , w h ich c on ta in s al o t o fi mpo r tan t i n f o rma t ion a bou ts a c red p l a ce s ,s hou ld b em en t ioned s e pa r a te ly .T he r ea r ea l so an umbe ro fs a c r ed p l a ce sm en t ioned i n t h e a nnua l p ub l ica t ions 1 8451915 , p ub l ished b y t h e g ove rnmen ts t a t i s t ic sc omm i t tee so fV i ln iu sa nd K auna s( c f . G ukov sk iy , 1 8 90 p p .427-8 ;Y aun i s , 1 897 p p .89-90 ) . S oi nt h em idd le o ft h e 1 9 "c .s ome o ft h es a c r ed p l ace s( e .g . Medl ioka ln is h i l l i nK rai ia i , P un tuka s s t one i nD va rony s ) w e re d e sc r ibed i nh i s to r ica l a nd g eog raph ica l l i t e ra tu r e . I t s e em st h a ta tt h o se t i me st h e l a ndowne rF .W i lczyn sk i w a s e ven e xcava t ing n ea rt h e Moka ss t one i nS uk in ia i .

I n1 946 as t udy D ie A lk s tä t ten i nL i tauen ( S ac red p l a ce si n L i thuan ia ) b y E dua rd g t u rm s , a n a r chaeo log is t w ho h ad e m ig ra ted f r om L a tv ia w a sp ub l ished .T h i sf i r s ts p e c ia lw o rk d evo ted t o L i thuan ian s a c red p l ace s ( s tones a nd s p r ing s w e r en o td e sc r ibed )c on s i s ted o fs eve ra lp a r t s : al i s to fs a c r ed p l ace s ( 2 24 s i t e s ) , g ene r a l c ha rac te r is t ic s o fs a c r ed h i l l s , f o r e s t s ,r i ve r s ,f i e ld sa nd v i l lage sh av ing t h eopho r ic n ame s . E . g t u rms o r gan ised t h e s a c red p l ace s a c co rd ing t ot h e i r k i nds f o r t h e f i r s t t ime ; h i s a im w a s t o f i nd c ommon g eog r aph ica la nd c u l tu ra l f e a tu re so ft h e se m onumen t s .

T he r e g i s t r a t ion o fa l t h es a c r ed p l ace so ft h ec oun t ry , l i ke t h a to fo t he rm onumen t s , i sc onnec ted w i th t h ep r epa r a t ion o f a r chaeo log ica l m aps b y t h e R u s s ian g ove rnmen t s . F . P ok rov sk iy o r gan i sed t h ei n f o rma t ion t h a tw a sp rov ided i na l o to fq ue s t ionna i re sa nd c omp i led t h ea r chaeo log ica lm ap s o f V i ln ius ( 1893) , G rodno ( 1895) a nd K auna s ( 1899 ) g ove rnmen t s .T hey c on ta in al o to fi mpo r t an td a ta ,a l so a bou t s a c r ed h i l l s a nd s t one s .

I nP .T a ra senka ' sb ook P ido sa kmeny j e( Foo tpr in t si nS t one ) p ub l i shed i n1 9 58 ,a sh a sa l r eady b een m en t ioned a bove ,t h e c oncep to fs a c r ed s t one sf o rmu la ted i nt h e 1 9 30 sw a sv i s ib le . E ven t h ough t h e b ook w a s s upp lemen ted b y n ew d a ta , t h e l i s to f" h i s to r ic L i thuan ian s t one s" ( 2 55 s t one s ) ,q ue s t ionna i r e a nd m e thod ica ld i r e c t ion s .L a te rR .V o lka i t e -Ku l ikau sk iene d e sc r ibed g ene r a lc ha rac te r is t ic so ft h es a c r ed p l ace s( 1 958 p p . 109112 , 1 245 ) . D u r ing t h a t t ime , t h e s u rvey ing a nd 4

II n troduc t ion r eg is t ra t ion o f a r chaeo log ica l monumen t s w a s q u i te w ide sp r ead .

p o s s ib le a nd a na ly se i ta l so i nt h ec on t ex to fo t he rc oun t r ie s . S oon a f te rt h a t ,i n1 943 a nd 1 946 ,o ne o ft h e mo s ti mpo r tan t c on t r ibu t ion si ns o lv ing t h ep r ob lem o ft h er e sea r ch o fs a c r ed p l a ce sw a sm ade b yM .G imbu ta sa nd E .S t u rm s .T he s t udy o fE .S tu rm s( 1 946 ) ,u n l ike o t he rw o rk sp ub l i shed e a r l ie r ,i s v a luab le b ecau se o f t h e a u tho r 's i d ea s . E v iden t ly D ie A lk s tä t ten i nL i tauen w a s ak i nd o fs c ien t if i cp r o jec ti nw h ich E .S t urm s s ough tt od emon s t ra te t h ew ay s o fi n ve s t iga t ing s a c red p l ace s a nd t os how t h e i rs c ien t if i c p e r spec t ive . T he f a c tt h a tt h es t udy w a sw r i t ten b y aw e l l -known a r cha eo log i s t o ft h et ime w a s h i gh ly i mpo r tan tf o rt h er e cogn i t ion o ft h e L ihuan ian s a c red s i te s . ( Howeve r , t h e s t udy p ub l i shed i n G e rmany i n1 946 d i dn o tr e a ch S ov ie tL i thu an ia a nd f o ra bou t 5 0y ea r si tc ou ld n o ti nf luence t h er e sea r ch o ns a c r ed p l a ce s . )

F rom 1 9 70 t h er e sea r che so fB a i t s 's a c r ed p l a ce si nL i thuan ia w e re l i nk ed w i th V y tau ta sU rbanav ie iu s .I n1 9701972 , 1 975 a nd 1 9 77 h e e xcava ted a bou t 4 0 " s uppo sed c u l t p l ace s o f t h e o l d L i thuan ian s" , mo s t ly c l o se t os a c r ed s t one s . T he a r t ic le so fV .U rbanav ie iu s( 1 972b , 1 9 77 ,a nd 1 979 )d i dn o t b ecom e aw ide rg ene r a l i s ing w o rk ;h oweve r ,i n1 993 ac hap t e r o ft h er e sea r che r ' sh ab i l i ta t ion p ape rw a sd evo ted t os a c red p l ace s( p p .13 ) . T he e x cava t ion o ft h eB i ru t e h i l l i nP a langa i n1 983-84 i s w or th p o in t ing o u t . D u r ing t h ee xcava t ion ac u l tp l a ce a nd r ema in so fp o s t sf o ro b se r v ing t h eS un a nd Moon w e r ef o und o nt h ep l a teau o ft h eh i l l( K l imka & 2 u lku s ,1 989 p p .35-56 , 7 3-93 ) . T hank s t ot h i s e ven t a nd t h e i n te rp r e ta t ion o ft h e r e su l t so ft h ee xcava t ion b enea th t h eC a thed ra li nV i ln iu si n 1 98486 ,t h es ub jec to fs a c r ed p l a ce sw a so f ten d i scu s sed i n t h es c ien t if ic a nd p ub l ic p r e s so ft h a tt i me .

An ew p e r iod i nt h e i n ve s t iga t ion o fs a c r ed p l ace sw a s t h e b eg inn ing o f a r chaeo log ica l e xcava t ion s i n 1 970 . V . U rbanav ie iu sl a te rp rof e s s iona l ly p r e sen ted t h e se r e su l t si n t h e c on tex t o ft h e r e l ic t s o ft h ep r e -Ch r i s t ian r e l ig ion a f te r i n t roduc t ion o fC h r i s t ian i ty i nt h e 1 4 t hc e n tu ry .U nf o r tuna t e ly , t h ea r cha eo log ica le xcava t ion si n i t ia ted w e r en o tc on t inued s y s tema t ica l ly .

I n 1 992 as t udy b y V . D augud is P agonak tu t i g v e nt yk1 1 ( L ie tuvo j e k l aus imu ( Conce rn ing p agan s a c red p l ace s i n L i thuan ia ) w a s p ub l i shed . H e o f f e r ed t os ubd iv ide s a c red p l ace s i n to " wood a nd s t one c on s t r uc t ion s" a nd " va r iou s my tho log ica l s t one s" . L a te r T . S id i gk is a nnounced t h e d e sc r ip t ion s o fs ome d ozen so fs a c r ed p l a ce s ( 1 994 , 1 995 ) a nd m o s to ft h ei d ea st h a ta r ep r e sen t ed i nt h i sm onog raph b yi t sa u tho r( c f . 1 997 , 1 998b , 1 999 ) .

When t a lk ing a bou tt h ec on tempo ra ry l e ve l o ft h er e sea r ch o fs a c r ed p l ace s i ti sp o s s ib le t oa s se r t t h a t u sua l ly t h e se m onumen t sb e long t ot h a tp a r to ft h e i n he r i t ance o fm en ta l c u l tu re t h a t i st h e l e a s t i n ve s t iga ted a nd e va lua ted s o f a r . T he d a t aa bou tt h es a c red p l ace sa r en o tw ide ly u s ed i nt h e i n ve s t iga t ion s o ft h e B a i t s ' r e l ig ion a nd m y tho logy , e ven t h ough ,t h ey a r em uch m o r ei n f o rma t ive a nd much b r oade r t h an t h e b a se o fw r i t ten s ou r ce s w h ich i su sua l ly u s ed f o r t h is p u rpo se . S uch c i r cums tance s p e rf ec t ly i lu s t ra te t h e p r e sen t i n te r e s t o ft h i s s t udy .

A f te rt h eS e cond Wo r ld Wa rt h et o p ic o fB a i t s 's a c r ed p l a ce s b egan t ob e d i scus sed i nw o rk s o n h i s to ry , my tho logy , r e l ig ion ,a n de t hno logy ( c f .B a ly s ,1 9 48 p p .2025 ,3 2-42 ; 1 9 66 p p .1722 , 3 1-40 ; K e rbe ly te , 1 970 p p .67-85 ; V e l iu s , 1 987 p p .679 ;G r e ima s , 1 9 90 ,p p .2 12-7 ;L au r ink iene , 1 9 96 ,p p .334 5 , 7 386 ) .T he s a c r ed s i te sa r em en t ioned u sua l ly i no rde r t os upp lemen tt h ed e sc r ip t ion so ft r e e ,w a te r , s t one a nd h i l l c u l t s , t oi l u s t r a te t h e f unc t ion s t h a t w e r e g i ven t o o ne g odde s s o ra no the r o rj u s t w hen a na ly s ing t h e s ou r ce s o f h i s tor y , f o lk lo re a nd l a nguage . I nt h is s phe r e o fr e sea r ch t h e r eh a v eb een b o th o ve r - a nd n on -c r i t ica l a pp roache s( c f . J u rg in i s , 1 9 76 p p .47-73 ;D undu l iene , 1 9 90 p p . 159172 ) .

T he r e sea r che so fp r e -Ch r i s t ian s a c r ed s i t e si no t he rc oun t r ie s h ave o l dt r ad i t ion s .I nt h e i rw o rk s ,t h es c ien t i s t sf r om E a s ter n a nd N o r the rn E u rope t a lk a bou tt h e s a c r ed p l ace s o fB a i t s , S lays , G e rmans , o r F inno -Ug r ian s a nd i n s ome c a ses L i thuan ian p a ra l le l sa r em en t ioned i nv a r iou sc on tex t s . T he c oncep to fB a i t s ' s a c red p l ace si nL a tv ia i sv e ry s im i la r t ot h o se i nL i thuan ia . H oweve r , t h e n e ighbou r ing c oun t ry h a s d eepe r t r ad i t ion s o ft h e i n ve s t iga t ion o fs a c red p l ace s ( c f .K u r tz , 1 9 24 ;S t u rm s , 1 9 36b , 1 9 38 ;C aune , 1 9 74 ;U r t än sJ . , 1 9 77 , 1 990 , 1 993 ) . I n1 988 J u r i sU r tän ss umma r i sed a l t h e d a ta c on s ide r ing t h em a nd d ef ended h i st h e s i s f o r ad eg ree Y a z iche sk iye k u l tov iye p am ia tn ik in at e r i tor iy iL a tv iy i ( The P agan C u l t Monumen t si nt h eT e r r i to ry o fL a tv ia ) .

T os um u p ,i ti so bv iou st h a tu n t i lt h ee nd o ft h e 1 9 ' hc .t h e r e w a s at e ndency t od e sc r ibe s a c red p l ace s t h a t w e r e b e t te r k nown ,t op rov ide s ome n a r r a t ive sa bou tt h em a nd t op o in t o u t t h e p r eserved a nc ien t b e l ief s a nd c us toms . Mo re i mpo r t an t a r e t h e e f f o r t s t oi n vo lve t h e s a c r ed p l a ce s i na b road e r a r ea o fr e sea r ch — t h e i n ve s t iga t ion o ft h e B a i t s ' r e l ig ion a nd m y tho logy b yT .N a rbu t t( I 8 35 )a nd S .D aukan ta s ( 1976 ) .T he l a te 1 9 " 1c .a nd t h ee a r ly 2 0 t hc .a r eb e s td e sc r ibed b y t h e c ompa ra t ive ly p rof e s s iona l s u rvey a nd r e g i s t ra t ion o fs a c r ed p l ace s .

S ome i n fo rma t ion a bou t s a c red p l aces i n t h e K a l in in g r ad skaya ° b la s t( Ea s t e rn P ru s s ia )i sf o und i nt h el i t e ra tu re o ft h e 1 9 t ha nd e a r ly 2 0 t hc .( c f .B eckhe r rn , 1 893 ;L aB aume , 1 9 27 ;G ronau , 1 9 38 ) ,a sw e l la se p i sod ica l ly a f te rt h eS econd Wo r ld Wa r( c f . Wen sku s , 1 968 ; Sm i rnova , 1 9 89 ;G u sakov & K u lakov , 1 9 9 1p p . 1705 ) .H oweve r ,t h e r ea r en ow ide rs t ud ie s .

T he P .T a ra senka a r t ic le S enov ins , f v en tovi s ( Anc ien tL i thuan ian S anc tua r ie s )i n1 926 a nd e s pe c ia l ly t h e s e r ie so fh i sa r t ic le sd evo ted t ot h es a c red s t one si n1 9 33-34 m a rk n ew s t age o fr e sea r ch i n to s a c r ed p l ace s .I tw a ss ough t t oe va lua t et h ec o l lec ted m a t e r ia lp r ob lema t ica l ly a sm uch a s

T he g r ea t v a r ie ty o fs a c r ed p l a ce s i nB e la ru s h a s r e ce ived l i t t le a t ten t ion f r om s c ien t i s t ss of a r .T hey o n ly b egan t ob e m o re a c t ive ly s u rveyed a nd e xcava ted i nt h e 1 990 s ( c f . 5

V y k in ta s

V a i tk ev iau s .

S t ud ie s i n to t h e B a i t s ' s a c r ed p l ace s

L evkov , 1 992 ; D uch i t s , 1 993 p p .16-20 , 3 0-35 ; 2 000 ; Z a ikov sk iy , 1 998 ;L evkov e ta l . ,2 000 ) . Much d eepe rt r ad i t i on so fr e sea r ch o ft h es a c r ed p l a ce s( b o th B a i t s 'a nd S l ay s ' ) h ave d eve loped i n R u s s ia a nd Uk ra ine ( c f . T r e tyakov & S hm id t , 1 963 p p .1118 , 2 6-29 , 5 9-6 1 , 9 6-99 , 1 02103 ; R ibakov , 1 994 p p .285-352 ;R u sanova & T imo shchuk , 1 993 ; P anchenko , 1 9 98 ;S ho r in , 1 998 ) . T he c u l t p l a ce s o f We s te rn S l ay s i nP o land a nd G e rmany h ave r e ce iv ed s i gn if i can th i s to r ic r e l ig iou sa nd a r chaeo log ica l r e sea r che s( c f .H e r rmann , 1 97 1 , 1 998 ; Mak iew icz & P r inke , 1 980 p p .6 4-74 ;G iey sz to r , 1 984 ; Mak iew icz , 1 988 ;S l upeck i , 1 994 ) .T h es a c red p l ace so ft h ee a r ly S cand inav ian ss hou ld b ea l so m en t ioned ( c fO l sen , 1 9 70 ; Mü l le r -W i l le , 1 984 , 1 999 ; G r a ich en ,1 9 88 ;F abech ,1 992 ;S t jer nqu i s t ,1 992 ; Er n s t ,1 998 ) . Al o to fv a luab le i n f o rma t ion i sr e ce ived b yt h ei n ve s t iga t ion o fs a c ra l p l a ce -name s t h e r e ( c f . B en son , 1 990 ; H o lmbe rg , 1 990 ;A nd e r s son , 1 992 ;S andne s , 1 992 ;S o r en sen , 1 992 ) .

6

2A lka , A lka s ( g enera l m ean ing s )

2A lka ,A lkas ( genera l mean ing s )

1 94 1 p . 386 ) .T he l a t te ru sed i ti nt h em idd le 1 9 t hc .i n s tead o f t h el o an w o rd a f ie ra ( f rom t h eP o l ish o f iara " sacr if ice" ) .

A lka o rA lka s a r e t e rm s t h a t r e sea r che r s u sua l ly u se t od e s c r ibe a l lt h eB a i t s ' s a c red p l ace si ng ene ra l . H oweve rt h e re a r e s eve ra l h undred s o f s a c red p l ace s t h a t h ave a p rope r n ame c on ta in ing t h ew o rd a lka a sw e l la so l ka ,e l k sa nd t h e i r

I n S .D aukan ta s ' t ime s t h e w o rd a uka w a s u sed o n ly a sa p rope rn oun ,i nt h en ame sA lka /Auka h i l lw h ich a r ed e sc r ibed a s p l ace s w he r e o f f e r ing s f o r t h e g od s w e re m ade i np r e C h r is t ian t ime s ( Büga , 1 958 p . 357 ) . T he a l te rna t ion s a l ka / a uka ( c o r re spond ing ly A lka /Auka h i l l , a l so a l ld in&aukün c3

v a r ie ty p rov ide sa no ppo r tun i ty t on o t ice i mpo r tan tf e a tu re s o fs a c red p l ace s .

" e lbow" , s odf ia lka l sodf iauka " swamp" ) w e re p o in ted o u t a nd d i scu s sed al o ng t ime a go ( Ko ssa rzew sk i , 1 857 / 1863 p . 112v ; B ezzenbe rge r , 1 877 p p .72-3 ; B üga , 1 958 p . 358 ; E rmany te , 1 967 p . 42 ) . S o S .D aukan ta s d i dn o ti n ven ta uka

2 . 1L ingu is t ic d a ta T he L i thuan ian wo rd a l ka ( a lkas ) ,t h eL a tv ian e l k s ,P ru s s ian * a lka b e long t ot h e l i ngu is t ic i n he r i tance o fI ndo -Eu rope a n s . T hey c or respond t ot h e G e rman ic a nd G o th ic a l / is , A ng lo -Saxon e a lh ,S axon a l ah ,a nd G reek a k i c r i( c f . Ma rkey , 1 972 p . 37 1) . I nt h e I ndo -Eu ropean p a ren t l a nguage * a lku l * e lku m ean tc u rve ,b end ing -e lbow :* a lk l* e l k -" bend ,c u rve" ,

a nd j u s tt o ok t h ea l ka so ra uka u sed i nS amog i t ia ,o ne o ft h e m ean ing so fw h ich w a s" t he t h ing t h a ti sg i ven" ( c f .B a le ikon i s , 1 94 1p . 84 ) . I nL ie tuv i i i k a lbo s o dyna s ( The D ic t iona ry o fL i thuan ian L anguage ) s uch m ean ing s t a ken f r om w r i t ing s o ft h e w o rd a l ka a r ea l so g i ven : " bu r ia l mound s ,g rave so fg i an t s" o rt h e

* a lka l*e lka - " cu rved , s t ooped" ( Topo rov , 1 975 p p .72-4 ; Mai iu l i s , 1 988 p .68 ) b o th i nt h e m ean ing o fc u rve a nd l i f t b ecause t h e L i thuan ian a l k - o ra uk - a r e d i rec t ly c onnec ted

d e r iva t ive a lkakap i s " A lka g r ave" ( Ba le ikon is , 1 94 1 p . 84 ) . T he se w o rd sa r en o ti lu s t ra ted b ye xamp le sf r om t h es poken l a nguage .T he d e r iva t ive a l k in " t he p l ace o fa l ka" i ss a id t o

w i th t h ew o rd sa uk ( u )o t i" t ol i f tt h ec h i ld u p /down" ,L a tv ian a uk l e t" t ol o ok a f te r ac h i ld ,t oh o ld h im i nh and sa nd s w ing" , G o th ic a uhuma " t a l le r" ,t h eP ru s s ian u cka -d eno t ing t h eh i gh e s td eg r ee ( F r aen I ce l , 1 955 p . 24 ) .

b e an eo log ism b u t i tmu s t b e n o ted t h a t i n 1 5951653 i n G a iiuve le n ea rt h eS t r iüna R ive rA ncmpyxoc K a imac a i name , A k icmpp ioc : c a l mw iKuHe a r em en t ioned ( Sp rog is , 1 888 p . 11) . E ven t h ough t h es a c r ed p l ace i nG a ii t ive le i sn o tk nown n ow , t h em en t ioned a l k ini )( am cw ie )o fA n t s tr üna h i l lr e a l ly m igh t h ave m ean t" t he p l ace o fa l ka" .

L ike L i thuan ian a lküné , L a tv ian e l kons , P ru s s ian a lkun i s , S l av ic * o /k b t - a nd l a te rl a k b t b " e lbow" v a ry i nt h e se l a n g uage sa l so a l kas , e l k s , * a lka a nd 011Kli " s ac r ed p l ace" ( t he l a t te rf o rm i sf ound i nt h ed ocumen t so ft h e 1 6 ' h c . ,s e eJ ab l o n sk is , 1 941 p . 138 ) .I nL a tv ian p l ace -name st h eo n ly k nown r oo ti se l k .I ti sa l so f ound ac oup le o ft ime si nN o r the rn a nd S ou the rn L i thuan ia . I nL i thuan ia , a si nt h e r a r e n o te s f r om E a s tP ru s s ia , t h e r oo ta l k - p redom ina te s i np l ace -name s . I n E a s t e rn L i thuan ia t h e re a r es ome p l ace -name st h a th ave t h e

I nc onc lu s ion , i ti so bv iou s t h a t t h e I ndo -Eu ropean * a l - o r * a lk le lk -" cu rve" i nt h em ean ing o f ac urve a nd l i f t ing w a s c e r ta in ly as a c r a lt e rm .A lka o ra l ka si nL i thuan ian ,a pa r tf r om t h e f i xed c ommon m ean ing s " s ac red g rove" , " t he p l ace f o r s a c r i f ice " ,a r eo f t en f o und i nt h ep rope rn ame so fs a c r ed p l a ce s .

r oo t o l k . T he r e sea r ch i n to t h el a t te rp rov ide s al o to fs i gn if ican ti n f o r m a t ion ,s oi nt h ef o l low ing p a r to ft h is w o rk h i s to r ic ,f o lk lo r e a nd a r chaeo log ica ld a ta c on s ide r ing t h es a c r ed p l ace sc a l led

I ndo -Eu ropean * a l -o r* a lk l*e lk -a cqu i red ar e l ig ious m ean i n g a nd w a s u sed a s ac e r ta in s a c ra l t e rm . F o r t h is r e a son . L i thuan ian a nd P rus s ian a l ka m ean " as a c r ed g rove ; ap l ace w he re s a c r i f ice sw e re b u rn t ; s a cr if ice" ( Bezzenbe rge r , 1 877 p . 73 ; F raenke l , 1 955 p . 7 ; B üga , 1 958 p . 356 ) ,L a tv ian e l k s " f e t i sh ,i d o l" ( Topo rov , 1 975 p p .72-74 ;K a ru l is , 1 992 p . 264 ) ,

A lka w i l lb es hor t ly p r e sen ted .

B e la ru s s ian 2 a l ibu com i i i c -" t he o ne w ho c o l lec t s s a c r if ice s" ( S anko ,1 996 p . 73 ) .G o th ic a l h s ,A ng lo -Saxon e a lh ,a nd S axon a l ah m ean " t emp le" ,A ng lo -Saxon e a lg ian -" t op ro tec t ,d e -

B a l ls ' s a c red p l ace s c a l led A lka a nd s e t t lemen t s h av ing t h e r oo t sa l k Ie l k -i nt h e i rn ame sa r eo f ten m en t ioned i nt h ew r i t t e n s ou r ce s a nd h i s to r ic d ocumen t s . A tt h ee a r l ie s t , i n1 253

f end" (Wesche , 1 932 p p .29-30 ; P okorny , 1 959 p .32 ; L jungg ren , 1 966 ;B r ink , 1 992 ) ,G r eek a k tg a nd &xi -" t he s a c r ed f e nc ing i nO lymp ia" a nd " def ence" ( Ho l thau sen , 1 934

t h es ou r ce sm en t ion t h eu nknown s e t t lemen tE lkene i nN o r th e r nC ou r land ( Büga , 1 96 1 p . 160 ) ,i n1 3 12 -t h eA lka s e t t lemen t i nS am land ( A l kayne ,A l kayn )(Ge r u l l i s ,1 922 p p .8-9 ;B lal iene ,

2 . 2H i s tor ic d a ta

p . 5 ) .

1 995 p p .93-4 ) .I n1 478 as a c r ed g r ove c a l led A lka i( s y l va H e lk i )

T he m ean ing o fL i thuan ian a l kas " f e t ish , i d o l" ( Ba le ikon is , 1 94 1 p . 84 )i sv e r if ied o n ly i nM .M iei in i s 'L i thuan ian -La tv ian -

i ng e guo l ia iw a sm en t ioned ( F i ja lek & S emkow icz ,1 948 p . 364 ) , i n1 503 a l so -" h i l l ige rB u sch ,g enome tE lkewa lke" i nL ipa i l s i T u r lava ,i nN o r ther nC ou r land ( Ku r tz , 1 9 24 p . 77 ;U r tän s , 1 993a

P o l ish -Ru s s ian v ocabu la ry ( 1894 p . 3 )a nd i sc onnec ted w i th t h e L a tv ian w o rd e l k s w h ich c o r re spond s w i th a lkas a nd r e a l ly h a st h em ean ing " f e t i sh ,i d o l" .

p p .19-20 ) .

I ti sw o r th m en t ion ing t h em ean ing o fa l kas a nd a uka " sac r i f i ce" ( Ba le ikon is , 1 94 1 p . 84 ) .B u ta uka " s ac r if ice" i ss a id t o b e an eo log i sm ,n ew ly c r ea ted b yS .D aukan ta s( Ba le ikon is ,

1 94 1 p . 138 ) . H oweve r , t h ey a r e o f ten m en t ioned a sp l ace n ame s t h a t a r e n o t s pec ia l , f o r e xamp le : " t he A lka h i l l -a mowed m eadow i nt h eB e ria ie s ta te" ( Sp rog i s , 1 888 p . 4 ) .T he

I nt h ed ocumen t so ft h e 1 6 ' h17 t hc .s eve ra lt e n so fs i te sc a l led A lka h ave b een m en t ioned ( Sp rog is , 1 888 p p .4-5 ;J ab lon sk i s ,

7

V , v k in ta s

V a i tk ev iau s .

S t ud ie s i n to t h e B a i t s ' s a c r ed p lac e s T he e xpe r ien ce o fa r cha eo log ica li n ve s t iga t ion ss how st h a t u sua l ly i n ap l a ce c a l led A lka ( f o re xamp le , ah i l lo r af i e ld ) t h e e xa c t p l a ce o fs a c r if i ce -" a lka" , w h ich h a s g i ven t h e n ame t ot h e s i t e h a s a l r eady b een f o rgo t ten . Sma l l sca le i n ve s t iga t ion s c anno t p rov ide s i gn if i can t i n f o rma t ion i n t h e se c a se s .

a dd i t iona l d a ta o f ten s how t h a tt h e se a r e t h e s a c r ed p l a ce s . A ni mpo r tan ts ou r ce t h a tt a lk sa bou tt h er e l ic t so ft h eB a i t s ' r e l ig ion a f ter t he c onver s ion i st he P os t i l la o f t he Wo lf enbü t te ll i b ra ry ,c omp le t ed i n1 573 .I ns eve ra lp a r t so fi t a l ka i sa l so m en t ion ed ( Ga iga la t , 1 900 p . 4 18 ; 1 90 1p . 150 ) . F i r s t ly , t h e m en t ion o fa l ka i nt h i s s ou r ce t o ge the rw i th a l l o t he rn a tu ra lo b jec t st h a ta r ew o r sh ipped ( s tone s ,h i l l s ,t r ee s , r i ve r s )s how t h a ta l ka m ean sn o to n ek i nd o fs a c r ed s i te ,b u t i tp robab ly d eno te sc e r ta in s a c r if i ce p l a ce s . S econd ly ,i nt h e 1 6 t hc .t h e s a c red g rove st h a tw e r ec a l led A lka ib egan t ob e c a l led G o ja i( f rom S l av ic g a j" n ice ,s a c r ed g r ove" )( a l so s e e C hap t e r3 . 3 ) . T he r e a r e a l so t wo t r an s la t ion s o ft h e L ede sma C a tech i sm i n to L i thuan ian t ob em en t ioned .I nt h a tp a r to ft h eC a t e ch i sm w he r ei ti ss a id ," who u s ed t ow o r sh ip i d o l s" ,i n1 595 i nM . D auk ga ' sP o s t i l la i ti ss a id ," who u s ed t ow o r sh ip f i r e ,e a r th , s nake s , g r a s s s nake s , t h unde r , t r ee s , a l ka i" . I n 1 605 i nt h e t r an s la t ion o fC a tech i sm o fa n u nknown a u tho r i ti ss a id , " who u s ed t ow o r sh ip f i r e ,s nake s ,g r a s ss nake s ,e a r th ,g od d e s se s ,t h unde r s ,t r ee s ,e l ku s" ( a cco rd ing t o :B a le ikon i s , 1 947 p . 8 15 ;T opo rov , 1 975 p . 73 ;I v in sk i s , 1 9 86 p . 400 ) . I nt h e 1 6 '17 t hc .h i s to r ic s ou r ce sf r om L a tv ia o f ten m en t ion t h eE lka g od s ( e lka d eve s , a l k ed ev s ) t h a ta r ew o r sh iped b y p eop le ( S t raube rg s , 1 94 1p p .628-9 ) .T ha tw a sa l r eady ag en e r a ln ame f o rg od s , w h ich w a sp robab ly d i r ec t ly c onnec ted w i th t h ef a c tt h a tp r e -Ch r i s t ian g od sw e r ew o r sh ipped i nt h e s a c red p l a ce s c a l led e l ka o ra l ka . O n t h e o t he rh and , w hen c on s ide r ing t h eg ene ra lm ean ing o ft h eL a tv ian e l k s" f e t i sh , i d o l" , t h e n ame o fe l k s m igh t h ave b een g i ven t od i f f e ren t g od s t h a tw e r ew o r sh ipped i nc e r ta in s a c red p l ace s . 2 .3 F o lk lore d a ta P l a ce leg end st e l l ing t h a ti nA lko s" i nt h eo l dt ime ss a c r if ice s w e re m ade" o rt h a t" t he h o ly f i r ew a sb ur n tt h e r e" a r eq u i t e c ommon .T he r ea r e4 3s u ch A lka h i l l sr e co rded i nL i thuan ia a t t h e momen t . H oweve r , o n ly a bou t s i x o ft h e 5 2 A lka f i e ld s h ave p l a ce legend sl i ke t h a t ,a nd t h en i ne A lka i s l and sh ave a bou t 5 .V a r iou s t a le s a bou t p r e -Ch r i s t ian g od s a nd g od d e s se sw o r sh ipped o nt h eE lka h i l l sa nd t h es a c r if ice sm ade t h e r ea r ea l so k nown i nL a tv ia ( c f . U r t än s , 1 993a p p .37-38 , 5 6 ) . 2 .4 A r chaeo log ica ld a ta O n ly t h eA lka h i l li nR e izg ia i ,i nS amog i t ia a nd t h eE lka h i l l n ea rt h es o l i ta ry f a rm o fE lka /Pek § in ea rD u rbe i nN o r the rn C ou r land a r em o r ew ide ly e xcava ted . A l l t h eo t he re xcava t i on s i nt h e s a c red p l a ce s c a l led A lka i -i nt h e A lka h i l l o f M iky t a i ,A lka i s land -pen in su la o fK u r ena i ,A lka p en in su la o f Mala s i sP a lük s t i s ,w e r eo ft h es u rvey k i nd a nd d i dn o tp ro v ide s i gn if ican t r e su l t s . D u r ing t h e i n ve s t iga t ion s o ft h e D ap § ia ih i l lf o r tt h a ti sc a l led A lka h i l l , ac u l tu r a l l a ye ro fa s e t t lemen ta nd ac a s t le d a t ing b ack t ot h el a te i s t m i l lenn ium BC -e a r ly 2 m i l lenn ium AD w a sf o und . n d

8

3C las s if i ca t ion o fm onumen t s

3C la ss if ica t ion o f monumen t s

T he d a ta a bou t t h e B a l t s ' s a c red h i l ls i sf ound i nh i s to r ic s ou r ce s .F o ri n s tance ,i n1 394 t h eR ambyna ss a c r ed g rove i s m en t ioned ( H i r sch ,T öppen & S t reh lke , 1 863 p . 677 ) .T he s a c r e d m ean ing o ft h e R ambyna s h i l l b y B i tena i w a s t e s t if ied s eve ra lt ime ss t a r t ing i n1 595 ( s ee T homa s , 1 887 p p .113-8 ) . D ocumen t sm en t ion a l so L aumygarb i s( The h i l lo fF a i ry )1 339 , S wen tegarben ( Sa c red h i l l1351 ,S aw l i sk re s i l( The h i l l 'cha ir '

T oge the r w i th o the r s a c r ed p l ace s t h a t h ave s a c ra l n ame s t h e re a r e2 03 p l aces i nL i thuan ia , 6 9 i nL a tv ia , s even i nt h e K a l in ing r ad skaya o b la s tt h a ta r ec a l led A lka ( J u rk scha t , 1 898 p . 109 ;G e r u l l i s ,1 922 p p .8-9 ;K u r tz ,1 9 24 ;Z i e seme r , 1 936p . 112 ; E ndze l in s ,1 9 56 p . 269 ;R u sman i s &V ik s ,1 993 ;B lal iene ,1 995 p p .93-4 ) .O ft h e2 03 s uch s a c red p l ace si nL i thuan ia ,7 4a r e h i l ls , 5 2 f i e ld s , 3 2 r i ve r s , 1 5 l a ke s a nd f e n s , 1 g rove s , 1 0 w e t land s , 9i s l and s( i nL a tv ia a cco rd ing ly :4 2 , 1 7 ,1 ,2 ,1 ,5a nd

o ft h eS un ) 1 369 / 1423 ( Ge ru l l i s , 1 922 p p .85 , 1 78 ;N epokupny , 2 002 p p .254-5 ) i nP ru s s ia ,P ercuneca lve ( The h i l l is land o f T hunde r ) 1 300 i nt h eL iepa ja L ake ( Ku r tz , 1 924 p . 75 ) .

1 ;i nK a l in ing rad skaya o b la s ta cco rd ing ly : 2 ,,3 ,,2 ,,) . ( Mo r eove r ,t h en ame sc on ta in ing t h er oo t sa lk -a nd e l k -h ave

T he v a r ie ty o fs a c red h i l l s i sr ep re sen ted b y t h en a tu ra l a nd my th ica l re l ig ious r e a l ia a nd n o tb yt h er e su l t so fh uman a c t i v i t ie s . T ha t i sw hy g ene r a l f e a tu re s o fs epa ra te g roup s o f s a c r ed h i l l sa r er evea led o n ly w hen t h e i rl o ca t ion ,n ame sa nd p l ace legend sa r ee xam ined .

s ome t e n so fs e t t lemen t sw he re t h es a c r ed p l ace se x is ted a nd a l so s ome c u r ren tc eme te r ie s ) . T he se s t a t is t ica l ly i lu s t r a ted t e ndenc ie s s how s eve ra l c i r c um s tance s t h a t a r e i mpo r tan t f o r t h e r e sea r ch o fs a c red p l ace s .F i r s t ly ,t h ed i s t r ibu t ion o fs a c red p l ace sh av ing au n i f o rm n ame A lka d emon s t ra t e ss ome d if e r en tt r ad i t ion so ft h e s a cr ed p l ace s .I n We s te rn L i thuan ia h i l l sh av ing t h e se n ame s

Alka h i l ls ' . T he r e a r e 7 4 o ft h em r e co rded i nL i thuan ia , mo s t ly i nC ou r land a nd S amog i t ia . T he re i sa n e xcep t ion f ou rA lka h i l l si nS ou th a nd t wo i nM idd le L i thuan ia ( c f .t h e r e a r e4 2E lka h i l l sk nown i nC ou r land a nd L a tga le i nL a tv ia a nd t wo i nt h eK a l in ing rad skaya o b la s t )( Map I ) .

p redom ina te . I n M idd le L i thuan ia -f i e ld s n ea r r i ve r s a nd s wamp s , i nE a s ter nL i thuan ia -f i e ld s n ea rr i ve r s a nd l a ke s , mo r eove r ,f e n sa nd i s land si nt h el a ke s( s ee C hap te r s3 . 1 ,3 . 2 a nd 3 . 5 , Map sI ,V Ia nd X IX ) .S econd ly ,t h ef a c tt h a tt h e re a r e n o s a c r ed s t ones , t r ee s o r s p r ing s k nown b y t h e n ame o f A lka s how st h ey w e re s i ng le e l emen t so ft h es a c red p l ace si n t h ew ood s ,f i e ld s ,h i l ls o rs e t t led a r ea s .

A lka h i l ls a r e u sua l ly h i gh ; t h et o p so ft h em o f ten d om ina te t h e i r s u r round ing s ( F ig . 4 ) . F requen t ly t h e re a r e a l so A lka w e t land s , l a ke so rs wamp s ,r i ve r so rs p r ing sn ea rA lka h i l ls . T he i n te re s t ing o ne sa r et h eA lka h i l ls i nt h el o ca l i t ie sw he r e b igge rr i ve r sr un o u tf r om l a ke sa nd t h es o -ca l led h i l ls i nt h e w a te r shed a r ea s . T he l a t te r c i rcum s tance m igh t h ave g i ven

S ot h ed a ta a bou tt h es a c r ed p l ace sc a l led b yt h es a c ra lt e rm a lka ,w h ich i so fI ndo -Eu ropean o r ig in ,i mp l ie st h a tt h ey w e r e s i tua ted i nn a tu ra l ly d i f f e ren tp l ace s . T h is f a c ts uppo se st h e c l a s s if i ca t ion mode lo fs a c red p l ace sa cco rd ing t ot h ek i nd s o fn a tu r a lo b jec t s .

a dd i t iona l my th ica l m ean ing t ot h e s a c red p l ace s o rm igh t h ave b een t h em a in mo t ive f o rf ound ing ac u l tp l ace t h e re .

I n 1 946 E .s t rum sw a sa l r eady c l a s s if y ing t h eB a l t s ' s a c red p l a ce sa c co rd ing t ot h ek i nd so fn a tu r a l o b jec t s( pp .13-33 ) . H ed i scu s sed t h em i nt h ec hap te r s : " H i l l s" , "Wood s" , " R iv e r s" , " Lake s" , " F ie ld s" , a nd a l so i n" V i l lage s" . L a tv ian r e s e a r che r sn ow emp loy a na na logou sc l a s s if ica t ion o fs a c red p l ace s . T hey d i s t ingu ish t h e se k i nd so fs a c red p l ace s : h i l ls , w a te r s ,t r ee s , c ave s ,v a l ley s , f i e ld s ,s t one sa nd s t one s t a tue s ( t e l l )( Ur tän s , 1 978 p . 76 ) . T he B a l t s ' s a c red p l ace s a r e p r e sen ted i nt h i s monog raph a cco rd ing t ot h es ame p r inc ip le ( h i l l s ,f i e ld s ,w ood sa nd t r ee s , s t one s ,w a t e r s( l ake s ,w e t land s ,r i ve r s ,s p r ing s ) ,h o l low s ,f a u l t s a nd c ave s ) . T h is s cheme i sf o l lowed w hen p r e sen t ing t h e v a r ie ty o fs a c red p l ace s ,n o tt a k ing i n to a c coun tt h ef a c tt h a t

F ig . 4 .A lka h i l lo fV i e g tovb ia i( P l ung e ' ?d i s t r ic t ) . P ho to b yA . K ub i la s , 1 963 . CHC -3821 -23 .

s eve ra lc omb ina t ion so fn a tu ra lo b jec t sm igh tb e long t oo n ly o ne s a c red s i te .

T he b i gge s tA lka h i l l st a ke u pa na r ea o f2 -3 h ec ta r e s( Mu i ta i e i a i ,P ab i rlu l i s ) ,h oweve r ,u sua l ly t h e i rs i ze v a r ie sf r om 2 0x40 me t re st o6 0x 100 m e t re s . I ns ome r a re c a se st h e r ea r en a tu -

3 . 1H i l l s

r a l ly f l a tp l a teau s( A lka s -Sa lan ta i ,J o skauda i ) ,s ome t ime st h e h i l l s h ave an a tu ra l ly e me rg ing ( A lsed2 ia i , E ivyda i ) o rd e s c end ing ( G i la iö ia i ,M iky ta i )p l a teau .

S ac r ed h i l l s a r e o fv a r iou s f o rm s a nd s i ze s , b u t t h e i r a r ea u sua l ly d oe sn o te xceed 5 0-60x 100 m e t re s .U sua l ly t h e re i s n o p l a teau o n t h e t o p o ft h em , t h e i r t o p h a s t h e f o rm o fa d ome o rc one o r i ta s cend s /de scend s t oo ne s i de . S ome o f t h eA lka h i l l sa r eh i gh ,q u i te o f ten t h ey a r et h eh i ghe s tp o in t i nt h el o ca l i ty ,a nd o t he r sa r ej u s ts ma l lm oun ta in s .

I nt h i sa nd t h ef o l low ing s e c t ion st h ea u tho rf r ee ly c hoo se st h e s e qu en ce o ft h eg r oup so fm onumen t s . 9

V y k in ta s

V a i tk ev i d iu s .

S t ud i e s i n to t h e B a i t s ' s ac r ed p l ac e s

T he m o s tb road ly i n ve s t iga ted s i te i st h eA lka h i l li nR a izg ia i , t h es ub jec to f as t udy b yV .U rbanav ie iu si n1 972 .D u r ing t h e i n ve s t iga t ion r ema in so ft wo p o s t so f0 . 9 ma nd 1 . 65 m w e r e f ound o nt h ep l a teau o ft h e h i l l i nt h eh o le s , w h ich w e r e a s d eep a s0 . 9 ma nd 1 . 05 m . S t one s a l so c ove red t h e p o s t s . O the r k i nd s o ff i nd s w e r e n o t f o und ( U rbanav ie iu s , 1 974 p p .104106 ) . T he c u l tu ra l l a ye rt h a ti sb e ing d e s t royed w a s f ound o nt h ep l a t eau o ft h eA lka h i l li nJ o skauda i( V a i tkev ie iu s , 1 998a p p .6970 ) .

T he c omp lexe s o fa r chaeo log ica l m onum en t s t h a t c on ta in A lka h i l l sa r ed a ted t o4 501350 AD .T h ey a r ek nown n ea rby h i l lf o r t s( Be tyga la ,G ude l ia i ,M iky ta i ,S ar n e le ) ,o pen s e t t le m en t s( J ukn a ie ia i ,N au jo j ij p i l t i s )a nd c eme t e r ie s( An t in inka i , P aka ln i gk ia i( S i la le d i s t r ic t ) ,V i lkq K ampa s )o ft h ec on t empo r a ry p e r iod . Mo reove r ,f r om t h es ou ther np a r to fC ou r land i n L a tv ia , E lka h i l l s s p r ead i n to t h o se l a nd so ft h e L iv s( i nt h e n o r th )t ow h ich t h ee xpan s ion o ft h eC ou ron ian sw a st a k ing p l ace f r om t h el a te 1P hu pt ot h em idd le 1 3 t hc .( A sar i s , 1 9 96 ) .

L a tv ian a r chaeo log is tP .S t ep ie gi n1 9 37 i n ve s t iga ted t h eE lka h i l ln ea rE lka /Pek g is o l i ta ry f a rm .T he r ew e r es t i l lp r e se rved

S o t h e A lk a a nd E lka h i l l s a r e t y p ica l s a c r ed p l ace s o ft h e S amog i t ian sa nd t h eC ou ron ian so f4 501350 AD ,e ven t h ough s ome e xcep t ion se x i s t .I ns ome l o ca l i t ie st h eA lka h i l l sp r ob a b ly h ad t h e i r f u nc t ion s e ven a f te rt h e c onve r s ion u n t i l t h e r i t e s t h a t t o ok p l a ce t h e r e b ecame o fs y nc r e t ic o r e n t i r e ly C h r i s t ian t y p e .

c i rcu la rr ampa r t st h a ta r eq u i te c ha r a c te r is t ic o ft h eL a tv ian E lka h i l l s . D u r ing t h e e xcava t ion s al o t o fp o t she rd s , c l ay p l a s te r ,p a r t so ft wo k n ive sa nd as p ind le w e re f o und . Mo r e o ve r ,t h eo wne ro ft h ef i e ld g ave t h ea r chaeo log is t s ac r uc i f o rm p i n w i th s i lve r -p la ted h ead h e h ad f ound h e r e . R em n an t so f aw ooden b u i ld ing w e r ea l so f o und . When i n t e rp r e t i n g t h e i n ve s t iga t ion r e su l t s i tw a s t h ough t t h a t t h is w a s a m ee t ing p l a ce ( S tu rm s , 1 9 38 ,p p . 126-8 ) .

A pa r tf r om t h eA lka h i l l so nd ry l a nd t h e r ea r en i ne Alka i slands r e co rded i nt h el a ke so fv a r iou ss i ze si nE a s t e rn L i thuan ia .T he E lka I s land i nV a lm ie r an e a rt h eG au ja R ive r ( S t raube rg s , 1 9 60 p . 140 ;U r tän s , 1 993a p . 56 )a l so b e long st o t h i s g roup i fc e r ta in e x t r a c ond i t ion s a r e n o t c on s ide r ed ( Map I ) .

S ome L a tv ian r e sea r che r ss uppo se t h eE lka h i l l st h a ta r es u r r ounded b yc i r cu la rr ampa r t st ob ec u l tp l ace s ( Apa ls e ta l . , 1 974 p . 184 ; U r tän s , 1 993a p p .17-9 ) . E ven t h ough s u ch a n E lka h i l li nA izv ik ii so n ly ac oup le o fk i lome t r e sa way f r om t h e L i thuan ian -La tv ian b o rde r , i ts e em s t h e re a r e n o s u ch monumen t s k nown i nL i thuan ia s of a r . B ef o r e t h e S econd Wo r ld Wa rE .S t urm sp r ov ided h i so p in ion t h a ti sn ow b e ing d i scu s sed t h a tt h eL a tv ian E lka h i l l s s u r rounded b y c i r cu la r r ampa r t sw e r et h em ee t ing a nd c ou r tp l a ce s( 1936b p p .901 , 1 938 p p . 131-2 ) .P robab ly f o l low ing t h eo p in ion o fE .S t ur n i s , V .K u lakov b e l ieve st h a tt h eh i l lf o r t si nt h eK a l in ing rad skaya o b la s t t h a t h av e t h e i rp l a teau s s u r round ed b y c i r cu la rr am p a r t sb e long t ot h eg roup o fh i l l s -cu l tp l ace s( A lkhüge l )a nd t h ink st h a tt h e se w e r et h ep l a ce sf o rr e l ig iou sr i t e sa nd m ee t i n g s( 1 994 p . 139 ) .

I nL i thuan ia A lka i s land s a r e s a id t ob e i s l and s o fa ve r age s i ze ,u sua l ly t h ey t a ke u pa na r ea o fa bou t0 . 51 h ec ta r e sa nd p a r to ft h em b ecome p en in su la sw hen t h el e ve lo ft h ew a t e r f a l ls .I nt h el a ke so fA v i ly sa nd M i tuva t h e r ea r et wo p a i r so f t wo i s l and sc a l led A lka sa nd A lke l i s( b igg e ra nd s ma l le ro ne ) . Mo r eove r , t h e A lka i s land -pen in su la i nS ude ik ia i i ss ome t ime sc a l led D ievaa lk i s ( A lka o fG od )( CF ) . T he R ak g te l ia i A lka i s land -pen in su la i si nS ven ta s ( Sa c r ed ) L ake a nd t h e i s land i nK u r ena iL ake t h a ti sn o r th o ft h eA lka i s land -pen in s u la i sc a l led B ainye ia ( Chu r ch ) . N o r th o fA lka p en in su la i nf j s ia iL ake i st h eK upr ia ig r oup o f b a r row s a nd s o u th o fA lka i s l and i nV id ink s ta s L ake i st h e P aka ln ia i h i l l f o r ta c compan ied b y a n o pen s e t t lemen t . T h i s s ugge s t s t h a tt h ec u l tp l a ce s i nA lka i s l and se x i s ted a l r eady i nt h es e cond h a lf o ft h e i s t m i l lenn ium AD .

A lka im en t ioned i nt h eP o s t i l la o ft h e 1 61 h 17 t "c .a mong g od s a nd w o r sh ipped n a t u r a lo b jec t s( s e eC hap te r2 . 2 )s hou ld p r ob a b ly f i r s t ly b e a s so c ia t ed w i th t h e c u l t p l ace s o n t h e h i l l s . S ome t ime sa tt h a tt i me o nt h eA lka h i l l ss ma l lc hape l sw e r e b u i l t( E rk gva ,P uoke ) .A tv a r iou st i me so nt h e se h i l l sw ooden c r o s se sw e r eb u i l ta sw e l l( Ra e ia i ,V i lka i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) ) .O n t h e o t he rh and , i nd ocumen t s o ft h e 1 6 t h c .t h e n ame o ft h e A lka h i l l s d om ina te s a s ac ommon p l a ce -name ( B landi ia i , K a r üi i gk e )( S p rog i s , 1 8 88 p . 4 ) .

A bou t s ome o ft h e monumen t so ft h i s t y pe t h e r e a r ep l ace l e gend s s a y ing t h a t i nt h e o l d t ime s s a c r if i ce s w e r e m ade t h e r e , e . g . : " A lka p en in su la ( A lkarag i s ) , b e cau se s a c r if i ce s w e r em ade t h e r e .I ti sp r obab ly S a c r if i ce p en in su la .O ld p eop le u sed t os a y t h a t ac r edence s t ood t h e re" ( Ü s ia i ) ( LFA 6 226 n o . 135 ) .

I nt h ev a r ie ty o fp l ace legend sa bou tA lka h i l l ss t anda rd t e x t s r un a sf o l low s :" O ld p eop le u sed t ot e l l ,t h a tt h e r ew e re s a c r i f i ce s b u rn t o n t h e h i l l t h a t i sw hy i tw a s c a l led A lka h i l l" ( Nau jo j i1 p i l t i s )( S auka e ta l . , 1 967 p . 623 ) .T he m o t ive o ft h e " Chu r ch t h a tw a so nt h eA lka h i l li nt h eo l dt i me s" i sc ommon a sw e l l . S ome t ime s a l so o r ig ina l s t o r ie s a r e k nown , a sf o r i n s tance : " A M i s s c a l led A g lona l i ved i nt h e h i l l . S he h a s b een b u rn ing t h eh o ly f i r eo nt h eh i l lt h rough h e rw ho le l i f e . When s h e g o t o l d s h e b u rn t af u ne ra l p y r e d u r ing o ne c e l e b r a t ion d ay a nd d i ed i ni th e r se lf '( Ke s ia i )( SACA 2 7p . 52 ) .

S a c r ed p l a ce si nt h ei s l and sa r e ak i nd o fs a c r ed p l ace sk nown f r om t h e o l d t i me s . T he L i epa ja l a ke i s l and t h a t i sc a l led P e rkünka lve ( The h i l lo fT hunde r )i sm en t ion ed s i nce t h el a te 1 3 t hc .( e .g . :" D ie i nd e rL yva b e legene I n se lP e r cuneca lve" K u r tz , 1 9 24 p . 75 ,B iez a i s ,1 9 72 p . 152 ) . As ma l ll ow i s l and i nt h e N emuna s e s tua ry i nC u ron ian B ay h a s t h e s ame n ame P e rkünka lve .C oa s ta li s l and so fr i ve r s ,l a ke sa nd t h es e at h a t a r es a id t ob es a c r ed a r ek nown a lo ve rt h eB a l t ic S ea r e g ion ( c f .S t r aub e rg s ,1 9 60 p . 143 ;W i tkow sk i , 1 9 70 p .3723 ;V e l iu s , 2 00 1p p .348-9 ;Z a ikov sk iy & D uch i t s ,2 00 1p . 7 1) .I ti st h ough t t h a ti nS weden ,d u r ing t h er i s ing o ft h eS t a te a nd i ni t se a r ly 1 0

3C la s s if i ca t ion o fm onumen t s p e r iod s a c r ed i s land s( H e lgä )p l ayed a ni mpo r tan tr e l ig iou s , j u r id ica la nd c omme r c ia lr o le ( Ca l i s sendo r f f , 1 964 ;1 97 1p p .27 ;B r ink ,2 00 1p p .9 4-5 ) .

T he r e a r e n o m o r e s p ec if i c d a ta a bou t d a t ing t h e P e rküna s h i l l s ,b u ti tm ay b es ugge s ted t h a ts a c r ed p l a ce so ft h i st y pe w e r ei nu s ea tt h eb eg inn ing o ft h e2 m i l lenn ium a nd l a t e ra f te rc onve r s ion .A dd i t iona li n f o rma t ion a bou tt h eP e rküna s h i l l sm igh tb eo b ta ined f r om t h ec omp lex a na ly s i so fa l t h e p l a ce -name si nL i thuan ia t h a th ave t h er oo tp e rkün . P l a ce n ame so ft h i sk i nd ,e s pec ia l ly n am e so fv i l lage s ,a r ek nown i n L a tv ia ( S t raube rg s , 1 960 p . 146 ;B ieza i s , 1 972 p p .1523 ) ,i n E a s t er nP ru s s ia ( Ger u l l i s , 1 922 p . 120 )a nd i no t he rc oun t r ie s ( c f .G imbu t a s ,1 9 73 p . 467 ) . n d

Dievas h i l l s( H i l l so fG od ) .T he r ea r e 1 2s a c r ed h i l l sr e c o rd ed i nL i thuan ia t h a th ave t h en ame sw i th t h ew o rd d i eva s ( God )( f ou ro rf i ve c a se si nL a tv ia -K u r tz , 1 924 p p .57 ,8 4 ,8 6 , S t r aube rg s , 1 960 p . 146 ) .T he h i l l so fG od a r em o s t ly f o und i n E a s te rn L i thuan ia ( b e tween Z a r a sa i a nd U kme rge ) , t h e r ei s a l so o ne h i l l i ne a ch o ft h ed i s t r ic t so fA ly tu s , L azd i ja i ,a nd T e l g ia i( Map I ) . T he h i l l s o fG od u sua l ly a r e s ma l l , r ound h i l l s o fa pp rox i m a te ly 2 0m e t r e sd i ame t e r( Duobui e le ,K a ra l i gk ia i( Ukm e rg e d i s t r ic t ) ,o rt h ey h ave a no va lf o rm o ft h es i z eo f2 0x60 m e t r e s ( g lap e le s ) . U sua l ly t h e i rs l ope sa r e u pt o1 0m e t r e sh i gh . I t s hou ld b e p o in ted o u t t h a t i nJ a k g ta i t h e r e a r e t wo h i l l s D iev a ie luka s( God )a nd D ieva i ty te ( Godde s s ) -n ex tt oe a ch o t he r . Mo r eove rt h el a t te rn ame D ieva i t y t éi su n ique ,b e cau se i nL i thuan ian o noma s t ic s t h e m a scu l ine f o rm o ft h e w o rd d i eva s( God ) ,d i eva i t i s( Son o ft h eG od )a r es t i l lf o und . T he o r a lt r ad i t ion s how st h a ti ns ome c a se st h eh i l l so fG od d i scu s sed h e r ew e r et h ep l a ce sf o rw o r sh ipp ing t h eG od ( i ti s n o tc l ea rw he the rp agan o rC h r i s t ian o ne )o rt h eG od u s ed t o a ppea rh e r e . T he r ea r en od a ta a bou td a t ing t h i sg r oup o fs a c r ed h i l l s . S o f a ri tc an o n ly b em en t ioned t h a tt h eD ievo K r e s la s( t he C ha i r o fG od ) h i l l s i tua ted i nt h e w a te r shed a r ea i nV i lka i f o r e s t ( T e l g ia i d i s t r ic t ) i n an a r row u npopu la ted s t r eak b e tween C ou r land a nd S amog i t ia m igh th ave h ad t h es t a tu so fa ni m p o r t an tr e l ig iou sc en t r e .

A ug sr in6 h i l l s( H i l l so ft h eG odde s so fD awn ) .I nL i thuan ia t h e se a r ef o und i n2 8s i te s( Map I V ) .I ti so n ly p o s s ib le t ot a lk a bou tt h e se h i l l s i nt h e l i gh t o f ac oup le o fd e sc r ip t ion sb e c au se mo s to ft h eA u g r ine h i l l sa r en o ts u rveyed y e t .T he r ei s a no p in ion ,w h ich s t a te st h a tt h e r ei sn or e a son t ot a lk a bou t s a c r ed p l ace sd evo ted t ot h ec u l to ft h eG odde s so fD awn b y t h eB a i t s( B ieza i s , 1 972 p p .34-66 ) .D a ta f r om L i thuan ia o bv i o u s ly q ue s t ion s t h i s p o s i t ion . T he A u g r ine h i l l i nK aua i b e long s t o as a c red s i te ; t h e r e w e r e s a c r ed o ak s a nd t h e R o tuie R ive r t h a t i ss a id t ob e s a c r ed n ex t t oi t .A cco rd ing t ot h e f i nd s f r om t h e K aua i c eme te ry , w h ich d a tes b ack t o t h e 1 3 t h15 t h c . , a nd t h e n e ighbou r ing P ag ryb i s c eme te ry t h a t d a t e s b ack t ot h e 51h 1 3 ' h c . , i tm ay b e a s sumed t h a t t h e s a c r ed p l ace i nK aua i a l r eady e x i s ted b ef o r et h ec onve r s ion o fS amog i t ia i n1 4 13 . Mo r eove r , t h e s t a tue o fC h r i s t t h a t w a s l a t e r p u t i n to t h e s a c r ed o ak o fK aua i a nd w a st h ough tt ob em i racu lou s ,a t t r ac ted h uge c r owd s o fb e l ieve r s a nd i nt h e l 9 t h c .K aua i c ompe ted w i th t h el o ca lC hu r ch i nK a l t inena i( s ee V a i tkev ie iu s , 1 998a p p .397-9 ) . T he A u g r ine h i l li nK a ra lg i r i sf o r e s tw a sa l so f amou s .H e r ei n t h ew a te r shed a r ea b e tween t h eD uby sa a nd N evei i sR ive r s i nt h e l a te 1 61"c .j eeaea aa ( S i te o fG od ) s i t e i sm en t ioned ( Sp rog i s , 1 8 88 p . 92 ) .

Perkünas h i l l s ( H i l l s o fT hund e r ) . T he r e a r e 2 6 s u ch h i l l sr e co rded ( Map 1 1 ) .T he s i z eo ft h eP e rküna sh i l l su s ua l ly d oe sn o te xceed a na r ea o f6 0x80 m e t r e s . S ome o ft h em a r e s i tua ted i n h i gh land s a nd s t eep r i ve rbank s ( Akmen ia i , K a s t r i gk e s ) ,s ome o ft h em m o r er emo te ly i nf o re s t s( Kauk ine a nd S a snava f o r e s t s ) . T he P e rküna s h i l l s t h a t o ccu r i nt h e m idd le o fa g r icu l tu ra l f i e ld s a r e v e ry m uch d e s t royed b y p l ough ing a nd t h a t i sw hy i ti sd i f f icu l tt or e cove rt h e i rr e a l p i c tu r e( Po ce lony s ,

T he c o l le c t ion o fo r ig ina lt a le sa bou tt h eA u g r ine h i l li nK aua i s hou ld b e m en t ioned s e pa ra te ly . " I n t h e o l d t i me s p eop le u s ed t op r ay o nt h a th i l l ,t ob ur ns a c r if ice sf o rt h eG odde s so f D awn a nd a s k h e rb l e s s ing . When i tb egan t ob ecome l i gh t t h e Mo rn ing s t a r[ t h i ss ame -D awn s t a r ]w ou ld d e scend t h e re

P e rküna sh i l l so f ten b e long t os a c r ed s i te s ,e . g . : s ou th o ft h e P e rküna sh i l l i nP i ke l ia it h e r ei st h eB ainye ia ( Chu r ch )h i l l . N o r th o fP e rküna sh i l li nP oce lony st h e r ei sg ven tka ln i s( S a c r ed h i l l ) . N o r th o fP e rküna s h i l l i nJ uode ik ia i t h e r e w a s a s a c r ed o ak g r ove . T h eP e rküna sh i l li nP upa sod i s -Z i lv ia i ss i tua ted n ea rt h eh i l l f o r t .T he P e rküna sh i l li nP aka ln i gk ia i( R a se in ia id i s t r ic t )i sa s s o c ia t ed w i th B e tyga la c omp lex o fa r cha eo log ica lm onumen t s . A l so h i l l f o r t si nC i rk l i gk i s , L upon ia i ( F ig . 5 ) , a nd A ndu l ia i t g l i gkes t y p ica l o f 1 0001400 AD h ave t h e n ame o f P e rkünka ln i s( H i l lo fT hund e r ) .T hey h ave n o tb een e x cava ted y e t ,b u tt h e r ep r obab ly h ave b e en c u l tp l a ce sn ea ro ro nt h em . I ti ss a id t h a t T hunde rw a s w o r sh ipped t h e r e a nd s a c r if i ce s m ade ( LFA 4 920 p . 2 1 ;a l so s e eP ok rov sk iy , 1 893 p . 53 ) .

F ig . 5 .P erküna sh i l lo fL upon ia i( S ia t t l ia id i s tr ic t ) . P ho to b yM . M iche lber ta s , 1 968 . L 1H -21900

1

V y k in ta s

V a i tk ev ie iu . s .

S t ud ie s i n to t h e B a i t s ' s ac r ed p l ace s m en t so ft h eS un i no n ew ay o ra no the r .F o ri n s tance ,a c co rd i n gt ot h el i gh t ing o ft h e S au le h i l l i nI n d i ja d u r ing t h e f i r s t d ay sa f t e rt h es umme rs o l s t ice t h ep eop le u s ed t og ue s sa bou t

a nd w ou ld b l e s s t h e p r ay ing p eop le ‹ . . .> . T he G odde s s o f D awn u s ed t ov i s i tt h i sh i l l , i lum ina te si ta nd i ti ss on i ce t o w a t ch" ( V a i tkev ie iu s ,1 998a p p .395 ,3 96 ) .

t h ew ea the ro ft h es e cond h a lf o ft h es umme r .I ft h eS un d i d n o t l i gh t t h e h i l l p eop le e xpec ted b ad , r a iny w ea the r ( V a i tkev ie iu s , 1 998a p . 387 ) . I ti ss a id t h a t t h e S au le h i l l i n D r ieia ii st h ef i r s to n et h eS un i l um ina te sw hen r i s ing a nd t h e l a s to ne w hen s e t t ing ( V a i tkev ie iu s , 1 998a p . 372 ) .T he se a nd s ome o t he rd a ta s how t h a tp eop le u s ed t og a the ri nt h eS au le h i l l st oc e leb r a t et h es umme rs o l s t ice .I ti sd if i cu l tt os a yh ow o l d t h i s t r ad i t ion i s , b u t i ns ome c a se s i ti sr e a sonab le t o a s soc ia te t h eS au le h i l l sw i th t h eh i l lf o r t sa nd b u r ia ls i te so f S amog i t ia o f4 501350 AD .

Soule h i l l s( H i l l so ft h eS un ) .T he r ea r e2 1o ft h em k nown ( Ma pV ) . T he S aw l i sk re s i l s i te ( Cha i r o ft h e S un ) i nt h e e nv i ron s o f E lb le i nP ru s s ia w a sm en t ion ed a se a r ly a s1 369 ( s ee G e ru l l i s , 1 922 p . 153 ; Mai iu l i s , 1 995 ;N epokupny ,2 002 p p .2545 )( c f . t h eS au le sk r e s la sh i l li nR adi iüna i ) . O nt h ep l a teau o fS au le ska lns ( H i l lo ft h eS un )i nK r ä s lava , L a tv ia ,t h r ee h oa rd so fa r cha eo log ica lf i nd so ft h e9 t h1p h c . w e r ef o und a td i f f e r en tt ime s .T he se w e r en eck r ing s ,b r a ce l e t s ,r i ng s ,a xe sw i th an a r row b l ade a nd ab l un te nd a nd o t he r a r tef a c t s( Apa l se ta l . , 1 974 p . 221 ;U r t än sV . , 1 977 p p .75 , 1 6 4 , 1 7680 ;U r tän s ,1 993a p p .935 )( F ig .6 ) .T h i ss a c r ed h i l ld om i n a te s t h e a r ea a nd b e long s t o as a c r ed s i te : a tt h e f o o t o fi t t h e r ei saf i e ld c a l led t h eD ieva d ä r z s( Ga rden o fG od ) ,V e ln a e ze r s( t he L ake o ft h eD ev i l )a nd t h es t one o ft h eD ev i l .N o t l o ng a go p eop le u s ed t oc e leb ra te t h eJ a n i sf e a s t( S tJ ohn )o n t h i sS au le h i l l .

E v iden t ly ,o ne l o ca lg r oup o fS au le h i l l sc on s i s t so ft h eS au le h i l l si nS t a s iün ie e ia i ,S au l iaka ln i s ,a nd S au leka ln i s .T he a bove m en t ioned S au le ska ln si nK rä s lava , i ns ou th -ea s te rn L a tv ia s hou ld a l so b e long t ot h i s a r ea . T h i s a low s d i scu s s ion o f o ne g r oup o fs a c r ed p l a ce s , w h ich i sc ha ra c te r i s t ic t ot h e S e lon ian t r ibe . I ti si n te r e s t ing t oc ompa r e t h e l a t te rc u l tp l a ce sw i th o t he r s a c r ed p l a ce st h a ta c co rd ing t ot h eo b ta ined i n f o rma t ion d o n o t e xceed t h e e t hn ic b o rde r s o fL i thuan ia a nd w h ich w e r e t h ep l a ce sw he r ep eop le u s ed t og a the rt oc e leb ra te t h es um m e rs o l s t ice ( Kupo le a nd g a t r i ja h i l l s ) .T he c ha r a c t e r i s t ic p l a ce s f o rc e leb ra t ing t h es umme rs o l s t ice i nL a tv ia a r eJ ana k a ln i ( H i l l so fJ an i s ) .T he r ea r em o r et h an 7 5o ft h em ( S t raube rg s , 1 9 60 p . 145 ) .

I nt h em idd le o fS amog i t ia t h e r ea r ec l o se ly d i s t r ibu ted S au le h i l l sa nd e xa c td a ta a bou tt h em e x i s t .T he r ea r es ma l lp i e ce so f l a nd o nt h eh i gh b ank so fr i ve r s( I nd i ja ,D r ieia i )o rh i l l si nt h e v a l ley sn ea rt h em ( No rka ie ia i ) .T he m o s ti mpo r tan tf e a tu r eo f t h eS au le h i l l si st h a tt h ey m a tch t h ed i r ec t ion so ft h em ove -

K upole h i l l s( Kupo le i saf e a s tp e r iod s im i la rt oS tJ ohn ' s d ay ) . T he r ea r e 1 8K upo le h i l l sr e co rded ,m o s t ly i nE a s t er n L i thuan ia ( Map V ) . T h i sg r oup o fs a c r ed h i l l s i st o ol i t t le s u r veyed . When s um m ing u pw ha t i sa l r eady k nown , i tm ay b e a s se r ted t h a tt h e K upo le h i l l sa r eh e igh t sa nd h i l l si np l a in s .T hey a r eo fd if e r e n t s i ze s , a nd u sua l ly ab r oad a nd p i c tu r e sque v i ew o ft h e s u r round ing a r ea m ay b e o b se rved f r om t h e t o p o ft h em ( Pyp l ia i ,R inga i l ia i ) .I th a sb een r e co rded t h a te ven i nt h e2 0 t h c .p eop le u sed t og a the rh e r et oc e leb ra te d u r ing t h eh o l iday s o fP en teco s to rS tJ ohn . I nt h ep l a ce sw he r et h e se t r ad i t ion s h ave b een f o rgo t t en l o ng a go , p l a ce legend st e l l a bou td ev i l st h a tu sed t og a the ra tt h eK upo le c e leb r a t ion ." Hand some g uy su s ed t oc ome t ot h ed ance so nt h eh i l l ,b u tw h i le d anc i n gg i r l sn o t iced t h a tt h ey h ave n on o s t r i l si nt h e i rn o se sa nd t h e r e a r e h oof s i nt h e i r s hoe s . . . t h e se d ance s w e re c a l led K upo le s" ( Rub ikony s )( CF ) . S ome o ft h eK upo le h i l l sa r en ea rt oh i l lf o r t so rb e long t ot h e s a c r ed s i t e s . Mo r eove r , i ti se a sy t on o t ice t h a tK upo le h i l l s a r es i tua ted n ea ro ri nt h ea r ea o fv i l lage st h a tw e r ef o unded i nt h e c ou r se o ft h em idd le a nd s e cond h a lf o ft h e 1 6 t h c en t u ry . N a r ra t ive s a bou to ne o ft h em n ea rV a ikue ia i p e r f ec t ly r e p r e sen t t h e c ha ra c te r o ft h e o l d f e a s t o f ac ommun i ty . " Ne ighbou r si n av i l lag eu s et om ake K upo le ( d u r ing P en te c o s to rS tG eo rge ' sd ay i nV a ikue ia i )i nt h eo l dt i me s :p eop le w ou ld g a the r ,w om en w ou ld b r ing f o od ,m en b r ough tv odka" ( LFA 6 582 n o . 109 ) .

cm

F ig . 6 .T wo n eck r i ng st y p ica lo ft h e 9 t h-11 € hc .j bund o nS auk, h i l li nK ras läva ( 3 r dh oard ) . A f ter V U r tän s ( 1977 ) .

1 2

3C la s s i f i ca t ion o fm onumen t s T he a nc ien to r ig in o ft h eK upo le f e a s ta nd ac ompa c tg r oup o fK upo le h i l l si nE a s t e rn L i thuan ia a low t h es ugge s t ion t h a t s ome s a c r ed h i l l s o ft h i s t y pe m igh t b e i nu s e e ven b ef o r e c onve r s ion .

I ti sr e a sonab le t ot h ink t h a ts om eo ft h e Me rga h i l l sa nd h i l l s t h a t h ave s im i la r n ame s a r e r e la t ed t os ome r e a l r i tua l s o f g i r l s /women c ommun i t ie s .( The o nene s so ft h e Me rga h i l ls i s i l u s t r a ted a l so b y t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e a r e o n ly f o u r B e rna s ( Boy )a nd t wo V y ra s( Man )h i l l sr e co rded . )

gatr i j ah i l l s( g a t r i ja i ss ome t ime st h ee p i the to ft h eW i t ch ) . T hey a r er e co rded i n2 s i t e si n We s t er na nd M idd le L i thuan ia ( Map V )( F ig .7 ) .T he g a t r i ja h i l li nS i da r i gk i s( Rok i gk i sd i s t r i c t )i sab i td i s tan tf r om t h em a in g r oup a nd t h eg a t r i ja h i l li n A nd r if in i gk ia i( gak ia id i s t r ic t )i sn o tq u i te c l ea r .S of a ro n ly a c oup le o ft h e se h i l l s h ave b een s u rveyed s ot h e re i so n ly a l i t t le i n f o rma t ion a bou tt h em .

Much v a luab le i n f o rma t ion o n t h i s t o p ic a bou t D i joka ln i s ( H i l l o fD ance s? ) i nZ a s inye ia i w a s c o l lec ted . T he r i t e s o n t h i s h i l l w e r e a s so c ia ted w i th t h ep hy s io log ica l m a tu r i ty o f t h e g i r l s ( 1 314 y ea r s ) o ft h e l o ca l v i l lage s . T h i s m y th ica l r e la t ion b e tween t h e s a c r ed h i l l a nd t h e g i r l s /women p rob a b ly e x i s t ed l a te ra sw e l l .T he u i l auy s( am an w ho w ou ld l i ve i nh i s w if e ' s h ome a f te r t h e i r m a r r iage ) w a s s en t t ot h e D i joka ln i st od an ce .I ts e em s am an-l e dw oman w ho d i dn o tg o t oh e r h u sband ' s h ome m a in ta ined ap a r t icu la r t i e w i th D i joka ln i s .T ha ti sw hy ah u sband l i v ing i nh i sw if e ' sh ome w a ss e n tt ot h i sc u l tp l ace f o rp e rf o rm ing c e r ta in r i t e sa sw e l l . P l a ce leg end sa nd n ame so ft h eP ang s u o la i( Ben che so fG i r l s ) h i l l sw ou ld s ugge s tt h a tt h ef u nc t ion so ft h e se p l a ce sm igh t a l so c o r r e la te w i th t h es a y ing s" t os i to nt h eb ench" ," s i t t ing o nt h eb en ch" w h ich h ave t h em ean ing o f" t og e tm a r r ied ,t o b em a r r ied" ( U lvyda se ta l . , 1 9 86 p p . 186-7 ) . T he Me rga h i l l s ( 1135 160 ,1 aR a pa , , 1 7 3ee ina n 2 apa ) a r e a l so d i s t r ibu ted i n We s ter n a nd M idd le B e la ru s . I n s ome c a se s s a c r ed h i l l sa r ec a l led Me rga h i l l s , i ns ome c a se s -h i l l f o r t s ( Duch i t s , 1 993 p p .201) .T he p l a ce legend st o ld a bou tt h em c o r re spond t ot h e mo t ive s o ft h e L i thuan ian p l ace legend s a bou tt h e Me rga a nd B oba h i l l s .

F ig . 7 .& su l fa h i l lo fPd s 'a tr i ja ( T e l g ia id i s tr ic t )( on t h el e f t ) . P ho to b yK . N av ickas , 1 964 . L 1H -16644 .

T he m ap o fd i s t r ibu t ion o ft h e g a t r i ja h i l l s a nd s ome o t he r a dd i t iona ld a ta s ugge s tt h a tt h es umme rs o l s t ice h o l iday w a s a l so c e leb r a t ed o ng a t r i ja h i l l s . Mo r eove r ,s a c r ed p l ace st h a t h ave s u ch n ame s w e r e t y p ica l o fN o r the rn S amog i t ia a nd M idd le L i thuan ia .T hu st h eg a t r i ja h i l l sa si tw e r ef i l lt h eg eo g r aph ica l g ap b e tween t h e S au le h i l ls i nt h e w e s t a nd t h e K upo le h i l l si nt h ee a s t .U n l ike t ot h eS m i le h i l l sa nd K upo le h i l l s , t a le sa bou t w i t che s t h a tu s ed t oc e leb ra t e t h e s umm e r s o l s t ice t h e r es u r round sg a t r i ja h i l l s .D ue t ot h el a ck o fi n f o r m a t ion ,q ue s t ion sa bou tt h eo r ig in a nd a ge o ft h e se c u l tp l a ce s c anno tb ea n swe r ed a tt h e m omen t .

G i r l s , w omen a nd e s pe c ia l ly b r ide s o ccu r i np l ace legend s a bou t s a c red p l ace s ( h i l l s , m eadow s , l a ke s , o r s wamp s ) i n o t he rc oun t r ie sa sw e l l( c f .R emme l ,2 00 1) .I ti ss uppo sed t h e m o t ive m ay b e r e la ted t ot h e c u l t o ft h e g odde s s N e r thu s ( Lau r , 1 9 48 p p .47-48 ) . H i l l so f Heroes .T h e r ea r eh i l l si nL i thuan ia w ho se s a c r ed n e s s i sm o t iva ted b y t h e h i s to r ica l o ro r a l t r ad i t ion , w h ich s t a te s t h a t f amou s p eop le o rh e roe s w e r e b u r ied t h e re a f te r p eop le s t a r ted t ow o r sh ip t h o se p l a ce s .B yt h ew ay ,t h em o s t f amou so ft h o se p l ace sa r ed e sc r ibed i nt h el e genda ry p a r to f

M ergaka ln ia ia nd Bobka lnia i( H i l l so fG i r l sa nd Women ) .T he r ea r ea bou t 1 60 h i l l sr e co rded ,w h ich h ave t h e n ame o fM e rga ( G i r l ) , B oba ( Woman ) , P ana ( Ma iden ) , a nd N uo taka ( B r ide )( F ig .8 ) .S of a ro n ly s ome t e no ft h e se p l a ce s h ave b een s u rveyed .T he o b ta ined i n f o rma t ion s ugge s t st h a t t h e r e a r e s a c r ed p l ace s a mong t h e se h i l l s . F u tu r e e xp lo r a t i on s w i l l m ake i tp o s s ib le t oi d en t if y t h e i r f e a tu r e s a nd b e m o r ep r ec i se a bou tt h e i rn umbe r s . S ome t ime s p l ace legend s t e l l t h a t g i r ls a nd w omen w ou ld g a the ra tt h e m en t ioned h i l l s f o rt h e i rc e leb ra t ion s , t ow a i l a bou tt h e i rd ead h u sband s ,t oh i de o rf o ro t he rr e a son s .S ome t i me st h e" g i r l s" a nd " women" o ft h ep l a ce legend sm ean t h e m y th ica lb e ing s ,e . g . :" The Me rga h i l lu sed t ob et h em ee t ing p l a ce o ft h e w i tche s , t h ey u sed t od ance a nd s i ng t h e re" ( P aq iuo l ia i )( Onom . ) .

F ig . 8 . Mo te ra i t i sh i l lo fD id ie j iB urbdk ia i( T e l g ia id i s tr ic t ) . P ho to b yB .B uraeas , 1 935 . CHC -3468 .

1 3

V yk in tas

V a i tkev ii ius .

S t ud ie s

i n to

t h e B a l t s ' s acr ed p lace s

c en tu ry .I n1 506 o r1 596 t h ef i r s tS tG eo r ge ' sc hape lw a sb u i l t o nt h eB iru t eh i l l .I n1 709 t h is c hape lw a ss t i l lc a l led C ape l la B ir ta ta ( K l imk a &Z u l k u s ,1 9 89 p p .3556 ,7 3-93 ;2 u lk u s ,1 9 97 p p . 16-54 ) .

t h eA nna l so fL i thuan ia ( Xpou to ca E b txoe t ia )o ft h e 1 6 t "c en t u ry .F o ri n s tance ,i tw a st o ld t h a tt h eD uke K ukava i t i sl o ved h i sd ead m o the rP a jau ta g r ea t ly a nd m ade a ni d o li nh e ri mage ( 6a . nean )a nd p u ti tn ea rt h eZ a s l i a iL ake .T he i d o lo fP a jau t a w a s w o r sh ipped ( o6pa3 x ecaunu u3 a 6 oza e eo A t e . gu ) . L a te r t h es t a tue p u t ref ied ,l i m et r ee sg r ew u pi ni t sp l a ce a nd p eop le s t a r ted t ow o r sh ip t h em ( Ve l iu s , 2 00 1 p p .518-9 ) . T he h i l l n amed P a jau t aG rave ( o the rw i se -t h eC hu r ch o fH a r e )o nt h e s ou th s i de o fZa s l ia iL ake i ss t i l lp r e se rved ( F ig .9 ) .T he p l a ce l e gend s r e co rded d u r ing t h e 2 0 t h c .s a y t h a t t h e h i l l i st h e g r ave o ft h es o ld ie rP a jau t a s( ma le )( Ba tü r a , 1 966 p p .269-70 ) .

3 .1 . 1H i l lf o r t s / temp le s T he re i sn od a ta t h a tw ou ld a low am o r ed e ta i led d e sc r ip t ion o ft h eh i l lf o r t s / t emp le s .T he v i sua l -ex t e r io rf e a tu re st h a tw ou ld a low u st od ef in et h es u i tab i l i ty o f ah i l lf o r tf o rt h en e ed so f ap r e -Ch r i s t ian c u l t w i thou t e xp lo r ing t h e h i l l f o r t i nm o r e d e ta i la r en o tk nown . Meanwh i le i ti ss t a ted t h a tc i r cu la rc u l t b u i ld ing so nt h eh i l l -f o r t sw e re c ha ra c t e r i s t ic o ft r ibe so ft h e E a s ter nB a l t si nt h e 1 "m i l lenn ium BC -1 "m i l lenn ium AD ( M iche lbe r ta s , 1 9 86 p . 25 ) . P r obab ly t h em o s t f amou s h i l l f o r t / temp le i nL i thuan ia h a s b een e x cava t ed i nB aek in inke l ia i .I t sp l a t e au w a so n ly o f1 5 x20 r ni ns i ze a nd h ad as ma l l r ampa r t o n t h e w e s ter n s i de . A s l ogged c l ay g r ound o f7 x 12 m w a s f o und .I nt h em idd le o f t h i sg round 2 3 p o s t -ho le so f2 0-35 c mw id th a nd 2 0-60 c m d ep th a lmo s tf o rm ing ac i r c le w e r ef o und .T hey w e r et h er em n an t so f ab u i ld ing o f4 x6 -m s i ze .T he e n t r ance o ft h i sb u i ld i n g w a s f r om t h e w e s ter ns i de . I n s ide t h e b u i ld ing c l o se t o t h e e n t r ance ah ea r th o f5 0 -cm w id th a nd 1 5c m d ep th w a s f o und ,t h es i de so fi tw e r e l i ned w i th s t one s . T he se r ema in s o ft h e b u i ld ing -s uppo sed t emp le -o r ig in a te f r om t h e f i r s t c en tu r ie s AD ( N av icka i t e , 1 959 p p .106-7 ; D augud i s , 1 9 82 p p .34-6 ) .

F ig . 9 .P a fa zaa ' s G rave o fG urony s( Ka i g iadory sd i s t r ic t ) . P ho to b ya u thor , 1 991 .

D a ta a bou tt h e s a c red h i l l st h a tr e la te t ot h ew o r sh ipp ing o f h e roe ss how ar e la t ive ly s p ec if ic e s tab l i shmen t ,d eve lopmen t a nd f u r the r m o t iva t ion o fs a c r edne s s o ft h e se c u l t p l a ce s . T he n ame so fh e roe sb o th i nh i s to r ic s ou r ce sa nd p l a ce leg e nd s o f ten c o r r e spond t ot h e n ame s o ft h e g od s t h a t w e r e w o r sh ipped t h e re . F u r the rmo r e ,t h en ame so ft h eg od so f ten c o r re spond t ot h e n ame s o fr i ve r s , l a ke s o rs e t t lemen t s ( c f . t h e D uke S pe ra a nd t h e S pe ra L ake ; t h e N emak g te s a c red g rove a nd t h eN emakk ia iv i l lage ) .

S ome r e sea r che r ss uppo se t h a ti nK u rma ie ia i ( c f . D augud i s , 1 982 p . 37 ; M iche lbe r ta s , 1 986 p . 25 ) a nd K e r e l ia i h i l l f o r t s ( G r iga lav ie ien e , 1 992 p p .86-7 ; 1 995 p p .503 )r ema in so ft h e c u l t b u i ld ing s w e r e f o und a sw e l l . ( C r i t ica l a pp roa che s s e e Z ab ie la ,2 002 ) . T h i s a low s t h e s u gge s t ion t h a t i nt h e t e r r i to ry o fL i thuan ia c i r cu la ro ro va lc u l tb u i ld ing sc ha ra c t e r i s t ic t ot h eE a s t er nB a l t s w e r ep r eva len t .S ome b u i ld ing so ft h i st y pe a r ee xp lo red i nt h e h i l l f o r t so ft h e S mo len sk r e g ion -t h ef o rm e rt e r r i to ry o ft h e E a s t e rn B a l t s( s ee T r e tyakov & S hm id t , 1 9 6 3p p . 11-8 ,2 6-9 , 3 1-2 ,5 9-6 1 ,6 5 ,9 6-9 ,1 0 23 ;S hm id t , 1 9 92 p . 115-6 )( F ig .1 ) .

