Stresses in Mine Drift Timber Sets

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Stresses in Mine Drift Timber Sets

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stsesses xi

m m mirt n m m

stmoa p. n s x m m u

JJ BRAKY COLORADO SCHOOL OF H I H H GOLDEN,COLORADO

sets

ProQuest N um ber: 10781340

All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The q u a lity of this re p ro d u c tio n is d e p e n d e n t u p o n the q u a lity of the co p y su b m itte d . In the unlikely e v e n t that the a u th o r did not send a c o m p le te m a n u scrip t and there are missing p a g e s, these will be n o te d . Also, if m a te ria l had to be re m o v e d , a n o te will in d ic a te the d e le tio n .

uest P roQ uest 10781340 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). C o p y rig h t of the Dissertation is held by the A uthor. All rights reserved. This work is p ro te cte d a g a in s t u n a u th o rize d co p yin g under Title 17, United States C o d e M icroform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346

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turn

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I* F##l#i iob#rt# Mioici Engineers*' Itaifeeek* $$« i$~i§0# Xc M s b f iit f A Cw# too*# ti#w fork. If 41* into or# bit .4«mu 'Iti# sicicf #ofio##rt or# of ofiaioo tlmi fM.lt trtrtotiof its# pillar* ih#*# tec## $*?#* m i

tfeorofey mot# « reek fe&rtfe* ffetpv tbtroforc# tfett to proms* mrfibf of #»«#* t&# #r*tm of pillar

■support be replace# by a system corresponding to the long** wall of coal mining*

With longwall system only one dome

is formed* which continuously increases in sise*

the

majority of engineers are in favor of properly spaced pillars of adequate sis# to support the workings*

A study

of mechanics of underground forces would reveal the exact nature of these forces and the correct way of combating them*

Sewever, the purpose of this thesis .is to study on#

payttdiiler form of artificial support - the timber set of trapesoid&l shape*

timbering is the main form of artifi~

eial support in many of th© mines*

Until lately, it was

considered as an art and was not dealt with from a #eien«* tlfie point of view*

In mmy instances, the timbering is

either inadequate or excessive*

Both are wasteful*

The

former leads to waste of ore through collapse of ground and In the latter, the excess of timber constitutes a M g h loss* the study of mine drift sets aims to place the technique of timbering on a scientific footing*

Bobert B*

Bally ® of the University of California concluded from his 8* Bally* H* B*, in search of a better driftsset? Eng* & Min* Jour*, vol. 189* p* 45, lev* 1988* work on model sets thht the failures in model timber sets occur in the same manner as they do underground, & fact which has been corroborated by the research of the student# of the Colorado School of lines*

Tor

a graduate student

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f&® *tr*ofth mt

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tfe*

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fto Mftfettl* value of wood dot it* dolor Mm m

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thm mpmm&i It

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of otter*

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Xd&te oislt# flto

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lofor oio#

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loo^ &t*i. fir

m m rlf wMt&

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t*#*# it it w«riy on#

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&h# eoXXt rt&s&t* tfe©

*& m%m»-

#$&#ot£ie gewrity of tht timber m m wtml®, wM®k pw m m tB i&t iinfcl&g- of th# timber to sit?#

?1m tfttifi# grevity

of mod# ran### from tbottt f * M to i#.40* fnfel# M thorn tii#' #w»?&§«' wtlffeit of tht tinier##

ftm might# of wood » m $ m m * m i w # wwrtod#

ifirluidt tn# a&l#tmr# prot^nt &t the tlm# the tree* mw® foiled #g& at# te*4HI on t)s» ever#*# of htmrtwood #ss4 =#«#«* wood pit### m pltfe to btrfc*

bj toot if#oto#n# t*feoi» from flit #ir-4rf woiffet# #r# for wood at #. »oi#~

tor# oemtoefc of it for ##n%*

oil the data nr# 1mm»*6 on the

might* m $ w l m m of

olttr epoclm##* t&tftg* from

th# to$ 4 ft#t of li'-foot tett left of tgrrlool trot#*. f*ML* in

•olgMo #f timber# *§ Sp«Oi«« V U t * oe*



47

r progressed to souk &» extoot tost too foot

of sinking «as

dess is a abaft without any drilling or blasting. lo * strong

§vam&t 'too ssierial atovo tfce opening'

ia strong and supports itself at * b o w or * oatorcl mfe. It toot wot# ttorsfore* rewto* toy support.

