Studies in verse form in non-dramatic English poetry from Wyatt to Sydney

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NAME AND ADDRESS

DATE

tyy\

«kcA

fyyvrna- R. W tou-4

»' /

(.itriiwj PUlfc HoUl

•/

I.

,32 .,

dLsh- * 9 , / T M /?,/?«(»

7 S. 't/cl-11\ / C7 ^7jf 7 '

FJ-jovrf 13

/

(j 2'ljfaU/ i £ /' "’C? -7 ” ,-'1 / r ■ ^ oems into English, He never used, the Italian rime scheme in the sonnets; in two poems be made sonnets from str*mbotti; made a rondeau from a sonnet and a rondeau from a madrigal. In his use of French sources be used ottava rima for M, Sc eve* s dissaine and did not follow the rime scheme of St. Gelaisfa douzaiae. 3 . Lines'15*39. Lines lp-22 are imperfect terza rima, but the last l? lines arc regular.

XI

foa?ms with the Italian octavo and experimental sestets found no following*

The closest Wyatt cam© to setting the form of the

English sonnet was in three, sonnets in which he abandoned the Italian octave

and used three quatrains and a couplet*

One of

these forms had alternate rime in the quatrains. cat only two rimes jjsius a third rime in the couplet ( abet

abab

abab

ce ).

The other form lacked alternate rime in the quatrains, but added two new rimes in each quatrain plus a rother in the couplet { aboa

cddc

effe

gg

used in the double so met) and in

this way had the seven rimes of the English so met* The French influence of Ip^ment Marat is seen in Wyatt's rondeaus, although Wyatt strays from. Marot's favorite form ..'/hen he uses different line lengths and two other rime schemes.

One

of these has three rimes!

Wyatt's 5~line stanza-

8- line stanza

occur in Medieval French lyrics*

ahabbaba

Marot also ha© the &~lin@ stanza*

aaabb

and

French influence is also possible

in the form of the douzaine and treizaine.

Hyatt imitated a

douzaine by Mellin de St* Gelais in. BMa-"ame witho uteri many rt/ordes,”

which in Hyatt is three 4— line stanzas

a ca b

4*

®Sy»a so ye please to here me playa" is. a douzaine with more of an attempt at imitating French form. is In three 4--line stanzas

abab

two takes its rime from the

b

Although this poem

4-, the

a

rime of stanza

rime of stanza one, a device

which is sometime a used in the French douasaine*

The two poems

by Wyatt actually classed under 12-line stanzas do not seem to' be influenced by the French d o m a i n © . found in

two poems by Hyatt*

The treizaine is

They have the varied rime

scheme and line length of the French poems, although no French

12

sources have been found for Wyatt’s two ij>-line poems. It seems reasonable that the remaining forms used by Wyatt bad been used in English or could have been derived from Eng­ lish models aa easily as from foreign models,

without evidence

of definite borrowings of other foreign verse forms than those already mentioned it seams well to look at Wyatt9s other verse forms in relation to forms already existing in English.

Some

of these forms had been borrowed or developed from foreign forms long before Wyatt* but at least their use in English precludes Wyatt’s necessity for importing them. Wyatt used the following verse form© found in Chaucers heroic couplets (Wyatt has but one poem of six lines in this form) * t e r m rima*

lias stanza

abab

6-line stanzas

aabaab and a&bccb* rime royal, and 8-line stanza

ab&bbcbc.

In writing ter ©a rima and rondeaus Wyatt was following ‘Chaucer in the use of foreign forms* but in both he was following contemporary models*

Wyatt’s rondeau© are related to Chaucer’s

roundels and ballades only in that they are imitation© of fixed French forms belonging to the same family. abab

^

The form

was used by Chaucer only in two quatrains of proverbs.

The rim© schemes

aabaab

Rime of Sir Tliapa©*"

and

ababbcbc

aabccb

are found in "The

in "The Monk’s Tale” and

in six of the minor poems* and rim© royal in twenty-two poems* In the two 6-line forms also used by Chaucer Wyatt has three poem© and in the "Monk’s Tale" rime two poems* one with tri­ meter lines and the other with tetrameter lines*

Wyatt wrote

twenty-four poems in rima royal with line length

from

13 dimeter to hexameter and mixed lengths, and with refrains in eight of these.

Chaucer had used tae refrain in rime royal

in five poems* A number of Wyatt1& forms are either found in English be­ fore him or are developments from Middle English forms,

alyatt

has two poem©'in poulter9s measure and three in common meter, These forms were developments from the early Middle English line of 1^ syllables* (3 poems), aaato

(Hyatt9a ^-line forms of monorimed lines

( 6 poems, 6 with refrains),

aa&afo

(3 poems), and ;*-line form

common

form© in Middle English,

aaabocob

5-line form (2 poems) were

Wyatt’s 7-line form ababobe

(3 poems) was used in Ho. 1^, the York Nativity Play, of the York Plays, and also occurs in Marot,

Wyatt*s

S-llne form

atoabeded (S poems) is merely alternate rime doubled.

His 6-line

ababcc (9 poems) had already been used in the interludes,

form

and his 7-line

aabua

(l poem) in 11The Cuckoo and the Nightin­

gale® and also in Marot. Wyatt1©

3-line form

(3 poems) and 6-11 m

a&bab

aaabbb (1 poem) had been used by the Scottish poet

form

Dunbar. The

5- line stanza also occurs in Medieval French lyrics and in Marot.

Wyatt9s 6-line ©taa&a©

aboabe and

ab&coo may have

been suggested to him by two of Petrarch’s madrigal forms ( abo

abo

dd

and

aba

ebe

de de).

I have not found the exact rime patterns of the rest of Wyatt*3 poems, but have found very similar forms in both foreign aid English poetry.

The similarities to his forms in Middle

English poetry make it appear that it was possible for him to derive hi© forms from native vers© as well as from French and

Ih

Italian poetry*

I do not find the following twenty-three of i

Wyatt*s rime schemes before him: ababo (2 );

abbba (l),

abbbac (l)j

6-lina stanzas

antab& (2 ),

ababba (l),

ababa'ba (l),

ababb (l),

abaabo (l),

abac bo2 (l),

'feline stanzas

aabbaab (l),

ins stanzas

aboab©2 (l),

ababbbb (l), ababecl (1 )$

maaaboob (1 ),

8-lino stanzas

aabbabba (l) , ababbeec (l), ababaoac (2) a abac&adc (l) j stanzas

ab&bcoodd (I),

12-line poems

ababooddd (1);

ab&bab&babco#

9-line

IG-Iine ^^ababobdacd (1);

abbacddceffe.

Wyatt employs three features which are common

in Middle

English poetry— the refrain, introductory couplet, and short lines. Refrains are found in

37 of his 21h poems.

introductory couplet to state the theme in three

He used the poems

x

and in

two of these the last part of the second line of the couplet is used to form a short last line refrain in each stanza.

He was

especially fond of employing a short line with the longer lines of the stanza.

He showed very good judgment in the distribution

of his poems among the various line lengths.

He concentrated on

pentameter (99), used mixed line length and tetrameter in many

(36 and ^ 2 ), trimeter in a few (13) and made little use of dimeter a ib. hexameter (3 and l).

1 . The number of poems are in parentheses. 2 . This rime scheme is mentioned abo ve in connection with Petrarch. 3 . “As power and wytt wyli me as&yst," "Payne of all payne the most grevous pine,®

“Grudge

on who lists, this ys my lott.®

13 1

tfiYATT 2 Two poems in like looses Hate whom y® list for I kar© not

10 trimeter lines ending "not.0

A lady© gave me a gyfte she had not

8 pentameter lines end lag "not,»

On© poem in heroic coupletas Speak© thou and sped© where will or power ought helpth©

6 lines*

Two poems in poulter*© measures So feble is the threie that doth the burden stay 100 lines set up in 8 seot ion&jjbf 12 anasx4 lin©^ and a 6— line envoy. w'hen Dido feat id first the wand,r.ylag Troian knyght in groups of 4-,5,6 and 8 fines, Unfinished.

Eleven poems in terra rima

77 lines set

up

y

My own© John Poya®,0ina ye delight to know train.

33tercets and a qua­

My mother® may&es when they did sow© and spyn quatrain,

36tercets and a

A spending' hand that alway powreth owte quatrain.

29 tercets and a

Altho thou se thowtragius olime aloft 110 lines, 33 tercets, one line of another 2 and a quatrain, 0 Lord sins in my mowtii thy myghty name quatrain.

36 tercets and a

Q happy ar they that have i’orgiffnes gotf quatrain.

24- tercets and a

0 Lord as I the© have both prayd and pray quatrain.

22 tercets and a

Hew on me Lord for they goo&ne® and grace 26 tercets and a quatrai n._____ ______ ____________ ___________________ ‘i; "The Poems Of Sir Thomas liat.Ed. by Agnes K,Fo»weil.2T.London,1913 2 . hike loosed.a.like and) was the term used for the substitution for rime of repeating a single word or syllabie, $ * * ^ 3 . Line® ?0 and 71 are missing and lines 23 and 4-3 are incomplete^

16

Lord J here my prayer I and let my erye pass© quatrain.

29 tercets and a

9 tercets and a

Ffrom depth off sin and from a ctiape di spa ire quatrain.

13 tercets and a

Here my prayar# 0 Lord, here my request quatrain.

three poems in common meter My lady is unkynd, perde 1243, ”A Robyn,” etc.

abab;

6 stanzas,headed by 4 lines aaba

Mow must I lerne to lyv© at rest

7 stanzas,

iyll ye se what wonderous love hath© wrought

6stanza©.

Thirty-four poem© in 4-line stanzas; Monorimed

1

in tetrameter {3 poems)

I am as I am a m so will I be 10 stanzas, the first half of the first line of the poem is used as refrain in the first half of the fourth lines of the other stanzas. Suiatym© I ayght, sumtyme I syng

3 stanzas*

Farewell, the r&yn of crueltie

4 stanzas,

aaab (S poems) To whom should X sue to ease my payee 23 tetrameter lines in 6 stanzas. Line 3 of stanza 2 wautixg. The fi at half of the first line of each stanza is repeated twice to form the fourth line ox each stanza, Each first line is different. 4hat rag© is this? Ih&t furour of what kynd

9 stanzaa,

3?53*

Remaining 6 aaab poems have 4th line refrain, A f my herte, a I what aileth the 3 stanza a, tetrameter. The first line of the poem is used a© the refrain line. This nakes stanza 1 rim© a&aa, but the other stanzas aaab. In eteynum X was o m determined 6 stanzas, 353%* sternum* begins the first line of stanzas 1 and 6 and is also the re­ frain in each stanza. 1, Monorimed quatrains are common in Middle English lyrics.

17

Fforget not yet the tryde entent 5 stanzas, 4442. "Fforget not yet*1 begins the first line of each stanza and is also the refr in in each* Ihat menythe thys, when I lye alone S stanzas, 4442. The refrain is taken from the first half of the first line of the poem. Take hede be tyme lest ye 'be spyde 5 stanzas, 4442. The refrain is made up of "Therefore** and the first two words of the poem. To wisahe and want and not obtain abab

9 stanzas, 4443.

(23 poems)

With serving still 5 stanzas, dimeter. The fourth lines of stanzas X and 5 the same and the third lines are similar in these stanzas. If fansy would favor

9 stanza®,

My st rust full min&es 'be moved

trimeter.

3 stanzas,

trimeter.

Next 19 poems tetrameter Madame withouten many wordss

3 stanzas.

Where shall I have at myn ovme will

11 stanzas.

On a as me thought fortune me kyst

7 stanzas.

I have sought long with stedf&stnes

6 stanzas.

Process© of tyme worketh suche wounder Iambics*

6 stanzas, anapeats and

The hart and servya to you profferd

6 stanza®.

Alas poor© man what hap have I

7 stanzas

Lyke as the wynde with raging blast©

7 stanzas.

Syne so ye please to here me playn } stanzas. The a rime of stanza 2 is the same as the fe. rime of stanza I. Comfort thy self my wofull aert

6 stanzas.

After great stormes the c&wme retornis of line 4 refrain in each stanza.

j stanzas. Last half

Moat wretch©! hart most myaerable 12 stanzas. Argument and Reply alternate stanzas. Each ends in its ovm, though similar, refrain, except the fiofl line of the poem which is a variation.

18

In love lovyd and so doth© she 6 stanza©. The first; part of each fourth line is tne refrain in each stanza. Spright hath no power to make me s&dd© 8 stanzas. Unusual shifting refrain. The third line of stanza 1 is refrain in each stanza. It occur© as third lines In odd numbered stanzas and fourth line in even numbered lines. Each refrain line in the odd numbered stanzas has a varied last half refrain line with which the refrain line in the following even numbered is identical. Under this stone ther lyeth at rest added to last stangs.. Pentameter

stanzas plus couplet

(3 poems)

9 stanzas*

Hevyn and erth and all that here me plain

Absens absenting cansithe me to complain© 6 stanzas. The last two words of each fourth line begin the first line of each following stansa.

All hevy myndes

15 stanzas

abab

2}22.

Lyk as the ©w&nne to ward is her dethe 3 stanzas abab 4445, on only 3 different rime words throughout; a rimes "dethe" and "broth* In alternating order in each succeeding stanza, b rimes "note"; line 4 refrain in each stanza. So unwaraly

was never no man caught

6 stanzas

abab

5534.