S ac red p l a ce st h a tw ou ld h ave s im i la rm o t iva t ion o ft h e i rs a c r edne s sa r ed i s t r ibu ted i no t he rE u ropean c oun t r ie sa sw e l l ( c f .N aum ann , 1 927 p p .33 13 ) . S a c ra l i mpo r tance w a s g i ven t ot h ea bove -d i scu s sed p l ace s o fh e roe se v en u n t i lt h e 1 9 t hc .T h i sc ou ld b ev e ry w e l li l u s t r a ted b y t h ec a se o ft h eB i ru te h i l l i nP a langa . T he s a c r ed n e s so ft h eh i l la c co rd ing t ot h ed a ta o fM . S t rykov sky i nt h e 1 6 t hc .( s ee V e l iu s ,2 00 1 p .528 ,5 6 1 )w a su sua l ly m o t iva ted b y t h ev i r t ue so fq ueen , p r ie s t e s so rg odde s sB i ru t e . T he e xca v a t ion so ft h eh i l la nd i t sb a se i n1 9 8384 b yV .Z u lku sp o in ted o u tt h a tw hen t h ew ooden f o r t if ica t ion sd a t ing t ot h el a t e 1 4 t h -e a r ly 1 5 'c .w e r eb u r n t ,t wo s a nd r ampa r t so f2 . 5m e t r e sh i gh w e r eb u i l to nt h eh i l l .O nt h e i ri n te r io rs i de e i gh tp o s t so f1 61 8c md i ame t e rw e re d ug i na nd f i r e sp e r iod ica l ly w e r eb ur n t n ea rt h em .A tt h es ame t i me as h ed l ike b u i ld ing 9m e t r e sl o ng a nd 2i nw ide w a ss t and ing o nt h eh i l l( F ig . 1 0 ) .T h i sc u l tp l a ce i st h ough t t oh ave h ad as p ec ia l a s t ronom ica l f a c i l i ty ( t he s y s tem o fp o s t s ) ,w h ich w a sm ean tt od e te rm ine t h ed a te so f t h es umme ra nd w in te rs o l s t ice a nd o t he rc a lenda rh o l iday s . I tw a sa bandoned a tt h ee nd o ft h e 1 5 t h -b eg inn ing o ft h e 1 6 t "

•

F ig . 1 0 . B iru ti h i l lo fP a langa i ne ar ly 1 . 5m c .D rawn b vS . S t r ip in i s a nd V 2 u lkus . A f ter V 2 1 4 1ku s &L .K l imka ( 1989 ) .

1 4

3C la s s if i ca t ion o fm onumen t s P e te ro fD u sbu rg ,w hen d ef in ing t h e" i do la t ry o fP rus s ian s" i nt h eC h ron ic le o ft h eP ru s s ian l a nd o f1 326 , s t a te st h a tt h e P ru s s ian s h ad s a c r ed f i e ld s i nw h ich n obody d a red t oc u l t i v a te t h el a nd ( Ve l iu s , 1 996 p . 344 ) .L a te ri nt h ed ocumen t so f P ru s s ia a l so c e r ta in s a c red f i e lds w e re m en t ioned . F o r i n s t ance , t h e s a c red f i e ld s i tua ted i nt h e w e s t o ft h e S am land w a s f r equen t ly m en t ioned i nt h e 1 4 ' h c en tu ry . T he s ou r ce s s ay t h a tt h ef i e ld t o ok u pa na r ea o fa bou t6 . 5x 12 k i lome t re s a nd w a ss u i tab le f o rt h ep a s tu re o fh o r se sa nd f o r mow ing .I n o ne p a r t o f i tt he s ou rce s men t ion t h e " burn ing p lace" F ig . 1 .H i l lf o r t / t emp l eo fT u shem l ia i nt h em id -1 . "m i l l enn ium AD .A f t e rP .T r e t yakov & E .S hm id t( 1 963 ) .

( Brand s ta t )b u tr e sea r che r sd i spu te t h ep u rpo se o fi t . Mo re o ve r ,t h is s a c red f i e ld b o rde red t h eR oma in ia i( s uppo sed s a c r a lp l ace -name o ft h eB a l t s )v i l lage t h a tw a s" a l lb yi t se lf i n t h e f i e ld s" a nd h ad as a c r ed g rove n ex t t oi t( V o ig t , 1 827

T he re a r em any h i l lf o r t si nL i thuan ia t h a th ad c e r ta in my th i c a l a nd r e l ig iou s s i gn if icance . F o ri n s tance , a sh a sb een a l r e ady m en t ioned ,t h eh i l lf o r t so fL upon ia i ,C i rk l i§k i sa nd A n d u l ia i -Eg l i§ke s a r e a s soc ia ted w i th t h ew o r sh ipp ing o fP e r k üna s( Thunde r )i nt h ep l ace legend s .F ood p roduc t sa r es t i l l s a c r if iced o nt h e 1 0 1hS unday a f t e rE a s te rb yt h ec r o ss o nt h e

p p .640-4 ; Wen sku s , 1 968 p . 321 ;V e l iu s , 1 996 p p .323-4 ) . S ome o ft h eL i thuan ian s a c red f i e ld st h a ta r ec a l led A lka sa r e m en t ioned i nt h e d ocumen t s o ft h e 1P17 t h c en tu r ie s . F o r i n s tance , i n1 593 ab o rde ri no ne l o ca l i ty o fP avandene s u r r ound ing s i sd e sc r ibed , i tg oe s f r om as a c red o ak t h a tg rew n ea rt h eR inge R ive ri nA lka f i e ld ( maw A iwa () t ot h eA lka g rove ( J ab lon sk is , 1 94 1 p . 138 ) .

S t a je t n i sh i l l f o r t . T he h uge n umbe ro fc r o sse so nt h eJ u r g a ie ia ih i l lf o r ti lu s t ra te st h a ti th a sb een as a c red p l ace f o ra l o ng t ime ( F ig . 1 2 ) . S uch a nd s im i la rc a se sa r ea l so f ound i n n e ighbou r ing c oun t r ie s( c f .U r tän s , 1 998 ;Z a ikov sk iy , 1 998 ) .

T he g ene ra l f e a tu re s o ft h es a c r ed f i e ld st h a ta r ek nown n ow f r om t h e f i r s ts i te c an d if e rf r om t h o se p o s se ssed i nt h ep a s t b ecau se t h ef i e ld e a s i ly t u rn s i n to aw ood ,o r ap l oughed h i l l c an t ur ni n to ap l a in f i e ld .H oweve r ,t h eo l de s ts ou r ce ss ugge s t t h o se s a c red f i e ld sw e r e 1 )s u i tab le f o rc u l t iva t ion b u tn o tc u l t i va ted ;2 )s u i tab le f o rp a s tu r e so fc a t t le ;3 )s u i tab le f o r mow i n g .T he s ou r ce so ft h e 1 6 ` h1rc .m en t ion A lka f i e ld sb o th a s c u l t iva ted f i e ld s( nuea )a nd m owed m eadow s( c ewo d i cam ) . C on sequen t ly , t h e e x is tence o fs a c red f i e ld s a nd m eadow s w a s d i r ec t ly r e la ted t o my th ica l a nd /o rr e l ig ious r e a l ia . F o r i n s tance ,i tw a st r ad i t iona lt og a the rh e rb sd u r ing t h ec e leb ra t i on d ay s ;t h e r ea r ef i e ld si nL i thuan ia a nd e s pec ia l ly i nL a tv ia t h a tw e re c a l led t h eD ievo d a r ia s ,D ieva d ä rz iO ( Ga rden o f G od )( c f . S t raube rg s , 1 960 p . 146 ) . T he g ene ra l i mage o ft h e

F ig . 1 2 .H i l lf o r to fi tagad ia iC iau l ia id i s t r i c t )d ur ing S tJ ohn : c f ea s t .P ho to b yB .B uraea s , 1 935 . CHC -267 1 .

F u tu re a r chaeo log ica l e xcava t ion sw i l l a n swe rt h e q ue s t ion h ow t h ec e r ta in d we l l ing a nd d ef ence f unc t ion so f ah i l l f o r t

G a rden o fG od e xp re s se sL i thuan ian p rove rb s ,e . g . : " Have I p a s tu r ed G od ' s G a rden?" w h ich m ean s : " Ih ave n o t d one a ny th ing t oa nyone , Ia mr i gh t" ( Ba le ikon is , 1 947 p . 305 ) .I ti s w or th n o t ing t h ep r e sence o fs a c red g a rden sa nd t h e i ru se i n S ou ther nE s ton ia . T he se s ma l l s a c red a r ea ss u r rounded b ya

c or r e la t ew i th i t ss upposed r e l ig ious f u nc t ion s .T he e xamp le o ft h e B i ru te h i l l i nP a langa w a s a l r eady m en t ioned i nt h is c hap te r . When t a lk ing a bou tt h eh i l lf o r t st h a th ave n o tb een e xp lor ed i n mo re d e ta i l a nd t h a t h ave s a c ra l m ean ing , i ti s o n ly p o s s ib le t og ue s sw he the rt h e h i l l f o r t i t se lf w a s ac u l t p l ace o rw he the r t h e r e w a s as a c red p l ace n ex t t oi t ;a l so w he the rt h ec u l tp l ace w a si nu s eo nt h eh i l lb ef o re o ra f te ri t s

f e nce ,w i thou ta ny v i s ib le c ha ra c te r i s t ic s ,e x is ted a to l df a rm s . S uch g a rden sw e r et a boo ;t h ey w e re v i s i ted o n ly f o rt h ep u r p o se o fm ak ing a n of e r ing ( V a lk ,2 003 p . 573 ) .

u se a s ad ef en s ive p l ace .

S ac red f i e ld so f ten b e long t os a c red s i te s .O nt h eo t he rh and , c e r ta in s a c r if ice p l ace sm igh th ave b een a l so i nt h et e r r i to ry o fs uch f i e ld s .

3 . 2F i e lds T he re a r e a bou t 1 00 f i e ld s a nd m eadow s i nL i thuan ia t h a t h ave v a r iou ss a c ra ln ame s .F i e ld sa r eq u i te ap rob lema t ic t y pe

T he d a ta a bou t t h e s a c r ed f i e ld s o fE a s te rn P ru s s ia p rov ide a dd i t iona l p o s s ib i l i t ie s f o rt h e i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h e se s a c red p l ace s . R . Wen sku s s t a te s t h e f a c t t h a t i nd en se ly s e t t led S am land t h e s a c red g rove sa nd f i e ld s s e pa ra ted s e t t lemen t s f r om e ach o t he r . Mo reove r , t h e c oa s t o ft h e B a l t ic S ea i n

o fs a c r ed p l a ce b u tt h ef a c to ft h e i re x is tence i sc onf i rmed b y h i s to r ic s ou r ce s . T he c a tego ry o fs u ch s a c r ed p l a ce s i sa l so k nown i nn e ighbour ing c oun t r ie s a nd S cand inav ia ( cf . We s sen ,1 9 29 /30 p . 98 ;C a l is sendo r f f , 1 9 7 1p . 10 ;B r ink S . , 1 996 p p .2645 ) .

1 5

V yk in tas

V a i tkev ie ius .

S tud ie s

i n to

t h e B a i t s ' s acred p lace s

S am land w he r em o s to ft h ea mbe ri sf o und b o rde r ed t wo s a c r ed f i e ld s a nd p robab ly s a c r ed g r ove s f r om t h e l a nd s i de ( 1 968 p . 322 ) .

3 .3 F ore s t s ,g rove s T he c u l to ft r ee sa nd g r ove sh a sr e ce ived c on s ide rab le a ten t i on f r om t h er e sea r che r so fr e l ig ion a nd m y tho logy ( c fB a ly s , 1 9 48 p p .56-65 ;D undu l iene , 1 979 ;I v in sk i s ,1 986 ;S l av iüna s , 1 997 p p .316-9 ) .T ha ti sb ecau se t h ew r i t ten s ou r ce sp r ov ide q u i te al o to fi n f o rma t ion o nt h is t o p ic .I ti so bv iou sf r om t h e s ou r ce s t h a t i nt h e B a l t ic r e g ion t h e r e w e re s a c red f o r e s t s a nd g r ove s( c f . :" Sun tq u il u co si n cxduo s &n emo r aN um in i s i n s ta rv ene r an tu r " -A nnvw , 1 6 11 p . 684 ) .T ac i tu sa l so m en t i on s t wo t y pe s o fs a c r ed w ood s d e sc r ib ing t h e G e rman s ( " luco sa cn emo r a " ,s e eS t upeck i ,2 000 p . 4 1 ) .

T he r ea r en op l a ce legend so rb e l ief sa bou t mo s to ft h ef i e ld s a nd m eadow st h a th ave v a r iou ss a c r ed n ame sr e co rded .J u s t af ew o ft h em h ave b een s u rveyed .S ot h i ss t udy p r e sen t st h e A lka a nd g ven ta s( Sa c r ed )f i e ld so n ly . Alka f i e ld s .T he r ea r e5 2o ft h em f o und i nL i thuan ia ( 1 7i n L a tv ia )( Map V I ) .S ome t ime ss ma l lm eadow so fo n ly 0 . 1-0 .3 h ec ta r e sa r ec a l led A lka f i e ld s ;s ome t ime st h e i ra r ea sa r en o t d ef ined a nd e x tended e ven t o2 0-25 h e c ta r e s( F ig . 1 3 ) .A lka f i e ld s i nM idd le a nd E a s te rn L i thuan ia a r e f ound n ea r t h e l a ke s ,r i ve r sa nd o f ten n ea rt h ec onf luence so fr i ve r s . Mo s to f t h eA lka f i e ld si nS amog i t ia a nd E lka f i e ld si nC ou r land a r ei n t h e n e ighbou rhood o fo t he r g r oup s o fo b jec t s c a l led A lka i ( h i l ls ,g r ove s ,w e t land s ) .

T he t r ee si nB a i t s ' s a c r ed g r ove s ,a nd t h ea n ima l sa nd b i rd s t h a tl i ved t h e r ew e r eu n touchab le ( Ve l iu s , 1 9 96 p p .249 ,3 44 , 5 07 ,5 08 , 55-6 ,5 76 ,5 801) .T he r ew e r el o ca lc u l tp l a ce si n s a c r ed g r ove s ,h o ly f i r ew a sb u rn tt h e r ea nd s a cr if i ce sm ade ( c f .V e l iu s , 1 996 p . 225 ) .Y an D lugo sh i nt h es e cond h a lf o ft h e 1 5 t h c .s ay s t h a t t h e re w a s as epa ra te g r oup a mong t h e L i thuan ian s a c r ed g r ove s -p a r t icu la rg r ov e s ( s pec ia l e ss i l v a s ) a nd t h e b od ie s o ft h e d ead u s ed t ob ec r ema ted t h e r e ( V e l iu s ,1 9 96 p .556 ,5 76 ) .

T he A lka f i e ld sa r eo f ten f o und n ea ra r cha eo log ica ls i te s ,f o r i n s tance ,n ea rt h ec eme t e r ie so ft h e I s 'm i l lenn ium -t h eb eg in -

T he s ou r ce s o ft h e 1 4115 d1c .s a y t h a t s a c r ed f o r e s t s a nd g r ove sh ave v a r iou sn ame s .A pa r tf o rm t h es a c ra ld ef in i t ion s o ft h e se s i t e s( s ome o ft h em w e r ep r e se r ved t i lt h e2 0 '1' c . )t h e r e w e r ea l so p r ope rn ame so fs a c r ed g rove s .T h e re a r em en t ioned s uch n ame s o f s a c red g roves i n S amog i t ia : A s swy io te , N emax s t e ,S au tum , W en t i s( H i r sch ,T öppen & S t r eh lke , 1 863 p . 668 ,6 78 , 6970 ,6 878 ;S t u rm s ,1 9 46 p . 3 )a sw e l la s es s e k yn t , S cay te ,A l sune i nP r u s s ia ( s ee W en sku s , 1 9 68 p p .314 ,3 17 ) . T he r ea r ea bou t4 0s a c red f o r e s t sa nd g r ov e sk nown i nL i thu a n ia . T he i rs a c r a lm ean ing o rr e l ig iou ss i gn if i cance v e r if ie s v a r iou s d a ta . Mo r eove r , a pp rox ima te ly 5 20 p l a ce -name so f g o /u si nc e r ta in c a se sa l so m ean t h es a c r ed g r ove s .T he n um b e ro fs a c red g r ove sa nd t r ee si nL a tv ia e x ce ed s2 50 ( U r t än s , 1 9 78 p . 77 ) .

F ig . 1 3 .A lka f i e ld o fB ir fuLauka . s( g i la le d i s tr ic t ) .A lka h i l l -o n t h el e f t . P ho to b ya u thon 1 994 .

f l i ng o ft h e m i l lenn ium AD i n2 v i l i a ia nd K u lau tuva .A l so n ea rA nyk ge ia i o pen s e t t lemen to ft h es e cond h a lf o ft h e l s ' m i l lenn ium , n ea r t h e h i l l f o r t s o fA n ta t i le ia i , V a i tkugk i s , P i l iak iem i s ,a nd Z u ja io f1 0 001400 AD .

E . S t u rm s c o r r e c t ly o b se rved t h a t i ns p i t e o ft h e f a c t t h a t s a c r ed g r ove s i nt h e t e r r i to ry o ft h e B a l t s a r e m en t ioned i n h i s to r ic s ou r ce sf r om t h ee a r ly 1 3 ' "c . ,t h ey w e r es h if t ing a nd i nt e rm so ft i me a r et h em o s tt r an s ien to fa lt h es a c r ed p l a ce s ( 1 946 p .20-6 ) .

T he r e a r e a c tua l ly n o p l a ce legend s k nown a bou t t h e A lka f i e ld s . I ts h ou ld b em en t ioned t h a tt h ep r e -Ch r i s t ian c u s tom s o nt h eA lka f i e ld i nR uo g e ia iw e r ed e sc r ibed i n ad ocumen to f 1 596 . I ts a y s t h a t o n S unday -t h e n ex t d ay a f t e r S tP e te r ' s h o l iday -p eop le w ou ld g a the ri nA lka a nd b r ing h a lf o f ab a r r e l o fb ee rf o rt h em se lve sa nd f o rt h e i rf r i end s( J ab lon sk i s , 1 9 33 ) .

E ven t h ough r e a l d a ta a bou tt h e t r ee s o fs a c r ed f o r e s t s a nd g r ove s d oe s n o t e x is t , i ti st h ough t t h a t o ak s g r ew t h e r e . N a r ra t ive ss ome t ime sm en t ion t h is a sw e l l :" Oak i sas a c r ed t r ee ,b e cau se t h e r eu sed t ob es a c red p l a ce si no ak g r ove si n t h eo l dt i me s" ( LFA 2 376 n o .34 ) .

gventas f i e ld s( S a c r ed f i e ld s ) .I n2 0l o ca l i t ie so fL i thuan ia t h e r e a r e f i e ld s a nd m eadow s r e co rded t h a t h ave t h e r oo t . e v en t -i nt h e i rn ame s( Map V I I ) .H oweve r ,t h eg ven ta sf i e ld s h ave n o ty e tb een e xp lo r ed i nm o r ed e ta i l .T he p l a ce legend s a r ek nown o n ly a bou t ac oup le o ft h em . I tc ou ld b ep o in ted o u tt h a tf i e ld sh av ing s u ch n ame sa r ef o und i ns u r round ing s w he re a r cha eo log ica ls i t e so ft h e P 'a nd e a r ly 2 " dm i l lenn ium a r es i tua ted ( An t in inka i ,J u rg iony s ,P ag ryb i s ) .

T he m o s t o bv iou s f e a tu r e o fs a c r ed f o r e s t s a nd g r ove s i s t h a tt h ey e x i s t ed t o ge the rw i th o t he rk i nd so fs a c r ed o b jec t s ( e .g .h i l l s ,s t on e s )t h a tw e r es i tua ted i ns om ep a r to ft h et e r r i t o ry o ft h es a c r ed f o r e s t s . I ns ome c a se st h e i ra r ea e ven c o r r e sponded t ot h es i ze o ft h es a c r ed g r ove i t s e lf .B e s ide s ,i ti s k nown t h a tt h e c en t r a l ( a nd m o s t s a c r ed ) p a r t o ft h e g r ove w a ss ome t im e si nt h ep l a ce w he re t h eo l de s ta nd t h icke s tt r ee

1 6

3C las s i f ica t ion o fm onumen t s

F ig . 1 4 .F o rme rs i te o ft h eK ukava i t i sg r ov e( g ir v in to sd i s t r i c t ) . P ho to b ya u t hor ,2 002 . g rew .A cco rd ing t oE nea S i lv io d eP i cco lom in i( e a r ly u t hc . ) ,

g rove s t h a t t h ey t h ough t t ob e s a c r ed . T h ree d ay s i nt u rn t h ey w ou ld s a c r if ice o xen ,r am sa nd o t he rc a t t le f o rt h e i rg od s -t h ey w ou ld b ur nt h em" ( Ve l iu s , 1 996 p p .555-6 ,5 76 ) .I n1 768

i nt h es a c red g rove i nS amog i t ia t h e re w a s av e ry o l do ak i n t h em idd le . " I tw as mo re s a c red t h an a ny o t he rt r ee s" a nd i t w a ss a id t ob e" t he r e s idence o fg od s" ( a cco rd ing t oV e l iu s , 1 996 p . 595 ) .

S .R os towsky w ro te a bou tt h eJ e su i t s ' v i s i tt oZ em a i t k i em i s ( Ukme rge d i s t r ic t )i n1 583 :" Fo l low ing t h ep r ie s te s se so ft h e R oman s t h ey w ou ld b u rn h o ly f i re f o rt h e P e rküna s ( Thun -

T he r ea r e 1 3f o res t sa nd g rove sm en t ioned i nt h es ou r ce so f t h e 1 4 "17" c . ,t ho se p l ace sc ou ld b ea pp rox ima te ly l o ca l i sed . H av ing i nm ind a dd i t iona ld a ta i tm igh tb ea s ser ted t h a tp a r t s o ft h e s a c r ed f o re s t s w e r e s i tua ted n ea r t h e b o rde r s o ft h e

d e r )i nt h eg rove sw i thou ta ny b reak s" ( I v in sk i s , 1 986 p . 407 ) . gventas g rove s ( Sac red g rove s ) . T he re a r e 1 3 f o re s t s a nd g rove s r e co rded t h a t h ave n ame s w i th t h e r oo t . ven t . Mo s to ft h em a r e s i tua ted i nS amog i t ia ( Map V I I I ) . B e s ide s t h is a r ea e x tend st ot h en o r th i n c lud ing C ou r land a nd V idzeme ( U r tän s , 1 989 p . 62 ) .

l a nd sa nd t r ibe so ft h em id 1" m i l lenn ium —e a r ly 2 n dm i l len n ium AD ( s ee Z u lk u s , 1 989 p p .109 , 12 ; Z ab ie la & B a ra n au ska s , 1 996 p . 7 ;V a i tkev ie iu s , 1 998a p p .11-4 ) .T he v a r ie ty o fe xamp le s o ft h e 1 4" 15" c .s how t h a t i nP ru s s ia s a c r ed f o re s t s a nd g roves w e re a l so s i tua ted b e tween p opu la ted l o ca l i t ie ss uch a sv i l lage s ,c a s t le s ,a nd l a nds (W en sku s , 1 968 p p .3 16-8 ;c ompa re o ne S wed ish c a se b yB r ink ,2 00 1 p . 100 ) .

When a na ly s ing t h eg eog raph ica ll o ca t ion o ft h ef o re s t sa nd g rove s t h a t a r e c a l led g ven ta s i ti se a sy t on o t ice t h a t t h ey a r eo f ten s i tua ted n ea rt h ec onf luence so fr i ve r s( Dauba r ia i , R oma in ia i ,R u ld ia i ) .S ome f o re s t st a ke u pa na r ea o fa sm uch a s1 500 h a ;g rove so ccupy a na ve rage o f5 -20 h a( F ig . 1 5 ) .

O nt h eo t he rh and ,t h e re w e re s a c red f o re s t sa nd g r ove st h a t w e r es i tua ted c l ose t ot h es e t t lemen t so ft h es ame p e r iod .F o r i n s tance , Y an D lugo sh s ay s t h a t t h e K ok ive i thu s g rove , i n w h ich t h eG rand D uke A lg i rda sw a ss o lemn ly b urn ta f te rh i s d ea th i n1 377 , w a s n o t f a r f r om t h e Ma iA iaga la c a s t le a nd s e t t lemen t( Ve l ius , 1 996 p p .556 , 5 77 ) . I nt h is p l ace , 3 . 5 km n or th o f Ma i § iaga la , s t ood t h e s o l i ta ry f a rm o fK ukava i t is d ur ing t h e 1018" c en tur ie s( F ig . 1 4 ) . T he h i s to r ica ld ocu m en t s s t a te t h a t t h e re w a s a l so ag rove o fs a c r ed l i me t r ee s n ea rT r aka i( Ba l iu l i s ,M iku l ion i s &M i §k in i s , 1 99 1p . 85 ) .T he r e i st h eg ven t ine ( Sac red )f o re s tn ea rJ ok ga it h a te x tend st ot h e s ou thwe s tf r om g iüpa r ia ih i l lf o r t( V a i tkev ie iu s , 1 998a p . 648 ) . T he o r a lt r ad i t ion r e ca l l st h eg ven ta s( Sa c r ed )g rove i nK a lne l i s ( CF ) w he r e t h e S idab re c a s t le o ft h e 1 3 " c .i sl o ca ted . T h is s ame v i ew i si mp l ied b y w r i t ten s ou rce s f r om P rus s ia ( s ee Wen sku s , 1 968 p p .314-7 ) . T he c u l tp l ace s i nt h eg rove sw he r eh o ly f i re w a sb u rn t a nd

F i g . 1 5 . Af r agmen to ft h em ap d rawn b yC a spar H ennenbe rge r 1 584 w he r et h eg ven ta sg rov e( o r ig ina l l y -H e i l igwa ld )i ss hown i nt h ee nv i r on so f2 ema ie ig N aum ie s t i s( g i l uW d i s t r i c t ) .

s a c r if ice sm ade h ave a l r eady b een m en t ioned .T he se r i t e sa r e c onf i rmed b y h i s to r ic s ou r ce s . Y an D lugo sh ( i n t h e s e cond h a lf o ft h e 1 5' c . )w ro te t h a tt h ep eop le i nS amog i t ia " wou ld g a the r t h e c r op s a tt h e b eg inn ing o fO c tobe r a nd t o ge the r w i th t h e ir w ive s , c h i ld ren a nd e mp loyee s w ou ld g o t ot h e 1 7

V yk in t a s

V a i tk ev iau s .

S t ud ie s i n to t h e B a i t s ' s a c r ed p l ace s l a t te rt e rm m ean s " as ma l l , b eau t if u l g r ov e " ( U lvyda s e ta l . , 1 9 56 p . 479 ) ,h ow ev e r ,t h ep r ima ry m e an ing h av et h eS l av i cg a j ( e aü )c o r r e spond st ot h em ean ing o fa l k a" s ac r ed g rov e" ( s ee S l upe ck i ,1 994 p . 162 ;2 000 p . 42 ;a l so s e eC h ap t e r2 . 1 ) .

T he d e s c r ip t ion s o ft h e f o re s t s a nd g rove s t h a t a r e c a l led gy en ta si nt h eh i s to r ica l s ou r ce su sua l ly i n c lude an o te t h a t t h ey a r eu n touchab le :" H ey l igwa ld ( S a c r ed g rove )‹ . . .> b eau t i f u lt r e e sg r ow t h e r e ,t a l lb i r ch t r ee sa nd j un ipe r su nde rnea th . S amog i t ian s s t i l l t h ink i tt ob e s a c r ed , i ti sf o rb idden t oc u t t r ee st h e r e s ot h a tt h eg od st h a tl i v e i nt h e w ood w ou ld n o t b ei n ju r ed "( V encka i )( Ve l iu s ,2 00 1p p .326 , 39 ) .O nt h eo t he r h and ,r i t e st o ok p l a ce i nt h e se g rove s .I ti ss a id t h a ti nt h eo l d t ime s p eop le u sed t og o t o p ray i nt h e gy en ta s g rove i n D v a r i §k i a i( V a i tkev ie iu s , 1 998a p . 373 ) .

G ojus g r ove . T he r e a r e a pp rox ima t e ly 5 20 f o r e s t s a nd g rove s r e co rded i nL i thuan ia t h a t h ave t h e n ame G o ju s ( V anaga s , 1 9 85 p . 87 1) . A s h a s b een m en t ion ed b ef o re , t h e g rove s t h a t h ad t h e n ame o fA lka ( p robab ly , o t he r s a c ra l n ame st o o )e ven tua l ly t o ok t h en ame G o ju s . O ne o ft h ef i r s t G o ju sg r ove si sm en t ioned i n1 4 78 ( " ga ium d i c tum G udnow" ) , i nt h eL a t in f o unda t ion o fB i ju t i gk i sc hu r ch ( s ee Wo j tkow iak , 1 980 p . 118 ) . I nt h e 1 6 t h c .p l a ce -name so ft h i st y pe h ad n o t b e come p opu la ry e t( c f .i nS p rog i s , 1 888 ) .

Alka g r ove s . T he r e a r e 1 o ft h em r e co rded ( Map V I I I ) ( F ig . 1 6 ) .

I nt h ed ocumen t s o f1 52 1 a nd 1 535 t h es ame s a c r ed g rov e , w h ich w a sn o r thea s to fT raka i ,i sc a l led b o th t h eS a c red L in d en s ( Le zu S w ia to L iep ie ) a nd t h e L inden s g rove -Go ju s ( l ipowy j ( J ab lon sk i s , 1 94 1p . 206 ;B a l iu l i s ,M iku l ion i s& M i §k in i s , 1 99 1 p . 85 ) .I nt h ed ocumen to f1 5 73 o r1 575 f r om V iduk le ,w hen d e sc r ib ing t h es i tua t ion o ft h ef i e ld si ti ss a id t h a t t h e s e cond f i e ld i s" nea r A lka -t h e G o ju s o fb i r che s" ( n oa 0 . 1 1 C0 , 3 1 ,z aemb 6 epe 3oe bu k t )( J ab lon sk i s , 1 94 1 p . 138 ) .I n t h e P o s t i l la o f 1 573 o ft h e Wo lf enbü t te l L ib ra ry i ti ss a id : " Be l iev ing i n< . . .> G o ju s g r ove s ( t hey c a l l t h em A lka i )" ( Ga iga la t , 1 90 1 p . 150 ) . Mo r ep r ec i se c i r cum s t ance so fg o /u s c om ing i n to t h e L i thuan ian l a nguage ( a l so i no noma s t ic s ) s hou ld b ei n d ica ted b yl i ngu i s t ic r e sea r ch . I tm ay b e t h a t i nt h e p l a ce s w he r e t h e G o ju s g rove s w e r e s i tua ted t h e r ew e r ea l r eady c u l t iva ted f i e ld sa nd m eadow sa t t h e e nd o ft h e 1 9 t h -b eg inn ing o ft h e 2 0 t h c en tu ry . F o r i n s t an ce , i n1 9 30 V .J uoza i t i sw ro te t oP .T a r a senka a bou to ne s u ch p l a ce i nV lad i s lavava ." 1c ame t ok now f r om t h eo wne r o ft h ee s ta te t h a ti nt h ef i e ld sc a l led G o ju st h e r ew e re al o to f o ak s i nt h e o l d t i me s . I th a s a l ready b een t wo y ea r s s i nce s h ephe rd sb u rned t h el a s to ak . T he f a the ro ft h eo wne rt o ld t h a tt h e re h a sb een as a c r ed o ak g rove o fp agan sh e re" ( L IH 23 1p . 68 ) . I no rde rt of i nd o u tw he the rt h eG o ju sg r ov e sa r er e a ls a c r ed p l a ce s , w h ich a r e r e la ted t ot h e o l d r i t e s , i ti sn ece s sa ry t o e xam ine c on c r e t ed a ta a nd i n v e s t iga te s e pa r a t em ic ro r eg ion s . A t ten t ion s hou ld b ep a id t ot h eG o ju sg r ov e sw he r et h eE a s t e r nL i thuan ian b a r row so ft h e 1 -b eg inn ing o ft h e2 n dm i l len n ium AD a r e f ound ( Degsne -Labo t igkes , K lon in ia i M i jaugony s ,G e r u l ia i ,S k e r ia i ) .

F ig . 1 6 . S acred o ak i nt h eA lka g rove o fA lküna i( Mo l&a i d i s tr ic t ) . P ho to b ya u thor , 1 999 .

I n1 478 t h eA lka g r ove b yt h eg e guo l ia iL ake w a sm en t ioned ( H e / Id ) ,e xp la in ing t h i sn ame b yt h eP o l i sh s w ia t il a s :( F i ja lek &S emkow icz , 1 948 p . 364 ) .I n1 5 88 t h eA lka f o r e s t( A r ib r caeu p ucb )n e a rT endl ioga la i sm en t ion ed ( S p rog i s , 1 888 p . 4 ) .A l so t h eS a c r ed ( gven ta s )R ive rf l ow st h e r e .T he b a r row c eme te ry d a ted t ot h em id -1 s tm i l lenn ium a nd c u l ts t one a r ek nown i n t h eA lka g r ove n ea rA lka ie ia i .

3 .3 . 1T ree s T oge the rw i th s a c red w ood s ,s a c red t r ee sa r ea l so m en t ioned i nh i s to r ic s o u r ce s . Mo s t o ft h em m u s t h ave g r own i nt h e a r ea o ft h e s a c r ed g r ove s . H oweve r , t h e r e a r e s a c r ed t r ee s t h a td on o tb e long t ow ood s . F o ri n s tance , i nt h ed ocumen t o ft h ed i v i s ion o fC ou r land i n1 29 1 as i ng le g r ow ing s a c r ed t r ee O u se w a rpe ( a sh t r e e )w a sm en t ioned ( Büga ,1 9 6 1p p . 1634 ;K l imka & 2 u lk u s ,1 9 89 p . 18 ) .

I nt h ec a s eo ft h eA lka g r ove st h eh i s to r i ca ls ou r ce sa r eq u i te i mpo r t an t .T h r e es o u r ce sc l ea r ly s how t h a tt h eL i thuan ian w o rd al k ad u r ing t h e 1 6 t hc en tu ry b ecam eg o /u s( o fS l av ic o r ig in ) . A cco rd ing t ot h e d i c t iona ry o ft h e L i thuan ian l a nguage t h e

1 8

3C la s s if i ca t ion o f monumen ts T he 1 6"17" c .s ou r ce st a lk mo re a bou tt h ew o r sh ipp ing o f t r ee s .I n1 5 47 t h eG rand D uke S i g i smund A ugu s ti nh i sl e t te r t ot h e c han ce l lo ro fP o land S . Ma c ie jow sk i w ro te t h a t " t he o rd ina ry d a rk p eop le w o r sh ip g r ove s , o ak s , l i me t r ee s a s g od s" ,t h ey s a cr if ice " c a t t le a nd o f f e r ing s" f o rt h em i np ub l ic a nd a th om e( I v in sk is , 1 986 p . 402 ) .T he b i shop M .G ied ra i t i s i n1 587 w r o t et h a ti nt h eg r ea te rp a r to ft h eS amog i t ia d i oce se p eop le " s a c r if ice f o rt h eT hunde rc o l le c t ive ly ,w o r sh ip g r a s s s nak e sa nd t h ink o ak st ob es a c red" ( I v in sk i s , 1 986 p . 406 ) .

T he n a tu r a l mo t iva t ion sa r en o ts ov a r iou sb u tt h ey a r ea l so k nown . F o r i n s tance , i ti se a sy t on o t ice t r ee s t h a t a r e o l d , g na r led ,h av ing s e ve ra lt r unk so rh o l low .T he t r ee st h a tw e r e h o l low a tt h eb o t tom o ft h et r unk a nd w e r eg rown t o ge the ra t t h et o pw e r ev e ry f amou s .I n1 870 i n af o r e s tn ea r Mak r icka i a na s ht r ee t h a th ad s u ch al o ok " appea r ed" a nd i ti n t e r e s ted e ve ryone :" Even t h ec hu r ch w a se mp ty o nh o ly d ay s .A l lt h e p eop le w e r e n ea r t h e a s h t r ee o r d anc ing i n ap ub . P eop le u sed t ob r ing al o to fo f f e r ing st ot h ea s ht r ee : w oo l ,c l o th s , c o rn ,m oney ,e gg s ,e t c ." ( Gude l i t t , 1 9 14 p p .4 1 23 ) .

T he d a ta a bou tt h e s a c r ed t r ee sp rov ided i nh i s to r ic s ou r ce s a sw e l la sw r i t ten d own i nt h e 1 9"-20" c .p rov ide si mpo r t an t i n f o rma t ion a bou tt h en a tu r eo ft h e i rw o r sh ip a nd p a r t icu la r t r an sf o rma t ion s d u r ing t h e p e r iod a f t e rt h e c onve r s ion . F o r i n s tance ,i n1 6 84 i nt h eD e l ic iae P ru s s icae ( The C u r io s i t ie s o fP ru s s ia ) M . P rä to r iu s w ro te a bou t t h e s a c r ed t r ee s w o r s h ipped b y L i thuan ian s a nd i n hab i tan t s o fE a s te rn P ru s s ia . " They s h ow ed m e a n o ak i nt h e s u r round ing s o fR aga ine / R agn i t , t h eb r anche s o fi tw e r e g r own t o ge the ra nd p eop le t h ough ti tt ob es a c r ed .< . . .> Is t ayed o ve rn igh ti nt h en ea r e s tv i l lage ,w h ich w a sn o tf a rf r om t h eo ak . My l a nd lo rd w a s o l d a nd r i ch b u ta l so aw i t ty a nd s up e r s t i t iou sf a rme r< . . .> . H et h ough tt h a tt h ey d on o tc omm i t as i ni ft h ey d on o th a rm t h et r ee . A nd t h a tw a st h ew o r sh ipp ing , a sh eu nde r s tood i t < . . .> . H i sa n ce s to r st a ugh th im t h a tG od o f t en s e nd sa na n g e ln ea rs u ch t r ee s .T he a nge ld oe sg ood t h ing sf o rt h eg od ly p eop le a nd b ad f o r t h e b ad p eop le . A s t h ey a r e t a ugh t l i ke t h a t ,h es a id ,t h e re i sn o th ing b ad i fs ome th ing i ss a c r if iced , b ecau se i ti sn o ts a c r if iced f o rt h et r ee s ,b u tf o rt h ea nge lo r t h e G od w ho s en t t h e a nge l h e r e < . . .>" ( Mannha rd t , 1 936 p p .5245 ) .

O aks .T he r ea r e5 0o ft h em r e co rded ,m o s t ly i nS amog i t ia . Mo s t o ft h e s a c r ed o ak s s hou ld b e a s soc ia ted w i th t h e s a c r ed g r ove st h a tg r ew t h e r ei nt h ep a s t .T he o l de s to ak sn ea r w h ich t h er i t e sw e r ep e r f o rmed u n t i lc onve r s ion w e r ep rob a b ly c u tw hen C h r i s t ian i ty w a si n t roduced o rd i sappea r ed i n l a te rt i me s .H oweve r ,t h e r ei sap o s s ib i l i ty t h a ts e ve r a lo ft h em d i sappea r ed o n ly i nt h e1 9 'c .( Aiuo l i ja ,P ag i rgidr i t i s )o rr e a c hed t h e2 0" c .( Lenka ie ia i ,V i e g tovena i )( F ig . 1 7 )a nd r e ce ived p a r t icu la ra t ten t ion f r om t h ec ommun i ty . I ts hou ld b em en t i oned a l so t h a ti nt h eh o l low o fa no l do ak i nL aupe rka s i sa h oa rd o fs i lve rL i thuan ian i n go t sd a t ing t ot h ee nd o ft h e 1 4 " -b eg inn ing o ft h e1 5 "c .w a sf o und ( Duk sa , 1 98 1p . 122 ) .A l so ah oa rd o fV e r sek a( 34 s i lve rc o in sd a t ing t ot h e 1 4"16" c . ) w a sf o und w hen a no l do ak f e l ld own ( L IH ,2 250 p p .55-6 ) ; t h e r e i ss t i l l a n o ak o ft h e w id th o f 1 . 7 mg r ow ing i nt h a t v i l lage .C e r ta in r e l ig iou sr e spec ti sg i ven t oi t .

T he r ei sm o s ti n f o rma t ion a bou tt h es a c r ed o ak si nL i thuan ia . D a ta a bou ts a c red l ime t r ee s ,p i ne t r ee s ,s p ruce s ,b i r che sa nd a sh t r e e s f o rm s ac ompa ra t ive ly s ma l l p a r t o ft h i s t y pe o f i n f o rma t ion . ( Bu t t h e r e a r e ab i g v a r ie ty o fs a c r ed t r ee s i n L a tv ia .T he se a r eo ak s ,l i me t r ee s ,b i r che s ,p i ne t r ee s ,s p ruce s , j un ipe r s ,w i l low t r ee s ,e lm t r ee s ,h a ze l s ,a s p s ,r owan s ,a l de r t r ee sa n da p p le t r ee s -U r tän s , 1 978 p . 77 . ) T he t r ee st h a ta r es a id t ob es a c r ed a r ef o und i nw ood s ,w ay s i de s ,f a rm s ,a nd c eme te r ie s ,n ea rc hu r che sa nd i nt h ea r ea o f s a c r ed s i t e s . V a r iou sn a tu ra l a nd c u l tu r a l c on t ex t so fs a c r ed t r ee ss ome t ime sc o r r e la te w i th t h em o t iva t ion o ft h es a c r ed n e s s o fs a c r ed s i te s i ng ene ra l . F o ri n s tance , t h e s a c r edne s s o ft h eV i sd ieva is a c r ed l i me t r ee i sd i r ec t ly r e la ted t ot h es a c r ed s i t et h a te x is ted i nt h i sp l a ce i nt h eo l dt i me s .T he p a i ro f o ak s t h a t g r ew n ea r t h e s a c r ed D va rony s s t one w a s a l so f amou s .

F ig . 1 7 . S acr ed o ak o fV i e g tovena i( P lunge d i s tr ic t ) . P ho to b y w i tha l ; 1 995 .

T he d a ta o ft h e 1 9 ' c .a bou t t h e s a c r ed K aua i o ak i sv e ry v a luab le .I tw a sp robab ly ah uge o ak ,u nde rnea th w h ich s a c r i f i ce sw e r em ade i nt h eo l dt i me s .L a t e r , af i gu r eo fC hr i s tw a s n a i led t ot h eo ak .P eop le s t i l lw en to ng a the r ing t h e r e ,a tf i r s t o n F r iday s , l a te r o n S unday s . T he r i t e s w e re p e rf o rmed a s f o l low s : ar am w a sb r ough th e r eo nS unday m o rn ing sa nd i t w a s s l augh te r ed , t h en p eop le w ou ld g ot o ac hu r ch t op r ay . T hey w ou ld c ome b ack , w ou ld c ook t h e r am a nd c e leb ra te ( Bu sz in sk i , 1 874 p . 117 ;G ukov sky , 1 892 p p .2 123 ;c f . m i t s , 1 9 36 p p .267 ,2 77 ) .

T he r ea r e al o to fr e a son sf o rt h es a c r edne s so ft r ee s . S ome t ime st h ey h ave a l so at r an sf o rmed -t h a to fC h r i s t ian h o l i n e s s -f o nn s .F o ri n s tance ,t r ee sa r ea s soc ia ted w i th t h er i t e s o ft h ep r e -Chr is t ian r e l ig ion ( A lka s -Sa lan ta i .J o skauda i ) .I ti s t o ld t h a th o ly p i c tu r e sw e r ef o und i nt r ee s( Be rio ra s ,K ena ) . I n su rg en t so ft h e 1 863 u p r i s ing u sed t op r ay n ea rt h e se t r ee s ( K eg r ia i , g a rava i ) , a nd a l so i n nocen tp eop le a r et u rned i n to t r e e s( Ba ln ia i ,L inkav ie la i ) .

I nt h eB a i t s ' my tho logy , a si nt h em y tho logy o fo t he rI n do E u ropean s ,o ak i sa s soc ia ted w i th t h eT hunde r e r( L i thuan ian P e rk i ina s ) . Mo s to ft h e s ou r ce s s a yt h a tt h er i tua l s n ea rt h e 1 9

K y k in ta s

V a i tk ev iau s .

S t ud ie s i n to t h e B a i t s ' s a c r ed p lace s n ea rt h e se t r ee s ,a s kf o rl u ck a nd h ea l th ,u s ep a r t so ft h eb a rk f o rm ag ica lp u rpo se s ,o f f e rs ma l lc o in st h e re .T he r ea r ev a r i o u s t a le s t o ld a bou t t h e se t r ee s .

o ak sw e r ed ed ica ted t ot h eP e rkfma ss p ec ia l ly ( a cco rd ing ly , t ot h eP e run o ft h e S l ay s , T o ro ft h eG e rman s )( c f . B ieza i s , 1 9 72 p p . 15 1-2 ;G imbu t a s , 1 9 73 p . 467 ;R ibakov ,1 9 87 p p .2 101 ;S l upeck i , 1 994 p p . 1601) .H oweve r ,s a c red o ak sg r ew n o t o n ly i nt h ec u l tp l ace sd ed ica ted t ot h eT hunde r e r .

I nt h e 1 9 ' h a nd f i r s th a lf o ft h e 2 0' c .t h e s a c r ed p i ne t r ee s , s p r ing s a nd s om e o t he r p l a ce s i nS amog i t ia w e r e t h e m o s t c he r i shed a nd r e spe c ted o fa lt h es a c r ed p l ace st y p ica lo ft h e p r e -Ch r i s t ian r e l ig ion . T he f a c t t h a t t h e p i ne t r ee d oe s n o t h ave al o ng l i f ec l ea r ly s how st h a tt h er e co rd ed s a c r ed p i ne t r e e sc an o n ly b e at r ad i t ion o fs a c r ed p l a ce s ,w h ich " adap t ed" t ot h e n ew i d eo logy a f te r t h e c onve r s ion . S uch p i n e t r ee s h ave a na log ie si no t he rc oun t r ie sa sw e l l( Ma rze l l , 1 9 29 / 30 ; D u ch i t s ,2 000 p p .58-9 ;E n in g ,2 000 ) .

Li me t rees . T he r e a r e t e n p l a ce s k nown i nE a s te rn , M idd le , S ou the rn a nd e s pec ia l ly We s t e rn L i thuan ia w he r e l ime t r ee sa r ea s soc ia ted w i th t h eB a i t s 'r e l ig ion a nd m y tho l o gy ( F ig . 1 8 ) .

A nyway , t h e e ve rg r een p i ne t r ee s a nd s p ruce s a r e c l o se ly r e la ted t ot h eB a i t s ' my th ic v i ew so fd ea th ,f u ne ra l ,a nd s o u l s e x i s t ing a f te rd ea th ,a l so t h e my th ica lp a r t ic ipa t ion o ft h eS un i nt h e se a c t ion s . " Id r eamed ad ead w oman . S he s a id G od a ppo in ted m e t os w ing o n ap i ne t r ee . I si tg ood f o r y ou? A sked I .I ti sh a rd f o rm e ,v e ry h a rd o n ap i ne t r ee .A nd Ih ea r s q ueak s f r om t h ep i ne t r ee -m any s ou l s u s ed t os w ing o na p i n et r ee a nd p e r f o rm p enance i nt h a tw ay" ( Ma r c inkev ie ien e , 1 9 9 ' 7p .20 ) . T he d a ta a bou t s a c r ed p i ne t r ee s d oe s n o t c on t rad ic t l a t te r a s sump t ion sa nd e ven r e vea ls n ew a spe c t so fi t .I ti st o ld t h a t s a c r ed p i n et r ee sg r ow u pi nt h ep l ace sw he r ei n nocen tp eop le d i eo ra r eb u r ied ( Ge luva , S v i le ) , o rp eop le a r eb u r ied n ea r

F i g . 1 8 .S ac r ed l i me t r e eo fV i sd iev a i( R ok i gk i sd i s t r i c t ) .P ho to b y a u tho n 1 999 . T he g r ove t h a tw a ss t i l lg r ow ing i nt h e1 6 t h18 t hc .n ea rT raka i a nd w a sc a l led t h eS ac r ed L inden sg r ove ( Le zu S w ia to L i ep ie ) i se x t reme ly i n te re s t ing . When d ef in ing i t s a r ea " t h r ee b i g s t one s" a r em en t ioned .T he a r ea o ft h eg r ove w a st h ed oma in o ft h eG rand D uke a nd n o tl a te rt h an t h ee nd o ft h e 1 5 ' hc .i t w a s g i ven a s ag i f tt ot h e n ob le so fT o t to r i o r ig in ( I v in sk is , 1 9 4 1 p p .1501 ;B a l iu l i s ,M iku l ion i s &M i §k in i s , 1 9 9 1p . 85 ) .I n t h eA nna l so fL i thuan ia o ft h e 1 6 t hc e n tu ry i ti ss a id t h a ti nt h e s a c r ed p l a ce c a l led P a jau t a ' sG r av el i m et r ee sw e r ew o r sh ipped ( Ve l iu s ,2 00 1p p .5 18-9 ;a l so s e eC hap t e r3 . 1) . I ts e em s t h a t t h e s a c redne s s o fl i me t r ee s i sr e la t ed t ot h e g odde s sL a ima ( g odde s so ff a t e ,f o r t une ,a nd c h i ldb ir th ) .T h i s i sp roved b y t h e s amp le s f r om S amog i t ia ( Sakf te ia i , J uodk r an te ) . T he L a ima l i me t r ee t h a th ad t h r ee t r unk sw a s s t i l lg row ing i nt h e 1 9 ' "c .a tt h ef o o to ft h es a c red R ambyna s h i l l a nd w a s h e ld i n" g rea te s tr e spec t" ( V a i tkev ie iu s , 1 998a p . 646 ) .T he r e la t ion b e tween L a ima a nd l i me t r ee si sv e ry e v i d en ti nL a tv ian b e l ief s , s ong s( c f . B ieza i s , 1 955 p . 256 ) ,a nd p a r t ly i np l a ce leg end s( gm i t s , 1 9 36 p .2701) . P ine t rees . T he r ea r e2 7 p i ne t r ee sr e co rded .N o tl o ng a go s pec ia lr e spec tw a ss hown f o rt h em o ri ss t i l lp r e se rved . T he r e i s ab i gc oncen t ra t ion o ft h em i nS amog i t ia ; t h ey a r e r a r e ly f o und i no t he rr e g ion s( Map I X ) . T he p i ne t r ee st h a ta r er e ga rded a ss a c r ed g r ow i nt h ew ood s , w ay s ide s a nd c r o s s road s ( F ig . 1 9 ) , i nc eme te r ie s , v i l lage s . T he r ea r eu sua l ly c r o s se s ,l i t t le s h r ine so rh o ly p i c tu r e sn a i led t ot h ep i ne t r ee s .T he l o ca lp eop le o rp a s s ing t r ave l le r sp r ay

F i g . 1 9 .S ac r ed p i ne t r e eo fP amed i iok a l n i s( K e ime d i s t r i c t ) . P ho to b ya u t ho n 1 9 9 5 . 2 0

3C la s s if i ca t ion o f monumen ts s u ch p i n et r e e s( Ba ln ia i ,K a i r i §k ia i ) . When y ou t r yt oc u tt h em , b l ood a ppea r s( L inkav ie la i ) .

b ya u tho ro ft h i sm onog raph .I ti sb a sed u pon t h ec r ea t ion o f m any g r oup so fm onumen t so ft h i sk i nd .

3 . 4S t one s

S a c r ed s t one s h ave as e t n umbe r o fv a r iou s f e a tu r e s , a nd e a ch o ft h em c an b ecome t h e r e a son f o r g r oup ing s t one s w i th t h es ame f e a tu r e s . T he g r oup o fs a c r ed s t one st h a th a s a tl e a s to ne o ft h e f e a tu r e s b ecome st h eo b jec t o fs c ien t if ic r e sea r ch .T he m o r ef e a tu re st h eg r oup o fs t one sh a si nc om m on , t h em o r e i n f o rma t ion i so b ta ined d u r ing t h er e sea r ch . E ven t h ough t h i sk i nd o fs t one c l a s s if ica t ion i so n ly ap ro jec t s of a r ,t h ew o rk t h a th a sa l r eady b een d one s how st h a tt h e r e i sa n o ppo r tun i ty t oc r ea te v a r iou s -t empo ra ry a nd p e rma n en t -m ode l so fc l a s s if i ca t ion i fy ou k eep t ot h e se p r inc ip le s . T h i s a pp roa ch d oe s n o tm ake a ny r e qu i r emen t s i na dvance a nd d oe sn o tr e s t r ic t t h e r e sea r che r . I no r de rt od ea l w i th a c e r ta in q ue s t ion t h er e sea r che rm ay o r gan i se t h es t one st h a t h ave c e r ta in f e a tu r e s ( f o r i n s tan ce , s a c r ed s t one s i nr i ve r s ; s t one ss p l i tb yt h unde r ; s t one sf r agmen t so fw h ich a r eu s ed f o rh ea l ing t h ec a t t le ;s t one st h a ta r ec a l led Moka s( T ea che r ) .

A n i mpo r t an tr o le i sg i ven t ot h i s k i nd o fm onumen t i nt h e c on t ex to ft h eB a i t s ' r e l ig ion a nd m y tho logy . H oweve r ,h i s t o r ic s o u r ce sp rov ide l i t t le i n f o rma t ion a bou t s a c r ed s t one s a nd u su a l ly j u s t s t a te t h a t t h o se s t one s a r e w o r sh ipped ( c f . I v in sk i s , 1 9 86 p p .400 ,4 02 ) . Mo s ta nd a tt h es ame t ime mo s t v a luab le i n f o rma t ion o nt h et o p ic o fc u l ts t one si sp r ov ided i nt h es o u r ce so ft h e 1 7 t h18 t hc .T hey d e sc r ibe t h er ema in so f p agan i sm a nd t h e s t rugg le w i th t h em i nv i l lage s a f t e r t h e i n t rodu c t ion o fC h r i s t ian i ty ( Lebedy s , 1 976 p . 204 ;I v in sk i s , 1 986 p .406-7 ) . T he s a c r ed s t one s c ame a t ten t ion o ft h e r e sea r che r s c om p a ra t ive ly e a r ly a nd r e ce ived much a ten t ion f r om s c ien t i s t s ( c f .B e ckhe r rn , 1 893 ;S zuk iew icz , 1 9 00 ;B a ruch ,1 907 ;T a ra s enk a . ,1 9 23 ,1 9 33a—d , 1 9 58 ;U rban av i e iu s , 1 9 72b ,1 977 ,1 979 ; D ak an i s ,1 9 84 ; Ma tu l i s , 1 990 ) .

T he v a r ie ty o fs a c red s t one si sm uch b i gge rt h en t h es e ve r a l g r oup so ft h em t h a ta r et r ad i t iona l ly mode l led . S ot h em o r e t h e s a c r ed s t one sa r ed i v ided a c co rd ing t ot h e i rm ean ingf u l f e a tu r e s a nd t h e r e a son s f o r t h i s d i v is ion a r e a na ly sed t h e m o r e b enef i t s c ience w i l l r e ce ive . A t t h i s p o in t i ti sw o r th r emembe r ing t h en o t ice o fs em io t ic ian a nd m y tho log i s tA .J . G r e ima s ," The m a in m i s take a nd t h ed i ff i cu l t ie st h a tf o l low a r i se f r om t h ef a c tt h a tw ew an tt oe xp la in t h ew o r sh ipp ing o f s t on e sa s ag l oba lf a c tw i thou tc on s ide r ing t h ef o rm so fs i ng le s t one s , t y pe s a nd t h e i rr e la t ion s t oo ne g od o ra no the ra nd o ne s phe r eo fs a c r edne s so ra no the r "( 1 990 p p .2 14-5 ) .

T rad i t iona l ly i ti st h ough t t h a t t h e r e a r e a bou t 3 00 s a c red s t on e si nL i thuan ia ( c f .T a ra senka , 1 9 58 p p .66-8 1) .A cco rd i n gt ot h ed a t ao ft h ea u tho ro ft h i sm onog raph t h e r es hou ld b en o tl e s st h an 5 00 s a c red s t one si nL i thuan ia .I n1 988 ,3 28 s t on e sw e r er e co rded i nL a tv ia ( U r tän s , 1 988a p p .5-8 ) ,l i t t le mo r e t h an 4 00 n a tu ra l s a c red s t one si nE s ton ia ( V a lk , 2 003 p . 573 ) . T he n umbe ro fc up -ma rked s t one s a l one i nE s ton ia e xce ed s1 7 50 ( Tvau r i ,1 997 p . 48 ) . A tp r e s en ti nB e la ru st h e r ea r ea bou t3 40 s a c r ed s t one sk nown ( Levkov e ta l . ,2 000 p . 49 )b u tt h i sn umbe ri ss t i l li n c r ea s ing .I n 1 893 a bou t5 0s a c r ed s t on e sw e r ef o und i nP r u s s ia ( Beckhe r rn , 1 893 ) .A l lt h es t a t i s t ic sa r eq u i t ec ond i t iona lb e cau se t h en um b e ro fs a c r ed s t one sd i f f e r sw hen r e i t e ra t ing t h ee xac tn um b e r sa nd r e ce iv ing n ew d a ta . Mo r eov e r ,t h es t a t i s t ic sd i r ec t ly d epend o nd i f f e ren tr e sea r che r s 'd ef in i t ion so fs a c r ed s t one s .

3 .4 . 1V i sua lf e a ture s T he se a r eg eo log ica ls t r uc tu r e ,f o rm ,a nd c e r ta in f e a tu r e s( f o r i n s tance ,c up s ,b ow l s ,a nd s p ec ia lm a rk s ) .T he s i te w he r et h e s t one l i e si sa l so v e ry i mpo r tan t .A st h e r eh a sn o tb een m any e xcava t ion sm ade n ea rs a c r ed s t one sa nd t h ey d on o ta lway s a n swe r t h e q ue s t ion s o fc h rono logy , t h e e va lua t ion o ft h e s t one ' se nv i ronmen tb ecame o ne o ft h ef ew w ay st od a te c u l t s t one sa tl e a s ti n i t ia l ly .T he e xpe r ience o ff o r e ign r e sea r che r s i n t h is a r ea i st h e s ame ( s ee S ho r in , 1 987 ; Maka rov & C her n e t sov , 1 9 88 ) .

T he a u tho r o ft h i s w o rk t h ink s t h a t t h e c oncep t o fs a c r ed s t on e ss h ou ld n o t i n c lude a l t h es t one st h a ta r ev a luab le i n t h e i rh i s to r ic ,m emo r ia lo rc u l tu r a ls e n se .I nt h ec on tex to ft h e B a i t s ' s a c r ed p l ace s ,o n ly t h es t on e st h a ta r ed i r ec t ly r e la ted t ot h eB a i t s 'r e l ig ion a nd my tho logy s hou ld b ec on s ide red .

3 .4 .1 . 1G eo log ica ls t ruc ture T he e xpe r ience o fc l a s s if y ing s a c r ed s t one ss how st h a ti ti sa c ha l leng ing t a sk . D u r ing t h e 5 0 y ea r s o ft h i s s c ien t if ic d i s c us s ion au n i ted c l a s s if i ca t ion h a sn o tb een c r ea ted . T ha t i s b ecau s et h e" i n te rna l" v a r ie ty o fs a c r ed s t one s i sv e ry w ide a nd i si n f luenced m o r eb yn a tu ra la nd m y th ica lr e a son st h an b yp eop le ' sa c t iv i t ie s . T he f e a tu r e so fs a c r ed s t one sa cco rd ing t ow h ich t h es t one s m igh tb ec l a s s if ied f o rm t wo m a in g r oup s : 1 )v i sua lf e a tu re s ; 2 )f e a tu r e sd i s t ingu i shed a cco rd ing t om y th ica la nd r e l ig iou s d a ta ( p la ce legend s ,s t o r ie s ,b e l ief s ,r i t e s ) . 4S of a rt h ee xpe r i e nce o fc l a s s if ica t ion s how s t h a tr e sea r che r sd i sag r ee a bou t t h ec l a s s if i ca t ion i t s e lf w hen t r y ing t om a t ch t h ef e a tu r e so f t wo k i nd so ro fo ne k i nd .S o ,t h e r ei sa na l ter n a t ive s ugge s ted

Mo s to ft h es a c red s t one s i nL i thuan ia a r eg r an i te b ou lde r s . A ni mpo r tan tf e a tu r eo ft h e i rm ean ing t h a td i rec t ly d epend s o nt h e i rs t r uc tu r ei sc o lou r . T he c o lou r ed s t one s ,e . g . ,w h i te , g r ey ,b l a ck ,r e da nd b l ue h ave a ni mpo r tan tr o le i nt h em y tho l o gy o ft h e B a i t s . T h i s f e a tu r e o fs t one s , w h ich s e em s t ob e o b jec t ive f r om a tf i r s ts i gh t , i sr e p r e sen ted i n my tho log ica l o u t look . F o r i n s tance , p eop le b e l ieve t h e r e d s t one s a r e

T he r e su l t so ft h ee xcava t ion ss hou ld a l so b ea t t r ibu ted t ot h is s ou r ce ' sg r oup . F o ri n s tance , i n f o rma t ion a bou tt h e f o unda t ion o f ac e r ta in c u l tp l ace , a bou tt h ef i r et h a tw a sb u rned n ea r as t one , b ecause t h a ti sd i rec t ly r e la ted t ot h em y th ica l m ean ing o ft h ec u l t p l ace a nd t h er e l ig iou sf u nc t ion si tc a r r ie s . 2 1

V yk in tas

V a i tkev id ius .

S tud ie s

i n to

t h e B a i t s ' s acred p lace s

t a m nm ean ing si n my th ica lp e r spec t ive .F o ri n s tan ce ,t h e r ei sa t a le a bou t as t on ei nS enm ie s te f o re s t .T he s t one h a st h ef o rm o f ap l ough t h a td ev i l sm ad ef r om n a i l so ft h ep eop le w ho c u t t h e i rn a i l sa nd t h row t h em a way w i thou tm ak ing ac r o s s .U s i n gt h i sp l ough " dev i l sw an ted t om ake H e l l f o rt h em se lve s , t h ey w e r e p l ough ing f o r o n ly o ne n i gh t b ecau se t h e c ock c r owed i nt h em o rn ing "( V a i tk ev ie iu s , 1 9 98a p . 184 ) .O ra tm id n i gh to nS a tu rday s h ephe rd sw en tt ot h eV e ln io p i r t is ( Dev i l ' s b a thhou se )s t one i nR udi ia is t one ," l ooked t h rough t h eh o le i n to t h ei n s id eo ft h es t one , -d ev i ls w e r ef l ogg ing t h em se lve s l i ke i nt h eb a thhou se a nd s c r eam ing" ( LFA ,2 368 n o .487 ) .

s p la shed w i th b l ood ( LFA ,6 167 n o .106 ) . Wh i te o rg r ey a d m ix tu r e so fq ua r tz a r es a id t ob et h em a rk so ft e a r s( Sena s i s S t rüna i t i s ) ( LFA , 6 810 n o .2 12 ) . I ti sb e l ieved t h a t T hunde r u sua l ly c r a she si n to r e ds t one sa nd d oe sn o tc r a sh i n to b l a ck ( Ba ly s , 1 9 37 p . 159 ) . Wh i t es t one si n f luence t h ef e cund i ty o f l a nd ( G r inba l t &G u r sk i ,1 9 83 p . 293 ) ,t h ey w e r ev e ry i mpo r tan t a l so i nb e l ief so ft h ec oun t r ie so f We s te rn E u rope ( s ee O lb r ich , 1 9 30 / 3 1 ) . T he L i thuan ian s t one s t h a t a r e n amed a c co rd ing t ot h e i r c o lou rs hou ld b e m en t ioned -t h eB a l ta s i s ( Wh i te ) s t one o f V a ivad i gk ia i , t h e J uoda s i s ( B lack ) s t one o fZ i b ik a i , t h e R audona s i s( R ed )s t one o fJ o c iOna i . T he n a tu ra l o r ig in ( r ed g r an i t e )a nd t h em y th ica lm o t iva t ion so fs a c r edne s s( p eop le f ound am u rde r ed w oman n ea rt h es t one )o ft h el a t te rs t one d oc o r r e la te s eman t ica l ly w i th e a ch o t he r .

I nt h er e l ig iou sc on tex tt h es t one sh av ing a na lmo s tf l a ts u r f a ce ( l ike t ables )a r ev e ry i n t r igu ing .T h e re a r e2 7o fs u ch monumen t s k nown i n E a s tern , M idd le a nd S ou the rn L i thuan ia , a nd m o r e i nb e t te r s u rveyed W e s te rn L i thuan ia ( Map X )( F ig .2 1 ) .T he se s t one sa sw e l la st h e i rs u r f ace sa r e o fd if e r en ts i z e s ,f r om t h ea v e r age o fl x 1 .5 m ( I mba r e ,B en a i e ia i ) t o3 . 5x4 .5 m ( R ink §e l ia i ,2 i b ik a i ) .T he f a c tt h a tt h es t one sd i s c u s sed o f ten b e long t os a c r ed s i te s a nd t h e p l a ce legend s a s soc ia te t h em w i th n on -Ch r i s t ian c e r emon ie si so bv iou s .

A pa r t f r om g r an i te s t h e re a r e s e ve ra l s a c r ed s t one s t h a t a r e c ong lome ra t ion s .T he se a r eu sua l ly h uge b l o ck so fc emen ted s and a nd g r ave lt h a ts t ick o nt h et o po ft h el a nd ( An takmene , P ago ju s )( F ig .2 0 )s ome t ime sh ave s p ec ia ls a c r a lm ean ing ( c f . L evkov , 1 9 92 p p .1315 ) .

Mo reove r , t h e f l a t s a c r ed s t one s a r e s om e t ime s c a l led j u s t 3 .4 .1 .2 .F orm D ue t ot h e i rf o rm , s t one so f" na tu r a l f o rm s" a r e o f ten v a r i o u s ly i n t e rp r e t ed . F o ri n s tance , t h ey a r ec a l led a nd t h ough t t ob eh ou se s ,b a thhou se s , s m i th ie s ,c hu r che s ,t a b le s ,c ha i r s , b ed s , b edd ing , p l ough s , q ue rn , c he s t s , w a l le t s , s add le s , s hoe s ,c off in sa nd s oo n .T he se f o rm so fs t one sa cqu i r ec e r -

F ig . 2 1 .S acred s t one o fK rau je l ia i( Mok3t a id i s t r ic t ) . P ho to b y a u thor , 1 991 .

t h e t a b le s o fL aume ( Fa i ry ) , V e ln ia s ( D ev i l ) ( A le g i Ake s , N o lena i ) . A t t h eb eg inn ing o ft h e 2 0 t h c .p eop le s ome t ime s s t i l lu s ed t og a the rn ea rs u ch " t ab le s" f o rc e leb ra t ion s ." Peop le u s ed t ob r ing al o t o ff o od a nd d r ink s t ot h a t s t one d u r ing P en teco s t a nd o l d w omen w ou ld l i f t t h e i r s k i r t s a nd d ance a r ound i t "( P a ind r e )( LFA , 1 4 20 n o .150 ) . T he f a c tt h a tt h en ame o ft h es a c red s t one " t ab le" m igh th ave m ean tt h ef u nc t ion o fs a c r if ic ing i sp roved b yt h ee xamp le o f t h eS a ga ie ia is t on ew h ich i sc a l led t h eD ievo s t a la s( T ab le o f G od ) . T h i s f amou s s t one h a st h e b i g , a s cend ing f o rm o fa n i regu la rp y r am id . O n t h e t o p o ft h e s t one as ma l l w ood en c hape lw a si nt h eo l dt i me s .A cco rd ing t ot h ed a ta o ft h e2 0 t h c en tu ry i tw a s c ommon t oo f f e r s ma l l c o in s i nt h a t c hape l ( V a i tkev ie iu s , 1 9 98a p .25 1-2 ) . T he s t one sw h e r ei ti st o ld t h a td ev i l su s ed t oe a t ,o rt h ek i ng o rt h es o ld ie r sp r epa red d i nne r sm igh ta l so h ave t h ep u rpo se o f" t he t a b le f o rs a cr if i ce s" ( Nav ika i ,S udo ta ) .

F ig . 2 0 . S acred s t one o fA n ta l aneni,( I gna l ina d i s tr ic t ) . U nknown p ho tog rapher [ 1960-70 ] . L IH .

2 2

3C lass if i ca t ion o fn i onumen ts

j p i l t i sp o l i t ica la dm in i s t r a t ive c en t r ei nc a . 1^t 1_ 1 3 t hc en tu r ie s ( F ig .2 3 ) . Mo reove r ,t h eP on io sl o va ( Bed o f Madam )i ss i tu a t ed i nA n t s ien ia i ,t h eL aume sl o va ( Bed o fF a i ry )i nR ud ika i a nd s of o r th .T he r ea r e al o to fs t one si nR ok i gk i sr e g ion t h a t a r ec a l led b ed s ,f o ri n s tance ,t h e Me §ko sl o va ( Bed o f ab ea r ) i nP ap i l ia i ,t h eK i gk io l o va ( Bed o f ah a r e )i nZ ab lo t i §k i s .H ow e ve r , i ti sn o tc l ea ry e t i ft h e l a t te rs t one s s hou ld b ea s so c i a t ed w i th s a c r ed p l ace s .

H e r et h er e l ig iou ss ou r ce so ft h ee a r ly S cand inav ian ss hou ld b em en t ioned a sw e l l .T hey s how t h ei mpo r tan tr e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h ew o rd s t a l l r ,s t a l l i" s t and" a nd t h ew o rd v e s ta l l r ( y e" ac u l tp l ace ,s a c r ed p l ace" ) .T he w o rd s t a l l ra l so c o r r e s pond sw i th t h eL i thuan ian s t a la s( t ab le )a nd s ome w o rd so f o t he rl a nguage st h a to r ig ina te f r om t h eI n do -Eu ropean *s t a " t os t and" ( S aba l iau ska s , 1 990 p . 6 1) m igh th ave m ean ts ome s t and -con s t ruc t ion , u s ed f o rp l ac ing t h e s a c r if iced c a t t le o r p a r to fi t sb ody t os a c r if ice f o rt h eg od .O rt h e r em igh th ave b een s ome s i gn so fg od o nt h o se s t and s( s ee H u l tgä rd , 1 993 p p .2 301 ,2 34 5 ) .

2

A pa r tf r om t h et a b le st h e r ea r es t one st h a ta r ec a l led cha irs o ra rm cha i r s .T hey a r er e co rded i n2 5s i te s( Map X I ) .T he r e a r e al o to fs a c red s t one si nL i thuan ia o nw h ich ,a si ti st o ld , g od sa nd m y th ica lb e ing ss a tf o r aw h i le ,h ad ar e s to rw o rked w h i le s i t t ing ( F ig . 2 2 ) . T he s t one " cha i r s" h ave o ne s p ec ia l f e a tu r e ,w h ich i sn a tu ra l ( o ri ne xcep t iona lc a se s ,a r t if i c ia l ) h o l low so ri n den t s ;i ts e em sa si ft h ey o r ig ina ted w hen s ome o ne w a s s i t t ing o rl e an ing o n t h e s t one . A no the r f e a tu r e i s t h a t t o ge the r w i th h o l low s t h e r e a r e " f oo tp r in t s" o n t h e s t on e s( L en e ia i , Ma e iük ia i ) . F ig . 2 3 . K ara l len& l o va ( Queen ' sB ed )s t one o fS eno j i[ pal s ( K r e t inga d i s t r ic t ) . P ho to b ya u tho l ; 1 993 .

I ti sn o ted t h a tt h ef o rm o ft h es a c r ed s t one s( t he t o po ft h em i sh o l low o rf l a t )i sr em in is cen to f ab ed ,b u tt h ee p i the t" bed" ( a sw i th " t ab le" )m igh th av ea l so r e p r e sen t ed c e r emon ia lf u n c t i on s o ft h e se s t one s . P l a ce leg end s u sua l ly a s soc ia te t h e se s t one sw i th f ema le g odde s se sa nd m y tho log ica lb e ing s . I ti s a l so k nown t h a t w hen s hephe rd s t o ok t h e i r h e rd s t ot h e S aug in ia i s t one " bed" o f2 . 5x3 m s i ze a nd 1 . 5 mh e igh t ,t h e o l de r s h ephe rd s w ou ld l a y s ome b oy a nd g i r l o n t h e s t one a nd " ma r ry" t h em i nt h a tw ay ( Onom . ) . A pa r t f r om t h e s a c r ed s t on e s t h a t a r e i n te rp r e ted a sc e r t a in c on s t ruc t ion s ,f u rn i tu r eo ru t en s i l st h e r ea r es t one st h a t" co r r e spond" w i th c e r ta in p a r t s o ft h eb ody o fg od s o rh uman s , e . g . ,h ead ,e a r ,t a i l ,h ea r t( Ke tu r ak ia i .U rkuvena i ) .

F ig . 2 2 . V e ln io k ri s las ( Dev i ls 'C ha ir )s t one o fG uo s taga l i s ( Pakruo j i sd i s tr ic t ) . P ho to b y VU rbanav ie ius , 1 97 1 . L 1H 3 2857 .

T he t a l l s t one s ,i . e .m enh i r s ,s h ou ld b ed i scu s sed s e pa r a t e ly . T he o r a l t r ad i t ion u sua l ly s a y s t h ey a r e d amned o rg od le s s p eop le t u rned i n to s t one s : w edd ing p a r t ic ipan t s , h un t e r sa nd s o ld ie r s .3 5s t one so ft h i sg r oup a r er e co rd ed i nL i thuan ia ( Map X I I ) . T he s ame m o t ive i sp r eva len t i nM idd le a nd W e s t er n B e la ru sa sw e l l( Levkov e ta l . ,2 000 p p .478 ) .F r equen t ly t h e r e a r et wo ,s e v e r a l ,e ven u pt o1 2s t one so ft h i sk i nd i no ne p l ace . T he r e i sn o p r e c i se d a ta a bou t t h e s i ze o ft h e t a l l s t one s b e c au se m o s t o fs u ch s t one s a r e a l r eady d e s t royed . T he o b t a ined d a t a s a y s t h a t t h e a v e r age h e igh t o ft h e se s t one s w a s s im i la rt ot h eh e igh to f am an ,a nd t h em onumen t st h a ts t i l le x i s t s how t h a tt h e i rh e igh tw a sf r om 0 . 5t o1 . 2 m( F ig .2 4 ) .

T he p l a ce legend sa bou tt h is g r oup o fs t one sr e p r e sen ts ome f e a tu r e s o ft h e o l d g odde s se s , e . g . , L aume ( F a i ry ) , R agan a ( W i t ch ) .A pa r tf r om t h e se , Ma ry ,D ev i l , "Madam" ," Queen" o r" K ing" a l so a ppea r s i nt h ep l ace legend s . L a t te rm y tho l o g ica lb e ing su sed t os i ta nd w o rk o nt h es t one s ,h e r et h ey s howed t h em se lve s t op eop le . I ns ome p l a ce legend s o ne c an f i nd o r ig ina lr e f e r ence so f ac e r emon ia lt y pe .F o ri n s tan ce , t h e r ew a s as c hoo lo fd ev i l si nP ad ieva i t i s -a no l dD ev i lu s ed t os i to nt h eV e ln io s o s ta s( Dev i l ' sT h rone )s t one a nd t e ach h i sk i d so f" dev i lt h ing s" .I th a sa l so b een n o t iced t h a tw h i le s i t t ing o nt h et h rone o ft h e D ev i l as p eake r ' sv o ice b ecame s e v e ra lt i m e sl o ud e ri fi tw a sh ea rd f r om t h ep l a t eau o ft h eh i l l f o r t ,w h ich i sn ea rby ( V a i tkev ie iu s , 1 998a p . 4 13 ) .

T he d i s t r ibu t ion o ft a l l s t one s a low s u s t oa s se r t t h a t t h e t r ad i t ion o ft h e se s a c r ed p l ace s w a s d i s t inc t ly r e a l i sed i n L aukuva l a nd a tt h ev e ry b eg inn ing o ft h e2 n dm i l lenn ium AD a nd l a te ri nt h es ou th p a r to fV a rn ia i( Med in inka i )l a nd .T he K a g tauna l ia i s a c red s t one b e longed t o t h is g roup w as

T he re a r e a l so t e n s t one beds i nL i thuan ia ( Map X I ) . A c ompa c tg r oup o ff o u rs u ch s t one si sr e co rded i nt h er e g ion o fK re t ing aa nd i sa s soc ia t ed w i th t h ee x i s tence o ft h eS eno j i 2 3

V yk in tas

V a i tkev iaus .

S tud ie s

i n to

t h e B a l t s ' s acr ed p lace s

C hyinew ska -Su low ska , 1 9 7 1) . T a l l s t one s a r e a l so f ound i nB e la ru s , L a tv ia , a nd P ru s s ia ( Be ckhenn ,1 8 93 ;U r t än s ,1 9 79 ;L evkov ,1 9 92 p p . 135-7 ) .T h e r e a r e a l so c a se sw hen a n th ropomo rph i c a nd z oo rno rph ic f e a t u r e sw e r ea r t if i c ia l ly g r an t ed t ot h et a l ls t one s( s ee U r tän s , 1 9 88a p p .78 ;L evkov , 1 992 p p .95-8 ) .I nL a tv ia t h eo r a lt r ad i t i on s a y s t h a tt h e se s t one s o fn a tu r a l f o rm s a nd h av ing a n t h ropomo rph ic f e a tu r e s a r e i d o ls ( e lku t e l i ) a nd n o te t h a t v a r iou ss a c r i f ice sw e r em ade n ea rt h em ( U r t än s , 1 979 p . 108 ) . T he d a ta f r om B e la ru s s how s t h a tt h ee a r l ie s ts t one c r o s se s f o und i nt h i sr e g ion a nd d a ted t ot h ee a r ly 2 n dm i l lenn ium AD w e r em ade o ft h e" an th ropomo rph ic s t one s "t h a th ad as im i l a rs h ape ( Duch i t s , 1 997 p p .35-6 ) . F ig . 2 4 . T wo t a l ls t one so fN or e ikLké s ( Pr iena id i s t r ic t ) .P ho to

T he P ru s s ian s t one s t a tue sn amed B obo s( Dame s )( f o r al i s t o ft h em s e eL aB aume , 1 927 )( F ig .2 5 )a r ew ide ly d i scu s sed a nd h ave a l so t ob em en t ioned .U sua l ly i ti sn o t iced t h a tt h ey w e r ei mpo r tan tf o rt h eP ru s s ian si nt e rm so ft h e i rw o r ld o u t l o ok ( Zu lku s , 1 9 89 ;K u lakov , 1 994 p . 2 1) .H oweve r ,a l r eady i n t h eA . H o l tz s t udy ac onc lu s ion w a sm ade t h a ts t one s t a tu e s i m i ta t ing p eop le h o ld ing h or n s f o rd r ink ing ,j ewe l le ry a nd w eapon s i nt h e i r h and s s hou ld b e a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e n o m ad so fE u r a s ia w ho se r o u t eo fc ampa ign i n1 2 40-4 1 s t r e t ch ed t h rough t h et e r r i to ry o fP ru s s ia ( 1966 p p .2530 ) .

b ya u thor , 1 993 .

s i tua t ed i nt h ea r ea o f ac eme t e ry d a t ing t ot h em id -P t -b eg in n i ng o ft h e2 n dm i l lenn ium AD .I nI v on i gk ia iw he r et wo s t one s w e re s i tu a t ed t h e re w a sa l so a nI r on A ge c eme te ry . Much b i gge rb u tn ol e s sc ompac ti sal o ca la r ea o ft a l ls t one s i ns ou th -ea s te rn L i thuan ia .I t sb ounda r ie sa c tu a l ly c o r r e spond w i th t h ed i s t r ibu t ion o ft h eb a r row sc ove r ed b ys t on e so ft h e 3 r d-6 d1c .AD a nd t y p ica lt ot h eY o tv ing ian s( Sudov ian s ) .C e r t a in f e a tu r e so fd i a lec to logy a nd p hone t ic sa r ef ound i nw a t e r -name st y p ica lo ft h e We s te rn B a l t sf o und i nt h es ame a r ea ( c f .V anaga s , 1 968 p . 152 ) .( Mo r eove r ,a pa r tf r om t h et a l ls a c r ed s t one s t h a t a r e s a id t ob e p eop le t u rned i n to s t one s , t h e r e a r e al o t o fs a c ra l s t one s o fn a tu r a l f o rm s i nt h a t a r ea t h a th a ss im i la rt a le st o ld a bou tt h em -s e eC hap te r3 . 4 .2 . ) When a na ly s ing t h ec u l tu ra le nv i ronmen to ft a l ls t on e st h e r e i sac l ea rc ommon r e la t ion b e tween t h e se s t one sa nd t h ec em e t e r ie so ft h e P tm i l lenn ium AD ( D ieven i gh s ,K a g tauna l ia i , M ig l in i gk e s ) .I tc o r re la t e st ot h eo r a lt r ad i t ion ( p lace leg end s a nd b e l ief s t h a t t h e se s t one s r e p r e sen t B a l t s ' my tho log ica l v i ew sa bou tt h ep o s thumou ss t a te o fs ou l s ) . I ns e ve r a lc a se s t h es a c ra lm ean ing o ft h et a l l s t one sw a sp r e se rved u n t i lt h e 1 9620 t hc en tu r ie s . I ti sa l so w o r th n o t ing t h e c on c lus ion m ade b y K az im ie ra s B üga w h i ch s t a te s t h a t t h e S amog i t ian n ame o ft a l l s a c r ed s t one s , S t abakü l i s 'm ean t as t one t h a t w a s w o r sh ipped : " S tab° k ü l i s ,i . e . , as t one ,a ni d o lo fw h ich w a sm ade ( i nt h e o l dt i m e s )" ( 1 958 p . 147 ) . T a l ls t one so f as im i la rs i ze t ot h o se i nL i thuan ia a r ef o und i n m any M idd le E u ropean c oun t r ie sa sw e l l( c f .K i r chne r , 1 9 55 ) . I ti sa l so s a id t h a t t h ey a r e p eop le w ho t ur n ed i n to s t one s . T he c h rono logy o ft h e se s t one s i sn o t q u i te c l ea r b u t t h ey a r er e f e r r ed t oa sm enh i r si nt h ec ommon b a ckg round o fm ega l i t h ic c u l t u r e( c f .K r zak , 1 994 p . 286 ) . Mo s t p r obab ly t h e t a l l s t one s i nL i thuan ia ( p r ima r i ly i ni t s s ou th er np a r t )a r ed a ted b a ck t oc a .t h e3 r d5 t hc . AD a nd s t ay i nc l o se c onnec t ion w i th t h et a l l s t one sp r e sen ted i nt h e 1 " — ,r d J C A Di nt h eV i s tu la b a s in ( Km iec in sk i , 1 962 p p .92103 ;

3 0 an F ig . 2 5 . S t one s t a tue so r ig ina ted f rom t e r r i to ty o ff ormer P rus s ia . A l ter VK u lakov ( 1994 ) .

2 4

3C lass if ica t ion o f monumen t s

A pa r t f r om t h e t a l l s t one s t h a t r e semb le p eop le , t h e re a r e s t one s ( ag r ea t n umbe r o ft h em w e r e f o und i nr i ve r b ed s ) w ho se f o rm sr e semb le v a r iou sa n ima l s : ab e a r , ac o ck ,a nd t h e b ack o f ag oa t , ah o r se a nd o t he r s . T he i rn ame sa r eu sua l ly i n sp i r ed b y t h e se p ecu l ia r i t ie s o fs h ape . T he p l ace legend m o t ive a bou t o xen a nd o t he ra n ima l s t h a tw e r e t ur n ed i n to s t one s i sk nown o n ly i nn e ighbou r ing c oun t r ie s ( La tv ia , B e la ru s ) ( c f . L evkov e ta l . , 2 000 , 5 4 ) . T h e r e la t ion o fs u ch s t one st os a c r ed p l ace si s ap r ob lema t ic i s sue .T he p o s s ib i l i t y o fs u ch a s soc ia t ion s s hou ld p r obab ly b e a na ly sed s e pa r a te ly i ne a ch c a se .F o ri n s tance ,t h e r ea r eh o l low st h a th ave t h e f o rm o f ag oa t h oof o n t h e O iakmen i s ( Goa t S t one ) i n S i pon ia i . T he se h o l low s a r e s a id t ob e t h e f o o tp r in t s o fa d ev i l( T a r a senka , 1 928 p . 10 1) . T he s t o r ie sa bou tt h eG a idy s( Cock )s t on e i nB üdo s( P r iena i d i s t r ic t )t e l lt h a ti tr e semb le s ac ock o rt h a t" s ome c o ck u s ed t o d we l l" o n i t .S hephe rd s u s ed t h e w a te rt h a t g a the r ed o n t h e t o ps u r f a ce o ft h es t one f o rw a sh ing t h e i rf e e t .T hey b e l ieved t h i sw ou ld b enef i tt h e i rh ea l th . Mo r eove r , as t on ei naf i e ld n ea r ar i v e rw a s t h e c en t r eo fa t r ac t ion d u r ing t h e h aymak ing o r h a r ve s tt i me .P eop le u s ed t og a the rt h e r ej u s t" t ob e" -t oh ave ar e s ta nd t oe n joy t h em se lve s( L IH , 23 1 p p .25-6 ) . I ti sr e c o rded t h a ti nt h eo l dt i m e si nt h i sr e g ion " ac o ck w a sn ece s sa r i l ys l augh te r ed" o ns im i la ro cca s ion s( Ba ly s ,1 9 86 p . 200 ) .