Igneous

reeks* wbtoh are free froa faults* folds or fissures fens ideal strong grossed Isssauss of tb* eoboalwo strength of tbs perilole* is tbs roan*. gj^SKt^'m Ssswy ground ia an are* to whtofc the forees are eancestratod at eertato spots or points*

Goneeptraiiaa of X

farces way be brought about to faulting whereby toa asewsu-

leted stresses in on* ares arc released to the exmment of tto ground tot this ere*.

up stresses is seme other

toother cause of the scewaulatton of stresses to

tfeeratoyaasleaI action.

toot say to g m * m ted to tto

redlo-eotive eleaeet* or by oxidettos of tto expetod ore body,

to tto tost Is not dissipated os foot «* it is

generated, it expands tto rack, and %hereby tto stresses ;«rc concentrated at certain spots*

Cewwstrettos any elto :

to caused to • heavy block enclosed within broken material os described further. Vtoa tto »*ew*uiat«• ■ XIX the failures In the aesbera of the. 'set mere eerefttlly '.observed end recorded,

the tfcse «t the beginning »«d end

of the test wee noted*

JtatKEEiaMa aaifimi laMia&«fita procedure fo r t M s te a t la the seas s.a the " see described ebave* with the exception toot at the sod of every Increase of 10,000 pounds, the Xesd ves arrested for It Minute*.

It the e»4 of tte lotervcl* the load been

of the testing aachln* «** feeleneed before soy addition#! lead ess applied and the resdlag recorded.

Xt wee ob­

served that there vaa * dialnutlon lo lend -sod the dloloutioa increased altu time sod the total lead. One set out of every three for eecfe type of teat eas seleotsd for photographing. the ehoiee see based os the eeesot of freetore shoes by the set*

40

?

m m m

t i M i M t m ot t m w v m $ m t i m fbi* chapter i« devoted entirely to the tebuieUon of t m reaoit# of t m laboratory ooiu.

The terminology

«**« la the foXlovios table* it defined beiae far clarity. fflnltt

a

front conflating of t»o poeta, * till

and * ««#* fit* salts constitute * sst. (Figures S taebeyina pf the tatfpo salts.

mi 0>*

A set it ©o*po**d af flat

The .Mat of sight of the observer ya**v* through

the ea»t#r of each aoit.

Seme* there till be fit*, posts

to the right side of the lire of tl|M m * tint* posts srt deeifooted by the letter K.

the fit* post* to the left of

the line of observation ere designated by tin. latter 1. fhs unit nearest to the observer is the first salt end its post* are umbered IS end lb.

The salt farthest froo

the observer is the fifth salt eed its pest* ere tersed SS sad fi. flit* tip dlrppt loading pap, J g oonttpueui uolfara

loading)! ft is t m tie* Interval betveen t m lasteat the set tea** op t m l o m sad t m iastaet vfien t m load rsoom* t m «**!#«* val«*. . Ja r & U hi jyfcnyi M i

Mmt

im

££s

m m

&

few* loadlag) t loading tie* is t m tiao Interval dwritjf ehlefe t m losd oa t m set 1* being increased,

m

there 1*

iisterrsjstien ef it m m t s s efter applying every 10,009

pound* of load, t m total ties is tbs tie* interval bo* 'teeea t m instant tbs set tax** op tbs load sod tbs instant '*ft*r> tbs load reaches the M k t m s **!«*• itorlsoBtal bra&X thrauah t m center m t i a a t -the fracture of a post to • nor* or loss horiaontal direction, t'ns fracture plane p*esi*f t&rsagfc the costs* motion of tbs post*

figere 7* shoes a fracture of tad* type*

forties! solittins t fbe fracture of « post sion* the groin and thus in a vertical direction «t sheen is figure TO* Shear through the esntert

The fracture of a post'

due to the slipping of fibers is a plane sboab 46® to the length of the post* the pirn* of fracture being near the center.