Twelve poems in -j-line stanzas: uaaab

44443

(3 poems)

To cause accord or to aggre

3 stanzas,

fifth line refrain.

As power and wytt wyll me assyst 3? lines; tetrameter couplet as heading, 7 stanza a, the last half line of heading is used to begin first line of poem and to form fifth line refrain in each stanza. Grudge on who lists, this ye my Xott 3^ lines; tetrameter couplet as heading, 6 stanza©, last half of couplet is fifth line refrain in each stanza. The couplet ia printed after stanzas 3L# 4 and 6.

19

aabab

(3 poems)

My lute awakeJ perfourme the last $ stanzas, tetrameter, last half of H u e ■} refrain in each stanza. My pen, take payn a lyttyll. space line refrain.

6 stanzas, tetrameter, fifth

Suffrying in aorow in hope to att&yn line refrain,.

Me list no more to sing lacks a line.

44 lines;

stanzas, pentameter, fifth

^ stanza©

&a&bb

Th© I cannot your crueltle constrain 4 atari*as fifth line refrain.

aafoba

3*

Stanza

3

3^ 43 ,

Than ©were that ye made to me my dere 22 lines; 4 stanzas and but 2 lines of anfcther (between stanzas 2 and 4) ab&bb p. H$-yt poasyble 6 stanzas abbba . 2344s (basically), The first line of the poem Is also the first and last line of each stanza. ababc

(c poems)

Bysdaine me not without desert. 24 lines; 3 stanza®, 44442 * The second line of stanza 4 is wanting. The first 3 words of each stanza are used a s 'the short fifth line 6^ that stanza. The first 3 words of each stanza make up the first part of the lines of the last stanza. There was never nothing more me paynsd fifth lino refrain.

6 stanzas,

43432,

Twenty-one poems in 6-line stanaaa: ababoo Trimeter

($ poems) (4 poems)

Patience, tho I have not

4 stanzas.

Paoiens -for my devise- M j-

4 stanzas.

Pacyeme of all

5 stanzas.

my smart

Pation© for I have wrong Tetrameter

(4 poems)

1 stanza,

Lines 1,3 ana 3 begin »patiens.M

du

ihen first mine ayes did view ana marke^

4 stanzas.

Through out the world if it sere sought

1 stanza.

Sync© lov© wyli nodes that I shall love 6 stanzas. Lines 5 and 6 refrain, the sixth lines are the same in all stanzas, hut the fifth line refrain has- one line for odd numbered stanzas and another for even numbered stanzas', I see that ohanoe hath chosen m© 5 stanzas. The last ■vord of line 5 ?ind all of line 6 refrain in each stanza. 333344

(l noem)

Farewell all my welfare

6 stanzas*

Tanglid I was in loves snare 6 stanzas aaabob 4. Lines 5 and 6 are refrain aid rime with line 4 in each stanza. If with complaint the paine rnyght be ©xpereat 554439. 6yv© place all y© that loth rejoy ©a ihat deth is worse then this Love doth again® aabaob

6 stanzas

4 stanzas

10 stbnzas

2 stanzas

ababoa

ababbb

abaabb 4.

323223.

223223.

aabaab

(2 poems)

5 stanzas, pentameter.

Alas the greiff and ledly wofull smart

To eeke ©che where, where man doeth lyve 4 stanzas, 4444*55, sixth line refrain and each fifth line begins with Bleeself or a slight variation, i.e. lesser, lest. aacocb 0 goodely hand How ahuld I the poem,

( 2 poems)

5 stanzas,

223225.

56 lines; quatrain £ eta nza3 , 22}22},

abbc

£225 begins-and ends

1*

Another version of this poem in the Faradiae omits the seconi stanza, adds a new the , is set up in h 3***line stanzas aab S, and has rime at half lines in lines 1 and 2 and internal rime in line 5 . s

t a

n

z

a

a

t

0 .-n

d

21

Sins you will nedes that X shall sipg

3 stanz&a

Mo® all of change

224224,

3 stanzas aboa.bc

abacbe

And wylt thou? levs me thus 4 stanzas abbbac333332. ^ and 6 axe the same in all stanzas.

Twenty-four poems in

Lines 1 ,

rime royal;

ih&t shulde I say© 27 lines} 4 stanza©, dimeter. stanza 3 wanting. Full well yt may© be sen©

444442.

5 stanza®,

Line 4

of

trimeter*

Mext 11 poem© are tetrameter ihat wourde is that that ehawngeth not

1 stanza*

In fay the methynkes yt ys no ryglit

2 stanzas.

Dryven bye desire I dedLe this dede

1 stanza.

ihen that I call unto my mynde

5 stanzas.

For want of will, in wo I playne

4 stanzas.

Payne of all payn© the most grevoua paine heading, J stanzas.

couplet a a

4g

as

It may be good, like it who list

3 stanzas,

sevehth line refrain.

My hope, Alas, hath m& abused

3 stanzas,

seventh line refrain.

And if an lye may save or si eye ia varied.

6 stanzas,

seventh line refrain

That tyros that myrthe dyd stare my ahypp § stanzas, sixth and seventh lines are refrain, although varied. In faith I wot not well what to say

3 stanzas, seventh line refrain.

Mext 3 poems pentameter In court to serve decxel with fresh© aray

1 stanza.

Myne olde dere enj^my, my freward muster 21 stanzas. Lin© 63 is hexameter"and line J O tetrameter, although they can be forced to read nenfameter. Rosound my voysej ye woies that here me plain

3 stanzas.

22

They fX© from me, that sometyme did me seke

3 stanzas,

The Joye ©o short alas, the paine so nere

3 stanzas.

If thorn wilt mighty he, flee from the rage

3 stanzas,

The restful;, place, revyver of my smart e line refrain is varied slightly,

3 stansae, seventh

/

Though this port: and I, thy servaunt true of line 7 Is refrain in French*

Greting to you both yh hertye wyee 0 my sera, tie so row witftoiutsn cure

4 stanzas, last half

6 stanzas, basically hexameter* 1 stanza

Like as the byrde in the cage enclosed line refrain,

4^ 34444.

4 stanzas

4444443, seventh

Fight poems in other 7*1ins stanzas; Ryght true it is: and said full yore agoo ababebe

4444442

1 stanza

ababobb

5*

(3 poems)

It was my choyse it was no chance 3 stanzas, short line form's the opening words of the following stanza, Suohe h&ppe as I ame happed in 5 stanzas, the short seventh line forms the opening words of the following stanza and the first 4 words of stanza X form the short line of the last stanza. To make an ende of all this strif 7 stanzas, the short seventh line forms the opening words of the following stanza and the last short line is similar to the first words of the poem. If chaunoe aasynl 6 stanzas aa&bccb 2222224 (seventh line in stanza 1 is trimeter), seventh line varied refrain, Syns ye delite to knows line refrain.

5 stanzas

aabbaab

The knot which fyrst my hert did strayn

3322334,

6 stanzas

seventh

abababa

4444442.

Blame 'not my lute for he must sound 6 stanzas abated 4444442, seventh line refrain taken from the first linos of the poem.

23

Thirty-five poems in ottava

rima;

To w©tt© your Xye withouton tear© 2 other stanza 43^3^33^ &nd its a Heaainlag

stanzas. Stanza 1 tetrameter, rimes are f?not.w

poems pentameter.

dho hath herd of sue he cruelty© before

1 stanza .

She sat and aowda that hath done me the wrong Alas madam© for atelyng of a kyase

1 stanza,

The wander lag gad lying In the eommer tyde #h&t

1 stanza*

1 stanza.

r*edeth these throning.wordes and wasted wynde line 7 is hexameter. 1

Some tyroe X fled the fyre that me brent

1 stanza.

He is not led that somtyan© hath -a fall

1 stanza.

The furyous gonne, in his raging yre

1 stanza.

Thenmy of liff, decayer of all kynd©

1 stanza.

1 stanza,

Matur© that gave the bee so seet a grace 1 stanza. Desire alas, my master and my foo

1 stanza,

Venemus thorn&s that ar so sharp and kene In iowtful hr©at,

whilst moderly pitla

Off Cartage he, that worthie warier I led© a

xiff unpleasant,

1 stanza. 1 stanza.

1 stanza.

nothing glad

l stanza.

From thee hye hilles as when a spryag doth fall

1 stanza.

Tagus, fare well, that westward with thy ©trends

1 stanza.

Off purpoe Love chase first for to fee blynd Vulcan© feyg&t me: Myn@rva-me taught

1 stanza.

1 stanza.

All ym. thl sight my lif loth hole depend©

1 stanza.

The fructe of all the servise that I serve

1 stanza.

For shamefast harm of great and hatefull nede 1.

To11el cut"this 1ine_ on^’ Toot~

1 stanza,

2k

A f&oe that shuld content me wonders well

1 stanza.

Luokds my fairs falcon and your fellowes all

1 stanza.

Sighes ar my food#: drynfee are my teares

1 stanza -

Love to gyve X&w unto his

subjeot hertea

9 stanzas.

Who so hath sen© the slkk

in his fevour

k stanzas.

This song end id David did

stint his voyce k stanzas ,

Lilt ■ as the pilgryme that

in a long way

4 stanzas.

Off diepe secretes that David here did sing ihen David had peroeyviI in his brest

k stanzas,

k stanzas*

This word 1red ©me* that in his mowth did so#nb

4* stanzas*

Lament my losae, my labor, and my payne

^ stanzas.

It burneth yet, alas, my hartes desire

% stanzas.

Thirteen poems in other f$-line stanzas; ababbaba

(2 poems)

Syns love ya such©, that as ye wofct

5 stanzas, tetrameter,

Within my brest I never thought it gain

1 stanza, nentameter*

Lo, what it ia to love 17 stanzas aabbabba 33223223, the first and last lines are the same, but differ from stanza to stanza. The poem is in 3 parts, each having 5 stanzas. The first line of part 1 and of part 3 with "etc.1* at the end. are printed at the end of the fifth stanza of the re­ spective part. This indication to repeat the first stanza is not indicated at the end of the second part. 0 restful! places reneswer of my smart ababoobo

1 stanza

ababbacc p.

(2 poems)

Tour lakes so often cast

0 stanzas, trimeter,

Lg how X m k e and sew to have

3 stanzas, tetrameter,

2?

3

ababacac

poems)

Perdye I said® It not

6 stanzas.

M&rv&iil no more alx tho aaabccob

(2 poems)

At moost myseniel Longer to muse

k stanzas.

6 stanzas, dimeter. 6 stanzas

2223222$.

Deme as ye list upon goode cause 4 stanzas seventh and eighth lines refrain. ababo^od Passe forth ay

abaodatio

4,

{S poem a) wonted oryes

4 stanzas, trimeter.

If ever man might him avaunt 5 stanzas doubled to form &-line stanza.

43434343, Common meter

Two poems In 3-line stanzas; My love ya lyke unto thet ema i l fyre1 At last withdraws your cruelti©

9 lines

4 stanzas

ababcccdd abatocadli

^

5, 333333.

One XCHline poem; Stood who so list upon the slipper toppe 10 lines aod j, divided as rime letters are spaced.

abub

cbd

Two Inline poems; Accused though I be without desert set up in 3 4-1ins stanzas.

12 lines

abubabababco

5,

i: Mia'a Fpjcweli 7~ in' fh^PoeSs'o'f' Sir Thom£'r~ B i a t I I . 76 . save that in this madrigal " Mat adopted the rhyming scheme" tot Petrarch1a Madrigal "Or vedi Amor"][ * She gives the rime scheme of Petrarch*a poem as a'ba boo odd, but it is actually abb acc old, which 1© different from Hyatt’s rime scheme.

26

Suffised not (Madame) that you did teare

12 lines

abbaoddceffe 5 .

Two poems in 13-line stanzas: Ye know toy herte my ladye dere 3 stanzas ababbcadedeco 4444444222244. Lines 5 , 6 and 7 of stanza 3 rime abo of boa. Yf in the world ther be more woo ^ 3*^-355443344.

instead

13 lines abaabcbdoeded

2 Nine rondeaus: aabba

aab

x

aabba

x

What no perdy ye may be sure

(6 rondeaus) ; tetrameter.

Goo burnyng sighesi unto the frosen hert

pentameter.

Behold love, thy power how she dispiseth

55554*

54*52

4*54*54*2.

What vaileth trouth? or by it to take payn 55554 4442 lines 3>7 an& 12 each have one trisyllabic foot. Ffor to love her for lokes lovely

55445

Thou hast no faith of him that hath none aabba

bba x

bbaab x

444552.

44445

5552

555552.

(2 poems)

Helpe me to seke for I lost it ther Yf it be so that I forsake the

444-2

444442,

pentameter, some anapests.

54554

Ye old mule that think your self so fayre three rimesi

5542

554452.

aabbc x

cob x

aabba x 5

1. This poem has the same rime scheme as the first twelve lines of each part of the double sonnet. 2.~Ail W y a tts rondeaus take their short line from the first part of their first line. Each of these lines is dimeter. In all the rondeaus it occurs after the eighth and last lines, but in the one 3-rime rondeau "Ye old mule," etc. the short line also occurs after the fifth line. The scansion of someof the rondeaus is rough. Severn, rondeaus have hendecasyllabic lines. Tottel changed the rondeaus beginning "Behold love," "Goo burnyng sighes" and "What vaileth trouth" to somets, padding out all the lines to five feet.