T he s p l i t s i ns t one st h a ta r en a tu ra l o ra ppea r ed b ecau se o f t h unde r s hou ld a l so b e m en t ioned . T hey a r e u sua l ly i n te r p r e ted m y th ica l ly ,a sm a rk sl e f tb yT hunde rw ho w a s" s hoo t i n g" a tt h e D ev i l . S uch s t one s a r e s ome t ime sr e f e r r ed t oa s t h eP e rküna s( Thunde r )s t one s( Ka r e iv i gl i s ,P ap i gke s )( F ig . 2 7 ) . T hey a r e a l so f o und b y t h e P e rküna s h i l l s ( Lupon ia i , N ov inka i ) .

F ig . 2 7 . P erküna s ( T hunder ' s )s t one o fK ar e iv i gk i s . P ho to b yM . M iche lber ta s , 1 968 . L 1H -21896

3 .4 .1 .3P ecu l iar i t ie s( s pec if ic m ark s ,h o l low s ,h ow l s ) T he " s pec ia lm a rk s" o fn a tu ra lo r ig in ,s u ch a sp a r t so fr o ck s o fd i f f e r en tk i nd s ,f o ri n s tance ,w h i te o rg r ey s e am so fq ua r t z i ng r an i t e b ou lde r s , a r e s ome t ime s i n t e rp r e ted a sm a rk s o f " s ewed "s t one so re ven c r o s sm a rk s( Kub i l ia i ,S kudu t i §k i s ) . P a r t so fo t he rr o ck so rw ea the r ed p a r t st h a td i f f e ri nc o lou ro r i nt h e i rr e l ief a r e a l so k nown . T he r e i s as t o ry a bou ts u ch a s t one i nS ven taba eke ( Ho ly B a r r e l ) s i te . T he s t one h a s a c r umb led p a r tt h a tr e s emb le st h ef o rm o f ah ea r t .l ti ss a id t h a t m onk sw e r e b r ing ing ab a r r e l o fh o ly w ine , s t umb led u pon t h e s t on e , a nd f e l l d own a nd b r oke i t( L IH , 3 02 p . 16 ) . T he c u rved l i ne s" s e rpen t s" o nt h e2 a l ty s( G r a s ss n ake )s t one i n R aguva m u s th ave a l so b een o fn a tu r a lo r ig in ( F ig .2 6 ) .H ow e ve r , t h is s t one h a s b een r e spec ted s i nce t h e o l d t ime s ( T y s zk iew icz E . , 1 8 67 ) .

Footpr int shaped h o l low ss hou ld s t a r tt h ep r e sen ta t ion o fh o l low s a nd b ow l s i ns t one s . T he m y tho log ica l d e sc r ip t i on o ff o o tp r in t si si mpo r tan ti na lc a se s ,b ecau se f o o tp r in t s i ns t one sa r ea s soc ia ted w i th t h em y th ica lo r ig in o ft h es t one s t h em se lve s .T he r e a lo r ig in ( n a tu r a l /a r t if ic ia l )o ft h ef o o tp r in t s i ns t one sp l ayed i nt h i sc a se n oi mpo r tan tr o le a ta l( V a i tkev i e i u s , 1 9 97 p . 45 ,S ho r in , 1 9 98 p . 2 18 ) . A cco rd ing t ot h ec a lcu la t ion so ft h ea u tho r ,t h e r ea r en ol e s s t h an 1 50 s t one s w i th f o o tp r in t s i nL i thuan ia . T he i rn umbe r e xce ed s1 0 0i nL a t v ia ( U r t än s , 1 9 88b p . 94 )a sw e l la si nB e la r u s ( Levkov e ta l . , 2 000 p . 46 ) . I n t h e r e g ion s o fP skov a nd N ovgo rod t h en umbe ro fs t one sw i th f o o tp r in t se xceed 6 0i n e a ch ( A lek sand rov , 1 995 p p . 166-7 ,S ho r in , 1 998 p p .217-8 ) . T he d en s i ty o fs t one sw i th f o o tp r in t si nB e la ru s( t he s ame a s o f o t he r s a c red s t one s ) d ec rea se s i nt h e e a s t a nd s ou th ( Levkar i le 9! p p . 1723 ;K u rba tov ,2 000 p p . 168 , 1 8 2 ) .P rob a b ly t h a ti st h er e a son w hy t h ew o r sh ipp ing o fs t one si t s e lf i s t h ough tt ob e aB a i t s ' s ub s t r a te i nt h i sl a t e ra r ea o ft h eS l ay s ( S edov , 1 9 70 p p . 177-8 ) . I nL i thuan ia m o s to ft h es t one sw i th f o o tp r in t sa r es i tua t ed i n w ood s ( Ce ln iuka i ) , i nw e tm eadow sa nd m a r she s ( An taka l n i a i ) , o n t h e b ank s o fr i ve r s ( P la g taka ) , a nd i nr i ve r s t h em s e lve s( E ivyda i )( c f .U r tän s , 1 9 88b p . 94 ) .T hey a r ea l so f o und i ns a c r ed s i te s ( o n t h e h i l l s , n ea rs p r ing s , i ng r ove s ) , m o r e o ve r , t h ey a r e b u i l t i n to t h e f l oo r s o fc hape l s a nd c hu r che s ( Gva lda i , Ma r ion ia i ) . T he s i ze sa nd f o rm o ft h es t on e sw i th f o o tp r in t sa r ee x t r eme ly v a r ied .T he h o l low st h a ta r ec a l led f o o tp r in t sa r ea l so o fv a r i o u ss i ze sa nd f o rm s .S ome o ft h em r e semb le t h ef o o tp r in t so f p eop le a nd a n ima l s ;o t he r s ,o nt h ec on t ra ry ,a r ev e ry i regu -

F ig . 2 6 . 2 a 1 ty s( Gras ss nak e )s t one o fR aguva ( n o tp re served ) . A f t er E .l y s zk iew ic z ( 1867 ) .

2 5

V yk in tas

V a i tkev ie i t ts .

S tud ie s

i n to

t he B a i t s ' s acr ed p lace s

o fg od s( a nd a l so s ou l s ) , t op rov id et h em w i th t h eo ppo r tu n i ty t om ove u p /down , t op a s s f r om o ne w o r ld t oa no the r ( V a i tk ev ie iu s ,1 9 97 p . 43 ) .

l a r .T he n umbe ro ff o o tp r in t so no ne s t one v a r ie sf r om o ne t o s e ve ra l . T h ef o o tp r in t sa r ef o und o nt h et o pa nd s i de so ft h e s t one s .T he r ei sv e ry l i t t le d a ta a bou tt h e i ro r ien ta t ion i nr e s p ec tt oc ompa s sd i r ec t ion sa nd e l emen t so ft h es u r round ing l a nd scape .

T he l a t te ra s sump t ion i sc onf i rmed a l so b yt h e f a c tt h a tt h e s ame f oo tp r in to n as t one i ss ome t ime sr e ga rded t ob eb o th t h eD ev i l ' sa nd G od ' s( P a g i le ,P l au e i gk e s ) .I ns ome c a se st h e r e a r e e ven s ome f o o tp r in t s o n t h e s ame s t one . F o r i n s tance , t h e r ea r et wo f o o tp r in t so nt h e2 a l p i a is t one : t h eb i gge ro ne i sG od ' sa nd t h es ma l le ro ne t h eD ev i l ' s .T he r ea r ef o o tp r in t s o fG od ,t h eD ev i la nd a na ng e lo nt h eB a jo ra i -Pak r iaun i ss t o n e .T h is d e s t roy st h et r ad i t iona ld i v i s ion o fs t one sa c co rd ing t ot h eo wne r so ft h ef o o tp r in t s , e . g . G od , Ma ry ,t h eD ev i l ,a h o r se , ac ow o rs omeone e l se .T he d i v i s ion o fs t one sw i th t h e f o o tp r in t s o fa n ima l s i sl e s s a c cu ra te , a st h e f oo tp r in t s o f a n ima l s a r e m o s t o f ten a s so c ia ted w i th t h e g od s : t h e f o o t p r in to fa no xw ou ld b ea t t r ibu ted t ot h eD ev i l( P la g taka )( F ig . 2 9 ) ,t h ef o o tp r in to fc ow t ot h eF a i ry ( Ka r t ena )a nd s oo n .

Mo s tp r obab ly ,f o l low ing f o r e ign r e sea r che r s( c f .F o rmozov , 1 965 p p . 135-8 ) ,i tu sed t ob es t a ted t h a tt h eL i thuan ian s t one s w i th f o o tp r in t s d a te f r om t h e B ronze o r e ven S t one A ge ( T a ra senka , 1 9 58 p p .30-2 ;D augud i s , 1 992 p . 54 ) .H oweve r ,i t i sh a rd t od ef ine t h i s g r oup o f monumen t s c h rono log ica l ly . T he a r cha eo log ica l s u rvey s n ea r t h e se s t one s d i d n o t p r o v i de a ny s i gn if i can tr e su l t s( Medo l i gke s ,M iky ta i ,V o ronl ia i ) ( U rbanav ie iu s , 1 972a p p .15-7 ,29-30 ) . Wh i le a na ly s ing t h e c u l tu ra le nv i ronmen to ft h es t one sw i th f o o tp r in t s ,i ti so bv i o u s t h a tt h e se s t one sa r et y p ica lt os a c r ed s i te s . I nd i f f e ren t r e g ion so fL i thuan ia ,s t one sw i th f o o tp r in t sa r es i tua ted n ea r b u r ia ls i t e sd a ted t ot h e P t -b eg inn ing o f2 n dm i l lenn ium AD ( Paka ln i gk ia i( K a ig iado ry sd i s t r ic t ) ,P a g i le ,A e im a t i s ) . T he r e la t ion b e tween s t one sw i th f oo tp r in t sa nd b u r ia l s i t e s c o r r e la te s w i th t h e m y tho log ica l a nd r e l ig iou s f un c t ion s o f t h e d i scu s sed s t one s . I tc an b e o b se rved b y t h e a na ly s is o f t h e d a t a o fc o r r e spond ing t y pe . I ns p i te o ft h e o wn e ro ft h e f o o tp r in t si nt h ep l a ce legend s( God , Ma ry ,t h eD ev i lo ro t h e r s )t h e se h o l low sa r eu n ive r sa l ly s a id t ob ef e e to rh ee l sa nd , o n ly i nr a r ec a se s , p r in t s o ff i nge r s o rp a lm s . A cco rd ing t o p l ace legend s t h e f o o tp r in t s i nt h e s t one s a ppea r ed w hen t h eD ev i lw a sr unn ing t oh i de i nh e l l ,w h i le G od w a ss t epp ing i n to h eaven o rw hen Ma r y d e scended f r om h eaven . T hu s , t h e se s t one s a r e t h e l a s t o b s tac le s f o r t h e D ev i l w h i le r un n i ng t oh e l l ,f o rG od -t h el a s ts t ep w hen e n te r ing h eaven o r t h ef i r s tp ede s ta lf o r Ma ry o ne a r th ( F ig .2 8 ) .I nt h em y th ica l s en se t h ef u nc t ion o fs u ch f o o tp r in t si st os e rve t h ej ou rney s

^ 44

F ig . 2 9 .P la e taka s t one ( Any lde ia id i s tr ic t )w i th f oo tpr in t -shaped h o l low P ho to b yA . T au tav ie iu s . 1 970 . L IH -29759 .

I nt h ey ea rbook o ft h ep a s to r a la c t iv i t ie so ft h eV i ln iu sJ e su i t s ' C o l lege o ft h ey ea r 1 7 23 , t h ew o r sh ipp ing o fo ne s t one w i th f o o tp r in t si sd e sc r ibed ." Ab i gc r owd o fp eop le s c o rned t h eh ome o fG od ,e a ch S unday w hen t h em oon w a sn ew t h ey c ame n ea r t h a t s t one f r om a l t h e s i te s , w o r sh ipped i to r s t ooped ,k nee led ,o ro f f e r ed b r ead ,w oo l ,f l ax o rm oney t ot h e s t one . B u t m o s t o f ten t h i s g od w a s w o r sh ipped b y s t i ck s , w h ich w e r e l e f t b y a l t h o se w ho b y p r om i se c ame t ot h a t s t on eo nf o o tw i th as t i ck ‹ . . .> .S i ck p eop le w ou ld m ake v a r i o u sp r om i se sa nd w ou ld c ome f r om d i f f e ren ts i t e sh op ing t o g e t t h e i rh ea l th b a ck . T he s t r eng th o ft h e i r s o r e f o o t , e ye s , h and s . . . T hey u s ed t or e pea t af o o tp r in t o n t h e s t one b e l o ng s t oS t Ma ry , e ven t h ough t h e s hape le s sh o l low i nt h a t s t one d oe s n o t h ave a ny r e semb lance t ot h e f o o tp r in t o fS t Ma ry a nd i sm o r e s im i la rt o am a rk o f ad og ' s f o o t ‹ . . .>" ( L ebedy s , 1 9 76 p .2 101 ) . A t l e a s t s ome c i r cum s tan ce s a r e i mpo r tan t i nt h i s r e po r t . F i r s t ly ,o nS unday sw hen t h e r ei sn ew m oon ,p eop le u sed t o v i s i tt h es t one w i th t h ef o o tp r in tb u tn o tt h ec hu r ch . I ft h e se w e r et h eS unday sw hen t h en ew m oon w ou ld r i se t h a tw ou ld b es e ve ra lt i me s ay ea r ,a nd i ft h ey w e r ew a i t ing f o r aS unday w hen t h e r ew a s an ew m oon ,s u ch ac a se c ou ld h appen e a ch

F ig . 2 8 . V i lke l ia is t one ( Panevay sd i s tr ic t )w i th f oo tpr in t shaped h o l low s . P ho to b yA . Me rkev ie iu s , 1 968 . L IH -20762 .

2 6

3C lass if ica t ion o fm onumen t s

m on th .S e cond ly ,t h eC hu r ch d i dn o tk now a bou t ah o l low i n t h es t one t h a tr e semb le st h ef o o tp r in to f ad og ,w h ich p eop le t a ke t ob e af o o tp r in to fS t Ma ry .

f l a t . U sua l ly c up -ma rk s o fd if e r en t s i ze s a r e f o und o n t h e s ame s t on e a nd t o ge the r w i th a ve rage c up -ma rk s t h e r e a r e b i gge ro ne s -u pt o 7c m ,7 . 5c m ,9 cm i nd i ame te r( Apuo le , K lebon i gk ia i ) . I th a sn o tb een o b se rved t h a tt h ed ep th o ft h e c up -ma rk sw ou ld a lway sb em a tched w i th t h e i rd i ame te r .

T he i n f o rma t ion o ft h e 1 9 ' h-20 t hc .o nw hen p eop le v i s i tt h e s t one s w i th f o o tp r in t s s how s t h a t t h e s t one i sp r ima r i ly r e g a rded t ob e a n i n s t i tu t ion t h a t c an p r ov ide h e lp . F o r i n s t ance ,n ea rt h eM i tk igke ss t one " peop le u s ed t og o< . . .> t h e o ne s w ho h ad s o r e f e e t s a id t h a t t h ey h ea led" ( LFA , 4 113 n o .132 ) ,n ea rt h es t one i nG ena ie ia ic h i ld le s sw omen u s ed t o a s k f o rc h i ld r en ( Onom . ) . H oweve r ,t h es ou r ce sa r eu sua l ly l i m i ted t os t a t ing t h a t t h e s t one s r e ce ived t h e g r ea te s t r e s pec t .

F rom t h ed a ta a bou tt h en umbe ro fc up -ma rk so n3 0s t one si t i so bv iou st h a t 1 4s t one sh ave u pt o1 0c up -ma rk s , 8s t one s h ave 1 0-20 , 4s t one sh ave 2 0-30 , 3s t one sh ave 5 0-80 a nd t h eP e lek ia i s t one h a sn o l e s st h an 8 9c up -ma rk s . T he r ea r e o n ly af ew s c hem e s o ft h e d i spo s i t ion o fc up -ma rk s o n t h e s t one k nown ( s e eV a i tkev ie iu s , 1 996 p . 8 ) .S om e t im e sa temp t s a r e m ad e t oi n te rp r e t t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o fc up -ma rk s o n t h e s t one s a st h e p a t ter n s o fc on s te l la t ion s . T he c up -ma rk s o f t h e G o g t e l igk ia i s t one w e r e " s im i la r t ot h e s t ruc tu r e o ft h e c on s t e l la t ion o ft h eG r ea tB ea r "( üer n iau ska s , 1 974 )a sw e l l a s t h e d i spo s i t ion o ft h e L aukaga l is s t one c up -ma rk s ( s ee T a ra senka , 1 923 ) . S o f a rt h em o s t s u cce s sf u l p a r a l le l i sb e t ween t h e 1 4c up -ma rk so ft h eD ruk sh is t one o nt h eL i thuan ia -B e la ru sb o rde rw i th C a s s iope ia ,A nd romeda ,P ega su s ,a nd t h eo n ly g a laxy v i s ib le t ot h en aked e ye : M31 . T he d i spo s i t i on a nd n umbe r o fc up -ma rk s t ot h a t o fs t a r s c omp le te ly c o r r e spond ( V a i gküna s , 1 997 p p .34 ,3 8 ) .

Mon ey , c l o the s , a nd w oo l t h a t a r e o f e red o n t h e s t one a r e r e la ted t op r om i se st ov i s i tt h es t one w i th f o o tp r in t sa f t e ry ou r e cove ra nd l e ave s a c r if ice st h e r e .F o rt h ep u rpo se so ft r ea t m en t m o s s w a s p i cked f r om t h e s t one o rt h e f o o tp r in t s , o r s ome p a r t s o ft h es t one w e r ec hopped , t h ey s e r ved a st a l i s m an s( Skudu t i gk i s ,g i luva ) .S ome t ime st h es t one sw e r e al i t t le b i tc hopped b ecau se i tw a sb e l ieved t h a tp a r t so f as t one t h a t i st o o b i g f o ra n a n ima l t os t ep o ve r , w hen c r u shed h e lp t o c u r et h ei l ne s se so fc a t t le ,o rd og s( üe ln iuka i ) .

T he s t udy o fA nd r e sT vau r io fm o r et h an 2 000 s t one so ft h e d i scu s sed g roup i nE s ton ia a nd F in land r e vea led s ome i m p or tan t f e a tu r e s o ft h e se monumen t s f o und o n t h e e a s t er n s ho r eo ft h eB a l t ic S ea .I tw a si d en t if i ed t h a tt h ec up -ma rked s t one sp r eva i lo n ly i nt h o se s i t e sw he r et h en a tu r a l( c l ima t ic ) c ond i t ion sw e r eb en evo len tf o ra g r icu l tu r e .I np r eh i s to r ic t i me s t h e se s t one su sed t ob ea mong c u l t iva ted f i e ld s ,o nt h es i de s o ft h e f i e ld s , g a rden s a nd f a l low . S o A .Tvau r i d r aw s t h e

T he s e lec t ion o fv i sua l f e a tu r e s p r ov ide s a n o ppo r tun i ty t o a c cu ra t e ly s i ng le o u t ag roup o fs a c r ed s t one s w i th cupm arks . Monumen t s o ft h i s k i nd a r e d i s t r ibu t ed a l o ve r t h e B a l t ic S ea r e g ion , i n c lud ing F i n land , E s ton ia , L a tv ia , L i thuan ia ,B e la r u s ,K a l in ing r ad skaya o b la s t -ar e la t ive ly c om p ac ta r e aw ho se e p icen t r es e em st ob em od e rn E s ton ia ( Map

T he re a r e3 4c up -ma rked s t one sr e co rded i nL i thuan ia . Mo s t o ft h em a r ei nt h ew e s te rn a nd c en t r a lp a r t so fi t( Map X IV ) . O ne m o r e s t one l i ke t h a ti so nt h e v e ry b o rde ro fL i thuan ia a nd B e la r u s ,n ea rt h eD rü ld ia iL ake ,b u to nt h eB e la ru ss i de . T h e c up -m a rk ed s t one sa r e s i tua t ed i nt h en e ighbou rhood o f v a r iou s w a t e r d epo s i t s -o n t h e b ank s a nd v a l ley s o fr i ve r s ( Dva r ony s ) ,p i c t u r e sque h i gh land so fr i ve rv a l ley s( P ava igu v i s )( F ig .3 0 ) ,i ns ome c a se sa l so i nm a r shy s i t e s( gn iü r a ie ia i ) . T he s t one s a r e u s ua l ly r e d h eavy -g r a ined g r an i te s a nd t h e r e a r eo n ly f ew e xcep t ion s -b l u ish s ma l l -g r a ined a r eb o th s t one s o fP av i rvy t i s . Mo s to ft h ec up -ma rk ed s t one sa r eb i g ,m a s s ive b ou ld e r st h a ta r ei r egu la ri ns h ape o rh ave af l a tu ppe rs u r f a ce . T he c up -ma rk sa r ef o und o nt h ei regu la r ,d e scend ing u ppe r a nd s i de s u r f a ce so fs t one so ro nt h ef l a tt o ps u rf a ce .l ts hou ld b en o ted t h a t i ns ome c a se sa l t h ec up -ma rk sw e r ec oncen t r a ted o n t h e n o r the rn , mo r eove r , t h e h i ghe s t s i de s o ft h e s t one s i nL aukaga l i sa nd P ava iguv i s . T he a b so lu te m a jo r i ty o f8 9c up -ma rk so nt h eP e lek ia is t one w e r ec oncen t r a ted o n t h es ou ther ns i de ,a c tua l ly i nt h ea r ea o f1 m 2. T he c up -ma rk s o ft h e G o g t e l i gk ia i s t one a l so w e r e o n t h e s i ng le s ou ther n s i de o ft h e s t one ; t h o se o fg vendub r e w e r e o n t h e e a s te rn s i de . T he d a ta a bou tt h es i ze o fc up -ma rk so f2 1s t on e ss how st h a t t h ec up -ma rk sa r eu s ua l ly o f3 -6 c mw id th ,a bou t 1c md ep th ,

F ig . 3 0 . C up -marked s t one o f‘ vendubr i ?( V aHna d i s tr ic t ) . P ho to b ya u thor 1 999 .

2 7

V y k in ta s

V a i tk ev ie iu s .

S t ud ie s i n to t h e B a i t s ' s ac r ed p l ac e s t h ec h rono logy o ft h e s e t t lemen t s a nd c em e t e r ie s k nown i n t h e s ame l o ca l i t ie s . N o t f a r f r om t h e P un tuka s s t one i n D va rony ss om ef l i n tt o o l sw e r ef o und ( R iman t ien e ,1 974 p . 2 1 ) . T he A n takk ia is t one i sa s soc ia ted w i th t h eK vec ia ib a r row s o ft h e We s t e rn B a i t s 'B a r row C u l tu r eo ft h e 1 "m i l len ium B C ; t h e P e lek ia i s t on e i sa s soc ia t ed w i th t h e s ame b a r row s i n S üdena i .T h et h i rd s t one i nI mba r ei sa l so a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e We s te rn B a i t s ' b a r row s i n2 v a in i a i . S ome f i nd s f r om o pen s e t t lemen t s o ft h e B ronze A ge w e r e f o und n ea r t h e c up m a rked s t on e s i ng vendub r e a nd g n ipa i e ia i . G round s t one a xe sd a t ing f r om t h es ame p e r iod w e r ef o und n ea rt h es t one s i nD apka ie ia ia nd K ada r a i .

c onc lu s ion t h a tc up -ma rked s t on e sa r ed i r ec t ly r e la ted t ot h e c u l tu r eo fa g r icu l tu r e . Mo r eove r ,t h e r ei s ar e la t ion b e tween t h ei n t en s i ty o fa g r icu l tu re i nc e r ta in l o ca l i t ie sa nd t h el a rge n umbe r -o ve r t e n -o fc up -ma rk s o n t h e s t one s t h a t i si n c u l t iva t ed p i ece so fl a nd ( 1 997 p p .50-2 ) . A cco rd ing t ot h eo b ta ined d a ta ,t h e my tho log ica lm ean ing o f t h es t one sw i th c up -ma rk si sm o s ts im i la rt ot h es t one sw i th f o o tp r in t s . O f ten t h ec up -ma rk sa r er e ga rded t ob et h ef oo t p r in t sa nd h ee l so ft h eD ev i l ,t h em a rk so f Ma ry k nee l ing .I n t h ree c a se st o ge th e rw i th c up -ma rk so ns t one st h e r ea r ee l on g a t ed h o l low sc a l led t h ef o o tp r in t so ft h eD ev i l( J ak ä la ie iuka i , K ad a r a i ,2 v i r b l i a i ) .

T he r e a r ea l so s ome monum en t s o ft h e R oman I r on A ge i n t h es u r round ing so ft h ec up -ma rked s t on e s ( Apuo le , G otel ike s , g n iü ra ie la i ) . A r chaeo log ica l monumen t s o ft h e l a te r p e r iod t h a tw e r en ea rt h ec up -ma rked s t on e sa r ek nown o n ly i nr a r ec a se s .

T he t a le st o ld a bou t c up -ma rked s t one s a r et h e s ame a st h e o ne sa bou tt h es t on e sw i th f o o tp r in t s : t h ec up -ma rk sa r el e f t b yd ev i l sd anc ing ,c e leb ra t ing aw edd ing ,c om ing t ot h eh u m an w o r ld f r om h e l l ,e t c . Mo r eove r , i ns ome c a se st h ec up m a rk ed s t one s i nt h e 2 0 1hc .s t i l l h ad r e l ig iou s s i gn if i cance . " Th es t one i nP a ei e r ia i( Radv i l i §k i sd i s t r ic t )i ss t i l l( 1 929 )s a id t ob e h o ly , p eop le c h ip p a r t s o ft h e s t one a nd u se t h em f o r t r ea tmen t "( LFA ,4 90 1 p . 38 ) .T he r a inwa te rt h a tg a the r ed i n t h ec up -ma rk so fP a ei e r ia is t one ( P ak ruo j i sd i s t r ic t )w a su sed f o rt r ea t ing e ye s( VU , 1 5212 p . 112 ) .

I n We s t e rn ,N o r ther na nd C en t ra lE u rope ,c up -ma rked s t one s a r er e g a rded a sm onumen t so ft h eN eo l i th ic a nd B ronze A ge ( c f .H an sen , 1 9 37 ;B rond s t ed , 1 960 p . 348 ;H ad ingham , 1 974 p p .4380 ;B u r enhu l t ,1 9 80 p p . 133140 ;C o le s ,1 9 94 p . 22 ;K r zak , 1 994 p . 55 ) .I nE s ton ia t h ea ppea rance o fc up -ma rked s t one s a nd t h ee x i s t ence o ft h i st r ad i t ion d a te sf r om t h eb eg inn ing o f t h e1 "m i l lenn ium BC u pt ot h ev e ry f i r s tc en t u r ie s AD ( Löug a s , 1 970 p p .77-8 ;T vau r i , 1 997 ,52 ) .U pt on ow ,t h ec up -ma rk ed s t one s o fL i thuan ia a nd L a tv ia w e r e a s c r ibed t ot h e s ame m onumen t g r oup o fE s ton ia ( Dakan i s , 1 9 84 p . 109 ; U r tän s , 1 987 p . 72 ;V a i tkev ie iu s , 1 996 p . ' 7 ) .H oweve r ,t h i sh ypo the s i s h a s s ome s ho r tcom ing s : t h e r e a r et h i r ty c up -ma rked s t one s k nown i nL i thuan ia a nd o n ly f ew i nL a tv ia .I nr e cen ty ea r st h e n umbe r o fc up -ma rked s t one s i nw e s ter nB e la ru s , i nN e r i s b a s in h a sg r ea t ly i n c r ea sed ( c f .Z a ikovk iy ,2 000 ) . I tn ow e x c e ed s t e n .

A r cha eo log ica l s u rvey sn ea rt h ec up -ma rked s t one s d i dn o t a n swe rt h eq ue s t ion so ft h e i rd a t ing . Maybe a ne xcep t ion i s t h ef i r s ts t one o fI mba r e( F ig .3 1 ) .T he r e sea r che rV .D augud i s d a t ed i tt ot h e 1 "m i l lenn ium BC -i . e . , t h ep e r iod w hen t h e I mba r eh i l lf o r tw a sf i r s ts e t t led ( 1 992 p p .56-7 ) .T he se c onc lu s i on s c au se s ome d oub t s , b ecau se t h e l o ca t ion o ft h e s t one w a se xcava ted w hen t h es t one w a sa l r eady g one .D u r ing t h e e xp lo ra t ion a n i n ten se c u l tu ra l l a ye r o f as e t t lemen t d a t ing f r om t h eb eg inn ing o ft h e 1 "m i l lenn ium BC w a sf o und a nd t h ep r ovenance o ft h ec up -ma rked s t one w a sa t t r ibu ted t oa n a r ea o f6 x6 m c ove r ed w i th s ma l ls t one sa nd b ur n sa nd c oa l w i thou to t he rf i nd s( L IH , 158 p .4 1-9 ) .

I ft h eL i thuan ian g r oup o fc up -ma rked s t one sw e r e ap e r iph e r yo ft h eE s ton ian g roup ,i nL a tv ia t h e r es hou ld b e as im i la r n umbe ro fc up -ma rked s t one sa si nL i thuan ia . S o , i ti sp o s s i b le t h a t L i thuan ian ( a l so B e la ru s ian ) c up -ma rked s t one s m igh tb e long t os ome o t he rl o ca lg roup o ft h e se m onum en t s o nt h ee a s ter nc oa s to ft h eB a l t ic S ea .

S o t h e c up -ma rked s t one s i nL i thuan ia c an o n ly b e d a ted c on s ide r ing t h e i n d iv idua l f i nd s i nt h e i r s u r round ing s a nd

T he c up -ma rked s t one s i nt h e c oa s t a r ea n ea r t h e b a r row c eme te r ie so ft h e We s t e rn B a i t ss hou ld b ed a ted t h ee a r l ie s t -a pp rox ima te ly t ot h es e cond h a lf o ft h e 1 "m i l lenn ium B C . T he i ro r ig in i nt h eC en t ra la nd N o r the rn L i thuan ia i sr e la t ed t ot h em ov ing o fp opu la t ion g r oup si nt h i sr e g ion i nt h e2 n d3 r dc .( M ich e lbe r ta s , 1 9 86 p p . 1 9 2-4 ) .T he a pp ea ran ce o fc up m a rked s t one si nM idd le N emuna sa nd U ppe rN e r i sb a s in si s n o t c l ea r e nough . Mo s t p r obab ly t h e se m onumen t s s hou ld b ed a ted b a ck t ot h e 1 "m i l lenn ium BC . I n 1 970 t h e re w e r e s e ve ra l t e n s o fc y l inde r shaped s t one s f ound i n L i thuan ia . O n t op o f t h em t h e r e a r e f latbotto med b ow l s . Meanwh i le , 3 5 s t on e s l i ke t h a t a r e k nown i nL i thuan ia ( a sw e l la ss e ven o re i gh ti nL a tv ia , s e e C aune , 1 9 74 p p .901 ;U r tän s ,1 992 )( Map XV ) .

F i g . 3 1 . C up -ma r k ed s t one o fI mba r e( K r e t i ng ad i s t r i c t )( n o t p r e s e r v ed ) .A f t e r VD augud i s( 1 984 ) . 2 8

3C la s s if i ca t ion o fm onumen t s S tone sw i th f l a t -bo t tomed b ow l sa r eu sua l ly h eavy -g r a ined r ed g r an i te s ,t h ef o rm o fw h ich c an b ep r ec i se ly d ef ined o n ly w hen t h e s t one i sb rough t o u t o ft h e g round o re xcava t ed . Wh i le o b se rv ing t h es t one st h a tw e r eb rough to u tf r om t h e i r o r ig ina lp l ace ,i ts e em st h a tt h ei regu la rb o t tom p a r to ft h em i sn o tt o o led b ecau se i tw a si nt h eg r ound .T he p ropo r t ion o f t oo led a nd n a tu r a lp a r t so ft h es t one sv a r ie s :f o ri n s tan ce ,t h e R enava ss t one i st o o led t o ah e igh to f6 0c m( t he t o ta lh e igh t e xceed s 1 . 1 m ) .T he U d r a l ia is t on ei st o o led t o ah e igh to f3 5 c m( t h et o t a lh e igh te xceed s1 . 1 m )( F ig .3 2 ) .

g a t ed c i r c le ,f o ri n s t an ce ,2 9x 33 c m . ,3 0x 35 c m ,4 9x57 c m ,5 4x58 c m . I nt h e s ame w ay w h i le c a rv ing ab ow l i tw a s s ough tt o m ake t h ea ve r age d i ame te rc l o se t o5 0c m .T he a ve r ag ed i am e t e ro fs t one b ow l so fe ven 3 4s t one sv a r ie sf r om 3 0t o6 0c m . 1 6s t one sh ave b ow ls o f3 0-45 c md i ame te ra nd 1 8s t one so f 4 5-60 c m .T he s i de so ft h eb ow l sa r eu sua l ly s t eep .I ns ome c a se st h ey s l ope al i t t le b i ts ot h ed i am e te ro ft h eb o t tom o fa b ow l i ss ma l le r . Mo r eove r , i nf i ve c a se sg u t te r sg o ing f r om t h eb ow l s t ot h e s i de o ft h e s t one w e r em ade . T he g u t te ro f t h eS üd ena is t one i s1 6-20 c mw id e ,o fK a t ina i -2 c m ,a nd o f P ubib ia i -3 5 c m . 2 8 b ow l s i nt h e s t one s a r e a bou t 1 0 c m d eep ,a nd t h eb ow l si ns i xs t one sr a ng ef r om 1 3t o1 7c md eep . I n1 9 70-72 a nd 1 975 V .U rban av ie iu se x cava ted t h es u r round i n g so f1c y l inde r shaped s t one sw i th f l a t -bo t tom ed b ow l s . T he r e su l t so fa lt h ee xcava t ion sa r es im i la ri nt h a tu nde rt h e s t one sw e r es m a l l" c r ad le s" o fs t on e ss ot h a tt h em a in ' b ow led ' s t one w ou ld b es t ab le a nd w ou ld s t and l e ve l( Ka t in a i ,L üio s ) . C lo se t ot h e ' b ow led ' s t one s s i ng le c oa l s , h ea r th s o rf i r e p l ace sw e r ef o und .N ex tt ot h eg i la le s t one t h e re w a s ah o le o f 1 . 5 -m d i ame te ra nd 5 0c md ep th ,w he r e af i r eh ad b een b u rn t ( U rb anav ie iu s ,1 9 72 cp p .77-9 )( F ig .3 ) .C lo s et ot h ef i r s ts t one o fg auk l ia it h e r ew a s af l a t -bo t tom ed h o le o f 2m d i ame te ra l so s how ing t r a ce s o ff i r e . I nt h r ee s i t e s i nt h e f i r ep la ce , f r ag m en t s o fb roken c l ay d i she s w e r e f o und . A l l t h e p o t she rd s d a te b ack t ot h e 1 6 t h18 t hc en tu r ie sa nd e ven t ot h eb eg inn ing o ft h e 1 9 t "c .H oweve r , i ts hou ld b en o ted t h a tt h ep o t she rd s f o und d on o tn ece s sa r i ly i n d ica te t h e t i me o fe s tab l ishmen t o fs u ch c u l tp l a ce s .D ue t ot h ef a c tt h a tp o t she rd sw e r ef o und i no n ly t h ree o ft h e 1 p l a ce s t h a t w e r e e xcava t ed , t h e se a r tef ac t sc an h ave n oa s soc ia t ion sw i th s a c r if ic ing ( c f .C o lpe , 1 9 70 p p . 18-9 ) . A pa r t f r om p o t she rd s , b y t h e K a t ina i s t one w a s f o und a n i r on l i nk o f6 cm d i ame te rt h a tc an h a rd ly b e d a ted .B yt h eP aduobuie s t one w a sf o und l i t t le b r onze p ea r s h aped b e l lt y p ica lo ft h e 1P14 ' hc . S o ,d a ta s how st h a tt h es t one sw i th f l a t -bo t tomed b ow l sh ad a tl e a s t ad oub le f u nc t ion .F i r s t ly ,s a c r ed w a t e ru s ed t og a the r

F ig . 3 2 . C y l ind e r shaped s t one o fP ubib ia i( P lunge d i s tr ic t )w i th f l a t -bo t tomed b ow lw i th g u t ter .P ho to b ya u thor , 1 994 .

C h ise l l ing t h e s i de s o ft h e u ppe r p a r t o f as t one f o rmed a s t one -b a l l .T he m a rk so fc h i se l l ing a r eu sua l ly o bv iou s -t h ey a r ec l ea rg r oove s . S uch g r oove sa r ea l so m ade a tp r e sen tb y m a son sw h i le c a rv ing as t one w i th a ni r on c h i se lo rh amme r . T he g r oove so ft h e S aka l i §ke ss t one a r e2 -2 .5 c mw ide a nd 0 . 5 c md eep ;t h eg roove so ft h eP ubi ib ia i s t one a r ea c co rd i n g ly 3 -4 a nd 1c m . I ti si mpo r tan tt oe mpha s i se t h a tw h i le t o o l ing ab ou lde ri tw a si n tended t h a tt h ed i ame te ro ft h eb a l l w ou ld b e c l o se t o 1m e t r e . I n b o th d i s t r ibu t ion a r ea s i n L i thuan ia a nd L a tv ia t h ed i ame t e ro ft h eu ppe rp a r t -ba l lo ft h e 3 2s t one sv a r ie sf r om 0 . 9 mt o1 . 3m .O n ly f i ve s t one sh ave a s l igh t ly b i gge rd i ame t e r( e .g . : 1 . 21 .5 m , 1 . 51 .8 m ) . T he u ppe r s u r f ace s o ft h e s t one s i nw h ich t h e b ow l s w e r e c h ise l led h ave n o t b een c ompa r ed m uch . T he s i de s o ft h i s s u rf a ce a r eu s ua l ly c r umb led ,c l eaved a nd g i ve a ni mp r e s s ion o fr ough w o rk . T he b ow l sa r eu sua l ly m ade i nt h ec en t r eo f t h e s u rf a ce . T hey u sua l ly h ave t h e s h ape o f as l igh t ly e l on -

F ig . 3 3 .g i laM c u l tp lace ( Skuoda sd i s tr ic t )d ur ing e xcava t ion . P ho to b y VU rbanav iau s , 1 970 . L IH -32722 .

2 9

V y k in ta s

V a i tk ev iau s .

S t ud ie s i n to t h e B o l t s ' s a c r ed p l ace s U sua l ly t h es t one sw i th n a r row -bo t tomed b ow l sa r es i t ua t ed i nf a rm s :n ea rh ou se s ,b ar n s ,a nd c a t t le shed so ri n s ide t h em , q u i te o f ten a tt h eb a se o ft h eb u i ld ing s . T oday t h e se s t one s a dor nt h ef a rm ,s e r ve a ss t ep s ,o rp e r f o rm ad eco r a t ive f u nc t i on . Mo r eove r ,i ti sf i xed t h a t mo s to ft h e se s t one sh ave b een m oved t ot h e i rp l a ce s f r om t h e f a rm so fp a ren t s a nd g r and p a r en t s o ft h e o wne r s o rf r om f a rm s t h a tw e r e d emo l i shed d u r ing r e c lama t ion i nt h e1 970 sa nd 1 9 80 s . Of t en t h e r ea r e2 3o rs ome t ime se v en 4 -5 s t one sw i th n a r row -bo t tomed b ow l s p r e se rved i nt h em oder nv i l lage s( Mon tv i l i gk i s ,V a idu lon ia i , V i le ik ia i ) .I nn a tu r a ls u r round ing st h e r ea r eo n ly s i ng le s t one s l i k e t h a t ( Be ino r ava , V aba l ia i ) . T he c a se s w hen t h e s t one s w i th n a r row -bo t tomed b ow l sb e long t os a c red s i te sa r er a r e ( Ba r ta g iüna i ,K o saka i ) .S ome t ime st h e se s t one sa r es t i l lu s ed a tc hu r che sf o rs t o r ing h o ly w a te r( Do tnuva ) .

i nt h eb ow lo fl e ve lh o r izon ta l ly p l a ced s t one ( t i l lt h e2 0 t hc .i t w a s t h ough t t ob e s a c red -B u s i gk i s , K i rd i §k is ) . S e cond ly , h o ly f i r ew a sb u rn tn ea rt h es t one . T he i n f o rma t ion t h a tt h e g i la le s t one w a ss i tua ted i nt h e Mo sed is s a c r ed g r ove ( men t i oned 1 523 -S a ly s , 1 930 p p . 13 ,8 6 )s t r eng then st h ea s sump t i on t h a t h o ly f i re u sed t ob u rn n ea r t h e s t one s w i th f l a t b o t tomed b ow l s . T he f i r s tr e l ig iou sr e a l ia -" s ac r ed w a te ro nt h es t one" -f r om amy tho log ica l p o in t o fv i ew i sa s soc ia ted w i th t h e g od P e rküna s( Thunde r ) .I nc ompa r i son w i th s t one s ,w h ich h ave v a r iou sh o l low s ,u sua l ly o fn a tu r a lo r ig in ,t h ec y l ind e r shaped s t one s s e em t ob e s pec ia l " equ ipmen t" o ft h ec u l tp l ace so f P e rküna s ,c r ea t ed a c co rd ing t oc e r t a in r e qu i r emen t s .T h is i s l i k ea ne xp r e s s ion o ft h es ame r e l ig iou st r ad i t ion b u ti th a sa n ew q ua l i ty a nd i sr e a l ly mode rn .

A r chaeo log ica l s u rvey s w e r e c a r r ied o u t n ea r n i ne s t one s w i th n a r row -bo t tomed b ow l s .I nR ad ik ia ia nd R a tküna in a i l s , g l a s s ,g l azed p o t she rd sf r om t h ev i l lag e ' sc u l tu r a ll a ye ro ft h e 1017 t hc .w e r ef o und ( U rbanav ie iu s , 1 9 72a p p .26-9 ,3 1-2 , 3 4-5 ; 1 972b p . 17 ) . A f t e rr emov ing t h e V aba l ia i s t one w i th n a r row -bo t tomed b ow l a nd b r ing ing i tt oa no the r p l a ce , a s i lve r c o in o f 1 6 16 w a s f ound o n t h e s i de o fi t .D a ta f r om G r i i ie ia i a l so s h ow t h a t t wo s t one s w i th n a r row -bo t tom ed b ow l sw e r ei n av i l lage o ft h e1 7 ' "c .( Zab ie la ,1 995a p p . 145-6 ) .

T he s e cond r e a l ia o ft h ed i scu s sed p l a ce s( " the h o ly f i re" )i s u n ive r sa l i nm o s t c a se s a nd s ome t ime s i sa l so d ef ined a sa c ha ra c te r i s t ic p a r to fr i t e sd ed ica ted t oP e rküna s . T he f i r s t a r ea o f t h e ' bow led ' s t one s i nN o r th -we s te rn L i thuan ia /W e s ter n L a tv ia i sm uch d en se r t h a t t h e s e cond o ne ( s ee Map XV ) . T he b o rde r so ft h ef i r s ta r ea m o r ea c cu r a te ly m ee t t h e d ef ined b o rde r s o ft h e C ou ron ian t e r r i to ry t h an t h eb o rde r s o ft h e s e cond a r ea m ee tt h e b o rde r s o ft h e L i thuan ian t r ibe ( L i thuan ian i nt h en a r row s e n se ) . Mo r eove r , s ome o f t h e s a cred p l ace s i n t h e f i r s t a r ea b e long t o a r chao log ica ls i t e so ft h e 1 3 t hc . ;t h is c anno tb es a id a bou tt h e s t one s w i th f l a t -bo t tomed b ow l s b e long ing t ot h e s e cond a r ea .S ot h ec y l inde r shaped s t one sw i th f l a t -bo t tomed b ow l s m o s t p robab ly r e p r e sen t at r ad i t ion o ft h e C ou ron ian c u l t p l a ce s t h a t p r eva i led i nt h e i r e t hn ica l l a nd s i nt h e e a r ly 2 n d m i l lenn ium AD . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o fs u ch s a c red s t one s i n E a s te rn L i thuan ia c o r r e spond sw i th t h ea r ea o ft h eL i thuan ian S t a te o ft h e 1 3 t "c .S i nce a bou tt h em id 13 t hc .t h eC ou ron ian r ef ugee w e re s e t t led t he re b y t h e G rand D uke ( s ee V a i tk ev ie iu s , 1 9 99 ) . Apar t f r om t h e d i scus sed s t one s t h e r e a r e 2 50 s t one s w i th

narro w-botto med b ow l s( c f . Ma tu l i s , 1 990 p p .489 4 ) . I nL a tv ia , w h ich b e long s t ot h e p e r iphe ry o ft h e a r ea , t h e re a r e 1 2 o fs u ch monumen t s r e co rded ( U r tän s , 1 9 94 ) . S t one sw i th n a r row -bo t tomed b ow l sa r ec ommon i nt wo m a in a r ea s : 1 )i nt h eC en t r a la nd N o r ther nL i thuan ia /Cen t r a lL a tv ia , 2 )E a s te rn L i thuan ia .O n ly ac oup le o fs u ch s t one sa r ef o und i nS amog i t ia ( Map XV I ) .

F ig . 3 4 . S t one w i th n arrow -bo t tomed b ow lo fK a ima l t ( K e lme d i s t r ic t ) . P ho to b y VD augud i s , 1 967 . L 1H -20425 ,

7 A /1

T he l a t te rd i scu s sed s t one su sua l ly d on o te xceed t h es i ze o f 0 . 8x 1 ma nd t h eh e igh to f3 0-50 c m .T he i ru ppe rs u r f a ce i sf l a t . An a r row -bo t tomed b ow l t h a ti su sua l ly o f2 0 -cm d i ame t e r a nd 1 5-20 c md ep th i ss c rewed o rc a r ved t oi t( F ig .3 4 ) .A c co r d i ng t ot h e f o rm a sm any a sn i ne t y pe s o fs u ch b ow l s a r e d i s t ingu i shed ( Ma tu l i s , 1 990 p . 98 )( F ig . 3 5 ) ,h oweve r ,t h e i r s h ape s c an b e d i v ided i n to t wo m a in k i nd s : i n ve r t ed c one a nd h em i sphe r e .

5

4 ) "

4

8

9

F ig . 3 5 . V ar ia t ion so fn ar r ow -bo t tomed b ow l s .A f ter R . Ma tu l i s ( 1990 ) .

3 0

3C la s s if i ca t ion o fm onumen t s H oweve r ,t h i si n t e rp r e ta t ion h a ss ome w eak s i de s .V .U rbana v i e iu s d i d n o t t a ke i n to a c coun tt h e r e po r t o ft h e J e su i t s o f 1 725-26 . A cco rd ing t ot h a t t h e g od s P ag i rn ia i " s t i l l c ome o u t s ide f r om t h e i rc o rne r si nt h es h ape o fg r a s ss nak e s ,e ven t h ough t h ey s p end m o s to ft h et i me a si n v i s ib le , p ene t ra ted i n to t h eg r ound s om u ch a sm e ta lr i ng si n layed i n to as h ie ld . T h i sg r ound i ss t o r ed i nc l ay o rw ooden d i she so rw i thou ta d i sh u nde rt h eq u er n "( a c co rd ing t oG r e ima s , 1 990 p . 428 ) .

D u r ing e x cava t ion n ea r Mon tv i l i gk i ss t one ,t wo h o le so fa bou t 1 -m w id th w e r ef o und .I n s ide t h em a s he s ,c oa l s ,s ome b one s o fc a t t le ,p o t she rd sd a t ed t ot h ee a r ly 2 n dm i l lenn ium AD ,a nd f r agmen t s o fg l azed p o t s o ft h e 1 6 t 1 _ 18 t h c .w e re f ound ( U rban av ie iu s , 1 9 72a p p .345 , 1 9 72b p . 18 ) . Wh i le s umma r i s ing t h er e su l t so fe xcav a t ion sn ea rt h ef i r s t V a idu l ion ia i s t one M . ü er n iau ska s a s se r t ed t h a tr i te s m igh t h ave b e en p e rf o rmed t h e r e i nt h e 1 6 t h18 t hc . ,d u r ing w h ich f i r e w a sb u rn t a nd " mea to ft h e f r on tp a r to fu sua l ly y oung c a t t le a nd b ea s t sw a su s ed" ( 1 972 p . 10 ) .

S o t h e q ue s t ion o fs t one s w i th n a r row -bo t tomed b ow l s r e m a in so pen .T he r ei sn oe xp lana t ion f o rt h e i rd i s t r ibu t ion i n t wo q u i te c ompa c ta r ea s . Ad e ta i led e xam ina t ion o ft h es i ze a nd s hape o ft h e b ow l s o fa l o ft h e se s t one s h a s n o t b een c a r r ied o u t . Meanwh i le , i tm ay b ea s sumed t h a tt h es ou r ce s o ft h e 1 7 t h c .m en t ion n ame ly t h e s t one s o ft h e d e sc r ibed g roup ( a r cha eo log ica ld a ta d oe sn o tc on t rad ic tt h a t )a nd t h ey w e r e a ppo in t ed t h e s a c r a l f u nc t ion o fa s su r ing t h e g ua ran t e e /p rov i s ion o fc e r ea l ,c a t t le ,a nd h ome -happ ine s sf o r ac e r t a in f a rm ( f am i ly ,k i n sh ip ) .

I ts e em st h a ta tt h eb eg inn ing o ft h e 1 7 t hc .i nL i thuan ia J e su i t sh ave d e sc r ibed n ame ly t h es t one sw i th n a r row -bo t tomed b ow l s ,c a l l ing t h em t h eD e iv iq a km eny s( S tone so fG odde s se s ) ( c f .V o l t e r , 1 8 97 ) .I nt h er e po r to ft h eJ e su i t so f1 600 i ti sw r i t t e n : " I n s t o r e s b i g s t one s a r e k ep t , t h ey a r e d ug i n to t h e g r ound ,f l a tf a ce tu p( p u t ) ,c ove r ed b ys t raw s ;t h ey a r ec a l led G odde s se s( Deyve . y )a nd f a i thf u l ly w o r sh ipped a st h ep ro tec t o r so fc e r ea la nd c a t t le "( a cco rd ing t oG r e ima s , 1 990 p . 215 ) . I n1 605 i sw a sr e po r t ed :" Some v e r yu nedu ca ted v i l lage p eop le d ue t oo u re f f o r t sg o tr i do ft h eb ad h ab i to fw o r sh ipp ing o ne s t one w h ich t h ey t h ough tt ob et h eg od o fg r ana ry , f r u i tf u l n e s s ,a nd h app ine s so fh ome" ( Lebedy s , 1 976 p . 206 ) .

O ne mo r eg r oup o fs t one sw i th h o l low ss hou ld b em en t ioned -s t one s o n t h e t o p o fw h ich t h e r e a r e n o t d eep bo w ls— p lates w i th as l igh t ly r i sen m idd le p a r t .T he r ei so ne s u ch monumen t k nown i nL i thuan ia a nd a tl e a s t f o u r i nN o r th w e s ter n B e la ru s . O n t h e s t one s o fK o rgovd i , P od i tv a , a nd Va iony s ,t h e r ea r et wo h o l low so ft h ea ve r age o f2 533 c m w id th a nd 2 -3 c m d ep th . A pa r t f r om t h e se t h e r e a r e s ome w ha t i nd i s t inc t m a rk s o f at h i rd h o l low o n e a ch ( Ma tu l i s , 1 990 p .38 ,1 0 1) ( F ig .3 6 ) .

E ven t h ough i ti sn o t m en t ioned t h a t t h e s a c r ed s t one s a r e ' b ow led ' , t h e r ei sm u ch i nc ommon b e tween t h e s t one sd e s c r ibed b yJ e su i t s a nd s t one sw i th n a r row -bo t tomed b ow l s . F i r s t ly ,t h e i rl o ca t ion i nf a rm so rb u i ld ing s ; t h et o p f a ce to f t h es t one sw a sa l so f l a t ;t h es t one sw e re a ppo in ted t h ef u nc t i on o f ac e r ea l ,c a t t le ,h ome -happ ine s sp r ov ide r ,t h a ti s ,a c tu a ly s a c ra lf u nc t ion . A bou t t h e s t one s w i th n a r row -bo t tomed b ow l s i ti su sua l ly s a id t h a ti nt h eo l dt ime st h ey w e r eu s ed f o rm i l l ing ,g r a t ing o r p ound ing . T he r e i sa l so am o t iv e o fp l a ce legend s a bou t a d ev i l ,m i l l ing t o ba cco i nt h eb ow l s( Ve r i gk ia i ) . Mo r eove r ,t h e r e a r es ome b e l ief sr e co rded a bou ts t one sw i th n a r row -bo t tomed b ow l s ." The f a the ro fJ .B r ied i su s ed t os t o r eh o ly w a te ri nt h e b ow l a nd i nt h em o rn ing sb ef o r eg o ing t ow o rk w ou ld s o ak h i sf i ng e r sa nd c r o s sh im se lf '( Rad ik ia i )( L IH ,5 05 p . 44 ) ." D . B ra j ien et o ld s t o r ie s s h eh ea rd f r om h e rp a r en t st h a tp eop le u sed t op ou r m i lk i n to b ow l s o ft h e se s t one s f o r t h e g r a s s s n ake sa nd c a l led t h em ' b ow l so fg r a s ss n ake s— ( S tae lüna i ) ( T r e gkev i e iu s ,1 979 p . 33 ) .

T he r ea r en ob i gge rd oub t sa bou tt h eo r ig in o ft h eh o l low si n t h e se s t on e s .S t one st h a th av e ah o l low h on ed i nc i rc le i nt h em a r ek nown f r om L a t eN eo l i th ic—B ronz eA g em onum en t s .S t one a xe sw e r ep o l i shed i ns u ch h o l low s( c f .G a e r t e .1 9 29 p p .57 ,5 8 ; R iman t iene , 1 9 84 p .2501) . I nL a tv ia i n as e t t lemen to ft h e L a t eN eo l i th ic p e r iod i nt h eV e ca t e sR innuka ln s , as im i la rs t one

V .U rbanav ie iu sa s soc ia t e st h es t one sw i th n a r row -bo t tomed b ow l sw i th d ome s t ic g r a s ss nake sr e co rded b yJ e su i t si nt h e 1 7 t " c .a sg od s P ag ir n ia i ( pag irn i s " one w ho l i ve s u nde r q uer n" ) . V .U rbanav ie iu s s a id s t one sw e r e ak i nd o fs ub s t i t u te s im i la rt oq ue rn st h a tc o r re sponded t ot h ed e ta i l so ft h e g r a s ss n ake s 'w ay o fl i f e( i ts e em sb ow l sw e r eu sed b yg r a s s s n ake sf o rd r ink ing w a t e ro rm i lk ) .I nt h er e l ig iou ss e n se ,s t one s w i th n a r row -bo t tomed b ow l sw e r em o s tl i k e ly s a c r if i ce p l a ce s f o rt h eg od o fh ome ,i nau t i l i ta r ian s e n se —ap l a ce f o rk eep ing ag r a s ss n ake ( 1 985 , 1 993 p . 3 ) . F ig . 3 6 . S t one w i th b ow l s -p la te so f Va iony s( g ak in inka i d i s tr ic t ) .A f ter W S zuk iew ic z( 1900 ) .

3 1

V y k in ta s

V a i tk ev id iu s .

S t ud i e s i n to t h e B o l t s ' s a c r ed p lace s

F ig . 3 7 . S tJ ohns 's t one . 1 , i t hi r r egu lar b ow lo fKun ig i gk ia i( S l ide d i s tr ic t ) .P ho to b y VR amanau ska s , 1 936 . CHC -2824 .

I l zenbe rg , i n1 5 8587 ) t or e la te t ot h e s a c red p l a ce s . T h is c ou ld b e d on e i fa l t h e p o s s ib le i n f o rma t ion a bou t as i te c ou ld b ep r oved i ne a ch c a se .

w i th t wo h o l low so f3 0x32 cm a nd 3 0x39 -cm w id th a nd 3 -4 c m d ep th i ss t i l lp r e se rved ( Caun e , 1 9 74 p . 9 1F i g .3 ) . I ns i ng le c a se s t h e se s t on e s c an b e a s soc ia t ed w i th s a c r ed p l a ce sd ue t ot h ef a c tt h a tp eop le a ppo in ted s a c r a lm ean ing t o t h em . F o ri n s tance ,t h eK o rgovd i s t one w a sc a l led t h eD ievo b l iüda s( Bow lo fG od )a nd a mong t h ep eop le o ft h el o ca l i ty i t h ad t h e s t a tu s o fa n u n tou chab le s t one ( G r inba l t &G u r sk i , 1 9 83 p . 35 1 ) .

O no t he rh and t h e r er e a l ly h ave b een c r o s se s , l e t te r so rd a te s i nh i s to r ic t i m e s c a rved o n t h e s a c r ed s t one s . F o r i n s tan ce , o nt h e A puo le c up -ma rked s t one t h e r ei st h e d a t e 1 8 18 a nd t h el e t te r s "M t" c a rved . O nt h eN ik rony ss a c r ed s t one w h i le m a rk ing t h eb o rde r so fl a nd ,p r obab ly i nt h e1 7 t hc en tu ry ,t wo c r o s se s w e r ec a rved . A tt h e e nd o ft h e 1 8 t h o rb eg inn ing o f t h e 1 9 t h c . -a ga in t h e l e t t e r s "MOPT" e . g . M . O dyn iec p odkomo r zy t r ock i( of i ce ri nT r aka i )( Gudav ie iu s ,1 9 82 p . 85 ) . S oi ts e em st h a tm o s to ft h em a rk st h a tw e r ec a rved o ns a c r ed s t one sa r en o td i r e c t ly r e la t ed t ot h e i rs a c r a lo rr e l ig iou sm e an i n g .O n ly ac oup le o fe xcep t ion sc an b em en t ioned .

A pa r t f r om t h e a bove -d iscu s sed s t one s t h e re a r e s a c red s t one s k nown t h a t h ave n a tu r a l o ra r t if ic ia l h o l low s . T he se a r e d i f f e r en t i ne ve ry c a se a nd i ts e em s t h a t t h e g eo log ica l s t ruc tu r e , n a tu ra l s p l i t so ro t he rc i r cum s tance sp r ima r i ly i n f l uence t h em ( An takmene ,I n tupony s ,K aua i )( c fL i den ,1 9 38 p . 88 ,U r tän s , 1 9 93a p p .66-68 )( F ig .3 7 ) .

T he r ea r es om e t ime sv a r iou sc a rved c r o s se sf ound o nt h et a l l s t one s d i s t r ibu ted i nS ou th L i thuan ia a nd No r th -we s te rn B e la ru s t h a t a r e u s ua l ly s a id t ob ep eop le t u rned i n to s t one ( s e eC hap t e r3 . 4 . 1 .2 ) .V e ry s im i la rm a rk sa r ef o und o nt h es t one s o ft h e s ame r e g ion t h a t w e r e e r ec ted o n t h e g r ave s o ft h e Y o tv ing ian s ( s ee K v ia tkov ska ja , 1 998 p .30-5 ) w ho i nt h e 1 t h_ 7 th c .u s ed t ol i ve i nt h ec oun t ry s ide ,w e r eb ap t i sed b u t r ema ined f a i thf u lt ot h ep r e -Ch r i s t ian r e l ig iou st r ad i t ion s .T he d i scu s sed s a c r ed t a l l s t one s a r e n o t f o und i nt h i s g r oup o f c eme te r ie s .P a r to ft h em ,a sh a sa l r eady b een m en t ion ed ,b e l o ng st ot h ec omp lexe so fa r chaeo log i ca lm onumen t so ft h e 1 s tm i l lenn ium AD .I ts ugge s t st h a tv a r iou sc r o s se so nt h et a l l s t one sw e r ec a rved n o ta tt h es ame t i me w h en t h ec u l tp l ace s w e r e f o unded . W e s hou ld n o te t h a t t h e s h ephe rd s t r i ed t o

B eyond g eo log ica ls t r uc tu r e ,f o rm ,h o l low sa nd b ow l sv a r i o u s c a rved m a rk s s u ch a sc r o s se s o fs ome k i nde s , f i gu r e s , s i ng le l e t t e r sa nd n o te s ,n umbe r sa nd d a te sa r ea l so a ppo in ted t ob e v i su a l f e a tu re s o fs a c r ed s t one s . H oweve r ,J .U r tän sw h i le s umma r i s ing t h ed a ta f r om L a tv ia p o in t so u tt h a tm o s to fs u ch ( n ame ly -c r o s s -ma rked )s t one s d on o th ave t h ef e a tu re so ft h ec u l tm onumen t s .F o ri n s t an ce , t h en umbe ro fc r o s s -ma rked s t one si nL a tv ia e xceed s2 00 ,b u t t h e r e a r eo n ly 1 8c a se s o fp eop le p e rf o rm ing n on -Ch r i s t ian r i t e sn ea rs u ch s t one s( U r tän s , 1 9 88a p . 7 ) . Mo r eove r ,u sua l ly t h e se c a se sa r ev e ry s p ec if i ca nd h a rd ly a low e . g .t h eg r ave m onumen t s o ft h e c oun t s P l ia te r ia i ( t hey w e r e b u r ied i n 3 2

3C la s s if ica t ion o fm onumen t s c a r ve ac r o s s o nt h eM ig l in igke s s t one e ven i nt h e2 0 t h c en t u ry . O nt h e s a c r ed s t one i nK ameno , i nB e la ru s , t h e r e i sa d oub le c r o s s l i ke t h e o ne s t h a t w e r e c a rved o n t h e s a c r ed s t one sw hen C h r i s t ian i ty w a si n t rodu ced ( c f .T y szk iew ich K . , 1 867 p . 159 ) . I ft h ec r o s sa nd c a r ved w o rd so nt h is s t one a r e r e a l ly a s soc ia ted w i th t h eD uke o fP o lo t sk B o r i sV s ia s lav ich ( c a . 102-28 ) i tm ay b e a s se r ted t h a tt h e c r o s s o n t h is c u l t s t on e w a s c a rved i n 128 ( Levkov , 1 992 p p . 105 , 17-8 ; Z a ikov sk iy ,2 000 p . 17 )( F ig .3 8 ) .

F ig . 3 8 .S t one o fK amen° (V i leyka d i s t r ic t )w i th s ome c arved s ymbo l s . P ho to b ya u thor , 2 003 .

T he g eog r aph ica l s i tua t ion o ft h e s a c r ed s t one s i nt h e l a nd s c ap e i sa no the r i mpo r t an t f e a tu r e e va lua t ed v i sua l ly . H ow e ve r ,t h el o ca t ion o ft h es a c r ed s t one s( o n ah i l l ,i nt h ev a l ley ,i n t h e w a t e r , e t c . ) , t h e o r ien ta t ion o ft h e s t on e a nd i t s s p ec if i c m a rk s i nr e spe c tt oc ompa s sd i r ec t ion s a nd c u l tu r a le nv i ron m en th ave n o tb een i n ve s t iga ted s e pa ra te ly . I no r de rt oc a r ry o u tr e sea r ch o ft h i sk i nd ,i ti sn e ce s sa ry t or e co rd a c cu ra t ea nd d e ta i led d a ta d ur ing t h es u rvey s .H oweve r ,t h ep a r t ic ipan t so f s u r vey sa nd t h ea u tho r so fr e po r t sp a id l i t t le a ten t ion t ot h a t f o rt h el a s tf ew d ecade sa nd u sua l ly t h e r ei st o ol i t t le i n f o rma t i on a bou tt h es a c r ed s t one s . T he s ame s i t ua t ion a l so a pp l ie s t ot h eo t he rk i nd so fs a c r ed p l a ce si nt h er e po r t so fs u r vey s .

A bou t f i f t y p l a ce legend s mo t ive s w i th t h e i r v a r ia t ion s a r e r e co rded a bou t t h e B a l t s ' s a c r ed s t one s ( Beckhe r rn , 1 893 ; S m i t s , 1 9 36 p p .258-63 ;B a ly s ,1 940 p p . 23-7 ;A n ce län e , 1 9 9 1 p p .67-97 ; S auka e ta l . , 1 967 p p .598-604 ; K e rbe ly t e , 1 973 p p .13-7 ;G r inba l t &G u r sk i , 1 983 p p .35 1-64 ) .P eop le u sua l ly b e l ieved t h es t one sh ad b een b rough t ,l o s t ,b u i l t ,o rh ad f a l len f r om t h es k yo ra ppea r ed w hen p eop le o ra n ima l st u rned i n to s t one s . T he g od s o ft h e B a l t s ' r e l ig ion f i gu re i nt h e p l a ce l e gend sa sw e l l :P e rküna s( Thunde r ) ,R agana ( W i t ch ) ,L aume ( Fa i ry ) ,L a ima ( Godde s so ff a te ,f o r tune ,a nd c h i ldb i r th )a l so s uch b e ing s a s : S ene l i s ( G randf a the r ) , K un iga s ( P r ie s t ) , K a ra l iu s( K ing ) ,P on ia ( Madam ) .Q u i t eo f ten J e su sC h r i s t ,t h e Mo the ro fG od , a nge l s , s a in t s , a l so N apo leon a nd o t he rf a m ou sp e r son s u s ed t oa ppea ri np l a ce legend s a sw e l l . O ne v e ry e v iden te xamp le i st h es ync r e t ic i mage o ft h eg od o ft h e u nde rwo r ld ( a nd a l so o ft h ed ead? )V e l ina st h a tl a te rb ecome t h eC h r i s t ian e v i ls p i r i t .A l lt h e se c ha r ac te r sa r ei nm any w ay s a s soc ia ted w i th s t one s :t h ey u sed t od we l lt h e r e ,s how t h em s e lve s t op eop le , a r e m e t , s i t , l i e , w o rk o rr e s t , p ro tec t t h e w ea l th , e t c . S t one n am e s a nd e p i the t s , a sh a s b een a l r eady m en t ion ed ( Chap te r3 . 4 .1 . 1) ,a r eo f ten r e la ted t ot h is k i nd o f p l a ce leg end ( Cf .t h eW a l le to ft h eD ev i l( P i lo t i gke s ) ,t h eQ u er n o ft h eD ev i l( S i luva ) ,t h e Sm i thy o ft h eD ev i l( Upn inka i ) ,t h e S t ove o ft h e W i t ch ( No r e ik igke s ) , a nd t h e C off in o fG od ( Pa g i le ) ) .T he s p ec ia lf e a tu re so ft h es t one ss u ch a sh o l low s , b ow l s ,o rc ur ve sa r eo f ten r e f e r r ed t oi nl e gend s a ss t epped , p r e s sed ,k i cked ,s ma shed ,j umped ,s a t ,l a in ,c a rved o rt w is t ed b yt h ep e r sonage o fp l a ce legend s . I ti sb e l ieved t h a ts a c r ed s t one sh ave o n em o r ef e a tu r e ,n ame ly i st h a t t h ey c an t a lk , w a lk , g i ve a dv ice , l e nd money , m ake s hoe s , p r ov ide h app in e s s , a nd m o r eove r , t h a t t h ey c r y a nd b l eed .T he s t one st h em s e lve s ,t h e i rf r agmen t s ,w a te ro rd ew c o l lec t ing o nt h em ,m o s sa nd l i chen g r ow ing o nt h em ,w a te r s pu r t ing f r om u nde rnea th t h es t one c an c u r ep eop le a nd c a t t le o fv a r iou se ye d i sea se s ,w a r t s ,r o se ,f r e ck le s ,t o o thache ,t r au m a s ,s t e r i l i ty . B e l ief s i n d ica te t h a t t h e s a c red s t one s c anno t b e t o uched , m oved ,t a ken a way ,s p l i t ,o rb u r ied ( n o rc an p eop le s t op s a c r i f ic ing f o rt h em )( Sm i t s , 1 936 p . 26 1) .S t one sc an a venge b y f i r e ,d i sea se sa nd d ea th so fp eop le o rc a t t le ,o rh o r r ib le d r eam s .

3 .4 .2 My th ica la nd r e l ig ious f e a tur e s

I tm ay b ea s se r ted t h a te a ch o ft h es ho r t ly d e sc r ibed m o t ive s ( o r s i ng le s e gmen t s o ft h em ) c ou ld b ecome af e a tu r e o fa m y th ica lk i nd t h a tw ou ld s i ng le o u ts ome s a c red s t one s .T he b i gge s tp r ob lem i st h el a ck o fi n f o rma t ion , s ou sua l ly w hen c l a s s if y ing s a c r ed s t one sa c co rd ing t os ome c e r ta in m y th ica l f e a tu r e s ,o n ly s ma l lg r oup so fm onumen t sc an b eo r gan ised . Mo re a t t en t ion w i l lb ep a id t os ome o ft h em b e low .

My th ica la nd r e l ig iou sr e a l ia m ay a l so b ecome i mpo r tan tf e a t u r e s f o rt h e c l a s s if ica t ion o fs a c r ed s t one s . U nf o r tuna te ly , t h e r ei sv e ry l i t t le d a ta o ft h i sk i nd .T he i n f o rma t ion ,w h ich i s r e co rded i n L i thuan ia i n c ompa r ison w i th L a tv ian o r B e la ru s s ian d a ta , i sn o t r e a l ly v a r ied , d e ta i led o ra c cu ra te . T he r e i sm o s t i n f o rma t ion o n m y th ica l r e a l ia , b ecau se t h ey a r er e f le c ted i np rope rn ame s ,p l a ce legend s ,b e l ief s ,s ome t i me se ven i np rove rb st h a ta r ea s soc ia ted w i th t h e se s t one s . T he r ea r eu sua l ly s e ve r a l mo t ive so fp l a ce legend sa bou to ne s t on e , w h ich e xp la in i t so r ig in , s p ec if ic f e a tu r e s a nd s oo n . T he n umbe ro fm o t ive sp a r t ia l ly d epend so nh ow w ide ly t h e s t one i sk nown .O nt h eo t he rh and ,t h e re a r ec a se sw hen ,f o r i n s tance , t h e re a r e a b so lu te ly n o n a r r a t ive s a bou t c y l inde r s h ap ed s t one sw i th f l a t -bo t tomed b ow l sa nd ,n a t u r a l ly , aq ue s t i on a r i se sw he the rt h ey e x is ted a ta l ,w he the rt h ey a r ef o r g o t t en o rt h ed a ta a bou tt h em h a sn o tb een r e co rded i nt i me .

S a c r ed s t one st h a ta c co rd ing t ot h ep l ace legend sh ave f a l len f r om t h e sky ( F ig .3 9 )i l u s t r a t et h ec on t en to ft h eL i thuan ian m y tho log ica l t a le s a s se r t ing t h a tt h es t one s o r ig ina ted f r om t h es ky ( s ee V a i tkev ie iu s , 1 997 p . 32 ) .F o ri n s tance ,a bou tt h e B uve ine ( Re s idence ) s t one i nL apyna i i ti ss a id t h a t i tf e l l f r om t h es ky w hen t i me sw e r eh a rd f o rp eop le a nd t h es t one b rough tj oy a nd h app ine s s : t h e w ea the r b ecame w a rm a nd t h e l a nd b e came f e r t i le a nd h appy y ea r ss t a r ted .T ha ti sw hy 3 3

V yk in tas

V a i tkev ie ius .

S tud ie s

i n to

t h e B a i t s ' s acred p lace s

F ig . 3 9 . S ur round ing so ft h ee imbar i gk ia i( Mo li ta id i s tr ic t )s acr ed s t one f a l len f rom t h es ky P ho to b ya u tho r ; 1 999 .

g e s t st h a tt h ey a r er e la t ed n am e ly t ot h eB a l l s 'r e l ig ion a nd m y tho l o gy . T he r ea r et h r e e s t one sk nown i nB e la r u s t h a ts ew s ho e s a nd s e ven s t on e st h a ts ew c l o the s( Levkov e ta l . ,2 000 ,4 8 -9 ) ;i n L i thuan ia -c o r r e spond ing ly t we lve a nd o n e( Map XV I I ) .

p eop le s t a r ted t ow o r sh ip i t( L IH ,2 244 p p .356 ) . T he re a r ea l so s t one sk nown t h a ta r ea s so c ia t ed w i th t h eg od o ft h e under wor ld , w ho o f ten a ppea r a st h e S ene l i s D ieva s( G r andf a the r -God )( s e eV e l iu s , 1 9 87 p p . !6 374 ) .C om m un ica t ion b e tween h im a nd p eop le t a ke sp l ace n ea rt h es a c r ed s t one s . F o r i n s tance : " On t h a t ( V adony s ) s t one p eop le u s ed t o s e e a n o l d m an s i t t ing . T hey w ou ld g o t ob o r row m oney f r om h im" ( T a ra senka P . , 1 9 33c p .6 22 ) . I nt h et r an s f o rmed a nd m o re p opu la rv a r ian t so ft h i sm o t ive p eop le u s u a ly b o r row m oney f o rm t h eV e ln ia s( Dev i l )( Dauk g ia i ,L emba s , P a lo l* S t abu lank ia i ) . T he V e ln ia s( Dev i l )u sua l ly a ppea r si no t he rm o t ive sa sw e l l , w h ich t e l l s a bou t m ak ing s hoe s ( o n ly i n as i ng le c a se t h e G randf a the ro ra nu nnamed b e ing i ss t i l lm en t ioned ) .

T he d a ta f r om B e la ru s i sr i ch i n my tho log ica l a nd r e l ig iou s a s pe c t s .U sua l ly t h e se a r et e x t s ,w h ich t e l la bou ts hoemake r s a nd t a i lo r s t h a t w e r e t ur n ed i n to s t one s . B e s ide s , i np l ace l e g end st h e s t one st h em se lve sa r es a id t ob eb e ing st h a ts ew . I ti sw ide ly t o ld t h a tp eop le u s ed t ol e ave m a t e r ia lo nt h es t one a nd t h e s t one s w ou ld s ew o ver n igh t . A tt h e e nd o fa l t h e se t a le si ti sa s se r t ed t h a ts t one ss t opped s ew ing a f t e ro ne w oman c ame t ot h em a nd a s ked t h em t os ew " ne i th e rt h i s n o rt h a t " . T he s t one sf u lf i l led h e rw i sh b u tt h a tw a st h e i rl a s tt i me .P eop le u s ed t ob r ing m oney , d r ink s a nd f o od t ot h es t one s i nr e tu r n f o rs ew ing ( G r inba l t &G u r sk i ,1 9 83 p p .295 ,3 535 ) .

T he s hoe sm ade o n t h e s t one s a r e v e ry s p ec ia l . " I n a u tumn t h eD ev i lu s ed t ot u rn i n to as hoemake ra nd w ou ld s i to nt h i s ( Leg i§k is )s t one a nd m ake n i ce r e ds hoe s ,w h ich h eu s ed ,f o r s educ ing g i r l s . Ag i r lw ho w ou ld t a ke t h es hoe sa nd p u tt h em o n w ou ld s t a r td anc ing b u tc ou ld n o ts t op a nd w ou ld d an ce u n t i ls he w ou ld f a l ld ead" ( T a ra senka , 1 9 58 p . 50 ) .

T he s t one shoemake r sa nd s t one ta i lo r s ,i fp l ac e legend sa nd b e l ief s a r e t a ken i n to a c coun t , b e long t o ab i gge r g r oup o f s t one s , w h ich i ss a id t ob ep eop le t u rn ed i n to s t one s . T he se m onumen t s h ave a l r eady b een m en t ioned w hen d e sc r ib ing t a l l s t one s ( Chap te r 3 . 4 .1 .2 ) . T he s t one s o fn a tu ra l f o rm s t h ough t t ob e d amned p eop le h ave n o tb een d i scu s sed y e t .

T he S i au e iu s( S ho emake r )a nd K r iaue iu s( T a i lo r )s t one si nW e s t e rn a nd C en t r a l B e la ru s a r e d i scu s sed a tl e ng th ( M ia le shka , 1 9 28 p p .167-9 ;L evkov ,1 9 92 p p .7984 ;D u ch i t s ,1 9 93 p p . 178 ) . S a c r ed s t on e so ft h i ss p e c if i cg r oup a r es t i l ln o tf o und i nE a s te rn a nd N o r th -e a s t er nB e la ru s( P an chenko , 1 9 98 p . 195 ) .T h i ss ug -

T he s t one s -da mned people- a r er e co rded i n4 1s i t e s ( Map X I I ) . T he i ra r ea a c tua l ly c o r re spond s t ot h e d i s t r ibu t i on o ft h et a l ls t one s .B yt h ew ay ,s ome t im e ss t one so fb o th t h e se g roup sa r ef o und n ex tt oe a ch o t he r( e .g . D ieven i gke s a nd 2 i im a i ) . 3 4

3C lass if ica t ion o f ' monumen t s

T he r ei sq u i te o f ten 2 -3 , s e v e r a l , 9 , 11 o re ven 1 3" damned p eop le" s t one sf o und i no ne s i t e .T hey m ay b el o ca ted c l o se t oe a ch o t he r o rt h e d i s tan ce b e tween t h em m ay b e ab i t b i gge r . I nt h e t e r r i to ry o fV i ln iu s C i ty 1 2 e nchan ted s t one s w e r es i t ua ted i n ac i r c le ,i nt h em idd le o ft h em w e r eo n eo rt wo s t one s -" young m a r r ied s" .

D u r ing e xcava t ion n ea rt h e Moka so fS uk in ia i , ah o le f u l lo f c oa la nd a s ho f0 . 5 -m w id th a nd 0 . 55 m d ep th ,w i th o n eb r u shed p o t she rd ( d a ted t ot h ef i r s tc en tu r ie s AD? )i ni tw a sf o und .I n w r i t ten s ou r ce st h e Moka so fS uk in ia i i sm en t ioned a l r eady i n1 5 80 . T he p l a ce legend sa bou t Moka ss t on e si nS uk in ia ia nd S e lma t i sa s soc ia te t h em w i th t h ep r e -Ch r i s t ian r e l ig ion ( c f .G ukov s k y , 1 890 p . 428 ) . E ven t h ough t h e i rm a in f e a tu r e i st h a tt h ey h ave t e a ch ing p owe r s t h a t c ome i n to p l ay i nv a r iou s f o rm s d u r ing h a rd t i me s ,i na c c iden t s ,o rw hen p eop le d on o tk now h ow o rc a nno td os ome th ing .I tw a st y p i ca lt oMok a si nS uk in ia i t oh e lp c h i ld le s sw om en t oh ave c h i ld r en . Women w ou ld p l a ce t h e i r s h i r t o n t h e Moka s s t one a f t e r p r onounc ing ac e r t a in p r aye r( T a r a s enka ,1 9 33c p . 622 ) .T hey w ou ld g ot ot h e Mok ien e i nN au r a g i l ia iw i th s a c r if i ce sa sw e l l .T he s a c r if i ce sw e r ep u to n t h e s t one . I ft h ey v an i shed i tw a s b e l ieved t h a t t h e " good g odde s s" t h a td we l th e r et o ok t h em ( W i to r t , 1 899 ) .

I n s ome c a se s t h e se s a c r ed s t one s t h a t b e long t o s a c r ed s i t e s s t ay i nr e la t ion sh ip w i th t h ea r chaeo log ica ls i te so ft h e 1 "m i l lenn ium AD ( J oc iüna i ,N ema i tony s ,g e r e i t lauk i s ) . T he m y th ica l a nd r e l ig iou s d a t a a bou tt h e d i scu s sed s t on e s i sq u i t en ume rou sa nd v a r ied .F o ri n s tance ,i ti sb e l ieved t h a t t h e D idi iu l ia i s t one c r ie s . Wh i le s p l i t t ing t h e K a rvy s s t one g roup b l ood s t a r ted r unn ing f r om t h em . T he r e w a s a l so a n o ppo r tun i ty t ot ur nt h e K a r vy s s t one s b a ck i n to p eop le b u t n obody c ou ld g ue s st h en ame so ft h ed amned w edd ing p a r t i c ipan t s . T he M okas ( T eache r )f am i l ie s ,d i s t ingu i shed b yt h e i rs p e c i f i cr e l ig iou sm e an ing ,a r ek nown i nS uk in ia i( F ig .4 0 ) ,g e ima t i s a nd N au ra g i l ia i . A pa r t f r om t h em , s i ng le Moka s s t one s a r e s i tua ted i nD ieven i §ke sf o r e s ta nd i n Mack i ,i nB e la ru s .

L a te ly a n o p in ion h a sb een e xp r e s sed s t a t ing t h a tt h en ame Moka sw ou ld b ed i r ec t ly l i nked w i th t h en ame o ft h e S l av ic g odde s s Moko sh ( M oKowb ) ,j u s t" made L i thuan ian a nd c l a r i f i ed" ( Moko sh i sm en t ioned i nt h ep an theon o fK iev R u s s ia o f9 80 AD -R ibakov , 1 987 p p .4 14-4 ) . T he r e la t ion sh ip b e t ween t h e Moka ss t one sa nd w omen w ho a s kf o rc h i ld ren i s e xp la ined h e r ei nt h es ame w ay ( Ke rbe ly t e ,2 000 p p .323 ) . A cco rd ing t ot h ep l a ce legend s ,t h ep eop le t ur n ed i n to s t one s o f ten h ave n ame s . A pa r tf r om t h ea bove -men t ioned Moka s , t h en ame s s u ch a sB oba ( O ld W if e ) , D l iuga s ( "One w ho i s C hee ry" ) ,J anke l i s( p rope rn ame o r ig ina t ed f r om J ona s -J ohn ) a r er e co rded .A l so t h en ame so ft h es a in t s( f o ri n s tan ce ,J ohn , J o seph , Ma r t in ) a r e g i ven t ot h e s t one s a f t e r c on sec ra t ing t h em .P robab ly s u ch s t one sa l so h ad t h e i ro l dd e i t ie s 'n ame s . Among t h es a c red s t one st h e r ei sa no the rb i gg r oup o fm onu m en t sc a l led Lau me ( Fa i ry ' s )s t one s .T hey a r er e co rded i n4 4s i t e s( Map XV I I I ) . Mo s to ft h e se s t one sa r ea s so c ia ted w i th w a t e r .W i th s ome e xcep t ion st h eL aum es t one sa r ef o und i nw e t ,m a r shy m eadow s ,n ea rs p r ing sa nd r i ve r sa nd a l so i n r i ve r sa nd l a ke s( No lena i ,S udok ia i ,U k r ina i )( F ig .4 1 ) . T h is

F ig . 4 0 . Moka s ( T eachers ' )s t one o fS uk in ia i( Ukmerg t ;d i s tr ic t ) . P ho to b ya u tho r ; 1 999 .

T he Moka s f am i l ie su sua l ly c on s i s to ft h r ee s t one s : Moka s ( f a the r ) , Mok iene ( mo the r )a nd Mok iuka s( c h i ld ) .I nS uk in ia i a nd g e ima t i s Moka sa nd Mok iuka sa r en ex tt oe a ch o t he rb u t Mok iene i sl o ca ted u nde rw a te r -r e spec t ive ly i nt h eg ven to j i ( Sa c r ed ) R ive r a nd T au r agna s L ake . Whe the r t h e se s t on e s e x i s ti nr e a l i ty i ti sn o ta b so lu te ly c l ea r .T he N au r a g i l ia is t one s w e re ab i tf u r the rf r om e a ch o t he rb u ti nt h ea r ea o ft h es am e v i l lag e . I ns u r round ing s o ft h e Moka i i nS uk in ia i a nd g e ima t i s a r c haeo log ica l s i t e s o ft h e P t -e a r ly 2 n d m i l lenn ium AD a r e k nown . T he Moka s s t one i nD ieven i gke s f o r e s t i ss i tua ted a l r eady b y as t one c ove r ed b a r row d a ted t ot h em id 1" m i l len n i um AD ( s ee a l so C hap te r3 . 4 . 1 .2 ) . F ig . 4 1 . L a zoni ( Fa i l) 'c , )s t one o fL a iv ia i -Sa lan ta i . P ho to b y a u thon 1 994 .