This plea* m y be loeiined in one of the four

says as shoes is the figure 7C, » toward the observer, a««y froa hie, toeavd the center of the set, or eeay fros it.

Pbetofraph A shoes sheer fractures in fern pest**., 'fMUmi a m & m m

m m *

*

of

the fpsetwre* described shove end shoes Is flgtr* TO end photograph 41. M*i»f&tA & S A & M i s m i s i i e a u s u w *

* •««-

blnstios of the above aenfcicned frecture* tbss is figure TO end in photograph 4C« Sadalag j£ the see taroach ffic soatt

Onder m *

prassivs stress, * pertly »f the «*p penetrate* through tite pe*t as shoes i» figure TO end in photograph 4».

42

B HORIZONTAL

BREAK

VERTICAL

SHUTTING

VERTICA,. AND

LINE

VERTICAL

SPLITTING SHEAR

0F

AND

S

I

G

H

SPLITTING

HORIZONTAL

BREAK

T

T\|

SHEAR

TOWARDS

OBSERVER

IN

AWAY

POSTS

ON

SHEAR

PLANE

FROM

THE

RI GHT IS

OF

OBSERVER

INCLINED

OBSERVER

TOWARDS OF

CENTER SET

AWAY

FROM OF

CENTER

SET

I V F WEDGING

OF

BENDING

CAP

TYPES

OF

FIGURE

OF

CAP

FRACTURES

7

B UCKL I NG

OF

POST

8«yor observed the veiglag of t£t* cap In e ember af tests. 2e ststs* is M s paperi If. Gayer, », 8*. op. eit*, p. « » •Splitting ectloa »ss sided by the orasMng of the sides .of the oop. ehleh left sht senior •o'spspstivoly herd end tense owlog to the eaojif•*#i«» eel sellepee of 'the m o d cell* la fuse ootofisl of the cep. f M s >border# denser pottles of the sep see the» forced into the poet resulting le « sedgint eotlen*» However, the eedging *ae sot eeeoon in the tests serried sot by the sutiwr.

St see observed la about feslf

e doses posts Is 10* teste. 3*ysr*e tests were eoefi«e4 to 1.6 Inch x 1.6 Ineh end 6.66 Inch s *.f« inch sise of . .Bottles fir# *1*11# the **shsr,e vors m e ea 1/8 iaefe * 1/8 iseb else tiafrer of different speeles.

the psrtleale*

else sed speeles m y hsv# eeueed the vedging of sops is Geyer*# vork end e different. else cod epeeies aey account for the ateessee of the son* ykteaesesao Is the satbar*# Meets is the lobarstory. Benrilcai fbs tfoflestlos af tie lever ssrfsoe of « asp fros its wavml fcorlssstsl position# *s sham to figure TO. goecllaet

She t w o is seed for the poets is the

so** cease &s bending is used for toe oops.

Xt signifies

the Sefleetloo of the ivslde vertteol surfc.ce of the .poet

tw m its m r m l paMtiea*

Figure ?fl.

41

¥•»$ SO# 1

Timber • Kbit© o**

EofcbosS ©f 1o*«1b* - Dlroct

Footboard * a- ©Mir© pin*

71©* - 14 ©in* B»t*

total load In poonA*

Obaarratioaa on poata «•§•

MwwrK*

7,880

m

1

«,*»0

©n

1

*

«

8,880



* 4##'

s*

*

a

***

11,470

«©►

18,010

Jft

m

14,800

4B

m

*plt% wmtlmllf

«L1

MneaaalantM i tt» e»p» wr© eoaplatnly «aru*h« not t«i«n 1st©

©*-

eauan tan akxfeMm loot 4i

m

O rtto fctetooflk t o t t t t t o r s«otio»