27

Thirty-two sonnets:* abba

abba

oddo

ee

(23 sonnets)

Ces&r, when that the traytor of JEgipt iaa I never yet of your love greved Eohe man telleth I ehaunge moost my devise If amours faith, a hert unfayned Ff are well l»ove and all thy la .yes for ever My hert I gave the not to do It payn There was never fflle; half so well filed Som fowles there be that have so perf&iet sight

6 1couse I have the still kept fro lyes and blame I fynie no peace and all my warr is done Though I my self be trldilled of my mynde hexameter.

bines 4,3 and 11 are

My galy charged with forgetfulne© Avysing the bright hemes of these fayer lyes Even myn happ is slack and slo in comyng Love and fortune and my mynde, remember How oft have I , my dsre and crue.il foo Like to these unmesura hie montayns The lyvely sperkes that issue fro® those

lyes

iho so list hount: I know where is an hynie Suche vayn thought as wonted to myslede me I abide and abi^ts and better abide Dyvers doth© use as I have hard and kno (J-nstatiLe drem©, according to the place 1, M o m iViison.in a note on the prosody to her' edition of Astrophel and Stella ((London J 1931), p. xxxvii, a&ys, tt*vyatt has twentynine sonnets; in twenty of them he follows the strictest Italian form of octet, abba abba, but in only three does, he avoid the closing couplet.0 I find that each of wyatt*s 33 sonnets ends in a couplet and three lack the Italian octave.

abba

abba

odcd

ee^

(2 sonnets)

If waker oarej if sodtayne pale Couior The pillar pear ishd

is .vhearto I lent

You that in love finds luck© ami babundaunoe

abba abba bobo

The long© love .that in my thought doeth bar bar Mye love toke skorne my servlse to retains To ruyle or Jest ye know I use it not all a rime© "not.1*

abba

abba

abba

abba

abba

bo. cdcc

bocb

id.

dd.

abba cauc dd,

Such is the course that natures kind hath wrought

a bub aba babub

■The flaming sighes that bovie within my breeta double abba cdic offs gg.

sonnet

1. This was Sidney*s favorite sonnet form., 2* This is a© close to English sonnet rime scheme a© $yatt came.

cc.

s u m & m OF IYATT*8 214 POfMBt

m m t

VARIOUS FORMS *

Tom

dumber

REPETITIONS o

OF 90 n

1*1Its loose

2

Herole couplets.

1

1

fouit or1a m@& eure

1

2

fersa rite

1

10

11

C a w o n meter

1

2

3

k^lim etwees

13

13

>4

3**XItt© e t w e e s

3

3

1/;

6 - line etaasee eb&bo©

5

6

'1

Other

177

la

410

I?

24

6^9

I

tip

line etmea*

Ott^ve tl&a

8

1

Other 6-1 in0 etaasas

Rime m y ml

MUMBER OF M M )

35

Other $~llne steases

as 7

3j I’ 5 2

9-llne eteoses a

10-1 i»e poesr.

1

12-Iin# poem®

a

13-liite etaneas

a O

R& nleuus

10

9

136

aid

3#^91

Sonnet©

*?C

Total Mumper

11

.

iMViw u n n i y lin f f

I

Parian, givoe 203 us the total of aiyatt's ooema

2-. ?^rl

JA* 4

/*4jl

1 20jJ, -...

446

30

Line length

2

3

^

5

6

mixed

^2

99

1

5&

1,106 31,417

^2

Ho. of poems

3

*3

KSo, of lines

95

39*

l #S

31

SURREY Surrey show® the Influence of the Italian forms in his intro duct ion of blank verse into English poetry, two poems in terza rim&, two in ott&va rimn, and in his sixteen sonnets.

Aibsrti

(IhQk^lkSk-) and Triasino (X47$~1350) attempted to naturalize the classical meters in the vernacular, and in France Mousset trans­ lated Homer into hexameters in 1530,

Under the influence of the

growing search for a Timeless meter Surrey translated two books of the Aeneld in blank verse and Psalm p? in unrimed iambic hexa­ meter.

His use of the hexameter line in rimeless verse had no

followers and the use of the hexameter line itself at its very best reminds one that the pentameter line is, except in a com­ paratively small number of poems, the longest line suitable to English poetry.

Surrey did not use the Italian octave in any

of M s sixteen sonnets.

Each of his sonnets ends in a couplet.

He used the two forms in which dyatt approached the English sonnet form (abba

cddc

abab

cc

His other two experimental forms (abab

abab

aa

twice). and

abab

effe

abab

gg

acac

once and

cc,

abab

abab abab

once each) had not

been used by fyatt and had a© little following as the two ex­ perimental forms used by both iy&tt and Surrey. eleven sonnets Surrey used the form (abab

odcd

In his other efef

gg)

which was to be used more frequently than any other form of the so m e t in English.

M t h the same accuracy shown in his intro­

duction of blank verse, Surrey devised the sonnet form whioh seems best to suit the nature of the language as to rimes in the progression of seven rimes and as to flow of thought

>2

in three quatrains and the couplet ending which allots a succinct and often epigrammatic ending. the rime scheme of Surrey*© 7~fih© stanza Medieval French lyrics.

ababccc

occurs in

Surrey’s stanza has a longer last verse

suggestive of a characteristic of the Spenserian stanza. Beside© the Italian forms of terza rima, ottava rima, and the sonnet, Surrey used seven other forms also used by A’y&tt. Very nearly a third of his poems (19 out of 60) are in poulter’s measure, one is in common meter, six are in 4— line stanzas abab, four in 6-line stanzas three in 8-line stanzas

ababcc, one in 6-line stanza® ababedod,

abacbe,

and one in a 12-line stanza

aba tea,bababoe, Mo model need be sought for Surrey* s I'/-line poem riming abababacdodododee. Surrey’s frequent use of poulter’s measure, a meter not suitable to English poetry, wttoh he caused to be popular for more than a generation after Tottel* s miscellany, can be condoned hts becauseAcontrol over It #aa far oatter than that of most of those who wrote it after him.

Except for poulter1a measure and the

experiment in unrimed iambic hexameter he used the line lengths which lyatt had found suitable to English poetry: three poems in mixed line length, three in trimeter, seven in tetrameter, and twenty-seven in pentameter.

33 1

SURREY Two poems la blank verses Book 2 of the AsBftia

1068 lines.

Book 4 of the Aon© id

9^3 lines.

One poem in unrimed iambic hexameter: Psalmjp

GiUe ©are to my suit, Lord J fromward hide not thy face Glue lines.

Nineteen poems in poulter*s measure;, Suche wayward© wais hath io ve, that most parte in discorde When sommer toke in hand the winter to assail

pO lines.

48 lines.

In. winters lust returns, when Boreas gan his raigns

82 lines.

To dearly had I bought my gren® and youthful1 yeres

22 lines.

wrapt in my careless© cloke, as I w&ike to and. fro

30 lines,

Gyrtt in my gilt less© gowns, as I sytt hear© and sow© 3$ lines. If care do cause men cry, why do not I complain©

60 lines.

Good ladies, you that have your pleasure in exyle

**4 lines.

Eache bseste can chuse his feere according to his .minds Laid in my guyett bedd, in study as I wear©

$0 lines.

28 lines.

Eccl. 1

I, Solamon, Davids sonne, ling of Jerusalem

44 lines.

Eccl. 2

From pensif fancies, then, I gan my hart revoke

82 lines.

Eccl. 3 Like to the stereles boote that swernes with every wynde 66 lines. Eccl, 4

When I be thought me well, vnder the r©sties soon

58 lines, Eccl. d When that repexit&nt teares hath© clensyi clere from 111 64 lines, i , The Poems of Benrv''Howard7 Earl~of,'Surrey. Ed. 6y’"Frederick" Pad© 1ford. Rev.id*" Seattla, 1988. (Univ. of Wash, Publi­ cations, Lang, and Lit,, V)

3^

Ps&lm $

Thai name, 0 Lord, ho#© great© is fowad before our sight

52 lines. Psalm 73 Though©, Lord©* to.Israeli thy graces plontuous be 66 lines. Psalm SS

Oh Lord©, vppon whose will depenð my welfare

Thestilis is a sely man, when loue did him forsake

lines.

32 lines.

Two poems in terza rima; London, hast thow accused me 6>$ tetrameter lines. Lines 29-ho are a variation of the pattern, riming a'bababcdodcd. The sonne hath twyse brought forthe the tender grene meter lines.

One poem in common meter Phyllda was a fayor m&yde

abab;

26 stanzas.

Six poems in 4--line stanzasTetrameter

93 penta­

a tab:

(3 poems)

As oft as X behold and see

9 stanzas.

When youth® had ledd me half the race Marshall, the thingea for to attayne stanzas.

& stanzas* 16 lines sot set up in

Pentameter (3 poems) Of thy lyfe, Thomas, this compass© well mark set up in stanzas. So crewel1 prison? how© could betyd©, alas couplet # w: resteth here, that quick could never rest A '

20 lines not I 3 stanzas plus 9 stanzas plus couplet.

35

Five poem® in 6-line sta n z a s:

ababoo

(4 poem®)

Tetrameter (3 poems) When ragyng loti®, with extreme payne

p stanzas.

Geue place, ye lou.ers, here before

5 stanzas.

Syns fortuxies wrath enuieth the we 1th

4 stanzas-

Pentameter (l poem). My R&tclxf, when they rechlesse youth offen&es

abaobc

434343

1 stanza.

(l poem)

X th a t V ly s se s y e r e s ha tire spent

5 sta n z a s .

One poem in 7- line stanzas: 0 happy dames, that may embrace

Two poem© in ottava rima

6 stanza® ababcco

1 stanza.

Yf he that arst the fourme so lively® drew®

Three poem© in other d-iine stanza®

1 stanza,

ababoled

3s

4 stanzas.

0 lothsome place} where I Though I regarded not

434.3445,

y

When-recheies youths in a vnquiet breat

Although X had a check

1

p stanzas. 6 stanzas,

■One .12-line poems The aoudden atomme® that

heane me to and frooabubabababec

5,

1 , In 'the intr6ducti6n,'ltb1 1his'1'edition’' S u r r ’ ey,',Jp r)2 9Padelford incorrectly give® the rim- scheme of these stanzas as ababacc.

36

One 17**lina poems The stormes are past, these clouie© are overblowne cdodcdod ee 3 *

abababa

Sixteen sonnetss abab

cdcd

ef&f

3

gg

(11 sonnets)

In Cipres springes — whoraa da/re Venus dwelt Set me wher&s the sonne do the perch© the grene The golden gift that nature did thee geue Ffroiii Tuscan cam my ladies worth! race •3hen ftiitdeaor wallas sustained my wearied ariae The greats Macedon, that out of Percy chased Th^JA ssy^ane king-in peas, with fowle desyr© In the rude age when acyence was not so rife lines 10 and 12, claims - train©*

False rime

Byvers thy death do a the same ae the sonnet to be in

dyverslye bemone The fifth rime is second, but Surrey probablymeant this the English form,

Norfolk sprang thee,

Lambeth holds thee

dead

Love that doth rain© and live within my thoughtThissonnet Is in the English form in Tottel, but in manuscript it has the fifth rime the same as the third abab odcd eoec 1 abba

odd©

eff©gg

Inever saw you©, madam abab Alas Im

abab

3

,laye apart©

a1»b cc 3

all things© no we

(2) doehold©their peace

Brittle beautie, that nature made so fraile in lines 3 * 1» 9* fl and 12* 1. dyatt uses this form in his double sonnet.

Double rime.

Double rime, except

ff»

37

abab

abab

abab

aa 5

the soofce season, that bud and b l o m furth bringes abab

abab

acao

cc j

the tansy which that I have serued long

j? run-on lines.

SUMMARY OF SURREY'S 60 POEMS: VARIOUS FORMS

REPETITIONS

HUMBER OF POEMS

HUMBER OF LIN1

Blank veree

1

l

2

2,011

Unrlined hexametex

1

0

1

46

Poulter *s measure

1

IS

19

1,000

t e r m rima

2

Q

2

123

Common meter

1

0

1

104

4-line stanzas a tab

2

4

6

196

6-line stanzas

2

2

4

90

Other 6-line stanzas

1

0

1

7-1in- stanzas

I

0

1

42

Ottava rima

1

1

2

16

Other S-line stanzas

1

2

3

120

12— line poem

1

0

1

12

17~line poem

1

0

1

17

Sonnets

3

11

16

224

21

39

60

4,033

VERSE FORM

aba bee

Total dumber

mixed

Line length

3

4

3

6

Ho* of poems

3

7

, 2?

1

22

Ho * Of lines

120

236

3,453

46

1,176

30

39

GRIMALD Grimaldi shows a possible influence of Italian verse forms in his use of blank verse in two poems and the sonnet in three poems.

One of the blank verse poems has two lines which rime

and the other has three pairs of lines which rime, the English sonnet form (abab

clod

efef

Grimald used

gg).

It seems likely that th® influence of French forms on Grim&ld was restricted to the douz&ine on his 12-line poem (aa&aaabbcodd

5) and perhaps some pattern on his Ip-iine poem.

