Studies in Irish Hagiography: Saints and Scholars 1851824863, 9781851824861

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Contents

V. APPROACHL: .j

77

St Brendan's Boat: Dead Hides and the Livittg Sea in Columban and Related Hagiography

,t I

Patterns

JONATHAN M. WOODING

III. IRISH SAINTS AND BRITTANY

r

The Gencair -

93

Irish Saints in Brittan,v: Myth or Reality? G\VENAE,I, LE DUC

The Stud\

ri

Problcn.

r2(J^

Fingar/Gwinear/ Guigner: An 'Irish' Saint in Medieval Cornwall and Brittany KAREN JANKULAK

Tl.

r40

Une course en char dans l'hagiographie bretonne? Saint Samson contre la Theomacha

VI. HAGIOGR\PH][

RERNARD MF,RDRIGNAC

CE,NTUR} r59 Les origines irlandaises de Saint Briac honor6 en Bretagne: Lögende ou röalit6 A

NI]RE,-Y1/ E,S BOURC T

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t Irish

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[V. IRISH SAIN,TS, LIVES IN COI\JTINE,NTAL

E,UROPE

L''itu 5,i,,-

-

172

St Cathröe of Metz and the l{agiography of E,xoticism

Problömes

rI

DA\TID N. DUN,T\TILI,F,

GUY PHILIPP{RI.

r89 Jonas's Ltfe of Columbunus and his Disciples CLARE S'I'ANCI,IFFE

L;ilr,**ia (gth-r rth Centuries): The Manuscript Evidence

The Cult of Columba i*

JF.AN-N,{ I C.HEI- PI CARL)

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obprobrium. What we have in Adomnän's story is another reflection of a theological

vision of death and burial that is built up, like a mosaic, of these different Biblical images. The burial place is the place of the sleep and waiting between earthly death and the final call from Christ to rise.4o The story in VC ends with the fulfilment of Columba's prophecy - Librän goes to the Lord in peace, and is buried in Durrow whence he will rise again (resurrecturus)a' into eternal life.a' A similar view of burial is found in the story of the holy monk Ern6ne (VC III.23) stated to be buried with the saints waiting for the resurrection (resurrectionem exspectat). This waiting for, looking out for, longing for, is something that he is doing now while his body is in the grave in the ridge of T6imm. Adomnän's words echo the phrase of the 'Nicene' creed: et exspecto resurrectionem rnortuorum.43 From the way that these burials are described, we can infer that Adomnän believes in a sequence something like this: death, burial, a waiting for the resurrection of the body, and then the life of the world to come.44 Having displayed the theological motif of awaiting the resurrection in these stories, it is surprising that in the episode of Columba's burial (VC IILz3) Adomnän does not use it. Rather the image is that of the Sabbath rest after life's labours, and the entry to the Lord's day of resurrection. Thus Columba goes the way of his fathers (cf. Ios 2314), which is that of burial.as His death comes at the happy'last hour'46 when Columba, in a Christ-like fashion, breathes out his spiriqaT and so leaves 'the tabernacle of the body'.+8 91 his burial, all that we are told is that it is marked with the stone that was once his pillow.+o

The tombs mentionu.i within Christian belicr. :.: Many of Adomnän's r. location and appearänt u. we have basic infornt,rtl Jerom erS' the Shepherc

While in several

>

oi rhr.;

mentioning these tomlr.. what importance he ürri. particular interest to h jr: Adomnän's theolo!iu i with an argument front : can hardly be accidenr:l i himself is describerl. i:..

Juvencus. Judas is Alnrr -: Christ himself.56 -\d,.rn.: * the term 'he perished' - the evil ones of \-C. u h.-;

of a burial or a tomb. The tombs of Dar iJ. ipresent us with morc e r rChrist. David's tomh r: \ earth.58 Here Adomrar -et locorumr|e rvhich StJrr.

4o This call, which is presented as'a word'or'a voice'inJohn, is often conflated in exegesis of this verse with the 'trumpet' that announces the gathering of the saints at the eschaton.

Cf.Mtz4.3r;ICorr5.5z;Apcrr.r5;andespeciallyITh4.16. 4rTheuseof thefuture

participle resurrecturus is an echo of the Vulgate of Iob rg.z5: scio enim quod redemptor meus uiuat et in nouissimo de terra surrecturus sim. 4z'[he concept of 'eternal life' is a commonplace in the Scriptures, and the phrase rn uitam aeternam occurs on many occasions (e.9. N4t 25.45): here it is perhaps most interesting to draw attention to its use in Dn rz.z and lo 5.24. 43 Cf Denzinger and Schönmetzer, Enchiridion symbolorum, nr r5o. This phrase in turn can be seen to echo Act 24.15 spem habens in Deum quam et hii ipsi ex[s]pectant resurrectionemfuturam iustorurn et iniquorum. 44 This final state could be described with several of the New Testament metaphors already noted, such as that of 'the Kingdom'; or in the Creed's phrase: et uitam uenturi saeculi, where this is understood to come after the resurrectio mortulrum. 45 This Scriptural quotation in VC is non-Vulgate, being used here

by way of the Latin translation of Athanasius's Vita Antonii, cap.9r. See Brüning,

'Adamnans Vita Columbae',p.246, where it is said to fall in cap. 58 of the Vita Antonii following the divisions in the PL printing of Evagrius's translation. 46 An allusion to I Io 2.r8, but without invoking that text's purpose or theology. 47 This phrase spiritum exalauit echoes a conflation of how Mc 15.37 (with Lc 4.46) describes the death of Christ with the word. exspirauil, and the phrase used in Mt 27.5o (and cf. Io rg.3o), emisit spiritum, for the same event. 48 This is an allusion to I Cor 6.19. 49 As with the good man who was baptised and died (VC I.33), there is a reminiscence in the description of the burial place of Columba (hodie ... iuxta sepulchrum ... titulus ... monumenti) of the marker stone on Rachel's tomb (Gn 35.2c super sepulchrum .. . titulus monumenti ... in presentem diem; rnd DLS Il.vii).

ut in Paralipontt,ti,,i voice: Lege diligenter i:

.

,

furnish the text that in.; tradition is unanimou\ :: z.ro) follor,ved bl -\ct : : **' 5o Iosaphat is the \ ulgärc r, Rg zz.5o (Vulgate: 22.i r ) ,r: -. - with the formula 'burietl i: :II Sm 5 ; rn.. - -. question of the raller .1n.1 :-, Jehoshaphat'; and -\ lurgqr .:, II.ri 53 DLS II.r i. 5+ I,,i. -

Jerusalem (cf,

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0 mortu,is).8t

This paper has :, L-Adomnän's writings. rr r, resurrection - a par'[ r i

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his condemnation to rL- | --: when the bodies of rhc -..: the central moment i. rrr call the other saintlr r, ,l - -

not just a curiositr abr,;:

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This studr- has atrcn :'.: at Scriptural terts rh;: - -.them, and has onlr s(-,1^_-.-. Gregory, where therc 1. - that they were used b., r- -l the dead. A fuller srud,. '

presentation of notir-,n early medieval u est. i:.. Christ's descettsio tt ,l i i >

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DLS II.x.5. Thc C(ini-.cCor 15 (see verses 22 anrl :; ,.

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ts'(§lnuoru a flxa,t,tns) uosrJ ser.l luedncJo osoq,rr qruol or{l ol lseJluoJ ur sputls 'ruau0uta,unsa.t

suoxtadxa'oqce lepe;cTle.rntdrrcg aqt Jo asn tuenbe{ s(ueuruopv 'serpoq IIqs are ereql erer{,&\ sqruol Jeq}o aql 1e o1 usddrq ilL&\, ter.l^\;o u8rs e sB spuets gruol

srql :uorleterdrelur go luotuelo tuucgrugrs e Surppr oslu sr oq tng z8'uortcerrnser arll Jo lueruecunouut lsJU eql sr qruol drdtue er{l Jo s^\eu eql aroq,r'sledso8 eqr Jo p€ol eqr 3ur.uo11o3 uuqt erotu ou Surop sr ugur.uopv tslrqJ Jo quot fldrue eql qlt,u uoIlEuIcsEJ srql uI ,r'(lsa olatrtqotstuouta,t,tnsat aorxuxtale otol ur, "') uorlJerrnsor srq 3o eceld eq] ueql raqlo euou sr qtuot s(lsrrqJ Jo uorlrcol erIJ 'lr tuo{ auo8 seq .{poq asoqu quol B sr 1l :.,(ldrua sr qtuot srql tng o{i'lsrJrl3 Jo arqclndes eqt sr STC ur rorllo duu ueqt pelep raleerS ur peqrJcsep quot eqJ 61.t\ou sQruol Jrär{t ur aru or{,tl. p 3o eddraqJru orlt $eq(aaulttrantnsa,t sualtadsxa) uorJceJJnseJ Surlru,tre tseplo eql sB lnq (sl?rrnq uBrunq IIE Jo esnBc eq] sI qtrrot svqu (sntsnaldotor.Q),tseldotord eqt tu?pv, snqa 'ref paueddrq tou serl sqt lng ot qtree er{t uroü {cBq turq IIBJ IIr,r\ tsrJr{J 'uort3eJJnsor roJ qtrue 'ue,rceq (quea os ol {J?q sso8 qtrrg dunsap rer{louB ot urlq peue^rp äqt ur stre,t\ oq

pe{o1dtue o8ussrti

--

-

-*

]s3lBeJ8 aqt sesn:- '-- -*,{r{ eq} sasn eq '!tr:: uleur slq',Ie.te rro11 : - - eq] 3o s8ul-\re \\,I:l * - - '

-

lernlduJs ät{l J(-r '.--

:*-

g4'SeAIA JIeq] pur seJJnos uEIlslJLI

stlJJEIJled aqt

l *. .- - - -

]{-) >q

peÄ\elÄ eq uEf,

LI,

,.-'

---

-.

eql Sutlte-ur sI 'l)r - "-'

'paunq sell tulrs r j: ---osol onb u!) .uoil,l-:--- " - -

^,ou

tr

SrulAS 2T/TJO SqruOJ II,IJ

r4

Thomas O'Loughlin

approach would be out of place here, but my hope is that this paper shows that in such a broader study Adomnän should be seen as having had a well thought out position on these questions, and to have made a definite contribution to western theology.sz

Aspects of in Adon-

f believe a case can hs : Iary system delimirir:; :: farmland, and for thc \.; -'

,

some sense at least. s.i - t; * argued, and some oi it. I material I shall eranlinc -

l

The foreshore of the r: -natural outer boundar', i to be put ashore on -\ I . " : the sod of this islanc' allowed to profane

hr-r1,,

::

front the man. Colurnr. . : and, in effect, persisr:

.I r ;

exchange as a formal. :.: ceremonial, or at least . : -the outer gate\\ A\. In \ r. despite bad \\,eather. C ..-the communit\- of L:rni - --

meets at the harbour i .: Fechna publiclv c0nt.-.- r. him forgiven. 'And Fc. r -: guudenter a safir'trt jlj.:.'days, before being senr i :There is clearl) , tbrrr: : F6chna kneels and c(-) ir. ; - . formality- of the occ;rs:, : though otheru'ise thcrr . ;

.

theology 87 This paper has steered clear of Insular evidence from archaeology, and other texts in Latin and the vernacular, as this would have taken it too far from its purpose. But clearly this is the most important context in which this should be seen: see, for example, Doherty, 'Monastic Town', pp. 53-6 and O'Brien, l{.rchaeological Study', pp. r6o-2. The topic is far from closed. Adomnän's

{;np

to border on informrr]r:

:

§r sr ag :pe^losge tou 'ua,tr8rog sr 'roloeJoru 'uuqcag ,ftryerurogur uo JepJoq ol uees tq8ru terll dtreueluods go luetuele ue tueredde sr ereqt asrÄ\rärllo q8noqr 'rnoqruq atll le Surues s1r ,(q pacuequa '1se33ns 1 'sr uorsecco oql 3o .{lryeuro; aqJ 'tulq se^reoeJ os pue asrr rurq sprq Equrnlo) 'sassaguoc pue sleeu>l Euqced :a8urqcxe sryt ol lcodse 'luruou:erat lsorulu sdeqrad '1eurro3 r d1.rue1c sr eJer1J

i : --

lffioloaeqcJe Luo{ elu'-f

': *-

rog 'ees :uäes eq plnoQs

slr urou

JBJ OOI

]I u.Yr. :

-

--

'

'aarrJ uo a&unT sndrua7 3o drelseuoru aqt lB eugr{trBg ol tuas Euraq o.roSeq's.,(up B JoJ EuoI uo BgtunloS rllr.&\ surerueJ eH'("'snldarsns lpuos o n\uapnaS ^\eJ sua?tns d§) (tures är{t dq pe,trecet f1ry,(o( se,tr, Sursu Euqced puy, 'ua,tr3rog urq sacunouord Bqtunlo3 pue 'ueql pue ereql surs srq sesseJuoc ,t1cr1qnd BuqJed 'uoeseroJ s?q eq IBArrrB asoq,tr'euqcgg luelrued enrl e Jnoqrrq eqr lE sleeru

1UIBS orll ot'I JA uI 'uortecrldurr rrelc iq 'rnoqreq eql ]B - BuoI Jo,tllunturuoc eql pue lures aqt dq pe^recer.,(lprurog sr'plotero; seq Eqrunlo3 'taqtea,t peq atrdsep '1e,lu;e Jueunurur asoq.r\ 'aoquq8y Jo r{f,äuureJ f't lt u1 ,{e,u,ate8 Jetno oql sB uees eq uec (rep3urs) rnoqr?rl aqa 'uoBdeca; 'leurro; tsrel lB lo 'leruotuarac E Jo esJaAeJ aqt :aJuellrupe Jo IESnJaJ 'leruoruereJ lsorulu 'leturog e sr a8urqcxa tJaJIp sql lordrelur I 'BuoI uo turq e^re3er ol SursnJal ur slsrsrsd 'lce;;e ur 'pue luelruedurr.{grtuouepung sr aq tBr{} uBaq sq ur s^.ou1 Eqtunlo3 'uutu er{l tuor; -uo3 0l JnoqJEq eqt or oE ou3r.Ilr8g puB eq ueqJ 'punoJ8 ,(10q eueJ0"rd ot pa.uo[u oq tou Jsnr,u u€lu eql i(lillot wafl,dsn aolnsut sntntl au) (puelsr srql Jo pos eql uodn ]oo3 los lou.(uru aq t€ql os, 'surs pr;ny Jo uelu e IInW uo aJorISB 1nd eq o1 srepro EqrunloJ 'zz'I (jL regee"rag) aoqwrylJ utll uI ,(rupunoq retno IBrnlEu ,(1areu E uuql eror.u se uortcunJ ot etu ol stuäes puBISr aqr Jo oroqseJoJ eqJ

ÄUVCNNOS JSOWUSJNO gHJ I

'euo1 'lcedxe lq8rtu euo se'suJecuoJ eulutxe IIBqs I lurJeleur eqt Jo {1nq eqa 'peroldxe i(gorrq suortucrldur alqrssod str Jo eruos pue 'pen3re aq I1t.ll\ uoBuetuoc srql Jo ftlplpn peorq ar.IJ 'aceds parces 'tsea1 ]e esues euros ur 'sr peprr8eJ se,r pesolJue snql BerB arrlue eql lerll eql JoJ pue 'pueyure; ^rar^ luace(pr str pur luatueluos Jrtssuotu aqt Surugap puu Eurllurlep ruets.,(s .{.ru1 -punoq e1drr1 u roJ aJuäpr^e sepr,rord ueuruopv tuqt epetu eq uuc esuc e anarleql

pluuocltuw uuplY

uqrunloJIo ,Ill s,uguuropv ur ederspuuT rllseuory eqt Jo s]rcdsy

o] uollnqlJluol rl.:;:

-

:-

tq8noqt IIe.\\ E prL{ '* : luq] s,uol{s ;adrd il -,- -: - -

-; .'

Aidan MacDonald

I6

presumably sent to Campus Lunge for a more or less protracted period of penance, during which, like Librän in VC II.39, he was not permitted to receive communion., In VC I.45 Columba goes to meet his dying uncle Ernän, arriving from Hinba,at the harbour. The case here is rather different, since Ernän has clearly left the harbour when he collapses and dies, and Columba has not yet reached it. In order that'the saint's word should not be rendered vain in any way' (he has predicted, on sending Ernän as prior to Hinba, that he will not see him again alive in this world), it is necessary that Ernän die before they meet; and the two men are some twenty-four paces (pas(s)us) apart and, the Andersons suggest, apparently out of sight of each other, when death overtakes Ernän.' Clearly, no formal reception was contemplated here, and the outer boundary and its gateway are in the event ignored. Perhaps Adomnän wishes to emphasise, in this seeming breach of proper procedure, the vanity of Ernän's attempt in his extremity to evade the divine dispensation that Columba has already announced. The contrast with the order and dignity of Ernän's commission and departure for Hinba is marked. For Adomnän, the two crosses surviving in his own day are commemorative: one marks the spot where Ernän died, the other the spot where Columba stood at that moment. It is equally clear, however, that they do not stand at the harbour itself and fulfil, perhaps inter alia, an apotropaic function. Rather, they are probably on the way from the harbour to the monastery - perhaps beside the path linking the harbour with the (main?) entrance through the uallum monasterü (discussed below). In VC III.z3 Adomnän mentions a cross, likewise commemorative and surviving that is also situated beside a path, that linking the monastery with farm buildings, half way between the monastery and the nearest barn.3 In VC II. 14 Columba has bidden farewell to Cainnech at the harbour. He is not alone, since Cainnech's forgotten staff is given to him there when found. It seems quite likely that a formal communal valediction here balances the formal reception of VC I.4 - in terms of literary composition, if not of actual fact. In Adomnän's text, those who come to Iona by sea under their own sail, who steer themselves into the harbour, are generally more favoured than those who

r There does not seem to be much detailed circumstantial information on confession, as distinct from penance, in the early Irish church: see the Canones Hibernenses II.3 @ and B) and II.4 @ and B) (Bieler, Irish Penitentials, pp. r64-5); Paenitentiale S. Columbani B z3 and B 3o (ibid., pp. ro4-7); and the'Old Irish Penitential'III.r9 (ibid., p.268). Both monastic and non-monastic situations seem to be envisaged here. Discussion

texts in Bieler's introduction, ibid.,

of the dating of these

pp.8-g,47*5r.In a strictly monastic

context' Columbanus ordains that confession be made'before meat or before entering our beds or whenever it is opportune' (Walker, Sancti Columbani opera, pp. 144-5). Cf. Warren, Liturgv und Ritual, pp. :.47-52 Ryan, Irish Monasticism, pp. 353-7. Penitents were apparently not housed on Iona, but were sent to Campus Lunge or Hinba: MacDonald, 'Adomnän's Nlonastery', p. 44. z Anderson and Anderson, Life of Columba, p. 8z n. rc6. 3 For discussion of the functions of crosses, as evidenced by literary sources, see A. Hamlin, 'Crosses in Early Ireland'. In VC II.r6, a demon has been inadvertentll,'carried within the monastic enclosure at the bottom of a milk-pail: it is expelled by the srgz of the cross.

§Qil;nwäffiFf

have to ask for passf, _- u addition to Cainnech r \ t and also, though their .::moccu Moie (\ C I :, :. clerical hue. In comp3rl a more mixed groul..

-

,,.,

as shouting across thc

:::

.,::

There is no question rr

::

A clumsy guest arri\

tr

c

>

I.z6-Aidän, Fersno > > .. of the cu>i, :regarded as in somc >ur. I.r7, more concerflcd :,' :: relaxation

whose death is imnr in .: : who enter the comntun:: a traveller from Irelan.i .: The Sound of Ion.i. ,: protecting the comntur. :' as physicallv. In \ C IIi :: soul to hear.en, held n:-. island; they u'ish to rf.l: are not allowed to L l r-. heavens'. During thc rh:;-great storm of u ind hl; cross the strait in eirhc: ,. been completed, strür.: whole sea was calmed' - '

,

world - promiscuuru

:

.:

Columba's prophec\ rh:: would solemnise the ntuFor Adomnän thc S, *: system facing the onlr r.;*I

it, however) to obtain : '-- -. channel generallr

t0' -, :*

it as possible un.l-: still days, especiallr iil ir ; accepts

easily, but there musr it* ; would have defeatecl ilu -

4 Sharpe, Lqfe oJ'St C,,,ii,i,.' . Cashman, Area Offlcer t, : - -

.

lln6

er{J, :setrr,r\ 'aa;ra puu IIof ur e3etuaH IErnteN qslrrocs roJ reJrJJO eary 'ueurqse3 4cr.rtr4 '266r .roqruatdag z petup äru ot re]tel e uI 'gzt 'u 9gz 'd 'oqrun1o3 tS lo al!1 'edrtqg ü

IeJrllBJd a{f 1',usrulBoq e^rtuellB lsol,U eql Jo sJEe eq} pelBaJep aÄ8Q plno.e\ se^B,&\ puB pur^\ Jo esrou aqt ueq^\ s.(Ep dueu uaaq e^Bq lsnlu eJeqt ]nq tlrsBe Äuec ppo,tr ecro^ eql '8urue.te är{l Jo SuruJorü ,(lJBe eql ur .(llercodsa 's,{ep gDs uo :epur e dlrueu sr eJuBtsrp oqJ, :suoErpuoJ trl8rJ eqt Jepun alqrssod su lr stdmce 'op l ueqt reueq rBJ drllmol eql s,üou>I oq,u 'pueq raqto aqt uo 'edreqg prEIIf,Iu JC 'UOrlEJrUn[UrUOc JO Sueelu 3 ursusJun OS JOJ eplt4. OO] dllEJeUeS Ieuu8qf, eqr lqgnoqr e^Br.{ p1nor1s 1 'au selzznd ,{11uur; 'eSrsspd E uletqo o1 to,ro,troq 'tr sso.rcu SuBnorls Jo ecrpe.rd eql Jo af,ror{c aqJ '}s?oJ.(qreeu,(1uo eqt 3une3 uels.(s ,,ftepunog Jetno eqt Jo luerrracroJurar e 'lseE8ns 1 'sr punog eql uguruopv Jod 'lEJeunJ srr{ Jo setrJ eql äsrutuelos plno.t\

- r.tuulul, sa.totltruat qos uut - f,yurcj Jrlssuoru srq .(po teql .{ceqdord s,equrnlo3 3u11191n3 'porred lrrrnrc er{t roJ papnlcxa - sn?1nn qndrd wnntsr.wo.td - pltotll^ ar{t pue pernturur .{ye,Luco;ga snql s8,4, .(lrunuruoc aql '(por.uleJ se,tl Bes eloq,t\ eqt pus'pesuec pur.u eqt 'pe11us sr.r{ ruJols eqt du,trtq8re4s'peleldruoJ ueeq p?q u8[u pssselq eqt Jo IBrJnq eq] JeuE puv 'uorlcerrp rarllre ur trBJts eql ssoJc o1 drqs lletus e ur auo.f,ur opeqroJ pue 'urer lnoqlr,rl ,ualq pur,{, go turols 1ee.r3 u,'(Ez'1113n) 1ereury s(tures eql 3o stq8ru puu sdep eerql eqt Suunq '(sue^Ber.l rsaq8rq eq] ot uJnteJ dpuaserd IIm pue 'JeJEeu eruoJ o] paa\olle tou eJE tpoq aqr ruor; atu uoururns ot JepJo ur 'qcuorddr ol qsr,r\ .{aqr lpurlsr

'ssoJJ eql Jo zräis rqt i.,. ,'* eq] uIqUlA, peIJJuo i1iur.--r tut1rue11 'Y ees 'Sä.l.ln, ,' -: - - -

rod t '9oru zS 'd siuuul.Uopv, 'plruo( f rr l r, 1ou,(1]uereddu e.Ie\\

E sE eJer{

\I.ir- , -

-

Jo spaq rno SutJelua -11 - - -

'lxeluoc f,Ilseuotu i 1i' :- - asaq] go Surlup eqr J,, u "

'

"

rrlsuuo{.u q}og '(8qz ti ' :pue t.z g tttt) quttt lo ) (g pt, d) t'JI s-2§'//.? tt.t : '' ; --

sB 'uolssäJuof,

u0 ut)lli.*

'llnt u,t\o

ot{,{^.

esoql uBtll

otl.AA.

.1JeJ

p3.II'r,

3SI^\e{t1 sdeqrad

(SSo"tJ

-

' r-

JIeL{l r-,;-

-. :-

IEnlJr J'-' ti - '

sl aH 'rnogrBq eqr

lf

-

u.-: - * -- -

]seJBsU 3t{} pur ilrlsr eqt 8urryll lut{l 't{ii'r-i

,(aqr rnq

rno Jo lreJls eqt puodaq {JoJ e uo Surpuuls, pue {JBq pleq 'ue,reeq ol Inos srq lcnpuo3 oJ e(uof, o^eq oq,ü's1a8ur saas eqr.unlo3 '..'lII3r1 u1 ,{1ecrs,{qd su IIe^a sE .(gecrloqu.(s 'puelsr eqt ot ssecce Suqep8ar.{q.ftrunuuoc aqt SuDcatord uorlounJ ol sruees Älure1rac '1rer1s oql 'euo1 ;o punos or.{J

Jo sueeru

'lures eqt go ,{ceqdord e slurguoc oq,u.'ti'1 J^ ur pu?lerl ruory relle^Ert B pur lspre.tueue -{FJoqs erp puB Srlpptq s(BqunloJ te ,(trunuuro3 oqt ralua oq,r\ ur e8eurr8yd uo - uau,(e1 - srar.{lorq o,tr1 llueururur sr qlBäp esoq,r\

'"t'I)L

'ore;ya,u lenlrrrds srq qlr,r\ uBr{l spoou IBrJetBtu srq qlr.&l. peuJecuoc ercus 'Lz'1 JA uI ugur Pot{ctaran e err elqetou oslv 'e^Isnrtul esues eulos uI sr pep;r5er aq .(eu acueserd srq snqt puB tseJ depseupsrll .,{ruuotsnc oql Jo uorlexeler eqt sesneJ - utpuerg go sree.,{ e^le,{.\l roJ luepueDe eqt (uos s,ou5.reg 'ugply - 9z'I 31 ur lsan5 snor8rlar ? Jo IB^rrJB aqa 'Sz'1 JA ur snqt se^rJJB 1sen3 .(sun1c y JnoqJBq eql le uorldeoar IEturoJ e Jo sesec eseql Jo ,(ue ur uorlsenb ou sr aJorIJ 'e8rssed e lsanbor ol pue Ie^rrr? rrer.{l af,unouue ol lreJls eql ssoJJE Suqnoqs se paluasardar are aldoed eseql 'lueruälä duy Suons E rIlL{\ 'dnor8 pexru oJoru E r.uroJ punos eql ssoroe perrral äq ol e^Eq oqÄ\ esoq] 'uosuedruoc uI 'enq IrcrJelc dlpeproap e seq dnor8 sqa '(6t'11 JA) ugrqlT puu (z'1 fA) elory nf,f,oru uolurd ore oreql 'esec reqlra ur yurceds eJB seJuEJSrunJJrJ Jreql q8noqr 'osp pue

:(S't:,D ueurloJ sr ereqt '(ot'I lA) Eurlrgd pue (t'13r1) qcauuru3 ot uourppe uI 'eror.Is [nW eq] ruory BuoI Jo punos eq] ssorJB a8essed roJ {se ol e^eq Lt

"

: ::- '-'

r Sgli- *: -:

-fualsrullu

*-

'uol]3unJ clBdOllr-rtlr ..,

op ,(aq] ]Btll -^J^

irp

',Ie

TATTIA

^---

t:',\' '1. -: lrrt

irla__r

ul :lui L. :-

u^ao slq

sJnUBdep pur u( )1i(. -* --

'pasunouuB ipua:1r

-'

.:-

uI (eslseqdtua ol §-rL\' puB Ärupunoq Jaln, :

-:

,-

SOJEIJJ \r I --:- "'UYUJ[ suosJspuv eql 'pulr --: --: -

33S ]Ou

ilI.\\

ltrl{l ".-- --

3L{

iue uI uIE-\ p J.I.t f. u -'' - : .teÄ tou SEt{ EQtul'llr ) ,- sBtl uguJg eJuls 'rL:r*:--

Sut,rtl,te 'uuu Jg : I: ; -

--

-

eAIeJeJ ol pe]1ttuJ:ti - 'Jo polJed pJlltr.llr'.:.i \\

a(atspuu7 nxsnttow atplo wadsy

I8

Aidan A4acDonold

effectiveness of the method,

it

seems to me, is likely to have been so haphazard

under most circumstances that I wonder

if

Adomnän chose'shouting' (clamor) to denote symbolically any petition, by whatever means, for access to the monastery, for whatever purpose.s It probably did not escape his notice, furthermore, as it certainly did not escape that of Isidore of Seville, that the root of Latinfretum (n.), -rzs (m.),'strait, sound, channel', was said to be that also seen in the verby'raeo,'boil, ferment, glow, foam, rage, etc.': hence it can also mean by extension, 'a raging, swelling, heat, violence'.6 The appositeness, in that case, of the symbolism of a cry across the fretful waters of worldly concerns and dangers to be brought into the safe shelter of a monastic haven would surely not have been lost on a learned but also religious author.T

II

THE MIDDLE BOUNDARY

purposes of food within the enclosure, an area of presumably greater sanctity in the eyes of the community. (It is perhaps unlikely, on the other hand, that cows or other livestock were kept within the uallum anyway). Since lay people are apparently allowed, at least under supervision, onto the plateu m.onasterii

-

the courtyard

of the monasterv which,

area was proba

h

1

,, . -

boundary (see furrhcr :

as

I

would argue,

centrally situated within the enclosure among the main public buildingss

-

was

then

Sound of Iona is unlikely to have been much different in the fifth and sixth centuries than it is today. If anvthing, the channel may'have been a little deeper and thus the Sound a little wider with the raised sea level.' 5 Cf. perhaps the opening verses of the De profundis (Ps rzg.r*z in the Vulgate): De pro./ündis clamaui, ad te Domine; Domine, exaud,i oocem. meam. 6 Isidore, Etymologiae Xlll.xviii.z; cf. Varro, De lingua latinaYll.zz (Kent, i.zgo-r). I am most grateful to Dr P.AJ. Cronin, Department oI'Ancient Classics, U.C.C., for discussion and help with regard to the passages here quoted. On Adomnän's knowledge and use of the works of Isidore see O'Loughlin,'Living in the Ocean', p. r5, and reference there cited. 7 Cf. Meister Eckhart, beginning of Sermon 54 and note r theretq in \Valshe, Meister

Eckhart, ä.69-74. 8 MacDonald, 'Adomnän's Monastery', p. 4o.

-

As with the ourc-r : enclosure defendc.l h. -apotropaic function I.

of a milk-r-essel i.

.: -. -.

enclosure. There f.( . --:'

brother for not rakin-

-

-

:

This, I belier e, is .rn c r monastic cemeterr, l-"

The middle boundary is, I propose, the monastic enclosure itself, the ual(l)um monasterii: perhaps a single rather than a multiple line of enceinte in Adomnän's scheme of things, but its detailed physical character (which may, after all, have varied from one settlement to another) does not really affect my argument. It is mentioned explicitly only in relation to Clonmacnoise (VC I.3) and Iona (VC II.zg). In the case of Clonmacnoise, Adomnän may or may not have known the place personally: If he did not, then one must assume either that he knew of the existence of a uallam there by reliable report, or that he assumed its existence from his own knowledge of Iona and of other Columban houses. In the case of Iona, the fact that a monk goes outside the uallum to kill a cow (VC II.z9) may reflect a religiously motivated prohibition against the taking of life even for

(VC I.5o)

this

.

-

.-

-

monks (VC I.3r). «-,1' ;. :--vows (VC II.:g ). ' " -f : . have inrrolved r iolarr : assassin subsequentl-, : ;-.

Adomnän mention: Ir; grave surrounded h,, .

saint is somethine

_

|

---

elsewhere that, in \ ir',-

would certainl) noi monks and laitr.

I\ This tripartite

ir* -

" -:

arr;1n ru

Columba's reception. entry into Jerusalenr'. ' : adjacent to the mc) D,t - t. I saint is protected. ntr I

g In VC III.B

Colunrh,r. .--

demons making \\ ar ( )n 'a . :-same spikes to slaughrcr r _-

After a contest lastin{ fit,* -_ driven off b-v the arrir,r, island

-

sua

insull: thcr .rr:- - , -

Anderson and Anderson.

Colunrbu, pp.

-_

377-\ :r -:

'lord '.sa;ntdurs er{t Surpeea, 1{11rsg,g !r 't-zt 'dd ',,\ralseuolX s(uuuruopv, 'pleuogculX zrrzl 'u g-tZt 'dd 'nqwn1o3 6lo altT tre^oqu ru J..t or '(6rz'ut6r'd'oqanloSJb att.J'uosnpuv pur uosrepuv

3c tng) aaroqs aql tE - prt .{lua.,resq pue roierd srq ,tq peslndar are Ioqt '.Dlnsut ons puelst s(Bqurnlo3 epe,\ur ot Surlduraur are suorucp oqa 'dlaq crla5ue 3o IB^rrrE eqt ,(q 33o ue,rrrp eJr suouep eqt 'sarrus.re,rpu srq puu turus eqt uea.{\leq .{ep 11e ,ipeau Surlsel lsetuoc e.rstgy 'seldsueü tr sB sosuesrp Jo uouJrgur eqt .(q - (sJeqtoJq er{t Jo .{uetu ratq5nels o1 seryds eures aseql qtrr!\ puu, ,{retscuotu srq {ruur o1 qsr,tr .{aqt lslrds uorr qtr.r rurq uo rr,,r 8ur1eu suouep Jo ]soq B Jo uorsr^ u suq 'euo1 3o t.rud etoureJ ? ur ouole Sur.,(erd 'eqrunyo3 8'III fA uI 6

-

ueqÄ\ 's{lB.{\ eq ss SuoJr{l JrlsBrsnqlus eql tuo{ '.ro^oo.rotu 'palcalord sr tures aq;-'(ußat(r)ra) qcrnqc eqt ot (tunilon erlt q3norqt tJats?uoru eql ol tuerc(pe Q1n11a8a) splou eqt ruo.t; (sesreJd pue surufq, qtt,{\ se^ou gr',rue1esn.ref otur ,{rtue (uolldef,eJ S(ISIJLIJ Sut11ecer snruaapu lBluoureJac E, sB peqlrJsap s(EqurnloJ tueueSuerJe atruedrJl srql

'(t't lt)

esroucetuuolJ tV 'uouce ur uees aq

ra$taw

'aqs1u 11

fq petruqap.,{ypcgrceds

ui ' ,'- - - -

'pelIf, " JSq] 3JU.r.i.1.Ir-" eq] Jo esn Putr J.i1'r'r: "" uOISSnsSIp JOJ

rue I

":)'

r\

-

,-

-. ''

'(l-o6z'i 'tu11 ::

''waaW u,laJ}3 .llliltl':.: ''

stpunf o,td ,O el{t .1, : I - -

älull B punoq 3Hl'r',..lI uBtl] salJnlu3l L1lr"'

' --

-

ueq] - ,sEutPIIn.l -. s8.tt ten8ru p{11t-r '''' -

UEJ

gf IJfVUd NI WSJSÄS ÄUVCINNOS 3HJ AI

eldoad

-(u1

arurg

,bl1cue s ;alral;

ftlel PUB s{uotu ", roJ .(reletuec pexru e ur Jo lJeJ ur (polurelol o^Er{ tou .(1ure1rec p1no,& 'droeqt (lBunq sIJSBU0III o] epnlrlls eII lnJreols s(uBuruopv Jo ,r\er^ ur 'leql ereq,resle pen8J€ a^Er.l I rr'.slur?S rlsrrl reqto Jo peuorluatu lou Surqtsruos sr turBs eql 3o e,ter8 egt lE suoIlElseJIuBLU rlJns Jo eruBnurtuoc oq], lBql solou edrer{S '(tz'tIt )A) sle8ur .{q peruenbe{ pue tq8rl .{1ua.treq .tq pepunorrns e^Br8 s(EqrunloJ passoulr,r\ slBnpr^rpur pe8elr^rrd urBuef, lBqt suorluelu usur.uopv '>1.ro,u srq Jo pua aql spre.&\ol 'pue .(relduaxa uB slee[u .{ltuenbesqns urssesse eq-plno,$, eqt esec ,{uu ur 1nq laqutg uo qcrnr{c oqt Jo uorlelor^ pe^lo^ur e^Bq ,levt (tz'11f71) equnloJ Jo uortrurssrsse palduopB er1l o,'(6t'II 3n) s,r,ro,r JIJSEuoru se4e1 ,(ltuanbasqns oq,&\ 'rgrql'I a{ll sluetrued se ro '(ze '1 3r1) s>1uour ozrrlcedsord sE aAES rIJJnr{o eq} relua ol pres tou ere eldoad .,{e-I dralaureJ cr}sBuoru eql Sururrtuoc osp.(1qeqo.rd'qcrnqc eql punoJe ernsolcue ue sr 'e,rer1eq I'splJ

'..

':

:

l,*.',

JoJ ueÄa aJII .i(r .,t '.- , '' .{etu (6r' II J_\ ) '''' -

-- - ' :

eJuelslxS sll pllul'-' erl] Jo .euJ 3tl lru- - -

"

^

-t 3A) euol pur (! 1 sl - : -]I']uetunä-rr'il-l (11e raqe 'irtu I -r -

oÄELI

run(Dtun

ÄUVCNNOS ISOI{U3NNI SHJ, III

f

6'taSlno eql 18 Jlesurq uortnrce;d sqt 8ur{et tou roJ rär{toJg eql selnqar pue lssorc eqt 3o u5rs oql qlr^\ tr qedxa ?qrunlo3 erär.{I 'eJnsolcue eql un{tr.&{ JegloJq 8uno.( e dq perrrec -{puatra,,r.peur sr lesse^-{lru e Jo tuouoq eqt ur Suqrnl uooq seg leql uotuep e'9r'II JA uI 'uortoun3 credorlode uB Sur^eq 'euo1s ro poo,e\ Jo Jer{}aq,& 'sessoJc Surpuets dq pepue;ep eJnsolcue uB aroq e8?srlue ot rueos lou seop ueutuopv {repunoq retno eql qlr^ sV '(.no1aq requnJ ees) ,{.repunoq

alpp5u eqt

6t

eqt'II::i' :*- '

ir ':

'Joqlnr

]8t11 'a11t

t-

'-----.

,(1ppo.tn 1o SJJII''r', 'sseuelrsoddr eqI

uu3 lI eJuSt{

eq]

: *:.'ll. 't--::- :

raS -l'

tectJou slq adrrs. eq] o] sseJJr .I( )l '' * J :

:.

(l,0ruryt) ,SurtnoQ{.

-

-

,

,

-

aceds eql o} IsJ8elur,{lqeqord sB,{.\ EerE srr{l

a(atspul1T rtxsoulw aop.{o slta(sy

20

Aidan MacDoruald

Adomnän and his companions, who have been delayed by contrary winds on their return from Ireland, eventually reach the harbour of Iona after the third hour on 9 June, having finished their voyage in the early morning and in miraculous time with Columba's help, they wash their hands and feet, presumably within the monastery, and at the sixth hour mass is celebrated in the church - for the festival of Columba and Baith6ne (VC ILa5). The aged Columba, sitting in a wagon on or near the western coast of Iona, turns east to bless the island and its inhabitants (VC III.z3). As in the earlier version of the same episode in VC II.z8, where the blessing is performed 'on higher ground', the saint's blessing renders men and beasts there safe from snakebite (see further below). Then, from a small hill overlooking his monastery,'4 he blesses it and prophesies its future greatness; finally, the saint blesses his community as he lies dying before the altar in the church. Cumulativel5i, this is the solemn blessing of a patriarch about to die, just as Jacob blessed his twelve sons (Gn 49) and Moses the twelve

I .-

solitary burial, especia I --

-

:

:

distinctly reser\ ed abr , *: -. pride or some other t;u :. * told that Columba di.: ' -

distance Columba sonrr'", .- * details are opaque. -\n .. place of burial is con!r-:: refuge may con\ e\ thc ;. boundary also.'6 Furrhu: To be respected. 11. r. r. necessarily formidablc : -

.

sibility in

an,v case).

a monastery

Iä

:

"-

of \lochr:

tribes of Israel (Dt 33). Right of sanctuary for the local lay population seems to be involved in the episode (VC l.zo) in which Columba prophesies of a certain Baitän, who has sought his blessing before setting out to seek 'a desert place in the sea' (in mari herimum) that he will not be buried in any such hermitage, but 'in that place (illo in loco) in which a woman will drive sheep across his grave'. Baitän's quest ends in failure and, returning to his own district, he is for many years head of a small church there. Then he dies and is buried at Derry. Shortly thereafter, the

Columba's death apptrr -: - as they draw near, see rh. saint. In the hour oi C . *:'

neighbouring lay people take refuge there during a raid and Columba's prophecy is duly fulfilled. Baitän has not been a member of the community of

descending

diminutives here nra\ : * system, however, is ap"'p;:-:

inward, from the outsi,.ic

'

is reversed, these bou r.i*

r

movement is depicrc.-

t

:.

,

vision

of the u holc i.;:. from hc:\ c I

Derry but he may have been a Columban monk.'S If so, he may have been buried in the monastic cemetery, as Librän, from Campus Lunge, was buried at Durrow (VC II.39). Has a lay person - and a woman at that - breached the innermost boundary, sheep and all, during the dislocation caused by the crisis? Does Adomnän, then, wish to emphasise the contrast between Baitän's earthly expectation and the actual treatment of his grave by drawing attention to a serious violation of due order? Even if he was buried elsewhere, within or

to that outlined

outside the main enclosure, such a contrast seems implicit: concentration is on his burial-place alone, to the exclusion of all others. I think, however, that

envisaged as a threefi_rl.i :. to the ends of the earrh - -

lit up by ,

grear

.

*.

seeming to light the ri h ..

These three manifesr;rrr -- r Adomnän. The limits .ir.;. the world. I am incline; :

bl O'I_ *.

and now she makes rn r;.

immediately overlooking the main monastic area from the west. Both point out that Cnoc nan Carnan (or at least part of it) lay within the uallum; and this was certainly true at some stage. If, however, its steep eastern face originally bounded the west side of the monastic enclosure, then Columba stands on my middle boundary. If so, was one of the reasons for its eventual inclusion within the uallum the fact that it was the traditional site of this penultimate general blessingof the saintl r5 Sharpe, Ltfe ofSt Columha,p. z8r n. rrr. For the church of Derry at this time, see ibid., pp. 28-g and 255-6 n. 54.

*

Columban monks and r ir;l

sky

charge, give without ch,r-. 14 Both the Andersons (Life of Colamba, pp. xlvi and zzz n. 243) and Sharpe (Life of Sr Columba,p.374n.4og) think that this monticellus was Cnoc nan Carnan, the rocky hillock

:

work, Adomnän descrihcembrace not onlr- Irelan,,l :: Rome itself 'which is thc , -

Christendom (VC

III : .

17 O'Loughlin, 'I-ir ing in :: sanctis.

*

-

-

,.

.

's'tlJu0s

slrol aO s(ururuopv Jo txetuoJ eqt ur Surlrr,{\ '6r 'd ',ueecg aqt ur Sur,rr1, 'ullq3no1,6 lr 'd ',,(relseuotr{ s(uguruopv, 'p1euoqcr1,X '.zrru rgz'd'oqwn1o3 tSt0 ,t!7'edreqg 9r

'zf

t

'(t"'ttI 31) uropuersuq3 ur13'I Jo arluec eql 'esJnos Jo (puB - (serJrs IIB Jo Jsrr.lJ aril sr qcrq,u, Jlestr eruoa ,{geug pue l.{pr1 pur pe9 'uredg osp tnq lurelrrg pur puEIarI .(1uo tou eJrrque ol BuoI ruoU lno peq3eeJ seq er.ueJ s(Bqr,unlo3 ,&\oq seqrrJsäp ueuuropy'ryorrr eqt Jo pue eqt 18 {lrBlrurrs pur dlpuoceg '(g'or t14) ,a8reqc }noqtlu a,rr8 'e8reqc lnoqll.&t pe^IeJoJ noÄ, :uorlnqlJluoc u^\o Jar.l uJnleJ ur selBr.u eqs ,r\ou pue e8esseru ledsos eql pe^recar srq 'spue esoqt lE 'euo1 4,'qlree eql Jo spua aql ol ,(1eug '1aers1 1F ot ueqt 'ureFsnref uI tsJg :tueue^ou ploJeeJqr ? se petesr^ue osle sr ladso8 er{l Jo Surqcuerd eq} urereq.e\ 'ur1q3no1,6 ,(q peurllno t?qt ol ,(.re1uaue1druo3 esues eruos ur euer.{Js E srr{l ur aas ol peurlcur r.ue I 'plJo.rl, eql ,(1eug 'ruo1 ueql (qJrnqc eql tsJU :luereJJrp 're,te,u,oq 'ele slrurq aqJ 'ueur.uopv ,(q pelu{.(1trc1dxa're,roeJour 'eru 1q3q,{peaueq Jo suorlelsoJrurr.u eeJr{l eserlf '(tznt3n) ,,(epprtu tB uns re(uruns eqt e{rl, plro,&\ aloq,&\ eqr rq8rl o1 Surtuees pue asrruns Jo uorlJarrp eqt ul Sursr.r rq3r1 3o utunloJ teerS e dq dn 1q ,i4s eloq^\ oq] eas le3euoq ur uurd Je^rU eqt ur Surqsg sregto pur sluotu ueqtunlo3 'arurl eruus eql lV 'lnos s(Eqtunlo3 a^receJ 01 ue^Baq uor; Surpuecsap sla8ue er{l Jo tqSII eqt fq prlerrr*nllr BuoI Jo puBISr eloq,r oql Jo uorsr^ B ffiq puEIeJI ur ,(ralseuotu e ur {uotu r 'qteep s(Eqr.unlo3 Jo rnor{ eql uJ .tures Surdp eqr lnoqe 1q3q crle8ue qtr.a\ pellu qoJnqc eloq,u eql ees 'JEeu ,u,erp ,{aqt se 'sraqlorq Jeqlo ,$eJ B pug trr.uJor(I luepuattg srq 'saqceorddr qreep s(eqr.unloJ Jo luetuoru eqt se '.{ltsrrg 'ploJeeJql sB ururuopv , q percrdep sr Juorre^our pJe,tuno ue 'peapur 'ec1.tn-1 'acusreodde ou e{Br.u serrepunoq esegl (pesro^er sr

uollJerrp eq1 ueql&'artueJ aqt tB qornqJ erlt ot plro.& eprstno eqt tuo{ 'prerlrur Jueruä^oru Fr.uJoJ lBr{,reluos Jo lxeluoc eqt ur ,(po luaJedde sr ta,realoq ,urels,ts .{repunoq s(ueuruopv 'ecuecgru8ls Ierräletu ou e^eq .,(uru e;eq sa^rlnururp

aseqt Jo esn eqJ ,{rzpunoq uoturuoc e se (olntxdas) .e8peq lletus, e eJtr{s (alouatsouow) equnlo3 3o d.ralsuuotu E puB qtno-I Jo EtqJoW Jo ,(retseuotu s

p - yn11a3o - spuelurreJ erl] 'JA ol oreJerd puores eqr u1 '(esec ,(ue ur .ftr1rqrs -sodurr lecqce.rd e) esues drelrpru duc ur elqrsueJap Jo elqeprturoJ.(prsseceu 1ou q8noqt 'e1qrsr,r eq ot e^Bq plno^\ serJepunoq eerqt IIr 'palcedse.r eq oa 'oS ol alqrssod ruaes lou seop 1r're,re,troq'1eql ueql Jetprnd 9r'osle.{Jcpunoq lsoturalno ue .(lqrssod '1see1 ]e w,nilün E Jo eJualsrxe eql ,(a^uoc duur esngar go aceld orlt JoJ ocsapla ruJet eql Jo esn aqt puu 'peulecuoc sr IerJnq 3o eceld 'perldtur aq,(rru eJnsolcue lsoruJeuur uy 'snbudo eJB slreläp Je{eas eql ruo{ tuq,r\eruos BqlunloJ acu?tsrp s(ugllgg

s? reJ sB

punor8>1ceq

ol

aqa 'asud.rotua srq pur

stuees .(caqdord [e,&\3J3J s(]ur?s eql pue

'urq

sselq prp sq[unloJ lBql plol

dilenrce rou eJe e UoJII lpJrlrtuara äqt JoJ pelrnsun su 'l1nug rer.{lo eruos ro eprrd FntFIds Jo asnBJeq 'peprr8a.l sB^L eq sdeqred 'ugtr?g tnoqB pe^Jeser,(ltcunsp slueas uuur.uopy dlarytun sr '1xe1uoc Imrlsrrselcoa uu ur,{llercedse ,yeunq.fte1qos

IBnlua^e sll JoJ suosrr- -: 'srnsolcua JIlsEuoLU 'r {- . 'c8ets eulos lE enJt i' L..-- - -

tS

lo a.{ll) ad,rrqs f :rr : -: ,

lBt{l 'JeAs,ltoq 'Iul{- I ---

:

-

uo sI uoIlEJlueJU« r.- -.' -- -. JO ulqll,\l\ ta;aq \\-ril-r ,- t - - -

isrsrJs aq] -iq pesnr-

eql peLIsEsJq lE petJnq

SE

lr.l.,

\\ '.r.)Jr'.

- -:-: -- -

7

' . ..: -: - --

ueeq a^ELI -(rtu aL{ 3O

,(lruntutuoJ eql

:

-

s(Bqlunlof pur P::^ : :* r, : -

stll

're]Seeraqt

IIELuS B JO pBeq

Spua ]Senb

i ir

sJr-l , -r -- .: - -:

s(utllllrg

otti ereld ]Eqt ut. tn -. ' : -- : . ,turu u.,) &as eql ui f -:

-

eq] uI pe^Io \ul e9 ', ,- : a^le.{ ,} eql sesol \

-: --'

I' u',

-

L{)JEIJ}ed e Jo Sulss.

- -- '

slr ssrseqdo,rd pur -. :---'(.uo1aq raql j- - : - '

-

'rr.lJ

fA uI epostda JLUr. I - SII puB puelsl eql s:--i-, - -'u ul 8ur]lts 'uqrunl(.) ) ,- t. 3ql roJ - L{rrnqJ il{l *. :- - ultlll^\ dlqeunsa-rd '--r1- :-uo sput,tt

irr,Iluol i. : :

-

adatspuuT rusuuow ary-/'o spadsV

TZ

))

Aidan MacDonald,

V Adomnän's scheme

t_'

ADOMNAN AND THE LAITY

communit-v:

of things, whether it reflects the reality of his own or

Columba's day, or both, or an ideal only, pretty clearly envisages no resident lay population on Iona. The significance of the timely windstorm, which effectively closes the island to outsiders for the duration of the saint's funeral ceremonies and allows his family of monks only to be present at them (VC III.z3), would apparently be nullified if there had in fact been laity living on the island at the time. If this impression is right, then though the plebeus Findchän is implicitly a tenant of the monastery (VC II.3), his home place, Delcros, must have been elsewhere, probably on Mull. This conclusion is supported to some extent by the fact that the wattles for building, taken from his land, are brought to the monastery by ship. It appears that only monks work on the land (VC I.r8, 37; II.z8 ,39; III.z3), in the steading (VC II.r6, zg),in the workshop (VC II.z9), on building (VC Lzg; II.3,45; III.r5), or at general tasks (VC UI.rz).'8 The attitude of VC to the laity generally seems ambivalent. Adomnän shows, on the one hand, a lively interest in secular, especially royal and aristocratic affairs. His attitude to women in particular, mostly laywomen, is not unsympathetic as a rule (VC I.17; II.3, 5,7,39,40,4r,III.ro; but conffast I.47;II37; cf. II, 7); and can be actively compassionate (VC ILz5 and 33). Laymen are received in Columban monasteries in various circumstances and capacities: as guests (VC L13, 25,27, cf.l.z); as penitents (VC I.zr, 3o; II.39; cf.l.zz); as pilgrims (VC I.3z); as students (VC ilI.zr); to be buried (VC I.16). On the other hand, Adomnän seems to show concern over unrestricted access to Iona on the part of the laity - a concern reflected, not only by the reference to the funeral windstorm (VC ilI.23), but also, I suggest, by the end of VC IIL7. And, as I have already observed, most of those requiring passage across the Sound seem to be lay people. It is in the context of a public cult of relics, however, that this concern appears most noticeable. Recourse to or veneration of relics (in particular relics of Columba himself) are not conspicuous features of the Life as a whole.'e Such instances as are noted, moreover, are clearly not intended to attract or encourage the devotion of the laity at large. Most conspicuous, however, by its absence is any reference to pious recourse to Columba's grave,especially reference to posthumous miracles effected there. The reports of heavenly light about his grave and angelic visits to it (VC III.z3) do not appear to be intended to stimulate lay interest generally in any way. Posthumous cures effected at the saint's grave, or more widely by means of his relics, simply do not occur. And the protective patronage alforded by St C.olumba (VC II.a6) is, in the first instance, too vague (the Picts and Scots) and, in the second, too restricted (the Columban

Sharpe too concludes that Iona did not support a resident lay population in Columba's time (Lrfe of St Columba, pp. r9-zo). r9 See VC II.++-S; and cf.

II.8j.

scor l ; n,* -

matter), a surprisins , r-. r have, in fact, the dehr-ru discourage such der c1 ,;:

which to agree in thc -.,, :

I

think that it

\\

r

1.

.

Lindisfarne) that I .h * account of the influ\ r ,t t_ flee to my bodr beciLr.c.

-

_

God have neverthele.. : r: intercede with the pr,,,,, 1.r, put to much trouble ,,: : _. he has finall-v: conscnrt u

tomb themselr-es. thc t : have interpreted -\ d t_,nt : : .

Columba's mortal rcnrirr . may have been e\cludr-. accommodation, then. ,. I

_

fundamental change: ; : the monasterv of Ir_,n: i Adomnän wished ar rll - . -

\I

.

Adomnän affords e\ idcr,_ that the island u,as resii-". _ -. It frequentlr. happ.-r - _

identified as to be, ar lr*.

identification probabir , to establish Columba', :. * Ioua insula (VC I.8 ), ,-rr, ?_

-

(uir) sa,nctus irt Ioutt

i'ttti..,-,

r \ {- (VC III.zz; cf. III .j an I: - for some months) ; uu..,,.ii '

Ioua comm[tnens insul,t

durn uir

r8

in

Northumbrian iournc., case, direct attention r

ue

nerarudus t n I

zo Bede,l/ita S. Cudl,er.t;.

r,

:,

.,

t::

..

'(19-6lz 'dd'saat7 oa1 'arcfi1o3) Le 'det ,ut,taqpnJ .S o1!l .apeg oz

'h-1

s(BqlunloJ ul uorlrin.l

JBIrurs ,(1eso1c eql ur :r IIII 3^) Elfisut tnlansranu7t anoJ u, §npu2üuan iln tunp f(gr 'or'111 )L) atnsu! suosßnull onll ut snruaq/sntruoslrrr:(sqtuotu otuos roJ Eqrrrnlo] qtl!'^ olnsux toqauor,uu,to7 ünoJ ut turrEpd tlslrJ uB :L'III'Jx lzz'y1a1y) olnsat p)auawwlJ onll u!. swoaq,qn wnp:(6'111 :oi'1 3r7) Ensut suaurrwwlJ ttnrJ m (aqruryo3) snpaos:(9'111:zn'131) alnsw tnpronruruzl anrJ ut snttuns (nn) wru i(6t'1131) ulnsut tntatosanuzr onlJ u, snnuos iln ww i(g.137;) alnsut rnoJ ut snpuüs ttrn pssa wnt :sntlJL'arur] uarrr8 8 ]e uorlBnlrs s.Bqr,unloJ rlsrlqBlse ol pe,{oldtua saserqd JrelnturoJ ur fpuenber3 Jsotu sJncco dlquqord uortecurtuapr lecqcerd srql 'ar.ues aql puu euo 'uouecrldurr ,{q lseal lB 'rq ot s, pegBuapr .{1eso1c os eJE EuoJ Jo dretsuuour pue puBISr eqt teqr suedduq , puanberJ l1 'ruJBJ oruoq eql lsn( upqt eror.u ,(ilrrluetsqns su pepre5or sB^\ puEISr eql ter{l Surtecrpur se paterdrolur aq dyqruoseeJ detu r{crq,tr ecuapr^e spJoJJe ueuruopv

tacueJsul lsJg eql uI '{l , '-,7 'puv 'Jn3f,o ]ou op i1ci..."eql 18 pe]3aJJ3 sern.r :- ---

ol pepuslul eq Ol Ji'r.- - I slq ]noqe IqBII ilu) \i.r ol eJueJeJeJ illttlriJ r l'r a8urnooue Jo lSrJJlE

q3ns or'eloH,{[

E

rr-, ,

sr:11-l

s3r[eJ JBInJIUEd UI

dq

areq,rn 'e.rnsolcue

]soruJeuw eqt un{lr,tr

.,(e1

sureuar leuoru s(Bqtunlo3

o,trt oql uo suoruedtuoo srr{ pue ueuruopv puu puulloos

ul

-:

--

.-.

-

-

-

.

)'.,r'ii.-

uJeJuoc slt{} lEtll 'Jr'L-f

,

'a1dr':.i't

SdVSSCINVT CITU]VS V SV VNOI IA

'pro^E o1 slsoc IIB tB peqslr\ uguuropv 'e,taryaq 1 'teqt - sra8uup peepur - srualqord qtr^t BuoJ 3o dralseuou eql palusserd e,req dlqeqord ppom puu ',{lrunulum erll JoJ sa8urqc IeluaruepunJ ssal Jo eJotu pa^lo^u e^Br{ pFoc rueql ol ssecce crlqnd go ,uaql .uoqeporuurocce är.IJ 'uorsr^radns lcrrls ropun ,tr1ue pa-&olle dyuo ro ,papnlcxa ueeq o,teq .,(rru aydoed

'aur1]no prorq ur .{1lcerroc serJepunoq;o urelsr(s s(ucuruopv palerdrelur e,r.rq (se^lesueql quor oz'sJolrsr,t .{q tr ol ssäccr loJluoc osp deu sJar{loJq eql

I JI

srq ot ssaf,Ju ,,(pear Suraeq ag{m 'leqt os 'araqt qoJnr{c eqt ut perJnq aq eq teql spuäruruocer lräqqtnJ 'aurr;slpurl uo perJnq eq ot patuasuoc ,(1eug sBrI eq uerl^\ ua^a puy '.,{poq,(ur 3o ecuosard eqr yo tunoJoe uo alqnoJt qcnur o1 1nd äq ru,!\ os pue 'uaru qcns Jo JIBqaq uo plJolü sqt Jo sra,trod eqt qtr^\ epecJetur ot .(puenbar3 ,(rel peledruof, aq II^r nod pue lquo; euo8 sselaque eu e BrI pog

Jo luBAJes B sE er.u lnoqu slrodar 'rue 1 se dqlronun 'asnuceq ,(poq ,{ur ol eeu sdeqred ru^\ oq,$. '1ros ,(lele Jo uarr,{1pn5 pue searlrSng Jo xnlJur or{t Jo lunocJe uo '(eureg uo e8e1nu;eq srq tB 'a'r) eraq ureruer plnoqs I teqr (euJuJslpulT Jo.üluntuuoJ erlt'e'r) no,{ rog }uerpedxe oror.u eq ilI,!\ tr }?qt {uHt ... I ' ", :ueqr1ln3 rg Surdp eqt ol epeg ,(q pelnqupe spro.^a eqt ur aar8r ot qrrql( r{tr^{ qJnr.u punoJ e^ErI plno,r er{ rcqt {ulq1 I .sluaudole,rap r.IJns e8ernocsrp o1 .,(1e,rr1rsod peuraJuoc sBt\ ueurüopv uorsserdur atruUap aq1 ,tcug ur ,e,ruq leql 'e8eur.rS1d relsoJ ol ueeq pur.I uorluelur eqt uorssruo Sursrrdrns u .(re11utu 1 Jr ]Etlt roJ qcrnqJ luepuedep parruu u o1 ro) Jlestr ?uol o] uorluellt tcerrp ,asuc ,(ue ur '1ou seop 1I 'lxetuoc srql ur peJeprsuoJ eg ol (sfeurno( ueuqunqlrog

tz

-'-

':- '(ta111 J71) Iurolspul \'. -

e - ,{llel eql Jo trrd 1- sruess uBuulopY 'pur! -' -: ' se i(zt'I 371) sLUIrr-l1r,J .: :: 't, 'I f71) slsan^E sr :stl- -- : - r uI p3^I33eJ eJ8 Uf,LU',a'- :

pue i(L 'II 'p i Lt'tt :-f i - ' : Jlleqludu isun l( 1".1 - " * 1

B sE

'SJIBJJB

puf ':

sIlEJ3OlsIJr

tsmoqs ueuluopy lu:'i' .* "-: \ s,'(zrlll .)'r 'l\

uo'(62'II fA) doqs\r ' ''' i ,

-

iLt, 'grl fA) pt.r*l rqr * ' eq] or rq8norq 3rr F u: ' Aq ruelxo eluos ol P:l:' '- - Ueeq e^BI{ }SntU '.i//-/-",r(- ': ::

Äprcqdtul sl ugqrpul-l ' 1 aql 18 puelsl eql uo ;u- " :

-

SAIUOUISJOJ IBJäUflJ S.l'u" : - :

ilarrrlcaJJe du1

LIJIL{

tuaplseJ

\\

I-

'LU Jo I r

ou sa6rst rr*.: itrlra: -. - - \

Jo u.&\o slq Jo

dtlumuruoc

a(ntspu07 itlsuuow atplo sltadsy

24

Aidan ,MlacDonald

episode of VC IILrz, Columba and his monks are in the mznl,steriumi presumably Iona is meant); uir uenerand.us cum in loua conuersaretur insula (VC ilI.r3). In all these instances and in VC Lrr (ad eum [i.e. Columba] in loua insula commorantem),

though the island is named, the setting is actually the monastery: in fact the monastery is meant. This also appears to be the case when Librän crosses from Ireland to Columba's island monastery, insulanum mznesterium (VC II.39); and when a British monk 'first among us has died in this island' Qtrimus apud nos in hac insula mzrtuus est, YC III.6). Demons wishing to inflict diseases on Columba's community of monks, suPer eius cenubialem cletum) are repelled 'from this our principal island' (hac nostra d.e insula... primaria, VC I.r). In the full version of the same episode Columba is described as living in the island of Io (uir sanctus in loua clnuersans insula), and the demons as wishing to attack his monastery (monasterium), and to kill many of the brothers (fratres): he defends 'his island' (sua insula) against them (VC III.8)." Finten moccu Moie sails to the island of Io, transnauigans Iouorn deuenit insulam; and is received there as a guest (VC I.z). Monastic hospitality is extended to an exhausted bird on the western shore of Io (cum sa,nctus in loua inhabitaret insula/in occidentali kuius insulae parte): the crane is described as being'in pilgrimage with us' (apud nos perigrinarf,and as a'pilgrim gtest' (perigrina hospita, VC I.a8). In VC II.45, the monastery is the destination, but is described usually as the island of Io (Ioua insula), or 'our island' (nostra insula). As might be expected, however, the identification is not total: in VC I.3o, 37, 48; and III.8, r6 and z3 (six times [thrice in rzSa alone]), the monastery is quite clearly also »ithin the island. The uallum monasterii is, after all, a significant

:

one of the stones «-rf ::: was'. In the ensuinJ ,-i:-, with angels ascendin: :: -

him that "'The grnu:

*

descendants ... Be . -r.

-

and bring )'ou back r, , :: . what I have promis..i . Yahweh is in this pia.-( --

inspiring this placc : - the gate of hear en I" E:: his pillow, and ser ir Lj .place Bethel

-

...'.'i Ti..

in Adomnän rxäkc: :: symbolised for his st i:. -a grave-marker. Ion; :. : .:

and the gate of hear .: where the dir-ine nll,, .l In the second p'rlaut. ., representing, for \dlr r _

Here a passage from

:

lr;

link, sint r- : context of a säcrc.j I_-_ purposes of the pre>L-l. * Serve as a

boundary.

There are other considerations, however, that, I think, reflect much more explicitly the sacred character of the island as a whole for Adomnän and the Columban community. In the first place, there is Columba's pillow-stone. The saint is said to have used the bare rock for his bed, 'and for pillow, a stone which even today stands beside his burial-place as a kind of grave-pillar'(et pro puluillo lapidem qui hodieque quasi quidam iuxta sepulchrum eius titulus stat monumenti,YC lII.4). The Andersons briefly discuss the use of titulus in Gn 28.r8, where Jacob sets up his stone pillow in titulum; and in Gn 35.2o, where a titulus is set up by Jacob over Rachel's tomb (sepulchrum)'. est titulus monumenti Rachel usque

I am not concerned here so much with the stone as gravemarker, as with the stone as pillow; and with its implications for Iona in the

... these t\\o tirl:._ * the valler and c>i...- * St Galll u hich i: " that ther desirc.i. : Then the Sainr. :; of the ladder anJ .

-

_

_

the Lord is in rhi\ :-

:: thar :

manv Serpent: completelr

_

,

in praesentem diem."

context of Gn 28.

zr There

is, of course, only one monastery on Iona. Compare the situation on Tiree, which supported several fratrum monasteria, and where Baith6ne successfully defends the eclesiae . . . collectio or congregatio of Campus Lunge against the same demons (VC III.8). zz Anderson and Anderson, Life oJ'Columba,pp.224-5 n. 247. Sharpe too draws attention to Gn 35.2o in this connection : Ldb oJ' St Co lumba, pp. 37 4-5 n. 4r t.

23 The translation i, r.. - _.

-

Surgens ergo Iacol, tn it )i t . oleunt desuper ('Rising thc:

head, and set it up i1: .i ,z4 'And even after thc tl c l-: -

-

-

same heavenlr. brightnc:.. ;. to the present du), to rpr.._:- -. through being revealed I Calli I.13 (foy'nt, Li./;,11r.\ ,

'(zg'd'yr2

ry.{o al!.l 'tutr.ofi tr'1t11o2

ort 1 Sz '(tz'In Cn) ,$uta1a aopsnqrzb) suosred tcele urrtrer ot paleo^er Sureq q8no.rqr paqsrlqetse sr se lasodar seuoq .{1oq srg gJrr.l.e\ ur aceld aqt te ruedde o1 tep luaserd aqt ol u,ttop 'esuä) tou seop 's1e8ue .{1oq Jo slrsr^ luanber3 äqt s? IIe.& sr 'ssautq5rrq.{1ua,reaq auus stqr ',{poq eqr;o älcturequl eqt ruoü lnos a1tua3 tsoru srq 3o e.rngedap eqt reue ue,ra puy, üz 'e^oqe zz 'u ur socualaJä.r pue l(,e,roge ruo{ Iro Surrnod 're1pd e sr dn }r tes pue (peeq räpun tnd puq eq r{rrqÄ\ ouols rr{t 4oor qocef'Sururoru eqt ur uaqt 8ursr5,) ndnsap wnalo

ur oz' St u11 ol

u0srapuv

"'

uoltutllf '

zz '(s III

aüß21)2 eql

spu.li:p

: - :-

) ". --'-

'..,

qrq

suapunl'wn1rut! ut uxao p'ons utdru tntansoddns ruanb waptdol 1r.p1 'aurw qot»1 oZ,ta sua7tng :8r'82 uC Jo erugln1 oqt3)'aq!.g walasntaf, aa11 eqt uro{ patrf, sr uort?lsuurt eqa tz

stll uI EuoI -anur8

sz'erer{l uoes reuB Je e sB.&\ euo Jou l8ql .(latoldl'uoc os peqsruB^ .{eqr qfroJ Äep fuqf tuo{ tnq ',(a1P,t 1uq1 ur stuedJes ,{uBru tBerßß ueeg pBrl ereqt e[uB l?r{l ol drl '(9r'gz uC) (lecBld sqt uI sr pro'I eql fpra, 'pres'uoeraql Surpuecsap pue Eurpuecse sle8ue eqt pue JappBI äql Jo uorsm ar{t pleqeq pBq eq reuB gmBf Jo spro,u eqt Suqlecer 'rures eql uaqa 'ure1d pus e Sursolcue punoJs sureJunoru pue poo,{\ euu B (peJrsap,{aqf

fqf

(tuaual}tes

sE

JOJ

SUOi.i'-:.- -

* auols eql qli ''. : - -

les sI snruru

E eJeq

tt 'l

r

:

:

eJaLIA'8r'82 uO ui !'

fA

'llt,tarunttottt

ltlli i; ' -

-

oilxnrud oad P) .m[[Itl-] '-r - -: tl3ltl^A euols e '-§o1[t] .' ,- : -'euols-'to1pd s. i u. -- -.

luso5lu8ts e 'llr .Iat-lr ':

:uorssncsrp luaserd ärl1 Jo sesodJnd roJ e^rlredsoJd pu? o^rlJedsorler rltoq sr 1r og 'ece1d peJf,ES E Jo lxeluoJ eql ur se{?us secnpoJtur pue 9r'82 uC setonb qloq rr aJurs ({url B sE e^Jes ,(etu (6fg psrp) oqerrg pl{q?le .\ fq IIrC 15 Jo aJI-I oqt ruory e8essud € eraH 'Sururntsr tsgel ]E Jo (peJolser esrperud .{Irlrrue eqt (uguruopy rog €uEuaserda.r ro Sureq se pesues eq uEJ .t1qeco1 slr pue ,(relsuuotu aqt (eceld puoJes eql uI trr',suosrod lcele, ol .{1.reelc arolu JIästI IEa^eJ ol asoor{f, ,{uur eur,r.rp eqt eraq^\ (spro,rl rer{to ur 'sr puelsr oqJ 'ue^Berl 3o ele8 eqt pur

eI{J_,

r.{f,ruu pereJJo tr roJ E roJ peng IIO.&\ pe8pn(.teqr qcrq.u [UeC tS Jo ä]ls eJntnJ eIIt 'a'l] lods B slu8e.ns o^u uee,{\teq NBI tB perdse pue .,(e11u,r aqt q8norqr ,{r,l. rreqt penuBuoc sseuJoplr,r\ er{t Jo sJe ol InJqtlBJ ot§ oseql

"'

'Lt, 'ot 'I

eq]

uI :ptol

fA

i -

-

'§t'tt f^ uI '(r-f I I

'-

'ecuyd .(1oq,{lelcadse u?

po3 Jo epoqe eq] ueqt ssel Surqtou 'leqlag e{rT (ueqt sr ?uol 'ra4rrru-e,rer3 e tI eJoJeg ,ttogrd s,qocef stuupuacsap lunlurds slrl JoJ pasqoqu.,{s se .,(1eug pe^res

auols-,$,o1pd s(EqunloJ leql eJusJeJur elqeuos?eJ E lr se{Eru ueur.uopv ur pue ss8rssud srseue0 o,{1.l äql ur §npfit Jo esn uolutuoc erll sr',' ' ' leqfeg aceld eqt petueu eH 'tr Jo dor eql Je^o Iro Eurrnod 're1pd e s? dn tr tes pue '.troypd srq roJ posn perl eq auols aqt loot qocef 'Sururoru txeu .,{prg .(iue^Boq 3o e1e3 aql sr srqt puu 'pog Jo epoqr eqt uerlt ssal Surqlou sl slqJ 1sr eceld srql Suurdsur -e.,!\B 'pres pue prege sB,{4. eH ((i,r\ou{ }ou prp 1 pue eceld srql ur sr qa.,!\r.{BÄ tlnr;,^\oH), 'pres pue deals srq ruory elo.^ .8 qocef ueqa .,'no.( psstuo.ld e.trq I terl,r\ ouop o^Er{ 1 ptun no.{ uesep Je^eu IIBr{s I roJ ',{rlunoc srql o} IcBg nod Suuq pue 'oS no.( Je^eJeq.r\ ages nod deel lpqs 1 lnof qtl.tr tuu 1 'erns eg "' stuepuecsep rno.{ pue nod o1 e,lr8 leqs 1 Sur.{y ere no.,{ qJrr.{^t uo punorS eql,, lBr{l tunl pesrurord pue rurq ot peJeedde poo pue lSurpuecsap pue Surpuecsu sya8ue qtr,u 'us,rueq ol quBa ruor; Surqclarls reppBl B .&\ES oq 'ruearp Surnsua eql uI '(sc.&r aq erer{,^. urrrop .(e1 pur ,trolpd sq }r epEr,u eq 'ece1d rBql Jo seuols aqt Jo euo JoJ poddols qocef '6r-or'gz uC uI

Surryt, 'puu aceld urrueJ e 1e lq8ru eqt Sz

eq] uo prlq pslsnrLi\-r ..: i -:

-

8 sE eJeql pe-\I3f,er sl

o]

SIIBS

alol,{

-.

nJJOLU u-:-

-,

spueJap oq :(sat1 tl.tl | .--1 - - - sILI {oE}}E o} Surqsr \\ il ' .: : : Jo puBISI eq] ul 6ul \II eql uI'(r't f-\'ttt.r!'-* t ete ' ttt tt ,' .' .,, -

pellade

uo

1

'

:

,

tsILJul l. -- -

SeSBeSIp

'., ut, slu ?nda snutut[ ] .pu. pue :(6t'II f-\) trni;.,:-:'

-

'

-

,

IUOJJ SOSSOJS

U9Jql-I ur -. , i -

'(rua7ua,toruruo) nf ttstti i'1: i',',.,.,

uI '(tt'III f \)

IIE

,(lqetunsard '.tlttlt.t)ls.i'.r' -., 1* -

a(atspuu7 )xtst ulw aop-/o sltadsy

Aidan MacDonald

26

:

In VC II.z8, Columba, shortly before his death, visited the brothers working in the western plain of Iona. Standing on higher ground and prophesying that they will not see him again in that vicinity 'raising both his holy hands he blessed all this island of ours, and said: "From this moment of this hour, all poisons of snakes shall be powerless to harm men or cattle in the lands of this island, so long as the inhabitants of that dwelling-place shall observe the commandments of Christ".' The chapter-heading makes it clear that this is the focal point of the chapter. The episode must have been important to Adomnän, since he repeats it at the beginning of VC III.z3 as a kind of first prelude to his account of Columba's death. In this second version the saint, 'still sitting in the wagon ... turned his face to the east, and blessed the island, with the islanders its inhabitants. And from then to the present day, as has been written in the above-mentioned book, the poison of three-forked tongues of vipers has not been able to do any injury to either man or beast.' Here the prophecy of his impending death is more explicit. The primary version is clearly that of VC II.z8; but in VC III.4, too, the formality of the moment is marked when Columba turns his face to the east, over the island to his monastery, to give his blessing (see above). There are actually no adders on Iona and there probably never have been any.'6 It is unlikely, however, that Adomnän wrote the story just to explain why there were no snakes on the island: that is not his purpose and he does not, in any case, say that Columba expelled, an insular population of snakes.'7 His message must, therefore, be sought elsewhere than in the material or natural order. O'Reilly has discussed more generally the Biblical, Patristic and early monastic exegetical tradition in which the snake represents the devil and all his works (including schism and heresy); and in particular the passages under review as depicting, inter alia, the earthly (here monastic) paradise as a foreshadowing of the heavenly paradise and realisable now as long as the community perseveres in the monastic life and in the quest for Christian perfection.'8 I am concerned here only with the implications of this metaphor for a sacred landscape. So I would observe that, while there is no question that the snake symbolises the diabolic at important levels of early and medieval Christian thinking, it is also and equally incontrovertibly a creature in the natural realm. It has to be dealt with, therefore, under both aspects. At one and

z6 In his letter to me of z September rggz (see n.

4 above), Patrick Cashman writes:

'I

have

found no biological record of the adder on Iona, and I have confirmed this with local islanders.'Cf. Reeves, LiJb oJ'St Columba, pp. r4z-3 n. d. z7 L6rins was'uninhabited because of its utter desolation and unvisited for fear of its venomous snakes'. But St Honoratus is not said to expel the snakes: 'The terrors of the solitude were put to flight; the army of serpents fell back ... not once was he ever in danger or even startled by an encounter with a snake, although encounters are so frequent in those arid wastes (as I can bear witness), especially when provoked by heavy seas.' So says Hilary of Arles, quoting just beforehand Ps 9o(gr).r3 and Lc ro.rg (De uita S. Honorati Arelatensis episcopi, cap. r5, in Hoare, Western Fathers, pp.

z59-6o). z8

'Reading the Scriptures' , pp. g4-,7.

the same time, the dL-,, r. : restored, let alone hc:.,-J-. fallen creation u hoss iu * r of humanity St paui c ,:: before the fall \\-as rr_r bc r_ or, to put it another r, :.

were to be an incar[J,[], ,l

then it mighr har e bc-u: site and its surrountl i.

if naturally

presen r. r r

:

. =

;

though, thel could hc r-. whole again (as in Is r - r * course, raise brute Crc,l., : dom serves and \\ ill C,yl_.: . protects beasts as \\ cl, ;heaven and earth. G,,c. :the true relationship lt on the part of human l-,c l Adomnän's atrirudr- : _ enough in practice. f , ,: ,l

bestowed upon the r.\ h; * - i wa,v-

that a sick or u s;I

reasonably anticipare:

death

of its master.

r,,

:: * ir.

_

,

:

III.z3), should also bc .r.: of the animal kingdorn. -,, Angels, too, frequeni .r sword is withdrau-n (Gn : _that certain places u ithir _. : at the time of his r-isit rhc:r in his fight against rhc .1:. with angels on Cnoc._J,. _-, observed (VC III.r6) ..T. mentioned (VC III.2 j , l Adomnän (VC III.r6; ei i-.

:

_

zg In VC II.44, Adomnän. s action to try to end a se\ erc .;-community in opening and r;; angels, 'rvhere at one timc rh. confer with the holy man . Tr very good harvest ensues. tr, -

o0

aqt rEr{]'aJrl crle8uu aql sEAr eJrl JrlsBuorü eql t3r{1 eepr aqa sänsue tseÄJBr{ poo8 ,(ra,r. e 'Ä11en1ue,r,a 'pue s11u; urer ,{,ruaq :lnJssacJns ,(leturpsruur sr srqa '.ucur.,(loq or{r qtr,n reJuof, ol Surpuecsap uJes eJe,u ,trlunoc ,tlue,rueq eqt Jo suäzrlr3 eqt euJrl auo lr araq,r, ,sle8ue eqt Jo IIrq eqt uo 8urtu,[puBq s(eqtunlo] ur s{ooq uorS Surpear pue Suruado ur ,ürunuuoc aql sJeple se^lo^ur ueld srq lJDd .BuoI uo Surrds e;a,ras e pue lq5no:p ot.(rl Jo ot uorlce Jo eJoJaq srue,{ uaelua,ras eruos ,utuuropv ,tt.IJ 31 u1 6z

elet ol seq '8urlrr,u Jo erurt eqt (1ures

i1:il'L?ff:ffi:J

.

ura$ryLl 'atuo11 ul 'S -.: sd puBLIeJoJeq lsnt riu::, :'(ssault,tl Jeeq URJ I if, : i'' JelunoJue uE (q palt.:E-. *-.