*

$ M %

o t r t lo o ii f t t top G & P

f o i l * o ff

th * t i n t nett of % to m t InmS# %mm4- to* ototrrtr*

fto** t* tiiito

%m footbotrti*

.of to* potto into

M 9**t m * fitter •* i#t m U

20

tetiate of lm£lng ~ Slrtot ft** ** 10 mim*

~ o&it

f?&%' it

f o t t l let* 1|%

ObMr**tl0fMt OO

e#i80

«*

©tf90 «

m

iU

ii»

m

mm

lo«4 «&ni losdlftg it

mm

I

starts splitting

lft*JL7 9

mm

ft

«ot09o

mm

'A#

mm

m

ftt * »

► 3 1 S O

§ * s o o ? , ? § 0 1 0 * 0 0 0

*■

ft*ft? 0

► it 41

t 4 $B m

-

M #M d

a



XoftAI&t lM**rnpttg l o t #

wistn losftlog it

* * * $ * « &

ftftjftftO ►s

ftftffttO

ftofltootol ftlM N tft- frog ■esoter fcrssfc fro®

ftft

«»

**



Xesftlog lst**rftpt«4

m

**

l o t i

m

m m t m i i , § o §

m

§m Q

m

^

m

*% m t

-

m

m

A

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4ft

41

m-

41#

m

II#

t** fls# nott&i#

im tu m of

wti#m

I t

MSWSg tiortssntsi brssfc from Mott* fcorlsontftl break ftoo Mnto? bsjliis to sfesar tt 4S* t r m m m to# ftofln# to break Mri~ se&tsllf1from Motor

tbit t#gt it tot all

ibt pests* sgespt I, ott t M ?t$te til# of t&* s#t free* i m i from alidls* tldie fc&os® m tfts loft m m mmpmm** titolf fw o from jprooturo*

S&ggiag on top tlti&iXjf gsmgsft*

All ttm esg* eru*& seopistsljr* io psestrttloe im feetfceitri* LIBRARY COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINIS* GOLDEN* COLORADA ^

f»*t Bo. SS fiafeiff - fioeity aouBtsin fir MSttto* o f loading - Continues* footboard - Q*» anlfars loading waggle* - Single on tap as* tie* « 11 sin. Its see, alga* Bata

is

X. jL0H:4 {%•#***$lon» on #&$#

%9§ m

m

8,4,6

m §4 m

m

0

1?*1W

m

X

4XX

OS

*t*ft tM»*SfXfl*§

»x m

m

so

i?#W 0

m

so

itMNif» m 4§# through center « « 4 4 II

43#

*i»

4

4

4

*

•-

4t

so

4

«

II

4

*

**

so

m

9MM «

#t#rt uplifctiug # # II

*

»£***?»

m 4 S®, i / 4 I n c h ttj*

ffaa notawortby observation la tfeat all

ttm

tir* posts abasr through ttw eantsr. Tfaere Is no vsrtleel splitting,

Only a fa* placas of top lagging sfeoar. all

tint cap*, axeapt l» cosplataly erusbad. of posts Into the footboard. ture of this set.

Bo p*s*«**tiea

Photograph zx sbova a pic­

im fest Be* SB tlaber - Jteeity soontain fir Method of loading - Continuous yeotboard - o»* uniform loading legging - Single on sides fine - IB ale. 88 See* and toy

Beta loii in

ftaftftife*

Mf W

•tart Bpllttimg m *

f*«0

CSr

f*#®

s«»

4



§



«

so

i

»



1^,060 «i#n o tt»970

et# Wm SSMS

**,«&« ••#

JHifr

so

sheers st l»

aid* isgglag intset.

All cap* oo&plstoly

So ponotrntloa of posts Into tbs footboard.

Abseseo of v«rtie&l splitting la posts.