( ababadc ;cd ed efI

5)*

The other forms used by Grimald were heroic couplets (ip poems) * poulter* a measure (7), i4*ers (9)* 4-line stanzas abab

5 (i) * rime royal

(2 ),

Gr imald supplied fifteen of the

eighteen poems in heroic couplets to Tottel's misoellary.

the

use of blank verse* the English sonnet form, and heroic couplets speaks well for Grimald*s selection of important English verse forme* and his use of the pentameter line* except in ©even poems in poulter1s measure and nil® in 14* ers* show© that he recognized the importance of the pentameter line.

^0 I GHXMAU) Two poems in blank verse; Now clattering arms,, now ragyng oroyls of w&rr 11b lines. Rime, perhaps unintentional, appear® at line© 39 ana 61, therefore, when restlesse rage of wynde, and w&ve 88 lines. Rime, perhaps unintentional, appears at lines, 6 and 8, 72 and 73*; B6 and &7,

Fifteen poems in heroic couplets: ^f6 lines*

Pbeb© twiee took her horns, twise Xayd them by Lowers men warn the corps

beloved to flee

36 lines.

S y t h e , Blackwood, you feaoe mynde to wed a -wife Sythe, Vincent, I haue minde to

wed a wife

Mho wold beleeve mans life like yron a few anapests among the iambics.

20 lines.

18 lines.

to bee 20 lines.

10 lines.

One is my sires my aoons, twice six they bee So happy bee the course of

your long

life 20 lines.

one art thou, thus in

torn weed

yelad 8 lines.

26 lines.

The aunoient time commended, not for nought

For Gilford wept first men, then ayr also Now biythe t h a l e y ,

12 lines.

thy feaatful layes lay oy

iky, Nicolas, why doesfc thou make such hast©

There are

lines, 12 line©.

Yea, and a good cause why thus should I playn 99 lines. Four lines on one rime appear at lines 97-60, and 3 lines on one rime appear at lines 93— 97 . n

The'" Li f e 'a n d 1'Poems o'x" Mioholas1Gr imald1. Ed. bv La'Rov Merr i l l .

Mem Haven, 'I 929, ( m l © S t u d i e & S~English , V. 69) 2,Hyder E. Rollins did. not observe this rime (delyte, amyte) in his edition of fottel's Aiscellany (2 V. C&rabrlige\ I92S-89), biH he did point out the other two rimes*

ifl

Mee thought, of late when lord Mautrauer3 dyed For Tull&e, late, a toomb I gan prepare

^ lines.

% lines.

Seven poems in poulter*a measure: What sweet relief the showers to thirstie plants we see A heavy hart, with wo eaoreaeeth every smart What

path list you to tred?

What

r&o© of life ronne you?

16 lines.

wh&t trade will you assay©

Man,

10 lines. 10 lines.

what trade will you assay©

Of all the heavenly gifts, that mortall men aommead The issue

15 lines.

of great X o v e , draw mere you,Muses nine

by a woman lera, this life what #e may call

ho lines. 26 lines.

12 lines.

Mine poems in lh* ers: Charis the fourth, Pier la the tenth, the second Cypris, lane 20 lines,. Many ©.napeate. Line 3 ie hexameter. $hat cause, what reaso moueth me: what fancy fils my brains 30 lines, How flaming Phebua, passing through his heavenly regio hye 12 lines, lb you, madams, I wish, both© now, and eke from yere to yere b lines, A© tala first lay© of Ianus youths restores vnto the yere

6 lines.

To you tais present yere full f&yre, and fortunable fall

10 lines.

Ho linage carved with cc§myug hand, no cloth of purple dye if lines, t e ihen princes lawes,w reverend right, do keep y oornons vnder 6 lines. The noble Henry, he, that was the lord Mautrauers named,

lines.

^2

One poem in 4-1 in© stanzas Imps of king Xqu®, and a f&'j Anapests,

queue Remembrance

Tv?o poems in rime royaX

3:

abab

lo

24 lines,

jjj;

Dyk© as in tym© of God he s reuengyng wrath

& stanzas.

Myxrour of matrone®, flour of spousllke lott©

1 stanza.

One 12— line poem; In working well, if traueXX you sustain© aaSaaabboodd §.

12 lines

One Inline poem: Deserts of lymphs, that aunoieat Poets shows lines abababododedeff d* Acrostic on Damascene Awdley.

Three sonnets

abab

cd c£

etef

gg 5:

.By heavens bye gift, in case re.u lued were Gorgeous attire, by art made trym, -ml clsne The worthy #Ilfords body, which alyus.

i"."'"This'" is^an'unusual douzain©.

Dine 2 is hexameter.

m m & m

of m i m w * ® *a p m m i

FSftSS FOIUI

max.ou$ F08K3

Bl&bk w m m

l

X

2

20,2

H«rolO OOOpiOt*

I

14

15

^9

Poalter *« &*&aur ®

1

&

7

ij?

Fouvte^neaps

1

^

9

15$

4-1 in©

1

0

1

J?4

!U»e royal

1

1

2

S3

IE-line p o e m

l

0

I

IE

19- line poem.

i

o

1

15

Soxmeta

X

a

3

42

9

J2

41

1,016

5

7

mixed

So. of p ® m m

2?

9

7

So, of lines

x ?4S

Total dumber

Bias length

ST*'Ji l l « i n In with the paat&metero*

,

REPmnoss

ip

HUMBER of p o m s

JfUSSDFR or iiMhs

112

'i ©"ooStSI

44

TUSSER Tu®ser show® the possible influence of Italian forma in the use of two vers® forms but shows no direct influence of Fce.ch forms.

He employed a common rime scheme of the strambotto

(ababcodd) for the last three stanzas of

out of the matter,

this lesson I add, **

He used five different forms of the sonnet:

abab

5#

cded

efef

gg

abab

00dd

ef ef

gg

5 # and couplet

rimes with on® sonnet each in heroic couplets, poulter1s measure and 14 *er s. Tusser1a favorite forms were couplets and 4-line stanzas mad® up of two couplets; all but twenty of his poems are in these forms.

He made little us® of trimeter couplet© (2 headings), heroic

couplets (2 poems), poulter* a measure (2 poems), 1*4-*ers (3 PO©ms)a but made considerable use of dimeter couplets (11 poems), tetra­ meter couplets, and alternating dimeter, and tetrameter couplets (1? poems) „

lie used the 4-line stanza &abb in 33 poems, 30 of

which have tetrameter lines.

On© rim® poems oce$r three times,

4-line stanzas abab five times, 6-line stanza® ababec twice, 6-line stanzas aabeeb once, rime royal twice, 8-line stanzas &aafcoe diligent serviture, skilful! to wait

Also parts of No 7* out of the matter , this lesson I add

First

Nort^ind® send hail* south winds oring rain

aabb

6

3'stanzas;

First 4- stanzas.

(i poem)

ihy so triumphs the world, in pomp and glory vain 8 stanzas, 'couplet in poulter1$ measure,as heading, the latin is given with each stanza.

a&tob

6?67

-(2 poems).

This is my siedfast creed, my faith, and ail my trust 0 God! thou glorious .God, what God is like to thee

abab

27 stanzas. p. stanzas.

(p poems and parts of 2 others)

Dimeter line formed by an iambic and an anapest ( 2 poems and parts of 2 others)

111 husbandry br&ggeth 17 stanzas, a. rimes end in ”eth” and lines 1 and 3 of each stanza begin ”111 husbandry" and "Good husbandry” respectively. a tetrameter couplet.

The heading is formed by

Ill huswlfery lieth 18 stanzas, a rimes end in ”eth,” lines 1 and 3 of each ©t&nza begin ”111 huswifery” and "Good huswifery” respectively?, accept in the heading and last stanza which are set up in 2 tetrameter lines. Also parts of 5 Geh&zi, Lot* s wife, Argus his eyes 3 2 of which are used as heading and the other 00ours 4 lin^s from the end; a

n

d

s

t

a

n

Two first seven years, for a rod they do whin©

z

a

s

,

the lust 4 lines.

53 Trimeter (a poems)

5 stanzas, anapests.

$hat lookeat thou heroin to h a w

As q&ok that wants his mate } stanzas in 1573 edition; printed in hexameter couplets in 1?bq and ly£j editions.

Alternating 4~lina stanzas lengths (l poem)

abab

of different line

Muse not, my friend, to find me her© ' X1! stanzas, abab 4 , ab&b 2 alternating in 1573 edition; in lp$5 and 15&5 editions each pair of stanzas is printed side by side, Each following, tetrameter stanza ha® the same rime word in its first line as the last rime word in the preceding dimeter stanza.

Three poems and part of another in S-stanzas: a taboo

(2 poems)

The country enclosed I praise

stanzas, anapestic trimeter.

6 stanzas, iambic

All you that fain would learn the perfect way pentameter. Trimeter couplet for title. aabccb

(1 poem and part of another)

Friend, where we met this other day trimeter couplets a® heading.

£6 stanzas

443443.

Two

Also part of One part cast forth, for rent due out of land ‘22)223,

last 2 stanzas

Two poems in rime royal:

In jest and in earnest, here argued ye find anapestic tetrameter. Thongv' Fortune smiles, and fawns upon thy side iambic pentameter,

1 stanza *

3 stanza a *

3*

Five poems and parts of 2 others in £-line stanzas; a&abgecb (3 poems) though danger te miokl@ 9 stanzas, dimeter; each verse has an iambic and an anapeat* My Lord, your father loved me 15 stanzas, trimeter; a and c, rimes are double or fermine rime. . *

M

b

not Christ our Saviour

p stanzas

ababcdcd 44444242,

My son, it //ere not worst 10 stanzas aocbiefe 33433343, short meter stanza doubled* Tetrameter couplet used as' heading. Mow, gentle friend, if thou be kind 40 stanzas abcdefgd 444-24442, internal rime in the tetrameter lines. Also parts of Mo y out of the matter, this lesson! add the last 3 stanzas of the poem ababccdd1 24242222, iambs and anapests; Some pleasures take 3 stanzas tetrameter couplet*

abaodbie

2

followed by a

One poem in 11-1!ae stanzas; Good husbandmen must moil and toil ¥4-44 222444*

2 stanza©

atoabcccdedc

One poem in 14-line stanzas; I have been pray*!

8 stanzas

aabbocdeeffggd

2,

Five sonnets; Doth darnell good, among the flowfry wheat

abab

Seven times, hath Jaime ta’en new year by hand 7 lines begin '‘Seven times. **

ccdd

abab

1 .Jfhis Is'a~_bomSa* 'rime'scheme 0f "the* strambotto.

efef

cded

gg p.

efef gg 3 ’ *'

^3

Couplets

(3 ©ometa)

As J&neuer fryse pot, bidth corn© kepe hjm lows couplets, some anapests* f For only love of God, more Christian-like to live measure,

heroic coulter1s

the sloven and the careless man, the roynish mthing nice

lh*ers.

56

SUMMARY OF TUS3ER* S 114- POEMS: VERSE FORM

VARIOUS FORMS

REPETITIONS

NUMBER OF POEMS

NUMBER OF l i n :

On© rime

4

Dimeter couplets

1

21 -i 26

Trimeter couplet®

1

1

2 heading®

Tetrameter couplets

2

1?X

I 4 (pts.3 )

Heroic couplet®

1

2

2 ( p t ,1)

Poulter1s measure

1

I

2

12

Fourteen©?®

2

1

2

36

Alternating dimeter and, tetrameter coup Is:5tS 2

Ip

17

450

4- 1in© stanzas

7

35

6 - 1 ine stanzas ababoo

2

0

Other 6-line stanza®

2

0

Rime royal

2

0

S-line stanza®

7

0

1 1 - 1 ine stanzas

l

0

1

22

l 4-XIne stanza©

I

0

1

112

Sonnets

5

0

5

70

ki

100

Ilk

6,372

Total Humber

1.

96

3(pts.2) ll(pts.S)

3S(pts. 4 ) 2 l ( p t .1)

1,6SS’ 6

2k2

32

2,320 210 I6S 2S

2

5 (P t s.2 }

6S0

the figures iaolu&e whole poems, parte of poems, and verse in titles and headings.

57

U a e length

2

3

2 Mo* of poems

13

Ho* of lines

1906

3 5

^ ^ ft?

3ftft 2^39

5

6

7

mixsd

3 7

131

6 1 4 -

32

30

30

1^70

2. "'Also parts of four poems and neaclings to fifteen.

3 , Also'two healings. ft, 3. 6.

Also parts of sis poem®, Also part of one poem, Also parts of four poems and one heading.

GOOGE

If there is &ay Influence of foreign forms ©n, Gouge*e poetry* it is limited to hie two aoftti*t« in ®ngii&h rims eahene. In prefatory

to iaie translation of M m n s o l U 1® 2a:ny*oug

Googat used pouiter1® measure in one- ©os* and lft*era in the te© ©there#

In §jglo^ar Enytepihes . &©& S o n & % tea one of his

three tetrameter poems i M

all eight® m ©f his r * m t m m t m poems

are split in half and printed in snort llaee*

The short meter

and e M o o a m^ter poems &*« printed in t w t m l iiae leagth,

Five

poem* are in short eater, eighteen in oommon meter # sixteen in ©tansa©

ato&b,

acwi three in

©tmeae

aha hoc *

Gouge1© 4-ii»e sta&Bhia &&tt> ©o&liou© the u@@ of tois iapor %%a% English form*

He uess tetraweter lines in one of these 4 r»d penta­ Seven end in a couplet m a w o end

meter i» the other fifteen. with W o ©©opiate.

