States at War, Volume 2 : A Reference Guide for New York in the Civil War 9781611682670, 9781611682663

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States at War Volume 2

States at War V o lu m e 2 A Reference Guide for New York in the Civil War richard f. miller, editor university press of new england Hanover and London

University Press of New England www.upne.com © 2014 University Press of New England All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Designed by Richard Hendel Typeset in Quadraat and Giza by Integrated Publishing Solutions. For permission to reproduce any of the material in this book, contact Permissions, University Press of New England, One Court Street, Suite 250, Lebanon NH 03766; or visit www.upne.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data States at war : a reference guide for . . . in the Civil War / Richard F. Miller, editor.   p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-1-61168-266-3 (cloth : alk. paper)­— isbn 978-1-61168-267-0 (ebook) 1.  United States—History—Civil War, 1861–1865.  2.  U.S. states—History, Military—19th century.  3.  U.S. states—Politics and government—19th century.  4.  U.S. states—Economic conditions—19th century.  I.  Miller, Richard, F., 1951– e468.s79 2012 973.7—dc23 2012021652 5 4 3 2 1

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Contents Thematic Listing of Material / ix Acknowledgments / xi Abbreviations List / xiii Maps of New York / 1 Introduction / 3 Organization of This Book / 7 Editorial Considerations / 9 Reading States at War / 11 Principal Officers of the Department of War / 13 Chronology of Events, Battles, Laws, and General Orders / 15 New York / 47 War Geography / 47 Economy in 1860 / 50 Governance and Politicians / 55 Demography / 92 1860 / 95 Key Events / 95 State Military Affairs / 100 1861 / 100 Key Events / 100 Legislative Sessions / 145 State Military Affairs / 148

1862 / 149 Key Events / 149 Legislative Sessions / 175 State Military Affairs / 182 1863 / 183 Key Events / 183 New York City Draft Riots / 225 Legislative Sessions / 242 State Military Affairs / 248 1864 / 250 Key Events / 250 Legislative Sessions / 275 State Military Affairs / 282 1865 / 284 Key Events / 284 Legislative Sessions / 295 Supplementary Information / 300 Recruiting, Manpower, and Casualties / 300 Expenses, Bounties, and Debt / 301 State Agencies and Private Aid / 302 Notes / 305 Bibliography / 433 Index / 449

Thematic Listing of Material War Geography / 47 Economy in 1860 / 50 Governance and Politicians / 55 Demography / 92 Key Events 1860 / 95 1861 / 100 1862 / 149 1863 / 183 1864 / 250 1865 / 284 Legislative Sessions 1861 / 145 1862 / 175 1863 / 242 1864 / 275 1865 / 295 State Military Affairs 1860 / 100 1861 / 148 1862 / 182 1863 / 248 1864 / 282 Supplementary Information / 300

Acknowledgments Editors of others’ works are under especially heavy obligations. Thousands of state legislators, numerous adjutants general, governors, memoirists, biographers, secondary source historians, genealogists, census takers, soldiers, and sailors—along with the War Department bureaucrats assembled by the able Provost Marshal General James B. Fry—did the acts and created the texts on which this work is based. Thanks are due to them in the same measures that are sometimes reserved for the other faces of the North’s Civil War, say, Grant, Sherman, and Sheridan. Causality is not stretched (at all) in noting that without the generally able (and sometimes extraordinarily able) efforts of governors, adjutants general, and state legislatures, there would have been no armies to command or funds to finance them. Next, thanks are tendered to the custodians of this vast record. The staff in the Widener Library’s Reading Room was unfailingly helpful—despite the hardships of budget cuts—in the “delivery and setup” of now frail, original sources kept in what the editor fantasizes as Harvard’s bottomless depository. Special thanks also are due to the staff at Harvard Law School’s Langdell Library. Since this editor’s dreary days in law school, many state statutes have become available online through in-library subscription services and, occasionally, through Google Books. Alas, few of these statutes cover the period from 1860 to 1866 and, after a hiatus of thirtythree years, the editor was once again in a law library scanning microfiche, although this time with far

weaker eyesight. (The more things change, the more they are different.) The Langdell staff graciously assisted with finicky reader-printers, locating microfiche and, on more than one occasion, introducing the editor to the mysteries of Hein Online. States at War was enormously improved by the criticism of Professor Emeritus James McPherson of Princeton University, Associate Professor of History Robert Bonner at Dartmouth College, and the dean of Vermont’s Civil War history, Mr. Howard Coffin. When States at War is complete it will include all states and territories that were in—or temporarily out of—the Union. The value of such an extensive project is hardly self-evident. That UPNE editor Phyllis Deutsch found value here is something that exceeds this particular wordsmith’s smithy and so it will be left unsaid. I wish to thank production editor Amanda Dupuis and copyeditor Peter Fong whose efforts have not only improved this volume but also have contributed to the improvement of every volume to follow. I also wish to thank researcher Lori Miller (no relation) for her willingness to follow my bibliographic footprint, check sources and, in the process, save this work from manifold embarrassments. While errors are inevitable in projects like these, this editor alone is responsible for all that appears here, and can only repent in advance by inviting readers to communicate the mistakes found so that, should this work find favor, corrections can be made at a later time.

Abbreviations The following abbreviations are used throughout the text of this volume.

The following abbreviations are used throughout the notes.

aag: Assistant Adjutant General aapmg: Acting Assistant Provost Marshal General adc: Aide-de-camp asw: Assistant Secretary of War awol: Away without leave eo: Enrollment Officer go: General Orders jag: Judge Advocate General mvm: Massachusetts Volunteer Militia nco: Non-commissioned officer nyng: New York National Guard nysm: New York State Militia pmg: Provost Marshal General pow: Prisoner of war so: Special Orders udc: Union Defence Committee usa: United States Army usct: United States Colored Troops usv: United States Volunteers vrc: Veteran Reserve Corps

AAC: The American Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events AG: Annual Report of the Adjutant General of the State of New York BD: Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774–2005 CQ: Congressional Quarterly’s Guide to U.S. Elections HJ: Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States NY.PL: Laws of the State of New York OR: Official Records SJ: Journal of the Senate of the United States

States at War Volume 2

New York

Cli

37th Congress Congressional Districts March 4, 1861–March 4, 1863

Fra

St. Lw

16 Ess

Jf 23 Lw

Nia

31

Orl Gen

N

32 Eri

Cha

33

Wyo

30

Cat

All

22

29

Wyn

Mon

Ont Liv

Ya

28

Sn

26

25

Che

Cat - Cattaraugus

32 Eri - Erie 31 Nia - Niagara Orl - Orleans

30 Gen - Genesee

Wyo - Wyoming All - Allegany

29 Mon - Monroe 28 Liv - Livingston Ste - Steuben

27 Tom - Tompkins Tio - Tioga Che - Chemung

26 Ont - Ontario Ya - Yates Sn - Seneca

25 Wyn - Wayne

Chn

Brm

19

11

Central Districts 24 On - Onondaga 23 Jf - Jefferson Osw - Owego

18 Ful - Fulton

Mon - Montgomery Sch - Schoharie Scn - Schenectady 17 Her - Herkimer St. La - St. Lawrence

Cg - Cayuga

Col

12 Dut

10 Ora

Put Wes

9

Eastern Districts 16 Fra - Franklin 15

14 13 12 11 10 9

Manhattan Island, Long Island, and Staten Island appear on a seperate map.

13

Rkl

21 Cor - Cortland

Chn - Chenango Brm - Broome 20 One - Oneida 19 Ots - Otsego Del - Delaware

Uls

Eastern Districts

Ren

Alb

14 Gre

Del

Sul

Lw - Lewis

Scn

Sch

Central Districts

22 Ma -Madison

Sar

18

Ots

21

Tio

Was

Mon

Ma

Cor

27

War

Ful

Her

Cg

Western Districts

Western Districts 33 Cha - Chautauqua

20

Tom Ste

15

One

On

24

Ham

17

Osw

Cli - Clinton Ess - Essex Ham - Hamilton War - Warren Was - Washington Sar - Saratoga Alb - Albany Ren - Rensselaer Col - Columbia Dut - Dutchess Gre - Greene Uls - Ulster Sul - Sullivan Ora - Orange Put - Putnam Wes - Westchester Rkl - Rockland

New York City and Vicinity 37th Congress Congressional Districts March 4, 1861–March 4, 1863 2 Kings County Brk - City of Brooklyn 3 New York City wards - 1–3, 5, 8 4 New York City wards - 4, 6, 10, 14 5 Wil - Williamsburg and New York City wards - 7, 13 6 New York City wards - 13, 17 7 New York City wards - 9, 16, 20 8 New York City wards - 12, 18, 19

1 Richmond County and 6 Kings County towns N Utr - New Utrecht Grv - Gravesend Fltb - Flatbush N L - New Lots Fltl - Flatlands Bsh - Bushwick

8

Manhattan Island (New York County)

Sixth St.

N

7

1

6

Houston St.

4

Broadway

5 Wil 5

Bsh NL

Brk (Kings County)

Suf Qun

3

2

Fltb Fltl

1

1

N Utr

Grv

Staten Island (Richmond County)

Area of Detail

Qun

1

Suf

1

Long Island

N

Introduction At half past noon on July 14, 1863, New York governor Horatio Seymour stood on the steps of New York City Hall and faced the plaza. Behind him was a line of soldiers, muskets loaded and tipped with bayonets; gathered in front was a largely sympathetic crowd of about 800 men, many of whom had almost certainly participated in the riots that had forced Seymour to end his Long Branch vacation and hurry to Manhattan. Over the past twenty-six hours, rioters had assaulted almost every symbol of political, social, and economic authority in New York City. The turmoil had begun as a protest march, with demonstrators holding signs that read, “No Draft.” Without apparent provocation, however, groups split off in different directions and transformed themselves into mobs. The violence was hardly unthinking, because the targets were strategic and some reconnaissance almost certainly had been performed. Perhaps led by war veterans, the mobs destroyed railroad tracks leading into Manhattan to prevent authorities from bringing reinforcements into the city. To inhibit transportation within the city, they also destroyed the tracks for horse-drawn cars. And to better isolate those authorites already in the city, telegraph wires were cut. The rioters struck just as the hated draft wheel began to spin at the Ninth district office of a U.S. provost marshal. Except for the staunch but outnumbered Metropolitan Police, the city was almost bereft of defenders, most militia having been sent to resist Robert E. Lee’s invasion of Pennsylvania.1 Whether organized or unorganized, the rioters had so far managed to close most factories and burn some others, loot armories and gun stores, and torch entire city blocks containing U.S. provost marshal offices. The political had also

become personal: rioters attacked the homes of some prominent Republican officials, destroying several, and searched uptown for the homes of others, including Mayor George Opdyke, abolitionist and New York Tribune publisher Horace Greeley, and Colonel Robert Nugent, formerly of the “Irish” Sixty-Ninth and now the senior federal representative in New York City overseeing conscription. Far worse, white antipathy for the city’s black population, simmering for months, now exploded. The pogrom spared neither men, women, nor children. On Fifth Avenue, a mob burned the Colored Orphans Asylum to the ground; downtown, scattered groups lynched black men from streetlamps, mutilated and burned their bodies, then left the corpses dangling. Street battles pitted scratch militia and police against armed rioters, recalling scenes from Paris in 1848. As Seymour spoke at City Hall, trying to mix words of conciliation and firmness, he knew that the USS Tulip was floating just off the foot of Wall Street, only seven blocks away. The ship’s big guns—a 20-pound Parrott rifle and two 24-pound smoothbores— were trained on the approaches to the financial district, awaiting Admiral Hiram Paulding’s signal to open fire on any mob that might menace the U.S. Sub-Treasury building.2 The rioters were mostly drawn from poor and working-class Irish and German neighborhoods. Although they had begun by protesting against an unfair conscription process that many believed intentionally targeted Democratic districts, these men were now delivering a brutal message of noconfidence in the war. Indeed, many believed that war was no longer being waged for the Union, but instead for the abolition of slavery and, by implication, the end of their ability to earn their daily 3

bread. Large numbers were convinced that Republican employers were replacing white workers at the city’s docks, mills, and factories with freedmen—and at sharply lower wages. By this time, the troubles had also spread upstate: Troy was the scene of mass violence while serious incidents were reported along the length of the Hudson River Valley. Governor Seymour, a lifelong Democrat and heartfelt opponent of federal conscription, was rendered hapless for the moment. He was committed to the support of Lincoln’s military measures and duty-bound to restore law and order, but his stiff constitutionalism left him ill-suited to respond to the real war at hand. And now his political base (which included the crowd before him) had ceased to support the very war that federal law dictated they be forced to fight. Perhaps he guessed that, after several more days, the violence would eventually end, through some combination of exhaustion, an appeal from New York Archbishop John Hughes, and reinforcements from Gettysburg. But what Seymour could not have known at that moment, as he stood on the steps of City Hall, was that his state’s gaping fault lines—dividing citizens by race, class, ethnicity, and religion—provided a glimpse into the twentieth century. While the 1863 Draft Riots rightfully command historians’ attention, New York State’s experience of the Civil War offers many other scenes that foreshadow events to come. In fact, New York in the 1860s was itself a vision of the American future. The state led the nation in population, most industries, and many agricultural products. In 1860, the Port of New York served as the arrival point for 65.4 percent of the nation’s imported goods, along with a large proportion of the people and ideas that would claim that future. The ships that brought immigrants to America’s shores returned to Europe with holds full of U.S. exports, accounting for 30.1 percent of the 1860 national total. New 4 | Introduction

York’s wealthy elite financed both the Democratic and the Republican Parties, while its banking system had no national peer in size or efficiency. New York’s political diversity was too broad and rambunctious to be contained under any single rubric; its newspapers informed or inflamed the faithful and the outré of every party. Under the Democratic banner marched such groups as Mozart and Tammany Halls (who despised each other as much as they hated “Black Republicans”), the gentlemen of the Albany Regency, and New York City’s McKeon Democracy. And the Republican tent included conservatives like Thurlow Weed, centrists such as William H. Seward, and Radicals like General James Wadsworth, Horace Greeley, and Charles A. Dana, the Brook Farmer, Fourierite, and newspaperman who made Karl Marx the New York Tribune’s European correspondent for eleven years.3 Nevertheless, harmony and peaceful political and economic competition also were part of New York’s war years. After the attack on Fort Sumter, an estimated 100,000 people gathered in Union Square to support the war. During the conflict’s first two years, the state was governed by the highly competent merchant prince Edwin D. Morgan, who helped fortify its borders against enemies and convert its industries to war production. By Appomattox, New York would raise a total of 293 regiments and 65 companies of militia, Regulars, and volunteers; these 399,994 men represented 20.68 percent of the state’s male population. Just days after the attack on Fort Sumter, efforts began that would culminate in the U.S. Sanitary Commission, an organization that—with its emphasis on devising solutions to problems on an institutional level rather than a personal one—also held a glimpse of the future. And just eight months after the 1863 Draft Riots, Union Square would host the presentation of colors to the Twentieth Regiment of U.S. Colored Troops, the first of three such regiments sponsored by the Union League Club of New York. On the eve of the riots, the Massachusetts Fifty-

Fifth Regiment (colored) had been forced to circumvent the city for fear of sparking trouble. But in what must have seemed like another era, the 1,000 men of the Twentieth were cheered as they marched through Manhattan’s streets on March 5, 1864.4 As a geographical convenience, the federal census of the time grouped New York with New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and the slave states Delaware and Maryland into the Mid-Atlantic States. During the Civil War, however, the principal concerns of New York were not like those of Maryland and Delaware, which are best understood as clashes between modernity and its antecedents. What makes New York’s war-time experience so compelling is that its harmonies and conflicts were among the rival trends and competing interests of modernity itself.

K

States at War (SAW) is based on one unremarkable assumption—that it is impossible to imagine, let alone to think, research, or write about the Civil War, without reference to the states. Indeed, without states at war, there would have been no war, for it was the states that first recruited, armed, and equipped their respective national governments. In April 1861 it could have been asked, what were these “national” governments? Just after the Confederacy had been proclaimed, Confederate Secretary of State Robert Toombs, asked for the whereabouts of his department, famously if impiously retorted, “In my hat, sir, and the archives in my coat pocket.” Matters in Washington were better— where there were both government buildings and an existing bureaucracy (though reduced by defections) to fill them. But Washington was isolated from the loyal states and, until these marched to the rescue, the federal government was little more than a pair of empty gauntlets. On April 22, Connecticut Governor William A. Buckingham wired Secretary of War Cameron several times on urgent matters but received no reply. Perhaps wondering

who or what was at the other end of the wire, he dispatched his daughter’s fiancé, Colonel William A. Aiken, to Washington to seek out Lincoln and General Winfield Scott. After a harrowing trip through Maryland, Aiken arrived in Washington and found the “unbroken silence of its hotels and apparent desolation of its streets.” He met with Scott, who sounded a desperate note, demanding to know, “Where are the troops?” But it was Aiken’s meeting with Lincoln that conveyed a sense of just how bleak prospects seemed. Aiken recalled: No office-seekers were besieging the presence that day. I met no delay. Mr. Lincoln was alone, seated in his business room, up stairs, looking towards Arlington Heights through a wideopen window. Against the casement stood a very long spy-glass, or telescope, which he had obviously just been using. . . . He seemed depressed beyond measure as he asked slowly and with measured emphasis, “What is the North about? Do they know our condition?”5 By “the North” Lincoln meant the loyal states, in which final membership was still undetermined. If it is true, as Jefferson Davis said late in the war, that the South “died of a theory”—in other words, that its own states, steeped in states’ rights doctrine, refused to make the sacrifices required for victory—then it can be fairly said that the North lived by a theory: namely, the inviolability of the Constitution and the supremacy of the federal government. It was this idea that made those states cede political rights and force themselves to digest much that for many had been inedible only shortly before: emancipation, conscription, unprecedented taxation, interference in state elections, suspension of habeas corpus, arbitrary arrests, political prisoners, suppression of newspapers, inflation and, the most dyspeptic reality of all, the deaths of fathers, husbands, sons, and brothers from inscrutable disease or, less often, bad luck on the Introduction | 5

battlefield or lethally inept commanders. Nevertheless, most Northern states—and a few states on the border with divided populations (and some prodding by Yankee bayonets)—chose to live by this theory.6

K

Over the past 150 years, historians of Civil War battles, military units, and the doings of the two national governments, and biographers of the era’s great and near-great men and women, have had their burdens lightened by distinguished reference works, increasingly available (via Google Books) collections of correspondence, famous memoirs, and renowned secondary sources. Likewise, federal statutes, resolutions, and debates, War Department orders, and the indispensable Official Records now can be accessed online. Meanwhile the relentless (and welcome) progress of digitization has begun to make newspapers, pamphlets, letters, and other ephemera available in the original (soon, historians will have only themselves to blame for transcription errors). Resources are less available for those seeking information about the wartime histories of states. For historians, reference works can serve as sources for factoids, quotations, corroboration (or its absence), and bibliographic footprints (sources for sources). More broadly, such works can serve the inductive processes of historical thinking. With the exception of Series III of the Official Records (OR), however, there are few broad reference works that serve these needs for historians of states at war. What works are available are certainly distinguished (and remain useful) but may be too wide-ranging: consider William B. Hesseltine’s Lincoln and the War Governors, certain chapters in Fred Albert Shannon’s The Organization and Administration of the Union Army, 1861–1865, and the state-limited narrative of William B. Weeden’s War Government Federal and State in Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania and Indiana, 1861–1865. Or they may be excellent, but narrow in topic and limited 6 | Introduction

in state coverage, such as Eugene Converse Murdock’s Patriotism Limited, 1862–1865: The Civil War Draft and the Bounty System (it deals chiefly with New York State). Or, if broad, then too specialized—for example, Murdock’s One Million Men: The Civil War Draft in the North, which deals almost exclusively with conscription. Historians of states at war must pry information from multiple censuses, official records of state statutes, state legislative journals, legislative committee reports, reports of the adjutant generals, governors’ speeches, annual messages, and proclamations (often scattered through newspapers, biographies, and official state documents), local histories, and long out-of-print secondary narratives written by wartime contemporaries (usually defective as “modern” histories but invaluable for otherwise long-forgotten details of state and local events). In sum, historians seeking (between two covers) lists of important state general orders, warrelevant state legislation, coherent threadings of the correspondence contained in Series III of the OR, a culling of state adjutant general reports, or summaries of key census data, recruitment, draft, and bounty details—as well as an initial bibliography for answering questions relating to the foregoing— have had no single reference of their own. SAW cannot be all of these things with any completeness, but it represents a start. However, several gaps must be acknowledged so that readers may comprehend some of that incompleteness. First, SAW has nothing to say about the peacetime responsibilities that states carried throughout the war. These included funding and administering schools, prisons, poor houses, insane asylums, public hospitals, and regulatory agencies affecting banks, insurance companies, and railroads. This omission was not for want of documentation; in some cases during the war years, the length of annual reports about these matters exceeded those about war activities. As in other situations, economy dictated omission.

There also is the lamentable fact that, among the hundreds of voices featured in this volume of SAW, three are sotto voce: specifically, those of women, African Americans, and labor organizations. SAW is a creature of its sources, and those on which it draws reflect the period’s gender, racial, and economic divisions: elected and appointed officials, soldiers, and others in power were nearly all white males; managing and fighting wars was a man’s business (and initially, only a white man’s business). Urban labor unions, which could be critical in marshaling (or opposing) support for the war effort, rarely appear. In these official sources, women are present as mistresses of the home front, urgently raising funds, sewing, organizing sanitary fairs, and collecting and shipping vast quantities of goods to soldiers. Of course, in crediting women for these tasks, their male contemporaries had it right: this work was not just important but indispensable to maintaining morale’s double helix, with its entwined fronts of home and battle. Unfortunately, women’s efforts rarely rated more than a few paragraphs in official sources. Likewise, African Americans exist mostly in the third person in SAW’s sources: readers meet them chiefly as objects of official attention (sometimes sympathetic, other times hostile), as wedge issues deployed by Democratic politicians seeking to differentiate themselves from Republicans, or as credits against quotas in the eyes of manpower-hungry state officials. That black men ultimately appear as soldiers is a large part of the Civil War’s story, and that includes the history of states at war.

Organization of This Book The stories of the five Mid-Atlantic states are divided among three volumes. New York’s chapter fills volume 2 of SAW, while Pennsylvania’s does the same for volume 3. Volume 4 includes Dela-

ware, Maryland, and New Jersey. All state chapters are identically organized and should be read with reference to the Chronology of Events, Battles, Laws, and General Orders.

Chronology of Events, Battles, Laws, and General Orders This chronology lists important battles, Acts of Congress, presidential proclamations, and General Orders and Circulars of the War Department that, in varying degrees, affected all states. This list serves two purposes. First, to avoid repetition in each chapter, the chronology provides, in one location, important details about the activities of Congress, the president, and the War Department, as well as the names and dates of major battles. Second, the chronology can help readers avoid becoming marooned within a chapter: many chapter entries prompt referrals to the chronology for more information, especially about legal texts. As with state laws, those of the federal government are sifted for provisions of special importance to states, then summarized.

State Chapters introductory essay Each state is introduced by a brief introductory essay divided into four sections: War Geography, Economy in 1860, Governance and Politicians, and Demography. •  War Geography considers the state’s geographic position not only as it influenced its economy (e.g., harbors for shipping, rivers for waterpower), but also as it affected a state’s experience with territorial insecurities. Thus, international borders (Canada), borders with states in rebellion, and seacoasts and lakeshores vulnerable to hostile navies influenced how states might allocate resources to frontier troops, coastal fortifications, garrisons, coast guards, and militias. •  Economy in 1860 highlights state industries, Organization of This Book | 7

commerce, finance, and agriculture on the eve of war. •  Governance and Politicians discusses each state’s experience with slavery, and its responses to the Fugitive Slave Act; notes state constitutional provisions that are especially relevant to wartime matters; lists congressional districts in the ThirtySeventh Congress and delegations to the ThirtySeventh and Thirty-Eighth Congresses; notes legislators’ standing committee assignments, and gives biographical information about each state’s senators, representatives, and the “protagonists” of SAW, the governors and adjutant generals. •  Demography sketches each state’s 1860 urbanization, as well as its racial and ethnic composition, with particular reference to the 1850s KnowNothings, whose legacy created special burdens for many wartime governors. Readers will find that the information in all of these sections resembles concentric circles rather than discrete categories; thus, there are considerable overlaps. chronology Following the brief introductory essay, a detailed chronology is provided, outlining some major events and themes important to that state’s involvement in the Civil War. This chronology focuses on Key Events, Legislative Sessions, and State Military Affairs for each year from 1860 to 1865. •  Key Events are “key” from SAW’s perspective. Because these volumes center on states at war, the actors whose doings matter are governors, lieutenant governors, and adjutant generals; also presidents, vice-presidents, the secretary of state, secretaries of war, members of Congress, senior (and junior) War Department bureaucrats, and state political party officials; occasionally, individual state legislators appear, as do state supreme court judges, general officers on recruiting missions, 8 | Introduction

and private citizens with something to say. This cast is occasionally leavened by the acts of Confederate raiders, privateers, pows, pro- and anti-war mobs, newspaper burners, peace men, genuinely disloyal citizens, informers, clergy struggling to find their place in the war, unscrupulous war contractors, highly organized and philanthropic men and women, and a few spies. Together with the Chronology, Key Events hopes to provide a skeletal (at best) narrative of how a state responded to some of the war’s challenges. •  Legislative Sessions are organized by date and statute (“public acts,” “laws,” or “acts and resolves,” depending on state nomenclature). During this period at least one state held four meetings in a single year; several other states conducted three sessions each year. Each session is usually introduced by a quotation from the governor’s message to that legislature, which often set the agenda for the session. Readers should note that SAW’s summaries of statutes and resolutions have been substantially abridged. •  State Military Affairs conclude each year’s entry. This section attempts to summarize the year’s military events or trends, which can be difficult to chronologize. “Military” is broadly defined: among other things, it includes state financing of military necessities and recruiting expenses; conscription, enrollment, and recruitment data; and state operations supporting soldiers’ health and morale—portions of the latter often overseen by state military agents in distant cities. It is well to note here one aspect of the Civil War that bedeviled contemporaries as much as it has later historians: the utter irreconcilability of competing claims (between states and the War Department) for the numbers of men credited under calls. Aside from the influence of different interests (states argued that they had sufficient credits while the War Department confronted the reality of insufficient men), the answer depended on when one counted, whom one counted, and especially how

one counted. Readers are advised to be mindful of Sydney Smith’s advice about fishwives and arguments. Two fishwives from neighboring premises, Perpetually courted their nemesis. They could never agree In their quarrels, you see, For they argued from different premises.7

Editorial Considerations While the format for each state chapter is the same, readers will note differences between chapters in the length and type of some content. For example, more information about finances, quotas, or militia will appear in some chapters than in others. This is because there were significant differences among states in adjutant general and legislative committee reports involving when, and especially what, information was reported. First, adjutant general reports evolved in form and content as the war progressed. Also, the competencies and especially the staffs and budgets of adjutant generals (as well as the information that executive and legislative branches sought) varied significantly from state to state—and this was reflected in the kind and quantity of reported material. And there were political concerns too: then (as now) the executive branch was reluctant to document its own shortcomings, especially when it involved an adjutant or quartermaster general’s mismanagement, incompetence, or corruption. (Nor did opposing parties’ claims of corruption necessarily establish actual corruption.) Also, readers should be aware that executivebranch reporting requirements were very different among the states. In the Mid-Atlantic states, for example, the adjutant generals of New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey published annual reports, while those of Delaware and Maryland did

not. Similarly, New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey also published reports of state agents, quartermaster generals, surgeon generals, and others; this was not true in Delaware and Maryland. Biographical notes generally are not given for federal executive branch officials at the cabinet rank, for senior federal or Confederate army and navy officers (except those with strong state connections such as William Seward of New York, Simon Cameron of Pennsylvania, or Philip Kearny of New Jersey), for minor-party gubernatorial contenders, or for unsuccessful candidates for Congress. One of SAW’s objectives is to revive the narrative of state action during the war and this means biographical treatments of now obscure figures. SAW aspires to a uniform presentation of these lives more often than it succeeds. Less is known about some persons and what is known is not always the same information. Moreover, the information that does exist is often gathered from many texts, and the editor asks readers’ indulgence for what may appear to be excessive sourcing. States waged their wars locally as well as on distant battlefields, and providing biographical information on local actors was an editorial priority. What is true for less prominent state actors is also the case for many private soldiers’ welfare organizations. While national organizations such as the Sanitary Commission and the Christian Commission are well documented, neighborhood sewing circles, city auxiliaries of national organizations, and even some statewide groups, have left fewer tracks. Regrettably, this paucity also is reflected in SAW. State General Orders and Special Orders could be issued or signed by the governor, the adjutant general, or another subordinate, in his own name or on behalf of the governor or adjutant general. With few exceptions, SAW gives no special significance to particular signatories and attributes such orders to the state, as in “New York issues GO No. 1.” However, whether dealing with states or the Editorial Considerations | 9

War Department, personalities can matter and where (in the opinion of the editor) they do, the actual signatory is identified. Annual election results for state legislatures are given by party. In weighing these, readers are cautioned that in most cases the “real” divisions were less between Republicans and Democrats than they were between Unionists (almost all Republicans along with those Democrats who, despite criticism of the Lincoln administration’s policies on civil liberties and war management, supported a vigorous prosecution of the war) and weak or anti-Unionists (mostly Democrats), who were often “peace men” (pacifists, pro-secessionists, and even anti-secessionists who nevertheless opposed on constitutional grounds coercion of the South). The Mid-Atlantic region demands special attention here: outside of New York, the “Republican” brand developed late in states such as Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and was never an electoral winner in Delaware and Maryland; thus, more so than in other places, the “not-Democratic” party often adopted the title of “the Opposition” or, later, the “Union” Party. As in New England (and the rest of the country), the war divided the MidAtlantic’s Democratic Party into peace and war factions. Even considering Ohio’s Clement A. Vallandigham, no other region produced quite the number of what can only be termed “peace personalities,” men whose temperament and views combined to render them either celebrities or objects of hate, depending on one’s politics. New York’s charming and handsome Fernando Wood and his newspaper-publishing and novel-writing brother Ben; New Jersey’s James Wall, Daniel Holsman, and the relentless polemicist, former abolitionist, and Lola Montez public-relations agent C. Chauncey Burr; Delaware’s great gentleman of the U.S. Senate, James A. Bayard, Jr., and his notorious pistol-packing and hard-drinking colleague (an unfortunate combination), William Saulsbury; and Maryland’s brilliant inventor-engineer, Ross 10 | Introduction

Winans, the scholarly S. Teackle Wallis, and Congressman Henry May—elected as a Unionist, who promptly went to Richmond, declared (or so he was quoted) that 30,000 Baltimoreans were ready to revolt against Washington and, on his return, was greeted with demands for his expulsion from the House. These men lend special tones to the voices of millions of Americans, opposed or uncertain about the war, discouraged over its casualties and defeats, dismayed at the suspension of civil liberties, and socially (and in some cases, economically) threatened by the prospects of emancipating a race that almost none believed was or should be the equal of whites. Finally, readers should be aware of an editing peculiarity present throughout Series III of the Official Records. Many of the letters sent by the War Department to state officials were copied to other recipients or, in some cases, to all of the loyal governors or state adjutant generals. For reasons of economy, however, the OR’s editors chose to include only a single example of each letter; a list of other recipients appears nearby or, in a few instances, the statement “Copies sent to all loyal governors,” or some such wording. Thus, in searching for cited correspondence between Secretary of War Edwin Stanton and the governors of New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, or Delaware, readers may find the correct letter—but addressed to the governor of Maine! Examining the nearby list (if given) of other recipients should relieve any confusion.