'$ *£ $ fft»«

■ ** Haelsf

ro»i&»** **finto

3»*g$l8$ *•

fit

$1

®ktl©& «*f looting - literi'uptil

aalfora lwMfti&$

e® £&$*

fatal. ti&a - if ml-B* 30

im

«

ftisfle oe *M#» £ata '%%M0

«S»». sec.

jpofts

■ S *f

w tw ® & , 803

M

$

i i«, ^ tZ -Q &0*oa»

**#■

m

i*,aio -§

leet irben &««ti&g 1» r«*a®«6 •tarts splittin* lending. interrupted

-MMT

MR*

.t

m

i 4

*»•

m m

B«»*JtS eterte splitting a a * * • a loosing interrupted

« *

**

4*800 €#TO

an Q k p S

1 - |N » 1

fatal lant In j&t&d*

m

an

m

*m

m

w

i s

» h m loading 1* resum ed leedlBg Interrupted l o & $

lonl «is*» lending is mmmed

M,0S0

at

m



m >

"W*

36*70-3

m

m

87,030

m

■m

m

**9o

& 6 , s & >

1

* ®

*j& -t&» « p « ; *>$ t#p utiflitXf toaa§#4*

e»j) .its, S begins to fail off lr. pieces) tm

I

starts splitting

0,140

41

«

»

•twrt baeieliu* borirooteJ. breac at the mn%m

»i,m

si.

JjorlaontfcX break at th* c*ot«r borltoabel br*ftit at th* center

3*, 100

harltontal trees *t the caater bortaaefcel tMMMfc at the canter ttftffitfM*Splittla-i mi ill

%h& post# t&»t Mvm

*.t t&# ##©t#r*

mp § mmzM »fc tr# ob##?v®o$ffe tor Imtttog i»t#*nj$t*£ Xosilog r©*si»#i . Srs&fcs lmTtmn%®ll¥ thrown son*** tmisontftXXjr t&rmgh esots* tofto* to trooE ^otlsootolif through. *mt*w

S i t tli* fr**tw*£ posts shot toflsofitol

tv*** f t m ttm **£%#?»

Cop* M^jlMtXjr ormslssi* I»*sf§i*ig

o-o top sllgfetly £*8***6* Hi* lagging. toiftfltagti* 1® p o m tv itlo o in fo o tto s ri*

18® f**t So* 82 tteber » Ponderosa pine footboard - Oath &»$fiac - Double Mt top, single 08 aide*

i i t M of loading - Xstermtpte® unifors loading total tlae * 87 sin. 80 *««. Bet*

Deeding Observation# on Eeserfc* mm tine to*** nln. ••«* -| m atilt* abruptly t m •tort* splitting I IjSI * • m 8,610 § 4 if • * m SfSI^O I m * 0 loading interrupted l&f§£NI J 0m m loading refused 1 40 •tart* splitting 4 S 4f m m lo a d in g I n t e r r u p t e d *cmmo > m '.no lo a d in g re e u a e d M*M9 i i m

In pesadi

J



M#mm

J

n&fWm I§*ti§' 87,080

~

£7,800 •

00

•*

£8,800

to 14*040 • t m t aimrts spiittlmg * to % # « * t o *8*900 loading*tetwwrrogta* "\ •* loading mnwm& to t o 4 ata»t» ftjAittl&g M$0$4Q « ** terlttotal so 4L 1/i into *8*M3 - i feoio* tog m Xototog lotorrtotto « » *9 * 9 9 9 « * « • loading roauaM M l §1**1100 vertical gglittioi from -tog % m +4-m to tottoo & o«t torlaoatal broto fromoiddlu 48 tortfomtol breast l /M i m h M ,$m ® tm m top *& & voriic&l apiii► 4 IS tlisf from top to tto torigo&tol troalfe **> tovltootal broto ? > R m $x m oootor toil wrilenl split* ting from top to bottom « * vortical splitting from top §8 i§f§£§0 to bottom M il, tto tag* etogi*t*i? oruiitod*

tr&to tto footboard tllgfilr*

Foot* goac-

ilmoii i/4 of tim top lag­

ging do&ogodi olio lagging tinifamafod*

im '*•** fim & m •

m* m of

ft*

'f®Qthmt4 ** Q*i

la&ii&g: - $os*fc|# o$ to p ,

wnifmm

*» t n t m r m ^ S loMlng

t o t a l %tw* *> i f M » » i f immi*

al&flo on ii#«§ MtftorroiiM# tofol' Load op nop# In &tn. »*e»

Wmm&* $§i*m-

10

IS

4*.