Thi© fxequt&t uee of tna couplet ending

with poe&e la -alteraate rise

one woxKler whether Googo ©on-

aider ad nie two pome with the English soaaet for® aa sonnet# or as poem# in the' eaa&e vacee for# u# hie fifteen pefit&niet#? poems

ia alternate i*ima * Perhaps in the sonnet*

the poem® ^uat

happened to © & m to three otatnsa® #&& a ccuplet.

Googe hr*# four

**©em# in two et&a*** and u couplet, on® of *4 ©t^neae, ©ne of three ©tfcns&s, and one of three et&n©&© and w o couplet©•

Ho*r~

aver, Intentional or not, he he© t#o poem# In the ^tmliwh sonnet

form &lG&fe cded

efef

gg

3*

Gouge #r©te most of his poetry In snort and cofemoc meter 0© that most of ole lines $re in mixed il&© length, aritft asms in pentameter, tetrweter # and heptameter *

X GOOGE

One poem

in poul t e r 13 measure*

If Chaucer now© should© iiue, ahose eloquence -euine

IB line©,

two poem© in 1H-* era; tfhen aa syx Phebe with SO linea.

backward c o u r s e , the horned goto had caught

**bo sekes to shun ye shattring sails of mighty Momus mast ■l6 U n a s ,

Five poem® in short meter O n ® muaynge as I sat

& stanzas.

When I -lo heare thy name

acob:

?

p stanzas.

1 stanza*

Two Lynes shall tell the Gryefe

Mo vayner thing ther can h© found & stanzas. common meter, other J are short meter, Syth Fortune fauovres not

2 stanzas*

Eighteen poems in common meter Syth Phebus now

abcb;

*44 stanzas.

hegin® to flame

My beast©, go fed© vpoa ye plain©

A Piedsaunt wether Coy 1don

IB stanzas.

^3 stanza®,

0 God, that guyds ye golden Qlohe

}2 stanzas,

Som doleful thing there is at hand

SB stanzas.

0 F a ustus. whom above the rest

*4-6 stanzas.

Sir©hue shepb&rd good and thou

52 stanza®.

Mow r&gethe Titan fyerce a'boce

6*4* stanza®.

1,

Stanza l is

Eglogs. Epytaphes.. and Sonet tea. Ed, by Edward Arber.

London, IS/1. 2 m hone of O o o g © 1© poem© of M— line rime is divided into stanzas. '

60

iiien Brut yah broyle, and rage of war

XI stanzas.

tan Mara had mowed martail hate

14 stanzas.

The hawtye versa, yat ftla.ro ../rota

9 stanzas.

Synce I so Xo ng h If thou eanst

Xyv©d in 'pain

banish Idie nee

IB st.axisas,

2 stanzas,

Not from the hye Cvtherion Hyli Accuse not God, yf fa acre fond

} stanzas* X stanza*

The faynee that all the Fur yes fell Far e /ell thou fertyil soyle other 6 common meter.

3 stanzas,

1

7 stanzas,

The sweetest time of &l the ye&re

Stanza X is short meter,

194 stanzas,

a Sixteen

poems in 4-line stanzas

The happy sat Xyfe that here we ha we

abab:

9 stanzas

tetrameter.

Rest pentameter (/?(*•*«-&} Behold© this fletjysg world ho# ax thing© fade plus couplet* The Muses toy© and well tney may to se Good aged Ba l e : coupiet.

4 stanza© -ulus couplet. 2 stanzas plus

that with thy hoary heures

Old© Sooratea . whose wysc om© dyd excel! Dsuyn© Cameasa that with your faored food 2 couplets.

6 stanzas

12 stanzas.

4 stanzas plus

The lytall Fysh, that in the at ram© doth fleet plus couplet. As oft© as I rememtore with my self

4 stanzas

3 stanzas.

The labour swete, that I austaynie in the

4 stanzas,

Swete muse tell me, wher ia my hart be com 2 couplet©,

3 stanzas olus

1. This could be'^considered 'a somlet^in ~i4 *"irs. " 2 , All these poem© are set up in short lines and have no stanza

d ivision .

6l

If thou c&nst banish Idl© nes

2 stanzas*

Thy i'yled wor&es, yat from thy mouth did flow a couplet * Oyn© Money me, take Frendahyp who so lyst a couplet * 0 fond affection wo under of my Hart

2 stanzas plus 2 stanzas plus

2 stanza©

0 ragyag Seas9 and myghty Neptune© rayne The lytell Byrde, the fender Marlyon

three poems in 6-line stanzas

plus a couplet*

2 stanza©,

9 stanzas.

ababccs

The oftener sen©, the more I lust 3 stanzas, tetrameter. Set up in its tetrameter lines* Chain idea for phrases making up half lines: last half of lines 1 , 2,3 *4 repeated to form first half of lines 2,3 #4 ,5 * sometimes with a change in the form of the word or a word is substituted* The rusfcyog Hyuers that do run in its tetrameter lines.

S stanzas, tetrameter. Bet

Bom© men be county! wyee that well can talk© meter line® set up in abort lines*

up

I stanza,penta­

2 Two sonnets

abab

cici

efef

gg;

The greatest vyc© that hanpene vrrfco men

2$ short lines. 2 Vnhappye tonge why dydate thou not consent 2-A short lines* '

i . M & i " and Hudson.11"in Poetry of the ^nklish Re naiasasc© 92^taa.y «In hi© {Gouge* sj book all the linos, whether of ten,twelve, J or fourteen syllables, were printedin two parts." There is one exceptions Blandeston1a pentameter “Preface,* Three of the four tetrameter poems are also not set up in short lines. The poulter1© measure poem and the two i V e r poems .-.re the only peers .not from gglogg.Envtaphes and Sonet tes* 27 ^Fare'weli thou"fertyll aoyle," one^short meter stanza and six common meter stanzas could bs considered as a ©onret in 14*era. 3* .It ha© been pointed out that the rime word p.layn of line 10 is an obvious misprint for playnts.

62

SUMMARY OF GOOGEfS 47 POEMS; VARIOUS FORMS

VERSE FORM

REPETITIOUS

NUMBER OF POEMS

NUMBER OF LIMES

Poulter1a measure

1

0

1

IS

Fouxteenera

i

I

2

96

Short meter

1

4

5

96

Common meter

1

17

15

2,364

4-line stanzas

ab&b

2

14

16

302

6~line stanzas

ababcc

2

l

3

72

I

l

2

Sonnets

47

Total Number

Line

length

4

No, of poema

3

No. of Linea

102

5

300

7

2,976

mixed

2

24

96

2,47*5

TaaB&OTZUA furOervXXXe ©hoe©

poteibl©

q£

the use of blank. w r g i (t> poems), ©tensa©

Italian f e m e Xu

©tt&vn rlma (g p u m m } , S~line

aboabadd (l p u ® m ) , #hl©U Petrnreh use-i in the m&drig&i *ag*ietta w m

%f&$lmi.n$

i#alo &oo©rt&#*

$~iiae

atoafcoodd (i *©&?») * nr&ioh i© % eoraaon rime & a t w w & ©f* the at*&mto©tfc©# &*»iiM

in Pis on# sonnet# abab

©Acdi

©fef

gg* The

pad aia© awpe&red in iarot, the ?l£iad©, and fottei. *

miscjelfany,

Turberviiie ©how© nosalhi© influtmoe of fe&noh form© in the v j r l i m atansa

a&M>e' (i $o«&) ,

had been used by Bsm-

•**£' In

the third oba of hi© fourthtook of odes®,

fluence

la also poasioi# in fa©

siapsa

©ba&fe

Pronob in­

(2 t>®mm) #

vftloh had been employed by H&rot &ikJ the TML|0 )‘J

one dimeter ©tane* and six tri-:>

meter atansa© oeour in XfUOSo^Jtofl&toa (Xl» 5 ^ c d.id it is frequant in the Pleiad©* (g poems) dad been n m d

Turfo&rvUle* a ^-liae stanza ate* tab ©y ’tfyatt, Hoa^ard, &svi Baif,

Hi® 4-iine

©tan** a&ato (I poem) % p p m m in 'Miid I© English and yyatt, his f^-nTI u ^ ' ife?1' m1oFTnt^TlU'law ‘ * (8 a* $aven# 1939), p* 7 6 * lidLi-i # idi.

6^

7-line stanza stanza

ababccd (i poem) in Wyatt* and bis 10-line

ababababoc (l poem) in Tottel1s miscellany.

fhe following seven of Turfeerville*s rime schemes have not been found before him;

Moline st&nz&s

abbb*

6-line stanzas

abcMd*

S-line stanzas - aabo&dbo, 9^1iue stanz&s aaa&aaab'b* 1 10-line stanzas ababcdodes * 12-line stanzas abcdetofdghih*

and l$-line stanzas

&abbc&&bboeefgf.ghh,

appears in but one poem, the couplet

Each qf these stanzas

ryatt has the 10-line stanzas without

(atoabcdod).

.aine $hen -jleous Juno saw hir mighty make With others l/o choose a* Valentin©

1 stanza,

12 stanzas, 3 stanzas.

thy so thou art that passest by this place 0 Neptune churlish chaJLf, 0 wayward woo If

p stanzas, 6 stanzas.

Though fro ward fortune wo aid that you who are Long did X love^ and likte hir passing w©Il_

l stanza. 3 stanzas,

A man in deepe despair© with tiempe in hand

2 stanzas.

The sage and silver haired wights doe thinks

1 stanza.

79

earls w$# your sire a worthle wight

3 stanzas. 2 &tanz&s,

The countnance of this noble oowntess© marok Eleven from E S

3 stanzas,

Uov fin&e I true that hath bene often told

3 stanzas,

Fayre is thy fao©;and Xouely are thy look os

3 stanza®,

I wott© full well that bewtie cannot lasts

3 stanza®.

Within the garden-plot of thy fair face

3 stanza®,

Wounded with love wand piercing deep desire Dancie, deceit is rife? now a day

3 stanzas*

If 1'yklng best with f a m y f irmely set 11 Italian lines follow*

11 stanzas.

Ye tears9 might ought auayls to stynt my -svoe Roscarocke, sith my raging prime is past

1; 4 stanzas*

12 stanzas*

Karst Sylla took© no shame, for lino® sake 3 stanzas plus additional couplet after last stanza*

16 stains*.©

Lording®, allow my light and lewde deuise plu® 2 Latin lines at end* Ten from 0

3 stanzas.

The angry Greekes for Helen® rape prep&rde

2 stanzas.

Demcphoon minding after Trojan oroyle

The Greekes arivde at Phrygia, fell to sack Before the stirre at Troy, to Pyrrhus was Afcdrogeus by deceit was doone to death

3 stanzas*

^ stanzas,

3 stanzas*

King Aeols sonne Machareu® fell in love To fiftie daughters Danaus w&a Syre

3 stanzas.

3 stanzas,

Leanier lovd© a Lasse that Hero hight

3 stanzas,

When Cydip saw her furious fits increase The Plowman hopes in recompence of toyle

2 stanzas. 11 stanzas.

so

Are min&es of men, become so voyde of souse

S stanzas.

Fourteen from T through wilful loue, and liking oiomeuch Nicocr&tes a cruel! tyrant, slews

'{ stanzas.

9 stanzas.

Who sits aloft in sac red Princes seat©

'6 stanzas.

7 stanzas.

Qentile loude one liicoluccios wife

5 stanzas

Unbrideled youth is prickt to pleasure aye The poet that to Loue did pen the path

16 stanzas. 6 stanzas,

The Lombard Albyon conquered Cunimuau

iho works against his soveraigne Princes word A merchants daughter loude h%r brothers boy When Ariatotimus did strike the stroke

14 stanzas.

7 stanzas.

^ stanzas,

Those realmes right h&opy are, where r>rinces raigne

12 stanzas,

6 stanzas.

Symona likt of Paequine passing well As- noble mindee to loue are kindly bent A merchants sonna that Girolattus hight

11 stanzas. 7 stanzas.

Also parts of Thou stately etreame that with the swelling' tide plus first stanza 4 lines aba’ o, from 6 . In Italie there is a citie, hight Me

2 stanzas,

first 112 stanzas, from

way not wax©, for all his gallant hew 3 stanzas plus tetrameter couplet after last stanza, from £ S,

3333^4

{2 poems)

A vessel to the win&e

3 stanzas.

The lines that Oenon sent

E

3 stanzas.

0

T.

4242**4 Tb© green© that you did wish mee wear©

6 stanzas.

E

33p33p It makes m m

laugh a good to see thee lowre

aabcco

E

223223"**

Discharge thy dole atecbdd

1 stanza.

3 stanza®.

E

3333*44

By fortune came a foxe

2 stanzas.

E

Fourteen poem© and part of another in rime royal 5; Five from E Though curious skill I want to nrel endite 12 stanzas, last stanza has an eighth line which is tetrameter and rime© with third foot of seventh line. $hat (Philomela) meanes this fond intent One day I hide mee fast unto the place

1 stanza. 4 stanzas.

I hope (mine own®) this fixed love of thin© My worde, thy wish, my let > and thy desire Go 1

w.

1 stanza. 9 stanzas.

jhes, and pierce the frozen skies

2 stanzas.