IBrol t{}l.a{ slt{} pau-rr;:-

ol surp,orr,

eqr perrsr^ uäuo sräBu?:J::r'JI

Jo

,ra.eu

sr pJrq

aql ur 'pur esrperud.{pr.ree eql luenbor; ,oo} .syasuy

agl oJer{^. ,gr.I

fA

ur euBJJ pelsnBrlxä eqt uodn pa.üotseq

-

:

--

-

eqt ilqEIU ol lnd a,r: \'. : - - '(se{Eus sno'-u *^ pellqBl{ulun) su.\\ su lj:' l -:

]s ]nB A^EI{

are aler8 s(BqurnloJ o1 s1e8ue strsr^ eql 6".(9r.II1 3n) pa,rresqo luenbetS Jo sr ureld uralse^\ eqt uo - wntola7ur srynrxilli aql - la7uV tluy uo sle8ue qlr.u uoEesre^uoJ slH 'g'III JA ur suouep Surreeq-esresrp eqt tsureEe tqSU sq ur .(S.I

qe8ue ,{q dleq ue,r,l8.tgen1ue,re sr tures eql 3r$ araqr trsr^ srq Jo etun arlt lE qs8ue,(q peluanberS ereal, esroucetuuol3 lE eJnsolJua eql utrflr1rl socgd ureuec lsr{] (e ,(tz.t u|.) u,r\Brpqtl.u, sr pJo,&\s slBe eJ Bqr.unyo3 ,(eq le p,ra dee>1 ot ,as;noc BS

eql (uorlesuedsrp

,crJseruop pue 'uorJcero p1l,u, ,ruop8uDl IBruruB eql Jo Jo JapJo peueepeJ e olur uoEer8alurer I?3pr eql Suqcegar se Älqrqeqord II3 ur uees aq oslB plnoqs .(tz.III fA) tl ot pelee^er ,{leur,rrp ,{e,tr eruos ur uoeq sgq qJrr{,r\ ,Jelseru stl Jo rlluep Surpuedur eqt tB esJotplro^ir elrq,u eqt Jo 1(oJros aqt pue laledlcltue dyqeuoseer asnoq-1sanS crJseuoru B ot rolrsr^ urtunq ,,{rrea.t, ro rlcls e leql .,{e,u

lqEru

aql ut pepuel

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L

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lv 'slJadsr '- -

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.

uEIISIJLIJ JoJ lserrl 1-3t{} sE 3uo1 SE \\0'* :: ' - : ' saSussed eqt

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puu esodJnd tI.{

-

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fA

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aqt e^Jesqo llrqs 3-r ---: .- eq spuBl{ .ilo.{ siti ;* ]Etl] 8ur;(seqdord ;'''tj, ; Eur4roa sreqlo.rq rl{r ;I-.'

a(atspuryT rxtsauow aryIo sttadsy

LC

Aidan MacDonald

28

VII

COLUMBA ON THE MOUNTAIN

Iona and its community are also the Promised Land and the Children of Israel,in which and for whom Columba moves and acts as a patriarchal and prophetic figure.3I In this context it is surely significant that on a number of occasions the saint receives prophetic knowledge on, or gives his patriarchal blessing from, a hill or at least higher ground. In VC I.3o Columba, sitting'on the top of the hill that at a little distance overlooks this monastery of ours',32 foresees the imminent arrival by sea of the penitent F6chna; but it is his attendant Diormit who actually sees the ship's sail a short while later. In VC II.4 the saint sits 'on the little hill (in monticulo) that is in Latin called "great fortress" (munitio magna),'tz from which he sees 'a heavy rain-cloud that had risen from the sea in the north, on a clear day'. Foretelling that the cloud will bring disease to both men and beasts in a certain part of Ireland, he sends one of his monks thither with bread that he has blessed as a cure. In VC III. 16 he has the conference with angels, standing'on a certain knoll of that [i.e. the western] plain' (in quod,am illius campuli colliculo) - the Cnoc angel referred to earlier. In VC III.z3 he blesses his monastery and prophesies its future renown from the summit of the small hill (monticell(ul)us) overlooking the monastery that both the Andersons and Sharpe have suggested was Cnoc nan Carnan.3a Adomnän's exemplars were doubtless Scriptural and drawn mainly from the Old Testament accounts of patriarchs and prophets. I see nothing to indicate that we need look further afield than the Biblical tradition. Abraham encounters God in the supreme test of his faith - the sacrifice of Isaac - on the mountain of Moriah (Gn zz.r-r8), traditionally identified with the hill on which the

monks lived the life of paradise restored, in a reintegrated relationship with the created order, especially the animal world, is already found in the desert: see Benedicta Ward's introduction to Russell, Liaes of the Desert Fathers, pp. 36*7, 43-4. A hermit of the Thebaid called Amoun, much troubled by thieves, employs two large serpents to guard the door of his cell - to good effect. But the same hermit destroys a monstrous serpent that has been ravaging the countryside around: ibid., pp. 8o-r (IX) and notes, p. r3z. 3r O'Reilly draws attention to the identification of the monastery of Iona with Jerusalem: 'Reading the Scriptures', p. 97. 3z Cnoc M6r? See Anderson and Anderson, Life of Columba,pp. 56-7 n. 6z; Sharpe, Lr,fe of St Columba, p. 292 n. r4o. 33 Anderson and Anderson (Ltfe of Co lumba, p. 98 n. o6) and Sharpe (Ltfe of S t Co lumba, p. 3 r9 n. zr 5) identify this hill with Dün 34 Cf. note r4 above. In VC II.zz Columba predicts the impending doom of Ioan and his associates from 'higher ground' (eminentiore loco) in Ardnamurchan. The setting seems entirely secular. It might be argued that the saint and his companions needed to be elevated in order to \Mitness the destruction of the thieves and their ship out at sea between Mull and Coll. The circumstances of the patriarchal blessing of VC II.z8 and III.z3 differ from one another in some details: in the former the saint stands 'on higher ground' (iz eminentiore loco) for the prophecy and presumably for the blessing also; but in the latter he refers to his own impending death and then, 'still sitting in the wagon' (ut erat in uechiculo

I.

sedens),he gives his blessing.

:

temple of Jerusalenr \,, i Sinai; there also hc i: - (E* 3.r-4.ry). On rhc r. Yahweh (Ex 33. r E-. j -. especially r 93-25. ', j -:Elijah, recalling -\ kr\r \.

in his own mission

(_)-

Tabor), it is N,{oses anur i: Jesus (Mt 17.r-8; \1,- , :-

Adomnän's triple bc,un .l*: The outer boundär\. r1.one where mundanc J::. carried on. The islan.i

_

.,,,

sanctus. The interntcLl.; immediate area of rhc :-

restricted (certain cl rs . : more tightly controilc.- innermost zone, the c h -: _

have been highlr pr-i,, . -.- . certainly necessar\. h u: adumbrated is at lea=r r;rHibernensis. This u ork . Chuimne, was himsclr- : *

of

ecclesiastic al terrrr y: .

.

*

three actually seems tr_r h..; sanctus) sanctior ancl r_: , . -

collection actuall) nants

.

however, that he u aS

r.

rlc-s

.

within the Columban rc.l;r_ hand, the fact that -{tl, ,r : operating at Clonmacn . - -

35 'Solomon then began r,,

: -.

this matter brieflr; in th.-

. .

'Aspects',, pp. 293-7, esp. :,.,5pp. r 74-5. See also Kennci. ..

-

.

'(zg ru) oS-Ltz 'dd'saunog'.{auua;4 oslu äeS .9-tLr .dd (9-g6z .dse , '8un1ww»suauouo» aqrsltJ 'uaqoyqcs;esser11 ot eJuareJer qtlu L-l6z .dd ,,slcsdsy, rrt'n.ta|souou n(p)atr1d s(ueuruopv Jo uorssnJsrp u Jo lxeluoJ aqt ur 1(ger.rq JetlErrr srql .(r.t ru4 '6lz'd'sattnog ',{euua;,1 passnrsrp e,ruq 1 11),uorsr,r u per{ rer{trJ srr.I pr^BC ereq,u qerrow tunory uo ruepsnrefur qä.r\quÄ Jo esnoq eqt plrnq or ue8eq uaqt uoruolos, SC

l8

90

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I

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a(atspuaT rusaltow atp-{o spa{sy

Aidan MacDonald

3o

Theti

sites. The concept of sacred spacg enclosed ol unenclosed, is probably universal. The ultimate exemplar behind the particular scheme or schemes outlined here, however, is, I suggest,

century monastic

-

perhaps more broadly ecclesiastical

-

Haeic

Ezekiel's ideal temple in his restored Jerusalem of the (post-exilic) future (Ez 4o-8). Here the sanctuary area as a whole has three divisions: an outer court (4o.5-r7), to which the people are confined (42.t4, 44.r7-r9, 46.19-24 - save on solemn festivals, +6.g?);an inner court (4o.28-47, ++.r7-1g);38 and the Temple (4o.4Y4r .26), itself having three parts - the Ulam (the Vestibule, 4o.48i), the Hekal (the Hall, the 'Holy', 4r.r_z) and the Debir (the Sanctuary, the 'Holy of Holies', 4rA_4. Admittance to the Temple and Sanctuary is strictly circumscribed (++.+-g).3e For the present, however, these final observations must be regarded as very tentative.4o

,T,h. survir-ing m.1i.. - - l I indicate hon rirc .-the aftermath of it> ! :-: ,

parable Irish e\ ide r e c

ii

contemporaneousli

:

-

.

asserted that the un,tL.: author of the \-ern;tcu.:: while a cop), of thc .L :

Hiberno-Latin

ha eir

saints like Colmän

,

. ; -1 .

E. . '

securely dated, and riic :-

1

-

in which they- surr ir c.i '' ,-: evidence could not Sc - * r Recently; hou'ever. R. , -

collections of Hibern, -, Lives sharing a cornnr : group of nine or ten I_ --. an exemplar datable \,, :: ' * the Lives in one oi th.- - this exemplar. Thus. : .:

_

century.5 Moreover.

38 Possibly alsoEz 42.r5-zo, unless these are the outer dimensions of the whole sanctuary court: cf. 45.2. 39 Cf the account of Solomon's temple in III Reg. Other threefold divisionspass#/y discernible in Ezekiel's scheme are:- (i) the Holy Land (Ez 45. r), Jerusalem (48.r5-r6, 3o-5), the Sanctuary (a5.2); (ii) Jerusalem - the Sanctuary - the Temple proper. 4o The text of the Collectio in particular requires examination in detail, so that the complex evidence of VC can be more fully illuminated. area, including the outer

r 2

thr .:

Anderson and Andcrr, r . Herbert , ,f ona, pp. r \: -

'Maghnus O Domhnaill'r \ Plummer, VSH i.lrrri i. :- :-_ Sharpe, Bibliograph.l,.

pf . : -:

IE dd relncrged ur.'saatT .stutos qsuJ loaaryapy'ad,nqg

S

.62--ot.dd,tqd,.t3o11q1g .adruqg

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os tltelep ul uolluutLUr\: ' - * {runtoueq aql - -' ' :'

aql

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III q elduat :.u -* \

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Jo slxel eqt lBrl] srurElc eH

ol su8rssB arl qcrq.^. 'suoDcelyoc eeJr{l oJ uotutuoJ 'sa,u1 ue1 Jo euru Jo dnoJg IIB E peuBuepr seq adreqS 're1ncrl;ed uI 'aJJnos IBnlxel uotuuloc B SurJBrls se^r-I Jo sdnorE tuaql uqtm\ polou sBrl ,{qde.r3or3uq urtBT-oureqrH Jo suortJelloc er{l uorlBurruexe s(edrer{S pJBqcrU ,te.te.ttoq ,.{puecea lducsnuutu lu^erpatu Jo 'puBIeJI ur u,^.oul etueceq JA uaq^\ qsrlqetse ,(1a-rnces tou plnof, ecuäpr^e rreql 'snq; l,trn1uac qlueeunoJ ar.ll uBrll rarlrBe ou er3,r1, pe^r^rns .taqt qcrq,u ur ,{qder8o€eq urtgT-oureqrH Jo suortJelloc ldrrcsnuBu er{t pue ,petep flerncas ueoq peq aalxa aseqt Jo euou g'ryo.tr s(ueuuopy uo uJnl rreql ur ,ue.rp ,3n uI peuorlueru ore or{.&\ slures (r{oeuure3 pue 'nuun111 ,o1g ueurlo3 e{I slures Jo alqra URBT-ouJeqrH ter{} pe1seSSns se.u, tr q8noqJ ,.ull9nql trerqrl s(r{srery eteturrd ur S'r'C 7 914 drntuar-r{lueeuu aqt ur dqdur8or8eq urleT-ouraqrH Jo uollcelloc eql uI pepnlsul sB,&r uorsueJeJ peuouor{s eqt Jo ,(doc e e[q,r t.rnluac quleN-prlu eqt punorB ellr3 runlo3 Jo oJIT JEInJBuro^ eqt Jo roqtne aqt Iq orJnos e sB pesn se^t JA Jo uorsJe^ peter^eJqqeun aql lurll patJessc eg .{po plnoc tr f,puecer or dn 'puuyeruorl s(JurBS eq} ur .{lsnoeuerodrueluoc perdoc pur peer Sureq sull lxel eqt trr{l qsrlqelse 01 aouepr^e qsrJl elqered -ruoc ou sr arerlJ rclv ool

rea.,{

aql punoJr uorlupdruoc sll Jo rllerureu? eql

ur urelrr8 ur pue adorng ur pelelncrrc eql elecrpur Ii lxel Ieluäuuuo3 ueutrropv fq (l,D aoqruryl) aql eqtol sesseutr,n ldrrcsnueru^\oq 8ur,tr,r;ns sqr I ,

eq ]SflUI SUOIIE.\J)Sv : -urnoJrc iltcrJts sl i::* - - *: -

uaqtaH atlyw

3o ,t1o11, eHt '-i.Irnllu:

aqt

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:--

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a1duel eql pur ,;i(t'r I -- e^ES - fiz-6l'9f 'lr I -- - :]JflOC Jelno UE .SU(,rf(' :: z3.) ernlnJ (cttt\r-lc, -l : tlse88ns tsl 'Je-ta rr,u ': -: I rulduaxe eluulnln eqI 'r'.-l eq1 'srtt§ - : -

1o tdecuoJ

-Mtiire Herbert

32

Th,

material from VC. Therefore, does their witness help to provide a new date for the use of Adomnän's work in Ireland? As Sharpe did not provide analysis of the content of each particular Life to cross-check its dating indications against those provided by the larger scrutiny of the collections, I have opted to do a test-case here. I have chosen to analyze the Codcx Salmanticensas version of Vita Cainnechi (hereafter VCainn.)6 since it is a composition in which the use of VC extends beyond the simple borrowing of particular episodes to be a constitutive element of the text. Therefore, what is at stake is not simply the dating of VCainn. but also its evidence regarding the formative influence of VC on Irish hagiographical composition. Initial examination for dating purposes reveals no glaring late feature in the text of VCainn. Several of the forms of its personal and place-names have been cited in Sharpe's listing of items diagnostic of a date in the Old Irish period.z The fourteenth-century date of the manuscript in which the forms occur, however, means that purely orthographical evidence must be used with caution. More telling are instances of correct grammatical usage in vernacular forms in the text such as haut longe o Birraib (§35), and i nAchuth Ba (§S+). Moreover, it is possible to compare other onomastic features in the text with external records. For example, the usage opud dexterales Laginenses (§4r) for the realm of king Cormaccus Ji,lius Dyarmici correctly designates the realm of the Ui Bairrche king. Moreover, the locutionin VCainn. finds a parallel in the annal phrase apud Laginenses Dexteriores, unattested after the eighth century.s The form of the place-name Cella Achhh Drummoto (§39) seems to be a rendering of Cell Achaid Drommo Foto of the eighth-century annals, abbreviated to Cell Achaid from the following century.e The monastic site Letube Kainnich (§rS) it otherwise unknown apart from two eighth-century annal notices, and it is probable that the foundation was among the many which ceased to function in the Viking era.'o While VCaiw,. sets out to depict a sixth-century reality, it is to be expected that the content of the text will be influenced by the contemporary circumstances of its composition. As a ground-clearing exercise, we may cite at the outset a lack of evidence of postViking date. Literary derivation might serve as an explanation for the fact that the circumstances of Iona appear very similar to those depicted in VC. It does not suffice, however, to explain how the independent material from the author of VCainn. also reflects the conditions of preViking times. Sea-travel is unhindered. Menaces to Irish society which require saintly intervention in the Life are those involving the misdeeds of local kings and of laici." There is

r8zj8.

7 Sharpe, Medieoal lrish Saints' Lices,pp. 3r8*34. 8 AU s.a. 7o.g.For the substitution by subsequent redactors of the anachronistic Ut Cheinnselaig, see VSH i.r64. See also Sharpe, Medieoal lrish Saints'Lives, pp. 3otr; and Byrne, Irish Kings ond High-Kings, pp. 136-7. 9 AU s.aa. 746.6, 796.4. Pädraig O Riain suggests that the VCainn. form may, indeed, be the older. ro AU s.^ . 773.2, 779.2. I take the instance in CGSH §zoZ.+69 to be derivative: the form there is Lethdulti. r See Sharpe,

zg7-33g. 6 Text

ed.

Heist, Vitae, pp.

r

\

:-

no sense of external th:; composition

of t Cüuir ':

c.7oo AD, while the ccrnrrl

early ninth centur]. bct, :-; VCainn has a biog:i:

saint's birth and €arlr *: holy man Docc, his or.lr::

of various miracles in I:-

destiny lies in Irelancl. \\ r.; in various f.,: - ;, Britain, where he has \ ;:, Another round of trar c...:

miracles

finally, and rather abru:: recounts how he recci,, obut from Fintan -1fi,'.i,,, .

The Life appearS r. -; an author well-acquain :... text there is emphasi> r I which heavenl)- nsenc., : stylization to underlinc :-. for him, saved him irc,n- :: for him." Cainnech hr:r.;

,\

he fasted for

fortr d.r', . ::

dead to life.'3 Yet the indir-idualir,

.

information about psr: r

appearance Cainnech u "- \ ecclesiastical and secu l:: .-

his contemporaries. ; .' i r.;. hagiographer dreu on :.: case) VCainn is a \\ urh .

positional aspect in oFd.;: VCainn reflects cr-rn., r* the chief affirmation ( )i - -

'Hiberno-Latin Laicus' . I r §+r . - I accept his inference thrt

gialfiJ cherd (VCainn.

_

_

zr. r3 Ibid. §§r, -18, ;Lr r+ on the literary represcnrr,. about the saint's putatir c : Colum Cille'; on the (',n elsewhere in this r olums

-

.

_

j.'

,orr*r;:lll,]T;iltJrTil§

uorrnqr,uor s(ressnu InBd ees 'e,,,eu äqr Jo srredsu soqo q)euuß), 'ulel1 g ees 'pru8ar srql u1 dlrluepr lo sur5r.ro e,rrlutnd s(lurrs aql lnoqt uortulncads otur ralue oi esodo.ld tou op I pue'gcauure3 Jo uoqrtuesaldar.{:eretrl aq1 uo .69 .gü ,r§§ 'plql .rz 'aS '9n§§ 'plql sr snroJ,tru 'f1;ua13 ' lx'l HSA'reurun14 acrperd 5u»gr1 ol sre;or .{luessecau ptaq4lo7 wrlt e)uereJur srq tdacce 1 'g'9§§ 'uuto1r1

zr

§r

tr

tr

itf t.:' 'ad"ruq5 aes r r e{B} 1'z'6LL'z'lL1 rr -

uIBIU g Sretpgd 't L1r:'' puu l6Jgot 'dd 'sa \ I' i . ' 3IISIUOJLIIUUB

l;

,

-

eql io :i' -':-:-

-

-

-

op rou lsldr:csnu?ru reqto erqt u proqtlp? 01 rorreJur ,(lursssceu s (rf§ .uutn31) ptaqt [1] 1ot3 teqt (t'u HS^) uorldunsse s(rerurunld qt1.u ear5e tou op I '(snrn7 urtu.I-ouraqrH, 1r.x'l

sI sJeI{J ,,'tJtt)l

q8norqf IO^BJt-Bes 8ur,rlo,rur serJols eloeJrru o^\l Jo Sur,trouoq lf,errp str ur Älalerpauurr luepr^e sr JA r1lr,r\ uorlceuuoc sll ,{tpcues Jo uorteuruJe Jergf, aql sE 3ul{Jo,ü-elJeJrru uo ecu?rloJ slr ur eJrlJBJd IBuorlue^uof, slcoueJ 'uurü)l 'sosodrnd puB slr oJoru Je^oJSrp ol repJo ur lcedse I?uorlrsod lnoqe 1oollno (sJnlEJalll -ruo3 slr w rer.{unJ {ool ol peeu a,rl' puB Jo {Jo,r\ E st'uutaJl bsex due u1 'reereo s(rloeuure3 Jo spJoJeJ leorrolsrq eurnueS uo,uetp JäqdBJSorSBq er{] Jerlleq,u Sururelrecse Jo suBaur Jeqlo ou sr ereql 9r'sarleroduroluol slq 'peapur 'are Jures eql qlm\ lJBluoJ ur lq8norq sarn8g JEInces pue leJrlserselcJe leqt selucrpur aJuopr^e IBUUB elrq1\ rr'pl?Q pue IIBurs ss.{\ gcouurs3 ecucJuedds ur leqt lr8lep eql uo^e teeJBc srq ur secBld puB suosJed lnoqB uorlBr.uJoJur elqrsneyd Jo I€ep poo8 e qtr^{ (osle sagrelue tures or{t Jo.&rrcnpr,l,rput oqt teÄ s1'eJrl

ot pBap

eqt pesrer aq pue 'tutwog lldwaJxa'slq8ru ,(1rog pue s,{ep ,(rro3 JoJ persuJ eq ',tsrrg3 Jo esoqt e{rl Jood, oJalrr oq,r\ stueJud peq Jlestury r1oauure3 zr.rul{ roJ urBJunour 8 a^olu o1 Suqpü. se^1. puB Sulurrtorp pu? erg I'uou turq pa^es (I'urr{ JoJ sJelc,u,-poou petJud pJo-I aqr sleo^er oJIT eqJ 'srql eurlJepun ol uonezrldls ^\oq snorcsuoc sr arer{t 'peepul 'aJII slq Jo se8ets IIE s{Jetu .(cue8u dpeleaq qclq^& ur JeuuBru eql uo pue sru7ala sE elor s.r{JeuurBJ uo srssqdtua sr ererl} lxel eqt tnoq8norqJ 'eJue8"ao srrl Jo suortue^uo, ärlt qtt.&\ peturgnbce-ge,tn rorltne ue .(q uoqcnrtsuoc luclqdrr8or8eq tq8norm-,{11ryarec B äq ot sreadde oJI-I eql

'.poo fq tues,'qnplayy uqlu!{

p

Jo

,0,1da,t30?3aH rys!,ry

puo aeqrunlof etlA

ur uorluäAJslul Ie^Br]-Ees ruoJJ IBIJsletU

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or'rJf,:;.'.

U,{A.OU{Ufl eSI \\JJL{11

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:

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eql r'r.rorJ plL|ry.)f ,' '-,1 :- -: plutli7 ilaJ;o Sulrri *- - - :* ,i

eq] Jo LuJoJ eqJ .

pndtl

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esBrLId Iuuur :Ll- - In eql J,, -- ::-

eLIsrrIEg

3rl{

Jo Lulear aqt r( .: , -. .'' IEUJaJ\a ql: - -

'spJo33J

sl

tl're^oarol\ '{lii

-

eq] uI surJoJ Jrln.ri r -:

(UoU tnq

'atlrutatutto srr{ Jo euo uro{ lou'lsrrrqone IBuU oqr pe^reJer aq.&oq sJunoJar oJIT eqt puu (peounouue sr qtuep Surqceordde srq .,{pdnrqe rar.I}EJ puu tgeurg 's,r\olloJ puEIarI lnoq8norqt 8ur1lo.u-alceJrru pue 3ur11e,Lrr1 Jo punoJ Jaqlouv 'EuoI uo ollrJ tunloJ qlr.&r.{lrelnculed 'srelunocua snorJr^ sEr.I eq arer.I,^. .qelFg

ur sreedde ,(puenbasqns puu 'pue1ar1 lnoq5norqt secrld snorre^ ur selc?Juu Sururo;rod se petcrdep sr eH 'eruoq suJnleJ eq uodneraq,tr .puqerl ur seq,(urlsep srq lsql rurq spurrueJ uorlue^Jelur eur^rp 'uaqa .{Fr1 ur selcBrrrrr snorJB^ Jo acuerurograd srq puu 'eruoa ot Ie^EJl prBl(uo pur uorleurpro srq Scoq ueu dloq eql qll.& dpnls o1 ulBllJg o1 ernlredep stq'Sur$uuqdn .(pee pug rlgrq s.JurBS eql Jo saf,uBlsr.unsrrs eql slunocer 1I 'sJnlcnrls pcrqderSorq E sBq.uutosl ,,{rntuec

'eJrT

qturu.{lrra lucrlserselJoe uo tcedrur Sulrll,t go SuruuFaq eqt eJoJaq aqt utanb alau §nurw.t4 E 1sä33ns ,(etu >Fou eql Jo lueluoc eql eFq^i\ 'C.V ooL't 1o onb a snuaau,til u sepr,rord JA Jo asn eql peuraJuoa §.auxoJl So uorlrsodruoc eq] s? rBJ sB teqt ezrseqtod.,(q ,(rur e.tr IIe ul IIV 'tBeJrIt leuralxa esues ou

tt

la,ts,ttoq tncco strlJ,; : --'ueSq SAELI SetUrU-:': ,. :- --

eq] uI eJnlEaJ 3]rl 'iu:-: ' 'uollts,-rti.: - * .- ' : 'l\:- I - Surpre8ar eJuapl \r lBtl.{A.

'aro;e;eqJ

Sut,tnorroq aldturs :r;1

-

:-

u 33UrS g(nu.tü) 1r:l-:::--

-

ezxleuuo]ussoL{f r,.:- - :;a8;ul eqt ,i-, i.:-

^urlnrcs JoJ

-

elup .\\eu r äpl r' ,J 'i

-

aryJ

Th,

tltiire Herbert

31

storms.r6 Certainly these are borrowed from VC because they show Cainnech being viewed in a positive light by the Columban community. When re-set in VCainn., however, the Columban aspect of the stories is diminished. For example, Adomnän's work (VC II.r3) asserted that the prayers of both saints had worked together to ensure the safety of the Columban crew. Cainnech's hagiographer, however, gives his subfect sole credit. On further examination we see a continuation of this pattern. The hagiographer depicts instances in which Cainnech's career is made to track that of Colum Cille in places associated with the Iona saint, across the Spine of Britain,

\ r:

-,

Of course, the assrf,n -

there is nothirrg partic :. : through comparison \\ rr: example of VC itseit' rn : which the superioritr ,' shine over the head oi f , . ,,

and Cainnech.

In [-C,i;,:,

in Tiree, and in lona itself. Thus Cainnech's sanctity is affirmed in Colum Cille's own bailiwick, but without Columban accompaniment.'7 Elsewhere,

clothing of Colum [-ili. i -' remained entirelr d.i I,I, author goes ber.ond C,r pointed contrast betu r;:

Cainnech's saintly attributes implicitly parallel those of Colum Cille. For example, books, learning, and preaching the word of God are given prominence in the aitae of both saints, and Cainnech's books, like those of the Iona saint, are

The particular narri:: fact that it is a calculat. *

undamaged by exposure to the elements.t8 Probably rhe most evident aspect of saintly portrayal which VCaina. shares with VC is that of supernatural visitations and otherworldly contacts. Book III of VC, which is devoted to this topic, seems to provide the unacknowledged model for episodes which have been termed 'vertical' in import, illustrating the saint's relationship with the divine sphere.re Like Colum Cille, Cainnech was rebuked by an angel when he took an unapproved initiative.'o He not only saw angels,r' but also had the facility of seeing distant events through the Spirit." Heavenly light surrounded him.'3 He retreated from human company, and spent three days and three nights in uninterrupted contemplation.2+ VCainn. not only highlights angelic visitations to the saint, it also shares with VC a parallel focus on encounters with demons. Both ztitae recount aerial contests against demons for the possession of souls,25 and tell of saints being enveloped

in diabolically induced mist.'6

of VCainn. did not slavishly follow his exemplar, but used it shrewdly to complete a portrait of his subiect which would reveal him as having been affirmed in his sanctity by the same range of supernatural signs which marked the Columban Life.'t Yet it emerges that this definition of Clearly, the author

Cainnech is not framed as homage for he appears not as a second Columba, but rather as a superior alternative. 16 VC I.4, reflected in VCainn. §28; VC II. r3, reflected in VCainn. §54. ry VCainn. §§24, 25,26. 18 See, for instance, VC I.25, IL8, g, III. 4; VCainn. §§r8, zz, 23,33,43. 19 On this topic see Stancliffe, 'Miracle Stories', especially pp. 94-r ro. zo VC III.5, VCainn' §9. zr VC I.r, III.r, III.5, III.r5, III.r6, lll.4; VCainn §§9, r8, zr. zz YCIt,l.zg,I.4t, ll4g,lt.4z; VCainn. §§r2, 38. z3 VC III.rg, zo, zt; VCainn §§+r, +6. z4 VC III.r8, VCainn.§37. z5 VCIII.6, rc,13; VCainn §§13, 27. z6 YCll34, VCainn.§46. Wemay note further that the phrase instinetu diabuli is used with similar effect in VC II.z4 and VCainn. §5. z7 Other episodes which may be characterized as VC-type uirtutes include VCainn. §§r7,47,5o.

,

unimpeachable j udgerr

r r.

.

$.r) relates hou Finrcn. \ munity of Iona in rhc -it'-;

abbot, Baith6ne, thar rhc .j remain in Iona, but shuu.; it appears in VCainn.. h, hypocoristic form of his :: (Baith6ne) alleges that fr:. demands that the bo) h" does so, a fact which rhr Fl Tiree. He snatches thc . anger on Colum Cille T:. Cainnech for judgernenr I reaches Cainnech. Hc t. : and he is enabled ro rrt..l "'

ground, and his hufitrni trona. The narrati\-e c(-)n,-. -

There is no doubt th:: What was the conte\t in particular emphasis rn : hagiographical \\'ork pr Cainnech came to the .ir.. association betu,een thtr :

28 VC III. r 7; L'Cainn. Cainnech's superioritr. pp. r 67-h.

: '

,;,

rf

o[

6z

'zt§ 'prq1 ',{luorredns;i;:ä,i.j 'lz 'gz§§ 'uuto3r1 'anql 'tste1ur lxaa .oz§.uuto3r1 ltr.lJ gz 3o eposrdo ue elecqdnp qcrqlr 'zg 'gr§§'uuto31 oslu etoN

fn

epnloul satntfin adir---y \ -: , pue lz'II JA uv lreJl) i.'9t§ 'ttuttt7 t 'l: tr ieru '8 I 'III 3A lz '9f ' ;t ii 'r?'I '62'l','I J-\ 77 - : \

-

eA11,.

'

\

arer{t (peepul

,t'(pavl regeareg) doqsrq aql Jo uta ar{t Jo seor1re seq.uuraJl (la^el ,{rurelq eql 13 elrq,tl og'slurBs o,tu aql ueel(]eq uorlBrJossB

Jo a^EBJJBU er{l

e^ursod E srurulJord .,(pre1c JJrJg o?ru pev doqsrg Jo pre eqt oJ otuuf, r{ceuure3 ,u.oq Suqulsr aposrde uV 'uortBurrunlp ieqrrng epnord 4ro,r,l pcrqder5orSeq raqtouB g1r.$ senruuJs lErll puu ,r\ou e^\ ''uuta371 ur srseqdura JBlnsru?d JA Jo eJuengur orlt se lsnf ios p1p eq qorr{^\ ur txetuoo or{t se,tr lcr{il\

e sleu8rs

'cnuelod sB sryt pou8rsep reqder8ol8rq äqt ou sr eJer.IJ teqt tqnop lerrateu 'peureruor drgrqedpc ueqtunloJ 3o,(ce8a1 aqr JeDEtu arlt Jo eJnsolc alrdsap tcqt Surtef,rpur.,(q sapnlcuoJ e^rJerreu er.IJ .BuoI uo epnlrllu eJruurJlJop eql qll{\ lserluoc suorsrJep euutung sil{ pue ,punor8 leroru q8rq eqt sploq ,(pee1c qJeuureS 'BuoI ot uJnlar ot palquue $ ar{ puc 'luetuqsrund sB ecuJns tsenb srq go sreed eql terll plol sr eH .qJeuureJ seqcBOJ snuqtrg 'pue1er1 tnoq8norqt rIcJBes rea.,(-aerqt B reUV .luaue8pnl JoJ gcauurc3 o1 JIesuH lueserd ol snull{tr8 sJepro uJnl ur ro]]EI eql 'ollrJ urnlo] uo ra8uu slq tua^ ot BuoI ot speeJoJd pue sa^B^\ oql ruo{ ,(oq aqr setlJleus eH .eeJrJ uorS Suqres se^r eq sB qJauurc3 ot pelea eJ rrrrdg d1o11 eqt r{f,rq,u lce; e bs saop JoqlBJ eql 'tuerpaqo tnq (8ur^eug 'Ees eqt otur tsBJ aq doq eql lurll spurr.uep puu 'pog seop ar{ uer{t eroru uos srq se^ol rerIlEJ aqt rcqt se8elp (augqrrug) snulultlg reqte; tuu8pd srq,,(q BuoJ ol tq8noJq s (auru srq Jo r.uroJ JrtsrJoJodfr{ eql (nuunw pegec araq) uelurd .&oq slunooeJ to^e,t,toq '.ua7o3r1 ur sreedde lr se eposrde eqJ 'puBIarI ur ,(relseuotu u.r\o srq punoJ plnorls tnq (euol ur ureruer .toqqe lou pFoqs ueluld terlt pasr^pe Älpcrreqdord perl eq] tures teqt 'ougqlrrg ,t\eu eql ruor; surcel 'qluap s.a1p3 tunlo3 Jo qleuJeu? oql ur BuoI Jo dtpnu -ruoc crJsuuour eql urol ot Sur^ure 'ugqclpa Jo uos .ualulg a.t,oq sarrler (2.1) {Jo^r s.uguruopv 6z')A Jo e^rtEJJBu e go Suqroaa.eJ pe}elncluc E sr lr ler{l }JEJ eql urorJ ecroJ freratrl pappe suleS uoqer]suouep e^rlerreu relncqred eqa 'lueue8pn( elgeqceadturun

s(rlceuure3 pu? ssäupeprntsru IBJotu uequnlo3 ueeluaq lseJtuoo palurod B 1(3rp o] sseue^rlrleduoc pcrqdu.rS0r8rq puo,{eq sao8 roqlne Ieuorlus^uoc eql reql sl 'lelalr.oq ''uu1o3r1 lnoqe lurcuru8rs sl teq7y1 ,".trp ,(larEue pouretueJ 'qceuure3 'uoruedruoc Jreqt alrq^\ '11e3tuo3 Jo pue allr3 r.rrnloJ go Burqtolc eql pe{Bos Jelpm^\ tueruelcut ,toq sprdap e RBrrEu eql'uaxo)l uJ 'qJeuur33 pu?

gu8uo3 'uupuarg qlr^t ss?tr{ seteJqeleJ erl sB allrS r.unloJ Jo pteq aqt Je^o ourr{s ol uees sr aru Jo IIEq B 'JA uI 'palBJtsuoluep sr euo Jo ,(tForrodns eql qJrr{,,!\ ur ueurlJJnr.lc lueurrue ;o Suuaqle8 s SurtuaserdeJ ur Jlestr JA Jo aldurexa eql s.&\olloJ 'uulaJl eJuBJSur euo ur 'peepul 'sreqto qlrrrr uosrreduroc q8norql sn]Bls s(turgs ? uorlrla^er eql ur elqelJetuar dlreFcrlred Sulqlou sr eJaql Jo pue ISE] s.raqder8or8ur{ eqt sr na(gns srq Jo tuarrrazlrpuetflBe eqt (esrnoc JO

st

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puu euqtunlof EllA

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]nq'equnlo3 puol){ i -1 Jo uoDluuep slt{t lrL- --'-i,, :i --su8ts IEJnlEuradfl: \\ - - teldua\) :l sB LUIq IEeAeJ plnr)

pesn ]nq

SISOIUOO IBIJOE

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-

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'

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ur les-3J uel{rt\ 'iilunlu r{3äuuleJ,{A.OqS

iaql

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36

T):,

Mtiire Herbert

are several other narratives in VCainn. which recall miracle-stories in VAed., though they do nor mention the bishop. Like Bishop Äed, Cainnech had unbroken horses become tame for him, he revealed the deceptive power of a magus, he removed an unwanted pregnancy through his blessing, and restored an eaten animal.3' Stories of bishop Aed's extraordinary powers of travel have their cognate in VCainn.,33 as have accounts of the immobilization of the saint's attackers,34 and the story of miraculous provision of his Lenten fare.3s It is possible that VCainn. and VAed. were both simply drawing on the same stock of hagiographical lore, but the episode in VCainn. which makes explicit mention of the bishop seems to be based directly on two narratives in VAed.s6 What are the implications of this? VAed.,like VCainn., belongs to the group of aitae inthe Codex Salmanticensli for which Sharpe proposes a preViking date.37 My own examination suggests that VAed. was compiled in the first half of the eighth century.3s If the text, as we have it, was directly used by the compiler of VCainn., therefore, the latter's work must be placed no earlier than the

mid-eighth century. Before proceeding further with the matter of date, however, we should note that the association portrayed between Cainnech and Bishop Aed highlights another important feature of VCainn., that it locates several episodes of the saint's career in Southern Ui N6ill territory, and in the borderlands between Ui N6ill and Munster.3e Certainly the author of VCainn. sought to demonstrate that his subject had widespread associations both within and without lreland. We have already noted the Columban resonance of episodes set in Britain. In Ireland, the saint's family origins explain links with the north of lreland in the aita+o while Cainnech's association with the church of Achad 86 and thereby

with Ossory and South Leinster is already attested in VC.a' The text goes further afield, moreover, depicting Cainnech even in Munster, beside Loch Lbin.a' While this episode is probably intended to enhance the idea of a country-wide cult of Cainnech, the unlikelihood of the location may have chronological implications. In the second half of the eighth century, up to the year 786, it was the Eoganacht of Loch Löin who held Munster kingship.+: It is possible, therefore, that the hagiographer simply drew on such contemporary information to represent Munster interest in VCainn. through a Loch L6in setting.

1,

.

What of the epis,-,*.i.- evidence links Cainnc-r r in turn, was not far "lr.i* also are associated \i r::

Cainnech's actir ities : ecclesiastical associ;rIi - . Äed in a confrontati, |- -: Struck down b1 dir in. : Cainnech who recei',... .

a church-site.+6 SuL.-U,.-.

regionibus

-.

l{eill, cAnl. *:-

tearfully at the cros> t:: revelation through rh. : out of hell.+z Cainnech's role in .the secular po\\-er oI t record it was the fanti-... Släne, who dominf,tr.l \ century up to the -trt. Colmän Bec's famil,,. :: therefore, that Caiilnc contemporar\' resoD;l around the seconcl hr.: Examination oi r:. indicates that after : i.: Domnall mac \ Iure h: * : Cholmäin Möir dr nr.: allied from the earlr ., .*: Colmän Bec.-$'r -\nt,11 u I Domnall's reign, \\:.15 \' : : connections u-ith tho- [ realm, the Columbar: - : -*

.

the familia rn

Iona.

\..

:

he attained after 7+-i." VCainn. §rr, VAed. §r4 VCainn. §r4, VAed. §39; VCainn. §56, VAed. §t5; VCainn- §58, VAed,.§zo. 33VCainn.§57,VAed.§§t6,+r. 34 VCainn.§7,VAed.§42. 35 VCainn-§t5, VAed,. §47. 36 VCainn. §32, drawing on VAed. §24 and §3r. 37 Sharpe, Mediez:al lrish Saints' Liaes, pp. 2g7-33g. 38 I hope to publish my views in the forthcoming volume of the lrelan,l and Europe series, edited by Pr6ins6as Ni Chathäin and Michael Richter. 39 VCainn. §§3r-5,38, 59. 4o VCainn. §ro-2, 14, r7-8. 4r VC II.13, VCainn. §§4t,46-7, 50, 54. 4z VCainn. §45. 43 Byrne, Irish Kings and, High-Kings, pp. z16-9; Annals of Inisfallen, s.a.786.

3z

44 O'Dono\ran, 'Orcin:r, , 7, 4zr rp4. Bishop -\etl'. -. -, - Kings,pp. g3-.[, r r6. :' --: attack bv the N,lunstcr i--. - Kings, pp. zo7-r o. -\norr -: succession follou-s thc dr.

s.a.7ß.4.

-i

-

ny) sr11

'(t'ttL'e's rn urerllroN Jo ugllv pay go 3uq1t1 put ttaJäp äql s.{\olloJ uolssa)rns 'u rrx 'd (aumaly qtoS'ulul5 O ,(q p'osse.rdxe sr .{\ar^ raqtouv 'or*Loz 'dd's7uty

ree,{ leqt ur IIr?N

oS '!

-q7rp puo s7wy qn,rJ'au.r.(g osle aos lerirn5urg ruru IEqtBJ '.ra1u ratsunry aqr iq puttu yo sle3rer ere,& sralnr qtoq teqt setsrrpur L'ttL 'e's nV 6t 'z-tgz 'gtt 'f-tb 'dd's8ury -q3ry1puosBu1SJqs1,rJ 'aurtrg gü 'gt§'uuto1r1 Lt 'zt§'uuto371 9l 'alae8rurcsnlqur tlroul Jo I{rrnl{l s(pav dorqstg'tt 'zl 'L ,(a,rrng acueuprg,'uulouoq,g üü .(puapr,ra sr tr lnq 'pagrtuapr uoeq lou seq uaq?try

'4§'rraql'L-St§§'uuru1r1

St 'e-oz'r--ordd',sra11a1

.{o slrtuuy

i6-gtz 'dd

'i-- , -: -

'L-gl'r?§§ 'lttttt)) I '! i il \ '. 'relq3lu IeBqsII\ pur u.:----

Jo elunlor SurtuoJt{lJ,i

'9r§'uutz1,4 St'.f§ 'BS§ 'uutvJ /1 lS r§

:--

.

-

:

'l':f I ' , :

:

3o,{1p JBInces urerrr eql ueaq a^BrI 01 sJEOddE IIEuuroC oe'tlL lsrye poure]]e eq qcrq^\ uoltlsod u 'sruopSuul III9N II) eql IIE Jo 8ul{-r3^o sV 'BuoI u atltwateqt

(uleer

_

Jo drqspBerl eqt ot lBool oql puo,(eq pepuetxe uollJeuuoc ueqlunloJ eqt u1r{o s(llBuruoc ult{lr.u ,r\orrnc Jo .(JelsBuolu usqurnloJ eql qtl.&\ suol]Jeuuoc elErpeurlJr eJe \ eJeqt eIIrL\\ 'ellrJ lunloJ Jo Dqtaoleql qll{\ sEÄ\'u8ter s,lleutuoq (ecuEIIIE

luBcUIuSIS rotllouv 6r'JaB uBlulos Jo lJed ronBl eql ruoJJ petse]}B Jo ,&seu.{p erlt Jo pueq 'uourollog qlr,r u8rer sltl Jo sree.( ,tpue eql ulo{ peIIF se,!\ IIBuuoc lBrlt te^oeJoru 's1sa88ns acuepr^3 puuy .{lseu.,(p JI9I I urgrulor{J uuEIS srq JoJ Je.rod Jo Bre uB patertrur (tgL-gzL'r) Bpuqcrn6 cstu IIEuruoC ;o u8rer 3uo1 aqr ecueurtuop oUBIS opevu IIS Jo porred B reUE terll setrcrpur drqs8ur>1-re,to III9N rn urer{lnos ;o pr6ca, I?rrrolsrq eqt Jo uortuulruBxg ;.,ftn1uac {tq3ra oqt Jo JIBq puores eqt punorr pacryd ,(lo,r.uelual a^Brl e,n IJo.r\ esoq.ü. Jor1lne ue JoJ eoueuoser .(rurodrualuoo pErI reg ugruloJ rIlr.{\ uorterJosse lecrqder8o6eq s(qcouure3 luqt 'aro3e.teql 'asec eq] ]r s1 ,y'pesdrlce uru8e ere,u .{eqt qcrq,ü, reUE ',{11ue3 s(Jeg u?tulo3 roJ oJuauruord go epnlJetur JerJq B se,u eJeqt ueqJ 'sogz eqt ot dn .,{rnlusc qlxrs eqt Jo pue eql ruol; scrlrlod III?N }n urer.ltnos peleurtuop oq,tr 'aue1g pev puu rgl i ugluloJ 'ceg ueu1o3 Jo sreqlorq eql Jo serEuBJ oqt sB^\ tr prorer IBJrJotsq eqt uI 'ilr?N In

qtr,r palerJosse

a=.-

]rlf,EuB8og eql

su

\\

'

'--

li '',. - ir'

r Uno eprm-iJlullof, r .l :: :-' 'Jf zr'u\9-IqcoT eplsaq -'-* ,

seo8

]xel eqJ rr'J \ *" ,-'.

,(qeteqt pue 9g prr1r\ eq] uI puEIeJI Jo Qt-tt ; : - -

uI 'uIEIIJB uI ]as slp-r '' 'puBIerI ]noqll \\ pur *

i

*

-

-

elBJlsuouIep ol lQiin ,' III uae,{A}eq SpurlJ:pi' '- : - eq] Jo Sepostde IrJ) r.'1\ ' - stq8rlq8lq p3\- doq'.i1; ; --

eqt Jo rlouBrq s()eg uetulo3 3o re,uod Jelnoas eqt tJotuJet III?N In uJeqlnos ur aloJ s(qceuuru3

sr 'oro3a.raql

zf'llar{ Jo lno eqt ruqt lurd5 ,{yop1 eqr q8no;qr uorlele^er tq8norq ueeq peq uer.uloS Jo Inos (pelleru,r\ous Surpunorrns e pa^raf,er aq ,(1pug Irlun terlt ssorc eqt 1e .(1ngree1 pue ,(puearag os pe.{erd qf,euuruJ 'urEIS ueoq puq'ceg ugruloJ '8uq eqt ereq.u lods eqt pe{Jsru tl ttrlt plot sE,{. pue 'ssorc eprsde.tt B uodn eusec '11ta1g snqaultSat ut sla1,lett srq uo (JurES eq] .$oq slunoceJ 'uutü)l tltuenbssqnS 9r'elfs-{crn{c r go tgp eql osle tnq uorssruqns 1e,,(or dpo tou reueareqt po^raoal oq,rl, qoeuureJ .(g pelceunser.,(lsnolncernu su,r\ 3ur1 eqr 'uortue,rrelur eur^rp fq u.trop {JnJlS '(sntryo14 snuoryoS) cag u?ruloJ '8rH III?N In eqt qtr,r\ uortetuoryuor ? ul pey doqsrg Surtsrsse 1ca{qns srq stcrdap .reqder8or8eq aqJ 'suorterJosse IeortserselJce sB sB relnJes e^lo^ur {rolrrral ill?N }n ur serlr^rlf,B s(r.lJeuureJ 'rala,troq IIe,ü }n aqt ol asolc saqcrnqc qtr,r\ polerJosse eJB osle ey.,{.repunoq retsuntr\J-llraN

slures qlog ür'arellr) Jo qJrnqc s,pey doqsrg ruou luulsrp rBJ lou sea\ 'uJnJ ur ',lclgm'qlearutser11 ur tsad\,tuua4r» jo qcrnqc oqt qlr,&\ qreuure3 s>lu{ acuapr^e uortBcrpecl d.,(ro1ure1 III9N In urerllnos q]r.&\ pslBrrosse seposrde eq] Jo 1Br{Il\

aq] Jo JIuq lsrl] el{l u: rs'elup 8tl{lr\ald x Sr'

-- - --

3o dnor8 aqt ol s;ut,.-r'* gt'?aYll uI Se \IJEJJTU ' ' lrsrldxe saIEIu Hrlt{ r'' eurBs

eq] uo Sut

S(]UIBS

\\r:l

eql Jo uoll

uslBe uB peJolsal

rz

'.

-

*.-.

-

i :- -

pu: '- - "

aq '.srf uru e Jo Ji rrr ir. I .- -: ue{oJqun pEL{ qf,auulr) ', . I ''pryA uI selJots-altr -: -*

ft1dnl7o§ag Llslrl pu?i eeqrunlof E]lA atlJ

LI,

.Mlttire Herbert

38

-,,'

T,i:,

the Iona successors of Colum Cille, kin-saint and patron of all the Ui N6ill. The alliance is reflected in the annal record of Domnall's proclamation of a church-state legal measure called'The Law of Colum Cille' in the year 753. Sl6ib6ne, newly-elected abbot of Iona, came to Ireland in the following year, and himself proclaimed Lex Columbe Cille in the year 757.s' The death of Domnall in the year 763 was followed by conflict amongst his sons, and it appears that at this juncture Follomon of the family of Colmän Bec, the long-time associate of the dead king, took the kingship of Mide. Yet he remained engaged with the fortunes of Domnall's family also, since he is reported as having been on the side of Donnchad, son of Domnall in his victory over another of the king's sons in the year 765. Follomon apparently got no reward for his loyalty, however, but rather he was slain dolose in the following year.S'As Donnchad son of Domnall succeeded to the kingship thereafter, there is at least a strong suspicion of his involvement in the killing. The murder of Follomon, a senior political figurg must have been widely deplored. Yet the author of VCainn., who declares his interest through representation of Follomon's ancestor Colmän Bec, nevertheless directs the hostile focus of his composition not against treacherous political colleagues of the king but against the Columban community. Why should this be? If we examine church-state interaction in Southern Ui N6ill lands in the aftermath of Follomon's killing, we see that the Columban community, and its Iona leaders, continued to ally themselves with the leading political power in Southern Ui N6ill, and thereby with the king Donnchad. Indeed, the annals record an Irish visitation by the abbot of Iona in the same year that Follomon was murdered. Though Donnchad seems to have gained power through this violent deed, and though his reign was marked by aggression, the Columban familia of Durrow were involved on his side in a conflict against the Munstermen in 776. Moreover, the annals reveal that Lex Coluim Chille was jointly proclaimed by Donnchad and by Bresal, abbot of Iona in the year 778.s3 This state of affairs, therefore, appears as a likely catalyst for the critical attitude of VCainn. toward the Columban community. The Life acknowledges the former friendship between Cainnech and Colum Cille, which is reflected in VC. In Southern Ui Neill lands, the two communities were on the same side politically for as long as the dynasties of Colmän M6r and Colmän Bec were allies. For the followers of Cainnech, howeyer, the aftermath of Follomon's killing and Donnchad's accession must have estranged them from a Columban community which appeared to put politics before principle. The author of VCainn. represents the Iona leadership of the Columban community as having lost its moral compass. The rigidity shown in its ecclesiastical life seems to stand

for a more general int.. stance. Moreo\-er. thr : represented as mourh-:- : a veiled criticism ot n. : humane values: ,

While the main ir *l Britain, the Life mrku- .: hagiographer sers our

:

surpassed Columban '

.1

miracles of assistart'c

.

with punishmenr-nti : - What is significant in :: out. In Southern L r \. mac Bricc. N,[oreo\ cr.

:

Fintan of Clone nrgil which implicitlr repLr.l.: Given the historic;, likely to have compiisJ : ,,

individ ualized picturrColum Cille through ..:.: reflect the close bontl. .. well as the rupture ot i: testimony in VC tcl f nc-r -. this friendship br rhc : suggests that the contit'. *' VC. We still har e n(,)t .l . .

completion around been circulated in

ihr Irc.:

727 when Adomnän'.

5r

See

Herbert, Iona, pp. 60-7; and AU

766.2. 53 AU

s.aa

s. aa. 753.4,754.3,757.9. . 766.6, 770.8, 77 5.5., 776.r1, 778.1.

5z See AU

s.aa .

763.t,

.

-

-l

.

Early Hiberno-Larr: :.

an ecclesiastical

puh1r,-

hagiographical conrpr the author

-

of Vcutm: r-*.

54 VCainn. §SZ. \otc i

-

Sg Note the testimonr rr, t: Patrician hagiographr in I ; I.4 @r) and II.3 (Bielcr. ,t'

.

765.5,

-

Columban interests., t and as choosing to r-c. .

6r AU

s.a. 727.5.

The

i.

,,

-

'€'oU, 'e's nV te peproca t s ruouwlpV an.nmbtlat oxsonil aql'S'LzL 'e's

ny

ry

'o9'tS§§ 'uuto1l og '(Lt-lrr'L-zor i9-l9r'dd'vra1 uotlr.ttud telarg) 0'1y pue(zz)tz'1 Fqrrlnw lol § oauoltapoS'ueqcerra eredruo') 'gf '6r 'zr§§ 'uu'loCl ur fqder8or3eq uerrrrted ',urutq s,pr.rtu4, 3o .re,rod aqt ol {uoruuset eqt etoN 65

Jo saogf,ä eJß äJäqJ 'gt§'uuto1r1

'r'§'plq g§ 'ze'or§§'prq1 ZS

'1-Sr§§'ptql

95 '6§'gS'[9'ot'6!'Z-9f§§'ptqt

'suref,uoc,{1p1.ro.tr puu lenturds sesoddo oz§'uura1r1

teqt osle

ato1rtr 'ZS§ 'uuro3y1

ol dluBtuud pässärppe ueaq e^eq

oJ ruees

selrl

'r't,gL 'ee's T 1 aag

lsnu 'uulucl

;S

-:

-

§S

tS 8ur,,r,eq su

'uuo eql Jo pBdurr aql psgrsuelur ,{lquraprsuof, ä^Bq

Jo JoqlnB Jo Jor{lne eq}

(.{trunruruoo dq esn oqt ueg{unlo) erlt Jog 'uortrsodruoc IBJnIdBJSoTBBTI f,t Jo (3rlqnd Jo slxeluoc ,fteretq eql Jo puB IBrol er{] Jo eJE,{,rB Ipcrlsersalcce ue (slurBs urle'I-oureqr11 .{peg

re'pusleJI ot suol ruou lr{8noJq eJeM atnbqil s(uguluopv veq \ LzL rred eql ruou elqelr?^€ auoJeq a,req ,{1a;ns tsnlu tr 'pue1a.r1 ur pet?lncJrc ueeq ,tlaturpaurur tou peq JA Jr t?qr our ot sruees lI 'ool ree.,( eqt punore uortäldrrroo slr JeuE puBIeJI perlcseJ lJo,e\ eql uoos .^aor{ peJe^ocsrp tou e^Bq ll}}s e11 '31 3o,(doc E JoJ uorteurtsep.(1oryt E sB.& qJeuure3 3o dtrunurrrroJ ärll leqt slsaS8ns urnt uI stqa dep s(ugutuopv ol u^\op serlruntuuroJ rraqr .{q drqspuerr; srqt Jo uorlenunuoc serldur dlsrns stures eq1 uoe.{ueq drqspuarr; or JA ul .,{uorurlsel aq; ,{rnluac qtq8re er{t Jo JIBq puoces oql ur spuoq asoqt Jo erntdnr eq} sE IIel( puu qJeuureJ uee.r\toq petsrxe prq tuqt spuoq asop eqt tceueJ pe^rrap 'uu!.u)l ur saposrdE 'rusr1a11ued .,{;r;erg q8norqr ellrJ runlo3 se 'e1p3

unloJ

J^ ruo{

Jo a8etur-,!\opeqs eqr Surtca(o.rd osle alrrll( 'qreuure3 3o arnlcrd pezrrcnpr^pur dlSuorrs E stueserd eH'ogL-ggL por.rad eqt Suunp {ro,r\ srq papdruor e,rcq or f,yeryl

lsou sr reqdur8ol8eq eqt (peuryno e^Bq I qcrq,u txeluor lucrJotsrl eqt ue^rg ,t\orrnc dqreeu H dtlunuxuoc ueqr.unlo] agl aterpndet dltrcydurr qcrq.u

iltunllllu,r -.: - -eq[ alrlll* --.

ueqtunlof

E LUo.t1 i.ur *

s(uourolloc Jo t{lrlu

I - -' -: -

*:-

apls OIUBS el{l uo -)J-1 ' - uI pel33l}3r sl t{rlt{ rr '. ss8palmou{re aJI-I r... l IEJrlrrJ eql roJ ts ilrr::-i

\--

perurBl)ord ,ipurol sr', ' ueluJelsuntr{ eql l§u::--: UBqLUnlOf 3tl1 'uL)l

-

-:-.

-

-

s.--- - -- --

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eql uI spuBl III9\

I

I ----.

socuerlle Jo {ro,$teu e Surtcrdap sr reqderSo€Bq aqJ 09'rl8BueuolJ Jo uulurd Jo rosseJf,ns 'qnpleuyX uulurd ruog selrJ lsel eql ä^reoeJ ot SursooqJ sE pue

'uepuerg JoJ elJeJrru B 8ur{ro^\ se polcrdep sr qceuuru3 6s'slsoJelur u?qurnlo3 ol JJnqeJ lJorrp e aq .{etu drqsuesrtred uerJrJled Jo slurq 're,roero14 'f,crJg crtu pey doqsrg sr qreuureJ .(q parno,teg tures eqt 'spur1 91911 rn ureqtnos uI 'lno pel1pe sr ecueseJd ueqtunloJ aql rBqt sr ]xetuoc qsrJl uE ur lurcgru8rs sr lEqA\ gs'ueuII{JJnI{c puu 1Es3ur1 Suure lsuIBgB tl{8noJ^\ selcBrlu-lueuqsrund qlr,tr perno^?J puB cgsJrlsBrselcce ,{\olleJ oJ ecuBlsrssB Jo selJBrnu sB IIe,&\ sE 9s(sJelnJ

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s(uoulo[o.{ Jo u(_)I]f-. -.- : -,

JoLIlnE eql 1e.\ 'pä.tol.l :.' '.iut--:r : Jo JepJnuI eql

eJeq] 'ralJeareqt drq.i SurznolloJ eqt uI ., j,,

*. ' -

:

ou ]o3 dltua"ruddr u ,-Ärolct,t sFI ul IIruLUl6 sr eq ef,urs 'os1r i il i-: eq ]eÄ 'eplr\ Jo dlr{,-i * ' -

-

'cag uBLuloJ Jo ilrlu:- : - srq ls8uoruu lcllluo-' - - 'read Sur,nolloJ ar.{r u.

-:

:-

'tSL rea.( eqt ur .aill.) --* E

Jo uorleruulco.rd s.l-: -

'lll?N In 3ql IIr

JCr

1-1

--.

,:-:*

,k1r[n,r7o§ng rysltl pua oeqrunlof B]lA aLlJ

6t,

40

Mtiire Herbert

VCainn. could be viewed as having impugned the iconic status both of Columban sanctity, and of its hagiographical memorial. In literary terms, moreover, VCainn. not only testifies to the presence of VC in Ireland in the second half of the eighth centur\L it also testifies to the development of the genre of hagiography in Ireland about a century after the earliest works were compiled. It shows Irish hagiography drawing on exemplars from within its

Le

ius 1a

own tradition, and developing its own rhetorical strategies, while also retaining generic conventions adopted from external models during the seventh century.

D:äi: IJ:,:;"!.:Ceux-ci nous perrrle ticr . l'homme aprös la morr ;.

motl;

la sentence et les

*

:-;.

Le sort de l'indir i.:*

\

montre par les termcs i * (II.z 5, III.g)4, h tt c t t: suggöre par le sens du :.- mort n'a pas encore ctr' :-

-.\ - -IIl : regirtrris {.

Anderson et donneront

ILz5, III.6,lll.7,III.q.

-

acculis eiusdem (I.:S). 4 'eu,dem fti,t',i ,:t, interfectoris d,iscentl a t it,i ., ' . inno centium jugul

hora quu

tt

t tt

t'

1-',,

i'.,

:

:

corpore €,ltt.' , circumstantibus sic pt'o.li,'i., r d,e

emax -fblix conparrt

.

utt ,;, : .

patriae gaudia (III.q

).

incitatus signo person

tt it:

auxiliemur, ltac in hor,r

i,,, .,-,

-

belligerant potesttrtes'(lll - : sanc'to uerhurn dei pruc,li. . obuiantibus ei ad clorniru,,' tuis clericus a,d ctt,elunt,i!'' ,, militonem qui sihi in €r)icti . Diormitium'. Cui sa n c t tt' est'(lII.7). 'lYullus enut; ., sttnctus, 'meae ohset'utt,l,i, , angelorumque choros stut.:, I anintae quae hac in n o;'! , :; .

-

paradisutn a,scendit'

r'

nuntiartt episcopunt tluü j-, , .

-

ti '(zr'111) tsa antvlanil oy otruus anb andotvda tuorrunu ?ssrqo aopuna aplu oa auumo.td salut)aarul) attuaSol ap tnbtln ( "' ) ,ltpuatsr wnstpo.tod po otya(s u,millaoJ natapts o,tqn oparx slnql wn.tolaSun sopuos filut apou ut tnq aonb anwua sruil, tuauout»tauan qo, '(tr'111) . "' aopualep sltnqo aoutuü tu,fuilg ttJuls sl.toqs anbanlola8uo 'wryaot un|,ta(n lfiqns t?tn outalaotd altou rutu? titH 'seqap ruotsnt atüpunJasql avaa, 'snr)uos Ito ',tunt a?ol, 'tsnrrunu ruantad snltqo trtn snqlt qluDs Drtors ap sou ptl Mrua sn11n111, '(L'111),ra snun?a? unnpoto( ut 1ap slla7uu qo tunu mb nstp onb ap ra asd1, : ItD sntruos tnC ',antutante autwou'lt.xnusuox anloua$Duoa woqauounulJ o8a p onü u't lttolr.t,tal wapla u, qts rnb wauolr1ta ltJs ttsuq7 wnll6 ( "' ) ',uawou o.toufu tnqpu srunt '.tn1o1.tod stlaSuo qo ,unpor pD snrualr sxnl snqqrntutnotduot ap utnpmb,'tto',runN, l, '(fr'111) tntn,t?tuwot anutuo? ptt D snquuoxnql vlaiun unt sntnles p snpvl onutruoJ p :$a swoztquq suapa.tJ p anlota?ar,td ta? unqtan lpubs o saat?no aurwoa sntoqtwg xauas snltaQa.r tua'pmb anbwalnqJ g '(tr'111) ,satotsatod tuo.r.aiqlaq svr.tosßn?D D.ttuot atat) ut otuaaoa nq urua azJX 'qn$n sßJaatp ou?ols ut oilq ut JDq tnaaxlx:trlv 11113wq sttoqqv sxroulu auortorl, 'tro ',tunN, :snqr.r1o{ ryta11ot atuouos.tad ou8ts sntoutur eulrlofiqns atoponb olnsu, )np"tos,tanu0z onoJ ux tun.i snpuüJauan tm S '(6'111) otpno8 aoulod sl$elat)i pn qa8ua tnlrqan suiuvs o sno Datuo )unu arua at)g 'outaua lmanduot xt1a.{xowa otruaot( un.tuns aaotlüloqq uflnuoru'ott(ot( ap mb ( "' ) :snE.totuas sn1nlo,r,( ns mqxruo$runt,nJ wopsnEnb ntno( ulnsm suauuwtuoJ DnoJ ut oqu,,ryl7 snlxuos $a sn|tnpa a.to(.tot ap onb a.tor1 as

aa?Da '(92'11) o1n,t,r.u |tptilJ snnuout tua?oa m stuannt uxuos stlnn ruD,tl) ,totoln7ntwnuuatouut ailt p Jß 'luad uo,tli sutuouub, ruJrs loqtan aru'snNflJ ottt? tX ',so,talut po lo?uilstp srtolta.{.tagr '(SE't) sntsdr owuo 'solaoi ?o tt?uilsv rwuo aot1gf oa qn aouattalut onb otoq wapoa, I unütiltua wng(ot snEuotua? o wefa snloaq nn onb 'puanut sntoltuw,tad sruoßa.t wapsnta rywta qoassttqootuarulu,tattoquapza t 'ir'111 'tr'11 'zr'y11 'rr'111 'or'11 '6'UI'Z'11I'9'III'92'II 'tz'11'zz'11 '6['1'§['1 3n z 'srlrdegc op te är,trl ep sorerunu sJI tuoJeuuop 13 uosräpuv srp uorlrp?(l g tuorro^uer suortelrr se1 l3n e5erge ures otxet aT 'nqrun1o7lo alt7 s,uyuwopy 'uosrepuy pue uosrepuv i»qun1o3 'tslo ah ary-; 'se,rasa 'p?4 'pe 'aoqutryo3 ttruos Dltl I

(r(zIIIJ'rrIII'l'111) egcuouue te trnau euroru un 9l? erorue sed e(u UoLu EI enb el.uatu sJolB Jolo^ua(s oruB aun Uo eqr.unlo] :UceJ np sues el JBd eJeSSns el II 'e(rrIII) onuuuor 's(grIII) otuatuqut tlq "' o,tltl ux lutt \(6'III'Sz'II) aroq ruapaa'f(St'I fA) 1taaw?ut aafiLl wap1a:esrlBn lr(nb ser,uJet sel JEd eJtuoru el uBuruopv 'uoru BI s?JdE luaurelBrp?ruur elseJ 3s npnrpur(l ep uos eT 'epl3gp es elle sellanbsel uolas sglrlepotu sal ta äJualues BI ap eJnl8u el suorarpua snoN '3ru8(l ap lual,ue3n( np ]e lJor.u BI s?JdE elul,uoq(l ep unsep np Jneln8(l ep uorldsJuoc EI eJpueJduoc ep luellel'uJed snou rc-xnaJ 'zuollcels(p nO uollBuluEp ep SU0ISI^ Sep eu?cs ue luBllel'u SlIJet ezQJ) la-T eteler ueurrropv (rolcers.*.IIA np uU el B ee8rpgr EgrunloJ ep el1 sl surLl

suurululs zaluulxulu

{rn}ual

r.llue \JS

rl{t -' -

El

eug,l cp ]ueuloSnf eT

-

*

:-

SututeleJ oslu ellq \\, ':.:,-- : -: SII UIqlI.{A. IUO.II SJrli-l --.: ' : SJOA S>IJO,\\ ]SeIlJr:

EqurnloJ ep elA suBp

-r

--- - : - -

3t{} uI puelerl ui I \ .- -'srura] .(ruraltl uI 'I::- --: Jo qloq Snluls f,iu rl . : - -

l{athalie Stalmans

12

Le 1t,-';'"-

Columba a une vision 1fU.0f, les hommes maudits sont condamn6s ä ötre tu6s et ravis par les d6mons (I.3g,II.zz,II.4)e. Enfin, dans un r6cit, Adomnän ne stipule pas le moment de la mort de l'individu mais pr6cise pour le moment de la vision sabito oculos ad, caelum. d,iregens (III.ro), sugg6rant que le d6cös vient de se produire'o. L'id6e que le sort individuel soit directement d6cid6 aprös la mort est commune au VIIö-" siöcle". D'ailleurs, Ies visions de la damnation d'un roi

ou de l'6lection d'un saint au moment de leur mort sont des emprunts

la s6pulture et son äsp. -. l'äme'5. La Vie de Columba pr.la p6nitence terrestre c ,:aux vivants ou au corp> :. les trois points successii ;:Les morts sont dir iSc- ;

d'Adomnän ä Gr6goire le Grand". Cependant, contrairement ä son öpoque, Adomnän considöre que le destin de l'individu est alors d6finitivement scel16. L'id6e commun6ment admise dans l'Irlande du VIIö-' siöcle tient ä une quadripartition de la soci6t6 tenue de Gr6goire le Grand, en non jug6s et ölus, non iug6s et damn6s, jug6s et 6lus, jug6s et damn6s, ou selon l'appellation d'Augustin boni ualde, mali ualde, boni non uald,e, mali non ualde'3. Cette conception implique g6n6ralement l'existence d'un 6tat purgatoire pour les deux groupes pas assez bons pour ötre 6lus de suite, pas assez mauvais pour ötre damn6s de suite, et qui doivent donc attendre le jugement en tentant de se purifier. Pendant ce temps purgatoire, une aide des vivants peut ötre octroy6e au mort'4. Parallölement, comme le sort du mort n'est pas scell6, la localisation de

des enfers et ceur donr i':: utilis6e pour les enfer: r; (I.:q), inJbrrualia 1,,..i icertainement pas des lic.,. de l'äme qui y est e rrrlcr paradisus (ITI.rz) ou ,'"i

8 qui eodem momento post sancti d,e domu secessum uiri ?rl.esentem finiit uitam. Tum uir praetlicabilis in plateola sui deambulans monasterii porrectis atl caelum oculis d,iutius ualde obstupescens ammirabatur (lII.6). g 'Inimici tui repperient te in eod,em cum meritrice cubantem

recours n'existe. Tei il c:i

cubiculo, ibidemque trucidaberis; tlaemones quoque ad, loca penarum lulm rapient animam'(I3g). ' ... quus appetit terras subita praeuentus morle t:um suis perueniet malis coo\eratlribus' (,,.) Mirumque in modum toto cirL'umquaque manente tranquillo equore, Ialis una r&Peces ad inferna submersos prostrauit procella, misere quidem sed digne (lI.zz). 'subita pra,euentus morte ad to uir sanctus ... subito oculos ad. caelum diregens haec profatus infernalia rapietur loca' r A partir d'OrigÖne, le iugement particulier directement aprÖs la mort se est . . . (III.

ro). r

(1I.4).

formule clairement. Voir ä ce suiet van Uytfanghe, Stylisation biblique, pp. zzg-35; idem, 'Essor du culte,' pp. 93-8. tz Chez Adomnän comme chez Gr6goire le Grand, la damnation d'un grand d'une province est annonc6e par un solitaire (Columba est dans une petite cabane) ä un ou plusieurs sujets qui, ayant not6 le moment de la vision, d6couvrent une fois rentr6s chez eux qu'un chef/un roi est bien mort ä cet instant (VC 135; Gr6,goire, Dialogi

I!'.3r [de Vogü6, iii.ro4-6]; r66d. du passage de Gr6goire, O'Loughlin,'Gates of Hell', pp. r ro-r avec Vulcani pour zsulcanfi. Le prototype peut ötre la Vie d'Antoine dans sa traduction

,

encore caeli (II.z5). Synonyme de coelestis

ae

patriae

F

'

terntrc ":

t,i

ui

gu

III

dominum (Iil.ry). \ous ;:: qui möne au paratltsus iltrl .

On pourrait imaeincr ! -

nages dont l'6tat

morll

en un temps et un feu

l

L-..

pu:.:-

pp. +2-5, 5B); Tirechän. (_ Rögle de Tallaght §§r8 er r" ,-Voir sur le sujet, \\ arren . L ' 2oo-3; Grogan, 'Eschatolr r.. - . I S-6; Carey, 'Posthumou: ( r - .-

.: le corps est enterre dan> L,dwards, Early lrish oil.i il discours uniforme et cohci;l siöcle) traite de la quadrif\.i:: canonum Hibernezsli citÖc

,

par Evagre oü il y a 6galement mise par 6crit du moment de la vision, puis v6rification ( Zlra Antonii c.32, PL lxxiii. r 53-4). On trouve dans VC III. r r et III. r z l'influence de la mort de saint Germain dans les Dialogues de Gr6goire le Grand: mort nocturne, grande lumiöre qui

des p6ch6s et du lieu d.. r - profondes particularitös \lLt. :feu appel6 'purgatoire' n .r,... - - :'

envahit le monde, existence de messagers, äme men6e au ciel par des anges directement aprös la mort (II.35 et IV.8 [de Vogü6, ii.z38, äi.42*l). 13 Gr6goire, Moralia in lobXXYI. xxvä.

et 36-8; idem,

49-5r (PL lxxvi.378-8o); Augustin, Enchiridion §rro (PL

x1.283). Voir Riviöre, art.

'fugement' dansle Dictionnaire de thiologie catholique viii, z, col. r8or. Sur I'usage de ces appellations dans les sources irlandaises ä partir du VIIöme siöcle, voir Seymour, 'Eschatologv', pp. rgr-7; McNamara, 'Some Aspects' , PP. 57-g. 14 De faEon g6n6rale sur le sujet, voir Le Gof( Naissance du purgatoire, pp. 64-r73i Ca;rozzi, 'Göographie de l'au-delä'; Gurevich,'Au Moyen Age', pp. z6r-6;idem, Vo.yage de I'dme,pp. 14-98; Atwell,'From Augustine to Gregory the Great'; NIcNamara, 'Some Aspects' , PP. 49-52.Pour la croyance

Societ.1,

iui.i . .:.

Irlande, voir notammenr

(-

58-g, zog).Voir ä ce sujcr -\': -. Gr6goire qui inspire ce rs.,1 pour

sa

description de l'eniri, * -

of Hell', pp. 105-6).

ri , r-

19 Nous ne savons rien p.1r u-..

-

-'

eC '(tll11) seuroru sep otgq(l ep no (orIII) eturuäJ BI ep oldtuexä rud uarr suo^Bs eu snoN 6r 'wnstpo,tnd pa otlo(s un,tolam oaß?rs n,tqn Br '6 'u uor1elrc rro,r lr '(9-Sordd ',lloH Jo saleg, 'uqq3noT.O Jro^) g'lllsuruos srrll rcr el suep JeJue(l ap aorlue(l ep uorldrrcsap es ;nod ueuruopV(p uorteldsur,p aJrnos ul tuaurale5a tsa (zru.rro,L) lrcar ec orrdsur rnb orrogerC ap sanSolotg sap a5rssed a1 9r '.enbru1 uortürunqul 'sururletg talns ec e rron '(6oz'6-95 '[] 'dd 'ueqelqcsresserll) z'r T '8'IIIAX 't'Ayatnuouos orlralloy luarrmrc]ou .rro,r 'epuepl ue eJue.(oJJ euec Jnod'stutüs sap s1.tdny'1ernq lgz'd',etyno np uortnlo^g,'anaprlt-zt 'uu te §Erd ',se9r39p,urd se.rntlndeg, \4er4loS-zzz 'dd'11o11 aqt puu [1auo§'uepr lg-9t le zr-f'dd'stumg arytlo qn3'uttrotg.rro,r'lueurluoc e1 rns acuu.{orc e11ec rno4 Sr '(26-69r 'dd'awy,1 ap aSorCorl) (1eug ruaure3nf a1 sarde,nb lueue^rtceJJe lr3u,u .errolu5rnd, eledde neg e1) errole8rnd sdruot op oJuosqe(l lueruruelou'o1xs1 oc luar.urue rnb sotuelnJruud sapuo3o.rd sal grluou e vzote) '3 '([üg14rdd 'ze1q I zeyq],seurad sap narl np ra s9qc9d sep ?trsre^rp u1 aq, 111y'c) errote5rnd nal np ta ?l?rros el op uorlrlrudrrpenb e1 op atrurt (elcqrs atrr?IIA url) anta.tnloatr aut?,to ap )aq!1 srtpuelJr ?tre$ e-I'tueJeqoJ ta euJoJrun sJnof,srp un etrrrt ec ap sud cuop a5uSgp as au g '(S-tgz 'dd'ürqsuty qqril t)uo qn.rJ fi1,rog 'spre,upg -selreq3 rro,r i(goz'd ueqelqcsrasserl4) z-r'1 a3e^nes nerl un su?p ?rretue tse sdroJ el anbsrol aruu,1 rnod enbsrr ep s?d E.(,u p,nb rssne elndrls snssep-o e?t) stsuauraqtH amuouoJ l'!.pailoC e1 'og-t9 'dd ',stcadsy eurog, 'ernueSpyg l,urerren! snounqlsod, 'felr3 i9-S L 'dd',e1oa Iurolscd, 'sprc,trpg-sapuq3 lo9-gi 'dd',Surqceaa pcr5oloteqcsg, 'ue3or9 1t-ooz

'L-r6t'dd '.,t3o1oteqcsg, tnou.(eg l9-zor dd '1onfiy puo [3,m117'uerre7y1 'te(ns a1 rns rro '(ü-t9r 't€r 'dd ',rq5e11ea go.ftatsuuo141, 'uolrn4 pue uuf,ug) gg la gr§§ lg8qpl ap a13qg e12(zSr 1a gfrdd 's$aa aourtlo4'.reyorg) 60 te 9r§§ oauutralloC'ueqcarra :(g§ '9-zü 'dd 'uegelqrsressqv\)

S'ftfnX '6'^X '9-r'^X anuouor ourailoC luaürruetou .lro,r 'epue1;1

ue sluu^r,t sep stJoru sel Jrolef,eJ tue,rnad anb apre,1 to errotr8rnd neJ un le sduet un ue

(61trJcpp sep un(l le - ]no] np sBd no - eured ? lso l?Joru lBl?(l luop se8Bu -uosJed 3p se[ec ]uos senle serus seurBlJaJ'seJ äl s8d lse(u IeJ'elsrxe(u sJnoceJ eJJnE unsnE slenbsel rnod slrpne[u sel le slurBs sel lros 'sauruep le se8n( uou 'sn19 le s?8n[ uou ep elrerl slrcor azra[ sap uncur{J enb JeurSerur lre-rrnod uO 'r,(zt'III) snsaqutüd nB euetu Inb uoISeJ BI tuos uttods wnillaat oafipxs sel änb suoueJdde snoN '(rrl11) u.tnmu.top po ap avt(uouf,s sau7t&a.t, qaar awwns sel te (6'III '9'111) a1pnaZ aoutad sxls4aol sel seuuortueru eJocue luos '(or'III) sntol sruoqa,rD?x,ufat aüu.t2122 ep etu,(uou.,(s eturuoJ euuop lua[uelBge tse lJBd ES Jnod snstpuwd '(Sz'U) ryaot etoxue no '.(Z'111) erlne(l ep un6l soru.{uou.{s (r rIII 'L'111) utryaru no (zr'11) snstpttn d seruJel sel suo^noJl snou '1erc al Jrug?p Jnod 'lroouourtue lse .,( rnb eur,1 ap uoucrp?leur ep elxaluoJ el n^ serrosr^ord seured ep xnerl sap sed luerueurelrer

luos ou Mnlauad otq se-l '(92'tI) uatm '(ez'11) atol mlautatur, '(6t'l) wn,tuuad otrl'(zz'Il 'rrSt'I) lu.tatu! ser.uJel se1 adnor8et sJeJue sel Jnod eesrlrtn ?'I 'xnerJ SAI nO (l3rJ el SJe^ elUOtU erus(l luop xneJ le sJeJue sep

ep UOIIESIIEJOI rl 'a 11 . - . " -. nu ea-(oJlJo eJle lf,..i - - - -

SLr,

ep snla eJ]? ;nocl

rllI-

SJpUellB JuOp IUJ

"*

: --

'

"

e)uelslxs,l luetuälr-: -- *' .{aplun tlüut'.,/"' ,' 's.l? ]e se8n{ '=?uLu::- ':

luoq

suBp esil.upE JueLuru- -..

oJnIEIJUAT.UOU

urueqJ

a1

puard etu?.1 ]uop xnec :serJo8etec xnep ua sgsr^rp luos suoru seT

'snossep-rc luelue^rss33cns slurod sroJl sel rärpnlo suollB snoN 'el'ug(l ep uDsep np sr^-?-sr^ lJour sdJoJ nE no slue^r^ xn? alor unJnB eJ?Juoc 3u le elqrssod leqcer Inas np äruruoJ eJlseJJe] eJuelrued EI ap atrsrl 'elap-ne,1 ep uoBruBdrq eun eJluoc r?d elusseJd BqunloJ ep er^ 3T 'sra!u9,1

ep unsep el Jns seJuanbesuoJ sep Jro^E tue^nad lcedsB uos le eJnllndes 3l

tt

aqwryrJ

ap

alrl ul suap aruy,t ap ruawa7n{

uoru e1 serdu ?plrrL. -*:-- :ep luel^ seoep el anb, . *:- -.ep luetuotu el Jnod t., - : - ,ou ueutuopy 'JtJat ut: - *:;S?nt er]? B Saulur?put tl' - -

rl

Lt'

I{athalie Stalmans

4-4

exemples de vision de damnation concerne un homme dont aucun forfait n'est

mentionnf (I.35). Aprös la mort, l'humanit6 se divise en deux groupes' La pr6face de la Vie nous le disait d'ailleurs d6jä'o. Sans nier ä proprement parler l'existence d'un 6tat interm6diaire permettant une purification entre mort et sentence d6finitive, Adomnän ne lui laisse aucune

place. En atteste sa conception de la p6nitence. Le tableau ci-dessous reprend tous les cas de

mort subite de la Vie, soit

''

-i i.! -''-

.

Si nous consid6ron- .; tous des damnes, ä I trrr.. t-'

fait aucun doute. Ls nri

*

moines de Comgell (r1r *- :

mentionn6s qu'incidcr:-. :combat pour l'äme .lo pr6sent6es comme'sul-rr ir

-

-

et, pour Colcu, ä un a:. La mort subite est rr-

attest6s explicitement (en italique), soit implicitement.

-

.

miracle

Ty?e de mort

§

ldenrird

Ty?e de

I.r7 I.zr

Colcu, eccl6siastique

proph6rie

äge, lors

Nemän, mauvais p6nitent

mal6diction

aYec voleurs,

p6cheur, incestueux,

mal6diction

tu6 par ses ennemis

Aid, prötre

mal6diction

triple mort subite

Luguid, riche

proph6tie d'un

I.zz

d'un souper

avec amis

mangeant chair jument vol6e

qui lui est donnee clc ^.:.r: avant la

fin de sa peniI.:

de damnation2r

pauvre, avec prostitu6e, ayant mang6

mal6diction/

par ennemis, avec prostitu6e

qui ne sont ni justes nr :-n6cessaire pour faire l'rrr -

cas

tombent morts. En deh, ,:.