Editorial Policies for Statutes and Resolutions The federal and state statutes and resolutions selected for inclusion under each legislative session or in the Chronology are not the précis of statutes so beloved by law students; although every effort has been made to include original quoted material, the laws reproduced here have been doubly edited. First, statutory provisions that were purely proce-

dural or irrelevant to a law’s main purposes have been omitted; second, what has been included has been paraphrased from the language of legal contingency into something like ordinary prose. However, the original names of statutes and resolutions are retained and sourced; statutes are grouped by legislative sessions and, when available, the dates of passage are given. (Note that capitalization in law and resolution titles is eccentric and often counterintuitive. They are reproduced here as they appear in the official texts.) Statutes and resolutions appear in order by date of enactment and not by the statutory or other number later assigned. Thus, statutory enumerations may appear out of sequence. The section numbers within statutes are in numerical order but with omissions: only sections that embody the statute’s main points are listed, while purely procedural provisions are omitted (with apologies to legal scholars who know that the line between “procedure” and “substance” is often blurry). Some statutes and resolutions are noted parenthetically but are not listed in full; these are designated by the words, “not listed here.” These statutes are usually amendatory or derivative from the statute that is reproduced, and are provided in the chapter endnotes for researchers seeking threads across, between, or within legislative sessions. It is with regret that necessary wordage limitations have forced the exclusion of certain classes of statutes: general congratulatory resolutions that praised armies, battlefield successes, soldiers, and units are usually omitted although occasionally referenced. Retained, however, are general resolutions that dealt with emancipation, and such policy questions as “hard” or “soft” war.

Reading States at War Understood collectively, SAW’s principal sources— the Official Records, state adjutant general reports,

legislative journals, state and federal legislation, federal and state executive speeches and proclamations, and the general and special orders issued by the military authorities of both governments—are actually a four-year conversation, in which most texts are linked to (or composed in response to) earlier texts or events. Thus, Robert E. Lee’s 1862 and 1863 invasions of Maryland provoke an “event cascade” throughout the Mid-Atlantic region: conversations between Washington and Pennsylvania Governor Andrew G. Curtin send shock waves as telegraphs click furiously between Harrisburg and Trenton and Harrisburg and Albany; and when Wilmington prepares for invasion and Baltimore, especially during the 1863 crisis, entrenches its western perimeter, many forts are constructed by African Americans, men so determined to help the government that General Robert C. Schenck, commander of the Middle Department, pleads with Lincoln to recruit them into armed battalions of sappers and miners. As historians know, however, the connections between most events, correspondence, and laws are not so tidy. And with a pretense to verisimilitude, SAW attempts to portray this untidiness by chronologically ordering the distractions, matters of real (or apparent) priority, random (but important) events, disasters, misunderstandings, and temperamental outbursts that operated to create (with apologies to von Clausewitz) “the fog of governing in war.” To the modern eye, this structure might seem like the transcript of a streaming news chyron: battles, correspondence, and assorted factoids roll by for days, months, and years. These include queries and replies, if known (with a few queries and replies not in the record but inferred from prior correspondence), as well as events and their consequences, if known; each is placed in its moment. For readers’ convenience, when a substantial interval (or distraction) occurs between such related items, parenthetical notes refer to the earlier or later question, law, general Reading States at War | 11

order, or event that initiated or resulted from the thread. (Because summaries of state legislation are grouped separately, they usually are not included in this structure.) Where the record discloses dialogue, the “conversation” (usually telegraph exchanges) is couched in conventional narrative terms: “Stanton said” or “Buckingham replied.” On occasion, however, such phrases as “Stanton was annoyed” or “the governor boasted” appear. Readers are free to disagree with these characterizations and should be aware that they are the editor’s inferences and not “facts.” The streaming chronological structure invites two ways to read SAW. One is vertical, considering each chapter as an outline of a state at war: its laws, elections, and federal relations; how it financed, recruited, organized, armed, and equipped its military units; as well as its support programs for soldiers and their dependents, among other matters. When integrated with the Chronology of Events, Battles, Laws, and General Orders, each chapter might stand alone as a skeletal history of a state’s war years.

12 | Introduction

But SAW also can be read horizontally. In volumes 2, 3, and 4, for example, readers can scan the same month across all Mid-Atlantic states, comparing reactions to the same event, or the different (or similar) solutions that states developed to solve the same problems (e.g., the welfare of soldiers’ dependents), meet challenges (e.g., dissent, recruiting), or cope with frictions that occurred as the federal government intruded into areas previously under exclusive state control (e.g., the federal interference in elections in Delaware and Maryland). What is different about SAW is not the facts it contains—these and the sources from which they derive have long been in the scholarly domain— but rather, its parallel presentments of states at war. The editor of SAW can hope for no more than that some future, better mind will read this material and, through the inductive reasoning that such a presentation invites, discern previously unrecognized differences, similarities, and connections that eluded him.

Principal Officers of the Department of War During the war, the federal officials that states usually dealt with on matters of recruiting, organizing, equipping, arming, transporting, and conscripting recruits were employees of the Department of War. The following list includes only the names of War Department bureaucrats that appear in this volume.1

Secretaries of War Joseph Holt, ad interim, December 31, 1860, appointed and confirmed by the Senate, January 18, 18612 Simon Cameron, March 5, 18613 Edwin M. Stanton, January 15, 18624

Assistant Secretaries of War Thomas A. Scott, appointment authorized August 3, 18615 Peter H. Watson, January 24, 1862, to July 31, 18646 Brigadier General Catharinus P. Buckingham, special duty, assistant to the secretary of war, July 16, 1862; resigned February 11, 18637 Christopher P. Wolcott, appointed June 12, 1862; resigned January 23, 18638

Adjutants General Colonel Samuel Cooper, resigned March 7, 18619 Colonel Lorenzo Thomas, March 7, 1861, pro-

moted to brigadier general, August 3, 186110 (From March 23, 1863, Thomas was on special duty and Col. Edward D. Townsend11 assumed his functions.)

Judge Advocate General Colonel Joseph Holt, September 3, 1862, promoted to brigadier general, June 22, 1864

Quartermaster General Brigadier General Montgomery C. Meigs, May 15, 186112

Chief of Engineers Joseph G. Totten, died April 22, 1864,13 replaced by Brigadier General Richard Delafield14

Chief of Ordnance Brigadier General James W. Ripley, retired September 15, 186315

Provost Marshal General Colonel James B. Fry, March 17, 186316 assistants to the provost marshal general Colonel George D. Ruggles, adc, aag, Brevet Brigadier General, to August 16, 186417 Colonel N. L. Jeffries, VRC, Brevet Brigadier General, USV, from August 17, 186418

13

Chronology of Events, Battles, Laws, and General Orders 1860 april 23: The Democratic National Convention assembles in Charleston until May 3. Southern delegates walk out over Northern Democrats’ refusal to endorse pro-slavery planks. may 9: The national convention of the Constitutional Union Party meets in Baltimore. 16–18: The Republican National Convention meets in Chicago and nominates Abraham Lincoln for president and Hannibal Hamlin for vice president. june 18–23: Democrats reconvene in Baltimore. 22: After Democratic delegates favoring secession walk out of the convention, Stephen A. Douglas and Herschel V. Johnson are nominated for president and vice president, respectively. 23: Democratic delegates who had abandoned (or been refused) seats meet briefly at the Maryland Institute in Baltimore and nominate John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky and Joseph Lane of Oregon for president and vice president, respectively. These delegates agree to reconvene on June 26 in Richmond. 26–28: Southern Democrats reconvene in Richmond and affirm the nomination of John C. Breckenridge for president and Joseph Lane for vice president. december 4: The U.S. House approves the appointment of one member from each state to form a Select Committee of Thirty-Three in an effort to adjust differences between sections. The

Mid-Atlantic members are James Humphrey (New York), Henry Winter Davis (Maryland), William G. Whiteley (Delaware), and James H. Campbell (Pennsylvania).1 17: A sale of U.S. Treasury notes fails, with no bidders below 12 percent interest.2 18: Kentucky senator John J. Crittenden proposes six constitutional amendments. First, that the 36°30' line be recognized as demarcating slave states (south of the line) and free states (north of the line.) Second, that “Congress shall have no power to abolish Slavery in States permitting Slavery.” Third, that Congress would not abolish slavery in the District of Columbia or prohibit federal officers and employees required to work in the District from bringing slaves there. Fourth, that Congress would not “hinder the transportation of slaves from one State to another, whether by land, navigable rivers or sea.” Fifth, that if fugitive slaves were “rescued” by violence or otherwise, Congress would compensate the owner for his loss and then sue the county wherein the rescue occurred for recovery. Finally, “Congress shall never have power to interfere with Slavery in the States where it is now permitted.”3 20: South Carolina secedes. 24: South Carolina issues a declaration of independence. It names the following states as having enacted laws obstructing the return of fugitive slaves: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Iowa. It also singles out New Jersey as having once been compliant but now enacting laws “which 15

render inoperative the remedies by [her own laws and the Fugitive Slave Act].”4 26: Major Robert Anderson transfers command from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter, Charleston Harbor, South Carolina.

1861 january 8: President Buchanan issues a message to the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives. While he repeats an earlier declaration “that no State has a right by its own act to secede from the Union or throw off its federal obligations at pleasure,” he also asserts that, “the executive department of this Government had no authority under the Constitution to recognize its validity by acknowledging the independence of such State.” He acknowledges that “I certainly had no right to make aggressive war upon any State, and I am perfectly satisfied that the Constitution has wisely withheld that power even from Congress.” However, he does believe that “the right and the duty to use military force defensively against those who resist Federal officers in the execution of their legal functions and against those who assail the property of the Federal Government is clear and undeniable.” He declares that “The fact can not be disguised that we are in the midst of a great revolution”; if anything is to be done, however, Congress must do it: “On them [i.e., Congress] and on them alone rests the responsibility.” Buchanan urges adoption of constitutional amendments to resolve sectional differences and adds that early on, “I determined that no act of mine should increase the excitement in either section of the country.” Accordingly, he declines to send reinforcements to Major Anderson.5 16 | Chronology of Events

9: Mississippi secedes. The Star of the West is fired upon as it attempts to resupply Fort Sumter. 10: Florida secedes. 11: Alabama secedes. 19: Georgia secedes. 21: U.S. senators David Yulee (Florida), Stephen R. Mallory (Florida), Clement Clay (Alabama), Benjamin Fitzpatrick (Alabama), and Jefferson Davis (Mississippi) resign from the Senate. 26: Louisiana secedes. february 1: Texas secedes. 4: Seceded states meet in Montgomery, Alabama. Meanwhile, in an effort to reconcile sectional differences, a conference of the states convenes in Washington at Virginia’s request. 8: Provisional Confederate Constitution approved. 9: Jefferson Davis becomes president and Alexander Stephens, vice-president, of the provisional Confederacy. 27: The February 4 peace conference adjourns. It produces a proposed constitutional amendment, Article 13, which has seven sections. (These are presented to many of the participating states’ legislatures for consideration.) Section 1: North of the parallel of 36 degrees and 30 minutes of north latitude, slavery is prohibited. South of this parallel, slavery “as it now exists” shall not be changed. Congress is prohibited from passing any law “to hinder or prevent the taking of such persons from any of the States of this Union to said territory, nor to impair the rights arising from said relation.” Section 2: No territory shall be acquired by the United States “without the concurrence of a majority of the Senators from States which allow involuntary servitude and a majority of all the Senators which prohibit that relation; nor shall territory be acquired

by treaty unless the votes of a majority of the Senators from each class of States hereinbefore mentioned be cast as a part of the two-thirds majority necessary for the ratification of such treaty.” Section 3: Congress shall have no power “to regulate, abolish, or control, within any State,” slavery, nor interfere with slavery in the District of Columbia without Maryland’s permission and that of the owners; Congress will have no power to inhibit the taking of slaves into any state or territory, nor shall Congress have the power to interfere with slavery in territories; however, the selling of slaves in the District of Columbia is prohibited. Section 4: Reaffirms the third paragraph of Article IV, Section 2, of the U.S. Constitution, that “No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping to another, shall, in consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from Such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service of Labor may be due,” and declares that nothing in that paragraph will be interpreted to prevent states and their agents from “enforcing the delivery of fugitives from labor to the person to whom such service of labor is due.” Section 5: Forever prohibits the foreign slave trade and vests Congress with the duty “to pass laws to prevent the importation of slaves, coolies, or other persons held to service or labor.” Section 6: The first, third, and fifth sections of this amendment, together with Article I, Section 2, of the existing Constitution, shall never “be amended or abolished without the consent of all the States.” Section 7: Congress will enact laws that

compensate the owner of a fugitive slave who is prevented from recovering such slave “by violence or intimidation from mobs or riotous assemblages, or when, after arrest, such fugitive was rescued by like violence and intimidation.” Also, the Privileges and Immunities clause (Article IV, Section 2) will be secured by subsequent acts of Congress.6 march 4: Abraham Lincoln inaugurated as sixteenth president. april 12: Fort Sumter attacked. 13: Fort Sumter surrenders. 14: Surrender ceremonies at Fort Sumter. 15: Lincoln issues a proclamation calling for 75,000 state militia. Secretary of War Simon Cameron simultaneously wires the governors, citing as authority for this call Chapter 36 (enacted February 28, 1795) and entitled, “An Act to provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions, and to repeal the Act now in force for those purposes.” This act includes the following provisions, among others. Section 2 (Lincoln’s proclamation tracked the enabling clause of this section): “That whenever the laws of the United States shall be opposed, or the execution thereof obstructed, in any state, by combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings . . . that it shall be lawful for the President . . . to call forth the militia of such state . . . as may be necessary to suppress such combinations.” The militia may be continued “until the expiration of thirty days after the commencement of the then next session of Congress.” 1861 | 17

Section 4: “no officer, non-commissioned officer, or private of the militia shall be compelled to serve more than three months.” Section 9: U.S. marshals “shall have the same powers in executing the laws of the United States, as sheriffs and their deputies, in the several states, have . . . in executing the laws of the several states.”7 17: Virginia’s convention votes to secede, subject to voter approval. Separately, Jefferson Davis invites applications for letters of marque.8 19: Lincoln proclaims a blockade of Southern ports. may 3: Abraham Lincoln issues a proclamation requesting 42,034 volunteers—thirty-nine regiments of infantry and one regiment of cavalry—to serve three years or the war. In addition to the volunteer service, the Regular Army is to increase by 22,714, and the Navy by 18,000 men.9 Separately, a governors’ conference convenes in Cleveland, Ohio. Morgan (New York) and Yates (Illinois) cannot attend and send representatives. Present is General George B. McClellan and Governors Dennison (Ohio), Morton (Indiana), Curtin (Pennsylvania), Randall (Wisconsin), and Blair (Michigan). The conference reflects dissatisfaction with what its organizers believe is Washington’s timorous policy in prosecuting the war, its lack of military organization and leadership, its seeming indifference to the importance of securing the Mississippi River, and its apparent inattention to the border states. Governor Randall writes Lincoln about these concerns.10 4: U.S. adjutant general’s office issues GO No. 15, specifying the size and organization to which 18 | Chronology of Events

state-proffered regiments must conform to be accepted into federal service. GO No. 15 also specifies that each regiment’s company and field officers “will be appointed by the Governor of State furnishing it.” But the president will appoint brigade and higherlevel officers. Requirements also specified in GO No. 15 include division and brigade organization; allowances for clothing, transportation, and bands; benefits to accrue in the event of wounds or death; chaplaincy appointments; and promotion from the ranks.11 6: Arkansas and Tennessee secede. The Confederate Congress passes “An Act concerning the existence of war between the United States and the Confederate States; and concerning Letters of Marque, Prizes and Prize Goods.” Section 1 authorizes the Confederate president “to issue to private armed vessels commissions” that sanction attack on “the vessels, goods, and effects of the government of the United States, and of the citizens or inhabitants of the States and territories thereof.” However, such cargo aboard neutral ships is exempt from seizure, and ships belonging to U.S. citizens and inhabitants (but not the U.S. government) are granted thirty days to leave port before being subject to the act.12 20: North Carolina secedes. The Confederate Congress votes to transfer its capital to Richmond, Virginia. 23: Virginians vote to secede. 24: Federals seize Alexandria, Virginia. Elmer Ellsworth, the North’s first “martyr,” is killed while lowering a secession flag from the Marshall House. 28: In Philadelphia, the Cooper Shop Volunteer Saloon and the Union Volunteer Refreshment Saloon open. Their patrons will include thousands of New England troops in transit.

june 10: Battle of Big Bethel, Virginia. july 4: Congress convenes in special session. 11: Battle of Rich Mountain, western Virginia. 13: Cameron issues a circular that declares, “No more troops will be received by this Department till authorized by Congress.” He has exhausted his recruiting authority.13 19: War Department GO No. 45 affirms that, “vacancies occurring among the commissioned officers in volunteer regiments will be filled by the Governors of the respective States by which the regiments were furnished.” This order also prohibits the enlistment of volunteers who are unable to speak English.14 (But see entry for August 8.) 21: Battle of First Bull Run. 22: Congress enacts Chapter 9: “An Act to authorize the Employment of Volunteers to aid in enforcing the Laws and protecting Public Property.” Section 1: Authorizes the president to accept the services of volunteers “not exceeding five hundred thousand, as he may deem necessary, for the purpose of repelling invasion, suppressing insurrection, enforcing the laws, and preserving and protecting the public property.” Enlistment terms will not be less than six months nor more than three years. “Before receiving into service any number of volunteers exceeding those now called for and accepted the President shall . . . issue a proclamation, stating the number desired . . . and the States from which they are to be furnished, having reference, in any such requisition, to the number then in service from the several States . . . and equalizing, as far as practicable, the number furnished by the several States according to Federal

population.” (This establishes the callquota-recruit pattern for the rest of the war.) Section 4: “The governors of the States furnishing volunteers under this act, shall commission the field, staff and company officers requisite for said volunteers.” Section 5: Authorizes a bounty of $100 to “Every volunteer non-commissioned officer, private, musician, and artificer” who has served a minimum of two years or the duration of the war and is honorably discharged. Section 6: The legal heirs of servicemen killed or disabled in service, “in addition to all arrears of pay and allowances, shall receive the sum of one hundred dollars.” Section 12: Authorizes the secretary of war to introduce an allotment system “by which the family of the volunteer may draw such portions of his pay as he may request.”15 25: Congress enacts Chapter 17: “An Act in addition to the ‘Act to authorize the Employment of Volunteers to aid in enforcing the Laws and protecting Public Property,’ approved July twenty-second, eighteen hundred and sixtyone.” Section 1 reiterates the 500,000-man call but adds the clarification that the president now may make such calls “as the exigencies of the public service may in his opinion demand.” Congress also passes the CrittendenJohnson Resolution, blaming the war squarely on the South and adding “that this war is not waged, on our part, in any spirit of oppression, nor for any purpose of conquest or subjugation, nor purpose of overthrowing or interfering with the rights or established institutions [i.e., slavery] of those States; but to defend and maintain the supremacy of the Constitution, and to preserve the Union . . . and as soon as these objects are accomplished, the war ought to cease.” 1861 | 19

The War Department issues GO No. 47, Section II of which requires that “officers of volunteer regiments will be subject to examination by a military board,” adding that “Those officers found incompetent will be rejected.”16 27: Lincoln appoints Major General George B. McClellan commander of the Federal Division of the Potomac, which includes all troops in the vicinity of Washington. Congress passes Chapter 21, “An Act to indemnify the States for Expenses incurred by them in Defence of the United States.” It directs the treasury secretary “to pay to the Governor of any State . . . the costs, charges, and expenses properly incurred by such State for enrolling, subsisting, clothing, supplying, arming, equipping, paying, and transporting its troops in aiding to suppress the present insurrection against the United States, to be settled upon proper vouchers, to be filed and passed upon by the proper accounting officers of the United States.”17 29: Congress enacts Chapter 25: “An Act to provide for the Suppression of Rebellion against and Resistance to the Laws of the United States, and to amend the Act entitled ‘An Act to provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union,’ &c., passed February twenty-eight, seventeen hundred and ninety-five.” Section 3: The president may call the militia to serve not longer than “sixty days after the commencement of the next regular session of Congress, unless Congress shall expressly provide by law therefor.” Section 4: Militiamen not responding to the president’s call may be fined up to one year’s pay and imprisoned for up to one year. Section 7: Federal district marshals “shall have the same powers in executing the 20 | Chronology of Events

laws of the United States as sheriffs and their deputies in the several States have, by law, in executing the laws of the respective States.”18 august 5: Congress passes Chapter 45: “An Act to provide Increased Revenue from Imports, to pay Interest on the Public Debt, and for other Purposes.” Section 8: “That a direct tax of twenty millions of dollars be and is hereby annually laid upon the United States, and the same shall be and is hereby apportioned to the States.” Section 9: Authorizes the president to divide the states and territories into “convenient collection districts” and, with Senate approval, “appoint an assessor and a collector for each such district.” Section 49: Provides that from January 1, 1862, the income of “every person residing in the United States [from whatever source that] exceeds the sum of eight hundred dollars, a tax of three percent [will be levied] on the amount of such excess of income above eight hundred dollars.” (This is the “direct tax” mentioned in Section 53 below.) Section 53: Each state or territory “may lawfully assume, assess, collect, and pay . . . the direct tax . . . in its own way and manner, by and through its own officers, assessors and collectors.” This section also allows a state to offset its direct tax by any amount due it from the federal government.19 6: Congress enacts Chapter 63: “An Act to increase the Pay of the Privates in the Regular Army and in the Volunteers in the Service of the United States.” Section 1: Increases the pay of privates to $13 per month. Section 2: Ratifies Lincoln’s call of May 3.

Also, Lincoln signs into law Chapter 60: “An Act to confiscate Property used for Insurrectionary Purposes,” better known as the First Confiscation Act. Section 4 asserts that a master owning slaves that are used “to work or to be employed in or upon any fort, navy yard, dock, armory, ship, entrenchment, or in any military or naval service whatsoever, against the Government and lawful authority of the United States” shall “forfeit his claim to such labor, any law of the State or of the United States to the contrary notwithstanding.” Masters seeking to enforce any claim in slave property will have such claim denied if it is shown that “the person whose service or labor is claimed had been employed in hostile service against the Government of the United States, contrary to the provisions of this act.”20 8: War Department GO No. 53 is issued, repealing the provision of GO No. 45 that prohibited the enlistment of volunteers who do not speak English. The department declares that the provision was “misunderstood” and that “volunteers are advised to enlist under officers whose language they speak and understand.”21 10: Soon-to-be Northern martyr Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon is killed leading his men at the Battle of Wilson’s Creek, Missouri. 15: The War Department issues GO No. 58. Section 1: Regular Army officers on mustering duty are appointed disbursing officers to pay claims of volunteer recruiting officers. Section 2: Recruiting rendezvous and camps of instruction “will be established at or in the vicinity of New York, Elmira, N.Y., Harrisburg, Pa., Cincinnati, Ohio, and other convenient places.” Volunteer recruiting officers are authorized to muster in their recruits once enrolled; afterwards, recruits will be sent to the various rendezvous for U.S. muster in, to be processed by Regular Army officers.

Section 3: The men of regiments not completed by the time required will be assigned to other regiments, at the War Department’s discretion.22 19: The War Department issues GO No. 61. This establishes the rules for mustering in by volunteer recruiters, themselves likely to be officers. Such officers who are not themselves federally mustered in, must arrange to have their recruits mustered in by an officer, volunteer, or regular, “already in the service.” Either a Regular Army officer (preferred) or a civil magistrate may administer recruits their oath. When one-half of a company is mustered, a first lieutenant also can be mustered; when the company is complete, a captain and second lieutenant can be mustered. Regimental field and staff officers may be mustered when the regiment is mustered, according to the following proportions: colonels require the muster in of the entire regiment; lieutenant colonels require four companies; majors require six companies; chaplains, surgeons, adjutants, quartermasters, and assistant surgeons also require the muster of the entire regiment.23 20: Major General George B. McClellan appointed commander of the newly organized Army of the Potomac. 25: McClellan writes Cameron and requests that he notify all governors that hereafter, no regiments be uniformed in gray, “that being the color generally worn by the enemy.”24 (See entry for September 23.) 28: Fort Hatteras, North Carolina, taken by federals. Separately, the War Department issues GO No. 69, the first order that authorizes regiments to “keep the strength of their commands up to the maximum standard of organization” by detailing select officers, ncos, and privates “to recruit in the districts in which the regiments or companies were 1861 | 21

raised.” Thus begins the policy of filling up existing regiments.25 september 3: War Department GO No. 16 announces the good news that pay will hereafter be made (“beside coin”) in “Treasury notes, in fives, tens and twenties, as good as gold at all banks and Government offices through the United States.” It adds: “Good husbands, fathers, sons, and brothers, serving under the Stars and Stripes, will thus soon have the ready and safe means of relieving an immense amount of suffering which could not be reached with coin.”26 6: Federals take Paducah, Kentucky. 7: War Department GO No. 73 notifies governors that “Hereafter no discharges will be granted to volunteers in the service of the United States on the ground of their minority.” The War Department feels overwhelmed by states improperly vetting recruits for those younger than eighteen years of age who lack parental consent. Aside from questions of maturity and the morality of recruiting child soldiers, there was the matter of fraud: a common scheme of unscrupulous parents or guardians was to enlist a minor, have him collect the bounty, and then seek his discharge by a writ of habeas corpus. GO No. 73 is one of a series of orders designed to deal with this problem. Army regulations already forbid those under twentyone years old from enlisting without parental consent; GO No. 51, August 3, 1861, declares that soldiers discharged for minority will not receive pay or allowance; GO No. 66, August 28, 1861, reiterates that minors will not be mustered into U.S. service without written parental consent. Fraud and administrative inconvenience being deemed the more serious problems, GO No. 73 attempts to end the matter by refusing to discharge minors once inducted.27 22 | Chronology of Events

16: The War Department issues GO No. 78, whereby “all persons having received authority from the War Department to raise [volunteers] in the loyal States are, with their command, hereby placed under the orders of the Governors of those States, to whom they will immediately report.”28 19: The War Department issues GO No. 81, specifying allotment procedures.29 20: Lexington, Missouri, surrenders to Confederates. 23: In a circular addressed to governors, the War Department specifies that no troops hereafter be uniformed in gray: “The blue uniform adopted for the Army of the United States is recommended as readily distinguishable from that of the enemy.”30 24: Lincoln issues a proclamation that, in its preamble, declares that because of insufficient volunteering, it has become necessary to draft militia. The proclamation also declares that, because “disloyal persons are not adequately restrained by the ordinary processes of law from hindering this measure and from giving aid and comfort in various ways to the insurrection,” it is ordered “First: That during the existing insurrection, and as a necessary measure for suppressing the same, all rebels and insurgents, their agents and abettors, with the United States, and all persons discouraging the volunteer enlistments, resisting militia drafts, or guilty of any disloyal practice, affording aid and comfort to rebels against the authority of the United States, shall be subject to martial law, and liable to trial and punishment by court-martial or military commission. “Second: That the writ of habeas corpus is suspended in respect to all persons who are now, or hereafter during the rebellion shall be, imprisoned in any fort, camp, arsenal, military prison, or other place of confinement by any

military authority, or by the sentence of any court-martial or military commission.”31 october 14: Secretary of State William Seward writes Maine’s Governor Israel Washburn (with copies “to the Governors of all the States on the sea-board and lakes”) warning that “disloyal persons [have] hastened to foreign countries to invoke their intervention for the overthrow of the Government of the Federal Union,” urging him to continue fortifying coastal defenses, and implying that such expenditures might be reimbursed by a future act of Congress. This letter stokes existing anxieties among governors.32 21: Battle of Ball’s Bluff, Virginia. 23: Lincoln having approved pay to the families of pows, War Department GO No. 90 establishes procedures for families to obtain payment.33 november 1: McClellan replaces Winfield Scott as generalin-chief. 7: Battle of Port Royal, South Carolina, and Battle of Belmont, Missouri. 8: In international waters, the U.S. Navy illegally boards the RMS Trent, a British packet, and seizes two Confederate diplomats, who are eventually incarcerated in Fort Warren, Boston. This episode provokes British protests, saber rattling, and some British military countermoves, thus lending urgency to Seward’s October 14 letter advising Maine (and other states) to fortify coastal defenses. 25: Cameron “respectfully requests” all governors “to withdraw all agents for the purchase of arms [including abroad] in order that the Government of the United States may make all such purchases with the greatest possible economy and remove the present inducement

for speculators to withhold arms from the service.” The effect of this order is difficult to determine, as states continued to contract through their state agencies for every type of ordnance.34 december 3: Lincoln delivers his first annual message. Separately, the War Department issues GO No. 105, an effort to take control of state recruiting for existing regiments. Section 2 provides in part that “The recruiting service in the various States for the volunteer forces already in service and for those that may hereafter be received is placed under the charge of general superintendents for those respectively, with general depots for the collection and instruction of recruits as follows, viz: The superintendents detailed will take charge of the recruiting service in the various States to which they are assigned on the 1st day of January, 1862.”35 4: Congress refuses to renew the CrittendenJohnson Resolution (see entry for July 25), which had proclaimed that the sole object of the war was restoration of the Union and not to interfere with slavery in the seceded states.36 10: The Joint Committee for the Conduct of the War is established. 24: Congress passes Chapter 4: “An Act to provide for allotment certificates among the volunteer forces.” Section 1: Authorizes the president to appoint up to three officials “for each state having volunteers . . . who shall be authorized by the President’s commission to visit the several departments of the army . . . and there procure from said volunteers from time to time their respective allotments of their pay to their families or friends.” Section 2: Those appointed as commissioners “will receive no pay or emoluments.” 1861 | 23

Section 3: The right of sutlers to place liens on soldiers’ pay is repealed.37 30: Banks suspend specie payments.