Two from H tty £&©ge xargiue the boldness© of your man

6 stanzas.

Why stand© w© 'beastss abasht, or spare to ©peak© 9 stanzas. 1. Unusual form in that the t&il-rime lines are usually shorter than the other lines of the stanza.

S2

IiO Reader her©, the end of this my 12 stanzas plus an additional last stanza. F

book© $8 lines; couplet added to

Five and part of another from T Thrice happie those I deems aboue the rest

19 stanzas.

Two knight©s did link® In League of great good will

2 stanzas,

Lo heere the fatall

end of murthar

don© ^ stanzas.

The king of Thun is©

had a daughter

fair©6 stanzas.

Whether stars doe stir good liking from aboue

19 stanzas.

Also part of In Italic there is a citia , bight

3 stanzas, lines 6 ^ - 4 9 .

T

On© poem in another 7- line stanza: Go (slender Muse)£ make report to men ababcou 53551?53* 0

Two poems in ottava rima

1 stanza,

p:

A strauage disease, a grief© exceeding g* eat If all the earth were paper made, to write

1 stanza,

E

II stanzas.

T

Three other poems^S-llne stanzas: 1 aaboddbo 2 I thee adtfiae ababc ci d

1 stanza.

E

2^1

For to revoke to pensive thought 11 stanzas, in each fifth line the last word or so is a repetition of the preceding word or words of the same line. E 1,

T.iia could be called a double tuil-rime stanza.

abc&bcdd

5^

v

The heavie stepdame Juno by her frauds

3 stanza3,

0

One % ~ l t n e roam:

A Thracyan boy wall tipled all the day aa&aa&abb 5 , E

9 lines

Two poems In 10-1ine stanzas from E: Hows may it im that snow and iae aba bo : 1c lee 4-242424244,

2 stanzas,

This sounds advise and counsel! sent from you aba ha baboo

1 stanza

5

One poem In 12-line stanzas: Thou that wert ear at a reatfuil place 9 stanzas abodebfdghih 434343434343t line 12 is refrain in each stanza* E

One poem in IS-lina stanzas: Of Tantalus plight 5 stanzas aa bbodd bfeceefgfghh 221132211344434344.

t

One sonneti I am the Harte, by Greek ?.s surname! so abab ci oi efef gg 3 . H

1* Petrarch used this rime scheme in a madrigal,

SUMMARY OF TURBERVILLE'S J20 POEMS: VERSE FORM

VARIOUS FORMS

REPETITIONS

NUMBER OF POEMS

HUMBER OF LINES

Blank verae

1

9

6

1,4-36

Trimeter couplets

1

A

1

IS

Tetrameter couplet®

1

5

4(pts.2)

Heroic couplets

1

12

Hexameter couplets

1

0

pt * 1

54

Poulter’s measure

1

2

3

2p4

Four tcan era

1

I

2

64

Short meter

2

103

io6(pt.l)

15>063

Gammon meter

2

40

4i(pt,x)

S.*913

4-line stanzas

9

30

3o(pt/l)

1,236

5-line 3tansac

3

2

6- 1ine stanzas aba bee

6

6p

Other 6-11x16 at ansae

2

0

Rime royal

1

14

One other 7-line stanza

1

0

1

7

Ottawa tiim

X

1

2

96

Other 6-1Ine stanzas

3

0

3

120

9-line stanzas

1

0

1

9

10-1ine stanzas

2

0

2

30

12-line stanzas

1

0

1

60

IS-line stanzas

1

0

1

90

Sonnet

I

0

1

14

2S2

320

31,875

Total ISumber

13

5 6s(pt.3)

212 21-S

75

3,099

2

42

i4(pt.i)

763

to?

3

Line length

H

Ho* of poems

X 7

Ho, of lines

6 220

4 20(pts,2)

5 XZi {pts. 5) *3*933

6

7

1 pt. 9^

mixed 2 l64(pta*2) 64

24,65^

&6

HOIELL The possible influence of Italian ana French forma on Howell is small or non-existent; *

He used the 6- line stanza

ababcod^ (2 poems), which was a common rime scheme of the s tram Potto and was later used by Mur of and the Plfeiaie, cut this stanza had also been written by the poets of Totted*s miscellany and by Tusser and Turberville, Howell*a sonnets and in couplets.

All fifteen of'

On© of these has the

Italian octave followed by alternate rime and a couplet (aboa

abba

odd

ee), which Wyatt used twice.

sonnet a have English, rime scheme (abab

odod

The other

efef

gg),

Two of Howell*s unusual rime schemes were written by Turberville at about the same time: 6-line stanza abebdd (l poem) and 10-line standa

abatododee (£ poems).

I do not

find she following ten of Howell* s :'ime schemes before him: S-line stanza

a&bcbcdd (l poem),

10-line stanza

(l poem}} 14— line stanza aaaococblieffg stanza

ababcdcdefefghgh (1 poem),

aaaabbcodded, ■ aaboddecffgf, (once each), 14- line stanza

(l poem),

aaaabbbbcc 16-line

12-line stanzas

aaoaccddeeie,

aabbccddeefe

aabcobdedefgfg (3 times), and

16-line stanza -aabcobiedeffgffg (once).

The 12-line stanzas

and the 14 and 16-line stanzas which follow them in the list­ ing here are from Howell*s poem, "To clime the nigh and hauty hyll*" Howell proba bLy followed flyatt in the use of "like loose"

(2 poems) and monorimed 4-line stanzas (3 poems).

«7

The root of Howell*a forms occurred in Middle English or in Wyatt,

There are poems on one rime (5 ), in couplets with

trimeter (3), tetrameter (14), pentameter (lo), hexameter (i), and octameter lines (i), poems in poalter 13 measure (l$), fourteenera (9)* short meter (19)* ^-Xine stanzas aabb (ll) , p-1 ine stanzas aabtob (1), 6-line stanzas aabbco (2 )

and a&bocb (i), rime royal (*♦•), and S-line stanzas ababodod (i). Howell-1s favorite forms were d--iine stanzas abab (33 poems), common meter (37 poems), and 6-line stanzas a baboo (5*3 poems). Howell wrote most of his verse in mixed line length and pentameter , a good deal in trimeter, tetrameter, and four-

teeners, and very little in hexameter ana octameter. Ho veil *s use of dimeter Xinea may have been suggested to him toy Tusser*s dimeter verse.

HOJSELIX

Two poem© in like loose: Hope hart well, diep&ire not 6 trimeter linea ending in "not,1* lines riming in pairs on stress just before each "not." With hate full hsteutie haunt not 8 lines, first 6 are tri­ meter ^ end in "not" and rime in pairs on stress juat before each "not," The last 2 lines are a tetrameter couplet.

Five poems on one rime: As flowxes fresh© to day

4 trimeter lines.

Howell haunte hope W&rtely 4 tetrameter lines; all out 3 of the poem's 21 words begin with "h". Corpse clad with car ©fulness©

0 fylthy letchery

S lines

44444442,

lo trimeter lines.

Unpleasant is the plight, of thatmoat wo full wig at 3 lines aaa 6 , internal rim© in each line gives tne poem 6 war d s tha t r ime tog st uer *

Three poems and part of another in trimeter couplets; Though most where wsltb doth flow© Whom© walth doth highst aduance When youth hath ramie his race

4 lines.

4 lines. 4 linos.

Also last 6 lines of Hot fine good Lady mine "The Fo em a of 'W o m a s Howell, E d . b y Alexa ad er B . Gr o sa rt . Maneh e s t e r , 1879.

HowellTb Devises. Ed. by Sir vnalter Raleigh, Oxford,190b .

Fourteen poems in tetrameter couplet©: Bice h&n&as, poors stoeke, hart stout, for to see last foot in each line is an ananest.

4 line

How much a man the greater is 4 lines. By licence lewde, we still are

worse

4 lines.

Sm&ll tyme hath man on earth to stay

2 lines.

The higher estate, the greater

6 lines.

fear©

2 lines.

Small thing that righteous doth possess© By fancies force loe here my gaine

2 lines.

Suche fond© affects declares th£e plain© 2 lines which answer the poem above, "By fancies," etc. and use the same rime. Ah wretches set in wretched vale

6 lines.

Though yet to thee it skanta appear©

2 lines.

The golden world© is past sayth some

}2 lines.

As mean© in Musicke found eth best© If wayghtie burthens may m

light

6 lines. is lines.

In loan© what losse, I want and would

2 lines.

Eighteen poem© in heroic coupletsi

26 lines

Form© is most frayle, a fading flattering show©

0 doubtfull hap, 0 p&ines and panges ye moue

20 lines.

To leaue behinde a picture fine to see

8 lines.

Le&rne honest mirth in humble ourtasie

6 lines.

They fawn© in words and aka with tuizing eie To gat good wife tis hard©, aayth Charemon tfhere vice abounds and vertue loth a bite

4 lines. B lines.

4 lines.

Strauge sight to sea, what toyle some worldlings take 4 lines.

90

2 lines.

There nothing is that nature here hath wrought

2 lines.

Iho wanteth force against hia foes to fight The valiant minds, by venture g a m e a the Goal©

2 lines.

But wary wightes, by wisedome shunne the snare

2 lines, 20 lines,

A'flattering forme hath showes that soone doe pas e 0 Fortune falsa he# double are thy deecies

IS lines.

Thy countnance ohangde, t cough cxokt in cou^rt sort The ©lender ©tore that veftuous wight© possess© The loss© of Friends by fringing home again© Sit Vi nothing stayes in good or happie state

42 Xines,

6 lines.

4 lines. 4 lines,

On® poem in hexameter couplets: The erased Barke full oft is saued by Pyiots care

6 lines.

1 Eighteen, poem© in pouiter *s measure: As felide is none so ill, wnere fruitless© vreedes do groe IB lines, when ©ache wight wonted is, to take by nature rest Like as the wofuli wight, in Irons cold® doth lie

pO lines. 12 lines.

The state of worldly things, is straunge and most vaetable 32 lines, rime at half line only in lines 1,2 and 3,6 . flhere Fortune favoureth not, what labour may preuaile 32 lines* Shall any wight preuayle, to bring© to passe by powre 6 lilies* The wild© and wonton Coulte, that romes in pasture still 10 lines; the third line is heptameter instead of hexameter, Do bloysterous bi&atas that blow, compell to hoyse thy ©ayle 20 lines. 1 . boulter's measure is also used in thret poem© in 4-1ine stanzas, one poem in 6-line stanzas, and one in line stanzas ,

91

If te&rss wale trie my troth, that trickle dom e my eneek.es 34 fin©a. Where fortune faooreth not, what labor may preuaiie

40 lines.

hike as the o&ptive slight, in chayueci lincka cloth lye 20 lines. Sithe folly© tie to wish©, what may not be enioyed la toy occasion late, towards Brutus Citie old©

4 lines.

40 lines.

Sithe kindled eoales close kept, centime longest quick 62 lines. When spring in lyuely greens, eche field© hath deckt anew© 66 lines. The kindled ©parkas of fy#e, that Fancies motions moue 6 lines. Where sorrow sunek in breast, hath, aokt vp ester y ioye

20 lines,

Who seekes on earth to f inde, his Mansion sure to dwell 19 linesj line 17 lackus a hexameter line to rime with, it.

1 Mine poems in 14* ers: Some prudent heads} with pollieie, do ponder how to please 30 lines, rime also at half lines in pairs of lines in all hut a £qh lines, itoen darkness© dim the earth lid hide, and hueht was wood 8c field© 32 lines, rime also at half lines only in lines 1,2 and 7,8 , the Glou© for g&dge is rightly geuen, where thingee con­ cluded bee 10 lines. Them! st oc las oy whose great ©kill, th_ *Afne.nlan a long© ... .were Ted 6 lines. ' In which© time Ear toes and trees, that Winters wind© lid wear© The first part of the poem is on the two missing leaves. 22 line®, a few of the'lines are hexameter. Of late whi? Primrose g&n to peare, on Medows ban ok e so green 162 lines. IV

Four te oner ar'ar e a iso used in one'poem in $-1 ine" "stanza s 7

92

f"her® non© but fl&ture is the guyde, Minerua, hath no parte 44 lines* ----j

The flames of lyre and clowds of cola t repugnant in my brest 16 lines* The sparkee of loue within my forset, doe dayiie so increase 24 lines.

One noam in octameter couplets: fho wold haus thought that face of thine, had ban ao ful of noblenes IS-lines, rime at half lines in pairs in •lin-^s 7,Sj 13 s14; internal rime in lines 3 ,6 ,9 ,12,13 and IS, If set up in tetrameter lines the pattern would be 6 6-li ne at ansa a a bnbcc 4 *

Nineteen poems and part of another in snort meter: abob (IB poems and part of another) Some blase in chosen wordes Doe

4d lines.

well abstain© from vice 14 lines: 12 linesin short meter followed by a pentameter couplet*

The childish© yeres in youth ihen as the erased corps

7 stanzas.

16 lines,

Where oft the fiouds doe floe

2$ lines.

Though corps in Countrle bfie When as the myldest Month

12 lines.

My pen now pile thy pass 0Friend

32 lines,

3& lines.

in truth to trie

12 lines.

Hot long Hscent and name

44 lines.

The Souldiour still that warres Against necessitie

72 lines.

2d lines.

Perforce though Pilate bee lichen as the soking sap

2% lines*

72 lines*

93

Men say In common tale®

64 lines.