Nemän

I.qz I.+S

poöte Cr6nän

proph6tie

ocius, tu6 par ses ennemis

ua,lde (non

prötre Ernän, oncle de

proph6rie

ä96, aprös un temps de malaclie, subita

p6nitence terrestre. nrin

proph6tie

.

Columba Vigenus, riche pas

III. 13 moines III. 13 höte

frapp6 d'un pieu par ennemis

mal6diction malödiction malödiction vision 6lection mal6diction vision 6lection

subita morte suhitct,morte

noy6s

lacrimosam ante etitttttt

vision combat

noy6

d'ötre damn6 d'office eSr r tant qu'on est en r ie ( Pcl .

transperc6 par iavelot tu6e par criminel tombe mort, subita uindicta

puis election

III.zz

vision, proph6tie

Columba

i,rg. et elu ;.

mal6diction

hospitalier

II.zz malfaiteur II.4 criminel II.z4 criminel II.zq, jeune fille innocente II.z5 criminel

subito emigratione

sa

qualit6 de

moine (III.7), du paien baptis6

derniöre

ra).

zo Qtorundarn iustorum animas crebro ab angelis ad summa caelorum uehi sancto reaela,nt€ spiritu uidebat. Sed et reproborum alias ad inferna a daemonibus ferri se?e numero aspiciebat. Plarimorum in carne mortali adhuc conuersantium futura minute que

sa

'bont6 naturelle' (III.

tristia (I.r).

plerumque praenuntiabat merita, aliorum laeta, aliorum I.3g et peut donc 6tre 6galement consid6rö comme un cas de

zr L38 est un doublet du

mal6diction. zz YCl.r5,ls7,

:

,

,

expleas septinaliunt

(t

ntt

t!

i' i, i,

ri

-., _r

un p6cheur mettre pied

ä la

i

I.+1. L'invocation du n,.rnr j, Dans l'hagiographie de P:r:. - (MuirchiII.z [Bieler, P.; :' :du möme r6cit (§+, [ibid . i; au lieu de se repentir qui ..1 . -Stevenson, tl-iterac\ and { l-- penitudinem gerer€, ntutt :,: I

Social Background',

Diormit nous ne connaissons que

:

damn6s (le 'fils de per,.ii:r

I.:q

II.zo

--

obtenue que s'il I i. , .: quelqu'un de faire Lrsr .-- l Columba ä un 'fils dc p.'c:-l

fratricide

I.:6 I.:8

viennent interroger (. ,- - * mort 6quivaut ä unc ,-l:::' espÖre que le poÖte C: : (I.+r)':; ailleurs, le srin: :--

:

:

-

-

.

: :-:-.

pp I r-

p6ch6 mortel en tant quc '|-- - - puni n'ayant pas eu le tcnri-- * -

Dans l'oeuvre de Jonas pp.

5Gi)])

d. i;

En outr€. Colu: ---

de sorte qu'ils puissent .'-, I r, r avoir sugg6r6 ce rapprochurt - -

'lUAIIIar{soJdder aJ aJ353nS rroÄ3 snou ep JEuSupJeW 'g te oJJIIJUB]S 'J suorJJerueJ snoN ireJudard,{,s tuassrnd sl,nb atros ap troru rnal ap tuaruotu al saurou sos p tuaruarorln.Ser ecuouur uegrunloJ 'srlno ug '((Z-99 dd rroir 1a) [--ozz 'dd'9n3or1 ep 'perr :ot-fEildd'qcsnr;] 6r'11) uortuuruup BI lu€uäruB acuatrugd eJrBJ ep snJal un'?trsqnos tsa rno(;ed srog srol rassaJuoJ as brqqog äp seuofep eJ^neo(l su?C '([9i 'd'ueqelqcs.rassull] B'Lxrunuluui outa11o3) rrtuader as ep sdurel e1 ne sed lueir,u rund tse elqBdnoc äl tuop tä (tJoru BI äp tuetuolu nr(nbsn( snuuoc aqced, enb turt ua lat.rou gqcad el ruorruu?p'9r'§ o1 lluerr'otpallo7 u1 ap srnatrpduoc se1 'r-oS 'dd',punor3>1ceg IerJoS, 'spre.trpg-saprq3 Jro^ 'uortnlyod ep oJJel e1 ra,rraserd rnod arret e perd erpeu rnagcad un JessrBI ep BqrunloJ ep uolcrpJälur(l te trc?J ef, JnS 'eueqlrug ap uonuu3rpur.l eJotrJsns uqumlo3 ep snJar e'I '([t8 'd 'slnuuauua4 qstrJ ';e1arg] 6z§ unruut 7 ap p1lual7u94) err\ ua lse uo,nb luu1 alqeuuop;ed tso atneJ ätnot slonbsal uoles slärtualruod xne srrerluoJ lsä ärUJo(p ourrrep ,rta(p '(tz'111),suonbasuu ulotp,tlJx.tasta oap o p'ruarupn1tua( so8a runtxxa atuo afislutr,trol e9pr,1 '(6t'11) ,snwns untJtn aruouo? oa? wnfiuuo unqrru1(as snaldxa '(Lz'1) ,mtat.tow stpowopqa aug[ snrntl ux tuou 'a.ta.ta8 ruautpn1rua{

Lz

snuanlü

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rI J^ zz

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a

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pa st1aZuü qt) o.ttlz.t.1 Sr'.r, eJaluJep BI p esltdrq u.:i,, ,

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uptputn t)JttlttS').i, -*

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'z-tz 'dd',ftqer6 pue dcualrl, 'uosua,ralg atyor1 suuuad ap ao,tan tDD sntun1,to(o m3 nrf, B(l eruruoJ etu?tu-älle ?]r^rtf,r(l scd uou'uorteutuep ap au5rs tsa rnb rrtuader as ap norl ne '([9-]9r 'dd ''plql] rü§) trcgr eugu np Iros age,nb s11enb glr,rnce aun rärraxo.p rlEJ el tse(J uortcrreu el suup uoqsanb euer tetuo ueqcorlJ :([]r rd 'stxa1 uotn,rro4'.ra1arg] z'11 qqcrrn1,l) al'acrÄu4 ap arqdur8olsrq,1 surq rp rrou np uoueco,rur,l 'Zi'1

tz

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'1-

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ana

r 1.nb tlotu ep ad{1 a1 arralua ar^epm un e opueruJp

'(r't f4)

}urES

ollr?tuq äp dureqc un rns räqtuot äp eqcgdue BqrunloS

'tuaLt|ut 1s0d uoloeafird 11 p uou 'erJseuel oJuelrued BI egll IcI lse 'e1ap-ne,1 ? saf,rnos serJne(p su?p enbqdd?(s alle(nb allal V ((euurBp ((nlg aplan a7u tlow le tu7q te ?3n( uou) aplon ttuu,t te oSn( uou) aplan tu|q uoqqJBdupenb BI enb suolBlsuof, snoN 'aJuelrued eJrEJ Jnod eJrBsseceu lse lJoru EI luB^s sduel un slenbsal Jnod le 'srBanBru ru selsn( ru Juos eu rnb xnec snot e.{ p '(lures ol JBd strpnEu snpr^rpu sel le (uorlrpräd ep slu, el) s?uurEp luerueulBuec sep le (sqlunlof) snlg luel,ueurBueJ sep sroqap ug 'suor.u lueql'uol '1ures e1 JEd sllpnutu 'tnb xnec snol B le L"Ot'1|. (uortrpJed ep slU, un e Bqtunlo3 JEd ?uuop lse snJer eo : uorleuurep ES egru8rs ecuelrued eJrBJ ep un(nblenb JeqJeduo 'luetuasle,rul 'gzlJour EI luB^r ecuelrued E .,( Ir(s anb anuelqo erle tned eu eur^rp epJoJrJesru BI enb eroJue Do lc"eJUoJrued BS ep uU el tuB^B JrJnor.u ep ugJqrT ap elurBrc BI uo ll"ecualrued errBJ 3p e?uuop rnl rnb lrl tse (sJnelllB is"(zb'1) ?]Iuniloddo(l ep sBd eluoJd eu epBIsLu un(nb ellarfier tuIBS el eltong el rnb alrqns ]Jor.u EI tuB^B BJrlueder es uBuor) at?od el enb eJedse BqurnloS 'oJuelrued erreJ ep eqc?drue elle rBc uorleutuep eun p lnB^rnbg troru esrs^nEur 3'I 'zzluoJJnou slr luop uo5eJ BI Jns BqunloJ Je8oJJslur luauuer^ (crel 'eurou 'ror) sluere;3lp s?rl segeuuosred seCI 'eluruJc lse elrqns uotu e.I 'aJuE^E eSE un p (nJIoJ Jnod (la srpBlsru ep sdual un seJdB Jueuuer^Jns salla tueunod (seJrqns, eruruoJ segluesgrd luos usuJg ]e ugugJJ 'nc1o3 eP slroru seT 'eloq(l ep aurE.l rnod lBqr.uoJ el le urssESSB(l ep uorlJrp?lBr.u BI ranbrldxe rnod lueluwaprrur,nb seuuorlueru Juos au (atgq rney ep sEJ el Jns urol snld suorpuar^eJ snou) UeBtuoJ ap saurour sep eptr{ou BI te ((eJueJouur ellu euna(, BI ep eJtJneu eT 'e}nop unJnB lrBJ eu uortcelg(l luop e88uuosred un 'uqrun1o3 ep uorldoJxe(l B (s3uurcp sep snol lueu3rellB slr(nb suolBlsuoJ snou'slrgns Uolu ep sBO säJ suoJaprsuoJ snou rS

Si

oqrurylJ

ap

aul ol suup atuy,t

ap ruaruaZn{

'atpeleu ep sduat un SItUeUUe SiS

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ca

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I{athalie Stalmans

16

Le -f tl

Le silence d'Adomnän vis-ä-vis d'actions des vivants en relation avec le destin d'une äme est en accord avec l'id6e du sort fix6 dös la mort. Adomnän mentionne la c6l6bration de messes pour les ämes de Colmän et de Brendan mais ceci aprös sa vision de l'ascension des ämes au ciel. Ce sont de simples messes de comm6moration.

De möme, l'auteur tait toute possibilit6 d'influence du corps mort: la tombe n'a pas d'incidence sur le destin eschatologique de l'äme. Un 6lu peut n'avoir pas de lieu d'inhumation (comme les moines noy6s de Comgell dont l'6lection est imm6diatement assur6e). L'enterrement ad sanctos n'est pas consid6r6 comme une garantie d'6lection mais comme un moyen de ressusciter plus heureux'8. Le surplus de joie qui attend I'6lu au jour du jugement, en particulier par le fait de ressusciter entour6 d'amis est d'ailleurs signal6 chez les Pöres'e. La tombe est importante dans la pens,äe d'Adomnän et correspond ä un signe d'6lection ou de damnation:o, mais le fait d'6tre ou n'ötre pas inhum6 n'a pas d'influence sur le sort de l'äme. La conception d'une sentence imm6diate d6finitive r6pond peut-6tre ä une volont6 d'Adomnän de contrer certaines pratiques de son 6poque : l'existence d'un temps purgatoire, la croyance en l'efficacit6 de la priöre, des offrandes pour les morts, pouvaient amener un certain laxisme face ä la p6nitence terrestre3'. Si le sort est d6finitif, deux problömes se posent cependant pour l'auteur: quelle place laisser ä l'intercession du saint, comment faire en sorte que le jugement

final ne soit pas une simple modalit6 ? Nous allons voir que la

pens6e

d'Adomnän relative au processus du jugement individuel permet de repenser le röle d'intercesseur du saint et laisse au jugement final sa force th6ocentrique. Dans le cas de dix visions sur les treize, on voit soit les d6mons soit les anges venir chercher l'äme au moment de la mort et la conduire vers l'endroit qui lui est fix6. Anges et d6mons n'ont pour röle que d'assurer l'ex6cution d'une d6cision dont l'origine, lorsqu'elle est indiqu6e, est divine32. Les anges sont d6crits comme 'descendant' ä Ia rencontre de l'äme33. Les d6mons par contre

-',

"'

,

semblent se trour-er sur L.--anges sont totalement

ll..;l

parfois lä. Nous retro Llr, I . les airs34 et de leur e \ cn r *. dans la Vie d'Antoine .r - - Les trois visions resr;rt-. dans le troisiöme lir rc .lu . ,

rapports privil6gies

d

u .::

du combat (III.6).

Dan.

-

d'anges combat les dönr, ,r. , celui-ci [fI.ro). Dans lc r: ... d6mons voulant rar ir l'ir:c -.

du saint et celles de -\c\ : (m.13). Dans le premier rec:r -

C'est le cas de Librän, convaincu d'ötre 6lu mais d6sesp6r6 de la pr6diction de Columba comme quoi il ne sera pas inhum6 ä Iona mais en Irlande. Il se console en apprenant que ce sera parmi des fidöles de Columba (II.3g). zg van Uytfanghe, 'Essor du culte', p. ro3; McNamara, 'Some Aspects', p. 52. 3o Voir ä ce sujet le texte de la conf6rence de

O'Loughlin, 'Tombs of the Saints' (dessus). 3r Pour une r6flexion similaire, voir

zr8. 3z 'Qtanto', ait, 'sancte

F'ros,

puer Colambo, hoc scelus cum nostra dehonoratione temporis spatio inuhurnferi iud,ex iustus patietur deus ?'(Il.z$. Gr6goire le Grand attribue lui aussi d'ordinaire aux d6mons le röle d'ex6cuteurs des d6crets divins, leur conf6rant cependant parfois un röle d'accusateurs. A ce suiet voir Riviöre, 'Röle du d6mon', pp.6o-2. 33 angelorum choros sancti Brendini animae obuios dßcendere (III.rr); sencti a,ngeli sanctis obuiantes animabus (III.13); 'properemus' ait, \anctis obuiam angelis qui d.e summis caeli regionibus ad praeJbrendam alicuius gentilici animam emisi' ... cum angelis obuiantibus ei ad, 'Eschatologie m6di6vale', p.

d,ominum commigrauit

(lll.r4);

animam obuios educendam .. . '

'angelos enim sanctos de excelso uid,i misos throno ad meam

(Ill.zz).

d,e

carne

:

Cassien d"arbitre', de 'f.rr.. dans le deuxiöme, l'äm. c. .

,

mari; dans le troisiöme rr-suite ä la priöre de CoiLril r, Contrairement ä iA \, rc .. aux cieux, l'äme dans le= ::..

mort, elle ne peut plu: t-.;d6mons si l'indir,idu 3 crr * n)est pas l'äme qui est arri,-- * -

les d6mons emportan

r .'::

rescousse. Cette passir rl. _._ terre que se ioue le dclir: l'homme se donne les r:l . .

comprend alors qu'-\d, :z8

.

sont visibles que de lui L.r. sur les demons pour l'r,n:. "l

.

i:.: Les d6mons 6tant su: -. arrive qu'ils ra\rissefl[ Li ] r : : exemple3T,,le thöme du

_.

combats. Vu l'omniprc>r-:.

_

,

_

34 Dejä chez S. Paul (Eph _ : Evagre (cap. 37-8 [PI- hr::, . :: [Fontain e,

i3z6 et 3-12]). : r,

et certaminis, De

coen(tfi1r-,y- .'

p. z6z)), contrairement

ne parait que l'id6e

üu\ cr

l

de'pr.r.r.i.--

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asu,J ncr r,d serrr euuarsur^oreur.,,{drr5o,s';[::ä;,1ätrjH:iik'rl;lrT]rä'ä o'llL saaolwluo3 i(fzLz .d {ng]

',{raqcr4]

6.17y stlnulsut unnrqouaor

aO ,sraruot,ar ta

sns,mt aouSnd sua.ptsat n1atpouoSo anfuo,tayqto) tJour EI ep te uortgtuat BI äp o1111llor{(l ep oruB(l

re,rnus rnod l?qruor ay rueprserd elqqlouo8e le ärtrqrr rsrrq3 ;äuieruogj 9e .([ztt n 920.r.dec; 9-!r'Iu re t'1) e.r9,r95 acrdlng red urlre1,11 op er1 :([9-sirrrrxxl g-Ze ä*c,r! 14] red uorlcnpe4 Es suep oseu?qlv red euroluy,p ar1 St .1zr qagilnra.S zäqc 9 ftCO üt

AUl03 Ap MUaUt pü (tttrt.i:ypD ta Snqttuüttttlu st1.:-

tlaüJ sawruns ap tnh

:

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s/,r.:----

qaiun tpuüs l(r rIII ) ,., ' ',uotuap np elg5. 'ar?l \iU

-

puurg a1 arro8aro '( S; I i l?,usqu utnJ snla.)s )t')tf !'.i ,,. tsol,r JIOA ta;telrruls u i\^ - -- ,

919 Jro^s(p luelualnes uou lrSB(s 1r 'enberuotuep acuaserdrutuo(l nA .slequoc se1 anbrldxe rnb ec 'srd luorlJedde Jnol au rnb erue aun luessr^Br syr,nb a,rrrre 'sdroc np erue(l äp euuorJaB eruos BI ep xnarl sal Jns lurle suotuep seT

[

'Blep-ne(l ep IeunqrJt np ow?r{t

e1

,ageldtuexa

.red ererrag ecrdlng g ,glunrdrua sed tr?(u ueuuropy,nb srole puerduoc ug 'elunbepB epre(l uor.u EI serde rro,racer ap sua,(oru sel suuop as euuor.l(l enb erlse;ral eJuelsrxa uos luaJnp JSe,c 'orue.1 op urrsep a1 enof es enb eJJol rns ]so(J :llp p{?p suo^e snou enb sc luro(e.l elur(l ep glr,rrssed elleJ .ossnocsoJ e sayadde se8ue sap led senbeDe tuos rnb erue.l ]uetJodue suorugp sel e1

luos eJ lss5ue

se1

red enrnoces le suourap sa1 rud aenbeue lse rnb erue,1 sed 1se,u

ec 'reqruoc ep sec ua 'uours sasue se1 rud 'src^neru ?1? B nprlrpur(l rs suouep red glnJ?xe (urtsep uos Juerua^rssed puole le uorJ snld rnod eu a1le ,1roru sa1

u1 serdy 3rssed arelceJBJ un B uBuruopv(p suJal ezraJl sal susp eruB,1 ,xnarJ xnB Jeluotu op otueru-älle rrd alual e(ut(l no euroluv(p ol1 BI ? luaueJrurluoJ 'sauroru ses ep lo Bqr.unloJ ep e;errd EI ( erps sasuu sep red sanrnoces luos se,,{ou sap seruE sa1 ,rrcer oruersroJl o1 suep lueu uos ep nlJe^ BI red ]e sa8ue se1 red e?ple rse esnode,l ap etue(l ,etuerxnep el suep ,,errrqre,(p uersseJ lsesue sap eJroJJr^ t1 raurred rnb ,r,lBQruoJ np rueprseJd, ep

euuop rn1 anb suas ne ,e]?qtouo8e, lsrJq] al lsa(t 1rc9r .raruerd al suEC

'(t.tu)

xnerJoJJr^ luos la sa8ue sep ,seuroru sas ep sellec le lures np lueuuer^Jelur mb crq elgq un(p er.ue(l Jr^BJ luelno^ suouep se;errd

se1

red lxne ca,re a.{ou

sep luäuequoc

sa.,{ou

1se.s

seurolu ap serrrr

sa1

.trcer eurorsron el suBC .(or.fU) rJ_rnleJ

ap srure^ se1 red eepre'uuru uos ep euu,l atrodruer te suorugp sel se8ue.p leqtum eeu8edruoccu oruruoJ eun(p etur(l ,trc9r eruarxnep el suEC .(g.ttt) np teqruoJ artlqre 'lslrqJ ne ecer5 pueJ eqr,unlo3 louroru un(p eluB(l rnod suoruop sal Jns .rnl ep onb salqrsr^ arroJJr^ uI luelrodwar sa8ue sa1 ra[uerd el suBC 'lrcgr luos ,u1ap-nr,1 eu rnb sanbrya8ue suorllredde sa1 oo^B np sgr8gIarrd slrodder JurES .Bqrunlo3 op el1 sal Jerluoru d,p erussa urutuopv EI ep er^rl eluersrort el suep 'enbe}]u.p slrcal sep tuos soluelser suorsr^ sror] seT srlJc?p slBqruoo se3 ]uos 'srare^as ecrdpg zeq) te aurotuv(p or1 BI suup aluesgrd '1arc e1 sJe^ luBruoru eluB(l ep anbelle ellenlue^e rnel ap re ffsrre sel

sugp suotuep sep acueserdrurüo(l ap uortdocuoc BI suo^norteJ snoNl .p1 sro.;red .anb srole ,sluosqe luos suoruep sa1 'uor1ce19 r .{ lue111alglol luos sesue 1r,nbsro1 'nlno luetuoru nr acrld Jns Je^noJl es luelques sa1

'uoqeuurep äp

Li

sBJ

ue ,rsury

aqrunlo7 ap a!/l

try

suup awy,t ap tuarua7n{

ep eJuoJeJuos EI a[. -1]\.'

Itord

-

',al1nJ np JL)s:J. '- - -

ac enb lueua;ddr ur rr Bqr.unloS ep uortrrpä:ri

r

-

:'

:-

eJluoc JEd suoruep sr-I

eun(p uorlnS?\e.l J]i-.. Inl Inb ]IoJpue§l sJa \ r- * . se8ue sal llos suoLUrL. -..'

-

'anbtl}ueooer{J Jf,Ju el Jesuedet 3p ler.ureJ

easued BI anb Jrc) \ \ luotue8rI el enb e]J,-,r * l

sgenb :Jnolnu,l Jnod - - r:

*

el IS 'rgeJlSeJJel af,ufll*.:.: I Jnod sapuur;Jo sep 'rjr:-,- :

acuelslxe,l : enbocJJ r-, . :: eun 9 eJ]?-lned pulc:- : JnS eJUenUUr(p SEd

r.; :,- *-

no uorlJele(p eubrs ur r : lse equol E-I'6-SaJtd -.

_

_ ..

eT'gzXlle;näq snld J:t:-\.... etuuloc eJaprsuoJ srd - r-1" * uoll3el9,[

-

tuop IIa;LU, J .: -r.-: i-: -: - _

Jlo^e(u ]ned nlg u--)

-

Sqruo] BI :UOr.U Sdtor

seldtuls ep tuos

eJ lr:' -:

uEuuIoPV 'uOtU rl srf :,."el Je^E uorlEISJ Ue Slui ,,:

-

\

al

48

I{athalie Stalmans

vertueux mais 6galement d'avoir v6n6r6 le Christ qui peut jouer Ie röle d'arbitre, ainsi que les d6funts qui ont le pouvoir d'appeler les anges. Incidemment, l'auteur affirme donc ici que si les priöres pourles morts sont sans efficacit6, celles aux morts sont utiles. En outre, il y a le risque d'une mort subite, sans avoir eu le temps de se repentir. C'est le cas de l'höte des moines de Comgell: les ämes d'autres morts ne suffisent pas ä repousser les d6mons, il faut les priöres de Columba. Le saint demeure le seul recours en cas de mauvaise mort38. Le iugement final demeure important dans la pens6e d'Adomnän3e. Il se fera par Dieu seul, verra la r6surrection des corps et concernera l'humanit6 entiöre4o. Il se situe ä un autre niveau, et d6mons, anges, intercesseurs ne s'y impliqueront pas4l. C'est le sort de l'individu qui occupe ceux-ci, et ce destin est alors scell6.

Dans la Vie de Columba, Adomnän garantit l'6lection de son äme ä f individu croyant, m6ritant, confess6 r6guliörement et qui a adress6 ses d6votions aux d6funts et au bon saint. Cette certitude apaise Ia terreur de l'audelä. Adomnän adresse un message de r6confort qui illustre, ä un autre niveau, toute l'importance qu'il attache ä l'homme.

Varieties

o

in the

'-fth. Middle Irish I. . I l,Iäire Herberr ni career of the historic;l1 . j -

-

the able leader (,,r , - -

attitudes, perfi_,r:t:. . role of influenti:. _: downfall of rhe ,u - * _ While they har-e b) nr r..-_I Herberr and Ö Ririn h", - _ and to those episodes in -,', _

In the present paper. I h -r.with a series of unearrh, "

37 Vie de Martin III.3 (Fontaine, i.266-7o). 38 Pour peu qu'il agisse rapidement aprös la mort. La häte de Columba dans III.13 rappelle celle de Martin dans la Vie par Sulpice: Martin se d6pöche de prier pour le cat6chumöne dont le procös c6leste est d6lä en cours (III.3 [Fontaine, i.266-7o\. Pour une typologie des formes d'interventions d'un saint, voir Philippart, 'Patrons de la bonne mort', p. 88. 39 VC II.3g par exemple. L'importance du thöme est particuliörement 6vidente dans le De locis sanctis. Voir les 6tudes de O'Loughlin, 'Exegetical Purpose', pp. 48-5o; idem, 'Library of Iona', p. 4r; idem, 'Tombs of the Saints'. 4o 'Celui qui croit en lui n'est pas jug6; celui qui ne croit pas est d6iä jug6'(Io 3.r8). Comme Jean, Adomnän croit que le sort de l'äme d6pend de I'existence terrestre, de la foi de I'individu, de ses m6rites, de sa d6votion ä Columba. Et comme chez Jean (r2.48), cela ne signifie pas pour Adomnän que le iugement final soit oubli6. Ainsi que l'explique Gr6goire de Tours ä l"h6r6tique'qui ne comprend pas la pens6e deJean,'Il (celui qui n'a pas cru) a d6jä 6t6 ju96 pour le supplice 6ternel, mais son corps ressuscitera pour endurer ce supplice' (Gr6goire de Tours, HistoriaeX.4 [Krusch, pp. 497-8; trad. Latouche, pp. 278-9]). 4r Sur ce point encore, Adomnän a une conception trös diff6rente de celle des hagiographes de Patrice. Pour ceux-ci, le saint est juge non seulement au moment de la mort mais 6galement ä la fin des temps (Liber angeli §23 [Bieler, Patrician Texts, p. r88]; Muirchü II.6 [ibid., p. r r 6]). Pour les implications politiques et sociales de ces diff6rences, voir Stalmans, 'Fbnction du

travail'.

-

fascinating web of dr nr::- - _ In essence, I shall bc l.: _ these episodes \\ ith (_)rlr :l

conveyirg a specific it-...-_ traditions abour Colurn

[.

:

At the outset., let ntu : _r One of the reler ant ch;l- . - -. others (§§r+-7) are ert,rL - _ .-

§z.Themenoi\l* question Adantn::

-

and Adam, bo,t=:- -

_

r:; .

_

Adamnän makc:

r fona,p. r5r. Cf. Herbcrr : the editors, ibid. pp. r ii-r::r. -_. Riain's views specificalh

6b 'illucqroeds s,r\är.\ s(urery O JossaJoJd tu:serder ol uorlrpe eqt ot uortJnpoJtur aqt a>1ul I 'rrr,r-l,r 'dd 'ptqt'sJoupe aql Jo tuorrletets äqr qtr.{\ euq ur lrd'utouwopV. oqeg'urcra O pur tleqJaH 33 'rSrd'nuo1 t

--' np uorlJuod) 'surtuirt§ j. '([q, r 'd ''ptqtl 9'II nL{rj," t', ]uetuele8e steu IJOLU ri .,' -.,ap saqdur8or8uq sJp )1,. - .,

,

'[urq 1surB33 ssoJc aql Jo u8rs eq] S3{Bru u?ur.u?pv uaq^\ srteddusrp pue (lled eqt posseutr,r{ eq leqt stseoq (uBpV pu? reJrcn'I surs eqt ]noqe tures eqt slse Sureg srqJ 'usutuepv uortsenb Jo B pues ratsunry Jo uetu eql 'z§

ol (qtapo) qtno.( B Jo edeqs eql ur uoruep

:pue slr ]E {colq B ur pednor8 ere (4-nr§§) srer.llo eqt e1nl.t\ 'a311 eqr go Suruur8eq eqt lE srnf,co (z§) sreldeqc lue^olor aql Jo euo

'uortuJoprsuoJ repun eql esrJututuns .{1>1crnb atu lel 'leslno äqt tV lerraleru 'egord .(rupue3e1 s(JetlEI eql ur o8rel dlpcueuelqord pe{lnq o^eq 01 ruees rlJrrl,rl,'e1p3 urn1o3 tnoqu suorlrpeJl 3o ,{poq toultsrp B lJaUeJ ,{eqr ruqr 'puocas laSusseur cgrceds s Sur.te,\uoc klno;3 petrlarrelur dlrq8rr E eq ot tueqt slee^ar raqtoue euo qtr.r\ seposrde esaqt

;ng rü '([G-gf z 'dti '-.ij'

'

.aorlddns eJ JeJnpur ltt, .. e (nrc sud e,u tnb tn1:' i

:-'. -

-

'

arto8atq anbrldr).1 :ln: .. eu BIef,'(8t'zr) ural t)-.^ ep IoJ EI ep 'e;Jsaltrl : - ' -' ar.uuro') '(grt oI) .a,in, i,',' -''(slurBs eq] Jo sqluol. 'L*-,- 'urlq8noT,O ep sepnlr ':-

np eoueuodtut.-I 'tltlLu-.

-

-

'.

JIor tlutBs ufl..p su(,itLi' - - - t'Ut) srnor uä php tS:, :r\ u1

satde lueueptdrr rsri-i r

(ecuesse

uI Jo uosrrEdrrroJ E lBrll '1s.rg :suorluetuo3 o,lal Surcue,rpe eq IIEqs I 'petepnnlo,(pre;p e,req san5ee11oc.,(ru qcrq,u, sarro8alle cuseu,(p Jo qe \ Suqeurcse; ar{t Jo lrr{t ot elqereduoJ lseretur uE e^Erl ,(etu s8uraq .{lqtrueun Jo serJas e q}r,r\ s8urleeru s(oJaq str Jo tunoJJE s(eJrT eqt terll ,roqs ol Jdor.l 1 'raded luesard eqt u1 dluoqlne pdor Suquorguoc paderyod sr uguruupv qJrq,&\ ur saposrde esoqt ot put 'uorsuetutp lecrtrlod sll ol uorlue]]g lsoru poprotJg e^Eq urgru O pu? ueqreH 's311 eqr 3o spedse o,ru äseqt Jo tsJU eqt pa.rouSr suretu ou .(q a,teq .{eqt apq16

,'urrg pesoddo oq.e\ srepeel relncos eqt 3b legu,rl,op aql päpluJer{ esJnc asoq,&\ 'ueurqcrnqc alqrJserr pur Iurtuengur Jo elor orll ur ro ur aql Sutlno.r pue selceJru Sunuro;red 'sepn1l11e 'elrqep l^ap sr. otlr,ut»l ueqtunlo3 ar{l Jo Jepeel elqe erll .(1lures {cols ur raqtre paFrdap

tpralsul 'lures '1roqra11 JosseJoJd elonb ol Ief,rJolsrq er]l Jo JeaJEc eqt uodn dy6urcuel8 .,(1uo seqcnot 'pa.rrssqo qtoq o^Bq ueqJeH eJIgL{ T Srurpg4 srotrpe sJr sE 'ueutu?pv Jo oJI-I rlslrl olpp[ l ,q. I , pue urer5

g

tnBe,,uu eJlnB arn p

'rJ.

-tr8,1 ep Jner;el rl ses asseJpe e In b q el.ug uos ep u(llll. .

ullsep eJ le

'lc-rn)t

.rL-* -

-

Ä,s eu sJnesseJJalul '. --: -': \ ?lIuBLUnH,l EJeUJäf ut t'

.

[I'oEugutuop§(p af,su-..i I

[atu7 utlof

äSIE^nEUI

ep

SEJ

- - ..

U:

sal lnEJ II 'suotua;r .-.. -: ":11e8uo3 ap seuloLu ---,- : taltqns lJotu tulL. ,- : - suES

ueuurBpv Jo OJIT aqt ur

l)EluoJ 1atnteuredrs Jo scllcrru1

John

5o

varietids /l/ .\'.,

Care.y

§14. When the corpse of the Pictish king Bruide mac Bili is brought to Iona, Adamnän spends a night watching over it and it begins to revive. A member of the community objects that if Adamnän raises the dead, all of his successors will also be obliged to do so: acknowledging the truth of this, the saint sends the king's soul to heaven with his blessing.

§r5. Adamnän fasts alone in a closed house for three days and nights. When his monks peep through the keyhole they see a beautiful little boy in his lap; they conclude that this is an apparition of Jesus.

tone

who knou's i. :; * looked at him anr r-.

direction.

Thercui :

in the assemblr, Ti_.

guise who had C(_rrt; by Adamnän G,r.i : - ,

The most obr-iouS Lr r : j Chilte 7 ind, Öclalg. po:\ beside Lough For le. C,

§16. A corpse which has been brought to Iona demands an interview

with

It poses many abstruse questions, all of which Adamnän answers. Recognising from the last of these that a devil is a 'man of learning'. speaking out

of the body, the saint banishes it.

§r7. An 'unknown youth' (öccldech anaithnidh) is in the habit of relating wonders to a hermit named Colmän at Croaghpatrick. He explains to Colmän that Adamnän's prophecies of a disaster on the feast of John the Baptist refer to the saint's own death: this proves to be the case.

Before looking at these episodes in more detail, let us consider them in the aggregate. Of the five, three involve Adamnän's meetings with supernatural entities: a devil in the form of a youth (§z), a devil possessing a corpse (§r6), and Jesus appearing in the guise of a child (§r5). Each of the remaining two episodes is suggestively analogous to one of these three: the öcldech who reveals wonders to Colmän in §r7 recallsthe öclach who boasts of his preternatural

knowledge to Adamnän in §z; and the partially resuscitated king in §r4 may be

compared with the diabolically animated corpse in §16. These pairings, furthermore) seem like positive and negative counterparts of one another: the hermit's informant appears benevolent while the being sent to Adamnän by the Munstermen is a demon; of the two corpses, one is evidence of the power of sanctity, the other of the wiles of hell. Already this looks like more than a haphazard gathering of marvels; I hope that the deliberate sophistication of the material's arrangement will become still more apparent in what follows. We may now consider the anecdotes one by one. Herbert and Ö Riain translate §z as follows:

It

is related hereafter how the demon came in human form to accost and address Adamnän, because he had been compelled by the Munstermen to

come to Adamnän. He arrived, then, with many questions. One of the questions was: 'Did the devil sin in his beauty or in his disfigurement, and did Adam sin wittingly or unwittinglyl' 'It is audacious [to enquire]'said Adamnän. 'Do not make a wonder of it', said the [Otherworld] youth,

,_,

,.

*:

who asks him a riddiinr u. *. the youth first concernln. : beneath the sea. In conc. *-

him and to ask hin. :^ were together thLt. - :

Cille's follou ers \\ :: they saw that the ., , *: know where he ,,r, r r_ l

l

followers \\-ere a: k. : _ between them. C, ,. -:-

single word of an', :: better for mortal: n

-

The author, or a later rc.i: Fiachnai; this identirrcr.: Here a saint - Bons , :- approached and quesriln.-- witnesses; but he does or ,i r-. _

.

obvious, and surelr si,Jn . : _ : Choluim Chille there is r., - -

z Herberr and Ö Ririn . B, early date see Carne), 'Et:--..Immram Brain',pp. 37-\ I --

Immacallammay' belons t(,, .. _ from Koch and Car€\. Cc , . . - -'

-

-

colloquium'. 5 On rr_

'Interrelationships', pp.

\:-: :

_

'S-tt

'dd ',uto.t,g wntawJ 3o .,,ftolsrqer4,,,

'uur3:ry,11 iq papr,ro;d eru suorsJel Jetel eql ol seJuerqäU'e-zg 'dd',sdrqsuorlelerratul, ur s{rerueJ dru eas'uorlrcgrluapr srr{t Jo puno.r8lcrq eqt uO S ',urnrnbol1oc "'

a?qtrlnloJ '9, 'uua(so.rg .{q parrpa 1xel 16-9oz 'dd 'aiy ttotall tu1a3 'ßt::;3 pue qro) urorJ 'tolqtaug owwor1 ux7 ut elßqs tserlJue eqt Jo auo ot Suo1aq f,ern wollntowwl uor1elsu?ra er{t rtqt pssodord e,reg 1'r6'tg-LL'dd ',sdrqsuortuyauetul ul'g-le 'dd',utotg ua.rutwl go ..frotsrqor4,,,'uue3 3BW JJ i6r 'u rgrd',pr.reteu uBJg lserlJeg, teuru3 aes atep,{pua '61 'd'uryuwopV otlpg 'ulul1 O pue traqraH z s(txet or{I Jo suorleJrpur crlsrn8uq ug

t

t

euole tel 'relsrurs sr Je8uerts eql ]eql eteJrpur ot Surqlou sr orerlt attlqJ arytotlJ taryiloJouttuJ ur Jod 'seJueJeJJrp eql eJE os ]nq :luBcuru8rs .(1erns puu 'snor,rqo eJB z§ ot seJuElqr.ueser eql ',&\er^Jetur aqt Jo esolc aqt f? -{luoppns seqsruB^ eq ueq^\ perrrrguoc sr 'e8pe1.trou1 srq 3o e8uur eql ruo{ lueJBddB .(puarye 'urSrro 'suoBsenb s.re11ey aql re,ü.suB lou seop eq tnq :sesseutrl( IEJnlEuJedns s(rllno,( eqJ go dno.r8 B Jo ecueserd eqlw tltolJg snorJets.{r,u e .(q pauogsanb pue paqceordde sr - JossesepeJd snor.uBJ u./r\o s(uBur.uBpv uBrll Jaqlo ouou - lurBs B eJeH s'alEl äq] Jo suorsre^ JetEI ur peluEJS JoJ ue{31 sr uorlscgrluepr sry] lleuqcelg cBtu ug8uow sB qlno.{ eql sognuopr dle,rr}u}uel 'rolcupar ralEl B ro'roqlne

eqa

f'llt\ou{ ol lou slBlJolu JoJ JeDeq sB,n tr ]Bq] prss er{ pu? :plol uaoq pBr.I eq lBqi Surqt.tue Jo pJo,r\ 3l8urs B ua^a tuoqr IIsr lou plnoc eq lBqr uleql plot ellrJ tunloJ 'ruaql uae,tqaq pessBd p?g tBrl^,r 3o Surqteuos Ira^or ot tulq Sur1su oJe.&\ sJel(olloJ

S

uouruüpvll

JerJq oqt sr araq unpueredruoc snor^qo tsotu

ül

atfl ut

uarul7

ru,üruoutadng

'qlno,t fppo.ruaL{rL}. - plBS ,[errnbua oJ- ii', ,. -: - puu ']uetue;nSqsrf. -: -. - 01

-.

.

-

ueuJs]sunI\:.lr .- - *: --- -. -

puE ]SOJJE ol LUJlti

ulBlu I put? lr.]üj-i1 eq] Jo uollelllsiQtlr'

: -- - -

Jo J3^rrod aqt Jo rl u-.,-: 3q1 :JAqlOuE 3U{.)

'sSur;rud

-lr

esaql ,

-

-

'--'-

-

:

aq Äeur ür§ ul äulri ,'- -: IeJnleu;ala;d slli .*, - -'

-

o,tu SututrtueJ ] L: -

-

IuJnleu;adns Q1i rr --' -. eql uI I'ueql JeLr}.*

s,älll] I.unloS ueqla 'e(um eq eJaq.$ ruo{ rou ]ue.&\. eq oJerl,{\ 1(ou{ .{eql tou p1p .(eqa 'usqr uro{ ueppry ,(lueppns se,l\ qlno,{ eqt tur{t ^\BS 'peleredas daqr uaq1tr 'ef,uetsrp B ruory tueqt paqJle,&\ sJe.&\olloJ s,elll3 r.unloJ (1xsu eqt o] Jnor.l euo luoü ro (d?p ärl1 JIBrI JoJ snqt reqteSot aral( .(eqr epq11 'serrotsfiu.(lqirea pue,(1ue,r.eeq eqt tnoqe r.urq {sB ol pue urlq qlt,tt {eeds ot eprse lue,&\ pue 'peqcte,u sre.uolloJ srr.{ sB esoJe ellrJ tunloJ

'esEJ

-

eql -t'-. - '

-

o] suleldxa eH'Ir.--. -- - ru. * \

Surlelar Jo tlqrq

'uorsnlcuoc uI 'Ees eql r{leoueq suor8er eqt tnoqB ueql (q8nol eql 3o tsed etoureJ erlt Sururaouoo lsrg qfnod aqf sel?SorJelur turBs eql 'Surre.trsuB Jo p?elsul 'uorlsenb Suqppr.r E r.urq s{sB or{^t tltolzg to qtno.{ snorJels,(u e dq peqceordde sr ellrJ runloJ 'a1.(og q5no1 opr$q Surpurls e[q111 s.(rntuer r.{lua^es eq} ruor; Susep ,(yqrssod '3ry1t9 pu1 L a11y13

w!.ryltg wo1otarual elrt

aqI

SI IIAep e ltql J:'ri - . tllltlAA Jo IIE 'SUl.--i- ur .i *: -*qll,tt ^ael^Jelul

.sfl _.i alilll InJltnr:q i r r, s irp r-r-l- -

doq

'stq8ru pue

,'pegluSuu se,rt eureu s,pog ueuurupy Äq uorslndxa sII{ q8no;q} puy 'sapn}r}lntu oq} e^reJep o} oruoJ perl oqr!\ asrnS uelunq uI uoruep E se,tn. eLI ]Erlt p^aoJJ eqt IIE snqJ {lquesse aq] ur ^&eu{ LIJuots srq 8ur^Eel 'paruaddesrp ra{Btu-elqnort orl} uodnareql 'uortoerrp slq ul ssorr eqt Jo u8rs eg] opuu .{larerpetutul pue fllr8ue tulq }E pelool uBuIuEpV ',llEC eqt ]e tuasard su^a I roJ 'no^ Sursse;ppe sr s.&\ou{ oq^e euo, r

Jo Jo

V

qlnrl 11e

3rl1

'peep

'eAr^3J Ol

o] tq8norq sl

Io saapailrl

52

Varieties /// 5

John Carey

diabolical. Nor is there anything hostile in Colum Cille's attitude toward him: on the contrary, he is eager to learn all that the youth has to tell' Finally, the older text does not situate the youth within a Christian category such as angel or devil; and indeed his talk of a lake engulfing an ancient kingdom, of his own existence through the ages in the shapes of various creatures' and of populous regions beneath the sea points to a background in native tradition.6 Further parallels to §z are suggested by the fact that this debate about events at the beginning of the world takes place at an 'assembly' (airecht), in the presence of a'crowd' (slüag). Here we may recall a passage at the conclusion of Scdl Tudin meic Cairill:

Whatever history and genealogy there is in Ireland, its origin is from Tuän son of Cairell. Patrick had spoken with him before that, and he related it to him; and Colum Cille had spoken with him; and Finnia related it to him [sic] in the presence of the folk of the land.z

:

The ancients reck, ,n.. in the presence oi rh;

As it was compossri i: it was written up( )n ::

A significant bodl of eyewitness

er r *;

of prime\ tl c".

presence of a large eärhsr.: nothing evil about rhc r:

which they provide.

,

\r,: :

and Eochaid üa Flainn. i:. Next, we may- look a: i . -

Once upon a timc. ::-was brought to

Iln.

He asked that Brui.i;". night. Adamnän u ;: - :

Again, a preternatural informant hands knowledge of the remote past on to various saints (including Colum Cille) in the presence of a multitude; and

the following m(,)ri.: . Thereupon an un>', :-.: of the house, and >:...

again, as it happens, the account of the past involves a series of metamorphoses. There are similar accounts relating to the undying Fintan mac B6chra. The tale Suidigiud Tellaig Temro, perhaps composed in the tenth century, describes how Fintan gaye an account of lreland's geography and early history to Diarmait mac Cerbaill at a great assembly, held at Tara; this seems to be based on an earlier, shorter text in which Fintan is questioned by the seventh-century scholar Cenn

Fäelad mac Ailello.s Writing at the tenth century's end, the historical poet Eochaid üa Flainn telescoped the incidents, stating that Fintan as well as Tuän passed his knowledge on to Patrick, Colum Cille, and Finnia. Speaking of the lore transmitted by the long-lived informants, Eochaid says that

.:.1

Adamn än, I deci.rru :: unless he too raisc> t.- -

here,'said Adanrnf,: blessing over this J-',, s died once more .1nJ of the communiti , :' ,;,

I

believe that this epis,

chapters

3

,L:.-

2 and 33 oi rh.

.

-

occasion on lvhich Colunt r.life: while in Pictland hc r:-

of two of his converrs. again'.

"

fn the nert

,

'::*

chaF ir

:

6 Herbert and O Riain note verbal parallels between §z in the Life and the story of Moling's conversation with Satan in the commentary to Föilire Oengusso in Laud Misc. 6ro - itself based on Sulpicius Severus's account of a similar conversation involving Martin of Tours (Betha Adamndin,p.67). One of these parallels is the use of the word öclachto designate the masquerading devil; this is also, of course, the term applied to the youth in the Immacallam. Given the great popularity of the Vita Martini, it may well have influenced the author of the Life (perhaps also the author of the Immacallam); it may be worth while to consider the possibitity that the Life in turn exercised some influence on the Moling anecdote. 7 Crey, 'Sc6l Tuäin', p. ro7. 8 Best, 'Manor of Tara'; the text of the Interrogatio Cinn Fhaelad do Fhintan appears on pp. 16z-4. Perhaps derived from the Suidigiud, and certainly closely resembling it, is the introductory anecdote which attributes the Dindshenchas to Fintan: again, an assembly atTara provides the setting (Stokes,'Rennes Dindsenchas', pp.277-g).

g Macalister, Lebor G,rl,.i . " : . . _,

'noble, lord', rather than (I, ,.-

prose text, ibid. y.22. ro Hu:- - -O Riain point our §r+ s ,in-,...- -

(Betha Adamntiin, p. 8r: cf li"- -popular text is certainlr f, I. -. source of the miracle in

Sul: ,

_.

'20quq07 olxl tJt ot pepnll?.(lrrcqdxe sr puu'snr:rdlns ut elJErltu er{l Jo ecrnos eqr .tyrealc su^\ srql :l[1r:ü 3a ur etluBuunqs eq] Jo uos oql Jo lu^r^er s,qrlqg lcager reqler 're,re,uoq {cru uorlsenb ur^Isecuelqruasor aqJ 'frllgrssod u ,(1uru1rac sr 1xe1 ;rlndod ,tre,r slqr Jo ecuenuur aqt 'uru8y '(99 'u iZrd'ouo1 ']raqra11 3c irg 'd 'umuaopy oqtag) laxL|ow nt1r7 s,snpldlns ur eIJBJ[rr E Jo lunoJJe 3r{l o1 .(lusllturs s,ir§ lno turod urerS 6 pue uaqraH rr '6-99 dd 'utouwrpy oqtag'upl1 O pue uaqräH orzz'^'ptqt 'txet aso.rä aqt ur a5essed e^rte^rrep or{l JJ '(rEIor{Js, se (.ratsrpJe6 Sur.uo1yo3) usqt reqter ',p.lo1 'e1qou, parepuer eq ol sr uaot'.ut o.(ru sr uorlulsuuJt eqJ 'ogz't't'o1yqug,toqa7'nls11ete14 6 sB

'(6-LLz'dd ',suqousqPu:(i ': - --

L

te"ru3

{luret,ral pur '.r'' '

,{1aso1c

0p p0laoryl uutS 0.t1|:i,'.: 'etopJeur

'.

-

.- - -

'iurl i.

eql replsuoJ ol ellq \\ qleql Jo JoqlnB eql peru.l:.- - ' 'Mtlllürürutul eqt ul L{lil : - -ätll oluu8rsep ol U.,rrr'.'' :r- : srnoJ Jo UI]JBI\ ;ul \l ' * - or9 '3sll\ pnr-l .irots eqr f -: ..

-

-

-

JIaslI

s.Sur1oytr 3o

'sre.uod Suqeeq qlr.& euols elrq,r\ B sonqurr lures eqt Jetduqc lxeu eqt uI rr'(urege pe^rl puB se.,(e srq peuedo p€ep sB,&\ fBql ,{oq eqt puB, 's1la,r.uoc srrl Jo o.{\.t Jo uos pesBecep dytuecar aqt eprseq trEdB esnoq E ur s.{Erd er{ puBltJrd ur eF.I,ü :eJrl ol uosrad peop e perolsal e^ErI o1 pe^erTeq se^\ allrJ urnloJ r.Icrq,&\ uo uorsBcco ,t1uo oqr soqrrcsep eseql ]srg eqJ '{ooq puoces eqt Jo Et pue zt srelder{c Jo ot4 Aq peJrdsur sB,!\ eposrda srql ler{l e^orloq I

dq,{llrcgrceds'aaqwryo3

or'EuoJ Jo trtlunruruoJ er.ll Jo

puB uguruBpy 3o Surssalq eql qll.{\ 'ue,teeg ol lueÄ\ puB 3Jor.u ef,uo perp eprnrg ueqJ ('lnos s(äprnJg Jo stsaJatur aql ur ,(poq srqt Je^o Surssalq B Jelln 'aro;areql 'sn 1e1 'elerrdoJddB eror.u eq ll JL 'ueur.uBpv pres ((eJaq pe^lo^ur eq peeput ,(eru suorlecrldur eurog, ('peep aql sesruJ ool eq ssepn turq peecJns ot loqqe pelurodde eq I[.tt crJelJ ou lerlt eJeloep I (uBuurepv .,(q pesrer Sureq are puep eql 'd1eryT sruaes sB tL :pr?s pue 'esnoq eql ;o roop eqt tB pe^rJr? InJqUBJ eql Jo reqrueru cnaqtBdr.u.,{sun ur uodneraqJ 'sa.,(e slr uedo ol pue o^oru o1 ue8aq esdJoc aql (SuruJotu 8ur,tro11og aql uO 'SuruJor.u plun esnoq ttrlt ur esdJoc aqt re^o per{Jle.&\ ueuuepy 'lq8ru lurlt esnoq sry ur ruq o1 lq8norq eq p1nor{s esdro3 s(eprnrg ter{t pe{sr eH 'qteap 'BuoI eql pe,r.eu8 pue pessertsrp se.{t ueur.uepv ot tqgnoJq se.r4, 1r (eurl B uodn eJuO go ,(poq eqt

'urqtrnr3 eqr Jo SuDI 'ellg Jo uos eprnrg

:f r§ te u!,ynJ

>1oo1

.,{etu e,u. 'gxe.1q

lEtll

s

.^aotl

sB

_

i:. ;-

eq] Jo 8ur4uad5 rlLiu.

ugnJ

i

-

,- -.-

IIe,t\ sE urlul.{ -: - -

.-

'; * -

tood Ierlrolslt{ eqt

uual JEIoLIf,s i-rntu:.1-*'';et1;ea uE uo pasrq ru oeur IIEuIJEICI

-: - - .-

ot (:ol i->

seqIJJSep'-(rntu):

-.-

-:

-

*: - -

eqJ 'EJr{3og sELu ur- -. 1 -- * 'sesoqdJourelelu IC) :ri-ir I . puB lepnlrllntu r J,, - *:'-ol uo ]s?d 3]or.ueJ fu- : -.-1

-_.

_i_: palB[eJ Bluulc putr :Lul - - -

LuoU sI ut8tro stl 'f.u'': ---

'sJeluno3ua r{cns qlr.{\ ellrJ tunloJ eturoosse'uutulg €n prer{cog puu prS oslu lnq 'anltp rurrylqJ wailoroauJ,(1uo rog 'epr,rord .{eqt qcrq.,u

uortsruJoJur eql tnoqe Jo (selrt qJns Jo slsruogetord orll tnoqe 1ue Surqlou sr alor{l 'elopceue uButu?pv eql qlr1r\ lsBr}uoc dg 'Surraqfe8 a3.re1 u Jo ecuoseJd eqt ur tures e ol a8pal,trou{ srq selecrunruruoo slue^a lu,rarur.rd Jo sseutr^\o.(o eql qclq.u ur ad.,{t-elel E ol slulod ',{l8urproccu 'ecuapr,tä 3o,{poq tuecglu8ts y

)-i J - - l JO UOISnIJUOJ eql 1r eql uI '(lt1tattu\ . ilq-i;.1r.-

sli-

slueAe ]noqB slEqJLr

*

..-:

-

:-

-

1

9'UOIlIpu*l

snolndod 3o pur 'seJ n -:": u,{to sltl Jo 'tuopEul] r'.-1 - *: -' la8uu sB r.lcns iroS at r - : - -

Jreq] uodn uel]rJA sB,{A. lr 6'seeu>[ pegrrs^ puB pssoduoJ sEA\ tl sv 'plro/v\ Surrnpue eq] Jo sprol eqt Jo esueserd eq] ur sluIBS srll JoJ

cc L)

uauruupf

lo

,Ill

atlx ua

lr peuo{J3J

s}uersuB

eqJ

eq] ({llBulc 'llrl ot si j --:rulq PJe.{aol epntutr (.-r :

',

puturJ lulruüutadnglo saxlauull

51

John

Care.y

and by the Lord's mercy it brought about the healing of many ailments among the people. But if the sick person seeking help from the stone was one whose appointed term of life was finished, then - strange to say - no way could the stone be found. So it happened on the day King Bridei [= Bruide] died. The stone was sought but it could not be found in the place where till then it had been kept.'2 Here, in adjacent episodes of the Vita, we have both a scenario recalling that

of Adamnän's interrupted miracle, and an occasion when a saint's healing powers are denied to another Pictish king named Bruide. The double parallel is unlikely to be coincidental, especially as this is the only resuscitation with which Colum Cille is credited. Of all of the incidents in the Life to be considered in this paper, that related in §r5 seems to accord least problematically with the conventions of hagiography:

At another time when Adamnän

was in Iona, he fasted in his closed house

for three days and nights and did not come into the monastery. A few of the faithful went to the house to see how the cleric was. They looked through the keyhole and saw a very beautiful little boy in Adamnän's lap.

Adamnän was showing affection

Varieties rtf'.5',,

books.'a

Some parallels are cerrir:

separate house for thrcc t.: striking, I think, is the tacr : - _

Cille's acquisition, throLi -: number of mysteries, borh child's visit to Adamnän .

,

its background seems. ei ', paper, to lie in tradition. i : . of information. In this connection ir i. ..,

compiled r.r5oo bv \\ illirr: f include brief versions (_)t :: Life. The third lection. ri h _ interesting:

to the infant in a manner which

While pigs, accordin; : infant was found bcr.::

Professor Ö Ririn has suggested that this scene too was inspired by an incident in Vita Columbae: in this case one from the Vita's third book, devoted

trained in the liber;l

:::,

he set him man\ QLic-ri sign of the cross thc ...:-the blessed man in t::.

to apparitions of angels and heavenly light:

rz YClISz-3 (Anderson and Anderson, pp.,138-45). I cite the translation inSharpe, Life of St Columba, pp. r7g-82. 13 Herbert and O Riain, Betha Adamndin, pp. 58-1-

,

saint's lips ä erc;tr n*: unknown to other ntrr.

convinced them that it was Jesus who had come in the form of a child in order to bring solace to Adamnän.'3

On another occasion when St Columba was living in Hinba, the grace of the Holy Spirit was poured upon him in incomparable abundance and miraculously remained over him for three days. During that time he remained day and night locked in his housg which was filled with heavenly light. No one was allowed to go near him, and he neither ate nor drank. But from the house rays of brilliant light could be seen at night, escaping through the chinks of the doors and through the keyholes. He was also heard singing spiritual chants of a kind never heard before. And, as he afterwards admitted to a few people, he was able to see openly revealed many secrets that had been hidden since the world began (occulta ab exord.io mund.i arcona), while all that was most dark and diffrcult in the sacred Scriptures lay open, plain, and clearer than light in the sight of his most pure heart. St Columba regretted that his foster-son Baith6ne was not there. If he had been present for those three days, he could have recorded from the

j,

chiic r*fi): the \h;:,-. _,

Here a supernatural (as

in

§§z and

anecdotes which \\'e arr- r, r

.

suggested the devilish ,i;,.;. ,: of § 17, and the possesseci ,_ rr

of §r4) it version

seems natural tr,,

..;;

.

l

of the child

|cru.. supplemented with this Lrn.;. rin the group as a whole Alarmingly precociou. ,_:. * however they are prese ntu.i Ollaman, Morann) and \r . _ _

_

14 VC IILrS (Anderson and Betha Adamndin,

4damntiin, p. 37.

pp.33-+.

l: ri

_ _ -.

:-

nqtag 'urcry O puu treqraH ur ua,rr8 ur uorssnrsrp

sE

'Le 'd'utyuatopp, 'ü-te 'dd .runuunpy nqtag tuorg S lgoz 'rI'uosropuv pu? uosrepuy)

rxät urleT aqt

6.urrrg 6 '(oz-6rz 'dd'adreqg

r

grnl 3n

ür

(uuBrow'ueuel1g

lxol aql ur scuBJsur roJ peqrJssep 'qceqtotq;oN1 nploN pu? curu rV are saldrurxe snor^qo eql :rqErT e^rlrsod B ur pelueseJd ere .taqt ra^e,&\og eroq,t\ 'uoqrpuJl reln3as eqt ut punoJ osle are ueJplrqc snorcocard ,{puturely 'älog,!\ E sE dnoJg ar{t ur sJEoddB ,(.rleulu.,(s JBoIJ E

'l)r.nnatg er{l ol JBrlnoad 'euo srqt qlt,& peluaualddns

ore aJrI qsrrl eqt go saposrda

e^U eqt JI 'Sr§ Jo snsef plrqc aqt Jo uorsre^

e^rlr8ou B sB -{rots tuesaJd er.{} Jo plrq, uouep oql aos ol IBrntBu sruees lr 'ür§ go esdJoo pes$lq erlt uorsJa^ a^r]e8eu e 9r§ 3o asdroc pessessod eqt pue 'Zr§ 3o Jo a^RBBeu e sr z§ ;o tpopg qstlt^ep oqt parse88ns tpaypg lualo euäq er{t Jo uorsra

e^BrI I se 31 'cgrceds eJotu eq uB3 ar11 'Surreprsuoc err eat r{crg,!{ salopJeue 3o dnor8 eql otur 11em ilqelrrruer slg uoqcel uaepreqv eqt :(9r pue z§§ ur se) Jeuollsenb Imrloqrrp E eq ot lno surnt (S l§ 8ur11ecer) p1q, lernleuredns B eJeH

fntaatg eql le {ool ol elrq,$, rluoÄ\

. .,(q ooS

,Ill

'6-gS 'dd

'ut r tr -tt '' t" 1

-

'adreqg uI uoltrlsurjl : * - '-

eq] ruou peprorsr

e

\f Ll I

-.

eq JI 'eJeq] ]ou sB.\\ au-rq- ':1, ,(e1

'ueeq ernd lsolu {lL, - sarnldrrcg paJf,t§ )t{t i-. - -. -

apunw \cpilxa qÜ

t1J/t:" -:.-

sleJoes Äuuu pelee \aJ spJE.&\Jaue eq sE pJBeq oslB

su,,tA,

'pu\

eH

'säl«

',

i

--

- -

'r-1, ,- 1.*

ru',-r'i

'--

-

Sutducsa ttq8ru lE u)-:'. ,* : Jrqll-'': 1*

]nB '{uEJp Jou ,(pa.,r.ueq qll,tn.

31R

pellg

SE

\',

-:

'

-=

: -

.

-

-

pelo^ep '{ooq prlqr s. i'- , ' : - uB dq parrdsur SE.rr t.rr- - I * : -

q

r.r pepdruoc

osle sr ]r uorJcouuoc sryl

pue ä3uupunqu alqr:r,.i, -eq] Jo ece;E eq] 't)qutlJ '..

91'luBJuI u? Jo luJoJ eql uI UBIII passelq eql lduret o1 tq8nos pBrI or{.,{t ',{ruoug eq} peqsrueq turus eqt ssort erp go u8rs eq] qtr$ uaql'(unsodo,r( rrawnalqo,t( u otlnw) suoqsanb.(uuru uq tos eq 'pog Jo ueru eql aro;aq lq8norq q]8ual tE uoqlyystre IEreqTI aqt ur paururl Iurr{ e^Bq or JIesuII pelroxa puB (uos e a4q dn urq lq8norq eq 'tuFI punoJ ueutuepv turBs uar11t 'pos dn-peurnl E qt?euoq punoJ se,r\ tueJur 6ur,tq r 'qlrua aql dn Surloor eJeÄ\ '1uoa,r Jreql ol Surprocce 's8rd a1lqr11

:Surlserelur ]sotu eqt sl 'aJI-I eql ur uedJelunoc Jeelc ou serl qcrqrrr 'uorlcel pJrqt oql 'aJI-I IISIJI otlt Jo 9r puB 'Sr 'z§§ ur petelor slueprour eqt Jo suorsJe^ JarJq epnlJur tseal s(uuuruepv JoJ suoucel er{t eJeH 'euotsurqdlg TUBIIILI 'uaap,taqylo

uI

.UOIIEI,UJOJUI JO

seJJnos ,(lqlreeun ol sseJcB s,elllJ runloS Surutacuoc suorlrpBrl ur aq o1 ,raded srqt ur pareprsuoc lerraletu rer{lo eq} Jo r.lcnu qlr.&r s? ,sruees punorSlceq slr tnq lrno,re; ,(pa,ruaq Jo {relu e sr dldrurs pe.(erlrod sr ucutuepv ot tlsl^ s,plllo eur^rp aql 'e311 qspl aqt uI '(eJntnJ pue tsud se8e 3o rltoq (seuols,(ru Jo reqrunu leatß e, go s5pa1,trou1 3o ',tcua8r lurnleu.radns q8norqr .uorlrsrnbce s.elll3 urnlo3 rllrl( peurecuoc,(lecgrceds sr a8essed eql r?ql tcEJ eql sr ,4urqt 1 .3ur4rr1s

osly 'se1oq,{e{ Jo uorlueur eqt pue 'str{Slu puu s.,(ep eerq} roJ esnoq eleredes uI uorsnlces t3rrls s(JurES er{t :araq 8urryr1s .,(yurelrec are syelprud auog E

pIII'Ir

B

Jo IuroJ eql Lr: : --

rlsFIA\ JeuuBIU E ul I-:.-'drl s(ueutuepy ur ilrtl -1--- pe{ool dr,l; 'sE.\\ rrr) - : - Jo ÄteJ y {latsuuoLu r;. - esnoq p3sol3 slt{ ul pal.:: r :dqdurSor8eq Jo su()ttul ' * ur peluler tetll tadrd s1.j- *" : l rlsFIlI^. rlll^&

uoIlElIJSns-l- ,

sI lellured alqnop eql -1: Surlueq s(]uIES e ue! r,- ]uq] 8ur11uceJ olJruars i -.-

eceld aql uI punoJ eQ 1r,r-

-'.-.

-

:

,'

l =] Ieppg 8ur) iup rlit u :

ou ,(us of a8uerls - utli- ':: euols eq] tuotg d1:L{ -; *:.'.

1r'S{ooQ peJJES aql Jo suorlela.rdretur eruos qlr.&t reqlaSol 'ueru raqlo 01 u^\ou{un B sdrl s.lures

'e;n1n3

sE^\

pur lsed se8r 3o rlloq (sauats.{tu ;o Jequnu teeJ8

qq

ualnuapf .{o ,rt1

a?,ll u?,

pnrulJ la,tntou,tadnsI0

-

sluetulte iuutu Jo Suilrrq

-

sauaa,{u/

John Carey

s6

edited by Rudolf Thurneysen under the title'Die drei Kinder, die gleich nach ihrer Geburt sprachen'.'6 A further parallel is provided by the Welsh poet Taliesin, as he appears in legend.'7 The child's discovery by pigs also suggests his native antecedents: the supernatural associations of swine in Celtic tradition, while they should not be emphasised at the expense of their everyday economic importance, were nevertheless pervasive and significant.'8 A pagan analogue for the child can be cited from another European (though not Indo-European) culture: an Etruscan myth held that Tages, 'a boy in appearance but an old man in wisdom', sprang from a furrow as a field was being ploughed, revealing all of the mysteries of divination to the throng which quickly gathered around him.'s Although the account inthe Brezsiary identifies the wonder-child with the devil, therefore, it is not too adventurous to posit an earlier tale in which he, like the youth beside Lough Foyle, came from the indigenous Otherworld. In §16, a corpse is again brought to Iona. Before it can be taken from the boat, it rises up and speaks: 'It would have been more fitting to have found a learned man (fer läiginn) to converse with me than to have come in order to bury me.' It then poses 'many extraordinary questions' (cestu imd,a incchantu), all of which Adamnän answers. The text continues: 'Since Adamnän responds well to questions', said he, 'enquire of him the meaning of the phrase in the baptismal rite Urget te Melthiel'. They related that to Adamnän who said: 'From hell was that question brought to put to Colum Cille and it should cause no wonderment that Amelthiel should be the name of the [angelic] grade from which the demon

transgressed'. 'Open up the reliquary (erd,amh)

of Colum Cille',

§,Z is devoted to \.1.r: purposes runs as follor., -

Who is the '\-oune

69.

89.

zr Ibid.,pp. 35-6. zz Herbert,

Iona,p. r53.

.t::

Irumacallam Choluint e established encounrer function is to pror idc kn

-

,

as I have mentioned.

;

u-r

the oclach whose role in i: evidence can be cited ri h: - -

i

First of all, there is ; , *:

There are guarti r; r . Ireland. A man c)t ir ,

.

third of his rrre n 1- . amanof hisinDr:Domangart mac E.: _,

No baptismal formula Urget te Melthiel has yet come to light, nor has any other evidence been found of Melthiel or Amehhiel as the name of an angel or angelic order." But this tantalising conundrum is not the episode's only interesting

r8 References in Ross, 16 Thurneysen, 'Drei Kinder'. 17 Ford, Ystoria Taliesin, p. Pagan Celtic Britain,pp.3o8-zr; Ni Chathäin, 'Swineherds'. F'or a Welsh tale in which a sow leads a man to the place where his preternatural fosterson is concealed, cf.Williams, Pedeir Keinc, p. r9 Cicero, De dizsinatione Il.xxiii.5o (Falconer, pp. 49-52). zo Herbert and

:.

In the last \ c:r'. would come up,-,: .i: John. A \:oung i:::- Cruachan Aiglc = t. , would relate nlün., : - ^ asked him if \dinr:--Britain around thc . i ,. him', said the ),,": departure for hc;\ cr *

said

feature. Again, there is a tight thematic connection with the other stories in the group: as in §2, a devil tests Adamnän with questions relating to the beginning of the world; as in §r4, a body brought to Iona for burial seems to be restored to life. Another intriguing detail, noted by Herbert, is Adamnän's statement that the question about Melthiel had already been put by a demon to Colum Cille."'

^

Once more, the Life .1:t- i Colum Cille engaged in .: - -

Adamnän. This was done, and Adamnän made the sign of the cross in the direction of the corpse. The shrieking and screaming of the satanic presence were to be heard as it departed the body for hell.'o

ORiain, BethaAdamndin,pp.6o-t.

.\

Varietids,i/

before the Judecrr r r. Slänga; and a haun - -

of ale, are set bet, ,,1-r - , celebratethefit;t:> I _

Proinsias Mac Cana ha' r. - l is wholly Christian. bur , , plausible supposition i: .-: Fingein.

23 .1

Herberr and O Riain. I'Iulchrone, Berhu Pl;,;''

rod 'fze 'd',.,(3o1oqtIry pue säruuuelluld,

'9L'd'ttottutl4 ntlug

9? 'tt 'd 3c lSg 'd ''prq1 üz 'r-og 'dd 'untutuopV. ntlug 'urcra g

B

,auotq:t1n1,X

Sz

puu traqrall tz

pue

'tSrd'uutt7 'lr.rqi''l I ::

uäqreH oz

rlapad'stuul11tr11

'( z S-t',: -. -.

-

-

1 Jl'[ra]r-r *

§\os u t{3ltlM uI elul t{sl:

\\ i -

,

'wa8ull au"nv puB pltln wsaw :selBl Jslncss o,&\1 iq pepr^ord sr uortrsoddns alqrsnBld sltll JoJ Uoddns ez6'Jeplo aq esJnoc Jo .{Btu sur8uo stl fnq 'ueEsrrq3 i11oq.,n sl "' eql Jo, rols eql 'spuels tr se, tBr{l pe^rasqo sErI EuBJ J?W sBrsurord sro^r^rns

,r'ellI) I.unlo] ol uotu-1,' : eql ]Etll ]uel'UelBls s.urui*: .'-'OJII O] peJolseJ 3q

-

-

Sutlse;alul

iluo s.ep,:..i: - -

-

crle8uu ro la8uu uE J.) 'rL*: - iue sBq Jou 'tt{;11 - :.-

JeLIlo

o-'llaL{

Jr

'.

-

cluelss eq] Jo Suttur-r - - ' u.=ltrs 'r - -

.' *

-

eq] uI ssoJo eql Jo

-

suerp"ren8 eJE ereqJ

tlȟpl

(e.rnrn3) go eSpe1,uou4 epr,rord

(t1Earua8u1, op tgu.t)

s5urql elqurlJetuer

fueu

uutulJ luffit?)utadnslo

ux

ol iL*r1-

-: ;o SuruurEeq eql o] 6ur.: - 3rl] uI seIJOlS JOI{]O el{l '. -

g"iepuoyg rotssg uo ssetu eqt etgJqelec oq,e\ esoql ol ue^r8 s.{u,u1e sr tr pu? 'relseg d.le,te turq eJoJeq los ere 'ele Jo Jeqclrd B puB (s3urururJl slr qlr,tr raqle8ol lea(u Jo q3unEr{ B puB :BEuBIS qells Jo eprs eql uo clrnqJnw qtlg5 sl gcrnqc srg 'lueua8pnf eqt äroJeq al]trT ? sJrleJ s(IJrrIBd dn esruJ IIr,r oq,r äq $ tI 'qcerltg Jeru uBSuBruoCI :egugls qBlls uo uBru JeqtouB sr areql 'Sarg uueruuroJc ur srq Jo u?r,u E sr oJOTII 'eJI.&\ sF{ rltrÄ{ Jeqte8ot 'preuo13 Jo lsee er{t ot $ uetll srq Jo pJrql aqJ 'tJrnc usqlnc uo srq Jo ustu e sr eraql puv 'punoJ lou sr eg pue 'preaq sr [eq sFI Jo punos egt :el8rv usqJenr3 uo sr srq Jo ueru V .puBIaJI

uI a^IIB IIIIS ploqosnoq s({JrrlBd 10 (tprurywor)

:qtylo4to at17 a1t1ta(u1 eqt ur aSBSSEd snorrnc E sr eJeq] ,1p 3o ts.rrg 'uorlJeJrp stuEs aql ur slurod qcrq.t\ palrc eg uBc ecuepr^a Ieuorlrppe teqt a^erleq I 'peraprsuoc ,tpearp e^ErI e,r\ z§ ur elor esoq^\ tpupg eqt rrrret er{l Jo äsn ,peuorlueur e^Er1 I sE sll?JeJ eJnBU snouels.(u srqt roJ

'e;oureqt.rn; p"l.stue,re snorpuo,u,

ol

uol'uep eql qJIL{§ LUr *- : - Ielqlletuv ]Et{l }uaLU rr:.1 -

eql tultl Jo ertnbua. 'ru.

; :-

sr uoEcunJ

esoq,r\ 'JoJrsrA plro^\Jeqlo uB pue lures or{l uee.ruaq relunocue peqsrlqslse -[e.,!\ aqt Jo ]Brlt sr orJBueJS aqt, teq] pe resqo ercq'a11.tq3 M!ryoq) wolloJuututl ot ororu ecuo 3urpn11e (ureru O pue ueqJäg i..leSuerts 8uno.(, äqt sr orllt\

,"',.rroiro r,,al s*{l punoJ, ue^Eer1 roJ ernlrsdep s(ueuruepv Jo slsrsuoJ uortrlnqrJl er{l JoJ, 'ueur Sunod eql prES ((r.urq

Jo IIE '(nluatlJ

J tt

t

tt

ft

!11

'

:

eplsaq qtnoi 3t{1 sIIi '-'*. - '

roJ enrl e,rord 1p,la. lL 'ugrulo3 prES '(seÄ, 'uqof go lsreJ er{l punorr ur€lrrg puB puEIeJI Jo usrrr erp roJ uorlElnqrJt ploleJoJ pBrl uBur.uBpv Jr ruq pels€

eH 'uerulo) ol

a1u1er plnoÄ\

ar{ pue 'tqceuuo3 Jo etrrorlcue ue '[lcr;1edq8eor3-] oysry uuqcenr3 .uqo[ Jo ueruloJ trsr^ ot pesn (qprutllruuo tltaolJzl) .ra8uerls Suno.( V

Jo serJels.{tu eql lo llr -'.. : Suerds ',tuopsl-\\ ul urLt- ; uBssnJlg uB :eJnllnl (ur:--

Jo tseeJ er{t punore urutrrg Jo pue puBIerI Jo ueru eq} uodn etuoc plno,r\

uortrrgJe uB terll peureycord [uguuepy] 'eJll sl.l 3o sreal lsEI er.{t uI ...

-

uer plltlo aql roJ enSoli': *:. tecuu]"todtut f,Iluouof:

:s.r\olloJ sE sunr sasodrnd luese"rd Jno roJ uorJJes tue^eleJ lsoru sll 'rllgep s(ugur,uepv ot peto,tep sr Zr§ 's8uraq lernluuradns qlr.&\ elrqep ur pasu8ue ollr3 urnloJ 13ql suoulpsrl Jo eJuapl^e qtr.{\ sn qsruJnJ ot s;eadde oJI.I oqt 'eloru acug

uuuruapf -{o ül atll

LS

''::' ,--

{aql e1qrn 'uotltpeJl f ili-. -} a^rluu slq slse88ns oslr --- : 'urseqea leod qsla-\\ eLir .- - .

::-l

q)eu qcre18 elp 'repul){

saxtauryl

Varieti€s rt.t.\. .'

John Care.y

s8

In the Book of Leinster text of Mesca {/lad, the introductory account of the Tüatha D6 Donann concludes

as

follows:

Of Colmän himselt. (-,, i. saint may in fact har c , :, containirrg Croaghparn

They left five men for each of the fifths of Ireland, to magnify battle and conflict and struggle and strife between the sons of Mil. They left five men for the fifth of Ulster in particular. These are the names of those five: Brea mac Belgain in Drommann Breg, Redg Rotb6l in Slemna Maige itha, Tinnell mac Boclachtnai on Sliab Edlicon, Grice on Crüachan Aigle, Gulban Glass mac Gräice on Benn Gulbain Guirt meic Ungairb.'z

And here is the version of the doctrine which appears in Airne Fingein:

named Tinell.'8 leaves certain

of his followers in specific

than ecclesiastical.

3

i

tioned, they occur at rh. t. followirg the exordiun:. ; Adamnän's death. \11 .-. .

,

almost certainh. compr ,:rthe text's editors har s .1; , :: we know it was compLrir,.l. author took a pree\istin .' = Such a hypothesiS i> - -:: §§r, r4-r7 which hare hc;l

'

There are four who fled before the Tüatha D6 Donann at the battle of Mag Tuired, so that they have been under concealment, blighting grain and milk and mast and sea-produce: one of them in Slemna Maige Itha, named Redg; one of them in Drommann Breg, named Brea; one of them in Sliab Sm6il, named Grenn; one of them in the territories of Crüachu,

lnthe Tripartite Ltfe, Patrick

. ..'

tradition that Colum ( r.. : visitor; and this figrrc . rl

places,

.

their sequence. If thc :l', structure': to the \ outh .:

:

nt:

-

corpse in the second is comes in the middle.

to live on through the ages until the end of the world. In Mesca Ulad and Airne Fingein, supernatural beings (whether Tüatha D6 Donann or Fomoiri) exist for centuries in certain locations - survivors of the conquest of lreland by the Gaels, or of the still earlier battle of Mag Tuired. Mesca Ulad's account is the closest to that in the Tripartite Life: in both five spots are involved, and three of these - Benn Gulbain, Drommann Breg, and Crüachan Aigle - are common to

both sources.'g

What is the relationship to one another of the hagiographic and

saga

versions of this doctrine; and what was the nature of the earlier tradition from which both presumably derive? Here of course we can only guess. The most natural hypothesis seems to me to be that the texts reflect two distinct Christianising strategies: in one case the'guardians' were rendered innocuous, by having their immortality attributed to Patrick; in the other they were not admitted to the Christian fold, but demonised as agents of war or famine. At all events, the sources seem to concur in attesting to a belief that a deathless being dwelt on Croaghpatrick: I submit that this entity is to be identified with the 'unknown youth'who related wonders to the hermit Colmän.

This line of reflecrion -:: Breaiary/ of Aberdeerr,lr. :': concerning the saint: l: : - _ the office, three lecti,:rn. - : the middle. The marerr". :-

30 Herberr and Ö Ririn . E:,

another text a collocation ,,i i . Lrft), eschatological prop h u of John; cf. Herbert and O R , -

knorvledge discussion of the very suggestive body of traditions relating to Domangart and Sliab Slänga (now Slieve Donard), see Mac Neill, Festiaal of Lughnasa, pp. 84-96; further references in Grosjean, 'Hagiographica celtica z7 Watson, Mesca Ulad, p. r zB \endryes, Airne Fingein, pp. r4-5. zg Drommann Breg also appears in the Airne Fingein list; and i oichaib Crüaehna (v.ll. Cruachan, Cruach-) could reflect an earlier reference to Crüachän Aigli here

IV'.

as

well.

.

of the furur. : p: : -

Fergusinrtun) Colum Cille

-

Aigle, to awaken the men ,,:' l:, , the Bernän Pätraic, u hich \\ :. - -

in Grosjean,'Tale of Dr),:..*_ O'Kelleher and Schoeppsrl.. -l Betha Adamntiin, p.J2: Hc:L;:-

'tLrd'ouoJ 'Uaqra11 lzt 'd'utyuwrp7 otlpg '9r-ürldd'a11y73 MtDloC Dtltag'apaddaoqcg pue rar{ella)(O 'ulelä 9 puu lroqroll ur srnJer luätuo]s]s eqa '(,epuappv, 'ruopl 3c i91 'd '.,{epsruooq Jo äluJ, 'uee(sorcl ur txat l'sutrt Äru) ,a13ry ueq3enr3 uo suoruop egt uodn ue{oJq sr.r\ qcrq,u'crurtg4 ueuJeg aqt (peap pue 8ur,rq qroq (puelerl Jo ueru eqt ue{e,ru ol 'a15ry 'sr leqt l1eq eq1 Jo punos eql .{q ueqrenr3 uo Sun; eq ilr.& Ieq aqr, dtp tsBI er{l uo trqt sarsaqdord ellr3 lunloJ 'wntotsn7,rag snaoll ,taqtT ur parrreserd elopJeuB uE uI 'allr] urnlo] ot srntnJ er{] Jo e8pel,tl,ouI 3o 3ur1uer3 oqt put '(Sg 'd 'uryuwopV otltag 'suorte:rrosqo s(urer1 O pu? ]reqreH 3c !uqo[ 3o lseag eqt Sururacuoc s8ururu,n s(uguruepv Jo tce(qns pnsn aqt).{ce(dord pcFolorrqcse'(f7 altl.rodrta eqt ur se) e15ry uuqcegr3 uo Sunr 1aq lurntuuredns r Jo uorlef,ollor E lxal rer{toue '99 'd 3c 'd 'umuaoppl Dqpg 'rlrl1 O puu troqrell ot uI puu ot Surlserelur sl tI

zt

rt

ltt

qmLlit,t,J ! pur ltsrl ura;it.ri', 8z'I j

1B

{ool JoI{louB e{ul

aa,r

JI reI{lJnJ peIJJBc aq UBJ uollcauer Jo euII

sryI

-

- --

r

eJe,/t\

'snonoouul peJepuäJ r-r l3ullslp o,tu lJSLIeJ : -':. ---' i -' ,

]S0I'II

eq[

'SS3nS (1u,, *r

LUOJJ UOEIpEJ} JSIIJr: .1 * e8es puu JIL{dEJSot;i- r-

o] uoruuloo

aJE

- alil\ -: - - -

puu 'pa r1o \u: r-: eql sI ]unoJSE §,1,t"'_) i' '

JO esJLIl ,

-

du,tttr"sa.i"rpuc-\

UI Se)ueJeJAJ JäqUnl )t1/r---\ r8uglg qells pur lrrSLlf,i,i,

'UfLUI ,._l - , eq] qll,!\ poulluepl au, - ' r tri{t .-: : - '

Suraq sselqleep

'SUIUIEJ JO Jr \\ .i, ' -- -,: IIE ]V ,taqt Jeqlc) );'- -.