1862 january 15: Edward M. Stanton replaces Cameron as secretary of war. 19: Battle of Mill Springs, Kentucky. 27: Frustrated by what he believes is McClellan’s inaction, Lincoln issues GO No. 1, setting February 22, 1862, as “the day for a general movement of the Land and Naval forces of the United States against the insurgent forces.”38 31: Chapter 15, “An Act to authorize the President of the United States in certain Cases to take Possession of Railroad and Telegraph Lines, and for other purposes,” becomes law. Section 1: Authorizes the president “when in his judgment the public safety may require it,” to take possession of “any and all” telegraph lines, “their offices and appurtenances”; likewise, when required by public safety, the president is authorized “to take possession of any or all the railroad lines in the United States, their rolling stock, their offices, shops, buildings, and all their appendages and appurtenances.” The president can prescribe rules for operating the telegraphs or railroads, and place either under military control “so that they shall be considered as a post road and part of the military establishment of the United States.” Section 3: Appoints three commissioners “to assess and determine the damages suffered” by the private owners of any railroad or telegraph seized and recommend compensation. Section 4: “That the transportation of troops, munitions of war, equipments, military 24 | Chronology of Events

property and stores, throughout the United States, shall be under the immediate control of the Secretary of War and such agents as he may appoint; and all rules, regulations, articles, usages, and laws in conflict with this provision are hereby annulled.”39 february 6: The Confederate works at Fort Henry, Tennessee, surrenders to Flag Officer Andrew Hull Foote. 8: Federals capture Roanoke Island, North Carolina. 13: Congress enacts Chapter 25, “An Act making an appropriation for completing the defences of Washington, and for other purposes,” Section 3 of which declares that, “No volunteers or militia from any State or Territory shall be mustered into the service of the United States on any terms or conditions confining their service to the limits of said State or Territory, or their vicinities, beyond the number of ten thousand in the State of Missouri, and four thousand five hundred in the State of Maryland, heretofore authorized by the President of the United States, or Secretary of War, to be raised in said States.”40 16: Grant captures Fort Donelson, Tennessee. 21: War Department GO No. 18 declares that, “The Governors of the States are legally the authorities for raising volunteer regiments and commissioning their officers. Accordingly, no independent organizations, as such, will be hereafter recognized in the U.S. service.”41 25: Federals occupy Nashville. Congress enacts Chapter 33, “An Act to authorize the Issue of United States Notes, and for the Redemption or Funding thereof, and for Funding the Floating Debt of the United States,” commonly known as the Legal Tender Act. Section 1: Authorized the secretary of the

treasury to issue $150 million in U.S. notes, in denominations not less than $5 each. Section 2: Authorized the secretary to issue $500 million in medium- to long-term debt (payable not before five years nor after twenty) “to fund the Treasury notes and floating debt of the United States.”42 Separately, Stanton sends a letter to John A. Dix, commanding federal forces in Baltimore, with copies to “All other cities of importance,” which presumably includes Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. “All newspaper editors and publishers have been forbidden to publish any intelligence received by telegraph or otherwise respecting the military operations by the U.S. forces. Please see that this night this order is observed. If violated by any paper issued to-morrow, seize the whole edition, and give notice to this Department, that arrests may be ordered.” Also included is a form letter containing these warnings that is intended to be sent to editors and publishers. Stanton has this circulated to “To chief of police, New York. All other cities of importance.”43 march 6: Lincoln introduces a resolution to Congress, “That the United States ought to cooperate with any State that may adopt gradual abolishment of slavery, giving to such State pecuniary aid, to be used by such State in its discretion, to compensate for the inconveniences, public and private, produced by such change of system.” This will be approved by the House (97 to 36) on March 11 and by the Senate (32 to 10) on April 2.44 7–8: Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas. 8: Battle of Hampton Roads, the first day. The ironclad Merrimack (CSS Virginia) destroys the wooden-hulled Cumberland and Congress and runs the Minnesota aground.

9: Battle of Hampton Roads, the second day: the federal ironclad Monitor appears and engages the Merrimack but with indecisive results. Checkmated, the Merrimack returns to port and the federal blockade continues. 13: Congress amends the Articles of War: “All officers or person in the military or naval service of the United States are prohibited from employing any of the forces under their respective commands for the purpose of returning fugitives from service or labor, who may have escaped from any persons to whom such service or labor is claimed to be due, and any officer who shall be found guilty by a court-martial of violating this article shall be dismissed from the service.”45 14: Federals victorious at New Berne, North Carolina; New Madrid, Missouri; and Island No. 10. 17: The Army of the Potomac boards steamers to commence the Peninsula Campaign. 23: Battle of Kernstown. april 3: War Department GO No. 33 announces that, “The recruiting service for volunteers will be discontinued in every State from this date.” Officers on recruiting duty are ordered to return to their regiments, recruiting offices were to be closed and property sold with the proceeds deposited to the fund for “collecting, drilling, and organizing volunteers.”46 (But see entry for June 6.) 5: Siege of Yorktown commences. 6–7: Battle of Shiloh. 11: Fort Pulaski, Georgia, captured. 14: The War Department issues a circular noting that the [troop] returns from many states have been found to be “imperfect”; it now asks that each state make a new return showing all troops including home guards.47 16: Lincoln signs the District of Columbia 1862 | 25

Compensated Emancipation Act, abolishing slavery in the capital. 25: Federals enter New Orleans. may 1: The War Department issues GO No. 49, which permits governors to resume recruiting regiments but only on “requisitions made by commanders of the armies in the field.”48 4: Federals enter Yorktown. 5: Battle of Williamsburg. 9: Rebels evacuate Norfolk. 11: Merrimack sunk. 15: Battle of Drewry’s Bluff, Virginia. 23: Battle at Front Royal, Virginia. 25: General Nathaniel Banks retreats in confusion from Winchester, Virginia. 30: Confederates abandon Corinth, Mississippi. 31: Battle of Fair Oaks begins. It will end on June 1. june 6: Battle of Memphis, Tennessee. The War Department issues GO No. 60 restoring recruiting.49 8: Battle of Cross Keys, Virginia. 9: Battle of Port Republic, Virginia. 16: Battle of Secessionville, South Carolina. 25: The Seven Days’ Campaign begins. It will last until July 1, encompassing Mechanicsville (June 26), Gaines’ Mill (June 27), Savage’s Station (June 29), Frayser’s Farm (June 30), and Malvern Hill (July 1). july 1: Congress passes Chapter 119: “An Act to provide Internal Revenue to support the Government and to pay Interest on the Public Debt”—the first effective tax on income in the United States. Section 1: Establishes the office of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. Section 2: The president is authorized to divide states and territories into 26 | Chronology of Events

“convenient collection districts” naming assessors and collectors for each district. Section 9: Persons who submit a fraudulent list of taxable items “with intent to defeat or evade the valuation or enumeration required by this act” shall be subject to a $500 fine. Separately, Lincoln issues a call directly to the loyal governors for 300,000 men (claiming as its basis their earlier recommendations to him). Lincoln adds that, “I suggest and recommend that the troops should be chiefly of infantry.”50 7: War Department GO No. 74 establishes these premiums: $2 for recruits entering new regiments, $3 for those entering old regiments, and a month’s advance pay for those entering volunteer or Regular units. Of the $100 bounty authorized by Congress in July 1861, $25 will be paid in advance to recruits for regular or volunteer service.51 8: War Department GO No. 75 grants governors the authority, prior to the federal muster of any new regiment, to commission a second lieutenant for each company whose task includes mustering in new recruits. This order clarifies that, until federal muster, the regiment will be under the “exclusive control” of the governors. Moreover, it provides that “Where it is desired by the Governors,” U.S. quartermasters and supply officers in all departments “may turn over stores to the State authorities to be issued by them.”52 12: In one last effort to secure approval of compensated emancipation, Lincoln meets with border-state senators and congressmen at the White House. He states his belief that had they approved his March 6 resolution, “the war would now be substantially ended.” But the way is still open: “Let the States which are in rebellion see definitely and certainly that in no event will the States you represent ever join

their proposed Confederacy, and they cannot much longer maintain the contest,” he assures them. “But you cannot divest them of their hope to ultimately have you with them so long as you show a determination to perpetuate the institution within your own States.” Lincoln emphasizes that it is “the mere friction and abrasion” of the war that will doom slavery. If the border states do nothing, “It will be gone, and you will have nothing valuable in lieu of it. Much of its value is gone already,” the president observes. “How much better for you and for your people to take the step which at once shortens the war and secures substantial compensation for that which is sure to be wholly lost in any other event!” He stresses that emancipation will be gradual, and that colonization remains an option. (“Room in South America . . . can be obtained cheaply and in abundance.”) The president emphasizes that if they reject his proposal, “this is not the end of it.” He is under increasing pressure from others who (he implies) are pushing for immediate, uncompensated emancipation.53 (See entry for July 14 for the border states’ formal reply.) 14: Congress enacts Chapter 166: “An Act to grant Pensions.” Section 1: Any soldier, sailor, or marine in U.S. service “disabled by reasons of any wound received for disease contracted while in the service of the United States, and in line of duty” shall be “entitled to receive, for the highest rate of disability, such pension as is hereinafter provided in such cases.” Section 2: The widow and children (to the age of sixteen) of any serviceman who dies from wounds or diseases sustained in the service in line of duty are entitled to receive his pension at the same rate as if he were totally disabled.54 Separately, the War Department issues

GO No. 78, which restricts the furloughing of patients and invalids to certain conditions, including that the state have a U.S. General Hospital.55 The border states divide into two groups in their reply to Lincoln’s July 12 appeal, with a majority rejecting the proposal. Both groups issue written responses. These are the main reasons given for rejecting compensated emancipation: first, that it will produce “a radical change in our social system”; second, that it is an interference with state responsibility; next, that the outlay of so much money is unconstitutional and probably unaffordable, as Congress has done nothing to appropriate the funds and border state representatives lack the confidence that they will do so. The majority disagrees that emancipating slaves will end the war more quickly, believing that the Southerners who have united to wage war can only be divided (and hence the war truly brought to an end) by assuring the slave-owning class that their property will be protected and that they have nothing to fear from rejoining the Union (indeed, they argue, the war has continued because of abolitionist recklessness). The majority also believes that agreeing to gradual emancipation will not satisfy the abolitionists, who are insisting on immediate emancipation, and thus will continue to pressure Lincoln. In short, Lincoln should confine himself to his constitutional mandate and not stray into abolition. They conclude on a hopeful note, however: “If Congress, by proper and necessary legislation, shall provide sufficient funds and place them at your disposal . . . then will our State and people take this proposition into careful consideration.”56 The minority response, on the other hand, proposes to “ask the people of the border States calmly, deliberately, and fairly to 1862 | 27

consider your recommendations.” It mentions reports that the South has pledged to abolish slavery in return for foreign intervention; based on this, the authors declare, “If they can give up slavery to destroy the Union, we can surely ask our people to consider the question of emancipation to save the Union.”57 17: President Lincoln signs Chapter 201, “An Act to amend the Act calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections, and repel Invasions, approved February twenty-eight, seventeen hundred and ninety-five, and the Acts amendatory thereof, and for other purposes.” This authorizes Lincoln to draft 100,000 men to serve ninemonth terms. A federal bounty of one month’s advance pay and $25 in hand is offered. This call is intended to replace battle losses from the Peninsula. Section 12: Authorizes the president to “receive into the service of the United States, for the purpose of constructing entrenchments, or performing camp service, or any other labor, or any military or naval service for which they may be found competent . . . persons of African descent.” Section 13: African Americans who render service as described in Section 12 and who “shall owe service or labor to any person who . . . has levied war or has borne arms against the United States, or adhered to their enemies by giving them aid and comfort” (and his mother, wife, and children) shall “forever be free.” Lincoln also signs Chapter 195, “An Act to suppress Insurrection, to punish Treason and Rebellion, to seize and confiscate the Property of Rebels, and for other purposes,” commonly known as the Second Confiscation Act. The preamble declared, “That every person who shall hereafter commit the crime of treason against the United States, and shall 28 | Chronology of Events

be adjudged guilty thereof, shall suffer death, and all his slaves, if any, shall be declared and made free.” Section 2: All who assist “in any rebellion or insurrection against the authority of the United States . . . or shall give aid or comfort thereto” shall, upon conviction, be imprisoned for up to ten years, fined $10,000, and have their slaves liberated. Section 9: The slaves of rebels or of persons giving rebels aid and comfort who escape to federal lines, or are captured from such persons, or who desert such persons and come under U.S. control or “being within any place occupied by rebel forces and afterwards occupied by the forces of the United States” shall be “forever free of their servitude, and not again held as slaves.” Section 10: Essentially prohibits the return of fugitive slaves unless the claimant can swear that he is the lawful owner “and has not borne arms against the United States in the present rebellion, nor in any way given aid and comfort thereto.” The army and navy are prohibited from deciding the validity of these claims. Section 13: Authorizes the president to grant amnesty to persons formerly in rebellion, as he may decide “expedient for the public welfare.”58 25: War Department GO No. 88 issues. It authorizes and regulates recruiting details from deployed regiments to return home.59 august 1: U.S. Surgeon-General William Hammond reports that 28,383 men were sick or wounded in U.S. General Hospitals across the nation.60 4: The War Department issues GO No. 94, containing an order by Stanton (acting for Lincoln) that calls for a draft of 300,000 militia

to serve for nine months. If any state fails to provide its quota by August 15, “the deficiency of volunteers in that State will . . . be made up by special draft from the militia.” GO No. 94 is also concerned with the quality of officers and promises that the War Department will soon issue regulations to facilitate the “promotion of officers of the army and volunteers for meritorious and distinguished services, and preventing the nomination or appointment . . . of incompetent or unworthy officers. The regulations will also provide,” Stanton concludes, “for ridding the service of such incompetent persons as now hold commissions in it.”61 5: The War Department complains to states that their applications to release men already in federal service so that they can be commissioned in the new regiments, “are so numerous that great inconvenience and injury to the service must ensue if all are granted. Some general rule will be adopted soon and made known.”62 7: The advent of conscription brings requests for exemptions. Executive officers from five major Midwest railroads petition Stanton: the draft “is calculated to seriously embarrass the operations of the various railroads of the country by obstructing the services of engineers and machinists, which are indispensible” to the country’s transportation system, commerce and “military operations of the Government.” The executives request speedy exemptions from conscription for “engineers, machinists, and other experts employed by railroads . . . which can by no possibility be replaced without months of previous instruction.”63 8: Stanton issues two orders. The first is the “Order Authorizing Arrests of Persons Discouraging Enlistments,” which empowers “all U.S. marshals and superintendents or

chiefs of police of any town, city or district . . . to arrest and imprison any person . . . who may be engaged, by act, speech, or writing, in discouraging volunteer enlistments, or in any way giving aid and comfort to the enemy, or in any other disloyal practice against the United States.” The second is titled “The Recent Orders to Prevent the Evasion of Military Duty.” This order targets two types of offenders: “those who contemplate leaving the United States for the purpose of evading their military duty” and “those who leave their own State or place of residence and go into other States for the same purpose.”64 9: Battle of Cedar Mountain, Virginia. The War Department issues GO No. 99, which contains regulations for administering the conscription called for by GO No. 94, including the following provisions. Second: The governors will designate rendezvous for the drafted militia and notify the War Department. Third: The governors will enroll all ablebodied male citizens between eighteen and forty-five years of age within counties; the governors may appoint the enrolling officers; the enrollments will list the name, age, and occupation of each male, whether he is currently in military service, “and any other facts which may determine his exemption from military duty.” The federal government will reimburse all “reasonable and proper expenses” of the enrollment. Fourth: “Where no provision is made by law in any State for carrying into effect the draft hereby ordered, or where such provisions are defective, such draft will be conducted” by a number of provisions, including the following selections. 2. The governors may appoint a commissioner in each county “to superintend the drafting and hear 1862 | 29

and determine the excuses of persons claiming to be exempt from military duty.” 3. Exemptions include persons in the military service, telegraph operators, and constructors employed as of August 5, 1862; locomotive engineers; workers in public arsenals or armory; the vice president of the United States and all federal officers, judicial and executive; members of Congress and their clerks; post officers and stage drivers who transport mail; ferry men; mariners working for any “citizen or merchant within the United States”; engineers and pilots of steam ships; “and all persons exempted by laws of the respective States from military duty.” 7. Drafted persons may provide substitutes. Fifth: The War Department may appoint provost marshals in the states on the nomination of the governors, “with such assistants as may be necessary to enforce the attendance of all drafted persons who shall fail to attend at such places of rendezvous.” Sixth: States that have not met their quotas for the July call by August 15 will consolidate (under the governors’ direction) companies of incomplete regiments to make full regiments, and a draft will be made for the deficiency. Governors will fix draft quotas for each county. Seventh: Beginning on August 15, “no new regiments will be organized, but the premium, bounty and advance pay will continue to be paid to those volunteering to go into the old regiments.”65 13: Lincoln reads a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation to Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles and Secretary of State William Seward. Separately, the War Department issues GO 30 | Chronology of Events

No. 104, which declares that “no citizen liable to be drafted into the militia shall be allowed to go to a foreign country.” U.S. and state officials are directed to enforce this order “at the ports of the United States, on the seaboard, and on the frontier.” The order further declares that persons liable to the draft who absent themselves from their state or county are subject to arrest, and that “The writ of habeas corpus is hereby suspended in respect to all persons so arrested and detained and in respect to all persons arrested for disloyal practices.”66 14: The War Department wires all governors Stanton’s “Order Respecting Volunteers and Militia.” The order makes six points. First, after tomorrow (August 15), bounty and pay advances only will be made to volunteers in old regiments, not new ones. Second, volunteers in new units still forming will be eligible for bounty and pay advances until August 22. Third, volunteers in old units will be eligible for bounty and pay advances until September 1. Fourth, a draft for the August call will be held on September 4. Fifth, if old regiments are not filled before September 1, a special draft will be held for the deficiency. Finally, officers now in the field will not be permitted to return home for recruiting duty.67 16: War Department GO No. 108 circulates Lincoln’s order, dated August 14, that after August 15 (the previous day!), only volunteers recruiting into old regiments, or into new ones already organizing, will be paid.68 22: Lincoln presents a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation to his cabinet. A decision is reached to withhold its issue pending a military victory. 26: Second Bull Run campaign begins, encompassing Groveton (August 28), Second Bull Run (August 29–30), and Chantilly (September 1).

29: Reflecting on the federal government’s logistical competence, the War Department issues GO No. 121 which, among other things, advises that, “the sudden call for volunteers and militia has exhausted the supply of blankets fit for military purposes in the market . . . [and] all citizens who may volunteer or be drafted are advised to take with them to the rendezvous, if possible, a good stout woolen blanket. The regulation military blanket is 84 by 66 inches and weighs five pounds.”69 september 2: Lincoln returns McClellan to command of federal armies in Virginia and Washington. 3: At Massachusetts governor John A. Andrew’s invitation, fellow governors Sprague (Rhode Island), Berry (New Hampshire), Washburn (Maine), and Buckingham (Connecticut) join him at Brown University’s commencement in Providence for an informal conference. There is much to discuss—the hated McClellan’s return to command, Lincoln’s “inexplicable” reluctance to emancipate slaves, the employment of African-American troops, and pressing draft quotas. There is unanimous agreement that Lincoln’s cabinet should be flushed of conservatives and the army of McClellanism. The governors inform the radical National War Committee, already lobbying governors across the country for the same ends, to deliver this message to Washington.70 6: Pennsylvania governor Andrew G. Curtin sends John Andrew a note. “In the present emergency, would it not be well if the loyal Governors should meet at some point in the border States to take measures for a more active support of the government?” Andrew replies that he would attend any meeting scheduled. This is the first move towards the Altoona Conference.71

14: Battle of South Mountain and Battle of Crampton’s Gap, Maryland. The Confederates capture Harper’s Ferry the next day. 17: Battle of Antietam. 19: Battle of Iuka, Mississippi. 22: Lincoln issues the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. Among other things, it holds that as of January 1, 1863, “all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State whose people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.” For states returning to the Union, it offers the prospect of compensated, gradual emancipation, and encourages colonization by blacks (“with their consent, upon this continent or elsewhere”).72 See entry for January 1, 1863. 24: Governors Curtin, Andrew, Yates (Illinois), Washburn, Salomon (Wisconsin), Kirkwood (Iowa), Morton (Indiana, by proxy), Sprague, Pierpont (western Virginia), Tod (Ohio), Berry, and Blair (Michigan) sign the Altoona Address. The document makes the following declarations [unnumbered in the original]: 1. The rebellion has continued for eighteen months and “the duty and the purpose of the loyal States and people [are] to restore and perpetuate the authority of this Government and the life of the Nation. No matter what the consequences are involved in our fidelity . . . the hopes and toils of our fathers shall not fail to be performed.” 2. “And we pledge, without hesitation, to the President of the United States the most loyal and cordial support . . . in the exercise of the functions of his great office.” [The signatories describe Lincoln as the “Chief Executive Magistrate of the Nation, the Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, their responsible and constitutional head.”] 1862 | 31

3. “In submission to the laws which may have been, or which may be duly enacted, and to the lawful orders of the President, co-operating always in our spheres with the National Government,” the signatories pledge the “vigorous exercise of all our lawful and proper powers contending against treason, rebellion, and the public enemies . . . [until] unconditional submission.” 4. To keep the military fully reinforced, the signatories recommend establishing a 100,000-man force for one year’s service, to be raised after the states have met the current quota. This is justified as “a measure of military prudence, while it would greatly promote the military education of the people.” 5. “We hail with heartfelt gratitude and encouraged hope” the September 22 issuance of the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. (A somewhat convoluted justification of Lincoln’s proclamation follows, essentially arguing that if rebels assert the right “to compel any portion of the subjects of the National Government to rebel against it” then the federal government has “the right to establish martial law or military government in a State or Territory in rebellion [that also] implies the right and the duty of the Government to liberate the minds of all men living therein by appropriate proclamations and assurances of protection, in order that all who are capable, intellectually and morally, of loyalty and obedience may not be forced into treason as the unwilling tools of rebellious traitors.”)73 This paragraph also describes slavery as “the most efficient cause, support and stay of the rebellion” and declares that maintaining it creates 32 | Chronology of Events

a double standard: given the burdens of Northern conscription, which forcibly separates families, why should rebel owners be permitted to compel labor from their slaves? Moreover, it argues that the preliminary proclamation will help morale, for it “strike[s] the root of the rebellion [and] will lend new vigor to the efforts and new life and hope to the hearts of the people.” 6. In closing, the address praises “The splendid valor of our soldiers, their patient endurance, their manly patriotism, and their devotion to duty” and declares that it was from a “just regard” for these men that the governors have met.74 25: Lincoln issues a proclamation suspending the writ of habeas corpus. It asserts that “disloyal persons are not adequately restrained by the ordinary processes of law” from obstructing enlistments and the draft. First, the trial “by courts-martial or military commission” is declared for all “rebels and insurgents, their agents and abettors, within the United States, and all persons discouraging volunteer enlistments, resisting militia drafts . . . guilty of disloyal practice, [or] affording aid and comfort to rebels.” Second, habeas corpus is suspended to all arrestees “now or hereafter during the rebellion” who are detained in any “fort, camp, arsenal, [or] military prison” by military authority or by military tribunal or commission.75 october 3–4: Battle of Corinth, Mississippi. 8: Battle of Perrysville, Kentucky. november 7: Major General Ambrose Burnside relieves McClellan. 22: The War Department issues GO No. 193, which provides in part that “All persons now

in military custody who have been arrested for discouraging volunteer enlistments, opposing the draft or for otherwise giving aid and comfort to the enemy in States where the draft has been made or the quota of volunteers and militia has been furnished, shall be discharged from further military restraint.” However, persons released under this GO remain liable in civil or military courts for any offenses committed.76 december 1: Lincoln sends his annual message to Congress. 11: Battle for the occupation of Fredericksburg, Virginia. 13: Battle of Fredericksburg. 29: Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, Mississippi. 31: Battle of Stone’s River, Tennessee, continues until January 2, 1863.

1863 january 1: Lincoln issues final Emancipation Proclamation. Those states (or portions of states) that are not in rebellion are exempt from its provisions. In Louisiana, the list includes the parishes of Saint Bernard, Plaquemines, Jefferson, Saint John, Saint Charles, Ascension, Assumption, Terre Bonne, La Fourche, Saint Mary’s, Saint Martin’s, and Orleans, including New Orleans. Also exempt are the “forty-eight counties of West Virginia,” as well as Berkeley, Accomack, Northampton, Elizabeth City, York, Princess Anne, and Norfolk Counties in Virginia, as well as the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth. Among the proclamation’s other provisions is Lincoln’s appeal to slaves: “And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defence.”77 19: Burnside commences the Mud March; by

January 22, inclement weather will force its cancellation. 25: Major General Joseph Hooker relieves Burnside as commander of the Army of the Potomac. february 25: Congress enacts Chapter 58, “An Act to provide a national Currency, secured by a Pledge of United States Stocks, and to provide for the Circulation and Redemption thereof,” originally called the National Currency Act, now more commonly known as the first National Bank Act. Section 1: Establishes the office of Comptroller of the Currency. Section 6: Establishes minimum capital requirements (scaled to the population of the municipality where the bank is located) for participating banks. Section 15: Requires each participating bank to deposit with the U.S. Treasury an amount of U.S. bonds equal to one-third of the bank’s capital. Section 16: After making this deposit, each bank will receive 90 percent of its value in the form of U.S. currency. Section 17: Authorizes $300 million in currency for the purposes of Section 16. Section 18: Establishes currency denominations of $5, $10, $20, $50, $100, $500, and $1,000. Section 20: Prohibits participating banks from issuing “post notes, or any other notes to circulate as money, than such as are authorized by the foregoing provisions of this act.” Section 41: Requires each participating bank to maintain cash on hand equal to 25 percent of the total amount of its deposits and “outstanding notes of circulation.”78 (Chapter 58 will be superseded by Chapter 106, “An Act to provide a National Currency, 1863 | 33

secured by a Pledge of United States Bonds, and to provide for the Circulation and Redemption thereof.” See entry for June 3, 1864.) march 3: Congress passes Chapter 75, “An Act for enrolling and calling out the national Forces, and for other Purposes” (hereafter referred to as the Enrollment Act). This federalizes the process of enrollment, requisitions, and conscription. Section 1: Requires enrollment of “all ablebodied male citizens . . . and persons of foreign birth who shall have declared on oath their intention to become citizens,” aged between twenty and forty-five years. These men “are declared to constitute the national forces, and shall be liable to perform military duty.” (Note that there is no racial test for enrollment.) Section 2: Lists exemptions, including senior federal and state executives and males who are sole survivors or sole supporters. Section 3: Divides males liable to service into two classes. The first class consists of those between twenty and thirty-five years of age, and all unmarried males above age thirtyfive and below age forty-five. The second class includes all other persons subject to military duty. Section 4: Divides each state into districts, in most cases corresponding with congressional districts. Section 5: For each district, the president will appoint a provost marshal (PM) “with rank, pay and emoluments of a captain of cavalry” who will report to a pmg. (See entry for March 17.) Section 7: The PMs are instructed to arrest deserters, to “detect, seize and confine” enemy spies, and “to obey all lawful 34 | Chronology of Events

orders and regulations of the [pmg] . . . concerning the enrollment and calling into service of the national forces.” Section 8: In each district, there will be a board of enrollment made up of the PM (as president) and two others, one of whom will be a physician. Section 12: When calls are made, “the President is hereby authorized to assign each district the number of men to be furnished by said district; and thereupon, the enrolling board shall . . . make a draft of the required number and fifty percent in addition.” Also, in determining quotas, the president is required to “to take into consideration the number of volunteers and militia furnished” by a district in an effort to “equalize the number among the districts of the several states.” Section 13: Permits a draftee to furnish a substitute or pay $300; a person furnishing one of these “shall be discharged from further liability under that draft.” Section 19: When a regiment of volunteers falls below one half “the maximum number prescribed by law,” the president may order consolidation. When a regiment is consolidated, “officers shall be reduced in proportion to the reduction in the number of companies.” Section 20: When a regiment is consolidated, no officers will be appointed in that unit beyond the number necessary to command. Section 25: Any person who resists the draft, or “shall counsel or aid” others in resisting, or “shall assault or obstruct” persons making the draft “or in performance of any service in relation thereto,” or shall counsel others to do so, or counsel others “not to appear at the place of rendezvous, or willfully dissuade[s] them from the performance of military duty . . . shall be

subject to summary arrest by the provost marshal,” delivered to civil authorities and, if convicted, be fined not to exceed $500 and/or imprisoned for a period not to exceed two years. Section 26: Provides that after this act’s passage, the president may issue a proclamation “declaring that all soldiers now absent from their regiments without leave may return within a time specified to such place or places as he may indicate” without penalty beyond forfeiting pay and allowance during the absent term. Deserters not returning during this time shall be liable to full punishment.79 Congress also passes Chapter 81: “An Act relating to Habeas Corpus, and regulating Judicial Proceedings in Certain Cases.” Section 1: “That, during the present rebellion, the President of the United States, whenever, in his judgment, the public safety may require it, is authorized to suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus in any case throughout the United States, or any part thereof.” Section 2: The secretaries of war and state are required to furnish federal judges with a list of names of those retained “as state or political prisoners, or otherwise than as prisoners of war”; in all cases where a grand jury refuses to indict the prisoner, he will be released on court order, subject to taking an oath of allegiance. Section 3: Prisoners held under this act who are indicted shall have the right of bail or recognizance. Section 5: If any suit, civil or criminal, is commenced in any state court against any officer, civil or military, or against any other person, “for any arrest or imprisonment made, or other trespasses or wrongs done

or committed . . . at any time during the present rebellion . . . under color of any authority derived from or exercised by or under the President of the United States, or any act of Congress,” the defendant has the right to remove the case to federal court. Once removed, the state court can “proceed no further in the cause or prosecution.”80 17: Battle of Kelly’s Ford, Virginia. Separately, War Department GO No. 67 announces that Colonel James B. Fry is appointed provost marshal general of the United States.81 april 7: A fleet commanded by Flag Officer Samuel Du Pont attacks Charleston, South Carolina. 13: General Ambrose Burnside, now commanding general of the Department of Ohio, publishes GO No. 38, which declares, “The commanding general published for the information of all concerned, that hereafter, all persons found within our lines, who commit acts for the benefit of the enemies of our country, will be tried as spies or traitors, and if convicted, will suffer death. . . . The habit of declaring sympathies for the enemy will not be allowed in this department. Persons committing such offences, will at once be arrested, with a view to be tried as above stated, or sent beyond our lines into the lines of their friends. It must be distinctly understood that treason, expressed or implied, will not be tolerated in this department; all officers and soldiers are strictly charged with the execution of this order.”82 (See entry for May 4–5.) 21: The War Department issues “Regulations for the government of the Bureau of the ProvostMarshal-General of the United States.” These regulations give effect to the March 3, 1863, Enrollment Act, which federalized the enrolling and drafting process, previously a state responsibility.83 1863 | 35

24: The War Department issues GO No. 100, which establishes a law of war for conducting operations. Of particular importance to states are provisions regulating the declaration of martial law. These include the following. Section I.—Martial Law—Military jurisdiction —Military necessity—Retaliation. 1. Places occupied by the enemy are automatically under martial law. 3. “Martial law in a hostile country consists in the suspension by the occupying military authority of the criminal and civil law, and of the domestic administration and government in the occupied place or territory, and in the substitution of military rule and force for the same, as well as in the dictation of general laws, as far as military necessity requires this suspension, substitution or dictation.” Military commanders may decree that operation of the civil law and machinery may continue in whole or in part. 4. “Military oppression is not martial law; it is the abuse of the power which that law confers. As martial law is executed by military force, it is incumbent upon those who administer it to be strictly guided by principles of justice, honor, and humanity—virtues adorning a soldier even more than other men, for the very reason that he possesses the power of his arms against the unarmed.” 5. “Martial law should be less stringent in places and countries fully occupied and fairly conquered. Much greater severity may be exercised in places or regions where actual hostilities exist or are expected to exist. . . . To save the country is paramount to all other considerations.” 12. “Whenever feasible, martial law is carried out in cases of individual offenders by military courts; but sentences of death shall 36 | Chronology of Events

be executed only with the approval of the chief executive [the President], provided that the urgency of the case does not require a speedier execution, and then only with the approval of the chief commander.” 28: GO No. 105 establishes the Invalid Corps, later renamed the Veteran Reserve Corps. Recruits must be “unfit for active field service on account of wounds or disease contracted in line of duty,” must be “fit for garrison duty,” and must also be, “in the opinion of their commanding officers, meritorious and deserving.” Because GO No. 105 envisions recruiting discharged veterans who are now at home, aapmgs are given authority over recruitment.84 may 1: Battle of Port Gibson, Mississippi. Chancellorsville Campaign begins; it will end on May 5. 3: Battles of Second Fredericksburg and Salem Church (to May 4). 4–5: General Ambrose Burnside arrests Clement Vallandigham for violation of GO No. 38, issued April 13, 1863. (See entry for that date.) Over the past several weeks, Vallandigham has been a featured speaker at Peace Democrat rallies, where Burnside’s agents have been monitoring him. With an antiwar speech given on May 1 at Mount Vernon, Ohio—including an obnoxious, Burnside-baiting denunciation of the general order—Vallandigham crosses the line. In the wee hours of May 5, he is arrested at his home in Dayton and imprisoned in Cincinnati. After a military trial, he will be exiled to the Confederacy.85 11: Fry authorizes boards of enrollment to “divide their districts in such number of subdistricts as will enable them to complete the enrollment within twenty or thirty days from its initiation.”86