3 5

V y k in ta s

V a i tk ev iau s .

S t ud ie s i n to t h e B a i t s ' s a c r ed p l ac e s p r aye r sa nd s a c r if i ce s( W i to r t ,1 8 99 p . 206 ) .T h eG ena ie ia is t on e t h a th ad ah o l low t h a tr e semb led t h ef o o tp r in to f ac h i ld w a s " mag ic f o rc h i ld le s s f am i l ie s" , b ecau se " af te rp r ay ing n ea r t h es t one a nd m ak ing p rom i se st h e r e ac h i ld w ou ld b eb o rn" ( Onom . ) . E a s to ft h eN uo taka ( B r ide ) s t one i nM ig l in i gke s t h a ti sb e l ieved t ob e ad amned b r ide ,t h e r ei so n e mo r eB r ide s t one .O nt h el a t t e rb ef o re ( o ra f t e r )t h ew edd ing " t he c r owd o fw edd ing g ue s t s u s ed t od ance : t h e m a tchmake r u sed t o i n v i te t h eb r ide f o r ad an ce , t h ey w ou ld d an ce o nt h e s t one a nd h ew ou ld g i ve h e rt ot h eg r oom . T hen h eu sed t oi n v i te h i sm a t ron o fh onou ra nd a l so d an ce ,a nd g i v eh e rt om ar ea lka ( h ead o fw edd ing c e leb ra t ion ) .A nd t h em a t chmake ru sed t o i n v i te a lt h ew om en i nt h i sw ay a nd t of i nd p a r tne r sf o rt h em " ( LFA ,6 8 10 n o .398 ) .

p a r t ia l ly e xp la in s a l so w hy t h e se s t one s s t ay i na s soc ia t ion w i th Lam le ,b ecau se r e sea r che r su sua l ly s a ys h ei so f aw a t e ry n a tu r e( c f . B üg ien e , 1 999 p p .54-5 ) . O nt h eo t he rh and , t h e se s t one s a r e a s soc ia ted w i th L aume i nq u i te d i f f e r en t w ay s .A pa r tf r om t h ew e l l -known m o t ive o ft h eL aume d o ing l a und ry t h e r ea r ep l a ce legend sr e co rded a bou tL aume w a sh i n gi t se lf ,s i ng ing ,d r own ing p eop le ,l e av ing t h e i rf o o tp r in t s i n s t ones , e ven c on jur ing o r k i l l ing p eop le 's s heep ( Mozü r i gk e s , S a lan ta i ,T rumpon ia i ) .D ue t ot h ef a c tt h a tt h e i mage o ft h eL aume i ss ome t im e sm ixed w i th V e ln ia s( Dev i l ) , R agana ( W i t ch ) a nd o t he r d e i t ie s o rb e ing s , i tm ay b e a s s e r ted t h a tt h eL aume s t one si ng ene ra lt e rm sr ef lec tt h et o p ic o fs a c r ed s t one sk nown n ea rw a t e ra nd e spec ia l ly i nw a te r . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h eL aume s t one sm ake o ne p ay a t t en t ion t ot h e i rl o ca la r ea i nN o r th -we s t er nL i thuan ia .H e r et h eL aum e s t one so ccu ri ns i te sf amou s f o rt h e i ra r chaeo log ica l monu m en t s .F o ri n s tance ,t h eL aume s t one o fNau jo j iI p i l t i sl i e so n t h eb ank o ft h eJ uodup i sR ive r ,e a s to ft h eA lka R ive ra nd t h e A lka h i l l .T he L aume s t one o fL a iv ia ii si nt h eB ub ina sR ive r b e tween t h eL a iv ia i h i l l f o r ta nd ac eme te ry o ft h em id -P t b eg inn ing o ft h e 2 " " m i l lenn ium AD . T he L aum e s t one o f K a r tena i sw e s to ft h eh i l lf o r t . T hu st h e r ei sc au se t op ropo se t h a to ne o ft h eg r oup so ft h e C ou ron ian s a c r ed p l a ce s a r es a c r ed s t one s s i tua ted i nw a t e r s u r round ing so rd i r ec t ly i nw a te r .A pa r tf r om t h em t h e re a r e m o r es a c r ed s t one si nN o r th -we s t er nL i thuan ia t h a th ave t h i s s ame f e a tu re ,a l though o r a lt r ad i t ion d oe sn o ta s soc ia te t h em w i th L aume .I nt h i ss ame n a tu r a le nv i ronmen ta r ek nown P ru s s i an s a c r ed s t one so ft h eg od o ff e r t i l i ty K u rka ( c f .V o ig t , 1 8 27 p p .589-90 ;D en t le r , 1 8 65 ) .

Mo s t o ft h e d a t a f r om t h e l a t e 1 9 ' h -2 0 t h c .s how t h a t t h e s a c r ed s t one sw e r ev i s i t ed a ta ny t i me w hen t h e r ew a s ac au se , f o ri n s tance , w hen p eop le g o ts i ck , d u r ing t h e c hu r ch h o l i d ay sa nd s oo n .T he A n takm ene ,M i tk i gke s ,a nd Z igman t i gk e s s t one s w e r e u sua l ly v i s i t ed i nt h e p e r iod o fC o rpu s C h r i s t i D ay ; t h e S kudu t i gk i s s t one w a s v i s i ted o n T r in i ty S unday ; t h eS i luva , Ma i ron ia i ,a nd G e lvona io ne sw e r ev i s i ted o nt h e 8 ' hS ep tembe r . B yc ompa r i son , t h e s a c r ed s t one s i nB e la ru s w e r eu sua l ly v i s i ted o n S tG eo rge ' s D ay , P en t eco s t , E a s t e r , T r in i ty S unday a nd S tJ ohn ( Du ch i t s &L evkov , 1 989 p . 57 ) . P robab ly t h e se d a t e s /pe r iod s a pp rox ima te ly c o r r e spond t o t h ed a te so ft h eo l df e a s td ay s . Mo r eove r , i ns om ec a se st h e d a t e so ft h en on -Ch r i s t ian r i t e sn ea rt h es t one sa r ei n d ica ted b y t h e p l a ce legend s , e . g . w i t che s u sed t od ance s b y t h e Mauga ra i s t one d u r ing t h e n i gh t o f Ma r ch 2 5t h ( LFA , 1 044 n o . 122 ) . T he r e i sv e ry l i t t le d a ta a bou tw ha ta nd h ow w a s s a c r if iced b y t h e s t one s . T he f i nd s s u ch a ss i ng le p o t she rd s , c oa l a nd a s he s t h a t h ave b een f o und n ea r t h e s t one s c ou ld h a rd ly e n r ich t h ed a t a .

S a c red p l a ce s o ft h i s g r oup m igh t h ave e xp r e s sed v a r iou s m y th ica lv a lue s ;h oweve r ,t h e i rr e a lr e cogn i t ion i sac ha l lenge t h a tr e qu i r e sd e ta i led r e sea r ch i n to m y tho logy . A ni mage o f t h eB a i t s ' m y tho logy " as t one i nw a te r "i ni t sg ene ra l s e n se m ean s am y th ica l c omb ina t ion o ff i r ea nd w a te r , b ecau se i t c on s i s t so fb o th w a te r( when t h es t one d i v ide s , s e aa ppea r s ) a nd f i r e( f rom w h ich ,a c co rd ing t ot h et a le s ,a nge l sw e r ec r e a t ed ) .T h i sc omb ina t ion h a s mo r eo ppo s i t ion i mp l ied i ni t ,t h e m a in p a r to fw h ich i st ob eb o rn / to d i e( V a i tkev ie ien e ,2 00 1 p p .144-7 ) .T he n a tu r eo fL aume ,i nt h ec a se o ft h er e co rded L aume s t one s , c o r re la te sw i th i t .S o L aume s ( Fa i r ie s ) w e r e d o ing t h ew a sh ing i nt h ec onf luence o ft h e a ky sa nd S aku t e R ive r s( P aka ln i gk ia i ,J u rba rka sd i s t r ic t ) ,t h ey w e r eg ood a nd b l e s s ing f o rg ood p eop le a nd b ad a nd p un i sh ing f o rt h eb ad o ne s( V a i tkev ie iu s , 1 998a p p .6223 ) .

T he n a r ra t ive so rd e sc r ip t ion so fe t hno log ic t y pe ,w i th v e ry f ew e xcep t ion s ,a r eu sua l ly o f ag ene ra lt y p e ,n o td e ta i led o r f r agmen ta l . ' I ne t hno log ic s o u r ce st h eo f e r ing o fm oney ,w oo l ,f l ax ( c lo th ) , f l owe r s , f o od , a nd as i ng le t h ing s o n /nea r s a c red s t one i s r e co rded ( Akmuo ,B üdo s( T r aka id i s t r ic t ) ,M i tk i gke s ,Z igman t i gke s ) ( F ig .4 2 ) .T he se s a c r if i ce sw e r eu sua l ly h anded o ve r t ot h e c l o se s to rp a r i sh c hu r ch l a te r , i ns ome c a se st h eb eg g a r sw ou ld t a ke t h em . A l so t h ei mpor tan tn o t em ade b yt h e J e su i t si n1 603 s hou ld b em en t ioned . I ts a y st h a ti nt h el a nd t h a t b e longed t ot h e V i ln iu s C hap te r , p eop le a ppo in ted t h e s t one ss ome k i nd o fd i v in i ty a nd o f f e red " t he t e n th p a r to fa l t h et h ing s" t ot h em ( Lebedy s , 1 976 p . 204 ) .H oweve r ,t h en a t u r eo ft h es a c r if i ce sw a sn o td e sc r ibed h e re .

A s h a s a l r eady b een m en t ioned , t h e o b ta ined d a ta p r ov ide o n ly f r agmen ta ry i n f o rma t ion a bou tr e l ig iou sr e a l ia t h a ta r e c onnec t ed w i th t h e B a i t s ' s a c r ed s t one s i nL i thuan ia . B u t a c tua l ly t h e se s t one sr e vea lt h er e a lr e l ig iou sc e r emon ie s( t he t ime a nd t y pe o fr i t e s , t h e c ha r a c te ro fs a c r if ice s , e t c . ) c on n ec ted w i th c e r ta in m y th ica lc on ten t .

' Compa re t h er i t ua lo fc a l l ing t h er a in n ea rt h eK ram iane t ss t one i nB e lar u s ( Levkov , 1 992 p p .66-7 ; Z a ikov sk iy & D uch i t s , 2 00 1 p . 54 ) ;t h er i tua lo ft r ea t ing c h i ld r en n ea rt h eK ime r sh i s t one a nd r i ve ri nR u s s ia ( Zo lo tov , 1 981) .

F o ri n s t an ce ,i tw a sb e l ieved t h a tt h e Mok iene s t one i nN au ra g i l ia i w ho se f o rm r e semb led t h a t o f aw oman , c ou ld m ake c h i ld le s s w omen f e r t i le . T ha t i sw hy t h ey c ame h e r e w i th 3 6

3C lass if ica t ion o f monumen t s

f i e s s ome i mpo r tan t my th ica l f e a tu r e s t h a t a r e c ommon t o s a c r ed w a te r si ng ene ra l . I ti sb e l ieved t h a tw a t e ri na ny f o rm ( l ake ,r i ve ro rs ome o t he r ) h a si t sg od -"p rop r ie to r " . " The m a s te r so fw a te r sa r es im i la r t oo l dg en t lemen .I fs omeone i sm ean tt od r own ,t h is o l dm an d r own st h a tp e r son . T he g od d e lega te st h e se o l dm en . E ach l a ke a nd r i ve rh a si t so wn p r op r ie to ra nd t h ew a t e ro fe a ch o f t h em d i f f e r s< . . .> .T he n ame o ft h er i ve ro rl a k ei st h es ame a s t h e w a te r a nd t h e w a te r s d o n o t m ix" ( a cco rd ing t oB a ly s , 1 948 p . 35 ) .A pa r tf r om o l dm en o t he rb e ing sa r ek nown ,f o r i n s t ance ,t h ek i ng so ff i sh ,s h ephe rd so ff i sh ,s n ake so fw a te r , m e rma id s ,g i r l sa nd s oo n( Büg iene , 1 999 p p .49-55 ) .I nc on s e quence o ft h e i r c on tac t s w i th p eop le , ar i tua l t r ad i t ion i s f o rmed . B yt h ew ay , " t h e s a c r if ice so fw a te r s" -p eop le a nd a n ima l s -a l so a cqu i r e as a c ra l s t a tu s b e cau se t h ey f a l l i n to t h em y th ica l w o r ld a nd b ecome i n te rmed ia r ie sb e tween t h e h uman a nd d i v ine s phe re s . D ue t or e l ig iou sp r ac t ice ,w a te r s p r ov ide p eop le w i th h ea l th ,b eau ty ,f e r t i l i ty ,h a r ve s t ,k now l e dg e a nd h app ine s s .

F ig . 4 2 . M i tk i gk g . ss t one ( T raka id i s tr ic t ) w i th j bo tpr in t shaped h o l low s . O nt h en i n th T hur sday a f ter E a s te rt h es t one w a s o rnamen ted w i th n i ne s ma l lw ood en c ro s se sa nd t wo c rowns m ade f r om f l ower s . P ho to b yA . T au tav ie lu s , 1 950 . L IH -1442 .

3 . 5Wa ter s

A pa r tf r om " p rop r ie to r s" , " wa te rs a c r if ice s" a nd t h e v a lue s p rov id ed b yw a te r s ,t h es a c redne s so fl a ke sa nd r i ve r sc ou ld a l so b e i nf luenced b y h uman s ou l sb ecau se w a te r i so ne o f t h ef o rm so fp u rga to ry . S ot h es a c r edne s so fl a ke s ,r i ve r so r s p r ing sh a sc u l tu ra lc onno ta t ion s ,t h a ti s ,t h ew a te r sb ecom e s a c r ed d ue t ot h er i t ua l s( V a i tk ev ie iene , 1 9 96 p p .59-6 1 ,64 ) .

T he d a ta a bou t t h e B a i t s ' s a c red w a t e r s a r e m o r e p l en t if u l a nd m u l t if ace ted , s ot h ey h ave r e ce ived q u i t e al o to fa t t en t i on f r om t h er e sea r che r s( c f . g t u r rn s , 1 946 p p .26-9 ; B a ly s , 1 948 p p .32-42 ;J ohan son s , 1 968 ;K e rbe ly te , 1 970 p p .170-4 ; S l av iüna s ,1 997 p p .312-6 ,B üg iene , 1 999 ) . A dam o fB r emen i n1 075 w ro te :" i nt h eP ru s s ian l a nd < . . .> i t i sf o rb idden t ov i s i tw ood s a nd s p r ing sw h ich i nt h e i ro p in i o nw ou ld b ef o u lb yt h ev i s i t so fC h r i s t ian s" ( Ve l iu s , 1 996 p . 19 1) . A cco rd ing t oP e te ro fD u sbu rg ( w ro t e i n1 326 ) t h e P ru s s ian s " have s a c r ed < . . .> w a te r s w he r e n obody d a red < . . .> t of i sh" ( Ve l iu s , 1 996 p . 344 ) . P .C a l l ima chu sw ro t ei n 1 479-80 a bou tL i thuan ian st h a tt h ey w o r sh ip l a ke s( Ve l iu s , 1 996 p . 604 ) . A nd i nt h e p r ef a ce o ft h e C a tech i sm o fM . Maivyda so f1 547 i ti ss a id t h a tL i thuan ian sp e r f o rm " pagan r i t e sa nd k eep t op agan i sm i np ub l ic :t h ey w o r sh ip t r ee s ,r i v e r s< . . .> a sg od s" ( a cco rd ing t oV e l iu s ,2 00 1 p . 184 ) .

V .T opo rov s i ng led o u tt h a ti nt h eB a l t ic r e g ion ,n ame sw i th t h er o o t. v en t -( s a c r ed )v e ry o f ten b e long t ol a ke sa nd r i ve r s . T he p r ima ry m ean ing o ft h ei ' v en t -a c co rd ing t oV .T opo rov w a st h el u s t r ea nd s h ine o ft h ew a te r ' ss u r f a ce .T he r e sea r che r d i d n o t p o in t o u t c l ea re r b ounda r ie s b e tween t h e . e v en ta s w a te r s t h a t b e longed t ot h e r e l ig iou s s phe r e a nd t h e o ne s t h a to n ly w e r eo f. e v en ta sb eau ty ( Topo rov , 1 988 p p .28-30 ) . S ome t ime s r e sea r che r s a b so lu te ly n eg lec t a ny r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e gy en ta s ( Sa c r ed ) w a te r s a nd t h e p r e -Ch r i s t ian r e l ig ion . I ti sa s se r ted t h a t u nde rt h e i n f luen ce o ft h e L a t in s anc tu s " ho ly" ( wh ich w a s i n t roduced t o ge the rw i th C h r i s t i an i ty )t h es eman t ic f i e ld o ft h es a c r ed w h ich i sc ommon t o t h eB a i t sa nd t h eS l ay sh a sc hang ed ( Kowa lczyk ,2 000 p . 33 ) . H oweve r ,i ti sn o te xp la ined h ow o rw hy t h i sh appened .

S i nce t h e 1 611 c .w r i t ten s ou r ce sp rov ide ab i tm o r ec onc r e te i n f o rma t ion . A cco rd ing t oN . H u s sov ianu s ( w ro t e i n1 525 ) L i thuan ian s d rop f r u i t i n to t h er i ve r , w o r sh ip g od so fr i ve r s a nd b e l iev et h a tt h eb enevo lence o fd e s t iny a nd t h ef e r t i l i ty o ft h e i rh e rd s d epend o n t h e w i l l o ft h e se g od s ( S lav iüna s , 1 997 p . 3 15 ) .M .S t rykov sky w ro te i n1 5 82 t h a tp eop le u s ed t o s a cr if ic e aw h i te p i gf o rt h eg od U p in i s( R ive rG od )s ot h a tt h e w a te rw ou ld b ec l ean a nd b r igh t( Ve l iu s ,2 00 1 p . 5 13 ) .I nt h e y ea rbook o ft h e J e su i t s C o l lege i n 1 605 i ti ss a id t h a t t h e v i l lage p eop le w ho s t i l lk eep t ot h ea nc ien tr e l ig ion " wo r sh ip al o to fg od s ,a nd b r ing s a c r if ice st ot h em a tt h et i me d ef ined b yt h ec u s tom so ft h ev i l lage < . . .> .T hey a l so u s ed t os a c r i f i ce ag oa tf o rt h eg od c a l led N o soh im a nd p ou ro u ti t sb l ood i n to t h er i ve rs ot h a tt h eg od sw ou ld p rov ide ag ood h a rve s t o fc o rn" ( Lebedy s , 1 9 76 p . 206 ) .

Em i l B enven i s te a nd ac oup le o fo t he rr e sea r che r s e xp r e s s a no the ro p in ion . T hey o r ig ina t et h e L i thuan ian 3 ' v en ta sa nd t h er e la ted L a tv ian s v& s ,P ru s s ian s w in t s ,t h eo l dS l av ic s v q t e i , R u s s ian C6 ,5 1 M0 17 f r om t h eI n do -Eu ropean * k 'wen ta -" s a c r ed" ( Benven i s t , 1 995 p p .344-6 ;a l so s e e Ma l lo ry & A dam s , 1 997 p p .49 3-4 ) . D a ta a bou t t h e l a ke s a nd r i ve r st h a th ave t h e r o o t. e v en t - i n t h e i rn ame s( gven to j i ,g ven tup i s ,g ven e iu s ,e t c . )u sua l ly s how t h a t s u ch d epo s i t s o fw a te rb e long t os a c red s i t e s t o ge the r w i th h i l l s , g r ove s a nd f i e ld s t h a t h ave o t he r s a c ra l n ame s . Mo r eove r ,i ns ome c a se st h em o t iva t ion o ft h es a c r edne s so f t h e g ven ta s w a te r s a l so s e em s t ob e m o r e c onv inc ing t h an t h en a tu ra l -g l i t t e r ing a nd s h in ing -n a tu r eo fw a te r . F o ri n s t an ce ,t h e g ven ta s L ake n ea rG i ru t i §ke si su n ique f r om t h e p o in to fv i ew o fn a tu re .I tl a y si nt h ew a te r shed a r ea ,n or i ve r

T h e r ea r ea bou t 1 00 s a c r ed l a ke s ,5 0r i ve r sa nd 1 5 0s p r ing si n L i thuan ia ( i nL a tv ia a c co rd ing ly 7 0 ,40 a nd 8 -U r tän s , 1 978 p p .778 ,a nd 1 995 p . 40 ) . T he n ame s ,p l ace legend s ,b e l ief s a nd r i t ua l st e s t if yt h e i rs a c ra lm ean ing .T h i si n f o rma t ion c l a r i 3 7

V yk in tas

V a i tkev iaus .

S tud ie s

i n to

t h e B a l t s ' s acr ed p lace s

I nL a tv ia " He l ige s e et oD ovza r e" ( mo s tp r obab ly t h es ame i s c a l led L i epa ja o rP ape L ake n ow )w a sm en t ioned a l r eady i n 1 2 53 ( Ku r t z ,1 9 24 p . 75 ) ." H i l l ig es e e" n ea rt h ec a s t le o fL imbai i -i n1 385 ( Ku r t z ,1 924 p . 58 )a nd " H i l l ig es e e" n ea rR ozb ek i -i n s ome d ocumen t s o f1 5 t h16 t h c .( Ku r tz , 1 9 24 p . 59 ) . A l l t h e g ven ta s L ake s k nown i nt h e t e r r i to ry o ft h e P ru s s ian t r i be s o ccu ri nt h es ou r ce so ft h e 1P15 t hc en tu r ie s( Ge ru l l i s , 1 922 p . 179180 ) .

f l ow s i n to i ta nd n or i ve rf l ow s o u to fi t .T he l a k ei sf e db y p r ec ip i ta t ion a nd t h ew a te ri nt h e l a k e i sp a r t icu la r ly c l ean . T he r ea r e al o to fp l ace legend sk nown a bou tt h i ss i t e ;m o r e o ve r , i tr e qu i re s a nnua l s a c r if ice s -" doe sn o tf r e eze u n t i l i t h a st a k en al i f e . S omeone h a st od r own e a ch y ea r -a tl e a s ta d og i fn o t ap e r son" ( LFA , 1 252 n o .340 ) .0 . 9k mn o r th o ft h e l a k et h e r ei st h eR u s t e ik ia ib a r row g r oup o ft h eE a s tL i thuan ian B a r row C u l tu r eo ft h e P tm i l lenn ium AD a nd 1 . 4 -km e a s ta r e t h eG a i l iu t i gke b a r row so ft h es ame c u l tu r e .

T he g ven ta sL ake su sua l ly l i ei na r ea sw h e r et h e r ea r em any l a ke sa nd d on o ts t and o u tf o rt h e i rs i ze .T h e i ra ve rage s i ze i s 3 0-40 h a( An t a gven te ,J anony s ,K r iva sa l i s ) .B igge r gy en ta s L ake s f o rm t h e v e ry f ew e xcep t ion s ( e .g . t h e gy en ta s L ake n ea rG i ru t igke t a ke su pa na r ea o f4 40 h a ) .

F u r the rs e c t ion so ft h i sc hap t e rd ea lw i th s ome t y p ica lg r oup s o fs a c r ed l a ke s ,w e t land s ,r i ve r sa nd s p r ing s . 3 .5 . 1L ake s

I nt h ea r ea sa r ound t h e gy en t a sL ak e st h e r ea r ea r chaeo log i c a ls e t t lemen t sa nd b u r ia ls i t e sm o s t ly o ft h em idd le -s e cond h a lf o ft h e1 s tm i l lenn ium AD ( J anony s ,K r iva sa l is ,2 y d i g k e s ) .

L ake s( o rp a r t so ft h em )a nd l i t t le s wamp sc a l led Alka a r e r e co rded i n1 5s i t e s( Map X IX )( F ig .4 3 ) .S uch n ame su sua l ly h ave s e pa ra te p a r t s o fl a k e s o rs ma l l ( u p t o 1 0h a ) s wamp s c a l led b a la i nL i thuan ian ( a nd e s pec ia l ly b y i n hab i tan t s o f C en t r a lL i thuan ia ) .

T he p l a ce leg end s a nd b e l ief s k nown a bou t gy en ta s l a ke s a r ea c tua l ly t y p ica lt oa l l s a c r ed w a te r s . I ti st o ld t h a ti nt h e p l ace o ft h el a ke t h e r ew a so n ce ac hu r ch ,o rt h a t ab oa tw i th g o ld o n ce f l oa t ed i nt h e l a ke , o rt h a t t h e l a ke i sa s k ing f o r s a c r if ices , a l so t h a t p eop le w e re b ap t ised i n t h e l a ke ( gven t eie r i s , 2 y d i gk e s ) . On ly af ew t e x t s a r e o f ad i f f e r en t n a tu re ,f o ri n s tan ce :" gven e iu sw a s av e ry b eau t if u ll a ke ,t h e o l d -f a sh ioned p eop le t o ok g ood c a r eo fi t . Maybe i tw a sr e a ly s a c r ed .P eop le u sed t or e spec tt h el a k ea tt h a tt ime < . . .>" ( Bak a lo r i gke s ) . T he m o s tp r eva len te xp lana t ion o ft h eo r ig in o ft h e Sy en ta s l a ke sn ame s a y st h a t ap r ie s td r owned i ns u ch al a ke ." On ce a p r ie s tw i th t h eH o ly S ac ramen tw a sg o ing t oa ni lp e r son a nd d r owned . T ha ti sw hy t h e l a k e i sg ven ta s( S a c r ed )" ( K r iva s a l i s )( LFA ,6 226 n o .123 ) .T he a na ly s i so ft h i sm o t ive s h ow s t h a td r owned m en " v ic t im so fw a te r " -i ns u ch aw ay a c qu i r e as a c ra l s t a tu s a nd b ecome m ed ia to r s b e twe en h uman a nd d e i ty s phe r e s . T ha t i sw hy as a c ra l p e r son ( p r ie s t ) a lway s f i gu re s i n p l ace legend s l i ke t h e o ne m en t ioned a bove ( V a i tk ev ie iene ,1 9 96 p . 52 ) .

F ig . 4 3 .A lka l i t t le s wamp o fA lkas ( P lun 0 d i s tr ic t ) .A lka h i l l -i n t h eb ackg round . P ho to b yA .K ub i las , 1 963 . ( "HC .

T he A lka l a k e s a nd s wamp s u sua l ly b e long t os a c r ed s i te s ( B landi ia i , K u r ena i ) . S ome o ft h em m en t ion h i s to r ic d ocu m en t s( c f .B üga , 1 9 6 1 p . 403 ) .U nf o r tuna te ly ,v e ry l i t t le c on c r e te d a ta e x i s t sa bou tt h es a c r edne s so ft h e se s a c r ed p l a ce s .

T he r ei sn o tm uch i n f o rma t ion a bou tc e r ta in r e l ig iou sr i t e si n t h ec a se o ft h eg ven ta s l a ke s .T he f a c tt h a tt h e se l a ke so f t en b e long t os a c r ed s i te s s how s i n d i r ec t ly t h a ts u ch r i tua l s e x i s t ed .F o ri n s tan ce ,o nt h eb ank o fg vene iu si nZ y d i gk e st h e r e i sas a c r ed s t one w i th a ni regu la rb ow l .O nt h eb ank o fg ven e i u si nN ee iüna it h e r ei sah o l low c a l led t h eD ev i l ' sh o l low .I n t h eg ven ta sL ak ei nR ak g te l ia it h e r ei st h eA lka i s l and -pen in s u la ,e t c . Mo r eove r , t h e r e a r eb e l ief st h a tt h e se l a ke s d on o t f r eeze u n t i lt h ey t a ke as a c r if i ce f o rt h em se lve s ,t h a t" s ome o ne h a st od r own i nt h e l a ke a tl e a s t o nce e v e ry f ew y ea r s" ( LFA ,6 167 n o .250 ) .

T he gventas L ake s ( Sa c r ed L ake s ) a r e r e co rded i n1 7 s i t e si nL i thuan ia ( t he re 1 9l a ke si nt o t a l ) .A bou tt e no ft h em a r ek nown a l so i nn e ighbou r ing c oun t r ie s( Map XX )a sw e l l a si no t he r E u ropean c oun t r ie s ( c f . We s sen , 1 929 / 30 p . 98 ; W i tkow sk i , 1 970 p .3745 ;R a jew sk i , 1 9 75 p p . 115-6 ;H o lm b e rg , 1 990 p . 389 ;Z a ikov sk iy & D uch i t s ,2 00 1p . 60 ) . T he gy en ta s L ake s a r e f ound p a r t icu la r ly i nE a s te rn a nd M idd le L i thuan ia ;t h e i ra r ea a c tua l ly c o r r e spond st ot h ew e s t e r ne xpan s ion b ounda ry o ft h e l a te p e r iod o fB r u shed Wa r e C u l t u r e( f i r s tc en tu r ie s AD )a nd o ft h ef u r the rE a s tL i thuan ian B a r row C u l tu r e( c a .3 "1 12 g tc . ) .

T h e r ea r ea l so 3 2s acr if ice—request ing l a ke sk nown i nL i thuan ia ( Map XX I ) .B e l ief so ft h i sk i nd a r ea l so p r eva len t i nL a tv ia ( Ku r tz , 1 924 p p .76 , 8 5 ) , B e lar u s ( Za ikov sk iy & D uch i t s ,2 00 1 p . 73 )a nd o t he rc oun t r ie s( Hunne rkopf , 1 9 29 / 3 0p . 169 1 ;J ohan son s , 1 968 p .46-9 ) .

T he g ven e iu sL ak e( Swen te A zere )n ea rS t ak l i gk e si sm en t ioned a se a r ly a s 1 375 ( Ve l iu s , 1 996 p . 42 1 ) . T he g ven ta s L ake o f K r iv a sa l i si sm en t ion ed i n1 5 54 ( J ab lon sk i s , 1 9 34 p . 94 ) .

3 8

3C la s s i f i ca t ion o fm onumen t s I ti su sua l ly b e l ieved t h a t t h e se l a ke s d o n o t f r eez e u n le s s s omeon ed r own st h a ty ea r ." I t( t h eD y sna iL ak e )i ss os p ec ia l t h a ti td o e sn o tf r eeze i fn oo ne d r own si ni t .E a ch w in te r am an d r own si ni t .M aybe i ti sd amned a nd w an t ss ome th ing f r om p eop le .T h eo l dp eop le u s ed t os a yt h el a k ea s k sf o ro f f e r ing s , p r aye r s "( LSSC ,1 84 n o . 13 ) .T h e r ea r ec a s e sk nown w h en p eop le u s ed t os a c r if i ce " s ome th ing l i v e" t h em s e lv e s ." The D u s ia L ak e a s k s f o rt wo s a c r if ice s -t wo p eop le h ave t od r own d u r ing a y ea r . S op eop le d rop s ome t wo a n ima l s ,f o ri n s tan ce ,h o r se s , a nd t h el a k ei sp l ea sed w i th t h a t -h ed oe sn o ta s kf o rh uman s a c r if i ce s "( LFA , 1 4 34 n o . 146 ) ." Th e r ei sap i gs a c r if i ced f o rt h e S i e s ika iL ak ee a ch y ea rb ecau se o t he rw i se t h el a k ep u l l s ap e r s o ni n to i t sd ep th s" ( Bu rga s , 1 996 p . 46 ;c f .H unne rkopf , 1 9 29 / 3 0p .1 6 9 1 ;J o han son s , 1 968 p . 54 ) .

O n t h e o t he rh and , t h e l a ke s t h a t u sed t or e que s t s a c r if i ce s a r e u sua l ly s i tua ted i nt h e s u r round ing s o fa r chaeo log ica l s i t e so ft h e 1 "m i l lenn ium -b eg inn ing o ft h e2 n dm i l lenn ium ( Du s ia ,R ub ik ia i ,V i lko ldn i s )( F ig .4 4 ) .S om eo ft h el a ke st h a t r e que s t s a c r if i ce s a l so l i e i nt own s o ft h e 1 4 t h17 t h c .a r ea ( g iau l ia i ,T e l § ia i ,a nd T rak a i ) . T he B a la ( L i t t le p i ece o fw a t e r ;w ew i l lu se t h ew o rd ' swamp ' t od e sc r ibe t h em )h ave a ni n te rmed ia t ep o s i t ion b e tween l a ke s a nd w e t land s . A sh a sb een a l r eady m en t ioned ,t h ey u sua l ly t a k eu pa na r ea f r om 0 . 5t o1 5h a( F ig .4 5 ) .

S ome t ime st h ee xa c tp a r to ft h el a ke t h a tr e que s t ss a c r if i ce si s k nown . F o ri n s tance , s u ch ap l a ce i nR ub ik ia i L ake h a st h e n ame o fA v e n t av a r t e( Ho ly G a te ) . I ti st o ld t h a th e r eu nde r n ea th t h e w a te r t h e r e i s" t he g r ea t e s t a l ta r o fc hu r ch w i th m on s t ran ce" p r e se rved ( Ba ly s , 1 949 p . 84 ) . T he s a c r if ice r eque s t ing l a ke s a nd f u lf i lmen t o fs u ch ar e q ue s ti s ac omp lex o fm y tho log ica lv i ew st h a th a sn o tb een a na ly sed i nm o re d e ta i ly e t .I ti sn o tc l ea rw ha tm y th ic m ean i n gh a sb een g i ven t ot h ef r ozen l a ke ,a tw ha tt i me o ft h ey ea r t h es a c r if ice w e re p e rf o rmed a nd s oo n . I ti sa l so d i f f icu l tt o t a lk a bou tt h eh i s to r ic c on tex to fg i v ing o f f e r ing st ot h el a ke s . T he m en t ioned s ou r ce s o ft h e 1 6 t h17 t hc .( s ee C hap te r3 . 5 ) c onf i rm s a c r if i c ing t or i ve r s ; t h e p opu la rb e l ief s s how t h a t s a c r if i ce sf o rl a ke sw e r es t i l lg i ven i nt h e 1 9 t h_20 t h c en tu r ie s .

F ig . 4 5 . R agana ( W i tche s ' )s wamp q f2 ema i tk iem i s ( Kauna s d i s t r ic t ) . P ho to b ya u thon 1 998 .

F ig . 4 4 . V i l kok s 'n i sL ake ( T raka id i s tr ic t ) . P ho to b ya u thor , 2 00 1 .

3 9

V y k in ta s

V a i tk ev i i lu s .

S t ud ie s i n to t h e B a i t s ' s ac r ed p lace s s i t e s )i ng i auda l ia ia nd S ena s i sO be lyna sa r es i tua t ed d i r ec t ly i nt h ea r ea so ft h ec eme te r ie so ft h em id 1 s ' -b eg inn ing o ft h e 2 m i l lenn ium AD ,i nP aupyny s -n ea rt h a to ft h em id 1 s 'm i l l e nn ium AD . I nB a l s ia ia nd P a jü ra l i sK a r e iamv ie t es i t e sa r e s i tua ted i nt h es u r round ing so ft h eb a r row g roup so ft h ef i r s t c en tu r ie s AD .

T he r ei sq u i t e al o to fi n f o rma t ion a va i lab le o nt h es a c ra lm ean i n go fB a la .T he r ea r ep l a ce -name s ,p l a ce legend sa nd b e l ief s k nown w h ich s how t h e i rs a c r edne s s .T he r ea r ea l so d a ta a bou t s pe c ia l b ehav iou r t h e r e . F o r e xamp le , t h e S t ebuk l inga b a la ( M i r a c le s wamp )i nK lov in ia ii ss o ca l led b e cau se i ti sm ag ic .I f w a t e rr u n sf r om i ti ns umme r , ab ad y ea ri se xpe c t ed ( Onom . ) .I t i st o ld a bou tt h eg ven t in eb a la ( Sa c r ed s wamp )i n Ma r tnon ia i t h a t" wh i le v i s i t ing c r op o nh o l iday sp eop le u sed t od r ink a nd e a tb e s ide t h i ss wamp" ( Onom . ) .T h en ex tp a r to ft h i ss e c t ion p r e sen t s s ome g r oup s o fs wamp s , w h ich e v iden t ly i l u s t r a t e t h e my th ic s i gn if i can ce o ft h e se w a t e r s .

n d

A cco rd ing t op r e l im ina ry i n f o rma t ion t h e r ei sa l so ag r oup o f s wamp si nM idd le a nd N o r ther nL i thuan ia . Among t h em any s i t e st h e re t h eV e ln iaba la ( Dev i l ' sS wamp s )a r en o tab le .T he n a r ra t ive sa bou tt h em s how t h a tp eop le b e l ieved d ev i l su sed t od we l li no rv i s i tt h e se p l a ce s( K r iau § i §k ia i ,L en e ia i ) .

I ns i xs i te so fN o r th -we s t e rn L i thuan ia t h em o t ive o f av an i s hed b a thhou se i sa s so c ia ted w i th t h e l i t t le s wamp s . I ti s t o ld t h a tp eop le u sed t of l og t h em se lve sw h i le b a th ing i nt h e b a thhou se o n ah o l iday ,a tt h em a s st i me , i nt h e e ven ing o f t h eG r ea tS a tu rday o ro nC h r i s tma sE ve a nd t h a ti sw hy t h e g round o pened a nd s wa l lowed u pt h eb a thhou se w i th p eop le . I n s tead o fb a thhou se s , s wamp s s p rang t h e r e . I ti sb e l ieved t h a to ne c an s t i l l h ea rp eop le f l ogg ing t h em se lve s( Kadi ia i , R a e ia i ,2 em a i e ig K a lva r i ja ) .

T wo m o r ef e a tu r e sd e sc r ibe t h eV e ln iaba la s i te s .F i r s t ly ,s a c r ed s t ones w i th f oo tp r in t s a r e f ound t h e re ( Daukonys , R adv i l i gk i sd i s t r ic t ;T i ton i a i ,G uo s taga l i s -b o th i nt h eP ak ruo j i s d i s t r ic t )( a bou ts u ch s t one ss e eC hap t e r3 . 4 . 1 .3 ) .S econd ly ,i n s ome c a se st h eV e ln iaba la s i te sa r ei nt h es u r round ing so ft h e c eme t er ie s( g a g ia i ,G u lb ina i -b o th i nt h eR adv i l i gk i sd i s t r ic t ; L inkuva ,P ak r uo j i sd i s t r ic t ) .

T h i sm o t ive o fp l ace legend si sa l so a s soc ia ted w i th t h eh i l l c a l led P ek la ( He l l )i nU ipe lk ia i .T he P ek la i t se lf i sah o l low p l a ce , aq uagm i r e o f 1h a a tt h e n o r th -ea s t f o o t o ft h e h i l l . T he r ei nt h i ss ame r e g ion o t he rs wamp sc a l led P ek la a r ek nown ( Uogu e ia i ,A l sedl ia if o r e s t ) .I ti si mpo r t an tt h a ta lt h e se p l a ce s c a l led P ek la ( He l l ) a r en o tf a rf r om s wamp sc a l led ty s e iu s ( e y se iu s " a p l a ce f o r c l ean ing u p o f s ou l s , p u rga to ry" B a le ikon i s ,1 9 47 p . 90 ) . Mo reove r ,P ek la w i th t y se iu si nU ipe lk ia ia r es i tua ted n ea r t h eD ova in ia ic eme te ry o ft h em id l s 'm i l lenn ium -b eg inn ing o ft h e2 m i l lenn ium AD .G r ave so ft h em id -1 s 'm i l lenn ium A l) h ave b een e xp lo r ed i nU ogue ia ic eme t e ry ,a sw e l la so ne so f t h ee a r ly 2 m i l lenn ium AD i nZ ema ie igKa lva r i ja .

S ot h r ee e xamp le so fl o ca lg roup so ft h el a t te rt y pe o fs a c red p l ace s how t h a tt h e re h ave b een s a c r ed w a te r s ( swamp s , i n t h i sc a se ) ,w h i ch e xp re s sed t h eB a i t s ' v i ew sa bou tt h ep o s t h umou s s t a te o fs ou l s . O nt h ew ho le , t h e e x i s tence o fs u ch v i ew s d oe s n o t c au se b i gge r d oub t s b e cau se t h e o t he r l i f e ( o ft h ed ead )i n am y th ica ls e n se w a si mag ined a sb e ing o fa w a te ry t y pe ( c f .G r e ima s , 1 990 p . 367 ) .B yt h ew ay ,t h e r ea r ea l o to fw a te r -name si nL a tv ia t h a ta r em ade u pf r om t h ew o rd e i l e " He l l" a nd t h i s f a c t d oe s n o t m a t ch w i th t h e C h r i s t ian c oncep ta bou th e l l( S t raube rg s , 1 960 p p . 143-4 ;c f .J ohan son s , 1 9 68 p p .72 ,7 4 ) . T he m y th ica l r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h ed ead a nd t h ew a te r s r ef lec ta l so w a t e r sw ho se n ame s a r e m ade f r om L i thuan ian o rS l av ic a t e a" s ou lo ft h ed ead" ( Büga , 1 9 58 p p .515-8 ; V anaga s , 1 9 8 1 p .3701) .E ven t h ough r i v e r sw i l lb ed i s cu s sed l a te r , i ti sl o g ica l t od i scu s s h e r eb o th v e i eL ake s a nd v e i e R ive r st o ge the r .

n d

n d

S ot h el i t t le s wamp sf o und i nt h el o ca la r ea o fN o r th -we s ter n L i thuan ia ( p a r t o ft h e C ou ron ian l a nd ) h ave h ad ac e r ta in my tho log ica l m ean ing . T he r e co rded n ame s , p l a ce legend s a nd t h e i rl o ca t ion i nc l o se r e la t ion sh ip t ot h eb u r ia ls i te ss ug g e s t t h a t t h ey e xp re s s t h e B a l t s ' v i ew o ft h e p o s thumou s my th ica l s t a te o fs ou l s . I nt h ep opu la rb e l ief st h e mo t ive o f s ou l s 'e y se iu s( c lean ing )i sw ide ly k nown .V iew sa bou ts ou l s a r ef r equen t ly a s so c ia t ed w i th b a thhou se s( c f .L a s ick i s , 1 969 p p .23-4 ) .

T he r e a r e t h ree v e ie ( Sou l so ft h e d ead ) L ake s a nd n i ne v e i e( Sou l so ft h ed ead )R ive r sk nown i nL i thuan ia . A na lo g ou sw a te r -nam e sp r eva i led i nL a tv ia ( n ol e s st h an n i ne )a nd P r us s ia ( one )( Ku r t z , 1 924 p p .56 ,6 2 ,8 4 ,8 6 ;E ndze l in , 1 9 34 p p .116 , 1 24 ;B üga , 1 958 p p .515 ,5 17 )( Map XX I I ) .U nf o r tu n a t e ly , p r ec i se d a ta a r e k nown o n ly a bou t s ome o ft h em . I t s e em st h a tt h ea r ea o fs u ch l a ke sd oe sn o te xce ed 3 0h a .T he r i ve r s ,a s ar u le ,a r es ma l l ,o f1 5k ml e ng th .

T he re a r et e ns ma l ls wamp si nM idd le S amog i t ia t h a ta r ea s s oc ia t ed w i th t h em o t ive o f av an i shed t a ver n( i ns ome c a se s t h i si sr e co rded t o g e the rw i th t h em o t ive o f av an i shed c hu r ch ) . I ti su sua l ly s a id a bou tt h e se p l a ce st h a ta tt h et i me w hen t h e p roce s s ion w a sw a lk ing a r ound t h ec hu r ch o nE a s te rm or n i n gt h ed r unka rd sw ho w e r eh av ing f u nw ou ld w a lk a r ound t h et a ve rn .G od w a sp un i sh ing t h el a t t e ra nd t h et a ver nv an i s hed . l ti so f ten a s ser ted t h a t l a te r o ne c ou ld h ea r c ock s c r ow ing i nt h a tp l a ce ( Ba l s ia i ,P a jü ra l i s ,S ena s i sO be lyna s ) .

A cco rd ing t ot h ep l a ce legend sa bou tt h ev e t eL ake s i t ua t ed n ea rt h eh i l lf o r t so fV e l iony sa nd Maiu lony s ,t h i sl a ke h ad a s a c ra ls i gn if i can c e . I ti ss a id ," am oun ta in w a si nt h ep l a ce o f t h e l a ke , ac hu r ch w a s s t and ing t h e re" a nd " on S unday s a t t we lve o ' c lo ck o n ec ou ld h ea rb e l l sr i ng ing a tt h eb o t tom o ft h e l a ke" ( LFA ,2 626 n o .58 ) .I tm igh tb et h a tt h ev i s ion o ft h e" h i l l a nd c hu r ch" t h a tv an i shed i nt h ep l a ce o ft h el a ke i sr e la t ed t o t h ei mage o ft h eh i l lt h a to ne w i l lh ave t oc l imb a f t e rd ea th .T h e l a t te ro ne i sk nown f r om al e gend r e co rded i nt h e 1 6 " 'c .a bou t t h ef u ne ra lo ft h em y th ica lD uke g ven ta rag i s .

Meanwh i le t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e a bove -men t ioned p l a ce sa nd b u r ia ls i te si sn o tab le .T he K a r e iamv ie te ( T ave rn 4 0

3C lass if ica t ion o f monumen t s

T he r ea r en od a ta a bou tt h em ean ing o ft h ev e i eR ive r s .O ne c an o n ly g ue s s t h a t t h ey c o r re la t ed t oc e r ta in v i ew s a bou t s ou l sa nd p r ima ry e l emen t so fn a tu r e :w a t e r ,f i r e ,a l so s t one , t r ee . T he r i ve r s b ecome i mpo r tan t i nt h is c oncep t b ecau se w a t e rm igh tc l ean s ou l s . 3 .5 .2We t land s L ake s a nd w e t land s a r e o f ten s im i la ri nt h ep hy s ica l s e n se . T hey a r ea l so a s so c ia ted i nt h em y th ica ls e n se .I ti sb e l ieved t h a t w e t land s a r e e nchan ted l a ke s : " A l l l a ke s t h a t a r e n ow t u rned i n to w e t land s a r e e nchan ted" ( LFA , 1 045 n o .123 ) . A c tua l ly i th a sb een a l r eady m en t ioned t h a ts wamp sh ave a n i n t e rmed ia t ep o s i t ion b e tween l a ke sa nd w e t land s . T he p l a ce leg end sk nown a bou tw e t land sa r et y p ica lo fo t he r s a c r ed w a te r s a s w e l l . We t land s a r e o f t en a s soc ia ted w i th m y th ica l b e ing s . U sua l ly t h e se a r e L aume ( F a i ry ) , R agana ( W i tch ) ,a nd V e ln ia s( Dev i l ) : "Whe r et h ew e t land sa r ei n ac c e s s ib le i ti st h ef a vou r i t ep l a ce o fd ev i l s" ( LSSC ,4 74 n o .738 ) . T he r ea r ea l so w e t land so ft h eD ieva s( God ) ,P e rküna s( Thun d e r ) ,a nd K auka s( one o ft h ec h thon ic L i thuan ian s ou l s ,a l so as ou lo f ad ead p e r son )( Debe ik ia i ,G a i l ie g iony s , Me rk ine ) . S t o r ie sa r eo f ten t o ld a bou tc i t ie s ,e s t a t e s ,a nd c hu r che st h a t v an i shed o n t h e s i t e o ft h e l a ke , a bou t d rowned a rm ie s o r d r owned w eapon s( c f .S auka e ta l . , 1 967 p p .6278 ,6 48 ,6 57 , 62 ) .T he s p ec if i cm o t ive sa s soc ia ted w i th w e t land st e l la bou t l a ke st h a tl a yt h e re o rt h a tw e r ee nchan ted o r" l ef t" l a te r . T he r ei sn o ts om uch d a ta a bou tt h er i t e st h a tt o ok p l a ce n ea r s a c r ed w e t land s .H oweve r ,p l a ce leg end sa nd b e l ief s ,a nd a l so s ome a r chaeo log ica lf i nd ing s ,s how t h a tt h ey h av ee x i s ted . I t i ss a id t h a tt h ew e t land n ea rZ i l in a i" doe sn o tf r e eze u n t i ls ome a n ima ld r own s" ( LFA , 1 406 n o .4 14 ) . As t o ry a bou t aw e t land n ea rK ve sa it e l l s :" i nt h ew e t land c l o s et oK ve sa iv i l lage o n ce w a s al a ke . T he r eu s ed t ol i ve b i t t er n s -t h e o ne sw ho h ow l . E a ch b r ide w hen g o tm a r r ied h ad t od r op al e ng th o fl i nen i n to t h a t l a k e . I fs h ed i d n o t d o t h a tt h e se b i rd s w ou ld h ow l v e ry m u ch s ot h a ti tw a sn o tp o s s ib le t os l eep a tn i gh t .A ss oon a s s h e w ou ld d r op i tt h e b i t t e rn s w ou ld s t op h ow l ing a to nce" ( LFA 4 909 n o .70 ) .I n1 907 A n t ana sZ u k a u s k a sw ro t ea bou tt h e K a ra l iene sl i t ina s( Qu een ' s We t land )n ea rA iuoi e r ia i . " Even t h ough t h eQ ueen ' sw e t land d oe sn o th ave ag ood n am ea mong t h ep eop le t h ey s t i l lr e spe c ti tal o ta nd v i s i tf r equen t ly . I nt h e o l dt i me se a ch S unday p eop le a f t e rt h em a s sf r om c hu r ch < . . .> u s ed t og oa nd s i ta r ound t h ew e t land , t oe a tb u t te r , c hee se s , p i e sa nd w ou ld d r own t h ec r umb sa nd r ema inde r so ff o od i n t h i sQ ue en ' sw e t land" ( 1 907 p p . 1434 ) . I nt h ec a se o ft h eR a iga rda sw e t land t h e r ei ss ome d a ta a bou t c e r ta in r i t ua lb ehav iou ro fp eop le t h a ti sa s soc ia ted w i th t h e s a c ra lm ean ing g i ven t ot h i ss i te . I ti st o ld t h a tu nde rg round b e l l su s ed t or i ng i nt h eR a iga rda sw e t land d u r ing t h em a s so r a tE a s t e r . E ven t h ough my th ica l ly t h e d r owned b e l l s r e p r e s e n t o n ly t h e s a c r edne s s t h a t l i e s i n ap a r t icu la r s i te ( s ee V a i tkev ie iene , 1 996 p . 55 ) i ti sa l so t o ld h ow p eop le u sed t o l i s ten t ot h a tr i ng ing ." Il a y ,l i s t ened ,c a nh ea r ,r i ng ing , ac hu r ch u sed t ob eh e r e ,t h a ti sw hy i tr i ng s" ( LFA ,6 595 n o . 11) .

T he a s sump t ion t h a t r ema in s o fc e r ta in r i tua l b ehav iou r i n t h is s i te i sr e f lec ted i nt h ep l a ce legend si sc onf i rmed b yn a r r a t ive st h a tp a r en t su sed t ot a ke t h e i rc h i ld r en t ol i s ten t ot h e b e l l s r i ng ing i nR a iga rda s o n t h e f i r s t d ay o fE a s te r ( LFA , 6 595 n o .6 ) .A na logou sa c t ion sp e rf o rmed b yt h ev i l lage c om m un i t ie so ft h ee a s t er nS l ay sn ea rt h es a c r ed h i l l sa nd s p r ing s w e r e ac on s t i tuen t p a r t o fh o l iday r i tua l s a sw e l l ( s ee P an c henko ,1 998 p . 128 ) . S uppo sed ly , t h e v i l lage n ame A uk südy s , m ade o ft h e w o rd a uka " s a c r if i ce" a nd s üduva " we t land" , i sa s so c ia t ed w i th

p r e -Ch r i s t ian r i t e sb yw e t land sa sw e l la st h eh oa rd so fs a c r i f i ced g ood s . T he n umbe ro fa r t ef a c t s i ns u ch h oa rd s v a r ie s f r om ac oup le t os ome h und r ed s . S u ch h oa rd s w e r e f o und w h i le w o rk ing i n m a r shy l o ca l i t ie s , c u l t iva t ing d r a ined m a r she s a nd w e t land s , a nd d i gg ing d r a inage d i tche s i n D auga la ie ia i ,D r au s t in ia i ,J u ca ie ia i , Upe lk ia i ,V a ine ik ia i ,a nd P a langa ( R iman t iene , 1 977 p p . 1313 )( F ig .46 ) .T he h oa rd so f S l ik t ine a nd ü e rnaueyzna a r e m o r e f amou s ; e qu ipmen t o f w a r r io r sa nd m a le j ewe l le ry w e r ef o und t h e r e .

F ig . 4 6 . G i lded s i lver c ro s sbow b rooch d ecora ted w i th r i ng le t s t y p ica lo ft h em id -1' m i l lenn ium AD f ound i nL l ipe lk ia iw e t land ( P lung i,d i s t r ic t ) .A f ter L .V a i tkunsk ien ( 1 981 ) .

T he " m i l i ta ry" s a c r if ice si nN o r thwe s tE u ropean w e t land sa r e p e rf ec t ly v e r if ied b ya r chaeo log ica ld a ta .I n1 992 t h e r ew e re 2 7s u ch s i t e sk nown ,t h ey d a te b a ck t ot h el a te I s 'm i l lenn ium BC -6 t hc .AD ( s ee F abe ch , 1 992 p p . 145-7 ) .T he m o s tf amou s o ft h e se s i te s a r e I l e rup . N ydam a nd V imo se i nD enma rk ; T ho r sbe rg i nG e rmany ; S kedemo s se i nS weden ( c f . Mü l le r W i l le , 1 999 p p .4 1-63 ;H agbe rg , 1 9 87 ;F abe ch , 1 992 p p .1448 ) .T he c onc lu s ion si nt h i sf i e ld o fr e sea r ch s ugge s tt h a ts i n ce t h em id l ' m i l lenn ium AD w hen t h es a c r if i c eo fm i l i ta ry e qu ip m en ti nw a te ri nS ou th S cand inav ia s t opped ,t h i sc u s tom w a s s t i l l e xpand ing i nt h e c oun t r ie s i nt h en o r th a nd n o r th -ea s t . A r tef ac t s t h a t w e r e s a c r if i ced i nt h e s e cond h a lf o ft h e i s t m i l lenn ium -b eg inn ing o ft h e2 n dm i l lenn ium AD w e r ef o und i na sm any a sf o u r s i t e s o ft h e G o t land I s land ( S t enbe rge r , 1 943 ; Mü l le r -W i l le , 1 984 p p . 188-95 ) . A sh a s a l r eady b een m en t ioned , s u ch s a c r ed p l ace s a r e a l so k nown a mong t h e B a i t s .

4I

V y k in ta s

V a i tk ev iau s .

S t ud i e s i n to t h e B a i t s ' s a c r ed p l ace s e r s ( g tu rm s , 1 9 36a ) . I ti sn o t f i na l ly e v iden t w he the r t h e a r tef a c t so r ig ina te f r om t h ec r ema t ion so rw e r es a c r if iced .

F rom t h eh oa rd o fü er n aueyzna ,f o und i n1 928 i n am a r shy f i e ld c a l led G ude ( made f r om g udas " somebody l i k e s t ran g e r" ) a r ek nown 4 3 b u rned i t em sd a t ing t o1 2501300 AD . A f te rl i f t ing o ne s t one " ap i le o fw e l l -p re se rved" t h ing sw a s f o und u nde ri t ,l i ke s p ea rhead s ,k n if e s ,a w l s ,r a zo r s ,b i nd ing s o f ab e l t ,a xe s ,f i r ei r on s ,s pu r s ,s t i r rup s ,a l so as wo rd ,t h ek ey o f ac y l ind r ica l l o ck ,s e ve r a lp o t she rd s( R iboka s &Z ab ie la , 1 9 94 )( F ig .4 7 ) .

I ti sd i ff i cu l t t oa n swe r t h e q ue s t ion w he the r t h e r e i sa ny c onnec t ion b e tween t h e w e t land s w he r e t h e s a c r if iced a r t i c le sw e r ef o und ,a nd t h ew e t land s ,w h ich h ave s a c r a ln ame s . T he r ew a sn os u ch i n f o rma t ion a bou tm o s to ft h es i t e sw he r e a r chaeo log ica lo b jec t sw e r ef o und u n t i lp eop le s t a r t ed t om ake d i t che s a nd c u l t iva te . T he G uden i§ke sa r chaeo log ica l s i t es hou ld b em en t ioned i n t h i s c on tex t . I nr e po r t s t h i s l o ca l i ty i sd e sc r ibed a s al i t t le w e t land o r as wamp .I n1 977 i th ad a l r eady b een d r a ined b u t t h e e xped i t ion r e co rded t h a tw h i le c l ean ing u p i t ss ou ther n s i de p eop le u s ed t of i nd a xe sa nd s p ea rhead s .O ne o ft h em an a r row -b laded a xe w i th b roken b l ade ,t y p ica lo ft h em id -1 s t m i l lenn ium AD i si nt h eU tena r e g iona lm u seum . I n1 985 i t w a s s ugge s t ed t h a t t h e m en t ioned f i nd s m igh t h ave o r ig i n a ted f r om an e a rby b a r row ( L IH , 1 376 p p .115-6 ) .N eve r the l e s s , t h e n o te t h a ta mong t h ep eop le ap l a ce legend a bou t a c he s to fg o ld d r owned a nd t h ew eapon h av ing b een d r opped b y s o ld ie r s i n to t h e G uden i §ke s s wamp i sv e ry i n t r igu ing ( L IH , 5 48 p . 70 ) . T he o p in ion t h a t s u ch n a r ra t iv e s c ome u p a f te rp eop le h ave f o und a xe sa nd s p ea rhead s i sa tl e a s tp a r t i a l ly c on t r ad ic ted b yt h ef a c tt h a tw e t land ss h rouded i ns u ch p l a ce legend sa r ef r equen t ly f o und n ea rt h eb a r row so fE a s t L i thuan ian B a r row C u l tu re ( Ba lce r i gk e s ,B a l tadv a r i s ,S t r eva ) ( c f .Z a ikov sk iy & D u ch i t s ,2 00 1p . 73 ) .

5

3

e le r e.

e

4

IMR 4 #

F ig . 4 7 .S ome a r tef ac t sf ound i nC ernauey zna ( Anyk ee i a id i s t r ic t ) a nd i n scr ip t ion so n t h es word ( b e low ) . A f ter D . R iboka s&G .Z ab ie la ( 1 994 ) .

I ns ome o fL i thuan ia ' s s i t e s Alka w e t land s a r e a l so r e c o rded ( Map XX I I I ) . T he se o f ten b e long t os a c r ed s i t e s A lka w e t land sa r es i tua ted n ea rA lka h i l l so ri nA lka g r ove s ( M iky ta i , R üda ie ia i ) . T he A lka w e t land s a r e u sua l ly o ft h e s i ze o f5 35 h a . I ns ome c a se s t h ey a r e s i tua ted a l so i nt h e s i t e sw he r eo t he rk i nd so fs a c red p l ace sa r en o tk nown .

T he f i r s tg l ik t ine h oa rd t h a tw a sf o und i n am a r shy v a l ley o f t h eg a t aR iv e r0 . 3k ma way f r om t h eM iky ta ih i l lf o r tt y p ica lo f 1 0001400 AD c on s i s ted o fn o l e s s t h an 2 00 i t em s o ft h e 1 0 001100 AD . Among t h em w e r e 13 s p ea rhead s ,a l so b a t t le k n ive s ,a xe sa nd s ome j ewe l le r y .T he se a r t ic le sw e r ef o und i n o ne p l a ce u nde ra no ak l o g( SACA ,2 0p p .155-64 ) .F rom t h e s e cond h oa rd t h a t w a s f o und a bou t 5 0 mn o r th o ft h e f i r s t s i t e ,t h e r ea r ea bou t8 0g ood st y p ica lo ft h ep e r iod 9 001000 AD p r e se rved ,i n c lud ing p enannu la rf i bu lae ,b r ace le t s ,s pu r s , b uck le sa nd p a r t so ft h e i rb i nd ing s ,s p ea rhead s ,b a t t le k n ive s . T hey w e r ec o l lec ted f r om t h eg r ound t h a tw a st h rown a way w h i le d i gg ing ad i tch ,i n as ma l la r ea o f3 0-40 m w id th ( L IH , 3 14 ) . I ns um , t h e g l ik t ine h oa rd sc on s i s ted o fm en ' s e qu ip m en t ,j ewe l le ry ,a nd w eapon s . T ha ti sw hy i ti st h ough tt h a t t h i s w a s as a c r if i ce m ade b y w a r r io r s , p robab ly a f te r aw a r c ampa ign ( V o lka i te -Ku l ikau sk iene , 1 9 58 p . 119 ;T au tav ie iu s , 1 9 72 ;R im an t ien e ,1 977 p . 1323 ) .

I ts hou ld b en o t ed t h a tt h e r em igh th ave b een mo r ew e t land s c a l led A lka i -b e cau se o ft h e a l te rna t ion o fa l ka a nd a uka ( s ee C hap t e r2 . 1 )t h e i rn ame s ome t ime sb e come sA uka i .W e t l a nd s , w h ich h ave s u ch n ame s , a r e f o und i nK eda in ia i a nd P aneveiy sd i s t r ic t s( M iegena i ,N au j ie j iL aia i ) . gventas w e t land s( Sac r ed )a r es i tua t ed i nt e ns i t e s( Map XX I I I ) .O f t en t h e se w e t land sb e long t os a c r ed s i te st o ge the r w i th s a c r ed h i l l s ,r i ve r s . T he r ea r en o tm any p l a ce leg end sa nd b e l ief sr e co rd ed a bou t t h e gy en ta sw e t land s . Ap l a ce legend i sa s so c ia ted w i th t h e gy en ta sw e t land i nS t on ia i ,a bou t ap r ie s tw ho d rowned w i th t h e H o ly S ac r amen t . A bou t t h e gy en ta B ainy te le ( Ho ly C hu r ch ) w e t land i n ag r ove n ea r D v i lony s i ti ss a id : " The C hu r ch i sc a l led ad eep w e t land a so l d p eop le u s ed t ot e l l . P eop le u s ed t op r ay t h e r ew hen t h e re w e r en oc hu r che sy e t" ( LFA ,6 8 10 n o .258 ) .

S uch h oa rd s a r e f ound a l so i nL a tv ia , N o r ther n C ou r land ( Moo ra , 1 9 38 p p .32 ,7 1-2 ,9 0 ;A pa l se ta l . , 1 974 p . 185 ) .F o r i n s tance , i nt h eT i ra sw e t land ,j ewe l le ry , a r tef ac t s o fm en ' s c l o the sa nd w eapon sd a t ing b a ck t ot h es e cond h a lf o ft h e 1 s t m i l lenn ium -b eg inn ing o ft h e2 " dm i l lenn ium AD w e r ef o und . T hey w e re f o und i no n e p l a ce , c ove r ed w i th c l o th , p r e s sed d own u nde r ap o le . A round t h a t p l ace p o le s w i th b u rned e nd sw e r ed ug ( U r tän sV . , 1 9 77 p . 163 ) .I nV i lkmu iia L ake i n t o ta l3 000 g ood so f9 001400 AD w e r ef ound :s wo rd s ,a xe s , s p ea rhead s ,k n ive s ,n eck r ing s ,b r a ce le t s ,b rooche sa nd o t h -

I ts hou ld a l so b em en t ioned t h a to ne " we t land o ve rg row ing w i th g r a s s" c a l led g ven to j i( Sa c r ed )i sk nown i ng vendüna i . I ti ss i tua ted a pp rox ima te ly o n t h e s i te w he re t h e s a c r ed N emak g te g r ove m en t ioned a tt h ee nd o ft h e 1 4 'c .i sl o ca ted . 4 2

3C las s if ica t ion o f monumen ts 3 .5 . 3R iver s

T he h eadwa te r s o ft h e gy en ta s R ive r o fA nd r e iko s a r e i n q u i te aw ide w a te r shed a r ea . Mo s tp r obab ly t h ee a s ter nb o r d e ro ft h es e t t led d i s t r ic t sc o r r e sponded w i th t h ew a te r shed . R e cen t ly a nnounced m a t e r ia ls ugge s t st h a ta c tua l ly n ea rt h e gy en ta sR ive ro fA nd r e iko s ar o ya le s ta t ed a t ed t oI P14' c . w a s s i tua t ed a nd m igh t h ave g i ven i t s n ame t ot h e w ho le g ven e iony sd i s t r ic ta sw e l la st ot h el a te rt own o fg vene iony s . T h is w ou ld f i na l ly a l low u s t o g ue s s t h e o r ig in s o ft h e g ven e iony sa nd w ou ld e n cou r age d i scu s s ion a bou tt h em y th i c a lm ean ing t h a tm igh th ave b een a ppo in ted t ot h eg ven te le R ive rw ho se h eadwa t e r sa r ea ni mp r e s s ive " c ro s s ing" o ft h e 2 e im e n a ,N e r i sa nd D y sn ab a s in s .

Alkup ia i( A lka R ive r s ) .T he r ea r e3 2o ft h em r e co rded i n a lL i thuan ia ( Map XX IV ) .A l r eady E .g t u rm sn o t ed t h a tA lk a R ive r sa r eu s ua l ly s ma l l ;t h e i rl e ng th r a r e ly e x ceed s5 10 k m ( 1 946 p . 36 ) . T he A lka R ive r s i nS amog i t ia a r eo f ten f o und n ea r A lka h i l l s o r s e t t lemen t s c a l led A lka i ( Nau jo j i P aeie r i s ,V i lka i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) ) .T he r ea r en oo t he rk i nd so f s a c r ed p l a ce sf o und n ea rt h eA lka R ive r si nM idd le L i thuan ia . U sua l ly t h e r e a r e n e i the r p l ace legend s n o r b e l ief s k nown a bou t A lka R ive r s . O n ly i nr a r e c a se s a r e t h ey a s soc ia ted w i th t h ep r e -Ch r i s t ian r i t e s( Keng ia i ) . A l r eady i nt h ed ocu m en t so ft h e 1 6 t hc .t h eA lka R ive r sw e r em en t ioned b e tween o t he ro rd ina ry p l ace -name s( Sp rog i s , 1 888 p . 4 ) .

T he s e cond r e a l ia ,w h ich b ecame v i v id d ea l ing w i th g ven ta s R ive r s , i st h a tt h e se r i ve r s ( o rp a r t s o ft h em ) , t o ge the rw i th o t he rk i nd so fs a c red p l ace s ,o f ten b e long t os a c r ed s i t e s .F o r i n s tance , t h e g ven ta s R ive r i nS t on ia i r i se s a tt h e g ven ta s w e t land . T he g ven t a s R ive r i ns u r round ing s o fT y tuvena i r i se sn ea rt h es a c r ed o ak o f Mo s te ik ia i .N ea rt h em ou th o ft h e g ven t a sR ive ri nR a izg ia it h e r ei sa nA lka h i l l .

gventupiai ( Sac r ed R ive r s ) . T he re a r e5 3 o ft h em r e c o rded i nL i thuan ia a nd a bou tt e ni nn e ighbou r ing c oun t r ie s ( Map XXV )a sw e l la si no t he rN o r the rn a nd We s te rn E u ro p ean c oun t r ie s ( c f . J ohan son s , 1 968 p p .39-40 ; W i tkow sk i , 1 9 70 p p .374 ;H o lmbe rg ,1 990 p . 389 ;K owa lczyk ,2 000 p . 33 ) .

I r r e spe c t ive o ft h e t wo d i scu s sed r e a l ia ( o r i np a ra l le l w i th t h em )t h eg ven t a sR ive r so rs ome p a r t so ft h em ( e .g .h eadwa t e r s ) h av e h ad ar e l ig iou s s i gn if i cance . I tw a s b e l ieved t h a t t h ew a t e ro ft h eg ven ta sR ive r sh a ss ome e x t rao rd ina ry f e a t u r e s a nd s p ec ia l r e spec tw a s s hown f o r i t .S ome t ime s a l so b e l ief sa bou tr e que s t sf o rs a c r if ice w e re a s soc ia ted w i th t h e g ven t a sR ive r s -t h ep a r to ft h eg ven to j iR ive rw e s to fS üdena i u s ed t ot a ke " al i f eo f ap e r son" e a ch y ea r .

T he gy en t a sR ive r sa r em en t ion ed i nw r i t ten s ou r ce so ft h e 1 46 c . : H e i l igene ( Skuoda s a nd K re t inga d i s t r ic t s ) , S wen t e ( Akmene d i s t r ic t ) ,S w in tove o rS wen toyn ( J u rba rka sd i s t r ic t ) ( S a ly s ,1 9 30 p p .35 ,6 8 ,8 3 ) . O n ly l e ng th a nd b a s in sd i s t ingu i sh t h eg ven to j iR ive ri nE a s t er nL i thuan ia ( 2 49 k mi nl e ng th , ar i gh tt r i bu ta ry o ft h eN e r i s ) a nd t h eg ven to j iR ive ri nW e s ter nL i thuan ia ( 7 4k mi nl e ng th , f l ow s i n to t h e B a l t ic S ea ) . O the r gy en ta s R ive r s a r e m uch s ho r te r ;t h ey r a r e ly e xceed t h el e ng th o f1 5-25 k m .

A pa r tf r om t h el a t te rr i ve r ,a si nt h ec a se o fl a ke s( s ee C hap te r 3 . 5 .1) ,t h er i ve r sZ am a ,G au ja .0 .1 a ,a nd Me rky sw e r e r equest ing s acr if ices ( Map XX I ) .I ti ss a id t h a t2 i im a a nnua l ly t a ke s ac oup le o fp eop le : am an a nd aw oman ( LFA , 6 447 n o .496 ) . A na logou s b e l ief s w e re a s soc ia ted w i th t h e r i ve r si nL a tv ia ( c f .A nce läne , 1 99 1 p . 178 ) . I no r de rt h a tt h e d e i ty o ft h er i ve rw ou ld n o td r own a nybody ,t h eF i nno -Ug r ian s i nN o r th E s ton ia e a ch y ea ro nt h ed ay o fS tE l ia s( 1 3 t hJ u ly ) u s ed t os a c r if ice as h eep o ra n o x , o rp a r t s ( e .g . h ead s ) o f t h em . P eop le w ou ld t h row s a c r if ice s i n to t h o se p a r t s o ft h e r i ve r w he r e t h e d e i t ie s l i ved . I fs u ch r i t ua l s w e r e n o t p e r f o rmed ,p eop le u s ed t od r own ( Haav io , 1 963 p p .86-8 ) .

T he re i sp l en ty o fi n f o rma t ion a bou tt h es a c r a l ,r e l ig iou sa nd h i s to r ic s i gn if icance o ft h e gy en ta sR ive r s .T h i si n f o rma t ion c an b ed i v ided i n to s e ve ra lp a r t s .F i r s t ly ,a f te re xam in ing t h e d a ta o f We s te rn L i thuan ia i tw a ss t a ted t h a tt h e g ven ta sR i v e r s f l ow t h e r e w e r e t r i ba l b ounda r ie s a tl e a s ti nt h eb eg in n i ng o ft h e2 n dm i l lenn ium AD . F o ri n s tance ,t h et e r r i to ry o f t h e S amog i t ian s b o rde r ed a tl e a s t t h e gy en ta s R ive r s o f K e jena ia nd V adig i ry s ;t h eC ou ron ian sb o rde r ed t h eg ven ta s R ive r o f B r izga i a nd U i l iekne ( g imena s , 1 995 p . 150 ; V a i tk ev ie iu s , 1 998a p . 17 ) . S ome o ft h e gy en ta sR ive r sv e ry l i k e ly s e pa r a ted s ma l lt e r r i t o r ia l u n i t s ; f o r i n s tan ce , t h eC ou ron ian l a nd s D uvza r e a nd Meguva ,t h eS amog i t ian d i s t r ic t sL aukuva a nd K a l t inena ia nd t h e A uk sh ta i t ian d i s t r ic t s P a g tuva a nd P i e g tve . T h i s s ame p r e sumab ly r e p r e sen t sN a l g ia d i s t r ic t s a c co rd ing t ob a r row g r oup s ' d i s t r ibu t ion d a ted t o 1 0001200 AD . T he g ven ta s R ive r sa nd L ake s l i eb e tween s uppo sed d i s t r ic t so ro n t h e i r s i de s( Map XXV I ) .A tf i r s ts i gh ti tm igh ts e em t h a tt h ee xcep t i on sa r et h eA v e n t a sL ak eo fL azd in ia ia nd t h eg v en t e le R ive r o fA nd r e iko s( F ig .4 8 ) .H oweve r ,s ou th -we s to ft h eg ven ta s L ake o fL azd in ia i ,h i l lf o r t sw e r er e cen t ly f o und i nA du t i gk i s a nd S t a je t igk i s .

F ig . 4 8 . g ven tup i s( Sacred )R ive ro fA nd re iko s ( g vene iony s d i s t r ic t ) . P ho to b ya u thon 2 002 .

4 3

V yk in tas

V a i tkev iaus .

S tud ie s

i n to

t h e

B a i t s ' s acred p lace s

A bou tp a r t icu la rp a r t so ft h er i ve r s( e .g .p oo l s )t h e r ea r ea l so t a le so ft h et y pe " I ti st h et i me ,t h ep e r son i sn o th e r e" k nown . Av o ice f r om t h ew a t e rs a y s ," I ti st h et ime ,t h ep e r son i sn o t h e r e" a nd a tt h a tm omen ts omeone r u n st ot h ew a t e r ,r u she s t og of o r as w im a nd d r own s( A r ioga la ,B ud r ia i ) . T he r ea r ev a r iou sm y th ica lv i ew sa s soc ia ted w i th p a r t icu la r p a r t s o ft h e r i ve r s . F o ri n s tance , i nt h eV yluona R ive rn ea r K a l iek ia i t h e r ei st h ep l a ce c a l led D ievo b l iüde l is ( Bow l o f G od ) .I nt h eV a rduva R ive ri nZ em a i e i t iK a lva r i j at h e r ei sV e ln io b l iüde l i s ( Bow l o ft h e D ev i l ) . I nt h eK ralan te R ive r , i nt h e e nv i ron so fK r ai ia i ,t h e r ei sap oo lc a l led S ven tvanden i s( Ho ly Wa t e r )w he r ea c co rd ing t ot h ep l ace legend ap r ie s td r owned w h i le g o ing t ov i s i ta ni lm an ( V a i tkev ie iu s ,1 998a p . 472 )( F ig . 4 9 ) . S ome i mpo r tan ta s pec t so ft h es a c r ed r i ve rc oncep ta r es hown b y t h e b ehav iou r o fr a f t smen w h i le f l oa t ing w ood . G o ing t h rough as hoa l c a l led V e ln io t i l ta i ( B r idge so ft h eD ev i l )i n N emuna sn ea rD va r e l i gke s" i nt h eo l dt ime s al o to fn av iga t o r s a nd r a f t smen u s ed t os a c r if ice t ot h e d e i t ie s o fw a te r , d r opp ing c oppe r ,p i ece so fb r ead a nd b ead s' f o rt h ef a ir ie st o a do rn t h em se lve s ' . O ne p l a ce w he r e m o s t o ft h e s a c r if i ce s w a sm ad ec a l led S t ik l iuk a io rS k l iank i( G la s sB ead s ) "( Ba l iün a s , 1 9 39 ;c f .J ohan son s , 1 968 p . 26 )( F ig .5 0 ) .

F ig . 4 9 . U pyW R iver i nR amyga la ( Pane l ey sd i s tr ic t ) . A ccord ing t ow e l l -known p lace legend ab e l lw a sd rown h er e . P ho to b yA . V a i tkev id ius , 1 997 .

K e rbe ly te , 1 997 p p .723 ) .T hey w e r ef a i thf u lt oo l dc u s tom s a nd o f end t h e n o rm s o ft h e C h r i s t ian i ty . T ha t i sw hy t h ey b ecome w i tche s . I ti st o ld t h a ts omebody s aw w i t che sd i v ing i nt h eR agan ine o f Myko l ine o nS tJ ohn ' sn i gh ta t1 2o ' c lock ( VU ,2 13-205 n o .10 ) . I np a r a l le l t h e e t hno log ica l d a ta s how st h a tb a th ing a nd w a sh ing o ne se lf o n S tJ ohn ' s n i gh t w ou ld l e nd p eop le y ou th , b eau ty a nd h ea l th ( s ee B a ly s , 1 993 p p .226-7 ) . T he b i shop M . V a lane iu s m en t ion s t h e c u s tom o fb a th ing o n S t J ohn ' sn i gh t ,w h ich w a ss t i l lp r eva len ti nt h em id 19 ' hc .n ea r B i t -h i( t h i ss ame r e g ion o fRagan ine sd ep th s ) . "W omen w ou ld g ot o ar i ve ro rs wamp o nt h a tn i gh t ,b a the ,w a sh t h e i rc l o the s a nd c omb . T hey d i d a l t h i s i no r de rt h a t t h ey w ou ld f i nd a h u sband d u r ing t h a ty ea r .T he g r andpa ren t so fo u rg r andpa r e n t sb e l ieved t h a tf a i r ie sw e r eb a th ing d u r ing t h a tn i gh t .T he c u s tom o ft h o s e f a i r ie s i ss t i l l f u lf i l led b y t h e g i r l s a r ound B i r ia ia nd P ab i r i e" ( 1 863 p .6 1 ) .

F ig . 5 0 . S hoa lo fD var e l iV c i s ( Kauna sd i s tr ic t ) . A f t er P i n a i t i s ( 1 958 ) .

I ti sw o r th n o t ing t h a tr e spon se sa bou tr i t ua lb ehav iou r( b a th i n g a nd w a sh ing o ne se lf ) i ns a c r ed p a r t s o fr i ve r s m igh tb e f o und b ye xam in ing s i t e sc a l led R aganin6s ( W i t che s ' d ep th s ) .T he r ea r e 1 2p l a ce sl i ke t h a tr e co rded i nt h eb a s in s o f Mü ga a nd N emune l i s ,a nd o ne e a ch i nV en ta a nd N evel i s b a s in s ( Map XXV I I ) . T he n ame s w i th t h e w o rd r agana "W i tch" u sua l ly b e long t od ep th s ,p oo l s .T he o r ig in o ft h e se n ame s i se xp la ined v a r iou s ly . P l ace legend s m en t ion t h a t w i t che su s ed t od we l lh e r e ,t ow a sh ,b a the ,a nd d r own p eop le . S ome t ime s n a r ra t ive s t e l l t h a t w i tche s t h em se lve s u s ed t o d r own t h e re i nt h e o l d t ime s . " I n T a tu la t h e r e i s ah uge W i tche s 'd ep th .I ti ss a id t h a ti nt h eo l dt i me st h e r ew e r el o t s o fw i t che s . I fo ne w an ted t ok now w h ich o ne w a st h ew i tch t h ey w ou ld d r op h e ri n to i t .T he o ne w ho w ou ld d r own w a s n o t aw i t ch" ( Myko l ine )( Ba ly s , 1 949 p . 37 ) . A cco rd ing t ot h er e sea r che so ft h i s k i nd o fp l ace legend s i t m igh tb e a s se r ted t h a tt h e r e a ppea rr e a l w omen p i c tu r e ( c f . 4 4

A cco rd ing t oS .D aukan ta sw ho w a sw r i t ing i nt h em id 19 "c . b ef o r e t h e S tJ ohn " peop le t h em se lve s u sed t og o t ob a th e a nd w a sh i nt h e s a c r ed r i ve r s a nd l a ke s i no r de rt ob ecom e y oung . Who d i da l t h a ti nt h er i gh tw ay w ou ld b ecome e x t r eme ly c l eve rf o ro ne h ou ra nd w ou ld s e ew h ich o ne w e r e t h ea ng ry p eop le ,m ag ic ian so rw i tche s" ( 1976 p p .542-3 ) .

3C la s s i f ica t ion o fm onumen t s I nt h i sc on tex t( wa sh ing /ba th ing o nt h en igh to fS tJ ohn p ro -

s e t t lemen t s o f t h e s ame p e r iod ( Bar tküna i , N a rküna i ,P a lazduon i s ,S eno j iJ p i l t i s ,S e redi iu s ,S imena i )( c f .

v i des o ne w i th y ou th ,b eau ty ,h ea l th ,m a r r iage ( =happ ine s s ) , k now ledge )i ti si mpo r tan tt oe mpha s i se t h a t ap l ace s im i la rt o t h ea bove -men t ioned R agan ine s -" deepe ra nd w ide r" -i nt h e B e ri ta l i sR ive ri sc a l led L a im igk i s .H ence p re sumab ly w hen t h e v i ew o fL a ima ( t he g odde s so ff a te , f o r tune , a nd c h i ld b i r th )w a sd i sappea r ing ,h e rp l a ce i nt h ew a te r -name so fN o r th er nL i thuan ia m igh th ave b een t a ken b yw i tche s( bu tn o tb y f a i r ie sa si th appened i no t he rp a r t so fL i thuan ia ) .S uch as h if t m igh tb ei l u s t ra ted a l so b yL a tv ian d a ta ( s ee U r tan s , 1 993a p . 83 ) .

Z ab ie la , 1 995a p . 153 ) . T he h i s to r ica l d ocumen t s m en t ion s a c red s p r ing s s i nce t h e l a te 1 6 t h c .( Ga iiuva , U g iony s ) . T he v e ry f i r s t l i s to fs a c red s p r ing si nE a s t er nL i thuan ia m ade S .D idi iu l i s( 1 884 ) .L a te rA . Mai iu l i sc omp le ted am uch l o nge rl i s to ft h em ( 1948 ) . I n an a tu r a ls en se ,s p r ing sh ave much i nc ommon w i th r i ve r s -t h ef l ow ing w a te ro f as p r ing u sua l ly f o rm s ar i ve r .T he re a r e a l so c a se s w hen t h eh eadwa te r so fs ome s a c r ed r i ve r s a c tu a l ly a r es p r ing s( I nd i ja ,P ad ievy t i s ) .H oweve r ,e xcep tf o rt h e c ommon my th ica l i mage s t h a t a r e g iven t of l ow ing w a te r ,

T he l i nk sb e tween t h eg odde s sL a ima a nd w a te rh a sn o tb een a na ly sed i nm o r ed e ta i l .B u ti nt h e my tho logy o ft h eB a i t si ti s q u i te c l ea r . I ti s mo s t s i gn if ican t i nt h e c on tex t s o fh ea l th ( =you th ,b eau ty )a nd h app ine s s( gm i t s , 1 936 p p .308-9 ,3 101 ,3 14 ,3 22 ;A nce läne ,1 99 1p p .147 ,1 4 8 ,2 63 ,2 69 ;U r t an s ,1 993a

s p r ing s h ave s ome s pec if i c f e a tu re s . T he mo s t i mpo r tan t o f t h em i st h ew e l l -known b e l ief t h a ts p r ing sa r ee ye s . A st e a r sh ave am y th ica lp owe rb o th t os p l i ta nd u n lock ( e .g .

p p .82-4 ;V a i tkev ie iu s , 1 998a p p .293 ,4 75 ,5 37 ) .A sh a sb een a l ready s hown , w i th t h i sp ar t icu la ri n ten t ion p eop le f a i thf u l

s t one , g round ) , s ot h e w a te rt h a ts p r ing s f r om t h e g round i s a l so s a id t ob et e a r s ,c f . :" Spr ing st h a td on o tf r eeze i nw in te r a r et h et e a r so fo l dp eop le" ( LSSC ,4 74 n o .596 ) .T h i s my th ica l f e a tu re i nt h ec a se o fs p r ing sa l low s u st og ue s sa tt h e mo t i -

t ot h e o l d c u s tom s u sed t ob a the i nt h o se p a r t s o ft h er i ve r s t h a t n owaday s a r e k nown b y t h e n ame R agan ine (W i tche s ' D ep th s ) .

v a t ion so fr i tua lb ehav iou r . 3 .5 .4 S pr ing s T ea r s h ave amy th ica l p owe r t ow ake u p a nd a n ima te t h e d ead . T ha t i sw hy t h e s a c r ed s p r ing s a r e a l so c on s ide red t o b e G yvybe s v anduo (W a te r o fL if e ) ( Augze l ia i , K u lsk ia i ) . S p r ing sc onf i rm t h i ss t a tu sw h i le mov ing ,b o i l ing a nd n eve r b ecom ing f r ozen .

T he s a c red s p r ing so fL i thuan ia h ave n o tr e ce ived much a t t e n t ion s of a r . I n 1 971 t h e re w a sa nu n succe s sf u la t temp tt o e xcava te t h ef o rme rs i te o f as a c r ed s p r ing a tt h eA lka h i l lo f M iky ta i . T he e xpe r ience o fr e sea r che r s f r om o t he r c oun t r ie s s how s t ha t t h e m u l t if ace ted r e sea rch o fs a c r ed s p r ing s p rov ide s a l o to fv a luab le i n f o rma t ion ( Z imme rmann , 1 970 ; Mu thmann , 1 975 ; B o rd s , 1 987 p p .174-86 ; S t je rnqu is t , 1 987 , 1 992 ; Go lab iew sk i -Lannby , 1 992 ;L ö thman & S chön , 1 994 ;U r tan s , 1 995 ;U r tan s &B e rna te , 1 995 ;Z a ikov sk iy & D uch i t s ,2 00 1) .