]ou :s^\olloJ sE pesrrsruruns eq.(Eru uguurBpv 01 SurlEIeJ IBrJelsr.u srlJ 'elppruI eql ur pet?lodretur ueeq Eur,req BItäqJ turBs SuruJeJuoJ suorl3al eaJqt 'acg;o aql (sueddBq lr sB :lures eql SuruJecuof, Jo pua pue Suruur8eq eql lB er.uo3 ool esaql suortcol xrs sepnlcur ueutu?pv Jo tseäJ eqt JoJ ecgJo stl 'uaaryaqvt0 [.tataat.g

eql

(Zr§) qtnoÄ \ (gr§) esdroJ ri (s,§) plr{f ' (rI§) esdlc.) / / (z§) qtnoÄ ,/

-

-

;

eq] .{q puBIsrI Jo lsin I JOJ ISIXe (r"rrOUOC JC) u',*:

'elppFu eqt ur seruoJ ppqc enbrun eql pu? 'qlrnog eqt ur esdJo3 r dq peqcteur sr puof,es eqt ur esdroc aq] 'tsEI eqt uI qtno,( e spuodser.roc eJeqt lsrU er{t ur qtno.( eqt ot :(oJntJnrls Eurl, e llqqxe .{egr '4co1q e sB ue{81 ere sreldeqc a^U eqt 31 'acuenbes rreql ,(q'1uqr 1 'palroddns osle sr 1I 'o^oqe passnosrp uaeq e^?q qcrq,tr lr-ür 'z§§ Buqcauuocralu s{ut1 Jq?tueqt Jo qe,ü. eqr dg perroddns sr srssqtod,{q e qcng 'tr-t§§ srq tr olur pelJesur pue ?uol urory txät Surlsrxaard e {oot roqlne slle) eql leql aur8eur ot älqtuosseJun lou sureäs ]r 'pasodruoc sB^\ lr ,uou{ ä,r1 eqt eJer{1( eceld sqr sB slle) Suraas roJ peJuE^pE e^eq srotrpa s(lxet eql se oJIT

qJrr{,e\ sluer,un8le ezusensrad eql ldeccu e^\ JI zs'erer{t pesodruoc ,(1ure1roc lsorule ür§ ur ueod Jarrq E puu (suol uo las ste z§ a,r.es IIV 'qteap s(ueuruepy dn Surpeal 'uorsnlcuoc eql tE eruoo Zr-f r§§ epq,u. lunrproxa eqt 3ur,tro11o3

-

.

zutaV puB ?01t7 li.7i,r11 *i :' 'saceld JUIJads ul sJr r',, , -

-

tueql Jo euo lealg Pf,r*:.- : 'r.ltl e8reyg EuLUelS u j -*: - .rrer'8 Surtq8f{Q 'tualuti r - -

-

;o elllBq

3q1 lE uuruo6-1 --

:tnaSmg auitf- ul

-

r*:: -- -.

se,ra.

o1

alopJeur tsJg or{t sr z§ :ayr1 er{t pue pue Suruur8eq eqt rnJJo ,(eqt 'peuoq te Jo ,&\ou sn te.I -ueru .(peer1? e^?q sy 'dnor8 E sE ure8u seposrde eqt tB 1 {ool g'lBJrlsErselJJe uBql Jelnces uaaq e^BrI o] Jerle{q urese surees ecueua,rord s(eJn8u srql puB l.rolrsr,r 1

Iruolurur uB tuol; e8peytlourl lernleuralard pe^reoeJ ellr3 tunloJ leqt uoqrpeJl JeqlouB 1a,( lcagar 1e,u .,(uru 'uaq] 'aposrda eqf og',{Jrnrdq8eor3 Sururstuoc qsued eqt Jo uoJted erlt (ellr3 tunlo3 sB peteur8rro e^ErI ttEJ ur .(?tu turBs u,t\ou{un esrl(reqto stqt, t€qt stsaSSns .(1qrsne1d ulBIä O Jlesurq ugr.ulof JO uuuu,tupf .{o

6S

,Ill

aryt ua

Lz'qilEßun Jialu - - .-- 'rlEIV UBIIoBnJJ uo er1*rtr a8reyg EuLuelS uI

esoq] Jo

sSLUEu

-', Iäqtlg -: :

eql eJf -:-: *

e^U Uel [r.lJ 'l]I\ Jr'i ..= puB el]]uq d;ruSrtu or "a *: : -

eq] Jo lunossu (;olrflpr *- -

purur7 funtau.t,adnglo sauaxrall

6o

John

Care.y

Irh riet

i/j ,, r .\

§i. Birth and early career; abbot of Lismore.

§ii. Becomes abbot

it distracts

of Iona; banishes

a demon

7 7

in the shape of a fox when

a crowd from his preaching.

\ \

§iii. The demon child found by pigs (discussed above). §uii. Appnrition of Jesus as a child.

§uiii. A corpse brought to Iona for burial suddenly rises; Adamnän

I contend, then, that rh.

banishes the demon responsible.

a document composer.l '' ::-

§ix. Death. Here §§ii, uii, and uiii obviously parallel §§r, ,5, and 16 in the Life; there can be no doubt of a close relationship between the two works. O Riain has argued that the Life was itself taken to Iona some time after r 16o, and the material in the Breoiary excerpted from it once it was in Scotland;3: 11.rb.rt prefers to see the Breoiary and the Life as independent reflections of an earlier Iona document.34 I incline at present toward the latter view: if, as I have suggested, the chapters which we have been considering from the Middle Irish Life were originally themselves part of a work concerning Adamnän composed on Iona, it would be a curious coincidence if only these chapters should have been drawn upon when the Life found its way to Iona some centuries later. Here too, consideration of the arrangement of the material may be fruitful. We can note immediately that the anecdotes in the Breoiary which have direct analogues in the Life appear in the same sequence as the latter: again, I think, an indication that both groups derive from a single integral document. But there is more. If, in line with my arguments for its thematic connectedness with the episodes in the Life, we suppose that the Breoiary's story of the demon child also figured in this earlier document, its position in the sequence of lections allows it to be inserted into the ring structure discernible in the Life without disrupting the latter's symmetry. In fact, the symmetry is enhanced: there are now three pairs, each with one evil and one good member; moreover, evil and good alternate regularly throughout the sequence as a whole.

tentatively; but I think :1- Throughout the rci; :-. explicitly or implicith g :' :of Colum Cille's con\ cr.*-

illumination. In §r6. \,. :Cille learned secrers fi,n-. *the lines, then, these \r( r. - of lore regarding Colur:. ( with the angelic and tli.tatives of the natir e suF;r - i

But while

it

highh,-:

so. Colum Cille learn.

_-

try to comperc ., ,

The traditions

Iona,pp. t7r-3.

'\!

during his three dar s r,ri . : the presence of the chr..r .- _ . not to Adamnän, but [o - .. -

founder saint. But I thii

dependence on the Breaiary, I see no difficulty in supposing that both Life and Breviary drew upon an earlier work, from which each has diverged in various ways. 34 Herbert,

.

comparable exploitS rr_r i. - .rogated by devils;is blr r r-'audacious' (esatnuitt) ;n - * to have special knou lc.-1." --

does not

33 Herbert and Ö Riain, Betha Adamntiin, pp. 38-4r. Ö Riritr points out that §r 5 in the Life shares details with its ultimate source in Vita Columbae (cf. discussion of §r 5 above), details which have no counterpart in the Breoiary. While I agree that this militates against the Life's

--_'

-

.. '_

re,J,,: .l _

_

appear to have inr olr et-l -;. * l the saint's attitude ro rhr-:t .

widespread, and are .1ttc. 35 Another of the fearure. i::. three evil figures - the chiid. : - -

-*

_

'Jauoqsenb B sB,(lltJgrJads sreodde - esdJoJ eq] pue 'qtno.{ aql 'pgqc aql egt Jo r{Jm ter{r sr possnroJ eÄ?q I qllq.ü uo seposrda xrs aqt Suquq sernteeJ

-

sern8g Irlre eerr{l

eqr;o r:qlouy §t

t8qf palse88ns ueeq ssq tr :elBp ,(Fea ue ruoJJ petsel}B erB puB 'peardsapr.tt .,(yrre3 uaaq e^BrI ol acuepr^e Sur,tr,rrns Jo srseg eqt uo tuees lq8rl srql ur turq Sur.(erlrod serrols 'tusruoS?lur Jou (JSeJeJur Jo euo sr rueqt ol epnlrllB s(lures aql pue lqrrrep Jou sleguB Jer{lreu eJe.&{ oq,&\ s8ureq IBre^es pe^lo^ur 3A?q ol rBedde IuJnteurodns aql qlr.{\ suorttleJ s.elll3 r.unlo3 Surpre8er suorlrpeJt aqJ

'lleÄ\ se po^lo^ur aq ieu eror.u turlt {u1qt I lng 'turcs JepunoJ eql ol .,(po atrr.rdordde sperrur r Surturo3red uorg suIE{eJ eq ueq.u 'ir§ ur luetuela ur .,(prrlrec lsorulB sr srql :ellr] tunlo] qtlu eledruoc ot fn lou ssop uguruspy teql eq.(ldrurs ,{eu eepr eqt (ued uI ieser eqt eq sqt plnoqs .{q16 'u?ruloJ ]rr.uJeq eqt ot tnq'urururpy ol lou srepuo,\{ seteler lcrrlrdq8uor3 uo qlnod aqa'snsafplqc eqt 3o acuasa;d eql ur rq8rlop lnq 'a8pay,u,ou)l tou s{oes u?uurBpy lepnrqos 3o sdep oerqt sq Suunp .ue8eq plJo.& eqt ef,urs ueppq uaeq peq trqt stercas, suJeal ellr3 r.unloJ 'os op ot tou sesooqc aq'peep eql asrcr ot elqe q8noqtyy 'a8pa1,trou4 lercads a^eq ol urelc .{eql qcrq.{\ Jo slca(qns eqt Surp.rr8er ,(lrsorrnc Aue (utaruosa) ,snorcepne, se sossrusrp pue 'uaq] uo4 Surqlou uJeal ol s{aos eq }nq eglsI,\ep ,{q pateSo.r -Jelur ueq.&\ u,u,o srq ploq 01 elqB eg.,(rur e11 'uBuruBpv o1 slroldxe elqeredtuoc .(ue saruap eJI'I aqt 'ap3 un1o3 ;o

pedse srqr srq8lq8rq u e1nl,u tng 'lernleuredns e^rleu ar{t Jo solrwl

-uesarder pco,rrnbe eJor,u eql qtr.&r puu 'sruluer lucrloqerp pue cqe8ur eq] qtr.&r lculuoc ol uedo,{ruuorsr,r e su sreedde renel eql :ellr3 tunlo3 Surpru8er erol Jo dpoq Surn8rrlur uE ol sseuJr,{. JEeq ugulucpv tnogu serJols eseql 'ueql 'seur1 eql ueea.]eg'lclrtedq8eorJ uo lueprssJ Sureg leuoruur uE ruo{ staJces peuJBel ellr] runloJ teql uortrpeJt E tcelJeJ ot sruees l,r§ 'uoruep E pue ellrJ tunlo3 uee.et]eq uorJBSJe^uoJ JerlJBe uB ol epnlle ol epuru sr uturutpv '9r§ rI 'uorlturunllr IurlseleJ pue sra,ra.od Suqraq s(orer.I srq Jo stunocJu u,&\o s(uuuruupv uo peseg err Sr pur }r§§ ayq.u'uena puu u95uo14 rltr.{r suortesra^uoJ s(ellrJ unloJ Jo suorlrpBJt slecsr z§ 'rossaceperd 1eer3 sq qlr.tr paruduoc dytrcqdur .ro.,(llrcrldxe sr uguruepv 'ueas a,teq a,tt se 'o3r1 erll Jo suorlces lue^elär aql tnoq8no.rqa 'sen1c e,u1seS5ns .tre.t eruos sn sJeJJo eJrI eqr ]Bqt {ulqt I lnq 1,(1e.,rr1etua1 dpo 4eeds UEJ I oJeH llurod slr sB,{.l€q,tr 1ng ,ft1auuds leuratur pue aouaraqoc Jrlrlueql ol uoEuelle 'e,rrssesqo .,(es ol lou '1n3erec qlr.tr posoduoJ luauncop e pallor e^oqe pereprsuof, uguurupv Jo aJI'I eqt 3o sretdeqc eq] tep 'ueqt 'pueluoc 1

(t,

§)

a

qlno^ COOO PIIIIJ CIOOO

'S , §)

(tt"§

TIAA

'9 r§)

(tttt§

asdroc

'rraq"rapl üf 's-ie t SIt( ji {ruma;g puu eJ}T t{toq -r-- .- s,eJI'I aql lsule8e sarruir-u . -r sllulep '(e.toqe S r§ ;o u,:.r-' -. oJIT eqt uI S r§ ruqr lrto 11- ,. -

,Ill

aLü ux

titexul7 lurntuutadnglo

:paJuBtluo sr -i;laLULU

',

-:-

-

i

aAELI L{JIq

\\ I..r '' - '

-

: -.

*:-:

-

-

.-

-

.

.

.

..

'(er',r-:--.:

uer,l^a xoJ e go

/

adrqs

,,

uuuruup7I0

t

'eloq\\ E sr f --:* ^: : 'reroeJou l;aQtuJtu pr, , 3JIT eq] ul elqlurersrr ,:-* -Jo ecuanbas aql uI r-r :-.- -tlll^a sseupelf,euuol l l: -- : lng 'luerunJop 1rr;:- -. - j lf,eJlp

'lnJtlnr; aq {uu Irlretr--

uodn u,&\EJp ueeq r ri -' ,- eq p1nolA ]l 'uuo1 uo p-r. -t .,tlluur8rJo eJa§ aJ I-1 .r - - ^ sratdeqo eql 'palseci,ir',- : * * eq] ees ol sJeJe;rd trr.ij-': r eq] ur IBIJaIEIU ät{l Pur ': terll pan8re suq urrlä t_r : . eq um ereq] iaJI-I aLir u: ,

uBuIUEpV lsast-t i1u.-,i';'

\..

\\ 1\\rtl

(rrr§) PIFI] TIAS 1ce Sur8rstue sr s{Jo,r\ srq go Surpeal oltqns eJoru E 'eruq eures eql ]V 's1oor .{ru;e1rl polruq ,(te,r qlr,u E..lJgll snrun ouroq, s su,r {Juted ttr{t pepeouoc sr 1r',(epoa 'seJrnos euoraf-ard pesn eq ruqr rq8noql ,(1e;eue8 sr lr pue seoueJeJer IeJIIqlg s(IJrrt?d uo pelelncads a^Br.I sJ?loqcs zr'(sJerJuoU lerradtul uJelse^\ eqt puo,(eq,{lrunuuroc uerlsrJrl3 pesru8ocar lsru er{], peurel ueeq seq ler{^\ ur 8ur4ro,tr sB.{\ eq leql ue.rffi e^rlJurlsrp äJor.u aqt Ue äJE suo-Ue Eurzqe8ue,ro s({orJled ,pe4 lulrg 3o sapsrde S9

lsuIBSe eqlJlelp

snqr JWJJ,

-

'/

i ,?''

'

-

-..

1

--

-

i -:

r L{rl ',

g',UIB;eSEIl) StUJUJeeJ

{JIJIBd

'" :

.

-

'

-

srlnlrnJes runrJelsruilL.

le

;"

*-

Srl,trät1: '*

qunoJ eq] uI 'JSIr {f u ,r- - -'

{1.,lrsu äsoq} spueLulu uIBSE eouo eq 's,IJ[r 1-r tuorJces pJnll eql ul , i'ri:- : ol ,(luo 'uttlt,lg , ,- :' -- -

a^ELI

rsrurJelur ]e ue6n1 ur L--

eJJet

srlBlrnrldec

-

' .- *

-. ]ncIS - eur ur lEJe ri- l- -- ,. Jed 'n1a3 Jed 'Luantu ; - -l . -

eluotu }e EnIIS ul Lurlr-: -* pB enbsn Bun elp ur r: '--. JOLUI] ]3 I3CI JOLLitr liu :'- : le tueqaJsed u;orad )r :ftrnrtduJ uI

alIL{

r:-

i-:

§ sr

'

$!u!w,

Elizabeth tVcLuhan

66

,,

staked out his territory with Christ's authorization, 'per quem accepimus gratiam et apostolatum ad oboediendum fidei in omnibus gentibus pro nomine eius'.'8 Patrick, too, declares himself 'seruus'.te In both the Confessio and Epistola, he describes himself as set apart by God for a mission made special by virtue of the constituency to which he had been assigned.

... quis ego sum, Domine, uel quae est uocatio mea, qui mihi tanta diuinitate comparuisti, ita ut hodie in gentibus constanter exaltarem et magnificarem nomen tuum ubicumque loco fuero ... ut ego inscius et in nouissimis diebus hoc opus tam pium et tam mirificum auderem adgredere, ita ut imitarem quippiam illos quos ante Dominus iam olim praedixerat praenuntiaturos euangelium suum in testimonium omnibus gentibus ante

teaching on human u ili ;: help to realize his quesr :' ( Conybeare writes tha t 'i I r surrenders to God. th rr u )

In their attitudes to slar . time periods. In late R,,r.: the 'standard

It is interesting to compare Patrick's assertion 'Ecce

testes sumus quia euangelium praedictum est usque ubi nemo ultra est"' with Paul's comment 'Sic autem hoc praedicaui evangelium non ubi nominatus est Christus ne super alienum fundamentum aedificarem'.22 lt is impossible to know for certain to which of Paul's epistles Patrick was indebted. While it has been established that not all of the Pauline epistles were actually written by Paul, the letters do share many contemporary cultural assumptions with regard to slavery.23 The letters of Saint Paul must have resonated on several levels with Patrick's own experience. Patrick's concerns over the acceptance and recognition of his text may have exacerbated the 'constant anxiety about authority which pervades both Confessio and Epistola... due ... to Patrick's doubtful ecclesiastical status'.z4 It has been suggested that Patrick's possible lack of official episcopal status may account for his frequent references to a personal mission from God. Patrick's whole defensive posture against the seniores in the Confessio has been shown to derive in large part from Saint Paul's defense of his own mission in his letters to the Corinthians.'s Patrick certainly embraced Saint Paul's notion of sin as spiritual slavery: 'qui facit peccatum seruus est et filius zabuli nuncupatur'.26 Paul wrote: 'Q3rod fuistis serui peccati, oboedistis autem ex corde in eam formam doctrinae in qua traditi estis; liberati autem a peccatq serui facti estis iustitiae'.27 Patrick's notion of spiritual duality afforded Christians a choice of servitude: to God or Satan. The only freedom available to every Christian was the freedom of submission to God's will. Patrick's sixth vision in the Confessio could derive from Paul's

r.5. rg Epistola §ro (Hood, p. 36). zo Confessio

§34 (Hood, p.

z9). zr

There thus

der

The

Corpus iuns

t't

,;. :: -

c1,

legally appoinred

it i , ,

.

*\

laws and practices still rn

another, contrar\- to narur-,and death over their slr,,, c--.

r:

at the present tintc.

to the rule of ths

R.

excessive harshns>. forced to sell thcir .._

which prodigals rrc

r

-

Coming from a famili ,: . Britain, Patrick \\ o u lJ : _ governance within thc R. : Roman communities in :: When Paul \\-roru Corinth was in si;i .-

Ir i:

(,

_

_

Loc. cit.

zz Rm r5.zo. z3 Garnsey ldeas of Sla'oery, p. r73 n. r. z4 Conybeare,'Re-Reading St. Patrick', p. 43. z5 Nerney,'St Patrick's Sources', p. 5o7. z6 Epistola §4 (Hood, p. 35). z7 Rm 6.r7-r8.

*:

legally inferior f,n. ranging from min, ri

manumitted. 18 Rm

un r r'

male, of age and >,

finem mundi.'o

28 Shanzer, "'Iur-enes \ c.tl 3o Kolb efi, Justiniarl. p. Justinian., p. Sz).

_|,,

:

:

'(29'd'uotuusnf, 'lreqlo;tr 'suerr) t111-1'111,{TX 'plql zg 'z'lll'l safitusuJ rt, '61 'd'uotuusnf, '1raq1oy of '6i 'd ',>prr1r4 lS Surpee1-e1, 'a;eaq.{uo3 6z 'Zlrd ,.,,rrlsa^ seuelnl,, ,rezuuqg gz

IBSol-lBrJos sqt qlr.&\ JErlIluBJ sB,& InEd ]Bqt JBelf, sr U 'pe]lrunuBu ueeq peq pue,(re,rels ur ueeq peq pJrr.lr rer{louu pue.{re BIS ur se,r\ qlurJoJ ur uorlelndod eqr 3o pJrql-euo lnoqe (surrqlurro3 r eJor,r\ Ined ueq^\ :.(Jntue3 lsJU eql ur serlrunturuoc uBruod puB {eeJc pesrrdruoc ecuerpnB s(lnBd 'eJrdr.ug usruou eql urqlr,r\ oJuBuJs^o8

oJB,&\B uaeq e^ErI plno,& {JrJ}Ed .urulrrg pur -qunoJ alBI ur sJeu^\o o^BIS Jo ,(1urr3 B luor3 8uruo3

Jo seldrJuud preues eseql Jo drnluec-qt3g

.,(yree

u^\o Jreql Jo esnsru luoü paureJtseJ eJB syrsrpord qcrq,u "L-,tredord .{q eldrcurrd eturs eqt sl slqJ " "sJeu/r\o rar{to ot se^BIS rrer{t iles ot paJroJ eq ol ere ,(reSe,\es elqrJelolur oq.& sral$W ... .sseuqsJgr.l e^rsseoxe ^\oqs qtr.&\ se^els rreqt t?erl 01 pe^roll? are eldoad uur,uo1 ar{r Jo elnJ eqt ol loe(qns suosred raqlo.{ue Jou suezrlrf, ueruou Jerl}rou 'aurq lueserd aqt te

lEIIl penuBuoc ,r\31 eql 'se,re1s rreql Je^o qlBap pu? eJrl Jo re.uod eql ssessod prp sJelsrru e1gr11 ,g',rq8rJ prnleu ol .,(Jerluoc .raqloue Jo dtredord aql äpgru sr uetu euo .(qarag,la. suorleu Jo 1rlBI aqr Jo uorlnlrlsur ue, se dreaels päugep 'sorlnluäJ rno; lsed eql tuo{ esn ur IIBS seJrtcrJd pue slrtel Jeplo Jo üt§ ur pareldruoo uorterurpoc e'uerurlsnf 1o st1trut ntm sndnS eg1 og'ece1d pauuap,{11e3a1 pur perurodde .{11u3e1 sll pErI ueu dre,re r.lortl1$, ur ftercos peurterts r padola,tep snqt aror{J ,{lrpuos.red ro slq8rr'slea,r,od IBSoI srq uodn (lelol ol Jouru ruor; 8u€uer

'uorlcrrlser Jo uos euros ot tce(qns uosuedr.uoc ,{q pue rorJeJur ,(11e8ay s3^\ esle euo,,{ra,rg ,{lturg srq Jo pBor.l puB puru punos puB e8r 3o .ayuru 'u?zrlra ucruod uroqeo{ orll se,r\ ,rBI ueruog aqr Jo (lrun prepuels, eql ',{}tnbrlur usruou etBI uI 'sporred erurl elrlcedser Jreqt Jo slcnpord eJa,u InEd pue {crr}Bd tra,rrls ol sepntrlle Jrer.It uI

'(St'd'poo11) f§,lttts: - ..

r+r

'rg SurpBeU-eH, '3Jt:eq,Ll ) t: 'tIJ '3oT rz '(62 'd 'p, ,, i { -.

s(lnBd ruou 3 \rrep plr UOISSIUIqnS JO luOP):-.: -1 * 'uulBs Jo poo ol :alrr,l: - - -

uollou s({f,IJlBd _.'.frl-.-

pott,

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lnrd

Inb, :dranuls lenlrJrds

rlrL)Jl

-

*

,- .-.. -'

-: - -

sJällel slq ul uorssrLU -', ulA.ot{S ueeq SEL{ ,',.1 ' :.

o]

s({StJlEd'poo .duur

,

u, .--

-.

snlels ledorsidr i:.

_

-

trr',SIllBlS IEJIlSEISälll-: - -- * SepB^Jad qcrqu iuJnu--: -SItl Jo uoIlIuSoJäJ Lru:

:' -:

s({slrlBd rlll^\ slä \ei lE-: g.'-\JJ tf 1-

:-

' - :- --

lBt{} pstlsIqB}se ue:q -r - . o] UIE]JOJ JoJ \\oul t l -. * . radns eu snlslJt{l tS: -- -: ]uetutuoS s(lnBd L{]1 i,, . 1- .

EInb Sntuns selsel

"

)t-l

*

eluu Snqllue8 snqtuun lBJexrpeBJd tullo LUf r ,

'a;apar ßp, rueJapnr ur ]3 snrJSUr oSa tn

LU

]e [ueJB]lBxe Je]url S u etuEt lqll"u Inb 'reru

III

: r

,pog ot srepueJJns 6"',druouolnu s({JrrlBd go'qf1e3 q8norqf ,olssatuog eql, teqt selrr,n areeq,(uo3 Jo uorsseccns ? sB pBeJ aq uEf, 'paepur 'ecur8 s,pog po8psl.uoulce s.,(r,r1e {clrrcd,(lurulreJ sz.lsenb srq ezrleer ot dleq s(pog spaeu tnq poC s{ees oq,u uosJad rauur erJt puc IIrl( uer.rrnq uo Surqceel L9

(

aa

alu

s!,Lnlan,t, as runata

§!,u!w,

Elizabeth McLuhan

68

institution and the Greek and Roman laws which regulated its practice in Corinth. Indeed, some of the first people whom he baptized into Christ at Corinth were in slavery at the time.33 Slaves in the Roman Empire were frequently better off economically than freemen. Frequently, freemen are known to have opted for slavery as an escape from economic hardship and want. The possibility of manumission for firstcentury slaves is thought to have allowed the ancient system to enioy long duration.3a The purpose of Christianity was not to emend society in any case. Paul's message was that salvation transcended social status and that human efforts should be directed to making ready one's soul for Christ and the end of the world as they knew it: 'praeterit enim figura huius mundi'.3s Whether you were slave or master, your soul had to be entrusted - or enslaved - to God to realise salvation through Christ, the only true freedom. Paul's teaching (I Cor 7.zr) might be interpreted thus:

Let each one live his life in accord with the fact that the Lord has distributed ffaith] to him and that God has called him ... Keeping the commands of God is what really counts. Each person should continue in that calling into which he was called. Were you a slave when you were called?

Don't worry about it. But il indeed, you become manumitted, by all means fas a freedman] live according to fGod's calling]. For a slave who has been called in the Lord is the Lord's freedman. Likewise, a freedman who has been called [in the Lord] is Christ's slave. You were bought with a price: do not become slaves of men. Each one should continue to live in accord with his calling [in Christ] - in the sight of God.:6

through the act

oi

-.

h

baptrzatas, pro quibus

n.

:

In the ConJbssiri P atn -... to Christianit\: and .1t1, .. Christian celibacr. P;tr - , families but singles our :: most, even to the p(-)i:: comments that 'Therc I - l although there cer ta i r: I with their eyes open' -. In the Epistola. P;ir -: ransom Christian capt-:, .. peoples.4r This prücrt, prepared to put the r i:.,: them to a whorehousc PChristian masters. ur ;. : and practices.

While Gallo-Ronr;n

r-

-

Christian captives. it u ,- :

institution that ther .i.; efforts to raise rxorlic> i

\

::

century Gaul are ri s., ,. comparison u'ith thc ,t * n

-

few personal possessi( i,r: -laws governirg and .,.-. :-

their masters.+3 He pi;- - Even closer to Pa [r. - : . that monasteries coul.: -

Patrick, like Paul, suggests no discontent with the slave system ler se. Patrick's outrage against Coroticus in the Epßtola is less a railing against the enslavement

of freeborn Christians than

an objection that those so enslaved would be sold to

non-Christians and in this way exposed to sinful influences: most explicitly, the sexual dangers encountered by women. His anger was reserved for a fellow (perhaps nominally Christian) Briton who would capture for purposes of sale, and transport far away other Britons and by implication fellow Christians.3T Patrick urges local Christians to shun Coroticus until he has publicly repented with the requisite compunction, gruelling penance and release of the Christians who belong properly to God. God has purchased or redeemed their souls

threat of excommunlu:t Patrick goes to I ri. : . r direction as a runa\\ ,r.', . - -

r,.:.: --

vague aS to where he

helped him who \\.oul.i

Christian Ireland.

Christianitv ma) har c '-': 38 Episrola §7 (Hoocl. p :' Monasticism', pp. +p. 8q. 43 Ibid. , pp. r ,., : -

7!rr:

33 Bartch).,, First-Centur.)t Slaaer1t,p.r73. 34 Ibid.,p.175. 35 I Cor 7Ar. 36 Bartchy, First-Centur-y Slaaer.TL, p. r8J. 37 Thompson, Iliho Was Saint Patrick?, p. rB.

,.

\ :'all: *:

abetting a fugitir e.+-

Slaae S.ystents, p. Patricklt, p. 2r.

r

5L\

+t,

:

.

ruxos sqLl oqll'uosd.*oq;*

Ll

'(92'd'poog)

Lr§ o'ssaluoy

gt fr, ,'::;lrllt::':#

'uururrelserll Sü 'ttz 'd'suou.rag 'sa1.ry ;o snr:esae3 üü 'L*z6t 'dd ''plql tü '68 'd 'sapyto snuosao7'urrqs5urltr zi '(It 'd 'poog) fu§ alotstdg rl 'o9-61 dd ',rusrcrtseuolX pur uorssrw,'uerra11 oü '(rt 'd'poog) zt§ orsaluoS 6E '(9t 'd'poog) L§ nlotsrdg gt 'a,ruys aql Jo lol tlsJELI eql ol JoIIeJ eruos popl^oJd e^Bq .{eur .,t1ruer1srrq3 q5noqlly 'areql tl tnoqe u,ttou{ sI ssal qrntu q8noqlle (pUEIOJI uEItsIrqJ -aJd ur uortntrtsur Surpuels-Suo1 u ,{lqeqord sr,tt .,tra,telg Lr'a^IlISnJ B SuIuegE

pue Eurpre JoJ.üEI u?ruo1 Jepun leunur.rc peSpn( eq osp plno,& oq^a uq pedleq oq^\ asoqt lJatoJd ot poued ]eq] Suunp pp eq leq.& puE lue.t\ eq eJel{,r o1 se enSB^ ,{laleraqrlep se,u. IcrJtBd ter{t pelse88ns uaeq seq ll e1'aA?ls ,(e,utunr E sE uolloerlp

s.pog rapun ffi.u JIOsruq eq trgt r{slqutse ot

sured lea.r8 ot sao8 4cute6 sü'uorJasrunrüluo3xe Jo lEäJq]

uodn - luesuoc (sJeu.&\o Jreql lnoqlr,{\ so^els ldacce lou plnoo serJelsBuolu IEII} (eurt u^\o s(IcrJtud o] JesolJ ua^E pe1e1s r§i ur uopeclurlJ Jo lrcunoJ eqt 6'sessBlc erl] Jo Surxru eql tsureSu peqcre.rd eH Er'sJelsBr,u rrer.{] srqErr sqr Suqrrurlsp puu Surure^oE s.ue1 puu se^EIS Sur.rdsgo aqr 1e3e1 3o 3o eql ecJoJue o1 eurl pJEg E Iool snrJESeEJ 'oJII ur ueÄf puos;ed .ueJ "i'suorssessod srq Suoue slsanbaq sz se^els o^t] Uel qteep stq uo pu? 'sa,re1s peulßo Jlesurq eq ]eÄ 'etUD erlt lB sdoqsrq Jäqlo Jo spJspuBls Sur,rr1 luapdo eql qtr^\ uosrrsduoc ur crJaJSs uE peJeprsuoJ sB.r\ snrJESsEJ 'pelu3r,uncop II3.{\ eJB InEc ,{rnluac -qlxrs dlr33 pue -qrJU alBI ur sa^Ddsc uBrlsrrr.{J {rJosuBr oJ seruoru asrBr oJ suoJJa SSEIAJII SIH 'lUIOd UI ES8f, B SI SEIJV JO SNIJESEBS 'OS PIP ,(AqT TUqT UOI]NII]SUI IBrJos B sB ,fte^?ls qlr,& Sursuedsrp ol .r\er^ B rllr,&\ lou su,tr lr 'so.trld?J uprlsrJrlJ Jo uortEr.uBIJeJ er{t ur ,(e,tr aqt pel e^Eq i(eru suerlsuq3 ueruo1-olleC ellq1\. 'sacrlce.rd pue

tqcrreg

'g rd gt 'r['1

slnos JIeq] perueJp:i

-

.'

-

petuedal ,(1cr1qnd SrL{ : -

-

suEIlsIJtlS 3t{} Jo JSrri-t-

.-

4g'suBIlsIJqJ \\ollal u .-I'a1es Jo sesodtnd Jo-l -:-- - * -

.^eolleJ e JoJ pe \Jes.ll -: ,' eql {l}IJIIdxo lsotu .(-1' -.'.-

.

o] plos eq plno \\ pa \ri- -.. luel.Ue^Blsue eql

S(-lsIJlEd

'2s Jad

tsuri-j: .- rläl
Fri:.:---

Ii*.I a king and as a queen. :: -. was an enormous con

Radegundis \\'as a \\ i kingship, she u illingl: Reading the

I

it,r

*-

*

:

.

.\ ;'

that it is little morc rh:: : remarks on the birrh ::,. the saint is unrecorrlc.. - -

r

Berschin, Biographie, ä.3o7. z Namely, Cogitosus's Life of Brigit, the Lives of Patrick by Muirchü and Tirechän, and Adomnän's Life of Columba. Some scholars would also place the Vita prima of St Brigit in the seventh century (see 3 Flacius Illyricus, Historia ecclesiastica,p. 4 For the most recent discussions of the subject see McCone, 'Brigit in the Seventh Century'and Sharpe,'Vitae S. Brigidae'. 5 ' ...in hoc... narrationis sanctae pylagus ... tantum uno patris mei Coguitosi expertum ... cymbam deduxi' (Bieler, Patrician Texts, p. 6z).

n.4).

zz.

72

6 Venantius Forturrärlr:. : that the Catholic Church . to Donatus (Keil, Gr,,,,.,, Jamula -vield lxxä.775-go.

.fitm

tr I t

s 1r

:-

,

-Id '1ern1d e:\rtelqr erqt ur stlnao! 'y 'run.rqad SSVV pue snlnwrlqtoq'(t6z'rr ''prqr) uurcsu4 puu (gZttrr'tur1a1 urloruazg ,y1e;q) snteuo6l ol Sutprocce 'leql tce; aqt otrdsep snqolnwo{ p sqnw»l o.td sie.rd lyrrs qc.rnqt rrloqte3 eqt tuql '(LL-nge 'dd'qcsnr;) sryunSapoy'g nl!7,'sr.leurqro,r snrlueue1 uoseer slt{t roJ sr 9

:rr-Sc.dd

g

,'tJ":r:;f;j

tI L

eelJuBS sruorlBJJru

ur

1r3ug,'euo'-yJl\::r -- -

üttotstH'snct.t-i1lI eoeld oslu plno \\

sn

SJf,

relq8nep aqt

sE

(eJrI

rauroJ

"req go ,{to13

I',r-

j,g'-

{rlrlEd Jo se\I-I rqt uoEdrJosap B pter a,&\ eceld slr uI 'pepJooerun sr turus er{l Jo .,(ralseuou eql Jo (pue eq] 18 (tnq (t 'drc) rr8ug Jo r{tnoi pu? r{rrrq eqt uo s{re{uer Jo qtEep eqt el,Uos spuu euo Suruur8aq Jql

rv 8'selJsrrr.ü Jo sarJes 3 uer{l eJor,u 3l11ll sr lr tBql uorsserdur eqt surB8 dplctnb auo (snsotrSo) Aq aüptax"tg 'S otll eqt SurpEeU '(ssorc eql qruilt qn§ 8ur^rl ol luno(ueluBl sE.{\ qsrq^\ Jo ruJoJ arll Jepun, §tJn"tJ (drys8uDl

'tuetruad pue tue^Jas e Jo ecuätsrxe eqt Jlesrer.{ uodn {ool .{y8uql.u eqs ;o ,{"ro13 eql ruo{ Surt.ledeq 'qted ,&\eu e 3u€.ro3 uuruo,r\ e seu, spun5epea 'uorlrpuoc uBr.unq 3r{1 ur slurod SuruJnr a{ll eru .(qdu.rS0lq eql ur sturod Sururn; .{yrrelunlo,r uesor.{J peq eqs qxtqt!\ zxssod eq} pue ,ueenb u se pue 3ur1 e go

':.--

l&3u{ snso}r8oJ JrL{l r pua eq] uI ]nq lJr:J.' ]sol'u eq] Jo euo qli.''. *, sl 1I ir: * -.: uorluä]ur -

^I'U

raqteJ flentr,rrds] uo

',.

u

( '" eAIlEJJru plJ--:

.

'

-

eqt uee.r\loq tsrüuoJ snourroue uE sa,r\

ereqJ 'purur ur pue,{poq ur 'llecrsdgd osle tnq'dylenlrlrds ipo 1ou patrJeue^ eqs qf,rq,{\ 'ssor3 dlog aql ol peterrpep se,u .,(relseuotu JeH .qsag u,r\o Jeq ur uorxgrcnJJ go urud eql Surcuarredxe'(gz 'det'ottttow p,tagf ut a.r r) ,glesreq .(q Jdueru, e euoceq 01 pelug^\ srpun8aprg aJuelruäd Jo sesnräxe raq q8norqa a'se8y a1ppry eqt puB,ftrnbguy etBI Jo,,(1ruqe1 eqt ur.{1epr,u prards spro^\ Jo sruroJ elrlueJ '.{ltuanbasqns 'pro,&\ ,tr.eu ? qlr.&r uoueruouaqd .,u,eu e SurqrJJSep 'xr.tl.t|l lredratunoc aururual eql pelue^ur e^Eq ol sluees snlBunlrod snrluEue^ lurleT ur petsrxe roLt7t prcr eql .{luo lurod srqt ol dn '(92'duc) snlBunrJod snrlueue^,{q palpc sE,$. eqs',31esreq oJun relueruJol,'xx.t1,t01 osda as uI'uoJr Jo ecard Eur^\ol8 e qlr.tt JIesJeq Surrn8gsrp pue ,(poq Jer.{ punore surerlo Surpur,tr pe^lo^ur ']ue1 3o s,(ep .üro3 er{t Suunp ,qcF1rn uorleogruolu go ssecord e ue8aq srpun8apr5 'txeluoc uJepou e ur puetsJapun ot tlncuJrp ere r{crrl,t\ slle}ep eruos oslu uor}ueu ot eleudordde eq p1no,u. lr sdeqred 'pugqsnq rer{ ue^e Jou 'atrlteued plnoc uer8ur,rore1,11 elrl ou ra.,(erd puu acuelrued;o urel.rnc eJU esoq,$ tue^uoo e Jo turoJ aqt ur (sserlroJ ,(rq8Fu, e srertrod ur JIesJer.{ tlmq puu lre^ eql req e,rr8 ot dogslQ e pecJoJ eqs Ä11uurg 'alqe su,r\ aqs se Suoy se ro3 eSerrreu pe8uerre req pernpue osle eqs .r{JJnr{J e 01 pepeeJord pur ssoJc uepoo,r e peuorrlseJ ,spueq puu speeq Jrer{t peqffi,ü

aI{l Jo JeL{louE 'nqlJi..'", 0puwas Ult/l pellrl-(,\ eq] puB snrlrilll !r.;': j eql - ,trnlual I1]ur \l' I * 'setqdurSorq ultr-I ': ' - --: u' , t :.-r

-

'SJeIlIOd

snrluBue^ iq uollrJ rr ' ; aqJ '

lsorlr

; l.tlstß:,

l{qdur8or8eq

ro iq.l: - '

Jeqr,unu 8ursu3Jf,u1 sE pe,/I\el^

3q

url

q

u! -:

-

-,

prltl] eq] Jo srre i ls- TtSSI)d 3tl] SI UeLUr-)'i', -

-

::-

-

-.- -: ieJnlBJSlII uIlr-Lit , -

aJaqt ale-,,\,\' IrJeu.r

'urtuen-Ö'tS reeu uerplrqc 3o dnor8 e ;eqle8ot lq8norq ';r.tr 3o rauosrrd e su 'ssecurrd aql 'eldtuexo Jod 'slue^a älqrpaJJur Jo IInJ sB,lt, reeJ€c s,srpun8epra g'pe^ol puB peJops snrluBue tlIoq'tl. sseJpunoJ puu 'ueenb qsr{ueJd .ssecurrd ur€urrnq; 'srer1ro4 lE ]ue^uoc B Jo (sdoqsrq B peureouoo qcrq,rr srpun8epBg rS alx.L eql Jo uortda3xe arll qtr.,rr Jo Jo 'eJntBretrl uEe-I sä^rT ero,r\ s>lJo1tr srq Jo IIV 3o ,reqdur8or8eq leuorsse;oJd, tsrg eqt sI aq lserqder8org sarres elorl.u e etrJ,{4. ot raqdr.l8orq Ie^eerperu tsru eql Jo or!\1 er{] Jo qcrä{s Jerrg e qll,r\ ur8eq sn ]e1 sr

-j

lrEr-r

snlsunuod snrlu?ua 'se^rT

tlZyg

T,L

pu'ü stpunSapny

Walter Berschin

74

Kildare, where Brigit proves her saintly existencey'ost mzrtem by the miracles she continues to work. Despite this emphasis, her life story is not only the chronicle of a cenffe of pilgrimage, a Wallfahrts-Chronik,but a aita as well. The author, who names himself in both preface and epilogue (cap. 4o), had, I surmise, intended to give the Life of Brigit the form of a rapid sequence of miracles,

a

narrative technique developed by Venantius Fortunatus, who was the

Merovingian master of biography. Cogitosus presents some fascinating scenes, of which two are of interest here. An Irish king had a tame little fox, which amused him greatly. A stupid man killed it and was due to be punished severely; together with his wife and children. Hearing of this St Brigit went into her carriage and said a prayer and, lo and behold, a fox came, jumped into her carriage and 'neatly sat beside her' (cap. 4). Brigit went to the king, and the fox she brought with her turned out to be as well-trained as the one that had been killed. With its help Brigit freed the condemned wrong-doer and, as soon as everybody was safe and sound, the

spends the night u ith

:I

only calf she has besids :--: parts of her loom to m:..,; alive beside her co\\. hu:

Like Jupiter drinking

:..

rr;

generosity of the poc)r '.,, : In comparing Rad.: *: * the differences beru e.r tr Ages. Let us tr\- ro idc:: : living under the spell , :. :: has evoked Radegurd i:'. . Pange, lingua, glortrtsi :, m)/sterium are sung. it ,,,, :.. by Venantius Fortun.rt*the Holy Cross \-enerlrs,* --

.

.

Iittle fox escaped to freedom again. This story is representative of man_v relating to animals, including dogs (cap.6, 16), cattle (cap.4,8), goats (cap. rr), pigs (cap. rr), fish (cap. z8) and

Salue ora) salue uictrrt:.,

even ducks (cap. z4).I dare say that there is no other Latin oita of the early Middle Ages, where a biographer has so continuously told stories about his saint's involvement with animals. Even Adomnän's Life of Columba, with its stories of the crane arriving from Ireland 'tossed by winds through long circuits of the air' (VC I.a8), and the white horse mourning and weeping 'on the lap of the saint' (VC III.z3), is not so consistently determined by the involvement of animals as Cogitosus's Vita S. Brigid,ae. Brigit's miracles proye, as Cogitosus says, 'that the entire nature of the beasts and cattle and birds was subject to her command'.9 It is possible that oriental influences were partly responsible for this idea of absolute power over animals. The Egyptian Menas preferred to live with the beasts in the wilderness 'for they know God and honour Him'.'o The martyr Mammas prayed in the wilderness in the company of many animals:" he is portrayed as a kind of Christian Orpheus. But there is also a western mythological tradition in which animals play an important role. The story of Orpheus was known in the Middle Ages through Ovid and other mythographical authors. Another story in the Vita S. Brigidae recalls Ovid's tale of Philemon and Baucis." Brigit, travelling on one of her journeys to different parts of Ireland,

asceticism. Hou äre \\ tr . an abbess? Was she. \\ h, ': subject to stabilitts tti . i -

-' r;I The Holy- Cross is :l: \

of Radegundis's

carec:-.

fascination with her e,1::.r. carriages with them [r-r tr.;_] world, surrounded h,, :: -

through his visible crc;.. : for whom the), live'.'been influenced

br ;: .

Venantius. Additionerr'

quod omnis natura bestiarum et pecorum et volucrum subiecta eius fuit imperio' (ibid., cap. z4). ... ferae enim deum cognoverunt et honoraverunt', Passio S. Mennae (Mombritius, ii.z87). Passio S.Mammetis §8 (Delehaye, p. 13r).There is a new edition

of

ro'

tt

Walahfrid's poem on Mammas by Pörnbacher, Walahfrid Srabo: Zwei Legenden.

rz Ovid, Metamorphoses

Ylll.fi e7z4(Millea i.aa8-56).

.

Radegundis, rvhich m r: r. . Ludwig Bieler srarc.

-,

.

he has not succeeded in , , some brief chapters tin B::-

of miracles

tells as an eye-\\-itnes> '...

-

Fortunatus, for u hon'r r:; , events. Formultte fr,tc.: (cup. 6, 23, 3z), for s\::-:-

a number

9

.

.

I-1.

.

r-

13 Rulst, Hymni ltttini, p r: , creaturas visibiles, cui lr : : r5 Bieler, 'Celtic Hagiosri: - -

_

:

'(tz

,"fl"rr:'ff;.'lilfrlltXll'Hriä[?'#]:'r"ri: .' f r .6zr .d,tuuq rurut17 ,ls1ng tt ,

'dec) (run^r^ Bruruo rnr ra Erlu*rurr, rad tualrgrsr,rur urnJal r.unruruo rueJoluoJJ suepnulloc

.

'uapua8aT la&Z'./ttlt1.t,.t.

uoIlIPe ,4A'eu B sI e.Ieql - : OISSü{ '.lUI',-'

2UUUAW

§

l- -

''plql) ,ouedtul llnJ snr:. .-- -

uv Jo qafi,talaa,td xql lrtfl cr'rulollnw lsod olnzortw e[uos ssauJrl\-e.,(a ue se sllel eq pealsur iqluep s(lurcs eql eqrrJsep ue^o Jou seop eH 'sel3uJrru Jo requnu E settler.(lereur eq 'uorlrco,r pue pooqplqc 'qtrrq s,trSrrg uo sraldeqc JarJq eruos JoUV 'e^rlerrgu snonurluoc E olur IErJelBr,u srq Surp1e,r ur pepäecons lou s?q äq :sn sluroddrsrp snsolr8o3 lcedser auo ur, wrll zg6t ur petels ralerg Sratpnl ,srpun8epeS '1r3rrg s.snsolrSo3 JoJ Iepou e ueeq e,ruq rq5nu qcrq,tr,

.snrtueua1 Jo aJI'I s(snrtuBue1 ur lrutep luetrodur uE sr oJar{t tlpuortrppy ,(zt ,tz ,g .det) Jo aofla eqt ur s8uruodo ;elduqc 3o yecrd.(1 aru 'eldruexa rc1 1r3rrg 3o oJIT er.ll Jo tsa Mnpunatalaotd ta17 eltlsruztttfitaa.t( aalnu.tog.stue^a Surqsruolse Jo serJes

,snleunlrog B Jo lsrsuoo plnoqs lurus E Jo aJIT erll tuoq,$ roJ

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rr',e^ll .{aqr

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eur,&\

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. .'

.

eq] qll1l\ e^ll o] perr:-l:- * Jo Espl sFIl roJ elqlsu{

l. i-

1

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orls sq!\ i.{ratsuuoru s,tr8ug;o uolsserdtur uB urroJ ot e,r ere .&toH .usrJrlecsr pu? uoE?cgruo[u er? se'e311 s,lr8rrg [uoJJ tuesqB lsorulB sr ssorJ ,{1011 eql 3o ,{ro13, req 'learec s,slpun8epea go ',uorssed

.,{rsruuns lJurJJns lsoru eql pug e.tt gr'auo1? stuotsso( ap awrptn anlas ran anpg seu{ eql u1's13a.t ulllxal Jo ezueß lsEI agl uI .ueqt .,(q pelereue,r ssor3 d1o11 eqr Jo orler eql Jo Jnouog ut sunu JerI pue srpun8epus JoJ snleunuod snrtueue1,(q pasoduroc araat srueod oau oseqJ 'os op ol enurJuoc 1I,u 1r ,Euns ate u.nua$[ut xtntt pSpt'runapotd sßat ott!)cU pua sruttuouat turu1ao,t( tsot.toll,an7uq ,a7ur4 'pue serJnluoc ueeug lnoq8norql ,{rots s,srpun8epeA pa{o^e seq se 3uo1 se ro3

ssor3 .(yo11 orll Jo uorteJoue^ eqt 'paepul .ssorJ eqt 3o l1eds aql repun Sur,rrl turBs e sr upunSape5 'aJIT rIJBe Jo snJoJ uretu eqt .{gnuepr ot drt sn 1a1 .se8y

alpplw,tFea eqr Jo ueruo.e\ Surpeel Jo stleJtJod uo re8ug s,euo 1nd

oqt uaeluaq secueJeJJrp eqt

01 tlnJgJrp tou sr tr ,1r3rrg pur srpunSapuX Surreduoc u1 Suqrl tnoqlr,u .rood eql 3o .ttrso.raueS

'ruer{t ruoü Surql,(uu

eqt stdecce lr8rrg 'srcneg pur uotuellqd Jo

eql Sur4urrp relrdnf ery1

.,ttoc rer{ '(62'dec) uorlrpuoc oprseq a^rIB luurErro str ot parotseJ ruool eql osle 1nq JIm eql fpo 1ou spug eqs Sulurotu txeu eql 'eJU B a{Br.u ol tuool req go slred sasn '1earu eql lsroJ ol poo,rl. ou sr areql se 'pue ,roc raq eprsoq sur{ eqs gluc ,(po eqt sretq8nels ']sen8 Jär.l Jo Jnouoq ur bq,u uerrro \ rood r qllu tqSru eqt spusds

qt

req o] ]3e(qns sE.\\ sprl*. , :l snsolt8oS SE ta-ro:d r-----r. Jo tuetue^lo^ul eqr iq ; -, go de1 eq] uo, SutdJr i'. ; -: sunJrrs Euol q8norql {: -

sll qllA\ 'eqtunlof

Jt-r

-:,-

-

slq lnoqe selJols p]( I- - ,t1rra eql Jo ü1t.7 ullr-l -: puu (gz 'dec) tlsll '( I I -: (punos

eqt pue eJrs Si',' peer; tr8ug dlr,{ srl Ljr ,,',

.

]no peuJn] Jeq llr rr ru-',rarl aprseq 1us iltreu. ; -: 'paru re.turd E plrs pui .: , puu aJIA slq qll.\\ ral{:i. -' y {puetS tulq .',r'prdnls

lSsJelUI JO eJB O \\t

U

-' . -

zLll se^[ oq.&\

Jo eouenbes

I 'pu.l '(oi eqJ 'lle,{,\ su eq] ,t1uo ]ou selsBJrl'u eq]

t!31,tg puü sryun7apay

76

Walter Berschin

existential event could be an imitation of Venantius Fortunatus's Vita S. Radegundis: for here too there is no chapter describing the death of the saint. Instead, Fortunatus details one of Radegundis's many miracles, one of which, we are told, happened the day she left this world.'6 Even in death, Radegundis helps others as a worker of miracles, a thaumaturge.rT The saint is as much present beyond death as during her life. Venantius's contemporary, Gregory of Tours, filled the gaps the biographer had left,'8 as did Baudonivia, who added a second book to the Vita S. Radegundis about 6oo Ao.'e What both Venantius Fortunatus and Cogitosus achieved, by omitting the description of the deaths of their respective heroines, is by no means unique. Let me show this by a rather modern example. In his biography of Winckelmann, Goethe omitted any direct reference to the harsh reality of death. His penultimate chapter bears the title'Restlessness' (Unruhr) and ends with the sentence 'and so, returning to his native country, he felt uneasy and burdened with the

impossibility

of continuing on his

way'. The final chapter which follows,

entitled 'Passing On' (Hingang), goes on immediately: 'thus he left the world, after having reached the highest degree of good fortune that he could have wished for'. In Goethe's presentation, Winckelmann, the saint of the Weimar classicists, imperceptibly ascended from the summit of human existence to the higher plain of the departed.'o Birth and death may be the cornerstones of a person's life; but in some biographies, mediaeval and modern, these earthly realities are often presented as miraculous metamorphoses.

St Brendan the Li\ inr Rela

,,

-7,

Lfrgiographl

has Lu - -

I lSuch use pr,cssri- -: trade and consumptir

,:

events. This assumptt,

rr

edit a selection of sainr

>:

*:

-

rowing to the decision 1.. - .

economic and social h.-: : hagiography as e\ idcn. . been carried o\-er inr, I: - and their successors.: :: colours historians pcruutl .

literary function oi

SLr,-

r

-

functions of such ri;r: uncritical assumpti0n :: -: illustrated bv the rrc:::' - -

r I would like especiall,, : Care--r,;

-

David Dumr illc. K::, -

O Corräin,Däibhi O (.r

-

.-.

:. :

and assistance \\ ith \ 3n --. - sources see Kno§ les. G,'.. --

sections

16 ' ... die, qua sanctissima migravit de saeculo' (Vita S. Rad.egundis, cap. 38). 17 Palermo, the most recent translator of the biographli writes: 'ö come ... pur essendo ... giä in paradiso . . . fosse rimasta ancora vicina agli amici cari' (Wnanzio Fortunato, p.r33 n.54). 18 Gregory of Tours, In gloria confessorum, cap. r04 (Krusch, pp. 364*6). rg Baudonivia, Liber II oitae S. Radegund,ß (Krusch, pp. 377-9il. Radegundis's death is reported cap. zr. zo Winckelmann und sein Jahrhundert, pp. 287-9.

in

of principallr rh.

-

uirtutesque Fursei') ntt., ;- - Zimmeq 'Handelsr erbin.l .. - . Continent. On Zimmer > ! :--:'-

now also Ö L.iirrg,'Celtiu .: - points and pror.ides c\ ti;r - historian. Fbr later studic: i,,.studies see A,tal'r-Hartins. /-'

-

-

-

-

LL

'(lneg urelse I puu purlarl 'sausef ltltu»t1sr,u.plo 3u1uo3'3urt.re11-:fe1X ees serpnts pJlJolslg r?lnsur otur qcto.rdde s(Etuoumuory Jqr rq3norq a,ruq qorq.{t sarpnN lotel rod'ueuolsrq B sE Jatuturz 3o luourdole,rep äqt ur eloJ s(uesurutorN roJ eJuepr^a sepr:ro;d pue sturod oruos uo arntcrd s.rs.{atrry sttrptJtuol qcrq.tr ',,{ueursg Jo sJBIoqJS crt1o3, €urg1 O osle,r\ou tnq'.sratuturT q3rruraH ss?1lteN, ';e.{e1,X aas ,l,.rotsrq;o uorldecuoo s(Jeururrz uO"tuau.xtuo[) aqt

pur yuolSug'uosr,ra1

16r r

r-96or pue gl-otl'dd

'dsa ',ua8unpurqre,rslepuuH, 'taustxrT

'fyyeroedse 'oeg I '@n-Lt. 'dd'aau1) lsroH Jo ttqt patsurtuor ag ,{eru (,ras.lng änbsetnlrrn etrr1,) qcsnr;E Jo uorlrpr or{t glr,r\ :pepnltxe eru tserelur yecrSoloaqr .(lpdrcur.rd Jo suortJos :3re1 qcrq.u ur'nstng otll eql se r{Jns lxet ? Jo }uarutreJl str ur palJeuer IIer\ sr HCW äql (seluou;tr äes socJnos ;o uorludnccoerd lsrcrrolsrq aqa 'zt-t 'dd'sasu(ta1ug lDrt,tltstH toatC Jo esn str pue rtueurnuory eqt uO z ':eded srqt 3o stcadsr snorte^ qtr.& eJuutsrsse pue tuarua8ernocua ro3 ,{pea,g .ra3ruuaf pur uqq5no1,6 uoa 'ururor3 O ,r{qlg6l 'urerro3 6 qp?g)uuog ',terrn1q ur,ra;tr 'rur,rqtulq rew snrrreäS '>1e1n1uef uare;1 'a11i,rurnq pr,req ',{a.rej uqof 'yyge3 IeBqJrW 'sse8.rng ui19 'afsrog auqanbcef 4uer{t o] trllur)edsa e{rl plno,r\ I r

Jeqlo puE uepuäJg

ls

'rz 'duc uI palrod:rr \ aaltc II raq!'I 'et-rtuopnrli t'i iro8arrl 8r '(t§ u [ir -q PF "' oi-rll3rrl Lr '(g!- dr' ' .

ostperud

-.

'ou;e1u4

Jo se^rT eqt ur slrelep Jo tuel'utseJl aqt ,(q peterlsnllr

IIa^\ sr peeu srql 'slr?lep l4uaprcur ,{ldturs äJE eseql lBql uoEdtunsse Ie3rlrJJun uB uo Jou pu? e^rlBrreu errlue er{l Jo lxeluoc eql ur 31Ep r{3ns Jo suorlcunJ

aqt ol prB8er enp qtrÄ\ aq tsntu 1r ,{qderSor8Bq ur tueluele o^rtdrrJsep oql ruou pere^oJer oq ot eJE oJII lelrelpru uo BtBp JI 'slxol qcns Jo uorlJunJ .(re.ra1r1 pue snor8rler egl Jo SurpuBlsrepun rno ot elcBlsqo uB po^oJd e^ErI .{Eru 'le,ra,uoq 'serqder8orq (slures Jo asn qJnS ,{qdrr8or8eq Jo suortdecJad ,suerrolsrq sJnoloc .,(lptuauepung ,(pn1s lucrJolsrq Jo searB .,{urru ur pue r-(sJossoccns Jreqt pue uosr^e1 'tautuuT Jo IJo.r\ eql q8noJqt serpnls ftlnsul oJur JeAo perJJrf, uaoq seq ltotllslpsaC pve Uodsuer] '1e,ru1 sessacord JoJ ecuepr^e su ,(qder8or8uq 3o elqBIrB^B ,{rotsrq I?rcos pue cltuouoce IB^arporu.{Fre 3o eJntcrd polFrrll eqt luer.uelddls ot alrila s(}urBs Jo uopceläs B lrpe

Jo esn srql z'secrnos JrlBruoldrp luoJJ

o1 scrrolsrH esruBruJec elus(unuow eql Jo srolrpe eql .(q uorsrcep eql o] Sul,e\o 'sarpnls le^orpetu,tFua ur tuälu^eJd ,(lercadsa uaäq seq uoBdunsse srql 'slue^e snor8rleJ Jo saArlBJJEu ur ,tllueua^pBur pe^JesaJd are uortdrunsuoJ puB ep?rl ',(Solouqcet ot Surureuad Blep leqt uoDdwnsse eqt tuo{ speecord esn qcnsT_lr'eJrl IBrJalEr.u JoJ acrnos IscrJolsrq 3 se pesn flapr.tr ueeq sBr{,{qder8or8efl

7u1pooll 'W uaffiauof

'r.1 :

-

--

{lqtlua esoql 'uJep,,.: : e Jo SeuolSJeuJoJ aL{r - -

eql o] ssuelslxe e^Er{ plnos eq 's,tn

o11o3

*-

uBLLIrr.

lrql )**--

r{JIq-\\

JOt d

rL-

eq] qu^a peusprnq pL.: -: esuelues aql qll \\ sfru- ; -rllnuod rlH 'qteep -r{ - : 'uuutule{Jur,\ Jo it{d:: i

ou (.i - . '. l

'anbtun suBeur

aqt 8ul]]Ituo

iq 'p.r \-r:.- -

peppu orllrt. 'Er uuopn:t-l ,-

go .(roSeJO 1(tr;odLu:-

,(qderEoFBH pelule-{ puu uequlnlof ur EoS Eul^lT or{} puB seplH pBocl :tBog s(uBpuerg

]s

srpun8epe6 'qlra;, ul *. .,* 'r{JIrlAA Jo euo 'se Ir r J r ; ']uIBS eq] Jo tltuap :i-1. S(SnJEUnlJ0l - * -

§

u1!,r1

Jonathnn

78

M.

Wooding

closely related oitae, as well as vernacular irnrnrama. These'voyage'tales have, of course, been subject to historicist interpretation of their broad narratives by exploration historians and hyper-diffusionists as representing pre-Columbian Atlantic crossings - without such claims finding much acceptance by more critical historians.a The argument that these texts are reliable sources for individual material details has found more widespread acceptance: especially with respect to their depiction of the hide-covered boat, or'curragh', as a very common craft for voyaging around Irish waters in the first millennium A.D., and for monastic voyaging in particular. Study of a range of Hiberno-I atin and Irish texts indicates, however, that the hide-covering of such vessels has a

significant, possibly central, narrative function in literary representation of penitential voyaging, and in exegesis of certain pertinent Biblical passages. While not necessarily disproving the actual use of hide-covered craft in early

St

Brit:.i

,

little apprecii:: : wooden craft ma) h;-'. u t-. has been

alone any conside rü[],

r

.

.

described.

Two interpretir e p: . extent to which hasio-:-:- -

early Irish seafaring :l . * , scenario. The Andcr:,,r. attention to Adomn.ln'. -r pause to any attemprt t, , ,r: _ episode. Other \\ ork> ( : ::. to have travelled in a ,r1:\\ , stone. t t Do we har e en-, r; * . hide-covered craft Arc n. r such obviouslr- morc nt.: - - -

medieval Ireland, this identification of the hide-covering as an essential genre element in a penitential discourse has implications both for the attention which must be paid to all potential religious detail in hagiography and for the assumption by historians that any details in such texts can safely be regarded as inadztertently included from the broader material paradigm, and hence a reliable representation of everyday material life. Most works of maritime history have accepted the assumption that the hidecovered craft was the most commonly built vessel in pre-Viking lreland.s It has been accepted that references to ships in early Irish and Hiberno-Latin texts refer to curraghs, even where the lexical items used may be non-specific as to the method of construction of the craft.6 The assumption has been made that the hide-covered craft was the 'indigenous' vessel of Celtic Britain and Ireland, and support is seen to lie in literary indications of the predominance of hidecovered over wooden craft, of which explicit descriptions are very rare. Adomnän's use on at least one occasion in the Vita Columbae of the generic item nauis to describe a hide-covered craft is also taken to suggest that all such

comments by George l-.::.

nrtues were hide-covered.T

explored bl'

Debate has been frequently preoccupied with the question as to whether hide-covered craft are sturdy enough for extended ocean voyaging.8 But there

a medieval

in a hagiographical of reality?

nir:i:

Certainly, there can r; : and that its lineal de:. c I -. -: - is still used in Irelrn.- fepfesentattr',- *

COmmOn

"

craft in use. tl In non- r: :

Tim

Ser

erii

curragh. Sr.

_

:

'

L

-

-

tl . example: ratis as a metr)n\ .-' and n. 79). ro [,-ita !;';,,; .' Vita secunda. r r Henku: most comprehensire crh: :-_relationship of this crf,r: : '- . Courcl, Ireland , I re la t: .; Brendani describes such - - --Vo_yage.

For comment r.)t

-

.

Wooding, 'Monastic Voyaging', in idem, Other»orld. Voyages; O'Meara, Review. For a survey of hyper-diffusionist uses of Irish materials, see also Fingerhut, Who First Discoz;ered

4

See

America?,pp.rr-29. 5 Seee.g.Johnstone,SeacraftofPrehistorl,pp.26-7;Evans,'Saints and Skinboats'. Among general histories of prehistoric seafaring only Seän McGrail's seems

to present a balanced view on this point (Ancient Bzats, pp. r85-Z). 6 E.g. Marcus, 3-32; MacCullagh, Irish Currach Folk. 7 See below. 8 The effect of this has been to draw most investigation down the path of hyper-diffusionist attempts to prove the capacity or incapacity of hide-covered craft to cross the Atlantic (a redundant question in view of the everyday use of curraghs in Atlantic coastal voyaging); and, following the successful prosecution of such a voyage by Tim Severin, into heated debate concerning the authenticity of his reconstruction. This challenge was set up by Conquest of rhe North

Atlantic,

esp. pp.

'

Selmer,

p.ro), the simiirr::

?trauigatio

-as

\n.ell äs tr.r

i:-

- --

Cork (Hourihane and H : --\Ä/ooding, 'Biblical

\arri:

,

indirectll,, from a medir.,. :. _- hagiography 14 The urJ-rr--the nineteenth centur\ cün: - .

.

(UBJo

sI tI su qJns Jo ,{trnbrqn It^erpeu.{ue lreuer ot ualel eq louueJ,(rntuac qtueeteuru eql ur tJurrreuuo3 put ,{rre) Jo seäJE ur.$ot1wo»u eqt Jo esn puerdsapr,n eqa }r dqde:Sor8eq uI paqrrf,säp ler{t sE arurs aql .(11urlu:ssa sr qJnIAr rolsecue lt,rJrpetu e uorg {llcerrpur ro -(ltcarrp 'spuecsap Soqaoou eqt terlt rqnop altlrl seÄral - (,o,rrturre51 IuJIIqlg, €urpooT11 l.teog ,(rtuug, 'auolsuqof l,auorg re116 euenreulr), 'eueqrrnoll pue aueqrrnog) ryo3 tsa1\ ur rEIIrd euun.tuulr) eqt uo q8er:nc le^erpau u;o uorgcrdap aqt ot s? IIa.i!\ se - o1to&1nol1 eqt ur paqrrJsep leql or Soquroou uroporu er{t Jo u5rsap aql So itr.reprurs eql ,(o r .d ,reur1eg li 'dec) ra,ra,roq tatsun1,1 Ic^arpeu,(pee ur tlrnq adir B sE rJrrr u r{rns säqtrrsrp ruo?u?,t.g tl:tuog otlrlrnrlg är{t Jo ror{rnü eq} atoq16 '(gt 'd'r1s1tJ aqt f)uü ?uolatJ ,pue1ar1 ,{crno3 eq) scrluc auros fq pauorlsenb ueeq srq rolseouu Iu^arperu slr ot UEIJ srqt 3o drqsuorlelar roerrp eqa trsalro,to7 t1sttt,tg '11aunl1 aas ,,(pn1s crqde:Souqla a,rrsuaqardruoc lsotu al{trod zr ',spue3e1 uerotleg,'osuolyi6-96'dd'stulosqqalL,l(ue>1ue11 rr .opunrasofil7 eq] uI oslg 't6ü 'd '.oorta6'S, 'uealsoJg ur '6 'duc 'tto4a4 qtuog nw.td ult q ot .(64 .u puu L-99'dd 'uosrapuy pue uosrapuy) gt'I JA 'ugutuopy 'stnzu toJ tu.{uolaru u se srwr:aldurexe rog 6 '(esrptJed, 'Surpoo7g osle l.nar.rea'truary,6 oäs enssr srql uo tuJruruoc tog.a7otoTl urrpuatg 'urre,ro5 l6rrd'fa71,7 atfi ol putl.J 'eqsy luopua.tg .eyur1 aag .qSEUnJ Iu^erpaur e

Jo uortonrsuorar

B

ur ep?ue3 ot puEIerI uor3 e5ufo,r

iq dn les su,r\ a8uallru: -ii(8u€eio^

_

Ietseof, JrJur. -,r

r) crluully eq] ssoJJ (,1 r-.-- , tsluolsnJJrp-rad iq Jo iirr. - - - .ltoleq aes L ,l loJ t! ' : " 'sncrury'3'g g '(1-ir- -tl, '

sruees STIIEJOJI\

sluIBS, 'suu.,rE

uIeS

iL-gz d.i

'

paDc7rst1 ts,t1g 0u l1 'rn ...- - : B Jod ',{aar^oä 'urea1\.t I

-

eJeq] ]nfl ,'6ur8r io r '.:-1 Jel{leq.& ol sE uons:r : - -

L-9L6t sttTur urro^as tulJ iq paroldxa

st,rl pur'(so96r eqr ur) aqsy ier;3oag ,{q pue (soi6r aqr ur) e1ur1 e3.roag dq sluauuoc

r1ons IIE

lurlt tsaSSrl( -

-

-

''

ctreue8 eq] Jo a tt tf itt r .'eJEJ dra,t eJE suoiltl:: - - -eplq Jo eJuuulruop:.:.: - tpuelarl pue uIEIIJB ri*-: ,

uEJc psre^oc-eprg 3r{1 'seslnos qsrJl dlrBe rrqdsr8or8Br.I-uou uI 1r.esn ur lJerJ (eAI]?u, snotrnbrqn eql Suraq tr ot enp sr .,(qdurSor8eq w uorlBtueseJdeJ uoruruof, slr lBr{1 en3J3 o1 reqloue sr 1r :puelorl ur esn ur lesse^ IBer B sE^\ lE^erpou (sr ]Lr'eprq u?r{l JerIlEJ u?rc peJe^oc-epq eqr l?qt e^oJd o1 3uF{1 euo to^e,$oq qlolc pärrBt fq pa.re,r.oc q3noqr '.{up tuaserd eqt ur puslerl ur posn IIps sr .r{slrl Jetsunry w Sgtltalvu E per,urel .,{11eraue3 - luBpueosop IEOurl slr terll pue 'tsrxe prp Uerc pere^of,-eplr{ B ler{l tqnop snorres ou aq uec eroqt ,f1ur.:-}-l:-f-

-

-

]Etll epBlu uosq srq u .-: ot sE cllrcads-uou aq ' : -slxel urlBT-ouJeqrFI l' -, sBtl lI s'puelerl SulII \---- -ep1{ eq} lurll uortdlUr:--r l

_^

iAIII?3J JO uortstueseJder B ,{ldurs sl oplq }Eq} orunssB,{q,tr 'e,rrlurreu pcrqde.r8orsrq u ur suonJunJ crloqru.,ft,{1ernd e,trq ugc euols pug sffilS tpro,r\ Jeqto uI 'suortBrf,osse JI JrqdEJSouoJr Jo o^TJBJJ?u JoJ sJor{lnB Jreql .{q ep?lu er? UEJJ sS313 pue euots Jo suorlBlueseJdeJ ,(lqBlunsard isuorl?lusseJdeJ snolnssJflu eJoru ,tlsnor,rqo qcns

ustll SuIsE.{o^ IeJrJelc Jo dtleer eq] qll,&\ peureJuoc aJotu

eJE UEJ3

pere^oJ-epq

ur SuUe^BJl slures Jo suoEdrJJsep ler{l a^erlaq ot uosear due e.teq e,ü. oC rr.euols Jo slBoq uI pelle EJl a^eq ol ples ore slulss raqlo or'lBoq ssEIS 8 ur pe[e^BJt e^Er{ o] pres sr JoJled ]s 'suorlsenb Jer{unJ esrer,(qderSor8Bq Jo $lJo.&t. raqto .eposrda euo Jo srsBq oql uo stnüu Jo 3sn srq roJ Surueol'u E en8rB o1 ldrueue duu o1 esned e,tr8 ppoqs qclq-/r^, 6(sluJ3l elurlrJBr.u Jo esn luelsrsuorur s(uBur.uopv ot uoEuellB Merp (aoqwnllC otll eql uorlrpe r96r rrer{t ur (suosJepuv orIJ 'orreuaJs Jo (pelueserd rr3 os Surreseas qsul .,(Fre lear ,(uu Jo o^rlelueserdeJ se ue{e} aq uBJ Jo slepotu eqt Jo IIB ol IBJtuec erB r{orq,&\ 'slxe1 lecrqder8or8rq rlJrrl.r\ ol tuetxe aqt suref,uoc tsru ar.lJ 'eJeq pegquepr oq,teru suelqo.rd a^rtaJdJelur o,ltJ .peqrrJsep arE UBrc 8ulo8-eas qcrrl^\ uI slxeluo3 .,{ruretrl eql Jo uorlBreprsuoJ .tue auolu le1 'qstr1 uBItsIJtlJ ,(Fee aqt .(q esn roJ uesor{J ueeq e^?q ,ruur tgerc uepoo.&t ro ur{s raqlre .(qÄ1, suosBor Jrr,uouoJe-orJos aql Jo uorlBr3äJddu e1rr11 ueeq seq

elqEIIeJ E eJusrl

puilr-r: :-l

sB papreEar aq i1alrs u: - - eql JoJ pue -iqdrr'i, ,i-t: qrlq^e uorluetlB eqt r - _ -

eJuo8 I?Iluessa uu sr

ilrea uI

-t

*: - :

rr

UBJJ peJJ \clr-

'sa8essed

-

Iurllqlg lu) ;:--

:

Jo uolluluese;d ar i.t r - -- e seq slosse^ r1Jns I{ -'- pue UIIET-ouJeqIH , :-i puB t'C'V ulnluuelltlu

.r,

'

t.-r :: :

,(llercedsa :eouetd ef,tr

JoJ SecJnoS

elqEIIeJ:j:

\

eJour ,,(q ecuuldetrr t*.'-.--. uulqlunlo3-erd Sunu)r .:- j

{q salr}EJJEu puoJq Jrru.- : te,teq selul ,a8u io.\. e(.r --

rlaS 3u7c77 aryt puo sapaH p?)ae :ta0g s(uupt,ta,tg tS

6L

8o

Jonathan

,t[.

Wooding

appears as simply one type of vessel amongst several which were in use.'5 Sufficient evidence exists to show that wooden craft were used alongside hidecovered craft in early medieval Ireland.'6 However, this evidence that wooden craft were used carries no implication that wooden craft would have been regarded as superior for ocean voyaging or that wooden craft would necessarily have been the commonest type of craft in use, replacing the hide-covered vessel entirely as the 'Celtic' ship type. One of the singular failings of maritime history as a genre has been its adherence to evolutionary models which start from the assumption that individual ethnic groups built only single types of craft as a matter of tradition.'7 The argument that 'Celts' exclusively used hide-covered vessels, Germanic peoples clinkerbuilt craft, and Mediterraneans mortice-and-tenon built craft, reflects outdated isolationist models which deny the probably various use of technology for

different functions, regardless of which ethnic group may have initially designed any one type of craft.'8 This assumption that the early medieval Irish were locked by tradition into one choice of maritime technology has not served to advance our understanding of the specific roles played by the hide-covered vessel as one of a number of types of craft available in early Ireland - let alone the specific functions of its representation in hagiography. When Adomnän in YCII.4z describes a voyage by monks in search of an oc*an deserturn, in a nauis ('ship') with a pellicium tectum ('hide covering') and, three chapters later (II.45), describes curucae in use for towing logs, should we accept either of these descriptions as simply representing real events? The curuca'e

most probably due to reintroduction from Clare in the mid-r8oos: Synge, 1z Wicklo»,p. r5r; O Criomhthain, An tOilednach, p. r7oi Hornell, 'Curraghs of Ireland', p. zo. Also see De Brün,'Windele's Visit', pp. roo-r. Synge and O Criomhthain state that smaller, cheaper craft were required as declining markets for fish made bulk fishing with larger crews, from'Seine

Boats',lessprofitable. r5 Seee.g.theearlylrishlawtractUraicecht"Becr'sdiscussionofthe status of boat-builders, who might be builders of: 'lerlonga [sea ships], and btirca [merchant ships], and curaig' (Binchy, Corpus iuris, pp. 1615, zzSo and 432). Long, from the Latin compound longa nauis, is undoubtedly a word for a wooden craft: see Wooding, Communication and Commerce,p. g. 16 This evidence includes such archaeological finds as the Lough Lene boat from County Westmeath (Raftery Pagan Celtic lrelantl, pp. zo8-9; Brindley and l,anting,'Roman Boat', pp. ro-r; O hEailidhe,'Monk's Boat') and the controversial boat model from Broighter in County Derry, (Farrell and Penny-, 'Broighter Boat', pp. 15-28; Warner, 'Broighter Hoard'; Neill, 'How Carson Caught the Boat'); as well as references in Adomnän and in the early Irish laws (Flanagan, 'Ships and Shipping', pp. 3-8; Wooding Communication and Commerce, cap. z). 17 As Maarleveld has argued ('T1,pe or Technique?'), marine technology was by definition mobile and transferred easil-v from community to community. 18 For recent discussion of the movement of ships between peoples in the late Roman period see e.g. Haywood, Dark Age Naaal Por»er, p.3r. For argument along the lines of ethnic singularity see Jones, 'Mast and Sail', p. 47; idem, End of Roman Britain, p. gz n.48; Brindley and Lanting, 'Roman Boat', p. r r. 19 In Harvey et al., Archiae, this item is cited only from Gildas and Adomnän, in both instances in ablative plural. The nominative forms used here are those given in Latham and Howlett, Dictionar.y, q.v.

.Sr

reference, which occur- .: Adomnän's tendencr. : :boats as a form of clc. *: -

inshore waters \\ ou id : : :

namely its abilitr to n:' . reason wh). in this c.:-r reference to the ocetn ', , :

Patristic literar\ dis.,,-r.

-

voyaging, not alu ar > h., - la hide-covered crati ,,j, *. genre, as well as pracrt - - References bl Clf,-. -*

covered craft freq u tr: ,

through second

. r : t, i,: ,1 \

cen

Diodorus,2'tr Plinr.

.

L.r

. --

several descriptions i.. . r barbarians to conducr

.

--,

l

-

-.

a poetic Cr)nsu.t ,' whether derived dirccl. barbarians na\ igatc r i. u : occurs in Avienus's (), quotes a lost Nlassilir ,s' !'. OCCUTS aS

Under the heati . : natives. In it rhc - -

Thev lie

u

idcl',

-:- -

hardiness in rhs r; : They' are all c( )n. r; l

troubled sea enJ

\

these men do nr ," ..*

not hollou' our 1,"-: . marvellouslr h[ , ,*: salt water on

lc;t:

:-:

20 VC II.+S (Anderson r: -. indeed a term used to dr--: Strabo, Geograltltictr ( Tr,nc..

-

these sources see Rri..i--(Oldfather and \\alton. rr: :-- 26 See below,, note jt. 2: note 30. zg Ptt n t,g.1,t'; . t ii.4zB-3 r ). -

'( r

[-gzf

'rr

'r-oSrr 'uos.rapuy) tr-elr,r'1114 olols!.dg itL-6gt. seutlsnilak, uo .)t,tiiaut)d 6z .oC atou (.tro1eq aag gz '(§-fgrdd .gnq) S-ütrillt)rlttsiltr.ld'uecn1 Lz .zf atou [o1aq aag 9z '(96r'rr ''1u ra ueq>1cuX) gr'l\l Dr.rlts,tl sqomwN ',{uq4 §z '(1,-üS rrrr 'uor1e711 pue reqtr3p16) zz'X rio,tqtT 1orttotstH 'snlncrg snroporq üz 'soaq?C4 'ueruasoX ees salJnos asaql ,oqertg Jo uorssnJsrp e,rrsuaqa;druoc luecäJ tsotu oqt.rog tz '(L-gL'r.r.,sauofi anqdnlSoap 'aroprsl .{q rJurc perei\of,-äprq aqrrrsäp ot pesn Iuret B paopur '(S-}Irdd 'uosrapuy puu uos.repuy) 9i'1 31 oz

'J) zz 'rZ'!'XIX aoßo1owr(tg

sr otqdotg

tz

ir{oleq eos uorssnJsrp rog

't'b

'i{'tt?uou.)tO

'llJI \\{ I i

'1em1d e^rlulqu Lrr

srrur--

,-

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tuor; flrsee peJJaJSurrl .'--

adia,) panS;u suQ

irl,r

r-'*:-,

'dd ',SutddtqS pur s.{lq .IIea su l(,teog oqr rqrnr ratq8rorg, liuued pux i,r--- l eq] pue (.reog1 s.Iu(,1\. l6-9oz 'dd'put7f arl .',. :.-i spug lucr8oloerqr.rr Li''' - - ' 1

drqs e ro; ,(eurnol .(ep-o,tt1 E sr eJeql 'eraq ruo.rg tng 'reqlBel uo Jele,r\ lles lsB^ eqt q8norql unJ ueuo pue sur{s peuro[ qll.&\ slBog tno tg dlsnolle^rBur

sB

s.(E/lrle,{aqt reqteg 'seert rg luo4 'sr ruotsnc aqt sB ttrlce,t tno ,rolloq lou op ,{ar{J 'aldBur Jo eurd qtl!\ slee{ uoqsEJ ol ,$ou{ tou op uel,u eseql rod 'ur{s Jo sJJI{s qlr^\ useco pellrJ-retsuoru^\oq Jo IIe,&\s pue Bes pelqnort

'Sutpoo,tt ees :UrJr ...,'

urlu'I eq] tuo{ '3tr,,7 :: : : ' -.. - -

luuqJJeut) u.t.ru{ pur

,{lapltr oqt .(ld faqa 'ecrautuoc qlr,e\ peuJecuoJ .{ltuelsuoc 1p are deqa 'sseusnolJJsnpul tuelcuJo ue (lurds pnord u 'e.raq eldoad aql ur sseurpJerl

3tl] Jo UOISSnJSIp S..'.'.,6r euläS) {.uoJ; ts,§eJl Jf,.,:i:. _

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'- -. UBJf, redueqo tellurus trl aC aes oslv 'oz 'd'.f ui --.

qonlu sr erer.lJ 'p?el pue urt ur rlJrr ere pue lrede dlepu ery .taqa

': : 6rüJ11,.t?1,J eqJ . Slur r: ]dacce e,t,t. plnoqs '5.ir,: ' eeJql 'p,r, (,8uua \ot ;r;.: ul sIU(}-L -

:soJoqs ueeco orlt Suole e8uÄo,t e Surqrrcsep sn1dr.ra6 etorfssuw lsoy e selonb ,(pasoddns rloSl,u 'cv drnluac qlrnoJ eql Jo awltxlotu ato s(snuer^V ur srnJJo aser{t Jo pelrslap lsolu eqJ ',eplg E ur, ees (rISr}rrB, eql elBsr^Bu suBrregJBg oqt qclq^\ ur - reeloun sr lou Jo to1fu,ta( 4aetg eqt tuog .{pcerrp pe^rrop Jeq}eq.r 6"snluopr§ puE 8zsnuer^v L.'uBanlJo s{Jo,e\ egl ur lreJuoc crlaod B sE sJncco relel e8Br.ur sr.lJ 'spuEISr IElsBos punorB pu? ur scJar.uruoc tJnpuoJ o1 suerJsqJBq

lrSrd'aryq.)rNl uI'aiu,.,.,

'tno se^losureqt qcteJts sapruu.,{rtseo pollBr spuBISr aqt tr uI .se^rJBu eqt roJ uedo serl ,,{eq cluuirlseo äqt ',{totuotuo.rd snlt Jo peeq eql Jepull

se IIe,&\ se

u8rr peJe^o3-eprq

8

(8ur8e,{o,r

ß

aas Zupcy7 aLü purl sapxH ptta7

:talg

.