14: Battle of Jackson, Mississippi. 16: Battle of Champion’s Hill, Mississippi. 18: Federals commence siege of Vicksburg. 22: The War Department issues GOs No. 143 and 144. The former establishes in the adjutant general’s office a bureau “relating to the organization of colored troops.” An officer will be assigned to head this effort, assisted by “three or more inspectors to supervise the organization of colored troops.” Boards are established “to examine applicants for commissions to command colored troops.” No one may recruit these troops without War Department authorization, and no authority will be given “to persons who have not been examined and passed by a board,” nor may any person recruit more than one regiment. The War Department will establish depots and recruiting stations. ncos may be recruited from “the best men of their [i.e., the colored troops’] number.” GO No. 144 establishes rules for examining applicants “for commissions in regiments of colored troops.” Applicants will be “subjected to fair but rigorous examination as to physical, mental and moral fitness to command troops.” Requirements include “good moral character and standing in the community in which the applicant resided, or, if in the military service, on testimonials from his commanding officers.” No person rejected by the board can be re-examined.87 june 5: Assistant Adjutant General E. D. Townsend issues a circular that declares, “On the application of a provost-marshal for military aid in the performance of the duties imposed on him by law [the Enrollment Act], the commanding officer of a military department will furnish such force as he may deem necessary. If he cannot supply the force asked

for, or does not deem it necessary, he will immediately so inform the provost-marshal in order that the latter may properly advise the Provost-Marshal-General.” This provision gives provost marshals access to the full power (where available) of the volunteer or Regular Army to enforce matters such as enrollment, noticing, and conscription, as well as guard and anti-riot duty.88 9: Cavalry battle at Brandy Station, Virginia. 14: Battle of Second Winchester, Virginia; it will conclude the next day. 15: Lincoln calls for 100,000 six-month militia: 10,000 from Maryland; 50,000 from Pennsylvania; 30,000 from Ohio; and 10,000 from West Virginia.89 25: The War Department issues GO No. 191, which, “In order to increase the armies now in the field, volunteer infantry, cavalry, and artillery may be enlisted, at any time within ninety days of this date, in the respective States.” I. Enlistments are to be for a minimum of three years. II. Able-bodied men with at least nine months’ service may enlist as a veteran volunteer. III. Enlisted veterans are entitled to receive $402 in bounty payable in installments ($400) and a premium ($2). After federal muster, one month’s pay ($13), the first bounty installment ($25), and the premium will be paid in hand. IV. If these units do not serve the full three years, they remain entitled to the full bounty. V. “As a badge of honorable distinction, ‘service chevrons’ will be furnished by the War Department, to be worn by the veteran volunteers.” IX. Officers whose units re-enlist as veteran volunteers “shall have their commissions continued, so as to preserve their date of 1863 | 37

rank as fixed by their original muster into United States service.” X. Veteran volunteers are granted thirty days’ furlough “after the expiration of their original term of service.” XI. Veteran volunteers will be credited to states as three years’ men.90 27: Hooker relieved by Major General George Gordon Meade. july 1–3: Battle of Gettysburg. 4: Vicksburg surrenders. 8: Federals capture Port Hudson. John Hunt Morgan crosses the Ohio River and enters Indiana. 19: In Circular No. 53, pmg Fry establishes rules to determine the alienage exemption. Claims for exemption turn on two questions: Is the claimant the subject of a foreign government? And, has he ever declared his intention to become a citizen? The answer matters in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania because of the high percentage of foreign-born residents.91 20: Fry writes Stanton that, “It is plain from the signs of the times that the question of the constitutionality of the enrollment act will very soon be carried before certain state courts, and it is probable that decisions will be rendered adverse to the interests of the United States.” Given the “present condition of public mind,” he urges the secretary to have the constitutionality of the act tested “at once” by the U.S. Supreme Court.92 26: John Hunt Morgan captured in Ohio. august 3: In GO No. 268, the War Department announces that the emergencies prompting the June 15 call for 100,000 six months’ militia are over and that no more will be accepted.93 21: William Clarke Quantrill burns Lawrence, Kansas, and massacres military-aged males. 38 | Chronology of Events

september 15: Lincoln issues “Proclamation Suspending Writ of Habeas Corpus.” Its preamble notes the constitutional authority for suspending the writ (“rebellion, or invasion, the public safety may require it”). It also notes that on March 3, 1863 (see Chronology for that date), the rebellion was still ongoing and refers back to Chapter 81: “An Act relating to Habeas Corpus, and regulating Judicial Proceedings in Certain Cases,” in which Congress had delegated to the president the authority to suspend the writ. Lincoln now does so in cases where U.S. military or civil officers are holding in custody pows, spies, “aiders or abettors of the enemy,” regularly enrolled servicemen [to prevent writs freeing them from service], deserters, any persons “otherwise amenable to military law or the rules and articles of war or the rules and regulations prescribed for the military or naval services” by the president, and any person arrested “for resisting the draft, or for any other offense against a military or naval service.” Furthermore, the writ in these cases is suspended throughout the United States, and will continue to be suspended throughout the rebellion.94 19–20: Battle of Chickamauga, Georgia. october 14: Battle of Bristoe Station, Virginia. 17: Lincoln issues a call for 300,000 troops, giving as his reason that “the term of service of a part of the volunteer forces of the United States will expire during the coming year.” Volunteers raised under this call will be credited against the next draft quotas. States failing to meet their quotas will face a draft for any deficiency on January 5, 1864.95 27: Grant relieves Chattanooga. november 19: Lincoln delivers Gettysburg Address.

23: Battle of Chattanooga begins; it will conclude November 25 with the Battle of Missionary Ridge. 26: Meade commences Mine Run Campaign. december 8: Lincoln delivers his annual message and also issues the “Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction.” He offers pardons “to persons who have, directly or by implication, participated in the existing rebellion.” Such pardons include the “restoration of all rights of property, except as to slaves . . . upon the condition that every such person shall take and subscribe to an oath [of loyalty].” Excepted from this offer are “officers and agents of the so-called confederate government; all who have left judicial stations under the United States to aid the rebellion”; all military officers above the rank of colonel in the army or lieutenant in the navy; all who resigned U.S. commissions; and all who have mistreated federal pows, white or black. Of great importance is the provision that permits 10 percent of the number of voters participating in the 1860 election (and who have taken the oath) to rejoin the Union by voting to establish a state government that is “republican, and no wise contravening said oath.” Moreover, the proclamation declares that “any provision which may be adopted [by such rejoining state] in relation to the freed people of such State, which shall recognize and declare their permanent freedom, provide for their education, and which may yet be consistent, as a temporary arrangement, with their present condition as a laboring, landless and homeless class, will not be objected to by the national Executive.”96 15: A War Department circular instructs re-enlisted volunteers who are returning home for furloughs to report, through their state governors, to the

U.S. superintendent of recruiting for their states. These superintendents will arrange for transportation and subsistence.97 Federal authorities, however, are unprepared for the influx of returning re-enlistees.

1864 february 1: Lincoln calls for a March 10 draft of 500,000 men to serve three years or the war. 14: Sherman enters Meridian, Mississippi. 20: Battle of Olustee, Florida. 24: Congress passes Chapter 13, “An Act to amend an act entitled ‘an act for enrolling and calling out the national forces and for other purposes,’ approved March third, eighteen hundred and sixty-three.” This law is the first major amendment of the Enrollment Act. Section 2: “That the quota of each ward of a city, town, township, precinct, or election district, or of a county, where the county is not divided into wards, towns, townships, precincts, or election districts, shall be as nearly as possible in proportion to the number of men resident therein liable to render military service, taking into account, as far as practicable, the number which has been previously furnished therefrom.” Section 5: Persons furnishing a substitute are exempt from the present and future drafts so long as the substitute is exempt (e.g., if the substitute enlists for three years, the person furnishing the substitute is likewise exempt for three years). However, draftees paying the $300 commutation fee are exempt only from the call for which the money was paid. Section 7: Mariners (with proof of occupation) who have received notice of a draft may exempt themselves from the draft by 1864 | 39

enlisting in the navy within eight days of the notice. Section 8: Mariners specified in Section 7 above will be credited to their locality against its quota. Section 9: All naval and marine corps enlistments after February 24, 1864, will be credited against local quotas. Section 17: Adherents of religions claiming by oath “that they are conscientiously opposed to the bearing of arms, and are prohibited from doing so by the rules and articles of faith and practice” of the denomination, are deemed “non-combatants and shall be assigned . . . to duty in the hospitals, or to the care of freedmen, or shall pay the sum of three hundred dollars.” However, no one can claim this exemption “unless his declaration of conscientious scruples against bearing arms shall be supported by satisfactory evidence that his deportment has been uniformly consistent with such declaration.” Section 18: Foreign birth alone is not cause for exemption from enrollment or draft, and the fact that a claimant for exemption by alienage has voted or held office is “conclusive evidence” that he is not entitled to exemption. Section 24: “That all able-bodied male colored persons between the ages of twenty and forty-five years, resident in the United States, shall be enrolled according to the provisions of this act.” When the slave of a loyal master is drafted and mustered, and the master receives “a certificate thereof [i.e., the slave will serve as the master’s substitute],” the bounty of $100 shall be paid to master, and “thereupon such slave shall be free.” The secretary of war will appoint a commission in each slave state now represented in Congress that will award “each loyal person to whom a colored volunteer may owe service a just 40 | Chronology of Events

compensation not exceeding three hundred dollars for each such colored volunteer . . . [who] on being mustered into the service, shall be free.”98 march 1: A federal raid on Richmond is unsuccessful. 4: War Department GO No. 91, issued under Section 7 of Chapter 13 (see entry for February 24), establishes a national naval quota of 12,000. These are apportioned to naval stations as follows: Cairo (Illinois), 1,000; Boston, 2,000; New York, 5,000; Philadelphia, 3,000; and Baltimore, 1,000.99 9: Ulysses S. Grant is appointed lieutenant general. 14: Lincoln calls for 200,000 men, “in order to supply the force required to be drafted for the Navy, and to provide an adequate reserve force for all contingencies.” This call is in addition to the 500,000-man call of February 1, 1864. Existing government bounties are continued to April 1, after which the bounty will revert to $100, as originally provided by Congress on July 22, 1861. Volunteers will be accepted through April 15, after which “drafts will be commenced as soon as practicable.”100 april 8: Battle of Sabine Crossroads, Louisiana. 12: Fort Pillow Massacre. 21: Governors Brough (Ohio), Morton (Indiana), Yates (Illinois), Stone (Iowa), and Lewis (Wisconsin) write Lincoln and offer 100,000 hundred-day troops “for the approaching campaign.” They are apportioned as follows: Ohio, 30,000; Indiana, 20,000; Illinois, 20,000; Iowa, 10,000; and Wisconsin, 5,000. Stanton forwards the offer to General Grant for his opinion. “As a rule I oppose receiving men for a short term,” Grant replies, but if these men could be raised quickly, “they might come at such a crisis as to be of vast importance.” Grant does not believe these recruits should be

credited against quotas for three-years’ men but otherwise favors the idea.101 22: Stanton forwards Grant’s reply to Lincoln, accompanied by an estimate that equipping the proposed force will cost $25 million. Stanton adds that, “I am in favor of accepting the offer.”102 23: Lincoln accepts the governors’ offer.103 may 2: An organization called The Ladies National Covenant assembles in Washington. With members drawn from most of the loyal states, the organization’s object “shall be to unite the women of the country in the earnest resolution to purchase no imported articles of apparel, where American can possibly be substituted during the continuance of the war.” In a mission statement, the Covenant declares that, “It has not been sufficiently impressed upon [women] that the encouragement of extravagant importations is injurious to the public good. . . . [Every] ounce of gold that goes from the country detracts from the pay of the soldier who is fighting for our salvation, and diminishes the wages of our sister women, who toil for their bread, into a miserable pittance that scarcely suffices to keep them from starvation. The precious metal that flows from this country to Europe for the luxuries we do not need increases the price of gold here, depredates the value of our national currency, and helps to sweep the necessaries of life beyond the reach of the working man.” Prominent Washingtonians present include the wives of Senator Jim Lane, Senator Henry Wilson, Congressman Frederick Pike, and the late Senator Stephen A. Douglas.104 4: The Army of the Potomac crosses the Rapidan River. 5–7: Battle of the Wilderness. 7: Sherman commences his Atlanta campaign.

11: Cavalry battle at Yellow Tavern, Virginia. 14: Battle at Resaca, Georgia; it will end on May 15. 15: Battle at New Market, Virginia. 16: Battle at Drewry’s Bluff, Virginia. 18: The New York World and New York’s Journal of Commerce publish a spurious presidential proclamation calling for a day of prayer, fasting, and humiliation, and, citing the “situation in Virginia, the disaster at Red River [the abortive campaign for Texas], the delay at Charleston . . . the general state of the country. . . . [And] . . . the pending expiration of 100,000 of our troops,” calls for 400,000 men. If the recruits are not furnished by June 15, a draft will take place on that day.105 23: Battles of North Anna, Virginia, begin; they will end on May 26. 25: New Hope Church Campaign begins in Georgia; it will end on June 4. 31: With a call, “To the Radical Men of the Nation,” 350 delegates assemble in Cleveland for the Radical Democracy Convention of 1864. It nominates John Fremont for president and John Cochrane for vice president.106 june 1–3: Battles of Cold Harbor. 3: Congress enacts Chapter 106 (superseding Chapter 58—see entry for February 25, 1863), “An Act to provide a National Currency, secured by a Pledge of United States Bonds, and to provide for the Circulation and Redemption thereof,” commonly known as the National Banking Act of 1864. Section 1: Establishes the office of deputy comptroller for executing the act’s provisions. Section 7: Establishes minimum capital requirements for banks. First, no bank can be organized under this act with capital less than $100,000; in cities with 50,000 persons or more, $200,000 is required. [The treasury secretary is given discretion 1864 | 41

to admit banks with $50,000 in capital in cities not exceeding 6,000 persons.] Section 16: Requires participating banks to deposit U.S. bonds equal to one-third of their capital (but not less than $30,000) with the U.S. Treasury. Section 21: Stipulates that the comptroller may advance currency to participating banks equal to 90 percent of the value of the deposited bonds. Section 23: Prohibits banks from circulating “post notes or any other notes to circulate as money than such as are authorized” by this act. (This repeats Chapter 58’s prohibition of banks issuing state or bank currency.) Section 31: Scales the required ratio of cash on hand to currency in circulation to population. Participating banks in St. Louis, Louisville, Chicago, Detroit, Milwaukee, New Orleans, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Boston, New York, Albany, Leavenworth, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C., are required to maintain liquidity at 25 percent; other participating banks at 15 percent. Section 32: Allows banks to keep up to 50 percent of their currency in banks in the city of New York. 7–8: At their national convention, the Republican Party (renamed the National Union Party) nominates Abraham Lincoln for president on the first ballot. For vice president, Maine’s Hannibal Hamlin is dropped in favor of Tennessee’s Andrew Johnson.107 10: Battle at Brice’s Crossroads, Mississippi. 14–15: The Army of the Potomac crosses the James River. 15: Congress passes Chapter 124, “An act making Appropriations for the Support of the Army for the Year ending the thirtieth of June, eighteen hundred and sixty-five, and for other purposes.” Section 3: All African American males enlisted 42 | Chronology of Events

and mustered under the call of October 17, 1863, “shall receive from the United States the same amount of bounty without regard to color.” Section 4: African American males who were free on April 19, 1861, and who have enlisted and mustered into U.S. service “shall be entitled to receive the pay, bounty, and clothing allowed to persons by the laws of the United States.”108 16: Petersburg, Virginia, is unsuccessfully attacked. Two days later the federals entrench for a siege. 27: Battle of Kennesaw Mountain, Georgia. july 4: Congress passes Chapter 237, “An act further to regulate and provide for the enrolling and calling out the national forces and for other purposes.” Section 1: The president is authorized to call men for one, two, or three years who shall receive bounties of $100, $200, and $300, respectively. Section 2: The commutation clause is repealed: “no payment of money shall be accepted or received by the government as commutation to release any enrolled or drafted man from personal obligation to perform military service.” Moreover, if any subdivision fails to meet its quota within fifty days of a presidential call, the “President shall immediately order a draft for one year to fill such quota, or any part thereof which may be unfilled.” Section 3: Governors may send agents to recruit in “any of the former states declared to be in rebellion,” except for Arkansas, Tennessee, and Louisiana. These recruits can be credited to the states under any call of the president. Section 8: States may now receive credit for

naval enlistments. When combined with the provisions of Chapter 13 (see entry for February 24), all naval enlistments, past and present, are to be credited against state quotas and deficiencies.109 7: The secretary of war begins appointing commissions (one for each state) to determine the number of naval enlistments since the beginning of the war that should be credited against each state’s quota.110 9: Battle at Monocacy, Maryland. 14: Battle of Tupelo, Mississippi. 18: Lincoln calls for 500,000 men and specifies that volunteers will be accepted for one, two, or three-year terms. His reasons are that the recent enrollment has been completed, and plans should be “put in operation for recruiting and keeping up the strength of the armies in the field, for garrisons, and such military operations as may be required for . . . suppressing the rebellion.” A draft to cure any deficiency will be held on September 5.111 (This quota will eventually be reduced by Congress to 280,000 men. See entry for December 19.) 20: Battle of Peachtree Creek, Georgia. 22: Battle of Atlanta, Georgia. 24: Second Battle of Kernstown, Virginia. 28: Battle of Ezra Church, Georgia. 30: Battle of the Crater, Petersburg, Virginia. august 1: War Department solicitor general William Whiting issues an opinion that establishes the “rule of equalization.” This is the method by which recruits for different terms of service (one, two, or three years) are weighted: “Hence the rule of equalization requires that the number of men furnished from each district should be multiplied by the number of years of each man’s service. The product gives the amount of years service actually rendered.” Thus, a one-year recruit is equivalent to

one-third of a three-year recruit; a two-year recruit is equivalent to two-thirds of a threeyear recruit; and a nine-month recruit is equivalent to one-fourth of a three-year recruit. Henceforth, these “years of service” (and not the number of men) will be aggregated for each jurisdiction in determining quotas.112 5: Battle of Mobile Bay. 6: The CSS Tallahassee slips through the federal blockade around Wilmington, North Carolina. 18–19: Battle of Weldon Railroad, Virginia. 19: Stanton appoints a commission led by Senator Edward Morgan (New York), Senator Lot M. Morrill (Maine), and ex-Congressman Thomas M. Howe (Pennsylvania) to visit New England, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware “to inspect the operations of the recruiting offices and boards of enrollment and provost marshals.” The commission has five assignments. First, they are to visit each state’s capital and inspect the operation of the recruiters, boards of enrollment, and provost marshals to determine if the enrollments are sound, if steps have been taken for implementing the draft, and to uncover any “delay, neglect, or fraud practiced by those officers.” Second, they are to evaluate the efficiency of “examining surgeons, mustering and disbursing officers”; third, to determine whether efficient measures have been taken to prevent desertion by accepted draftees; fourth, to meet with state governors to evaluate their satisfaction with federal officials in the state; and fifth, to “impress upon the State authorities, and upon all loyal and patriotic citizens with whom you may have intercourse, the urgent necessity of filling up our armies without delay.”113 25: Battle of Ream’s Station, Virginia. 26: The CSS Tallahassee returns safely to Wilmington, North Carolina, after inflicting severe damage on East Coast shipping during 1864 | 43

the past month. Twenty-six ships have been sunk or burned and seven captured. 31: Democrats nominate McClellan for president. Battle of Jonesborough, Georgia, begins; it will end on September 1. september 2: Sherman occupies Atlanta. 19: Battle of Opequon, Virginia. 22: Battle of Fisher’s Hill, Virginia. 27: Lieutenant General Grant writes Stanton with his views on voting by soldiers. It is “a novel thing,” and in the past has “generally been considered dangerous to constitutional liberty and subversive of military discipline.” But the times “are novel and exceptional” and a “very large proportion of the legal voters of the United States are now either under arms in the field or in hospitals, or otherwise engaged” in military service. Mostly, these men are not regulars, and “still less are they mercenaries” who have “little understanding of political questions or feeling and no interest in them.” In fact, they are American citizens “having still their homes and social and political ties binding them to the States and districts from which they come” and to which they will return. Thus, voting is a “sacred duty [and] they should not be deprived of a most precious privilege.” But military discipline must be protected and Grant offers rules that states must observe in collecting soldiers’ votes. First, no campaign literature should be allowed. Second, non-army personnel should not be allowed into the lines to deliver ballots; the provost marshal can deliver these to the regimental organizations. But if citizens are permitted within the lines, “it should be most positively prohibited that such citizens should electioneer, harangue, or canvas the regiments in any way.” Third, it is recommended that 44 | Chronology of Events

states deputize officers in their regiments to administer voting. Fourth, if citizens should be sent, it is recommended that their number not exceed three per army.114 29: Battle of Chaffin’s Farm, Virginia. Battle of Peebles’ Farm, Virginia, begins; it will end on October 2. october 1: The War Department issues GO No. 265, entitled “Regulations in Respect to the Distribution of Election Tickets and Proxies in the Army.” It is designed to regulate election agents sent by states to process soldiers’ votes and “secure a fair distribution of tickets [ballots] among soldiers in the field.” First, one agent from each state may be posted at each army corps. Second, civilian election inspectors from each political party, “not to exceed one for every brigade” will be permitted to oversee “that the elections are fairly conducted.” Third, “No political speeches, harangues, or canvassing among the troops will be permitted.” Fourth, commanders are ordered “to take such measures as may be essential to secure freedom and fairness in the elections, and that they be conducted with due regard to good order and military discipline.” Fifth, any solider who “wantonly destroys tickets, or prevents their proper distribution . . . [or] interferes with the freedom of election, or makes any false or fraudulent return, will be deemed guilty of an offense against good order and military discipline, and be punished by summary dismissal or court-martial.”115 5: Battle at Allatoona, Georgia. 7: A U.S. naval raiding party captures the CSS Florida while it is docked in Bahia, Brazil. 19: Battle of Cedar Creek, Virginia. 27: Battle of Boydton Plank Road, Virginia. november 16: Sherman begins March to the Sea.

25: Confederate saboteurs attempt to burn New York City. 30: Battle of Franklin, Tennessee. december 6: Lincoln delivers his annual message. 8: Quartermaster General Montgomery Meigs issues GO No. 58, which cites reports of the “numbers of refugees lately within the limits of the British Provinces on our northern border [that] have removed with the intention of obtaining employment at the depots of military stores for the purpose of incendiarism.” Depot commanders are forbidden to employ “persons who have at any time within the last six months been living in Canada as refugees from the disloyal states or as fugitives from the draft.”116 15–16: Battle of Nashville. 19: Lincoln calls for 300,000 volunteers “to serve one, two, and three years.” Several reasons are cited: Congress has reduced the number of men to be obtained under the July 18 call to 280,000; “operations of the enemy in certain States have rendered it impracticable to procure from them their full quotas”; and, as a result of these two factors, only 240,000 men have been raised, leaving a deficiency of 260,000 under the original July 18 call. The new call also is necessary “to provide for casualties in the military and naval service of the United States.” Deficiencies will be met by a draft scheduled for February 15, 1865.117 21: Sherman occupies Savannah, Georgia. 23: Fry circulates instructions to state provost marshals on how to calculate quotas given that the December 19 call seeks recruits across three unequal terms—one, two, or three years. Since the War Department does not “value” a one-year enlistment as it does a three-year enlistment, it seeks to establish a formula to

equalize quotas among different sub-districts (in most states, municipal entities within congressional districts) whose percentages of one, two, or three-year recruits will inevitably differ. Some statehouses, believing that they are in surplus, discover that under Fry’s formula they no longer have credits to offset against the next call. In several states, a firestorm ensues.118 25: Federals fail to capture Fort Fisher, North Carolina. 27: The War Department issues GO No. 305 in an attempt to reduce bounty fraud, especially by substitute brokers. Among other things, the order requires that any bounty exceeding $20 due to a recruit be withheld and disbursed on the first regular payday after the recruit has mustered into his regiment. This measure is welcomed by the states.119

1865 january 15: Federals capture Fort Fisher. 19: Sherman marches from Savannah through South Carolina. 24: Fry instructs aapmgs on the formula by which they are to equalize credits among sub-districts: “you will multiply the quota of the district by three, thus reducing it from a three-years’ to a oneyears’ basis. To the product add the excess of years of service, and then distribute this sum to the several sub-districts in proportion to the number of enrolled in each. This gives the number of years of service required from each sub-district, increased by the excess. From this number deduct the excess which the sub-district has actually furnished, and the remainder is the actual number of years’ service required, which, divided by three, gives the actual number of 1865 | 45

men required from the sub-district under the call.”120 31: The U.S. House passes the Thirteenth Amendment. february 1: Lincoln signs the Thirteenth Amendment. 3: The Hampton Roads Conference. 5–7: Battle of Hatcher’s Run, Virginia. 17: Federals occupy Columbia, South Carolina. 22: Federals capture Wilmington, North Carolina. 25: Congress passes Chapter 52, “An act to prevent officers of the Army and Navy, and other persons engaged in the military and naval service of the United States from interfering in elections in the States.” Section 1: It shall not be lawful for any U.S. military personnel “to order, bring, [or] keep . . . any troops or armed men at the place where any general or special election is held in any State of the United States.” Nor may officers attempt to “prescribe or fix . . . the qualifications of voters in any State.”121 march 4: Lincoln is inaugurated. 8–10: Battle of Kinston, North Carolina. 16: Battle of Averasboro, North Carolina. 19–21: Battle of Bentonville, North Carolina. 25: Confederates attack Fort Stedman, Petersburg, Virginia. Mobile, Alabama is besieged. 27: Lincoln, Grant, and Sherman meet aboard the River Queen. 29: Grant commences the Appomattox Campaign.

46 | Chronology of Events

april 1: Battle of Five Forks, Virginia. 3: Richmond occupied. 6: Battle of Saylor’s Creek. 9: Lee surrenders at Appomattox. may 4: General Richard Taylor surrenders command to Federals. 26: The Army of the Trans-Mississippi surrenders in New Orleans. june 20: The Joint Committee for the Conduct of the War disbands. august 28: The Cooper Shop Volunteer Refreshment Saloon and the Union Volunteer Refreshment Saloon are closed. During its four-year existence, the Union served 802,869 meals at a cost of $92,079.43 to “passing troops, soldiers from camps and hospitals, refugees, freedmen and rebel deserters.” The Cooper served 316,991 meals to the same group at a cost of $57,781.83. Both were privately funded.122 december 1: President Johnson restores the writ of habeas corpus in all states and territories except “Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Texas, the District of Columbia and the Territories of New Mexico and Arizona.”123 18: The Thirteenth Amendment, accepted by twenty-seven of thirty-six states (thus far) is declared ratified.