These lines ve* dearest friende My pen in piteous part He much more valiaunt is

SO lines.

20 lines. 20 lines.

Also part of Hot fine good lady mine 30 lines; 24 lines ox snort meter followed by 6 trimeter lines in couplets. abab

(i poem)

If mine thy little care

40 lines.

Thirty-seven poems in common meter: abcb (3^ poems) The tender graff© that gropes in groue Wee flourish now, but Flower shall fall My Muse which once with ioyfull voice

‘ 32 lines. 44 lines. 12 lines.

The crooked clown© that dr&wth the plow® 13 lines; 12 limes of common meter followed by non-riming dimeter line "Esteems me so.* Ho man of sturdie thornes doth seeke

32 lines.

Most greedy gripe© with plunging p&ines Hot ^worldly «relth, nor rich arav

32 lines.

12 lines.

0 Fortune frayle, why dost thou taka

32 lines,

Clear© Phseous ruzmes in circle round© $hen ryned yeres in wiseiomes schoole

16 lines. 124 lines.

The stately Pallace princely night

20 lines.

The staling sting of gasping death

SO lines.

My friend to holds thy harmless© helth

}2 lines.

Sk

36 lines.

0 b® not whit© through emulous wrath

32 lines.

Alone who f&ilee the fowing floo&es Health I th^e ©eride, if he may glue*

3& lines.

Thou art the bp&unch that sweetely springs

SO lines,

When shall this needless© silence ende

8 lines.

What n6edst thou thu© to crie and care

112 lines.

72 lines.

My ph&ntasi©, torment©th mie

56 lines,

When that ha sawe of wort hie fame

Mina omi® *w$et lone, let me not -mown 96 lines, odd number­ ed lines have internal rim© (second and fourth accents). Southern dialect is used.** In morning' still when thou lost rise

4 lines.

The Schooles of skill maintaynel are

10 stanaas.

Twyse happie is the wight

h lines,

8 linos.

Sith my deeyre is preat to please Eciie valiant karte and Mable mind©

4 lines.

The mounting mind© that basts to climb© Where as thy mini© I see doth mount© A ooyson utapcing to the death

4- lines, J2 line©.

2*1 lines.

Goo" wyll put forth my Fen in hast©

21 lines.

The stately PelXaoe princely plaste

20 lines.

The wandring Outlaw borne to woe

28 lines,

Great swelling flood.es are soon© dried v*p S lines* '^Uy^T E . Rolxina point s' out in his ~edit ion~oTT~~Gorgeou9 GaiIerY?GaiIant Inventions. (Cambridge, l^2b) 9 p. 147, that the fourth poem in the Gallery is made up of lines from this rioem (A) and "Thou art the iraunch," etc. (B), "Thus, it begins .*ith 12 lines from A ,;aich are followed by 34 from B, 2 from A, 2 from B, 2 from A , 2 f iom B, 2 from A , and 2 from B, The last 2 groups borrowed from B -.re inserted in bn© Gallery in reverse order,11 1

Szz DaA2«K!fl,

jtJUZunr* ^

f*rO^>t72 lines.

20 lines.

But nowe re fiele and find©

16 lines,

Though some perohaunce there toee iho-m destiny shall deny© Tetrameter

B lines.

(5 poems)

The hart that lyues in pensiue doubt I liue in hope and yet despayre

4 stanzas.

3 stanzas.

Why fcareful 1 tang: what znenst thou thus

2 stanzas.

Though horae so wyl&e in thousand partes

16 lines,

I saw of late a wofull wight stanzas alternately.

*4-8 lines set up in 18 and l-Iine

Pentameter (ll poems)

0 hart why dost thou sight and wilt not break® Sot floing floudes, the feeble banc k that frets last"2 a couplet, Who rightly scans what thing is greatest gr&afe last ^ in 2 couplets.

p stanza®. Id lines, . 20 lines,

Expend my words whicho soul© wh hart doth write Id lines, last 2 a couplet. Single initial-let ter acrostic. My wofull hart with pinching paine opprest last 3 a triplet,

Ip lines,

When surging Seas with raglnge blast es be do wen last 2 a couplet.

22 lines,

On thankless® Friend, whose trauayle Is Irapleyde 4- in 2 couplets.

12 lines,

Thou snarling Curre, that crept in Maunger lyes last 2 a couplet.

22 lines,

The helthiulx wight, with pleasure well may sing last 2 a couplet.

16 lines,

That longer tyme the Friend, than Goide should trye last 2 a couplet,

lines,

The cheer ofull byrdte that skips from tree totree 4-6 lines, last k in 2 couplets, first of which is pentameter and second tetrameter. 4-353

(one poem)

Of learned oft, asks good aduise

4- lines.

One 5-line poem; As player playoa on stage till parte toe done aabbb

p lines

Fifty-nine poems in 6-line stanzas: aaboco

{2 poems)

6 stanzas, trimeter.

$hy ahoulde we feare to dye Some

onely for disport©, kind© of myrtfc doth rays© 6 stanzas, poulter*s measure, each sixth line ends in "take," oneword refrain.

aabccb

33X33X (X poem)

Song in tne sweet© place

3 stanzas,

atoctodi } (l poem) The Talbot true that is

6 lines.

abatoec (35 poems) Tetrameter (ll poems) Once free I was at iibertie

9 stanzas.

99 "K*— * rary

6 stanzas.

All things on earth doe much reioyoe Like as the maaedt Malarde lyes

X stanza.

Though doubtfull dread cause Malar! wise

1 stan

Lyke as the shippe of force cloth o.riue

stanzas,

0 Cupid Venus darlyng© dears

2 stanzas,

Sithe wee are now in nleas&pnt place

S stanzas.

21 stanzas.

$ho lust to vewe the heauy happes

1 stanza.

To climb© to high xnust need©a be nought My idle head rataynes the busle hope The Muses cald© a Courts of lat©

p stanzas.

S stanzas.

Pentameter {hr'} noams) hybido lewda: hath faind© a Oq I of lou©

3 stanzas*

So man so old, but vse, or tyrae, or place

I stanza*

1 stanza.

The fieri© flames, that fast on me doe flow®

1 stanza.

Shere reason rules, affection fond© doth fiie

1 stanza.

The ship I saw hut late bear© loft is sails TJy right liscent from worthie auacetrie ■ followed by 2 couplets.

22 lines; 3 stanzas

Go Boole wheras thou maist the 'best to please

l stanza. I Sore plungde in piteous p&ines and wofull smarte ^ stanzas.

Who wisely skans, the weak© and trittle stayee

5 stanzas.

Whylste slye deceyte, by Height of smyling cheare

3 stanzas.

Fayre words foule deeds, pretended and forethought

3 stanzas.

Betwixt© my hop© and dread©, grew© such debate Though ViralIs Vearse, for loftie style were rare 1,

10 stanzas. h stanzas.

The fourth stanza of this poem in The Arbor is lucking in the version of the poem which appears in Bis Devises.

100

When phebus height w&s sail ad in the tfeet IS lines; 4 stanzas plus a couplet ad ed to the last stanza.

1 stanza.

to serue but one, a constant courage sho.ves

1 stanza.

The shallow stream©©, doe murmour more then deepe Llngrlog delay©©, slacks payments doe foreshow© If- nought but wordes in women to be founds

1 stanza.

1 stanza.

1 stanza.

And if Loue be horde, who or what is he

Shew© forth your Bayes that boaste of sweet© deiightes If such do© mourn©, whose solace is bereft plus a couplet.

8 stanzas

ahen Boreas rough, h&d laaueiess© left eche tree

4 stanzas,

2 stanzas

$ho wayies at pain© of sorrow©© deadly smart© plus a couplet.

Go© learned books, and vnto Pallas sing

1 stanza.

6 stanzas t^lus

a couplet. The titter smart© that ©trainee my mated minde

10 stanzas.

1 stanza,

If friendship true be tryd® when welth doth fayle

3 stanzas.

ilhat hold© in hope, or trust to fayre allure If knowledge mine could compass© wyliing will Lust long is fayde a God of loue to bee

4- stanzas.

3 stanzas,

3 stanzas.

iipat state more sweet, more pleasant or more hi© In fayth doth frozen l&nua double face ih&t hydes tala hears©

3 stanza©,

out quiet si Xante rest e

2 stanzas.

1 stanza.

The shyp that late I saw© bear© loftie sayle

3 stanzas.

The gallie si&ue that stirrea the fleeting Ore The streaming stormes, that fust on me do© flow© tfhat reason rules, affections fond® doe flye I see in loue some farther fetch there is

1 stanza,

1 stanza,

4 stanzas.

X01

My lady glues the reyn® to he-r despite

k

If power of warre had yeelded to renowns

stanzas.

2 stanzas. 1 stanza.

Who holds himselfe most dear©, and hath bis waute Glu.e me the equail friend, for greater state

1 stanza.

Where Fancie bids vs runne, and Pea son staye

£ stanzas.

A flame from Heauen streams dovm vpon thy head

10 stanzas.

4-3^3^ (one poem) The guyet paws© that silent night ■:'meter couplet at end.

p stanzas

Four poems in rime royal

plus a tetra-

p:

0 drooping hart dapreat with deadly aare

3 stanzas*

To you fayre Dames whose bawties braue do flourish You loue belike to frees© amid the flame The plunged state wherein I restless© lay

I

$

stanzas.

1 stanza. 4- stanzas.

Five poems in Saline stanzas: ababeodd

5 (2 poems)

The m m so fond©

of

vnaduiaedbrayne 1 stanza.

As Scioto smylde

to

oloke biscouert smarte1 stanza.

Ag mean© in Musi eke soundeth best

1 stanza aabobedd

The frost in flam© that houers find©

1 stanza

4.

ababeded

4.

Here lius in loue: for thy behoue, let reason rule thy ohoyce 5 stanzas, poult©r#s measure.

1": Thi a noetB 7 Strom Bi 3''Deyia%a. ad la bne atanza-and makes some changes in words, but is t&sic&lly the same as a poem with a similar first line in Mew Sonets.

102

Three poems in 10-line atmizits; The high estate is dangbrous ** ■ababadoctee

3

Id lines

aaaaboobcc

4,

poems)

Though blushing blasts cause ship to h&rber hast2 then once you h&ite false fortunes fickle wheeie

l stanza, I stanza.

One poem in 14-line stanzas; To sing of sorrows still 3 stanzas aaab cccb ids ffg 333^ 3332 442 444 , lines 1-5 are iambic , 9"*l4 are anapestle, lines 11 and 14 are refrain lines in each stanza. The "&c♦" at the end of line 11 in last stanza is un­ doubtedly to he ignored as a printer1s mistake.

One poem in 16- line stanzaa: I saw© of late a wofull wight 3 stanzas aba'bodcdefefghgh the last 4 lines of each stanza are indented and italicized.

4,

One poem with stanzas of various lengths; 3 To clime the high and h&uty hyll 106 lines in S stanzas; stanza 1 14 lines aabcobdedefgfg 44344343432323 internal rime in lines 11 and lj$i stanza 2 12 lines aaaabbocdded 44444444J342 internal rime in lines 7 and li: stanza 3 16 lines a&toooModeffgffg 4434434343113113 internal rime in line 4; stanza 4 12 lines aabcddeoffgf 444444443233 internal rime in line© 3,3,? and 11; stanza p same a© stanza 1 ; stanza 6 12 lines aabaccddeefe 444444443322 internal rime in lines 3 ,9,7 and 11; stanza 7 same as stanzas 1 and p; stanza S 12 lines aa'bbeoddeefa 444444443222 internal rinse in lines 3 and 11 . 17 This poem' appears" with a few diff erenoesboth in hew Sonets and the Devises. 2. This poem appears with a few differences both in the Aroor and the Devises. 3 , Sir Walter Raleigh, in the introduction to Ho veil *s Devises, p. xv, says, "The noem called ’A Dream1 is written in a quatorzain stanza.** This statement is misleading since only three of the eight stanzas have fourteen lines.