.

uB JO t{JJEeS

-

culal eqt .{q esn ur UEJJ pere^oJ-epq go e8erur aqt sr suortdrrcsep IEJe^es ol JolBuruousp uoIIItuoJ v 'sJer{lo Suorue ,",oQzrls pue 9"{uq4 l.,snroporq Jo s{ro,r\ eql uI punoJ eJe suortdrJcssp qJns sz'J'fl serJntuec puoJes q8norqr quu eqt Jo x7ldr.tad {eaJc tuou u?d ur ro 3loq,r\ ur 3^rJep se^las[ueql r.IJIrl,e\ uBsco aqr Jo suorldrrJsep Jo lxeluos eql ur rnsco dltuanberJ uEJc psre^o3 -eplg ot ratel puu 'f 's tsru er{l Jo sror1lnB [EJ]ssBIJ iq secuara;aA ^JnlueJ (arue8 ,ftrper lecrlcerd

, rerelr1 Jo senssr o1 1ce(qns seuoJaq pesn dllsucB sE,n

rerlteq.u Jo uoosenb aqt ereH 'seldoad qsrJl pue rIsrlrJg,(q sde.ule tou -uaef,o JoJ pesn eJe^\ usrJ peJe^oc-apry q3[l^\ ur esJnocsrp,furre]q Jrlsrrt?d puE B u[I]r,r\ lrs o] uees eq feru'leae,troq .e8uio,\ uBeco erll o] ocusreJeJ IEJrssslS 'enls^ aceJ spro,{\ srq tdecJB tou plnoqs e,r\ esBJ srr{1 ur .(q,r uosear

oql

ou sJBedde eJer,{l os Ierrenlse pue Ieoqs elESr^Eu ot-[tlllqe s1r .,(laruuu ""'ste1a/,tr 'l3urc para,roo-eplq aqt Jo se8elue,tpe elqrlou sseuJerl plno,!. sJele^\ aroqsur ur srl8errnc Jo esn qcns 'sseleqlauoN rz'uorlerre,r lue8ela Jo uJoJ e sB sltoq roJ srurel lueJeJJIp Jo dterre,\ e .,(oldrue o1 'a,loqr pelou ',l,cuapuel s(urutuopv go aldurexe ue aq .,{eu o.'rqdats qlt.& Suole eserqd B ur sJncco qcrq,r ,ecua.ra;ar

r8

euole tel

- puelerf i1-:- -

pero^or-eplq eqt iq i-. : lou Seq i6o1,-ru.. - ' psAJaS

I{slJI Iu^arpatu ilrra )-.- -: ,{11urtrul a^Bq iuru d-. -. JoJ ,,t8o1ouqoel Jo r(: - -

p3]Eplno s]3eueJ 'uEi. -. * -Jo{UIIO seldoed rrurl; -' lueuln8re sqa 1r' uclrr :: : - )Iuqla lBnpr^lpur trLl_ ol esueJellpB SII uJrLt : : -

uI UBJJ Jo ed,il ]sau( rL* -* ro Sur8e[o,t ueeJo J( )l * .-: uollB3lldtul ou serJrr a :-: \ -apFI spls8uole pesi-I tr-.: c1'eSfl UI eJe.!\ t{JIt{ tt il-:

s(uapuarg tS

8z

Jonathan

M.

St Brr,. i.

[Ifooding

to the Holy Island - thus the ancients called it. This island, large in extent of land, lies between the waves. The race of Hierni inhabits it far and wide. Again the island of the Albiones lies near.3o

The canonical interpretation of this

passage is that

of O'Neill Hencken, who

argued that the Oestrymnides are Britain and Ireland, and that Avienus refers to traders coming to Brittany with tin and lead from Cornwall.3' It may be debated, however, whether the (what I suspect to be) common underlying source for these references to voyages in hide-covered craft was originally concerned with Britain at all. There can be no doubt that by the late-Roman period the hide-covered craft was most often understood as a purely British phenomenon. Strabo, however,

writing in the first century, states that hide-covered craft were previously built in Atlantic Spain.3' Christopher Hawkes has argued on the basis of the distances and details in this account that Avienus's source described a voyage to

the last point

\\

e

Irish hagiographr. B,,ii periploi into Roman Ic\.]. poorly understood

4o.

37 The Saxons in

it'.;.

-

the likelihood that rhs I: . derives from the Patrl:r - -

literary contexts

question are evidently those whom Gregory of Tours describes as living on islands in the

[r-r

image of the hide-co\ r r; -. consider the corrrrnr,)n ic- . -

coastal navigation

Marcus, 'Factors', p. 3r3; Jones,'Mast and Sail', p. 47 and n.

' ,

Spain rather than Britain,33 with the Albiones and the Hierni being Iberian

vertice sinus dehiscit incolis Oestrl'mnicus, in quo insulae sese exerunt Oestrymnides laxe iacentes et metallo divites stanni atquae plumbi. multa vis hic gentis est, superbus animus, efficax solertia, negotiandi cura iugis omnibus, netisque cumbis turbidum late fretum et beluosi gurgitem Oceani secant. non hi carinas quippe pinu texere et acere norunt, non abiete, ut usus est, curvant faselo(s), sed rei ad miraculum navigia iunctis semper aptant pellibus corioque vastum saepe percurrunt salum. ast hinc duobus in sacram, sic insulam dixere prisci solibus cursus rati est. Haec inter undas multa[m] caespitum iacet, eamque late gens Hiernorum colit. propinqua rursus insula Albionum patet'. 3l O'Neill Hencken, -4rthaenlog.v of Cornmall and Sicily, pp. r68, r8r-3. 3z EtQ@ep(votg re nl,oiorq dlpdvro öo4 ärt Bpourou ör«i to6 rlrlpupi8oq rai rd tevd,yq, vovi 6e ru,i tci pov6(ulo riEq orccivtcx: 'Up to the time of Brutus I136 BC] they [the Iberians] used boats of tanned leather, on account of the llood tides and shoal waters, but now, already, even the dugout canoes are rare', Strabq Ceographica III.3 (fones, pp.76-7). 33 Hawkes, Pytheas. 34 Another factor may be the Classical error which sarv Britain and Ireland lying adjacent to Spain: see Baumgarten,'Geographical Orientation'. 35 Isidore, Etymologiae XIX.i.zr; Hegesippus, Historiae V.r5o (Ussher, p. 3zo).Hegesippus is quoted in Isidore's accounr. :6 E.S.

j

me

character of judgenlcn i. the basis of a handrul : :l These questioDs ,irr are the sources upon \\ :. - however, are the imp 1r , : : perilous Ocean in a hrcr

peoples, in which case the hide-covered craft described may also be Iberian though by Avienus's time now confused with British craft and even perhaps one of the bases of the conflation.3a It is also worthy of note that Sidonius's reference concerns Saxons, not Celts, as do references in Hegesippus and Isidore.3s The tendency has been to'correct' the former to'Irish'.36 While again this is a matter for another discussion, we may note that the identification of the hide-covered craft as an exclusively British and Irish vessel for ocean voyaging is by no means as clear cut as has been claimed. Rather, it is part of a much more general discourse for the depiction of barbarians on the Ocean shore - who, in the case of the Iberians and Saxons, may well have been actually using such craft in estuarial contexts where their special qualities would have been entirely apposite.rT On

3o Avienus, Ora maritima lines 94-r r z (N{urphy, pp. 8-g): 'Sub huius autem prominentis

'

-

Scp;r-:t

-

-

h1.-c-,

penitential conte\r. Th.. Ocean': a potentiallr !rr * separated from the lii liti . -. Such voyages took rhc i, ::statement of pe reg n n,t : ., Voyages as a leeal lcr,, codes, though -\Iarr IJ- :from ecclesiastical prr,- t - ; range of legal terts. I: : Hibernensis4r and C,i i ,: : Most often the pcn:.:' \ derives the word ctrrri':

,

,:

a 'boat of one hidc' -' , ' explicitly described in : Cuill to sea after he h;: r- r Loire in the fifth cenrur,, -- * on the beach as a norm: - -- - p. 6S); cf. Sidonius. E: I sensible words on rhis pi r:: recenth/ been frequentl'. ,- | .. - - - '

278; Flillers, '\bvages'. f Borsje, 'Tragedie r an F cr- *. 4z Meyer, Criin ,{tl a nt n,; i ,' . ; : : the craft is not describcd :. - _ quasi cimba .i. on noi tru;l. - - - similar context of nr1,rt!.ii. ; - -

? ur osn

slsnruoprs

g'

'n'(tz'o',,,:::;:,:;;;i;1:il?;fiX:;:#:1KlZ1l'JäAi'Jiät

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rl oü

6t gt

ur suoxBs eqJ !-L :: 'tunorlr \.,:.r '3'g gt, r. \l\ 'snddrsa5aH'. rz'

ro]f,BJ rer{}ouy

'raqleal peuuel or.Acodxa v(/

ft .+o

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slc,,:

Srorovv

alel anbtuea

:eldoed u.t\o srq Jo tuo{ ur spoep snordur sFI paruader seq aq reue ees ot ilrnJ f,cery spues IcrJlBd rS qcrq,.!\ ur (IJutBd tS Jo auua eqt ur peqrrJsap .(ltrcqdxe sl aplq auo Jo lässe^ B ur e8€.(o^ e 3o .,g1eued ar{I Et',epII euo Jo teoq, B 'LrdtiOy TeeJC ruorJ (,pururut e,) tluquta, prolr\ er{l se^rrep se pessol8 sr rlorr.{,r{

{3o1oru,{1e peureal Surprelslru ,{11ucrd,{r e 8ur>1uru 'ttassr4g s,tuu,t.trJ 'epevr uerc eql qcrq,!\ ruo{ seprq Jo Jequnu eqt seurJeds ,{11euad eql ueuo lsow

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ualnf, sn, '- , \

sr

zn'utouwopv utu) puB ,gxsaaufiQxft ,s1xe1 p5a1 go tunaluoi luJailoJ eqr q8norqr s,&r.EI .(1ree qsrrl eqt uor; a8uer E ssoJJE punoJ erB luouqsrund sII'Il Jo saldurexg or'ecrlJEJd lBJrlsBrselJca r.uoJJ pe^rJep tuauqsrund JEInJes aql l?rlt pen6r? sBr{ euJ.l(g ,{rury q8noqt (sepoc ,t\31 IBJrlsBrsslsce sB IIe,{4, s8 Jslnf,es uI punoJ eru .ftleuad 13331 E sB sa8?.,(o ? sr peqrJJsep,{lqeuosue; Jlostr $ qJrq \(uruuut7a.tad Jo tuetuetuls 6g'lJB ferluelrued (txoJuoJ E crtseuoru B ur (puu,{1puad p8el B Jo r{toq uJoJ eql {oot seS?.(o^ qcns

'opr{ peep Jo (sra.{Bl ere srä38.(o^ eql

ro te,(EI crpe1,(qdord e dq dpo Bes Surarl eql uro{ peluJedes qcrq^\ ur elJrr1a^ snolrJed 'eyqeeru.red dgequalod B :(u?eJO

.txeluoc

pollg-Jelsuoru, eql ur Ie^BJl roJ self,rr{e^ luase;der deqa lerlualrued ? ur fllu?uruoperd rncco slxel qsrJl ur UBJJ peJe^oJ-eprq - uorlesr,teu IElsBoc Jeqlo pue Suqsg roJ esn .,(rp.,fta.l,a ,tlqeqord uorS elurudes - slxetuoc .{reratrl uI 'reelc .{lSursearcur seuoJeq sa8eur IBJTsSEIJ puu 3rlsrrlzd eql ruo{ se^rrap UEJJ pere^oJ-eplq uI 5ur8eio,r Jo uorteluäse;der qsrrl eqt t€qr pooqqe{q eq} pelueserde.r sr srql qcrq,&\ ur stxeJuoJ aqt sernleeJ uoruruoJ eql raprsuoc UEr) Jo e^,\ ueq,&\ 'sseyeqtauo5i €urtr.r,u qsrrl dlrea olur UEJo pere^oc-epu.{ eqt 3o a8eurr slq] Jo uoISSIrusuBr] Jo qted eql aJeJl ol tlnJgJrp tr e{Btu 01 poo}sJepun ,{Food ,(puercggns eJE sJor.pne JrtsrJtgd ot lqop qsrJl er{t pur stxe} uutuou otut tolduad Iearg eqt ruory slrrtap Jo uorssnusuert Jo seurl eqt qtog ,{qder8offieg qsrrl ,,(yree ur q8er;nc eqt Jo uorlBluaserdar ,(rere1r1 erll JoJ eprrl E ur uBaJO snolued eql SurlrBs suBrreqJBq Jo Jrloru uoluluoJ srr{l Jo suorlecrldrur egl erB .re,Le,u.oq 'tueurlrad erow 'peffiq uaeq srr{ srsaql q8ur.lnJ eql qrrq,^. uodn secrnos eql ere uotturce;dde rno JoJ ef,uB^eleJ otuos Jo sre suorlsanb eser{J

palIuII

IErJBnlSs Ur UEJ] r{r

'- j

3qr Jo esBs eql ut ' -

.-

,

--

eSJnOJSIp IBJAUäS )Jr i;:*

-

sE suBäur ou .(q rl Euf , päJe^o3-3plq 3Q1 ,trr u -:

JenELU E SI SIql UIE.i,t r,: - 'r pur 't'-. -. ''

aqJ

cg'eJopISI

esueJeJeJ s(snluopls -: Jo euo sduq;ed ua ra

-

f *:

--

-

uBIrsqI Suraq rurerlj I - of e8u,{ol e paqIJJSri' : - - -

eq] Jo sISEq aql u( *:]Unq flsnoneJd Jr) i', -: . (oqBJls

)qr ; ' ir-r:

lJerr pereÄo3-äpF{

'ul..:

tJe,te.,!\ol{

-..

uIslIJB tlll:\\ peuJälur sseql JoJ äJJnoS Eur

*

'peluqap aq ieu t1 ,, 1.r , o] sJeJeJ snuer \- trll- : *: oq,!\ 'ua>1cuaH III)\.( r -

.t\oLI Jo

uo surreyues u,,uou-qns r",',,:','i,"lpl;*Ji:f;:Hf J::"1'"äTir',',',t','ffi]

e^Isnlcxe pur lecr.ro8stuc il8ursrrdJns eql alou .{luo .(eur e,u lurod

tg

uas 3u7c17 atü pult sapaH puao :tnTg s(uupuarg

1su1

eql

puB rEJ ll

strqtsqul Iu..":

luelxa ut e8rul 'purl.l -

--

-.

,

ts

8a

Jonathan

M. Wooding

St

They all forthwith believed, and Macc Cuill believed, and at Patrick's behest he went on the sea in a coracle

of fonly] one

hide.aa

As we will see, the choice of a craft of one hide accentuates the peril of being on the ocean. The voyage is also most frequently made without oars or sail, so that where the victim may drift is truly in the hands of God. The concept of penitential voyaging is not limited to this model of the placing of someone into the hands of God as a form of trial by ordeal. The idea of placing oneself in God's hands through an ocean voyage was an expression of peregrinatio pro amore Dei - the eremitical self-exile which constituted one of the fundamental expressions of the Irish monastic vocation.as The number of hides permitted in this case appears to have been greater, from which we may presume the degree of penance implied by an act of peregrinatio was less extreme than that required in a legal punishment. In a famous episode inthe Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, sub anno 8gr,

Three Irishmen came to King Alfred in a boat without oars, having stolen away from Ireland for the love of God to go on pilgrimage, they cared not where. The boat was made of two-and-a-half-hides and they took with them sufficient that they might have food for seven nights; and they came to land in Cornwall after seven nights.+6

good example

ßren,.t'.,,

of rhc n:

While Cormac

\r,-

came into danser>

:

:: _

the south u ind. h:* towards the regilr many nights. such : exploration, and ,: happened, after rht .:.

_.

.

around them 1]p1, ,... for thev \\-ere rt c . creatures co\-erini :. and these struck ii .: penetrate the skin-

.-

-

The monks were resclrr.i stopped short of fullr ,-. associate these creaturc> ' .' ,,

was Arctic mosquitoc:1

These pilgrims are named for us by the chronicler and there can be no doubt that this is a historical episode.+z In this case the figure given for the number of hides is 'two-and-a-half', which is the same in all recensions including the Latin.as References in Irish 'voyage' narratives indicate that the number of hides from which a craft is made is a measure of the degree of peril in which the penitents place themselves. An episode in Adomnän's Vita Columbae presents a

-

searching for a deserttlti: ;:. :where he encountere d r, -

_.l, -

however: they are onc r presenting differinq for n: .

-.

non-moral evil.s' Thc\ ;', tOcean is a perilous z,7.* Columba's namesake Tr,n:. As Carney obserr ctl. i:. a text which falls u irhr: I - perilous, infernal zonc. i,, -. -

44 'Rocreitset fochetoir huli ocus rocreiti

macc Cuill, ocus luid for muir hicurach oenseiched laforcongra Patraic', (Stokes, Tripartite Life, i.zzz-3). Cf. the 'nauim unius pellis' in

Muirchü, Vita (Bieler, Patician Texx, p. ro4). 45 Charles-Edwards, 'Social Background'. 46 'Frie Scottas comon to ,lElfrede cyninge, on anum bate butan elcum gereprum of

49 'Cum idem Cormacu: irr

Hibernia, ponon hi hi bestrlon forpon pe hi woldon for Godes lufan on elpiodignesse beon, hi ne rohton hwer. Se bat wes geworht of priddan hrlfre hyde pe hi on foron, 7 hi namon mid him prt hi hefdun to seofon nihtum mete; 7 pa comon hie ymb vii niht to londe on Corn walum', Anglo-Saxon Chronicle s.a. 89r (Plummer and Earle, Saxon Chronicles, i.8z). 47 See most recently Dumville, Review; Ireland, 'Some Analogues'. One feature which might give the reader pause, however, is the statement that the three exiles left in secret: this is strongly reminiscent of the formula, in Irish imrnrama and related texts, of the three supernumerary voyagers who travel without permission of their abbot. Nonetheless, the likelihood is that this is a real episode, whatever literary formulae might possibly have influenced its recording. 48 'In nauicula facta duobus coriis et dimidio' (Plummer and Errle, Saxon Chronicles, p. 83 n. 6).

noctes plenis uelis, äuStrr, il,r , cursu, eiusmodi nauigario ;'-contigit, ut post decimam c, *- _. - undique et ualde formiclahil.- , inuisae mare obtegentes uer,-:- _ *_ carinam et latera pupimquc ;. .-penetrales putarentur pencii_r_ :

r68-91). 50 Lethbriclge.

1/,

geographical knou'ledge. ir Corucretum,

l.

--

in which e.g. Drr,.

pp.74-Sl). Sr Borsjc. f1,,,,

,.

_

.dd,,(waug

',,{ro8e1y, ',(e.rg oslu ees tgogr ot sluq7 wotg,e{s;rilg tS .($_nL.dd .B.a {eurera] [-r r'1111 D.tnsuau ag) elqereprsuoJ tseratul qrlq,u ur,wntattuoS Ioot IrnJrC[ atoly s,seerltf4.Jo uorleuruB eruos eJB ,{agr teqr ,{1a>1q e.rou sr 1r 'a8po1.trou1 1ecrqde.r80a5 Ienpr ur uedratunoc .,(ue e,rrq ,,(aql 31 .eZ .d,ytwa11 puo uaruspaH ,o5pr.rqqral os .([6_99r 'dd

'uosrapuy pue uosrapuy] zt'l)L'uguruopy) ,assod arerleuad rntuaretnd r.Filauia slneu runpal urntcqled 1n (e:nsnclod luuqelJeJ IuoJ elr rue;ord ta enbrurdnd rJalel te rrrzurJrJ nledtul IIIqlJJoq eenb 'aulotlseq slruIu etlsaJur te eurtet turJeJJnJco salua5elqo argur oesrnur sr.rodrual pr ur enbsn eddrnb rurpaen-§ .seroJJet tuere5;nsuoc selrqeptrrroJ eplen te anbrpun

sallgBtuelsnsul auad uleptnb'ratp tueroq Iurl)ep te qrunb ruapsnra ureurJep lsod tn ,t€riuor epu^ .rnlBqeprn srlrqueuärur 1o 'runpou snsJnJxa ruelllnq er11n orluSrnuu rporusnre ,nsrnc leJeJJnJxe olJeJrp rleeJ ues11d srleuorrlrualdss pu'o1uan eluBu oJlsnE ,sr1en sruold selcou enbuapllol setp stroduel Ielsae 'IIIIX ,red su,rat B srn?u snra tunf, rueN jlrdaoc rrrlrlrrrad rueuoru pt enbsn edord 'acrn .rnlere5rleJ rJ?ru ouur3o ur eruel snJerrrJo] urepr un3, 6ü

puu Jeurrunld) ,olpllurfr t--

\

-

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ur-r

Jo tunr{era8 runJlr

s1,.-

.--

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'(punoJ8qceg IEI3oS.'.P:r,

ur ,sr11ad snlun uIlnru.

pellslasueo qf,EJnJII-{ JlIl'LJ

,snollred Jelle^EJ] B Jo sJueseJd er{l ,{q pelqnoü sr lsJg aql elrq^\ .euoz lBuraJur e otur og?do^ B Suraq pJrql eqt :arue8 (e8s.,to^, eql urqlr.{\ sll?J r{3rq^\ lxet B ,pe^Jesqo.,(eu;u3

3o aydurexo lserlrBa eql lueserd JBruroJ Jo se88.(o^ eql sy 'qeuof e4eseuBu s(EqurnloJ JO secuarJedxo eql qlr.&\ SurlEuoseJ sE IIe,t\ SB - oUOZ SnOIrJed e sr ueeco rIsrr.I^\ ur esJnocsrp rrlsrrl?d pue B puolx3 Äeqa ,g.I're IBJotu_uou IEJTSSEIJ Suquaserder ocuesse ur tnq tello^Brt or{t ol tgeJql Jo stuJoJ EurregJrp SuDuaserd (ses eql Jo sl$aq pcrqldru Jo serlerJe^ dueu eql Jo euo eJ? ,{äq} :re^el\oq 'elqrsues alour sruees uorl?uBldxe s(e(sro8 eurlenbcufogisaotrnbsotu Jrtrrv sB^r eJror.lc s,e8prrqqtal tuoJ - sernlBer) E3s Isnlc? rIlr.e\ seJnlBeJs essr{l etBrcosse ot epetu ueoq e^Er{ stduenv 'eprq eqt 8urler}euad d11ng go lror.{s peddots aollt$aq eqt puu sre.,(trd rreqt dq prsd rraqt tuo4 pencsar ere^\ s{uotu er{J

eql qolqa uI ll;ad

ir,r

sepFl Jo reqr.unu eqr

r*-

- .-

:-r--i:

l:--

:

eq] Surpnlcur suolsu:r- -i---.: Jo JaqLUnu eql JoJ ut \t-i

eure3 ,(aqt puu lslqSlu r-r ' r-

rlll^a {oot ,(aqt pur s:1,-.-: lou peJuc daqt 'a5utut::- . * *

6r'dlqs oqt Jo EurJe^oJ-ur{s eqt e}Br]aued

pue aJJerd ot elqr tq8noqt are,tt .,(aqt e 8uoJls t?q] os qtl,u, ,arord tsnrqt puB uJals eql (seprs puB ruoDoq eql lildur elqrrrel qlr.&r {Jn[s aseq] puB

lsrurt tuqt aroJeq uees ueeq re^eu psq se qcns ,Bes eql Suueaor serntgeJc 11eus snore8uep ,{18urpeaJxa put etuosqleol ,{q reru ararrr .{eqt .lo; lorral go slce(qo InJpBeJp ,(ra,r pue 3urtu1eqr,r.;e,ro lsorrrl, r.uaql punore qtueelrnoJ er{l Jo rnoq qtual eql reu? ,peueddeq IIe ssorB eJegl tBql "(epeq plnoc ereql qrrq.{\ ruo{ euo 1r os puv 'uJnJer ou pu? (uorlBroldxa uurunq eguer eqr puo.{ag eq o1 pereedde e3e,,r.o,t B qcns ,s]q8ru duuur Jo sB pug s,trp rauluns ueeunoJ ro3 .,{>1s urorluou eql 3o uorset oqt spre^Lol puBI r.uoü esrnos lqSrBrts 3 ur slrBs IInJ r.I1l&r ue^rrp peq ,pur,tt qlnos eql ,{q u,uo1q 'drqs srq uer.l1\ .rilBep srq pesneJ .,(peeu leqt sre8urp olur eruec eq 'ueecg Jo eas eq] ur erurt prrr.It eql lo3 Suunoqel se,^a cBtuJoJ ellq^A

t

SI}JJE uB olul tlUou 3np poIJJEJ sela'ueeJo eql ut runuasap e JoJ Surqcreas 'ceturo3 snuu7aad aqJ 'prad slqt Jo orntuu eqt Jo elduexa poog

oas 3u1c77 ault puu sapxH poa7

:fitlg

r

68 ouur u.t -

ssal se^a oxlltut.t8at,ri ,(utu eA\ LIJItll&

-l

-

uoJI 'J:-r:

-

-

-

Jo Jeqlunu OLIJ st'u()Ilr Jo euo p3]nulsuoJ t{rlq ','. ..

eq] Jo lapol'u slt{l ol l'-r'pc)q

os

-'

-

'

Jo sJEo lnoql| r,, :;: --;o pred äqt selrnr * r

(1tes

Sureg :slseeq SurSurts Jo ruroJ ar1} ur aallxtsaq peretunooue eq erer.l^\ uor8eJ

ellq^a Sg

11'JPIL{ '-r;

s({JIJlBd lB puB 'pe \11i--

s(uapuatg tS

86

Jonathan

M.

St Bren,i.ii:

Wooding

who has come without permission. The travellers in the third voyage are redeemed by their faith in face of peril - these are all genre features found in the immrama and the St Brendan dossier.s' Cormac's voyages, however, are also most probably hagiographical representations of genuine voyages which were made from Iona - or which included Iona53 - and which also provide data which occur in episodes inthe Nauigollo, various immrama,and the Liber d,e mensura orbis terrae of the ninth-century geographer Dicuil. Whether the purpose of these voyages was principally for purposes of peregrinatir or experimental science or, more probably, a combination of both - remains a matter for debate;sa as indeed does the veracity of the different episodes which have been claimed to depict actual Atlantic or Arctic locations.ss Without rehearsing these debates here, the fact that genuine voyages at least partially inspired Adomnän and the authors of the other voyage narratives requires us to consider whether these

voyages were indeed conducted in hide-covered craft - whatever literary symbolism may also have become attached to the hide of such vessels. Dicuil, who might be regarded as the soberest of the reporters of these voyages, describes a iourney to islands north of Britain in a'two-benched boat'.56 The use of a taxonomy of benches to describe boats is found elsewhere in an Irish milieu where, for example, the Senchus Fer nAlban describes a warship as a 'seven-bencher'.57 The latter is clearly a wooden craft, but there seems no reason to assume that the bench taxonomy is exclusive to wooden ships. A 'twobencher' is probably a smaller vessel - though perhaps not proportionately, as a warship such as is described in the Senchzs necessarily requires oarsmen for manoeuvrability as opposed to a sailing boat used for non-military purposes, which may only use oars when close inshore. A 'two-bencher'might very well be a hide-covered craft. Considering the evidence of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

for actual monastic \'0\ r-;possibility that Dicuil i. r. the material from \\ hich r: Cormac's naal.s ha.: i, .lthen that it has a hide-r, ,. r-l possible alternatir e mc;: : will sink the ship \\ irh rhr- : r

inescapable conclusion i. . Why then does Adc,nr::

so only three chapters f uri narrative a tvoyage ' talc ,,\ L_ understands a cltru('rl as i ,:.., Adomnän's inconsistenI L- varied here perhaps to hI::., for narrative reasons \\ J.: : An incident u,hich rrru.r :

;

the Irish Immram Cur.,it,_' : peril presented to hide h., ir: out in a boat of three hitl.. :

'That which rr e :L,c .\ elder. The beasrs r i:.:: lower hides of thc h, j: able to save us thr_)u_ desire to destro\ L1>. : -

The boat is of 5z Carney,

Review. 53 Both St Brendan (of the Alltraige) and Cormac (of the Ui Liathäin)

are most probably from south-west Ireland, and we should be careful not to assume that the voyages to such locations as the Orkneys, Faroes and Iceland were necessarily by monks of Iona, even if they are reported from there. The voyages of which Dicuil writes, for example, might be voyages from the south-west which simply visited Iona. Cormac's first voyage, for

example, commenced from County Mayo (VC I.6 [Anderson and Anderson, pp. 3o-r]). 54 See O Fiaich, 'Vergil's Irish Background'. For recent discussion of Dicuil's data see Bermann, 'Dicuils De Mensura'. 55 See Wooding, 'Monastic Voyaging'. 56 'Duorum nauicula transitorum'(Dicuil, De mensura VII.r4 [Tierney,p.74]). 57 For the term'uii sese' see Bannerman, Stud,ies, pp. 42, 59-6o. Cf. 'sechtsesach', O'Davoren's Glossary §478 (Stokes, 'O'Davoren's Glossary', p. z7z). lohn Carey, who has kindly advised me on a number of points with regard to this topic, has drawn my attention to a reference in In Tenga Bithnüa to the ability of an öenses ('single-bench boat') to penetrate a black poisonous sea in the north full of monsters (Stokes, 'Evernew Tongue', pp. rrz-3). I would suggest that this is a reference to the same story as in the third voyage of Cormac and Imrnram Curaig Üa Corra. This seems to support an impression which I have had that the enumeration of either hides or benches in the order of one to three is in some cases synonymous in indicating a small craft used for penance. It is also possible, however, that,ienses is a mishearing of öenseiched. they are certainly easily conflated by the ear.

a

thicknc>>

:

two. To be on the sea in , ,:u a penitent. Even in this r;>., I creatures of the sea musi , r-;

This poinr is madc r Irish authorship. On thc -,_: Curu,meonlts) he suggcs tr,l * Albus of lona) or Cumfir,;this has been a contro\ sF..; 58 Indeed,

tectum. is

cognlrt

,

\-.

(Stokes, 'I{üi f)orra', pp. j Ro-treaghdsat na piasra indr:-

sin", ar in sruith. '.As tualu Corra, cap. 66 fStokes, .Hur

r

i: (

_

:

.

-

'r-o8

r 'dd 'dse ',anbrlrr3, 'ueur.rog 19

a41 31a.tn3

uotwal)

.([S-nS .dd ,,erro3 rg11, ,salorg] gg .det ,ot,to7

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tt'det'o.t,roy o2 Zrytn7 runtaurl

ISOUT S/TIOIUAWUIO)

ru ue s8a Egp? sL,, tl9 .(6_gt dd ,,Blro.1 rn11, ,sa>1org) .,pep, qsq5ug qtr.u aluu5or sr *"jia1 apeap"l §§

65

Eql .IIITIEJ IAEIIJIW

19

JEJJ?I,U IEISJA^OJ}UOJ E UAOq SEq

SIql

qEnoqr lJeJuol3 (Etod eueurun3) snsuo-I snuenurunJ ro (EuoI Jo snqlv Jo snu?rruunJ sdeqrad leql ,{q uuurqsul ue petse88ns eq.snu\aril.runJ 'atueu .drqsroqlnr qsrrl sB Joqlnr eq] setueu rlcrr1,l\ tsrl tduJsnuer.u ? Jo srseq aqt uO uB poqrr3su '.al1undapuar11, sII u1 ,ggoqcsrg qcrq,&\ ot ,q.tnw u0 üotuaururC awotaf,-opnas4 er{l tuo{ a8rrur uB ur ,{Fre1c tsotu eperu sr lurod srqa 'tuBIrSr^ dleurele sr pJoT eqt pue pJoT eqt ,{aqo Isnru Ees er{t Jo seJntBeJc oql sE tBeJ o1 Surqlou sBq luolruod enJl eql'raa.earloq 'asuc srql ur ue .lualrued r E stuo{uoc qcq,r gred erue.qxe tsotu eqt ,(yrealc $ aprq ouo ur Ees eqt uo eq oT .o^u ol sseu{c[{] srql eJnpär qlsutd puB kaplll sorr{] Jo sseulcrq] E Jo sr }eoq eqJ "qt oq',lll^a sIH lsul?8B oB louueJ ,(eql 'sn ,torlsep ot oJrsap uod q8noqr ue^a pue laprq ouo eqr (.{po) ur eq e.&t qEnoqr sn e^BS ot elqu sl poC, 'rep1a aqt pres '.no,( elqnol tou ]Erl] teT, .leoq erp Jo seprq Je^,ol

'lseJelul

uas 3u7c17

ar.lt

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IIBLus u

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Sutluclpul uI sn(,tu ' -

ssplt{ Jeqlle Jo uoIlEJäLLInrr - --

-

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LunJon(L

95

',8ut5r io 1 ' -'r .

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.

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*

lq8rtu ,J3L{JU:u

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tsesod;nd .(rulllltu-uou j, .- ,

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01§ eql Jo euo q8norqr pecrsrd (uas aqt ul pe^rl ]Bqt) stsräq eqI .Jepla 01 srar{loJq srq euo s,,{es '.qleep Jo spoqB uB sr ees e^\ r.lJrr{,4a lBrlJ,

eql

:(ora1d) stseeq retunocua deqt eas ,(reg B uO eeJql tBoq E ur tno 6s.seprq Jo tes sJella^EJt eql eposrde sn{l uI 'Bas eqt Jo stsrcq aqr dq eprq ol petueseJd IUed eqr Jo uorldecuoc aql sel8lncruB Jer.{unJ 0Lt0J 0n 3rum3 wL.tutwl qsrrl eql ur 'ef,Jnos uoruruos B ro 'uBuruopv luoü po^rJep eq rsnru r.lJrr.I^\ ]ueprJur uv IBrlUeC JO SB1( SUOSBOJ e^rleJJeu JoJ qcrq,n 'aperu se,^a teoq eqt qJrr1^, tuo{ eprq eqt tqSqqtrq o1 sdeqrad eJer.l perJe^ eq deu.,{3olourura1 s(ueuruopv 'sr.uJel ourJetu Jo esn luelsrsuocur s(ueur,uopv 'le,ra,r,roq 'ure8e areq elou pporls e,1\ .UBJo JIBr.us E ,(po su alntn, e spuelsJepun

eII IBIII elqrssod osle sr tI 'turel srql esn ]ou soop qJrrl.1\ elel .a$rdo,r, B e^rtgJJau sII otul Suqerodrocur $ aq tBrll elqrssod sr lI iuo requnJ sraldrqc aerql .{po os seop eq leql Surreprsuo) (alnrnt tuJel eql asn lou ueuruopv seop uaqr .{q11 'q8errnc B sr eraq peqrJcsep sr leq,{, leql sr uorsnlcuoc elqederseur eqt puc'ra,te.roq (epq eqt äteJteued ,(arlt s8urts rraqt qtrm drqs eqt Jl {urs [r.&\ aapx$aq aqt sr uorlecrldut tBI{t eq3ssiruntJat Jo AuIUBeru a^rteuJatle slqrssod E sr r.Icrq,r\ - ra^oJ JerllseJ e .(ldurrs lou puB '1nq para,roc-opFl 3 ser{ lr lBgt u3rll eJns oq oA\ ueJ 'aJntnt e Jou sr lnq,wnpal wrury1a( E seq srnou s(cerrrJoJ 'ecuerpns slq 01 lseJelur Jo JellBr.u B epBru sr 1r qcrq,r tuo{ IsrrelEr.u eql Surraprsuoc tnoqtr.& tnq 'osle IJB;o e qcns Surqucsop sr .{trTrqrssod teqt Jrncr(J Suorls aql ][upe plnoqs ea ,Uurc peJo^oc-eprq ur segedo^ crlseuotu IEnlrR JoJ Lg

SeJInbaJ ';li-r.

-

.dlatuuolgodord tou - j: E sB -oatlr V 'SdFIS uepoott ol : " ou surees eJer{} lnq 'urJl 'j:; i, -' drqsrum

E seqIJOSap

ut'i'

eJeq^\eSIä punoJ SI SlEfttl -rL. -

pellsueq-orl§, e uI UIrl:-F assql Jo sJelrodal al{l .i, ''SISSSO^ LIJnS

,(.ruralrl Jeleluq,t\

jt t -11

Ur-- :

SSeq] Jeqleqa JspISu0l ',eqr puu ueuuropy parlds;:

s

selBqep eseql Sutslreq.r-i --

o] pel'ulBls ueeq

ä-\Et{ L{ri-..

su ycleleqep JoJ JallELLi

-

:

',.

.-

eSusrJS IElUeI.urJed\ä i,

eseq] Jo esodJnd aql lrli:r slqtq atnsuaru ap fiqlT ilit : -: rlrFl,{^. ewp epr^ord oslr q -"eJelA.

rlsFllv\ Sa8e-io-\ euln; :.-

oslu eJe te^e^\ot{ 'sa6r il r, :, ur punoJ seJnlBal äJuai. i : :

--l

ete e8e,r{o,t pJlrll eql ur

puu sapxH pua7 :ruog s.uupuat{ tS

Jonathan ,M. IVooding

88

St Brt:

recent editor, has cast doubt on its Irish authorship, though Maura Walsh and Däibhi Ö Cr6iri.,, and most recently David Howlett, have argued strongly for its authorship by Cumm6ne Fota6'- the latter, however, basing his opinion on a controversial method of textual criticism upon which the jury is still out. It will be argued here, however, on the strength of Pseudo-Jerome's description of hide-covered craft, which Bischoff regarded as one of its stronger claims to authorship in an Irish milieu,6s that authorship in a strongly Irish milieu is

literally animate in rhi. - i. the magus Broichan c( In' *:

It is not strangc r:._ done b1- the Art | ,. .l ; violence. Thu. ,l ... Germanus in th. --Gaul ro Brirain. .: :

unquestionable.

Mark 4.38 shows Christ, while crossing the

Sea

AND HE wAS IN THE srERN, ASLEEP oN THE

of Galilee, asleep in his boat:

of the Lord. The cushion represents the body of the Lord, on which divinity was bowed down like the head. The ship is the church at its beginning when Jesus sleeps in a bodily sense, because 'he never sleeps who guards Israel'. He rebukes the wind and the sea that it may be quiet. Concerning this, it is said, 'You control the might of the sea etc.'. The wind and the sea are the demons and the persecutors.64 As in the episodes

in Vita

way, and stirrcti ..:darkness. But n'r, r- * these things \\ crr - - -

cusHIoN- The ship made of

dead skins, contains living beings. It holds off the waves and is strengthened with wood, that is to say, the church is saved by the cross and death

;

The forces and thc h;-either by the mere pr.-..cr -

only

a metaphor for ,,u: :In Bischoff 's think r: - , : made of hide; theretiirs t -

the theatre for the manifestation of evil which will endanger the traveller though, on account of the demons, here moral rather than non-moral evil. Unlike the travellers in the 'voyage' narratives, however, Christ has no need to pray to God or an intercessory figure, and so the sea simply becomes calm at his command.65 This motif is more than simply that of Christ calming the waves which is found frequently in early medieval texts.66 The wind and sea are not

Kilnaruane Pillar (Harbison, High Crosses, (Anderson and Anderson, pp. rro-3).

i.zS+-$. 66 E.g. Adomnän, VC II.rz-3

.

-:-

fact the context is tirr ilt utilising the speciflc .1i - -

L

The idea th:r '" possibl)' be derir ed fiom :: context is a more der ci, ,-. living

sea.

sea, blor,vn bv u.inds. br

,

-

,::

_

for this motif are tho--c :'-. Corra cited abor-e.

6z Walsh and Ö C.6i.rin, Cummian's Letter, pp. 2r7-2r; Howlett, 'Seven Studies', pp. 36-4o. 63 Bischofl 'Wendepunkte', pp. rgg*zoo; his discussion of the boat motif is best consulted in the revised translation "furning-Points', pp. 8r-2. The importance of the boat motif to Bischoff's ascription appears to have been mostly passed over by his critics (with the exception of Coccia: see below). Michael Cahill has only now taken this matter up in the introduction to his edition of the commentary. His discussion only appeared after this paper was written, but I hope shortly in another paper to return to this question in the context of the'Wendepunkte'. 64 'tt'r:n,u- IPSFT IN PUPPI suPER ct'lRUlcAL DORMIENS. Puppis mortuis pellibus uiuos continet et fluctus arcet et ligno solidatur. Id est cruce et morte Domini ecclesia saluatur. Ceruical corpus Domini est; cui diuinitas sicut caput inclinata est. Puppis initium ecclesiae est, cum quo Dominus corporaliter dormit. Qria numquam "dormitet" qui "custodit Israhel". Comminatur uento et mari ut taceat. De quo dicitur, "Tu dominaris potestati maris", et reliqua. (Jentus et mare daemones et persecutores sunt' (Cahill, Expositio Eaangelii,pp.2j-8;idem, First Commentary, pp. 52-3). I rvould like to thank Nlichael Cahill for kindly allow,ing me to use his edition and translation in advance of publication. 65 This episode has also been proposed by Peter Harbison as the subject of the boat motif on the

-

.-

its author. In the face li Colurnbae and Imrnram Curaig Üa Corra, the sea is

:

cargo of the ship is thin. \ these dangers threatcn .r -

It r,, *

--

The number of thr r ,,. the craft maJ- not. h,,.,,, ;' penitential vovagins.

T:.

.

itself is only found in rr Irnmram Curaig L,t (-

67 'Nec mirum

haec inrci--. ---

equora in asperius concir.::, - \ episcopo de sinu gallicr r t I -- . -

occurrerant, et oponcfltc.

--

_

-

caligine obducebant. Qur. t*-t . cessarunt caligine' (\ t- II :_ Jacqueline Borsje for dr;i'.,, - --

Edmondo Coccia, u ho i:_ irlandese', pp. 3rt3-5

).

*-

-

'(S-ttt

'dd'.asopuepr

e.rnryn3,) qsrrl ,(1o,usnlcxe tou sB,{\ teoq aprq er{t tegr pen5re oq.u ,erJco3 opuotupg 'uorluepu itu ot a5esszd srqt Sur,rerp ro; afsrog auqanbcef Jo l\er^ eqt se,r\ oor srqJ {uuql ol a{rl plnorl 1 '([9-nnrdd 'uos.repuy puu uosrapuv] ,t'U f,t) ,eur8rpc tunressär esJslep BlBpas SnIIIJ ol3lp ouetuJeC äluEJo olJues Eruruo uouret eun!'tueqacnpqo eur3rlec runJrJqeuet enbruarp runleec ltueqetrouof, selleJold elncr.red setuauodo 1a ,luurar;nJf,o e;onba ur orpeu rlue5rnuu tutruuuurtg pE srtnps eeutrunq esnuc ocrlle8 nurs ep odocsrda ouerrrreC oDues seuor5el ruuoruorlloep opuunbrle (urue f,rS .Jn]uelrJuol snuadse ur eronba le rluan tutrlo ln 'oluaurtu.rod oap 'rrsg assod runuoruoup aue runpJolur Jeur{ runJnu reg, lg

gg

IIeuJoH 'eplq B ur pele8r^Bu Sureq ,uuacg peflu-Je]suoru, er{l Jo Jrloru s(snuer^v qlrl( acuBuoser e sBr,l .{lpatqnopun 1r q8noqr - o"t.to) an 3!0"tn) wu,twu.tl pareler eqt pue eposrde aaqwryl) t4r1 eql ur funog .(1uo sr ylestr

ur

eSESsBd

epq eql o1 lsarqt E esod 8as eql slsBaq eqt lBrll Bepr eqJ 'Suffie.,(o,t Jo IBrluetrued (lou ,{uru lgerc aql 3o acrlce"rd IeeJ due Jo srseq eql .{luBsseJau eq le^el\oq 3o sarlrpnb cr1ce1.,{qdord eq} Jo ernsretu e Sureq sepq eql Jo Jaqunu er{J 'qsu1 ,(lenbrun sr 1r tuql etunss? ot eJBs JEeddB plno^\ tI .aloql- pe:ll) ürtl)

o2 7rytn3 wntuluq eqt pue ueuruopv urog sa8essed esoqt ore Jnotu sryl roJ slollered,{1uo eqa 'pog Jo IILI aql ,teqo }snur qcrq.$ Jo qtog (spur^\ dq uaa.olq ,ees r ur sle^EJt UBIJ eprq oql qf,rq^t ur osrnocsrp padole,rep eror.rr B sr lxeluoc

Sur,Lr1

eql te^e,&\oq'era11 'roqlne qsrrl-uou e.tq secrnos luarJue tuo{ po^rrep oq flqrssod tsn{ ppoc tJB snolrJed e eq tq8ru UBrc B rl3ns ur 8ur8u.{o,r teql Bepr eqa .uas Sunq eqt uodn teoq eprq e 3o e8u.(o,t aqt SurureJuoc asrnoJsrp Jurceds eqt Sursr1En sr oq^\ ror{]nB uu ,(q .,{relueturuoJ B sr srql :surceds aJoru reJ sr lxeluoJ egl lcBJ uI gg'elgeurslsnsun $ luerungJe slql srsdpue SuroEäJoJ eql Jo ecEJ or1l uI .rorltnu slr Jo flrlBuorlBu eqt ot enlJ IBrtustslunJrr3 B sr tBoq epq eqf aroJeJer{l leprq go eperu .,(11eurou Sureq se u preEar ppo.{t ror.ItnB qsrrl uE ,8ur4urqt s(JJorlcsrg uI leoq 'r{tlBJ sl uortretoJd IBer er{J &llelrou Jno JoJ roqdetau u,(1uo sl epH ärlt le^o,r\oq ',tro1aq aas IIr,r\ a,r\ sV Jlestr aprq eqt ueteaJqt sre8uup asaql Jo er.uos 'epq crlceydqdord u ,(q ureqt uor; peteredes .{prqt sr drqs aqt;o o8rec

lunlrrrds eqa ,{cue8e proru .,{q Jo sralle^EJt aqt Jo ecueseJd eJer.u eql .{q Jer.ltre peuls aq.{eru qcrq,r sre8uep Ip eJE Bes aql Jo stsBeq ar{t pue sacJoJ er{J dn

,9'pesBe3 puu 'peulec sreaa. s8urql sseql (qJaeds ueqt .,(plcrnb a.loru tng .sseu>lJep II? snuetuJeg tS Jo Je.{Erd erlt tE

Jo tsrru e qrrm rq8r1.{ep pue d1s pera,roc ,{eqt fsurols dn parrrls pue te,tr srq ur slrred fnd dsqa 'uorle^lBs s(uBru Jo esnBc erll ur (uru1r.rg ol InBg go ,(eq eq] [uoU Suqres se,&\ eq ueq,rt, (EOS eql Jo lspruI eql ur snuBluJeC doqsrq ,(1oq aqr {cBuB ecuo slrrrds lr^e Jo slsoq prp snqJ .ecuelor^

ol pesnor aq ueo sa^e,n puu spur,&\ ue^e leq] os .suotuep Jo lre eqt .(q auop eq sotuq uec s8urql aseql 'uorssrturad s.pog r{lr,r\ (leql esueJls lou sr lI 1e

:lul?s eql {JB]IE ol se^e.t\ pus spul,r eql sern(uoc uBr{f,roJg snSaw eqt eraqal 'ururuopv q oJerl,reslo palellered sl slr{J .osec srqt ur eJeurruu dleratrl ffas 3u1,c17 ary| puu saplH plrzT :xuTg s(uapuaq

6g

t-zr'11 3A 'ueuuopl- : - ,,'t l'-, * r'-:

eql uo Jllo{.il }Boq a{l

slqJ 59 'uollesllqncl

Jt-t

{tt

-

,-.

IIILIBS IeBqlII{ {uBt{] ol rIl ,ltttsldxg 'mqp) (Juns Sf,Jr ,. ' - -, STJBuILUOP

nJ,,',rttJtCtp ( nI

-

-

srddn4 ']se Bteulltul trdrr - '- - . IUIUO(I 3UOLU ]e ef,fl.If l.r r, srnuor.u srddnd's\:ilt y)1ili J() lxeluof, eq] ur uollsärh -. - radud srq] JaUB pareedtlr '' * eq] ur dn reuul'U slt{l uilireq] qll^,\) scrluo slt{ iq r.' , -' ,

o] Jrlol'u lBoq eq] Jo erur-peUnsuoJ lseq

SI JlloI'U

-.-

lft tu. 1 - -

eJ8 Ees puB pul \\ aqI se^B,{t aqt EurtulEJ lsnru -)

lou

-

-

srr{ lB rulBs seluoJeq iltitu.- r o] peeu ou sBtl lslJt{J 'r-r ' l 'll^e IBJoLU-uou uBt{l Jr * -: -

-

Jells^8Jl

stll J38ur;ru-: i;''.,'

.

sI Bes 3q] t'o,t,to7 D-)

tq'SJ«-rl

-

I - :'

-

aqJ ','3]e Ees eqt Jo tr{-'.-']ernb aq {utu lr lur{t r):, : - - :scleels Je^eu oLI, esllrf,ru 'I sll lE LIf,JnLIJ eql sI dl,{- I r.lJrr.l,tt

uo 'pro1 aql

J,

, :

t{}eep puB ssorr er{t iq -{}EuaJ}s sI pue se \E \\ Jo spBu drqs aqJ -\r ,l:--:]Eoq sFI ul daelsu

sr naxlxru

'eellF!

.

:

qslrl il8uoJ]s

*

ol stuIEI3 Je8uoJls SlI ir , ,1 * Uorldrrcsap s(euoJf,li ;'-. l

JO

lI 'lno IIps st Ärnl ,I{l

L{]:

-

,

uo uoluldo srq Sursrq 'JJ',-r

','

;og [18uor]s pan8ru e \rL{ '--: puB tlslB A,. urnBIA qSnoq. ':

ls

9o

Jonathan .M. Wooding

St Breti.i.t,

In the Vita Brerr,i .i,:. \

estimated the dimensions of a'hide' to be in the vicinity of around six feet by four feet - sufficient to make a coracle.6e The voyage in such a vessel of only one hide in stze might be sufficiently perilous to account for the original conception of the legal punishment. Two-and-a-half or three hides, the size used in the monastic voyages and immrama, would be a craft capable of carrying 3-4 persons. Twoand-a-half does not make sense as a measure of thickness, nor is any hide craft still made elsewhere in the world ever more than one hide thick - excluding doubled strips of,hide as strengtheners or skids.zo We should note here that Immram Curaig [Ia Corra is the latest in date of the immratna)7, and we may suspect that it has made a unique interpretation of a taxonomy usually used to distinguish hide-craft by size to develop further the image which it borrows from an earlier source.T' This leads us to contemplate the complex development of literary, legal and monastic imagery which interacts with actual traditions of boat-building. The Classical and Patristic discourse of sailing the sea in a hide may have influenced the formulation of an actual legal penalty using native craft of one hide; a complementary penitential monastic expression also evolved using larger versions of the same craft, z-3 hides or more in size. This mixture of literary representation and actual penitential activity, along with the potentially wide range of iconographic motifs which could be derived from a vessel made of onceliving hide, saw this type of vessel adopted into increasingly complex literary discourses. It became cenffal to the interaction between pilgrims and the living sea inthe immram tradition and the related texts of the St Brendan dossier. The image of the human traveller perilously navigating the ocean in a hide obviously lent itself to imagery of more than simply oceanic peril. Dead hide is seen as a metaphor for mortality in literary and visual iconography from Patristic through to late medieval times, where Adam is depicted as clothed in dead flesh as a symbol of man's mortality.T3 The Pseudo-Jerome commentary makes a connection between the hide of a boat and mortal flesh in Book I.r7:

constant image of morr:. : The role of the rich ir._.

of life. Indeed, Adam, our

of a dcr o. : of these various literar., :.l

father according to the flesh, is clothed with dead skins. We now lay aside the old man with his actions, and seek to be a new man. We are clothed in the skins of Solomon, of which the bride boasts of having become as beautifd.Ta

centre of compler pentt.::._ these craft cannot be rc. *l hagiography. The hidc--, , - I

Paradise tAs

of the Sainrs. a passenger

:>

:

ln .rr

promised to \ ou

\

He then finds hinrscr: : takes him to his destinf,:: : cross, which is our rctluI l mortal flesh was suttlCtsr It is evident that trli. :: for reasons of simplc :., : natural vehicle for \o\ l-;hide boat will carr\ Br.r.l is anathema to the en\

ii

r.I

The disentangling of rhl- -. * of the developmenr oi ::. episodes, the monastic lrt:I participants into an intcr r: Curaig Üo Corru, 'an i.. voyage of cormac, anti . rzone the pilgrim is suh ir - :. one of a transient encL)un -r I otherworld, hou'erer. add- ..

into this land becom., :progressive developmcn

:

otherworldliness of rhc

:- l

evolves as part

We are to loathe the boat of our former way

Ibid. 7r See Mac Mathüna, 'Structure and Transmission'; specific discussion of the sea beasts on p. 335. 7z Probably from Immram Caraig Maile Düin, of which it is highly derivative: cf Stokes, 'Mael Duin', pp. 458j, where the l'essel is also of three hides. 73 Jennifer O'Reilly, personal communication. 74'Nauem pristinae conuersationis abominantes. Pellibus enim mortuis tegitur Adam qui est genitor noster secundum carnem. Et nunc deposito uetere homine "cum actibus suis", nouum sequentes hominem, "pellibus" tegimur "Salomonis", quibus sponsa gloriatur se factam esse "formosam" (E$?ositio Eaangelii I.r7 [Cahill, p. r5]; cf id.em, First Commentary,p.3T). 69 Hornell, 'Curraghs of Ireland', p. 78. 7o

7S 'Mortuorum pellibu\ .::

---_

autem, facta de tabulis n;1Lr p. 328). Cf. Vita prima .§ ,, Betha Brennain Cltittrttr

F,..:.

I -

--

explain the case of St \il; - travelling in a hidelesS cr)ii -.: Enemy, p. fi4. 78 Sec c.r _

Approaches'.

o^rJ, (ellr^urnq puu (.{oog leqd.(rcodv, ,orrsodsg dlercadsa oag gl, onf'I':tf:X .rlr?roc ot sottl1)'alsrog aeg lZ '(6r rd ü .det,uq1y nurl 'rsreg) sseleprq e ur Buqlaeert s-u parcldap sr'uila s*1Jo uorstaÄ stsuarquowlos aql ur ,oq,n eqllv tS Jo esu3 er{t uruldxe .(eru 'aldruexe ro3 (srqa 91, '(lg'r'apoqug ,rarurunl4) z6 .dec ,ot.tag ounnlC arouu?,t.g oqxag osle'(9trr'arq,7'nr:uutn14) rl, .duc ,(stsuaruoxg) tur?uatg qtuog uruu( ütll .J).(gzt .d 'aoy71 '$ray1) ot 'det (sr.suan4uowlog) ,uopuatg .S o,taqo DlLl ,,aneu sr1nqet Jp rlcug ,ruelne s3luenul 'ureJJäl srrecsrdrpe uou uressrruoJd (snlJen urnrleurrue snqqlad unrontrolq, §Z

1nq

(Eur8udo,t

ueaco roJ pesn .{pueptlra sE^\ UerJ pere^oc-eprq

ur uorlstueserdar 30 ernlEsJ IelueprJur

ur

ar{J dqdersor6eq

su pap.resar eq louuBc uBJc oseql

(lgBualrued 'sesrnocsrp e^rlerJeu lecr8ololeqcsa puu pcrroSallu

eql

xaldruoc Jo arluec

pere^oJ-aprq

le UEJJ lnd qcrq,tr suorlBluaseJder d"rera1r1 snorJs^ eseql Jo lxeluoJ orll uJ 'Sur8B.,{o,r crlseuoru Jo eJru?relrl Surdola,tap e yo lrud sB sa^Io^e (tuBtsuoc tnq peJe^oJ-epq eql Jo e8?r.m qcrJ er{t Jo eloJ eqJ tou snqt sr UBJo qlrq,!\ ,trllptro* Jo e8etur luutsuoc 6rJJo a{eqs }snr.u uBpuarg tS

eql 1r qlr.&\ serrrto eplq Jo leoq ? ur Surlles eqJ .lures eql Jo ssourlplJo,rreqlo lueJer{ur eq} Jo rellelu B sr lnq 'qtre; s,urrr8lrd eqt 3o lueudole^ap e,rrssar8ord q8norqf lueruurelle Jo Jelletu r dldurs ueqt eJoru setuof,eq puBI srql olur ,ftlue eHJ 'ElnluroJ slql o1 uolsuarurp pcrsololer{cse uB sppe le ea\oq'pFoartreqlo uBrlsrrrl] B ol ,(auJno[ eqI 'IAä lueserd-Je^a uE q]r1ü J3]unocue luarsuBJ] B euo Jo

IIns sr eouerredxa erII 'qtleJ Jo tset et?tupln eqt ot petce(qns sr ruu8lrd eqt euoz slr{l q 'ot1a8ma1g erll uorsnlJuoJ eqt ol esolc se(Iloc puB .ceruro3 3o aEe,,{oa Jo agt ut epostde stBlupln eqt sr srr,lJ sr',{}eap Jo opoq? LrE,.u,t.tT) o2 37am3 u,to.tu'utq aril ur rar{lorq or{1 Jo spro.ü eql ut - 22euoz lBuraJur uE olul sluedrcrlred rrer{l o{et .,(1a1eur1p lJBd lsow arll roJ se8edo,r d-rere1r1 JrtsBuor.u eql (seposrda 'erue8

snorJa^ ls8uouru u1 a8edor\ §lutes/uto.tu,trut, eql go luarudole^ep eql Jo Surpuelsrepun Jno roJ suonecrrdrur a,req ,{ru uorlsenb sq} Jo Eurffiueluesrp aqa 'Jelue ol seqsr,r er{ qJrr.{,r\ puB-I pes[uord eq] luoruuoJr^ue eql ol ?luar{lBuB sr Jo tI(ltloau?andsrq uo eas 8ur,rq eql q8noJqr,(1eges uupuarg d.rrec oprq teoq IIt^\ eql elq.& 'ra,re,roq sryt uI 'ottout.tfla.tad sa8r.(o,r 'eposrda roJ elJrqe^ Jo IBrntEu B sE uaas se.u, - ElnruroJ Ierluelrued e se ro ttllqrlpn, eldturs Jo suoseer roJ .(1pr1rur rer{leq,tt UErc peJe^oJ-epq or{t atep dpea ue ruo{ teql tuepr,r,e sr lI

-

9r'luelcllJns sE,t\ qse|} IelroIU Jo eJuesqB eqr lBq] alqrssod osle sr lr q8noqr 'uorlduaper rno sr q3rq.r\ (ssoJc eqt ses{oqu,{s lgerc uepooa\ ogt tsqt alqrssod sr tI .uorleurtsep sq ot tulq sa{81 .(lpyssaccns qcrq,u. 'poo,u Jo troq e pllnq ot perrnber Jlesturq spuu ueqt eH ,leaa,rtoq ,lr ursJJe .no.{ ol poslruord 94',que1d Jo äper.u teoq ? ur III.&\ noÄ puBI stll ulBll? lou 11lt no,( slBruruB pBep Jo saprrl eqt ur ra8uessed e sy, (BtI (sturus arl] Jo esrpBred lS [q plo] sr 3tl] relua o] Surleas ,(lsseltlnU ßUE 'uepuarg tS auupuat{ ut!/ eqt uI

r6

aas 3u1c17 atlt puu sapxH pt?aq

'(LL 'd ' [.to assa LuEIJBJ as

ru a ttt ttt,

,

ü4

.')

|

'

JnlEIJoli r. u

urnnou t,.slns snqlllr

;otrua8 tsa tnb tuup\ uane51, eJel{,u.

Lur -.

rn:i:'

'uoIlEJIUnLLt*

'G1St 'dd '.utng l-ril

ulo,uttutl ruor; ilqeqor6 z puu aJn]JnJlq., 'eunqtr]\ -:l

2'lnJllnueq

SB

euloJeq

L:

.i

:

-

eql uI peqlols arE 3 \\ u. -3q1 eprsu ,(e1 rt\ou

rno

a-\\ 'su:..- :

'*rpy 'paapul lrll

-

:LrI {oog ur r{sell Irli , iteluatutuoo euIoJJ[-, ;'' - . ' ul peqlolr sB pe]rldap {: --: LUoü ,,(qdel8ouof,I eplq

E

lrn.t'

:'

ul ueeco eqt Euu:-i 'Jerssop

eas

uEpuärt

-a

8ur^II eq] pue stuurl:.: - -

,(ru;alt1 xalduoc i16ur:f

-:- -

-eJuo Jo epBlu Iesse \ r Lr, -spl^A ,rllerruetod eqt u-. , .(reralrl Jo eJnlxllu sltll_ '. ra8re1 Sutsn pe \lo \,r :.'|E faplq euo Jo UErr r',.-r pecuengq a^Eq iru )Lr. *' : -

eqJ '3rlp[nq-]EoQ I. . *

-

pue 1u8e1 .,{rurattl Jo ju-. --..

s^\orroq

:-

]l tlJlt{.\\ aEriu:

ol pesn dllensn ituou()t\:-

.

iutu a,{rl. puB ,7'nltltl.titt.rt r*. ]Etll eJeI{ alou plnoqs -.'\.'epiq -: Surpnlcxe

- {rltll

'!r.rl-; -

UEJJ eplq {ue sI Jou

'suosJed

-olrtl

f-t

rur

-: -

',-

JIlSEuOLu 3tl1 uI pasn f,zi,i 1* Jo uolldacuoc 1uuütrr ) ru- - -

euo ,(1uo Jo lesse-\ r qrn- -. ,(q lseg xIS punoJu Jo i: ,:* . -

:tü0{ s(uapuar{ tS

92

Jonathan

M. Wooding

this reality became integrated with literary models in which it was the ubiquitous vessel for penance and exile. The increasing centrality of the curragh to narratives of the travels of the peregrini is for this reason of vital

Irish

\I

importance to our understanding of the evolution of the 'voyage' tales. In these, as in the case of Pseudo-Jerome's commentary, the craft themselves are details which are integral, not incidental, to the formulae presented.

A s everybodr knor-, .. ^: I lEurope for cenrl*i.;many people

it has o

ir1.

-

_-

a 'Common Celtic cultc-r; who came to the Conrtr;I Nevertheless, the ht- .:

of Irish

saints

in Brirri:

history, documentatir-ri.. .' -

times played a role in rir.-. When I tackled thi: . *r . to be Irish and to arr.1n -; task soon got out of hin." had the courage. Hori': .r. --

Toward ,1oo {I) thcrc

,

.

men: Sex milia.§d"t' r'r,,i i.,,, precisely l8+l: se i: h it: . in the course of this Cc-l *: Irish.' Perhaps ther di.. : they were not mart\ r:. :: -.

:

This is only one oi r:.- rmA n-\ :,t i :. : is a recurrent fashion. ::,. made in the eler.enth an..

other reasons)

the twentieth centuric-> T 79 The particular episode of the transition to a wooden craft is not found in the Nauigatio" The Nauigatio's account of Brendan's refusal of meat may, however, be an exploration of the same motif along slightly different lir,es Nauigatio, cap. r6 (Selmer, p. 48).

-.

-.

'-

r Pain, 'Actualisation dc. . ,-: - - . that Galician is not a Cclti. i- _ have, to be done again ancl

:__ -

t6 (eJnlJal

E ärrr penoqs luepnls E srql e^83 I leue Jturt äulos .ureSe puB urs8e euop äq o1 (e^rq IIr.r\ puu'seq tr :prnrp B lou stitr {JrJt?d lurus ter{l ro'a5un5url Jrtle3 ? tou sr uer3rpg lBql 't6'u tz 'd'.secrnos sop uorlesrlenlcy, ,ure4 r 8uiles st orues eqt sr seapr rlJns etnJa; oI

z

'(

8t

,-i 'r r'---

aq] Jo uollBJoldra ur äQ '.t.-'o\n7tna Ni eq] uI putloi 1l *

'

.sorrntuec qler}ua,§ aql z'urcße apBtu aq ,(1uru1rec p.,n .{eqa

(qluoelue^os

(rlUIo.&U

uI puB'qlueeleuru eql ur eql ur puB qlue^ele eql uI epetu ore.ll\ srurBlc gcnS 'rsud eql o1 .{Iuo Suo1aq lou seop pue 'uorr{sBJ }u3rrn3ar E sr ro (ere^\ Jo (erB dueuug uI sluIES .(uetu 'suosral Jer{lo 1I 'qsIJI aq ol plES eq [p\ (slsrrnol ro3 slalqdurBd JoJ ro uo s{ool, esnBreq tsnf.paluoUuoc oJE lr (recru e1rr qJrr.{^\ qrr.tr rueyqord eqt Jo seldtuuxe 3uur13 tsoru eql Jo euo .,(po sr srq; 'qsIJI lou

era,ra.

,(eql pue (sJ,(lJEur lou oJa,r\ ,{eql

'suerlsrrq3 tou eJel(,(aql esec due ur :Jsrxe ue^e lou plp.{eqr sdeqra4 r.rISIJI atusraq ,(sqf teqf - ]JBJ ul 'sread ual tsed eqt ur - d;n1uec SII.I] Jo asJno3 eqt ur srrroes t1'(t1ztas o0l ruaZn qztas (rut)4 qzns '1ttu t1nas :LlgL dlasrcard .(1uo sr tr

wql

eroru) sr.(1reluu LLLL etusceq

ogx'(um

xas

agtiaxas wnluae

xas

otltut rrs:ueur

9999'sI terll) uor3al uerrro5 E ]sarg reeu peuorlels se,tr eroqt cv oo} prB,u.oJ iturI] s(Ä\oH 'e8ernoc eqt pBrI 1gt 's1urcs qsrrl ooo'g dl.ruau tsll plnoJ I 1rr{t {urqt I :pueq 3o lno 1oB uoos {sel eql tng ,{lqeuoseer pue ',{lucgnuarcs ',{l1ere,tas ueqt a8uerrr ot pue qsrrl eq ol oq,{. sturus erlt IIE tsrl ot lsJ![ peqsl$. 1 ,tce(qns srqt peplcel I uer{IA prBS are,r\

'elqrsuodsar uaeq ser{ .,(cueJ eraur ueuo tnq 'srurelJ eseql ur alor e pe,{r1d soturl 1e seq.{lsouoqsrc 'esues uorutuoc ue^e Jo t8o1o[qd .uorlulueruncop {rolsrq ro3 pre8er tnoqlr,&\ 'pe1ue88exe d1sso.r8 ueeq seq .,{uu11ug ur slurrs rISrrI Jo Jequnu eql ]Erlt sr tcEJ eqJ 's1sr8o1orcos pue stsr8oyoqcfsd dq pes,{1eue eq lseq .sselaqlra,re.111 UBJ pue'snoreurnu ere srql JoJ suosBeJ eql :stsrxe JerTaq eql ,(ue1lrrg ur tserelur elpJl prr1 tuaurtuoJ aqt ol etuec or{,r\ slurus r.lsrrl aql Jo lsotu ter{l etu ol sruees ll 'l3BJ uI .(ernllnc ct1leJ uor.uruo3, B

puelaJl gtm perer{s .(lpasoddns tr osnuJag osle tnq ,eso1c sr tr esnecaq.{yuo 1ou 'uorleurlsep otrJno^EJ e se,r .,(uu11rrg tBrll peuees .tpuapr,te suq tr aldoed ,{ueu oa 's.(epe,t,lou snoJerrrnu ssol tuees slures Jr ueÄo ,serlnluec ro3 edorngl 7

Ieluaunuo) o]

sJBloqcs pue slures pelrodxe s?q puEIeJI ,s,ttou>1 .tpoqfra,ra s

I

?no aT laoua«g 'Pel fl ) r '1

slrBlep 3JB se^Issuel{l l.i:-

IBlr^ JO

-'

-

'aseql uJ 'se[E] ,e8r io \. r -.SIt{l JOl :.

i{t}leoä ro qtAW :{uut}rrg ur slulBS qSIJI

:

UOSBaJ

aql Jo {1t1er1uec 5u r r: - 3tl] sB^a ]l LIslL{ \\ uI s i.,rs

Gwenaöl Le Duc

91

1l';.,.,'" .)

At the outset, it will perhaps be useful to define what I mean by an Irish saint in Brittany. Very simply I mean someone born in Ireland, the child of people also born on the island, who came to Brittany. I have excluded travellers who went to Ireland and then came or went back to Brittany. I also exclude Irish saints who are merely honoured in Brittany, like St Fiacre3 or St Osmanne,4 because they never set foot in Brittany. I have retained three Irish saints who supposedly came to Brittany, even if they did not die there.

I

have excluded students, as they rather concern the history

of relationships

between Ireland and Brittany, and have already been studied elsewhere.5 I have limited my study to saints: that is, to those who were or are called 'saint', whatever the reason. No questions asked. Finally, I have neglected saints who have nothing going for them: someone said that they were Irish,6 but all that we have is a dedication to a saint with a Breton name. Indeed, if we ask why such and such a saint is said to be Irish, at times the only available answer is: Why not? This is no answer, and such cases are best left alone. I have limited myself,, therefore, to those saints who are said to be Irish by some authoritative source: a medieval text when we have one; Albert Le Grand

in the seventeenth century, who is sometimes the first to state that a certain saint was Irish;z 15sr Colgan;8 then Loth;e lnd eventually Kenney.'o I have also deliberately omitted St Briac and St Fingar (and therefore also St Piala and St Ia), who are discussed by my colleagues Andr6-Yves Bourgös and Karen Jankulak elsewhere in this volume. If these Irish saints are so numerous, they must be categorised scientifically. In some cases this can be done readily enough, but others will require closer scrutiny. We must of course check the basis for any claim of Irish origin. Very often, it proves to be a late assertion, secondary in the text which contains it, and going back to that text's source solves the problem. Qrite often, it is a case of confusion or assimilation. Nowadays, we distinguish between Wales, Cornwall, England, and Ireland; but these distinctions have not always been observed. In

Breton saints'Lives of the nineteenth century, saints in Brittany are usually made to come from England, even St Andrew - and this even at the time when England was considered to be a pagan country.rl 'typical'Breton saint's life which she had forged herself. S. Macrulus may not have existed last year, but he was Irish. 3 Kenney Sources, p. 493 (nr 283). 4 Pain,'Actualisation des sources', pp. 22t*7; Drine, Mimento, nr 86; BHL pp. gr8-9, Supplen entutn, p. 24o; Lobineau, Vies d,es saints,p.4o; Duine, Brioiaires et missels,pp.9, r74l Kenney, Sources, pp. r8r-z (nr 38); Lapidge and Sharpe, Bibliography,nr 947. 5 'Bretons et Irlandais'; see also Laurent and Davis, Irlande et Bretagne. 6 I refer in particular to de Garaby, l/ies,and to the rightly anonymous Dictionnaire des sainß bretons, passim. 7 Le Grand, Vies d.es saints. 8 Colgart,Acta sanctlrum. 9 J. Loth, Noms de saints. ro Kenney, Sources. rr Even when I was young, Huguenots and English were looked upon as pagans since they were not

-

-\t ant, rate) \\ e selt], ,r _' the oldest document rh,: ' published in fi37. L-sLr: .

Therefore, the Ilr.l t. name. Is it Irish or no:: iones. When n,e havc \\ : :: to go astrav. It muSt 1.., * been adapted to Britrr r. in cases of assimilä ri, n : It \\'ere more gloriou> : : _ atter all, St Brendail i- .r >eem to have originatcri :: name is not modified r,::: -

.

_

_

Once the tree haS hc;: the branch, and it is il,,i ; them: each case is pcc u..::

_.

Finall1,, I har e resrn - .; reasonable limits. T,_r n.- :

the matter. Some cont*.. derir-e from Glastonhu

r

IRISH .l

S

t.

-

-.. -

r Patuick

It may well be that St P::: dr) and a night. At üll c: --

priest at the time. ler :. : Lateq he was to be k r tnd also works ascrib... : \ erv clear, but it is unlir. spread because of his :u: er idence is so old and 1, j. * relics was the cause c)r ,. : a

St Columbu,n St Columban also cärrrr : to stay. He must har e l;r- - _ Catholics. rz I-e Duc. 'llr; _ _Kurzawa, Petite cie,, pp. h \rtf)€ra1p.

rix. rS N,lerdrign'i-.

.

.

'tf.r'l-tzt .dd ,,srepuepl te suoleJg, ,ceu8upra1,q Srxrx.d,atado ruüquryoJ ttsuos :9-ll'ruaqwqo7 ttruüS ottl ,seuof '6-99 'dd ,an ay7a4 ,u,rez;ny lLLz 'd'autoruo,t anbu.ow.ty,I 'noqpg sr ',errurperurolur ,au5ele;g, bng a1 zr - .sJrIoqlBJ

ür

lErll ,r\ou)l a,r puB 9r'o1u14-1ure5 rBeu lurod auo lE popuEl a^Er{ lsnu eH ,{Bls ol eluoJ lou pBq oq.,!\ 'rele,rer1 E sB .(luo lnq fr,fu?llufl ol eurec oslB u?q{unloJ ls uüqrunlOc 1s '11n3 är{1

Jo ssuenbesuoc Jo esnB, eql

se.&\

UAqr$. UAAT I

I'§1.7.///rr§'it

'stuxus sap sat/'puerrl a-1 : pur (saul {qetug ep ot rr-:aes l,srupuBIJI ]e

suot.rlg.

'sattnog {auuay

il!-t'r)

lobz 'd 'tunutautalddn5' sep uorlBSIIEnlJy,'utr6

pelslxä

e^B{1

}ou iutu

'f

* - -'':

' -- -t --

;-. ,-...

f

Sn{:',

:.:

-:

j

,

'

scrlar

oseql esuelsrxe eql reqleq,$. en33^ puB louusJ plo os sr eJuepr^e lBrll Jo IIel J aqt tnq 'scqer aq ot pasn eJegl .s{uou Suotus .(1rroq1ne srq Jo asneoeq peerds tlnc srq i(lqeqord erotr l 'trsr^ srq uodn puadep ot .,(lelqun sr tr lnq ,;ea1c ,(raa ]ou sI .(uellrJ8 ur tlnc srq Jo punoJ8:1cuq aqa 'ulg or peqrJJsB s{Jo,r\ oslB puB 'u,uou4 eq ol eJe,r\ sSuuu,tt su{ puu ,pernouoq puu u.{tou>l eq ot se,r\ eq tel?.I ,aur1

'lurus B euol? lel aq1 le lsarrd e ua^e ]ou se^t, eH aq ,s1ue,re [e lV .]g8ru r pue .,{ep tq8ra-f,tuerrrl JeUe Er's.{ep Uel E roJ puBIarI urorg Suqres ;erye ,,(uu11rrg ur pepuel IJrrlBd IS t?qt eq [e,u ,{eru 11 42r,40d 1s

ÄVJS JON CIICI CINV Su?-I'ISÄVuJ SV ÄNVIJIUS OJ EWV] OH,TT SJNIVS HSIUI

u3r.l,{e OI'UE

,(11ensn

eq} }E ue \e

:l-.-

aru .(uutllJg ut .-

,-

-

t11u,uuro3 (se1u1!\ uea rr.rru.

-

Jo esEJ B sl 1r 'uat3o arl:t, . pue tlt sutuluoo tllll{ rr -', : {ra1 'uISIJo L{srrl {uDn;cs Jesolo eJlnbar III , ".'uaryo

{Bln{uef uere) pur sr::r- .-: '(nI tS pue EIEId tS osp

'1ce[qns rerltoue sr srql ]nq l.{;nquotsulg r,uo{ o^rJep

sduqred srar{to ayrq,u 'ur8r.ro qsruroJ Jo aq tsnru suorsnJuoc eruos Je]]€tu eql .1at8e.l fru oa .strrurl Jo ueeq eq] ot SuEte8 ruorJ au tde{ sgq srqt elqpuosuer .,t11eurg urgtr.{l, 1r deaq ot rapJo ur .,(rrnbur srqt Jo edocs aqt patJlJtser e,req 1

'tualIl Jo,(uutu legl lou eJs aJer.{l lnq .rurlncad sr asBJ rlJse :uaql qtrm Suqeep roJ por{teru aldrurs e1Surs u esr^ep ol .(sea tou sr lr pue .qcuerq eql uory Eur8ueq gqs ssldde .,(ueru lou arg eroql .ualuqs ueeq seq eerl er{l aruo s(ueqrunlo] lS 'paurporu tou ruq lnogB plot serrols

rar{]re peurpor.u Jou sr erusu sB^\ etueu

er.lJ

uT

elryaaü

.t0

t/t[-W :[unut,tg

lI

{ool

]eq,&\ e^Bq e,er UJ

t,t!

oslB e^Bq 1 o, {euurl{ i 11: -

-

urBlJes e ]eHl 3lEls ol l-- puerg eT Ueq15 iauo r'.1q qsrrl eq ol pIuS äJr , , -, ' ,,t

tJ3-ttSUf , .. SOSBO qOnS puB (qstrl eq o] pIES st lut:. :

]u

B LIIL/V\ ]UIES E O]

ouoeuros

uollrlii

1

:ueq] rog Sutr ;

-i

poteuFrro e^eq ot ruaes

"rdr.ley eqt q8noqr uo,r,e ,qs1ar11 oq 01 pres sr uBpuerg l§

.1p

regr

bpw tS Jo oJI-I eqt uJ 'setueu e^Eq ot tures E ro3 snorrol8 eroul ere,&\ lr Jera^es (uorsnJuoc Jo uorlBlrr.urssB 3r se teqla8ol 1de1 ere suroJ snorre^ oql ses?J ur Jo (cruolllJ8 uo^e :esB, eql eq ol re^eu stuees srql acrlcerd ur ol poldBpe lnq ueaq a,Lrq droeqt ur plnoc setuuu r1srJl er.uos teqt paprupr eq tsntu derlsu o3 ol relle{rl oslB lnq 'rer1cn1 3JE a,&\ ser.uBu qsrJl e{rl UIIB'I JO .SEUIEU JIUOITIJg POOS E,tCq E,t\ SES?C

ueqlv\ .seuo

pellBS eJ8 Jo eJ3\\ oq \', --aq'eJeLI,ueSIe palpi- -- -

sdrqsuorleler Jo irotslti 1- ]ou p1p fsqt JI ue \3 :iu:.-.OAELI

JO I{SIJI 1I SI 'OIUBU

IEJE^ES dIOU s(JurBS eql sr (euo,{ressaceu lsoru eqt pue.elqrssod lsel lsrg eql (eJoJarer{I

'Surqtou uer.Il Jeueq ,(preq rceg ur erB stxet qcns ,,{gens61

.Lty

.-

I {uettl"rg uI lo( x: - r -

{3Eq }UA,{\ JO eIUeJ uaLll

: *,

ur peqsrlqnd

'puerg eT iloqlv fq prprpu uet qf,uerd eqt sr e^Btl e.,t ler{1 tueruncop tseplo eql 'ueUO 'sauo .(qlro,ttlsnJlun ueao ,sec;nos luerou? ä^Erl ruoples e r ,aJEJ, uu 1y S6

eldoed Jo pllqr el{t 'Lrurl.:-

I .. -

]urBs tlslJl ue Äq uEerl

,

stultlS t/s!"q

Cr»enodl Le Dnc

e6

Irisli

he experienced a shipwreck in an unknown places on the shores of Brittany.'6 In the latter case, it is evident that Brittany was not his goal: Iike many others, he expected to follow the coast before crossing the Channel, without any intention of landing except at Nantes.IT He must not have been the only one to

land in Brittany in this way. It must be noted that he recruited several companions in Brittany probably near Nantes. An incidental problem is posed by the circumstance of the monastery of Bobbio's owning salt marshes near Venice: a vexing puzzle, as early documents are lacking to explain the sharing of the techniques and vocabulary of salt production near Gu6rande and near Venice. It may well be that the twelve Bretons who accompanied Columban to Nantes were not only Christians, but also people with some knowledge of salt production.'8 He might also have recruited Bretons near Saint-Malo, as Malo himself is said in his Life to have spent some time in Luxeuil.'e But this may only reflect obedience to Columban's rule: as such, it would be no more than a marginal instance of Irish influence in northern Gaul in the fifth and sixth centuries which is another subject.