New York Excelsior (Ever upward) —State motto, adopted 1778

War Geography New York’s 46,000 square miles were divided into sixty counties which, for the Thirty-Seventh Congress (1861–1863), were grouped into thirty-three congressional districts. At different periods during the Civil War, New York’s seacoast, harbors, lakeshores, inland canals, and border with British Canada created tremendous anxieties about invasion and subversion. (See entry for December 30, 1861.) Quelling these fears required a complicated allocation of resources. The state’s eastern border began at the U.S.– British Canadian crossing post of Rouse’s Point and ran due south, dividing Lake Champlain with Vermont for approximately 95 miles. From the southern tip of Lake Champlain (connected to the Hudson River by the Champlain Canal since 1823), the border ran overland along the eastern ridge of the Hudson River Valley and fronted southwestern Vermont, along with western Massachusetts and Connecticut, before ending at the western end of Long Island Sound, some 105 miles due south, not allowing for various jags en route, such as Con-

necticut’s Horseneck. Lake Champlain had been established as a pathway for invasion since the French and Indian War (and strategic shore points fortified); it figured prominently in the Revolution with key battles fought at Ticonderoga, Valcour Island (a naval engagement), and Saratoga. During the War of 1812, the Battle of Plattsburgh (1814) ended the British invasion. The precedents from these three wars—the most recent well within living memory—were sufficient to alarm New Yorkers, especially during the Civil War’s first year, when tensions with Great Britain escalated over the Trent Affair. (It is worth noting that John E. Wool and John A. Dix, the two principal commanders of the Department of the East, headquartered in New York City, were both War of 1812 veterans.)1 Throughout the war, New York’s main concern was to protect New York Harbor and the city it served. The vulnerability of both began with the approximately 120-mile shore of southern Long Island, which was susceptible at many points to an amphibious attack. The Battle of Long Island (1776) occurred at the western end and presented a worrisome precedent: a British amphibious as47

sault whose ultimate objective was the conquest of New York City. During the War of 1812, the British blockaded the Narrows and occupied (and occasionally raided) parts of western Long Island. A proper defense required a significant naval force stationed in New York Harbor, coast patrols, shore batteries at strategic points, and land forces able to resist any successful amphibious landing.2 New York’s fear of large-scale invasion—including a thrust from British Canada across Lake Champlain—subsided as relations with Great Britain slowly improved after resolution of the Trent Affair. But one fear (besides enemy subversion from Canada) remained: the specter of a hostile fleet armed with long-range guns that might steam into New York Harbor, destroying ships before turning its guns on the city. These fears seemed real enough after March 8, 1862 (just two months after resolution of the Trent Affair), when the ironclad CSS Virginia steamed out to Hampton Roads, sank the Cumberland, forced the surrender of the Congress, and chased the Minnesota off station. (See entry for March 9, 1862.) The federal government had already established most of the forts that defended New York Harbor before the age of steam. By 1862, these included Fort Schuyler, on Throgs Neck, and Fort Totten, on Willet’s Point; their interlocking fire was designed to stop enemy vessels seeking to penetrate the harbor from Long Island Sound. If an enemy sought to enter the harbor through the Narrows, it must first pass a triad of forts: the western guns of Fort Richmond on Staten Island, the eastern guns of Fort Hamilton in Brooklyn and, finally, the guns of Fort Lafayette, built on Hendrick’s Reef (used today as a base to support the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge). If a fleet somehow survived this gauntlet, it would face further resistance from the interlocking fires of Fort Wood—on Bedloe’s Island (now the site of the Statue of Liberty)—and Fort Columbus, across the harbor on Governor’s Island. Along New York’s northern frontier, a chain of 48 | New York

forts testified to border insecurities in earlier wars: Fort Montgomery at Rouse’s Point, Fort Ontario in Oswego, Fort Porter at Buffalo, and Fort Niagara in Youngstown. During the Civil War, these forts were newly garrisoned, rearmed and, in some cases, rebuilt. In addition, the army recommended constructing installations at Sackett’s Harbor and Sodus Bay. It also recommended fortifying Sandy Hook which, although in New Jersey, was important to the defense of the harbor. From Tappan, New York’s southern border with New Jersey runs for approximately 50 miles northwest to Port Jervis. From Port Jervis, the border is shared with Pennsylvania, tracing the twists and turns of the Delaware River for 55 miles as the crow flies. Northwest of the town of Hancock, the New York border extends 225 surveyed miles due west. This portion of the southern border was relatively unthreatened, except once—during the height of Lee’s 1863 invasion of Pennsylvania— when concern was felt for Elmira. (See note to entry for June 15, 1863.) Just west of Cutting, the border with Pennsylvania takes a sharp turn to the north, terminating on the shores of Lake Erie. The power of New York’s geography was more apparent during peace than in war, with water as the single most influential factor. New York might be imagined as a land bridge connecting several enormous bodies of water, which were themselves linked by rivers and, later, by a network of canals. New York’s entire northern frontier, with the exception of the far northeast (Clinton County in the Sixteenth Congressional District), was bordered by water. From east to west, the state fronts the St. Lawrence River, Lake Ontario, the Niagara River, and Lake Erie. From north to south, Lake Champlain provides the border until reaching Whitehall. Champlain itself was connected to the St. Lawrence (in British Canada) via the Richelieu River and, via the Champlain Canal, to the Hudson River. Moreover, the state’s boundaries encompassed parts of five major drainage basins: the St. Lawrence, the

Hudson, the Delaware, the Susquehanna, and the Mississippi. This aqueous circulatory system, enhanced by human beings, meant that there were few sections of New York State remote from immigration, economic development, and the products of both: markets. The availability of water, combined with large regions of relatively flat land, a moderate climate and, of equal importance, low barriers to reaching markets, explains New York’s high rank as an agricultural producer. And that water provided something else that was particularly important to New York in the period between the Revolution and the Civil War: hydropower. The state’s elevation averaged between 1,200 and 1,500 feet above sea level, and the fall from north to south meant abundant opportunities for water-powered industry along the many tributaries of the principal rivers. In addition to facilitating canal building, the state’s numerous rivers also eased the transition to rail. New York’s river valleys provided long stretches of relatively flat topography with no mountain barriers to hew through. As a result, the state witnessed the rapid construction of railroads, opening its interior to two-way traffic and placing New Yorkers in the advantageous position of toll-takers. In 1860, the port of New York was the largest in the country. With the exception of the coasting trade, however, the most efficient way to move goods was by rail.3 As an alternative to looking at New York as a bridge, one might reimagine the state as a funnel, with population and resources tumbling south down the Hudson to land in the First through the Ninth Congressional Districts. As of 1860, these districts accounted for 1,078,675 people, or 27.8 percent of the state’s total population of 3,880,735. Much of this population was employed in or supported by activities connected with the port. In 1860, the port’s maritime economy led the country in shipping and shipbuilding. During the Civil War, it produced an estimated 45,842 recruits

(adjusting for multiple enlistments) for the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps. This figure amounted to 11.46 percent of all enlistments (estimated at 399,994). Because naval and marine recruits were not counted against draft quotas until mid-1864 (see Chronology entries for February 24 and July 4, 1864), this effectively reduced the available number of military-age males—perhaps one disadvantage of the port’s vigor.4 Having the country’s largest port, however, did not appear to disadvantage the state with regard to gender imbalance. While four of the six New England states (Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Rhode Island) had significantly more females than males, New York was more fortunate. The 1860 population, including African Americans and Native Americans, included 1,933,532 males and 1,947,203 females; the resulting imbalance of 13,671 was a relatively insignificant percentage of total population. In general, the gender imbalance was thought to be a function of western migration: contemporaries believed that those seeking opportunities out west were overwhelmingly likely to be young men of military age. According to census data, the favored destinations of New Yorkers were Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Ohio. For example, there were 191,128 New Yorkers residing in Michigan, 121,508 in Illinois, and 120,637 in Wisconsin.5 Unlike the previously mentioned New E ­ ngland states, however, New York benefited from substantial in-migration, both domestic and foreign. In 1860, the five largest domestic contributors to New York’s population were Connecticut (with 53,141 Connecticut natives residing in New York versus 22,614 New Yorkers in Connecticut), Massachusetts (50,004 versus 18,508), Vermont (46,990 versus 8,668), New Jersey (36,449 versus 38,540) and Pennsylvania (30,232 versus 70,673). This amounted to a net inflow of 57,813 persons. But foreign immigration was the decisive factor. New York City was the nation’s largest port for new War Geography | 49

arrivals. Between 1850 and 1860, New York welcomed 2,005,689 immigrants, or 72.75 percent of the U.S. total (2,756,956). In the twenty years preceding 1860, a total of 3,140,881 immigrants arrived at the port of New York. Although many dispersed to other states, many remained. By 1860, New York State’s total population of 3,880,735 included 2,602,460 native New Yorkers, 275,164 (7.1 percent) born in other states, and 998,640 (25.7 percent) born outside the United States. The large number of retentions should be partially understood as a function of an economy that attracted foreign labor. In the years between 1820 and 1860 (financial panics excluded), New York transformed itself into a massive logistics platform in which roads, canals, steam shipping, and railroads connected population centers, farms, and manufacturers with domestic and foreign markets.6 For states like New York, where in-migration compensated for out-migration, the correlation between age and sex is also important to understanding the percentage of the population available to fight wars. Since New York hosted almost three of every four immigrants to the United States, national figures are relevant here. Across all ages of immigrants, between 1820 and 1860, there were three males for every two females. But for arrivals between twenty-five and forty years of age, the male-female ratio was 2:1. Although unnaturalized males were exempt from military service by reason of alienage, many immigrants were naturalized and many others chose to serve. In one survey of 337,000 white soldiers, 134,178 (39.8 percent) were born overseas or in British Canada.7 In 1860, New York State ranked first in population. Because its millions were distributed over a large area, however, the state dropped to fourth in population density at 84.36 persons per square mile. (Massachusetts topped the list at 157.83, with Rhode Island in second at 133.71.) But with more than 27 percent of the state’s population packed into nine congressional districts—and with these 50 | New York

districts the smallest (in terms of area) in the state—the population density north of New York City was far lower. These portions of the state supported an agricultural economy that was likewise the nation’s largest in 1860, measured by the cash value of farms ($803,343,593), farm implements ($29,166,565), and improved acres (14,376,397). Moreover, New York’s improved acreage had increased since 1850 by 1,967,433 acres, or 15.85 percent—unlike the situation in the “mature” New England states, where improved acreage was either relatively stagnant (Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Vermont) or shrinking (Rhode Island). With the value of farms increasing by an annual average of 4.48 percent, agriculture still paid in New York State.8 (See Economy in 1860 for more detailed discussion of New York agriculture.) Out-migration and in-migration are influenced by a number of factors: economic (investment return, labor demand, travel barriers), social (community support, labor unrest), and historical (the California Gold Rush, the Panic of 1857), but the discussion begins with geography. In New York, topography unquestionably influenced the state’s abilities to produce goods, grow food, and furnish men for the war.

Economy in 1860 In 1860, New York ranked first nationally in the “true value” of its real and personal property ($1,843,338,517). Only two other states exceeded the $1 billion mark: Pennsylvania ($1,416,501,818) and Ohio ($1,193,898,422). When these values are considered on a per-capita basis, New York ranks fourth ($474.99) among the Mid-Atlantic states, behind New Jersey ($696.27), Maryland ($548.61), and Pennsylvania ($487.42), but ahead of Delaware ($412.08). During the preceding ten years, the “true value” of New York’s real and personal property grew by average annual rate of 7.06 percent (in

1850, it was $1,080,309,216). This was last among the five Mid-Atlantic states, topped by New Jersey (13.39 percent), Delaware (11.95 percent), Pennsylvania (9.60 percent), and Maryland (7.19 percent).9 However, some of New York’s low standing on this measure may be attributable to the large number of recently arrived, often propertyless immigrants. The great value produced by this immigration likely appeared in the measurement of New York’s industrial and agricultural output, in which the state ranked high in many categories and peerless in others. According to the 1860 census, New York’s top ten cities by population (New York City, Brooklyn, Buffalo, Albany, Rochester, Syracuse, Troy, Poughkeepsie, Newburg, and Utica) produced goods valued at $244,961,504, or 28 percent of the total output of all U.S. cities with populations over 10,000 ($874,934,827). Manufactories located in these ten New York cities employed 140,732 workers, or 25 percent of the total workforce in U.S. cities exceeding 10,000 in population.10 New York banking and insurance establishments were by far the largest in the country, and the scale is worth noting. In 1860, the state had 303 banks (55 of which were in New York City); Massachusetts ranked second with 174. New York banks had capital of $111,441,320; second-ranked Massachusetts had $64,519,200; and third-ranked Pennsylvania only $25,565,582. In 1860, New York banks held loans of $200,351,332, versus secondranked Massachusetts at $107,417,323. In terms of specie, New York banks owned $20,921,545 against second place Louisiana’s $12,115.431. New York’s bank notes in circulation were $29,959,506 versus Massachusetts’ second rank at $22,086,920. In deposits, New York’s 1860 total of $104,070,273 was almost four times the Bay State’s $27,804,699.11 New York City banks had something besides money that facilitated their growth: a system. Beginning in 1853, city banks established a clearinghouse to settle daily accounts; Boston and

Philadelphia soon followed. In 1860, the fifty-five New York City banks settled some $7.2 billion in reciprocal transactions. So powerful was this system that Superintendent of the Eighth Census Joseph G. Kennedy attributed “a large portion” of the growth of banking in the western states to New York clearing systems. What was true in banking was also true for insurance. In 1860, New York had 135 insurance companies that wrote $916,474,956 in policies. (Second-ranked Massachusetts had 117 companies and $450,896,263 in policies.) Interestingly, although the value of New York policies was twice that of Massachusetts, its insurance companies had almost nine times as much capital ($53,287,547 versus $6,353,100).12 Slowly during Secession Winter, and then very rapidly after the attack on Fort Sumter, New York banks bought federal bonds, marketing them in both the United States and Europe. They also supported the Legal Tender Act and the National Bank Act. While few middle-aged New York bankers leveled muskets against Pickett’s legions at Gettysburg, their contribution to Northern victory is difficult to overstate. The availability of capital, combined with a large population and a favorable geography, spurred the state’s industrialization. In 1860, New York’s overall industrial output, attributed to 23,236 separate businesses, was valued at $379,623,560. (Second-ranked Pennsylvania’s output, attributed to 21,100 businesses, was $285,500,000.) New York’s top-ranked output was financed with $175,449,206 in capital, second place to Pennsylvania’s $189,000,000. Due to greater capacity or efficiency (or both), New York businesses ranked first in the value of raw materials converted into finished goods: $209,899,890 versus second-ranked Pennsylvania at $145,300,000. And they did this with fewer workers (174,059 males and 47,422 females, for a total of 221,481) than Pennsylvania (185,141 males and 38,000 females, totaling 223,141). New York Economy in 1860 | 51

State accounted for almost 20 percent of total national production of $1.9 billion. Just as significantly for the coming war, the value of New York’s industrial production was 2.6 times larger than the total produced by the eleven soon-to-be Confederate states ($145,350,000).13 New York’s supremacy ranged across a number of industries. In 1860, the value of steam engines and machinery produced in New York was ranked first at $10,484,863, above second-place Pennsylvania ($7,243,453) and more than the combined output of New England ($10,227,289). Since 1850, New York’s growth in steam engine and machine production was 24 percent, far less than Pennsylvania (71.1 percent) or New Jersey (260 percent) in percentage terms, though not in dollars. For example, New York’s 1850 base was $8,422,744, compared with New Jersey’s 1850 base of $890,123; thus, the Empire State’s increase of $2,062,119 was not far behind New Jersey’s $2,325,550. (Impressive as these figures are, it should be remembered that with industrial expansion into western states, New York’s share of national output had actually fallen, from 30 percent in 1850 to 22.25 percent in 1860.) New York state also placed first in iron founding ($8,216,124 versus second-ranked Pennsylvania at $4,977,793), agricultural implement production ($3,429,037 versus second-place Ohio at $2,690,943), sawed and planed lumber ($12,485,418 versus Pennsylvania’s $11,311,149, even though New York’s output decreased slightly from 1850), flour and meal production ($35,064,906 versus second-ranked Pennsylvania at $26,572,261), spirituous liquors ($7,698,464 versus secondranked Ohio at $4,197,429), leather production ($20,758,017 versus second-ranked Pennsylvania at $12,491,631), and clothing manufacturing (842 businesses producing $24,969,852 in value versus second-ranked Pennsylvania’s 667 business and $12,192,603). Most of the foregoing industries had at least some application to war production: 52 | New York

agricultural implement manufacturers could literally create swords from plowshares, while lumber built wagons and flour made hardtack.14 The cases where New York did not exceed other states’ production also should be noted. For example, Pennsylvania dominated national production in coal (New York had none), pig iron, and bar and rolled iron. (However, when it came to converting coal into illuminating gas, New York’s 43 gas businesses were again ranked first, producing 1,809,921 thousand cubic feet versus Pennsylvania’s 30 gas businesses and 828,553 thousand cubic feet.) Connecticut made more sewing machines while New England (dominated by Massachusetts) made more boots, shoes, and woolen and cotton goods. (See States at War, volumes 1 and 3.) In 1860, the production of artillery in New York was mostly confined to the government-owned West Point Arsenal in Cold Spring. Private small arms manufacture was dominated by Connecticut’s 9 firms, producing weapons of $1,186,500 in value as opposed to 37 New York firms producing only $193,739.15 In 1860 the cash value of New York farms and agricultural implements was the nation’s highest for several reasons. First, New York State had three of the nation’s ten largest cities to feed: New York City (813,669), Brooklyn (266,661), and Buffalo (81,129), ranking first, third, and tenth, respectively. The combined population of these three cities (1,161,459) represented 42.74 percent of America’s top ten cities combined (2,716,998). But the state’s demand for food was larger still after including the populations of thirteenth-ranked Albany (62,367), eighteenth-ranked Rochester (48,204), twentyfourth-ranked Troy (39,235) thirty-first-ranked Syracuse (28,119), and thirty-ninth-ranked Utica (22,529). Even without considering foreign exports through New York Harbor, the calorie requirements of New York’s 3,880,735 people would have kept planted a significant portion of the state’s largely arable 46,000 square miles. As men-

tioned in the discussion of geography, a network of rivers, canals, and railroads connected farmers and consumers. The dynamic growth of the urban population—between 1850 and 1860, New York City grew by 56.27 percent, Brooklyn by 175.37 percent, and Buffalo by 91.97 percent—kept those farmers busy.16 In the 1860 Census, the state produced the highest value in livestock ($103,856,296 versus second-place Ohio’s $80,433,780). Within this category, New York topped all states in milch cows, was second in horses, second in the number of sheep, third in working oxen, middling in swine, and barely placed at all in donkeys and mules. By 1860, America’s granary had shifted west. In wheat production, Illinois, Wisconsin, Indiana, Ohio, Virginia, and Pennsylvania, ranked first through sixth, in that order. New York was seventh with 8,861,100 bushels—a respectable total, but a decline from over 13 million bushels in 1850. New York was second in rye production and middling in Indian corn, but first in oat production at 35,175,133 bushels (versus secondranked Pennsylvania at 27,387,149). The state also was first in orchard products, with an 1860 value of $3,726,380, and first in Irish potatoes (26,447,389 bushels versus second-ranked Pennsylvania at 11,687,468). New York ranked second (to Ohio) in wool production, second in barley and buckwheat, and fifth in peas and beans, but was a negligible producer of sweet potatoes. Not surprisingly, New York’s market gardens led the nation in production, with their $3,381,596 total more than doubling that of second-ranked New Jersey (and at least some of that state’s $1,542,155 in production was likely destined for New York City). New York also led by significant margins in butter production (103,097,279 pounds versus second-place Pennsylvania at 58,653,511), cheese (48,548,288 pounds versus Ohio at 23,758,738), and hay (3,564,786 tons versus Pennsylvania at 2,245,420).17

Carrying much of this agricultural and industrial product to market were New York’s three rail systems. By 1860, New York ranked third in track mileage at 2,701.84, behind Ohio (2,999.45) and Illinois (2,867.90). However, New York’s investment in track was second-ranked at $131,320,542, which may have reflected the inefficiencies of the state’s early history of building. During those years, many short lines were built under separate ownership, some of different gauges, requiring a change of trains at key points. (Ohio, for example, got more track for fewer dollars, investing only $111,896,351.) Whatever the sunk costs, New York railroads transported $773,089,275 in freight of all kinds in 1860, far more than Massachusetts’ total of $500,524,201.18 One of New York’s three rail systems connected New York City with Albany (the Hudson River Railroad) and Albany with Buffalo, with towns north of the latter road (e.g., Watertown, Potsdam) also included. After 1853, the Albany to Buffalo route (and points north) were merged into the New York Central. A second system—the New York & Erie Railroad—ran from Piermont on the Hudson (just south of today’s Tappan Zee Bridge) to Dunkirk on Lake Erie. While the New York Central served the northern part of the state, the New York & Erie covered the state’s southern counties. The third system included the New York & New Haven Railroad (in Connecticut) and several roads in New Jersey (chiefly the Camden & Amboy; the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad; and the New Jersey Central). These roads provided rail connections between New England, New York, and points south, including Newark, Philadelphia, Harrisburg, Baltimore, Wilmington, and Washington, D.C. In fact, the five Mid-Atlantic states could be considered the nation’s rail hub, with the most track (6,321.22 miles) and the most investment ($329,528,231) of any region.19 For 1860, New York ranked third in ship building with a total tonnage of 31,936, behind Maine Economy in 1860 | 53

(57,867) and Massachusetts (33,460). As evidence of the state’s extensive inland waterways, however, its shipyards built almost one-half of the nation’s sloops and canal boats. The state ranked second in the number of steamships built (38 versus Pennsylvania’s 65), and many of these vessels serviced New York’s two great ports. Through June 30, 1860, 2,095 vessels (foreign and American) entered Buffalo’s port, carrying a total of 1,362,234 tons of goods. Over the same period, 3,982 vessels entered New York City’s port, carrying a total of 1,978,812 tons. In 1860, New York State’s ports serviced almost one-half of the vessels carrying foreign trade to the United States (11,318 of 22,931) and substantially more than half the tonnage (4,836,448 of 8,275,196). But when valuation is considered, the national importance of New York City’s port is even more evident. For the period ended June 30, 1860, it accounted for 64.5 percent of all U.S. imports ($233,692,941 of $362,166,254) and 30.1 percent of all U.S. exports ($120,630,955 of $400,122,296). These figures explain Mayor Fernando Wood’s 1861 declaration that New York should become an independent “free city,” as well as the national attention his words received.20 (See entry for January 7, 1861.) In addition to goods, New York had another export that gave the state, its principal cities, and a handful of residents outsized power to influence national affairs. In 1860, the state of New York had 68 daily newspapers described as “political,” the largest number in the country (second-ranked Pennsylvania had only 28). Including dailies, biweeklies, tri-weeklies, weeklies, monthlies, and annuals of a political character, New York State had 365 publications, compared with second-ranked Pennsylvania at 277. The influence of New York intellectuals extended this media primacy: the state published 63 literary journals compared with second-place Massachusetts at 51. New York’s newspapermen included James Gordon Bennett (New York Herald), Henry J. Raymond (New York Times), 54 | New York

Manton Marble (New York World), Horace Greeley (New York Tribune), the Harper brothers (Harper’s Weekly), Frank Leslie (Frank Leslie’s Illustrated News), Benjamin Wood (New York Daily News), John Mullaly (Catholic Metropolitan Record), and Thurlow Weed (Albany Evening News). The same telegraphs and railroads that enabled the concentration of vast armies and linked them with food and ordnance also carried periodicals and their reports, many of which came from New York.21 Some indication of New York’s economic status during the war can be inferred from internal revenue reports. In the period between September 1, 1862, and June 30, 1863, New York had 19.46 percent of the national population (based on thirty-two loyal or nominally loyal states and territories) while paying 27.71 percent of national tax collections ($9,241,038.60), thus ranking first in revenue generation. Meanwhile, the assets presumably generating these revenues constituted 18.88 percent of the “true value” of loyal states’ property. Thus, relative to both assets and population, New York appears to have “over-contributed” to national resources.22 Finally, the bounty and family aid expenses that would consume much of state and local governments’ wartime budgets should be understood in the context of 1860 wages. That year, the annual earnings of a New York day laborer averaged $372.30, exclusive of board. Carpenters fared better, with an annual wage (exclusive of board) of $591.30, while average annual wage (with board) for a farmhand was $158.28. Federal compensation would begin at $13 per month or $156 annually; the value of federal “board”—that is, food and shelter (although given the frequent absence of both, soldiers might have ridiculed these as “compensation”)—might be roughly calculated using a New York annualized board equivalent of $116.48. Thus, the amount that total federal compensation arguably was worth to a New Yorker began at $272.48 (although this was not distrib-

uted equally among members of a volunteer’s family, since only the volunteer received federal “board”). Excluding bounties, the state of New York did not directly fund family aid or provide a state wage to soldiers after they were accepted into federal service. Instead, these costs were shifted to lesser jurisdictions. Beginning in 1862 the state authorized counties and cities to borrow bounties and family aid (see Legislative Sessions). Because local benefits varied from place to place, efforts to determine how much they augmented federal compensation is extremely difficult. For example, some municipalities are not on record as providing any family aid or bounties (which does not mean that none were paid; often private interests raised funds). In other cases, family aid approaches the conventional New England model. In July 1862, for example, New York City’s council appropriated $500,000 to fund family aid (see Military ­Affairs—1862). Under this appropriation, heads of households with deployed volunteers were eligible to receive $1.50 per week plus 50 cents for each child under fourteen years of age (to a maximum of three children). This meant that a volunteer’s family could receive up to $12 per month or $144 per year. Adding federal compensation, a New York City family could have received as much as $416 in cash or equivalents, assuming that a soldier allotted 100 percent of his monthly wage.23 However, few histories of New York counties and municipalities reveal this sort of detail, preferring to disclose gross amounts raised or borrowed. In Livingston County, an estimated $50,000 was raised for family aid in the aftermath of the attack on Fort Sumter, but how it was distributed and under what rules (if any) is unclear. For bounties, the county raised $1,250,000, but offers no further details as to amounts paid, number or type of recipients, or how it was allocated among the different towns. Likewise, Fredonia in Chautauqua County raised $2,870 “for the relief of fami-

lies” but provided no further details. It is much the same story in Buffalo: within days of the attack on Fort Sumter, the Common Council appropriated $50,000 “to provide for the families of volunteers, and private subscriptions added $30,000 more.” However, there is not a word about distributions, eligibility, or duration.24

Governance and Politicians New York joined the Union in 1788 but not as a “free” state or with any legal commitment to emancipation (excepting a 1781 statute freeing African Americans who had served in the military). Determining the number of slaves in New York before 1790 is difficult: estimates range from 15,000 in 1776 to 19,159 in 1786. With the first decennial census, more reliable data became available: in 1790, slaves numbered 21,324 out of a total population of 340,120. The three largest slaveholding counties were Albany (3,722), Ulster (2,914), and New York City and County (2,373).25 There is no doubt that a majority of the delegates who passed the state’s first constitution at Kingston in 1777 were committed to gradual emancipation. A resolution, proposed by Gouverneur Morris and passed 31 to 5, loftily declared that “every human being who breathes the air of the state shall enjoy the privileges of a freeman” and encouraged later solons “to take the most effective measures consistent with public safety for abolishing domestic slavery.” However, this resolution did not appear in the 1777 constitution.26 After a failed 1785 attempt to enact gradual emancipation, the legislature—lobbied for years by the highly effective New York Manumission Society as well as the free black community—finally took decisive action on March 29, 1799, when Governor John Jay signed the Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery. This law freed no one immediately but provided that, after July 4, 1799, all chilGovernance and Politicians | 55

dren born to slave mothers would be freed subject to the following rules: males would be free after age twenty-eight and females after age twenty-five. Owners were required to register all slave births or be fined. The status of registered children also changed: from birth until freedom, they were deemed indentured servants and not slaves; owners were permitted to disclaim responsibility for such children and assign them to local overseers for the poor.27 Unlike the failed 1785 bill, the 1799 act did not address questions of civil rights for freed slaves. It did, however, put slavery in New York on the road to extinction. The decennial censuses between 1790 and 1860 tell the story. In 1800, New York slaves numbered 20,900; free blacks 10,417. By 1810, this ratio was well on the way to reversal: 15,017 slaves; 25,333 free. In 1820, the state had 10,088 slaves and 29,279 free blacks; in 1830, 75 slaves and 44,870 free. The 1840 census documented the last slaves in New York: there were only 4, with a free black community of 50,027. Nevertheless, as the early life of future New York governor and U.S. secretary of state William H. Seward suggests (see biographical note), New York’s version of the “peculiar institution” had persisted long enough to have been part of the everyday experience of many New Yorkers, white and black, who arrived at middle age in 1860.28 In late 1860, New Yorkers faced two race-related issues: the first involved the state’s 1840 personal liberty law, which extended jury trials to persons charged with being fugitive slaves. The day after South Carolina seceded, New York’s otherwise antislavery Governor Morgan took the lead in asking other states to repeal their personal liberty laws. (See entry for December 21, 1860.) A few days later, South Carolina named New York as one of thirteen Northern states with laws “which either nullify the acts of Congress [the Fugitive Slave Act] or render useless any attempt to execute them.” (See Chronology for December 24, 1860.) A second issue 56 | New York

hit much closer to home. In the second article of its 1821 constitution, New York had removed the property requirements for white men to vote, but required African American males to possess a net freehold estate of $250. When the state constitution was rewritten in 1846, this restriction on black suffrage remained unchanged. A measure to eliminate it appeared on the ballot on November 6, 1860. That day, New York voters turned out for Abraham Lincoln and Edwin Morgan, gave the Republican Party control of the state assembly, and sent twenty-three Republicans, one independent, and only nine Democrats to Congress. But the ballot measure eliminating the property requirement for African Americans lost in a landslide.29 (See entry for November 6, 1860.) During the Civil War, New York was bound by its 1846 constitution, which provided for a bicameral legislature with a 32-member senate serving two-year terms and a 128-member assembly serving one-year terms. The governor and lieutenant governor were elected for two-year terms. Election day correlated with the federal calendar: state elections were to be held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. (New York City municipal elections were held in December, but this was not a constitutional requirement.) The offices of secretary of state, comptroller, treasurer, attorney general, state engineer, and surveyor were elected for two-year terms. Three canal commissioners also were elected but on a staggered basis. One major change introduced by the 1846 constitution was its reorganization of the judiciary: a court of appeals was established with four elected judges and four chosen from the judges of the New York supreme courts (despite the name, these courts were similar to district courts). The state was divided into eight supreme court districts with four judges each; these were to be elected except for one of their number, who would be selected as chief judge. (Based on the constitution, there were no racial tests to practice law; to be admitted,

one had to be male, twenty-one years of age, “of good moral character,” and have passed the bar.) Legislative terms and the political year were specified to begin on the first day of January, while the legislature must assemble on the first Tuesday in ­January.30 The governor had the power to convene either the entire legislature or just the senate “on extraordinary occasions.” Article IV, Section 4, named him as “commander-in-chief of the military and Naval forces of the State,” envisioning the possibility of the governor serving not only as an executive commander-in-chief but also as general in the field. During a war, with the legislature’s consent, he could serve out of state at the head of New York’s army and still remain executive commander-inchief of all New York armies or navies, no matter where deployed. The governor alone could appoint the adjutant general, staff adcs, and “other chiefs of staff departments” for terms that would correspond with his; however, major generals and the commissary general (the latter for a two-year term) were appointed with the advice and consent of the senate. Of great importance was the governor’s right to commission all militia officers; even those elected would have to receive gubernatorial consent. However, the governor could not dismiss militia officers without senate approval.31 Article XI required “at all times” the organization, arming, disciplining, and readiness of the state militia. Those with religious objections to bearing arms were to be excused under conditions to be specified by future legislation. The constitution also required that officers be elected: captains and ncos by their companies, regimental field ­officers by company officers, and brigadiers and brigade inspectors by their regimental field officers. Major generals, brigadiers, and regimental commanders could appoint their own staff officers.32 The constitution had several other features that would figure prominently during the Civil War.