i

ttiifi# ofiitiitif lo&ilii# lotovruptftf

44 4* 4** 44

' 4#

80

i M i l B f r**&8HMt opiitfint » ft X o M l o t Iptorrufiod

■ «i

$m%$t

mm. loo4if»* i»t#rrapt#i ■mm torltomtoi. to#A %b$mz§h m m tm

•1* sSHcti

mm r#stm4 mm Im tlm n ts X U tm k %hm&®gh santor tto split* ttsf f m feotto* to ##ot#r m toflu to &r&«& terimit«Xljr tU m u^h *#ot#r

f iifiHUAttt*

*iX tto mpa mmptttoij m i M « AlMtt ail SaTifllil #t» tit# tap #f #&?* it #$4it* fm%% pmmtmtm

* ifttla iato tlit taaftN»fi*

fiis&tr ~

foot Mm* f t Muitioi of

mm

Wnmthmtd • d«Jt

3»*fflag ~ $«&l# 0 a t#$f ■ f i d f c l l *

»

*

1

4

*

fatal tia#

- tntwrmptmd w»ifo?$ lo&&tmg

«*

%& $ m *

*

§m%4 Loedlng m ' ' ' 616. In ?0B!3d# i.uso 0,040 e,9oo 10,000 • «,a«s0 18,299 §0,000

>$

1r I

••«*

***• 4i

f

'

18,6*0 §7,660

4 M ft ■ft *»

m 4* **

X «*

Te

9

J

am

am mm

4m

m

4m

m

m mm

am

m

m 4*

60,000

m

.44

46,919 68,610

m

■44 «**

26,880 46,669

m ►I

IB

m m*

66,030

-4 m

a f t ,48 §

ii

am ✓

« * ir tmii®$

#§4ii*i*g » «r ** imtarritfioi

loft&Uof IN**®***

4f

60,090 £6,403 40,000

m am m m m

m ►t

M m r m

P4*%8

mar am

■mm

I m M n g

%®%mttupfad

Im&ing m & m M m p f « # d g « * t ® W * moot, # & ( « & z p l i t ® m b m p t l f is * m % l m i #1w m t i m e&$ i to i m l l o f f i m p t m m m i m M t o m * * to r a m im I m & l n g iatorfugt#*

io&glmg f » m i d *j>i£t* i»*l*oatftl-£jr tt^-Ofti eautftr i m $ v o r t i e m i l f f r a ® t o p im m o o t o r laMlag iaMimg r##m#4 i f t F l a m t a i ferotfc tferoogfe mrnft t o t i t m t m i * * * * * thraugfc ■omtor terissami&l fer##n tfcromgh **#**# m i **ilt~ from t o t to ■©tutor m o* 4 fcogtm* t o f a i l o f f i m '$!*«#* m m i rniiM t * & 6 * to run la.

pMHHB m i $m$ tm d * t o mm la * At m 0xm pond*** mm mm 4 giv*# im * M to ran- in* I**g§tmg on to* of **** 3* all s#Ui* n»tagM$h i° ***** * plot*** of thl# #ti,

t»*t So. 96 Umthsi o f lo a d in g •* I » t * r r a p t e 6

tU f e o r - 6 a 6 oak f o o tb o a r d » a s k L agging - D ouble o s to p , * i» g l* 08 M Aos

u o i f o r a lo a d in g t o t a l t i e s - 1 h o u r , 33 *ln., 80 M tt.

Data 9to#r*i&%iom bond 01% i» min, see. posts io*aaa } 3 0,450 1M,S90 It,£09 *M ie,&sa

SO

mm

*>

m mm



m

mm m

J



16,660 ■H s i »t o 14,460

eO-

mm

§0

a* «**

-

mm

- i

$9*11310

40,000 m,?m € t $M §

At,689 60,100

Sft

o

ft«*ar«*

at loading gatorrapiod loading rosuasd 4 starts salitttfeg • a * • a i loading interrupted ft* loading rem*«d c •tarts splitting i l m 4 & m interrupt#^ lading ft* 4*9 eorn«* split* mm

nftfc

ft

11

ft*

09

4ft*

-

1

0*

i

4H



.
rt o cn

FIGURE CAP

8

UNDER

LOAD