Wa te ro fL if eg r ea t ly e xp re s se st h ev i ta lp owe r . I ti n f luence s g row th a nd f e r t i l i ty , b ecau se " when y ou w a te re a r th w i th i t g ra s s g row s a to nce a nd t r ee s p roduce f r u i t" ( Ba lys , 1 966 p . 38 ) .I nt h i sw ay t h es a c r ed s p r ing sa l so h e lp c h i ld le s sw omen ( Sav ie iüna i ) . A cco rd ing t ot h e g ene ra l v i ew , s p r ing w a te r i s mo s t n ece s s a ry f o re ye sb ecau se i th ea ls t h em ," make st h em w ide ra nd b r igh te r" . V i s ion a nd b l indne s s r e p re sen t t h e s t a te s o f l i f e a nd d ea th : " You h ave n o t o pened y ou r e ye s y e t a nd y ou h ave t oc l o se t h em a ga in" ,m ean s av e ry s ho r tl i f e( Kr uopa s e ta l . . 1 970 p . 35 ) . S o t h e Wa te r o fL if e , a cco rd ing t oA . J .

S ac red s p r ing sh ave b een s i tua ted i nm o s tf amou sL i thuan ian s a c red p l a ce s( A lka s -Sa lan ta i ,K r aia i ,P akap ia i ,P a s r uo je ,a nd R a e ia i )( F ig . 5 1) . A pa r t f r om t h a tt h ey a r ef ound i nt h e s u r r ound ing so ft h eh i l lf o r t st yp ica lo f1 0001400 AD a nd o pen

G re in ia si sp r ima r i ly n o t a" cu re b ym ean so fw h ich l i f ef o ra b ody i sp rov ided" b u ti ti s" l ive w a te r ,i tb e ing w a te ri sb e ing l i fe ( 1990 p p . 154 ) . A pa r tf r om t h ea bove -men t ioned a b i l i t ie so fw a te rt o move , b o i l a nd n eve rb ecome f r ozen , a no the r i mpo r tan t f e a tu re i n t h is c on tex t i st of l ow " aga inst the Sun" . Wha t i s m ean th e re i st h ef l ow o fs p r ing si nt h ed i rec t ion o ppo s i te t o t h er i se o ft h e S un ," f rom w e s tt oe a s t" . T he re a r e2 2s uch s a c red s p r ing sr e co rded i nL i thuan ia ( Map XXV I I I )a nd t h ey a r ea l so k nown i nL a tv ia ( Ance läne , 1 99 1 p . 314 ;U r tä 'n s , 1 993a p p .104-5 )a nd o t he rc oun t r ie s( c f .N ick , 1 9 2 1p . 19 ) . A lready S .D aukan ta s i nt h em id 19 '1'c .w hen w r i t ing a bou t t h e w ay s p eop le u sed t oc u re i nt h e o l d t ime s n o ted " when

F ig . 5 1 .S a c r ed s p r ing o fA lka s -S a l an t a i( K r e t inga d i s t r i c t ) . P ho to b ya u t h o r ,1 9 9 3 . 4 5

V y k in ta s

V a i tk ev id iu s .

S t ud i e s i n to t h e B a i t s ' s ac r ed p l ace s

t h e e ye s h u r t , i n as p r ing f l ow ing b ef o r e t h e s un r i se t h ey w ou ld w a sh t h e i re ye s" ( 1 976 p . 47 ' 7 ) . I ti ss a id , "w he r et h e s p r ing sf l ow t ot h ee a s tt h ey a r em ag ica la nd s a c r ed" ( Ba ly s , 1 946 p . 40 ) .B yt h ew ay ,p l a ce leg end sa bou tt h eL a tv ian G au ja R ive r( f low ing e a s ti ts udden ly t u rn st on o r th -we s t )s ay t h a t t h eG au ja s t a r ted t of l ow w e s ta f te ro t he rr i v e r sg o ta ng ry a nd p u th e re ye so u t( ! )( Ance län e , 1 99 1p . 177 ) .

s p r ing s .I ti ss a id a bou tt h eM i la iu ss p r ing t h a tp eop le w ou ld b r ing o f f e r ing s( e gg s ,e t c . )t oi t" a tt we lve o ' c lock d u r ing t h e w ho le mon th o f May" ( LSSC , 1 84 n o . 10 ) .

T he d i rec t ion o ft h ew a te rf l ow " aga in s tt h es un r i se" c l ea r ly e xp r e s se s t h e v i ta l c ha rac te r o ft h e s a c r ed s p r ing s t h a t h a s b een r e la ted a bove . T ha ti sb ecau se t h e s un r i se a l so m ean s t h e b eg inn ing /b i r th , c f . : " Ca t t le d o n o t d i e f o r al o ng t ime w hen t h eS un i sr i s ing -t h eS un b r ing sl i f e" ( M al iu l i s , 1 937 p . 135 ) . When y ou w a sh w i th w a te rf l ow ing e a s ty ou d on o t f e e l s l eepy .I n amy th ica l s en se s l eep i sv e ry c l o se t od ea th .

3 .6 Ho l low s

A l so o f ten f o und w e r ec l o th sa nd t owe l su s ed b yi lp eop le t o d r y t h em se lve s , v a r iou s p rom ise b and s , t h read s t h a t w e r e u sua l ly t i ed o nt h et r ee sg r ow ing n ex tt ot h es p r ing .

I nn a tu ra ls e n se t h en ame o fh o l low sw a su s ed f o rd e sc r ib ing v a r iou s " l owe r s i te s" o r " deepe r p l a ce s " o ft h e l a nd scape w he r ea tl e a s tp a r t ia l ly ac l o sed s pa ce i sf o rmed . Of t en t h i s t y pe o fh o l low h a sw a te ri ni to rt h eb o t tom i s ma r shy . H o l l ow s a r e c l o se t ow a te r s a l so i n amy th i ca l s en se . T h ey a r e a s soc ia t ed w i th d ev i l s ; v an ished e s ta t e s , c hu rche s , t a v er n s o rs ome o t he rb u i ld ing t h a t u sed t os t and i nt h a t p a r t icu la r p l a ce ,e xp la in t h e i ro r ig in .

Wa te rf r om s a c r ed s p r ing sf l ow ing t ot h ee a s ta l so p o s se s se s s p ec ia lq ua l i t ie s :" O ld p eop le u s ed t os a yt h a tw hen as p r ing r un sf r om w e s tt ot h ee a s tt h ew a t e ri sv e ry h ea l thy" ," when Iw a sh my se lf t h e r e Ib ecome a si fy oung "( Uogu e la i )( LFA , 6 4 14 n o . 172 ,260 ) .

T he r ea r eq u i t e al o to fp l a ce legend sa bou th o l low sr e co rded b u tm o s to ft h em h ave n o tb een s u rvey ed y e t . F o ri n s tan ce , a bou tt h eV e ln io d uobe ( Ho l low o ft h eD ev i l )o fB ryzg ia ii ti s s a id , " a t E a s te r , d u r ing t h e m a s s ac hu r ch d r owned . F a the r t e l l sw hen h ew en tt op a s tu re a nd w ou ld l i ea tl u nch t ime h e w ou ld h ea rb e l l sr i ng ing .A nd d u r ing t h em a s sh ec ou ld e ven h ea ro r gan sp l ay ing" ( VU ,2 13136 n o .3 ) .

T h e v a r ian t o ft h e m o t ive " t o f l ow a ga in s t t h e S un" w hen i t m ean s t of l ow s ou th s hou ld b e d i scu s sed s e pa ra te ly . S uch s p r ing s a r e f o und i ns e ven s i t e s , f i ve o fw h ich a r ei nt h e s u r r o und ing so fP l a t e l ia i ,P l ung ed i s t r i c t( Map XXV I I I ) .T h e my tho l o g ica lm o t iva t ion o ft h es h if t ing e a s t / sou th i sn o ts uf i c ien t ly c l ea r . Mo r eov e r , s om e t ime s t h e s p r ing s , w h ich a c co rd ing t o p eop le " f low t ot h ee a s t "a r ef l ow ing s o u th i nr e a l i ty ( Uogu e la i ) .

I nt h en or th o fP l ung ed i s t r ic tt h eh o l low sa r eu sua l ly s a id t o b et h ep l a ce so fh ome st h a tv an i shed o nt h em o rn ing o fE a s t e r . Mo reove r ,i ti sb e l ieved t h a ts omewh e r et h e re i ss a l ta nd t h el e ve lo fw a t e ri nt h eb o t tom o fh o l low sf o r e te l l st h ew ea th e r f o rt h ew ho le y ea r .O ne s u ch h o l low n ea rG eg r ena ii ss imp ly c a l led aC a lenda r( F ig .5 2 ) .

T he c hem ica l c on ten t o ft h e w a t e r o ft h e s p r ing s t h a t a r e l o oked u pon a ss a c r ed a nd t h e i re f f ec to nh uman h ea l th ,h ave n o tb een a na ly sed y e t .A .K ond r a ta s ,a f t e ra na ly s ing t h ew a t e ro fs om es a c r ed s p r ing s( A lk snena i ,K ava r ska s ,U ipa l ia i ) , s t a ted t h a t" t he w o r sh ipp ing o fs p r ing sw ho se c hem ica lc on t e n td oe sn o td i f f e rf r om o t he rs p r ing so fL i thuan ia s e em st o b es t range" ( 1 995 .A l so c ompa r er e su l t so fa no the rk i nd c on s i de r ing s a c r ed s p r ing s -G e schwend t , 1 972 p p .66-89 ;U r tän s , 1 995 p . 4 1 ;Z a ikov sk iy & D uch i t s ,2 00 1p . 20 ) .T he c ha ra c te r i s t i c so fw a te ro ft h es a c red s p r ing st h a ta r eu nde rg eo log ica l p ro tec t ion h ave n o tb een d i scu s sed i nm o r ed e ta i l( c f .L inea ' s , 1 994 ) a nd w i thou tt h ec ompa r a t ive d a ta i td oe sn o tp rov ide m uch i n f o rm a t ion .

U sua l ly h o l low s a r ea s so c ia ted w i th d ev i l sa sw e l l a sf a i r ie s a nd w i t che st h a tu s ed t os t ay i nt h eh o l low s ,c ome ,h av ef u no r m i s lead p eop le t h e r e .T h i ss t udy p r e sen t s ag r oup o f1 2V e ln io d uobe s( Ho l low so ft h eD ev i l ) ,w h ich a r ek nown i no n el o ca l r e g ion o fS ou ther nL i thuan ia .T h i s monum en t sg r oup m ay b e d i s t ing u i shed b ecau se o fs ome c ommon n a tu r a la nd m y th ica l f e a tu r e s .T he m o s tf amou sh o l low t h e r ei st h eV e ln io d uobe o f g k i l ie t a if o r e s t .l th a st h es h ap eo f af unn e l ;i ti so f4 0x60 -m s i z e a tt h eb o t tom a nd 2 00x250 m a tt h et o p .T h eh o l low i s4 0m d eep ;t h eb o t tom o fi ti sm a r shy . I ti sg ue s s ed t h a tt h eh o l low c an b eo fg l a c ia lo rt h enno -ka r s to r ig in .O th e rD ev i l ' sh o l low s i nt h i s r e g ion a r e al i t t le b i t s ma l le rb u tt h ey h ave t h i s s am e a ppea r ance ( s t eep s l ope s ,d eep , m a r shy ) .

F rom am ed ica lp o in to fv i ew t h ew a te ro ft h es a c red s p r ing s w a sa nd s ome t ime ss t i l li su s ed f o rt h et r ea tmen to fe ye st h a t a r ew eak ,d i scha rg ing p u s ,o rs uppu ra t ing .T h i sw a t e ri su sed a l so f o rw a sh ing i ll e g s ,w ound s . Sma l ls t one sf r om s p r ing s a r e u sed t oh ea l t o o thache . D r ink ing t h e w a te r w ou ld c u r e s t oma ch a nd o t he ri n te rna ld i sea se sa l so n e r vou sb r eakdown s .

P l a ce legend s a nd b e l ief s k nown a bou t t h e se h o l low s a r e v a r ied . I ti st o ld t h a t t h e h o l low s o r ig ina t ed i nt h e p l a ce o f v an i shed c hu r che s o re ven i n ap l ace o f ah ou se o f" s ome m ag ic ian" ( gk i l ie ta i ) .T he c r o s se so fc hu r ch e sh ave s t i l lp r o t r uded f r om t h eh o l low sf o r al o ng t ime ;o n ec ou ld h ea rb e l l s r i ng ing ( An tav e rM s ,K le r i gke s ,V indz iu l i gk e s ) . l ti st o ld t h a t d ev i l s u s ed t og a the r f o r d ance s i nt h e h o l low o fg k i l ie ta i . P eop le u sed t o o bse rve b e ings t ha t r e semb led w o lve s ( g af a rn ia ) a nd h ave f o und at o ad " w i th ar o se o n i t sh ead" t h e r e( V indz iu lßke s ) .

V a r iou sg ood sw e re s a c r if i ced t os a c r ed s p r ing sa nd t h i sw a s d one i nv a r iou sw ay s . U sua l ly c o in sw e r e d r opped i n to t h e s p r ing o rl e f tn ea rby ( c ompa r eR oman c o in sf o und i ns p r ing s -Mak iew icz , 1 9 88 p p . 10810 ,T eegen , 1 999 p p .253-6 ) .I nL a t v i an s p r ing sc o in sm o s t ly o ft h e 1 6 ' h17 t hc .w e r ef o und ( U r t ä n s , 1 995 p . 43 ) , i nB e la ru s s ian s p r ing s ,c o in sa l so o f1 8 t hc . w e r ef o und ( Za ikov sk iy & D uch i t s ,2 00 1 p . 35 ) .A pa r tf r om c o in s , f ood w a s f r equen t ly s a c r if iced b y d ropp ing i ti n to 4 6

3C la s s if i ca t ion o fm onumen t s b o t tom o ft h ef a u l ta nd t h er i ve rt h a tw a sf l ow ing t ot h es ou th t h e r e .T he p eop le u sed t ob a the ,d r aw w a te r ,a nd o f e rc o in s t h e r e . O n t h e s u rf ace , o n t h e b ank s o ft h e gy en t a d uobe , p eop le u s ed t ol e ave s hoe s ,h ang t h e i rc l o the s ,b r igh ts c r ap s o fw oo l ,f l owe rg a r land sa nd o t he rt h ing so nt h eb u she s .T he c r owd sw ou ld c ome h e re o nT r in i ty S unday a nd o n 1 6 t hJ u ly ( Y aun i s , 1 8 97 p p .8 9-90 ;W i to r t , 1 899 ) . 3 . 7C ave s O nt h eb ank so ft h er i ve r so fL i thuan ia t h e r ea r es ome c ave s w ho se s a c r a lm ean ing i sk nown .O ne o ft h em ,o fk a r s to r ig in , c a l led V e ln io P i l i s( Ca s t le o ft h eD ev i l )i so nt h eb ank o ft h e N emune l i sR ive r ,i nt h ee xpo su r en ea rP adva r ie e ia i .T he c a ve i s2 . 7 mh i gh a nd 1m w ide .A ti t sd eepe s tp o in ti ti s4 . 3 md eep ( L ine iu s ,1 9 94 n o .33 ) . Al o t o fs im i la rc ave s a r er e co rded i nL a tv ia . Among t h em t h e re a r e2 7s a c r ed c ave si nC ou r land a nd V idzeme ( U r tän sJ . , 1 977 p p . 8 6-7 ) . S i nce 1 64 1 i ti sv e r if ied t h a tp eop le u s ed t o o f f e rc o in sa nd o t he rv a r iou ss a c r if i ce si nt h e se c a ve s .I nt h e m o s tf amou s ,L yb ie g iU pu r a la ( Cave o fS a c r i f ice s ) ,t h e r ew e r e 6 28 c o in so ft h e 1 4 t h19 " 'c . ,s ma l lj ewe l le ry ,a c ce s so r ie so f c l o the s , f r agmen t s o fD u tch p i pe s a nd o t he r f i nd s f ound ( U r t än sJ . ,1 9 77 p p .87 ,9 2 ; 1 9 88a p . 12 ) . O nt h eb ank o ft h eN e r is R ive rn ea rL ue iony si nt h eQ ua te r n a ry e xpo su r e t h e g ven to j i ( S ac r ed ) c ave i sk nown . H e r e , f r om ah o r izon ta l ly l a id c l od o fc ong lome ra te ,w a te re xude s a nd l e ak sa l t h et ime w h ich b yw a sh ing t h eg r ound e ven tu a ly f o rm ed ac ave o fa lmo s t 3m h e igh t ,a bou t 1 2 mw id th a nd 2 -4 m d ep th u nde rt h ev au l to fc ong lome ra te ( F ig .5 3 ) .I tw a s b e l ieved t h a t G yvybe s v anduo ( W a te r o fL i f e ) l e ak s h e r e . P eop le u s ed t ov i s i t t h i s c ave a tE a s te ro ro n S tJ ohn ' s d ay . T hey u s ed t op r ay h e r e ,w a sh ,a nd t a ke w a te rh ome b ecau se i tw a sb e l ieved t h a t" i th e lp sw i th d i sea se s ,a nd o nt h ew ho le , s ot h a tt h eh ou se w ou ld b eh appy i fi tw a ss p r ink led" ( L 1H , 249 p . 120 ) .

F ig . 5 2 .H o l low o fG r iga ie ia i( P lunge d i s tr ic t ) . P ho to b yD . V a i tkev ie iene , 1 996 .

T he V e ln io d uobe h o l low sa r es i tua ted c l o se t os a c r ed h i l l si n A n tave r g i sa nd U iuka ln is ,g ven ta sL ake i nN e e iüna i ,h i l lf o r t s i nP am i gk ea nd S t r eva ,b a r row si nA kmen ia ia nd D r abuin inka i . T he V e ln io d uobe i nV indz iu l i gke sf o r e s th a st ob em en t ioned s e pa r a t e ly .N ea ri t ,a l r eady o nt o po fi t sn o r the rn s l ope t h e r e i s ag r oup o fE a s tL i thuan ian b a r row so ft h em id -P "m i l len n i um AD . Mo s tl i k e ly t h ed i s cu s sed h o l low si nS ou th L i thuan ia t o ge the r w i th t a l ls t one s( s ee C hap te r3 . 4 . 1 .2 )a nd g ven ta sL ake s( s ee C hap t e r 3 . 5 . 1) r e co rded t h e r e r e p r e sen t t r ad i t ion s o fs a c r ed p l ace st h a tw e r ed eve loped h e r ei nt h em idi "m i l lenn ium AD . T he g eo log ica l f a u l t s i nn o r ther n L i thuan ia , m o s t ly i nt h e d i s t r ic t s o fB i ria i a nd P a sva ly s , m ay b e c on s ide r ed t ob e a c au se o fh o l low s .F o rn a tu r a lr e a son sf a u l t su s ed t oo r ig in a te h e r e f r om t h e o l d t ime s , u sua l ly u nno t iced . T he se s i te s d o n o te x ceed aw id th o f1 5 ma nd d ep th o f3 -8 m . Mo s to ft h em a r e d r y a nd o n ly af ew o ft h em ( t ha t a r e d eepe r t h an t h e u nd e rg round l e ve lo fw a te ra t ad ep th o fa bou t9 10 m )h ave w a t e ra tt h eb o t tom . T he r ea r ep l ace legend sk nown a bou ts ome o ft h ef a u l t s .T he m o s t f amou s o ft h em i st h e g ven ta d uobe ( Sa c red f a u l t ) o f K a r a j im i §k is .T h i sf a u l to r ig ina ted a tad ep th o fa bou t8 12 i n w hen t h e s t ra tum o fg yp sum c o l lap sed . R ock s t h a tw e r e a t t h e t o p f e l l i n to t h a t u nde rg round b u r row ; t h e c l od s f e l l o n e a ch o t he ra nd f o rmed a n i r egu la rv au l t . T h rough t h ev au l t b ys e ve r a ls t ep st h a tw e r ef o rmed o fl i me s tone a nd g yp sum , o ne c ou ld g e t n ea r t o t h e w a te r d epo s i t , w h ich l a y i nt h e

F ig . 5 3 . S acr ed c ave o fL ue iony s( V iM iu sd i s tr ic t ) . P ho to b y a u thor , 1 997 .

4 7

1 , : y k in tas

V a i tkev iaus .

S tud ie s

i n to

t h e

B a i t s ' s acr ed p lace s

r e la t ion sa r es t a ted b ya ne xamp le o fp e r f o rm ing p o lyphon ic s ong s ( s u tar t inie ) . I nd i f f e ren t p l a ce s ( t he r e m ay b e m o r e t h an 1 0 k m d i s tance b e tween t h em ) L aume s ( Fa i r ie s ) o r R agano s ( W i tche s ) u sed t os i ng t h e s ame s ong a tt h e s ame t i me , r e spond ing t oe ach o t he r . N ow t h e r e a r e t h r ee s u ch c omp lexe so fs a c r ed p l a ce sk nown : 1 )L aum ikony sh i l l ,A nk g ta h o l low a nd R olakmen i ss t one ;2 )t h r e eh i l l si nS av id ena i ;3 ) Mu luoke sa ,g l av inga l i sa nd K amui e l i sh i l l s .T he m ap o ft h e Mo le ta i r e g ion s how st h a ta bove -men t ioned c omp lex e s a r e r e la ted a l so t oo t he rs a c red p l ace s( Map XX IX ) .P r e sumab ly t h ey m igh th ave o r ig ina ted f r om t h el go rb eg inn ing o ft h e2 m i l lenn ium AD .

4L ink sb e tween s acred p laces T he c l a s s if ica t ion o fs a c r ed p l ace st h a ti sb a sed o nt h e i rd i f f e r en t ia t ion a cco rd ing t ot h et y pe so fn a tu ra lo b jec t su sua l ly s i ng le s o u tt h ef e a tu re s o fo n ly o ne g r oup o fs a c red p l a ce s . N a tu r a l ly ,i tp oo r ly r e p r e sen t st h el i nk sb e tween d if e r en tk i nd s ( t ype s , g r oup s ) o fs a c red p l a ce s . T he m y th ica l a nd r e l ig iou s s i gn if i can ce o fs a c r ed p l a ce s i s r e la ted t os e ve ra l o ft h e B al s ' a nd L i thuan ian s ' g od s a nd g odde s se s ,p r e -em inen t ly , w i th S au le ( Sun ) , A u g r ine ( God d e s so fD awn ) ,P e rküna s( Thunde r ) ,L a ima ( Godde s so ff a te , f o r tune ,a nd c h i ldb i r th ) ,L aume ( Fa i ry ) ,a nd R agana ( W i t ch ) .

n d

S ac red p l a ce s t h a t a r e f a r a pa r t c an b e l i nked n o t o n ly b y p l a ce legend sb u ta l so b yr e a lo r my th ica lr o ad s . My tho log i c a l b e ing s u sua l ly u se t h em ( t he B a i t s ' m y tho logy a l so i n c l ude s r oad s o f s ou ls ) . T he se r oad s u sua l ly l e ad t o ( o r t h rough ) t h e s a c r ed p l a ce s . F o r i n s tan c e , t h e V e ln io t a ka s ( Dev i l ' sp a th )n ea rU rkuvena ij o ined K ip Aa i( Dev i l ' s )h i l lw i th L aumak ia i( F a i ry ' s )w e t land .I ti ss a id t h a tt h eD ev i lw ho w a s p ropo s ing t ot h eF a i ry m ade i t . Mo reove r ,a mong t h es t one s o nt h i sp a th t h e r ea r es t on e sc a l led V e ln io g i rd i s( Hea r to ft h e D ev i l )a nd t h eL aume ( Fa i ry )s t one .

I nt e rm s o fs a c r ed p l ace s s op r eva len t i st h e p i c tu r e o ft h e V e ln ia s( Dev i l )t h a ta t t emp t st oi d en t if yi tw i th t h eB a i t s 'G od o ft h eu nde rwo r ld a nd t h ed ead ( s ee V e l iu s , 1 987 )s t i l lr ema in i ns h ee t so fm i s t . T he o r a l t r ad i t ion d oe s n o t r e co rd s ome o t he rg od s , f o ri n s t ance ,A ndo ju s( c f .N ep tune ) ,2 v e r ün a -M e d e in a( c f .D iana ) , V e l iuona ( Godde s so fS ou l s ) ,b u tt h ec onno ta t ion sa nd f u nc t i on s o fs ome s a c r ed p l a ce s m ay b e long t ot h e s phe r e s o f t h e i rs a c r edne s s . Mo r eove r ,i ns ome p a r t icu la rc a se st h ep l ace o ft h e m a jo r g od s i sp robab ly t a ken b y m ino r d e i t ie s o r c hanged b yg en e r ic t e rm sl i ke " dev i l s" ," f a i r ie s" ( a l so c om p a r e V a lk , 2 003 p . 574 ) . T he s a c r ed p l a ce s s u ch a sg r ove s , t r ee s , s t one s , a nd w a te r s , w ho se m ean ing s a r e a s soc ia ted w i th t h ev i ew s a bou tt h eu nde rg round w o r ld o ft h ed ead o r t h e p o s thumou s s t a te o fs ou l s , s hou ld b e m en t ioned s e pa r a te ly . S t i l l -p r e se rved c omp lexe s t h a t c on s i s t o fs a c red p l a ce s o f d i f f e r en t t y pe , f o r i n s tance , A lka h i l l / sa c red s t one / sac r ed s p r ing ( A lka s -Sa lan t a i , M iky ta i , P ad ievy t i s ) , r e p r e sen t t h e d i r ec tl i nk sb e tween a l t h es a c r ed p l ace s . B eyond d i f f e r en tc omp lexe st h e r ea r ek nown t h a tc omp lexe s o ft h e s a c r ed p l a ce s o ft h e s ame k i nd u sua l ly c ompo sed i n p a i r s .T he i rt i e se xp r e s sp a r t icu la rn a tu ra le nv i ronmen t sa nd t h ey a r ea l so m o t iva t ed b y my th ica lo rr e l ig iou sr e a l i t ie s .F o r i n s tan ce ,t h e r ea r et h eA lka a nd A lke l i si s land si nt h eM i tuva L ake ( Kup i gk i s d i s t r ic t ) a nd t h ed ep th b e tween t h em c a l led T a rpua lk i s( "Be tween A lk s" ) .T he re a r et h eP e rküna s( Thun d e r )a nd Me rga ( G i r l )h i l l si nP aka ln ie ia i( Ra se in ia id i s t r ic t ) ( F ig .5 4 ) ,D ieva ie iuka s( God )a nd D ieva i ty te ( Godde s s )h i l l s i nJ a k g ta i .I nK i rk l ia it h e r ea r eG a idy s( Cock )a nd V ita ( Hen ) h i l l s .I nt h el g i sL ake ( Za r a sa id i s t r ic t )t h e r ea r es t one so ft h e D ieva s( God )a nd t h eV e ln ia s( t h eD ev i l ) .N ea rV a la tkon ia is t on e s o ft h e A ng e la s ( Ange l ) a nd t h e V e ln ia s ( t he D ev i l ) . E xamp le so fs a c r ed p l ace so fd i f f e r en td e i t ie sb e ing s i tua ted i np a i r sa r ea l so f o und i no t he rc oun t r ie s( c f . We s sen , 1 9 29 / 30 p . 111 ;L au r , 1 9 48 p p .95-8 ,W i tkow sk i , 1 970 p p .369-70 ;B r ink , 1 9 96 p p .24 1-242 ;1 9 99 p . 428 ) . S a c r ed p l a ce so fd i f f e r en tk i nd ss i tua ted q u i te l o ng d i s tance s o n ef r om a no the rc an a l so b el i nked d i rec t ly b yl a nd o rw a t e r r ou te sa sw e l la sm y th ica l ly b yp l a ce legend so rb e l ief s .P e c u l ia rs a c r ed p l a ce so ft h e Mo le ta ir e g ion e xp re s ss u ch l i nk s , p r obab ly i nt h em o s ti n te r e s t ing w ay . I np l a ce legend st h e i r

S uch r o ad sm igh th ave h ad ar i t ua lp u rpo s e .F i r s t ly ,t h i sm igh t b e i l u s t ra ted b y t h e s a c r ed p l ace s t o( t h rough ) w h ich t h e r o ad l e ad s . S econd ly , i ti su sua l ly s a id t h a ts u ch r o ad s( a l so b r idge s )w e r eb u i l tf o rw edd ing st h a ta r ed i r ec t ly c onnec ted w i th t h e r i tua lj ou rney t oc hu r ch . T h i rd ly , r i tua l p u rpo se o f t h er o ad i ss ome t ime si n d ica ted w hen e xp la in ing t h e i rn ame s o r s a c ra l s t a tu s ( c f . g ven tke l i s ( Sa c r ed r o ad ) i nS ven ce le , P e rkünke l i s( Thunde r ' sr o ad )n ea r Edv i lk a s ) .B yt h ew ay ,n ea r L ä s sa ( i nU p land ,i nS weden )t h e re i sar o ad t h a ti sr e la ted t o t h eb u r ia l s i t es op robab ly w i th t h ef u ne ra lr i t e sa tt h es ame t ime .T h i sr o ad i si nt o ta l5 40 m l o ng ,3 . 33 .6 m w ide ,o r ien t a ted i n an o r th sou th d i r ec t ion , a nd w a s e s tab l i shed i nc a . 8 15 AD . I tb eg in s a tt h e f oo t o ft h e b i gg e s t b a r row . A tt h e o t he re nd o ft h e r o ad a6 x9 m c on s t ru c t ion o fo va l shaped s t on e sw a sf o und ( Da rne l l , 1 985 ) .

F ig . 5 4 .S acred h i l l so fPaka ln ie la i( Rase in ia id i s t r ic t ) : Me tg ika ln i s ( G ir ls ' )h i l l( o n t h el e f t )a nd P erkünas ( T hunder : 9 h i l l( o nt h er i gh t ) . P ho to b yD . V a i tkev ie ieni ? , 1 996 .

4 8

5T he s t a tu s o fs a c r ed p l ace s

5The s t a tus o fs acred p lace s

w ou ld b es t r uck .U sua l ly ab l a ck p i gw a ss a c r if iced f o rG od d e s se s .I tw ou ld b eb o i led a nd e a ten b yt h ef a the ra nd m o th e r t o g e the rw i th t h eg r andmo the r , w ho a l so p a r t ic ipa t ed i np e r f o rm ing t h es a c r if ice .T h eg r andmo th e ru sed t ot a ke t h es ma l l r ema inde r so ft h ep i ga nd o t he rf o od t o ge the rw i th t h r ee t i me s n i n ep i e ce so fb r ead t ot h eg r ana ry a nd w hen e ve ryone l e f ts h e w ou ld p r ay f o rt h eG odd e s s e s( c a .1 6 00 ; Mannha rd t ,1 9 36 p . 4 33 ) .

T he r e a r e n o d oub t s t h a t t h e r e l ig iou s a nd s oc ia l r o le , i . e . s t a tu s ,o ft h es a c red p l a ce si sd i f f e r en t . Mo s t ly i ti sd i ff icu l t t oa n swe r t h i s q ue s t ion p r ec i se ly d ue t ot h e l a ck o fd a ta . H oweve r ,s ome o b se rva t ion sa r ep r ov ided h e re b a sed o na l r e ady d i scu s sed m a t e r ia l . H o me/fa mi ly .F rom t h es i t e sd i scu s sed i nt h i ss t udy , s t one sw i th n a r row -bo t tomed b ow l s( Chap t e r3 . 4 . 1 .3 )a r et h e m o s t v i v id e xamp le o fs a c r ed p l a ce s t h a tw e re i nd ome s t ic u se .B e cau se o ft h e i rs p ec if ic s ,o t he rd ome s t ic s a c red p l a ce s w e r en o te xam ined i nm o r ed e ta i l .A sd i s t inc tf r om t h es a c r ed h i l l s , g r ove s o rs p r ing s s i tua ted i nn a tu r e , t h e d ome s t ic s a c r ed p l a ce st o ge the rw i th t h ef a rm w e r ee s tab l i shed i n ac e r t a in p l a ce , w h ich w a s c ho sen f o r l i v ing , a nd al o t o fo t he r a spec t sw e r et a ken i n to a c coun t .

T he n ume rou s L a tv ian s ou r ce s o n t h i s t o p ic s how t h a t t h e r e s idence o ft h e H ome G od ( Mä ja sk ung s ) a nd a tt h e s ame t ime t h es a c r ed p l a ce w a ss i tua ted i nv a r iou sp l a ce s a r ound t h e f a rm : a tt h e h ome , i nt h e y a rd , g a rden , b a thhou se , g r a n a ry ,a nd f i e ld s .I ns ome c a se st h eo f e r ing sf o rt h i sg od w e r e s a c r if i ced n ea rs ome s t on e , ap i le o fs t one s o r at r e e o nt h e f a rm ( Sp l i t s ,1 9 36 p p .249-83 ) . I nt h em ean t ime t h e r e i sn os e r iou sr e a son t ot a lk a bou tt h e e xcep t ion st ot h er e l ig iou sp r a c t ice o f af am i ly /k in .O n ly Y an D lugo sh i n f o rm s( t he s e cond h a lf o ft h e 1 56 1c . )t h a tt h ef a rm s , h ou se sa nd f am i l ie si nL i thuan ia ( " s ingu lae v i l lae e tq ua l ibe t d omu sa t que f am i l ia" )h ave t h e i rf i r ep la ce si ns a c r ed g r ove s m e an tf o rc r ema t ing t h ed ead ( Ve l iu s , 1 996 p p .576 ,5 80 ) .T h i s c a se s t ay ing i nc l o se r e la t ion sh ip w i th t h e f u ne r a l d oe s n o t a ppea rt ob ea ne xcep t ion t ot h ef am i ly ' sr e l ig iou sp r a c t ice . Af t e ra lt h ed ead w e r en o tb u r ied i nt h ef a rm a sw e l l .

l i bnadee e t tc " God o ft h eH ou se" w a sa l r eady m en t ioned i n 1 252 i nt h e l i s t o fg od s t h a t w e re w o r sh ipped b y K ing M indauga s( G re ima s , 1 990 p . 395 ;\ Tau s , 1 996 p p .2601) .I n t h es ou r ce so ft h e 1 6 t h17 t hc en tu r ie sD eu sd ome s t icum " God o fH ome "a l so o ccu r( Mannha rd t , 1 9 36 p . 432 ) .T he g od sa nd g odde s se s , s u ch a sD im s t ipa t i s , G ab jau ji s ,P ag i rn ia i G od s , 2 e n n ep a t i s ,2 e r nyn e l e( s ee J ohan son s , 1 964 ;G r e ima s , 1 990 p p .425-49 ) h ad d ef ined s phe re s o fs a c r edne s s . T hey w e r e g ua rd ian so ft h ef a rm ,t h ep eop le w ho l i ve t h e r e ,t h e i rp rop e r ty ,p e r sona lh app ine s sa nd w o rk .N a tu r a l ly ,i n as e tw ay i n p a r t icu la rp l ace r i tua l sw e r ep e rf o rm ed f o rt h em .

T he r e l ig iou sc ompe ten ce o ft h ef am i ly m embe r sw a sd i f f e r e n t ia ted c on s ide r ing c e r t a in n eed s . I tu s ed t ob e s t a ted t h a t t h eo l dh ad t h eg r ea te s tr e l ig iou sc omm i s s ion s ,h oweve r ,t h e c omp l ica ted a c t ion so fp a s s ing o ve rt h i sm anda te s how t h a t i ti sd i f f icu l tt ot a lk a bou t au n if o rm m od e l .

F o ri n s t an ce ,f o rP ag i rn ia iG od s( p ag i r n i s" one w ho l i ve su n d e rq u e rn " ) i ns ome c o rne ro f ah ou se u nde rt h eq uer ns ma l l s a nd g r ound s( p aux i l lum a r enae )w e r em ade ,t h em o th e rh ad t ot a k ec a r eo ft h em a nd w hen h e rd ea th w a sa pp roa ch ing s h e e n t ru s t ed t h ew if eo ft h ey ounge rs o nt od oi t ;a t ac e r ta in t i me w omen u s ed t os a c r if ice ah en a nd t h e r ema in s o ff o od f o r P ag i rn ia i( d e sc r ibed b yJ e su i t si n1 6 0 1 ,s e e Mannha rd t , 1 9 36 p . 432 ) . I ng r ana r ie sb i gf l a ts t one s w e r e k ep t , t h ey w e r ed ug i n to t h e g r ound , c ove r ed b y s t raw a nd c a l led D e ive s ( God d e s se s ) . T he se s t one s w e r e w o r sh ipped a st h e g ua rd ian s o f g r a in a n d c a t t le , t h e i rp l a ce w a s d evo t ed ly p r o te c t ed s ot h a t n obody w ou ld d a r e t oc ome a nd t o uch t h em b ecau se t h ey

Vi l lage /co m mun ity .T h e r ea r eg r ound sf o ra s sum ing t h a t t h e s a c r ed p l ace s d i s cu s sed i nt h i s w o rk , m o s t ly i ns u r r o und ing s o ft h e p r eh i s to r ic s e t t lemen t s a nd t h e b u r ia l s i t e s , r e p r e sen tt h ec u l tp l ace so fs ma l l c ommun i t ie s( s ee C hap t e r s 3 . 1 -3 .3 ,3 . 4 . 1 .2 ,3 .4 . 1 .3 ,3 . 5 . 1 ,3 . 5 .3 ,3 . 5 .4 ,3 . 6 )( F ig .5 ) . T he l i nk sb e tween c ommun i t ie sa nd t h e i rc u l tp l a ce sa r ew e l l r e p r e s en t ed a l so b yt h ep r ox im i ty o fs a c r ed p l ace sa nd v i l lage s t h a th ave t h eopho r ic n am e s ( c f . A nde r s son , 1 992 p p .24 1-2 ; S andne s , 1 992 p . 257 ) . F o ri n s tance ,N emakk ia i a r es i tua ted

F ig . 5 5 . H i l lf or t( on t h el e f i )a nd s acr ed h i l l( o nt h er i gh t )o fN auka i rn i s( Ra se in ia id i s tr ic t ) . P ho to b y/ 1 .T au tav ie iu s , 1 967 . L 1H -20186

4 9

V y k in ta s

V a i tk ev iau s .

S t ud ie s i n to t h e B a i t s ' s a cr ed p lace s a nd c h i ld r en w e r en o tc oun ted )( Ve l iu s , 1 996 p p .463 ,4 69 ) .

n ea rt h ef o rme rs a c r ed g r ove N emakk e .g ven ta i -2ade ik ia ia r e n ea rt h eg ven t ine ( Sa c r ed )f o r e s t ; g ven tup ia ia r eo nt h eb ank o fg ven tup i sR ive r ;L aum ena ia r eb yt h eL aum e( F a i ry )h i l l ,e t c .

I ti sn o ta b so lu t e ly c l ea rw ho w a st h ep e rf o rme ro f ac ommu n i ty ' sr i tua l s . T he mo s tp r eva len to p in ion i st h a tt h e se w e re t h eo l de s tm embe r so ft h ec ommun i ty .F o ri n s tance ,W igand o f Ma rbu rg ( 1 4 t hc . )s a y st h a ti n1 336 w h en T eu ton sb e s ieged t h e P i lena i c a s t le , i t s p ro tec to r s d i d n o t w an t t os u r r ende r a l ive ,s ot h ey d e s t royed a l t h et h ing st h a tw e re i nt h ec a s t le . A l l w omen a nd c h i ld r en w e re s t rang led a nd ah und r ed m en l e ta no l di d o la t e r( v e t u la p agana )k i l lt h em w i th a na x e( V e l iu s , 1 9 96 p p .458 ,4 64 ) .

I to ccu r s i nn e ighbou r ing c oun t r ie s a sw e l l . F o r i n s tance , n ea rt h eg ven ta sL ake w i th as a c r ed s t one i nt h ew a te rt h e r e w a s as e t t lemen tK u rk en ,n amed a f te rt h eg od K u rka ( V o ig t , 1 82 ' 7p . 58 ) .I no t he rs i t e si nP ru s s ia t h e r ea r es e t t lem en t sc a l led P e rküna i( o fT hunde r ) ,V e luva ( o fS ou l s ) .I nL a tv ia v i l lage s a nd b owe r sa l so h ave s p ec ia ln ame s , e . g . E lku s i t e ,P ü rkoe c i em s( o fT hunde r )( Endze t in s , 1 9 56 p p .269 ,2 72 ;S t raube rg s , 1 960 p . 146 ) .

T h ed a ta o ft h e1 6 t h17 t hc .a bou tt h ec ommun i ty f e s t iva l sa nd r i tua l st h a tw e r eh e ld a c co rd ing t ot h eo l dc u s tom si nv i l lage s s how st h a tp eop le o fs e n io ra ge p e r f o rmed r i tua l s .H oweve r , t h e i r d i r ec t r e la t ion w i th t h e c ommun i ty i sn o t a lway s d e f i ned .T hey a r eo f t en d ef ined a l so a st h eh i gh o r ac le s( p r imu s a ugur -L a s ick i s , 1 969 p . 42 ) , c ommon ly c a l led m ag ic ian ( s chwen ta b ur t in ik ie -S l av iüna s , 1 997 p . 306 ) ,V i r ga i t i s( S e n i o r ? )( s ac r if i cu lu s ,q uem V u r schay t en a ppe lan t -Mannha rd t , 1 9 36 p p .272 ,2 94 )a nd s oo n .

A na pp rox ima te v i ew o ft h er i t e sa nd g od sw o r sh ipped i nt h e c ommun i ty c an b ec ompo sed w i th t h eh e lp o fc ompa ra t ive ly l a te h i s to r ica ld ocumen t s ,e t hno log ica la nd f o lk lo r es ou r ce s . F o ri n s tance ,i n1 684 i nt h eD e l ic iae P r u s s icae ( The C u r io s i t i e so fP ru s s ia )M .P rä to r iu sd e sc r ibed i nd e ta i l af e s t iva li na c ommun i ty ,w h ich t o ok p l a ce b ef o r et h ea u tumn s ow ing n ea r Me t i rkv ie e ia i .T he r i tua lt o ok p l a ce u nde ra no ak ,n ea r as t on e . At a l l p o le w a s b u i l t t h e r e ; t h e s k in o f ag oa t p u t o n i t ,a b ouque to fc o rn a nd v a r iou s h e rb s t i ed a bove t h e g oa t sk in . A t t h e b eg inn ing o ft h e c e leb ra t ion t h e h ead o ft h e r i tua l V a id i lu t i s( W ey c lu lu t )w i th as c oop i nh i sh and sw a st h ank ing g od w ho g ave t h em f o od ,t oe a ta nd t od r ink .L a t e rt h ey oung p eop le w ou ld h o ld h and sa nd d ance a r ound t h eo ak a nd p o le . V a id i lu t i sw ou ld p ray a ga in w i th t h es c oop i nh i sh and sa nd t h en e ve ryone w ou ld g o ,t a ke o f ft h ep o le a nd g r ab t h eb ou q ue t .T he g oa t sk in w ou ld g ot oV a id i lu t i s ,a nd h ew ou ld c a r e f u l ly d i s t r ibu te t h e h e rb s f r om t h e p o le a mong t h e p eop le . T hen V a id i lu t i sw ou ld s i to nt h eg oa t sk in o n as t one a nd t e l l a bou to l dc u s tom s , b e l ief a nd g od st ot h ep eop le w ho g a th e r ed . L a te r e ve ryone w ou ld l a y t h e i r h ead s o n t h e g r ound a nd V a id i lu t i s w ou ld w a lk a mong t h em . A t t h e e nd o ft h e c e leb ra t ion e ve ryone w ou ld t r ea t t h em se lve s t of o od a nd d r ink s( Mannha rd t , 1 936 p p .5 39-40 ) .C ompa r et h er i t ua l ,d e s c r ibed i n1 6 10 ,o fc a l l ing t h er a in i nt h ew ood so fV idzeme , w he re t h e n e ighbou r s ( " p lu r im i e x v i c in ia" ) w ou ld g a the r ( Mannha rd t , 1 9 36 p . 458 ) .

I tc ou ld b es u gg e s t ed t h a tt h e se p e rf o rme r so fr i tua l sm igh tb e a s so c ia ted w i th t h eL i thuan ian d i eda i( O ld m en ,b egga r s )e x a m ined b yA .J .G r e ima s .T hey m ay r e p r e sen t" t he f a l len ,d e g r aded b u ta u th en t ic s t r a tum o fp r ie s t so ft h eo l d L i thuan ian r e l ig ion" ( 1 990 p . 405 ) .I nt h e1 9120 t hc .t h e s eb egga r sd i dn o t u sua l ly h ave ap e rmanen th ome ( o ru s ed t os t ay w i th t h ef am i l i e so fo n ev i l lag ei nt ur n ) ,t h e i rm a in a c t iv i ty w a st op r ay f o rt h e d ead r e la t ive so fp eop le w ho g i ve t h em f o od i nr e tu rn .

I ti si mpo r tan tt oe mpha s i se t h a tr e l ig iou si n t e r a c t ion b e tween t h em embe r so ft h ec ommun i ty w e r ea l so r e a l i sed i nt h es e t t le m en ta r ea o ri n as e tp l a ce n ea ri t .C ompa re p a r t ie sd u r ing t h e h o l iday s , a f te r C h r is tma s ( g ven tvakar ia i ) , c o l lec t ive m ea l s a f te r s ow ing , v i s i t ing t h e f i e lds o r a f te r t h e h a rves t ( s an zbar ia i ) ,m ee t ing sw hen t h ei s sue so ft h ec ommun i ty a r e b e ing d i scu s sed ( I c r ivü li s ) a nd o t he r s .

Reg iona ls a c r ed p l a ce s . Many s a c r ed p l a ce sa r er e co rded i na dm in i s t r a t ive a nd /o r d ef en s ive c en t r e s o ft h e 1 3 t h14 t h c en tu r ie s( e .g .A l sedi la i ,B iduvenuo se ,G and inga ,K a r t ena , P a § tuva ,R a se in ia i ,V ie gvena i ) .F o ri n s tan ce ,i nS eno j i i nt h ec en t r eo ft h eC ou ron ian D uvza r el a nd ,t h e re i sas a c r ed s t one c a l led A uku ra s ( Sa c r if i ce s t one ) a nd as p r ing t h a t i s s a id t ob e s a c r ed c ome s f r om u nder nea th t h e s t one . E a s to f t h eh i l lf o r t so fS eno j iI p i l t i sa nd c l o se t ot h eo pen s e t t lemen t a r e a n A lka h i l l , A lka R ive r a nd L aume ( F a i ry ) s t one . I n K a rui i gke ,i nt h ec en t r eo fS amog i t ian Med in inka il a nd ,t h e r e i sa nA lka h i l l .I nt h ec en t re o fS amog i t ian g i auduva l a nd l a y s as a c r ed D ievy t i s( God ' s )L ake ,a nd t h e r ea l so a r et h eD ievy t i s s a c r ed h i l la nd g ven ta sR ive r .C ompa r et h ed e ta i led a na ly s i s o ft h em onumen tc omp lexe st h a ta r es i tua t ed i nt h ea dm in i s t r a t ive a nd p o l i t ica lc en t r e so fS em iga l l ia o ft h e1 3 t hc .( U r t än s , 2 00 1 ) .

E xcep t iona l ly l a rge b u i ld ing sw i th in s e t t lemen ta r ea ss ome t ime s p rov ided s pace f o r t h e se c ommun i ty n eed s . S uch w ooden b u i ld ing sa mong t h e We s ter nS l ay sa nd e a r ly S can d i nav ian sc ou ld b ea sb i ga s1 5 x85 m ( s e eO l sen , 1 9 70 p p .2734 ,2 77 ;S l upe ck i , 1 993 p p .269-78 ;B r ink , 1 9 96 p .242-8 ) .T he i n f o rma t ion , w h ich i sn o t r e pea ted i no t he r s o u r ce s a bou t B a i t s ' r e l ig ion , s hou ld p r obab ly b e e va lua t ed i nt h e s ame c on tex t .I n1 384 i nV andi ioga la l a nd L i thuan ian s ,w ho w e r e t a ken b ys u rp r i se n ea rt h et emp le s( e de ss acra s ) ,r a nt oh i de i n s ide t h em a nd w e re c ap tu r ed b y T eu ton s . T he r e w e re 3 6 m en c ap tu r ed f r om o ne b u i ld ing a nd 6 0f r om a no the r( women

I ti sd i ff i cu l t t ot a lk a bou t t h e s t a tu s o ft h e s a c r ed p l a ce s u s ed i na dm in i s t ra t ive a nd /o r d ef en s ive c e n t r e s b ecau se o f t h er e la t ive ly p oo rk now ledge a bou tt h eo l dt e r r i to r ia ls t r uc t u r e st h em se lve s .H oweve r ,t h ef a c tt h a tt h e r ei sar e a son t o a s soc ia te t h e se s a c red p l a ce s w i th t h e c omp lexe s o fm onu m en t s( s e t t lemen t s ,d ef en ce ,a nd b u r ia ls i t e s )w i th in t h ea bove m en t ioned c en t r e s s how s t h e c onnec t ion b e twe en t h e c en t r e sa nd s a c r ed p l a ce s , e ven tua lr e g iona l c u l tc en t re s i nt h i s c a se ( c f . B r ink , 1 9 96 p . 26 1 ; 1 999 p . 427 ) . T h es a c red p l a ce s r e co rded i nt h e f o rme r c en t r e s r e p r e sen t s ome t y pe s o fs a c r ed p l a ce s( h i l l s ,g r ove s ,a nd w a t e r s ) .T he o r a lt r ad i t ion u s ed 5 0

5T he s t a tu s o fs ac r ed p l ace s P e t e ro fD u sbu rg w ro te i n1 3 26 t h a ti na bou t 1 2941300 t h e R omene v i l lage i nt h eA uk sh ta in ian l a nd w a sb u rned d own , " i t w a s t h ough t t ob e s a c r ed a c co rd ing t ot h e p agan c u s t om s" ( Ve l iu s , 1 996 p p .339 , 3 50 ) . I n t h e K ron ike v on P ru z in lan to fN ico lau so fJ e ro sh in t h a tw a sw r i t ten i na bou t 1 340 a f te rP e te ro fD u sbu rg ,i ti ss a id t h a tt h eR ome in v i l lage w as p owe rf u l a nd r i ch , d ue t o t h e s i l ly c us tom o f A uk sh ta i t ian si tw a st h ough tt ob es a c r ed ( Ve l iu s ,1 996 p p .365 , 3 7 5 ) .

t oa s soc ia t et h e se s a c r ed p l ace s w i th t h ep r e -Ch r i s t ian r e l i g i on g en e r a l ly . H oweve r , t h e p l a ce legend s u sua l ly d o n o t s how t ow h ich g od ' so rg odde s s ' sc u l tt h ey w e r er e la ted .T he n ame so fs a c r ed p l ace sd on o ti l u s t r a te t h a te i the r , b ecau se t h ey u sua l ly o r ig ina te f r om t h ew o rd sa l ka , y en ta s( Sa c r ed ) , d i eva s( God ) .N eve r the le s s ,t h e r ea r ee xamp le sp r ov ided ( s ee C hap te r3 . 1 )t h a ts ome h i l lf o r t st y p ica lo f1 0001400 AD a r e c a l led h i l l so fT hunde r .N ame so fs ome o t he ra dm in i s t ra t ive a nd d ef en ce c en t r e st h em se lve sa l so s t ay i nc onnec t ion w i th t h eB a i t s 'm y tho logy a nd r e l ig ion ,f o ri n s tan ce ,V e l iuona ( God d e s so fS ou l s ) ,V i lkme rge ( G i r lo f Wo lve s ;t h i ss ame g odde s s Mede ina -2ve r f ina ) ,a nd S vene iony s( S a c red s i t e ) .

T he R omene i si d en t if ied w i th R oma in ia i n ea r K auna s ( c f . S a ly s , 1 9 30 p . 65 ) .I n1 398 i nt h er e g ion o ft h ec onf luen ce o f t h eN emuna sa nd N evei i sR ive r s , aS ven ta s( S ac r ed )g r ove i s a l so m en t ioned ( Mannha rd t , 1 9 36 p . 127 ) .

Who m a in ta ined t h es a c r ed p l a ce so fr e g iona ls i gn if icance i s n o ta b so lu t e ly c l ea r .I ti su su a l ly a s sumed t h a tt h e of i ce so f c h ief ta in a nd p r ie s tc o inc ided .E ven t h ough t h i so p in ion m ay a l so b ed i s cu s sed w i th r e f e r en ce t ot h eB a i t si ti sb eyond t h e s c ope o ft h i s s t udy . T h i s s t udy s t op s s ho r t o fd r aw ing t h e c onc lu s ion t h a t n ea rt h e f o rme rc en t r e s o fL i thuan ia a nd i n t h ei mmed ia t es u r round ing so fs ome s a c r ed p l a ce s ,t h ep r ie s t s o ft h e p r e -Ch r is t ian r e l ig ion u s ed t ol i ve i nv i l lage s . S uch s e t t lemen t sm igh th ave a l so e x i s ted a mong t h ee a r ly S cand i n av ian s( B r ink , 1 999 p .426 ,4 33 ;a l so s e eB r ink , 1 9 96 p p .2667 ) .

T he r em ay a l so h ave b een s a c red v i l lage si no t he rl o ca l i t ie s . T he r ea r et h ev i l lage so f2 y n i a ia nd 2 yne l ia i( o ft h eP r ie s t s )i n C ou r land o nt h eB a l t ic S ea ,w he r eA dam o fB r emen ( c a . 1 0 75 ) s a y s , " a l l C ou ron ian h ou se s a r e f u l l o fp r ie s t s , s oo th saye r s a nd m ag ic ian s" ( 1 96 1p p .4545 ) .T he V a id i la iv i l lage ( v a id i la " p r ie s t" ) i ss i tua ted i nS amog i t ia ,n o r th o ft h es a c r ed g r ove . B e s ide s ,i nt h i sp a r to fS amog i t ia a tt h ee nd o ft h e 1r c .t h e r e w e r es t i l lp r ie s t sa nd p r ie s te s se s (W eydu l l i s , W e id u lu t t in )( s ee Mannha rd t , 1 9 36 p p .527-9 , 5 301) w ho p e r f o rmed v a r iou s f u nc t ion st y p ica lo ft h eo l ds t ra tum o fp r ie s t s .

H e rmann o f Wa r tbe rg e i nt h eC hr on i con L i von iae ( c a . 13587 8 )m en t ion st h a to n2 5 t hJ a nu a ry 1 3 62 ac ampa ign i nt h eS e t i ja i v i l lage ( S e t hen ) ,w h ich w a sc a l led s a c r ed ( " que d i c i tu rs a nc t a " ) w a so r g an i sed ( Ve l iu s , 1 9 96 p p .4 19 ,4 20 ) .W igand o f Ma rbu rg w r i t e st h a to n2 6 t hJ anua ry 1 364 t h eT eu ton sm anaged t oc a t ch as a c r ed m an ( s anc tum v i rum ) i nt h e S e t i ja i v i l lage ( S e ten ) ( Ve l iu s , 1 9 96 p p .46 1 ,4 67 ) . T he r ei se v iden ce t os ugge s tt h a t t h e se t wo n o te s a r ec o r r e la ted . W ig and o f Ma rbu rg u sed t h e C hron i con L i von iae a nd t h e y ea ro ft h e r e la t ed c ampa ign i s o n ly s l i gh t ly d i f f e r en t ,t h e mon th a nd t h ed ay c o r r e spond ,t h e n ame o ft h ev i l lage a nd i t sl o ca t ion a r ea l so t h es am e( c f .S t u rm s , 1 9 46 p . 33 ;L owm ia t i sk i ,1 9 83 p . 320 ) .

T he n ame o fB u r ve l ia iv i l lag ei sa s soc ia ted a sr e la ted a bove w i th t h e L a tv ian b i trv i s o rb ur ve " mag ic ian ; s o r ce r e r ; w iz a r d" .T he B u rve l ia is i te i ss i tua t ed b eh ind t h eN evei is R ive r v i s i i -v is o ft h eh i l lf o r tt y p ica lo f1 0001400 AD . S ou th o f B u r ve l ia i ac eme te ry o f1 2001400 AD h a sb een e xp lo r ed .A t t h ec onf luen ce o fN evel i sa nd L i e lup i sR ive r sn ea rB u r ve l ia i t h e r ei s ah i l lt h a t i ss uppo sed t ob es a c r ed ,c a l led K op lye ia ( Chape l ) . l ti sd i ff i cu l tt od i scu s ss a c r ed p l a ce so f i nter—reg iona l s i gn if icance . F i r s t ly , ar e g iona l s a c red p l a ce m ay a l so h ave s uppo sed s i gn if icance f o ro t he rr e g ion sa nd m ay i nt h i sw ay c l a im a n i n t e r r eg iona l s t a tu s . S econd ly , i ti si mpo r tan t f o r h ow m any r e g ion s ,a nd o fw ha ts i z ea nd s i gn if icance ,s u ch a s a c r ed p l a ce h ad i t sp owe r .

T he S e t en m en t ion ed t o g e the rw i th t h eN e r i sR ive ra nd S v i lon ia i s i t e s h ou ld b e i d en t if i ed w i th S a t i ja i ( Kauna s d i s t r ic t ) . 5k m n o r th ea s to fS a t i ja it h e S ven ta s( S a c r ed )R ive rf l ow s , mo r e o ve r ,t h e r ea r et wo Z i n e n a i( P r ie s t ' ss i t e )v i l lage ss i tua ted .6

T he s a c r ed p l ace s t h a t a r e s i tua ted b e tween t h e t e r r i to r ie s a dm in is te r ed f r om d i f f e r en tc en t r e sp r obab ly b e s tr e p r e sen t t h ei n te r reg iona ls a c r ed p l a ce s .I no t he rc oun t r ie ss u ch c a se s a r ed i scu s sed q u i te r e a sonab ly ( s ee C a l is endo r f f , 1 97 1 p p .49 ;F abech , 1 9 94 p . 175 , 1 9 99 p . 464 :U r tän s , 1 998 p p . 172-3 ; B r ink ,2 00 1p . 100 ) .

l ti sa temp ted t oa s soc ia te t h en ame S e ten ,S e then w i th t h e L a tv ian s a c /" f ence ;y a rd ;f a rm" ( S t r aub e rg s , 1 9 60 p . 140 )e ven t h ough L i thuan ian s a t : s e t - i sa s soc ia ted w i th g an s " f a t , o be s e" , Ke t t" r omp ,f r o l ic ,g ambo l" ( V anaga s , 1 9 8 1 p p .3267 ) .l ti sw o r th n o t ing t h a tn o to n ly o ne " s ac r ed v i l lage" S a t i ja i s t ay s i nr e la t ion sh ip w i th t h e B a l t s ' r e l ig ion . S ou thwe s t o f S a te si nS kuoda sd i s t r ic tt h e re i sav i l lage c a l led B u rv ia it h a t i sa ga in a s soc ia ted w i th t h eL a tv ian w o rd b ur v i s ,b urve " ma g i c ian ; s o r ce re r ; w iza rd" . Mo r eove r , i no ne o ft h e s a c r ed g r ove s i nP rus s ia as i t e c a l led Z e t yn i sm en t ioned i n 1 377 ( Ge r u l l i s ,1 9 22 p . 156 ) .

T he o l dt e r r i to r ia l u n i t st h em se lve sa r et o op oo r ly k nown i n L i thuan ia . A f t e rc ompa r i son b e tween t h ed i s t r ibu t ion o fa r c haeo log ica ls i t e so ft h ee a r ly 2 n dm i l lenn ium AD a nd h i s to r i c a ld a ta o f1 3 f i14 t hc .i th a sb een n o t iced t h a tt h es a c r ed s i t e s a r eo f t en s i tua ted o nt h es i de so ft h et e r r i to r ia l u n i t s( l and s , d i s t r ic t s )o rb e tw een t h em ( S im ena s , 1 9 95 ;V a i tk ev ie iu s , 1 9 98a p p . 11-4 ) .T he s ame h a sb een c onc luded i nt h i sw o rk a sw e l l ( s ee C hap t e r s3 . 1-3 .3 ,3 . 5 .3 ) . Meanwh i le ,i ti sd i f f icu l tt od i s t i ngu ish p a r t icu la r f e a tu r e s o ft h e se s a c r ed s i te s . B u t o ne m o r ev i v id g eog raph ica lf e a t u re o ft h em c an b es i ng led o u t :

6S o

f a rS e t e nw a si d en t if i ed w i th S e t ai nK ed a in ia id i s t r ic t ( c f . S t u rm s , 1 9 46 p .4 ,3 ) . 5 1

V y k in ta s

V a i tk evd iu s .

S t ud i e s i n to t h e B a i t s ' s ac r ed p l ace s n a tu r e . S om eo ft h em a r e ,b yt h ew ay ,i nt h ef o rm e rc en t r e s a nd w a te r shed a r ea s( Gva lda i ,J o skauda i ,K raia i ,P a r ingy s , R a s e in ia i ,T r ak a i ,T ve r a i , e ma ie i K a lv a r i ja ) .P eop le f r om d i s t a n t p a r i she s o r e ven o t h e r d ioce se s s t i l l a bundan t ly v i s i t p l a ce st h a ta r ef amou sf o rm i rac le sd u r ing t h ec hu r ch f e a s t s .

t h ey a r e f r equen t ly f ound i nw oody h i gh land s a nd m a r shy l ow land so ft h ew a t e r shed s .U sua l ly s a c r ed p l a ce sb e long t o c omp lexe sh e r e ;t h ey a l so s t and o u ti nt h e i rs i ze a nd v a r ie ty a nd t h e i r a bundance o fp l a ce legend s , a sw e l l a s i ns ome o t he rn a tu r a la sw e l la sc u l tu ra lf e a tu r e s( F ig .5 6 ) .

P r e sumab ly t h eR omuva s i t ei nN ad rov ia ,i nP r u s s ia ,h a si n t e r r eg iona l ,o rm o r ep r e c i se ly ,i ntertr iba ls i gn if i cance . I n1 326 P e t e ro fD u sbu rg t e l l sa bou ti ti nt h eC hron icon t e r r a eP ru s s iae ." I nt h em idd le ( of t h ep opu la ted l a nd s )o ft h i s p e rve r se n a t ion -i nN ad rov ia -t h e r ew a s ap l a ce w h ich w a s c a l led R omuva w h ich w a sn amed a f t e rR ome . Ap e r son l i ved t h e r ew ho w a s c a l led K r ive ( Tw i ta u t em i nm ed io n a c ion i s h u ju s p e rve r se , s c i l ice t i nN ad row ia , l o cu s q u idam d i c tu s R omow , t r ahen s n omen s uum a R oma , i nq uo h ab i taba t q u idam ,d i c tu sC r iwe ,q uem c o leban tp r op apa ' ) .H ew a sr e s p ec ted a s aP ope b ecau se i nt h e s ame w ay a sh i s H o l ine s s m anage s t h e C hu rch , K r ive h a s p owe rn o t o n ly a mong t h e m en t ioned t r i be sb u ta l so a mong L i thuan ian s a nd o t he rn a t i on sl i v ing i nL ivon ian l a nd s .H i sa u tho r i ty w a ss og r ea tt h a t n o to n ly h eh im se lf ,a nd h i st r ibe sm en ,b u ta l so h i sm e s sen g e rw i th as t i ck ( ' nunc iu sc um b acu lo * )o ro t he rw e l l -known s i gn w hen t r ave l l ing ‹ . . .> r e ce ived g r ea t e s tr e spe c tf r om t h e d uke s , n ob le s a nd p opu la ce ( ' reg ibu s e tn ob i l ibu s , e tc o rn m un ip opu lo ' ) .‹ . . .> I n app rop r ia te j oke sw ou ld h appen a bou t t h e d ead . F o ri n s tance , p a r en t s o ft h e d ead w ou ld g ot ot h e m en t ioned P ope -K r ive a nd w hen t h ey a s ked w he the rh eh ad s e en a nyone g o ing t ot h e i rh ou se o n s u ch ad ay a nd s u ch a n i gh th ew ou ld a n swe rw i thou td oub tw ha tw e re t h ec l o the s , w eapon s ,h o r se sa nd r e la t ive so ft h ed ead ‹ . . .› .A f t e r av i c t o ry t h ey s a c r if ice t h e i rg od sa n of e r ing o fg r a t i tude f r om a l t h e s po i ls t h a tw e re w on d u r ing t h e w a r , o ne t h i rd o fi tw a s g i ven t ot h ea l r eady m en t ioned K r ive w h ich h ew ou ld b u rn" ( Ve l iu s , 1 9 96 p p . 34 ,3 44 5 ) .

F ig . 5 6 . S acred h i l lq fG irn ika i( iau l ia id i s tr ic t ) . P ho to b yB . B uraeas , 1 935 . CHC .

S ac red s i t e s o ft h i s k i nd m igh t h ave b een a s so c ia ted w i th s ome my tho log ica lv i ew s ,p r ima r i ly i mage sa bou tt h ew o r ld o fg od sa nd t h ed ead ,w h ich s t a r t sb eh ind t h ec u l tu r a l s p a ce c on t ro l led b y h uman s . C ompa re t h e S enm ie s te w e t land r e g a rded t ob et h e" He l lo fd ev i l s" ;t h eD au syna i( d au so s" o the r w o r ld" )w e t land n ea r av i l lage h av ing t h es ame n ame a nd t h e v e l e( Sou l s )R ive rt h e r e ;P ek la le ( He l l )a nd ü y se iu s( Pu rga t o ry )s wamp si nA l sed i la if o r e s t ;t h eD ieva ra i s t i s( God ' s )w e t l a nd i nD abul ia if o r e s t .A l lt h e se p l a ce sa r es i tua ted i nw a te r s hed a r ea s . T he r ei sl i t t le t os a ya bou th ow t h ei n t e r r eg iona ls a c r ed p l a ce s f unc t ioned . T he w r i t t en s ou r ce s o n ly a low o ne t oi mag ine t h a ta t ac e r ta in t ime a nd p l a ce ,p eop le u s ed t og a the rf r om d i f f e ren tv i l lage s ,d i s t r ic t sa nd l a nd s( c f .L owm ia t i sk i , 1 9 83 p p .3 17-20 ) .

I ti se ven d i ff i cu l tt od i scu s se ve ry th ing t h a th a sb een w r i t ten b yr e sea r che r sa bou tR omuv a( Ba tü r a , 1 9 85 p .355-60 ;V e l iu s , 1 996 p p .3301 ,a l so w i th r e f e r ence s ) .S of a r ,d if e r en tp o in t s o fv i ew a r e e xp re s sed i nh i s to r iog raphy o n t h i s t o p ic . O ne o p in ion i st h a ti nN ad rov ia t h e re w a sa ni n t e r t r iba lr e l ig iou s c en t r eo ft h eB a i t s ,w h ich i nt h es e cond h a lf o ft h e 1 3 t hc .w a s m oved t oL i thuan ia ,t oR oma in ia in ea rK auna s( Lowm ia t i sk i , 1 983 p p .319-20 ) . A no the ro p in ion i st h a ti nN ad rov ia t h e re m igh t h ave b e en as a c r ed g r ove t h a t w a s c a l led R omuva , h oweve r , i td i d n o t h ave s u ch ag r ea t s i gn if ican ce a si ti s d e sc r ibed i nt h e " Ch ron ic le o ft h e P ru s s ian l a nd s" . T he r e w a sn oK r ive -Pope ,b ecau se P e te ro fD u sbu rg i n ven ted h im s ot h a tt h eB a l t s 'r e l ig ion w ou ld b e mo r es im i la rt ot h e" con t r a -chu r ch" ( Rowe l l , 1 994 p .38 , 1 26 ) .

I ns u ch ac on tex tE .g t u rm se va lua ted t h en o te t h a to nJ a nu a r y2 6i n1 3 64 i ng a t i ja iv i l lage t h eT eu ton sm anaged t oc a t ch as a c red m an ( s anc tum v i rum )a nd h ep r om i sed t ot a ke t h em t ot h e p l a ce i nt h e w ood s w he r e t h ey w ou ld f i nd al o t o f p agan s g a the r ed . T he n ex td ay t h e m an t o ok t h e T eu ton st o V a r luva l a nd w he r ei n ah o r r ib le f o r e s tp eop le g a the red f r om a l t h e t h r ee v i l lage s o fV a r luva l a nd w e r e t a ken u nawa r e s ( g tu rm s ,1 9 46 p . 33 ;V e l iu s , 1 9 96 p p .46 1 ,4 67 ) . T h i sn o te c ou ld m ean t h a tt h ep l a ce i nt h ef o re s tw a s as a c red o rm ee t ing p l a ce ( c ompa r e m ee t ing p l a ce s c a l led S ac r ed i n S cand inav ia -C a l i s sendo r f f , 1 97 1 p p .4-9 ,A nde r s son , 1 9 92 p . 253 ) .H oweve r ,i ti sd if i cu l tt oi n te rp re tt h ee ven to f1 364 . A l lt h i st o ok p l a ce i nt h ed ay so ft h eT eu ton s ' a t tack .

I ns p i te o ft h ei d eo log ica lp r i sm a nd c omp i la t ion ,t h o se w e r e r e vea led l a te ly ( c f .R owe l l , 1 994 p p .38 , 1 2 5-6 )t h e r ei sr e a son t op r e sume t h a tt h es t o ry o fP e te ro fD u sbu rg i sb a s ed o nt h e P ru s s ian o r a lt r ad i t ion ( c f . Mannha rd t , 1 9 36 p . 90 ) . A ni n s t i tu t ion o fm ee t ing se x i s ted a mong t h eB a i t s ;t h em o s t i mpo r tan t i s sue sw e r e a lway s s o lved t h i sw ay . A st h ec om p a ra t ive d a ta s how s , t h e m ee t ing s o fr e p r e s en ta t ive s o fa l l a nd s / t r ibe si n8 f i13 ' hc .i nt h eB a l t ic S ea r e g ion u sua l ly h ad

When t r y ing t oa n swe rt h eq ue s t ion o fh ow t h ei n te r reg iona l s a c r ed p l ace s o pe ra t ed i ti sw o r th t a k ing i n to a ccoun t t h e f unc t ion ing o ft h e C a tho l ic c hu r che sa nd t h eh o ly p l a ce s i n 5 2

5T he s t a tu s o fs acr ed p lace s as e t p l a ce i nt h e m idd le o ft h e l a nds . C ompa re Mark lo i n

T he d a ta a l so a l low d i scu s s ion o fs a c red p l a ce s t h a t h ad a nat ional s t a tu s . S uch ar a nk r e semb le s t h e r eg iona l o r

S axon ia ( Hauck , 1 964 ;H ofme i s te r , 1 967 ) ,R a ige le i nE s t land ( Lowm ia l i sk i , 1 983 p . 319 ) ,S ka ra ,U pp sa la ( L iedg ren , 1 956 ; N o rdah l ,1 9 96 ) ,a nd R om ai nS weden ( Pe e l ,1 999 p p .29 ) ,V ibo rg i nD enma rk ( Lev in N ie l sen , 1 974 ) , R e thra a nd A rkona i n

i n te r reg iona l s a c red p l a ce si nm any w ay s ;h oweve r ,t h ep a r t i cu la r i ty o ft h es uppo sed S t a te ' sc u l tp l ace si sab i td if e ren t . F i r s t ly , t h ey u sua l ly a r e s i tua ted i nt h e c en t re s o ft h e S t a te p e r iod . I ti sa l so r e a sonab le t oa s sume t h a tt h e s ove r e ign o r p eop le a ppo in ted b y h im f ounded t h e se s a c r ed p l ace s i na

P o lab ien ( He r rmann , 1 974 ; S chm id t , 1 974 ; D ra l le , 1 984 ; S lupeck i , 1 994 p p .24-44 ,5 1-65 )( Map XXX ) .D epend ing o n h i s to r ic t i me a nd e nv i ronmen t , t h e se p l ace sp l ayed ap o l i t i c a l ,a dm in i s t r a t ive ,e conom ic ,a nd r e l ig iou sr o le ;t h a ti s ,t h ey

c en t ra l ised w ay ,d eve lop ing a nd e s tab l i sh ing t h ei d eo logy o f t h eS t a te i nt h ep er iphe ry . Mo r eove r ,t h e my tho log ica lm ean i n g so ft h e se s a c red p l ace sw e re d i r ec t ly a s soc ia ted w i th t h e

r e a l ly p e r f o rmed t h er o le o fc en t re s .

c on ten to ft h er e l ig ion o ft h eS t a te i t se lf . I tm ay b ea s sumed t h a t t h e r e p r e sen ta t ive s o ft h e l a nd s a nd T he r e l ig ion o ft h eL i thuan ian S t a te ( f rom c i r ca 1801230 AD )i ss t i l l at o p ic o fd i scu s s ion ( c f .T opo rov , 1 980 p p .34-40 ;

t r ibe sm e to nce ay ea r( o ro nce e ve ry f ew y ea r s )i nR omuva t o r e -e s tab l i sh p o l i t ica l a nd l e ga l a g r eemen t s , t od i scu s s t h e i r a mendm en t sa nd o the ri mpo r tan tt o p ic s . Mo s tl i ke ly t h eR o muv as i t ea l so h a st h eh i ghe s ti n te r t r iba ls t a tu so fs a c r ed p l ace o rs u ch as i t ew a ss i tua ted n ea rt ot h em a jo rm ee t ing p l ace .

G re ima s , 1 990 p p .17 ,3 57-9 ) .H oweve r ,i ti ss uppo sed t h a ta c ommon r e l ig iou s s y s tem , o r ien ted t ot h e l e ad ing s t ra tum a nd e xpress ing i t s i deo logy , w as e s tab l ished ( see V a i tkev ie iene & V a i tkev ie iu s ,2 00 1) ;w hen b u ry ing au n if o rm , f une ra l r i tua l w a s f o l lowed a nd p ar t icu la r S t a te c u l t p l ace s e x is ted .S ome s a c red p l a ce sw e r ea l so a s soc ia ted d i rec t ly w i th t h el e ad ing m i l i ta ry s t ra tum o ft h e 1 3 `114 thc .( t he G r and D uke a nd n ob le s ) .T hey e x i s ted i n( n ea rby )t h e i rd oma in a r ea s :r e s i d ence s , e s ta te s . B y t h ew ay , i ti st y p ica l t h a tt h e S ta te ' s c u l t

A l l a spec t so ft h eo r ig in o fR omuva i nN ad rov ia a nd i t sp e r i od c an o n ly b ed ef ined b yo ve ra l l r e sea r ch o fP rus s ian p o l i t ica l h i s to ry a nd c u l tu r e . Meanwh i le t h e re i se v idence t o s ugge s t t h a t t h e R omuva c en t re e x i s ted i nN ad rov ia u n t i l 1 274-77 .L a te ri tw a s moved t oL i thuan ia ,t ot h eR oma in ia i s i te ( t h es ame n ame a sR omuva )( c f .L owm ia t i s l c i , 1 983 p p .3192 0 ,G udav ie iu s , 1 983 p . 63 , 1 999 p . 179 ) .

p l ace sa r ei nu se i nt h eG rand D uke ' sd oma in ( So ren sen , 1 992 p p .234-5 ) .

T he p a r a l le l sb e tween R omuva ( Ro r now )i nN ad rov ia a nd R oma ( Rumun z ) i nG o t land I s land ( s ee Mü l le r -W i l le , 1 984 p . 211 ; Ö s t e rg r en , 1 992 ;P ee l , 1 999 p p .13 ,2 9 ,3 4 )d e se rve a dd i t iona l a t ten t ion . A s p lace s f o rm ee t ing s a nd r i tua l s , b o th o ft h em f un c t ioned a cco rd ing t ot h es ame mode l : 'b o th o ft h em w e re i nt h e" m idd le" ,r ep re sen ta t ive so fa lt h el a nd su sed t og a the r h e r e . K r ive i s sued i n v i ta t ion st om ee t ing s i nR omuva s end i n gt h ek r ive o rk r iv i ik ( " the s t ick s ign w i th c r ooked h ead" ) a r ound t h e p eop le . I ti sn o t c l ea rw ho i s sued i n v i ta t ion s t o t h eA l th inge t G u t land ia ( Ma jo r Mee t ing o fG o t lande r s ) a t t h eR oma s i te .B u tt h ee xp lo ra t ion so ft h eH a l la -B roe ,B jö rke c eme t e r ie si nt h es u r round ing so fR oma a nd t h eh oa rd sf ound t h e r e( Thunma rk -Ny len , 1 995 F ig s . 127137 ;2 000 p p .313-50 , 5 83-92 , 1 0 501) s how t h a ti nt h eV ik ing A ge p eop le o f ah i gh

A ni n te re s t ing e xamp le i st h eP ad ieva i t i ss a c red p l ace w i th a s t one " t h rone" ( F ig .5 7 ) .I tb e long st ot h ea r chaeo log ica lc om p l ex t h a tc on s i s ted o fh i l lf o r t ,o pen s e t t lemen ta nd c eme te ry o ft h e 1 m -b eg inn ing o ft h e2 " dm i l lenn ium AD .H e re u sed t o s t and a n i mpor tan t c a s t le a dm in i s t ra ted b y av i ce roy o ft h e G rand D uke G ed im ina s ( 1316-4 1) a nd d e s t royed b y t h e T eu ton si n1 329 ( Dubon i s , 1 998 p p .53-5 ) .D ur ing t h ee xcava t i on n ea rt h e s a c red s t one i n1 97 1 b yV .U rbanav ie ius s ome

( h ighe s t? )s oc ia ls t ra tum u sed t ol i ve n ea rR oma . I nt h ec on t inen ta lp a r to fS weden m ee t ing p l ace su sua l ly h ave n ame st h a ti n c lude r i ng -o rt h ing ,s oR oma ( Runyan )i nG o t land I s land i so ne o ft h ee xcep t ion s . L ingu i s t s s uppo se t h e G e rman ic r um - a nd t h e B a l t ic r an z : r om -a r eo fd if e ren to r ig in a nd m ean ing ( c f . P oko rny , 1 959 p p . 8 64 , 8 74 ) . B u t i nG o t land R umum w a s p ronounced a s r ämme [ r o :m ]( O l s son , 1 984 p . 47 ) .A nd t h en ame o ft h ev i l l a ge n ea rt h es ac r ed f i e ld i nS am land , f o ri n s tance ,v a r ied i n t h e 1 4 ' h c .a sR omehnen/Romayn i s /Rummove ( Ve l iu s , 1 996 p p . 3 20 ,3 23 ) . I ts how st h a tt h eo l dS cand inav ian r um " open p l ace ; f i e ld" a nd t h eB a l t ic r am : r om -" ca lm ,s e rene a nd s o o n" i np l ace -name sc an s t i l lb er e la ted s eman t ica l ly .

F ig . 5 7 . V e l n io s o s ta s( D ev i ls 'T h r one )s t one o fP ad ieva i t i s d i s t r ic t )d ur ing e x cava t ion . P ho to b y VU rbanav iau s , 1 97 1 . L IH -32685 .

' Fo rt h eV i k ing a nd C ou ron ian c o nn e c t ion si nt h ep e r spe c t iv eo f s o c i a lg e og r aphy s e e :2 u lk u s , 1 9 99 p . 1357 . 5 3

V y k in ta s

V a i tk ev ie iu s .

S t ud ie s i n to t h e B a i t s ' s a c r ed p l ac e s

p o t she rd s d a t ing f r om t h e b eg inn ing o ft h e 2 n d m i l lenn ium AD w e r ef o und a sw e l la s af i r ep la ce ,a nd s ome s t one ss t and i n ga r ound am a jo rs t one " t h rone" .

T he d i s t r ibu t ion o fg ven ta rag ia is i te sc o r r e la te sw i th t h ed i s t r ibu t ion o ft h ee a r ly p o l i t ica lc en t r e si nt h ec o r eo ft h eS t a te a nd i ni t sp e r iphe r y .T ha ti l u s t ra te sn o tt h en a t iona lp o l icy i n t h e p e r sona l i ty o ft h e G r and D uke b u t i t s s p r ead /d eve lop m en t t h rough h i s s e rvan t s -L e ie ia i . T he l a t te r i n s t i tu t ion , w h i ch a l r eady e x i s ted i nt h ee a r ly 1 36 c . ,i sap a r t icu la r" d eve l o pmen tm e chan i sm" o ft h ec en t ra lp owe ra nd t h ei d eo logy o f t h eS t a te ( Dubon i s , 1 998 p p .85-6 ,9 2-9 ) .

I ti sw o r th n o t ing t h a t at y p ica le l emen to ft h ee nv i ronmen to f t h es a c r ed p l a ce sc a l led K i gk io b ainye ia ( Chu r ch o ft h eH a r e ) a nd V i lkpede ( Foo tma rk o ft h e Wo lf )( Map XXX I )a r eS t a t e c a s t le s , r o ya l e s ta te s o rt h e p l a ce -name s r e la ted t ot h e d o m a in o fn ob le s . Mo s to ft h ea bove -men t ioned s a c r ed p l a ce s ( h i l l s ,g r ov e s ,s t one s ,a nd s ma l ls wamp s )a r es i tua ted w i th in 1 0k mo ft h ec a s t le sa nd e s ta te s( B i r g tona s ,D auga i ,S t ak l i gke s , V a lk in ink a i ,2 i e im a r i a i ) .T he se s a c r ed p l a ce sm ay b ea s c r ibed t oc u l tp l a ce s o ft h e S t a t e g odd e s sI v e r ün a -M e d e i n a( f rom m ed i s " wood ; t r ee" a nd ± " v i r i s " bea s t " ) . H e r s e rvan t s w e re w o lve s a nd h a r e s . T he g odde s s h e r se lf m igh tb e v i sua l i sed a s aw o lf . Ah a r e s e em st ob e at y p ica l s a cr if i ce o f f e red f o r Med e ina -Zve rüna ( s ee V a i tkev ie iu s ,2 003 ) .

T he n o r ther nl i ne o ft h eL i thuan ian b o rd e r , w i th n a tu r a l o b s t a c le s ,f o r t if ica t ion sl i ke r ampa r t sa nd c a s t le s( i n c lud ing o ne s i nU kme rge a nd A nyk ge ia i )p ro tec ted b yL e i e ia i ,w a sm ou l d ed i n1 230-35 .T he G r and D uke e s tab l i sh ed h i sa u tho r i ty i n S amog i t ia ( i nc lud ing B e tyga la a nd K ra l ia i )a f te rt h ev i c to ry i nt h ec i v i lw a ro f1 248-52 .T h i sa low su st oa s sume t h a tt h e s a c r ed p l a ce s c a l led g ven ta rag ia i m igh th ave b een f o unded i n ac en t ra l i sed w ay d u r ing t h es ho r tp e r iod 1 2001250 AD . A st h ep r ev iou sr e sea r ch c onc luded ,t wo o ft h eg ven ta r ag ia i ( i nD va r v ie e ia ia nd V i ln iu s )p o s se s s ing t h es t a tu so ft h eS t a t e ' s c u l tp l a ce s ,w e r ei nu se u pt ot h ec onve r s ion o fL i thuan ia i n 1 3 87 a nd S amog i t ia i n1 4 13 ( V a i tkev ie ien e &V a i tk ev ie iu s ,2 00 1 p p .3 12-8 ) .

H oweve r ,t h em o s tv i v id e xamp le o ft h eS t a t e ' ss a c r ed p l a ce s a r es i t e sc a l led g ven ta r ag ia i( f rom . e v en ta s" s ac r ed" a nd r aga s " hor n ;p en in su la ;f i r e" ) .T hey a r er e co rded i nn i ne l o ca l i t ie so f E a s t e rn a nd W e s t e rn L i thuan ia .O ne m o r ev i l lag eo fg ven t a rag i s i ss i tua ted i nt h ed i s t r ic to f Ma r i jampo le ( Map XXX I I ) .

D a ta a bou ts a c r ed p l a ce so fS t a t es i gn i f ic an c ec ou ld b ew e igh t i ly s upp lemen t ed b yt h er e su l t s o ft h e i n ve s t ig a t ion s i n to s a c r ed p l a ce ss i tua t ed i nt h eh i s to r ic c ap i ta ls o ft h eL i thuan ian S t a t e . H oweve r , n o te nough a t t en t ion h a sb een p a id t ot h em s of a r a nd s ot h ey c a nb ed i scu s sed o n ly p a r t ia l ly .