First, Article I, Section 4, declared that the writ of habeas corpus would not be suspended except in cases of “rebellion or invasion,” and only when “the public safety may require its suspension.” Before and after the March 3, 1863, Enrollment Act (see Chronology for this date), federal provost marshals had to confront numerous instances of state-court-issued writs of habeas corpus, even though these were pre-empted by federal law, especially Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus after September 15, 1863 (see Chronology for that date). New York’s constitution also provided for state treason, although it does not appear that anyone was convicted under this provision during the war years.33 Although the 1846 constitution capped new peacetime borrowing by the state at $1 million (“to meet casual deficits or failures in revenues or for expenses not provided for”), this limit did not apply when debts were incurred “to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, or defend the State in war.” The only constitutional limitation was that any money raised in such cases must be applied to war purposes. The 1846 constitution also required an annual deposit of $1.7 million in canal revenues into a sinking fund established to repay canal debt. Any surplus canal revenues were to be deposited in a second sinking fund, to pay debt service incurred by the general fund (the operating budget of the state). When Morgan needed money unexpectedly, he would raid both of these sinking funds, especially the canal fund. These borrowings seem to have been treated as arms-length transactions, and the money was repaid.34 (See Legislative Sessions for 1864, “Chapter 182: An Act making appropriation for the payment of bounties to volunteers, and providing means therefore.”) Internal factionalization characterizes all mass parties and New York’s Republican and Democratic organizations were no exception. By 1860, the New York Republican Party had completed a consolidation that began during the period from Governance and Politicians | 57

1854 to 1856, combining Whigs, anti-Nebraska voters, anti-slavery Know-Nothings, Free Soil Democrats, and pro-internal development interests into a single party with two ideological factions: radicals and conservatives, characterized by such men as James Wadsworth and Thurlow Weed, respectively. But a very different order prevailed within New York’s Democrats, where faction was both organizational and ideological. Because, the history of New York at war cannot be completely understood without reference to Tammany Hall, Mozart Hall, and the Albany Regency, a paragraph on each (to 1860) follows. •  Tammany Hall. The first Tammany Society was founded in Philadelphia, with New York establishing its iteration in 1786. This private political organization took its name from Tammamend, a seventeenth-century Native American leader of the Delaware Valley noted for his cooperation with Pennsylvania settlers. The Tammany Society adopted an “Indian” vocabulary, of which the best known terms were those for its second-tier leadership class (sachems), its primary leader (grand sachem), and its meeting place, referred to as the “wigwam.” New York’s Tammany Hall was prominent in early struggles between the DemocraticRepublicans and Federalists (e.g., Burr versus Hamilton) but, by the late 1820s, had become identified with the Democratic Party. For several decades, it would exercise complete control over New York City’s Democratic Party—­including nominations, patronage, and voter turnout—and often manufactured election results. As the 1840s influx of Irish was assimilated into the party, Tammany assumed an Irish hue, but the organization remained attractive to Democrats of many ethnicities. Of great importance to New York at war, Tammany represented the mainstream of the party between 1861 and 1865. Members were generally supportive of war measures but opposed to emancipation, deals between Republican officials and war contractors, 58 | New York

and Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus. The Forty-Second New York (the Tammany Regiment) was ruled by Grand Sachem Isaac V. Fowler (who absconded after being charged with embezzlement) until May 1860. After that, it was led by William M. (“Boss”) Tweed, who would face his own problems in 1871.35 •  Mozart Hall. Former New York City mayor Fernando Wood established Mozart Hall (named after a New York City hotel that hosted the early meetings) in 1858 after his “rebellion” from Tammany Hall, of which he had been grand sachem. The reasons for the split were partly ideological (Wood sided with Buchanan on the Lecompton Constitution while Tammany was moving towards Stephen Douglas) and partly personal: Wood could be erratic but he was undeniably brilliant and his ambition would not be constrained merely by ideology. If Tammany’s conservatism left New York’s proSouthern, anti-war, Negrophobic constituency in need of representation, he was just the man to do that. By Wood’s lights, Tammany now became the party of “Black Republican spies and Democratic traitors.” Wood created a parallel organization with “subsocieties” in each city ward. (His story is told in his biographical note and in the pages that follow.) Mozart and Tammany engaged in a blood feud that extended to the party conventions, as both sides competed to be the sole voice of the city’s Democrats. And like its bitter rival, Mozart Hall would sponsor a regiment: the Fortieth New York.36 •  Albany Regency. The Albany Regency was an informal name describing a group of upstate politicians and business executives whose members included former U.S. president Martin Van Buren; former senator, governor, secretary of state, and secretary of war William L. Marcy; former governor and senator Silas Wright; party leader Dean Richmond; Erastus Corning; John A. Dix; and soon-to-be governor Horatio Seymour (biographical notes for the last four appear in this volume). In its glory, the Regency controlled state Democratic

conventions and state patronage. However, the 1848 intraparty split that pitted antislavery Barnburners, Soft Shells, and Free Soilers against Hard Shells or Hunkers broke the Regency’s control. By 1860, the Regency’s salad days were well behind it. However, New York Central Railroad moneyman Erastus Corning, the road’s vice president Dean Richmond, newspaper publisher William Cassidy (Albany Atlas and Argus), Horatio Seymour, and John A. Dix (before the attack on Fort Sumter) remained to keep upstate influence alive in Democratic Party circles.37

Congressional Districts thirty-seventh congress, by counties, and for new york city by wards Population density per square mile, where available, is given in parentheses.38 First: Queens, Richmond, Suffolk (62). The district was 6.9 percent black, 12.9 percent foreign-born, and 3.9 percent Catholic. Second: Brooklyn (4,841). The district was 2.5 percent black, 45.9 percent foreign-born, 2 percent German, and 28.1 percent Irish. Third: New York City Wards 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 (47,031). The district was 6 percent black, 43.7 percent foreign-born, 7.3 percent German, and 24.1 percent Irish. Fourth: New York City Wards 4, 6, 10, and 14 (80,387). The district was 2.8 percent black, 57.9 percent foreign-born, 12.7 percent German, and 34.6 percent Irish. Fifth: New York City Wards 7 and 13 (57,322). The district was 2.2 percent black, 43.4 percent foreign-born, 16.6 percent German, and 19.3 percent Irish. Sixth: New York City Wards 13 and 17 (55,044). The district was 1.7 percent black, 47.4 foreign-born, 18.5 percent German, and 22.9 percent Irish. Seventh: New York City Wards 9, 16, and 20

(77,500). The district was 1.1 percent black, 41.8 percent foreign-born, 6.6 percent German, and 25.8 percent Irish. Eighth: New York City Wards 12, 18, and 19 (5,038). The district was 2.4 percent black, 44.9 percent foreign-born, 8.4 percent German, and 28.4 percent Irish. Ninth: Putnam, Rockland, Westchester (104.2). The district was 3.1 percent black, 18.2 percent foreign-born, and 3.6 percent Catholic. Tenth: Orange, Sullivan (49). The district was 3.1 percent black, 14.6 percent foreignborn, and 2.1 percent Catholic. Eleventh: Greene, Ulster (53). The district was 2.7 percent black, 11.3 percent foreignborn, and 2.5 percent Catholic. Twelfth: Columbia, Dutchess (73.2). The district was 3.2 percent black, 10.7 percent foreign-born, and 1.3 percent Catholic. Thirteenth: Rensselaer (117.2). The district was 1.4 percent black, 19.8 percent foreignborn, and 1.5 percent Catholic. Fourteenth: Albany (181.1). The district was 1.3 percent black, 29.4 percent foreign-born, and 6.3 percent Catholic. Fifteenth: Hamilton, Saratoga, Warren, Washington (25.6). The district was 0.9 percent black, 11.3 percent foreign-born, and 0.9 percent Catholic. Sixteenth: Clinton, Essex, Franklin (22). The district was 0.2 percent black, 25 percent foreign-born, and 5.3 percent Catholic. Seventeenth: Herkimer, St. Lawrence (26.1). The district was 0.2 percent black, 16.2 percent foreign-born, and 0.6 percent Catholic. Eighteenth: Fulton, Montgomery, Schenectady, Schoharie (61.5). The district was 1.3 percent black, 8 percent foreign-born, and 0.4 percent Catholic. Governance and Politicians | 59

Nineteenth: Delaware, Otsego (37.2). The district was 0.4 percent black, 5.7 percent foreign-born, and 0.2 percent Catholic. Twentieth: Oneida (81.6). The district was 0.7 percent black, 22.8 percent foreign-born, and 2.6 percent Catholic. Twenty-First: Broome, Chenango, Cortland (48.2). The district was 0.8 percent black, 3.7 percent foreign-born, and 0.9 percent Catholic. Twenty-Second: Madison, Oswego (68.2). The district was 0.5 percent black, 11.5 percent foreign-born, and 3 percent Catholic. Twenty-Third: Jefferson, Lewis (35.7). The district was 0.2 percent black, 9.6 percent foreign-born, and 6.7 percent Catholic. Twenty-Fourth: Onondaga (107.4). The district was 0.7 percent black, 19.6 percent foreign-born, and 2.3 percent Catholic. Twenty-Fifth: Cayuga, Wayne (82.3). The district was 0.8 percent black, 10 percent foreign-born, and 1 percent Catholic. Twenty-Sixth: Ontario, Seneca, Yates (70.9). The district was 1.1 percent black, 8.7 percent foreign-born, and 2.1 percent Catholic. Twenty-Seventh: Chemung, Tioga, Tompkins (57.6). The district was 0.9 percent black, 4.5 percent foreign-born, and 1.7 percent Catholic. Twenty-Eighth: Livingston, Steuben (48.9). The district was 0.5 percent black, 9.5 percent foreign-born, and 3.1 percent Catholic. Twenty-Ninth: Monroe (129.9). The district was 0.8 percent black, 29.8 percent foreign-born, and 8.6 percent Catholic. Thirtieth: Allegany, Genesee, Wyoming (46.6). The district was 0.3 percent black, 9.2 percent foreign-born, and 3.5 percent Catholic. Thirty-First: Niagara, Orleans (78.5). The 60 | New York

district was 0.6 percent black, 16 percent foreign-born, and 3 percent Catholic. Thirty-Second: Erie (102.4). The district was 0.8 percent black, 37.1 foreign-born, and 17 percent Catholic. Thirty-Third: Cattaraugus, Chautauqua (39.8). The district was 0.3 percent black, 9.2 percent foreign-born, and 0.2 percent Catholic.

Congressional Delegation The Eighth Census reduced the number of New York’s representatives in the U.S. House from thirtythree in the Thirty-Seventh Congress to thirty-one in the Thirty-Eighth Congress. senate •  William H. Seward served in the Senate from March 4, 1849, to March 3, 1861. Originally elected as a Whig, he was re-elected in 1855 as a Republican. He served as secretary of state from March 5, 1861, to March 4, 1869. Seward (1801–1872) was born in Florida, New York, and educated in the local private academy. His father was a slaveholder (still legal in the New York of Seward’s youth) and accounts vary about when and where the son’s hatred of slavery began: in one version, Seward went south on a teaching sabbatical during his senior year at Union College, where he experienced slavery’s brutality first-hand. In any case, by the time he graduated college in 1820, Seward was a confirmed abolitionist. After graduation, he left Schenectady for New York City and read law in the offices of John Anthon, then relocated to Goshen to complete his studies under John Duer and Ogden Hoffman. He was admitted to the bar in 1822 and relocated to Auburn the following year, entering into practice with Cayuga County Judge Elijah Miller. Shortly afterwards, he entered public life—not on the hustings, however, but behind the lectern. In widely noted speeches, he denounced the Albany Regency, and endorsed

the Greek Revolution, the first Missouri Compromise, and the election of John Quincy Adams. In 1830, the Anti-Masons nominated Seward for the state senate. He won and was re-elected in 1832. His state senate years were marked by attention to social and humanitarian reform, including that of prisons and popular elections in New York City, although he opposed Jackson on the Bank of the United States. In 1834, after Seward’s return from a European trip, Thurlow Weed convinced him to challenge Regency Democrat William L. Marcy for governor. Seward lost, receiving 168,800 votes to Marcy’s 181,905. He resumed his legal practice in Auburn but maintained a public profile through his speeches. In 1838, also with Weed’s support, he again challenged Marcy for the governorship and won, with 192,882 votes to Marcy’s 182,461. Seward’s mix of social reform and sensitivity to immigrant concerns proved popular, and he won a second term in 1840 with 222,011 votes. His reformist policies continued during his second term, focusing on the court system, public education, and state facilities for the mentally ill. He was ­especially welcoming toward Catholic immigrants (a position that won him few Know-­ Nothing friends in the next decade). It was during this administration that New York’s first personal liberty bill was passed, with Seward’s vigorous support. Before leaving office in 1842, he suggested amending the state constitution to abolish the freehold requirement for African American suffrage. Returning to Auburn, Seward resumed his legal practice, became involved in a series of high-profile cases, and publicly opposed the annexation of Texas. As previously mentioned, he was elected to the U.S. Senate as a Whig in 1849 and re-elected as a Republican in 1855. As the favorite son of the country’s largest and wealthiest state, Seward was a formidable candidate for president in 1860. However, the author of the phrase “irrepressible conflict” was unacceptable to some states, especially Pennsylvania, where the Republican Party had not

yet fully congealed. Moreover, there was opposition at home, notably from Horace Greeley, who disliked both Seward and Weed. After the nomination went to Lincoln, Seward accepted the loss and labored for the party’s candidate. (Lincoln’s collaboration with Seward began before the latter became secretary of state; Seward helped the new president draft his first inaugural address.) Seward was intimately involved in many major wartime decisions, especially regarding the states: these included early-war arrests and prosecutions for anti-government activities, the 1862 troop levies, as well as keeping governors informed of threats from Canada or overseas. Seward remained secretary of state for the entirety of the Lincoln and Johnson administrations. Postwar, he helped negotiate the Alabama Claims, which removed a formal obstacle to better relations with Great Britain and, in 1867, acquired Alaska.39 •  Ira Harris, a Republican, served in the Senate from March 4, 1861, to March 3, 1867. Harris (1802– 1875) was born in Charleston, New York, raised on a large farm and educated in the common schools. He prepared for college at Homer Academy and graduated with honors from Union College in 1824. After graduation, he returned to Homer, read law with Augustus Donnelly, then relocated to Albany to clerk for Ambrose Spencer, chief justice of New York’s supreme court. He was admitted to the bar in 1827. Harris practiced in Albany before entering political office in New York’s assembly (1845–1846). He was a delegate to the 1846 state constitutional convention and was elected to the state senate in 1847. After Albany Law School was organized in 1850, Harris joined as a lecturer in equity jurisprudence. Between 1847 and 1859 he was a justice on New York’s supreme court. In 1859 he left for a tour of Europe, returning home in 1861. That year he defeated rivals Horace Greeley and William M. Evarts to fill Seward’s unexpired term. He was remembered as having a “tall and majestic form” and highly regarded by colleagues; at the Governance and Politicians | 61

start of the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he was one of five senators entrusted with revising committee assignments. On the prevailing political spectrum, Harris has been described as “staunchly moderate.” In the first session of the Thirty-Seventh Congress, Harris was chairman of the Committee on Private Land Claims and fourth-ranking member on the Committee on the Judiciary. In the second session, he retained both of these committee assignments and added one: as sixth-ranking member on the Committee on Foreign Relations. In the third session, Harris retained his chairmanship, left Foreign Relations, moved to third rank on the Committee on the Judiciary, and became secondranked member on the Committee on Patents and the Patent Office. In the first session of the ThirtyEighth Congress, Harris retained his chairmanship, left Patents and the Patent Office, and returned to Foreign Relations, this time as third-ranking member. After his 1867 bid for a second term was unsuccessful, he returned to Albany Law School as a professor and served as a delegate to New York’s 1867 constitutional convention. Harris was a trustee of Union College, and also helped found Rochester University, serving as its chancellor.40 •  Preston King, a Republican, served in the Senate from March 4, 1857, to March 3, 1863. King (1806– 1865) was born in Ogdensburg, received a classical education, and graduated from Union College in 1827. He read law, was admitted to the bar, and practiced in St. Lawrence County. An admirer of Andrew Jackson, he founded the Jacksonian St. Lawrence Republican in 1830 and served as Ogdensburg’s postmaster between 1831 and 1834. He was elected to New York’s assembly, serving between 1835 and 1838. King entered the Twenty-Eighth Congress as a Democrat and was reelected to the Twenty-Ninth. Although he did not run for the Thirtieth, he was returned to the Thirty-First and Thirty-Second Congresses as a Free Soiler with impeccable Barnburner credentials. Staunchly antislavery, in 1856 he was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate 62 | New York

and served through the Thirty-Seventh Congress. After the March 1861 reorganization of the Senate, following the resignation of the seceding bloc, King chaired the Committee on Revolutionary Claims, and was the first-ranking member on both the Committee on Commerce and the Committee on Military Affairs and the Militia. He retained these positions through all three sessions of that Congress. A biographer wrote of King that, “His vote often stood with that of the vicious Ben Wade, but never his heart.” By the metrics employed by Bogue to rank Senate radicals and moderates, King was a radical. He declined to seek another term in 1863 and returned to his law practice. In 1864 he was a delegate to the Republican convention in Baltimore, where he supported Andrew Johnson for vice president, and was a presidential elector. In return for his support, Johnson appointed him collector of New York’s port in 1865. That post proved too much for King. After weeks of mental unrest, reportedly exacerbated by the patronage demands of his new office, King filled his pockets with weights. He committed suicide on November 12, 1865, by jumping from the Hoboken Ferry into New York Harbor.41 •  Edwin D. Morgan served in the Senate from March 4, 1863, to March 3, 1869. (See biography under War Governors.) house of representatives Thirty-Seventh Congress (by District and Party)42 •  Edward H. Smith (First District, Democrat) served in the House from 1861 to 1963. Smith (1809– 1885) was born in Smithtown and became a farmer. Before his election to Congress, he held a number of municipal offices in Smithtown, includ­ing justice of the peace, highway overseer, and claims commissioner. He was elected as a Democrat to the ThirtySeventh Congress and voted as a War Democrat; he did not run for the Thirty-Eighth Congress. Postwar, he served as Smithtown supervisor. During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served

on the Committee on Agriculture, third member, and the Committee on Expenditures in the Post Office Department, fourth member.43 •  Moses F. Odell (Second District, Democrat) served in the House from 1861 to 1865. Odell (1818–1866) was born in Tarrytown and entered the New York customhouse in 1845. He became a career customhouse appraiser, remaining until his election as a Democrat to the Thirty-Seventh Congress. Odell’s greatest wartime service was as the sole Democrat on the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War (hereafter JCCW). He supported the committee’s criticism of McClellan but was hostile towards its darling, John C. Fremont. Despite differences, he was trusted by his more radical Republican colleagues. One reason might have been his piety; raised in a religious home, he had a conversion experience at a camp meeting when aged twentyeight. He was a steady churchgoer, a lifelong “Sunday School man,” and a temperance advocate. He supported Douglas in 1860, but would eventually support emancipation in the District of Columbia, the enlistment of African American troops, as well as the Thirteenth Amendment. Re-elected to the Thirty-Eighth Congress (with the support of Republicans on the JCCW), he was appointed by Johnson as the navy’s agent for the Port of New York in 1865. About his Unionism, Odell said later that, “One country and the Old Flag was my watchword, and I thank God that ignoring party ties, and personal interest, I was enabled, unswervingly, to bend the best energy of my mind and body to aid in the accomplishment of this object.” During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served as chairman, Committee on Expenditures in the Treasury Department, and on the Committee on Indian Affairs, fifth member.44 •  Benjamin Wood (Third District, Democrat) served in the House from 1861 to 1865 and from 1881 to 1883. Wood (1820–1900) was born in Shelbyville, Kentucky, the younger brother of Fernando Wood and the only man the latter trusted. Ben Wood was

endowed with a prodigious memory and a gift for mathematics (later in life, he would successfully wager that he could add widely scattered election returns before the official counters). At age twelve, Ben shipped out as a supercargo, absorbing practical life and business experience in the Antilles and Central America, and afterwards leading what was politely termed “an adventurous life,” as a moss gatherer in the Louisiana bayous. At some point, the ruggedly handsome Ben resettled in New York City and became a prosperous lottery entrepreneur, all the while studying politics as brother Fernando ascended through Democratic ranks to the mayoralty. In 1860, Fernando bought New York’s Daily News for $5,600 and made Ben editor. That year Ben endorsed Douglas and led a statewide effort to unite the Douglas and Breckinridge factions. Although unsuccessful, the movement gained some traction in New York City, where its advocates were known as Fusionists. Although Douglas lost in November, Ben won a seat in Congress. Over the next four years, Ben and Fernando became national leaders (and often lightning rods) for the Peace Democrats. The Daily News was prohibited from accessing the U.S. mails on August 25, 1861 (see entry for that date), and would soon close its doors. In June 1862, while speaking on the House floor, Congressman John A. Bingham of Ohio openly questioned Ben’s loyalty. A special committee absolved Ben after extensive testimony, but House Republicans, unwilling to give him any more absolution than necessary, refused to have the committee report published. As vociferous as Ben was against coercing the South, however, he drew the line during the 1863 Draft Riots. When a mob threatened the New York Times, Ben, revolver in hand, warned them off with a speech: “Men, you know that the Daily News has always been with you for the maintenance of your rights, but it is not your right to destroy the property of your fellow citizens, and you shall not pass here while I am alive to prevent it.” Governance and Politicians | 63

Ben’s 1862 novel, Fort Lafayette, or Love and Secession, sold well and even received grudging approval from reviewers otherwise politically opposed. Postwar, Ben transformed the Daily News into one of the country’s most successful papers, as well as founding two successful German-language newspapers. He later served in the New York Assembly and the Forty-Seventh Congress. During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served on the Committee on Mileage, fourth member.45 •  James E. Kerrigan (Fourth District, Independent Democrat) served in the House from 1861 to 1863. Kerrigan (1828–1899) was born in New York City, attended Fordham College, and saw service in Mexico with the First New York Regiment. In 1856, he was listed as an officer in William Walker’s Nicaraguan filibustering expedition, for a time serving as Managua’s alcalde. After his return to New York City, he was elected alderman and Tombs’ Police Court clerk. On May 21, 1861, while serving in the ThirtySeventh Congress, Kerrigan was commissioned colonel of the two-year Twenty-Fifth New York. His service would be brief. On February 21, 1862, he was “allowed to resign” following a devastating court-martial in which he was found guilty of (among other things) abandoning his post, drunkenness, failing to instruct his men in battle tactics, failing to stop brawling and disorder in the ranks, and failing to properly supervise his men’s appearance and hygiene. With his court-martial looming, Kerrigan persuaded Fernando Wood to write to Lincoln on his behalf. While Wood told the president that he knew nothing of the charges, he pointed out that Kerrigan’s New York City constituents would appreciate any clemency. In the meantime Kerrigan was held in the Old Capital Prison (unusual for a federal officer). Clemency was shown and, after resigning, Kerrigan finished his House term. His political life continued thereafter, but in another venue: Irish nationalism. In 1866 he commanded a company in the Fenian at64 | New York

tack on Canada; the next year, he captained a vessel smuggling arms to Ireland. During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served on the Committee on Public Expenditures, third member.46 •  William Wall (Fifth District, Republican) served in the House from 1861 to 1863. Wall (1800–1872) was born in Philadelphia. He became a journeyman ropemaker and, eventually, a rope manufacturer. He relocated to Kings County as a young adult and soon held a number of positions in the town of Williamsburg; by 1853, he had become mayor. In 1851 he served as the first president of Williamsburg Savings Bank, a position he held until 1865, thereafter serving as vice president. He also was a founder of Williamsburg City Bank and the Williamsburg Dispensary. He refused renomination to the Thirty-Eighth Congress. During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served on the Committee on Revolutionary Claims, fourth member, and the Committee on Expenditures on the Public Buildings, third member.47 •  Frederick A. Conkling (Sixth District, Republican) served in the House from 1861 to 1863. Conk­ ling (1816–1891) was the son of Congressman Alfred Conkling and the older brother of Roscoe Conkling (see entry below). He was born in Canajoharie, educated in classical studies in Albany and, at some point, relocated to New York City, where he established the dry goods firm of Conkling & Churchill. He served in the state assembly in the 1850s, where he chaired the Ways and Means Committee, and was elected as a Republican to that body in 1858. He was unsuccessful in standing for the Thirty-Eighth Congress. On July 3, 1863, Conkling was appointed colonel of the Eighty-Fourth New York National Guard. That unit’s first stint was for 30 days, occupying the Baltimore defenses; it was deployed again on July 12, 1864, for 100 days in the Washington vicinity, seeing slight action at Muddy Branch that September.

Conkling’s business résumé was impressive: he was a founder and president of the West Side Savings Bank, and served as president of the Aetna Fire Insurance Company in Hartford. He also was an active pamphleteer, writing on subjects that included naval defenses of the Great Lakes, promoting medical science, and exposing fraud in the Freedman’s Bureau. During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served on the Committee on Naval Affairs, seventh member.48 •  Elijah Ward (Seventh District, Democrat) served in the House from 1857 to 1859, 1861 to 1865, and 1875 to 1877. Ward (1816–1882) was born in Sing Sing and received a common school education. In 1833, he traded an opportunity to enter the law office of his uncle Aaron Ward, then a congressman, for a New York City clerkship with a prominent merchant. Yet Elijah Ward was devoted to intellectual self-improvement and the law retained its appeal. In 1838 he attended New York University School of Law and, in 1839, was elected president of the New York Mercantile Library Association. He left commerce for law in 1840, entered a law practice, and was admitted to the bar in 1843. In 1848, he was admitted to practice before the U.S. Supreme Court. Horatio Seymour appointed him the New York State Militia’s judge adjutant general in 1845, a position he held until 1853. A lifelong and mainstream Democrat, Ward was prominent in the state party and a delegate to the 1856 Democratic convention in Cincinnati. That year he was elected to the Thirty-Fifth Congress. He ran unsuccessfully for the Thirty-Sixth but was returned for the Thirty-Seventh (where he was supported by the Mozart and Breckinridge factions) and the ThirtyEighth. During the war years he was pro-Union, but generally opposed emancipationist measures, including the Thirteenth Amendment. He also was closely identified with promoting foreign trade. He was defeated for the Thirty-Ninth Congress, returned to the Forty-Fourth, but was unsuccessful for the Forty-Fifth.

During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served on the Committee on Commerce, second member.49 •  Isaac Delaplaine (Eighth District, Democrat) served in the House from 1861 to 1863. Delaplaine (1817–1866) was born in New York City and graduated from Columbia College in 1834 at the head of his class, winning a gold medal, along with silver medals (the highest in each category) for Moral and Political Philosophy; Greek and Roman Literature; Natural, Experimental and Mechanical Philosophy; and Mathematics and Astronomy. Admitted to the bar in 1840, he established a law practice and became involved in Democratic Party politics. By 1860, he was a Fusionist, reflecting the (very) limited success of Ben Wood’s efforts to unite the Douglas and Breckinridge factions at the state level. A mainstream Democrat, he supported war measures while opposing administration policies on emancipation, confiscation, and the suspension of habeas corpus. He did not run for re-election to the Thirty-Eighth Congress. During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served on the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds, second member.50 •  Edward Haight (Ninth District, Democrat) served in the House from 1861 to 1863. Haight (1817–1885) was born in New York City and established himself in the dry goods business there before relocating to Westchester in 1850. In the decade before the war, Haight became involved in banking. In 1856, he was a founder of the Bank of the Commonwealth of New York City, serving as its president until 1870; he also was a director of the National Bank of New York. Elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he was deemed sufficiently loyal to be appointed by Speaker Galusha Grow to the Select Committee on the Loyalty of Clerks and Other Persons Employed by the Government (as its name suggests, this influential committee was responsible for purging disloyal government workers). Haight stood unsuccessfully as a Republican-Union candidate Governance and Politicians | 65

for the Thirty-Eighth Congress. Postwar, together with his son, Edward Jr. (who had served as a commissioned officer with the Sixteenth U.S. Infantry and an aide to John Pope), he founded Edward Haight & Co., a Wall Street brokerage. During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served on the Committee on Manufactures, second member, and on the Committee on Revisal and Unfinished Business, fourth member.51 •  Charles H. Van Wyck (Tenth District, Republican) served in the House from 1859 to 1863 and from 1867 to 1871. Van Wyck (1824–1895) was born in Poughkeepsie. He graduated from Rutgers in 1843, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1847. He was district attorney for Sullivan County between 1850 and 1856. A firm antislavery Republican, he served in the Thirty-Sixth Congress where, after one speech, he was denounced as a “liar and a scoundrel” by a Mississippi congressman and challenged to a duel. (Van Wyck wisely declined.) Re-elected to the Thirty-Seventh Congress, Van Wyck performed two great wartime services. The first was his successful July 8, 1861, resolution to form the Select Committee on Government Contracts (known as the Van Wyck Committee). Its mission was to investigate War and Navy Department contracts for “provisions, supplies and transportation, for materials or services” that were let without advertising or made with someone other than the lowest bidder. With Van Wyck as chair, the committee called hundreds of witnesses, exposing the graft and inefficiencies that relieved John Fremont from command, caused painful embarrassment to Gideon Welles, and probably helped remove Simon Cameron from the War Department. (It also led to another dueling challenge, this time from an angry contractor, which Van Wyck likewise declined.) The second great service followed his September 4, 1861, appointment as colonel of the New York Fifty-Sixth Infantry, a three-year unit. Fortunately for Van Wyck, the Fifty-Sixth remained in Washington 66 | New York

until the March 1862 start of the Peninsula Campaign, but it saw hard service there, and later in the South Carolina theater. In 1865, Van Wyck was brevetted a brigadier general. Postwar, he returned to Congress as a member of the New York delegation. In 1874, he moved to Nebraska, bought a farm, and ran for office, eventually becoming a U.S. senator from that state. During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served as the chairman, Committee on Revolutionary Pensions, and on the Committee on the Territories, first member.52 •  John B. Steele (Eleventh District, Democrat) served in the House from 1861 to 1865. Steele (1814–1866) was born in Delhi, New York, and graduated from Williams College. He was admitted to the Otsego County bar in 1839, and began a law practice in Cooperstown. In 1841 he was appointed district attorney for Otsego County, and in 1847 relocated to Kingston to practice law. In 1850 he was elected an Ulster County special judge. He was the older brother of General Frederick Steele and helped raise troops in his district during the war. He initially voted against the Thirteenth Amendment but later switched to the affirmative. Steele ran unsuccessfully for re-election to the Thirty-Ninth Congress; he also campaigned for the nomination to the Fortieth but was killed in a carriage accident just before the primary. During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served on the Committee on Revolutionary Pensions, fifth member.53 •  Stephen Baker (Twelfth District, Republican) served in the House from 1861 to 1863. Baker (1819–1875) was born in New York City. He became a wool merchant, then relocated to Poughkeepsie in 1850. He retired after his single term. During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served on the Committee on Roads and Canals, sixth member, and the Committee on Patents, second member.54 •  Abram B. Olin (Thirteenth District, Republican) served in the House from 1857 to 1863. Olin (1812–

1879) was born in Shaftsbury, Vermont, graduated from Williams College in 1835, then returned to Vermont to study law. Although admitted to the Vermont bar, he relocated to Troy and was admitted there in 1838. Olin was a Barnburner Democrat until 1854, when he joined the Republican Party. He served as Troy’s city recorder between 1844 and 1852, and won election as a Republican for the Thirty-Fifth Congress. Olin was a strong pro-war Republican; after Senate passage, he introduced the 1863 Conscription Act in the House. Several weeks later, on Lincoln’s appointment, Olin was confirmed as an associate justice of the newly created Supreme Court of the District of Columbia (which replaced the original circuit court, dissolved because its judges’ loyalty was suspect). Olin served on that court until 1879. During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served on the Committee on Military Affairs, fourth member.55 •  Erastus Corning (Fourteenth District, Democrat) served in the House from 1857 to 1859 and from 1861 to 1863. Corning (1794–1872), was born in Norwich, Connecticut. His family relocated to Chatham when he was about twelve; at thirteen, he went to work for a “hardware and iron store” in Troy. Two years later, with his employer’s consent, he went into business for himself, buying and selling a variety of small necessaries and fruit, always tending to his books and maintaining his credit. At nineteen, he went to work for a larger hardware dealer in Albany and soon became a partner. Eventually the firm of Erastus Corning & Company established itself as a large dealer of hardware goods to the west. Corning next developed one of the largest iron foundries in the country, followed by investments in New York railroads, notably the Albany & Schenectady road. He was the “master spirit” that merged lines into the New York Central, and served as its president for twelve years. Corning, a Democrat of the Jeffersonian stripe, was drawn into politics many years before these

accomplishments. He was elected a regent of the state university system in 1833 and would retain that post for the next twenty-nine years, a vicechancellor at his death. He served as an Albany alderman, as Albany’s mayor from 1834 to 1837, and as a state senator from 1842 to 1845. He won election to the Thirty-Fifth Congress, was unsuccessful for the Thirty-Sixth, then was re-elected to the Thirty-Seventh and Thirty-Eighth (poor health forced his early resignation from the latter). Corning served as a peace commissioner in 1861 and as a delegate to the state constitutional convention in 1867. During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served on the Committee of Ways and Means, fifth member.56 •  James B. McKean (Fifteenth District, Republican) served in the House from 1861 to 1865. Mc­ Kean (1821–1879) was born in Hoosic, New York (or perhaps Bennington, Vermont), the son of a minister and nephew of Samuel McKean, U.S. senator from Pennsylvania. James McKean’s family lived in Saratoga then relocated to a farm in Halfmoon. Though educated in the public schools, he also was an autodidact, reading from the commentaries of Blackstone and Kent. At age twentyone, he was elected school superintendent of Halfmoon. Two years later, he became colonel of the One Hundred and Forty-Fourth New York State Militia. He began legal study in earnest in 1847 and was admitted to practice in state court in 1849. In 1851, he moved to Saratoga Springs; in 1854, he was elected county judge as a Republican. On August 21, 1861, McKean sent a letter to his constituents asking them to enlist in the “Bemis Heights Battalion” (enumerated the Seventy-­Seventh New York, a three-year unit). McKean served as its colonel until he was discharged for disability on July 27, 1863. Postwar, Andrew Johnson named him a treaty commissioner to Honduras. In 1870, Grant appointed him chief justice of the Utah Territory’s supreme court. Governance and Politicians | 67