.\,,

\-

The first St Budoc:

landed in Ireland, becilrlrc ; sleeping-stone to lir e as i :

In a way, he was Irish. - descent. I do not think rl::

Life does not make this c,:. In fact, we ma)- be de"-.: been brought togerher r, , : All of this affords sg,r.i : but it is not evidence. \\ L, . : to be.

Another figure

\\

irh : - ..

Lavret.'6 Since Gu ennL|-" that his master Budoc .h nowhere stated. According to Leland.

.,,,

.

'Budoc was an Irischnl:ir. : could refer to vet anothcr. .

St Brendan

Here the story is rather detailed than complicated; the implications of the evidence can be summarised fairly easily. According to his legend,'o St Malo was the pupil of St Brendan, abbot in Llancarfan. It is clear that a legend of Irish origin - more precisely, of Kerry origin - was drawn upon here." The text does not, however, say that Brendan came to Brittany. It is the Middle Irish version of the Life which states that he founded the city of Bleit, apparently in fact Alet; but this is probably inspired by the Life of St Malo."

It is however quite probable that St Brendan acquired a cult near Saint-Malo in the ninth century.'3 Later, he was to replace St Brevalaire/Broladre/ Branwaladr, who was not lrish, but who was identified with St Brendan.'a IRISH SAINTS WHO

CAN,TE

TO tsRITTANY AND

S'TAYED

St

Castus

St Castus was said to bc , : The name is not e\ sit L , those which are said ro :: suppose that his Latin n;r- , getting any further rh,in :: _ him - if he exisred at all

St Commeanus This saint was a bishofr -, 'i was unknown to Le Grln... He is known from f, , r .: beginnirg of the Cttrtrt..;

St ßudoc Here we are in fact dealing with two or three characters with the same name.

idem, Bröaiaires et rt l-ssc/s. il. - : mai); Orme, Roscarrrtck's L. -. 4r2, 14r, +16; Doble, Sr/ r i '., but the legend is availabls r.. : -published this rexr separarci "

i

16Jonas, Vita Sancti Columbani,I.z3; Walker, Sancti Columbani opera, pp. xxvii, xxxviii. q Le Duc,'Bretagne, interm6diaire'; cf, Gougaud,'Point obscur'. r8 Buron, 'Origine des marais', pp. 5r-2. ry Vita Sancti Machutis §a6 (Le Duc, p. r3r). zo lbid. zr Merdrignac, Vies des saints; cf. Gw. Le Duc, 'Bretagne, interm6diaire', p. r84. zz Vita Sancti Machurri §59 (Le Duc, pp. 185-6). z3 This is hinted at in the life of S. Malq in which St Brendan bows to his pupil,

orisrebukedbyhim VitaSanctiMachutis§rz,r3,16,rg,z3,z6. z4Duine,Mönrentl,nrgg;

'L6gende de S. Budoc'. Land,öaewtec

) p. 39; I it ,i

Winr»aloei,I.z3 (Latouchc.

i:* ;

:

'\ ,. _

,.

Mdmento, pp. g4-5, nr 7ti. j,, - Le N,{en6, however, indulssr:. -

'W-'['1-99 'surnq

6z

'(at1ots111) rurq sa;ouSr fpua8lnpur ,re,ra,uoq (auetr1i a1 .plql .gl ,g-i6 .dd,,oruaruVyy 'dd'anolnltaS'noquag ap pue arrrrl,n .ru .Szr .d ,,srcpueltl suo}etg, s,q)o.t,torsoü,erur6 {g petrJ sV te

'tztd'saot.J

r!

og gz

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166 "ru 'oxuautatry'autn6 l-z 'pdnd slq ol s,{aoq urpu:rt{ -\ 'o*CI e1) 69§ sunl/.)üIl- /r' ,' r. sep

snuo?utwq) 1s

tn$oc

e

ls

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sat/l'ceuSuprel\

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o1

osle puerg e1'ytzg'dd'slutos sap sal1,puerC e.I :qJuerd ur elgelre^r sr pue8a1 oqt tnq 'paqsrlqndun IIIIs sr txet unul aqa §z 'Lzr-tr.u,11oatu,to3!o svzzag,elqoq lglt,rft,ztt '9gt'z9t stu'tqdol$oqqrg'edr€r4s pue e8prdel !6-9rr .dd (saat7 s,4to,t,totsoy ,aurrg l(rzru ,qtol lLzz ,6L ,t.L .dd,slassuu p sanorc1,tg ,unp1 9t) zSS 'd,'satr1 'Äqemg ap lstutns sap suoN

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.asuephe prES ro^eu w,t^ eq :qsrrl sB,/$, copn8 srrp .{es eÄ\ ]Eql louuec lou sr 1r tnq lsecueprcuroc sluesaJd esneJeq ,uoqcegar JoJ 1r poos spJofJ? srql Jo IIV lcrrolur.u 'pua8e1 Jecru E r.uJoJ ot req1e3o1 tqsnoJq ueaq a,!\ rlJ?J uI

e^sq oq^\ srelJBJBr.l3 oeJql ro o,t\]

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Lt

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tn

t

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-

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Gr»enadl Le Duc

e8

of the numerous more or less clumsy forgeries which accompanied the creation of the abbey.3z The catalogue as a whole is too short for some five centuries, what it says about the first bishop is certainly wrong, and the rest cannot be checked (though it is noteworthy that some names are doubled). In brief, the list is useless and unsupported - not even a decent forgery. The problem however is that it incorporates an lrish name, St Commeanus. Although he is said to be a saint, he has no cult, appears nowhere in the calendar, and appears to have no site dedicated to him. We have, in fact, no reason to consider him a historical figure, no reason to think that he ever existed. This may be the oldest instance of a fabricated Irish saint; but it seems strange that the fabrication should be supported by what appears to be an authentic Irish name. one

None of the lrish Cummeans known to me was a bishop, or had a connection with Vannes, or with a place which could have been confused with Vannes. There is still the question why and how this Irish name was taken up. If we take it that this happened in good faith, the only possibility might be Cumm6ne Fota or Cummianus Longus. He composed a penitential using texts of Breton origin; but there is no known Breton manuscript of this work, and no reason to think that it was known in Brittany.3: We must look for another solution. If we are open to the possibility of deliberate fabrication, we can consider the possibility that the name was imported by someone who lived in the abbey of Qrimperl6. This man, Iuthael filius Aidan, had a Brittonic name; but his father's name was clearly Irish.l+ Moreove5 it is he who provided the genealogy of St Gunthiern at the beginning of the Life of St Gunth'iern, composed together with the Life of St Ninnoc in the course of the eleventh century - quite probably to give more authority and venerability to the collection of forged charters which follows. (The genealogy is in fact Vortigern's, drawn from or inspired by Historia Brittonum.) We know nothing about Commeanus or his Life. He appears in a list drafted or forged in the eleventh century, a document which is not even coherent. He probably never existed. St Meldroc or Meldeoc The same list contains another name which might be Irish. The form in the list is Meldrocus, identified with a St Meldeoc,3s a saint who actually had a cult as he appears in the r53o Vannes calendar.36 As Loth has noted, Meldeoc might be an Irish name.37 There seem to be two possibilities. Perhaps the name was

picked up at random.

ir-

saint who came to Brirri: his name being e\-entuai, cult might supporr the 1.r:. legend for him. I could not directlr .h. I find it suspect. I hopc .I ,

interpretation. \\:ith rs .. ; : might have been guided - j that he was the epon\ nl St Meldroc/ Meldeoc \ I sure that we are dealing ',', Both Commeanus an J r, that they existed, and '"i, = .

invented. In an)' case.

r

:

St Efflam3e

The Life of St Efflam -rl despised worldlv honour:. :

secretly to land in Brirt,:' before they were reu n i r. .i 'pagan father' and 'eril.

,

strong doubts on the hi:r : The name is not lri.h. : 'good flame'. His uife En :: fights a dragon u,hich \:: to defeat. This u.ould p*,.-.probable place of origin

The historical erisrcn. : presence in two calend:: r from the l-ife which clc:: We have excellent ref,>, :. and there is nothing elsc- l no help in this regard - i l. was known about him { rr- trend at the time.

,

38 Vallerie, Dia,zexot). ii r::

3z Guillotel, 'Sainte-Croix

de Qrimperl6'. 33 Bieler, Irish Penitentials, pp. 5-7, ro8-35. 34 Maitre and de Berthou, Cartulaire, p. 4z; Uhlich, Morphologie, pp. ,45-6, cf. p. rz5. 35 Le Men6, Histoire, pp. r3o-r. 36 z6June: S. Meldoci episcopi l/enetensis. 37 Loth, Noms des saints, p. gr. He cites 'Felire Oengus, f€te le rr D6cembre'; cf. Stokes, Fölire Oengusso, pp.

z{r,

z-58-g.

Locmeltuou. 39 Lapidec r: _ \ Kenney, Sources, nr 38. Dc i_: i; 40 The form is Euf amus 1n :-.Trecorenszs, s. XV, ff. 86-§ T Breton spelling. 4r Cf. A-.. , 'Saints bretons', pp. r8+-r -- _

,

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1l'l..,,'; ..

It may be worth mentioning one further consideration, which may however be mere coincidence. The popular oral version of the story is preserved in Gperz Honora, which was collected in the nineteenth century and subsequently: this appears to bring together elements from the Life of Efflamm and Honora on the one hand, and the legend of SS Azenora and Budoc, already mentioned, on the other.a2 The lack of agreement between oral vernacular tradition (which ignores Ireland) and learned Latin tradition provides us with another reason for suspecting that the latter invented Efflamm's'Irishness'.

.

document compiled br I -.

WhyJaoua is called ;in

I:

.

be the uncle of Tinidor. ',, have been enough to prr, ,rAs for his name. ths ,. -.

assimilated to St Jtrl

',

i

French). On his er'ir\ s. : name, rvhich seems h, ,',', ; Welsh.sz

St

Feock+s

This saint is mentioned by Kenney, who for once gives

a vague

reference: 'Le

Grand, 0p. cit.''.44 most annoying. He is the eponym of Feock in Cornwall. In fact,Le Grand does not seem to mention him: Kenney was in error in giving the impression that he was a Breton saint.as The corresponding form in Brittany, as M. Bourgös kindly reminds me,is Mieuc, Maeoc;+6 but the saint of this name is never said to have been Irish, and was not, like the Cornish saint, a lady.+z 6 form inf may be reflected in the Breton place name Lffiac (in Tr6gomeur).+8 The name could in any case be Brittonic Miocus. We have the place names Plumieux and Saint-Mieu. I have no reason to propose an Irish origin for this saint. We have no Life. Kenney made a mistake: that is all. St Jaoua, bßhop ofLöon+o This is a tangle.

We have no Latin Life for this saint, apart from what is contained in the Life of St Pol.so According to Le Grand, he was Irish, uncle of St Tinidor, who was the father of St Tenenan.s' His mother was St Pol's mother's sister. Called back to Ireland by his mother, he heard of St Pol's coming to Brittany and sailed over

to join him.s'

This does not agree with what we find in the Life of St Pol, nor with what Le Grand said of St Tenenan.sl The sources are a breviary, now lost, and a probable. 4z The texts have been brought together by Le Menn,

Femme au sein d'or, pp. 9-2o; bibliography p. r45. 43 Doble, Sainx of Corn»all,äi.g-6. 44 Kenney, Sources, p. r8r, nr :8 (6). +S Perhaps quoted by Doble, who gives Irish Fiacc as an equivalent. 46 I thank him for this useful remark. 47 'I rm not even sure whether S. Feock was a man or a woman', writes Canon Doble, noting that in the Middle Ages the saint wa's sancta Feoca, but was later represented as a man. 48 But a saint's name would not appear in such a compound. I merely repeat this suggestion from the Dictionnaire d,es saints bretons, in which a saint is often created from a place name. 49 Le Grand, Vies des saints, p. roz (z mars); Duine, Mömento, nr 48; idem, Bröuiaires et missels, pp. 165, 167, zz8; AASS Mart. I, p. r3g;

Loth,Nomsdessaints,p. r34;deGarabg Vies,pp.77-g;'languy andDaniel, Surlespas;in particular, an Irien, 'Le culte', esp. pp. g8-9. 5o A new edition by Fr. Kerlou6gan is forthcoming. For the moment, we can refer to the edition by Cuissard, 'Vie de S. Paul', pp. 3h4o. 5r Le Grand, Vies des saints,pp. 52,3o7. 5z lbid., p. 52. 53 Ibid., pp. 3o7 sqq.

St Tadecs\ In the Life of St Jaou"

,:

Tadecq, another abbot. .,, version of the Life 0i >: -" In his notes Tadecq hu., Taidecus, thus mtlkini : . Taidecus must har e beu:

The Irish origin (it endorsement br- Col,t::

;

St Kö / Kenan / Cc,llt,i,, . Loth listed him Amon- \ reason for doing so \\ f,> -. The saint constituts. ., names which are nL)t u:"

represents a contlatr, ,t concerning him he ha. ' Grand . Later r-AriantS :: Le Grand presenti .r .\ he also gives him thc n;r-

:

.

-

K6 had a companior r;r-: text of Cornish oriein. *: drew knew Cornu'all u c.. 54 Ibid, p. S6; Lahellec. 'i - - -

is clear that Albert L. L- --

(vocative) in the Salisbur., -- Vies des saints, p. 57 (an,rn1 : grave is probablv not r-f,r1:cr - see any name on it. 57 l- -- . Vies des sainfs, pp. 5+-5 5,.,, -

Ibid ., p, 4q3a n. 5. 6z i - considered the form A. ,. , Collodocus) Caledoc. Kc. . ,

--

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'ile,r

IIE,{4.uJoJ ,!Leu)l

tro,p utas

?xü

't5:

ft

:

durlua! 'uL-rtr\.

-

^\ärp

(elEJ eq r{3rr{.&t. uo {Jo.&\ url?T 3r{1 Jo Joq}nB eql ]e lur5rro qsruJoJ Jo lxel ^ue E pesn erreq tqSllu pUEJC eT '(uauJerio) uerre;tr paueu uoruedruoo B pBq ?) 'pu?larl ol .(B,r\ .(ue ur urrq Surleyer lnoqlr,u, 'ueue;q eluBu eql I,urq se^r8 oslB erl E sB oopelloJ ro g)/.{Ent) tS E stueserd puBro eT tnq :urBtu8 ur uJoq turEs üg'snoJalunu oJouI oIB SluEIJs^ Jel?T 'puEIC eT sppe ',urue;q osls pus, - copelloJ pue ?) :o,ru .,{luo seq eq rurq SuruJecuoc pueSel 3ur,rrrr,.rns lserlrse eql uI 'slurBs IEJe^es Jo uorl?uuoc e sluasarde.r

aq teqt SuEse88ns 'patuler dlFc€o1 .ro dlyucr8olorudte tou eJE qcrq,!\ seruBu IEJe^eS SBq eq ,{UBUrJg Ur Ue^e :JeAe,&Oq 'aSUC ,(urOql B SelnlrlsuoJ lurBs eqJ 'uuua» r.uroJ 3qt Jo e)uBreeddB qsrJl 3r.lr .{lJBelc s?,n os Surop .ro3 uosBoJ srH rg'r1srrl ueaq o^Bg rg8nu rq8noqt eq oq,u slures Suotue rurq petsq qloT

zeropailo)/uuua»/?x

E pue 'lso[ ln.ou 'i;rl \-r--. : lBrl,tt r{ll,{A. Jou 'lod ls .- :,-

iurtrr-rg - :

re^o pelrBs puB

{req pä[Ef 'ra]sls s.rrl"ir sB^A.

Oq,!\

,

tOprurJ ls j,

3JIT eq] uI peulBluor

ker) 'nice, handsome, beautiful', a Breton adjective and not an Irish name. Languönan can in fact be identified as Languenaz (Dol), which was Langanano in the twelfth century, Languennen in n5r.It might be this dedication which inspired the merging of the names.66 On the other hand, StJaoua had a companion named Kenan (not, however, stated to be Irish).62 The name is known in Irish, but can also be explained in terms of Old Breton; or it could reflect Welsh Cynan. Le Grand kept these characters separate. When Colgan took up the Life of St Jaoua, he wrote a long note speculating on the identitl, of St Kenan. He proposed three candidates: a confessor honoured on zg November, an abbot honoured on z5 February, and a bishop honoured on z4 November, said to have come to France. He eventually picked the third as being most likely. Colgan eventually associated him with the St K6, or Kenan, nicknamed Colodoc (Caledoc), in this following Le Grand; and he identified Kerianus with St Kieran, honoured on the same day as St Kenan (24 November). It is Colgan who first made one character of StJaoua's companion and St K6.68 Let me attempt to clarify matters. St Kenan the companion of StJaoua is a separate character. There is no reason to believe that he was Irish: this is only Colgan's conjecture. I do not think that we can retain him or them. As already noted, the name is known in Ireland, but could be Brittonic. As far back as we can check, confusions and assimilations have been numerous and intricate, and it does not seem that any of the sources is reliable. St K6, nicknamed Colledoc, seems to have been identified with St Kenan relatively early: since no legend is attached to the latter in early sources, I think that it is only the finding of a'similar name' in the calendar which inspired or justified the assimilation. Later, Dom Lobineau made one character of K6 and Kerianus.6s Then Father Tresvaux in his reprint of Dom Lobineau took the notes regarding

Qrerrien (Dictionnaire de saints bretons, pp. z4-6, zz8). 65 Le Grand, Vies des saints, p. 56l. 66 Vallerie, Diazezoü,ä.g3. 67 Le Grand, Vies des saints,p. 567. 68 Colgan,

Acta sanüorurn, p. 443 n.

r

r.

69 Lobineau,

Vies des saints,

p. 26.

Kenan from Colgan legend of St Ke.

S

i. .r \ cr.

Later still, se\-eral r::: is how we come to hAr . ,

-

Qrry, To-Cai (i), Qreni:

-

Collezoc, Colledan. f., ," note that St Qlra\ \\ ;1s i -. -

and with St Gur;;' ;n.i martyr in Chartres.;: 'K.

-

Cernunnos.T3

There is no Irish ir::: Tenenan; since Jaou; identified with St Kc Fl . be identified as Kieran version. He also QU«rtr. -: which would be nice if -, St LeutiernT 5 For St Leutiern, \\ e h:, also find Leuther n. ir I . -

Leucher or Loucher ()f Li names. We have no Lit. : Irish before the time ,I- t * to St Lughtiern, an Iris: :-

His identification

.r>

-:.

enthusiasm of ninete cn . - about him. Ther simpl', ; St MaudetusTs

St Maudetus is said r, L , probably to the eler enrh

of his Irish origin.7"

70 Cf. n. 64 above. 7r P: iii. r oo. 72 Doble, ^Sr/ i r, i

,,

admittedly portrar ed s iti

*

goddess (ibid. , p. 29). ; + ,. ' Vies, p. +44 (zB avril). 7; i p. 274. 78 Duine, .|lc:r,' ,

STzz; Kenney, Sources, nr

j.

:

'L--otz'fi-zoz'dd ',zepnetrq tureg, 'arrap.rog u1 aq 6l '(xr) gt ru 'sattnog 'AauuaSlzzLS 1119 lz-rSrdd'saar7 s,qilr.tblsoü'aurg lzg ru'9-26 'dd'otuawally 'surnq gZ 'tLz'd 'arSoloqd,royq 'qrllqn aeg 'aln3g Ierrrolsrq e se,u urorlq3nl srqa l,l, '(1u,re gz) llt 'd'sar71 'fqereg ep 9Z '99t tu'otuaruapy'aurnq 9l 'e.roqe nS 'u;a tL '(62 'd ''prqr) ssappo8 drlllrral u olur turq apuu tad seq Juo oN 'Jeruurrrolle3 ,{uu ro3 (eJuepr^o, tuarJrJ}ns Jq plnoÄ\ euolt erruu eqt tnq i(rz 'd'gy rymg 'uarsl ur) serurl tE reep u qlr,{\ pa,tur}rod .{lperrrurpe 'Lg9 'd'slutos sap satrl 'ploeta el !96'ur '11oau.ro1to s1utog 'e1qoq zL 'oorrrr sr gy tg €l

'11»arut,o3lo

yur,ag'alqoql lSg 'd'.sao;nos srp uorlesrlBntcy, 'uru4

rl

'a,roqe

t9 'u

;3 ol

'ue31o3 89 'Lrl9 'd 'i.

,

'suttns sap sat,4 'pur:ry --r

ueqJ og'SflUelJeJ Iru:

I

n'.

Jo p3Jldsut qllq \\ Jiil *: (sacrnos i[Jr-r *. -:

r-

Bepr eql uJrJuos o1

sguoleq oJIT slH

epu

^\ou{

saop puB

tou op I

(,{q.&\

6/'ur8uo qsrJl srr.I Jo qrJla^\} ro rltue^el3 eql o1 .(lqBqoJd ueeq e^Br.{ ot pres sr sntepnew lS

"{rnluec - qslrl

,§nla?now

ls

{uH} 1 ueue) ]s

r{11.\\ paLr

u::

}r

lBt{} ruees }ou ssop li :'..: suorsryuoS '>1ceqr uf,t -r , .* eq] 'patou il.o:- :

SI eurBu

'er.u?u rslrrurs e o1 pelurod .tldurs ,(eq; 'urq lnoqe .{es or esle Surqlou perl oq.& s.reqder8or8rq.ftnluec-qlueoleuru Jo rusersnqtue eql ol enp ,{1s,trsn1cxe ueeg e^BrI ol sruaas uEluqsrJl uB se uorlssurluapr srH ,r'srsueJqrues snppJrg ,{q parueu loqqe r1srrl ue 'urarlq8nl tg ol ruq pelrlrrursst JetBI eurnq roqled rrlf,qureg op uoue3 Jo arur1 aql eJoJeg TISTJI eq ol prES lou se,r\ aq puB'urrq Sururecuoc sJuetuncop Jo aJrT ou e^BrI e UseruBu aq] uea,ttlaq aJutlquoseJ B 01 onp ,{lqeqord $ qcrq^ 'loq Jo Jeqtno.I Jo rar{Jne-I lS qlr^\ pogrluepr ueeq seq eH 'uJeJneT pue (doqsrq 'uraqlnel pug oslu (uJerlneT e.r4, :snorqnp sr srql ua^e puB 'er.ueu äq] lnq Surqlou e^?q e,r ]s Jod cLufitlnaT ls

,,(1uo sr srql :qsrJl sr \\ -r - E sl BnoBf ls Jo uorur.l --B9'?) tS PUB uoturdli:' '

'(raque^oN tz) uuu-)\ -..

peurluepl eq pu?

:pu:-

fq

e1'alcun-leeJ8 B qcns purl per{ eq Jr ecru eq plno^\ qcrq^\ uallrr,&\ 'lso1 ,rou 'Jdrrcsnuetu B selonb oslg eH 'uorsre^

94'SOuuIuJe')

'9)

;fiiUraü

n qttly :r{'ua41rtg

1S

;o Pue8al

-

,

'ueue; ro '?) ]S el{l ---

,

sB prlt{} eq} pelcrd ii'r* uo pernouoq doqsrq : : -: peJnouoll JosseJuol r .-:-: l

: ..-

Suqulnceds elou 6u,,rl

lelcun-lee;S slq

s(,(JBIAaJq ,(ue uuq] Je8uol sr lxel srq lnq ',(rer,r,arq B sr a)Jnos s(puuJg e.I 'uEJer) sB peunuepr aq plnor puc 'qsrr1 osle aroJererfl se,rl, urrJe) uoru€druoc slH '?) rS qtr^\ pegrtuepr oq.&\ (ueua;tr uorued[uof, srr.l sB,{\ os (qsul sB,$, Bnoef e3urs :uBueual sB,r\ Enoef 'uorlreer urBrIc u .t1uo '1ures qsr.r1 ou sr ereqJ sE,&\

Jo asneceq qsrJl

pog qsIInBC eql Jo Ie^r^Jns E sB ueas ueeq ser{ (uuuJa), ,1'ser}Jer.lJ ur r.{1ruru 'uoraq3 15 ot petBlrr.urssa se,r\ uarrran-§ ]S Zggr ur puu .1ldng tS r{lr^{ pue 'r,{Jreru pue edod 'snru3 lg r{trÄ\ pegnuepr .(ltuanbäsqns sB1( ,(crfo rg ler{t elou ,(etu ar11 o4'uo os pue (ueJen-ö 'urler;4 'uer.ran-§ 'uepo1o3 'uepey1o3 'coze11o3 'copeloce;q 'copap3 'sncopo11o3 'copa11o3 'urue;tr 'snueueti§ '(;) re3-oa ',{urfo 'g) lS peru?u ']ures qsrrl pellec-os u .ro; pua8a1 aySurs e e^Eq ol euroo e1( ,r\oq sr srqJ 'petpsuoJ ueaq Euraeq lnoqtr,$. 'paSreu ere,&\ stures IEJoAes 'grls ralel

äql etIJÄ\aJ o] esäql pesn pu? 'enoef 3o oJIT eqt Jo uorsre^ s,ue31o3 tuor; ueue)

tor

eseq] lde>1 puBrg a-I ur pouleldxa eq oslr ur - - terre,troq (]ou) uuual .

;o Sur8Jeru arl] perrtlsu: {rntuec qUIO.ru eqt u, eq ]JBJ UI UE3 Uilulili, , --

-

'neeuJsn8nold ul uru.I - rlJplla'suoueo eaJr.{t )*-

.

'se^IT tlloq ur peuonu: lsBluo3 sruos uaeq ä \i

ueaq pBq

?)

tBr{]

-_

-'

:

pui ':

tetlt uruueJ ellnb tr a1rL* IIJuerd (aelg sduqrad , -. * ]r tnq 'lrou1 tou op I u:-:

ut sruras qsxtJ

ro+

It'ts,; .t.

Cwenaäl Le Duc

Even though his name has not been satisfactorily explained, it is evident that it is not Irish: the first element is probably m&u-'servant', the second possibly -deth'day'.8o This is a bad start. There is nothing else to prove his Irishness, except tradition. The names of his parents, Ercleus and Gentusa (Herculeus and

If an Irishman of rh.- : of him L.

know nothing

reconstructed. He apfrsir- him, but I don't \\'an[ rr , ]

Getusa in a later version), have not yet been explained.8'

The tradition has drawn comfort from the fact that there still exists on the island of Lavret a small circular building called St Maudet's oven: this could have been the saint's cell, although it has evidently been rebuilt and repainted several times to serye as a bearing for local sailors and fishermen. This building has been described as a typical Irish monk's cell,8' or the foundation of a round tower. This is very optimistic, to say the least. I have only seen photographs of the building, and archaeological reports: but there is no relationship between these and what I have seen of cells and round towers in Ireland. St Maudet once seemed like the surest case of an Irish saint, because there

St l{innoc87

With regard to St \inn, meaning.Se Perha ps

.

h

;

Columbanus (C n ltnti , clearly owing much t, , ',',-. not have expected Kcrnr so. The W'elsh traditir;1- -,:

.

Life in Latin. In reality, however, there is

by the son of an Irishnr: Her original namc. . jr. also said to har,e been , r;

It should be noted, however, that we know from the Life of St Gwennole that Irish merchants used to frequent the island.83 Even if Maudez was not Irish, it is quite possible that he saw lreland, and quite evident that he met with Irish people - whether saints, scholars) or more probably merchants. The occasional

St Pompiee' St Tudual's mother' \\ ,: -*

was archaeological evidence and a

nothing worth taking into account.

presence of Irish people on the island, and perhaps some knowledge of lrish, might explain his having been said to be Irish himself. He does not appear to have come from Ireland, but he might have visited there. Vt pie creditar. I do not think that he can be retained as an Irish saint, if only on account of his name; but the island's clear Irish connections make it plausible that he actually went to lreland, and that a nickname became an adjective. Another possibility is that he was, like SS Budoc and Gwennole, called a'disciple of Patrick'.

name is Pompee, Pontl'; except that she \\'AS ()I. I:

--

In Breton tradition. : a form with initial A-- r, ,:' evidence that Breton .r*. an Irish name, but apl-.;r-.

Granted that this

it

l

rc ..r - -

as ver)'- sound er idsr-- - -

much about her. but >.: - St Mezeocs+ We know nothing concerning this saint. There is a place named Lan-Vezeoc, from which Loth deduces*Mezeoc, which could be a form of Mo-Seoc (saint Sioc, Sieu).8s There is also a corresponding Brittonic form in To-seoc,the name of a companion of St Pol.86 I include him here because the prefix ,ülo- is usually Irish, while 7a- is usually Brittonic; but there is no other reason for doing so. 8o Loth, Nomsdessaints,p.Sg. 8r Thefirstthingtoexplainwouldbethecircumstanceof their having classical Roman names, albeit deformed ones. There might have been some twisted metaphor in an earlier (lost) text which was not perhaps the saint's Life. A guess is no explanation. 8z Guigon,'Influences irlandaises', pp. zo6-8, rightly destroys the myth. 83 Vita ll/inwaloei,I.rg (Latouche, 'Vie de S. Gu6no16'). 84 Loth, Noms des saints, p. gj. 85 Loth gives as a source the Pouillö de Trdguier, rvhich I have not been able to trace, and de Courson, Cartulaire, CXCII: the correct reference is not to charter CXCII, which contains nothing of relevance, but to p. cxcii of de Courson's introduction, notes, col. 86 Loth,

r.

Noms des saints, p. r 13.

Britain and marriecl r

L:

.

Wales or Corn\\-all."-

I rvill

keep her on rr; ancestrv rather than lI 1: 87 Duine, ,tl-öntentr,. p --pp. 55-68; cf. BHL nr h:+: fasc. N-O-P,, col. 48. Th. r:: Irish, as it can be plau\ih. Aidan; see note J{ abt)i u of the mistake: there is r .r

'J

-

\ -

.

might be expected that (- .--in his book. f'his \\'äS il:r i '.-:,' of the feast of St \inn, )r :': , -

pp.ro7,r37.93LeDu-.. informs me that there i: rr .- . .

-

uBruou eql puB stue8o patslrlnrll qtr^\ rrrBSJBI i ur euots PeqrJ)sur uE sr 3räqt lBql atu sIuJoJuI ur.{of ü6 '8'd',srepu?lrl la suotärg, rrnq aT g6 'Ltr'Lot'dd

'.Iueqr

I uoq,!\ {arBJ

z6

{utluJg ur couurN tS Jo tseeJ aql Jo 'stutos sap swolg 'rllollogt tu'oluaaayy- 'autnq ttqt sE ärurs eqt sr ro^e,lror1 atup eqJ '-iep s,.(auuey ur paqsqqndun osle ser\ sIqJ 'Iooq slq uI srqt pu! lou prp I 1nq 'eceld lsrg 3r{1 ur e{elsrlu eqt epEtu puq ur51o3 lBql persedxe eq rqslur 'uru,rno1 ur se,u lducsnueu orlt JJ '(f r r d ',s>1oog peturJd, ',(sseuueg) repuelm qsIJI u€ uI peuorluarrj 1nq qsrJl oq ol pres wt ''unf, 't lstutB.ttSrl zoJ|uuaN § B sr eJeql :3{elsltü 3I{1 Jo 1r

ur8rro alqrqo.rd eq] etu e^?5 {1pur>1 .,(.ra,t 4u1n1uuf uaru;,1 rg r6 'a.roqe t0 alou aos luepty snrlg larqrnf o6 '(ptol, utu rruotllrg uo peseq su pauteldxe ,{1qtsne1d eg UEO lI se 'qstr1 ruo{ uorte^rrep Jo suret ur paurcldxa aq esec true ur tou päeu eureu eqJ'gt '1oc'4-6-1rq 'cse; 'l,rouotttlg'rl$ 68 '(r r) g0 ru 'rgrd 'sazmog l(auuay gg 'zlzg tu 'IHg lr :99-59 'dd

'anopttoS'noqlrag ep pue rrtrery ul sl aJI'I ra11 '99 Ju'rord'otuawapy'eurnq lg

'qulq I{SIJI Jo uBql reqler drlsasuB aql uo raq de3{ III^\ I qsrJl uaaq a^Er{ o1 sJBsddE eqs q8noqt uä^a 'tsll Jo 16'llBmuroJ ro selB & ur sralllos rlsrJl eql Jo 3uo ueeq e^?q lr{8rtlI eqs 'uo1ug ? parJJBtu puB uIBlIJg ur pe^rl 'aturu gsrrl u? pue urtrT E qtoq ptr{ eqs e)urs tnq .req tnoqe LIJnLU }ou op er!\ 'ur8uo qsrJl Jo sE,&\ .{llBeJ eqs lBqt eJuepr^3 punos .,{ra^ sE 1I ^rou{

(atBI

e sluosardar srr.ll tBrll poluEJC ees ot perederd atrnb urB I 'uorlrpBrl IBro (3LuBu qslrl ue s6'etuBU UI]ET E 3o Suuapuar qslrl ät{t .{pueredde lnq uolerg 1?q1 33uepl^a lou ruJoJ Joplo s(elueu l?ql p3^JeseJd suq uonrpuJl Iero IEIIIuI q]ru. uJoJ 3

punos eq plnoc sruBu urlBT lBr.urou B eq ol sluees lBr.{,t\ toJ

-»

(uorlrpsrl uoleJg uI

Jo eJuelsrxe ega'orudnoy zaluos pellgJ sr eqs t3r\e,&\oq 'ur?lrJ8 ur pe^rl puB ur8rro rlsrrl Jo

sB,&\

eqs l?rlt ldecxa

'req lnoqe qcntu.t\ou{ }ou op e A 'uItBT sI g3lg^\'etaduro4 'asduo6 sI etueu req puB 'lurBs B sB pernouoq IIIls sr eqs 'qsrrl eq ol prES sB,t\ Jeq]ou s(lenpnJ ]s z6a?dwod

ls

r6'u?qr,(rg 3ur;1 ;o uerplrqc eqt Jo euo ueeq e^?q ol prES oslB sr eqs '3ruo]lrJ8 sr qxtq1!\(afisnSuanc svt]'l. 'erorureqlrnJ'aureu leur8rro re11 'rlsrJl lou sEÄ\ couurN ]s lnq oo:uBrurlsrJl uE Jo uos JrIl .(q raao lq8norq ueeq e^eq lqEru aJrI aql atrr,r\ ot posn suortrp?Jt qsle r\ eqJ 'os euop e^?q o1 sr?add? aq lnq 'lures qsrrl uB tue^ur o1 feuue) pelcedxe e^?r.I lou plno,ü. I 'pusleJl Suruortuetu Je^eu tnq uollrpBJl rISIe,[ o1 qcnlu Sural\o dFeelc

'1ro,trqcled E es?c .(uB ul sl oJIT ng'@trr1 eqt u ailxqrutzTo3) snurqrunlo3 tS [q pesudeq se,e\ eqs lBr{r t]eJ er{t dq palsuu se,e\ eq sdeqred os'Suruuatu (rlrüuru

JEelJun Jo pJoÄ\ qsrJl-elpplw eqt punu rISUI Suotue Jeq pepnlJur .(auue;q dq,rit, aas Jouuec

ul peq aq sderlJed 8{i'stures (couurN tS ot pru8ar qtrÄ\ I Tfouutl{ 1§

'JAq]r3 rurq luo^ur ol luB,r{ }(uop I lnq (runl lo8roJ ol luB,&\ lou op I 'oru ol u.r{ou{ rBpualef, ou ur srBedde eH 'polonJlsuoJar pue paJnpop eq ot peq ser.l qcrq,&\ 'etueu srq puo,(eq urlr{ Jo Surqtou ,trou>1

(pelsrxe e1!\ 'r{cns s3 ueuo5JoJ useq sBq er{ re^e e[u8u srrll Jo uBr.uqsrrl ue Sor

1r(.trynaü

n tltIW :,(uuur.tg

u! stulr?S

'qto-I 98 'I 'lo3 's;r1ls '* ep pue'ef,ut] o] elqr u.r.r- - 't6 'd '.11

'slutus slp sutrt_\ - t. 'qliru aql siorlsep iltq;.- . -, st ssan8 V'aJIT s.Jurri r *- .,. eulos uaeq e,\Er{ rqälu .- - JO esuelsurnsJr3 er.{t

rq i' ,--

'os Sutop JoJ uosr.r- : r * Ä11unsn §-orv \rlerti-1 --:eurBu ar4l'toas-oJ ur L-lures) roas-ort- Jo Lur .- :- -

'coazal-ueT peutru

-r

-

--

'({SIJlUd J') )-*.-reqtou\ -r - -

sl {lI[qISSod

{genlce är{ }Erlt elqlsni' .. slt{ Jo }unoJJE uo .i1u, , .-. '- .. ',{,nltpa.tJ a.t,l I i -:-: ell _- .

o] Juadde lou saop

'.lsltl go a8pel \\oul .Lr 'Sturlrj r-: __ IBUOISeCJO eqJ ]ru- --.j'" rlslrtr rlll^a ]aI'U eq

q ]l '.ltFI ]ou

sc.t\ zapi:

sI eJer1} (-ra,r.eaoq 'it r 1: =.: * aJeql esnEJeQ ']urrs L{.,-l 'purl)r I -

uaa^l.]eq drqsuorlrlJJ r ,* \ go sqdet8oloqd uaas i ru :

punoJ E Jo uorlBpunL)l -1- - Surplrnq slqJ 'uetuJiq..* :' peturedeJ pue UInqJr i--r: * plnoJ slq] :ue^o s.Japn: j," eql uo slsrxe IIIts sreLjt -: _

pu, snaruJtaH) üsttl,.)

;:-

'ssauqslJl slq a.rord r)l r.-: flqrssod puocas eq] '.I u. '. -

letl] ]uepr^e sr lr 'prun'iri',.'

JI

tlsltl

r06

Gwenaöl Le Duc

Irts,'. .l

.

.

St Ronanes

Killsenan au territoirc

St Ronan is a very nice case. His name is clearly lrish. Even though it is sometimes (but not always) adapted into Breton as Renan, the onomastic evidence is sound and clear. His historical existence is not in doubt; the problem is rather that we have excellent reasons to see in him a seventh-century saint, and other excellent reasons to assign him to the ninth century. An interesting aspect of his legend is that he provoked both hostility and esteem. This could be explained as having been due to a problem of language, hence a reflection of his foreignness; but it must be admitted that it is also a recurrent motif in the Lives of saints, and especially of hermits. The real problem is the tromönie. This is a circuit, a walk which has to be made every sixth year, said by tradition to follow the route taken by the saint when he was going around his possessions. In fact the custom has been shown

province de Mommoinc ;: Du Val de Saint--\ Iaric. .\ . bv Le Grand seems tr-r h:

to have a calendrical basis, and to be rooted in pre-Christian tradition. We can retain St Ronan as a specimen of an Irish saint, born in Ireland, who died in Brittany. The historical character however escapes us, and we still have to explain how he came to be involved in the survival of a pagan ritual.

"-

Grand's French.'l..) Who started it docs r : :

in reality have been c: i , ; *

Senän (8 March),'''' \\ : Roman pupils in Irelrr." Irish and who is hon()Lrr; * name and a date \\ erc .: \ . I note that another S. \ . dry'as StJaoua; and rh*: to be a coincidence. I n, :. -

associations ma]- be

c,

il

-

:.

*

In Cornwall there i- :,. St Sani or Senaneo This saint is the eponym of the parish of Plouzan6. He is said to be Irish, and was identified by Le Grand with St Senän, bishop and abbot of Inis Cathaigh, and later archbishop of Armagh.oT It is clear however that Irish Sendn cannot have become Breton Sanä. The period when most p lous were created (fourth-fifth century) would be quite early for an Irish saint, and the name would have become *Henan. But it is clear that the Life which we have for St San6 is simply the Life of St Senän, from an Irish source, in which Le Grand incorporated local legends (in some cases perhaps his own fabrications) to explain his coming to Brittany. The confusion of the two saints was not however created by Le Grand, for St Senan has been in the Tr6guier calendar (for 6 March) since the fourteenth centurv. His Life is in the Breaiar.y of Löon.os Le Grand also used 'un extraict authentique des Archives manuscrites de Nostre-Dame d'Inis-Kaha et inscription p\iMpEIVS cARAN'r'oRrvs (Macalister, Corpus inscriptionum nr 4oq [I.387]). This refers to a man, but the presence of ogams confirms the possibility of lrish-Roman hybrid names. 95 Cf of courseDtine, Mömento,p. 344, nr 87; Kenney, Sources, p. r8z, nr:8 (rg); Lapidge and Sharpe, Bibliography, nr 94g; alsq most recently, Laurent, Saint Ronan. 96 Le

Grand., Vies des saints,pp. Tg-84; Colgan, Acta sa,nctorum, pp. St2_2g [numbered 6oz-r r] (r March); Duine, Mimento,pp. 345-6, nr 89; Grosiean, 'Trois piöces', pp.222-30. Omitted by Kenney and listed by Lapidge and Sharpe not as a Breton but as an Irish saint (nrs 378,4tr, 48o). A critical edition is available in Heist, Vitae,pp. 3or-24. 97 Le Grand, Vies des saints, pp.79-84. 98 It does not seem that the text has been published, except in the Gothic breviary of r5rg, of which only one half of a single copy is known to have survived. A transcript is provided in Appendix I below.

the bishop, although

i:.

-.

Senan had two compan.

.Sr .See

nius or

S e:.r1 ,r

-

t'i

The only Life u-hich \,,t : in r 6S6.Le Grand's \ .1-.

of St Piran of Corn\\

.

f,1,.

Colgan, who \\ as >h, :.

Latin again, which prc'r;r the same text or rathc:- .: honoured on 5 Ilarch,

gg Colgan, Acta s(ut t'trr i'!,7" . ': 'Seventeenth-Centur\ H :L -. - -

:

ror Ibid., pp. 5,+2b-;+:r r : p. r73. ro5 In rhc . - \i\\. But Colgan translaru * enother translation himr.-:' p. +77; I)uine, Mirrt,,rt:, : Cornwall, ii.3-r,1. r o7 T tollowing title (fo. zq r \ t\ | Li-ces,

:

-

-

,.

.'t)nfessoris.It might be thr: : deliberate manipulation nr *.: - -

te\t.

aqt ur eruru s(tures eqt eSuErlJ ol .,{1uo yr 'pa,r1o,tul ueeq e^Bq tsntu uot}elndruuru ateteqllep euros ]nq :dn pexrur a.ra,n .(ep etuus Jql uo pernouoq sturus oÄ\t reqr aq rq5ru t1'su.ossaluot gS t(otsfia r.uouas'runu.twot ap 'xal'r! "' orlotsda lutlrard olluüs aCI:(q,r riz'oJ) altp 3ut,tro11o3 ar{t sreog (6rSt) aoa'1 to ftataatg eql uI ueues lS Jo aJII aga lor ']r-e'rr '1ptarut'03

to stur.og 'a1qoq i[*zlrdd 'sact7 stq)o.tlo.1slü 'aurrg lo6 tu 'oruauay11 'aurnq IZZ] 'd 'tu.ntottuas oTtV 'uvß1o3 16t 'd'vwns say saql 'puetg al gor Jlesurq uorlulsueJt Joqtout pourelgo puerC e'I tuqt esoddns tsnur e^\ lqsrr1 uro.r3 txal sltll patulsurr] ue31o3 rng 'xx§ 'ttS 'd 'run.roltuos ottV 'uv?1oa,(q perrpa ueues tS Jo aJrT puores eqt q Sor lLtd 'saar7 s.q)o.ttorsoü'eurg üoroüü'd ''prq1 torefS 'd ''prq1 zorettS-gztS'dd ''ptq1 ror '['spg -,o5ueqcxg 1ucr3o1or5u11 uoterg-oureqrH,(rntua3-q]uaatue^es, nC tuoJul^, ugf 'n-zbS 'dd'untottuos »ttV''ueß1oa 66 't?9 'd ''prq1

oor

Y 'pa^l^Jns a,\Bq ol u rr, i'. 3II{}oO eq} ut }darra 'p-.1-\ - 'stutus sap sarl 'pue,rg a'1 -r-,

'r rf 'BLt sru) turrs r{slil *r -r -iq peurtug 'ot-zzz 'dd '.. - - r) [t r-zog perequnul rri-] . : eT 96 'uuuoy luttlS'tu.r-*: .-

:(tt) g[ ru '"9,'d

'sr.,.i/i,,.r'

'

plJq,(q ueruo5-r{srJ[ Jo ,,:.'

slI{J '([f3g'1] 6ot rlr i*i.

.

-

-

--

-

--

.

,

'a11r,rrun6 äes .err?tr{-lules ep IBA

'(qcrery § uo parnouoq sr uBrer) l5 acurs) eJoJeq se8rd .(lua,trl .{rols etues aql reqlEJ Jo lxe} eruBs eql (uIBSB UI]ET peypa.(peerl8 lcBJ ur peq er{ }Bqt Sulees luoü IuIq petue^eJd l{clq,t\ (lxel urlBT E oJur uorsJe^ s(puBJc a'I pelelsuBJl Jo lJorIS sE^{ oq,r\ 'ue31o3 ror'rrr.{Sres Jo uerar) 15 Jo aJI'I eqt perdoc Jlestr qcrrlÄ\ '1e,ra.uro3 Jo ueJrd 15 Jo aJI'I aqt Jo uorlEldBpB u? Jo uorlBISuBJl E ]JEJ ur sr uorsJe^ s(puEJc eT '9t9r ur .(luo ar{J goluza§ to sntuzas ls pu?rC a1

,,(q

paqs[qnd tsJg 'qcuerg ur

sr rurq JoJ e^Er.l e^\ qcrq.u eJrT

9o.'SUOIaIIIUISSB JAqUnJ

eJrEcrA 'arre1,1-lureg ep

13 ut{Ex-slul,p ellrrc -: - ]JIEJlxe Un, pesn osir i _:_ qlue3lJnoJ eq] oJuls {l'-:-

_

roJ

(puurg eT -iq pelr.rj

-_

,.-' sduqred sesec aruos

ur - I -.

r{slJl uE tuol; 'uuuag lS .lBtll JBOIS SI ll ]ng ' tt !'it ',.:-* {pee e}rnb eq plno rr I ij: - -

ol

p3l e^Br{ ,{rru srql :snuBrer) pu? snuBruurl pell?3 suoru?druo3 o.&r1 pEr.] uBues lBtll ppE,{eu 1 ',(1eutg po,'uoIlslIUIISs? Jo es8c rBelc B osle lnq'rslce.rrqc JoqlouE ,,(prey3 'lurus elerueJ B se,u aqs uorlrpeJ] rlsruroJ ur q8noqtle 'doqsrq eqt ueues B oslE sr eJeqt IIB^\uJ0J uI qll,r pagBuapr uaaq sErl oq,\{ ts ls 'ueue5 'lures u3 s3 eu?s ees ol uosBeJ ou qsrJl ]s 13BJ ur e^?q eÄ\ (lBlueprcuroc Jellsru lou seop lr esBc duB ur :pe^uluoJ Jo eq .{Eru suorlBrcossB oseqJ 'uBues ls suorluau aJr'I s(u?rer) ls rEqr ool elou I 'acueprJuroc B eq o] sruees srqJ go,'r{f,Jr}\l uo peJnouoq oslr sr ruzes tS teqt puu ienoef rg st,(ep 9 (uBues eru8s eql 'qcrery r uo peJnouoq sr,u 'doqsrq E lS JeqtouB tBqt etou I 'eJrT s(lurBs r.{srJl JeqlouE reqlo eqt uo pue 'uesoqc eJe.&t elEp B puB erueu rBels sr 'r.lJrBI uo parnouoq $ oq,u puB r.{srrl r{srJl u3 puEr{ euo oql uo ter{t lI J 9 (aouos sr eJeql pueq reqlo egl uo Jou sB,r\ ot41:1. zol'puEIsJI ur slrdnd uBruou peq e^Eq ot prES sE.{\ tnq .(ur11rrg ot pallo^BJt Je^eu oq.\{ ,or'(qcrery 8) ugues fS sB,(Bp a[u?S or{l uo parnouoq lur?S B oor:LIcEuoS palleJ ueeq e,rrq.(lrleer ur ,(eru oq,u pue 'puurg eT ,{q pesn se,rl. eJrT osoq,^. euo eqt tueqt SuouIE 'utusg psllBc sturBs e^Eq e,^. puBg euo aql uo 'Je]]Er.u tou seop 1r peuBls or.lÄ\ IEJe^es 66'r{cueJd s(puEJc eT elEISu8Jl o1 pBrl oq.ü (uBSloJ o1 u.{\oulun ueeq e^Br.l ot sl'uees puurg e1 ,{q (eruJeqdH(p §zgr uu(l lrrf,ur^oJd

pesn txet

IE nC

"qL' (epuEIJI(l ue euro(utuow ep scur^oJd luecur^ eJ?Jd ä'u el JBd srusuBrl .,(our E 'ualreJlry,p aseJorC 'r.rrer;E ep glruoc ne lsouVrp eJrolrJJol nE uguesllr)

'q8reqteJ srul Jo toqqr : -: puu 'tlslrl eq ot plrs si .FI

'lentrr uu6rd r

.:

:

o^BLI IIIIs o,{a puu 'sn s:.i. - orl,{A'puelell ul uJoq'tu.r.

'uoIlIpEJl urll i :- * u,!\oqs ueeq sBq urotsnt

.1 _ -

]ules eql {q ueIE} alnn, .. - l 39 0t suq qrlq.\\ {lr \\ r '- puB 'slures Jo

so

\r-I eLir -

tI tnq lsseuu8leroJ slr{ r Eur.teq sE peureldra aq p:pua8al sltl Jo lcadsr S u r. , . -

puE'luri.--

lU3lle3XA Jeqlo e.A{

-

}r.i . -

IEL{I Jeq}EJ SI LUJIq(

punos sr eJuepl,\e Jnsf;Li-, se[uneuros sr 1r q8noq]

Lr.r

_

..-l

iür,1aaü r0 ?.lttw :[uailt,üg u! srulaS tlslrl

Lor

r08

Gr»erua,b'l Le

Duc

According to Kenney,ro8 Colgan wished to identifl, him with Iserninus, (Exerinus/ Ixerinus), who was a follower of St Patrick. In fact, Colgan was doing his best to identify him at all, not knowing that he was dealing with a forgery. Le Grand quotes several sources, all of which are lost.'oe One of these he mav have invented; another is known from brief extracts; one was seen and copied by the Benedictines, who strangely enough did not copy this text. If Le Grand had invented it all himself, I do not think that he would have multiplied references in this rvay. He would also not have bothered to mention a discrepancy: the saint he mentions is honoured on rg September, and he notices that in Guiss6ny he is honoured on 6 March. This difference however betrays the antiquity of the confusion. I therefore conclude that the confusion and assimilation, whether or not they took place in good faith, are much earlier than Le Grand. The Life of Kieran was probably imported to Cornwall in the thirteenth century, to be used as St Piran's Life, because of a vague similarity of names (P in Brittonic

corresponds to K in Goidelic, as everyone knows); and this entailed a modification of dates.IIo The Life of St Sezni known to Le Grand must be later than that. We have no reason to keep it on our list, except in the category of saints who have been thought to be Irish for a very very long time. This was due to a confusion, or rather a misidentification, which was in any case based on a series of clearly dishonest acts. The only Latin text which we have is Colgan's, and this is the translation into Latin of the translation into French of a text forged

from another text forged from an Irish saint's Life. The text is suspect, and the suspect is guilty. Since more saints are involved, the whole question might however be worth studying as an episode in the intellectual traflic between Cornwall and Brittany. The Cornish side has been studied by Canon Doble; but more remains to be done on the Breton side before we will understand what happened in detail. I am only interested in the result. I notice that in Cornwall there is a St Sethny.,,, Even if this is nor the same saint, it is at least the same name; he is honoured on r 5 April, not 6 March as in Guiss6ny or rg September as elsewhere. According to the editor of Nicholas Roscarrock's manuscripts the Life is inspired, like St Piran's, by the Life of St Kieran of Saighir. This we cannot check; but there might be a confusion with St Senan here. We must remember that in the Middle Ages Cornwall and Brittany certainly shared a tradition, and we may notice that the saint was said to be Irish on both sides of the Channel, and that on each side, but separately, Irish saints' Lives were freely used to provide a Life for St Sezni. Nicholas

ro8 Kenney.

Sources,

p. r8z, nr 38 (r4). ro9 Le Grand,

(rg septembre). rro Ormq

iv.3-3o.

rrr

Roscarrock's Lioes, pp.

Orme, Roscarrock's Lioes,pp. r7z*3.

Vies des saints, p. 3g3 Saints of Cornwall,

r7z-3;Dob\e,

Roscarrock actuallr \r, r wisely refrained f ron'I i.. -.- -

St Tdnöncr,n"3 Another saint said ro

i:

Lrc

lvhat we know about h-: . He has t$,o rrärrre :. T, have I found in Irish ! *: - -

:

Patrick."5 Ffe also hr.1

:

which casts serious clr-ru::.

rhrr- . On rhc ,, :. :

his Life. In anl case.

Latin Life.rr6

lived 'at that time \\ h r r

:-

;-

*

As Tinidor he has

As for Tenenurr. thu :.-. known in the Cartul,.ti' , - -: Tenenar, which mighr r',.:' with the Irish saint T, attested in earlr sourcc-:. There was actuall] en, ir wrong simply' becaur. r ,

rvhich were onlr linkcL There used to be a >: the text which refers rr r r-

originally in Irish (c, i /;' St Patrick in the leee nu.. , -

trz Ibid.,pp.rr3-+.

rrj

_

+4r-4 (Life of St f e,, L: :-. 5-1. Not listed b1' Lapidsc ,: - : pp.

our sole source is Le Gr::

--

see note ro5. 116 Dc .: ii Life of St Caradoc; anorl.;: an editor. See Appendir trl Britanniam obtineburtt ir, ',1 ertfiil oriundus, tliuirr,t tTinidor, at the time u hun 1:;:

:

for us through him.' r r \ \\'illiam s, Canu Lfi,n,,t r, l; it' ,

t..

s0nctorttm, P. 533a.

'

o

tty'ueß1o71

ozr'

6r rd'srutns

sap

sr.zory'qlo1 6r

'eteS 'd'run.to|luns

r' 9t'd' uag quoatl'J nuüC'srrte\lt6

ur (prol, aeu'J)'z9g'd'srp;aua8 xapul'anolnu,zp 'uos;no3 grr ,'rurq q5no;ql sn;o3 (suolrrg oql .{q (suoxus ärlt Jo {rtunoJ) zoeg-o.rg potueu sr sr,,r,r 'surulrrg qtoq pleq suolrJg ueq.{\ äruB er{t t3 toprurJ

Surpr,rord ,{puerle ,tcrou eur^rp .{\ou qcrq.{\ urBlrJg retmrc ur uroq

pelleJ osle 'ueuauaa, 'Dtryzix,tasxtu aluaptno,td oa ut iuru aox stqou ournrp 'snpunt.to ltJtt:(a mlnlladdo snqtuotttg D MnulxDS outad tunu »nb atuuotrlg t.totow u, iunqauttql Mnxuultrrg anbaotfi saulu,tg onb aildaa! snfiprutJ 91 mb snunuaual Lu 'II xrpueddv oes 'rolrpo uB stre,t\E rlorqrr,t.',(doo

aurcrpeuag,t.rnluec-qluäätue^es e sr uorsro^ rär{lout lcopere3 tS Jo oJI'I

e 3o tuoru5rr; e sr uorsJa^ srql '(Jep?JE3 slures xneq, 'atraprog ul eC 9 r r '9o r etou ees :uBuäS tS Jo aJI-I B .{q parseS5ns .{llueredde st,tr srqJ 'Lot 'd'slutos sap sayl 'puvt71 el Srt 'reqtrJ s(ueuäueJ eq ot pres sI ropIuIJ '(zS 'd'vutas say satl) puerC e'I sI af,Jnos älos Jno r{rrqÄ\ roJ 'enoef rg 3o a3r1 eqr u1 }r r tt1do.r?oyq1g 'edreqg puu aSprdel dq perstl lo5i 'iS .ru'gZ'd'oruawa111' 'eurn6 l(9r) gC.ru'zgrd'satmog '.{euue;1 f(enoef tg Jo aJI'I) t-rtt'dd 'wntolrttosolty'teß1o71ilr-Lot.'dd'vuassapsatrl'puetgla1 trri-ert'dd''p1q1 zrr

'u?ues ts uorluelu lou seop re^e.&\oq qJrq^\ (pue5al eq] uI lcrJlsd ]s Jo ef,ueserd eqt urBldxe ]qSru tI '(utry(utnsunll otxu.taqtH rr) rlsul uI .(ll8urSuo sB,&\ tr ecurs ur u,e\ou{ uaaq a^Er.l lou plnoJ ulq or srsJer r.lJrq^\ }xe] eql (uBruulJ "{uegrrgugues lS tn8 ozrduuellr){ 15 B eq ot pesn areqJ Jo uoruedruoc B Jo 'esueprcuroc pecroJ e ,(q pelur1 .{Iuo a.ra,tt qcrqrrr sturoJ uaa,tuaq {ull sIlsInBuIT B peSESI^ue .(lsnotres eq esnBceq ,(1duns 8uor.tr. tr to8 qloT 'JouräJ '1ures raqlou? qlr.{\ uorsnJuoc rer.lloue .(yluntcu s€.&\ eJeql 6rr'uox,t21t2.[ < uoua,tal uorlnlo^e uE elElnlsod lqSlur e,{\ 'secJnos dFee ur pelseile tou se,r uauaual Jr turlt sa^Jesqo qto-I'(uEuJetL) uou,taJ tures r{srJl eqt qlr.&\ pesnJuoo eq ol qloT ol Sulprocre eluBr erl .uoq ureldxe lq8ltu LIf,Iq,r ',r,auauaa

'uaualg 'uauaug'uaua1a1 slurrrel ere ereqJ v;ulpaütl [,m1nua7 eql ur u.&\ou>l (uouaual JoJ sV er.uBu E 'uaualg + -0J slueseJdeJ lr :oruollrJg sr eruBu eql '-0J xgaJd cruoltrJg .(11ecr1srra1ceJ?qJ aqt ,(lqeqord '-l leErur ue sr Suqcq sr :repoug ur e sur{ eq roprurl sV teqt tS uedro]unoJ '[e.&\uro3 IIe 1,r',suoX?§ eql Jo puET er{l .{\ou sr rlJnlÄ\

urslug ]eeJC ur 'surelrrg qtoq pleq suotrJg uoq,t\ eurl terlt lB, pe^rl

(r{srtrJ8 (,tJ8Jtuoc oq sB sB.&\ eq tBqt eJeqt pelB}s .tlJBelJ sr tr eqr uO 9rr'eJ}-I u}lEl srq Jo stuel'ugB{ 8ur^r^Jns eqt ur tJos er{l Jo Suqtou sr orerl}'asuc.,(uu uI '3JIT slq I'uoU Jer{ls5 uBc o.&\ qcq.u Surqf.{uB Jo dlrc8re eql uo slqnop snorres stsBJ qJ[I.{\ ',(ue11rrg ur allles ol e{uuc oq ueq,$ sueuroN eql eJeJ ot peg osle eH srr'{Jrrted t5 3o uoruedluoJ JeruJoJ B eq o1 prES Je^e.r\oq sr eq :seJJnos qsrJl ur punoJ I e^Eq qcrqm Jo Jarllreu yr"top1rya pue (uonaaal luerre^) uouaual'seruBu o,r\l seq aH 'posnJuoJ puB pelruq .,(;a,r ,&\oul e,n 1Br{.\. sr I,urq lnoqB prES lures Jaqlouv -,{1ure1rec

se 'esec

aldulrs

lou

B

sr

srql te^e,tt,oq 'ure8e acu6 'qsrJl eq ol

üJou?u?J

zir'lI eq rnq luuuag

lS

6or

sB eruBs

SuIlJessE

ls

Jo stutns ')l: t6t'd'sltttus sef i.. l

'11u«tu,to7

1

;-

sBIoLIsIi{ 'IuzäS 1S r, :- :: {lalerudes lnq 'äpls q --.. * SBIA. ]ultsS eql lrq.l : - plES

puB IIB,{A,UTOJ seSY uoISnJuoJ E

Jo 3JIT eqt

rll;'

,'.

eq lqSrru -r-: -

^q

'r.I.rr1rlc -..

uI S8 LIsJeW 9 lou '1trtl\ : eurBs eql ]ou sr srr{t _ll - -:

I 'lretep ul peuecldrq -r * e9 of suIEurSJ eJoLLr I r {uu}}trfl pue

IIE

.

_

-

\\ur( )-,) * - -

puu 's,uu81o3 sl a rf Li -B o] anp sE^[ slrlJ f Lr.or{rK slurBs

3o (-ro;;lr-

r*

.-

e. pelrulue slqt pur ' . cluo]]rJg ur d) selui * ol '-i;nturr - ,

sB

pasn eq

uBrerx 3JIT aql f- _-, _ Jo Jo rorlteq \\ 'u .-

iaqt ]ou

,

stll sÄel1aq J3-\e\\oli r-*-uI lBtll sef,Ilou 3r{ frui '- 1 :,(cuudaJJsrp B uorlualu -

-

:-

parldrrlnu e^Bq plilr-r lr *' - -: eT JI ']x3l slql -ido: lr - .- :' puB uSes sE,\\ euo :sl,t'j--,: eq OSOLI] Jo euo r,c r 't i, . -. - : ire8roS E r.ltr-\\ ;uliEr:. .,

IUo{ peuIEUeJ .,(1estarr,

oqt eq 1q3ru eq Jr perepuo,r\ ,(lyunpe {oorr?rsou

dtuaaü r0 ryxtw :tunyu,g u, sturos

'snuru,tas1

qll-\\ rulr{

,,.,j.-

-.

tlst.tJ

I IO

1i'ri,..t

Gr»enai:l Le Duc

Let us consider what we know about him."' It is limited to a couple of passages from breviaries: one of these is lost, and known only through a seventeenthcentury copy; while the other is an extract from the Life of St Carantog"'which actually mentions one Teneuan as an Irishman who came over to Wales. This seems to be a different character; but the passage was known in Brittany. These sources do not agree with the Life in French, which reflects the combination of several traditions, some of them possibly Irish. De la Borderie recognizes three saints, who have been conflated to provide a nice story.L3 It is a complete mess; and if Le Grand had not known too much about Irish saints, and had not seized the first opportunity for connecting a Breton saint with St Patrick, Tenenan would not have been Irish. Since Le Grand found that Jaoua was Tenenan's uncle, this might be why Jaoua is now an Irishman as well.

St

Vougay or Vio'2+ St Vougay is said to have been an Irish archbishop of Armagh who came to Brittany to live as a hermit. The only Life which we have for him is a translation and/ or adaptation by Le Grand of a Latin text which appears to be lost. This saint is not in the calendar. We have a most precious relic, said to be his mass-book, which is a twelfth-century manuscript.r25 The name is not Brittonic, and is odd, for an initial U- should have evolved into Gp-. I prefer to follow Loth's explanation: that there existed a saint Becheu(e), which might have given Bec'heu or Beheu, with initial mutation after s&nt."6 We would therefore be dealing with a saint named Bec'heu, heard,as sant Wo / Vio, honoured on r 5 June, who was identified with an Irish saint named Vouga who was also honoured in June, but on the 7th. Le Grand used'les memoires authentiques d'Armacan en Yrlande, ä moy transmis par le R.E Vincent du Val-de Sainte Marie, de I'Ordre des fröres pr6dicateurs, Vicaire provinciale d'Hybernie'. That is, he used a document from Armagh. I would rather not go on to express an opinion about this source before considering the point with some specialist in the history of Armagh. There used to be a St Vouga honoured in the parish of Carn, Co. Wexford.',7 Two saints have been assimilated: Bec'heu who was a Breton and Vouga who was an Irishman - and St Vio because he was available. The Latin Life was seen

tzr LeGrtnd, Vies d.es saints,p. 3rz. tzz Brez:iary of Löon, r5rg, 16 May. rz3 Vies des

z.

Le Grand,

rz4 Le Grand, Vies gS. rz5 Deuffic, 'Missel de Saint-Vougav'.

saints,pp. 312-1; de la Borderie, Histoire

de

Bretagne,i.4g6 n.

p. 222; D:uine, Mömento, nr rz6 Loth, Noms d,es saints, pp. rz, rz6. S. Vio (Guiziau, Vizio, ibid. pp. 57-8, n5, rz6) is another character; Le Grand brought them together because of the similarity in their names. rz7 Loth, Noms des saints, p. rz6, citing O'Hanlon, Lioes of the lrish Saints, 7 lune des saints,

(a reference

which I have not been able to follow up).

br Le Grand in the rt F. contain.6.

rztt

We can tick St \-io ,,;:

I have relied mainlr oil , r

interest, their value As h:.: onlv investigatir e tooi: It is quite possible - : \\elsh or Cornish (i . E: : and then came or cAm.- r- such as Harthian, Gild:.. - * to do so. Actualh; flonc , :- : St Malo and his thirr] -rr.r:

erplanation can be user'u.. St Maudez, for instanc'.. t * Life. I have also conjectLr-- * Irishman, a Welshman. ;r confusion that is refle crr: tbund dates from rhc : ' -. actually used as an in' *. (Koupaia) ma),- har e bc.: .: .

not to have been used r. :,: example which could ir. scarcely matters, äs thr.r,- *r, .

I

also envisaged

rh:: .

erplanation ma)- be cc,r'r;

-

-

Finear {-, -. determined b-v Dr Jrnii u.:, the difference to be t'lr.: to be unique. St

rz8 I notice that Pierrc I-. :,- - the end of the fifteenth csr: -:

.,

nohilibus christicolis ptrretli:t'., prepotens

'

in insultr H ... Ilut this is or,r ;

ttrrtc temporis

rrhich has been imported

,

ii: : -

,{uu11rrg olur palrodrur ueeq sur{ r{3rq,t\ '1urus aql tou'o3t1 aqt sI tI pue lgsr.rl sr turus äql :uorsnJuos E lou sr srqt tnfl "' sualodatd auouJas p a.tado sntJuxnd autwou sndotstda unpmb tuntsuau,taqtll olnsat ux st,todwal tunl 'n17a3o3 e4ou p out)JtaH pJqarun attod 'r,nlmloil Dttors a? snqttuata{ sqonLx,tqt snqqxq1u xa snuoaas swruns spro.tr äql qrr.tr suedo ueuos tS Jo oJI'I oq; 6zrulq ot tsaretur

totg

älrrll Jo ueeg e^?q plno.u txät eqt tng 'srql uorlueur tou soop {;nluec qrueärJg 3r{t Jo pue äql lE seÄrr1Jr? eql ruo{ se}ou loot pue ,(aqqe eqt petrsr^ oq,tr 'pnug aT errard teqt arrtou 8zr

I

'seureu Jlaqt ul .it1rrlrLurr .-.sl (92 t 'Szr 'g-4S 'dd 'pI,,:

-

'puurg a1 lzt '; l- ,-' 'puurg a1 tzt :ir11 L1 1 'r - :

sa!,,1

(ls?el

(dJErIS 3J3 aJaql ueq,t\ puB JBelc eq ot mueJeJJIp eql lB IIE.r,\uJoJ ur lJädxe pFo^\ e^\'lceJJoc eJe,{\ uorlBuBldxe srqt JJ'IBInIUBIJC r(q pauruJo]ep aq ot lBql e^Bel I lnq bldurexe raqlouB eq .{BIu JäuSrnC/JESul.tI tS 'enbrun eq ol sluees eqs tnq furBdno)/sroduod 15 Jo äsBJ eqt ur tJeJJoJ oq,{Eru uoEBuBldxe

sryI 'llE^\uroJ puB selBfl\ uI suonBlndod frlrourtu rlsrrl er{] o1 pelurl ueeq e,]\,Brl plnoc sol'ueu JruollrJg rllr./ü slures eluos lBrll pe8Bsr^ue oslB J (sJell?ru,(lacrecs 6zr'leJdJelul ol seJu?lsur ou eJ? eJär{l s? tr :Suor,^a ro lrl3rr eq plnoo 1 ,te.tt srql ur paurrldxe eq p1noc qcrg,{r. eldruexe .{ue pug ol elqrun ueeq e^Bq I pBJ ur pue l,{ue11rrg ur pasn ueeq e^Er{ ot tou s/nees snil|ts pro.^a arIJ 'lou sB,{. IEnpnJ }s lnq (rlsul uesq e^Er{ ,(eru (erudno;,1) reqlolu s(lurBs äq] (a\oN 'uoleJg E ol passarpPe - llnsur uB sE pssn .{11untce $ snuaatu|ts 'pnpna Jo OJIT eqt ur :.{rntuoJ qule.t\t orll ruou selBp punoJ sn{t Jo ecueJsur ,{po aqa 'secJnos er{t ut patJeueJ sr ler{t uorsnJuoc (utrurlsled\ B (uerurlsrJl B Jo e^ElI

I

r1Jrr.l,u

aql Jo otuos ro3 elqrsuodseJ eq lq8rtu srql (uolarg

ue ot JaJäJ plnoa snilus a^ucelpB 3ql Jr (lBql peJntJa(uoJ oslB e^?q

I

uses sB^A. aJIT urtBT eL{I -". oqr!\ e8nol puB uoler8 I . r 'oJ 'uJr) ,

tzr'PtoJxe

A,

esJnos slql lnoqB uoiur.i *: lueurnJop E pesn Jr.{ '1ced

qsluroJ,

B

uolluatu ppoc I

',(uellug ot otuec ueuqsrJl IBJe^es tuqt porrad luqt dlesrcerd ur ueeq e,teq oqe.(eu tI 'elqEIrE^E sr al?p ou 's1xa1 reqro rog 'sdoqsrq Jo rsrl E 3ul3.to3 uI erult ]Bqt tB posn aJe,&\ seruBu Jrar{l esnBceq borp1a14 puB uBeruuo3 ro lporrad lBql uI uelllr,tt ueaq o,ruq ol.reeddu se^rT Jreqt esntJaq'ecueJsut ro; 'urureg;g pue lepner{ :tsII Jno ur stures eql Jo ,$aJ € ol eJur^eleJ Jo uolttreplsuof, e .{1uo sr lI lng 'eJell^l.eslo se qcntu se .,(ue11rrg ur esec erlt uaeq a,teq lq8ru srqa .(trleuolteu I{sIrI uB slurss o] SuruSrsse .ro; .,(;n1uec quleÄu 3q1 ur uoqsBJ 3 uaoq eAsI{ ol stuees ereLIJ

f puapr^o or1,{N lurES

eql 3q lq8ru

IEL{

r ;;.

\\

--

-..-

tTr-.

ueelA.]eq slJBluoJ J0 .1r;,:,'ur8rJo rlslJl ue ]seE6n. :. *

'peluStunJoLl

.I

-r-- : -

eql tUoJJ s}JBJ}xe Jo )ru-.- -. pres ueeq Je,\eu a \r{..i ..- *

iNsddvH Jr rrrc NsH,{\

ol

e,&\ r.{3rr.l^a

'(,seruap ecuerss teq.tr sesodord

uouo,taq,) ottuaus w&au ponb ouonap ppuodg:re8utg tS Jo oJIT eqt ur passa.rdxe eydrcuud lecrqdrr3or8tr{ eqt Jo uortecrldde eqr .tldtuts ro lrustcnoxe roJ atset E sdeqred llures s lnoqr fes ol Surqleuos e^Bq ol peeu eql :JBelJ eJE suosrar aqJ

iNlddvH Jr crc

lxe} eql

alr,)J ,r'.

eJE eJsrl] urBSB

-

: u, * : '.i u: - -

lnq

'uorsnllr;:

_

-

I 'lry3sn r.uoples 5r r: _*

',(lurelrec relBer8

ilplaaY

il

tltt'y4,

:

*:

u EulleaJo .(qaJoq] pur -.eq] roJ slellBrBd qsrrl all- - -

,t{slrl {lucrdil, pallrr

ÄH,r\

LL -

pelJnJlsuoJeJ sr Jlestr

Sursq Jruo]]rJB ul trrtl--r- i(tnbul Jno ol r.r', (]Eqt puu er\ tsll rn -

r.lceer 01 sn s,t\oll? srql puu lseue8ro; pue suorsnJuoc slealor .(ppue.r acuepl^e elqEIrE^E eql Jo rusrJrlrro leJrJolslq {;elueruele ,{es ot tou ',{reurpro .{.ren 'sllnsoJ plerd uec gJrq,ü. euo, po aqr fe,u,(ue pue'poqleu tsepunos eql sr erueu eqt Jo,(pnrs aqa 'spoqletu puu ErJetrJJ punos durru lou ere araqt'tcr; u1 ,9,'pu?leJ[ uI pelpn]s e^Eq ol pl?s sI srals?ul srq Jo euo Jr ue^o 'qsu1 lou sr oq,r\ 'a,rra11 tS Jo oJIT eq] ur sJnJJo srqt tng 'peuolluetu .,(1unsn lou sI sll^ep 3o .ftqeuotleu eql - Jllotu qsIJI-IluB uB eq oslB rq8nu r1 'po8 ue8ed qsrrl ue Jo atueu{Jru eql eq toEJ ut lq8tur 'ueof,n11 'atueu s(lr^op er{t pue i,,{ue11rrg ur pe,treserd ,(1sno1tn1rog 'ero111o3 I{sIJI Jo tuoluala uE eq ol stuaes srr{J 'r{srrl sr eq teqt a8po1,trou1ce ot päcJoJ sr oq.&\ [^äp B e^?q e,tr.'e,tleg lS Jo oJI-I eql ur :retf,BrerIs lsel auo Surcnporlur eroJoq elBlISäq I

tr r

3^Br{

_

roJ

UI SaUISU UOIOJB IEJA

\)r ----t'

slurBs ']srld 'äJrlJrJrJ u. '\ IuIlIuI ot peldEpE,ro pr;1;; rleql JI peprBrsrp eq I i: Jo epIS t{Jltl,\\ uo

sulluirl: -

:['unutlg u! slu!,uS tls?tl

rrl

Gmenaöl Le Duc

I am struck by the fact that in Le Grand's Lives, saints said to be Irish are all from the province of Ultonia, i.e. Ulster. He probably did not know where this was. His consistency in this respect leads me to suggest that he had access to some document of Ulster proyenance. He quotes from documents sent to him by a Dominican residing in Ireland. He had documents concerning Armagh. We do not have them; nor have I been able to pursue the question of these sources in Brittany. In my opinion, Le Grand used those documents freely, identifying Irish and Breton saints whenever he could. This may seem bold but he made even less fortunate assimilations elsewhere. I have great esteem for Colgan's work, and I believe that this sentiment is general. For many reasons, he enjoys the status of an authority. It must however be noted that he unknowingly contributed to a vicious trend. Le Grand said that some saints were Irish. Consequently, Colgan included them in his Acta

sanctlrum Hiberniae. Sometimes he could supply a Latin text (as in the case of St Fingar); but, when better evidence was lacking, he contented himself with

rendering Le Grand's French text into Latin. Eventually, the existence of a Latin text lent a semblance of authenticity to Le Grand's claims of Irishness. Colgan did still more: he endorsed the Irishness of these saints, and at times added notes which lent more solidity to Le Grand's inventions. Consequently, Kenney listed them among Irish saints in his bibliography. Kenney himself, I think, was responsible for the mistaken inclusion of St Feock and St Ninnoc. Before Kenney, Loth had studied the names of Breton saints, and had already sorted out those who could be lrish. Unfortunately, although he was quite qualified to make a judgment in the matter, he did not question cases in which a saint's Irish background was supported by a legend. He should have been more critical. Meanwhile, most nineteenth-century writers of saints' Lives and canticles simply drew their information from Le Grand. This is how many Breton saints came to be'traditionally Irish': the tradition can be dated 1636. Canon Garaby added more to the lot in 1839; but he never hesitated in creating new saints. Later in the same century, Dom Plaine acted with the same confidence.

Irtsit.\

looks like information i.. :: you don't know the orisir. raise his finger to contrlu. -' That connections rcii. number of Irish saints .,, : and unduly exaggerätctl. .' We could not reallr ci -would preaching har c hc.;: any mention landed thcri- ^ fled from Ireland to ar , .: (Maud ezrE,fflamm. Tcr; r or converting, but rrre re-',

-

hermits. This ther uou -. '1revealing their sanctitr in question were not Iri:i-. Loth retained tu.cli c r shorten the list. Er en if r: .

In Brittany, quite cer rr i r offended by what

I

.

h-1,,.

sources and analr-se u

h::

:

little, and that little is c, ,r I source of the misundcrs::: in thoughtless \\,a\-s. To sum up: lear in S j: . , Irish saint in Brittanr i. \ Irish names but äre rcrrh:: : been an Irishuioman. :: Brittonic names; and r:' tr---

.

vague, unreliable,

fbre.;.

:

criticise. Later, the process (rt : - I could easily be labellcul i: -

The recent, and rightly anonymous, Dictionnaire d,es saints bretons has in its turn added everything up, reaching a yet higher total. Misunderstanding Loth,s study, the author has created even more Irish saints whom I did not have the courage to add. In discussing the names of Breton saints, Loth often gave cognates in Welsh, Irish, and Gaulish; inthe Dictionnaire this is fastened upon as evidence that the saint had an Irish name, and was therefore Irish. Some other saints have Gaulish names on the same principle. Most of the time, no

saints than by virtuou: i:.,-. saints or holy people Srrtl .

evidence is offered: assertions are gratuitous) not to say scandalous. Let us face facts. There are many saints concerning whom we know nothing, which is extremely frustrating. The temptation to grasp the first thing which

certainly brought somcrl.: Out of this we get r h.- devil is Irish, and God i. l:,.

opinion.