S ome l a nd scape e l emen t s : h i gh land s i nt h e c onf luence s o f r i ve r s( Anyk ge ia i , i ue l ia i ,D va r v ie e ia i ,V i ln iu s ) ,l a ke p en in s u la s( A ig e la i ,G i r s te i t i gk i s ) ,g r ove s( Dva rv iee ia i ,V i ln iu s )a nd w e t land s( P ap r en i gk ia i )h ave p r e se rved t h en ame S ven ta rag i s . T hey u sua l ly l i eb eh ind t h e r i ve r v i s -ä -v i s o ft h e d we l l ing / d ef en ce s i t e s( Anyk ge ia i ,D va rv iee ia i ,V i ln iu s )a nd o f t en 0 . 53k m d i s tance f r om s a c red p l ace s c a l led A lka i ( A ige la i , A nyk g e ia i ,P ap r en i gk ia i )t y p ica lo ft h et r i ba lp e r iod ( s ee C hap t e r s3 . 1 -3 .3 ) .

T he S t a te ' s e ven tua l s a c r ed p l a ce s i nK e rnav e , T raka i a nd V i ln iu s a r e s a c r ed g rove s . T h i s mu s t h ave b een ap a r t icu la r s a c r a l s pace w he r e s ome e l emen t s t h a tb e longed t oi tw e r e c omb ined ,f o ri n s tance ,t r ee s ,s t one s ,s p r ing s ,r i tua lh o le so r f i r ep la ce sr e la ted t oc u l t so fd i f f e ren tg od s .

P l a ce legend s t e l l t h a t h o ly f i r e u s ed t ob u rn i nt h e s a c red p l a ce sc a l led g ven ta rag ia i ,p eop le u s ed t op r ay t h e re , ac hu r ch u s ed t os t and t h e r eo rt h a td ead d uke sa nd n ob le sw e r eb ur n ed t h e r e( s ee V e l iu s ,2 00 1 p p .380 ) .T he l a t te rp u rpo se i sa l so t h e m a in s uppo sed f unc t ion o ft h e se s i te s ( V a i tkev ie iene & V a i tkev ie iu s ,2 00 1 p p .3 17-8 ) .

T he s uppo sed s a c r ed g r ove c a l led G o ju s i ss i t ua ted s o u th e a s to fK e rnave , ac i ty o ft h e 1 3 '114 ' "c . ,i nt h el owe rr e a ch e so f t h eK e rnave le R ive r .A cco rd ing t ot h ed a ta o f1 9 35 i to ccup ied a na r ea o fa pp rox ima t e ly 1 0h a . O nt h es i d eo fi ta tt h a tt i m e t h e r ew a ss t i l l ad r yo ak ,w h ich c ou ld h a rd ly b ee mb r a ced b y f i ve p eop le , ac r o s s h a s b een c a rved o n i ta nd s ome " o ld L i thuan ian s i gn s" ." Peop le f r om f a rp l a ce sw ou ld c ome t os e e t h i so ak ,t h ey w ou ld g os o lemn ly ,t h e i rh a t so f f '( Onom . ) .

T h r ee s a c r ed p l a ce s c a l led g ven ta r ag ia i a r e a s so c ia ted w i th t h eS t a t e ' se a r ly c en t r e s i nV i ln iu s ,A nykk ia i ,a nd U kme rge . S t a te c a s t le sa nd /o rt h er o ya le s t a te sw e r es i t ed t h e r e ,t h e r ei s a l so ap o l i t ica l ,m i l i ta ry a nd s o c ia ll e ie ia ii n s t i tu t ion r e co rded h e r e .T he l o ca t ion o ft wo g ven ta r ag ia ii nt h e Mo le ta ir e g ion i s n o ts oe l oquen tb u tt h eG i r s t e i t i gk i ss i t ei ss uppo sed ly r e la ted t ot h es on o fK ing M indauga sG i r s tuka s /G i r s te ik i s .

T he a l r eady -men t ioned g r ove o fs a c red l i m et r e e s( s ee C hap t e r s3 . 3 ,3 . 3 . 1) w a ss i tua ted n o r th -we s to fT r aka i .T he r ew a sa r oya l d oma in , w h ich w a s l a te r p r e sen ted t ot h e n ob le s o f T o t to r io r ig in .A tt h ee nd o ft h e 1 5 t hc .t h er i gh to fT o t to r it o t h i sl a nd h ad a l r eady b een c onf i rmed ( Ba l iu l i s ,M iku l ion i s& M i gk in i s , 1 9 9 1p . 85 ) .

T he g ven ta rag i so fD va rv ie e ia ii si nt h ep a r to fS amog i t ia t h a t K ing M inda uga sw a sa l r eady d i spo s ing i nt h em id 13 t hc .L a te r , w hen t h e 1 3 t h c .w a s c om ing t oa n e nd , t h e G rand D uke T r a id en i ss e t t led t h er e f uge eS em iga l l ian sh e r e( Dubon i s , 1 998 p p .6 1-3 ) .T he p owe ro ft h eG rand D uke r e ached K ra I ia ia l so i nt h em id 13 t hc .a f t e ro ne o ft h eD uke so fS amog i t ia .V yk in ta s , w a sd ef ea ted . I ti smo re c omp l ica ted t od e sc r ibe t h eh i s to r ic c on tex to ft h eg ven ta rag i so fü iule l ia i ,b u ti ti sr e a sonab le t o t h ink t h a ti nt h ee a r ly a nd m id 13 " 'c .t h ew e s ter nb o rd e ro ft h e L i thuan ian S t a te w a sh e r e .

I nt h eC h ron ic le o fM .S t rykov sky ( p ub l i sh ed i n1 5 82 )t h es t o r i e sa bou tt h em y th ica l D uke g ven ta rag i s ,t h eh un to fG r and D uke G ed im ina sa nd o t he r s w e r ep r e sen t ed i nd e ta i l . l tw a s a l so s a id t h a ti nV i ln iu s ,w e s to ft h eG rand D uk e ' sP a la ce ( b e h i nd t h e V i ln ia R ive r ) t h e r eu s ed t ob e as a c r ed g r ove ( Map ) (XX I I I ) .T he g r ove ( o rt h ep a r tn ea rt h es o -ca l led P u gka rn ia ) c o r r e sponded w i th t h ea r ea a t r ibu t ed t ot h eV i ln iu sg ven t a r ag i s . I ts e em st h a tt h e r e ,n ea rt h es uppo sed o l dc e n t r eo fe x t r a c t ion 5 4

5T he s t a tu s o fs ac r ed p lace s a nd p r oce s s ing o fi r on ,t h e r eu s ed t ob e ap l a ce f o rb u rn ing t h e d ead d uke sa nd n ob le s . B yt h ew ay , a si nT r aka i , t h eG r and D uke a l so d i v ided t h eL uk i §ke ss i te f o rT o t to r i . T h i sa nd o t he rs a c r ed p l a ce si nV i ln iu sh ave s of a rr e ce ived j u s t al i t t le b i tm o r ea ten t ion f r om t h er e sea r che r so ft h eB a i t s ' m y tho logy ( Topo rov , 1 980 ;G r e ima s , 1 998 ) .T he o n ly e xcep t i on i st h e h ea ted d i scus s ion a bou t t h e r ema in s o ft h e P e rküna s( Thunde r )s a nc tua ry b enea th C a thed ra la nd t h ei n t e rp r e ta t ion s o ft h e r e su l t s o ft h e i r r e sea r ch ( K i tkau ska s , L i sanka & L a sav icka s , 1 986 ; K i tkau ska s , 1 9 89 p p . 115-25 ; U rbanav ie lu s , 2 000 ; K a ta lyna s , 2 000 p p . 2 13-5 ; a l so s e e D ubon i s , 1 997 ) .T og e to ne ' sb ea r ing si nt h i sd i scu s s ion w a s n o te a sy f r om t h ev e ry b eg inn ing , e ven f o rt h eh ead so ft h e e xcava t ion s . N a tu r a l ly t h er e su l t s o ft h e r e sea r ch a r e b e ing v e r if ied f o r aw h i le a nd w i l lp robab ly b ev e r if ied a ga in i nf u t u r e . I nt h em ean t ime i ti sc e r ta in t h a to nt h ep l a ce o fV i ln iu sC a the d r a lu n t i lL i thuan ia ' sc onve r s ion t h e r ew a s as a c r ed p l a ce o f S t a te s i gn if ican ce ,m o s tp robab ly w i th c e r ta in e qu ipmen ta nd i d o l s .P ope U rban I Vi nh i sb u l lo f1 388 s a y st h a tt h eG r and D uke J oga i la , b ef o r e s t a r t ing t h e c onve r s ion o fL i thuan ia , d emo l i shed at emp le ( f imum ) i nt h e a bove -men t ioned s i t e , w he re h e a nd o t he rp agan s u sed t ow o r sh ip g od s a nd i d o l s b ef o r e( Ve l iu s , 1 996 p p .447-8 ) .Y an D lugo sh ( t he s e cond h a lf o ft h e 1 5 t hc . )a l so t e l l sa bou t at emp le ( " temp lum e ta r a" )o n t h es i t eo fV i ln iu sC a thed r a l( Ve l iu s , 1 996 p p .572 ,5 74 ) .S i nce t h e 1 6 t h c .t h i s s a nc tua ry , w h ich w a s f o unded b yt h e G r and D uke ' s P a lace , w a s a tr ibu ted t ot h e g od P e rküna s ( Thun d e r ) . T os um u p ,i tm igh tb em a in ta ined t h a tt h eB a i t s 's a c r ed p l a ce s i nL i thuan ia w e re d i f f e ren t ia t ed a c co rd ing t ow ha ts o c ia lr o le a nd r e l ig iou s f u nc t ion s t h ey p e r f o rmed . T he s a c r ed p l ace s h ave b e en i nu se a th ome , i nt h e v i l lag e , i nt h e c en t r e s o f v a r iou sr a nk sa nd a l so b e tween t h ea r ea sa dm in i s t r a ted f r om s ome d i f f e r en t c en t r e s . T hey w e re r e la ted a c co rd ing t ot h e r e l ig iou sn eed so f af am i ly /k in ,c ommun i ty ,s e ve r a lc ommun i t i e so rt r ibe ( c ompa r er e sea r ch i n to S wed i sh s a c r ed p l a ce sb y V ik s t r and ,2 00 1p p .428 ,4 107 ) . T he R omuva i nN ad rov ia -a n i n te r t r iba l s a c r ed p l a ce -i sa u n ique c a se a mong t h eB a l t sb u tn o ti nt h eB a l t ic S ea r e g ion . As p ec if ic g r oup o fs a c red p l ace s i sf o rmed b y t h e S t a te ' s c u l tp l ace s . Mo s to ft h em a r ef o und i nt h ec en t r e so ft h eS t a te p e r iod a nd e xp r e s sed t h e r e l ig iou s i n te r e s t s o ft h e l e ad ing s t ra tum .

A bou t t h e g od K a lve l i s ( Sm i th ; S on o ft h e S m i th ) i nt h e S t a te ' s p an theon a nd t h eh ypo the t ica l p a r t ic ipa t ion o fs m i th s w h i le b ur n i n gt h e d ead s e eV a i tkev ie iene & V a i tkev ie ius , 2 00 1 pP .3 18 -22 .

5

V y k in ta s

V a i tk ev iau s .

S tud ie s

i n to

t h e

B a l l s ' s acred p lace s

6S acred p lace sa nd t he c u l to ft he d ead

" T t h o eb y en m d o ,s m ta l i k k e ec l y ur d v e y r ,i c v r e oo f r k o em d "I ( n K d a o r a E l i u ü r n o a p s e ,a 1 n 97 0p . 259 ) .

Wh i le a na ly s ing s a c r ed p l ace sw ho se m y th ica lm ean ing sa r e a s soc ia t ed w i th v i ew o fa na f te r l if ea nd t h ep o s thumou ss t a te o ft h e s ou l , t h ep rob lem o fl i nk sb e tween t h e s a c r ed p l ace s a nd c u l to ft h ed ead h a sn o tb een m en t ioned y e t .

T he r ea r e al o to fw o rd si nL i thuan ian t h a ta r ed e r ived f r om k auk lkuk . T he mo s t f amou s o ne i sk auka s " ch thon ic s ou l w h ich b r ing sr i che s ,e l f ' .B u ts u ch am ean ing ,w h ich k auka s u s ua l ly p o s se s se s ,d oe sn o te xp la in t h em y tho log ica lm ean i n g o ft h e s a c r ed p l ace s c a l led K auka i a ta l . T he " s pec ia l g r ove" f o r b u rn ing t h e d ead ( n o t s i ng l ing o u t t h e d uke s ) c a l led K ok ive i thu s s ugge s t st h a tt h em ean ing s o ft h ew o rd s k auka s , k uka s w e r e r e la t ed t ot h e d ead . A . J .G r e ima s r e v ea led t h i s a s soc ia t ion b y s how ing t h a tt h ek auka sc oncep t i ss u r rounded b y" r ep r e sen ta t ion so fd ea th" ( 1 990 p . 6 1) .A l so b u r ia l s i te s o fv a r iou s p e r iod s o ft h e I r on A ge o f ten h ave n ame sw i th k auk lkuk -( Domane ia i ,G a spa r a i ,K auk snu ja i ) .

W r i t ten s ou r ce s o f t en s a y t h a t t h e B a i t s u s ed t os o lemn ly b u rn t h e i rd ead .H oweve r ,o n ly t wo s ou r ce sd e f in et h ep l ace w he re s u ch r i tua l sw e r ep e r f o rmed .G h i l lebe r td eL annoy ,a F rench n ob le , w ro te i n 1 4 1314 t h a t a mong t h e b ap t i sed C ou ron ian st h e r ew a ss t i l l a" s e c t "w ho se d ead m embe r sw e r e b u rn t" i nt h en ea r e s tg r ove" ( Ve l iu s , 1 996 p p .513-4 ) . Y an D lugo sh i nH i s tor ia P o lon ica ,w r i t ten i nt h e 1 5 t hc en tu ry , p rov ide st h ed a ta t h a ti nt h es a c r ed w ood so fS amog i t ia f am i l i e s u s ed t oh ave f i rep la ce st h a tw e r em ean tf o rb ur n ing t h e b od ie s o f d ead r e la t ives . A cco rd ing t o t h e a u tho r , t h e S amog i t ian su s ed t ob e l ieve t h es ame w ood sw e r et h e" abod e o fg od s" ,w he r eo f f e r ing sw e r es a c r if iced f o rs ou l sa sw e l la s f o rT hund e r( v e n i u s ,1 996 p p .560 ,5801) .I na no the rp ar to f t h es ame b ook i ti ss a id t h a tL i thuan ian su s ed t oh ave s pec ia l g r ove s( s pec ia l e ss i lva s )i nw h ich f a rm s ,h ou se sa nd f am i l ie s h ad c e r ta in f i r ep la ce s( s pec ia l e sl bco s )m ean tf o rb ur n ing t h e b od ie s o ft h e d ead . Y an D lugo sh s a y s t h a t a c co rd ing t ot h e s ame c u s tom ( " in h unc q uoque m o r em" ) t h e G r and D uke A lg irda s w a s s o lemn ly b u rned i n 1 3 77 i nt h e K ok ive i thu s g r ove n o tf a ra way f r om t h e Ma i g iaga la c a s t le a nd s e t t lemen t ( Ve l iu s ,1 9 96 p p .556 ) .

T h is i mp l ie s t h a t b eh ind t h e c u l tu r a l s pa ce o ft h e a nc ien t s e t t lemen t st h e r ew e re n a tu r a lw ood s , w e t land so rh i l l st h a t h ave s p ec if i cm y tho log ica lm ean ing sw h ich w e re r e la ted t o k auka i" s ou l so ft h ed ead" ( a l so s e eG r e ima s , 1 990 p . 66 ) .T he e xamp le o fK ok ive i thu ss how st h a tt h e se m y tho log ica lm ean i n g sd i r ec t ly c o r r e la ted w i th t h er i tua lo fb u rn ing t h ed ead .I n o t he r c a se s ( n o t c on s ide r ing w he the r o r n o t t h e p l a ce s o f b u rn ing t h ed ead h ad n ame ss im i la rt ok auk lkuk ) ' "t h e r ei s ad i r ec tr e la t ion b e tween t h e s t a tu s o ft h e s a c r ed g r ove a nd t h e r i tua l s p e rf o rmed t h e r e , i nt h is c a se , t h e b u rn ing o ft h e d ead . T he l i nk sb e tween t h eb u r ia ls i t e sa nd t h es a c r ed p l a ce sh ave n o t b een m u ch e xam ined i nL i thuan ia s o f a r . Many b u r ia l s i t e so fv a r iou sp e r iod sa r ek nown ,w ho se s a c r edne s si sw e l l m o t iva ted b yt h ep l a ce legend s ,h i s to r ic d a ta , s hown b yt h e s a c r ed t r ee so rs t one st h a ta r es i tua ted i nt h e i ra r ea ( K a i r i gk ia i , O nu §k i s ,P a eg luon i s ) .I ns ome p l ace st h ec eme te r ie sa r ej u s t c a l led A lka i( K am §e ia i ,P aka ln i gk ia i( Ra dv i l i gk i sd i s t r i c t ) ) .

S oa cco rd ing t ot h ed a ta o ft h et wo s ou r ce so ft h e 1 5 t hc . ,t h e d ead o ft h e C ou ron ian s , S amog i t ian sa nd L i thuan ian s w e r e b u rned i ng r ove sc l o se t ot h es e t t lemen t s . A cco rd ing t oY an D lugo sh , t h e se s p ec if i c g rove s w e r e t h ough t t ob e s a c red ; o ne o ft h em h ad t h e n ame o fK ok ive i thu s .9C on s ide r ing t h e K ukava i t i st h a tw a sm en t ioned i nt h eA nna l so fL i thuan ia o f t h e 1 6 t hc . ,t h i sg r ove h a ss of a rb een g r ound le s s ly i d en t if ied w i th t h es i te o ft h es ame n ame i nt h ee nv i ron so fD e l tuva ( c f . B a tü ra , 1 966 p . 272 ;Z ab ie la & B a r anau ska s , 1 996 p . 7 ) . P l ace -name si n c lud ing t h ew o rd sK aukas a nd K uka sa r eo f t e nr e co rded n ea rt h eh i l lf o r t sa nd o pen s e t t lemen t s( Bude l ia i , G ar n ia i ,J ogv i la i , Me rk in e ,P av e rkn ia i ,a nd T r ak in ia i )( F ig .5 8 ) . I ns ome c a se s ,h oweve r ,s e t t lem en t sw e r ed i r ec t ly r e la ted t o s o -ca l led s i t e s -a n a nc ien t r o ad l i ned w i th t r ee s l e d f r om B e ii iony sh i l l f o r tt h rough t h eK uk i gke sw e t land t ot h et wo K uk i§ke sh i l l s( L IH , 231 p p .245 ) . A na nc ien tr o ad p aved w i th s t one s l e d f r om V a rnup ia i h i l l f o r t t h rough t h e P a l io s w e t land a pp rox ima te ly i nt h e d i r ec t ion o ft h e K auka i h i l l s ( T o to ra i t i s , 1 9 08 p . 179 ) .

1 °L e tu ss ay t h a t t h e se m igh th ave a l so b een n ame sw i th t h er o o t y e ! - i nt h em .

T he e xam ina t ion o ft h en ame K ukumba l is ( Kuka s ' w e t land ) a nd o t he r a na logou s p l ace -name s h a s s hown t h a t t h e w o rd k uka s " Dev i l" t o ge the r w i th k auka s " one o ft h e c h thon ic s ou l s" a l so " s ou lo ft h ed ead" a r ew o rd so ft h es ame o r ig in .

' O the rv a r ia t ion so ft h is p l ace -name i nd ocumen t so ft h e 1 6 th 1 8 th c .a r eK aKowey t i s ,K ukawey t i s ,K ukowa j ty s .

F ig . 5 8 .K auka sh i l lo llogv i la i( U kmerg e ;d i s tr ic t ) . P ho to b y a u tho r ; 2 002 .

5 6

6S ac r ed p lac e s a nd t h e c u l t o ft h e d ead T he e a s ie s tw ay f o re xp la in ing s u ch af a c ti st h a ti nC h r i s t ian t i me sp eop le s t a r ted t ob u ry t h e i rd ead i nt h ea r ea o ff o rme r s a c r ed p l a ce s( c ft h eA lka h i l l si nA lka i ,E rk gva ,P uoke ) .O n t h e o t he rh and , t h e f a c tt h a tt h eo l d r i tua l s i nt h ec on t ex to f t h ec u l to ft h ed ead w e r ep e rf o rmed i nt h ee x i s t ing b u r ia ls i t e s d oe sn o tc au se a ny d oub t s .T ha ti sv e r if ied i nv a r iou ss ou r ce s , i n c lud ing a r cha eo log ica la nd h i s to r ica lo ne s( G imbu ta s , 1 9 43 p p .58-65 ,7 2-7 ;L a s ick i s , 1 969p .24 ; G en iene & G eny s , 1 993 p p .69-70 ;V a i tkun sk iene , 1 9 95 ) .

d e rt od ef ine i nw h ich c a se st h eD ev i li st h eo l d" owne r "o ft h e s a c r ed p l ace a nd i nw h ich c a se sh ej u s t" t ook o ve r "t h ep l a ce o fs omeone e l se ,d e ta i led c omp lex r e sea r ch i sn e ce s sar y .I nt h e p roce s so fp r epa r ing t h i sm onog r aph a bou tL i thuan ian s a c r ed p l ace s , v a r iou s e xamp le s w e r e f o und . F o ri n s tan ce , D ev i l i s f ound i nt h ec on t ex to ft h e d ead a nd t h e i rw o r ld ( c f . D ev i l ' s s wamp s ,D ev i l ' sh o l low s ) ,h oweve r ,i tc a nb ea s s igned t os ome a t yp ica ls a c ra ls phe r e s ,f o ri n s tan ce ,h e a l th .

S ot h e mo s ti mpo r tan tc au se i st on o te t h ec l ea r e rb ounda ry b e tween t h es a c r ed p l a ce s -l a nd s cape d e ta i l so fv a r iou sk i nd s r e la t ed t oc e r ta in d e i t ie s ( a l so v i ew s a bou t t h e s ou l s o ft h e d ead )a nd r i t ua lp l a ce so ft h ec u l to ft h ed ead i nb u r ia l s i t e s n e a rf am i ly /k in / commun i ty a nce s to r s 'g r ave s .T h i st h eo r e t i c a lb ounda r y ,w h ich s hou ld b ec on s i s t en t ly f o l lowed , i sd e s t r oyed p robab ly b yo n ly o ne s p e c if i cg r oup o fs a c r ed p l a ce s . T he se a r et h es a c r ed p l a ce st h a ta r ei n te rp r e ted a sb u r ia ls i t e s a nd t h a tm o t iva t e st h e i rs a c r edne s s( s ee C hap te r3 . 1 ) . H av ing i nm ind t h ei n f o rma t ion p r ov ided b yM . S t rykov sky i n1 5 82 ( V e l iu s ,2 00 1p . 56 1 ;a l so s e eV a i tk ev i e iu s ,1 9 98a p p . 1079 )t h es amp le o ft h eB i ru te h i l li nP a langa w ou ld s ugge s tt h a t s u ch s a c r ed p l a ce sw e r en o tb u r ia l s i t e s .N ea rt h ec hape lo n t h i sh i l lt h e r ew e r ef o und o n ly f o u rg r ave sd a t ing b ack t ot h e l a t e1 7 f i l -1 9 t hc .( Zu lku s , 1 997 p p .258 ) . T he e x cava t ion o ft h eK u g le ik ia ib a r row w i thou ta ny r e su l t s c onf i rm st h es am e .T he d e sc r ip t ion o ft h i ss i t ei n1 8 53 e xp r e s s i ve ly p r e sen t st h ef e a tu r e so fs a c r ed p l a ce so ft h i sk i nd .I ti s s a id t h a t i nt h i s h uge b a r row ap e r son o fg ood w i l l a nd a l i be r a to ro ft h i sl a nd i sb u r ied —ah e ro g i an tw ho d ef ea ted t h e e nem ie s , d ug r i ve r s a nd m owed t h e w ood s w i th as c y the . L a t e r s ome o fh i s s u cce s so r s t o ld h i s s on s b y t e s tamen t t o r e sp ec tt h i sg r ave a nd t h a tt h ey w ou ld t e l lt h e i rc h i ld r en " t o r e spec t t h i s g r ave a s s a c red" a sw e l l . I n C h r i s t ian t ime s ( "maybe a bou t 1 700" ) o f f e r ing s w e r eb r ough t t h e r e : m ead , b r ead , e gg s a nd o t he rt h ing s . T he p oo rp eop le a nd b egga r s w ou ld t a ke t h em . T h i s c u s tom s t opped o n ly w hen p r ie s t s d amned v i s i to r st ot h i sp l a ce ,d i dn o tl e tt h em i n to t h ec hu r ch a nd c a l l ed t h e h i l l i t se lf t h e V e ln iq k apa i ( Dev i l s ' g r ave s ) ( Ko s sa r z ew sk i ,1 8 57 / 1863 p . 155v ) . T h is i mp l ie st h a tt h eb u r ia ls i t e so fc i r ca t h e le18 1hc .c a l led V e ln iaka ln ia i ( H i l l s o ft h e D ev i l ) m igh t a l so h ave a cqu i red s u ch an ame b ecau se p eop le u sed t op e r f o rm t h eo l d r i t ua l s t h e r e( K r iau g i gk ia i , Ma s iu l i gk ia i ) .B u to nt h ew ho le t h ep r ob l em o ft h e s a c r ed p l ace s t h a t a r e c a l led b y t h e n ame o ft h e V e ln ia s( Dev i l )i sh i gh ly c omp l ica t ed a nd h a sn o tb een e xam i n ed i nm o re d e ta i ls of a r . T he V e ln ia sh i l l ( C zar thowahora ) i nV i ln iu s i sm en t ioned i n m ayb et h ee a r l ie s tw r i t t en s ou r ce -i n1 4 4 1 . Mu ch m o r e f r e q uen t ly t h e n ame o ft h e D ev i l o c cu r r ed i nt h e p e r iod o ft h e R ef o rma t ion i nt h e 1 6 t hc .( Ve l iu s , 1 9 87 p .235-8 ) .T he r ea r e q u i te al o t o fs a c r ed p l a ce s w ho se n am e s i n c lude t h e w o rd v e ln ia s ( t he D ev i l ) . T he s ame m ay a l so b e s a id a bou t t h e n e ighbou r ing c oun t r ie s( s e eZ i e seme r , 1 9 38 p . 14 ;W i tkow sk i , 1 9 70 p . 379 ;U r tän s ,1 993b ;L evkov e ta l . ,2 000 p .501) .I no r 5 7

V y ki n ta s

V a i tk evd iu s .

S t ud ie s i n to t h e B o l t s ' s a c r ed p l ac e s ( He l l )a nd ü y ge iu s( Pu rga to ry )s wamp sa r es i tu a ted n ea rt h e C ou ron ian c eme te r ie so ft h es ame p e r iod i nK ek l i sl a nd .F o r t h el a t te r , s a c r ed s p r ing sf l ow ing " aga in s tt h e S un" a r ea l so t y p ica l . T he A lka R ive r s a r e r e co rded i nS ou th a nd M idd le S amog i t ia a sw e l la si nM idd le L i thuan ia .

7T he t r ad i t ion so fs acred p lace s :c hrono logy a nd d i s tr ibu t ion A l l g roup s o fs a c r ed p l a ce s t h a t a r e k nown a tp r e sen t h ave b een p r e sen t ed i nt h i sm onog raph . T h i sc l a s s if i ca t ion o fs a c r ed p l a ce sb a sed o nt h ea na ly s i so fa bou t 1 200 m onumen t s , u ndoub ted ly r e f lec t s o n ly t h e p r e sen t e x ten t o fk now ledg e a bou ts a c r ed p l a ce sa nd w i l lb ec l a r if ied a nd a dded t oi nt h e

Midd le L i thuan ia ,t h ec u l tu r a la r e ao fA uk sh t a i t ian si sl i ke ac r o s s road so fs om ed i f f e r en tt r ad i t ion so ft h e s a c r ed p l ace s o rt h et r an s i t iona lz on eb e tween t h em i ne a s ta nd w e s t . S u ch m onumen t sa sc up -ma rked s t one ss t ay i na s so c ia t ion w i th t h e B a r row c u l tu r eo ft h e2 n d-4 t hc en tu r ie s AD .g a t r i ja h i l l s ,s t on e " cha i r s" , A lk af i e ld s ,A lka a nd V e ln ia s( Dev i l ) s wamp s , a nd A lka R ive r s a r e s ome t ime s r e la ted t ot h e b u r ia l g r ound s o f M idd le L i thuan ia o ft h el a t e1 " -e a r ly 2 n dm i l l enn ium AD .

f u tu r e . A pa r tf r om t h ei n v e s t iga t ion so ft h e s o c ia lr o le a nd r e l ig iou s s i gn if i can ce o ft h es a c r ed p l ace s ,t h ec h rono log ica la nd s p a t ia l d imen s ion so fs a c r ed p l a ce ss hou ld a l so b eb r ie f ly d i scu s sed . F i r s t ly ,a l s a c r ed p l a ce sa r et h ee xp r e s s ion o fm en ta lc u l tu r e s o i ti sd if i cu l t t od ef ine t h e i r s a c r edne s s c h rono log ica l ly . A l so , t h e c h rono log ica l t e rm s u sua l ly u sed i n ve s t iga t ing w o r ld ly c u l tu r ec an b eo n ly p a r t ia l ly a pp l ied t os a c r ed p l a ce s .

S t one sw i th n a r row -bo t tomed b ow l sw e r ew ide ly d i s t r ibu ted i nM idd le L i thuan ia s uppo sed ly i nt h e le17 t hc .( o n ly o n e a r ea o ft h em w i th i t se p icen t r ei nt h eU tena r e g ion i sk nown i n E a s te rn L i thuan ia ) a nd d i d n o t c r o ss t h e b o rde r s o ft h e C ou r land P r inc ipa l i ty i nt h en o r th .

T he B a i t s ' s a c r ed p l ace s h ave n o t b een e xam ined s of a r i n s uch a s pec t s a s t h e d eve lopmen t o ft h e i r t r ad i t ion s , t h e i r c h rono log ica l s e quence o r m od if ica t ion . T he p r e sen t d a ta p rov id ea no ppo r tun i ty t ot a lk a c cu r a te ly o n ly a bou tt h ed i s t r i b u t ion o fc e r ta in s a c r ed p l a ce sa nd t h e i rl o ca la r ea s .T hey w i l l p l ay ar e a l ly i mpo r tan t r o le b ecau se w e h ave o n ly as ma l l n umbe ro fc h rono log ica li n d ica to r s .

I n Eastern L i thuan ia , i nt h et e r r i to ry o ft h e L i thuan ian t r ibe , A lka i s l and s , A lka f i e ld s , g ven ta s ( S a c r ed )a nd s a c r i f i ce r eque s t ing l a k e s , a nd gy en ta s ( Sac r ed ) R ive r s a r e r e c o rded . S ac r ed p l a ce s o ft h e se g r oup s a r e o f t en a s soc ia ted w i th t h ea r chaeo log ica ls i te so ft h em id -P tm i l lenn ium -e a r ly 2 n dm i l lenn ium AD .T he r ea r ea l so al o to fK upo le ( c e leb ra t ion p e r iod s im i la rt oS tJ ohn ' sD ay )h i l l s ,s t one " d amned p eop le" ( Moka s( T ea che r s )s t one sa mong t h em ) ,s t one " cha i r s" ,s t one " t a i lo r s" , a nd c y l inde r shaped s t one s w i th f l a t -bo t tomed b ow l s r e co rded i nt h is r e g ion . T he l a t te r a r e l i nked t ot h e C ou ron ian r e f ugee w ho u s ed t os e t t le i nE a s t e rn L i thuan ia f r om t h em id 13 a 'c .

T he g ene r a l i sed s c ien t if ic i n f o rma t ion a nd t h ee xam in ing o f t h ed i s t r ibu t ion o ft h em onumen t ss how t h a tl o ca lt r ad i t ion s o ft h e s a c r ed p l ace s a r e u sua l ly t y p ica l t or e g ion s o rs ma l l a r ea st h a ta r ea s soc ia ted w i th a r chaeo log ica l c u l tu r e s , t e r r i t o r ia lu n i t sl i ke d i s t r ic t s ,l a nd so rt r ibe s . I n W estern L i thuan ia , i nt h et e r r i to ry o ft h eC ou ron ian a nd S amog i t ian t r ibe s , al o to fc ommon t r ad i t ion so fs a c r ed p l ace sw e r en o t iced . Mo s tp robab ly i nt h em id 1" m i l lenn ium AD w h i le d eve lop ing ,t h e se t r ibe sp r e se r ved al o to fc ommon m y tho log ica la nd r e l ig iou sd imen s ion s .I nt h is r e g ion al o to f A lka h i l l s ,A u A r ine ( Godde s so fD awn )h i l l s ,S au le ( Sun )h i l l s , al o to fg a t r i ja ( t h i ss ame W i t ch )h i l l s ,g ven ta s( S a c r ed )f i e ld s , gy en ta s ( S a c red ) g r ove s , s a c r ed o ak s a nd p i ne t r ee s , a nd v a r iou s s a c r ed s t one s a r e r e co rded . Mo s t o ft h e se s a c r ed p l ace s a r e a s soc ia ted w i th t h e a r cha eo log ica l s i t e s o f4 501 400 AD .

T he a r ea o fs t one " t a i lo r s" i n c lude st h el a nd so fN o r th -we s t e r nB e la ru s a sw e l l . I ta low s t h e s ugge s t ion t h a t t h i st r ad i t i on o fs a c r ed p l a ce sm igh th ave d eve lop ed i nt h ep e r iod o f t h eB ru shed Wa r eC u l tu r eb ef o r ei te nded i nt h e2 " d-3 r dc en t u r ie s AD . A l so , h i l l f o r t s / t emp le sw i th c i r cu la ro ro va lc u l t b u i ld ing sd a t ing b a ck t ot h e 1 "m i l lenn ium B C -e a r ly i s tm i l l e nn ium AD a r et y p ica l t ot h et e r r i to ry o ft h eB ru shed Wa r e C u l tu r ea sw e l la st ot h a to fD n iepe r -Dauguva C u l tu r e . I na dd i t ion , D ieva s ( God ) a nd L aume ( F a i r y ) h i l l s , L aume ( F a i ry )s t one s ,A lka s wamp sa r er e co rded i nr e la t ive ly s ma l l l o ca la r ea so fE a s ter nL i thuan ia ( Anyke ia i , Mo le ta i ,U kme r g e ,a nd U tena r e g ion s ) . T he se m onumen t sa r ed a ted b ack t o t h em id 1" -e a r ly 2 " dm i l lenn ium AD w i thou tm o r ea c cu ra t e c h rono logy .

I ti sr e a sonab le t oa s soc ia te t h ec up -ma rked s t one sw i th t h e B a r row c u l tu r e o ft h e We s t e rn B a i t s ( b y t h e s e a ) a nd t h e B an-o wc u l tu r eo fN o r the rn L i thuan ia a nd t od a te t h em b a ck a cco rd ing ly t ot h el a te 1 "m i l lenn ium B Ca nd 2 n d-4 h "c en tu r ie s AD . O the rg r oup s o fs a c r ed s t one s u sua l ly a s soc ia ted w i th a r chaeo log ica ls i te so f4 501400 AD a r ef r equen t ly d i s t r ib u t ed i nc ompa r a t ive ly s ma l ll o ca la r ea s( s tone " t ab le s" ,s t one " bed s" i nt h eC ou ron ian K ek l i sl a nd ,t h eL aume ( F a i ry )s t one s , c y l inde r shaped s t one s w i th f l a t -bo t tomed b ow l s -i nt h e C ou ron ian D uvza r e ,K ek l i sa nd Meguva l a nd s ,t a l ls t one s -i n t h es ou th o fS amog i t ian Med in inka il a nd ) . N ea rt h eS amog i t ian c eme te r ie so f4 501350 AD t h e r ea r ea l o to fs wamp sc a l led K a r eemv ie te s( T ave r n ' ss i t e s ) .T he P ek la 5 8

I n South/Southeastern L i thuan ia t h et r ad i t ion so f t h es a c r ed p l a ce so fE a s t er nL i thuan ia a r ep a r t ia l ly r e pea t ed , h oweve r t h e r e o c cu r a l so s om e s p ec if ic g r oup s . T ha t i sb e c a u se o ft h e s p e c if i c e t hno cu l tu r a l s i tu a t ion i nt h i s r e g ion d u r ing t h e3 L A -6 "c e n t u r ie s AD .T h e r ea r en o t ab le V e ln ia s( D ev i l ) h o l low s , g ven t a s( S ac r ed )a nd s a c r if i ce r eque s t ing l a ke s ,t a l l s t one s a nd s t one " damned p eop le" w h ich o f ten s t ay i nr e la t i on sh ip w i th a r ch aeo log ica ls i t e so ft h em id 1" m i l lenn ium AD .

7T he t r ad i t ions o fs acred p laces : c hrono logy a nd d is tr ibu t ion

Mo r eove r ,s ome s t one " damned p eop le" w i th C hr i s t ian s ym b o l s c a rved o n t h em , f o und i nS ou th L i thuan ia a nd N o r th w e s te r nB e la ru s ,a r er e la t ed t ot h eY o tv ing ian p opu la t ion o f a r ound t h e 11 t h 17 ` "c .

R agan ine ( W i t che s ' ) s i t e s , a nd s a c r ed s p r ing s ) . T he r e i st o o l i t t le i n f o rma t ion o nt h et r ad i t ion so fs a c r ed p l a ce st h a to r ig i n a ted i nt h ep e r iod a f t e rt h ei n t roduc t ion o fC h r i s t ian i ty .O ne o ft h em o s tv i v id e xamp le sa mong t h em i sp r obab ly g r oup o f s t one sw i th n a r row -bo t tomed b ow l s .

I nq u i t ec ompa c tb u ta sy e tn o tp r ec i se ly d a ted c u l tu ra la r ea s i nS ou th L i thuan ia t h e r e a r e r e co rded P e rküna s ( Thunde r ) h i l l s a nd s a c red s p r ing s f l ow ing " aga in s t t h e S un" ( A ly tu s r e g ion ,t h ee nv i ron so fK azok i§ke s ) .

T he d a t aa bou t South— western L i thuan ia ( Uinemu n e ; i tb e came d epopu la ted a f te r t h e T eu ton s ' a tack i nt h e l a te 1 3 t h c .a nd g r adua l ly b ecame s e t t led a ga in i nt h ee a r ly 1 6 t h c . ) i sv e ry h e lpf u l i nt h e c h rono log ica l r e s ea r ch o fs a c r ed p l ace s .Q u i te as ma l ln umbe ro fs a c r ed p l a ce sa r ek nown h e r e . I tc ou ld o n ly b e c ompa r ed w i th s ome o ft h e a r ea s i nt h e K la ipeda a nd V i ln iu s r e g ion s o rw i th r e g ion s t h a t a r e n o t s e t t led f o rn a tu r a lr e a son s .

F rom c h rono log ica l a nd s p a t ia lp o in t so fv i ew t h e se c on c lu s i on ss h ow t h a tc e r ta in s a c r ed p l a ce sa r em o r eo rl e s sc ha r a c t e r i s t ic t op a r t icu la rc u l tu r a la r e a s .E ven w hen t h em onumen t s b e long ing t o ac e r ta in g r oup o fs a c r ed p l a ce s a tf i r s t s i gh t s e em t ob ee ven ly d i s t r ibu ted ,d eepe ra na ly s i su sua l ly p o in t s o u t l o ca l a r ea s w he r e s om e v e ry c ha r ac te r i s t ic t r ad i t ion s o f s a c r ed p l a ce su s ed t oe x i s t( c f .P e rküna s( Thund e r )h i l l s ,A lka f i e ld s , L aum e ( F a i ry ) s t on e s ) . S ot h e r e i sr e a son t om a in ta in t h a tt h et r ad i t ion so ft h eB al s ' s a c r ed p l a ce sd ef ined a nd d i s c u s s ed i nt h i sw o rk d eve loped i nt h ep e r iod b ef o r et h ef o rma t i on o ft h eL i thuan ian S t a te ,t h a ti s ,w hen t h ec e r t a in c u l tu r a l a r ea s e x is ted . A f te r t h e c onve r s ion s ome o ft h e se t r ad i t ion s w e r es t i l lr e cogn i sed a nd u s ed i nt h e i ro r ig ina lo rt r an sf o rm ed f o rm ( F ig .5 9 )( c f .A lka ,S au le ,K upo le ,a nd g a t r i ja h i l l s ,g ven t a s a nd G o ju s g r ove s , s a c r ed o ak s , l i me a nd p i ne t r ee s , s t one s w i th f o o tp r in t s , c y l inde r shaped s t one s w i th f l a t -bo t tomed b ow l s , gy en ta sa nd s a c r if i ce r eque s t ing l a ke s ,g ven t a sR ive r s ,

Mo s to ft h es a c r ed p l a ce sr e co rded i no t he rp a r t so fL i thuan ia a r e n o t k nown i nU lnemune . T he r e i sn o te ven o ne s a c r ed p l ace c a l led A lka . T he r e a r e o n ly s i ng le D ieva s ( God s ) , P e rküna s( Thunde r ) ,S au le ( Sun ) ,A u g r in e( Godde s so fD awn ) h i l l s , gy en t a s ( S ac r ed ) R ive r s , g ven ta s ( S a c r ed ) L ake s , s a c r ed s p r ing s a nd s ome o t he r m onumen t s a c tua l ly c oncen t r a t ed i ns e ve r a lm ic ro r eg ion s .T he se s m a l lr e g ion sa r eV i § ty t i s -B a r tn inka i ,D auk g ia i ,S imna sS e ir i ja i -V e i s ie ja i ,a nd o nt h e l e f t b ank o ft h e N emuna s R ive r : L i gl iava , K r ikkony s , P akuon i s ,a nd Z apy gk i s .T he r ea r ea l so s ome h i l lf o r t s ,b u r ia l s i te so ft h ee a r ly 2 n dm i l lenn ium AD ,a nd e s ta te sd a t ing b a ck t ot h e 1 5 ' h17 t hc .S os a c r ed p l a ce si nt h ee nume ra ted m ic ro -

F ig . 5 9 . S acr ed s t one o f i lkn ien ( Ra se in ia id i s tr ic t )a nd w ooden c hape lb u i l to ni t .P ho to b ya u thor , 1 994 .

5 9

V y k in ta s

V a i tk ev iau s .

S t ud ie s i n to t h e B a i t s ' s a c r ed p lace s

r e g ion s m igh tb e ap a r t o ft h eh e r i t age o ft h e p r e -Ch r i s t ian p e r iod o r t h ey c ou ld b e c onnec ted w i th t h e p roce s s o f c o lon i sa t ion o fU lnemune ,w h ich s t a r ted i nt h e 10 c . Ap a r t ly s im i la rs i tua t ion i so b se rved i nS ca lov ia (Lo wer Ne munas r e g ion ) , S e Ion ia ( i n N orth—eastern L i thu an ia )a nd S em iga l l ia ( i n N orthern L i thu an ia ) .I nf a c t t h e re a r e q u i te an umbe ro fv a r iou s s a c r ed p l ace s f o und i n N o r the rn a nd N o r th -ea s te rn L i thuan ia . S ome monumen t g roup ss u ch a sS au le ( Sun )h i l l s ,A lka f i e ld s ,s t one " c ha i r s" h ave b een d i scu s sed . Mo r e v i v id a r e t h e t r ad i t ion s o ft h e V e ln ia s ( Dev i l ' s ) s wamp s , V e le ( Sou l s ) w a te r s , R agan ine ( W i tche s ' )s i t e s , s t one s w i th n a r row -bo t tomed b ow l s ,b u ti t c ou ld h a rd ly b e a g r eed t h a t t h i s i st h e w ho le s p ec t rum o f s a c red p l a ce s i nt h e S em iga l l ian 2 a g a r ea nd U pma le l a nd s ( mo r eove r ,s t one sw i th n a r row -bo t tomed b ow l sw e r ed i s t r ib u t ed i nt h e 1017' c . ) . F u r the rmo r e ,t h ep eop le n ew ly s e t t led i nt h ep a r to fS em iga l l ia t h a tw a si n se r ted i n to t h eL i thuan ian S t a t ei nt h e 1 5 t h16 t hc . b r ough ts ome o ft h e ir o wn t r ad i t ion s .T ha tt h e se s e t t le r su s ed t oh ave t h em m ay b ej udged a l so b yS .R o s tow sk iy ' sc ommu n i ca t ion ( w ro te i n1 768 ,w i th r e f e r ence t oJ e su i t sa c ted i nt h e l a te 1 6 t hc . ) .T he r ei ss a id t h a tw h i le s p r ead ing o ft h eR ef o rma t i on " t he p opu la ce e s pec ia l ly i nS amog i t ia a nd S em iga l l ia o r t h eo ne sw ho f o rgo tt h eC h r i s t ian l aw so rd i dn o tu nde r s tand t h em c am eb a ck f r om t h e i rv i l lage st ot h eg rove st op r ay t o b o th o ak sa nd t h eT hunde r e r Jup i te r "( I v in sk i s , 1 986 p . 406 ) .

6 0

8C onc lu s ions 3 )S a c r ed p l a ce sf r equen t ly b e long t ot h ea r cha eo log ica ls i t e s ' c omp lexe st h a tc on s i s t ed o fh i l lf o r t s ,o pen s e t t lemen t s ,a nd b u r ia l s i te s . S a c r ed p l a ce s a l so e x i s ted i nc omp lexe s t h em s e lve s( i np a i r s ,s e ve ra lo ft h em o ft h es am eo rd i f f e r en tk i nd t y pe /g roup ) .

8C onc lus ions 1 )T he u se o ft h es a c r a lt e rm a l ka ( a lka s )i np l a ce -name sa nd t h et e ndenc ie so ft h e i rs p read ing a r ea ne xp r e s s ion o fs e ve ra l d i f f e ren tt r ad i t ion so ft h eB a i t s 's a c r ed p l ace s .S ac r ed p l a ce s w e r e i nu s e o n t h e h i l l s , i nt h e f i e ld s a nd m eadow s , i nt h e f o r e s t sa nd g rove s , o nt h es ho r e so ft h el a ke s ,w e t land sa nd r i ve r s , a l so b y s i ng le t r ee s , s t one s , s p r ing s , h o l low s , f a u l t s , a nd c ave s .

I nt h e s o c ia l p e r spec t ive t h e s t a tu s o fs a c r ed p l ace s w a s r e la ted t ot h e i rr e l ig iou s f u nc t ion s . S a c r ed p l ace s o n f a rm s w e r em ean tf o rw o r sh ipp ing h ome /f am i ly /k in g od s . Mo s to f t h e s a c r ed p l a ce s e x i s ted i ns e t t lemen t s o rt h e i rn e ighbou r h ood a nd s e rved t h er e l ig iou sn eed so ft h ec ommun i ty .I nt h e a dm in is t r a t ive a nd ( o r )d ef en ce c en t r e so ft h ed i s t r ic t s ,l a nd s o rt r ibe sr e g iona ls a c r ed p l a ce se x i s ted a nd b e tween t h et e r r i t o r ie s a dm in i s t ra ted f r om t h e se c en t r e s t h e r e w e r e s a c r ed p l a ce so fi n te r r eg iona ls i gn if i can ce .

2 )D if f e r en tt r ad i t ion so ft h es a c r ed p l a ce sa r ec ha ra c t e r is t ic t od i f f e r en tr e g ion so rl o ca la r ea st h a ta r ea s so c ia t ed w i th t h e a r ea so fa r chaeo log ica lc u l tu r e s ,l a nd so rt r ibe s .T ho se s how t h a t s uch t r ad i t ion s o r ig ina ted p r io r t o t h e r i se o f t h e L i thuan ian S t a te .

T he s a c r ed p l ace R omuva , s i tua ted i nP ru s s ia , m o s t l i ke ly w a so fi n te r t r iba li mpo r tance i nN ad rov ia .

T yp ica lo f C our land a r eA lka a nd A uk ine ( Godde s so f D awn )h i l l s ,c up -ma rked s t one s ,c y l inde r shaped s t one sw i th f l a t -bo t tomed b ow l s , s t one " t ab le s" , s t one " bed s" , L aume ( F a i ry )s t one s ,P ek la ( He l l )a nd ü y ge iu s( Pu rga to ry )s wamp s , s p r ing sf l ow ing " aga in s tt h eS un" .T yp ica lo f Sa mog it ia a r eA lka ,A uk ine ,S au le ( Sun ) ,a nd g a t r i ja ( t h is s ame W i t ch ) h i l l s , g ven ta s ( Sa c r ed ) f i e ld s a nd g r ove s , s a c r ed o ak s , p i ne t r ee s ,c up -ma rked s t one s ,s t one " cha i r s" ,t a l ls t one s ,K a r eem v i e te ( T ave rn )s wamp s ,A lka R ive r s .

T he S t a te ' sc u l tp l a ce st h a tw e r es i tua ted i nt h ec ap i t a lo ft h e c oun t ry a nd i nc en t r e s i nt h ep e r iphe ry a dm in i s te r ed b yt h e G r and D uke o rt h e n ob le s a r e d i rec t ly r e la t ed t ot h e S t a te r e l ig ion . S op r ima r i ly t h ey s e rved t h er e l ig iou sn eed so ft h e r u l ing c l a s s . 4 )T he s a c red p l a ce s a r e au n ique e xp r e s s ion o ft h e B a l t s ' r e l ig ion . T he i r m y tho log ica l m ean ing s a r e a s soc ia ted w i th m any g od sa nd g odde s se s . Mo s tn o tab le a r eP e rküna s( Thun d e r ) ,S au le ( Sun ) ,A uk ine ( Godde s so fD awn ) ,L a ima ( God d e s s o ff a te , f o r tune ) , R agana ( W i tch ) , Z v e rüna -Mede ina ( e qu iva len to fD iana ) ,S ene l i sD ieva s( The o l dG od ) .A sw e l l a s" f a i r ie s" ," d ev i ls" ,s ome o ft h es ou l sa nd l o ca ld e i t ie st h a t r e p r e sen tp a r t icu la rs phe r e s o fs a c r edne s s ( e .g .t h e " p rop r i e t o r s" o fw ood so rw a te r s ) ,a nd s ou ls o ft h ed ead .

T yp ica lo f A ukshta it ia a r eg a t r i ja h i l l s ,A lka f i e ld s ,c up m a rked s t one s , s t one " cha i r s" , A lka a nd V e ln ia s ( Dev i l ) s wamp s , A lka R ive r s . T ho se o fS em iga l l ia a r eA lka f i e ld s , s t one " cha i r s" ,V e ln ia ss wamp s ,v e i e wa te r s ,a nd R agan ine ( W i t ch ' s )s i te s . T yp ica lo f Lithuan ia i n an a r row s e n se ( c u r r en tE a s t e rn L i thuan ia )a r eA lka i s l and s ,D ieva s( God ) ,L aum e( F a i ry ) ,a nd K upo le ( S tJ ohn )h i l l s ,A lka f i e ld s ,g ven ta s( S a c r ed )a nd s a c r i f i ce r eque s t ing l a ke s .A lka s wamp s ,s t one " damned p eop le" ( i n c lud ing Moka i ) , s t one " t a i lo r s" , L aume ( F a i ry ) s t one s . Yotv ing ia h a s P e rküna s ( Thunde r ) h i l l s , g ven ta s ( S a c r ed )a nd s a c r if ice r eque s t ing l a ke s ,V e ln ia s( Dev i l )h o l low s , t a l l s t one s a nd s t one " damned p eop le" , s p r ing s f l ow ing " aga in s t t h e S un" .

T he s a c redne s so ft h es a c r ed p l a ce s ,w h ich a r er e la ted t ot h e d ead ,i ss p ec if i c .l ti sm o t iva ted b ya s so c ia t ion sb e tween t h e m y th ica l s t a te o ft h e s ou l a f te r d ea th a nd t h e p r ima ry e l e m en t s -w a te r ,t r ee ,s t on e ,a nd f i r e . 5) T he B a l t s 's a c r ed p l a ce sa r ea ni n teg ra lp a r to ft h eh e r i tage o fL i thuan ian c u l tu r e ,t h em u l t if a ce t ed r e sea r ch o fw h ich p r o v i de s aw onde r f u l o ppo r tun i ty t os h ed l i gh t o n t h e B a l t s ' r e l ig ion a nd m y tho logy t h rough t h o se d e ta i l s o ft h e l a nd s c ape t h a t h ave s a c ra l s t a tu s .

I nt h e Se lonia r e g ion t h e r e i so n ly o ne g r oup o fs a c r ed p l a ce s r e co rded : S au le ( Sun ) h i l l s . I ti sh a rd t ot a lk a bou t s a c r ed p l a ce st r ad i t ion si n Scalov ia . I nt h ep e r iod o ft h eL i thuan ian S t a te ( 1 3 " '14 ' hc . )s a c r ed p l a ce s o ft r i ba lo r ig in w e r es t i l li nu s ea sw e l la sn ew c u l tp l a c e sf o und ed n ea rt h e r o ya l e s ta te s o ri nt h e G rand D uke ' s d oma in w h i le e s tab l i sh ing u n if o rm S t a t e ' sr e l ig ion i nt h ep e r iphe ry . A f te rt h ei n t roduc t ion o fC h r i s t ian i ty an umbe ro ft h ea nc ien t t r ad i t ion so ft h es a c red p l ace se x is ted i nt h e i rp u r eo rt r an s f o rmed f o rm . P robab ly t h e mo s t v i v id e xamp le o ft h e n on C h r is t ian s a c r ed p l a ce st h a to r ig ina ted a f te rt h e c onve r s ion i st h es t one sw i th n a r row -bo t tomed b ow l s .

6 1

V yk in ta s

V a i tk ev iau s .

S t ud ie s i n to t h e B a i t s ' s ac r ed p lace s

R ef erence s A bbr ev ia t ion s A bb . d .A kad .d .W is s .

A bhand lungen d e rA kadem ie d e rW is sen schaf ten ( Gö t t ingen )

A l tM A TL

A l tp reu s s i sche Mona t s sch r if t ( Kön ig sbe rg ) A r cheo log in ia it y r ine j ima iL ie tuvo je ( V i ln iu s )

AE

A rheo loä i ja u ne t nog r ä f i ja ( R iga )

GK HDA

G im ta sa ik r a g ta s( g iau l ia i ) H andwör te rbuch d e s d eu t schen A be rg lauben s ( Be r l in )

K P LA

K u l tü ro sp am ink la i( V i ln iu s ) L ie tuvo sa r cheo log i ja ( V i ln iu s )

L K2 L ZAV MADA MG MEG

L ie tuv i t ik a lbo si odyna s( V i ln iu s ) L a tv i ja sP SR Z inä teu a kadem i ja sv ö s t i s( R iga ) L ie tuvo sT SR Mok s lq a kadem i jo sd a rba i ,s e r . A( V i ln iu s ) Mok s la si rg yven ima s( V i ln iu s ) M i t te i lungen d e rl i t au i schen l i t e ra r ischen G e se l lschaf t( He ide lbe rg )

MK TD

Mü sq K r a g ta s( V i ln iu s ) T au to sako sd a rba i( V i ln iu s )

A dam f r om B remen ( 196 1) G e s ta H ammabu rgen s is e cc le s iae p on t if icum . T ran s ! . b y T r i l lm ich , W . Q ue l len d e s 9 .u nd 1 . J ahrhund er tz ur G e sch ich te d er H amburg i schen K irche u nd d e sR e iche s .B e r l in ,p p .137-499 . A lek sand rov ,A . A . ( 1995 )K u l tov iye k amn iP skovskoy z em l i vb a l t iy skom k on tek s te . I n : U sae iova i te , E .e d . S enov& b a l t t { k u l tira .D angau si ri emi ss imbo l ia i .V i ln iu s ,p p .158-78 . A nce läne ,A .e d . ( 199 1) L a tv ie gu t a u tas t e ika s :I z ce l ganä st e ikas . R iga . A nde r s son ,T .( 1992 )H aup t typen s ak ra le rO r t snamen O s t skand inav ien s .A bh .d .A kad .d .W i s s . i nG ö t t ingen ,p h i l .-h i s t .K l . , 3 . F o l . ,v o l .2 00 ,p p .24 156 . A nnvx ( 16 11) A nnwe L i t ter c eS oc ie ta t i sI e sv . A pa l s ,J .e ta l .e d s .( 1974 )L a tv i ja sP SR a rheo lok i ja .R iga . A sa r i s ,J .( 1 996 )P a rk u r gu i z p la t ibu z i eme lku rz em E 1 .13 .g s . AE ,v o l . 1 8 ,p p .38-42 . B a le ikon i s ,J .e d .( 194 1)LK2 ,v o l . 1 .V i ln iu s . B a le ikon i s ,J .e d .( 1947 ) LK2 ,v o l .2 .V i ln iu s . B a l iu l is ,A .M iku l ion i s ,S .& M igk in is ,A .( 199 1) T r akqm ie s ta si rp i ly s .V i ln iu s . B a l iüna s ,K .( 1 939 )B ieene t t iV e ln io t i l ta sN emune .S ekmad ien i s , JU A p r i l ,p . 3 . B a ly s ,J .( 1 937 )P e rküna sl i e tuv iq l i aud ie st i k e j imuo se .T D ,v o l .3 ,p p .149-215 . B a ly s ,J .e d .( 1940 )L ie tuv i l tl i aud ie ss akm6 . ,v o l . 1 .K auna s . B a ly s ,J .( 1 948 )L ie tuv i t itau to sako ss ka i tyma i ,v o l . 2 .T üb ingen . B a ly s ,J .e d .( 1949 )I s tor in ia ip adav ima i .C h icago . B a ly s , J .( 1 966 ) L ie tuv ig l i aud ie sp a sau eau ta t i ke imq i rp apro c ' . i t t g v ie sq je . W or ld C oncep t ion i nL i thuan ian F o lk lor e . C h icago . B a ly s ,J .e d .( 1986 ) .L ie tuv i t ti emd irby s t& p aproe ia ii r l i e tuv iq l i aud ie st r ad ic i jo s . S i lve rS pr ing , Md . B a ly s ,J .e d .( 1993 )L ie tuv i t tk a lendor in& v enf f i s : T au to sak in i ;m ed i iaga i ra Lk in ima i . 2 n de d . V i ln iu s . B a ruch ,M . ( 1907 )B oie s t opk i . A r cheo log i ja i f ö lk lor K am ien i zw y i lob ionym is l adam is t op . Wa r szawa . B a tü ra ,R .( 1 985 )[ I n t roduc t ion ,C ommen t s ] .I n :B a tü ra ,R .e d .P e t ra sD usbu tg ie t i s .P rü s i jo si emi sk ron ika .V i ln iu s ,p p .5-56 , 31-430 . B a tü r a , R .( 1966 )L ie tuvo sm e t ra ge iq l e gend ine sd a l ie s i rM . S t r i jkov sk io " K ron ikos" i s to r igkumo k l aus imu . MADA ,v o l . 2 , p p .265-82 . B eckhe r rn ,C .( 1893 ) Me rkwü rd ige S t e ine i nO s t -u nd We s tp r eu s sen .A l tM ,v o l .3 0 :5 / 6 ,p p .374-429 . B en son , S .( 1990 )E in ige P e r sonennamen u nd G ö t te rnamen i ns chwed ischen O r t snamen . I n : A h lbäck ,T .e d . O ld N or se a nd F inn i sh R e l ig ions a nd C u l t ic P lace -Name s . S ympo s ium o n E ncoun ter s B e tween R e l ig iou s i n O ld N ord ic T ime s a nd o n C u l t ic P lace -name s .A bo : 1 987 .0819-21 .S t ockho lm ,p p .44 1-57 . B enven i s t ,E .( 1995 )S lovar i ndoevropey sk ikh s o z ia ln ikh t e rm inov . T ran s l . b y S t epanov ,Y .S . Ma skva . B ezzenbe rge r ,A .( 1877 )B e i t räge z ur G e sch ich te d er l i t au i schen S prache .A gfGrund l i tau i scher T ex te d e s XV L u nd d e s XV I I . J ahrhund er t s . G ö t t ingen . B ieza i s ,H .( 1955 )D ie H aup tgö t t innen d er a l ten L e t ten .U pp sa la . B ieza i s ,H .( 1 972 )D ie G ö t ter f i rm i l ie d er a l ten L e t ten .U pp sa la . B lai iene ,G .( 1995 )N au j ip rü sq v a rdyno d uomeny s .B a l t i s t ica ,v o l 3 0 :2 ,p p .93104 . B o rd s ,J .& C .( 1987 )A nc ien t My s ter ie so fB r i ta in .L ondon . 6 2

R ef erence s B r ink ,S .( 1 992 )H a rv ih a f te t tk u l t i sk t* a li N o rden .N orna -Rappor ter ,v o l .4 8 ,p p .107-21 . B r ink ,S .( 1 996 )P o l i t ica la nd S oc ia lS t ruc tu r e si nE a r ly S cand inav ia . AS e t t lemen t -h is to r ica lP r e s tudy o ft h eC en t ra lP l ace .T or , v o l .2 8 ,p p .235-8 1 . B r ink ,S .( 1 999 )S oc ia lO rde ri nt h eE a r ly S cand inav ian L and scape .I n :F abech ,C h . &R ing tved ,J .e d s .S e t t lemen ta nd L and s cape .P roceed ing so f ac onf erence i nA rhu s , D enmark . May 4 -7 , 1 998 . A rhu s ,p p .42339 . B r ink ,S .( 2 00 1) My tho log iz ing L and scape .P l ace a nd S pa ce o fC u l ta nd My th .I n :S t rau sbe rg ,M .e ta l .e d s .K on t inu i tä ten u nd B rüche i n d er R e l ig ionsgesch ich te : F es t schr if tf ür A nder s Hu l tgärd z u s e inem 6 5 . G ebur t s tag a m 2 3 .12 .2001 . 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V y k in ta s

V a i tk ev ie iu s .

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6 4

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V yk in ta s

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S t ud ie s i n to

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U r tän s ,J .( 1998 )A g lona sC i r i ga e ze ra U pu r sa la .I n :K u r s i te ,J .e d .K u l türa sk ru s tpunk tu m ek e p im i .R iga ,p p .167-73 . U r tän s ,J .( 200 1) C en t ra lP l ace si nS em iga l l ia a nd t h e i rC u l tS i te s ,I n :A un s ,M .e d .L übeck S t y le? N ovgorod S t y l e? B a l t ic R im C en t ra lP lace sa sA r ena sf or C u l tura lE ncoun ter sa nd U rban i sa t ion 1001400 AD . R iga , p p .259-68 . U r tan s ,J .& B e rna te ,I .( 1 995 )K ro te sB r uve r i -k u r l iand sk iy z he r tvenn iy i s tochn ik k u l ta p l odo rodya .A u s tr veg r ,vo l . 1 ,p p .345 . U r tan s ,V .( 1977 )S enak ie d epo z i t iL a tv i ja ( l id z1 200 .g . ) . R iga . 6 8

R ef erence s V a gküna s ,J .( 1997 )L ie tuv iq l i aud ie si n io sa p ie i va igide s .R amuva ,v o l .3 ,p p .34-8 . V a i tkev ie ien e ,D .( 1996 )S u s i t ik ima ss uv anden im is :s ak ra l ine ss u ta r t ie sp o yr n ia i .L i tuan i s t ica ,v o l .4 ,p p .45-67 . V a i tkev ie iene ,D .( 200 1) U gn ie sm e taf bro s .L ie tuv igir l a tv i z im i to log i jo ss t ud i ja .V i ln iu s . V a i tkev ie iene ,D . &V a i tkev ie iu s ,V .( 200 1) X I I Ia .L ie tuvo sv a ls tyb ine sr e l ig i jo sb ruoia i .L A ,v o l .2 1 ,p p .31134 . V a i tkev ie iu s ,V .( 1995 ) m o n e s ,p av i r te a kmen im is .L iaud ie sK u l türa ,v o l .6 ,p p .25-29 . V a i tkev ie iu s ,V .( 1996 )A kmeny ss ud uobu tem i s . KP ,v o l .3 ,p p .619 . V a i tkev ie iu s ,V .( 1997 )A kmeny ss up edom i sL ie tuvo je .L i t z ian i s t ica ,v o l .2 ,p p .30-54 . V a i tkev ie iu s ,V .( 1998a )S eno s io sL ie tuvo sg ven tv ieW s .Z ema i t i ja .V i ln iu s . 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Z a ikov sk iy ,E .( 2000 )S l ed iy az ichn i t sk ikh v e r avan iyav n aV i ley shch ine .K u j erak V i lenshch in i ,v o l . 1 ,p p .16-8 . Z a ikov sk iy ,E . &D uch i t s ,L .( 200 1) Z h iva tvorn iya k r in ic iB e laru s i .M in sk . Z ie seme r ,W . ( 1936 )P r eu s s i sche s W ör terbuch S prache u nd V o lk s tum N ordo s td eu t sch land s ,v o l . 2 .K ön ig sbe rg . Z ie seme r ,W .( 1938 )F lu rnamenf o r schung u nd V o rge sch ich te .A l t -P r eu s sen ,v o l . 1 ,p p .13-5 . Z imme rmann ,W .H .( 1970 )U rge s ch ich t l iche O pf er f unde a u sF lü s sen , Moo ren ,Q ue l len u nd B runnen S üdwe s tdeu t sch land s . N eue A u sgrabungen u nd F or schungen i nN ieder sach sen , v o l . 6 ,p p .53-92 . Z o lo tov ,Y .V .( 198 1) O s ta tk id r evnego s v ia t i l ishcha n ar e ke K ime r she .B a l to -s lav iansk iye i s s ledovanya 1 980 . Ma skva , 1 98 1 , p p .269-74 . 6 9

V y k in ta s

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ü e rn iau ska s ,M .( 1972 ) V a idu lon ik d ubenuo to a kmens a r cheo log in i z tt y r ine in i t td i enora e s [ Re sea r ch R epo r t -L IH ,3 43 ] . ü e rn iau ska s ,M .( 1 974 )G a g tynq m ega l i t in i sp am ink la s . MG ,v o l .7 ,p . 60 . S i d i gk i s ,T .( 1 994 )S i au r e sr y tq L i e tuvo ss a k r a l in ia im i to log in ia io b jek ta i( I gna l ino sr . ) . MK ,v o l .2 ,p p .15363 . A i d ie i s ,T .( 1 995 )S i au r e sr y tq L i e tuvo ss a k ra l in ia ir n i to log in ia io b jek ta i( Svene ion iq r . ) . MK ,v o l . 1 ,p p . 135-43 . S imena s ,V .( 1 995 )D ie W i ldn i su nd b a l t i sche S t ämmeg r enz en .A r chaeo log ia B a l t ica ,v o l . 1 ,p p .147-55 . Sm i t s ,P .e d .( 1 936 )L a t v idu p a saka su nt e ika s ,v o l . 1 3 .R ig ä . S t u rm s ,E .( 1 936a )V i lkumuda e l e ra a t radum i .S ena tne u n Mäk s la ,v o l .2 ,p p .72-85 . S t u r rn s ,E .( 1 936b )E lka k a ln iu np i l ska ln iK u r sä .P agä tne u nT agad ne ,v o l . 1 ,p p .82102 . S t u rm s ,E .( 1 938 )B a l t i sche A lkhüge l .I n :C onv en tu sp r i ma h i s to r ico rum B a l t i co rum :R igae , 1 6-20 . V I I I .1 9 37 .R iga ,p p . 11632 . S t u rm s ,E .( 1 946 )D ie A lk s tä t t en i nL i tau en .C on t r ibu t ion so fB a l t ic U n ive r s i ty ,v o l .3 ,p p .1-35 . Z i og a s ,J .( 1 909 )A r cheo log i gk it y r ine j ima iG a ide sa py l ink e je .L i e tuv i z ttau ta ,v o l .! :3 ,p p .31333 . Z uk au ska s ,A .( 1 907 )A pe „ Ka ra l iene s" H ang .L i e tuv i z ttau ta ,vo l . 1 : 1 ,p p . 140-45 . u l ku s ,V .( 1 989 )T a rpgen t in e sd yk ro sj rm i ru s iq jq p a sau l i sb a l tq p a sau lel iü ro je .I n :Z u lku s ,V .e d . V ak a rkba l t z ta r cheo log i ja j ri s tor i ja .K la ipeda ,p p .10714 . Z u lku s ,V .( 1 997 )P a lango sv i du ra rnik g yvenv ie t e s .A c ta H i s tor ica U n ive r s i ta t i sK la iped en s i s ,v o l .6 . Z u lk u s ,V .( 1 999 )K u r g iq k a ima iX I-XV a .L A ,v o l . 1 8 ,p p . 135-49 .

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Map I V D is t r ibu t ion o ft h eA u g r ine h i l ls ( H i l ls o ft h eG odde s so f D awn )( d rawn b ya u tho r ) L i thuan ia 1 .A nui ia i ;2 .B ikavena i ;3 .B razde ik ia i ;4 .D rau sg ir i s ;5 .E i vy d a i ;6 .F e l ik savava s ;7 .G uda l ia i ;8 .J ogv i la i ;9 .K ap südi ia i ; 1 0 . K a r a lg i r i s ; 1 .K aua i ; 1 2 .K on tau e ia i ; 1 3 .K r e ip g t a i ; 1 4 .K u r ga i ; 1 5 . Mane ivo s ; 1 6 . Med in ia i ; 1 7 . Mockena i ; 1 8 .N eva rdena i ; 1 9 .P aduby s i s ;2 0 .P apa r e ia i ;2 1 .[ S a lan ta i ] ;2 2 .S endva r i s ;2 3 . g ak ia i ; 2 4 . g iauduva ; 2 5 . T o lue ia i ; 2 6 . T o to rk iem i s ; 2 7 . V idu t igke ;2 8 .V y tau te l ia i .

7 4

Maps

1 00 k m

0

Map V D is t r ibu t ion o ft h eS a t r i ja h i l ls ( Sa t r i ja i ss ome t imes t h e

D i s t r ibu t ion o ft h eS auk h i l ls ( H i l ls o ft h eS un )( • ) ( a cco rd ing t oa u tho r( 1998a )w i th a dd i t ions )

e p i the to ft h eW i tch )( E )( d rawn b ya u tho r )

L i thuan ia

L i thuan ia

I .B a r t lauk is ; 2 .B e ige r igkes ; 3 .B i r g tonas ; 4 .D ak ta r igke ; 5 .

1 . Andr iüna i ( Radv i l igk is d i s t r ic t ) ; 2 . A ndr iün igk ia i ; 3 .

D r ieh i ;6 .D va re l is ;7 .G e liyC ia i ;8 .I n d i ja ;9 .L enkC ia i ; 1 0 . Me -

B ab rungena i ;4 .B er Zyn ia i ;5 .D e rk inC ia i ;6 .C ir in inka i ;7 .K a i r ia i ;

t e l ia i ; H .N o rkaK ia i ; 1 2 . P u Z ' .ko r ia i ; 1 3 .R adi iüna i ; 1 4 .S auk -

8 .K en tauC ia i ;9 .L iaud igk ia i ; 1 0 . Med sed2 ia i ; 1 . Me i ron igk is ;

k a ln is ; 1 5 . S au l iaka ln is ; 1 6 . S au l igke s ; 1 7 . S aus lauk is ; 1 8 .

1 2 . P aeie r ia i ; 1 3 . P akr uo s te ; 1 4 . P a ga t r i ja ; 1 5 . R imo l ia i ; 1 6 .

S imu t igke ; 1 9 .S t as iün ieC ia i ;2 0 .T e te rv in ia i ;2 1 .2 u v in t a i .

S ida r igk is ; 1 7 . S kyp la ie ia i ; 1 8 . S ton iüna i ; 1 9 . S a rk igk is ; 2 0 . S a te s ;2 1 .V a in iüna i ;2 2 .Z ema ie i t iK a lva r i ja .

D is t r ibu t ion o ft h e K upo le h i l ls ( Kupo le i saf e a s tp e r iod s im i la rt oS tJ ohn ' sd ay )( • ) ( d rawn b ya u tho r ) L i thuan ia I .D o tenena i ;2 .K e l iuo t i gk ia i ;3 .M ine igk iem is ;4 .N au ja sod is ; 5 .P yp l ia i ;6 .R inga i l ia i ;7 .R ub ikony s ;8 .R uk l ia i ;9 .S aug in ia i ( Ukme rge d i s t r ic t ) ; 1 0 .S odena i ; 1 .S t r ipe ik ia i ; 1 2 .S a l tama lk ia i P empe s ; 1 3 . S il e ik igkes ; 1 4 . T au ragna i ; 1 5 . V a ikuC ia i ; 1 6 . V arpe l it i ke s -Jüi in ta i ; 1 7 .V i lkuoC ia i ; 1 8 .

7 5

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Map V I D is t r ibu t ion o ft h eA lk-af i e lds ( a cco rd ing t oa u tho r( 1998b )w i th a dd i t ion s ) L i thuan ia 1 .A lan ta ; 2 . A leksand r i ja ; 3 . A lksnena i ; 4 . A n e 'ena i ; 5 . A nykk ia i ;6 .A n ta tU ia i ;7 .B aCk in inke l ia i ;8 .B i rä tL aukas ;9 . D a lga i ; 1 0 .D e l t uve le ; 1 .D irme ik ia i ; 1 2 .D ok ia i ; 1 3 .D ome ik ia i ; 1 4 . E ikk la i ; 1 5 . E riv i lkas ; 1 6 . G a i l iüna i ; 1 7 . G i lvy Z . ' , ia i ; 1 8 . G imb H ia i ; 1 9 . C i r iga l ia i ; 2 0 . G r ink ik is ; 2 1 . K a ir n ia i ; 2 2 . K a ra lKk is ; 2 3 . K u lau tuva ; 2 4 . L emba s ; 2 5 . L iub i§Kke s ; 2 6 . Ma rg ia i ; 2 7 . N au jon ia i ; 2 8 . N evardena i ; 2 9 . O be l ia i ; 3 0 . P ab ir iu l is ; 3 1 . P a lek in is ; 3 2 . P e r lo ja ; 3 3 . P i l iak iem is ; 3 4 . P o S sk iee ia i ;3 5 . [ Ramyga la l ;3 6 .R uok ia i ;3 7 .S t uomen n ia i ; 3 8 . S v i l ia i ; 3 9 . S a lno s ; 4 0 . S i en lauk is ; 4 1 . S l ept iko s ; 4 2 . u k ion ia i ; 4 3 . T e le tn inka i ; 4 4 . [ T e lg ia i ] : 4 5 . U bKke ; 4 6 . V a lk in inka i ; 4 7 . V arka les ; 4 8 . Wa rn ia i ] ; 4 9 . V e liys ; 5 0 . V ißkupena i ;5 1 .Z izda ;5 2 .Z u ja i .

L a tv ia 5 3 .A p r ik i ;5 4 . Ä r lava ;5 5 . B u le t i i ;5 6 .G r ik i ;5 7 .J aunsä t i ;5 8 . l v ande ;5 9 .K andava ;6 0 .K u ld iga ;6 1 . L am i t i i ;6 2 .L ipa ik i ;6 3 . P a s tende ;6 4 .P r ieku le ;6 5 .R a iba ;6 6 .R enda ;6 7 .S i l i ;6 8 .t l iava ; 6 9 .Z en tene .

7 6

Maps

Map V I I D is tr ibu t ion o ft h eS .y en ta sf i e lds ( Sac red f i e ld s ) ( d rawn b ya u tho r ) L i thuan ia 1 .A kmen iSk ia i ;2 .A n t in inka i ;3 .B a l t in inka i ;4 .B u ivydi ia i ;5 . E id in inka i ;6 .G i r s te i t iSk is ; 7 .G r ikaped is ; 8 .J a Zi .onys ;9 .J uo d up ia i ; 1 0 . J u rg ionys ; 1 . L e l ia i ( KaK iado rys d i s tr ic t ) ; 1 2 . Ma te ik iSk ia i ; 1 3 .P ago ia i ; 1 4 .P ag ryb i s ; 1 5 .P anavad is ; 1 6 .P a ty r i s ; 1 7 .R e Sku tena i ; 1 8 .S ug in ta i ; 1 9 .V a lyne ;2 0 .V e2 ion ia i .

7 7

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•

V a i tkev ia l s .

S t ud ie s

i n to

t h e

B al s ' s acr ed p lace s

A lka g rove

•

' v en tas g rove

0g a m i l e a sm omm a

100 k m

Map V I I I D is t r ibu t ion o ft h e A lka g roves ( • ) ( a cco rd ing t oa u tho r

D is t r ibu t ion o ft h e

( 1998b )w i th a dd i t ions )

v en tas g roves ( Sac red g rove s ) ( • ) ( d rawn b ya u tho r )

L i thuan ia

L i thuan ia

1 .K rüvanda i ; 2 .L aba rdi ia i ; 3 .L e l ionys ; 4 . Man tv i l ia i ; 5 .

1 .A lkas ( P lunge d i s tr ic t ) ; 2 . B udrKke s ; 3 .D auba r ia i : 4 .

[ Nemakk ia i ] ;6 .O ka in ia i ;7 .P a lek in is ;8 . e M . to l ia i ;9 .T endi ' io -

D irvena i ;5 .D va r iM c ia i ;6 .G in ta lKke ; 7 .J okga i ;8 .K a lne l is ;9 .

g a la ; 1 0 .[ V am ia i i ; 1 .2 a l io j i -A lkak ia i .

R oma in ia i ; 1 0 .R u Wa i ; 1 .S t umb r ia i ; 1 2 .T r aka i ; 1 3 .[ 2ema ii i t N a t im ies t is ] .

K a l in ing radskaya ° b la s t 1 2 . A lka /A lk /Mo rozovka ; 1 3 .T rempa i/Novo s t royevo . L a tv ia 1 4 .A p r i l ( i .

7 8

1 5.

2 1

1 2

•1 9

•842 .6 1 \

2

2 0 1 8

6 • / 2 .2 4)

. 5

•

1 7 •

2 5 • ,2 3

1 •

4 1 •

Map I X D is t r ibu t ion o ft h e s a c red p i ne t r ee s ( d rawn b y a u tho r ) L i thuan ia 1 .B a ln ia i ;2 .B i r2uvena i ;3 .D umb lyne . ;4 .G e luva ;5 .( irKk ia i ; 6 .G im ika i ;7 .G ir n inka i 1 ;8 .C i yvo l ia i ;9 . . lu rgKk ia i ; 1 0 .J u t iS ida i ; 1I .k a i r iSk ia i ; 1 2 .K eg r ia i ; 1 3 . L enk ima i ; 1 4 . L inkav iC ia i ; 1 5 . Ma iga i ; 1 6 . MocKke ; 1 7 .O re l iSke s ; 1 8 .P amed2 ioka ln is ; 1 9 . 1 ) e i lKk ia i ; 2 0 . P l iki l is ; 2 1 . P Ii n k : 4 ia i ; 2 . l ' urv inKk ia i ; 2 3 . R opkep ia i ;2 4 .S N ,, jl e ;2 5 .S ' i luva ;2 6 .U og iSk ia i ;2 7 .Z v i rgidena i .

7 9

V vk in ta s

V a i tkev ie lus .

S t ud ie s

i n to

t h e B a i t s ' s acr ed p lace s

Map X D is t r ibu t ion o ft h e s t one " t ab le s" ( d rawn b y a u thor ) L i thuan ia 1 .A 16 'Kkes ;2 .A uk süd is ( K re t inga d i s tr ic t ) ;3 .B enak ia i ;4 . D uku rn ia i ;5 .E i tvyda iia i ;6 .J a Wa iü iuka i ;7 . 1mba r e ;8 .I mba r e 2 v a in i a i ;9 .K lebonKk ia i ; 1 0 . K rau je l ia i ; 1 . K uka rKke ; 1 2 . N o lena i ; 1 3 . Mocka iC ia i ; 1 4 .P ae2e r ia i( Pakr uo j i sd i s t r ic t ) ; 1 5 . P ae2e r ia i( Radv i l igk is d i s t r ic t ) ; 1 6 . P a ind re ; 1 7 . P e lek ia i ; 1 8 . P rys tova i ; 1 9 . R ink Se l ia i ; 2 0 . S a lan ta i ; 2 1 . S ' n iü raK ja i ; 2 2 . T amoa i c : ia i ;2 3 .T i I2e ;2 4 .V a iku 6 i . a i ;2 5 .V a i t imena i ;2 6 .Z ib ika i ; 2 7 .Z uk l i ja i -A lkak ' . ia i .

8 0

Maps

1 00 k m

0

Map X I D is t r ibu t ion o ft h e s t one " beds" ( • ) ( d rawn b y a u tho r ) L i thuan ia 1 .A n ts ien ia i ; 2 -3 . B ena iC ia i ; 4 .G rf f i laukC ; 5 .K inde r ia i ; 6 . R ud ika i ; 7 .S aug in ia i ( S iau l ia i d i s tr ic t ) ; 8 .S eno j i 1 p i l t is ; 9 . S i da rKk is ; 1 0 .U iuba l ia i . D is tr ibu t ion o ft h e s t one " cha ir s" ( • )( d rawn b y a u tho r ) L i thuan ia 1 .A li iu täm i ; 2 .A n ta tKk is ; 3 . Guos taga l is ; 4 . J aura i ; 5 . K uka r iS i c, 6 . K und rCna i ; 7 . L ape l iSkC s ; 8 . L aukaga l is ; 9 . L egKk is ; 1 0 . L emba s ; 1 . L enC ia i ; 1 2 . L upon ia i ; 1 3 . MaC iü k i a i ; 1 4 . M ie s te l igk ia i , 1 5 . N o re ikKkCs ; 1 6 . P ad ieva i t is ; 1 7 . P ama le igys ; 1 8 . P l ausk in ia i ; 1 9 .T a ra ld2 ia i -V e rksn ionys ;2 0 . T a raiAk ia i ; 2 1 . T i ton ia i ; 2 2 . V a i t im na i ; 2 3 . V eger; 2 4 . WrKk ia i ;2 5 .Z y l ia i .

8 1

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V a i tk evd iu s .

S t ud ie s i n to t h e B a i t s ' s acr ed p lace s

*1 6

2 4

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l V lap X I I D is t r ibu t ion o ft h es t one " damned p eop le" . T a l l s t one s (* ) .( Acco rd ing t oa u tho r( 1995 )w i th a dd i t ion s . )

k r )

D i s t r ibu t ion o ft h e s t one " damned p eop le" . S tone so f n a tu ra lf o rm s( 0 ) .( Acco rd ing t oa u tho r( 1 995 )w i th a dd i t ion s . )

L i thuan ia 1 .Akmuo ;2 .B e ii iony s ;3 .B i jo ta i ;4 .D ieven igke s ;5 .G e idu -

L i thuan ia 1 .A ly tu s ( two s t one s ) ; 2 . [ Auk g tadva r i s ] ( t wo s t one s ) ; 3 . B ena ie la i ; 4 .B u le t i gk i s ; 5 .D auga i -Sa la ; 6 .D idi iu l ia i ( two

k onys ; 6 .G e ig ia i ; 7 .G raula i ; 8 .J akena i ; 9 .J ue ion ia i ; 1 0 . J unküna i ; 1 . J u rg iony s ; 1 2 . I n tupony s ; 1 3 . I von igk ia i ( two s t one s ) ; 1 4 . K a g tauna l ia i ; 1 5 . K luona l ia i ; 1 6 . K rake s -Nevo -

s t one s ) ;7 .D va r i gke s ;8 .E ino ra i( t h ree s t one s ) ;9 .G rendave ; 1 0 .J oc iüna i -Ba lka sod i s ; 1 .K a lv ia i ; 1 2 .K a rvy s( n ine s t one s ) ;

e i a i ; 1 7 .K rai ia i ; 1 8 .K u l igk ia i ; 1 9 .L ava r igke s ;2 0 .L iuk .ony s ( two s t one s ) ; 2 1 . Ma sa l i gke s ; 2 2 . Me rga lauk is ; 2 3 . M ig l i n i gke s ; 2 4 . M ikn iüna i ; 2 5 . Mo l iüna i ; 2 6 . N o re ik igke s ( two s t ones ) ; 2 7 . P ad ievy t is ; 2 8 . P e t r ika ie ia i ; 2 9 . P y l ima i ; 3 0 . P iva g it tna i ;3 1 .R ep g ia i ;3 2 .S t ab ine ;3 .g i au l i gke s ;3 4 .V a rka le s ( Ka i g iado ry sd i s t r ic t ) ;3 5 .[ V a rn ia i ] .