During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served as the chairman, Committee on Expenditures in the State Department, and on the Committee of Elections, third member.57 •  William A. Wheeler (Sixteenth District, Republican) served in the House from 1861 to 1863 and from 1869 to 1877. From 1877 to 1881, he was vice president under Rutherford B. Hayes. Wheeler (1819–1887) was born in Malone and attended Franklin Academy, graduating in 1838. Although an indifferent student, he had a proclivity for mathematics. He attended the University of Vermont for two years, then returned to Malone and studied law in the office of a man who was serving as county district attorney. Wheeler was admitted to the bar in 1845; one year later, he was elected district attorney after his employer resigned for health reasons. Wheeler was elected to the state assembly as a Whig in 1849 and re-elected in 1850. In the latter term, he served as chairman of the Ways and Means Committee (unusual given his age). During the 1850s, he met with great success as a banker (State Bank of Malone) and railroader (Ogdensburg & Rouse Point Railroad). However, he never strayed far from politics. After moving from Whig to Republican in 1854, he helped organize the party in Franklin County and supported Fremont in 1856. In 1857, he was elected to the New York Senate, serving until 1860 and voted president pro tempore by colleagues in 1858 and 1859. His election to the Thirty-Seventh Congress sent a loyal Republican backbencher to the House; however, he declined a second term and spent the rest of the war years tending his business interests. Postwar, he re-entered federal politics in 1868, serving in the Forty-First through Forty-Fourth Congresses before joining the Hayes ticket in 1876. During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served as the chairman, Committee on Expenditures in the War Department.58 •  Socrates N. Sherman (Seventeenth District, Republican) served in the House from 1861 to 1863. 68 | New York

Sherman (1801–1873) was born in Barre, Vermont, one of five brothers, all of whom became physicians. He received a public education, then graduated from Mount Castleton Medical College in 1824. The next year he relocated to Ogdensburg, where he became a founder of its public school and lyceum. Given Ogdensburg’s position on the St. Lawrence River and the fierce anti-British sentiments of many Americans, it was natural that Canadian Patriots (rebels), refugees, and exiles from the Canadian rebellions of 1837 and 1838 (together with their politics), would find sympathy across the border. Sherman was a Patriot sympathizer who became involved in the network of “hunters clubs” that formed along the border to serve as arms depots for the rebels. He also gave financial aid and was prominent at several public meetings on their behalf. The passing years did not mute his willingness to commit to action: after his election as a Republican to the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he joined the Thirty-Fourth New York, a two-year unit, as its surgeon, with the rank of major. After mustering out in June 1863, Sherman was assigned acting medical director of the Department of West Virginia. He declined a second term and mustered out a brevet lieutenant colonel on October 7, 1865. During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served on the Committee on Invalid Pensions, first member, and the Committee on Expenditures in the Interior Department, second member.59 •  Chauncey Vibbard (Eighteenth District, Democrat) served in the House from 1861 to 1863. Vibbard (1811–1891) was born in Galway, New York, and educated in the public schools and Albany’s Mott’s Academy for Boys. After graduating at age fifteen, he worked as a clerk for a wholesale grocer before relocating to New York City to clerk for a dry goods merchant. In 1834 he moved to Montgomery, Alabama, to work as a bookkeeper. Two years later, he returned to New York and, at age twentyfive, became chief clerk of the Utica & Schenectady Railroad. By 1848, the line’s capital was $4.5 mil-

lion and Vibbard was its superintendent; Erastus Corning (see above) was its president. Nicknamed “the father of railroads,” Vibbard is credited with adapting railroads to passenger and freight service. He introduced the first timetables (and generally kept them); he also added passenger facilities and emphasized safety. In 1853, Corning and Vibbard consolidated the myriad of lines that became the New York Central; Vibbard served as the Central’s general superintendent until 1865. Elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he declined a second term. In 1862, at Stanton’s request, Vibbard served as temporary director of the U.S. military railroads; in 1864, he was one of McClellan’s electors. Postwar, Vibbard resumed his business pursuits and continued as an investor in railroads (in Central and South America, among other places) and elevated rail, as well as steamboats and insurance. During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served on the Committee on Post Office and Post Roads, sixth member, and the Committee on Expenditures in the War Department, second member.60 •  Richard Franchot (Nineteenth District, Republican) served in the House from 1861 to 1863. Franchot (1816–1875) was born in Morris and educated locally. He prepared for college at Hartwick Academy and Cherry Valley Academy, then attended Polytechnic Institute in Troy, where he studied civil engineering. Before entering public life he served as president of the Albany & Susquehanna ­Railroad. During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, Franchot served on the Committee for the District of Columbia, fifth member. His standing committee assignment did not reflect his real power, however. As a former railroad president, he was a natural choice to sit on the House Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad, and also served on the threeman subcommittee that drafted “An Act to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean, and to secure to the Government the use of the same for

postal, military and other purposes.” This granted the Union Pacific Railroad some 35 million acres of western land. Franchot declined to stand for the Thirty-Eighth Congress, choosing military service instead. On July 19, 1862, he was authorized to recruit what became the One Hundred and Twenty-First New York Infantry (“Otsego and Herkimer Regiment,” a three-year unit). Franchot was commissioned colonel on August 23, 1862, and the regiment deployed on September 2, assigned to Sixth Corps. Franchot’s tenure with the unit was brief, however. He was honorably discharged on September 25, 1862, reportedly because, “He accepted the position only temporarily” (not unusual for soloncolonels). Despite this brief tenure, he received a brigadier’s brevet on March 13, 1865, “for gallant and meritorious services during the war.” Postwar, Franchot exemplified a new Washington breed: the corporate lobbyist, using his political contacts and knowledge of the legislative process on behalf of Collis Huntington and his railroads.61 •  Roscoe Conkling (Twentieth District, Republican) served in the House from 1859 to 1863 and from 1865 to 1867. Conkling (1829–1888) was born in Albany, the son of Alfred Conkling, a congressman, federal district judge, and minister to Mexico. His brother Augustus (see above) also became a congressman. Roscoe never attended college. At age sixteen, he moved from his home in Auburn to Utica to clerk, unpaid, for the Whig law firm Spencer & Kernan. Success came fast to the talented Conkling, a persuasive speaker with a prodigious memory. He was admitted to the bar in 1850; that year, Governor Hamilton Fish appointed him Oneida County’s district attorney. In 1852, Conkling resumed private practice. By age twenty-five, he was “well-known as a jury lawyer and advocate throughout central and northern New York.” In 1858, he was elected mayor of Utica. When the Civil War began, Conkling had just started his national political career. His maiden Governance and Politicians | 69

speech in the Thirty-Sixth Congress was an attack on the Dred Scott decision; Republicans would use it in 1860 as a campaign document. After reelection to the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he lost his bid for the Thirty-Eighth. At Stanton’s urging, Conkling represented the War Department in the celebrated prosecution against aapmg Haddock (see Key Events for April 4, 1865). Returned to the Thirty-Ninth and Fortieth Congresses, Conkling resigned in 1867 to become U.S. senator from New York, a position he would hold until his protest resignation in 1881 over a failure to be consulted on New York federal appointments (he would fail to regain the seat he vacated). In 1882, he declined nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court. During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served as the chairman, Committee for the District of Columbia.62 •  Rodolphus Holland Duell (Twenty-First District, Republican) served in the House from 1859 to 1863 and from 1871 to 1875. Duell (1824–1891) was born in Warren. In 1842 he began studying law with future congressman and Republican colleague Charles B. Sedgwick (see below). Duell was admitted to the bar in 1845, commenced practice in Fabius in 1846, and relocated to Cortland County in 1848. He was elected county district attorney in 1850 and re-elected in 1853, serving until 1855, when he was elected county judge and surrogate, a position he would hold until his 1859 election to Congress. He entered politics a Whig but early joined the Republican Party, serving as a delegate at the 1856, 1864, and 1868 national conventions. Duell foresaw the consequences of secession; in December 1860, he wrote his constituents a letter predicting war and urging them to prepare. He was active in recruiting efforts, notably as a sponsor of the One Hundred and Fourteenth New York Infantry. After the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he resumed private practice. Postwar, Duell served as an internal revenue assessor for the Twenty-Third Congressional District from 1869 to 1871. In 1871 70 | New York

he returned to Congress, where he remained until 1875, when Grant appointed him U.S. commissioner of patents. During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served as the chairman, Committee on Revolutionary Claims, and on the Committee of Claims, sixth member.63 •  William E. Lansing (Twenty-Second District, Republican) served in the House from 1861 to 1863 and from 1871 to 1875. Lansing (1821–1883) was born in Perryville and graduated from Cazenovia Seminary (now Cazenovia College) in 1841. He began law studies in Utica, and by 1845 was admitted to the bar and practicing in Chittenango. In 1850 he was elected Madison County’s district attorney, serving until 1853. He was president of Chittenango Village from 1853 until 1855, then Madison County’s clerk until 1858. Elected as a Republican to the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served as a loyal backbencher and gained notoriety by a speech given on May 21, 1862, in support of emancipating rebels’ slaves: “We may take his property, burn his cities, devastate his fields, deprive him of his life, all of which are great intrinsic evils, but it is said that we may not perform that intrinsically righteous act—emancipation of his slaves.” Lansing did not run for the Thirty-Eighth Congress and returned to Syracuse to resume his law practice. He was later elected to the Forty-­ Second and Forty-Third Congresses. During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served on the Committee on Indian Affairs, sixth member.64 •  Ambrose W. Clark (Twenty-Third District, Republican) served in the House from 1861 to 1865. Clark (1810–1887) was born in Cooperstown and educated in the public schools. At sixteen, he became a printer’s apprentice for the Watch Tower, a local Jacksonian sheet. At age twenty-one, Clark left for Utica and the position of foreman with the weekly Oneida Whig. His stay was brief. A Cooperstown banker and investor, William Holt Averell, persuaded Clark to return to Cooperstown and take ownership of the Otsego Republican, which he

did for the next five years. In 1837, Clark sold that paper and moved to Wisconsin, hoping to benefit from a booming real estate market. But the Panic of 1837 began almost as soon as he arrived, and Clark returned to his home state to publish Lowville’s National Journal, which doubled its subscribers (from 500 to 1,000) over the next nine years. Clark then moved to Watertown and the Black River Journal, which he renamed the Northern New York Journal. Clark early joined the Republican Party; he was close with Weed and Seward and firmly antislavery. A discerning contemporary noted that Clark “never made speeches, but left that business to those who preferred to talk rather than work, while he was content to look after matters in which the great body of his constituents were interested.” In 1865, Lincoln appointed him as consul at Valparaiso, a position he held until 1869. During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served on the Joint Committee on Printing, first member.65 •  Charles B. Sedgwick (Twenty-Fourth District, Republican) served in the House from 1859 to 1863. Sedgwick (1815–1883) was born in Pompey and educated at Pompey Academy. In 1834, he graduated from Hamilton College (probably in the Maynard Department of Law, established several years earlier). Sedgwick was admitted to the bar in 1837 and practiced in Syracuse. In 1852, he joined with abolitionist Gerrit Smith in prosecuting Deputy U.S. Marshal Henry W. Allen for kidnapping in the famous “Jerry” case. Allen had indicted thirteen men alleged to have freed fugitive slave Jerry from jail and assisted his escape to Canada. While Allen was acquitted, Sedgwick’s antislavery credentials were established. He was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-Sixth and Thirty-Seventh Congresses but was unsuccessful for the ThirtyEighth. During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served as the chairman, Committee on Naval Affairs. This experience was put to use immediately after his term ended. On March 3, 1863, Congress approved

the appointment of a commissioner to codify naval laws; Sedgwick finished his work on March 1, 1864. Postwar, he returned to Syracuse and resumed the practice of law.66 •  Theodore M. Pomeroy (Twenty-Fifth District, Republican) served in the House from 1861 to 1869. Pomeroy (1824–1905) was born in Cayuga and educated at Munro Academy. He graduated from Hamilton College in 1842, taught for a year, then relocated to Auburn to study law; three years later, he was admitted to the bar. At age twenty-three, he was elected Auburn’s village clerk; after the town’s 1848 incorporation, he became its first city clerk. Between 1851 and 1856 Pomeroy served as Cayuga County’s district attorney. In 1857, he was elected to the state assembly. At New York’s 1858 Republican convention, a fusion with the state’s KnowNothings was contemplated; some credited Pomeroy’s fiery speech (“The banner of the Republicans must not be lowered one inch, nor should any other than the motto ‘Liberty and Human Rights’ be engraved upon it”) with shaming Republicans into abandoning the merger. He was a delegate to the 1860 Chicago convention. Pomeroy holds the record for shortest term as Speaker of the House: elected on the final day of the Fortieth Congress, he served one day, then declined to stand for the Forty-First. Pomeroy was related to the Seward family by marriage and had children who were cared for by Harriet Tubman. Postwar, Pomeroy served as an executive with American Express Company (1868), a banker with William H. Seward & Company, mayor of Auburn (1875–1876), and New York state senator (1878–1879). During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served on the Committee on Foreign Affairs, seventh member.67 •  Jacob P. Chamberlain (Twenty-Sixth District, Republican) served in the House from 1861 to 1863. Chamberlain (1802–1878) was born in Dudley, Massachusetts. His family moved to Cortland Village in 1807 then to Waterloo in 1809. Raised Governance and Politicians | 71

on a farm and educated in the public schools, he afterwards taught school in Varick but always kept a farm wherever he lived. He was also a prominent flour miller. By 1843 he had relocated to Seneca Falls, where he acquired the Lower Red Mill (and would eventually acquire the Upper Red Mill). He acquired the Dey Mill in 1854 and, through his Seneca Woolen Mills (organized in 1844), manufactured men’s clothing. In 1855 this entity was reorganized as the Phoenix Mill Company. Always antislavery, Chamberlain began as a Whig and moved to Free Soil in 1848. The same sentiments that set him against slavery moved him in favor of women’s rights: he also signed the Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments. The Republican Party eventually became his natural home. He served in the New York assembly between 1859 and 1861, before his election to the Thirty-Seventh Congress; he was not renominated for the Thirty-Eighth. Postwar, he resumed his business pursuits. During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served on the Committee on Agriculture, fourth member, and on the Committee on Expenditures on the Public Buildings, second member.68 •  Alexander S. Diven (Twenty-Seventh District, Republican) served in the House from 1861 to 1863. Diven (1809–1896) was born on a farm in Catherine (modern Watkins). He was schooled until age seventeen at Yates County Academy and Ovid Academy. In 1831 he entered the offices of future judge (and past congressman) Hiram Gray, dividing his time between learning law and teaching school for income. In 1833, he moved to Rochester to a different firm, remained six months, and then relocated to Owego to manage the county clerk’s office. He later moved to Angelica, where he formed a partnership (Miles & Diven) and was admitted to statewide practice in 1836. In 1838 he was appointed Allegany County district attorney. In the meantime, he continued to build his private practice, establishing a statewide reputation as a jury lawyer. In 1844, he became a director of the 72 | New York

insolvent and incomplete New York & Erie Railroad, then in debt some $3.5 million. Sensing opportunity, Diven set aside his law practice, became a railroad man, and successfully completed the line. Within several years, he became president of the Williamsport & Elmira Railroad. Diven had voted for Jackson in 1840, and was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for New York’s assembly. He remained a Democrat, at least nominally (he ran again for the assembly in 1854), until the Missouri Compromise was undone that same year. As with many like-minded Northerners, he joined the Republican Party in 1856 and campaigned vigorously for Fremont. In 1857 he moved to Elmira and established a new law firm; a year later, he was elected to the state senate. He declined to run for the Thirty-Eighth Congress. On August 13, 1862, Diven was commissioned lieutenant colonel of the One Hundred and Seventh New York (assigned to the Twelfth Corps, Army of the Potomac), originally organized by fellow Republican congressman Robert B. Van Valkenburgh (see below). Van Valkenburgh and Diven personally led the unit at Antietam, where it was heavily engaged, listing 63 men as killed, wounded, or missing. Diven replaced Van Valkenburgh as colonel on October 21, 1862, and commanded the unit until he was discharged on May 11, 1863. Diven was appointed aapmg for Western New York (see entry for May 15, 1863) and relieved on December 9, 1864 (he had been brevetted a brigadier general on May 30, 1864). Diven had remained a director of the Erie Railroad during the war years; he now left the army to become the vice president of the road. Either as a director, an officer, or both, he remained connected with the road until 1878, years that spanned the tumultuous period of Jay Gould and James Fisk, Jr. During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served on the Committee on the Judiciary, eighth member.69 Robert B. Van Valkenburgh (Twenty-Eighth District, Republican) served in the House from

1861 to 1865. Van Valkenburg (1821–1888) was born in Prattsburg and educated in Auburn schools. In 1837 he went to Buffalo to study law; the next year, he participated in the Canadian rebellion on the Patriot side, narrowly avoiding disaster when loyalist forces destroyed the Caroline. Afterwards, he returned to Prattsburg, finished his education at Franklin Academy, and returned to the law at the office of future Whig congressman David Rumsey, in Bath. He was admitted to the bar in 1843, formed a successful law partnership with Rumsey, and married Rumsey’s sister. Van Valkenburgh edited a Whig newspaper for two years and successfully stood for the New York assembly in 1851, 1856, and 1857. Elected to the Thirty-Seventh Congress as a Republican, Van Valkenburgh’s congressional service was interrupted by the attack on Fort Sumter, the activation of the New York militia (see entries for June 12 and July 30, 1861), and his post as colonel of the One Hundred and Seventh New York Infantry. He saw action at Antietam but resigned on October 9, 1862 (the reasons given vary—one source claims he resigned to run for Congress, another to tend to the fatal illness of his wife, who died in April 1863). He was re-elected to the Thirty-Eighth Congress. Afterwards, Andrew Johnson appointed him acting commissioner of Indian affairs and, later, minister to Japan, where he served until 1869. Rheumatism compelled Van Valkenburgh to relocate to Florida in 1871, where he re-entered politics. On May 21, 1874, he was appointed associate justice of the Florida Supreme Court. During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served as the chairman, Committee on the Militia.70 •  Alfred Ely (Twenty-Ninth District, Republican) served in the House from 1859 to 1863. Ely (1815– 1892) was born in Lyme, Connecticut, and educated in the public schools and at Bacon Academy in Colchester, Connecticut. He relocated to Rochester in 1836, studied law with Smith & Rochester, and gained admission to the bar in 1841. He de-

veloped an expertise in railroad practice and represented the New York Central and the Buffalo & Rochester lines. He was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-Sixth and Thirty-Seventh Congresses. Ely’s greatest contribution to the war effort (and the war’s historical record) came by happenstance: a “war tourist” (joined by many other notables) at the Battle of Bull Run, Ely was captured by Confederates during the confused retreat and held as a pow for almost six months at Richmond’s Libby Prison. The journal he kept was published in 1862 and did much to publicize the plight of pows to a wider Northern audience. Ely did not run for the Thirty-Eighth Congress and returned to Rochester to resume his law practice. During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served as the chairman, Committee on Invalid Pensions, and on the Committee on Manufactures, fifth member.71 •  Augustus Frank (Thirtieth District, Republican) served in the House from 1859 to 1865. Frank (1826–1895) was born and educated in Warsaw, New York. His father was a prominent physician, successful Wyoming County entrepreneur, and staunchly antislavery Whig. After working for his father, Frank set up his own mercantile house in 1847, which soon became successful. He also served as a vice president and director of the Buffalo & New York City Railway Company. Like his father, Frank was a Whig; his first vote was for Zachary Taylor in 1848; four years later, he campaigned for Scott. He was among the first locals to join the Republican Party and campaigned vigorously for Fremont in 1856. He was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-Sixth Congress and would serve through the Thirty-Eighth. During the war years, he helped local recruiting and was a reliable backbencher for pro-war policies—spiced by his hatred for slavery. He was one of several House Republicans cited for securing passage of the Thirteenth Amendment. Before and after his congressional terms, he was an active entrepreneur and philanthropist. He served as advisor to the Governance and Politicians | 73

Buffalo Asylum for the Insane, commissioner for the Auburn Theological Society, advisor to Ingham University (the first women’s college in New York State), and on several eleemosynary projects connected with the Presbyterian Church. In addition to extensive landholdings in the west, Frank also was connected with the Warsaw Gas Works, the Warsaw Waterworks, the Warsaw Manufacturing Company, the Wyoming Mutual Insurance Company, the Wyoming County National Bank, and the Rochester & State Line Railway Company. During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served on the Committee on Mileage, second member, and the Joint Committee on the Library, second member.72 •  Burt Van Horn (Thirty-First District, Republican) served in the House from 1861 to 1863 and from 1865 to 1869. Van Horn (1823–1896) was born in Newfane and educated at Yates Academy. In 1846, he enrolled in Madison College (predecessor to Colgate University). He withdrew on account of health, however, and traveled the South for a time. He became a farmer and, later, a wool manufacturer. Van Horn served in the New York assembly between 1858 and 1860. Judging from his days in the assembly, a contemporary believed that Van Horn’s “prevailing trait” was “an over­estimate of himself”; nevertheless, this critic added that he was “an honest, respectable worthy man.” While Van Horn did not serve in the ThirtyEighth Congress, he was re-elected to the ThirtyNinth and served through the Fortieth. During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served on the Committee on Private Land Claims, fourth member, and the Committee on Roads and Canals, third member.73 •  Elbridge G. Spaulding (Thirty-Second District, Republican) served in the House from 1849 to 1851 and from 1859 to 1863. Spaulding (1809–1897) was born in Summer Hill in Cayuga County and educated at Auburn Academy. At age twenty, he began to study law at Fitch & Dibble in Batavia. Needing income, he taught school during the winter and, for two years, served as assistant to the county 74 | New York

clerk. In 1832 he entered the Attica law offices of future Whig congressman Harvey Putnam. In 1834, he was admitted to the Genesee County bar. He relocated to Buffalo and served as city clerk in 1836; that same year, he was admitted as a solicitor in the state supreme court and chancery court. In 1839 he was admitted as a full supreme court and chancery counselor. He became a Buffalo alderman in 1841 and that city’s mayor in 1847. In 1848 he was elected to New York’s assembly; one year later, he won election as a Whig to the Thirty-First Congress. Spaulding did not run for the ThirtySecond Congress, but was elected New York state treasurer in 1853, serving through 1855. Spaulding numbered among the most consequential legislators of the Thirty-Seventh Congress. (He was influential in the Thirty-Sixth as well, reportedly responsible for the appointment of John A. Dix as Buchanan’s secretary of the treasury, an important confidence-building measure that helped maintain federal finances at a critical time.) The future “Father of Greenbacks,” Spaulding chaired the Ways and Means Subcommittee that was responsible for writing the Legal Tender Act (see Chronology for February 25, 1862), which provided the basis for federal credit during the Civil War, and the National Currency Act (see Chronology for February 25, 1863). Spaulding also played a key role in moving both bills through the House. He did not run for the Thirty-Eighth Congress and returned to Buffalo. He was a successful investor both before and after the war, having established Buffalo’s gas works, its leading bank, and street railways, among other projects. At the time of his death, he was reportedly worth $12 million. During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served on the Committee of Ways and Means, third member.74 •  Reuben Fenton (Thirty-Third District, Republican) served in the House from 1853 to 1855 and from 1857 to 1865. His biography appears under War Governors.

During the Thirty-Seventh Congress, he served as the chairman, Committee of Claims. Thirty-Eighth Congress (by District and Party)75 •  Henry Stebbins (First District, Democrat) served in the House from 1863 to 1864. Stebbins (1811– 1881) was born in Ridgefield, Connecticut, and received a private education. After a head injury forced Stebbins to withdraw from school, his father, an executive with North River Bank, arranged a position for him there. He proved a quick study, was promoted, and left the bank at age twenty to establish his own note brokerage. In 1833 he joined the New York Stock Exchange. (Stebbins would serve as president of the exchange four times, with periodic stints on its governing committee; he is credited with establishing many of the exchange’s rules.) In 1848 he was appointed colonel of the Twelfth Infantry, New York State Militia, which was deployed during the Astor Place Riots. (Stebbins resigned as colonel in 1855, but would retain the honorific.) He founded Henry G. Stebbins & Son, a banking and brokerage firm that he would manage for the next thirty-one years, in 1850. That same year marked his appointment as park commissioner, a position he would hold periodically both before and after the war. Stebbins was a promoter of the arts, and served as a director of the New York Academy of Music. A staunch War Democrat, he loyally supported the administration’s war measures. On March 3, 1864, while supporting a bill that gave the U.S. Treasury discretion to sell its gold reserves (in order to push back against the metal’s recent appreciation), he delivered a ringing endorsement of Secretary Chase’s financial policies; the speech was deeply appreciated in Republican circles (and reprinted by the Loyal Publication Society) but was less popular among Democrats. Out of step with his constituents, Stebbins resigned from Congress in October 1864 and returned to New York. Postwar, he was commodore of the New York Yacht

Club, successfully racing several boats; a member of the Union League Club; and one of those responsible for ousting William “Boss” Tweed from power in 1871. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he served on the Committee of Ways and Means, eighth member.76 •  Martin Kalbfleisch (Second District, Democrat) served in the House from 1863 to 1865. Kalbfleisch (1804–1873) was born in Vlissingen, Holland. Although his merchant father wanted him to enter business, the younger Kalbfleisch trained as a chemist. Nevertheless, he first sought his future abroad as a merchant, sailing as supercargo to Sumatra (only to be turned away by a cholera epidemic), and settling for four years in Le Havre, France. Kalbfleisch immigrated to the United States in 1826. With his background in chemistry, he began to manufacture paint, establishing what eventually became the Bushwick Chemical Works in Harlem in 1829 (or 1835, according to some sources). The firm moved to Norwalk, Connecticut, then to Greenpoint (now a neighborhood of Brooklyn), then to Bushwick, a town absorbed by Brooklyn in 1854. By then, Kalbfleisch had served as Bushwick town supervisor for two years, and had helped prepare the town for merger. After incorporation, Kalbfleisch, a lifelong Democrat, ran for mayor of Brooklyn. He lost that race, but was elected alderman representing the Eighteenth Ward in 1855, a position he held until 1861. In the meantime, the Bushwick Works had grown to cover several acres and had become one of the most important chemical plants in the country. In 1861 he stood again for mayor and won, serving from 1862 to 1864. His term had not yet expired when he entered the Thirty-Eighth Congress. Kalbfleisch voted against and also took the floor against the Thirteenth Amendment. Postwar, he was a delegate to the 1866 Loyalist (pro-Johnson) Convention in Philadelphia, and returned as Brooklyn’s mayor from 1867 to 1871 when, standing as an independent, he failed to win another term. Governance and Politicians | 75

During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he served on the Committee on Revolutionary Claims, third member, and the Committee on Expenditures in the Treasury Department, first member.77 •  Moses F. Odell (Third District, Democrat) is described under the Thirty-Seventh Congress. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he served on the Committee on Military Affairs, fifth member. •  Benjamin Wood (Fourth District, Democrat) is described under the Thirty-Seventh Congress. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he served on the Committee on Invalid Pensions, second member. •  Fernando Wood (Fifth District, Democrat) is described under New York City’s War Mayors. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he served on the Committee on Public Lands, sixth member. •  Elijah Ward (Sixth District, Democrat) is described under the Thirty-Seventh Congress. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he served on the Committee on Commerce, second member, and the Committee on Roads and Canals, fifth member. •  John W. Chanler (Seventh District, Democrat) served in the House from 1863 to 1869. Chanler (1826–1877) was born in New York City, the son of an Episcopal clergyman. He was privately educated in Connecticut and in Troy, New York, and graduated valedictorian from Columbia College in 1847. That year he sailed for Germany and enrollment in the University of Berlin (or Heidelberg, according to other sources) probably to study art. When the Revolution of 1848 closed that school, he traveled to Paris and enrolled at the Sorbonne; the following year, he returned to Germany to complete his education. Around 1850, he returned to the United States, read law in New York City, and was admitted to the bar in 1851. Closely allied with Tammany, he was its 1858 candidate for New York’s assembly (where he was described as “the most promising young man in the House”) and was re-elected in 1859. Although nominated for the state senate in 1860, he instead ran as Tammany’s candidate for the Thirty-Seventh Congress, and was defeated by 76 | New York

Republican Frederick Conkling. He was elected to the Thirty-Eighth Congress, where he voted against the Thirteenth Amendment, and returned to the Thirty-Ninth and Fortieth Congresses. Postwar, he opposed the Tweed Ring, losing his bid for the Forty-First Congress as a result. Following the collapse of the ring, he helped reorganize Tammany Hall, and became a sachem and chair of its General Committee. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he served on the Committee on Patents, fourth member.78 •  James Brooks (Eighth District, Democrat) served in the House from 1849 to 1853, from 1863 to 1866, and from 1867 to 1873. Brooks (1810–1873) was born in Portland, Maine, schooled at Monmouth Academy, and taught school to finance his college education. He graduated from Waterville College (present-day Colby) in 1831. He studied law and was admitted to the Maine bar, but journalism soon had his attention. In 1832, he convinced the Portland Advertiser to dispatch him as its congressional correspondent to Washington. His letters proved popular and he was sent to Europe as something like a roving correspondent. His Notes on European Travel became a success, and Brooks became the sheet’s editor after his return. In 1835 he was elected to Maine’s statehouse. The next year he ran unsuccessfully for the Twenty-Fifth Congress as a Whig. Because several New York papers had copied the Notes, Brooks’ name also was established in that city. He moved there in 1836, founded the New York Express, and would serve as its editor until his death. The Express began as a Whig sheet, employed Erastus Brooks as its Washington correspondent, and proved influential in support of the presidential candidacies of Harrison, Fillmore, and Taylor. He was elected to New York’s assembly in 1847 then successfully stood for the Thirty-First and Thirty-Second Congresses, but was unsuccessful for the Thirty-Third. Brooks supported the Missouri Compromise in 1850; afterwards, the Express lent editorial support to the Know-Nothings.