However disappoin i:: . Reducirrg the number ,t travel, trade, and e\chrr

-,-

'qJuerd sl poc puB (LIsIrI sI [^ap

eqt (uolorg arB sJuIES Jno :ernlJld.,tro1ceJsr1ts ftq5lq e le8 a.& slt{] Jo lno 'ruor{t qtr.t\ euoq puEIeJl 3o Surqreruos tq8norq,(ptelrec

,{eqr pue 'snoJerunu erorrr are puEIerI ol euo8 o^EII ol prrs eldoad .,(1oq ro slurrs uoleJg 'sJepEJl pue 'slueqcreru 'srrloqcs e{rl slenpr^rpur snonlJll .(q uuqt slurrs

,(q ssel tuellug put puBIeJI uae,luaq eceld >1oot e8ueqcxe pue 'aperl 'yaaerl Surduep uuaru Jou seop .,{urltug uI sluIBS tlslrl Jo Jequnu eqr Surcnpag

t{cFl,ra Surqt }srr} aqt .-i.: -. t8urqtou r\t.ouI o \\ LUr.ru , .'snolrpur,,-- - .

ou 'erull eq] Jo ]sol \

AI'II0S '[{SIJI aJoJaJ)

Ll

uodn peuelsuJ sl silit

-

--

r -I

,

'

trql

,(luourru u

s,{u,u1e oJO,r\ sJurBS 'ruees ,{uur

srql Surluroddrtp ,rnlä;r1r.o

Jo raueru E sr tr'llo1y\ i"' eI u 1r sr'qg e tI sI'qslrl pallequl eg,{1rsee pynoc lur?s u,{\ou{un .(ur pue '1or1uoc Jo tno tuel( uorlnqrrlle go ssecord aqt telel

.ESIf,IlIJJ

ol e?uepr^e o^Eq ue^e tou op e,r\ eslo ro - peUIslBJ ro'pe3;o3 'elqeryarun 'antezt eJB qf,rr{.r stueruncop ur sr Jr 'qsr.r1 eq trl prBS are .,(aql ;r pue lsetueu Jluoltlrg e^Bq sJeqto eqt IIV 'erueu UI]ET E prq el{s q8noqt 'uetuoatqsrrl uB ueeq eauq.,(etu eeduro4 lS 'lueuqcrBd uo 1ut uBr{t erotu Surqtou äJe lnq sel'u?u qsIJI e,req 'coepye141 puB u8e[u[uo3 'sreqlo o,$.I 'uBuou t5 sr .{uetrr.rg ur lur?s r.lsrrl uE Jo esBJ punos .(1uo eql 'reSulg tS pue JErJg tS eprsr Suraeel :dn uns oa 's.,(ern ssapqSnoqt ur pesn ueeq e^Eq sluerunJop rlsrrl 'sesec Jsoru u1 'Surpuelsrepunsrru äqt Jo eJJnos eqt urrldxa uBc I ueq^\ pesolJ sr esBJ eqt :drotcrpeJtuoJ sr elurl ter{t pue 'a1u11 ,t;e,r ro 'Surqlou sr araql atuu aql Jo lsory 'e^Eq e.{\ 1tq,la. es.(pue puc sacrnos or{1 ot {ctq oS ot sr poqtau alqrssod ,(1uo aqr :erlotlr elull o^ELI Irtg'ultttputl Jo srurBIJ eql pasoddo e,req rq5rur pue 'pres tsn( e,ruq I t?q^\ ,{q pepuag;o sdrqrad ro peluroddesrp uaeq e^Er1 plnoÄ\ eldoed ',t1ure1rec eunb turilrrg uI 'tr tnoqe .ftros 1rq B IooJ I 'ssarSo.rd eruos sJueseJde; srqt Jr ue^g 'ts[ eqt ueuor{s ot pe8rlqo ueeq e^Btl I 'qslrl aq plnor oq^\ stur?s a^le,ru paureter qlo'I 'uorsnllr uu dpo sr eoueJegoc s,ernlcrd eqt ueql 'qsrr1 lou are-rt uoEsenb ur slurrs eqt 31 1nq l1e3 e^\ leql arntcrd lereue8 eql $ srrlJ ,(trlcues rreqt Surleeaer ,tq ruaqr .{ouue ot uesoqJ tou poC peq 'auop e^€q plno,u ,{aqr srqa 'strtuJer1 sE euole eÄrl ot ro 'euo8 peq sreqlo ueql requnJ oB o1 .{1ereu lnq 'Suqre,tuoc ro 'Surqceord ro '8ururea1 lou su,r\ esodrnd rraqa '(ueueuea'uueg;g 'zapnrry) sJnceJ eueqt srql leqt 3ur4rr1s sr tr pue le8errreu pro^e 01 puelerl tuor3 peg .{eql 'sesrc eruos uI 'ecuer{J sreur .(q ;o 'luaprcce ,(q araql popuel uorluoru ,(ut pug a1rr tuoql( Jo asoqJ 'suosBeJ crlsrn8url ro; '.(see ueeq e^Bq Surqceerd ppo.tt rou isluepnls qsrrl ol e^rlJBJllE eq ol .(ue11rrg lcedxe .,(lear tou plnoc e \ 'sporrad tueJoJJrp te pue suoseeJ snorJr^ ro; 'petrre8Sexa.,(ynpun

put

dlssor8 ueeq stq eJegt pel]tes pur ,{uegrrg ol etuec oq.& slures r.{srrl Jo reqrunu eqt tnq leelc sr .(ue11rrg pue puelarl uea,t\taq patsrxa .,{lpar suotlcauuoJ TBIII no,{ lcrperluoc o1 ra8ug srq esreJ IIL{. euo ou pus 'qsrr1 se,tr eq tuqt , es rsnl 'lures B 3o ur8r.ro eql ,erou>l l,uop nod

JI 'potsrxe s.{e.up seq uoquldruet srql pue lesueuur SIr

itCtryaaü r0 rytl-W

sr uorteruJoJur e{rT

:r(uauug u! stutüS

slool

3tl] a^Bq tou plp I LUi *' , s(r.lloT SurpuelsJäpun. ] .. SII uI SEt{ Su}lilq r/ii r ,.' '3JUäpUUO3 erUES Jr{l U-:

'gsqr

,

-

,--

!1.-:-,.

sluIES uoleJg -iuru \\r *' . \I-1 .Sl; r.

SelSIlueJ puB e^Er1

Se

plnoqs eH 'pua.i:

ur seseJ uorlsenb lou :,: : aq q8noqllr 'i1ari - - - su,&r.

pBr{ puB 'sJurus

u ol

l.

t

-

{coed ls Jo uorsnlJul L--',';r{qdetSo}lqlq slq ur s I * :: 'suou u: tsJurrs es)L setur] puB ]B -. 'sssur,lslJl Jo sturBlt ... t'_: e Jo oJuelsrxe aqt 'i Ii. - - _ tlll^A JIeSuIq peluelu{r' : " Jo esB) eqt ur se) t\ät u i -:

ltpr sFI ul rusr{] paL)rr,'- puuro eT 'puaJ] ..r

plES

Je^e.&\oq lsntu

lI

_(lrrr)L{l..

sI luäI.urluss sF{]

lrqt

-r ,

-

r

:

'

:-:

-

- ploq ruses {eu sr{J_ ;- {1ear3 stuetun3op esr)u- ; eseq] Jo uorlsenb aL{r r r . 'q8uury SuruJoouof s-u:

o]

SSa33B pEL{ aq

tuqt

slqt ersr.la Ä\ouI tou [[B 3rE

--

t.--:_- --

prf

_

tlslrl 3q o1 plES s]r-.f -

tls!,ry

I I6

I ri:slt

Gwenaöl Le Duc

I:

The Lrfe of St Senan

The Life of St Senan, from the Breaiary of Läon lBreuiarium insignis ecclesiae Leonensis, pars hiemalis (Paris r5r6): Bibliothöque Municipale de Rennes nr r5 952]. Since one single copy is known, and as it has not been republished since, I offer a transcript. This Life is a prose version, shortened, of the metrical Life of St Senan published by Colgan, Acta sa.nctzrum, pp.

62

'

quod vtensilia suorum ptr-;l quo edificabant per mirtt *. egerunt.

APPENDICES

Appendix

5'.,.

(read 5rz)-628 (read 52g) (8 March);

cf. Lapidge and Sharpe, Bibliography, nr 48o, critical edition inHeist, Vitae, pp. 3or-e4. Several times, the use of identical wording in both texts betrays this version's origin. folio z4rvb De sancto Pierano episcopo & confessoris. ix. lec. de communi. Senani episcopi & confessoris.

Quadam tempestate dunr

:::

familia hospicium petcrc r habitatoribus dicti casrcllr *, repleta est, et dictus paruLt. *. Dominum esse ultoren-r : ,

prefatum castellum cunt h: -. petiit a Deo ut ipsorum n*.,:

Sequenti uero temporc p: querens nauigium, QUn :'* creatorem celi et terre u I ': : .

lectio prirna Sanctus Senanus ex nobilibus christicolisque parenribus de Scotia natus fuit, patre uidelicet Hercano, et matre Cogella. Erat autem tunc temporis in Insula Hybernensium quidam episcopus nomine Patricius opere et sermone prepotens, ydolatras ad fidem conuertens, qui interrogatus a populo quis esset sibi in episcopatus successurus, prophetizans respondit, quod Senanus nondum pro (folio z4zra) tunc genitus. Quod et ita secutum est, nam iuxta dicti Patricii uaticinia non multo post natus est Senanus omni uirtute preditus.

lectio ii Cuius natiuitatis tempore lignum aridum quod eius mater manu tenebat confestim floruit quasi pronosticans quod puerulus qui nascebatur florere deberet in domo Domini sicut Cedrus Libani; quem immediate post ipsius natiuitatem parentes fecerunt baptizari ac ut Patricius predixerat Senanum nominari. De cuius ortu parentes et consanguinei immenso gaudio repleti sunt. Senanus ergo ablactatus cepit corpore, fide, et uirtutibus crescere. Ipse namque

corpus suum abstinentiam macerans, quadam die matrem suam mane in ore cibos degustantem arguebat dicens, quod Deus certa tempora refectionis et certa tempora abstinentie constituit.

lectio

deinde ipse et mater sua

u.:::

sunt.

Deinde factus episcopus ::.: quo dum quedam mulier r:. j beati Senani discipulum Du (1.S.: submergeretur) qu, ;

'

sionem ad beatum Senanur:. uiro iussus est uel ut puerl^: i

Cum igitur monachus Jr. -- ..

experiri aque profunditi r c * ambulans inuenit puerun. *. beatum uirum detulit. er ..r-magistrum et discipulunr i:..inter beatum Benedictur: . .

fluuio liberati. Tu.

iii

Processu uero temporis cum parentes eius locum habitationis sue mutarent nouumque habitaculum alibi construxerunt, beatus Senanus diuine contemplationi uacans aliis in edificando occuparis iuuare negligebat. Qui de hoc a

matre acriter redargutus contemplatiuam orationem repetiit. Vnde contigit

Nauigantes socios patrui s;:

.

sui et aliorum amicorunt \ * restituit. Dicti uero resu>..:-

ipsius percepta permissu r- -.

y

'eurädns erpnu8 eJeledeJ teJeJrl (sre :'3e1 'crs) snle nssrurad eldac.red snrsdr

ouortJrpouoq tn tunJenuJrlddns oueues oleoq rtatrcsnser oren rlJrCI 'lrnlrlsar

elrn stu.,(rqccl runJ euor]EJo

rnrlrd rlcrp ruauoqeca;dep

ESnJ

snuBues [unJons tunrocrlue tunJorlr ]e rns

pe eronba ur sosJeuqns rns rnrlud sorcos salue8rneg

IIIA OI}'EI

It8rluo) epu1 ']lltad::

Lr I

sntsdt tsod alerpetuLui .* -r -

e rrend euorrdara ur runJnBW urnlndrcsrp *nnr r, *.rrrr"X'*t'Ii:,o:'t'iH! essrnJ r.urTo snrur8al lnJrs orlecretlE srlrqgcrrue lrnJ srlBl unlndrcsrp le run.rtsr5eur Jelul olnJBJIu onb aC[ 'lrnlrlseJ runnrn rrleur urnsdr 1e '1ryn1ep ruurn uJnleeq pe urenb rueluepnl Ba ur uJnnlJoru luqsrurlse urenb runrand lruanur suelnqrue rusnbe;edns ]a'uayrqeclec lrnqerd rqrs es enbe tualulrpun;ord enbe rJrredxe olnceq unt (ercfiz oqo;) suelon uenbe pe lässrsso3ce snr1o?uoru rnlr8r urn3

rA

B

orlcel

-.

E Jotl ep Iri§ 'tuqaErlr:.ru :.-uISluoJ eurnrp snuruf q r]ueJBlnru ens sruorl rl r q: _ rrr orlcel

oJeJoU Jnleqeosru In b, \ -

rr^ orlcel 'le8reuqns as orond tun, Ien ]urdr.re eurung e runrend ln Ien lsa snssnr oJrn oleeq E snteron rri§ 'oqcuuoru olJrp ep tse rlsanbuoc tunuuues runleeq p? ueuors -rer.uqns snre ep rrend oran relBw 'lse tunlcuJ e1r ponb (rnlere8rauqns :'Eo1) snlara8unrqns suBJur snle;erd ln 'lse snJrcerdap unaq runlndrcsrp ruBues rlBaq snr.lJeuoru ueprnb leJ?euleq elncf,ur runns ruelueJur Jerlnu uepanb runp onb unnlJrJlnp rueluoJ rqrur sndocsrde sn1ce; apurae

ut lrnerladur snqrcerd oe6

le sruorloeJeJ etodu:t r- - : 3JO UI OUBUI Urens ruaJ]: -* enbuuu asdl 'eJeJSJ,rf >: *.-* 'luns rleldal orpnuS 0s u: -* - IUnuEuaS teJaxrpard >n:- .-_

]EqAue] IIUBUI Jel rLU rr orlcal

.

l-. .

:

.

'sntlpe;d el: -- tunpuou snuuues ponh '-:r lesse srnb olndod E sntr:,

euoruJes

_-

--:

le aredo snl-.:-:

EInsuI ur srJoduel Junt -*: - 'lUnS r]BISUBrl rellllggJlru 1uera8s1a senb selrsd pB er€lu eJlln sns Jeletu lo asdr epurep IUBN'lsa tuntf,EJ u1r ponb nlrsuerl ep leJeprnord rqrs tn eJJal la rlac rueroteeJc JrnrJoxe oJuenur uou on-§ 'lessod eJrsuEJJ ereu onb 'runr8rneu suaranb ruedrr srreru lrrpc Ens eJleru runJ snlnued snle;erd erodruel oren rluenbes

A

'tlrJ snluu BrloJS ap snu.;- * eurud orlJol

::

rdocsrde ruuues 'runuLUr ,-

orlcel

'JueJeugrueJ er8rlsen e1lnu tunrosdr ln oeCI u lrrlad elelrpur unss.,(qu srsrenrun srqueurlred le snqrrotrlrquq r.unc runllätsec unlu3ard suanbesqns e8eld otcrp on| 'urnroyeru urnruluo ruerolln esse runurtuoq suernbur '1rnpn1s rJ?losuoc ruee sueqeduroJ rJletu snlnnrrd sntJrp le ']sa elelder Erlrlsrr] BSUä[ulur snre raletu epu1 'tse runle8euep rlla]src rlJrp snqrJol?llqeq

srueunr.{ur qB sre ponb o11a1sec uuponb ur tuareted runlcrdsoq BIIIueJ opnrrd osü (qtzlz oryoy) runc uopsnro setuered unp elutsadruat uepun-6

1e

rrrr orlce.I

sFIl S^EJleq slxet qloq ul .= _.:'" 'aax!,4 ']sra11 ur uortlpe 1f - :-- -

l(qcrzry g) (6z5 uBuas

ls

peo-r) Sr,.r-

Jo 3JIT

:

Iurrl:;:

_

'eours peqsllqndar uaeq I ,- . r ru seuueg ap e1udlrlurl,,. S

aarcia1ila stuStsut

Lutt.t.t

Dt

ti ;., ,F

'lunreSe

serlrr8 oeq saluered qcrp onb ep luns

ETBIIB

unlncernu.rad lueqecgrpa onb

ur runcol p? ess[urp sruorsuetu eruud elyn ur urnluered runJons eqrsua]r ponb

Lrr

irQtlaay

n

LlyCW

:,(uafltt{ u! stuxüS

tls!,ry

I I8

Irisli

Gmenaöl Le Duc

.\.,

quibus deprecatione ipsius ad uitam mortalem fuerant reuocati, quod ita factum

orauit Dominuffi, comprlu .-

est.

attoniti infideles. Credidri ,l conuersi sunt ad fident L' portauerunt in cras tin r i : -l

Post hec beatus Senanus obdormiuit in Domino; cuius corpus ,* *ät;r:: sequentes inhumatum eius coepiscopi et abbates cum innumeris populis diuinis obsequiis insudantes dum honorifice sepelire satagunt corpus defuncti Senani feretro positum inibi resedit et spiritum resumpsit, ubi uir sanctus uerbis salutaribus secreta quedam reuelauit presentibus. Tunc maiores qui aderant rediuiuum interrogauerunt eum an in die obitus uel in octauis eius deinceps facerent eius memoriam. qui respondit, die octaua hanc inquit annuatim colite, et tunc ualedicens his qui aderant se resedit exanimem. Cetera de communi unius confessoris et episcopi.

Quadam nocte uenerunr r-- ad usum pernoctantiunt . **

Appendix

II:

The 'Life' of St Tenenan, or at least one of them: in fact

of St Caradoc, from the

a passage

from a Life

same Gothic breviary.

absciditque particulunr .:

indignatus est: et decrcu:: - uero mansit inuitus. S,:1. . uidit basem illam similcn.

Erat illis diebus quiclrnr \-:* leprosus. Venit igitur ;1d .:: ei angelus uenturum atl >. preparauit balneurrr suo h : accurrit iste obuiam (ful: :,

ducto eo a monasteri,, folio z66va

ait. Si non intraueris

diligebat esse regem celestem quam terrenum: et post quam audiuit fugam iniit ne inuenirent eum. Accepit ergo Karadocus peram cum baculo et sacculo a quodam paupere et uenit in locum quod dicitur Guerith Karantoc et mansit ibi per aliquod tempus. Post multos autem dies uenit ad sanctum Karadocum uox de celo, precepitque ut quia hic latere non poterat et quo (leg.: quanto) ignotior

et remotior a suis tanto fieret seruus Dei utilior: Patricium sequeretur in Hyberniam. Karadocus igitur descendit in Hyberniam et ibi incipit construere monasterium. Relatum erat Karadoco in partibus illis apud quemdam tyrannum Dulcemium nomine esse quandam arborem ornatam atque caram que patris sui fuerat. Venit Karadocus et petiit arborem. Vtrum melior es tu dixit tyrannus omnibus sanctis qui postulauerunt eaml Non sum dixit Karadocus.

le.ii. (folio z66vb) Tyrannus dixit. Voca tamen deum tuum: et si modo ceciderit tua sit. respondit Karadocus: non est impossibile Deo quicquam: et hec dicens

:-_

c. l

lauachrum. Ille negabsr

le.i. tempore fuit nomine uir hic Ceretic, et uir habuit multos filios: Quodam quorum unus erat Karadocus nomine. In illis diebus venerunt Scoti et occupauerunt regionem britannicam. Ceretic autem erat senex: et dixerunt seniores. senex es tu non potes dimicare: debes unum ordinare de filiis tuis qui est senior. Dixerunt illi Karadocq oportet te esse regem. Karadocus autem plus

,

n,r

*

coactus intrauit balncu I. Animaduertens igitur T. * - non lauabis me in etet'n - t- : non lauero te. f,ocus c>: t:-. -

._

lepra. Et conque rebiit r.:. . superbus fiam a rnorl, ,

.

:- -

pulchrior eris: et tu;r

. .t I

Ingredere et tu ut iAucri

r

Teuenanus ut facere t ril-,r..- circa se et mox ubi retigii ,* Non bene egisti: ribi i. , : _ .

-

poterint) tibi fabricarc t, . est pax et unitas intel'ip--

_

epBJ

'nJ'sosdr

sueolp JeI{

le :uunbcinh

.-r

Bn] IIJApI)OJ OpOI-u ts lä :L-r- -

.II'EI

llxlp runs uoN ;rure r---: n] Se JOIIOU [UnJ]-\ 'LUtj' 'u.-r ruBpr,uenb pnde

sllll

eJenJlsuos lrdrcur Iql re LU::--

?qJen c3r{ tsod 1g 'ulnln8urJ erB?rJqEJ lql] (luuerod uou :rrgeJ seuruo turräuen rs ernb uenbrnbeg 'snueuanal

SF -. . - -

JoJur sBlrun le xBd lse

le :une(I tunren?pnBl

:'Ea1) runretod

lry 'apqeredor rnleprn coq urnudtuep ueuelunren rqrt :r1sr8a aueq uo5tr 'sncopere) lre JunJ '?ruruo ]uns BlcEry snueueneJ Ba ll8pat rqn xotu ta as EcJrJ eelreJ eln8urc rueldes snropuJg) turua tgqeqeq 'ernbasgo laJecg ln snuruenaJ (crs) lrx.rrrns 'unoupq tse snsseJ3ur esdr sruBrnrpy 'srJanBI ln nl le a;aper8ul

'lI3 SnuaueneJ snlJuBS cunl 'EprleJ JrJe uou oJE3 Enl le :srJe rorrqclnd pes trt alyr ruenbenboll 'ore snldocap tuntlntu te opotu e rlrrg snqradns elroy ernb :retru etu ur rtsrceJ euoq uou :suecrp rnleqarenbuoc lg .erde1 E lse snleues snoopur€) rune ]r8pel ln rurlBls le enbulr tsa sn3oT .et oJen?l uou runuJete ur senrn n] ceN :snJopEJB) lrpuodsay 'runuJJte ur elu srqBnBI uou rs

:llxlp lar3pe3f,B runpusnlqB es pE rueruonb snuBuenel rn1r3r sualrenp?uruv 'lune ]srenEl 1n sncopEJs) r.unJelr ]sqapaJJv .IunaulEq lrnsJlur snlcBos snusuanal lessrpne coq [unJ 'BuJ3]e Elrn ur sänrn uou srJenBJJur uou rs .1rB snoopere) anbrueg 'srauop.,{ srJES sBsnBJ lggoruenur ta leqe8au elll .unrqcenel leJroJlur 1n oprddo urue ]eqe8oc uuJolcaJeJ pE orJolseuor.u B oo olcnp tg 'seluecrpeueq lueJrnur ]uns rlelncso to t1y (etLgz orlo;) ruernqo elsr lrrJncJe .|lrdsoq

lesseJo le rusrsolJco tuer JOSSrxe tunf, ellr suoruäA ons uneupq lrne.rudard auorlBllnxe ]a orpnu8 runr sncopBJ?) 'lunuBuoneJ es pB lunJnluan snla8ue ra ]rncrounu lessruen uenbelur pes :tuncopeJe) tunlcues pe rnt€r 1ruar1 .snsordel lEJe Jrq le snueuanoJ eunuou erureq.{g ur snJcuBS urprnb snqarp srllr ler?

.III'EI

rorlou8r (oluunb :'3rl) clnb - - xon [unsOpBJE) uIn]JUr: .'I ]ISUEIU le JoluBJrl{ qrl-:- : -*:-

Igl

B OInf,CES le OInJeq Lunr

]11uI tuuEn; ]rnrpne urrnL, -- : snld ruelne snJopeJrl{ ' tu:: . -

1nb slnt sHU ep eJEuIpr( ) .*-.

]unJsxlp ]e :xeues lrr,r

le rlocs

]unJeus-\

-

LL-1--

snq:i: rln -

:sorlu sounl,u lrnqrq

\

r

.I'EI

aJIT E tuor; e8essed

r lrrl *.

runururoJ 3p EJ3l33 'Lu:LU. -: talqoc [ur]Bnuue rui * :

]rnbul

'ruEJnssrJ os

ur l,ualueqBr.l uou snqrsBg srrl? luelrlurs r.uBIIr [uesBg lrpm

ruBrselsJe SJJrJ suarxä le 'leJrqe ln lrxeJJns olJo ruolnE alos .srurnur lrsuEru oJen alll 'etJou Jer{ ur eueru :lur IIg sncopeJe) }rB te eJrqe unarJop te :tsa snleu8rpur relueueqen suenJur JorI lueln8 xeJruv '3llr xo unlncrlred enbtrpnsqe

ronllenb ep rueseq tueun pe snJopBJE) ]rxeJrns Junl :urnrluelcoured tunsn pe ocog eu8q lueJeep le runool pe epunrrc rueprnb rsor8qar ]unrouen alcou urupen-§ 'sesrq Jonlenb ur luntepuros Jo :runlgoqcur sndo pe ourlsuJ3 ur lunrenrlrod secgrue unu8q ooq 'unlueururces lunredeJeJ Ja :r.uepg pe luns rsJenuoJ ollr [unJ rns seuruo le lse sn]Ezrldeq le snuuer.,(l o8ra lrprper3 .selepgur llruo]tB lueqBls le srledrrlxa snqrJrpeJ JoqJE lrprJe) euorJuJo elalduoc ,runurtuoq Jrnero

6rr

1l-ryaaü

n

rytl-W

:[unutt{

sdacutop snlä srnuloo ur I--.. luBJepE rnb seJoruru

lunl

\

srqJen sn]3uBs Jln Iqn 'tr- *.. ruuues rlJunJep sndrof I u - .- : srurnrp srlndod srJaurnuur L;-

selp o]oo rsd sndroc snrn-

xr orlJel

tu:-:

tunlouJ Blr ponb 'rleconal

u! sruaas ryslrl

An 'Irish ' .)

fin garl Gwin ear / Guigt er An'Irish' Saint in Medieval

isolation (the cult of

:

Gr,::.

u'ithout reference to Irehn * of the pattern of the \\ |1 ; possible, the separation ( ,. , collectors and assemblcr. of primary importancc. : One can usefulh- Se prr: ;

Cornwall and Brittany

of primarily hagiographr ! : cult can further be dir i,-i.,. roughly to what \\ ill her. ..

Ka,ren Ja,nkula,k

:

:

rr hat will be called the [ : . hor,vever, are closelr lin k . .- . -

,T,h" cult of St Fingar or Guigner (in Brittany) or Gwinear (in Cornwall) I provides a reasonably representative example of a process of attribution of Irish identity to Breton or Cornish saints.' Yet this saint's Irishness is singularly paradoxical: although in the medieval period he is not in any significant fashion Irish, the most important thing anyone can say about the saint is that he is Irish. The cult of Fingar, Guigner, or Gwinear can be described as a 'composite' cult: one should in this case consider the whole as the sum of its parts. That is, the process of conflation here adds identifications to existing identifications; it is not really a question of a process of replacement, but of accumulation and even at times subtraction. Therefore the method of this paper will be to trace the whole of this cult (o5 perhaps, cults) in order to establish a pattern of identification. Although the medieval and early modern hagiographers who interested themselves in this saint for the most part preferred circumlocutions to the use of one particular name, it is necessary to refer to the subject of this paper by some single designation. Thus where no specific area or aspect of cult is intended the saint will be referred to as'Fingar', in part because this paper is mostly concerned with the saint's supposed Irishness, which is best represented by this name. The composite Fingar's cult in Cornwall and Brittany can be traced through his oitae, feast days, church dedications, and place-names. A historiographical approach takes us from, at least in theory, the fifth or sixth century, the reputed Jloruit of the saint, to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, in which his character was firmly established. While one may consider aspects of the cult in

r

While this paper has benefited from the assistance of many people, whose contributions have been noted at the relevant points, I wish especially to thank Gwenaöl Le Duc, Oliver Padel, and Bernard Tanguy for profound assistance, both for their generous discussion of this cult, as well as for the provision of many references and indeed inaccessible or unpublished material. Any errors which result, however, are solely my own. z Cf. Sharpe's comments in,Med.ieoal lrish Saints' Liaes, pp.8g-9o. One might, in addition, argue that this process has continued into the twentieth century, with even this paper merely a further attcmpt to define this saint. rzrJ-

is the only Life of the >;.r. merely a summan (anti rh: mainly hagiological anti r r ,. St Gwinear, is represenrc.i third Life, the 71t0 C - rL. _ .

\ot surprisingly the h;.- . _ represented in sun ir ine ru - l tion for the composite cu:i -i interact, although at tinrsrhese areas of cult is the ii.:

-

Seventeenth-centur\ 1,.

\Iessingham, are morc r ,: - through the publication , t. precisely, and solelr. bec: u . . bestowed upon him br rh; - l is r isibly circular.

known as the Vita J) in h.. -. cteris et maioris S,',, ti.,, .

j

This is BN ms. lar. r;oo5. :, :-rrlu€\:ef: has the manuscript : :, r Plummer's 'Tentatir e (_r::. :here should also be clisrc,.i:- :cu lv collated against the nir: *.

--

Prof'essor ,.'p.

-

703-4. 5

r11r,.,,'-See belr)\\. nlii - -

ering Januarv to _\ Iarc h. : rrranged bl, feast dar. Joep I _u _ .. -, rr

_

ntroduction to the actual lr',.. i,,t

-

I-e Duc for

tttttoturga (u.hich

äpp€irc..

.

-

'stures Serqc eeJqt s.puelarl Jo tunor)E uE JeDul Jr{r'(Zr9r ur paruadde qtu1tt) uimtaannql souJ eqt flyeug pue'aatn 1o seunlo^ JnoJ'.slures orll Jo se^rl luntJe Jql ol uortonpoJtur Ief,IJotsrq lereus8 u, se sdeqrad alras ol 's,taisow nog ary lo sltiuu7z erlt;o Surlsrsuoc 'po5esr,r.ue se.{\ uortoellof, atunlo^-xrs e leqr pan5.re seq uJssreeT daof t(up rsee; ,{q pä3urrre 'sturcs qsr.r1 Jo se^r'J Jo uortJelloJ ournlo^-JnoJ pauueld r 3o 'qcru1,1 o1 irunuef Surre,roc 'orunyo,r tsru aqt seÄ\ srqJ 'r6-Lgt 'dd'St9r 'urB,rno1 g 'ol otou',uo1eq aag § 'f-tot 'dd 'uortrpe srql aes ol aru 3ur,t,t.o11e roJ JnC e.I rossoJord 'stuNos sap saql 'puet71 e1 I ot slueqt lsedaap dru pualxa 01 e{rl erer{ plno,{\ J puu'ldr.rcsnuuur eql tsurugE pelu11oc,{1,nau 'y Dttl eqt Jo uortrpe ue Sutrudard sr rn(I o-I Ieeua,t.r1 'pepre5arsrp aq osp plnoqs erar{l alJrtre s(srcn.I ot acuaJaJor aq1'z9z uerlt JaqtEJ ü§z su ,on8o1ut?J J^rletuoJ, s(Järrrurnld ol reqrunu erueJeJäJ aqt äurÄ#.(lsnoeuorra sE IIe,r\ se (paJurtun, se tducsnueu eqt szq':o,re.troq 'r4crr;tt'rtqdot8orl4rg'edrrqg pue a8prdel ur g69.ru trZ-rgg 33 ,9oo9r .wl .sru NB sr srqa e

'--:

slt{} tur{t anSre'uortrppr ul 'u.\\o ir-u i's,ad"reqs 3.) Jo alqrssssseur pespur lLrf Jo uorssnJsrp snoJeue5 .rr.ru- JeArlO 'rn6 o'I IoBUe \\q lu: -

z

-

-

-

suollnqrJluoo esoq \\ 'a1do:,. - - -

uI Unf, eq] Jo slcadsr r,rirr- -

slq qclq^a

ul 'ser;nJuali- - - {rntual L{t}.1. *

patnder eqt

t

sB uses 3q u?J g(ao\nsut MnnlzuDs

aryrufirH nzs (aurloJs

§x't7tutu

p

suapo

wn,tltJuüs altV) s1urcs qsrJl Jo se^r-I Jo uortcelloc slq ul (r, utt/l eqt se u.r\ou{ eßq) uua s(Jegurd 3o ',(.rnluec qtuoälue^Js eql ur (uorsnlJur s(ue8lo3 ur{of ssecord erp (srotrelloJ rlJns

'JBInJrrJ dlqrsIl sr

fq *lq ot plBd uortuaDE eqt .{q I.urq uodn

pe,e\otsaq

ued ur sB.{\. sseuqsrrl s(lures egl sV 'sseuqsrJl srrl Jo esnecoq (.{lelos put (,tlesrcerd eseql ot tseJetur Jo se,n JBSurd :V Dt!,1 eqt (oJI-I srq Jo uorleJrlqnd eqt q8norqr dlrrncsqo ruor; re8urd Surncser rog elqrsuodser ssel Jo eJotu erB 'ruerl8urssew

suuoqJ pue uu31o3 uqof se rlJns (sJaqds.r8or8uq .(rntuec-qtueelue^as 'slulBs Jo lures sql o1 urSuo rlsrrl uE Jo uonnqrruB eql $ llnc Jo SBäJE eseql Surlceuuoc spoerql tse8uorts aqt Jo eu6 ,(lorncsqo seturt ]B q8noqtle ,Jcerelur teeulr.g 're5urg Jo suourpert eql teÄ'tlnJ etrsodruoc eql roJ uorl op rau8rng pue

-rpErl Jo ecJnos urBur eql euoceq seqv aul eq] :sproceJ Sul\IJrrns ur petuese;da.r JeIaq reJ sr JESurd Sururacuoc uonrpeJt lecrqder8offieq eqt (dlsusudJns toN

(oJrT prrr{l e'uorsnfle Surssed B ruog .{po u,nourl 'te.te.ttoq terrq eqt - ) otll eqt (s.,{Bp ,reeur,ug B sE IIe,t\ se lsBeJ pue suor}EJrpep ;o dnoJ8 e ,,{q peluase.rder sr lg qsluroJ eqt pu? raugrng 15 uoterg aqt qlt,{\ paureouoc pue pcr8olor8eq .(preu 'Bare urruI puoces V '(tr Dtll oql Jo.(Fsoru sdeq.red leqi pue) .(reuuns e.{lereur .{puerrdde q g oql aql :llnJ ur pe^r^rns e^Bq ot lurrs eqt Jo oJI-I .(1uo eqt sr v 0ry1 eqJ- 'ree1c sde.rrrle lou ere lBr{1 s.{e,$, uI lreqlB 'po{u[ ,t1eso1c are ,re,re,uoq 'suorlrpe.q o,rt or.{J ü'uorssrusuerl uoteJg,(garqc Jo g ottl agl pellec eq m,!\ tuq^\ eql pelFl oq eJer{ m.r t8q.& ot,t1q8no-r

pue r(uorssrrusuBJt uBrsrred stl r{tp\

'uonrp€Jl

tr

leorqdur8orrotslq

y

'sf,Lu.

--:'

q8norq] parer] eq urr iu:--.-, 'euleu slqt iq patuf,:-r- *, peuJesuoJ .,rpsoru sr :adr.i - * eq] pepuelul sl ]lnJ Jo rr-r,..-r raded srqt Jo ttrl.,*.

eruos

iq

pelseJelur oq.&\

sJar.{ d r.:

-'

"

-

Jo eloq,{A eql erBrt ot eq IIi ', -..: lB ue^a puB uorlBlnurn]ti -- - sl ll lsuotluoulluapl äur.ri''. eql (st lutlJ 'sued stl J(-) .*- -

:UnJ,elrsoduroo)

'tlslrl

E sP

p;rq:;-..,

sl eq ]Eq] sr turrs rLr- --

uoIqsEJ ]uEJUruErs

(ur u,

-

*

{lruln8urs sr sseuqsr,rl s.t u ir

i \\g r

Jo uorlnqrrllu Jo ssaJortl (11u.,nuro3 ur) ;eaul

.

.-

afil

puodseuoc oser{J Jo sorpoq ururrr oau otur pephrp eq rer{}JnJ uEJ tlnc eql Jo lcädse srq; 'ru8urg tS Sururef,uoJ suonrpgJt pcrgder8or8eq dpruurrd 3o dno.r6 e sr eJoql '1srrg 'seele urutu o.r\J olur llnJ srql elBredes ,tlpgesn uzc euo

7' !

.'ecuelrodtur -,{reurrd ;o

sr 'lecrueqcaur ilernd se pe,$,er^ ue13o 'leuetrtu aql Jo sJelquesse pue sJotoelloc urepou,(pee eqt Jo elor eqa 'secerd esäqt Jo eruos Jo uorleredes eq] (elqrssod JI 'pue 'secard luenlrlsuoJ sll Jo uorlsreunue eql 's1oqm eql Jo ure]]gd eqr go uorlereprsuoo eql sr dels lsrg Iequosse uu '(.,(ue11ug ro puBIerI ol ecueJeJer lnoqlr,r\ peJeprsuoc eq plnoJ 'eldruexe ro; '11e,ruro3 ur JEeur,r\C Jo tlnc aqt) uouelosr TZT

rCuauu,g purl lln«u,ülJ lrrcalpaw m ruxüS

,tlsltl

^uellLI

IE^olp3I\ :JOUSINT

uhr

r22

determining step in the establishment of the previously marginal and even somewhat dubious Fingar both as a significant saint and as a specifically Irish saint. Colgan's confirmation or even establishment of Fingar as an Irish saint can be seen as the logical outgrowth of what was arguably the primary impetus behind the project of collection of hagiographical documents undertaken by the Louvain Franciscans in the seventeenth century. This process of collection had many aspects: in its broadest sweep it grew from a desire to investigate and record early Christianity according to Protestant and Humanist standards of scholarship.z The desire to protect a threatened Catholic and native Irish culture also contributed.s Specifically, however, the Louvain hagiographical collection can be seen

response to writings, promulgated by among others, Thomas Dempster, claiming the early saints of the Scoti not for Ireland but for Scotland.s Thus for Colgan and his associates the specific connection of these saints with Ireland was the main point to be made. Not surprisingly, as Canice Mooney has commented, Colgan's definition of both'saint'and'Irish'was broad, to say the least,'o and certainly Colgan included in his Acta sanctorum many saints whose relevance to Ireland was (and has remained) at best debatable." Fingar should probably be numbered among these: as with other medieval Cornish and Breton saints what one might term the historical character is unrecoverable, and one must look instead to a cult whose records significantly postdate the period of historical existence. While this is not to say that these men and, less often, women did not exist (and there is no reason at all to make this argument), an argument based on their actual characteristics or origins is useless and ultimately therefore, irrelevant. It is enough to say for the moment that the saint's Irish origin is highly unprovable, and Fingar shows no sign of having left any trace in Ireland. Yet in the case of Fingar, Colgan's view of this saint as distinctly, even primarily, Irish, has prevailed, and it is through Colgan, arguably,, that one can trace the inclusion of Fingar in subsequent treatments of Irish saints.12 as a

Patrick, Brigit, and Columba. See l-eerssen, Mere lrish, pp. 3o7-8; Cunningham, 'Culture and Ideology', p.24. 7 Cunningham and Gillespie, "'Most Adaptable of Saints"', pp. 8Z-8. 8 Sharpe, l4ediecal lrish Saints' Lites,p.4o. g Nl[ooney,'FatherJohn Colgan', pp. r7*8; Sharpe, Medieztal lrßh Saints' Lizses, pp. 4o-r; l,eerssen, Mere lrish, p. 3o6. Note, in this connection, the full title of Colgan's Acta sanctorurz, as well as that of a proposed work, 'De Monasteriis pro veteribus Scotis seu Hibernis per suae gentis l'iros sanctos ... fundatis' (Historical Manuscripts Commission, Powth Report, p. 6o9). But see Cunningham,'Culture and Ideology', p.28. ro Moone-v,'FatherJohn Colgan', p.33. rr See Bieler's terse comments on the inclusion by Colgan of several distinctly non-Irish saints: 'Colgan as Editor', pp. 19 (SS Maimbod and Gildas) and zz (SS Frediano of I-ucca and Cuthbert). See also a list of saints who were to be included in subsequent volumes of the Acta for similar examples: Fennessl', 'Printed Books', pp. r r3-7, as well as the table of contents of Colgan's unfinished work on Irish-founded monasteries throughout Europe (above, note g). rz For example, O'Hanlon gives an extensive treatment of Fingar in his lioes of the lrish Saints,

ä.672-8r.

An'Irish ' .-(.,

Karen Jankulak

'

Colgan, howe\-er, \\;r> il even the first to sineic , *i

Thomas Messingham. n( : the Irish College in Paris. ' Lives of Irish saints. _\ | s .. . general movement äfilr.rn. I: saints and their associarc,,l : his Florilegium insultc, j.r i ' better-known Franciscrn :- : isolation.'4 No doubt C-, ,1::: although arguablr he ri r-,,*-: edition, albeit with srerrcr *

for tringar's henceforrh :r - _ obviously influential. ', ,: * seded the work of its p',rci; Messingham's leeaci h:.

collaborated with Sornc lI tl were intent on unco\ trri: _ , mostly on previouslr puh,i:characterised as 'for the n'i, .:

Fingar included br \ l.:. .l published collection. Th:: from an obvious source \ l. collection of Lives oi Ir:.-. \ Canterbury. The [.-it,t ] :;. ., script is a Victorine mi....._

linked.'oBecause of thir. .r.

himself a canon of rhc rr -,

13 Boyle, Irish College. p

_

Liaesr p.

; :: 40. rS N,Iessineh;n-'.

,

ecclesiarum arutit1uitates

(Duhirr.

-

:

Albert f.e Grand prr,}.,.: below,, note 38). fi Cun.'. -'-. +3 r ).

rTJennings, A4ichael

.

OC,,,:,,_

Fleming seems to har e e ntlr - .Medieaal lrish Saints'Zr-,.,,s.

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Karen Jankulak

manuscript resided, as part of his Opera omnia Anselmi of t6tz." Messingham extracted the Vita A from this collection, its first and at the time its only edition. The Vita I is in some ways a strange text, containing no feast day for the saint, and using two names) Fingar (gen. Fingaris) and Guignerers (gen. Guignerfl, to designate its subject." The preface to the Vita presents an unnamed 'I' (in the conclusion named as Anselm) who states that he is expanding and more elegantly presenting brief notes kept by an unnamed 'you' ('quam prius brevibus notulis retinebas') concerning the holy martyr Guigner (ms. G.).': The preface deploys commonplace topoi (protestations of unworthiness to the task, for example), and its assertions that this was a commissioned work, or that it was expanded from brief notes, need not be read literally. Yet it is noteworthy that here the form of the name is Guigner rather than Fingar, and perhaps some meaning does attach to this. 'Ihe Vita proper begins in Ireland, where Patrick comes from Cornwall, Cornabia, to convert the pagan Irish. His arrival is foreknown, and a group of seven Irish kings with their retinues and pagan priests gather in an assembly. The resemblance to Patrick's meeting with L6egaire atTara is not accidental, and Fingar, predictably, is converted by Patrick in the same way as Erc son of Daig and later Dubthach maccu Lugair are in Muirchi's Vita Patricii, rising at Patrick's approach.24 One king 'nobilior ... ac potentior omnibus' is named as Clito; he is given as Fingar's father. The saint himself is referred to in this section only once by name, but here the name used is Fingar (ms. Fingar). The saint's father expels him and his companions from his kingdom, and these decide to go to Brittany ('minorem in Britanniam'). A Breton iudex (also variously described as a dux, and dominus), having foreknowledge of their arrival, greets them and endows them with land sufficient for sustenance. While in Brittany the saint miraculously elicits a spring from the earth, and decides to pledge himself entirely to God, after which he retires to a cave to live in isolation. The Breton lord, having anxiously sought the saint, finds him, grants land for the construction of an oratory and more fully endows land previously granted. In this Breton episode the saint is named four times; each time the name given is Fingar (ms. Fingarern,Fingarem, Fingar, Fingar). The saint is then told to return to Ireland, which he finds to have been converted to Christianity. His father having died, he is asked to take up the rule of the kingdom, but refuses. He recommends one of the other nobles, and

Cologne, r6rz. zzThe Vita is most easily accessible in the facsimile of Colgrn's Acta sanctorurt, pp. 387-rr, as well as in PL clix.3z5-34. The title of the Vita,'Passio SS. Guigneri sive Fingaris, Pialae et sociorum 777', is not in the manuscript, and would seem to originate with Picard's edition. z3 Here, uniquely, Migne's text differs from Colgan's: the former gives Guinerus while Colgan gives that appearing in the rest of the Vita, Guignerus. z4 Muirchü, I r7 (r6) and I rg (r8) (Bieler, Patrician Texts,pp.88 and gz).

zr

An'Inslt further advises that rhe nr',

she has pledged hersclf i hundred and sevent\ filcr. : by Patrick; among his e , ,r :-. The first two episor.lc> show no geographical prr - . .

dynastic affiliation in unspecified. Hou-e\ er.

I:.

:

r h. -

slightly fuller in this >()r:

very detailed indeed. -\ I r Ireland, the name s'ir en . tells us more about his I::., named as Guigner (ms. C Piala.'6 That is, the saini . r -

'virgoPiala... soror.. C* in :::portion of the L'ittr u hi,: name is not at all straigh:. 'in the first part of [rhc : latter part alwar s Guirn r r information - especiall,,. :: as well as the change

;

.

information

-

is surel\ :1--:.l

independentllr attested: u r. . included Piala bv name ,,\ r:: is unknown outside thc i At this point the I tt., i:*. from Ireland to Corn\\ rli Fingar and his sister. Lr .l

zS Clito (here occurring r\,, . - -

-

Clitone) is unknown as ä firc.i name originated as the

I-li::

Smith, Arcltice, s.\-. sf 1yr, ..'i Cornubo-Latin conte\t. an .i context: see Du Cange. G.' IVord-List, s.\-. clito; iclcnr.

correspondence: (CornoLt .

with a copy of this

-,

.-

:- a--

arriclr- :-

eighteenth and nineteenrh .c:: lvhich is adjacent to the prari-^

_-

-

the mistaken identification . -r 'Tenth-Centur1, List'., p. +tr

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srlnlou snqrAeJq snrJd rurr :. .(pue8ele eJoru pue Srlpuiui '.: aqt ut) ,L Peueuun ur stlJ)-.,r'(u,au7tn1 'ueß) sntauitrtl t. -: eql ro; dep tseal ou Surur:- * 'uorlrpe ,(po slr eurl eql t:l :'

^\eu

[uaxut{ puu llo«tutl7 lucalpaw ut tutus ,tlslrl uh.

r26

Karen Jankulak

William Camden and hence appears in Henry Fitzsimon's early seventeenthcentury Catalogus praecipuorurn s&nctlrltm Hiberniae.It isn't clear, however, what particular saint Fitzsimon may have had in mind: she appears in his Catalogus as either lia or lta, the latter perhaps by confusion with the wellknown Irish saint Ite."e St Ia was also known to other antiquaries in Cornwall.3o St Fingar and his companions, the Vita continues, arrive in Cornwall, Cornubia, to find that Hya is already there. Doble has noted the appearance of geographical and toponymic details concerning western Cornwall, the area of Gwinear's cult, in the Vita A: they land at a port called Heul (Hayle, near St Ives), and proceed to Conectonia (Connerton, inland from Hayle). From this Doble conjectures, somewhat wistfully, that an unnamed site visited on the way, the habitaculum of a certain holy virgin, might represent the nearby site of a chapel of St Anta, attested in the fifteenth century.3r While this is not at all supported by the text, other geographical details show both a knowledge of Cornish toponymy and a desire to include local features, as with SS Ia and (perhaps) Piala, and again it is fair to argue that either Anselm or his source had some specific site in mind for the holy virgin's abode. The rest of the Vita is set in Cornwall, and vacillates between calling its subject Fingar and Guigner. The episodes in which the saint is named are, in order: the saint, Guigner (ms. Guignerels), briefly meets the unnamed virgin; the saint, Fingar (ms. Fingar), and his companions are miraculously fed by a woman, Coruria; the saint's companions, companions of Guigner (ms. Guignero), are strengthened in their resolve. Finally the Vita describes the saint's martyrdom at the hands of the king of Cornwall, Theoderic: in this episode he is named only once, as Fingar (ms. Fingar). Five postmortem miracles are then related, all set in Cornwall as there is no hint that the saint's corpse or relics are

anywhere other than in Cornwall. The saint is named only once, here as Guigner;32 indeed, the Vita 's circumlocutory fashion of referring to its subject

An'Irislt throughout, but especi:1. conclusion, in u,hich rhc \ Guigneri), and in u hich ::. The tradition of rhc i Grand's summar\ of hr. .'-

his Vies des saints t/c, Li E several Lives which .1rc I be based on aitae ät ;rl1 '- I . it) is in part based or i ., ,l information ot L'itdc fi rr \! summary of an appllrcnr.

-

highh, debatable prop \

:,

Florilegium,sS and perhe.-.

:

for which see belou ) \.: " 'Guiner ou Eguinei . in r ,. saint either as Guirrs,t' r rr ^:Fingar as a sort of pratr : Guiner and Fingar irrc. r: : from Ireland, sets out t, : '. writes to Theodoric. 'l.r:r. - -

son and three hundrc.i :: , Theodoric's uncle -\ laCcr - , and his companions atttr: : -

,

33 Or perhaps r 6Sl .-f hc ...

-

the fifth edition, \\ ith ann :r-

(Qri*per, rgor). 3+ [J, ,--:suggests a date of the fir.t ::.: p. 23 n. 45, where he

z9 Grosjean, 'Edition du Catalogus', p. 368: 'Ita [or Iia] Virg. ä qua S. Iuis Bav in Cornuallia. Camd. Subense. Mart.' See idem, p. 345 for Martyrologium Subense. See Stokes, lqy'llre Örngurro, p. 43 for St ite, whose feasi falls on r 5 Janriary 3o While the sixteenrh-century antiquary Leland saw a Latin Life of the saint, it is no longer extant and such notices as are norv devoted to St Ia are passages culled from the vha A of Fingar (Colgrn, Acta sanctorum, pp. t64-6; O'Hanlon, Liaes of the lrish Saints, i.442-4;Doble, Saints of Corn»all, i.8g, 94 and n. r3). Colgan's feast day for Ia, z5 January is derived from the second edition of the English Martyrology (J. Wilson', English Marttrologe; see note 77); in 1478 the feast at St Ives in cornwall was observed on 3 February, and in the early twentieth century occurred on the sunday after this date; the Bollandists give z7 october as the feast day, according to Doble on dubious authority. 3r Doble, Saints of Corn»al/, i.8r n. 4. Doble's further argument, that as the Vita A stipulates that the saint found Christians on arriving in Cornwall one can see that Cornwall was already partly Christianised at this period (presumably'that of the saint's lifetime) is untenable (ibid., p. ro6). 3z The manuscript gives this as .G.

-

tradition in isolation. L-\ ur (here known as the I ti., tt

-.

norc. - -

Latin proper names. u hutr , French exemplar. The pr, --- - French. 37 Indeed. thc ];:-

in the nineteenth cenrur., faithfully, but refers to thc the stor),' of the saint as

.:.-

in \

.

,

-*

thank Gwenaöl f,e Duc t, ,r : - - 39 'Saint Guiner, estoir :cr I - F'ingar (fils aisne d'un R, ,r .j,.

ä la lroy, avec son maiStru

§ -:--

Princius, lequel, par comml. -.-la paroisse de Cambrie c l. {- - -

l'Evangile.'Le Grand. I l,:;

;.

reqcserd

{

rnod 'oruraqfg.p

a1s1.1

' to L'd'stut a s sap sa21' pue t51 a1,'a13uu,rg,1 suep (eugelerg apuerC ua errqueJ ap esslo:ed e1

ep essed lro,re'e5uy un rrd aguou fnl p'1er3 np se.rdxa tuaruepuetutuoc red Jenbel'snr)uu6 ?qqv.l ap uortmrperd e1 red 's:nsu5ras serlnu(p sarquou puer8 ry eJtsr?ru uos Je^e '.{og e1 p ,{tre,ruoc tnJ'(ot.(l) ?ruruou'a1s1 atrpul ap sacur,rord sep eun(l ap ,(og un.p ausre s1g) re8urg acuud np uosrcru el ep auuoq-ptue5 tourng tuctse trotse '1anba1 'srouroqfg 1ureg, 6e 'lz 'd 'arqdotSorSoq,p suousan§ 'oggnaq 'saruoroJer eser{t roJ ln6 el Iaeuatrg {uer{l 01 qsl.u I '9tr d ',seuuur1 tE ssEI,{, 'a1qoq:ltau7rnC wll s,tillesuv ur sE turus aqr go .{ro1s aq1 sa,rffi qarq,r, 'rau8rn5; lS JoJ ss?ru E sureluoJ 'wntoltuts wnudo,td slt ur'os1e otgr Jo lessru seuue1 eql L 'd (anuowo.t wnrotcatg 'lau8tng su ,{lelrsnlcxe turus eqt ot sJeJeJ rnq (.{llnJqrrtJ ssel Jo eJoru V ut.xl aql Jo e^rlurJeu er{t säsrJerrruns qJrq.tt -irnluao qlueeteuru aql ur

g0

'

souue1 Jo esäJorp eqt ur esn ur i-tmaatg uoaoü eql'elduuxa rc1 'aas :V uttrl aql uo fllJäJrpur 'qf,ueJd Jar{tre päseq flgen8ru sr äloqÄ\ B sE uoltrprrt uoterg ar{t'paapul

4!

.ro.{ltcalp

ag ol ureos plno^\ tures Jno Jo tunoof,E s(puerC a'I ur seruBu redord aqa 'relduraxa r{Juard e seunsard sa8.rnog rueddr seueu esaqt Jo sruroJ (qJuJrd, eqt eJerl.r\ lserueu radord urtel des4 o1 spuät eq stxal urteT sosrreuruns puurC eT uer{.r\ leqt selou eq eraq.,n '9} 'u tz 'd ''prqr eas tng 9t ,trepuo8al srqt ro3 ,&nluec qrueeug oqr Jo JIEq lsrg orlt Jo elep r slso8Sns 'ird ''prqr'se8rnog 5t rrd',egtfru np er8o1oaqc.ry, 'sa3rnog ü8 '(ro6r tadrurn!) uo;.{a4 6 se IIä,r se '11er8qy 'W'f pue serrror{J 'I i'V {q suortetouue qlrÄ\ 'uorupe qUU eql teqt puc 'alqrpe,rr ,(1epr.u lsoru uorlrpa eqJ 'lt9 r sdeqrad .lg t[ sr 'radud srqt roJ pallnsuoJ

SeUOCaq

lr lnq

JruriuoJlBd ;o lros

E se JBSurd

B

ux

'r'Sr'1.{-'- ' s(JUIBS ot{t Jo lerlt -i1qriunr..-.'l : eas UEJ euo IIE,^aUJOJ ur ;u. "- - lut{} 'luetun8Ju Jor.lunJ q.)i\-. r ,.

elqoq ot Surp.ro33g 'iop

t\r': ' -

-

eql uo peJJnf,Jo .(;nturr q- r.- -t1s113uE

puu

eq] Jo uortrpe pur )r.r. - -.

t6 '68'l '11nautrt)-[,,]'. ,

'runtoJtur)s

nuf

.

'uu51o1J .rr_' * :

eJB SE SeSrlOU qf,ns pur lur.. ' --: irnluac-qluaetxrs eq] äilL{ \,1 ,:

a,t!l?,{ 'se4o1g aas

'uIIIEnuro)

'Js//,rr-r,.

q {rB slnl

r'

'S ri- ..

-

-

]Ja(qns sll ol Surua3rJ -1r -: pel-r: * sB eJer{ 'e3uo

patuosard dgrcueuerp B uI 'ellrenouJo3 ur puel Äaqt JaUB suorueduoJ srq puu (eJuecBli{ elsun s6srJopoeqJ lul8s eql sJelunosua JrropoeqJ 'lEArJ Ierrolrrrel srq Jo JIEqeq uo lurq uo JE,r. 338.& ot Surruoc äJe.&\ sJer.llo psrpunq e3Jql pu? uos sry 1?q1 [urq uJE,e\. oJ ((enbuolurv ellrsnouJoJ ep ecurrd, 'cr.ropoeqa ol solrr,&\ (puBIorJ luog 'o8er e ur ter{teJ s(}ur?s aqJ '(enbrJoruJv au8elerg, JoJ lno sles pelledxe 'lures aqa 'errrBs or{l puB ouo 'uorurdo srg ur (eJe J?Surg puB JeurnD

lBrp JEoIJ

6t(er.uBu f,rtseu.,{p Jo

so^r8 puB lures eq] sllBc eq .(y1ertru1 ',tq7utl to fiutnC sE Jerllre lures 'reurng eql 01 sJeJeJ eq eJJnos peunseJd srq Jo dJeruluns srq ur no DumJ) se JUrBS eql ot eprl srq ur sJeJeJ puBrc aT q3noqrlv '(,uo1aq ees r{Jrq,$ JoJ ",tautnig 'snrcurr6 arueu eqt,(q pe1saS8ns sB) ecJnos Jeqtoue ot sdsqred pur s{wnlSafroll s([uEr.l8urssotri\J ol asrnoceJ pBr{ pu?rC el 1g'uorlrsodord alqeteqep ,{lq8rq E Jlestr - v utll Jo teql ruoü uorlelosr ur pedole^ep (g 01!l eqt sE u,r\ou{ orer{) sorrnos sq 8ur.{lrapun uortrpBJl eql lBr{} Sulurnsse ua,ra 'uortrlosr ur uorlrperl uoteJg r SuBueserdar sE uees eq louu?c ,r'txet unrl .{puarrdde uB Jo ,{rBuruns (JunoJJu r.IcueJd E s(puBJ9 3T 13Ä gg'SJurES JerIlO IsJa^OS JoJ ADflA JO UOrls[uJOJUr paqddns osle tlorr{,t\ 'lgo31og eT Jo .(Jrpue8el ,Far,t, tsol B uo paseq tred ur sr (tr slleds aq se Jeurng) rau8rng Jo lunocJe s(puBJC e.I te 'llu lv awtc uo pes?q eq ol lou luees qclq^\ secrlou sE IIe^\ sB 'luetxe Jesuol ou ärB qcrq^\ sa^r-I lere^es slueseJd uorlcelloc srqa gg'9t9r ut anbntlwta auSop"tg q ap srutos sap satl srq (pu?rC aT 'seJJnos pagodrnd sr{ Jo.{rer.utuns s(puBJC

peqsrlqnd 'uecrururoc

eT treqlv tuetxo e^eq .,(1uo e,u sE teolr ssel JBJ sl g utll eql Jo uorlrp€n er.{J '(ulasuv, sE Jlesurq segnuepr Joqlns oql qcrqÄ\ ur pue ((rreu8rnc 'sut) na3m3 poureu sr (aceJard aql ur sB '1ce(qns eql qJrq^\ ur (uorsnlouof, dlpurg '3ur4rr1s sr (uorJf,es srqt ur dlprcadse tnq (lnoq8noJr{l

]JorIS B sr areqt

lunuutg pun lluüurlJ rucalpaw

Lzr

eJE SCr[eJ JO

iluo

esd;or

s. ] Li

:

:

-

'peteleJ ueql eJE selJrJr L* .*: peruBu sl aq eposrda slq- _ r.uopJ,(uBru s(]urBs är.{l sr-.:eJB

'(orau8lng 'sru) .r.,., -,,

-

--

'uetuo,r.l e {q peg -ilsnoln t r -:

_

eqt lurStt,,t peluuuun äqt \-:-r

-

(eJE

ur petueu sr lurrs rL{., - sll SulllEJ uee,!\taq set:,, , -

-:

p8tl esJnos srr.l Jo r.ulssu\ -: _ puB BI SS rllr1!\ sE 'sern- r : Jo s8pel,uou{ B r1toq \\( ,'L - . * lle le ]ou sr sn{t ellq \\ e Jo alls ,(q;eau aql 1u)\.r- * {e,tr eq} uo pellsr-r e}rs [..-*: _

slqt uord '(e1{eg tuorr i*:

(leluuJo-1 Jo eere eql

tllea,tutoj uI oe

u

O^IJJE 'sf

Jr- - l

[r,

r*

.

-

'llBAuJoJ uI SerJBnbnur -:

-ller!\ eq] qlll!\ uoISnJu(-)--

--

, .-

sF{ ur sruadde eqs :purlu te,tea,roq trualc l,usr rJ ' :

_ '

-qlueelUO^es,{1tea S.uoLll ;-.,,-

"

tutr)S ,tls!.tl uV

r28

An'Irislr

Karen Jankulak

scene, Theodoric approaches the saint with a bloody sword,

In the Vita B,

mort,

with the benevolent Brcr, :, Grand now presents .r T - , Cornish tyrant of folkk,r.. .

ces hypocrites'; the saint reproaches

crying'A mort, ä him for his bloodthirstiness, to no

avail, and finally falls on his knees, encouraging his companions to be peaceful, as he stretches out his neck towards Theodoric, who duly slays him and his companions. Le Grand notes that several miracles were performed at the saint's tomb, but doesn't relate any. There are several notable differences between the Vita A and the l/ite B,

hou-e\ er. hc ..

-

which is centred on fi,{Lr,-. Historia Francorunt. Ihc i Theudericus, himseii th. .

although the main story is the same, and, like the author of the Vita A,Le Grand seems to prefer to refer to the saint by name as infrequently as possible. Rather than being converted by Patrick (who according to the Vita A came to Ireland from Cornwall), the subject in Le Grand's account was converted by 'l'Abb6 Princius', who came to Ireland from 'la paroisse de Cambrie en la Grand Bretagne'.40 The chief difference between the Vita A and the Vita B, however, is entirely understandable: the Vita B locates the saint's martyrdom and burial, similar to that presented in the Vita A, not in Cornwall but in Cornouaille. Thus the saint makes only one trip from Ireland to Brittany inthe Vita B,rather than one from Ireland to Brittany, another back to Ireland, and finally a third journey to Cornwall as in the Vita A.In fact, in the Vita,B the saint never visits Cornwall at all.+' This is clearly an adaptation of a tradition which spoke originally of Cornwall: the Vita.B merely gives the vague 'Cornouaille' as the location of the martyrdom, without specifying any particular place, and gives no topographical information. This reticence is reminiscent of the portions of the Life which occur in Ireland, and argues against the inclusion of any local tradition. At any rate, there is no discernible local tradition commemorating this or a like-named saint in Cornouaille, as one would expect if a strong tradition located him

context in the most suf

there.4'

saint with any local link

Another reflection of this posited adaptation of a Cornish source to a superficially Breton context is the alteration of Theodoric (corresponding to 'Theoderic'inthe Vita A). Inthe Vita -8, as in the Vita l, Theodoric is a murderous lord or prince. Yet while this figure is familiar from other CornuBreton aitae,in these he is always presented as a Cornish, neyer a Breton, ruler.43

ultimately killed -\laclr:

*

Warochus as ruler oi ,r .1.: Lives of St Meloir. 'ti>:cc -i the saint into this conrq',..

:

Meliavus.45 The Lit'e l' i l ruler Maxence seizes rhu .'-

Breton ruler,

--

N'Iare nCq

against his uncle, but in

:.

-

fearing that ther had t'rr; (which echoes exactl) rh-. .from the Vita A), T hcr,.: : Meliau, the father oi 5i .'r i -it,t one sees in the [ ß . i: * affected one another: rhr ,

St Meloir, and the Li,..provided a Breton contc r.. king of folklore but a h r: ,

Theodoric's

unclc

r :

r

.

r

.

analogues: he seems [o :..*. with the British settlcnrcl

well as in various \\ cl=i .: seems to have a refler in K and indeed, it has becr ;r.,.

4o Gwenaöl Le Duc and John Carey (personal communication) have pointed out thar 'Princius'would seem to be a mistaken expansion of a contracted form of'Patricius'. It is

addition of Cornish

that in the English Martyrology of 164o (see below, note 76) the name'Patricius'is followed by'Principisque'. 4r Thus, because the episodes introducing them have been omitted, there is no sign in the Vita B of the saint's sister Piala, nor of Ia. 4z The only occurrence of an actual location within Breton Cornouaille in the vast and

St Breage state that 'Tcri.^'.that there is also in Brittan, - \-

diverse materials concerning this saint is the nineteenth-century Vannes Breaiary's naming of the unnamed Breton dux of the Vita A Audren, 'king in the region of Qrimper' (see ^s above, note 37). Otherwise in all instances Cornouaille could be replaced with Cornwall (and 'Bretagne armorique'$,ith 'Bretagne insulaire') without contradicting any other information furnished by the tradition. 43 The characrer appears in a Life of St Kea (which survives only in a summary by Le Grand) as well as that of St Petroc; Leland's notes from a Life of

44 Gregory of Tours. IJ:: 'Cornou',, p. 577. -+5 Dr::r: now BourgÖs, Saint -11,./,i,' t - - +6 Doble, Soints o.f-Crtni:,' occur at Guiner's tomb. h. .. Pr.ydein, pp. 4Sr-+. +g Fl::- .

cr.

..

.l

also suggestive, however,

'So

r-o6'dd' qasor.ra

py to atr.1's;.tlr-11

6t't-tSt'dd'

utapt t,r4

sturl ppaot.tl'qcr,tuuorg gü 'pereJol sr srqt äJaq,r ies t.usaop eq 'guot s.reurng tB JnJJo sälcerlur leql si(es puerg e'I 'oldruexa rog 'epqr11 lü 'Lz'm'11oatu,to3lo vurug'a1qoq 9ü 'txoluoJ srqt ur uorlnqrrtuof, s(pnug e-I d JoJ xrpuadde oslr aos 'ttlaw turDS'sa8;nog .uou (r-oz'rrr'yaautoSlo slzzzg'a1qoq loor-66 'dd'oruaaayy 'aurnq §ü 'Äl9 'd'.nouro3, pu?

'zSt 'd',e8eatg tures, 'eur6

llrr '9or'l ''plgl sE IIeÄ\ sB z-rSr,u '11uaruto7 lo sturog

'a1qoq lo6-69rdd'oruaaayy-'eurnq oeg 'rapnJ ro repnel lS B.{ueuug ur osle sr ereql teql patou rer1unJ s?q elqoq 'suoruudruor s,a5ua;g Jo auros.{\els (Jäp.ue1- tuqt etrts aSuarg tg

ur soperrew ro) {eseuew Jo uorlrpBJ} eql o1 ssposrde qsruroJ Jo uortrppB eIIl peJrdsur e^?q lq8ru r?Eurd Jo o1!l eqt ]eqt penBJB ueeq sBq tr (poepur puE 6y'4asoutaly suuunag, eld qsruro3 eqt Jo uessrw Sur;1 ur xeuar e a^Bq

ol suaos

osle uexsl,\l srqJ IBJrSolBeueS pue sperr] qsla & snorre^ ur sE IIe,r 8ü'suorlrperl (u?xow pteppnatg se elr.a qslolt\ eqt ur Bf,rror.urv Jo luaruelttes qsurJg eql qtr^\ petBrsossB sr oq^\ slpel^\, uoxBw ern35 eqt 01 {3Bq {Jeq o1 sIuees eq :sen8olBu? e^rlse88ns sepr^oJd osle (e3uarBw'g ütll eqf Jo elJun s(crJopoeqJ 4'slretap Jrrrr,(uodol .,(ue epnlcur ol Jo allrrnouroJ ot rlurl IBOoI ",(ue qlrrrt lurrs eql epr^oJd ot ue{81 ueeq seq orec ou puE ',(e.tt IBrcUredns tsol,U eq1 ur txeluoc uoler8 äI{l olul p3lBllr.urss? ueeq .{Iuo e^ErI Br 0il1 eqt Jo seposrde eseqt taÄ 'JelnJ uotaJg patseile .,(llecrrotsrq-opnesd ro dllucuotsrq E tnq eJolIIoJ Jo 6uDI qsruJos aql re8uol ou 'crJopoaqJ 3ql JoJ txeluoc uolorfl r papr,tord luprJruoq (rroletr{ 'ulntotuo.tg aul$tH eqt se IIe^\ sB lS Jo so^rT eql pue '.rro1e14 l§

Jo tunocJu s(puBJC a'I roJ elrloru E pepr^oJd g axll eq1 :Jegtouu euo petceJJe e^eq slur8s luoreJJrp Jo se^r.I lsr{l .{le{rl sruees Jr puB 'g wcl aql ur §ees euo ruoq,u, sJslc?rBr{J a(ues eql .,(Fee1c eJE eser.lJ gt'rlolew rs Jo teql8J ar{] (nBrletr{ rerltoJq srq o] seo8 uaql r.If,rrl,&\ urop3ur{ srq sosol JrJopooqJ '(V aql aql uro.t; seSJe^Ip dlsnorras tr oror.I,&\. lsnl g ottl eql w plot olet eqt .(ltcexa saoqlä qcry,te) urs srqt Jo asnmeg 'eJuäxBW tsrsse ot puEIeJI r,uog or.uoJ peq deqt lurlt SuuBeJ

'suorueduroc srq pue reu8rnC lS seJJESSEtu ssacord eql ut tnq'a1cun srq lsurBSE JE.& se8B,n .{1p;ssaccns crJopoor{J 'clpng rer.lloJq s(eJuoxBtr{ ';e1n; uoterg Jer4loue Jo uos aqt Jlasurq 'crropoaqa Jo duoruuled er{t sezres acuäxetr\J JelnJ uoleJg erll :JeqtrnJ seo8 puerg eT .{q lures snil JoJ ua,rffi e3r1 er{J cf'sn^Erlew 'suos s.crpng Jo euo Jo uos eql sE rurq Surlueserd 'Jxaluoc srql olur tures eql ((senbrllec e^EO^\ sar8oyeeu?S-opnesd ap te eroplloJ ap eossrt, tro1e14 tS Jo se^r.I Jo Jelnr sE snqJoreÄ\ snorJu^

eqJ ff'puel s(JerlleJ srr.{ Jo uorlJod peqsrururp

B

uos reqlo (sn^Erlce6 8ur,ree1 'qocu1 uos sq put sn^Erlouw palp>1 ,{lereurrrp sncrJepneqJ 'snorpog 'ra1u uolerg rerlloue Jo uos eql Jlesurq 'sncrrepnaqa go .(uourrled aql pezres sn^BrlJrry JelnJ uolerg eql (Mnilruaq ot,t,llstH

eql ot SurproJcv 'sJnoJ 3o ,fto8arg dq peuoDuatu ssrn8g uo pertuac sr r.{rrr.l^\ uoItIpE.D .,ftepua8a1 B otut peteJodroour uaeq dprelc seq go qsruro3 tuBJ.{t 'e.rop11og eqt qtt,,r\ paunuopr Suraq uuqt reqtzr orl,&\ crJopoer.{J e stueseJd puerg ^rou eql'y rrlll eqt Jo xapnx uoterg tuelo^eueq aql qlr.&\ pue talnr uoleJg e se paluesard sr eq to^e,r\oq 'g al.U eqtul e1 .{q petuaserd

se

peltuuoc.{lsnorrnc

6zt

g aql

sr

i-uailttg

put?

llu«tutl) localpaw

ux

tluuS ,tls!,tl

Jo 3JIT

B ruoJJ sstou s. p u rl.. - l se,\r^Jns qJrq-r\) ral{ tS -i , ,:- - -

uorteruJoJul Jeqlo (ur Sulr-.,- __ _ pue) Ile,!\uro3 r{}l\\ pärrl,-1.* - - aes) ,redurn-§ yo uor.6al )'. - - Sutueu srr(tüxcalg sautn. j .-'-- --

'BI Jo rou'e1urd Jelsrs s.tll,:. SurcnpoJlur seposrda JQt .-..* r- aqt (9L etou',uo1aq aas) cf , sl lI '(snrJrJlud, Jo LuJol i----:--

_

_

_

]Eqt tno palurod e \rq { Lr -: .

g1'JelnJ

'uolarg

E

.ra-\JU

!.

-nuroJ r3r{to ruou rrlli

.

_*:

,- -

E sr JrJopoeqJ 'f- rtt j : of SurpuodsauoJ) JrJr,:'', . -

rulq pstBsol uorlrprJ] perusu-3{ll ,tue

]v

E

;*

--

ro s}qr Euit, -. ,,u:

'uourpBJ]

IEJOI

.

-

tlslt{^a aJIT eqt Jo suoi-* .lecrqder8odol ou sa \r.=i 5r;. : eql Jo uorlBsol eqt sr ) iii: * .

]B [Et\{.uJoJ S]ISI^\ Ja \au

I

u.I.

o] iaulnol p;rqt E i11ruu ,- -. euo uutll Jer.llEJ 'g t'ii I -: - eql snqJ 'slllEnou', -) i

IUIES

ilarrlue sl tle,te,tloq 'g t -: ;

,{q parJe^uo) se,r\

ol aIUE) Y ltt!/l

-.

lunott: :

-

.iu.:'-

eq1 ot

'elqrssod se .{ltuenba.gul -:: :

aT 'f oql

'g

aqrT eql

_

eqt Jo roqtn: - -

pur f

s(]UIES oLI] ]E

1.,.-

t.tt

per.uJol;ad :,i.r

slq pue tulq s{u1s ilnp , -

,,

,,

'1n;acead eq ol suorurdlU, ,- \

si. -

ou ol'ssaurlsJrr{lpoolq g

'lrou y, 8ur{;)

us i:'

'p-ro

LtV

r30

Breton;.so Meriadoc's Vita is set exclusively in Brittany,5' but the saint's Cornish play contains significant visits to Cornwall, as well as characters resembling those of Fingar's Vita: Theodoric (Vitae A and B) and Massen (Vita B). However, it is worth restating that Theodoric in particular is well known to Cornish hagiographical folklore. Moreover, the episode of Beunans Meriasek in question has wider literary analogues;s'only the name of the king, Massen, who is an entirely incidental character in it, gives one the least pause. The names of the saint in the Vita -B are only slightly different from those of the Vita,4, although this may be less than significant if one considers that Le a text or texts, one of which probably was Messingham's Vita A. Moreover, Le Grand may have confused his subject with another

Grand was summarising

Breton saint, St Eguiner, the patron of Loc-Eguiner (Finistöre). Doble noted that Le Grand describes the saint as patron of the tröve of Loc-Eguiner and doesn't mention Pluvigner in Morbihan, St Guigner's most significant dedication. Thus, Doble argued, Le Grand seems to have been thinking of the subject of the Vita B as the patron of Loc-Eguiner rather than Pluvigner, and might have derived his spelling of the saint's name, GuineS from this.s: Such is Le Grand's influence that this confusion proved to be persistent.54 Moreover, Le Grand's stated sources come from two locations: one, at Vannes cathedral, is in an area of Guigner's cult; the other stated source (for exactly what one is not sure) is at the collegiate church of Le Folgoöt. Le Folgoöt is in an area of Eguiner's cult alone - Guigner has no cult in Finistöre. Le Grand himself seems to have been

far more interested in (and inventive with) saints commemorated near his own place of origin, Morlaix, in Finistöre;5s hence his desire to combine Guigner and Eguiner? However, even if, as seems likely, Le Grand had St (E)guiners6 in mind rather than St Guigner, he nevertheless followed the same fashion as the Vita A in its form of reference to the saint: this supports the suspicion that Le Grand saw and used the Vita A as a source. Le Grand's introduction presents the saint

5o Murdoch, Cornish Literature,p. ro2. 5r Doble, Saints ofCornwall,i.rzT. 5z Murdoch, 'Holy Hostage'. 53 Doble, Sainx of Cornwall,i.roS. 54 The nores to the fifth edition of l,e Grand's Vies correct his omission of the dedication at Pluvigner and list dedications to St Guiner rather than Eguiner, but on the mistaken understanding that Eguiner and Guiner are the same saint; the annotator goes on to relate the story given by the Vita A in preference to that of the Vita.B, describing its subject, however, as St Eguiner and contributing the otherwise unattested information that the saint was killed not because of his faith, but because of the hatred of the British for the Irish (Le Grand, Vies des saints, p. 7o4 n. r). Duine, it should be noted, follows Le Grand in giving the name of the saint as Guigner or Eguiner in his heading, but in his text, which summarises the Vita A, he uses the names Fingar or Guigner (Mömento,pp. rz6-7). 55 Andr6-Yves Bourgös, personal communication The provision of a context in Cornouaille points somewhat to a Finistöre saint, although Loc-Eguiner as a place-name is found in that part of Finistöre which was in the Middle Ages L6on, not Cornouaille. 56 The exact form of the name is not entirely clear: see Tanguy, Dittionnaire

An'Irish ' .\

Karen Jankulak

d,es

noms .. . du Finistire, p.

rr8.

as Cuiner

of the house

with his 'maistre'; this

r-,t

\\

,

l: -

Fingar, the two beins dir,; presents a narratir-e in u h. twice in the Irish portioir

unambiguously prese r rc episodes), both Guinc'r' ;r.. ambivalent hint that thrr-. l narrative),S7 and finallr C: Philologicallr;sE the B r. :

or Guiner.se A species ot- :i" : tiate, on a philological h"-:and Fingar, ofl the othcr-. : equated, even bv Loth i.:. SS Guigner or Gu inear i: : was an Irish equir alent lt -I Fingar as an eccentrit i::

'blessed') and cür ('fricnt'., 'loving') .6' Yet despirc r i. ., : can be best explained .t> -:r Modern Irish x Fi,tnni ;:., Guigner, composed of 'hic\.-

57 'Theodoric . . . a\ anr ,tt. -;:- - , tailla en pieces. S Guiner q-.r. implications of the namc l - - Gwenaöl Le f)uc, Ker in -\ I *: - can in no way be held re5p :- all errors as my own. Sg -f :* - -

p. zgg (original edition ir erroneous form Grp in ; ti ,.,, : - l equating lringar \\,ith Gui.r - noting that Grvincar \\ a\ I :- , equating F-ingar and Gui--: --

.

Fingar ne peut donner G r, ; - ' Loth's phrasing clearlr Sh,',,. -

-

form rather than vice \tii.l Dictionnaire des noms .., .r'., F-ingar as a compound rlänru ,r t finn and 5 car), one \\oultl ....:.- --

necessarily imply nasalisari, : lenition (-car to -char) in Iri-r

'6[i.{llrrcedse'6-9t, dd

'rC.r.otstg

puo a?on7unT'uos>1cef

e9

'qsrrJ ur

(,nqt- ottrt-) uolruel

padxe 1q3lu euo eJer{Ä\ '(,to8- o1;ar-) luaruelo puoces eqt Jo uorlrsrltseu fldrur iprrssaceu p1no.,t 'ra,to,noq 'n?utg tttrc1 ar.1a 'toqtQt)ur.g * se qf,ns urroJ e padxa p1no \ auo '(tot S pue uug[ r 'ttt's't.touorllq 'urn!) .lz: pve uug[ Jo pesodrrroJ qsrJl alpprtr{ ur errreu punoduoJ e sB Je8urd {oo} euo JI 'rz 'u pue gL9 'd ',noulo3, igr-l.rrdd'ataqtutg n? "' sraou sap ailouuottJt1 l(n5uea z9 'zird ',se,u1nuud sessrore4, ',{n8uea r9 'esre^ äf,r^ uuqt Jaqtul urroJ qsrlrJg E otur patelsurJl se,$. etutu qsrJl uE lurlt uorldunsse srq s.noqs .{pre1c Surserqd s,qto1 teql etou ot SuDsaralur sr rI '(662 'd ',sturus sap sruoN, 'rqto1) 1au7r.ng rauuop lned au n7utg :slueJäJJIp seJt luos stuou xnep se.L :pepnlJuo) ueql aH ';au5rng pue re8urg Surlenba otur trrnl pelsnu pur{ pur 'reaur,trg :o3 uorldrrsuerl ue{etsrul r sr,tr lBJur,!\C leql Surtou 'eletsnu äqt petf,eJJof, Jatrl aH 'reu8r,rn16 go ru,{uode sqt 'reu5rng qtr.ü re5urd Suuenba tceJJe ur'(6zrd'auuota,tq arytowolsatqS).reu3r,rn16 aueu-ece1d uoteJg oql ur paluasotder leql sE erxBu äruBS erll su ,r\es pue qsruJo] sB,rl' pres 3q qJrrl,& .toJut(lc urJoJ snosuoJJe .re3urg perunba ,{11ur1rur rltoT 09 'Qnbulat anaaü ut uortrpe leur3uo) 662 'd

ue

qllr\

(z

65

'u pue LLS'd',nouro3, ',(n5uua 'u,uo.{ru sE sJoJJe IIe ',stures sep stuo51, 'qto1 Suplc rurclo I puu 'areq sreaddr su srs.{leue lecr6o1olqd qrns roJ eyqrsuodser ploq oq de,r ou ur uuo aseqa 'Surpoor11 uuqteuof pue tlessna 1ne4 '1ape4 re,rq6 ',(errnry ur,re11 'cn6y e.I IeEua/r\C su atu qlr,tr soruuu uotoJg puu qsrJl eq] passnosrp ,(lsnoreua5

{ere3 uqof Surpnyrur 'ga,tr

e^Eq sJar{}o r(uutu lsuorssncsrp luanbasqns JoJ se IIe.u se 're5urg eureu eqt ;o suorlecrldur lecr5oyolrqd ar1t uortueue .{u o1 Sur5urrq ,{11erlrur roJ Er1peqruuoqq ,N urrlgry {ueqr or ä{rI plno,u 1 gS ("' eJf,esserrr eJ lue,{o,r 'urol ep lro^ms 'else; a1 Je,ru 'rnb taurng S .sacard ue elpel ..' crropoeqa, lS ry 'xno Jns EnJ es 'sua5 sos op ooz f,e^u 're5urg ecurrd e1 nac:edu lue,{r se1

tn8uea

eas :ree1c ila.rrru-',

-

sa8y elppry eq] ur sr \\ qr:L , -q8noqtlu '1urus eJetsrurJ : - -: uolluJiuntutuoo luuos-racl

'(.1,i - -

ro rauBInO sB ]urES aqt j{, -a'--:- * '(t 'u toL 'd'slutur- s2/? sr r ":---

]nq (qllBJ slq Jo esnrraLl - - -aql SurlnqrJluo3 pur r)u::--- - o] eouoJa;ard ut p. ütt 1 )q) Jeurn5 puu raurnSq lrll- .- - -

eJB

]s ol suollBJrpap lsrl pur -rr *; JO uortrpe

quu aql ot Srli,u

]ures eq] slusseJd

-_

_

uorttr,:

puBJo eT lBrl] uorJrdsn.