103

¥ i f tmmi m mm %$ t alioa

o lo i

mm jj { l ©©&&©*)

«

Lot

aoa* aaloXtfc© a wan .Coif fcls sfciuimp

&mb

u fm

mtmi

gg ? h'x mam%$

In wfll %q -»tro»g# is #a*ka to #©&*..© is Xeua Though ps:>kfme$ ftmk io^ k w g&a st%pA« ' the ©©yanth rite® it the ©ars© a© tho iftrot ri&«# ttrchahi v im4&tmntig-m&fy♦ May© nmmm o f ©gru&u&t , to f f i l l e r

©©am©

The ©fthX© tomt'^wmd ’bath my l y « e a All m,t h of th 0 linmm tegla ®Whoat* • Xf atpp&ag aood© fteirlfctlam© constr-’tyndo A# fjtm doth flna ani *op©r*tt© (Soli© from dro©?,© If par fit© tryalX &ight &* ©00 #*© ft* ha-1

Th© oi airly o ta te # thou gt* ip#& art soithsll f$&f&mll thou Fo&tl© that Prlncoa £auour fouivi* fh© &o** I otciue#

otroagor is my tmr&ii

Tfc© © o re^h

rime i s th« ©am© a© tho tnitd proo&tUy uaintaotion*’ a iiy * Th© Jfiro t h&if of Xlnmm & ^ * repa&t tho t*o a**la *or&* of th* p reuuil ag uslf line*

Aoroetio*, aiagi© initial letter® of eaoh line (4 eannetg}

hoag &ay you Xyue, a*;4 happy years® eaioye L ift ©ioodoia© wall© your e l t t e @o tmeort&y oruyee Tym© ami t :net -iot.-i trio oofcs aro&ke

aur#

104-

SUMMARY OF HOWELL'S 270 POEMS: VARIOUS

NUMBER

NUMBER

Lilte loose

2

0

2

16

One rime

4

1

5

29

Trimeter couplets

1

3

Tetrameter couplets

1

13

14

96

Heroic couplets

1

17

18

162

Hexameter couplets

1

0

1

6

Foulter’s measure

1

17

16

513

Fourteeners

2

7

9

366

Octameter couplets

1

0

1

IS

Short mater

2

IS

Common mater

2

35

37

1 ,2 2 5

12

40

52

975

5 -lin@ poem

1

0

1

5

6 -line stanzas ababcc

52

Other 6 - line stanzas

3 4

Rime royal

4-line stanzas

3(pta)

19(pt.lj

IB

73o

55

1 ,2 1 2

0

4

126

1

3

4

105

8 -line stanzas

4

1

5

72

10 -line stanzas

2

1

3

30

14--line stanzas

1

0

1

42

16 -line stanzas

1

0

l

4s

0

1

106

2

13

15

210

50

221

270

6 ,13$

poem ssith stanzas of vax'ious length Sonnets Total dumber

i

lGp

Lisa© length

2

)

k

?

6

J

Ho, o f poems

6

2k

ko

loi

2

9

Ho, of lines 112

3>S

7pS

1,699

9

3&6

8

1

mixed

$7 16

2,638

106

GASCOIGNE Gascoigne shows possible influence of Italian forms in his use of blank verse (The Steele Glass). the sonnet (32 / e.ff abab cdcd ef ef gg, 1 aa be oc del efef gg ,A 1 abba cddc efg

efg),

and the 9-line stanza ababboc&i (l poem), which is

found in Savonarola and Paiitian.

Of course, the 9-line stanza

is merely rime royal plus an additional couplet,

Gascoigne

used the common etrambotto rime scheme ab&bcodd in three poems.

This form is found in the poets of Tottel *& miscel­

lany and in Tusser, Turbervill®, and Howell,

Gascoigne made

the first use in English of the sequence (2 of 3 sonnets each) and the crown of sonnets (l of 7 so mete). Gascoigne shows possible influence of French verse forms in hi© 3-1ine stanza ababa (3 poems), which

had been used by Ronsard

in the 1335 edition of Amours, I have not found Gascoigne* s two 11-line stanza© abbaacccieed (2 poems) and

ababaccdeed (1 poem) before him.

The rest of Gascoigne* a forms were in common use in English before his time.

He employed a good deal of poulter*@

measure (31 poems), 6-line stanza© ababcc (26 poems), rime royal (14 poems),

4-line 'stanzas abab (12 poems), and but

few tetrameter couplets (1 poem), fourtecners (l poem), short meter (2 poems), 6-line stanzas

a&bbco (1 poem),

and S-lin® stanzas, aba boded (l poem), Gascoigne*© verse is mostly pentameter, a fair amount of mixed line length, some tetrameter, and only a very l ittle In hexameter and heptameter.

107 i GASCOIGNE 2

On© poem in tolaok verse: The Steele Glass

n 4 l line®*

One poem in tetrameter couplets: 5 A Lady once did aske of me 10 line®, .if Thirty-one poems in poulter1® measure: Fayre Berea be the bright once bathing in a a/ell

10 lines.

50 lines,

In prime of lustie yearig, when Cupid caught me in divided into 4-line atansae and a couplet.

Beautle shut up thy shop, and trusae up all thy trash lines. Hexameter line is missing after line 30. I could not though I would: good Lady say not so fben worthy Bradamant. had looked long in vain

33

20 lines. y& lines.

I cannot with thy griefs, although thou worke my woe If men may credit© give, to true reported fames

40 lines.

46 lines.

#ben daunger kepes the dore, of lady beauties bowre Now have I found the wav, to weep© & wayle my fill

30 lines. 20 lines.

Much like the seely Byrd, which close in cage is pent 34 lines. Despysed things may live, although they pyne in payne 30 lines. T~, The Coropl'ete. florka'o'F~Geurge Gascoigne.vEd.' by"John W. dunliff ©. 2 V. ■Cambridge^ JlngiandJ, 1907-1 910, A Hunireth Sundrie Flowres. Ed. by Bernard M, sard. London, 1*1

1926.

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Most of the tragedy Jocaata is also in blank verse. Gascoigne wrote Acts II, III, ana V. 3. Felix E. Schilling, in The Life and ffrjtin^s of Georg;© Gasooiane (Boston, 1693)7' P* 33 “ this poem has but eight lines. 4. The fourth chorus of the drama The Glass© of Government has thirty-four lines In poulter1s measure. Poulter*s measure is also used in a 6-line stanza with refrain.

105

The straightest tree that growes upon one only roots 36 lines. If ever man yit found the Bath of perfect bliss©

10 lines.

Receive you worthy Dame this rude & ragged verse

22 lines.

The cruel! hat© which boylea within thy burning brest 22 lines. To make a lover known©, by pl&yn© Anatomie

26 line®.

In Court who so demaundes what dame doth most excell 34 lines. Divorce me now good death, from love and lingring life 40 lines.

38 lines.

The hap which Paris had, as due for his desert

low© must I needes recant the word©a whiche once I spoke 36 lines. When neere1esse Princes courtea were free from flatterie 46 lines. My reckless© race is runne, green© youth and pride be past 106 lines. To bind® a bushe of thornes amongst swete smelling floures Bl1 lines. What wonder you my Lords? why ga&© you gentlemen

373 Unas.

If thou sitte here to view# this pleasant garden plac© 6 lines. Resign© king Prvams sonnea, that princes were in Troy 60 lines. I*1 Jovs his might ie name, tnia eignt and twentitta day $0 lines. What need© I speak# myself, since other say so much Brother, these noblemen toAnowe have me sent ihy live I wretch (quoth he) alas and wellaway

24 lines.

20 lines. 224 lines.

As God himself© declares, the life of man was lent

60 lines.

103 i

One poem in l^Mers; then thou has spent the lingring day in pleasure and delight 38 lines. Him© also occurs on the fourth accent of each couplet,

8 Two poems in short meter: And if I did what then

6 stanzas

Athens reign&e sometimes

abab,

202 stanzas

Twelve poems in *4— line stanzas

abcb.

abab j; ^

This vayne avayle which thou by Mar a hast woon plus a couplet, iare my hart set on hoygh as thine is bent 2 lines &b with ^etc,11 at end.

o stanzas

7 stanzas plus

Mine owns good Bat r before thou hois© up sail© plus a couplet,

36 stanzas

My worthy lord, I pray you wonder not 37 stanzas plus a couplet, Third to last and second to last stanzas have the same & rimes and the last stanza has this rime for its b rime. X have entreated care to cut th- thred 92 stanzas plus 3 lines aba, line missing at line 3^7 * l*o thus (deere hart) I force my frantlko Muse plus a couplet,

5 stanzas

What greater glory can a Kevsar gain© couplet *

9 stanzas plus a

Alas, lo now I hear® the passing Bell

$ stanzas.

Go little Book©, God graunt thou none offend© plus a couplet.

7 stanzas

1/ Aet IXXT ^ a vi 'of fee 'flla&ae' of'Government has forty lines of Ih'ers following a brief prose passage. 2, The Kenilworth masque has seven poems totaling 290 lines in short meter abco, 3 . Hot sot up in stanzas. Tares parte of The Glass© of Governr ment totaling 13]1 lines and five poems in the Kenilworth masque totaling-13b lines are also in this form.

110

la sweet April# the measeg@r to May plus a couplet.

36 stanzas

Wherewith (me thought) she flong so fast a way plus a couplet.

22 stanzas

A sighe sometymes maye ease a swellinge h&rte plus a couplet.

4 stanzas

Two poems and part ol another In p-line stanza© ababa 3 s1 The common speech is, spend and God will send plus a couplet. A straunge conceyte, a vayne of' news delight The last stanza is aoacc.

10 stanzas J2 stanzas.

Also part of The h&teiull man that he&peth in his mynde plus a 6 -line stanza aba hoc.

4 stanza© 9

Twenty-seven poems and part of another in 6 -line stanzas: •%-babec

(26 poems and part of another)

Tetrameter (S poems) that thing is that which swims in bliss©

9 stanzas.

Of all the byrds that I do know Amid my Bale I bath in blisce

6 stanzas.

The deadly droppea of darke disdayne

# stanzas.

Both deepe and dreadful! were the seas At Beauties bar re as I did stand©

Among the toyea which toss© my br&yne Not ''dividii1"into" stanzas 7™" ''

7 stanza©.

9 stanzas.

If any floure that there is grown©

IV

1 stanza*

3 stanzas. & stanzas.

Ill

Peiitametar

1

(17 poems and part of another) 3 stanzas,

A oiaul of care hath oovred:VI 1 my cost©

*

The feeble thred which bacbegft,© hath spoon

J stanzas.

The Partridge in the pretie Merlines foot©

6 stanzas.

This tenth of March when Aries reoeyv 1d

3 stanzas.

Thy feyrth, thy beautie, nor thy brave uttyre

8 stanza®,

6 stanzas.

Desire of Fame would force my feeble skill Of all the letters in the christs cross© rowe Content thy self© with patience perforce

6 stanzas.

I that my race of youthful yeares hai roon afhen X record within my musing mind

J stanza®.

6 stanzas.

B stanzas,

L *£scii d 1amour, the shield of perf ect lore 6 stanzas. Complex "chain acrostic" on Edward DeVere. I ©mile sometimes although my grief© be great

10 stanzas,

Fye pleasure fye, thou cloyest me with delight

6 stanzas.

Great be the graefea which bruze the boldest breats

17 stanzas.

Thus have you heard the Green Knight make his mone 24 stanzas. To vaunt, were vainet and flattrie were a fault© 3 stanzas. Stanza 1 has 3 lines, stanza £ has 7 lines, which is obviously a printer1'© error, Mownt my m

& muz a, you come before a Q.ueene

4 stanzas.

Also the last stanza of The hateful1 man that aeapeth in his mynde, rest 3-iine stanzas.

Hexameter (1 poem) rn©n first X the© beheld in coulors black and whyt Y

3 stanzas.

r*hnriift'olT’The Glass© of Goveiaiment 'haV~"©ix ’ stanzas and the Kenilworth masque has two poems totaling seven stanzas of this stanza with pentameter lines.

112

aabboc p o u l t e r ’ o measure (l poem) Fanaie (quoth he) fare-well , whose badge I long *id tears 10 stanzas. The first h* words of the poem are used as a refrain in the last half of each sixth line.

9;

Fourteen rim a royal stanzas

1 stanza.

How long she lookt that lookt at mee of late

Thou with thy lookas on whom X looks full cits k stanzas, “Lookesn is the fourth word in line 1 of each stanza and “lookstt is la the last line of each stanza. I groped in thy pocket pretty peat

1 stanza, B-rimes “not,*

A Lymone (out no Lem&ane) Sir you found

1 stanza.

The vain® excess© of scattering Fortunes gifts® Last 2 lines are refrain., 'in each*

7 stanzas.

Fye Captainea

fic, your tongs are tied to close

6 stanzas.

The figure of

thisworld X c&n compare

6 stanzas.

23 stanzas.

To tell a tale without authoritye These jaunting verses with a many mo

S stanzas.

Where might I now find flu&des of flowing te&res 6^ stanzas. The first 9i stanzas appear in A Hundxeth Sundrie Flowres , These ?/lth stanza 10 completed and 5*1®"more arcT"'in The Posies. Kinds Erato, and wanton Thalia To write of Warre and wot©

1 stanza.

not what it is

206 stanzas.

The griefs of joy©, in worthie wise to write stanzas plus ‘ 3|- lines of stanza 193 which was “left unperfect for tea re of Horamen.n 1'' Thft Bflooad chorus' of Jooa'sta"(6 "staiSasT ~nS the fir at cnorus (S stanzas) ana epilogue (3 stanzas) ox The Glasse of Government are also in rime royal. Ward, in the introduction to A Huadreth Suadrie Flounces, p. XXI, says “The poem was completed by tee addition of fifty-*seven stanzas.* This is an error: 9^ not 37 * stanzas were added.

H3

pooma In &**XXm stanza Tot* %h&% &avo aponta t h e . oiX eat a l g o t a

ID ata&isaa

soa^eioi 434'5^$43* * QOfl&i&Oh motor double'} into &«*l'i»* ataaate. ;

uimooe&i (J poeae) Sing lulX&felOj mm ■■&&&&& Do 6 st&&£&&# tetrameter* The asfori •lullaby* %m Km m m m .10rd In the first line of a^-cb m l #^itu lullaby* Oeria* t m fifth H u e of tt® first a t M a a ann fifth and sixth of t ft© other atan&s^.

Peataaeter (S rtoeate) Wh&t ei&te to man, m m ® m % ® surd pie%a&**at arete Giro &e as? Lute in fee3 now 4a I lye

6 gt&ase&.

D et&nftas*

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