1 3 .K o r l i gke s -Me rgo sA kmuo ; 1 4 . Ko r l igke s -Au l c rak A t i s ; 1 5 . K u rme l iony s ; 1 6 .L ep g ia i ; 1 7 . L evan igke s ; 1 8 . Macke l igle s ; 1 9 . Mane iag i re ;2 0 .[ Me rk ine ] ;2 1 .N au ra g i l ia i( t h ree s t one s ) ; 2 2 .N edz inge ;2 3 .N ema i tony s ;2 4 .P ap i §ke s( g a le in inka id i s t r i c t ) ;2 5 .P u ga lo ta i ;2 6 .P uvoe ia i( two s t one s ) ;2 7 .R amo gka i ; 2 8 .R u son ia i ;2 9 .S eno j iV a r ena ;3 0 .S t ebu l ia i ;3 1 .S uk in ia i( t wo o rt h ree s t one s ) ;3 2 . g amba l igk ia i ;3 3 . g e ima t i s( two o rt h ree s t one s ) ;3 4 .A e r e i t l a u k i s ;3 5 .g l avena i ;3 6 .U t u r a i s t i s ;3 7 .V a r ena f o re s t ; 3 8 . V e rk sn iony s ( f ive s t one s ) ; 3 9 . V i ln iu s ( Ukme rge S t r ee t )( t h i r teen s t one s ) ;4 0 .V i ln iu s -V e rk ia i ;4 1 .2 '

8 2

Maps

Map X I I I D is t r ibu t ion o ft h ec up -ma rked s t one s i nE s ton ia ( a cco rd ing t oA .T vau r i , 1 997 ) ,L a tv ia ( a cco rd ing t oJ . U r täns , 1 9 87 ) ,f o rme rP ru ss ia ( a cco rd ing t oC . B eckhe rn , 1 893 ) ,B e larus ( a cco rd ing t oE .Z a ikovsk iy , 1 997 a nd 2 000 w i th a u tho r ' sa dd i t ions ) , a nd L i thuan ia ( a cco rd ing t o a u tho r , 1 996 w i th a dd i t ion s )

8 3

V yk in ta s

V a i tk ev i i iu s .

S t ud ie s i n to t h e B a i t s ' s ac r ed p lace s

0 Map X IV D is t r ibu t ion o ft h ec up -ma rked s t one si nL i thuan ia ( a cco rd i n gt oa u tho r( 1996 )w i th a dd i t ion s ) ,L a tv ia ( a cco rd ing t oJ . U r tän s , 1 987 ) ,f o rme rP ru s s ia ( a cco rd ing t oC .B eckhe rn , 1 893 ) ,a nd B e la ru s( a cco rd ing t oE .Z a ikov sk iy , 1 997 a nd 2 000 w i th a u tho r ' sa dd i t ion s )

1 00 k m

L a tv ia 3 5 .D äv ie i ;3 6 .K a lna lamm ik i ;3 7 .R u sku l i ;3 8 .Z v ied r i . B e la ru s 3 9 .B a rauv t s i /Bapo mb i ;4 0 .B ud ishche /Byg m e ;4 1 .D a inova / g a rm o B a ;4 2 . D r isv ia t i /gp r ic i mm ; 4 3 . D vo r e c /2Hopeu ; 4 4 . E smanov t s i /EcbmaHoHum ; 4 5 -46 . K ameno /KameHo ; 4 7 . K an s tanpo l /KaHcTaHnoz a ; 4 8 . M ishu t i /M in ly rb i ; 4 9 -50 . T s in t sev ich i /Lbumemem ;5 1 .U tk i /YTKH ;5 2 .V ia le t s /B s imeg ; 5 3 .V o iden i /BoR r jem i .

L i thuan ia 1 .A nk g tak ia i ;2 .A puo le ; 3 .B a ranaue izna ;4 .D apka ie ia i ; 5 . D apg ia i ; 6 .D va rony s ; 7 .G a i2 iüna i ; 8 .G o g te l i gke s ; 9 10 . J ak g ta ie iuka i ;1 12 .1mba r e ; 1 3 .I mba r e -2va in ia i ; 1 4 .K ada ra i ; 1 5 .K lebon i gk ia i ; 1 6 .L aukaga l i s ; 1 7 . Me rg i gke s ; 1 8 . Mon iüna i ; 1 9 .P aeie r ia i( Radv i l i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) ;2 0 .P a eie r ia i( P ak ruo j i sd i s t r ic t ) ; 2 1 . P ap jaun ia i ; 2 2 . P ava iguv is ; 2 3 -24 . P av i rvy t i s ; 2 5 . P e lek ia i ;2 6 .S enkon ia i ;2 7 .S i au r ia i ;2 8 .A n i p a i e l a i ;2 9 .S n iü r a ie ia i ;3 0 .S vendub r e ;3 1 . [ Sven ta i ] ;3 2 .T i le ;3 .Z adi iüna i ; 3 4 .2 v i rb l ia i .

K a l in ing rad skaya o b la s t 5 4 .K ramava /G r achovka .

8 4

Maps

Map XV D is t r ibu t ion o ft h ec y l inde r -shaped s t ones w i th f l a t b o t tomed b ow ls i nL a tv ia ( a cco rd ing t oJ .U r täns , 1 992 )a nd L i thuan ia ( a cco rd ing t oa u tho r( 1999 )w i th a dd i t ions ) L i thuan ia 1 .B ro tyka i ; 2 .B ud r ia i ; 3 .B us igk is ; 4 .D e l tuva ; 5 .E r s la ; 6 . l g a r ia i ;7 .G a rgide le ;8 .K a t ina i ;9 .K i lev igk is ; 1 0 .K ird igk is ; 1 . K l ib ia i ; 1 2 .K u t igk ia i ; 1 3 .L üio s ; 1 4 .P aduobuie ; 1 5 . P adva r ia i ; 1 6 .P e t rak . ' ia i ; 1 7 .P i ke l igke s ; 1 8 .P ub2 ib ia i ; 1 9 .P uodka l ia i ;2 0 . R enava s ;2 1 . R egku tena i ;2 2 .S aka l igke s ;2 3 . S kuod igk ia i ;2 4 . S üdena i ;2 5 -26 . a uk l ia i ;2 7 -28 . e r k gn ia i ;2 9S i la le ( Skuoda s d i s t r ic t ) ; 3 0 . S veda i ; 3 1 . T rumpon ia i ; 3 2 . U dra l ia i ; 3 3 . V e lebn igke s ;3 4 .V ove raK ia i ;3 5 .2 i b in i nk a i . L a tv ia 3 6 .D zev i ;3 7 .L a imdo ta s ;3 8 . Mazg r amzda ;3 9 . Me ldze re ;4 0 . N a ii i ;4 1 .P inna s ;4 2 .S o lka s .

8 5

V yk in ta s

V a i tk ey ie i t t s .

S t ud ie s

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0

1 00 k m

Map XV I D is t r ibu t ion o ft h e s t ones w i th n a r row -bo t tomed b ow ls i n L a tv ia ( a cco rd ing t oJ .U r t i ins , 1 994 )a nd L i thuan ia ( a cco rd i n gt oR . Ma tu l is , 1 990 w i th a u tho r ' sa dd i t ion s )

8 6

Maps

5 . 1 04 0, 1 2

•1

„ 1

.2 4

1 9•

0

1 00 km

Map XV I I D is t r ibu t ion o ft h e s t one " t a i lo r s" ( a cco rd ing t oL evkov , 1 992 a nd a u tho r ) L i thuan ia 1 .A n ta t a is ; 2 . B u tn iüna i ; 3 . K e tüna i ; 4 . K runc ika i ; 5 . K undr na i ; 6 . K un ion ia i ; 7 . L egKk is ; 8 . [ Merk in] ; 9 . P l ausk in ia i ; 1 0 . R in-ß ionys ; 1 . S ' e ima t is ; 1 2 . T a ra ld2 ia i : 1 3 . Z ioge l ia i . K a l in ing radskaya o b la s t 1 4 . [ Raga in&Rag in t iNeman ] . B e la rus 1 5 . B ab ru isk /Ea6py i l m 1 6 . V a ron in /Bapox ix ; 1 7 . V i rkava / B ip t casa ; I S .V isok iye G a ra t s i /Bb ico me r apa mb i ; 1 9 .Z abo rye / 3 a6opbe ;2 0 . K anve l ishk i /Kaxsen iund ;2 1 . K amen /Kame r ib ; 2 2 .K ra sna lu t sk /KpacHa nyux ;2 3 .R a t inc i /PaTbmum ;2 4 .S t a ry P agos t /C -r apm F l aroc -r .

8 7

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V a i tkev iau s .

S t ud ie s

i n to

t h e B a l l s ' s acr ed p lace s

Map XV I I I D is t r ibu t ion o ft h e L aun-i ( Fa iry ' s )s t ones ( a cco rd ing t o a u tho r( 1998a )w i th a dd i t ion s ) L i thuan ia 1 .B enak ia i ; 2 .B i r2uv na i ; 3 .D irvon igks ;4 .G in ta l igk; 5 . G un t ina s ; 6 .l i nba re ; 7 .K a r tena ; 8 .K e re2 ia i ; 9 .K rak ia i ; 1 0 . K ruop ia i ; I . K u lsk ia i ; 1 2 . L a iv ia i -Sa lan ta i( two s t ones ) ; 1 3 . L a iv ia i ; 1 4 .U l ia i( U tena d i s t r ic t ) ; 1 5 .L i gk iava ; 1 6 . Ma Z iük ia i ; 1 7 .M iky ta i ; 1 8 . Mozü r ig Us ; 1 9 .N au jo j i 1 p i l t is ;2 0 .N o l& la i ; 2 1 . N ore ik igk es ( two s t ones ) ; 2 2 . P a ind r; 2 3 . P ago ju s ; 2 4 . P aka ln igk ia i( J u rba rka sd i s t r ic t ) ;2 5 .P akop lyd ' is ;2 6 .P a lend r ia i ; 2 7 . P a loky s t is ;2 8 . P a re&na i ;2 9 . P e t ro g ia i ;3 0 . P ryg rna d ; ia i ; 3 1 .P uvo Z ia i ;3 2 . R ud ika i ;3 3 . S a lan ta i( two s t one s ) ;3 4 .S au g i n ia i( S iau l ia id i s t r ic t ) ;3 5 .S ud in t a i ;3 6 .S udok ia i ;3 7 .S i ukk ia i ; 3 8 .T a rag igks ;3 9 .T n impon ia i ;4 0 .T übau s ia i ;4 1 .U rkuvä la i ; 4 2 .V a l iu l i gU s -E ino r ia i ;4 3 .V i lünak ia i ;4 4 .Z iezdr ia i .

8 8

Maps

Map X LX D is t r ibu t ion o fl a kes a nd s wamps c a l led A lka ( a ccord ing t o a u tho r( 1998b )w i th a dd i t ion s ) L i thuan ia 1 .A lka s( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) ;2 .B amvka ;3 .C e re l ia i ;4 .[ Dub ing ia i ] ; 5 .J u rdony s ;6 .K a re ivonys ;7 .K u rena i ;8 .K u g l ia i ;9 . Mo la in ia i ; 1 0 .O ka in ia i ; I1 .P a lend r ia i ; 1 2 . P e t rag iC ina i ; 1 3 . S i la in ia i ; 1 4 . T a i t igk is ; 1 5 .T raku Z _ ' . ia i . L a tv ia 1 6 .V e rga le ; 1 7 .Z l üka s .

8 9

V yk in ta s

V a i tkev ij ius .

S t ud ie s

i n to

t h e B a l l s

s acr ed p lace s

0z um mem o n i e mma

1 00 k m

Map XX D is t r ibu t ion o ft h e S ven ta s( Sac red ) l a ke s( d rawn b y a u tho r ) L i thuan ia I .A n ta S 'ven te ; 2 .B aka lo rKke s ; 3 .G iru tKke ( two l a kes ) ; 4 . J anony s ;5 .J u sevk ia i ;6 .K r iva sa l i s ;7 .L azd in ia i ;8 . Nd iC ina i ; 9 .P aam ine ; 1 0 . R a in ia i ; 1 .R akte l ia i ; 1 2 . S t ava ryga la ; 1 3 . S uo l ia i( two l a kes ) ; 1 4 . v e rK s , ius ; 1 5 . S ' ven t ae r is ; 1 6 . S ven t i n inka i ; 1 7 .2 yd igkes .

T e r r i to ry o fP ru s s ia 2 8 . Weuobo rk ;2 9 . [ Sam land , Swen tgr e 3 0 . [ voyavod s tvo O lsz tyn , Swyntheynen ] ; 3 1. [ voyavods tvo O lsz tyn , S w it ii ngen ] . B e la rus 3 2 . [ L ida„ Sw i e tg je ] .

L a tv ia 1 8 .J aun -P ieba lga ; 1 9 .J aun -Sven ta ;2 0 . L imba2 i ;2 1 . L ube ja ; 2 2 . M5 rc iena ;2 3 .P ape ;2 4 .P u iku le ;2 5 .R ozbek i ;2 6 .U pe ;2 7 . 2 värde .

9 0

Maps

1 00 k m

0

Map XX I D is t r ibu t ion o ft he s a cr if ice reque s t ing w a te r s : l a ke s( • ) .

D is t r ibu t ion o ft h es a c r if ice reque s t ing w a te r s : w e t lands

( D rawn b ya u tho r .)

( B ) .( D rawn b ya u tho r . ) L i thuan ia

L i thuan ia

I .K vsa i We t land ;2 .2 i l in a i .

1 .A la t& sL ake ;2 .[ Au l &adva r is ] ;3 .B a lyno sL ake ;4 .D auga i L ake ;5 .D y sna iL ake ;6 .D u s ia L ake ;7 .D v i r ag is L ake ;8 .G a lv L ake ;9 .l g is L ake ; 1 0 . [ Le ipa l ing is ] ; 1 .K iauk l ia i L ake ; 1 2 .

D is t r ibu t ion o ft h es a c r i f ice -reque s t ing w a ter s :r i ve r s (• ) .

L a rns ta sL ake ; 1 3 . L Kk iav is L ake ; 1 4 . Ma rg is L ake ; 1 5 . Ma s t is

( D rawn b ya u tho r . )

L ake ; 1 6 .M e rg , uva L ake ; 1 7 .G a lvoie r i sL ake ; 1 8 .P l a te l ia iL ake ; L i thuan ia

1 9 .R ie ;e L ake ;2 0 . R ub ik ia i L ake ;2 1 .S a r ta i L ake ;2 2 .S i e s ika i L ake ; 2 3 . S uba t in is L ake ; 2 4 . S ven C ius L ake ( Zyd iS 'k s ,

1 .G au ja R ive r( D ievenKks ) ;2 . Me rky sR ive r( Pame rk ia i ) ;3 .

K aK i a do ry sd i s t r ic t ) ;2 5 .S ven ta sL ake ( C _ i iru tKk, Z a r asa id i s -

S ven to j iR ive r( S C i &na i ) ;4 .S ven to.iR ive r( Sven to j i ,P a langa ) ;

t r i c t ) ;2 6 .T a lSa L ake ;2 7 .T au ragna sL ake ;2 8 .U ten is L ake ;2 9 .

5 .ü la ( K r iok A ly s ) ;6 .2 i 2m aR ive r( D ieven iS 'ks ) .

V iev is L ake ;3 0 .V i lko ldm is L ake ;3 1 .V ity t is L ake ;3 2 .Z a ra sa s L ake .

9I

V v k in ta s

V a i tkev ie lus .

S t ud ie s

i n to t h e

B a i t s ' s acred p lace s

• l a kes • r i ve rs •w e t lands

0

1 00 k m

,

Map XX II D is t r ibu t ion o ft h e W1 ( Sou ls )w a te r s : l a ke s( 0 ) .( D rawn

L a tv ia

b y a u tho r .)

1 0 . B runava ; 1 . D rabeg i ; 1 2 . Embu rga ; 1 3 . [ Bauska ] ; 1 4 . R umb in iek i .

L i thuan ia 1 .B a jo r ik ia i ;2 3 .

T e r r i to ry o fP rus s ia ( mode rn P o land )

v e l i o n y s .

1 5 . [ v oyavo tsvo E 1b 1ag , W e l le ] .

L a tv ia

D is t r ibu t ion o ft h e

4 .P a l tma le ;5 .S pa re . D is t r ibu t ion o ft h eN /

v e k • .( Sou ls )w a te r s :w e t lands ( •) .

( Drawn b ya u tho r . ) ( Sou ls )w a te r s :r i ve r s (* ) .( D rawn

L a tv ia

b y a u tho r .)

1 . Lak s t iga l i ;2 .G a roza .

L i thuan ia 1 .[ Ba isoga la ] ;2 .C ianKk ia i ;3 .E ndr ie java s ;4 .K a ra lK 'k ia i ;5 . U la i Z . ' ia i ;6 .g i luva ;7 .[ T au rag4 ;8 .V e l iuona ;9 .V ink 5 ;näm i .

9 2

Maps

• A lka we t land • ‘ ven tas we t land

0a n om m u mm u m i

1 00 k m

Map XX I I I D is tr ibu t ion o ft h eA lka w e t lands ( 6 ) ( a cco rd ing t oa u tho r

D is t r ibu t ion o ft h e

v en ta s w e t lands ( • ) ( d rawn b y a u tho r )

( 1998b )w i th a dd i t ions ) L i thuan ia L i thuan ia

1 .A n t in inka i ; 2 .B a ln inka i ; 3 . B ud r igkes ; 4 . D v i lonys ; 5 .

1 .A lka s( K r e t inga d i s t r ic t ) ;2 .A n tana ge ;3 .A n tanava ;4 .D id ie j i

J a skaudi ' ia i ;6 .K levena i ;7 . Med igk ia i ;8 .R inga i l ia i ;9 .S ton ia i ;

Mos ta iü ia i ; 5 . K a lbu t igke s ; 6 . L aug ir igkes ; 7 . M iky ta i ; 8 .

1 0 .g vendüna i .

R üda iia i ;9 .S kom ina i ; 1 0 .T aubuia i . L a tv ia 1 . A nnen iek i ; 1 2 . K ro te ; 1 3 . S i dgunda ; 1 4 . S l agüne ; I S . Z ebrene .

9 3

V vk in ta s

V a i tkev ie iu s .

S t ud ie s

i n to

t h e B a i t s ' s acr ed p lace s

0a i m umm a i m um i n

, 1 00 k m

Map XX IV D is t r ibu t ion o ft h eA lka r i ve r s( a cco rd ing t oa u tho r( 1998b ) w i th a dd i t ions ) L i thuan ia

K a l in ing radskaya o b la s t

1 .A lkup is ;2 .A ng ir ia i ;3 .A py ta lauk i s ;4 .B land i ia i ;5 .C ekKke ; 6 .E ln iakamp is ; 7 .G a rgide le ; 8 .G us tonys ;9 .J u :eak ia i ; 1 0 .

3 .A lk ik ia i /P r ibrezhnoye ;3 4 .[ Da rk iem i s /Oze r sk ] ;3 5 .L au k i Ak ia i /Sar an skoye .

K eng ia i ; 1 .K ung ia i ; 1 2 . Mk " . i . i ina i ; 1 3 .M ie2Kk ia i ; 1 4 .N au jo j i I p i l t is ; 1 5 . P ada ig ia i ; 1 6 . P ae2e r is ; 1 7 . P ag irgidE i t is ; 1 8 .

L a tv ia

P aka In n ia i( Radv i lKk is d i s t r ic t ) ; 1 9 . P a lek in is ;2 0 . P a S ' i l ia i ; 2 1 . P i epa l ia i ;2 2 .R ad2 iC ina i ;2 3 . R a se in ia i ;2 4 . S k i ips e _ ia i ;2 5 .

3 6 .B ä r ta .

S ug ird ia i ;2 6 .S e ta ;2 7 Se in iüna i ;2 8 .S i en lauk i s ;2 9 .U ipe lk ia i ( Akmene d i s t r ic t ) ; 3 0 . V a ida ton ia i ; 3 1 . [ V andi loga la ] ; 3 2 . [ V e iv ir iena i ] .

9 4

Maps

1 00 k m

0

Map XXV D is t r ibu t ion o ft h e S ven tas ( Sacred )r i ve r s ( d rawn b y a u tho r ) L i thuan ia 1 .A kmene ( KupKk is d i s t r ic t ) ;2 .A kmene d i s t r ic t ;3 .A lan ta ; 4 .A l tonKk ia i ;5 .A nd ru g 'kon ia i ;6 .A rdz i jau ska i ;7 .B e l ionys ;

4 7 .U i l iekne ;4 8 .V adig iry s ;4 9 .V a ire ikonys ;5 0 .V iev i le ;5 1 .

8 .B r izga i ; 9 .B ud rKkes ; 1 0 . D va ronys ; 1 . G ene t in ia i ; 1 2 .

d e ik ia i ;5 3 .2 em yg a l a .

Z a ra sa i -U tena -Anykk ia i -Ukme rge Jonava d i s t r ic t s ;5 2 .

2 a -

G r imz ia i ; 1 3 .J a g iüna i ; 1 4 .S lauia s ; 1 5 .K aen i ke ; 1 6 .K e jena i ; 1 7 .K l ioka i ; 1 8 . K re iv ia i ; 1 9 . K u r r nega la ;2 0 . Me2 ione l ia i ;2 1 .

L a tv ia

M ika l ina ; 2 2 . M ik l i i ina i ; 2 3 . N o rga lv ia i ; 2 4 . P abe rie ; 2 5 .

5 4 .G a l tene ;5 5 .J aunpaga s t s ;5 6 . K a t laka ln ;5 7 . [ L iepä ja ] ;5 8 .

P ad ievy t is ; 2 6 . P adubys is ; 2 7 . P amu s is ; 2 8 . PAam ine ; 2 9 .

Mä r c iena ;5 9 . P ä le ;6 0 .2 värde .

P a SuAvy s ; 3 0 . P a Wen tupys ; 3 1 . R a izg ia i ; 3 2 . R a Ue l ia i ; 3 3 . R ingove ; 3 4 . R i t ik ia i ; 3 5 . S ek ion ia i ; 3 6 . S krob le f o re s t ; 3 7 . S kuodas /Kre t inga d i s t r ic ts ; 3 8 . S ton ia i ; 3 9 . S uo l ia i ; 4 0 .

T e r r i to ry o fP ru s s ia 6 1 . T o lm ink iem is /Ch is t iye P r ud i ; 6 2 . L abguva /Po le ssk ; 6 3 . [ v oyavo tsvo O lsz tyn ] .

S ven ta ra ius ;4 1 .S ven te2e r is ;4 2 .S ven tup ia i( Paneveiys d i s t r i c t ) ;4 3 .T a ro sa i ;4 4 .T au ragna i ;4 5 .T y tuvena i ;4 6 .T rakn ae ;

9 5

V y k in ta s

V a i tk ev ie iu s .

S t ud ie s i n to t h e B a i t s ' s a c r ed p lace s

Map XXV I D i s t r ibu t ion o ft h es a c r ed p l a ce s i ng ven e iony s r e g ion a nd s uppo sed b ounda r ie so ft h ef o rme rN a l g ia l a nd d i s t r ic t si n t h e lt h _ i3 t hc en tu r ie s( a cco rd ing t oG .Z ab ie la , 1 992 ) ( d o t ted l i ne ) ;t h eopho r ic n ame so fs e t t lemen t s( unde r l ined ) a nd r i ve r s ,l a ke s ,a nd l i t t le s wamp sc a l led g ven ta ( S a c r ed ) ( d rawn b ya u tho r ) I .A nd r e iko s S ven ta s ( Sa c r ed ) R ive r ; 2 .B ee iony s g v en ta s ( S ac red )R iv e r ;3 .G am ia iM e rgo s( G i r l ' s )o t h e rw ise P e r küna s ( Thunde r ' s )L ake ;4 .G am ia ig v en ta s( S a c r ed )R ive r ;5 .L a zd i n i a ig ven ta s( S ac r ed )L ake ;6 . Mei ione l ia ig ven ta s( S ac r ed ) R iv e r ;7 .P a g am ine g ven ta s( S a c r ed )L ak e ;8 .P a gam ine g v en t a s ( Sa c red ) R ive r ; 9 .R ak g t e l ia i g ven ta s ( S a c red ) L ake ; 1 0 . R ak g t e l ia ig ven ta s( Sac r ed )R ive r ; 11 .T r akn i gke g ven t a s( S a c r ed )R ive r ; 1 2 .V e l iony sv e i e( Sou l ' s )L ak e .

9 6

, 1u ps

Map XXV I I D is t r ibu t ion o ft h e R agan ine (W i tche s ') s i tes ( d rawn b y a u tho r ) L i thuan ia 1 .D va r iuka i -Mü rdva r is ;2 .G yvaka r a i -Rud ika i ;3 . Mi tkü na i ;4 . N en tune l is ;5 .P ays lyk is ;6 .P apa lsk ia i -Graud tß ia i ; 7 .l ' a ta tu l i e Z . ia i -Pab ir 2e ;8 .P e t r i Sk ia i ;9 .S avuC ia i -Ga lvoka i ; 1 ( . 1 . ' a inba l io n i a l ; 1 .T i l tag a l ia i ; 1 2 .T reC ione l ia i ; 1 3 .V an ta in ia i ; 1 4 .V ei ionv s ( Kup iA is d i s t r ic t ) .

9 7

G i l c in tas

V a i tkev ie iu s .

S t ud ie s

i n to

t h e B a i t s ' s acr ed p lace s

1 0 1 4 •• 1 3 *2 3 1 8

16 2 0•

1 00 k m

0

Map XXV I I I D is t r ibu t ion o ft h e s p r ing sf l ow ing " aga ins t t he S un" : e a s twa rds ( •)( d rawn b y a u tho r ) L i thuan ia 1 .A leksandrava ; 2 . B ac ia i ; 3 .B ü t ing; 4 .C ieza rKk ia i , 5 . D auba ra ia i ;6 .[ Du se to s ] ;7 .[ K la ip da ] ;8 .K re t inga ;9 .K u la i 1 ;1 0 . L apek s ; 1 .[ LKk iava l ; 1 2 . Ma Z iük ia i ; 1 3 . Ma sko l igk ia i V e r sukra ; 1 4 . M i tkßks ; 1 5 . Mockak . ia i ; 1 6 . P ad ievy t is ; 1 7 . P aeie rs R üda iC ia i ; 1 8 .P aka ln a ia i -Pano ra i( Ka i' iado ry sd i s t r ic t ) ; 1 9 . P aka ln ig 'k ia i ( J u rba rka s d i s tr ic t ) ; 2 0 . R angava ;2 1 . S i r nü la i ;2 2 .U oguC ia i ;2 3 .Z aba r i ja . D is t r ibu t ion o ft h e s p r ing sf l ow ing " aga ins t t he S un" : s ou thwa rds ( •) ( d rawn b y a u thor ) L i thuan ia 1 .B e sme r C ia i ;2 .C i ode l ia i ;3 .K ada iC ia i ;4 .P l okk ia i ;5 .S t i rba iC ia i ; 6 .l i g iony s ;7 .V ide ik ia i .

9 8

Maps

Map XX IX C omp lexe so fs a c red p l ace sa s soc ia ted w i th l a umie ( f a i r ie s ) a nd r agano s( w i tche s ) i nE a s te rn L i thuan ia ,i nt h ee nv i rons o f Mo le ta ia nd D ub ing ia i( j o in ted b yd o t ted l i ne ) ,a sw e l l a s mo re i mpo r tan th yd ronym s( i t a l ics )a nd n ame so fs e t t le m en t s( unde r l ined )( d rawn b ya u tho r ) 1 .A lne R agana (W i tche s ' )H i l l ;2 .P aq2uo l ia i Me rgo s( G i r l ' s ) H i l l ;3 .K amuie l is L ake ;4 .A iu luoke sa Me rgo s( G i r l ' s )H i l l ;5 . S l av inga l is H i l l ; 6 . Me gka lydym is R agana (W i tche s ' ) We t l a nd ;7 .S av idena iV a idu la s( Spook ' s )H i l l ;8 .S av idena iR ag ana (W i tche s ' ) H i l l ; 9 .P aqiuo l ia i -Sav idena i H i l l ; 1 0 . B i ju t igk i s R agana ( W i tche s ' ) We t land ; 1 . P avandene h i l l f o r t c a l led R agana (W i tche s ' )H i l l ; 1 2 .A nk g ta L aume ( Fa iry ' s )H o l low ; 1 3 .L aum ikony sL aume ( Fa i ry ' s )H i l l ; 1 4 .R oiakmen is s a c red s t one ; 1 5 .G ruodl ia iR agana (W i tche s ' ) Meadow . 9 9

V vk in ta s

V a i tkev ie i t t s .

S t ud ie s

i n to

t h e

B a i t s ' s acr ed p lace s

Upp sa la •

S t rängnä s • L ink iöp ing -• .

[ * 1 Ma rk lo

0

1 00 km

Map XXX B a l t ic S ea r eg ion a nd s i tes c i ted i nC hap te r5

1 0 0

Maps

•

F oo tmark o rt h e Wo l f.

•

C hurch o rt h e H are

0

1 00

k m

Map XXX I D is t r ibu t ion o ft h es a cred p l aces c a l led V i lko p eda ( Foo tma rk o ft h e Wo lf ) . S t one sw i th w o lf -f oo tp r in ts ( 3-9 , 1 2 )a nd s i te sc a l led V i lkpede ( 1 ,2 ,10 ,11) ( a cco rd ing t ot h e a u tho r ,2 003 ) I .B en iakon i /B e f f smox i ;2 .( i2 igke s ;3 .G ude l ia i , Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ; 4 .G u rony s , T raka i d i s t r ic t ; 5 .J akena i ; 6 .K a lv ia i , R ok igk is d i s t r ic t ;7 .K a re ivonys ,K a ig iado rys d i s t r ic t ;8 .S aba l igke s ;9 . V i lkpede ; 1 0 . W i lkopedz ie ; 1 . Z o s t a u t a i ; 1 2 . Z hu rave t s / > Kypaneu .

D is t r ibu t ion o ft h es a c red p l aces c a l led KKk io b ainy C ja ( Chu rch o ft h eH a re ) : h i l ls ( 2 ,5 ) ,s t one ( 1 ) ,f i e ld ( 3 ) ,g rove ( 4 )( a cco rd ing t ot h ea u tho r ,2 003 ) 1 .G en iony s ;2 .G uronys , K a ig iado ry sd i s t r ic t ; 3 .L ic igkena i ; 4 . Mk : iony s ;5 .P urve l ia i .

1 0 1

V vk in tu s

V a i tkev ij ius .

S t ud ie s

i n to

t h e

, 1 / l a im

B u l l s ' s acr ed p l ace s

Map XXX I I D i s tr ibu t ion o ft h e s ac red p l aces c a l led

v en ta rag is

( a cco rd ing t oa u tho r( 200 1) w i th a dd i t ions ) I .A ige la i ;2 .A nykge ia i ;3 .e iu2e l ia i ;4 .D va rv iee ia i ;5 .G i r s te i t Kk is ;6 .P ap ren iSk ia i ;7 . v en t rag ia i ; 8 .V i ln ius .

1 02

Maps

Map XXX I I I T he a r ea o fV i ln ius S ven ta rag is ( d rawn b ya u tho r ) . ( The h o r izon ta ls a r ed rawn i n 1m i n te rva la cco rd ing t oN . K i tkauska sa nd S .L a sav ickas ) . I .T he U ppe rC a s t le ;2 .T he L owe rC a s t le ( Grand D uke ' sP a la c e ) ;3 .T he P e rküna ss a nc tuary ;4 .P u ca rn ia ;5 .L uk iA Us s a c r ed g rove ;6 .S ven ta rag is g r ass land m en t ioned i n1 738 .

1 03

V yk in tas

k a i tkevd iu s .

S t ud ie s

i n to

t h e B a i t s ' s acr ed p lace s

Append ix A T he B a i t si nt h el a te 1 s1-e a r ly 2 " d m i l lenn ium AD ( a cco rd ing t oP .G a t&a s ,2 00 1)

1 04

A ppend ixes

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S

1 a

0

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Append ix B T he B a i t s ' t r ibe s i nt h e i n ves t iga ted a r ea i nt h e l a te 1 s te a r ly 2 m i l lenn ium AD ( a cco rd ing t oP .C i au a s ,2 00 1) n d

1 0 5

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A ppend ixes

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A kmen A ly tus A nyk g e la i B i rza i I ona v a J on igk i s J u rbarkas I g ,na l ina K a iiado ry s K aunas K& Ia in ia i K e I r r i K la ip da K re t inga K up igk is L azd i ja i Mar i jampok Maie ik ia i Mok ta i N e r inga C i ty P ak ruo j is P anev iys P asva lys P lun ü P r iena i R adv i l igk is R ase in ia i R ok igk is

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S kuodas A ' ak ia i S a le in inka i S i au l ia i A i lak i l uk i r v in tos

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T e l g ia i T raka i T au ra ü Uk rner ü U tena V ar& ia V i lkav igk is V i ln iu s Z a rasa i

B ELARUS ( d i s t r ic ts ) 7 2 . 7 3 . 7 4 . 7 5 . 7 6 . 7 7 . 7 8 . 7 9 . 8 0 . 8 1 . 8 2 . 8 3 . 8 4 . 8 5 . 8 6 . 8 7 .

B ras lav D ia t lovo G rodno I vye L ida M iade l Mo lodechno Novog rudok O s t rove t s O shm ian i P os tav i S hchuch in Smo rgon V i leyka V o lozh in V o ronovo

KAL IN INGRADSKAYA OBLAST ( d is t r ic t s ) 8 8 . B ag ra t iyonovsk 8 9 . B a l t iysk 9 0 .C he m iakhovsk 9 1 .G usev 9 2 .G va rdeysk 9 3 .K a l in ing rad 9 4 . K r as nozna m ensk 9 5 .N eman 9 6 . Ne s te rov 9 7 .O ze r sk 9 8 . P o le ssk 9 9 .P ravd insk 1 00 .S l aysk 1 0 1 .S ve t logo r sk POLAND ( p rov inces ) 1 02 . Mazow ie ck ie 1 03 .P od lask ie 1 04 . Warm i r isko -Mazur sk ie

V y k in ta s

V a i tk ev iau s .

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Append ix D

A v i ly sL ake ( Za r a sa id i s t r ic t ) A iu luoke sa ( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) A luo l i ja ( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) A luoie r ia i( Anyk ge ia id i s t r ic t )

S i te sc i ted a nd a na ly sed i nt h e m onog raph L i thuan ia

B ab rungena i( P lung ed i s t r ic t ) B a c ia i( J u rba rka sd i s t r ic t ) B a ek in ink e l ia i( P r iena id i s t r ic t ) B a jo r a i -Pak r iaun i s( Ro l c i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) B a jo r i gk ia i( L a zd i ja id i s t r ic t ) B a i soga la ( R adv i l i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) B aka lo r i gke s( T r aka id i s t r ic t ) B a lce r i gk e s( T r aka id i s t r ic t ) B a ln ia i( J u rba rka sd i s t r ic t ) B a ln inka i( Mo le t a id i s t r ic t ) B a l s ia i( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) B a l tadva r i s( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) B a l t in inka i( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) B a lyno sL ak e( Maie ik ia id i s t r ic t ) B a r aue izna ( Uk rn e rge d i s t r ic t ) B a r anau e izn a( R adv i l i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) B a r ta g ifma i( U tena d i s t r ic t ) B a r t lau l c i s( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) B a r tk fma i( Ukme rge d i s t r ic t ) B a r uvka ( Ukme rge d i s t r ic t ) B e ige r i gke s( T au r age d i s t r ic t ) B e ino rava ( R adv i l i gk i sd i s t r i c t ) B e ii iony s( T r aka id i s t r ic t ) B ena ie ia i( K r e t inga d i s t r ic t ) B e r ia i( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) B edyn ia i( P ak ruo j i sd i s t r ic t ) B e r io ra s( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) B e r i t a l i sR ive r( P ak ruo j i sd i s t r ic t ) B e sme r e ia i( Kauna sd i s t r ic t ) B e tyga la ( Ra s e in ia id i s t r ic t ) B ee iony s( 1 gna l ina d i s t r ic t ) B i jo t a i( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) B i ju t i gk i s( Mo le t a id i s t r ic t ) B ikavena i( g i lu t ed i s t r ic t ) B i r g tona s( P r iena id i s t r ic t )

A du t i gk is ( gvene iony sd i s t r ic t ) A ige la i( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) A l cmen e A l cmene ( Kup i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) A l cmene ( Ra se in ia id i s t r i c t ) A kmen ia i( K e ime d i s t r ic t ) A kmen ia i( T r aka id i s t r ic t ) A kmen i gk ia i( R a se in ia id i s t r ic t ) A l cmuo ( V a r ena d i s t r ic t ) A lan ta ( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) A lau ga s( U tena d i s t r ic t ) A lek sand r ava ( T raka id i s t r ic t ) A lek sand r i ja ( T r aka id i s t r ic t ) A le g i gke s( T r aka id i s t r ic t ) A lk a( A ly tu sd i s t r ic t ) A lka i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) A lka s( K r e t inga d i s t r ic t ) A lka s( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) A lka ie ia i( T r aka id i s t r ic t ) A lka s -Sa lan ta i( K r e t inga d i s t r ic t ) A lk i g l c ia i( A l cmene d i s t r ic t ) A lk snena i( Keda in ia id i s t r ic t ) A lk sn ena i( V i lkav i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) A lkup i s( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) A lküna i( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) A lne ( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) A lsedl ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) A l ton i gk ia i( Kauna sd i s t r ic t ) A ly tu s A li iu t ena i( U tena d i s t r ic t ) A nd r e iko s( gvene iony sd i s t r ic t ) A nd r iüna i( Radv i l i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) A nd r iüna i( V a r ena d i s t r ic t ) A nd r iün ik ia i( gak ia id i s t r ic t ) A nd ru gkon ia i( Kauna sd i s t r ic t ) A ndu l ia i -tg l i gke s( K r e t inga d i s t r ic t ) A ng ir ia i( Ked a in ia id i s t r ic t ) A nyk ge ia i A nk g t a( V i ln iu sd i s t r ic t ) A nk g tak ia i( K r e t inga d i s t r ic t ) A n t aka ln ia i( V a r ena d i s t r ic t ) A n takmene ( I gna l ina d i s t r ic t ) A n tak ge ia i( K re t inga d i s t r ic t ) A n tana ge ( Rok i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) A n tanava ( Keda in ia id i s t r ic t ) A n ta gven t e( Mo le ta i d i s t r ic t ) A n ta t i le ia i( Ukme rge d i s t r ic t ) A n ta t i gk i s( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) A n tave r g i s( T r aka id i s t r ic t ) A n t in inka i( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) A n t s ien ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) A n td ia i( K r e t inga d i s t r ic t ) A neena i( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) A puo le ( Skuoda sd i s t r ic t ) A py ta lauk i s( Keda in ia id i s t r ic t ) A rdz i jau ska i( Ma r i jampo le d i s t r ic t ) A r ioga la ( Ra se in ia id i s t r ic t ) A ugze l ia i( Skuoda sd i s t r ic t ) A uk südy s( Akmene d i s t r ic t ) A uk südy s( K r e t inga d i s t r ic t )

B i rh iL auka s( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) B i r iuvena i( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) B landia i( K ed a in ia id i s t r ic t ) B r azde ik ia i( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) B r izga i( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) B ro tyka i( Skuoda sd i s t r ic t ) B ryzg ia i( Rok i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) B ud e l ia i( Ka i g iado ry sd i s t r ic t ) B üdo s( P r iena id i s t r ic t ) B üdo s( T r aka id i s t r ic t ) B ud r ia i( Skuoda sd i s t r ic t ) B ud r ion ia i( P anev a y sd i s t r ic t ) B ud r i gke s( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) B u ivy c li ia i( V i ln iu sd i s t r ic t ) B u le t i gk i s( P ak r uo j i sd i s t r ic t ) B u r v ia i( S kuoda sd i s t r ic t ) B u s i gk i s( Rok i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) B u tn ifma i( P ak ruo j i sd i s t r ic t ) B ü t inge ( K r e t inga d i s t r ic t ) C ieza r i gk ia i( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) C i rk l i gk i s( g vene iony sd i s t r ic t ) C ifm i gk ia i( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t )

1 08

A ppend ixes D abui ia i( Any ldC ia id i s t r ic t ) D ak ta r i gke ( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) D a lga i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) D apka iC ia i( Ra se in ia id i s t r ic t ) D ap g ia i( Mai " e ik ia id i s t r ic t ) D auba r ia i( Maie ik ia id i s t r ic t ) D auba r i gk ia i( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) D auga i( A ly tu sd i s t r ic t ) D auga iL ake ( A ly tu sd i s t r ic t ) D auga i -Sa la ( A ly tu sd i s t r ic t ) D auga la iC ia i( J on i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) D aug e l i gke s( Ke ime d i s t r ic t ) D aug lauk i s( T au rage d i s t r ic t ) D aukony s( Radv i l igk i sd i s t r ic t ) D auk g ia i( Ma r i jampo le d i s t r ic t ) D auno r ia i( U tena d i s t r ic t ) D au syna i( K la ipeda d i s t r ic t ) D ebe ik ia i( Anykk ia id i s t r ic t ) D eg sne -Labo t i gke s( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) D e l tuva ( Ukme rge d i s t r ic t ) D e l tuve le ( U l c _me rge d i s t r ic t ) D e rk in C ia i( Skuoda sd i s t r ic t ) D id ie j iB u rb i gk ia i( T e lg ia id i s t r ic t ) D id ie j i Mo s ta iC ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) D idl iu l ia i( S a le in inka id i s t r ic t ) D ieven i gk e s( ga le in inka id i s t r ic t ) D ievy t i sL ake ( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) D i lb g ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) D i rme ik ia i( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) D ir vena i( T au r age d i s t r ic t ) D irvon i gke s( Radv i l i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) D i tküna i( Za ra sa id i s t r ic t ) D ok ia i( Kauna sd i s t r ic t ) D omanC ia i( Pak ruo j i sd i s t r ic t ) D ome ik ia i( Ke ime d i s t r ic t ) D o tenena i( SvenC iony sd i s t r ic t ) D o tnuva ( Keda in ia id i s t r ic t ) D ova in ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) D rabuin inka i( T raka id i s t r ic t ) D rau sg i r i s( V i lkav i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) D rau s t in ia i( Keda in ia id i s t r ic t ) Dr i ea i( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) D rü ld ia iL ake ( Za ra sa id i s t r ic t ) D ub ing ia i( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t D ukum ia i( g iau l ia id i s t r ic t ) D umb lyne ( Za ra sa id i s t r ic t ) D uobuie le ( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) D use to s( Za ra sa id i s t r ic t ) D u s ia L ake ( A ly tu sd i s t r ic t ) D va re l i s( T au rage d i s t r ic t ) D va r e l i gke s( Kauna sd i s t r ic t ) D va r igke s( Sa lC in inka id i s t r ic t ) D va r i gk ia i( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) D va r iuka i -Mü rdva r i s( Pak ruo j i sd i s t r ic t ) D va rony s( Anykge ia id i s t r ic t ) D va r v ie C ia i( Ra se in ia id i s t r ic t ) D v i lony s( gvene iony sd i s t r ic t ) D v i r ag i sL ake ( Rok igk i sd i s t r ic t ) D y sna R ive r( I gna l ina d i s t r ic t ) D y sna iL ake ( I gna l ina d i s t r ic t )

E ln iakamp i s( V i ln iu sd i s t r ic t ) E nd r ie java s( K la ipeda d i s t r ic t ) E rk gva ( Skuoda sd i s t r ic t ) E r s la ( Skuoda sd i s t r ic t ) E riv i lka s( J u rba rka sd i s t r ic t ) F e l ik sava s( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) G a idena i( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) G a i l ie g iony s( U tena d i s t r ic t ) G a i l iüna i( U l cme rge d i s t r ic t ) G a i l iu t igke ( Za r a sa id i s t r ic t ) G a iiüna i( P ak ruo j i sd i s t r ic t ) G a iluva ( Kauna sd i s t r ic t ) G a iiuve le ( Kauna sd i s t r ic t ) G a lve L ake ( T raka ic i ty ) G a lvoie r i sL ake ( T raka id i s t r ic t ) G and inga ( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) G a rg±de le ( K re t inga d i s t r ic t ) G am ia i( I gna l ina d i s t r ic t ) G am ia i( U tena d i s t r ic t ) G a spa ra i( Paneveiy sd i s t r ic t ) G au ja R ive r( ga le in inka id i s t r ic t ) G ed r ima i( Skuoda sd i s t r ic t ) G eg rena i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) G e idukony s( V a rena d i s t r ic t ) G e i g ia i( Ra se in ia id i s t r ic t ) G e luva ( Ra se in ia id i s t r ic t ) G e lvona i( g irv in to sd i s t r ic t ) G e l 4C ia i( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) G en iony s( V a rena d i s t r ic t ) G ena iC ia i( K la ipeda d i s t r ic t ) G ene t in ia i( Panev ey sd i s t r ic t ) G e r u l ia i( P r iena id i s t r ic t ) G e taue ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) G i la iC ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) G i lvy C ia i( g iau l ia id i s t r ic t ) G imb e ia i( S i la le d i s t r ic t ) G in ta l i gke ( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) G i r in inka i( g iau l ia id i s t r ic t ) G i r i gk ia i( Ke lme d i s t r ic t ) G im ika i( g iau l ia id i s t r ic t ) G im inka i 1( Kauna sd i s t r ic t ) G i r s te i t i gk i s( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) G ir u t i gke ( Za ra sa id i s t r ic t ) G ode l ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) G o g te l i gk ia i( g iau l ia id i s t r ic t ) G rauia i( Radv i l i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) G r endave ( T raka id i s t r ic t ) G r iga iC ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) G r iga l ia i( Panev ay sd i s t r ic t ) G r igu l ia i( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) G r ikaped is ( P r iena id i s t r ic t ) G r imz ia i( K e ime d i s t r ic t ) G r ink i gk i s( Radv i l i gk is d i s t r ic t ) ; G r iüC ia i( U t ena d i s t r ic t ) G ruodl ia i( V i ln iu sd i s t r ic t ) G rü g lauke ( K re t inga d i s t r ic t ) G uda l ia i( Skuoda sd i s t r ic t ) G ude l ia i( Ke ime d i s t r ic t ) G ude l ia i( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) G uden i gke s( U tena d i s t r ic t ) G u lb ina i( Radv i l igk i sd i s t r ic t ) G un t ina s( Skuoda sd i s t r ic t ) G uo s taga l i s( Pak ruo ji sd i s t r ic t ) G u rony s( Ka ig iado ry sd i s t r ic t )

E id in inka i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) E ikge ia i( Kauna sd i s t r ic t ) E ino r a i( A ly tu sd i s t r ic t ) E i tvyda ie ia i( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) E ivyda i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) 1 09

V y k in ta s

V a i tk ev ie i t t s .

S t ud ie s i n to t h e B al s ' s ac r ed p lace s K a r a l i gk ia i( Ukme rg ed i s t r ic t ) K a r a l i gk ia i( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) K a r a l i gk ia i( g i rv in to sd i s t r ic t ) K a r a l i gk i s( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) K a r e iv i gk i s( P ak ruo j i sd i s t r ic t ) K a r e ivony s( Ka i g iado ry sd i s t r ic t ) K a r e ivony s( V a r en ad i s t r ic t ) K a r t ena ( K r e t inga d i s t r ic t ) K a r ül i gk e( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) K a rvy s( V i ln iu sd i s t r ic t ) K a s t r i gk e s( A ly tu sd i s t r ic t ) K a g tauna l ia i( S i la le d i s t r ic t ) K a t ina i( Anyk ge ia id i s t r ic t ) K auk ine ( Ka i g iado ry sd i s t r ic t ) K auk snu ja i( Pak r uo j i sd i s t r ic t ) K auna s K aua i( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) K ava r ska s( Anyk ge ia id i s t r ic t ) K az im ie rava s( A ly tu sd i s t r ic t ) K azok igk e s( T r aka id i s t r ic t ) K eg r ia i( Akmene d i s t r ic t ) K e jena i( Ra se in ia id i s t r ic t ) K e l iuo t i gk ia i( P a sva ly sd i s t r ic t ) K en a( V i ln iu sd i s t r ic t ) K eng ia i( Ra se in ia id i s t r ic t ) K en tau e ia i( Mai e ik ia id i s t r ic t ) K e r e l ia i( Kup i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) K e r ei ia i( Akmen ed i s t r ic t ) K emave ( g i rv in to sd i s t r ic t ) K e s ia i( A l cmene d i s t r ic t ) K e tu r ak ia i( P lung ed i s t r ic t ) K e t-ü na i( Male ik ia id i s t r ic t ) K iauk l ia iL ak e( g i r v in to sd i s t r ic t ) K i lev i gk i s( Anyk g e ia id i s t r ic t ) K inde r ia i( Kup i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) K i rd i gk i s( Kup i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) K i rk l ia i( g iau l ia id i s t r ic t ) K la ipeda K lebon i gk ia i( Radv i l i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) K lev ena i( Anyk ge ia id i s t r ic t ) K le r i gke s( Ka ig iado ry sd i s t r ic t ) K l ib ia i( K r e t inga d i s t r ic t ) K l iok a i( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) K lon in ia iM i jaugony s( Ka ig iado ry sd i s t r ic t ) K lov in ia i( U t ena d i s t r ic t ) K luona l ia i( K r e t inga d i s t r ic t ) K on tau e ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) K o r l i gke s -Auk rakk i s( A ly tu sd i s t r ic t ) K o r l i gke s -Me rgo sA kmuo ( A ly tu sd i s t r ic t ) K o saka i( U l cme rg ed i s t r ic t ) K r ake s -Nevoe ia i( Skuoda sd i s t r ic t ) K r ak ia i( Ma l e ik ia id i s t r ic t ) K rau je l ia i( Mo le t a id i s t r ic t ) K r alan te R ive r( K e ime d i s t r ic t ) K r al ia i( Ke ime d i s t r ic t ) K r e ip g ta i( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) K r e iv ia i( Ukm .e rg ed i s t r ic t ) K rekenava ( P anevey sd i s t r ic t ) K r e t inga K r iau g i gk ia i( P a sva ly sd i s t r ic t ) K r iok g ly s( V a r ena d i s t r ic t ) K r iva sa l i s( I gna l ina d i s t r ic t ) K runc ika i( T r aka id i s t r ic t ) K ruop ia i( Skuoda sd i s t r ic t ) K rüvanda i( Kauna sd i s t r ic t ) K ubak ia i( P lung ed i s t r ic t )

G u rony s( T r aka id i s t r ic t ) G u s tony s( P aneveiy sd i s t r ic t ) G va lda i( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) G yvaka ra i -Rud ika i( Kup i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) G yvo l ia i( A l cmene d i s t r ic t ) I ga r ia i( Skuoda sd i s t r ic t ) I l g i sL ake ( A ly tu sd i s t r ic t ) I l zenbe rga s( Rok i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) I mba r e( ( r e t inga d i s t r ic t ) l mba re -Zva in ia i( K r e t inga d i s t r ic t ) I mb rada s( Za ra sa id i s t r ic t ) I nd i ja ( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) I n tupony s( P r iena id i s t r ic t ) I v on i gk ia i( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) B lau a s( P r iena id i s t r ic t ) J ae iony s( Ukm e rge d i s t r ic t ) J akena i( V a r ena d i s t r ic t ) J ak g ta i( Za r a sa id i s t r ic t ) J akka ie iuk a i( g iau l ia id i s t r ic t ) J anony s( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) J au ra i( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) J a skaudl ia i( g i rv in to sd i s t r ic t ) J a g iüna i( g a le in inka id i s t r i c t ) J oc iüna i ( A ly tu sd i s t r ic t ) j oc iüna i -Ba lka sod i s( A ly tu sd i s t r ic t ) J ogv i la i( Ukme rge d i s t r ic t ) J ok ga i( g i lu t ed i s t r ic t ) J o skauda i( K r e t inga d i s t r ic t ) J u ca ie ia i( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) J ue ion ia i( K auna sd i s t r ic t ) J ukna ie ia i( g i lu te d i s t r ic t ) J unküna i( Rok i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) J uode ik ia i( Ma ie ik ia id i s t r ic t ) J uodk r an t e( Ne r inga c i ty ) J uodup ia i( R adv i l i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) J u rdony s( Uk rne rge d i s t r ic t ) J u rga ie ia i( g iau l ia id i s t r ic t ) J u rg iony s( T r aka id i s t r ic t ) J u rg igk ia i( A ly tu sd i s t r ic t ) J u rgon i gke s( K e im ed i s t r ic t ) J u sa ie ia i( g iau l ia id i s t r ic t ) J u sev ie ia i( Ma r i jampo le d i s t r ic t ) J u gka ie ia i( T au r ag ed i s t r ic t ) J u t i gk ia i( P anevely sd i s t r ic t ) K aeen i gk e( gvene iony sd i s t r ic t ) K ada ie ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) K ada r a i( B i r i a id i s t r ic t ) K adi ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) K a ima le ( K e ime d i s t r ic t ) K a ir ia i( Panevely sd i s t r ic t ) K a i r i gk ia i( A l cmene d i s t r ic t ) K a lbu t i gke s( Rok i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) K a l iek ia i( U t ena d i s t r ic t ) K a lne l i s( J on i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) K a ln i gke ( La zd i ja id i s t r ic t ) K a l t inena i( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) K a lv ia i( Rok i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) K a lv ia i( g a le in in l c a id i s t r ic t ) K am g e ia i( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) K amuie l i s( Mo le t a id i s t r ic t ) K ap südi ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) K a r a j im i gk i s( B i t-h id i s t r ic t ) K a ra lg i r i s( Kauna sd i s t r ic t ) 10

A ppend ixe s K ub i l ia i( Ke ime d i s t r ic t ) K uka r i gke ( I gna l ina d i s t r ic t ) K ukav a i t i s( V i ln iu sd i s t r ic t ) K uk ia i( Male ik ia id i s t r ic t ) K u la i 1( Skuoda sd i s t r ic t ) K u iau tuva ( Kauna sd i s t r ic t ) K u l i gk ia i( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) Ku l sk ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) K und r ena i( Kup igk i sd i s t r ic t ) K ung ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) K un ig i gk a i( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) K un ion ia i( Keda in ia id i s t r ic t ) K up r ia i( I gna l ina d i s t r ic t ) K u r ena i( Ukme rge d i s t r ic t ) K u r ena iL ake ( Ukme rge d i s t r ic t ) K um i a ie ia i( K r e t inga d i s t r ic t ) K u rme l iony s( ga le in inka id i s t r ic t ) K u rmega la ( J onava d i s t r ic t ) K u r ga i( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) ; K u g le ik ia i( Ke ime d i s t r ic t ) K u g l ia i( Anyk ge ia id i s t r ic t ) K u t i gk ia i( R adv i l igk is d i s t r ic t ) K ve c ia i( K re t inga d i s t r ic t ) K ve sa i( Kauna sd i s t r ic t ) K ve sa i We t land ( Kauna s d i s t r ic t )

L tdo s( Za ra sa id i s t r ic t ) Macke l i gke s( Anyk ge ia id i s t r ic t ) Mae iük ia i( Skuoda sd i s t r ic t ) Ma iga i( Ma ie ik ia id i s t r ic t ) Ma i ron ia i( K e ime d i s t r ic t ) Ma i g iaga la ( V i ln iu sd i s t r ic t ) Mak r icka i( Ma r i jampo le d i s t r ic t ) Mak ge ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) Mane iag i re ( V a rena d i s t r ic t ) Mane ivo s( Rok i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) Man tv i l ia i( J u rba rka sd i s t r ic t ) Ma rg ia i( Keda in ia id i s t r ic t ) Ma rg i sL ake ( T raka id i s t r ic t ) Mar tnon ia i( Ukme rge d i s t r ic t ) Ma sa l igke s( V a rena d i s t r ic t ) Ma s iu l i gk ia i( Panev ay sd i s t r ic t ) Ma sko l i gk ia i -V e r suk r a( T r aka id i s t r ic t ) Ma s t i sL ake ( T e l g ia ic i ty ) Ma te ik igk ia i( Ukme rge d i s t r ic t ) Mauga r a i( Kup igk is d i s t r ic t ) Maia s is P a lük s t i s( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) Maiu lony s( I gna l ina d i s t r ic t ) Med in ia i( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) Med i gk ia i( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) Medo l i gke s( Za ra sa id i s t r ic t ) Med sedi ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) Me i ron i gk is ( Keda in ia id i s t r ic t ) Me rga lauk i s( A ly tu sd i s t r ic t ) Me rg i gke s( T raka id i s t r ic t ) Me rguva L ake ( g i lu te d i s t r ic t ) Me rk ine ( V a rena d i s t r ic t ) Me rky sR ive r( Sou th L i thuan ia ) Me te l ia i( A ly tu sd i s t r ic t ) Me gka lydym is ( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) Mei ione l ia i( gvene iony sd i s t r ic t ) M ie iony s( Anykge ia id i s t r ic t ) M iegena i( Keda in ia id i s t r ic t ) M ie s te l igk ia i( Pa sva ly sd i s t r ic t ) M iei i gk ia i( Panevely sd i s t r ic t ) M ig l in igke s( T raka id i s t r ic t ) M ika l ina ( Lazd i ja id i s t r ic t ) M ik l iüna i( Kauna sd i s t r ic t ) M ikn iüna i( Rok i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) M iky ta i( P lunge d i s tr ic t ) M ie iüna i( Ka i g iado ry sd i s t r ic t ) M i la g iu s( I gna l ina d i s t r ic t ) M ine i gk iem i s( U tena d i s t r ic t ) M i tk igke s( T raka id i s t r ic t ) M i tküna i( J on i gk is d i s t r ic t ) M i tuva L ake ( Kup igk is d i s t r ic t ) Moc igke ( gvene iony sd i s t r ic t ) Mocka id ia i( Skuoda sd i s t r ic t ) Mockena i( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) Mo la in ia i( Panev ey sd i s t r ic t ) Mo le ta i Mo l ( Pa sva ly sd i s t r ic t ) Mon iüna i( Pak ruo j i sd i s t r ic t ) Mon tv i l igk is ( Keda in ia id i s t r ic t ) Mosed i s ( Skuoda s d i s t r ic t ) Mo s te ik ia i( Ke lme d i s t r ic t ) Mozü r igke s( Anyk ge ia id i s t r ic t ) Mu i ta ie ia i( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) Myko l ine ( B i ria id i s t r ic t ) Mü ga R ive r( Nor th L i thuan ia )

L aba rdi ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) L a iv ia i( K r e t inga d i s t r ic t ) L a iv ia i -Sa lan ta i( K r e t inga d i s t r ic t ) L ame s ta sL ake ( U tena d i s t r ic t ) L ape le s( g ir v in to sd i s t r ic t ) L ape l i gke s( Za r a sa id i s t r ic t ) L apyna i( T au rage d i s t r ic t ) L aug i r i gke s( Ke ime d i s t r ic t ) L aukaga l is ( Ka ig iado ry sd i s tr ic t ) L aukuva ( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) L aumena i( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) L aumenk e l ia i( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) L aum ikony s( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) L ava r i gke s( T raka id i s t r ic t ) L azd i ja i L azd in ia i( gvene iony sd i s t r ic t ) L eg i gk is ( Rok igk i sd i s t r ic t ) L e i lena i( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) L e ipa l ing i s( Lazd i ja id i s t r ic t ) L e la ie ia i( Maie ik ia id i s t r ic t ) l i a i( Ka ig iado ry sd i s t r ic t ) L e l ia i( U tena d i s t r ic t ) L e l iony s( A ly tu sd i s t r ic t ) L emba s( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) L en e ia i( Keda in ia id i s t r ic t ) L enka ie ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) L enke ia i( J u rba rka sd i s t r ic t ) L enk ima i( Skuoda sd i s t r ic t ) L ep g ia i( I gna l ina d i s t r ic t ) L evan i gke s( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) L iaud i gk ia i( Radv i l i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) L ic i gk ena i( P r iena id i s t r ic t ) L inkav ie ia i( Panev ey sd i s t r ic t ) L inkuva ( Pak ruo j i sd i s t r ic t ) L iub ig i gke s( Ke ime d i s t r ic t ) L iukony s( g i rv in to sd i s t r ic t ) L i gk iava ( V a rena d i s t r ic t ) L i gk iav i sL ake ( V a r ena d i s t r ic t ) L ue iony s( V i ln iu sd i s t r ic t ) L upon ia i( S iau l ia id i s t r ic t ) 11

V y k in ta s

V a i tk ev ie iu s .

S t ud i e s i n to t h e B a i t s ' s ac r ed p lace s P ak e ra i( P lung ed i s t r ic t ) P akop ly e i s( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) P ak ruo s te ( K eda in ia id i s t r ic t ) P a lang a P a lank in e( S ak ia id i s t r ic t ) P a lazduon i s( Kauna sd i s t r ic t ) P a lend r ia i( R a se in ia id i s t r ic t ) P a lek in i s( K e im ed i s t r ic t ) P a lobe ( Rok i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) P a loky s t i s( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) P ama le i gy s( Anyk ge ia id i s t r ic t ) P amedl ioka ln i s( K e lme d i s t r ic t ) P ame rk ia i( V a r ena d i s t r ic t ) P am i gk e( T r ak a id i s t r ic t ) P amu s i s( V a r ena d i s t r ic t ) P anavad i s( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) P apa l sk ia i -G r audu g ia i( g iau l ia id i s t r ic t ) P apa r e ia i( Skuoda sd i s t r ic t ) P ap jaun ia i( g i lu te d i s t r ic t ) P ap i l ia i( Rok i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) P ap i gk e s( V a r en ad i s t r ic t ) P ap i gke s( ga le in inka id i s t r ic t ) P ap r en i gk ia i( Ukme rg ed i s t r ic t ) P a r eeena i( A ly tu sd i s t r ic t ) P a r ingy s( I gna l ina d i s t r ic t ) P a s ruo je ( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) P a gam ine ( gven e iony sd i s t r ic t ) P a ga t r i ja ( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) P a g i le ( K e ime d i s t r ic t ) P ai l ia i( J u rba rka sd i s t r i c t ) P a g tuva ( Kauna sd i s t r ic t ) P a gu gvy s( Radv i l i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) P a gven tupy s( P r iena id i s t r ic t ) P a ta tu l iee ia i -Pab ir ie ( B i r ia id i s t r ic t ) P a ty r i s( P lung ed i s t r ic t ) P aupyny s( S i la le d i s t r ic t ) P ava iguv i s( K e ime d i s t r ic t ) P avandene ( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) P avandene ( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) P av e rkn ia i( P r iena id i s t r i c t ) P av i rvy t i s( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) P ay s lyk i s( P a sva ly sd i s t r ic t ) P e i l i gk ia i( Akmene d i s t r ic t ) P e lek ia i( K r e t inga d i s t r ic t ) P e rkünk iem i s -E lek t r ena i( T r aka id i s t r ic t ) P e r lo ja ( V a r ena d i s t r ic t ) P e r na r ava -B land l ia i( Keda in ia id i s t r ic t ) P e tken i gk ia i( T r aka id i s t r ic t ) P e t r a ie ia i( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) P e t r a g irma i( Ukme rge d i s t r ic t ) P e t r ika ie ia i( Kan ed i s t r ic t ) P e t r ik i gke s( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) P e t r i gk ia i( P a sva ly sd i s t r ic t ) P e t ro g ia i( K e ime d i s t r ic t ) P i epa l ia i( Kauna sd i s t r ic t ) P i k e l ia i( Ma l e ik ia id i s t r i c t ) P i k e l igk e s( V i ln iu sd i s t r ic t ) P i l iak iem i s( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) P i lo t i gke s( P r iena id i s t r ic t ) P i va g iüna i( A ly t u sd i s t r ic t ) P l a g taka ( A .nyk g e ia id i s t r ic t ) P l a te l ia iL ake ( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) P l aue i gke s( P ak ruo j i sd i s t r ic t ) P l au sk in ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) P l ik g i l i s( K e im ed i s t r ic t ) P l ink g ia i( Ma i e ik ia id i s t r ic t )

N a rküna i( U tena d i s t r ic t ) N au ja sod i s( Ka i g iado ry sd i s t r ic t ) N au j ie j iL aia i( K eda in ia id i s t r i c t ) N au jo j iI p i l t i s( K r e t inga d i s t r ic t ) N au jon ia i( Anyk ge ia id i s t r ic t ) N auka im i s( R a se in ia id i s t r ic t ) N au ra g i l ia i( Panevely sd i s t r ic t ) N av ika i( I gna l ina d i s t r ic t ) N ee iüna i( T raka id i s t r ic t ) N edz inge ( V a r ena d i s t r ic t ) N ema i tony s( Ka i g iado ry sd i s t r ic t ) N emak g e ia i( Ra se in ia id i s t r i c t ) N eman iüna i( P r iena id i s t r i c t ) N emuna sR iv e r( M idd le L i thuan ia ) N emun e l i s( B ir la id i s t r ic t ) N emune l i sR ive r( No r th L i thuan ia ) N e r i sR iv e r( Ea s tL i thuan ia ) N eva rd ena i( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) N evei i sR ive r( M idd le L i thuan ia ) N i l c rony s( T r aka id i s t r ic t ) N o lena i( U tena d i s t r ic t ) N o r e ik i gke s( P r iena id i s t r ic t ) N o rga lv ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) N o rka ie ia i( T au rage d i s t r ic t ) N ov inka i 3( Za ra sa id i s t r ic t ) O be l ia iL ak e( U l cme rge d i s t r ic t ) O ka in ia i( K eda in ia id i s t r ic t ) O nu gk i s( Rok i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) O r e l i gk e s( K e ime d i s t r ic t ) P ag luo l ia i( Mo le ta id i s t r i c t ) P abe r i e( V i ln iu sd i s t r ic t ) P ab ir i e( B ida id i s t r i c t ) P ab i r iu l is ( T e lg ia id i s t r ic t ) P ab radaum e( Ma2e ik ia id i s t r ic t ) P ada ig ia i( J onava d i s t r ic t ) P adeg ime ( Skuoda sd i s t r ic t ) P ad ieva i t i s( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) P ad ievy t i s( S i la le d i s t r ic t ) P aduby s i s ( Kauna s d i s t r ic t ) P aduby s i s( Ke lm ed i s t r ic t ) P aduobui e( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) P adva r ia i( K r e t inga d i s t r ic t ) P adva r iee ia i( B i r ia id i s t r ic t ) P a eg luon i s( T au rage d i s t r ic t ) P aele r e sR üda ie ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) P ade r ia i( P ak r uo j i sd i s t r ic t ) P a ele r i a i( Radv i l i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) P aeie r ia i( g iau l ia id i s t r ic t ) P a eie r i s( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) P ag i rgi c lü t i s( T e l g ia i /K e lme d i s t r ic t s ) P ago ja i( J u rba rka sd i s t r ic t ) P ago ju s( V i ln iu sd i s t r ic t ) P ag ryb i s( S i la le d i s t r ic t ) P ag ryb i s( S i la le d i s t r ic t ) P a ind r e( Za ra sa i .d i s t r ic t ) P a jü ra l i s( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) P aka ln ia i( U tena d i s t r ic t ) P aka ln i gk ia i( J u rba rka sd i s t r ic t ) P aka ln i gk ia i( Ka i g iado ry sd i s t r ic t ) P aka ln i gk ia i -Pano ra i( Ka i g iado ry sd i s t r ic t ) P aka ln i gk ia i( R .adv i l igk i sd i s t r ic t ) P aka ln i gk ia i( Ra se in ia id i s t r ic t ) P aka ln i gk ia i( S i la le d i s t r ic t ) P akap ia i( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) 12

A ppend ixes P lokk ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) P lü g e ia i( Ke ime d i s t r ic t ) P oce lony s( A ly tu s d i s t r ic t ) P o gk ie e ia i( Pak ruo j i sd i s t r ic t ) P ry s tova i( K re t inga d i s t r ic t ) P ry gman e ia i( K re t inga d i s t r ic t ) P ry gman ta i( Ra se in ia id i s t r ic t ) P ubl ib ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) P uodka l ia i( Skuoda sd i s t r ic t ) P uok8 ( Skuoda sd i s t r ic t ) P upa sod i s -2 i lv ia ( A ly tu sd i s t r ic t ) P u rve l ia i( Anyk ge ia id i s t r ic t ) P u rv in ink a i( P r iena id i s t r ic t ) P u rv in i gk ia i( gvene iony sd i s t r ic t ) P uvoe ia i( V a r8na d i s t r ic t ) P ueko r ia i( P lung8 d i s t r ic t ) P u ga lo ta i( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) P y l ima i( V i ln iu sd i s t r ic t ) P yp l ia i( g i rv in to sd i s t r ic t )

S a lan ta i( K re t inga d i s t r ic t ) S a r ta iL ake ( Rok i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) S a snava ( Ma r i jampo l8 d i s t r ic t ) S aug in ia i( g iau l ia id i s t r ic t ) S aug in ia i( U l cme rge d i s t r ic t ) S au leka ln is ( Za ra sa id i s t r ic t ) S au l iaka ln i s( Za ra sa id i s t r ic t ) S au l i gke s( g i la l8 d i s t r ic t ) S au s lauk i s( g i la l8 d i s t r ic t ) S au g i l i s( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) S av ie iüna i( Za ra sa id i s t r ic t ) S av idena i( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) S avue ia i -Ga lvoka i( B i t-h id i s t r ic t ) S ek ion ia i( Ka i g iado ry sd i s t r ic t ) S ena s i sO be lyna s( g i la l8 d i s t r ic t ) S ena s i s S t rüna i t i s ( gvene iony sd i s t r ic t ) S endva r i s( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) S enkon ia i( K8da in ia id i s t r ic t ) S enm ie s t8 ( Maie ik ia id i s t r ic t ) S eno j iI p i l t i s( K r e t inga d i s t r ic t ) S eno j iV a rena ( V a rena d i s t r ic t ) S e redi iu s( J u rba rka sd i s t r ic t ) S i au r ia i( Kup i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) S i au rkamp ia i( T au rage d i s t r ic t ) S ida r i gk i s( Rok i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) S i e s ika iL ake ( Uk tne rge d i s t r ic t ) S imena i( g i la l8 d i s t r ic t ) S imu t i gke ( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) S i pon ia i( K8da in ia id i s t r ic t ) S kap i gk is ( Kup igk i sd i s t r ic t ) S ke r ia i( Rok i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) S k i rp se ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) S k rob le ( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) S kom ina i( U lane rge d i s t r ic t ) S kudu t igk i s( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) S k uod i gk ia i( Male ik ia id i s t r ic t ) S kyp la ie ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) S odena i( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) S pa r ta i( Lazd i ja id i s t r ic t ) S p8 ra L ake ( g i rv in to sd i s t r ic t ) S t ab ine ( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) S t abu lank ia i( U tena d i s t r ic t ) S t ae iüna i( Pak ruo j i sd i s t r ic t ) S t a je t i gk is ( gvene iony sd i s t r ic t ) S t ak l i gke s( P r iena id i s t r ic t ) S t a s iün iee ia i( Rok i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) S tava ryga la ( g i rv in to sd i s t r ic t ) S t ebu l ta i( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) S t i rba ie ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) S ton ia i( g i la l8 d i s t r ic t ) S ton iüna i( J on i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) S t r eva ( T raka id i s t r ic t ) S t r ipe ik ia i( I gna l ina d i s t r ic t ) S tumb r ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) S tuomen igk ia i( Paneveiy sd i s t r ic t ) S uba t in i sL ake ( Rok i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) S ude ik ia i( U tena d i s t r ic t ) S üdena i( K r e t inga d i s t r ic t ) S ud in t a i( Maie ik ia id i s t r ic t ) S udok ia i( g i rv in to sd i s t r ic t ) S udo ta ( gvene iony s d i s t r ic t ) S ug ine ia i( A l cmene d i s t r ic t ) S ug in ta i( Ra se in ia id i s t r ic t ) S uk in ia i( U l cme rge d i s t r ic t ) S vence 18 ( K la ip8da d i s t r ic t )

R ae ia i( Male ik ia id i s t r ic t ) R ad ik ia i( Pa sva ly sd i s t r ic t ) R adiüna i( Ukme rge d i s t r ic t ) R aguva ( P anevely sd i s t r ic t ) R a iga rda s( V a r8na d i s t r ic t ) R a in ia i( I gna l ina d i s t r ic t ) R a izg ia i( g iau l ia id i s t r ic t ) R ak g t e l ia i( gvene iony sd i s t r ic t ) R ambyna s( g i lu t8 d i s t r ic t ) R amo gk a i( ga le in inka id i s t r ic t ) R amyga la ( Panev ey sd i s t r ic t ) R angava ( T raka id i s t r ic t ) R a s e in ia i R a tküna i( J on igk is d i s t r ic t ) R enava s( Maie ik ia id i s t r ic t ) R ep g ia i( Ma1e ik ia id i s t r ic t ) R e gku ttna i( gvene iony sd i s t r ic t ) R ide L ake ( V i ln iu sd i s t r ic t ) R imo l ia i( Maie ik ia id i s t r ic t ) R im g iony s( Rok igk i sd i s t r ic t ) R inga i l ia i( Ka i g iado ry sd i s tr ic t ) R ingove ( Kauna sd i s t r ic t ) R ink ge l ia i( Ra se in ia id i s t r ic t ) R i t ik ia i( Radv i l igk i sd i s t r ic t ) R oma in ia i( Kauna sd i s t r ic t ) R opk ep ia i( Radv i l igk i sd i s t r ic t ) R o iakmen i s( V i ln iu sd i s t r ic t ) R ubeia ie ia i( T e lg ia id i s t r ic t ) R ub ik ia iL ake ( Anyk ge ia id i s t r ic t ) R ub ikony s( g i rv in to sd i s t r ic t ) R üda ie ia i( K r e t inga d i s t r ic t ) R ud ika i( Kup igk is d i s t r ic t ) R udi ia i( Rok i gk is d i s t r ic t ) R u ikna i( T e lg ia id i s t r ic t ) R uk l ia i( U tena d i s t r ic t ) R uk g ia i( g i la l8 d i s t r ic t ) R uo g e ia i( K8da in ia id i s t r ic t ) R u s t l e (Mu te d i s t r ic t ) R u son ia i( Lazd i ja id i s t r ic t ) R u s t e ik ia i( Za ra sa id i s t r ic t ) S aba l i gke s( P r iena id i s t r ic t ) S aka la i 1( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) S aka l i gke s( V i ln iu sd i s t r ic t ) S aku e ia i( g i lu t8 d i s t r ic t ) 13

V y k in ta s

V a i tk ev iau s .

S t ud ie s i n to t h e B al s ' s ac r ed p lace s V a ida ton ia i( K eda in ia id i s t r i c t ) V a id i la i( T au r ag ed i s t r ic t ) V a idu lon ia i( R adv i l i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) V a iku e ia i( gv ene iony sd i s t r ic t ) V a in e ik ia i( Rok i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) V a in iüna i( R adv i l i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) V a i t im ena i( T au r age d i s t r ic t ) V a i tku gk is ( Ukme rge d i s t r ic t ) . V a iva id i gk ia i( V i ln iu sd i s t r ic t ) V a la tkon ia i( R adv i l i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) V a l iu l i gke s -E ino r ia i( B id a id i s t r ic t ) V a lk in inka i( V a r ena d i s t r ic t ) V a lyne ( Radv i l i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) V an c li ioga la ( Kauna sd i s t r ic t ) V ange lony s( A ly tu sd i s t r ic t ) V an ta in ia i( Radv i l i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) V a rduva R ive r( W e s tL i thuan ia ) V a i re ikony s( Kauna sd i s t r ic t ) V a rka le s( Ka i g iado ry sd i s t r ic t ) V a rk a le s( Ukm e rge d i s t r ic t ) V a rn ia i( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) V ar nup ia i( Ma r i jampo le d i s t r ic t ) V a rpe l i gke s jü l in ta i( Rok i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) V ege r e( A l cmene d i s t r ic t ) V e iv i r iena i( K la ipeda d i s t r ic t ) V e l iuona ( J u rba rka sd i s t r ic t ) V e lly s( Panev eiy sd i s t r ic t ) V encka i( g i lu t ed i s t r ic t ) ' V en ta R iv e r( No r th L i thuan ia ) V e rk sn iony s( V i ln iu sd i s t r ic t ) V e r seka ( S a le in inka id i s t r ic t ) V e lebn igke s( V i ln iu sd i s t r ic t ) V e l iony s( I gna l ina d i s t r ic t ) V e r i gk ia i( Radv i l i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) V ei ion ia i( A ly tu sd i s t r ic t ) V ei iony s( Kup i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) V el iony s( g a le in inka id i s t r ic t ) V ide ik ia i( P lung ed i s t r ic t ) V id ink s ta sL ak e( U tena d i s t r ic t ) V iduk le ( Ra se in ia id i s t r ic t ) V idu t i gke ( S i la le d i s t r ic t ) V ie g tovena i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) V ie gvena i( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) V ie gv i le ( J u rba rka sd i s t r ic t ) V iev i sL ake ( T r aka id i s t r ic t ) V i le ik ia i( Radv i l i gk i sd i s t r i c t ) V i lka i( P lung ed i s t r ic t ) V i lka i( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) V i lke l ia i( P anev eiy sd i s t r ic t ) V i lkok gn i sL ak e( T r aka id i s t r ic t ) V i lkpede ( V i ln iu sC i ty ) V i lkuoe ia i( I gna l ina d i s t r ic t ) V i lkqKampa s( g i lu t ed i s t r ic t ) V i ln iu s V i ln iu s -V e rk ia i V i lüna ie ia i( P ak r uo j i sd i s t r ic t ) V indz iu l i gke s( Ka i g iado ry sd i s t r ic t ) V ink gnena i( S iau l ia id i s t r ic t ) V i r g l cupena i( B i r ia id i s t r ic t ) V i sd ieva i( Rok i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) V i sva in ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) V i g ty t i sL ak e( V i lkav i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) V lad i s lavav a( T r ak a id i s t r ic t ) V o rone l ia i( P ak r uo j i sd i s t r ic t ) V ove ra ie ia i( K r e t ing ad i s t r ic t ) V yde ik ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t )

S v i le ( K e ime d i s t r ic t ) S v i l ia i( K ed a in ia id i s t r ic t ) S v i lon ia i( J onava d i s t r ic t ) T a i t i gk i s( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) T a l ga L ak e( g iau l ia ic i ty ) T amo ga ie ia i( T au rage d i s t r ic t ) T a ra ldi ia i( Rok i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) T a r a ldl ia i -V e rk sn iony s( Rok i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) T a ra g i gke s( Ma t i jampo le d i s t r ic t ) T a ro sa i( Ra se in ia id i s t r ic t ) T aubu e ia i( J u rba rka sd i s t r ic t ) T au rage T au ragna i( U tena d i s t r ic t ) T au ragna sL ake ( U tena d i s t r ic t ) T e le tn inka i( A ly tu sd i s t r ic t ) T e l g ia i T endl ioga la ( Ra se in ia id i s t r ic t ) T e t er v in ia i( P ak ruo j i sd i s t r ic t ) T i l taga l ia i( P anevely sd i s t r ic t ) T i ié ( Za r a sa id i s t r ic t ) T i ton ia i( P ak ruo j i sd i s t r ic t ) T o lue ia i( K e ime d i s t r ic t ) T o to rk iem i s( V i lk av i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) T r aka i T rak in ia i( Anyk ge ia id i s t r ic t ) T r akn i gke ( I gna l ina d i s t r ic t ) T r aku e ia i( Keda in ia id i s t r ic t ) T r au le in ia i( S iau l ia id i s t r ic t ) T r ee ione l ia i( P a sva ly sd i s t r ic t ) T rumpon ia i( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) T übau s ia i( K r e t inga d i s t r ic t ) T v e ra i( P lung ed i s t r ic t ) T y t uvena i( K e ime d i s t r ic t ) U b i gk e( T e l g ia id i s t r ic t ) U d r a l ia i( Skuoda sd i s t r ic t ) U g iony s( Ra se in ia id i s t r ic t ) U kme rg e U k r ina i( Ma i e ik ia id i s t r ic t ) U og igk ia i( Akmene d i s t r ic t ) U ogue ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) U pn inka i( J onava d i s t r ic t ) U rkuv ena i( g iau l ia id i s t r ic t ) ü s ia i Ü s ia iL ak e( I gna l ina d i s t r ic t ) U tena ' U ten i sL ake ( U tena d i s t r ic t ) U i l iekne ( Mai e ik ia id i s t r ic t ) Upa l ia i( U tena d i s t r ic t ) U ipe lk ia i( Akmene d i s t r ic t ) U ipe lk ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) U iuba l ia i( Rok i gk is d i s t r ic t ) U iuka ln i s( P r iena id i s t r ic t ) U iupe rk a s i s( V a rena d i s t r ic t ) . U 2up ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) Uhpu g ia i( Ukme rge d i s t r ic t ) U lu ra i s t i s( Paneveiy sd i s t r ic t ) U ivena i( K la ipeda d i s t r ic t ) U iv en t i s( K e ime d i s t r ic t ) V aba l ia i( Radv i l i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) V aba l ia i( Skuoda sd i s t r ic t ) V adag ia i( Mai e ik ia id i s t r ic t ) V adony s( Kup i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) V adig i ry s( J u rba rka sd i s t r ic t ) 14

A ppend ixe s V y tau t e l ia i( Keda in ia id i s t r ic t ) V yi ia i( U t ena d i s t r ic t ) V yiuona R ive r( U tena d i s t r ic t )

g vene iu s( g a le in inka id i s t r ic t ) g vendub r e( V a r ena d i s t r ic t ) g vendüna i( Ra se in ia id i s t r ic t ) g ven taba eke ( Anyk ge ia id i s t r ic t ) g v en ta i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) g ven ta i -Zade ik ia i( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) g ven ta r ee iu s( Kup i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) g ven tel e r i s( Lazd i ja id i s t r ic t ) g ven t in inka i( T r aka id i s t r ic t ) g ven to j i( P a langa c i ty ) g ven to j iR ive r( Ea s tL i thuan ia ) g ven t r ag ia i( K e ime d i s t r ic t ) S ven tup ia i( A l cmene d i s t r ic t ) g ven tup ia i( Panevely sd i s t r ic t )

Z aba r i ja ( T r aka id i s t r ic t ) Z ab lo t i gk i s( Rok i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) Z a r a s a i Z a ra s a sL ake ( Za r a sa ic i ty ) Z a s iny e ia i( Kup i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) Z igman t i gke s( Pak ruo j i sd i s t r ic t ) Z izda ( Anyk ge ia id i s t r ic t ) Z u ja i( Ukme rg ed i s t r ic t ) Z y l ia i( P ak r uo j i sd i s t r ic t ) ü ek i gk e( Kauna sd i s t r ic t ) ü e ln iuk a i( I gna l ina d i s t r ic t ) ü e r e l ia i( K eda in ia id i s t r ic t ) ü e rnaueyzna ( Anyk ge ia id i s t r ic t ) ü imb a r i gk ia i( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) ü iu ie l ia i( P lung ed i s t r ic t ) ü il i gk e s( U tena d i s t r ic t )

ü la R ive r( V a r ena d i s t r ic t ) Z ade ik ia i( g i la le d i s t r ic t )

2 a c l i iün a i( g iau l ia id i s t r ic t )

( T r aka id i s t r ic t )

Z a l p i a i( K e ime d i s t r ic t ) Z a s l i a iL ake ( Ka i g iado ry sd i s t r ic t ) 2 e im en aR ive r( Ea s tL i thuan ia ) 2 em a i e i t tK a lv a r i ja ( P lunge d i s t r ic t )

g af a rn ia ( T r aka id i s t r ic t ) g ak ia i( V i lkav i gk i sd i s t r i c t ) g a lno s( Ukme rge d i s t r ic t ) S a l tam a lk ia i -Pempe s( Za r a sa id i s t r ic t ) g amba l ion ia i( Panevey sd i s t r ic t ) g amba l i gk ia i( Ukm e rg ed i s t r ic t ) g a r av a i( K eda in ia id i s t r ic t ) g a rk igk i s( Radv i l igk i sd i s t r ic t ) g a rne le ( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) g a ga ie ia i( P lunge d i s t r ic t ) g a g ia i( R adv i l i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) g a t e s( S kuoda sd i s t r ic t ) g a t i ja i( K auna sd i s t r ic t ) g auk l ia i( S kuoda sd i s t r ic t ) g e ima t i s( U tena d i s t r ic t ) S e in if ina i( g i rv in to sd i s t r ic t ) g e r e i t l auk i s( S i lu te d i s t r ic t ) g e rk gn ia i( S kuoda sd i s t r ic t ) g e guo l ia i( Ukm e rge d i s t r ic t ) g e guo l i a iL ake ( Ukme rg ed i s t r ic t ) S e t a( K ed an ia id i s t r ic t ) g i auda l ia i( g i la le d i s t r ic t ) g i auduv a( S i la le d i s t r ic t ) g i au l ia i g i au l igk e s( V i ln iu sd i s t r ic t ) g i en lauk i s( Ra se in ia id i s t r ic t ) g i la in ia i( K eda in ia id i s t r ic t ) gH a le ( S kuoda sd i s t r ic t ) g i le ik i gk e s( I gna l ina d i s t r ic t ) g i luva ( R a s e in ia id i s t r ic t ) g i uk ge ia i( Z a r a sa id i s t r ic t ) g i üpa r ia i( S i lu te d i s t r ic t ) g k i l ie t a i( T r aka id i s t r ic t ) g l ape le s( Anyk ge ia id i s t r ic t ) g l avena i( Anyk ge ia id i s t r ic t ) g l av ing a l i s( Mo le ta id i s t r ic t ) g l ep g t iko s( K la ipeda d i s t r ic t ) g l ik t in e( S kuoda sd i s t r ic t ) g n ipa ie ia i( R a se in ia id i s t r ic t ) g n iü r a i e ia i( Radv i l i gk i sd i s t r ic t ) g uk ion ia i( P ak ruo j is d i s t r ic t ) g uo l ia i( K a i g iado ry sd i s t r ic t ) g veda i( V i ln iu sd i s t r ic t ) g ven e iony s

Z ema ie i t iN aum ie s t i s( g i lu te d i s t r ic t ) Z ema i tk iem i s( Kauna sd i s t r ic t ) Z ema i tk iem i s( Ukme rg ed i s t r ic t ) Z emyga la ( Ra se in ia id i s t r ic t ) 2 ib ika i( A l cmene d i s t r i c t ) Z ib in ink a i( Ma l e ik ia id i s t r ic t ) Z i l ina i( V a r ena d i s t r ic t ) Z ioge l ia i( Ma le ik ia id i s t r ic t ) Z yd i gk e s( Ka ig iado ry sd i s t r ic t ) Z i ezd r ia i( U t ena d i s t r ic t ) Z i eima r ia i( Ka ig iado ry sd i s t r ic t ) Z i l ina i( V a r ena d i s t r ic t ) Z yn e l i a i( K r e t inga d i s t r ic t ) Z i n en a i( Kauna sd i s t r ic t ) Z o s t au t a i( Ka ig iado ry sd i s t r ic t ) Z yn i a i( g i lu t ed i s t r ic t ) Z i im aR ive r( g a le in inka id i s t r ic t ) Z i ma i( g a le in inka id i s t r ic t ) 2 uv in t a i( A ly tu sd i s t r ic t ) Z va in ia i( K re t inga d i s t r ic t ) 2 v i l i a i( i l a l èd i s t r ic t ) Z v i rb l ia i( P anevely sd i s t r ic t ) 1 v i rgidena i( A ly tu sd i s t r ic t ) L a t v ia A iz A i( L iepo ja d i s t r ic t ) A nnen ie l s i( Duobe le d i s t r ic t ) A p rf i( V en t sp i l sd i s t r ic t ) Ä r lava ( T a l s id i s t r ic t ) A s i te ( L iepa ja d i s t r ic t ) A u l i( R ig ad i s t r ic t ) B ä r ta ( L iepa ja d i s t r ic t ) B au ska B r unava ( Bau ska d i s tr ic t ) B uka ( V a lm ie r ad i s t r ic t ) B u le t ( Bau ska d i s t r ic t ) C i r ava ( L iepa ja d i s t r ic t ) D av iQ i( V a lm ie r ad i s t r ic t ) D i1 11 2 i( L iepa ja d i s t r ic t ) D r abe g i( C d s is d i s t r ic t ) D una lka ( L iepa ja d i s t r ic t ) 15

V yk in ta s

V a i tk ev ie iu s .