--

--,- -

V al!,rl eq] sB uolqsrl f,LLr: l puFu ur ,creurn5(3) l\ :': JeuSInO eulquloJ ot rJ i. r * u,{(\o SILI JEaU peIEJOLUär.u.*

'rr8ueng lurus uoleJg eqt q:,tu?- u^\ou1un uB pue (pesselq, Jo pesodruo3 teu8rng uoleJg pu? reeur,^ac r.{sruJoJ 01 Surpuodseilox (fiqaau\tlx q§tl urepow uI eq pFo./r^. ]Eq.{\ Jo Suqlads qslrl elpprl l ro plo uE sE peureldxe tseq eq uBf, to8atl turoJ er{t tn8ue; pue q}oT Jo suortu^Jesar eql etrdsep leÄ 29.((Sur^ol, ',go puog,) .4üJ pua (,pesse1q,) uuE[tlstq o]ur ((tueJed, '.puay;,) ,tur pue (.pesse1q, ',arnd,) uru. slueu:ele uolarfl plg eql Jo uorlulsuBrl crJtuof,ce uB se rugurd Surpear 're8ueng '1ures uole;g lueJeJJrp E Jo atuuu ärll Jo luep^rnbe qsul uB sa^\ regurd ruJoJ oq] tur{t Jer{UnJ pengre puB rete8urd tuor; reeur,^&C Jo Jaugmg SS Surleredas ur qtoT pe^\olloJ .(n8uea preureg oe3lasul{ qtoT dq ua^e (pe}Enbe dlecr8olouoqd uaaq dlsnor,Le.rd peg sturps o,r\t eseqt jeqlo eql uo tu8urd pus 'pueq euo eql uo'rauSrng Jo JBeurl(C 15 uee.$Jeq'srsug lecr8ololrr{d B uo (elerl -ueJeJJIp ot qtoT qdesof pa1

(sseutf,euoJrad.{q lgnop ou

Jo serJeds

V

1s.naxttC

B sB,&\ Jeurnc lBql -{ldrul o] luees lsorulE plno1l{ srql l,eJlsreru, srq qlr^L 3uo1u peueruoJ sB,!\ eq teqt setou pu? \aflu1g oJurrd Jo esnoq eqt Jo rauxnC se

r{-uaut,tg pua

lloeu,tr7 luca?paw ua ruxoS

,Lls!,ry,

uasq eAEq o] surses JI):LI-. _ ;]ln3 s(J3urn8g Jo reJr Lir (amS lou sr euo tf u 1.. 1B SI

eete uB uI st

(lurpaqlrl -r -. *

s(puBJ0 e1 le;\o3rol\ -, - -: s(puBro eT sl qsns ,j':lL'- __ lq8ru puu 'rau5i \n,d -:

aAELI

Jo lce[q*r eq] 30 6ulIul'-.- 'uollBJlpep t\{ r.* .

IUEJUIuSTS

puB rsurn8g-roT Jo

: r..1--

to

',ta1ryn1 ',tau8mg s,ruaataC qsruroS Jo tuelB^rnbe uoleJg er.ll ss(.{llecl.3ologr{d 'uorsnlcuoc stq ut .tauxnc,(1pug puu l9'(e,tErrreu eql uI ]urod relnsruBd srql lE sJetJBrBqc o^u eq.(?tu eJeql lBrll luq luelB^rqluB uE r.llr.r\ 'ure8e) I'uoprdlrBtu s(JurBS aql W ,toSutl pue fiuxng r{loq ((seposrde snor^erd 3o re8urg äqt sE uosrod etues or{l se palussard .(lsnon8rqrurun pue) ,(uruug ur se^rJJE eq uoq^\ fium1'e;11 eqr Jo uoruod qsrJl aqt ur of,r,eu taSwg pellcJ sr telcereqc el8urs ? .,{pe1c (1ures eqt qcrq,u ur e^rlBJJEu B sluaserd puer0 o1 'uorlcnporlul sIIt JaUB leÄ 'eldoed tueJeJJrp Eureq o,tr1 eqt tu8urd

Jo uoru[u

rtr

s(ueq8urssery

,-"- :

sB.\\ .(1qrq,

eT lBtll sJeprsuoJ euo ,lr - *,'Jo 3sor.l] ruoJJ tuerejlrp i1- - 'esnBd lsBel eql euo s: rr: '3rl{ eq} Jo orueu eqr i1u "-l suuuna{ Jo sposrde el{t '-: Ilela sI Jelncruud ur Jrrr rr :

IIe\\ SilIi:, , ]nq,.'iurlrljt

SJelcEJE.lJ SE

s(]urBs eql

uV

r32

An 'Irislt

Karen Jankulak

despite some suggestive Cornish connections, must be left to one side.64 Thus, in effect, the Vita A and the Vita B alternate between two different forms of its subject's name, Guigner or Guiner (corresponding to Gwinear) and Fingar.6s The name Fingar itself is unattested in medieval Irish sources: the closest form is Finchar or Finecha(i)r which would seem to be compos ed. of fin(e), 'kin' and, -char,'loving'.66 This, however, is not the same name as Fingar. The

Brythonic form is more securely evinced: it is attested in a ninth-century charter from the Book of Llandaf, as Guiner and Guinier.6z The logical, if not provable, conclusion is that the Brythonic form gave rise to the'Irish' form, and that this was done in the context of the composition or transmission of the Vita A.68 The form Fingar suggests strongly that this is, dare one say, a learned invention; the author of the Vita A, or of his immediate source if indeed he had

concerning the epon) rit, antiqutry,,John Leland. i: : Cornwall, in u,hich h. r,- ,

out that as the Vittr I Ll L. Life he saw must be rctrrI

was perhaps even in tl . .. . I reference to this ['it,r, r 1. documentary rather th:r : the Vita A, in u'hich Li.c :record of this cult in C. ^.. medieval Cornish cui[:. .- ,' --

-

,

rz58 u hich r 1286).7'A tenth-centur', . , this cult;7: William \\* ,;-. churches from his jou r n c Nicholas Roscarrock. : \knew nothing of Gu in.::

of

one, is its likely originator.6e The contrast in the Vita I between the detailed account of events in Cornwall, including much local toponymy and the unconvincing or absent personal names as well as the vague settings for the Irish and Breton episodes, strongly suggests an immediate Cornish source or author. The fact of the saint's martyrdom in Cornwall (in the Vita B somewhat clumsily disguised as Breton Cornouaille) indisputably points to the primacy of the cult's association there for the author of the Vita A. The absence inthe oitae of the saint's Cornish name, Gwinear, however, hints that this Cornish material might have been partially adapted into a Breton context: the Vita I would seem to have been either composed in Brittany (with Cornish materials, by a Cornish cleric?), or transmitted in the form in which we now have it there. Indeed, it is worth recalling that the sole extant manuscript of the Vita I has Paris as its

the separation of u hat

proYenance.

surrounding Fingar.

The Vita C is known only from one tantalisingly brief antiquarian note, which nevertheless strongly suggests that there was a significant local tradition

seventeenth-centur\ rc - c; l which itself would secnr . -

register

.-

.,

he inserted referenccs discussion of Ia, onlr lt:ur

Roscarrock refers to thc .;-r. The absence of ieasr ..: tained) the Vita R renclsr- .I

edition

z.titae; it should be noted, however, that as straightforward as CadogLifris's Vita Cadoci Cadog begins life as Cadfael, and thus is endowed with three names, the switch from Cadfael to Cadog being accomplished rvithout

;:; i

:-

';

th

of the Eneli.tr r -

Commemoration 'in C, 64 See appendix. 65 This is not, however, an example of a double-name formula such as Hywel Emanuel found in the Lives of St Cadog and St David ('Double-Name Fbrmula'). Here Emanuel examined the use of the name 'Sophias' for St Cadog as well as Dewi for St

i

.

t ,- -

rr

from Messingham's F

David in these respective Sophias may be, in

explanation: Wade-Evans, Vitae sanctorum, pp. 28, 32, and especially 34. 66 As found in various annals as well as dindshenchas from the Book of Leinster: J. Uhlich, Morphologie, p. z5o. I wish to thank Kevin Murray for this reference. 67 Evans and Rh$s, Book of Llan Daarp. r74;Lothr 'Noms des saints', p. zgg; Davies, Welsh Microcosmrp. t7z. 68 One might also consider the suggestive example of the Life of St Idunet in the Cartulary of Land,doennec: the scribe copied a Life of St Ethbin, replaced the name of the latter with that of the former in the first six instances, but then desisted, retaining the name Ethbin throughout the rest of the Life. See Guillotel, 'Origines de Land6vennec', p. roz. 69 Oliver Padel has noted that the 'e' of the second syllable of the Brythonic form does not correspond to the'a'of the second syllable of Fingar (personal communication); this would suggest that Fingar is a close rather than exact equivalent (hibernicisation?) of the name Gwinear.

7o Orme, 'Saint Breagc .

i;

.

--

characteristic

of Lelantl'. :

Breage's I-ife

- a cross-rur;:,'h -

.-

rather than a gloss addcd argues that as

-

the [-it,r c' .- _^'.

written after the liittz -J: thL

--.

-

in any case. 72 Padel . P :

Although Roscarrock \\ü: (-. :* merely local historian (ihi.t . . at times iittle local knos lc;. - - -

times in contradiction oi 1, ,.:. Wilson, priest], Tlte Enti:,,,

*'

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Sl

'auserrotl4 Mt)lltlrLl',{e,l.re11

}l

',tsl.I

frnrue3-qtuaa, 'laped pue uoslo tl, 't6'd't,rouotttrq .r»1ndo4'ppe4 zL 'asuc iue ur (tou ro 'esn eql iV utlrl aqt totJE uoltrr^\ C t 1!l eqt roJ errnos e se p' Dttl er{t Jo elqe,tordun

st:

ueeq ä^Erl tq5nü u (ulesuy ot u,{\ou{ uaeq e.\Eq 01 }ou surees O ttfil eqt se leqt sanS.re aurrg'rSSpueS-ile 'dd''prq1 rZ '$nt'd''prqr),pue1a1 {qpeppussol8e ueqrraqrer - ,t\eul eq reqt sa^rT raqlo ot eJrI teqt Jo toqtnt aql .(q acuare;at-ssor3 e - eJ[I s,e5eorg ruo{ uolt?lonb e aq o1 I1a>I1 erour sr tI 'urtt.I ur 5ur>1u1-a1ou s.puEIe.I Jo JrtsrrotJereqf, lou sr ,,tnu8a1l2,, asurqd aqa, 'son3:r eruJo sV 'zS[ puu ,üE 'dd ',e3ea:g tureg, ,eru;g ol

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'JUeUr,&\O eruru el{t -- : _ terlt lse88ns plnorr srr,{t :(u .-:- -

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euo 89 ua17

'z Lt 'd '///r'r,.,

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,

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:

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qsns BInr.uJoJ

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-

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eqt seqlrcse (ongr) a8o1ott1ta1p qslful luesnf,er r1srl8ug oqr Jo uoqrpe puoces eqJ drnluec qluaelue^as eql luou dpo erep ot (Uoas pFo,e\ Jleslr qcrq^\ tep rseeJ ureru auo Jlestr o] palJer]le suq (sroqf,rpeser ,(rntuec-qtueeluelas eql se IIe,&\ s? [ulosuv lB^arpeu orl] Jo tcnpord er{] tB8urd Surpunorrns uortrpBJt lucrqder8or8Erl eqJ 'sllnJ IsJe^es ,tlqeqord

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ro tr

ofil

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eqt (paurel

aql Jer{tra urqlr,n sÄrp rseag Jo JJuasqE erlJ

g1'.JBBurg ro JeuSrnC, se lnq JBeur^\C se lou tur?s ar{l ot sJeJeJ {coJr?csou snr{J 'F. ur.l eqt Jo uourpo peqs[qnd s(precrd Eurees rage ,(1uo ,r1 Jo uorssncsrp srq pelueu8ne pur 'e1er4 relsrs srq puB reour,r{C ol socueJeJeJ peuosur erl '.s1utog atfit0 saaaT srq pelalduoJ peq eq JoUB Inun JBeur,!\C Jo Surqlou ^\eu>l .{puereddu ',{renbrlue qsruJoJ .{rntuec-qtuaotue^es u ({JoJJEcsoU seloqcrN

ür'tur8s aqt ol JeJeJ ot IrEJ gl,rr Jo IIB,r\uJoJ q8norqt ,(eu;no[ srq ruoü ser.lsJnr.IJ IBJoI snorJB^ l? pernouoq slurBs eql uo salou s(eJlsecro \ uI?lruI& ,rltlnc srqt uortueru ]ou s30p slur?s qsruro] eq ol tuoes lBr{^\ Jo ]sII d.rntuec-q]JÜiel v zL'(ggzr w sn,tarur{,4,4) sn.taut14 snlluos Jo r1Jrnr{J ? suorluelu r,{f,rq^\ gszr Jo relsr8or s,doqsrq oql ur sJncco acuereaddu lserlree $r :dqJled sr (sllnJ r.{sruro3 Iu^orpeur (lle,&\uJoJ

roJ secrnos as"reds .{1paurup? er{l ur sreäddB }r s€ ur llnJ §rql Jo procer eqJ 'J?eur,et,c uBr{] rer.ller re8urg peurEu sr turBs oql esBJ rlJrq,&\ ur (v 0fl1 arll ol dle^rsnlJxe stuees tr pue ,tFueyc sraJeJ Jo 'eÄr1B.rJEu uErlt rJr{lBJ ,,(reluatuncop rer{lro sr IIB.eluroJ ur llnc s(lurBs er{] JoJ aJuäpr^e ßqlo :Dlxl srql ol ecueJeJeJ elqrurersrp ,{1uo eqt sl slr{J ,r'V at.tl eqt 30 luapuedepur ue^ä sdeqred sB^\ pur (r.uo{ peJeJJIp qcrq^\ JEeur^\C Jo oJIT B ol SurJJeJar oq tsnlu .r\es eq eJrT eID Jo roqlnB eql ro puBIeT 'sncrrreg E uorluoru lou seop v wxl eqt sB lrql lno peturod o^Er{ eruJo 'relrl 'pue alqoq o1'.[uey[,7yy,toJf usru.,(r11 'S Etrn ur rnlr8el tn (Iluled sntcos snJrJreg, ((petou sdeq.lad ro) puer eq qcrq^\ ur (lle,rt,uroJ ur punoJ aq qJrr{.r{ eSBerB tS Jo oJI-I e 3o srcard B epuru ,pue1e1 uqof (,{renbrtuu .funluac-qluaolxrs eqJ 'JeeurÄ\C Jo ]ures uoJl?d snoru.tuode eql SuruJaJuoc

t[r

[uauttg puu llaruu,tyJ lucalpaw m ruxuS ,Llsltl

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sll

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p

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v ol!,1 alir 1 :. : _ qsruro] slqr ti * -

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IErratBru

Aql ur eJuesqr ) * I eql 3o ,(cuurrd eqt ot :-*

JO A0lac

ÄpstunlJ ler{,{,\otuo s 6r eqJ 'Joqlnu Jo eJJnos L{{. - puB rlslJl er{t roJ s5urrr:- 1-

,-

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-

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r

.

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..

pu€ 'turog ,rlslJl eqt ot r(!- : tou JI 'lEJI8o1 aqa !_t,'.t :. " : irnlusJ-rlluru v ur LlJt.-1--: eqJ 'ru8ulg sB aITIEU :I.*:,ul{, '(r)u{ lo pasodllrl).., r.l ,

lsesols er{}:seJJnos qsr-rJ ':

sg'JBBul.{ pue (teaur rrrl - . SLUJOJ ]UeJsJJrp 0 rrt ;1

sll Jo

tg'eprs euo ot Uf,l .*- -

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LtV

r34

Karen Jankulak

martyrology, published in 16o8 and signed by 'I.W. Priest', contains few Cornish saints; this second edition, 'much augmented' with several Cornish saints including Fingar and Ia, served as Colgan's source for the feast days of these saints.11 Colgan, however, gives Fingar's feast from this source as 23 February, whereas the Bollandists pointedly note that it gives the date as z3 March. This apparently innocuous error perhaps stems from Colgan's visible frustration at his inability to find Fingar among the numerous Irish saints listed

in various and lengthy medieval and early modern lists of Irish saints. Having searched the various Irish martyrologies for a suitable candidate under several possible forms of the name Fingar or Guigner, Colgan settled upon Finchan or Finchadhan 'of Ard'whose feast day is z3 February according to the martyrologies of Gorman, Donegal, and Tallaght,T8 and identified the Fingar of the Vita A with this saint. Colgan's desire to provide and enhance an Irish pedigree for this saint led, arguably, to this substitution; Fingar's absence from the devotional topography of medieval Ireland was indeed, for Colgan, a problem.Te In Brittany two feast days would seem to have been attributed to St Guigner, early as r53o. The Vannes Missal of this date gives only one feast day for St Guigner (Guinnerius) in its calendar: this is 14 December. The proprium sa,nctzrum of the same Missal, however, has on this date merely a note referring to May, where after the feast of StJohn ante pzrta,m latinqrn (6 May) there is a mass for St Guigner (here Guinnerus) which gives a summary of the Vita A.8o The r4 December feast day is that most often cited wirh reference to St Guigner, probably because it is the date given by Le Grand. Yet while Le Grand clearly did not invent it, one has to wonder if his embracing of the 14 December feast resulted from his likely conflation of St Guigner with St Eguiner. One wonders further if the subsequent prevalence of this feast day might not be chiefly due to the force of Le Grand's influence. Certainly the early eighteenth-century Martyrologe as

66-7:'The same day [23 March] in Cornwall the commemoration of S. Finguar marryr, sonne of Clito a king in Ireland, who converted to the Christian faith by S. Patricke, and pp.

refusing the crowne and dignity of a prince after his father's death, came over into Cornwall, to lead a solitary life where he was slayne in hatred of Christian Religion by Theodoricus king of Cornewal about the year of Christ five hundred'. In the margin is 'D. Anselmus, Florilegium SS. Hyberniae', a clear reference to Messingham. 77 The first edition of this martyrology has been reprinted as vol. ccxxxii of the series English Recusant l-iterature r558-r64o. 78 Colgan, Acta sanctorum, p. 39r. 79 Interestingly, O'Hanlon ridicules Colgan's emendation of Fingar's name and the identification with the saint commemorated on z3 February, commenting that Colgan 'does not appear indeed to have been very happy in his coniectures referring to our saint' in the case of the saint's name. However, in a different footnote, concerning the tu,o feast days, he merely comments that the Bollandists have corrected Colgan's reading of his source from February to z3 March (Litses ofthe Irish

Saints,ä.673 nn. 8 and rr). As O'Hanlon follows Colgan in listing this saint under z3 February presumably he does not connect the misreading of the saint's name to a possible misreading of his feast day; alternatively, O'Hanlon, like Colgan, may be anxious to retain as much of Fingar's Irish pedigree as possible. 8o Doble, 'Mass at Vannes', p. r35.

uniaersel

of the Bretr)n

f.r, -

no doubt inspired main.' whom he describes ä: rh. aies des saints de ßrt,t,tr.i :

'

,

r83os, gives the same tt:Eguiner, he lists Loc-E - * -

If one looks to rhe t understood to be the .Jlrt., toponymy correspond> : place of the saint's ma:i. :the standardised lituri: --

little reference to ths t. ,. . necessarily informatir

:: _

L,

Cornish parish of Gu in..,

Thursdry in

Mar-.\-r Hr,',,

.-

of the date in \Iar up : sanctoruffi, Guigner s ntjr. patron saint and epon,, r. which claimed fi'om ;r ..

patron as well as of orhur

.

the third Sundar in \l: connected to st Guign.:

_

-

that SS Guigner and G,., Thus if one looks rr - Seems increasinglr reil:r r.* -

_

of the Vita,4 (and br c\.t.- subject mainly as Fing.rr. _ Lives, which can be cr-,rr.- perhaps Pluvigner in Bn:: -

83 Orme, English Cltur.cit D. Collectanea Corntthiensttt ,:

.

.

authoritri 85 Tangui. 'P., Pleuaigner in ry27. 86 fh:. -p. r3); subsequentlr a de:,-r..-

_

-

claim. This occurs in (_i.. _ Morbihan, G rrrB, p. 6+). ,, - - -

Guillotin de Corson's nin;:

__

-

I wish to thank Guenaöl I-. I de Corson, 'Pluvigner s[

if

Llnpro\ ablc

,

r'.

an importation of that ()i reasonable

.

.i

i'_ C _- _-

r-

-.

-

--

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lg

(11:,u

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s(neeurqo'I sat::'zlLt palep 'seuenbrler s(qlrnr{r aql 3o uortdrrcsap e .{puanbesqns l(lrd 'o1uawa1ry'aurnq3cIrf'r'yurossapsaryq)nmurqo.Io1 SurprocceslqJ 9g 'Lztturnu8mnal4

:zlrd 59 ig 'gt'zl 'dd'suortoupa1 qttnqS qn18ug'eur.r6 §g

,(lrroq1ne '65zr ur ,tauuanfua14 'uuutn7al4 ',sa,rrlnur.ld sessrorr4, i(n5uua atrrts oql uo lqnop ou'S0r 'd',sauuer1 te ssel J,'e1qo6 puc o69r go oßuarqnut0C Daunpallly s(äseog Jo ,{luoqtne arp uo (98 'd

'62'r's|utos

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'69r pue Ltt'dd ',sauuotelq se3uetäJe1,'errel1er1 rg

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eql sr reu8rn0 tS ta^oerotr J'pelErqalal eq ol sBAl, ssBru s(Jeu3rnC 'totn.tLl|uos wnr.td2,t,d lessrw seuuB eql ol SurproscB (r{3rq.&\ uodn dew ur et?p eql Jo tqgrl ur e^rlse8Sns dlerue.rtxa sr ,{ep qsruroJ er{t te^e.uo11 4,{ery ur ,(epsrnq; lsJU aql rer;e fupung aql uo plaq sB.&\ tr terlt seluts reaur,&\C Jo r.{srJed r{sruJoJ erll Jo lsBeJ r.lsrred eql ol acuoraJer uÄ\oul ,tluo aqt ]Eq] e^rlsr.uroJur .(luEssesau lou sr lr snqJ r8'turBs uorled s(qsrJ?d oqr Jo lsBeJ eql o1 eJueJeJoJ aptrl e^Er.l plnoJ lsBeJ qsrr?d ro(€ur E dl8ursearcur lslures I?col Jo uorleJor.ueru{rroJ eql JoJ uoor altlrl Uel uortururoJe1 eql Jo s{ooq IBcrSrn}rI pesrpJepuets oql puel8ug uI 'poUrJEIc dlerlua tou sr Jet]Btu eqt (uropJ.&retu s(turus eqt 3o aceld eqt sE tr üul eql So ,{tu.tuodol pelrelep oqr Jo l?qt ot spuodsärroc dtufuodol esoq,e\ puu) g uttl pue tr wll aqt Jo tre(qns oqt se er.ues aqt aq ot pootsrapun lurBs E ol palecrpep pu? rsuB per.uBu r.{srred qsruJoJ eqt 01 s{ool euo JI z8'suorwJrpäp s(lures aql SuourB rourn8g-coT slsq eq 'reurn8g Je^eu tegurd ro JouBrnC tures er{l s[?c eq epq.,u ldep lseeJ er.ues eql se^€ (so8gr eqt ur pe]?]ouuB tnq SzLt ur peqsqqnd sea\ qcrq,{4,'au?a\a,tg a? srutos §ap sala §r7 s(n€eurqo.I r8'requecaq ir se 'epr4 3o reqloJq oql sB seqrJJsep oq uoq^\ 'reurn8E rS Jo .(Bp tseal eqt se^rg eq :puBJC e-1 .(q ,{1ureu perrdsur tqnop ou 'sJures Iere^es Jo elrsoduoc B slueserd uru[e]sBr{J ?qqe uorarg aql Jo lasfiatun

Str

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selnorprJ

uoluuH,O'i1;ui-- -- -

-

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oql ::

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puu 'e4ct;]ed 'S (q qtrri L. - - 'rilrutu ren8urg 'S Jo uortr- --

-

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:

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-

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61'Iue[qord

ru::

I8uorlo^ep eql tuo,u ärr*::sFIl roJ aer8rped qslrl u: 1-

f u4/1 aq] Jo rESulC )tjsel8o1ol,(ueu eq] ot Surp:

*:

ro uutlJuli uodn pelll:- -r:-' IEJAAaS Jepun elBprpurr -. -, 3ur.,r.e11 'sluIES r{slJl Jr,) : level of local cult. Thi. '' : saint through maniprii:. and feast days, continu c,.l pliability in this respccr rr* '

-

century Thomas -\ [es > 1n rvhich had its origins in f :. Irish character. It is tl r:.: enjoys is surelr due to rh,; :

-

.lppendix: St Guerrqtt r According to a charter r r church of Pierric (neir R"- .. of the church, hou e\ er. '\ occurred in the nine [cc:: confusion over \-arious 1 - -.

of Pierric would

seenr :

-

:

.

-

-

96 Loth, 'Noms des sainr.'. ,\\ hat in the N,liddle -\ser ,,\ .,. -.' -

tlrat part of Finistöre

u h: - :

l'organisation, p. 3oo; Lorh. ''., p. ,lr; Tanguy.'Cornou'. I irendered unlikelf' bl the f , r:: I-,anguengar, or e\.en, as atii.-xl-angangar, i.e. lan * *4. , r local church (which is no l, r. - , -

(Tanguy,'Cornou', p.

_

rr7) .-: (-- -

of Pierric. 97 'Iangur.

'(. :

-

'g-SLS 'dd ',nouJo3,

'.{n3uel

16

'Jrr-rerd Jo

rIJJnr{J lc,rerperu eqr Jo uo;led se sr uorlclsetlp eyos s,re3ueno t§ '(1r rd '.nouro3, '-(n5uea) rouezv rS ol tng reSuang lS ot tou paterrpop su,r (tuelxa ra8uol ou sr qtrq.u) rlsrnr{r Ierol aql ':a,roarory '(uortucrunuuor leuos.red bnq o1 leeua,rg) .tu8uay* + unl 2'l 'rr5ue3uu1*

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'''

Iri

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aqt ur

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I38

An'Irish ' ^)

Karen Jankulak

Cornou (mentioned in ninth-century charters) which had disappeared by about 87o.v8 The name Cornou suggested to Fleuriot a reflex of the post-migration extent of 'Cornovia' or 'Cornouaille' over the whole of southern Brittanv.ee In the later sixth century Cornovia was divided into Bro-Erec (in the east, including the area of Cornou) and Cornouaille proper (in the west); Fleuriot saw the name Cornou as a reflex of a state of affairs before this division. Tanguy is noncommittal on this matter, but argues that the'nom ethnique'of Cornou can certainly attest to the presence of 'Cornoviens' (immigrants from Cornwall) perhaps as distinct from the populace (?Bretons) of Cornovia proper. A perceived link between the cult of St Guengar and that of the Cornish saint Gwinear (through the form Fingar, which Tanguy saw as phonologically equivalent to Guengar but which is associated in the oitae with Gwinear) further supported this argument.'oo In addition, Tanguy noted that the characters named by Gregory of Tours in the creation of Bro-Erec (most notably Weroc or'Waroc, from whom the name derives) resemble those found in the tradition of Fingar's aitae.

Interestingly, the fifteenth-century Breton historian, Pierre Le Baud,

transcribed something which is clearly closely related to the Vita I for the most part (frequently echoing it exactly), but which contains additional material connecting the quotations, one piece of which is evidently related to the account found in the Historia Francorurn. This additional material was presumably not

his source's) invocation r - (being, to my mind, äil un.i ;

his account does the l;: : geographical precision ,: -: which one finds Guignsr . }'et one might äreuc :ir:: be seen as a Cornish :i r disputable, would har c h .. later than the separ ä rio n immigrants from Cornu :.

.

-

_

not, on the evidence e\tJ.n:. -

if the cult of Guensar \,:Tanguy's line

of

arsunc r

.

suggest), it has left absr_,l u : . . if the name Guengär \\ crc -; * .

would not, extend the iricr

-

Guengar in a location p.'rc' say no more than :::dogged by suggestir e C, j1 - , -.

rightly

composed by Le Baud himselflo' but appeared in his source, which he apparently found at Saint-Gildas-de-Rhuys.'o'Le Baud's account states that the saint (Vinerius or Vingnerus) came from Ireland 'in britanniam armoricam', specifically to'Guerocus comes Venetensis'(further called'rex britannie') who plays the role attributed in the Vita A to the unnamed Breton ruler. Gueroc is meant to stand for Gregory's sixth-century ruler Warochus. Le Baud's account otherwise clearly stems from the same source as the Vita A (the Cornish episodes, for example, take place in Cornwall rather than Cornouaille), but his invocation of Waroc hints that his source is ver.v closely related to Le Grand's source; the legendary of the church of Le Folgoöt, for example, was seen by both Le Baud and Le Grand.'o3 Nevertheless one cannot make too much of the appearance of Gueroc: he occurs in several citae of Breton saints and in several cases (the citae of Guenhaöl and Ninnoc)'oa he is merely as Bernard Merdrignac describes him, a rather generic'quelque puissant'.'os Lest, however, Le Baud's (or

98 Ibid., p. 575. 99 Fleuriot, Origines, p. z4o. The northern portion of Brittany was known as 'Dumnonia' or 'Dumnon6e': Galliou and Jones, The Bretons, p. r34. roo Tanguy-, 'Cornou', pp.516-1. ror For it is in Latin; Gwenaöl Le Duc,'Ev6ch6 mythique',

pp. r8r*2. roz Gw. Le Duc, personal communication. ro3 Le Duc, 'Evöch6 mythique', p. r8z; Bourgös,'Arch6ologie du mythe', p. r5; I would like to thank Gwenaöl Le Duc for allowing me to use his transcription of Le Baud's notes, from ms. r F roo3 of the Archives D6partementales d'Ille-et-Vilaine,p. r77. ro4 Lapidge and Sharpe, Bibliograph.l,, nrs grg lrnd gzo (Guenhaöl) and 946 (Ninnoc). ro5 Merdrigntc, Recherches, ii.r5g; Duine, ilI'rnento,p. r8o.

,

ro6

See also Le Duc, 'Er i-ch.

.--

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'-

_-

_

.

.(lsaE8ns

eJa.^a

eJaql

;r 'sl ]eqa 'ceJg-oJg puu ellrBnouroJ

Jo uorle;udes eqt ueql Jelel

rBJ aperu uaoq ä^pq plno,&\ pue '1seq te ]ceJrpur ueoq e^eq plnoa.l ,elqetndsrp

dHStq Jlasll 'rseur^ao L{sIuJoJ orll ot Tuq aqt :tures qsruJo] B sB uees eq lou plnoqs nouJoS qlr.{\ pelerJosse re8ueng tS eqt }eql en8ru lq5rur ouo teÄ ']1nc s,rau8rnC spug ouo qcrq,rt ur uorSer eqt Suraq .,{lpteuaE seuuu1 pu€ uorsrceJd lecrqdrr8oes ',(cerncce . appris d'un pieu\ t-r. sene)s qui menait. tlc,-

Une course en char dans l'hagiog raphie bretonne? Saint Samson contre la Theoma,cha

et pieuse dans son nt, en personne. Et a u: nomm 6, la möre dc

saint diacre lequc-; Q u.;: touchant ses äctio ri.

m)assurait r-eridi

Bernard, Merd,rignac

nombre de recits rc: merveilleusement ri,furent emportes r,r u:: 6crits dans un st\ ic rI venons de parler cI '.

fiout le monde s'accorde ä reconnaitre que la premiöre Vita de saint Samson I occupe une place strat6gique dans l'hagiographie bretonne. Il serait toutefois pr6somptueux de ma part de pr6tendre rouvrir ce dossier alors que la r66dition r6cente de ce document par le professeur Pierre Flobert' devrait enfin permettre de reprendre, sur des bases plus fiables, des d6bats chronologiques qui tournent en rond depuis un siöcle faute d'avoir pu disposer, jusqu'ä pr6sent, d'un texte convenablement 6dit6.' Il est donc prudent de fonder cette communication sur les donn6es ä propos desquelles un minimum de consensus devrait s'6tablir entre la plupart des chercheurs qui se sont int6ress6s ä ce document. Quelle que soit la p6riode de r6daction qu'on lui assigne (entre le VII'sidcle et la premiöre moiti6 du IX'siöcle),: la Vita prima Samsorfu est sans doute le plus

sans cesse der-ant

nt

.

On peut d6duire de ce-\ irr sur le Continent, \-ers l. :: t6moin direct qui a\ air ;.,

carriöre insulaire ('a, m,,il. l'6pisode qui va nous rctsn,. en Romania. Il aurait par 1: .

D'autre part, t-u la prr r'.-; que l'on retrouve ailleurs :

.

ancien document hagiographique de Bretagne continentale ä nous ötre parvenu. Bien qu'il s'agisse d'une des lois du genre hagiographique, les pr6tentions de son auteur ä s'appuyer une version ant6rieure (Acta/ Gesta S. Samsonis, perdus) ne doivent pas ötre rejet6es syst6matiquement, möme si les opinions divergent

Amon, le pöre du sainr r, : of-Golant (en Corn\\ Ail ' reconstituer une amorctr u -

sur la valeur de cette source'fort possible'.+ En pr6alable ä toute discussion, voici la traduction que propose Pierre Flobert du passage du prologue dela Vita prima qui fait r6f6rence ä cette source perdue:

'l'Ancien'), puis le ner e * * dont l'auteur de la I it,t : , ,.

Avant toute chose, je veux que vous croyiez ä mon suiet que ces propos n'ont 6t6 rassembl6s ni d'aprös les divagations de mon imagination ni

r

Flobert, Vie ancienne. z l,es deux 6ditions pr6c6dentes, celle de domJean Mabillon (lrra sanctorum I, pp. r65-85; reprise dans les AASS, Jul. VI, pp. S68-SS) et celle de Robert Fawtier (Vie de saint Samson),comportent chacune des d6ficiences, voire des faiblesses, dont Flobert, Vie ancienne, pp. 59-6, fait sereinement 6tat. 3 Cf. Flobert, Vie ancienne,pp. ro2-rrt qui propose une datation moyenne (milieu VIII" s.). En faveur de la datation basse, voir Poulin, 'Dossier'; pour la datation haute, voir Guillotel, 'Origines du ressort', et Merdrignac, 'Premiöre Vie'. Une retactatio de ma part (dont l'6ventualitö 6tait d6iä envisagöe dans l'article cit6 pr6c6demment, pp. 283-4) n'est pas ä exclure, une fois pos6ment pes6s les arguments s6duisants de Pierre Flobert. 4 Poulin, 'Dossier', p. 726.

|40

ä

cousin du saint (dont l.

Senex ('l'ancien') constilur :, Origines hretonnes, p. 6J ). F l, ,r'- ; - l et en relöve des occurrerlcc. ;.-.traduction dans la mesure r ,*

5

prima Prol. z (trlobert,, pp r r: lorsqu'il identifie le diacrc l{.-. effet, l'ordination au diaconii * :

:

oü le saint se dispose ä elmi'r:.:

-

remarque Pierre Floberr ( I , 'presque rien dans le recir :L.r Vie', p. 247. Voir aussi idcnr. ':: au latin sene.r) comme le ri.:':''Henoc', pp. r7o_r.

'cru5rrprery

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6

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8

uA 'I or^rl np 9z arlrduqc nt euuorlueru tse rnb tnlac le JouaH arJelp al aultuepl l,nbsro1

I

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r12

Bernard Merdrignac

Etant donn6 les divergences sur la port6e historique de cette Vita, ie me contente de r6capituler ce qui ressort des propos de son auteur, sans pr6juger de leur v6racit6. On doit sans doute comprendre (ä la suite de EC. Burkitt)'o qu'il se pr6sente comme un moine breton insulaire, ayant longtemps v6cu ä SaintSampson-of-Golant (plutöt qu'ä Llantwit)," qui aurait 6t6 charg6 de memre ä la port6e de ses confröres de Dol (en Bretagne continentale) les traditions qui avaient cours outre-Manche dans les 6tablissements contröl6s par la famille du saint fondateur.12 Cette lecture du prologue dela Vita prima revient ä consid6rer celle-ci avant tout comme un t6moignage de la persistance des contacts entre les fondations samsoniennes de part et d'autre de la Manche (durant quelques g6n6rations ou sur plusieurs siöcles, selon la perspective dans laquelle on se place). Par contre, les r6f6rences que fait l'auteur ä des t6moignages oraux contemporains du saint sont, bien entendu, beaucoup plus difficilement conffölables.'3 Sans conteste, 'L'6pisode le plus remarquable'sur le plan des rapports entre la tradition orale et l'6criture hagiographique est celui d,ela'theomacha-sorciöre de la foröt' (I.zd7). Sans me poser en sp6cialiste de la recherche des 6l6ments

folkloriques dans l'hagiographie bretonne, je souhaite, dans la pr6sente communication proposer une relecture du triptyque (I.zz-36) dans lequel prend place cet 6pisode en soulignant d'emblöe qu'il occupe une place centrale dans le premier livre de la Vita. En voici tout d'abord une bröve analyse. Tomb6 gravement malade, Amon, le pöre de Samson, fait appel ä son fils, alors retir6 au monastöre de I'abb6 Piro (Ynys-Pyr - Caldey Island; Pays-de-Galles). Aprös que le saint eut rencontr6 sur sa route et 6limin6 we thelma,cha 'mal6fique', Amon confesse ä Samson une faute qu'il a jusqu'alors tenue secröte et se voue ä la vie religieuse ainsi que toute sa famille. Sur le chemin du retour au monastöre, Samson extermine un 'serpent' que son pöre et son oncle qui l'accompagnent ont identifi6 par rapport ä la tradition familiale. L'6v6que Dubric, venu passer le Caröme ä Inis-Pyr, tire les cons6quences de cette 6preuve qualifiante en assurant la promotion de Samson ä la charge de pistor ('cell6rier'),'+ puis ä l'abbatiat du monastöre aprös la mort providentielle de Piro.'5 A mon sens, la maniöre dont s'articulent dans ce r6cit les motifs traditionnels (sorciöre/g6ante? serpent tut6laire? ... ), les 6l6ments liturgiques (viatique, Car6me ... ), les r6f6rences scripturaires et les r6miniscences des auteurs classiques et chr6tiens n'apporte pas seulement des 6claircissements sur le mode de composition de la Vita prima Samsonis. Elle ouvre des perspectives sur l'organisation eccl6siastique des pays celtiques durant le haut Moyen Age.

Il

convient d'abord dc

>::

narratif, C'est 'l'hir er'

{!

est atteint d'une malildic .. *

tä recevoir, selon l'usa:_:..

ro Burkitt,'Saint Samson', pp. 48-g.

25o-r.

rr

Merdrignac,'Premiöre Yie', pp.246-7.

13 Cf le tableau suggestif (dans la perspective d'une datation haute) pr6sent6 par Thomas, Mute Stones, p. zz6. 14 Flobert, Vie ancienne, p. rg8 n. 34-r. r5 Pour une analyse plus d6taill6e, on se reportera avec profit ä Flobert, ibid., p. rz5. p.

.

chair'. Le mourant in: i: r r Samson, '6lu de Dieu'. .,- l'äme' (I.zz). '6 Des n-I c: , -. -

,

Samson fait des difficulir- ,si je ne m)abuse j'ai dcs ::n'y conduit pas; de fait. - - -

r:i.: ,.

L'allusion ä l'Eg] pte d'y voir une allusion

fr.\\.-

r6ponse de Samsofl nc ir];que son pÖre attend dc ..-

refuser la derniöre c{,r.: graves.'e A Dieu de lc i*-,d6funt et la sortie d'Ea ,atteste ä partir du \-l' --

'ri

Sacramentaire giilttsr, ir ;r -., douceur et tendresse i'::---

la mort qu'attend le p.:.. -. personnelle, et 1'orr Cr,,n'.: - opt6 pour la vie monairr - * sa

famille charnelle. Aeg.yptunx

:

l

reli(lut. ( u.. -

l'6pisode suir.ant. En .. i; sur sa position et de :. i-u.-

-.

jeune diacre qui r a ultsi'-; -l Munis de la benedicti,r - cheval' ('impositotlur' ut : .

faisant, lors de la trli cr'- - rencontrent une 'f lt r',,t/: . manifeste tout d'aborti '. -- .

terrifiant'. Saisi de peur'. , 16 Cf. F'lobert, ibid., Ir r \

rz Ibid.,

-

,

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.

le cheval qu'il tenait o 1;1 nr::ä

terre'.

.

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ttt

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aun

r44

B

ernard .Mlerdrignac

Une

et ietant le pallium qui le couvrait' prend rapidement la fuite malgr6 les appels

au calme de Samson. Celui-ci, 'tenant solidement ses armes spirituelles ordinaires et le bouclier de la foi, se retranchant sans cesse derriöre le saint signe de la croix', voit alors la th,eomacha 'qui survolait les vastes for6ts d'une course rapide et pourchassait le fuyard en ligne droite'. Avec intr6pidit6, le saint, 'tenant le cheval en main'3 et posant le ltallium du fuyard sur le cheval, suivit r6solument le fuyard et sa poursuivante'. Un peu plus loin, il croise le diacre ä demi-mort et voit de loin la 'vieille theomacha qui courait'. Se rendant compte qu'elle 'descendait d6jä dans la vall6e', il la d6fie, en des termes emprunt6s ä l'Enit'd,e:2a 'Pourquoi fuis tu, femme?' La vieille ne s'arröte pas pour autant, aussi le saint lui ordonne -t'il'au nom de Christ' de ne plus faire un pas jusqu'ä ce qu'il la rejoigne et'l'inculpe'.'5 A mon avis, le verbe appellare d,oit 6tre pris

ici au sens fort, quasi-iuridique, de 'porter plainte'. L'affrontement

se

termine

par la mort de 'cette femme malfaisante' qui s'6croule ä terre en 'faisant un saut brusque sur le cöt6 gauche', de möme qu'elle s'6tait manifest6e pr6alablement ä la droite des voyageur s (I.zd7).'6 Herv6 Martin vient de rappeler comment ce

genre d'oppositions structurelles 6l6mentaires (droite b6n6fique/gauche sinistre) contribuait ä op6rer une mise en forme de la r6alit6 de maniöre ä apporter une solution imaginaire ä des contradictions fondamentales.'7 A ma connaissance, aucun commentateur n'a remarqu6 que, curieusement, la suite du r6cit ne fait plus intervenir ni le 'cheval', nile uehiculurfi mentionn6s pr6c6demment. Samson 'arriva' (atluenit) devant son adversaire avant de la soumettre ä un interrogatoire serr6. Enfin, aprös qu'il eut ranim6 son compagnon

mort de peur, tous deux 'poursuivirent leur voyage' (iter perrexerunt) pour 'parvenir' (peruenerunt), le troisiöme jour, ä leur destination (ad, locum quo tend,ebant)' (I.rg).'8 Tout se passe donc comme si le moyen de transport utilis6 par son h6ros 6tait d6sormais devenu superfetatoire au propos de l'hagiographe.,o

Pourtant, trois points doivent retenir l'attention. D'une part, avant de se lancer ä la poursuite de la theomaclta, Samson se revöt d'une sorte de lorica spirituelle qui suggöre que cette course-poursuite doit bien 6tre congue comme un combat. D'autre part, l'insistance sur la course 'en ligne droite', le choix du verbe cernere

('voir de loin', 'pr6voir') et la descente d,ela theomacha dans la vall6e 6voquent les trois qualit6s (büad,a) du cocher (de l'aurige), telles que les a d6gag6es William Sayers ä partir de certains r6cits irlandais (comme Mesca [Jlarl et Ttiin Bd Cüailgne):

c(

t 77

7'5,

,

r. sighting alons rhs z. levelling obstacl... 3. leapirg gaps.

i,c i:i

Ce chercheur proposc.

i::

descriptions des chars clc que l'hagiographe sAnlS,I ; voie du Seigneur. Tracc z ,:: toute vall6e soit comblcc-. :

remarques autorisent-c-,. ; Samson et la theonttt. ,.. : profanes de combats en . r.*l est trop impr6cis pour r:i:., main' a\rant de s'eniuir: .) ** main'. On peut comprcrJ:tenant le cheval par la h:r.. heros doit prendre lu i- n . :' " eut lächement fait det:u: 'qt'ri l'embarrassait': 4tr,, ;i s'explique probablemenr ; *.. Selon le Second Lir rc ti.- F. char de feu, n'est-ce p:. \ maitre (IV Rg r. r-r+): I_r : suite (I.28) Samson res>; r l'autorite d'Elisee'. j j

,

zg Le Dr John Carer ntc

.

*

transport aux guerrier: Ci--: _ .. fonction qu'il remplirair dr:. - vais en proposer ici pou\ f,tr - r'Three Charioteering Gitr. . ,',de remarquer eu€, dAnr .. - : - qualify a charioteer" in th. .. - lem tar builg ne??ttiget' (t t'iti.i ,lt)'- - cette precision. 3r Is -1c j-imponens) arrant de se lani.: - Flobert me fait aimablentsn: : - ^' jetterait le manteau du trl()tr; mise en garde qui doit in,.-r:.

_

.

1.31: le fils de la Sunamir. .i, hypothöse au cours de 1'lni.-- ratione temporutn, Böde \r r; --logiquement le rögne du r,rr ii.: * ce soit ce rapprochemenr q * _ Histoire des rois de ßrettt.:r:: . .. 'Fous volants', p. r+3).

-

23

equum in manu tenens

...'. 14 Kerlou6gan,

... Flobert,

(Auteurs

Vie ancienne, p. r87

latins', p.

traduit'tenant le cheval

ä la

main

r87. z5 Flobert, Vie ancienne, p. r87, traduit

'iusqu'ä ce que i'arrive et t'adresse la parole'. z6 Cf. Flobert, ibid., pp. A4entalitäs midiiaales, pp. 2oz-3. z8 Flobert, Vie ancienne, p. r8g.

184-9. z7 Martin,

'(ff rd',stuu1or\

snod,

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sellenlrtrds seurJE ses sladde sal er8letu etrnl

rl

*

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aun

r16

B

ernard ,Merdrigna

L[ne rout'::

c

Le mot uehiculum employ6 par I'hagiographe n'est guöre 6clairant. Il s'applique

tout'moyen de transport', y compris le'cheval'lui-möme, par exemple dans la cita de saint Colomban parJonas.3a Toutefois, le r6cit ult6rieur des pr6paratifs de Samson avant d'entreprendre sa p6r6grination pourrait sans doute contribuer ä lever cette ambiguit6 dans la mesure oü une distinction s'6tablit nettement cette fois entre, d'une part, la'charrette' Qtlaastrum) destin6e au transport des livres et des objets cultuels et, d'autre part, 'son char' (currus) auquel sont attel6s deux chevaux (...in duobus imponens er1uis).La r6cente traduction de Pierre Flobert permet de comprendre que c'est bien le 'char' que le saint a rapporte en souvenir d'un s6jour en Irlande!3s En tout cas, la confrontation de ces deux chapitres de la Vita permet de consid6rer le uehiculurz auquel est attel6 un ä

cheval (I.26) comme le synonyme du currus que le saint utilise par la suite (I.47). Louis Gougaud a soulign6 Ia tendance des moines celtes ä voyager ä pied par esprit de p,6nitence.36 L'6rudit b6n6dictin a relev,6, entre autres) ä ce propos un chapitre de la Regula cuiusdam patris ... (r6dig6e au VII' s. dans les milieux colombaniens):z qui interdit 'aux moines d'aller et venir en char ou ä cheval ä moins d'ötre malades, et encore impotents et boiteux'.38 Il est donc int6ressant de rapprocher cet 6pisode dela Vita prima Samsonis des textes hagiographiques irlandais qui montrent leur h6ros se d6plagant en char. La Vita de sainte Brigitte par Cogitosus et celles de saint Patrick par Muirchü et Tirechän se r6förent ä ce

moyen de d6placement. De möme, selon Adomnän, alors que ses obligations eccl6siastiques contraignent Colum Cille ä parcourir un long trajet en Irlande, celui-ci doit utiliser un char et c'est Colmän, fondateur du monastöre de Slanore, qui fait fonction d'aurige.:o Le parallöle est int6ressant puisque l'on retrouve le couple form6 par le h6ros et par son cocheS ce dernier se cantonnant dans une fonction de faire valoir, comme l'aurige fait 6quipe avec le guerrier dont il dirige le char de combat. Le texte dela Vita ltrima Samsozls est trop allusif pour qu'il soit permis d'affirmer (dans l'6tat actuel de Ia recherche, tout

au moins) que l'affrontement du saint et de la theomacha se pr6sente

34 Jonas, Vita Sancti Cohmltani II.5 (Krusch, p.237): uehicula quieteJbuet ('les b6tes de somme, il les fait se reposer'); cit. par Niermeyer, Lexicon minus,s.v. uehiculum. 35 Flobert, l/ie ancienne, p. zr5: ' ... suumqile rurrum it duobus imponens atluis quern de Hibernia apud se adportauerat'; Flobert traduit ici currwnpar 'carriole'. Fawtier. Vie de saint Samson, p. r43, n.47-k, donne la legon' ... quos de Hibernia serum addu.:rerar'd'aprös un groupe de l6gendicrs tardifs - Cf. Duine, Origines bretonnes, p. 64. 36 Gougaud, Chritientis celtiques, pp. zo8-ro; idem,'Anciennes traditions asc6tiques'. 37 Pour la date, de Vogü6, Raglas monastiques,p. 56. 38 Regula cttiustlam patris, C. zo; cf. PL lxvi.ggr. 39 Adomnän, VC II.43 (Anderson and Anderson, pp. r7o-3). Sharpe, Ldi of-St Colunrba, p.344, n.328 rappelle que Slanore (Sntim Luthir) a 6t6 identifid ä, un'tolvnland'des environs de Kilmore (Co Cavan) et propose (n. :zS) un rapprochement avec un 6pisode analogue de 'the first life of St Brigit' qui concerne l'övöque Conlaed (Conlianus). Cf. I/ita tertia S. Brigitae, cap. 5r, dans Colgan, T'rius thaumaturgajp. 532. (La Vita tertitt de Colgan est auiourd'hui consid6r6e comme la Vita primu: cf , par exemple, Sharpe, 'Vitae S. Brigitae', en particulier p. 83, n. z).

:

incontestablement corrln.c d'envisager, ä titre d'hr p.,,i1 compte, ä des fins edifiant.familiale) qui pou\ ait s'in.-

Q.roi qu'il en soit dc

cL.ir-

maintenant retenir nolic Commentateuf S,4' Cont

ir r r

question de Samson

q*

d6marche de l'exorcisnrc

:

.

es-tu, mauvaise cr6aturE u: attendre: Je suis une .-,.. sinon moi seule. J'oi eD c- ici mais vivent dans uoc : *.: neuf personnages (r ar, (Caer Lo.y»)+'qri intcr\ r;l conte, le h6ros est acc Lt s r - . Son hötesse lui d6coil>cr .:; -

-

Caer Loyw. Au lerer clu r ,.: nous 6chapper (litt. 'flu11- * Elles ont r6ussi ä prcn.l:maison'. Peredur pas.c :: sorciöre en train de battr-.'

.

-

destin, j'.r, ai eu la r i>i :, quant ä toi, tu dois nrc .'r; temps aYec moi pour QUc r Aprös avoir fait jurer a i: . :

il l'accompagna ( a l: puis il prit le cher al er ir: ,: la fin du r6cit, Peredur

:i; :

r

dont la töte coupee lur

40 On sait, par exemple. q,--: Cüailnge) est pr6cisem

4r Flobert,

r . -. I. ,,.: -

en

Vie o?tct€nttc,.

-

-

,

cette sorciöre serait €fl rrrcr^rc . et geants', pp. 23-5. L'ars,-.tr- - * ' 4z Selon Lambert, -|Iul,i,; -- . :Gloucester, latinis6 efl Grl, ,, , -

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II

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sodord uotu rnod lgJns

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.

astnlJ aun

r48

Bernttt'd Merclrignac

maternels qui avaient pris en charge sa formation. Le combat d6cisif contre les sorciöres s'engage alors avec l'appui d'Arthur et de ses guerriers. D'un coup d'6p6e, le h6ros fend la t6te de l'une d'entre elles qui cria' ... aux autres sorciöres de fuir en leur disant que c'6tait Peredur, l'homme qui avait appris l'6quitation avec elles et qui 6tait d6sign6 par le destin pour les tuer. Arthur et ses guerriers frappörent alors les sorciöres, et toutes les sorcidres de Caer Loyw furent tu6es'.+4 Evidemment,la Vita se rapporte ici au möme arriöre-plan traditionnel. D'ailleurs, cette vieille et qui apparait ensuite 'hirsute, chenue, vötue d'une cape (suis uestimentis birrhatam) et tenant ä la main un 6pieu ä trois pointes (trifulcatamque uenalem)'et que le saint extermine sans piti6+s est conforme au type litt6raire de la sorciöre qui court des Satires d'Horace (Satire I.8) aux Od,es de Ronsard ('Contre Denise, sorciöre ...').+6 Cependant, un sondage dans le vocabulaire des auteurs de l'Antiquit6 tardive dont s'inspirela Vita de saint Samson permet sans doute de pr6ciser la personnalit6 de cette theomacka. Ce terme, d6marqu6 du Grec, signifie litt6ralement 'ennemie de Dieu'. Il en d6coule une double cons6quence. D'une part, EC. Burkitt a sugg6r6 que c'6tait sans doute la traduction latine par Rufin de I'Histoire ecclösiastique d'Eusöbe de C6sar6e (vers 4oo) qui avait fourni ä l'hagiographe le nom et les 6l6ments de description de la theomacha. Cet ouvrage en faisant allusion au verset de la Genöse (6.a) qui explique que les g6ants ' ... en ces temps lä (c'est ä dire avant le D6luge) vivaient sur la Terre' rappelle que les premiers hommes sauvages ' ... accomplirent enffe eux des crimes abominables au point qu'ils en vinrent par une barbarie plus pouss6e ä se d6vorer les uns les autres. De lä sont issues les THEoMACHIES et les GIGANT0MACHIES qui ont laiss6 au monde le r6cit de leur crimes'.47 Un lien est ainsi 6tabli entre I'Ecriture Sainte et les th6ogonies de 1'Antiquit6 classique selon lesquelles titanomachie et gigantomachie (parfois confondues) pr6ludent ä la prise de pouvoir parJupiter. D'autre part, ä la suite de EC. Burkitt, Hubert Guillotel aattirö l'attention sur l'emploi par Böde le V6n6rable (+Z:S) du mot theomacha (rare au f6minin). En effet, en commentant un verset des Actes des Apötres (5.19) 'Ne vous trouvez

lan. 52, p. 396, l,ambert signale I'ambiguit6 du mot gallois marchogaeth qui signifie normalement'fait de chevaucher'et qui peut d6signer ici soit l"6quitation'soit la 'chevalerie'. 45 Vita prima l.z6 (Flobert, pp. r8+-Z). Cf. Billaut, 'Vieille femme', pp. 34-5. 46 Ronsard, Odes zr (zz); z (r4) dans l'6dition d6finitive de r584 (cf. Cohen, Ronsard, i.45o, v. rg*24):' ... La Terre möre encore pleurante/Des Geans la mort violante/Brulez du feu des Cieux/Te laschant de son ventre ä peine/T'engendra, vieille, pour la haine/Qy'elle portait aux Dieux ... ' Ce ne serait pas le seul cas oü le recours ä un auteur de la Renaissance permet d'6clairer un texte du haut Moyen Age (cf. Merdrignac, Vies d.e saints, pp. 3g-4o). D'une part, la haine que la'vieille' sorciöre'portait aux dieux', selon le poöte du XVI" siöcle, est comme la transposition, ä peine paraphrasöe, du terme theomacha. D'autre part, cette expression est ici explicitement associ6e au mythe des g6ants dont Ronsard fait les fröres de la sorciöre. 47 Schwartz et Nlommsen, Eusebius Werhe, p.23. Cf Burkitt, 'Saint Samson', p. 47. Voir, ä pr6sent, contra, Flobert, Yie ancienne, p. 65 et n. go qui sugg6r6 plutöt un contact direct avec la Retactatio Actum Apostolorurz de Böde.

44 Ibid., p. z8r. Dans

L[ne cout'sr :,

jamais adversaires de Dieu ou comme certains l'ont tr:r

seul mot, THEOA,{Ac.HOI. J' .. trouvons dans des rela[i,,rä-

pouvons connaitre a\-ec sulll., Ce rapprochement presenr. Vita prima Samsoms. En crr.. -. selon qui c'est directemtrn. : emploie ici la forme fenrinr:.. post quem (lr S-lrr) bien ;-- la fourchette chronologiQLrc .. quo si l'on considöre. a le \ s

doute ici le 'd6biteur' dc Bc:. propos de la pr6sente conr: * me semble, contrairemcnt : qu'une des cl6s de I'epiSor-lr I de saint Jeröme (r ers tt, sürement, par ailleurs. 1.. i r!,ferant ä Svmmaque. 1c .i ('g6ants') par theomu,ht :- FBaudri de Bourgueil (r rc-de composer une refecti, ,l -. de la Renaissance du \ll rapprochement ar-ec la i,;:

mythologie antique. Dan\ -theomacha se pr6sente 'en - r -

l'abbe Frangois Duine. '\ ;, hasard tu as entendu parlc': .- -

48 Guen6e, Histoire et cttli;t; : . : essentiellement ä dire la r ic ..' dits ä l'office de ce saint' Il .-r historiis dans la Retrtt ct tr t i, technique' n'est atteste, chc,r --.

.

-

1

gr6ants', p. 24.Cf Burkitt. 'S.:: 4o, cite le texte de Böde, ,R,','r'.

_

So Guillotel, 'Origines clu r - . . hypothöse un 'degr6 de pr, : - 5r Flobert, Vie anciertttr,. t , : d'autres rapprochementS crrr; --sa

position. 53 Duine. ( r,

-

pp. zrg-zg; F-lobert , L'ie ru!, :c. . . g6ants' . Contra, Flobert, I l. -,

'.-

,

forte theomat'hiant aud ist i: ct D * : grande partie in6dite. _\lmc \::-

_

-

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x 'oqtowoaqt runs rrun stqtraoaql ag, to stures, 'ceu5rrprall ;)'zzz'trxxl

SS

'ISff

'uorlrsod es ',surtu1 s;netny, 'ue5anopa;4 :g-ot 'dd '§ 'sauuotatq saut8t,tg 'aurnq t§ lueuelqutsetuocur ]uecJoJuäJ rnb apqg ep er^noo(l lo oltl El eJlue stuärueg)o.rdder serlne,p esodord rraqolg '6-96 'dd ''plql z§ '06 'u tnotrns le '99 'd 'auuat)uu at1 \ngo1g rS 'tueuenbrro8?tuf, rätrBJ?(l sroJetnot sues ',etuesgJns grrlquqord ep 9.r3sp, un esqqrod.{q ällec p elsstuoc'rr9'd',loCI äP äso3otC,'uqno4'.lJosseJ np seur3rrg,'1e1oylng oS '6[ ,r'9rrd'ot$sodx7'nv]sre1 se;du,p'wntolotsody wnpv lttvtJürtaü'epag ap atxat e1 e1n'o] 'u'l-tl'dd',trossar np saur5rrg, terolmg 'Ät 'd',uosrueg tureg, '11r4.rng '171 'tz'd ',stuea5 el srndep anb satsr8rntrl sal zeqJ'gtsauu tsa,u ,anbruqoel to slures,'reu5r.rprolq 6ü 's "XI sues, aJ 'äeueng uolas 'enbsrnd 'ep?g op wn.tolotso(p, anlty otl,rtJüJIJU BI suup stt,tots'lq tour al rsure ralordrelur arpuaterd ap gpJESBq sroJetnot truJes II '(tures eJ ep ergJo(l p strp tuo;as rnb suo(a.t ap uoltlsodruoc EI t esuq ep lJäs le turcs un(p er^ EI ärrp p tuatuellerluässo ar{Jen?(s rnb trcgr un, :au8rsap lnad ut,tolstq,nb allodder 'grd'atnqnt p attotstH 'eauong gü

9c',otr.!2aw0al!/ el ep JelJEd npuelue sE u pJESsq (aLllouloaqt tad ß aun stns el 'aoqJowlary sep sodoJd V, :eurn6 sro5ueJg ?qqe(l 'errrnos el Je^e 'luc9 e,y aruruoo (selurod sep luESrBJ uo, elueseJd es bqtoruoaql EI (elrpeur eruBd epuerS ue arocua 'uorsre^ eDef, suBC 'enbrluu er8oloqldru el ap ((slueag sal arluoJ xnelp sap ]eqruoc,) tlxqruwlaqt EI Ja^E lueueqcoJdduJ el lusruslrJrldxe arrrJ ep sBd e^rJd es eu elcers ,IIX nP eJuessreueu 3l ep (sta7sutüS awu.( ay,r1 ?l ep uorlJeJOJ eun Josoduoc ep ]u?]uas?rder erlsnllr le) a5ruqc as Ir(nbsro-I 'oqtowlalfi loru a1 ela.rdretu (ot-l,orr) pen8rnog ep rJpnEB IoC ep enbe^eqJJe(l enb rsurB uerq lse(J 'ssc Jnol ug ns'xtlil)lu\ary red (,sluuaS,) wuqdul, nerqer.l euret el rcr esol8 esrl8g(l ep Jnetoop el 'enb?turuds g luergJar (loJJa es ua uf sc'uorJBlrH fe Ined setrtuJ3 sep aoul sel (srnollr? JBd (Juor.uarns tleuuoc stalsaos rwutd o1t71 EI ep Jnelne(l luop (r6t sre,r) erugrgf lures ep sep eun(nb IIIXXXT Mnrqosd ux snuotuaruuto, el suBp aprssr eposde(l ep selc (elqures etu 'eseqtod.(q allal sud luarler eu rnb lJeqold eJJerd e luorrlerrBrluoc (sroJelnoJ op eJte lrBJnBS au uorlef,runr.uruo3 elues?Jd EI op sodoJd

Ir

"g'Jer{cuuJl

'elcats

sJerJJenS ses ]3

6r'(Jour np (w.amu,xn) o?tJod EI epntrtJeJ ep luatutu?suJns ce^E ertrBuuof, suo^nod

]ueJnJ

e1 ,g'.erdord lse rnl rerlncruBd suos el, rs eruelu'ep?B ep (rnelrqep, el rJr elnop (ueqold arrerd ap elrns EI p (eJ?prsuox uoJß onb suBs tse eqderS0r8eq(l enb a snuxu.u4 un lruJnoJ 0r1u1J24aü EI ap uorlJEpgr ap enbr801ouoJr{c eueqsrnoJ EI (esJe^ur te ]uelueuuosrer ol eldope uo(l tros 6c'eJflsse uerq (rtl-§r L) wanb rod snututrzl un(p esodsrp uo(l le wu0lr0w0aq110u np eururrueJ auroJ el rJr oroldtue p puunb OJ?J?J es ep?g enb stu7sutos awt( ayrl EI p tueuelceJrp tse(J rnb uolas Ietoumc ueqnH(p esaqlod, q,l ? lrrJsnos uo(l tros '1e33a ug '§tu7swus aw,td o11,r1 uorlElep 3l rnod secuenbesuoc seluBuodrur(p alueserd luauaqco.rdder e3 EI ep

(wvHfvwoEHJ

.'..

un tolnld 9t933ns rnb o6 u -: : ',uosr.ue§ lurug, 'ttr1.rng l:) : : * ep sereü s3l ]lBJ prBsuou lur : a]lef, tlred eJlne((l 'ütl)t.lti'':-'- I-

np ataod e1 uo1--: ','' r' a/) sdt I ':i;.- ep JnalnB UI'l f - - -

'dd's1u7üs '(ot-6t"IAX

Of,UESSIBUAU BI

e11e,rfo /arrwq u1 rnod 'elllrl ', '.-:np zelntg/eluv,lol^ uolu f,l r';;:.'prusuoy'uaqoj l3) t8S r aP -:' 'dd ',erutueJ olllelA, .'tnEIIIg .: llos (uotlultnber(l ]Ios tJI l.ru-;.''--' tltaaSotlt,tlt'u,t, srolle8 totu nP ,:l

zeAnort sno^ 3N, (6t'§ 1 ::-ug '(ururu?J nB erer) r,t! ':' .,

uolluäl]8(l eJI]lE E lalt --... 'Jolldnf tud Jlo^nod rp:.:-j'

JnS

eJnlrJJl,l ertue IIqEle

ISU;:

essrBl tuo Inb s3IH3\ r \( ).r..' ; sel sun sel JeJo^?p es ! J)S-salqBultuoqB ssurlJs sslr \r: :

sel enb slleddur (errel ri ::. ue "' , sluue8 se1 enb anhr'; ue e6eJ^no 1e3 'üry.)tl/t/r'.:.,' : -or8eq,l p IurnoJ ]IE \u tnL' : :

ep uunu rBd euIlBI ur)rlr-.;' '3 C ttrud eun(C 'eJuen'rt--' -uosJed ,l JeslceJd ,p Jln(,,:' 3^rprBl ?llnblluv,l ep srn:--

uollellnb?,1 srrdde

snou no soHfvwoaHJ- 8r$!!.to1s!ry) suoEeler sap suep suo^norl snou eruruoc 'teg;e ug 'releddBr al ep uoq 93n{ re,f 'roHfvwosHJ (totu Ines un(nb a^noJl eu uo 6ceJC ue (saluou7ndu \ae lJnpBfi luo(l surBuec e(uruoJ no suo B snou no e1, :addole,rep ep?g ', " ' nelCl ep sarresre p? srerrre(

arou8nda.t 0rO

6tt

sapo xnB

:

(s't ailtL?s) erf r, ,H sul-

"

nE suIJoJuos ]Se st?llrd

sslurod sroJ] P natda ur edec eun(p onla^ 'anuaql '-:--. 'louuoltlpuJl uuld-eJalJJr r --.

,uio1 JaBJ ep s)-i r

seJeISJOS SeJlne

"

JnquY 'J:l'JIu \r I r l "' . rul ::

XnB

.

dnoc ufl.C 'sJOIJJenS s)s

sel eJluos JISIs?p lEqtuo] -r-.i

iauulpeq atrydnßoßat1,l suup ,tr?tll ua astnzJ aun

r50

Bernard Merdrigna,c

[]ne coursc .

A l'arriöre-plan de ces textes se situe une tradition ex6g6tique d6velopp6e par saint Augustin et reprise par Isidore de S6ville. A propos du passage de la Genöse qui pr6sente les g6ants ant6diluviens (nephilim) comme issus de l'accouplement des 'fils de Dieu' avec les 'filles des hommes'(6.4) ces auteurs expliquent qu'il faut comprendre que ceux-ci descendaient de l'union entre les fils de Seth et les filles de Cain. La Bible n'6tablit pourtant pas de lien entre Ie r6cit du meurtre d'Abel par son fröre (4.8-16) et celui de la naissance des g6ants. Mais Augustin et Isidore ä sa suite r6agissent ainsi vivement contre une explication du texte biblique influenc6e par les apocryphes juifs qui faisait des

'fils de Dieu' de la Genöse des anges d6chus ayant succomb6 aux charmes des 'filles des hommes'. L'auteur espagnol, avant de parler des cyclopes de la mythologie antique et aprös avoir donn6 l'6tymologie grecque des g6ants (yt'1^pveCq: 'n6 de la Terre'), d6nonce explicitement les commentateurs qui ' ... sans exp6rience des Ecritures saintes pensent que de mauvais Qpreuoricotores) anges ont couch6 avec les filles des hommes avant le D6luge. De lä naquirent les

g6ants, c'est ä dire des hommes trös grands et robustes qui remplirent la terre' (Etymologiae Xl.iii. r4). Cette lecture h6t6rodoxe de la Genöse56 se retrouve dans le Lizsre d'Enoch qui rend compte ainsi du cannibalisme attribu6 aux g6ants.s7 Or il n'est pas impossible que des interpr6tations de la Genöse influenc6es par toute cette litterature apocryphe ait eu cours en Bretagne dös le haut Moyen Age. Mario Esposito a suppos6 que le r6cit de navigation des moines de Saint-Mathieu adapt6 par Geoffroy de Viterbe dans son Panthöon (XII'siöcle) pouvait remonter ä une

r

Relevons au passage g u. . . l'hagiographe applique .1ur,, ': d'Isidore gratifient les nr; *. demande ä son adversairc ri,-

:

la g6ante en rajoute: 'J. itr

capable de rien faire de bi.r 6t6 exercröe au mal:'. Dc rc.. admettre que dans l'eslrrr: d6chus. E,n effet, c'est. scn-. ^ la [,/ita. Il n'est sans dr;ut. dans sa fuite lui crie: 'J. , semblable que tu as terrl>-; ses parents lui presentcn. \ monastÖre, le saint ecartc .u .-_

-

mondains'. Il n'en a,outr L-;.

humain' (quia ltonro est: I : " d6mon, se confesse äu :Jrr-.: * pour mot, 6cho ä ceur tls .:exerc6 au mal par les er:..:-

lumiöre de cet arriöre-plan culturel, si mon interpr6tation est recevable, l'6pisode de la rencontre entre Samson etla theomacha prend toute sa port6e.

Pourtant, cela n'empec h r :- :" d6livrance (II.g).0" L-nc \; _ humaine! La priöre finalc .r * \ Tout Puissant que tu e L-.r irurernediobilis es), que ru r- Dieu d'actualiser le charrir' ;, Selon la Bible, les searr. -. , hommes', n'ont pas pu :ur-. . ,a diffus6 dans tout l'Ocii.l.--

On peut comprendre ainsi la maniöre dont celle-ci se pr6sente au saint: Je suis une g6ante adversaire de Dieu (theomacham) et effectivement jusqu'ä pr6sent mes aieux @entes) se sont dress6s comme des traitres ä votre encontre' (I.zl).

niques par ces göants anrc. _ Hiberniae (r r87) Giraurl ti. i, -(Stonehenge) ayait ete nr.r i - - ,

telle source.58 Une confirmation indirecte de cette hypothöse est peut-6tre ä rechercher dans le nom d'Henoc que l'auteur dela Vita de saint Samson donne comme celui du cousin de son h6ros, möme si, cela n'exclut pas, comme je viens de le sugg6rer, une interf6rence avec le vieux-Breton hen('l'ftncien').so 41,

comment6e dans le cadre d'une thöse d'histoire m6di6vale. Nul doute que ce travail apportera des 6claircissements ä ce suiet. 56 Merdrignac, 'Saints et g6ants', p. 25. Cf. Mellinkoff, 'Cain's Monstrous Progeny', Parts et 57 Jack, Beor»ulf, p. 58 Esposito, iApocryphal Book', pp. zo3-4; McNamara, lp ocrypha, p. 24-7; Merdrignag 'D6sacralisation du mythe'. Le DrJ. Carey m'indique toutefois obligeamment que'the apocryphal Boob of Enoch and Elias postulated by Esposito is not the same as the so-called Ethiopic Book of Enoeh in which the seduction of the "daughters of men" by angels (or vice versa) is described. That the relevant passage of the latter was known in early medieval Ireland may however be indicated by the preservation of the names which it assigns to the fallen angels in Sahair na Rann' (cf. Carey, 'Angelology').Je le remercie vivement pour cette pr6cision qui pourrait bien venir ä I'appui de mon hypothöse. 59 Cf. Merdrignac, 'Henoc', pp. 172-3.

I

2.

t3.

depuis l'Irlande 'oir le. - - .. Toutefois, une enquöic ;rn.;cette conception etait rtrL,--- Cette association du r lithiques explique Sän: .i * erplication, la raisofl pt-rr-: .- -

6o Duine, Saints

d,e

l)urtnt,t

-

'Gr6goire le Grancl', p.

r i,

(Dimock, p. roo; O'\,[eara.

l\

,lt saints, p. rc5-r r.

.

-

:

.

,-

'

r

r-9o

rd

'stutos ap

sat T'vtapr I g-§z 'dd',s1uue8 1ä slurus, 'ceu3r.rprary z9 '(elrd 'erea1X,g loord'porurg) t9'11 antutaqrly oqdo.rSodoa 'srsurrqure3 snplulC 19 '662 '..

il a oeur re d.in-

sur les deux rives de ce pui.

(d'Alet ? de L6on :) donr *, grand monastöre de Tr..-. (dans le cadre d'une rrri:>i dans l'un de ses ermitagtr..

:

civiles qu'il pou\ air

:

ain >.

dans l'un des oratoires c * Son Souvenir avaient prc-u- -

:

qui suivit l'An Mil., on trl .: celles d'un saint, SeS rclr; -

l'ampleur) en particulicr *

empreinte et dont la -ll'implantation postericu :; respectivement fondä [ri. c ,Mlinihi ßriac.

'Jaug rqrutw ep te tJort{ Mn4§nal) ap slueluessrlqslg slrled sap sef,rJlspuoJ tueue^rl3edsar 'eureya14-tures ap la tncef-turug ep seieqqe sep ernarretsod uor1e1ue1durr,1 red eecro3ueJ eJooue lnJ enbrlsruour uorsuerurp EI luop la alure;due olroJ BS ep sanbruur lr?^e rerJg enb xnerl sel suep rerlncrlred ue ,rne1due,1 ep lueruaprder lrrd lnb e11nc un,p la(qo,1 tuerg senbrleJ ses ,lures un(p sellec rnod senuet tgtrssnv 'e8eqdocres uos ep alre^noJep BI tU uo ,llIAI ry,l tr,trns tnb xnar8rlet nue^noueJ np Jna^BJ e1 e 'puenb uudsrp anbsa;d Juere^E Jrue^nos uos le ruou uos 'suorlueua8 xnap se.rdy 'sgpuo; 1re,re p,nb saJroJBJo sep un(l suep 'g]rturxord u ernllndasue lnJ curJg ';elpecue xnertu rsure lre,tnod p,nb sep,rrc suogrpdod sap nerlru nB setrnJlsuoc saFIIec salped ,sa8elrurra ses ep un(l suep IJoIN (i rarnEgra p gqc?^? un(p uortJäJ?(l B e^nBIeJ uorssrru eun(p erpeJ e1 suup) atuou 3 npuer lse(s p lanbnp elduoc e1 rnod rern8gra ep erelseuoru puer8 np 9qqu,l ep lnouns te er?rlseroJ euoz altär rrepuadgp tuop (i uoeT ep i tery.p) enbe,te.1 ep etullse(l nlB^ B rnl 1u1o1sode uos 'a neu lDed ac ep se^rJ xnep sal Jns 'xnor,6 np ecJnos EI ap urol uou 'er1se,r1,{s JroJJeJ un suep eJ^noo e p ,euruzurnb eun 'aurezrp eun 'seeuue sanblanb lu?pued .alJers eX np of seeuue säp ug BI sJe^ elelueuquoc euSuterg ue anbruqep B f,BrJg enb suornlce(uoc sno51

'lures eJ rnod esrepuepr eur8rro aun luesrJolne rnb s.rna1ce3 ep lu?lnt luos 'elcers np aqdr.r3or8eq uos esr(usuerl "IIAX E snou enb elrrce le oleJo uorlrp?Jl DI ep slualuela surelJec ,senbrlar ses ep eceyd Jns uorlelJesuoc BI 'e1eco1 luetuallerluesse alerJolou es ,erru,(uodo] EI suep la er8rnlq BI suBp ellnc uos ep e^rpret tuoule^rltleJ uorlulsolle(l ,cerrg ep ruou aT 'senbr8oloeqcre ta senbrSolodol '(anu.,(uodo1 ta auu,(uodorqrue) sanbrlsuruouo

tLt

'966r erqo]f,o 8 np erutri -eJIBLu 'tsoqa61 d JneISu,,l

.::..

\. -

,

ap lelolsodu,l ep ]e ;ncl[.1\ I':-

xnEIJelBI.u Sel Jeuuop

-

;:

ue no 'puerg eT trsql\ .; un ]uBpJocJE ua 'uolltrlu: ?ssudep p[?p snou suo

\r -r,*

3i\IJ-fSli{

un ]EJurluod uos lurJr,: snos aded nua^ap sJolr

l:-:

uos suBp ]nl3ul 'enbtrolu- i ep lueluoJ uou - Jd.).t f ,) l':' .. j oJJS], el änbona aqdrJ':, . rssnB rnl rnb ]e IBnpnl l -.: aenbJuru snld alnop SUir 'no ro8?ra el suep rl-.a:. I uorlBluassJdeJ e]le3 'sf,uL eun(p J[]cu UESIUE Je etu( ,ti

un Jalno(u alnop suus ln:3p JrlBu ?u sIEpuEIrI.l ilL: luessllnoqu Inb sad-(tolr ,- l '(alcqrs '(alcqrs

.XI) auuat8ullc)rr,IIA) euuaüuI.\{,)l-r -

seqdur8or8eq sel "rud ,: \ sallel srEpuE[JI,l ep su0l].- * SJnIEIJUSrUOU ep IrE \UJl f

i '-:

sJole suosodslp snou 'su.r: sallanbssl '(sellJco 'sa1r:, r '--l B esrursuBJl le JEr-i,--

]req1y

no snld qlqp ]uareuelrrdc: ue fitnflatl no fiut7atlut'-J sJelsBuolu np ?qqB.l § l, l 'cetrqrnog e 'au8uletg ur I rq'suB xnep lu8pued Inl rl \

Jelrsrl E^ II 'euueelo! ri a1 rnb neessru \ un eueruer

au7ala,tg ua affiurtl )uxtg lut,uS ap saslapuul,t! sautStto saT

St Cuthr,,,

St Cathr6e of Mctz and the Hagiogr aphy of E xoticism Da,aid,^rI Dumcille

C\t Cathröe'was

one, perhaps the leader,

of a group of thirteen Insular

Jecclesiastics who undertook perpetual exile for God's sake, arriving on the Continent within (and possibly early within) the period g4t x 946 (the dates derive from information about Cathr6e's travels through England).'His group went first from Boulogne to pay their respects to the church of St Fursa at P6ronne in Picardy, where Cathr6e enjoyed a vision of the patron. A noblewoman,

Hersendis, rvho o\\ nerl pr , her church of Saint--\ li. i,, as

their

dominlt??t et p;t i:

--

,

was chosen instead. -\ I-r.: Gorze and Cathröe tr-r F. added another site. at \\ : *

at the petition of -\bh,

:l

abbot. Monastic life fI ,u: and Cathrde's reno\\ n : :.

appointed Cathröe t«,r rc Saint-Cl6ment) at -\ Ic'-.,r seventieth year, in thc ::,-

g7r x 976.

It is con>ci*:

undertook his pilgrimi--r"

-

This whole narratir c ,i : allegedly r,vritten at -\ [c:. d,ozen years

of Cathr,-r.'- -.

Li.. was a monk r .

,

abbey praised in this

r

The saint's name has proved to be strikingly troublesome. The forms known from the Life of St Cathrfie (as printed by Colgan, Acta sanctorum, in r645: cf. 5, below) are all treated as indeclinable in Latin (references are to §§ of the text): Cadroe (heading); Kaddroe (I, VI'

VII); Cathroe (XI, X[I, XIV, XVI, XVII3, XVIIII', XX, XXI, XXII', XXII, XXIV", XXV, XXVII, XXIX, XXXI-], XXXII3, XXXN, XXXV); Cothroe (XXI); Catthroe (XXVI). According to the author of the Life of St Cathr6e, the name meant bellator (§VI). Colgan (Acta sanctorum, p. 5o3 n. 45) further noted that 'In MS Cod. aliquando Caddroe, aliquando

Cadroe legabttur; sed vtrumque mendosö: author enim indicat nomen hoc iuxta suum etymon significare bellotorem: Cath attemHibernis idem sonat, q1aod bellum vel