S t ud ie s i n to t h e B a l l s ' s acr ed p lace s S pä re ( T a l s id i s t r ic t ) S t ra sde ( T a l s id i s t r ic t ) T ada it i( L iepa ja d i s t r ic t ) T i m We t land ( L iepä ja d i s t r ic t ) T u ra ida ( R iga d i s t r ic t ) T u r lava -L ipa ik i( Ku ld iga d i s t r ic t ) U pe ( Dobe le d i s t r ic t ) U sma ( V en t sp i ls d i s t r ic t ) U iava ( V en t sp i ls d i s t r ic t ) V a lm ie r a V ahn ie r a -D iv e l i4 V ä r ta ja ( L iepä ja d i s t r ic t ) V e ca te sR innuka ln s( V a lm ie r ad i s t r ic t ) V e rga le ( L iepä ja d i s t r ic t ) V i lkmu ila L ak e( T a l s id i s t r ic t ) Z eb rene ( Dobe le d i s t r ic t ) Z em i te ( Tukum sd i s t r ic t ) Z en tene ( T a l s id i s t r ic t ) Z leka s( V en t sp i l sd i s t r ic t ) Z v ied r i( Tukum sd i s t r ic t )

Du rbe ( L iepä ja d i s t r ic t ) D zm i( L iepä ja d i s t r ic t ) E lka /Pe ld i -Du rbe ( L iepo ja d i s t r ic t ) Embu rga ( Bau ska d i s t r ic t ) £ rg i i( Ce s i sd i s t r ic t ) Ei ( Ce s i sd i s t r ic t ) G a l tene ( T a l s id i s t r ic t ) G a roza ( Bau ska d i s t r ic t ) G au ja R ive r( No r th L a tv ia ) G au sen i( L iepa ja d i s t r ic t ) G av ieze ( L iepa ja d i s t r ic t ) G r aven iek i( L iepä ja d i s t r ic t ) G r it i( Ku ld iga d i s t r ic t ) T aun -P ieba lga ( Ce s i sd i s t r ic t ) J aun -Sven ta ( Daugavp i l sd i s t r ic t ) T aunpaga s t s( T a ls i d i s t r ic t ) J aun sä t i( Tukum sd i s t r ic t ) I vande ( Ku ld iga d i s t r ic t ) K a lna lamm ik i( V a lm ie ra d i s t r ic t ) K ampa ra ( T a l s id i s t r ic t ) K andava ( Tukum sd i s t r ic t ) K a s t räne ( Ce s i sd i s t r ic t ) K a t laka ln ( R iga d i s t r ic t ) K r ä s lava K ro te ( Ku ld iga d i s t r ic t ) K u ld iga K up § i( L iepä ja d i s t r ic t ) L a imdo ta s( Tukum sd i s t r ic t ) L ak s t iga l i( Bau ska d i s t r ic t ) L am iq i( Tukum sd i s t r ic t ) L iepä ja L iepä ja L ake ( L iepo ja d i s t r ic t ) L imbaä L ipa it i -Tu r lava ( Ku ld iga d i s t r ic t ) L ube ja ( Madona d i s t r ic t ) Mä lp i l s( R iga d i s t r ic t ) Mä rc iena ( Madona d i s t r ic t ) Mazg ramzda ( L iepä ja d i s t r ic t ) Me ldze re ( Sa ldu sd i s t r ic t ) Mei i te ( T a l s id i s t r ic t ) Ne i l( Ku ld iga d i s t r ic t ) O g re P äce ( V en t sp i ls d i s t r ic t ) P ä le ( L imbai id i s t r ic t ) P a l tma le ( R iga d i s t r ic t ) P ape ( L iepä ja d i s t r ic t ) P a s tende ( Tukum sd i s t r ic t ) P inna s( L iepä ja d i s t r ic t ) P l it i( V en t sp i l sd i s t r ic t ) P r ieku le ( L iepä ja d i s t r ic t ) P u i l cu le ( L imbai i .d i s t r ic t ) R a iba ( L iepä ja d i s t r ic t ) R a tn iek i( T a l s id i s t r ic t ) R enda ( T a ls id i s t r ic t ) R ozbek i( V a lm ie ra d i s t r ic t ) R umb in iek i( Dobe le d i s t r ic t ) R u sku l i( K rä s lava d i s t r ic t ) S aka ( V en t sp i l sd i s t r ic t ) S a la ( R iga d i s t r ic t ) S ä t i( Tukum sd i s t r ic t ) S idgunda ( R iga d i s t r ic t ) S i l i( T a l s id i s t r ic t ) S kub ih i ( Og re d i s t r ic t ) S ku jene ( Ce s i sd i s t r ic t ) S l agüne ( Tukum sd i s t r ic t ) S o lka s( P r e i l id i s t r ic t )

S i lde r i( L iepa ja d i s t r ic t ) Z vä rde ( Ku ld iga d i s t r ic t ) E s t land R a ige le -Ra ikü l la ( Rap la p r ov ince ) B e larus B abru isk /Ea6py ikx B a rauv t s i /Baposub i( V i leyka d i s t r ic t ) B en iakon i /Bem ixon i( V o ronov d i s t r ic t ) B ud i shche /By anwe ( V i leyka d i s tr ic t ) D a inova /ga t iaoaa ( L ida d i s t r ic t ) D r i sv ia t i / (B r a s lav d i s t r ic t ) D vo r ect E lsopeg ( V i leyka d i s t r ic t ) E smanov t s i /E cbmanoaub i( V i leyka d i s t r ic t ) G rodno K amen /Kameab ( V a lozh in d i s t r ic t ) K ameno /Kameao ( V i leyka d i s t r ic t ) K an s tanpo l /Kanc rannona ( V i leyka d i s t r ic t ) K anve l i shk i /Kanaen iw i c i( V o ronov d i s t r i c t ) K o rgovd i /Kop roa a i( V o ronov d i s t r ic t ) K ram iane t s /Kpamaneu ( Logoysk d i s t r ic t ) K ra sna lu t sk /Kpacna nyux ( Ba r isau sk d i s t r ic t ) L i da Mack i /Maux i( O s t rovec d i s t r ic t ) M i shu t i /M iwy rb i( V i leyka d i s t r ic t ) P od i tva / r Ioa t r raa ( V o ronov d i s t r ic t ) P o lo t sk R a t inc i /Pa rb inum ( V a lozh in d i s t r ic t ) S t a ry P ago s t /C rapb iI l arocT ( M ie r sk d i s t r ic t ) T s in t sev ich ia lmwean im ( V i leyka d i s t r i c t ) U tk i /Y rxn ( V i leyka d i s t r ic t ) V a ron in /Bapon in ( Senen sk d i s t r ic t ) V ia le t s /Ba nen ( G l ibo t sk d i s t r ic t ) V i rkava /B ipxasa ( Cha shn i t sk d i s t r ic t ) V i sok iye /Ga r a t s iB b icoxne T apa r r i zb i( T a lach in sk d i s t r ic t ) V o iden i /Bormenn ( V i leyka d i s t r ic t ) Z abo rye /3a6opbe ( V i leyka d i s t r ic t ) Z hu rave t s / )Kypaseu ( A s ipov ich i d i s t r ic t )

16

A ppend ixes Rus s ia K ime r sh i( Cen t ra lR u s s ia ) Smo len sk T u shem l ia ( Smo len sk o b la s t ) Ka l in ingrad skaya o b la s t A lka /A l l c /Mo rozovka ( Ze lenog rad sk d i s t r ic t ) A lk ik ia i /P r ib rezhnoye ( Ze lenog rad d i s t r ic t ) D a rk iem i s /Oze r sk G a lb r a se ia i /L ivenskoye ( K ra snoznamen sk d i s t r ic t ) K r amava /G rachovka ( Sv ie t logo r sk d i s t r ic t ) L abguva /Po le ssk L auk i gk ia i /Sa ran skoye ( Po le s sk d i s t r ic t ) R aga ine /Ragn i t /Neman R oma in ia i /Romehnen ( Sam land ) T o lm ink iem i s /Ch is t iye P rud i( Ne s te rov d i s t r ic t ) T rempa i /Novo s t royevo ( Oze r sk d i s t r ic t ) P o land E lb le O l sz tyn W i lkopedz ie ( voyavod s tvo S uwa lk i ) W eobo rk ( voyavod s tvo O l sz tyn ) G e rmany A rkon a( Rügen i s land ) Mark lo ( N iede r sachsen l a nd ) R e thra ( Meck lenbu rgV o rpomme rn l a nd ) S üdb r a rup -Tho r sbe rg ( Sch le sw ig -Ho ls te in l a nd ) D enmark I le rup ( J u t land ) Nydam ( J u t land ) V ibo rg ( J u t land ) V imo se ( F yn ) Sweden B jö rke ( Go t land c oun ty ) H a l la -B roe ( Go t land c oun ty ) R oma ( Go t land c oun ty ) S ka ra ( Ska r abo rg c oun ty ) S kedemo s se ( Ka lma rc oun ty ) U pp sa la ( Upp sa la c oun ty )

17

V yk in ta s

V a i tk ev ie iu s .

S t ud ie s i n to t h e B a i t s ' s ac r ed p lace s b ench :o fg i r l s , 1 3

I ndex

b enevo lence :o fd e s t iny ,3 7 b e rna s :h i l l so f , 1 3 b irch t r ee s :i ng rove s , 1 8 ;g rove o f , 1 8 ;k nown i nL i thuan ia a nd L a tv ia , 1 9

My tho log ica la nd r e l ig iou st e rm s

b i rd s :u n touchab le , 1 6

a f iera , 7 ;a l so s e e a uka a gr icu l ture :a nd c up -ma rked s t one s ,2 7-28

b i r th :a nd d ea th ,3 6 B i ru t i,:h i l lo f2 ,5 ,1 4 , 1 5 ,5 7 ;q ueen ,p r ie s te s so dg odde s s , 1 4

a lah ,7 a lder t r ee s , 1 9 A lg i rda s :f u ne r a lp y re f o r , 1 7 ,5 6

b i t tern :a nd b r ide s ,4 1 b lack : c o lou r so fs t one s , 2 1 ; a nd P erk i ina s ,2 2 ; s ac r ed s t one ,2 2 ;c o lou r so fs a c r if ice ,4 9 b l e s s ing :b y Am er ini , 1 ;b yL a toni . ,3 6 b l indne s s :l i ke d ea th ,4 5

a lhs ,7 a lka :t e rm , 1 ;g ene ra l mean ing s ,7 -8 ;i nI ndo -Eu ropean p a r en tl a nguage ,7 ;i n Ang lo -Saxon ,7 ;i nG o th ic ,7 ;i n G r eek ,7 ;i nL a tv ian ,7 ;i nP ru s s ian ,7 ;i nS axon ,7 ;i nS l av ic , 7 ;a uka a nd , 7 ,4 2 ; a lkakap i s , 7 ;a l k iné , 7 ;A lkayne ,

b lood :a nd p ine t r ee ,2 1 ;a nd s t one s ,2 2 ,3 ,3 5 ;p ou ro u t i n to r i ve r ,3 7 b lue :c o lou r so fs t one s ,2 1 b lu ish : s a c red s t one s ,2 7 b oa t :w i th g o ld ,3 8 b oba : h i l l so f , 1 3 ;P ru s s ian s t a tue s , 2 4 ; s t one s o f , 3 5 b o i l :o fs a cr if ice , 1 9 ;o fs p r ing sw a te r ,4 5

A lkayn ,7 ;w o r sh ip o f ,8 ;n umbe ro f ,9 ;h i l l s ,9 10 ,5 8 ,5 9 ,6 1 , 7 1 ;i s land s , 1 0 ,5 8 ,6 1 ;f i e ld a nd g rove , 1 5 ;f i e ld s , 1 6 ,5 8-6 1 , 7 6 ;g rove s , 1 8 ,7 8 ;A lb i caeupucb , 1 8 ;l a ke sa nd s wamp s ,3 8 , 5 8 ,6 1 ,8 9 ;w e t land s ,4 2 ,9 3 ;r i ve r s ,4 3 ,5 8 ,6 1 ,9 4 ;n ame so f s a c red p l a ce s ,5 1 ,5 9 ,6 1 ;c eme te r ie s ,9 ,5 6 a /k i ini ,7 a lkun i s ,7 A l sune :g rove o f , 1 6 Ando jus ,4 8 a nge l :a nd o ak , 1 9 ; owne r so ff oo tp r in t s ,2 6 ;i np l ace l e gend s ,3 ;o r ig in so f ,3 6 ;a nd V e ln ias ,4 8

b order s :a nd g rove s , 1 5 , 1 7 ;a nd f i e ld s , 1 5 ;m a rk ing o f ,3 2 ; a nd g ven ta . 9r i ve r s ,4 3 ;a nd i n te r reg iona ls a c red p l ace s ,5 15 2 ,6 1 b oy s e eb erna s b read :s a c r if i ce o f ,2 6 ,4 4 ,4 9 ,5 7 b r ide :s t one so f ,3 6 ;a nd b i t te rn ,4 1 ;s a c r if ic ing l e ng th o f l i nen ,4 1 ; a l so s e en uo taka b r idge :o fV e ln ia s ,4 4 ;f o rw edd ing ,4 8 b ur t in inka ss e e mag ic ian b urv i s :B urve l ia i ,5 1 ;a l so s e e mag ic ian ,p r ie s t

a n ima l :u n touchab le , 1 6 ;f oo tp r in to f ,2 5 ,2 6 ;c anno ts t ep o ve r ,2 7 ;s a cr if ice o f ,4 1 a pp le t r ee s ,1 9 a sh t r ee s :O u se w arpe , 1 8 ;k nown i nL i thuan ia , 1 9 ; r e garded a ss a c red , 1 9 a sp s , 1 9 a uka :m ean ing o f ,7 ,4 1 ;A ukura s ,5 0 a nk le t ,7 a ukuo t i ,7 A tar i t t: h i l ls o f , 112 ,5 8 ,5 9 ,6 1 ,7 4 ;a nd s a c red p l ace s ,4 8 , 6 1

c arv ing s :c a rved w h i le m a rk ing b o rde r s ,3 2 ;c a rved w hen C h r is t ian i ty w a si n t roduced ,3 c a t t le :s a c r if ice o f , 1 7 , 1 9 ,2 3 ,3 1 ;a nd s t one s ,2 1 ;h ea l ing o f 2 7 ,3 3 ;m ea to ff r on tp a r to f ,3 1 ;p ro tec t ion o f ,3 1 ;d ea th o f , 3 3 ;d on o td i e ,4 6 ;g ua rd ian so f ,4 9 c ave s :p ro tec ted i nL a tv ia ,9 ;i ng ene ra l ,4 7 ,6 1 ;o fV e ins ,4 7 c eme ter ie s :h av ing a l ka n ame ,9 ,5 6 c erea l :p ro tec t ion o f ,3 1

a xe : a nd c up -ma rked s t one s ,2 8 ;a nd s t one sw i th b ow ls p l a te s ,3 1 ;k i l l ing w i th ,5 0 A Nvy ti :g rove o f , 1 6

c ha ir :o fS auk , 1 2 ;n ame so fs t one s ,2 2 ;s t one sl i ke ,2 3 ,5 8 , 6 0 ,6 1 ;o fV e ln ia s ,2 3

b a la :m ean ing o f ,3 8 ,3 9 ;A lka ,3 8 b and :o fp r om i se ,4 6 b ap t i sm :a nd S ' ven ta sl a ke ,3 8

c heery man s e e Miuga s c he s t : n ame so fs t one s ,2 2 ;o fg o ld ,4 2 c h ief ta in :a nd p r ie s t ,5 1 c h i ld :a sk ing f o r ,2 7 c h i ldb ir th s e eL a ima

b ark :u se o f ,2 0 b a the :o fl a nn ii s ,4 4 ;o fp eop le ,4 4 ,4 5 ,4 7 b a thhouse :n ame so fs t one s ,2 2 ;o fV e ln ia s ,2 2 ;i np l ace l e gend s ,4 0 ;c u l tp l ace i n ,4 9 benyNa :h i l lo f , 1 ; Kak i s ,5 4 , 1 0 1

C hr i s t :f i gu r en a i led t oo ak , 1 9 ;i np l ace legends ,3 3 Chr i s tma sE ve :b a th ing o n ,4 0 ;a f te r ,5 0 c hurch :h i l lo f , 1 ;e mp ty , 1 9 ,2 6 ;p r ay i n , 1 9 ;n ame so f

b ead s :s a c r if i ce o f ,4 4 b ear :b ed o f ,2 3 :s hape o fs t one s ,2 5 b eau ty :p r ov id ing w i th ,3 7 ,4 4 ,4 5 b eas t :m ea to f ,3 1 ;g odde s so f ,5 4 b ed :n ame so fs t one s ,2 2 ;o fP o r t ia ,2 3 ;o fL aun ii . ,2 3 ,5 8 ,6 1 ;

s t one s ,2 2 ; a nd s t one sw i th n a r row -bo t tomed b ow ls , 3 0 ; i n p l ace legend s ,3 8 ,4 0 ;v an ished ,4 1 ,4 6 ;a nd i n te r reg iona l s a c red p l ace s ,5 2 ;o fh a re ,5 4 , 1 0 1 c l ever :b ecome e x t r eme ly ,4 4 c l o the s : of e r ing o f , 1 9 ,2 7 ;s a c r if ice sc ove r ed w i th ,4 2 ;l e f t b yi lp e r son s ,4 6 ,47

o fb ea r ,2 3 ;o fh a re ,2 3 ;s t one sl i ke ,6 1 b edd ing :n ame so fs t one s ,2 2 b eer :a nd c ommun i ty , 1 6

c ock : a nd d ev i l s ,2 2 ; s hape o fs t one s ,2 5 ;s t one o f , 2 5 ; s a c r if ice o f ,2 5 ;c r ow ing f r om u nderwo r ld ,4 0 ;a nd h en ,4 8

b eggar s :s a cr if ice st o ,3 6 ,5 7 ;p e rf o rme r so fr i t e s ,5 0 b e l l :r i ng ing o f ,4 0 ,4 1 ,4 6 ;d rown ,4 4

c of f in :n ame so fs t one s ,2 2 ;o fD ieva s ,3 18

I nd ex c o lour :a nd s t one s ,2 1 ,2 5 ;o fs a c r if i ce ,4 9 c ommun i ty :g a the r ing o f ,1 2 ,1 6 ,2 ,2 5 ,4 0 ,4 1 ,5 0 ,5 2 ;g i r l s a nd w om en , 1 3 ;s a c r ed p l ace so f ,4 9-50 ,6 1 c onf luence :a nd g rove s , 1 7 ,5 1 ;a nd s t one ,3 6 ;a nd h i l l ,5 1 c ong lomera te : a nd s a c r ed s t one s ,2 2 ;a nd c ave s ,4 7 c on s te l la t ion s :G r ea tB ea r ,2 7 ;C a s s iope ia ,2 7 ;A nd romeda , 2 7 ;P eg a su s ,2 7 C orpu sC hr i s t iD ay ,3 6 c our t :p l a ce o f , 1 0 c ow :o wne r so ff oo tp r in t s ,2 6 ;a nd L aum, 2 6 c ro s s :a nd h i l lf o r t , 1 5 ;a nd p i ne t r ee s ,2 0 ;m ade o fs a c red s t on e ,2 4 ;a nd s t one , 3 7 c u l t iva t ion :t a boo , 1 5 c u t t ing :f o rb idden , 1 8 ,2 1

d ream s :a bou tp i ne t r ee ,2 0 ;a venge o fs t one s ,3 d uke s :f u ne r a lo f ,1 7 ,4 0 ,5 4 ,5 6 d t i Na :m ean ing o f ,4 0 ;a l so s e es ou l I n iuga s :s t one o f ,3 5 e a lh :m ean ing o f ,7 ;e a lg ian ,7 e ar : n ame so fs t one s ,2 3 e ar th :w o r sh ip o f ,8 e a s t :f l ow t o ,4 5-46 ,9 8 E a s ter :v i s i t ing o fs a c r ed p l a ce so n3 6 ,4 7 ;v an i sh ing o f t a ver n ,4 0 ;r i ng ing o fb e l l su nde rg round ,4 1 ;v an i sh ing o f c hu r ch ,4 6 e gg :o f f e r ing o f , 1 9 ,4 6 ,5 7 e l kons ,7 e l ks : m ean ing so f7 ;E lk ene ,7 ;E lk ewa l ke , 7 ;H e /k ! , 7 ; w o r sh ip o f , 8 ;e l ka d eve s ,a l k ed ev s , 8 ;a l so s e ea l ka e i l e ,4 0 e lm t r ee s , 1 9 e nchan t :l a ke s ,4 1 e v i ls p ir i t ,3 e xcava t ion s :n umbe ro f ,2 ;c l o se t os t on e s ,3 ,5 ,2 9 ,3 031 , 3 5 ,5 354 ;o ft h eA lka ,8 ,1 0 e ye s :h ea l ing o f ,2 6 ,2 8 ,3 ,4 6 ;s p r ing sl i ke ,4 5

d amned :p eop le ,2 3 ,3 435 ,5 8 ,6 1 ,8 2 ;p eop le a nd n ame s ,3 5 ; b r id e ,3 6 ;l a ke ,3 9 d anc ing :o nK upo l i,h i l l , 1 2 ;o nM erga h i l l , 1 3 ;o fh u sband , 1 3 ;a nd s t one , 2 2 ;o fd ev i l s ,2 8 ;a nd d ea th , 3 4 ;o nN uo taka s t on e ,3 6 ;o fw i tche s ,3 6 ;a r ound o ak a nd p o le ,5 0 d au so s :D au syna i ,5 2 ;a l so s e eo t her w or ld D awn s t ar s e eA uN r inh d ea th :v i ew so f ,2 0 ;o fi n no cen tp eop le ,2 0 ;a venge o f s t one s ,3 ;a nd r e ds hoe s ,3 4 ;a nd b i r th ,3 6 ;c l imb a f te r ,4 0 ; w ak ing o fd ead ,4 5 ;a nd b l indne s s ,4 5 ;a nd s l eep .4 6 ;g od o f ,4 8 ;a nd s a c red p l a ce s ,4 8 ;p r ay f o rd ead ,5 0 ;c u l to f d ead ,5 6-57 d e i ty :o fw a t e r ,4 4 D e i vi s :w o r sh ip o f ,8 ;D e iv igakmeny s ,3 1 ,49 d ep th :o fRagana ,4 4 ;b e tween i s l and s ,4 8 D ev i l :d an c ing o f , 1 2 ,2 8 ,4 6 ;p l ough o f ,2 2 ;t a b le o f ,2 2 ; e a t ing b ys t one s ,2 2 ;c ha i ro f ,2 3 ;a nd s t one s ,2 3 ;s c hoo lo f , 2 3 ;t h rone o f ,2 3 ,5 3-54 ;a nd g oa t ,2 5 ;a nd P e rküna s ,2 5 ; o wne r so ff o o tp r in t s ,2 6 ;r unn ing t oh i de ,2 6 ;a nd o x ,2 6 ; h ee l so f ,2 8 ;f oo tp r in t so f ,2 8 ;w edd ing o f ,2 8 ;c om ing f r om H e l l ,2 8 ;m i l l ing t o ba cco ,3 1 ;w a l le to f ,3 ;q ue rn o f ,3 ; s m i thy o f ,3 ;b a r row m oney f r om ,3 4 ;l i ke s hoemake r ,3 4 ; a nd r e ds h oe s ,3 4 ;a nd L aum, 3 6 ,4 8 ;s wamp so f ,4 0 ,5 7 ; a nd w e t land s ,4 1 ;b r idge so f ,4 4 ;h o l low so f ,4 6-47 ,5 7 ; c ave o f ,4 7 ;c a s t le o f ,4 7 ;a nd s a c r ed p l a ce s ,4 8 ;" dev i l s" , 4 8 ,6 1 ;a nd D ieva s ,4 8 ;a nd a nge l ,4 8 ;r o ad o f ,4 8 ;h i l lo f ,4 8 , 5 7 ;h e a r to f ,4 8 ;a nd h e l l ,5 2 ;a nd k uka s ,5 6 ;a l so s e e V e ln ia s D iana s e e2 verana -M ed e ina d i eda i ,5 0 D i eva s ,S ene l i sD i eva s :D ievaa l k i s ,1 0 ;h i l l so f , 1 ,5 8 ,5 9 , 6 1 ,7 2 ;D ieva ie iuka sa nd D ieva i ty& ,11 ;d i eva i t i s ,11 ; D ievo K r& la s , 1 ;j eea 2ma ,11 ;D ieva d ä r z s , 1 2 , 1 5 ; D ievo d ar ia s , 1 5 ;D ievo s t a la s ,2 ;D ievo b l iüda s ,3 2 ; D i evo b l iid e l i s ,4 4 ;D ieva ie iuka sa nd D ieva i t y t i ,4 8 ; H buaäeeeuc ,4 9 ;D ievy t i s ,5 0 ;n ame so fs a c r ed p l a ce s ,5 1 ; D ieva r a i s t i s ,5 2 ;a nd s a c r ed p l a ce s ,6 1 D i joka ln i s , 1 3 D im s t ipa t i s :g od sa th ome ,4 9 d inne r :o fk i ng ,2 2 ;o fs o ld ie r s ,2 d i sea s e : a venge o fs t one s ,3 d og :f o o tp r in to f ,2 6-27 ;h ea l ing o f ,2 7 ;s a c r if ice o f ,3 8 d rown :a nd L aum, 3 6 ;a nd m a s te r so fw a te r s ,3 7 ;p r ie s t ,3 8 , 4 4 ;o fp eop le ,4 3 ,4 4 ;o fw i t che s ,4 4

F a iry :a nd c ow ,2 6 ;a nd h o l low s .4 6 ;" f a i r ie s" ,4 8 ,6 1 ; w e t land o f ,4 8 ;a l so s e eL a t iné f am i ly :g a the r ing o f , 1 7 ;a nd g r ove s , 1 7 ;c u l tp l ace so f ,4 9 ; r i t e so f ,4 9 ;s p ec ia lf i rep lace so f ,5 6 f a rm : a nd s a c red g a rden , 1 5 ;s t one si n ,3 0 ;p rov i s ion o f c e r ea l ,c a t t le ,a nd h ome -happ ine s s ,3 1 ;s a c red p l a ce si n ,4 9 , 6 1 ;g ua rd ian so f ,4 9 ;a nd c u l tp l a ce sa r ound ,4 9 ;s e-t a ,5 1 ; s p e c ia lf i r ep la ce so f ,5 6 f a te s e eL a ima f a u l t s( g eo log ica l ) :i ng ene r a l ,4 7 ,6 1 f e r t i l i ty :a nd s t one s ,2 2 ,3 ;o fh e rd ,3 7 ;p r ov id ing w i th ,3 7 ; i n f luen ced b yw a te ro fL i f e ,4 5 f i e ld s :e xcava t ion so f ,2 ;l i s t ed ,4 ;n umbe ro f ,9 ;p ro te c ted i n L a tv ia ,9 ;D ieva s , 1 2 ;a nd b r id e s , 1 3 ;i ng ene ra l , 1 516 ,6 1 ; A lka a nd E lka , 1 5 ,5 8-6 1 ,7 6 ;a nd a mbe r , 1 6 ;g ven ta s , 1 6 , 5 8 ,6 1 ,7 ;a nd w a te r s ,3 7 ;c u l tp l a ce i n ,4 9 ;c o l lec t ive m ea l v i s i t ing ,5 0 ;R omehnen ,5 3 f i nger :p r in ted i ns t one ,2 6 f i r e :f i r ep la ce s ,2 ,2 9 ,3 1 ,4 9 ,5 4 ;w o r sh ip o f ,8 ;h o ly ,8 ,1 0 , 1 6 , 1 7 ,3 0 ,5 4 ;i ng r ove s , 1 7 ,4 9 ;a nd s t one s ,2 1 ;a venge o f s t one s ,3 ;a nd w a te r ,3 6 ;b u rn o fs a c r if ice s ,4 2 ,5 2 f l ax :s a c r if i ce o f ,2 6 ,36 f l ogg ing :a nd d ev i l s ,2 2 ;o nh o l iday s ,4 0 ;i nu nde rwo r ld .4 0 f l ow :a ga in s tt h eS un ,4 5-46 f l ower s :o f f e r ing o f ,3 6 ;c r own so f ,3 7 ;g a r land so f ,4 7 f o od :s a c r if i ce o f , 1 5 ,3 4 ,3 6 ,4 1 ,4 6 ,4 9 ,5 0 ;r ema in so f ,4 9 f o o t :w a sh ing o f ,2 5 ;h ea l ing o f ,2 6 ,27 f o o tpr in t s :o ns t one s ,2 3 .2 5-27 ,5 9 ;o fp eop le a nd a n ima l , 2 5 ;o fd og ,2 6 ;a nd c up -ma rk s ,2 8 ;o fL aun zi ,3 6 ;o fw o lf ,5 4 , 1 0 1 f o re s t ss e eg rove s f o r tune s e eL a ima f ou l :w ou ld b eb yv i s i t so fC h r i s t ian s ,3 7 f r eck le s :h ea l ing o f ,3 f r eeze :w a te rd oe sn o t ,3 8 ,3 9 ,4 1 ,4 5 19

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V a i tk evd iu s .

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i n to t h e B a i t s ' s ac r ed p lace s

F r iday :t ime o fg a the r ing , 1 9 f ru i t s :s a c r if i ce o f ,3 7 f ru i tfu lne s s :g od o f ,3 1 f unera l :p y r e , 1 0 , 1 6 ,4 9 ,5 4 ,5 ,5 6 ;r i te si ng r ove , 1 7 ,4 9 ; v i ew so f ,2 0 ;o fg ven tarag i s ,4 0 ;a nd r oad ,4 8 ;a nd

h and :h ea l ing o f ,2 6 h app ine s s :o fh ome ,3 1 ,4 7 ;p rov ided b ys t one s ,3 3 ;a nd s t one ,3 ;p rov ided b yw a te r s , 3 7 ,4 5 ;g ua rd ian so f p e r sona l ,4 9 h are s :b ed o f ,2 3 ;c hu rch o f ,5 4 ;l i ke s e r van t s ,5 4 ;s a c r if ice

e s tab l ishmen to fs t a te r e l ig ion ,5 3

o f ,5 4 h arve s t :o fc o rn ,3 7 ;p rov id ing w i th ,3 7 ;r i t e sa f t e r ,5 0

G ab jau j i s :g od sa th ome ,4 9

h aze l s , 1 9 h ead :n ame so fs t one s ,2 3 ;s a c r if ice o f ,4 3 ;l a yo ng round ,

g a laxy : M31 ,2 7 g a l ikonn ik , 7 g arden :o fG od , 1 5 ;t a boo , 1 5 ;c u l tp l ace i n ,4 9 g a te :h o ly ,3 9 g a ther ing :o fd ev i l s , 1 2 ,4 6 ;o fc ommun i ty ,1 2 , 1 9 ,2 2 ,2 5 ,4 0 , 4 1 ,5 2 ;o fg i r l sa nd w omen , 1 3 ;d u r ing h aymak ing ,2 5 G ed im ina s :v i ce roy o f ,5 3 ;h un to f ,5 4 g i an t :r ega rded a sh e ro ,5 7 g i r l : b enche so f , 1 3 ;b e ing so fw a te r s ,3 7 ;a l so s e em e rga , p a na g oa t : s hape o fs t one s ,2 5 ;s t one o f ,2 5 ;a nd D ev i l ,2 5 ; s a cr if ice o f ,3 7 ;s k in o f ,5 0 God :a nd a nge l , 1 9 ;a nd d ead w oman ,2 0 ;o wne r so f f oo tp r in t s ,2 6 ;s t epp ing i n to h eaven ,2 6 ;o fh ome ,3 1 ;c off in o f ,3 3 ;b a r row m oney f r om ,3 4 ;l i ke p ropr ie to r ,3 7 ;a nd p un ish ing ,4 0 ;w e t land o f ,4 1 ;a nd D ev i l ,4 8 ;t h ank ing t o , 5 0 ; a l so s e eD ieva s Godde s so fD awn s e e Au gr in Godde s so fF a te s e eL a ima Godde s so fS ou l ss e e V e l iuona Godde s se s :a nd s t one s ,2 3 ,3 5 ;s a c r if ice t o ,4 9 ;a l so s e e De ivie g od s :w o r ld o f ,5 2 G o jus :m ean ing o fg a j ,8 ;a nd A lka i ,8 ,1 8 ;g rove so f , 1 6 , 1 8 , 5 4 ,5 9 ;m ean ing so f , 1 8 ;n umbe ro f , 1 8 g ra in :g ua rd ian so f ,4 9 ;b ouque to f ,5 0 g ranary :g od o f ,3 1 ;c u l tp l ace i n s ide ,4 9 g randf a ther s e es ene l i s g randmo ther :p a r t ic ipa t ing i nr i t e ,4 9 g ran i te :a nd s a c r ed s t one s ,2 1 ,2 5 ,2 7 ,29 g ras ss nake s :w o r sh ip o f , 8 ,1 9 ;s t one o f ,2 5 ;b ow ls o f , 3 1 g rave :o fi n nocen tp eop le ,2 0 G rea tS a turday :b a th ing o n ,4 0 g rey :c o lou r so fs t one s ,2 1 ,2 2 ,25 g room :a nd s t one ,3 6 g rove s : n o te xcava ted ,2 ;l i s ted ,4 ;s a c red ,7 ;A lka ia nd G o ja i ,8 ,1 8 ;n umbe ro f ,9 ;b yP erk i inas h i l l , 1 ;o fo ak s , 1 , 1 6 , 1 8 ;b yR oma in ia iv i l lage , 1 5 ; Al k a , 1 5 , 1 6 , 1 8 ,4 2 ,7 8 ;a nd a mbe r , 1 6 ;i ng ene ra l , 1 617 ,6 1 ;n ame so f , 1 6 ;G o ju s , 1 6 , 1 8 , 5 9 ;a nd s e t t lemen t s , 1 7 ;o fl ime t r ee s , 1 7 , 1 8 ,5 4 ;f i re i n , 1 7 ; g ven ta s , 1 7 -18 ,5 0 ,5 1 ,5 9 ,6 1 ,7 8 ;o fb i r che s , 1 8 ;a nd b a r row s , 1 8 ;w o r sh ip o f , 1 9 ;a nd s t ones ,2 5 ,3 0 ;i np l ace l e gend s ,3 ;v i s i t ing f o rb idden ,3 7 ;a nd w a te r s ,3 7 ;a nd v i ew sa bou tw o r ld o fd ead ,4 8 ;a nd p r ie s t s ,5 1 ; g a the r ing i n , 5 2 ;s a c r ed s i te o fi n te r t r iba ls i gn if icance ,5 2 ;a nd c ap i ta l ,5 4 ; p y re si n ,5 6 ;p r ay i n ,6 0 g udas :m ean ing o f ,4 2 ; G u ck sl a uka s ,4 2 g ue s s :a bou tw ea the r , 1 2 ,4 6 ;n ame ,3 5 ;a bou ty ea r ,4 0

5 0 h ea l ing :o fc a t t le ,2 1 ,2 7 ;u s ing w a te r ,2 5 ,3 ;o ff oo t ,e ye s , a nd h and s ,2 6 ;o ff e e t ,2 7 ; u s ing mo s s ,2 7 ;o fd og s ,2 7 ; u s ing s t one ' sp a r t s ,2 8 ;o fc i ld ren ,3 6 ;o fe ye s ,4 5 ,46 h ea l th :a sk ing f o r ,2 0 ,2 5 ,2 6 ;p rov id ing w i th ,3 7 ,4 4 ,4 5 ,4 7 ; e f ec to nh uman ,4 6 ;a nd V e ln ia s ,5 7 h ear t :n ame so fs t one s ,2 3 ,2 5 ;o fV e ln ia s ,4 8 h eaven :a nd G od ,2 6 ;a nd Ma ry ,2 6 h ee l :p r in ted i ns t one ,2 6 ;o fV e ln ias ,2 8 H e l l :m ak ing o f ,2 2 ;a nd V e ln ia s ,2 6 ,2 8 ,5 2 ;h i l lo f ,4 0 ;a nd p u rga to ry ,4 0 ,5 2 ;i nw a te r -name s ,4 0 ;a nd w e t land ,5 2 ; s wamp so f ,6 1 h en :a nd c ock ,4 8 ;s a c r if ice o f ,4 9 h erbs :g a the r ing o f , 1 5 ;b ouque to f ,5 0 ;d i s t r ibu t ion o f ,5 0 h ide :o ns a c r ed h i l l s , 1 3 h i l l s :e xcava t ion so f ,2 ;l i s ted ,4 ;c u l to f ,5 ;i ng ene ra l ,9 ,6 1 ; n umbe ro f ,9 ;p ro tec ted i nL a tv ia ,9 ;A lka a nd E lka ,9 10 , 1 6 ,4 2 ,4 3 ,4 5 ,5 0 ,5 759 ,6 1 ,7 1 ;D ieva s ,11 ,5 8 ,5 9 ,6 1 ,7 2 ; p a i ro f , 1 ,4 8 ;P e rküna s , 1 ,5 9 ,6 1 ,7 3 ;B a ±ny e la ,11 ; A u gr i ni , 112 ,5 9 ,6 1 ,7 4 ;S auk . , 1 2 , 1 3 ,5 8-61 ,7 5 ;J än i s , 1 2 ;K upok , 1 213 ,5 8 ,5 9 ,6 1 ;g a t r i ja , 1 3 ,5 8 ,5 9 ,6 1 ; Me rga , 1 3 ;Boba , 1 3 ;P una , 1 3 ;N uo taka , 1 3 ;B erna s , 1 3 ; V y ra s , 1 3 ; o fd ance s , 1 3 ;a nd b r ide s , 1 3 ;o fh e roe s , 1 314 ;B iru t i ' , 1 4 , 1 5 ,5 7 ;a nd g r ove s , 1 6 ;a nd s t ones ,2 5 ,4 8 ;a nd w a te r s ,3 7 ; P ek la ,4 0 ;c l imb a f te rd ea th ,4 0 ;a nd c ommun i ty ' sr i t e ,4 1 ; a nd w e t land s ,4 2 ;a nd r i ve r s ,4 3 ;a nd h o l low s ,4 7 ,4 8 ;a nd s t one ,s p r ing ,4 8 ;t h r ee ,4 8 ;a nd h i l lf o r t ,4 9 ;L au fn c ; ,5 0 ,5 8 , 6 1 ;g ven ta s ,5 0 ;K aukas ,5 6 h i l lf or t s :a nd P erküna s ,11 ,5 1 ;a nd t emp le s , 1 415 ,5 8 h o l low s :n o te xcava ted ,2 ;n ea rg ven ta sl a k e ,3 8 ;i ng ene ra l , 4 6 ,6 1 ;o fV e ln ia s ,4 6-47 ,5 7 ,5 8 ,6 1 ;a nd h i l l ,s t one ,4 8 Ho ly S acramen t :i np l ace legend s ,3 8 ,42 h o ly w ine :a nd s a c red s t one ,2 5 h oard :f ound o nS auk h i l l , 1 2 ;f ound i no ak ' sh o l low , 1 9 ; f ound b yo ak , 1 9 ;f ound i nw e t land s ,4 1-42 ;f o und u nde r s t one ,4 2 ; f ound u nde ro ak l o g ,4 2 ; f ound i ns u r round ing s o fR oma ,5 3 h ome :g od o f3 1 ,4 9 ;s a c red p l aces a t ,4 9 ;D eus d ome s t icun z , 4 9 h or se : s hape o fs t one s , 2 5 ; o wne r so ff oo tp r in t s , 2 6 ; s a c r if ice o f ,3 9 h ouse : n ame so fs t one s ,2 2 ;g od o f ,4 9 ;c o rne ro f ,4 9 ;c u l t p l ace i n s ide ,4 9 ;f u l lo fp r ie s t s ,5 1 ;s pec ia lf i r ep lace so f ,5 6 h un ter :d amned ,2 3 h usband :r i t eo f , 1 3 ;l o ok ing f o r ,4 4 ;a l so s e e el m s

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ma s s :t i me o f ,4 0 ,4 1 ,4 6

s t one s ,2 4 ;e l ku t e l l ,2 4 ; i nP erküna st emp le ,5 5 ; a l so s e e p o le

ma t chmaker :a nd s t one ,3 6 ma tron o fh onour :a nd s t one ,3 6

i s land s :e xcava t ion so f ,2 ;A lka a nd E lka ,8 ,1 0 ,5 8 ,6 1 ; n umbe ro f ,9 ;P ercuneca lve ,9 ,1 0 ;p a i r so f , 1 0 ,4 8 ; P e rkünka lvi , 1 0 ;l i e lg i i , 1 ;n ea rg ven ta sl a ke ,3 8

May :t ime o fs a c r i f ice ,4 6 m ead : of e r ing o f ,5 7 meadow ss e ef i e ld s m ed i s ,5 4 Medgoka ln i s , 4

J än i s :c e leb r a t ion o f , 1 2 ;h i l l so f , 1 2 J anke l i s :s t one o f ,3 5

m ee t ing s :p l ace o f , 1 0 , 1 3 ,5 2-53 ;o fc ommun i ty ,5 0 ,5 2 ; i n s t i tu t ion o f , 5 2 ;a l so s e eg a ther ing m erga :h i l ls o f , 1 3 ; j35 160 z iaf i apa , 1 3 ;a nd P erküna s ,4 8 ; l a ke o f ,9 6

j ourney :o fg od sa nd s ou ls ,2 6 j oy :a nd s t one ,3 3 J u ly :s i x teen th ,4 7 j un iper s :i ng r ove s , 1 8 ;k nown i nL a tv ia , 1 9 J up i t er ,6 0 ;a l so s e eP e rküna s ,T hunder

merma id s :b e ing so fw a t e r s ,3 7 m idday :b e l l sr i ng o n ,4 0 m idd le :o fl a nd ,5 253

K a l ve l i s ,5

m idn igh t :a nd d ev i l s ,2 2 ;a nd w i tche s ,4 4 Mokas , Mok ien0 :s t one so f4 ,2 1 ,3 5 ,3 6 ,5 8 ,6 1 Moko sh : a nd Moka s ,3 5

k auka s ,k uka s :a nd w e t land s ,4 1 ;a nd h i l lf o r t s ,5 6 ; K ukdk i s ,5 6 ;h i l l so f ,5 6 ;K ukumba l i s ,5 6 ;m ean ing o f ,5 6 K ing :a nd s t one s ,2 2 ,2 3 ;i np l ace legend s ,3 ;o ff i sh ,3 7 k nee l :b ys t one ,2 6 ;o fS t Ma ry ,2 8 k now ledge :p r ov id ing w i th ,3 7 ,4 4 ,4 5 K r ivO ,5 2 ;a l so s e ep r ie s t k r ivü l i ,5 0 ,5 3 Kukava i t i s :m ak ing o fi d o l , 1 4 ;g r ove o f , 1 7 ,5 6 ;a nd f u ne ra l , 1 7 ,56 K upo lA h i l l so f , 1 213 ,5 8 ,5 9 ,6 1 ;c e leb ra t ion o f , 1 213 K urka : a nd s t one s , 3 6 ;K urken , 5 0

money :h oa rd so f , 1 9 ;o f f e r ing o f , 1 9 ,2 0 ,2 2 ,2 6 ,2 7 ,3 4 ,3 6 , 4 4 ,4 6 ,4 7 ;b a r row f r om D ieva so rV e ln ia s ,3 4 Morn ing s t ar s e e Augr i ni m os s : f r om s t one ,2 7 mo ther :a nd c u l tp l ace a th ome ,4 9 Mo ther o f God :i np l a ce legend s ,3 n a i l s :a nd d ev i ls ,2 2 n ame s :g ue s s ing o f ,3 5 ;o fw a te r s ,3 7 N apo leon :i np l ace legend s ,3 3 n e ighbour ss e ec ommun i ty

L a im a :a nd l i me t r ee s ,2 0 ;i np l ace legend s ,3 ;L a imdk i s , 4 5 ;a nd w a te r ,4 5 ;a nd s a c red p l ace s ,4 8 ,6 1

N emak e ti :g rove a nd v i l lage o f , 1 4 , 1 6 ,5 0 ;a nd g ven ta s w e t land ,4 2 N ep tune s e e Ando jus ,w a ter s N er thu s , 1 3 n ew moon :t ime o fr i t e ,2 6

l ake s :n umbe ro f ,9 ,3 7 ;g ven ta s ,1 0 ,3 7 ,3 8 ,4 3 ,4 7 ,5 0 ,5 8 ,5 9 , 6 1 ,9 0 ,9 6 ; V e l n ia s , 1 2 ;a nd b r ide s , 1 3 ;a nd s t one s ,3 5 ; p rop r ie to ro f ,3 7 ;A lka ,3 8 ,5 8 ,6 1 ,8 9 ;s a cr if i ce reques t ing , 3 839 ,5 8 ,5 9 ,6 1 ,9 1 ;b e l li n ,4 0 ;o fV i le ,4 0 ,9 2 ,9 6 ;e nchan t , 4 1 ;s a c r if ice f o r ,4 1 ;a nd h o l low s ,4 7 ;a nd s t one s ,4 8 ,5 0 ;o f

n ine : w ooden c r o s se s ,3 7 ;" t h r ee t ime sn i ne p i ece s" ,4 9 i V o so /um ,3 7

D ieva s ,5 0 ;s ho re o f ,6 1 ;o fP erküna s ,9 6 ;o fM erga ,9 6 L aumi :L aum ygarb i s ,9 ;t a b le o f ,2 2 ;a nd s t one s ,2 3 ;b ed

n ude :a nd c e leb r a t ion ,2 2

o f ,2 3 ,5 8 ;i np l ace legend s ,3 ;s t one so f ,3 5 ,4 8 ,5 8 ,5 9 ,6 1 , 8 ;a nd l a und ry ,3 6 ;a nd V e ln ia s ,3 6 ,4 8 ;a nd w e t land s ,4 1 ; a nd s a c r ed p l a ce s ,4 8 ;s i ng ing o f ,4 8 ;a nd h i l l s ,4 8 ;

n uo taka :h i l l so f , 1 3 ;s t one so f ,3 6 o ak s :g rove o f , 1 , 1 6 , 1 8 ;r e ga rded a ss a c red , 1 , 1 6 ,4 3 ,5 4 , 5 8 ,5 9 ,6 1 ;i nA lka f i e ld , 1 5 ;i ng rove , 1 7 ;r e s idence o fg od s , 1 7 ;w o r sh ip o f , 1 9 ;a nd a nge l , 1 9 ;p a i ro f , 1 9 ;i ng ene r a l , 1 9-

L aumak ia i ,4 8 ;h i l ls o f ,5 0 ,5 8 ,6 1 ;s a c red p l ace sa s soc ia ted w i th ,9 9 l a undry :a nd L aum, 3 6 l ed ia i : i n s t i tu t ion o f ,5 4

2 0 ;r i t e su nde r ,5 0 ;a nd s t one ,5 0 ;d ance a r ound ,5 0 ;p r ay t o , 6 0 o b serva t ion :o ft h eS un a nd Moon ,5 ,1 4

l i f e :w a te ro f ,4 5 ,4 7 ;v i s ion l i ke ,4 5 ;a nd S un ,4 6 l i me t r ee s :w o r sh ip o f , 1 4 , 1 9 ;g rove o f , 1 7 , 1 8 ,2 0 ,5 4 ;

O c tober :r i t e sa tb eg inn ing o f , 1 7 o f iara , 7 ;a l so s e ea uka o lk i s e e a lka

k nown i nL i thuan ia a nd L a tv ia , 1 9 ;i ng ene r a l ,2 0 ;r e ga rded a ss a cr ed ,5 9 l u ck :a sk ing f o r ,2 0

o rac le :p r imus a ugur ,5 0 ;f u l lh ou se so f ,5 1 o ther w or ld :p a s st o ,2 6 ;n a tu re o f ,4 0 ;a nd w e t land ,5 2 ;a nd s wamps ,5 2 ; a nd w a te r shed a r ea s ,5 2

Madam :a nd s t one s ,2 3 ;b ed o f ,2 3 ;i np l ace legend s ,3 ; a l so s e ep on ia m ag ic ian : v an i shed h ouse o f ,4 6 ;s chwen ta b ur t in ike , 5 0 ; f u l lh ouse so f ,5 1 Ma iden s e ep ana Maps k ung s ,4 9 Man s e ev y ra s

o x : s a c r if ice o f , 1 7 ,4 3 ;a nd s t one s ,2 5 ;f o o tp r in to f ,2 6 ;a nd V e ln ias ,2 6 P ag i rn ia i : s t one so f ,3 1 ;g od sa th ome ,4 9 ; d ome s t ic r i te s , 4 9 P a jau ta :l e genda ry g r ave o f ,3 ;i d o lo f , 1 4 ;w o r sh ip o f , 1 4 ; a nd l ime t r ee s , 1 4 p a ir :o fi s land s , 1 0 ,4 8 ;o fh i l ls , 1 ,4 8 ;o fo ak s , 1 9 ;o f

March :t wen tyf if th ,3 6 m ar ea lka : a nd s t one ,3 6 1 2 1

V y k in ta s

V a i tk ev i i f iu s .

S t ud i e s i n to t h e B a i t s ' s a c r ed p lace s

s a c r if i ce s ,3 9 ,4 3 ;o fs t one s ,4 8 p a lm :p r in ted i ns t one ,2 6 p ana :h i l l so f , 1 3 ;P am {s uo la i , 1 3 p en in su la s :A l / ca ,8 P en teco s t :h o l iday o f , 1 2 ,2 2 ;v i s i t ing o fs t one s ,3 6 P e rküna s :w o r sh ip o f ,8 ,1 5 ;P er cuneca lve ,9 ,1 0 ; P erkünka lv e , 1 0 ;h i l l so f , 1 ,5 9 ,6 1 ,7 3 ;a nd h i l lf o r t s , 1 ,5 1 ; s a c r if ice t o , 1 , 1 9 ;f i r ef o r ,1 7 ;a nd o ak , 1 9-20 ;s t one so f , 2 5 ; a nd s t one sw i th f l a t -bo t tomed b ow l s ,3 0 ;a nd s a c r ed p l ace s ,4 8 ,6 1 ;a nd Merga ,4 8 ;P erkünk e l i s ,4 8 ;P e rküna i , 5 0 ; Nrkonc iem s ,5 0 ;t emp le o f ,5 , 1 03 ;p r ay t o ,6 0 ;l a ke o f ,

f o rw edd ing ,4 8 ;s a c r ed ,4 8 ;o fP erküna s ,4 8 ;a nd b a r row s , 4 8 R oma in ia i : v i l lag en ea rg r ov e , 1 5 ;w a st h ough tt ob e s a c r ed ,5 1 R omuva :s a c r ed s i t eo fi n t e r t r iba ls i gn if i canc e ,5 2 ,5 ,6 1 , 1 00 ;g rove ,5 2 ;p l a ce f o rm ee t ing s ,5 3 ;m ean ing o fr om ,5 3 r o se :h ea l ing o f ,3 r owan s :k nown i nL a tv ia ,1 9 r um :m ean ing o f ,5 3 ;R umum ,5 3 s a cr i f ice :t e rm ,7 ;b u rn ing o f ,7 ,1 0 , 1 , 1 7 ,5 2 ;c o l lec to ro f , 7 ;p l a ce f o r ,7 ;m ak ing o f ,8 ,1 0 , 1 6 , 1 7 ;t oP e rküna s , 1 ,1 9 ; t oA m er ing , 1 ;o fj ewe l le ry ,t o o l s ,a nd w eapon ry 1 2 ,4 2 ;o f f o od , 1 5 ,3 4 ,3 6 ,4 1 ,4 6 ,4 9 ,5 0 ;i ng a rd en , 1 5 ;t i m eo f ,1 7 ;o f o x , 1 7 ,4 3 ;o fr am ,1 7 , 1 9 ;o fc a t t le , 1 7 , 1 9 ,2 3 ,3 1 ;c o l le c t ive ly , 1 9 ;t oa nge l , 1 9 ;t oa sh t r ee , 1 9 ;o fw oo l , 1 9 ,2 6 ,2 7 ,4 7 ;o f c l o th s , 1 9 ,2 7 ,4 7 ;o fc or n ,1 9 ;o f money ,1 9 ,2 0 ,2 ,2 6 ,2 7 ,4 4 , 4 6 ,4 7 ;o fe gg s , 1 9 ,4 6 ,5 7 ;t oo ak , 1 9 ;n ea ri d o l s ,2 4 ;o fc ock , 2 5 ;o fb r ead ,2 6 ,4 4 ,4 9 ,5 7 ;o ff l ax ,2 6 ;o fs t i ck s ,2 6 ;o f b ea s t s ,3 1 ; d on o ts t op , 3 ;t og odd e s se s ,3 5 ,4 9 ;t ow a te r s , 3 7 ,4 6 ;o fp i g ,3 7 ,3 9 ,4 9 ;t oU p in i s ,3 7 ;o fg oa t ,3 7 ;h uman , 3 7 ,3 8 ,3 9 ,4 3 ;o fa n ima l ,3 7 ,4 1 ;a nnua l ,3 8 ,4 3 ;o fd og ,3 8 ; r e que s t ing f o r ,3 8-39 ,4 3-44 ,5 8 ,5 9 ,6 1 ,9 1 ;o fh o r se ,3 9 ;o f l i n en ,4 1 ;o fw eapon ry ,4 1 ;o fs h eep ,4 3 ;" i ti st h et i me" f o r , 4 4 ;o fb ead s ,4 4 ;o f jewe l le ry ,4 7 ;o fh en ,4 9 ;c o lou ro f ,4 9 ; " t h r ee t ime sn i ne p i ece s" o f ,4 9 ;s t on eo f ,5 0 ;a f t e rv i c to ry , 5 2 ;o fo ne t h i rd p a r t ,5 2 ;o fh a re ,5 4 ;f o rs ou l s ,5 6 ;o fm ead , 5 7 ;a l so s e ea uka ,h oard s add le :n ame so fs t one s ,2 2 s a in t s : i np l a ce legend s ,3 ;a nd n ame so fs t one s ,3 5 s a l t :f o und i nh o l low s ,4 6 s amba r ia i ,5 0 s anc tus :m ean ing o f ,3 7 S a turday :a nd d ev i l s ,2 2 S auk :S aw l i s l iTe s i l ,9 ,1 2 ;h i l l so f , 1 2 ,5 8-6 1 ,7 5 ;S au l e s k r e s la s , 1 2 ;c h a i ro f , 1 2 ;a nd s a c red p l a ce s ,4 8 ,6 1 ;a l so s e e S un S au tum :g r ov eo f , 1 6 S cay te :g rove o f , 1 6 s c oop :a nd r i t e ,5 0 s ene l i s :i np l a ce legend s ,3 ;G od l i ke ,3 4 S ep t ember :e i gh th ,3 6 s ew :" ne i the rt h i sn o rt h a t" ,3 4 s O ta ,5 1 s heep :a nd L aume ,3 6 ;s a c r if i ce o f ,4 3 s hepherd :w edd ing o f ,2 3 ;o ff i sh ,3 7 s hoa l :o fV e ln ia s ,4 4 s hoemaker : s t one so f ,3 4 ;t u rned i n to s t one , 3 4 s hoe s :n ame so fs t one s ,2 2 ;m ak ing o f ,3 4 ;l e av ing o f ,4 7 s i ng ing :o fw i t che s , 1 3 ;o ff a i r ie s ,3 6 ;o fp o lyphon ic s ong s , 4 8 s k in : o fg oa t ,5 0 s ky :f a l len f r om ,3 s l eep :l i ke d ea th ,4 6 s m i th :g od ,5 ;a nd d ead ,5 s m i thy :n ame so fs t one s ,2 2 ;o fV e ln ia s ,3 s nake s :w o r sh ip o f ,8 ;o fw a te r ,3 7 s o ld ier :d amn ed ,2 3 s oo th sayer s e eo rac le

P e run :a nd o ak s ,2 0 p i g :s a c r if i ce o f ,3 7 ,3 9 ,4 9 p ine t r ee s :k nown i nL i thuan ia a nd L a tv ia , 1 9 ;i ng ene ra l , 2 0-2 1 ,7 9 ;r e ga rd ed a ss a c r ed ,5 8 ,5 9 ,6 1 p l ough :n ame so fs t one s ,2 2 ;o fd ev i l s ,2 2 p o le :r i t e sa t ,5 0 ;d ance a r ound ,5 0 p on ia :P on io sl o va ,2 3 p oo l :o fRagana ,4 4 p ray :t oA u gr ine , 1 ;i ng r ove s , 1 8 ;n ea rt r ee , 1 9 ;i nc hu r ch , 1 9 ;n ea rp i ne t r ee s ,2 0 ;n ea rs t one ,3 6 ;a s k ing f o r ,3 9 ;n ea r w e t land ,4 2 ;i nc ave ,4 7 ;t oD e ive s ,4 9 ;w i th s c oop i nh and s , 5 0 ;a c t iv i ty o fb egga r s ,5 0 ;i ns a c r ed p l ace sc a l led g ven tarag ia i , 5 4 p r ie s t :i np l a ce legend s ,3 ,3 8 ,4 2 ,4 4 ;s ac r if i cu lu s ,5 0 ; s t ra tum o f ,5 0 ;a nd c h ief ta in ,5 1 ;v i l lage so f ,5 1 ;s anc tum v i rum ,5 1 ,5 2 ;f u l lh ou se so f ,5 1 ;a nd p r ie s te s s ,5 1 ;C a tho l ic , 5 7 p r ie s te s s :B iru t e , 1 4 ;a nd f i r e , 1 7 ;a nd p r ie s t ,5 1 p un i sh ing :o fL aun i, 3 6 ;o fD ieva s ,4 0 P un tuka s :s t one o f4 ,2 8 P urga tory :a nd w a t e r s ,3 7 ;a nd H e l l ,5 2 ;s wamp so f ,6 1 Q ueen :a nd s t on e s ,2 3 ;w e t land o f ,4 1 q uern :n ame so fs t one s ,2 2 ;g od su nde r ,3 1 ;o fV e ln ia s ,3 ; c u l tp l ace u nde r ,4 9 ;a l so s e eP ag i rn ia i R agana : a nd s t one s ,2 3 ;i np l ace legend s ,3 ;a nd L aume , 3 6 ,s wamp o f ,3 9 ;a nd w e t land s ,4 1 ;R agan ine ,4 4 ,5 9 ,6 0 , 6 1 ,9 7 ;a nd s a c r ed p l a ce s ,4 8 ,6 1 ;s i ng ing o f ,4 8 ;a nd h i l l s , 4 8 ; s a c red p l a ce sa s soc ia ted w i th ,9 9 ;a l so s e e Wi t ch r aga s ,5 4 r a in :w a te ro f ,2 8 ;c a l l ,3 6 ,50 R ambyna s :g r ov ea nd h i l lo f ,9 ;a nd l i me t r ee ,2 0 r ed : c o lou r so fs t one s ,2 1 ,2 2 ;a nd P e rküna s ,2 2 ; s a c r ed s t one ,2 2 ,2 7 ,2 9 ;s hoe s ,3 4 r i te s :o fg i r l sa nd w omen , 1 3 ,3 5 ;a nd g a the r ing o fc r op s , 1 7 ;i np ub l ic , 1 9 ,3 7 ;a th ome , 1 9 ,4 9 ;d evo t ed t ow a t e r s ,3 7 ; o fc ommun i ty ,4 1 ,5 0 ;p e r f o rmed b a th ing ,4 5 ;p e r f o rmed b y f am i ly ,4 9 ;p e r f o rmed b yw oman ,4 9 ;b ef o r ea u t umn s ow ing , 5 0 ;h ead o f ,5 0 ;a f te rs ow ing ,5 0 ;v i s i t ing f i e ld s ,5 0 ;a f te r h a rve s t ,5 0 ;p e r f o rme r so f ,5 1 r i ver s :l i s ted ,4 ;n umbe ro f ,9 ,3 7 ;r e ga rded a ss a c r ed , 1 ;i n g rove , 1 8 ;a nd s t one s ,2 1 ,3 5 ;s a c r if ice t o ,3 7 ,4 3-44 ;g od o f , 3 7 ;p rop r ie to ro f ,3 7 ;o fV é lé, 4 0-4 1 ,5 2 ,9 2 ;a nd w e t land s , 4 2 ;A l/ c a ,4 3 ,5 0 ,5 8 ,6 1 ,9 4 ;g ven ta s ,4 3 ,5 0 ,5 1 ,5 8 ,5 9 ,9 5 ,9 6 ; R agan ing ,4 5 ,9 7 ;i ng ene r a l ,6 1 ;s a c r if i ce reque s t ing ,9 1 r oad :b e tween s a c r ed p l a ce s ,4 8 ;m y th ica l ,4 8 ;o fs ou l s ,4 8 ; 1 22

I ndex s i t e ,5 6

s ou l s( o ft h ed ead ) : a nd p ine t r ee s ,2 0 ;a nd t a l ls t one s ,2 4 ; a nd w a te r s ,3 7 ,6 0 ;p u rga to ry f o r ,4 0 ;p o s thumous s t a te o f , 4 0 ,6 1 ;a nd p r ima ry e l emen t s ,4 1 ;k auka s ,4 1 ,5 6 ;g od o f ,4 8 ; r oad o f ,4 8 ;w o r ld o f ,5 2 ;a f t e rd ea th ,5 2 ;s a c r if ice f o r ,5 6 ;

s t oop :b ys t one ,2 6 s t ove :o fR agana ,3 s t raw : s t one sc ove red b y ,3 1 s ummer : g ue s sa bou t , 1 2

a nd s a c r ed p l ace s , 5 8 ;a l so s e e MO s ource s :a r chaeo log ica l ,2 -3 ;h i s to r ica l ,3 ;l a nguage ,3 ; f o lk lo r e ,3 -4 ;e t hno log ica l ,4 s ou th :f l ow ,4 6 ,98 s pr ing s :e xcava t ion o f ,2 ;n o tl i s ted ,4 ;r ega rded a ss a c red , 2 0 ,5 9 ;a nd s t one s ,2 5 ,5 0 ;v i s i t ing f o rb idden ,3 7 ;n umbe ro f , 3 7 ;a nd c ommun i ty ' sr i t e ,4 1 ;i ng ene r a l ,4 5 ,6 1 ;f l ow ing a ga in s tS un ,4 5-46 ,5 8 ,5 9 ,6 1 ,9 8 ;a nd h i l l ,s t one ,4 8 s pruce s :k nown i nL i thuan ia a nd L a tv ia , 1 9

s u mmer s o ls t ice :c e leb ra t ion o f , 1 2 , 1 3 ;d e te rm ina t ion o f , 1 4 ;a l so s ee J ün i s ,S tJ ohn S un :f l ow a ga in s t ,5 8 ,5 9 ,6 1 ,9 8 ;a l so s e e Sm i le S unday :t h et e n th a f te rE a s te r , 1 5 ;a f t e rS tP e te r , 1 6 ;t ime o f r i t e , 1 9 ,3 6 ,4 1 ;t h en moon w a sn ew ,2 6 s unr i se : i lum ina t ion b y , 1 2 ;f l ow i nd i rec t ion o ppo s i te t o , 4 5 ;l i ke b i r th ,4 6 s un se t :i lum ina t ion b y , 1 2

S ph ra :l a ke o f3 ,1 4 S tE l ia s :h o l iday o f ,4 3 S tG eorge :h o l iday o f , 1 2 ;c hape lo nB iru t i 'h i l l , 1 4 ;v i s i t ing o fs t one s , 3 6 S tJ ohn :h o l iday o f , 1 2 ;c e leb ra t ion o f , 1 2 , 1 5 ,4 4 ,5 8 ;s t one o f ,3 2 ,3 5 ;v i s i t ing d ay o fs a c red p l a ce s ,3 6 ,4 7 ;a l so s e e J än i s ,J anke l i s S tJ o seph :s t one o f ,3 5

s u tar t in: l i nk sb e tween s a c red p l a ce s ,4 8 ; a l so s e es i ng ing s üduva ,4 1 s wamp s :a nd b r ide s , 1 3 ;A lka ,3 8 ,5 8 ,6 1 ,8 9 ;o fR agana ,3 9 ; o fm i rac le ,4 0 ;o fv an i shed b a thhouse ,4 0 ;P ek la ,4 0 ,5 2 ,5 8 ,

S t Mar t in :s t one o f ,3 5 S t Mary :a nd s t one s ,2 3 ;o wne r so ff o o tp r in t s ,2 6 ; d e scend ing f r om h eaven ,2 6 ; a nd s hape le s sh o l low i n s t one ,2 6-27 ;k nee l ing ,2 8 S tP e t er :h o l iday o f , 1 6 s t aa l l r ,2 3 s t abakü l i s ,2 4 s t aks ,2 3 ;a l so s e et ab le S ta te :s a c r ed p l ace so fn a t iona ls i gn if i cance ,5 3 ,6 1 s t er i l i ty :h ea l ing o f ,3 3 ,3 5 ,3 6 ,4 5 ;a l so s e ew oman s t ick :o f f e r ing o f ,2 6 ;l i ke m e ssage ,5 2 ,5 3 ;a l so s e ek r ivü li s t omach :h ea l ing o f ,4 6 s t one s :e xcava t ion sc l o se t o ,2 ,3 ,5 ,2 9 ,3 0-31 ,3 5 ,5 3-54 ; wo r sh ip o f ,3 ,2 6 ,3 1 ;n o tl i s ted ,4 ;c u l to f ,5 ;p ro tec ted i n L a tv ia ,9 ;o fV e ln ia s , 1 2 ;a nd g rove s , 1 6 , 1 8 ;a nd t r ee s , 1 9 ; a nd l i me t r ee s ,2 0 ;i ng ene ra l ,2 1 ,5 8 ,6 1 ;n umbe ro f ,2 1 ; c o lou r so f ,2 1 ,2 5 ;n ame so f ,2 2 ,2 3 ,2 5 ,3 ,3 5 ;l i ke t a b le s , 2 2-23 ,5 8 ,6 1 ,8 0 ;a nd s a c r if ice ,2 2 ,2 6 ,3 4 ,3 6 ;a nd d i nne r ,2 2 ; a nd V e ln ia s ,2 3 ,3 1 ;l i ke c ha i r s ,2 3 ,5 8 ,6 0 ,6 1 ,8 1 ;a nd h i l l f o r t ,2 3 ;l i ke b ed s ,2 3 ,5 8 ,6 1 ,8 1 ;t a l l ,2 3-24 ,3 2-33 ,3 4 ,5 8 ,6 1 , 8 2 ;P ru s s ian s t a tue s ,2 4 ;s hape o f ,2 5 ,3 6 ;a nd w a te r ,2 5 ,2 8 , 3 0 ;2 a l ty s ,2 5 ;o fP erküna s ,2 5 ;f oo tp r in t so n ,2 5 ,2 8 ,3 7 ,5 9 ; b u i l ti n to f l oo r so fc hape ls ,2 5 ;f oo tp r in t s ' o wne r s ,2 6 ; v i s i t ing o f ,2 7 ,3 6 ;a nd h ea l ing ,2 7 ,2 8 ,3 ;c up -ma rked ,2 72 8 ,5 8 ,6 1 ,8 3 ,8 4 ;w i th f l a t -bo t tomed b ow l s ,2 8-30 ,5 8 ,5 9 , 6 1 ,8 5 ;i ng r ove ,3 0 ;w i th n a r row -bo t tomed b ow l s ,3 0-31 ,4 9 , 5 8-6 1 ,8 6 ;D e iv g . s ,3 1 ;a nd g ra s ss nake s ,3 1 ;o fP ag irn ia i , 3 1 ;w i th b ow l s -p la te s ,3 1 ;w i th i regu la rb ow l s ,3 2 ; u n tou chab le ,3 2 ;w i th c a rved m a rk s ,3 2 ;c r o s s -ma rked ,3 2 ; a nd p l a ce legend s ,3 ;f a l len f r om s ky ,3 3-34 ;o r ig in o f s t one s ,3 3 ;a nd m ak ing o fs hoe s ,3 4 ;o f kaue ius ,3 4 ,5 8 ,6 1 ,

t ab le :n ame so fs t one s ,2 2 ;s t one sl i ke ,2 2-23 ,5 8 ,6 1 ,8 0 ; L aumg . ,2 2 ; V e ln ia s ,2 2 ;D ieva s ,2 2 ;a nd s a cr if ice ,2 3 ;a l so s e e s t aks t a i l : n ame so fs t one s ,2 3 t a i lor :t ur ned i n to s t one ,3 4 ,5 8 ,6 1 ,8 7 t a l i sman : a nd s t one s ,2 7 t avern :i np l ace legend s ,4 0 ;s wamp so f ,4 0 ,5 8 ,6 1

8 7 ;o fK r iaue iu s ,3 4 ;" damned p eop le" ,3 4-35 ,5 8 ,6 1 ,8 2 ;o f Moka s ,3 5 ,5 8 ,6 1 ;o fLawne ,3 5-36 ,4 8 ,5 0 ,5 8 ,5 9 ,6 1 ,8 ;o f N uo taka ,3 6 ;a nd g ven ta sl a ke ,3 8 ,5 0 ;a nd s wamp s ,4 0 ; h oa rd f o und u nde r ,4 2 ;a nd v i ew sa bou tw o r ld o fd ead ,4 8 ; a nd h i l l ,s p r ing ,4 8 ;p a i ro f ,4 8 ;a nd h i l l ,h o l low ,4 8 ;l i ke

t urn :i n to t r ee , 1 9 ;i n to s t one ,2 3 ,2 5 ,3 4 ,8 2 ;s t one sb ack i n to p eop le ,3 5

6 1 ;C y se i t i s ,4 0 ,5 2 ,5 8 ,6 1 ;a nd p u rga to ry ,4 0 ,5 2 ;o f v an i shed t a ve rn ,4 0 ,5 8 ,6 1 ;o fV e ln ia s ,4 0 ,5 7 ,5 8 ,6 0 ,6 1 ; a nd H e l l ,5 2

T eacher s e e Mokas t e ar s : a nd s t one s ,2 2 ,3 ,3 5 ;a nd s p r ing s ,4 5 ;p owe r so f ,4 5 ; o fo ld p eop le ,4 5 t emp le :t e rm s , 1 ,2 ,7 ;a nd h i l lf o r t s , 1 415 ,5 8 ;b u i ld ing s w i th in s e t t lemen t s ,5 0 ;h i de i n s ide ,5 0 ;o fP erküna s ,5 5 t en th :p a r to fs a c r if ice s ,3 6 t hreads :t i ed o nt r ee s ,4 6 t hree :" t h ree t ime sn i ne p i ece s" ,4 9 ;s a c r if ice o fo ne t h i rd p a r t ,5 2 t hrone :o fV e ln ia s ,2 3 ,5 3-54 t i ng ,5 3 t oo thache :h ea l ing o f ,3 ,46 T ra id en i s : s e t t l ing o fr e f ugee ,5 4 t r auma s :h ea l ing o f ,3 3 t r ee s : w o r sh ip o f ,3 ,8 ,3 7 ;c u l to f ,5 ;p ro tec ted i nL a tv ia ,9 ; i ng ene ra l , 1 819 ,6 1 ;a nd v i ew sa bou tw o r ld o fd ead ,4 8 ; a nd c u l tp l ace ,4 9 ;w i th in b u r ia ls i te ,5 6 ;a l so s e eb ark T hunder :a nd s t one s ,2 1 ,2 2 ;a nd D ev i l ,2 5 ;w e t land o f ,4 1 ; s a c r if ice t o ,5 6 ;a l so s e eP e rkünas T hur sday :n i n th a f t e rE a s te r ,3 7 t r ibe :s a c red p l ace o fi n te r t r iba ls i gn if icance ,5 2 T r in i ty S unday :t ime o fv i s i t ing s a c red p l ace s ,3 6 ,47 t o ad :w i th r o se ,4 6 T or :a nd o ak s ,2 0

u nderwor ld :g od o f ,3 ,3 4 ,4 8 ;a nd s a c r ed p l ace s ,4 8 ;a l so s e e V e ln ia s . D ev i l U p in i s :g od o fr i ve r ,3 7 uguuy s , 1 3

h ea r t ,4 8 ;i n s ide g r ana r ie s ,4 9 ;v i s i t ing f o rb idden ,4 9 ;p i le o f , 4 9 ;r i t e sn ea r ,5 0 ;a nd o ak ,5 0 ;o fs a c r i f ice ,5 0 ;w i th in b u r ia l 1 23

V a id i la : V a id i lu t i s , 5 0 ; V a id i la i , 5 1 ; W eydu l l i s , 5 1 ;a l so s e e p r ie s t v a l ley s ,9 V e l iuona :a nd s a c r ed p l a ce s ,4 8 ,5 1 V e ln ia s , V e l ina s : V e Ina e z e r s , 1 2 ; V e ln iaba la ,4 0 ; V e ln io b l iüd e l i s ,4 4 ; V e ln io t i l ta i ,4 4 ; V e ln io p i l i s ,4 7 ; V e ln io t a ka s ,4 8 ; V e ln i t ik apa i , 5 7 ; V e ln iaka ln i s , 5 7 ; C zar thowahora ,5 7 ;s wamp so f ,5 8 ,6 0 ,6 1 ;h o l low so f ,5 8 , 6 1 ;a l so s e eD ev i l v e s ta l l r ,2 3 v i l i :m ean ing o f ,4 0 ;l a ke sa nd r i ve r so f ,4 0 ,5 2 ,6 1 ,9 2 ; V duva ,5 0 ;l a ke o f ,9 6 ;a l so s e es ou l s V i lkme rgd ,5 1 ;a l so s e ei v& i ina -M ed e ina V i lkphd i ,5 4 v i l lage s : h av ing t h eopho r ic n ame s ,4 ,4 950 ;h av ing a l ka n ame ,9 ;h av ing p erkina sn ame , 1 ;a nd r i ve r s ,4 3 ;o f p r ie s t s ,5 1 ;" que d i c i tu rs a n c ta " ,5 1 V i r ga i t i s ,5 0 v i s ion :l i ke l i e ,4 5 V yk in ta s :c i v i lw a r ,5 4 v y ra s :h i l l so f ,1 3 w a i l : a bou td ead h u sband s , 1 3 w a l le t :n ame so fs t one s ,2 2 ;o fV e in /a s ,3 w ar t s :h ea l ing o f ,3 w a sh ing :b yL au t n, 3 6 ;i ns a c r ed p a r t so fr i ve r s ,4 4 ;b y R agana ,4 4 ;i nc ave ,4 7 ; w a ter shed a r ea :s a c r ed p l a ce sw i th in , 1 .3 7 ,4 3 ,5 1-52 ;a nd o t he rw o r ld ,5 2 ;a nd C a tho l ic h o ly p l a ce s ,5 2 w a ter :a nd s t one s ,2 5 ,2 8 ,3 0 ;h o ly ,3 0 ,3 1 ,4 4 ;a nd f i r e ,3 6 ; d on o tm ix ,3 7 ;w a te rb e ing s ,3 7 ;a nd s ou l s ,4 0 ;a nd L a ima , 4 5 ;f l ow ing ,4 5 ;o fL i f e ,4 5 ,4 7 ;s p r ink le o f ,4 7 w a ter s :c u l to f ,5 ;p r o tec ted i nL a tv ia ,9 ;i ng ene ra l ,3 738 ; f i sh f o rb idden ,3 7 ;n umbe ro f ,3 7 ;s a c r if ice t o ,3 7 ;o f 4 1 .6 0 ,6 1 ;a nd v i ew sa bou tw o r ld o fd ead ,4 8 w eapon :d r opped b ys o ld ie r si n to s wamp ,4 2 w edd ing :t og e tm a r r ied , 1 3 ;a nd s t one ,2 3 ;d amned p a r t ic ipan t s ,2 3 ,3 5 ;o fd ev i l s ,2 8 ;d ance so ns t one , 3 6 ;r o ad f o r ,4 8 ;a l so s e eb r id e ,n uo taka W en t i s :g r ove o f , 1 6 w e t land s :e xcava t ion o f ,2 ;n umbe ro f ,9 ;A /ka , 1 6 ,4 2 ,9 3 ;i n g ene ra l ,4 1-42 ,6 1 ;s a c r if ice f o r ,4 1 ;o fK ara l i e tu ; ,4 1 ;A uka i , 4 2 ;g ven ta s ,4 2 ,4 3 ,9 3 ;a nd H e l l ,5 2 ;o fD ieva s ,5 2 ;o f K uka s ,5 6 ;s a c r if ice r eque s t ing ,9 1 ;o fV é lé ,9 2 w h i te :c o lou r so fs t one s ,2 1 ,2 2 ,2 5 ;s a c r ed s t one ,2 2 ;a nd f e r t i l i ty ,2 ;s a c r if i ced p i g ,3 7 w i l low t r ee s :k nown i nL a tv ia , 1 9 w in ter s o l s t ice :d e te rm ina t ion o f , 1 4 Wi t ch :e p i the to f , 1 3 ,6 1 ;c e leb ra t ion o fs umme rs o l s t ice , 1 3 ; m ee t ing o f , 1 3 ;s t ove o f ,3 ;d an c ing o f ,3 6 ;d ep th so f ,4 4 , 5 9 ,6 0 ,6 1 ;a nd h o l low s ,4 6 ;a l so s e eR agana ,, e a t r i ja w o l f :b e ing sl i k e ,4 6 ;g i r lo f ,5 1 ;f o o tma rk o f ,5 4 , 1 0 1 ;l i ke s e rvan t s , 5 4 w oman :a nd h u sband , 1 3 ;d anc ing o f ,2 2 ;c h i ld le s s ,2 7 ,3 5 , 3 6 ,4 5 ;s h ape o fs t one ,3 6 ;k i l l ing m en ,5 0 ;a l so s e eb oba w oo l :o f e r ing o f ,1 9 ,2 6 ,2 7 ,3 6 ,4 7 w or sh ip :o fs t one s ,3 ,8 ,2 6 ,3 1 , 3-34 ;o fh i l l s ,8 ;o ft r ee s ,8 , 3 7 ;o fr i ve r s ,8 ;o fi d o l s ,8 ;o ff i r e ,8 ;o fe a r th ,8 ;o fs nake s , 8 ;o fg r a s ss n ake s ,8 ,1 9 ;o fP e rk t 7na s ,8 ,1 , 1 5 ;o fa l ka i ,8 ;

o fg odde s se s( d e iv& ) , 8 ;o fe l ka d eve s ,a l k ed ev s , 8 ;o f P a jau ta , 1 4 ;o fl i me t r ee s , 1 4 , 1 9 ,2 0 ;o fg r ove s , 1 9 ;o fo ak s , 1 9 ;o ft a l ls t one ,2 4 ;o r ig in so f , 334 ;o fg od o fh ou se ,4 9 ; o fD e iv& ,4 9 W y s sekyn t :g r ove o f , 1 6 y ard :c u l tp l a ce i n ,4 9 y ou th :p rov id ing w i th ,4 4 ,4 5 ,4 6 Z e tyn :g rove o f ,5 1 g a t r i ja :h i l l so f , 1 3 ,5 8 ,5 9 ,6 1 N i ta s ,5 1 . e ven tarag i s :v a l ley o f3 ,1 0 3 ;i nl e gend ,4 0 ,5 4 ;s a c r ed p l a ce s ,5 4 ,1 0 2 N ven ta s :S wen tegarben ,9 ;g ven tka ln i s ,11 ;f i e ld s , 1 6 ,5 8 , 6 1 ,7 ;g rove s , 1 718 ,5 8 ,5 9 ,6 1 ,7 8 ;g ven t ine g r ove , 1 7 ; m ean ing so f ,3 7 ;i nI n do -Eu ropean p a r en tl a nguage ,3 7 ;i n L a tv ian ,3 7 ;i nP r u s s ian ,3 7 ;i nS l av ic ,3 7 ;i nR u s s ian ,3 7 ; l a ke s ,3 8 ,4 3 ,5 8 ,5 9 ,6 1 ,9 0 ,9 6 ;g ven tavar t e ,3 9 ;g ven t in i, &du ,4 0 ;w e t land s ,4 2 ,9 3 ;g ven to j i ,4 2 ;r i ve r s ,4 3 ,5 8 ,5 9 ,9 5 , 9 6 ;g vend iony s ,4 3 ,5 1 ;g ven tek ,4 3 ;g ven t vand en i s ,4 4 ; g ven ta d uobi ,4 7 ;g ven to j i ,4 7 ;g ven tk e l i s ,4 8 ;g ven ta i ,5 0 ; g ven t ini , 5 0 ;g ven tup i s , 5 0 ;g ven tvakar ia i , 5 0 ;s c hwen ta b ur t in ike , 5 0 ; n ame so fs a c r ed p l a ce s , 5 1 ; g ven ta sa nd r aga s ,5 4

2 a l t y s :s t on eo f ;2 5 2 e n t i p a t i s :g od sa th ome ,4 9 2 em y nd e :g od sa th ome ,4 9 Z y n y s :2 i n im a i ,5 1 ;2 yn ia i ,5 1 ;a l so s e ep r ie s t ! y id s ,5 4 i vO r i ina -M ed e ina :a nd s a c r ed p l a ce s ,4 8 ,6 1 ;c u l tp l a ce so f , 5 4

1 24