By 1856 Brooks and the Express were full-throated Democrats, supporting Buchanan over Fremont; in 1860, Brooks, fearing war, supported Bell-Everett. Twenty years earlier, he had married a Virginian, and was now a “Northern man with Southern principles,” soon to be nicknamed a Copperhead. Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus and Dix’s incarceration of political prisoners in 1861 and 1862 infuriated Brooks, thus impelling him to run for the Thirty-Eighth Congress. He was an indefatigable member of the small but high-profile Copperhead block in the House that opposed the Thirteenth Amendment. He was re-elected to the Thirty-Ninth Congress, but the result was successfully contested, and Brooks surrendered his seat during the second session. A defender of Andrew Johnson, the president named him as the U.S. director of the Pacific Railroad. He returned to the Fortieth through the Forty-Third Congresses. His career ended badly when, on February 27, 1873, he was censured by the House for his role in the Credit Mobilier scandal. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he served on the Committee on the Post Office and Post Roads, fifth member.79 •  Anson Herrick (Ninth District, Democrat) served in the House from 1863 to 1865. Herrick (1812– 1868) was born in Lewiston, Maine, educated in the public schools, and worked as a printer’s apprentice. In 1833, he established the Wiscasset Citizen and, over the next four years, also established newspapers in Hallowell and Bangor. These enterprises failed sometime around 1836, and that year Herrick relocated to New York City. He worked as a journeymen printer until 1838, when he founded the weekly New York Atlas, which he would edit for the rest of his life. Between 1854 and 1856 he was an alderman and, between 1857 and 1861, the naval storekeeper for New York’s port, a patronage job courtesy of the Buchanan administration. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, Herrick was the rare Democrat who voted in favor of the Thirteenth Amendment. He was unsuccessful in his bid for

the Thirty-Ninth Congress. In 1866, Herrick was a delegate to the National Union Convention. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he served on the Committee on Revolutionary Pensions, third member, and the Committee on Expenditures in the Navy Department, second member.80 •  William Radford (Tenth District, Democrat) served in the House from 1863 to 1867. Radford (1814–1870) was born in Poughkeepsie and relocated to New York City in 1829. Before the war, he was a merchant and a politically active Democrat. In 1860, he was selected as the Ninth District’s representative to the Charleston convention. One of the few Democrats to vote for the Thirteenth Amendment, he was re-elected to the Thirty-Ninth but lost his bid for the Fortieth Congress. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he served on the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds, fourth member.81 •  Charles Henry Winfield (Eleventh District, Democrat) served in the House from 1863 to 1867. Winfield (1822–1888) was born in Crawford and admitted to the Orange County bar in 1846. He was county district attorney between 1851 and 1854. Elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he voted against the Thirteenth Amendment. He was reelected to the Thirty-Ninth Congress, but was not a candidate for the Fortieth. Postwar, he returned to the law and, around 1873, formed the firm Winfield, Leeds & Morse in New York City. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he served on the Committee on a Uniform System of Coinage, Weights and Measures, second member.82 •  Homer A. Nelson (Twelfth District, Democrat) served in the House from 1863 to 1865. Nelson (1829–1891) was born in Poughkeepsie, a farmer’s son. He was educated at the Dutchess County Academy, afterwards reading law in several Dutchess County law firms, including that of congressman and state appellate judge Charles H. Ruggles. Admitted to the bar around 1850, he established his practice in Poughkeepsie and soon became Governance and Politicians | 77

prominent locally in the Democratic Party. In 1855, he was elected Dutchess County judge, the youngest man to have worn the county robes; he served for two terms. A War Democrat, Nelson ranked among those who at least made the effort to take their convictions to the battlefield. On September 3, 1862, he received authority to raise the One Hundred and Sixty-Seventh New York Infantry, a three-year unit with headquarters at Camp Hudson. He proved less successful as a recruiter than as a judge; on October 28, 1862, Nelson’s command was consolidated with the One Hundred and Fifty-Ninth New York, then encamped in Brooklyn. Nelson became colonel of the combined unit. The regiment deployed on November 24 but without Nelson; perhaps unhappy with his first unit’s failure to thrive, he had run for Congress and been elected on November 4. Nelson voted for the Thirteenth Amendment. Although his bid for re-election failed, he enjoyed a distinguished postwar career. He was a delegate to the 1867 state constitutional convention, was elected New York’s secretary of state (1867–1870), and served in the state senate in 1882 and 1883, where he was chairman of the Judiciary Committee. In 1890, he served on the Commission for the Proposal on Amendments to the Judiciary Article of the Constitution. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he served on the Committee on Indian Affairs, fifth member, and the Committee on Revisal and Unfinished Business, first member.83 •  John B. Steele (Thirteenth District, Democrat) is described under the Thirty-Seventh Congress. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he served on the Committee for the District of Columbia, second member, and on the Committee on Expenditures in the War Department, first member. •  Erastus Corning (Fourteenth District, Democrat) is described under the Thirty-Seventh Congress. He resigned due to poor health on October 5, 1863. 78 | New York

•  John Van Schaick Lansing Pruyn (Fourteenth District, Democrat) won a special election held on November 3, 1863, and served in the House from 1863 until 1865 and from 1867 until 1869. Pruyn (1811–1877) was born in Albany and graduated from the Albany Academy in 1826. He read law in the offices of James King and was admitted to the New York chancery bar in 1832, becoming counselor in 1833. That same year he was appointed by Governor William Marcy as a chancery examiner; in 1836, he became a master in chancery. New York’s famous chancery judge, Reuben H. Walworth, appointed Pruyn as an injunction master for one of the state’s judicial circuits; reportedly, Pruyn was never overruled. In 1848 he was admitted to U.S. Supreme Court practice. During this period, Pruyn both represented and invested in railroads, including the Mohawk & Hudson Railroad, whose charter he helped secure in 1836, one of the first granted in New York. Pruyn became the Mohawk’s president, treasurer, and chief counsel. He drafted the consolidation agreement for the New York Central Railroad, about which a former partner marveled, “This could not have been done by any ordinary man.” Pruyn served as a director and chief counsel of the Central until 1866. He also represented the Hudson River Bridge Company before the U.S. Supreme Court, which upheld the right to bridge navigable waters. His business and civic affiliations were broad: he was a founding trustee of the Mutual Life Insurance Company, a director of the Union Trust Company, a regent of the Smithsonian Institution, and an advisor to Republicans Reuben Fenton, and later, Ulysses Grant. He was elected to the New York senate in 1861; at the end of his term, he donated his salary to Albany’s poor. His bid to enter the Thirty-Fourth Congress failed, but he was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-Eighth. During the session, he was chosen to lead the Democratic caucus in attempting to censure the Lincoln administration for closing the New York World and Journal of Commerce. In

1862 he was named chancellor of the State University of New York, having been a regent since 1844. Postwar, he served in the Fortieth Congress. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, Pruyn served on the Committee on Claims, seventh member.84 •  John A. Griswold (Fifteenth District, Democrat) served in the House from 1863 to 1869. Griswold (1822–1872) was born in Nassau, New York, a nephew of General John E. Wool. Set on a business career, Griswold moved to Troy in 1839 and lived in his uncle’s household. His first job was with a Troy hardware and iron dealer; after a year, he became a bookkeeper with a cotton manufacturer; one year later, he established his own company wholesaling and retailing drugs. His public life began in 1855 as mayor of Troy. Around 1857, he became a partner in Troy’s Rensselaer Iron Company; that same year, he also was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for the Thirty-Sixth Congress. After the attack on Fort Sumter, Griswold became prominent among Troy’s pro-Union supporters. On April 15, 1861, he presided over a prowar meeting, calling for non-partisan support for the war effort, and helping recruit what would be the first of many regiments, the two-year Second New York Infantry (the “Troy Regiment”). Later, he helped raise a number of Troy infantry units: the Thirtieth, One Hundred and Twenty-Fifth, and One Hundred and Sixty-Ninth (also known as the “Troy Regiment”), as well as the Seventh New York Cavalry (the “Black Horse”) and the Twenty-First New York Cavalry, known as the “Griswold Light Cavalry.” In 1861, Griswold joined C. S. Bushnell and John F. Winslow in a successful visit to Lincoln and the Navy Department to promote John Ericsson’s USS Monitor. This was a high-risk venture, as Griswold’s company was one of several that would produce plating and machine parts for the ironclad Monitor, and he personally guaranteed completion of the yet untried and unbuilt vessel. After its success, he also cast iron for other such ships, including the Dictator. His election as a War

Democrat to the Thirty-Eighth Congress came in a Republican district. He rendered distinguished service on the Naval Committee, and was returned (this time as a Republican) to the Thirty-Ninth and Fortieth Congresses. In 1865, Griswold’s company was part of a consortium that introduced the Bessemer process into U.S. steel manufacture. In 1868, he ran unsuccessfully for governor of New York as a Republican. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he served on the Committee on Naval Affairs, second member.85 •  Orlando Kellogg (Sixteenth District, Republican) served in the House from 1847 to 1849 and from 1863 to 1865. Orlando Kellogg (1809–1865) was born in Elizabethtown, New York. He was seventeen when his father died, leaving the family impoverished. He assumed his father’s occupation “with hammer and ax and jack-plane” to support the family. At age twenty-two he began to read law, often at night, and he was finally admitted to the bar in 1838. Two years later, Governor William Seward appointed him surrogate of Essex County; he served for four years. In 1846, he won election to the Thirtieth Congress as a Whig. He became friends with Congressman Abraham Lincoln and several “Orlando Kellogg” stories are part of the large stock of Lincoln anecdotes. Kellogg did not run for the Thirty-First Congress and returned to Elizabethtown and a lucrative law practice, with specialty in jury trials. In the next decade, he joined the Republican Party and was a delegate to the Chicago convention. Kellogg helped raise the One Hundred and Eighteenth New York Infantry, in which his own son served as a company captain. He died during the first session of the Thirty-Ninth Congress. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he served on the Committee on Manufactures, first member, and the Committee on the Militia, fourth member.86 •  Calvin T. Hulburd (Seventeenth District, Republican) served in the House from 1863 to 1869. HulGovernance and Politicians | 79

burd (1809–1897) was born in Stockholm, New York, and educated in a minister’s study then the county academy. He entered Middlebury College at sixteen, graduating in 1829, with distinction in belles-lettres. In 1830, he read law under Abraham Van Vechten of Albany, and the next year entered the law department at Yale College. From 1831 to 1832, he read law under Judge Isaac McConnike of Troy. He was admitted to the bar in 1833 and practiced for a time in New York City. In 1839, a breakdown in health (which Hulburd attributed to working indoors) prompted him and a brother to acquire lands on the banks of the St. Regis River. They constructed mills and factories, and helped establish the village of Brasher Falls, where Hulburd built his home and a substantial personal library. In 1841, he was elected as a Democrat to New York’s assembly, winning re-election in 1842. In that term he chaired the Committee on Colleges, Academies and Common Schools, and became known as a reformist who successfully argued for female teachers. Returned to the state assembly in 1844, he became an advocate of state-supported normal schools and established the first one at Albany; the normal school system was gradually introduced throughout the state. He left the assembly after this term and returned to business. When he returned to the legislature in 1862, he was named chairman of the Ways and Means Committee. During this term, he became an advocate for strengthening state defenses in harbors and along the northern frontier. He was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-Eighth Congress and spoke forcibly on behalf of emancipation and with authority on financial matters. He was re-elected to the ThirtyNinth Congress and served through the Fortieth. He used his chairmanship of the Committee on Public Expenditures to publicize fraud among Port of New York collectors and in the Boston customhouse. After his congressional career closed, he became superintendent of construction of the New York City Post Office, a position that had been rife 80 | New York

with past peculations. Such was his reputation for integrity that he handled hundreds of thousands of dollars without the slightest suspicion of wrongdoing. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he served as the chairman, Committee on Public Expenditures, and on the Committee on Agriculture, third member.87 •  James M. Marvin (Eighteenth District, Republican) served in the House from 1863 to 1869. Marvin (1809–1901) was born in Ballston and spent his boyhood on a farm. In 1828, aged nineteen, he relocated to Saratoga Springs and assumed management of the United States Hotel, then owned by his older brother New York Common Pleas Judge Thomas J. Marvin. He spent a year in Albany managing another of the judge’s properties, the American Hotel, then returned to Saratoga and the United States Hotel, described by one contemporary as “the most famous summer hotel in the world and resort of the wealth and fashion of the United States.” It was also the summer headquarters of the Albany Regency and national politicians of every stripe and section. These contacts probably tilted James Marvin towards politics. In 1845 he was elected supervisor of Saratoga County as a Whig; he was board chairman in 1845, 1857, 1862, and 1874. In 1845, he was elected as a Whig to New York’s assembly, where his interest in railroads grew, as different lines lobbied for their corporate charters (and against their competitors). Marvin became associated with Cornelius Vanderbilt and served as a director of Vanderbilt’s Hudson River Railroad; later he was a director of the Saratoga & Schenectady Railroad. In 1841, James and brother Thomas founded the Bank of Saratoga Springs, later the First National Bank. When Thomas died in 1852, James assumed control of the hotels. As the Whigs faded, James Marvin transitioned to the Democrats and became officially affiliated with that party in 1855. Although Marvin became a War Democrat after the attack on Fort Sumter, he ran

for the Thirty-Eighth Congress as a Republican. He was re-elected to the Thirty-Ninth and Fortieth Congresses. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he served on the Committee on Territories, sixth member.88 •  Samuel F. Miller (Nineteenth District, Republican) served in the House from 1863 to 1865 and from 1875 to 1877. Miller (1827–1892) was born in Franklin and received his secondary education at the Delaware County, New York, Literary Institute. He graduated from Hamilton College in 1852 and took postgraduate courses from Hamilton’s “law department.” He was admitted to the bar in 1853 but never practiced. Instead, he pursued farming, lumbering, and politics. In 1854 he was elected to New York’s assembly and, in 1855 and 1856, was supervisor of Franklin. He is credited with militia service and held the rank of colonel. Postwar, he was a delegate to the 1867 Constitutional Convention, a collector for Internal Revenue (1869–1873), and was elected to the State Board of Charities (1869–1877). He was returned as a Republican to the Forty-Fourth Congress. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he served on the Committee on Public Lands, eighth member.89 •  Ambrose W. Clark (Twentieth District, Republican) is described under the Thirty-Seventh Congress. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he served as the chairman, Joint Committee on Printing, and on the Committee on Accounts, third member. •  Francis Kernan (Twenty-First District, Democrat) served in the House from 1863 to 1865. Kernan (1816–1892) was born in Wayne, New York, on the farm of his father, General William Kernan. He remained on the farm, was educated in the common schools, and at the age of seventeen was enrolled in Georgetown College (today’s Georgetown University), graduating in 1836. That same year he returned to upstate New York and read law in the office of his brother-in-law Edward Quin in Watkins. He finished his studies in the Utica offices of state court judge Joshua Spencer in 1839,

and was admitted to the bar in 1840. Afterwards, Kernan became Spencer’s partner. His public life began in 1843 when he was elected to Utica’s school board; he would serve for twenty years. In 1854 Governor Horatio Seymour appointed Kernan as court reporter for the state court of appeals; he would serve until 1857. In 1860 he was elected to New York’s assembly as a Democrat. After the attack on Fort Sumter, he staunchly supported Governor Morgan’s war efforts; in recognition of Kernan’s steadfastness, Morgan appointed him to the Oneida congressional district committee that was responsible for recruiting. A War Democrat in the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he supported Lincoln’s war measures as he had Morgan’s. He successfully opposed bills to impose a per capita tax on immigrants and to pay “head money” to shippers. He opposed the Thirteenth Amendment and was defeated for the Thirty-Ninth Congress. Postwar, he was a delegate to the constitutional convention of 1867, where he lobbied for a provision requiring the non-sectarian appropriation of public money. In 1870, he became a member of the Board of Regents. Kernan was active in opposing the New York City’s Tweed Ring, and was an early supporter of Samuel J. Tilden. In 1872 he ran unsuccessfully for governor, losing to John A. Dix. When the Democrats regained control of New York’s legislature in 1875, Kernan was elected to the U.S. Senate. He served on the Hays-Tilden electoral commission in 1876. In both 1884 and 1888, he was a warm supporter of Grover Cleveland. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he served on the Committee on the Judiciary, second member.90 •  De Witt Clinton Littlejohn (Twenty-Second District, Republican) served in the House from 1863 to 1865. Littlejohn (1818–1892) was born in Bridgewater, New York, and educated at schools in Ovid, Belleville, and Palmyra. At age twenty-one he formed the firm of Fitzhugh & Littlejohn, an Oswego transportation and flour milling company Governance and Politicians | 81

(partner Henry Fitzhugh would serve as a canal commissioner). He entered public life in 1847 as president of Oswego Village; when the city chartered in 1849, he became its first mayor, serving two terms. Littlejohn was passionately antislavery and began as a Free Soil Whig; he joined New York’s Republican Party at its inception. By that time, he already had been elected to New York’s assembly (1853) and successfully championed improvements to both the Erie and Oswego Canals. He eventually became chairman of the Canal Committee, a powerful position with influence on state budget and patronage. He was re-elected to the assembly, becoming speaker in 1855, when he was influential in securing Seward’s election to the U.S. Senate. Littlejohn was re-elected speaker in 1857, 1859, 1860, and 1861. A committed Republican, he worked for Lincoln in 1860 as he had for Fremont in 1856; Lincoln offered him the consulship in Liverpool, but Littlejohn declined. “Although in no sense a military man,” according to one obituarist, Littlejohn, at the insistence of the Oswego County War Committee, took the colonelcy of the One Hundred and Tenth New York and was commissioned on July 29, 1862. He departed the state with his unit on August 29 for service in the Baltimore defenses. In November 1862, his unit sailed for New Orleans and duty in Carrollton, Louisiana. Littlejohn rendered important service during a gale that threatened the ships en route, then remained, sick, with his unit at Carrollton. In the same month he was deployed south, he was elected to the Thirty-Eighth Congress. Because the Thirty-Seventh Congress, late in its final session, had resolved that members could not serve in the military and simultaneously hold their seats, Littlejohn was honorably discharged on February 3, 1863, to become a congressman. He was a reliable friend of the Lincoln administration during his term, and his committee seats allowed him to sponsor canal and other waterway projects of benefit to his district. On March 13, 1865, he was 82 | New York

brevetted a brigadier general. Postwar, his political life was unstable, marred by his involvement in the 1873 insolvency of the New York & Oswego Midland Railroad. In 1866, he returned to New York’s assembly, remaining until 1872 and occasionally serving as president pro tempore. That year, he left the Republican Party for the Democrats and campaigned for Horace Greeley. He opposed Samuel J. Tilden in 1876, then returned to the Republican Party in 1882 to again run for New York’s assembly. He was defeated that year but stood again in 1883, winning by nine votes. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he served as the chairman, Committee on Revolutionary Pensions, and on the Committee on Roads and Canals, first member.91 •  Thomas T. Davis (Twenty-Third District, Republican) served in the House from 1863 to 1867. Davis (1810–1872) was born in Middlebury, Vermont. His maternal grandfather was Thomas Tredwell, representative from New York to the Second and Third Congresses. Davis’s father, the Reverend Henry Davis, had been president of Middlebury College. In 1817, he relocated the family to Clinton, New York, to become president of Hamilton College. Thomas Davis was educated at Clinton Academy and graduated from Hamilton College in 1831. He relocated to Syracuse, read law in the office of his brother Henry, was admitted to bar in 1833, then joined his brother in practice. Thomas had a good reputation in the courtroom but excelled as a legal draftsman. He pursued business opportunities while practicing law and was successful in both manufacturing and coal mining. His first national distinction came after his widely praised (and reprinted) 1852 eulogy for Daniel Webster. Morgan appointed Davis to the Onondaga War Committee, which raised the One Hundred and Twenty-Second New York Infantry during the summer of 1862. His first public office came with election as a Unionist (a fusion of Republicans and War Democrats) to the Thirty-Eighth Congress. Davis was aligned

with the conservative wing of the Republican Party, and was re-elected to the Thirty-Ninth Congress. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he served on the Committee for the District of Columbia, sixth member.92 •  Theodore M. Pomeroy (Twenty-Fourth District, Republican) is described under the Thirty-Seventh Congress. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he served as the chairman, Committee on Expenditures in the Post Office Department, and on the Committee on Foreign Affairs, third member. •  Daniel Morris (Twenty-Fifth District, Republican) served in the House from 1863 to 1867. Morris (1812–1889) was born in Fayette and raised on a family farm. He was educated in the public schools and finished his formal education at Canandaigua Academy. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1845, afterwards relocating to Rushville. Between 1847 and 1850 he served as Yates County district attorney, all the while building a legal practice; at some point before 1859, he was admitted to practice before the U.S. Supreme Court. Previously a Free Soil Democrat, Morris joined the Republican Party at its inception. In 1858, a large majority elected him to New York’s assembly; there, a contemporary described him as “one of the leading Republicans of the House.” By 1860, he had relocated to Penn Yan, together with his practice. By 1861, Morris was the chairman of Yates County’s Republican Party. On April 27, 1861, in the aftermath of Fort Sumter, he took the initiative to unite with his Democratic counterpart to host a Penn Yan unity meeting and recruiting drive. After service in the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he was reelected to the Thirty-Ninth but chose not to run for the Fortieth. After leaving the House, he resumed his law practice. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he served on the Committee on the Judiciary, seventh member.93 •  Giles W. Hotchkiss (Twenty-Sixth District, Republican) served in the House from 1863 to 1867

and from 1869 to 1871. Hotchkiss (1815–1878) was born in Windsor, New York. He was educated in the public schools, then at Windsor Academy and, later, Oxford Academy. He read law in Binghamton with F. G. Wheeler, who asked Hotchkiss’s father for permission to bring Giles into his law office. The father replied, “Yes, if you can make a good lawyer of him, take him: he ain’t good for anything on the farm.” Hotchkiss was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Binghamton, with considerable success. He joined New York’s Republican Party early and was described by one obituarist as having “figured prominently for many years as an advisor in the party and as a leader in the State conventions.” He served as a delegate to the 1860 Chicago convention. He was re-elected to the Thirty-Ninth Congress and, although unsuccessful in entering the Fortieth, he was sent to the Forty-First. This was considered unusual for a district that had followed the “rotation system” for congressional seats; that is, rotating candidates within the same party during successive elections. He was not a candidate for the Forty-Second Congress and returned to Binghamton and his law practice. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he served on the Committee of Claims, fifth member, and the Committee on Private Land Claims, second member.94 •  Robert B. Van Valkenburgh (Twenty-Seventh District, Republican) is described under the ThirtySeventh Congress. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he served as the chairman, Committee on the Militia, and on the Committee on Expenditures in the State Department, second member. •  Freeman Clarke (Twenty-Eighth District, Republican) served in the House from 1863 to 1865 and from 1871 to 1875. Clarke (1809–1887) was born in Troy. In 1827, Clarke relocated to Albion seeking business opportunities. Contemporaries thought he had a special talent: a “remarkable prescience that enabled him to determine with accuracy the Governance and Politicians | 83

value of a business situation . . . so that whatever he undertook proved successful.” He started as a merchant, branched into manufacturing, and in 1837 entered finance as cashier of the Bank of Orleans. In 1845 he relocated to Rochester and soon became the city’s most prominent banker. Among his investments (and positions) were the Rochester Bank (president), Monroe County Savings Bank (trustee and treasurer), and the Monroe County Bank (president), later reorganized as the Clarke National Bank. He also held held notable positions in companies of statewide or national importance, including the Western Union Telegraph Company (director), the Union Trust Company of New York (treasurer), the Fourth National Bank of New York (director), and the Metropolitan Trust Company of New York (founder and director). Clarke began as a Whig and served as presiding officer of the 1850 state convention in Syracuse. In 1852 he was delegate to the national convention in Baltimore. In 1854, he was a delegate to what has been termed a “proto-Republican” gathering of the anti-Nebraska Party in Auburn. On March 9, 1865, Lincoln appointed him comptroller of the currency, a position he held until 1867. That year, he also served as a delegate to New York’s constitutional convention. His political career continued in the Forty-Second and Forty-Third Congresses, after which he retired to private business. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he served on the Committee on Manufactures, fourth member, and the Committee on Invalid Pensions, sixth member.95 •  Augustus Frank (Twenty-Ninth District, Republican) is described under the Thirty-Seventh Congress. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he served as the chairman, Joint Committee on the Library, and on the Committee on Mileage, first member. •  John Ganson (Thirtieth District, Democrat) served in the House from 1863 to 1865. Ganson (1818–1874) was born in Le Roy. He was educated in the public schools, Le Roy Academy, and 84 | New York

Canandaigua Seminary. He entered Harvard College at age seventeen and graduated in 1839. He returned to Canandaigua and read law in the offices of Mark H. Sibley, a prominent Whig, former state representative and congressman, and future Ontario County judge. Ganson was admitted to the bar in 1846 and practiced briefly in Canandaigua; later that year he was persuaded by Elbridge Gerry Spaulding (see biography above) to relocate to Buffalo, where they established the firm of Spaulding & Ganson and built a lucrative practice. In 1860 Ganson was elected as a Democrat to New York’s assembly; the following year, Morgan appointed him to the Erie County War Committee, which recruited the One Hundred and Sixteenth New York Infantry. Ganson was a staunch War Democrat who also voted for the Thirteenth Amendment. Postwar, Ganson remained active in Democratic politics, returning to the state assembly in 1870 and retaining the seat until his death. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he served on the Committee of Elections, fourth member.96 •  Reuben E. Fenton (Thirty-First District, Republican) is described under War Governors. During the Thirty-Eighth Congress, he served on the Committee of Ways and Means, third member.

War Governors •  Edwin D. Morgan (1811–1883), Republican, served as governor from January 1, 1859, to December 31, 1862. Morgan was born in Washington, Massachusetts. In 1820, the family relocated to Windsor, Connecticut (according to legend, the nine-year old Edwin drove the family cow during the fiftymile walk). Morgan learned farming and at age twelve was enrolled in public school, where he studied Latin, English literature, and mathematics. He finished his formal education at Bacon Academy in Colchester. Aged seventeen, Morgan went to Hartford for a clerkship in his uncle Nathan Morgan’s general store. At twenty, Edwin was dispatched to New York City on a buying trip

that included an order for corn. In an anecdote that became famous, he returned without any. When his uncle inquired about the corn, Edwin explained that he had bought and sold three shiploads at a substantial profit. His uncle gave him a one-third interest in his business, loaning him the buy-in money. But Edwin Morgan was never far from public life. He was elected to Hartford’s Common Council in 1832, at age twenty-one, and served again in 1836. In late 1836 or early 1837—just in time for the panic of the latter year— Morgan raised additional capital from Connecticut contacts and permanently relocated to New York City. He was unaffected by the depression and prospered as an importer of goods, notably sugar, establishing a national distribution network with sales as far north as Canada, west to Louisville and south to Mobile. A loyal Whig, Morgan continued his connection with public life through his purse, supporting Harrison in 1840 and Henry Clay in 1844. In 1849, Morgan was elected an assistant alderman for New York City’s Fifteenth Ward. After earning respect for his role in confronting a cholera epidemic, he was elected to the state senate the following year—and was soon chairing the Finance Committee (and also revealing his moderate, antislavery views). He backed Central Park’s development, was elected chair of the Whig State Central Committee in 1853, and had some militia service in 1856. He left the senate in 1855 but was soon appointed as a commissioner of the state board of emigration, a post he held with distinction—and, given the rise of Nativism, some political risk—until 1858. In the meantime, Morgan had joined the nascent Republican Party. Between 1856 and 1864, he was its national chairman, a fact that reflected not only the depth of his own purse (expanded by successful New York railroad investments) but also New York’s centrality to the national campaigns of any party. The state’s vast resources bred large numbers of wealthy, politically interested men. (During the early part of this

period, from 1856 to 1858, Morgan also was chairman of the state Republican committee.) Morgan was elected to the first of his three terms as governor in November 1858. With the nation at peace, he devoted his first year to bringing order to the state’s indebtedness (still large from investments in an increasingly obsolete canal system) and earned enough approval to win a second term. In 1860, he privately backed Seward for president; after Seward’s defeat, Morgan campaigned for Lincoln. The crises of Secession Winter included a financial panic on Wall Street and a steady drain of specie from New York banks. After his inauguration in January 1861, Morgan, anticipating war, appointed a military staff of unusual competence; he also urged repeal of the personal liberty bills in a bid to conciliate the South. Although Morgan’s stewardship of New York during the war is detailed below, it should be noted here that his success at supplying New York’s forces and managing state finances reflected his unusual combination of business and political experience. Following Seymour’s election as governor, Morgan was sent by the legislature to the Thirty-Eighth Congress as U.S. senator. He immediately was assigned seats (as the last ranking member) on the Committee on Commerce and the Committee on Military Affairs and the Militia. By the second session of that Congress, he had advanced to second-ranking and fourth-ranking member on those committees, respectively, as well as second-­ ranking member on the Committee on Printing. In the first session of the Thirty-Eighth, Morgan consistently voted with Radical Republicans, although he moderated somewhat in the second session. As an importer, he was no friend of the tariff. As an ex-governor of a state that had exploded in antidraft riots, he also was no friend of commutation rights, introducing legislation to end the practice. He favored the income tax during the war, and voted to retain it afterwards. Postwar, his opposition to the Johnson administration grew; ultiGovernance and Politicians | 85

mately, he voted to convict the president. Morgan was unsuccessful in a second bid for the Senate and ran unsuccessfully for governor in 1876. He was national chairman of the Republican Party between 1872 and 1876. When former aide Chester A. Arthur97 became president, he appointed his old boss as secretary of the treasury. Although easily confirmed by the Senate, Morgan declined the appointment.98 •  Horatio Seymour (1810–1886), Democrat, served as governor from January 1, 1863, to December 31, 1864. He was born in Pompey Hill and educated there until 1820, when the family relocated to Utica. (His father, who had moved to New York from Connecticut, served as a state senator and representative, Erie Canal commissioner, and mayor of Utica.) Seymour prepared for college at Oxford Academy before enrolling in Geneva Academy (now Hobart College), where he remained for two years. In 1824, when his parents concluded that the delicate, apparently sickly Seymour needed toughening, he was sent to Norwich Academy then temporarily located in Middleton, Connecticut. He graduated in 1828 and returned to Utica to read law in the offices of state attorney general Greene C. Bronson (a future state supreme court justice who eventually would oppose Seymour for governor) and Jackson-appointed U.S. district attorney Samuel Beardsley (a future Democratic congressman and state supreme court justice). He remained with them until admitted to the bar in 1832; however, Seymour never practiced law. In 1833, Democratic governor William L. Marcy asked Seymour to become his private secretary and adc, with the rank of colonel. Seymour served for seven years and, under Marcy’s tutelage, formed a deep devotion to the Democratic Party and gained many political contacts in Albany. In 1841 he was elected to represent Oneida County in the legislature. He served one term there, then followed in his father’s footsteps as mayor of Utica in 1842. One year later he was returned to the legislature; in 1845, he was elected speaker, and re86 | New York

mained in the state assembly until 1847. In 1850, Seymour was nominated for governor but lost to Washington Hunt, a popular Whig. Nominated for governor again in 1852, he won the two-year office. He lost his bid for re-election in 1854, defeated in the turmoil over Kansas-Nebraska, the Know-Nothing ascendancy, and a heartfelt but politically unwise veto of the Maine Law (temperance). Seymour held no office in 1861, although he remained a respected figure in New York’s Democratic Party. Despite later partisan rancor, Seymour was a War Democrat. Morgan nominated him to chair the Oneida County War Committee, a post Seymour gladly accepted. He remained a vociferous critic of the Lincoln administration, however, particularly its suspension of habeas corpus and the adoption of emancipation as a war measure. His election as governor in November 1862 coincided with a Democratic shift following battlefield losses and the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. His loyalty to the federal government was beyond question, as was his response to presidential calls for troops. But he parted with Washington on conscription’s constitutionality and its political wisdom. In line with many Democrats, Seymour believed that the war should be fought by volunteers alone; this failed to square with the real war that confronted him. And his travails in office—principally, his less than sure-handed response to the New York Draft Riots—revealed him to be another of those Civil War–era politicians caught in a conflict among political ideology, loyalty to the Union, and his constituency’s demands. Many voters believed that the war was incompetently waged, war contracts corruptly let, dissent illegally suppressed, and armies unfairly conscripted; furthermore, their Negrophobia and economic concerns placed the new war objective of emancipation beyond the pale. When Seymour stood again for the governorship in November 1864, battlefield results now favored Republicans; election-eve scandals marred his campaign and he

lost to Reuben Fenton. But, as a national Democratic figure, Seymour stood high. He chaired the 1864 Chicago convention that nominated McClellan and would become the Democrats’ choice for president in 1868. Following his defeat by Grant, Seymour went into semi-retirement, serving on a variety of state commissions.99 •  Reuben E. Fenton (1819–1885), Republican, served as governor from January 2, 1865, to January 1, 1868. Fenton was born in Carroll (Chautauqua County) to a farm family. He was educated at Pleasant Hill and Fredonia Academy. After graduation, he studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1841 and practiced in Jamestown; however, lawyering was not to his liking, and he left for the lumber trade—in which he prospered. First elected as Carroll’s town supervisor, he continued in that post until 1851, when he decided to run for Congress. In 1852, he was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-third Congress. Fenton came from a solidly Whig district, and his success as a Democrat testified to his personal popularity. While in the House, he joined forty-four other Northern Democrats in voting against the Kansas-Nebraska Act; this likely cost him his seat in the Thirty-fourth Congress, for which he stood as the joint nominee of the Whig and Democratic Parties, losing to a Know-­Nothing. He ran as a Republican for the Thirty-fifth Congress, and repeated this success in three more elections. In the Thirty-Sixth Congress, he was chairman of the Committee on Invalid Pensions. In the Thirty-Seventh Congress, Fenton’s prospects improved with those of his party: he chaired the Committee on Claims. In the ThirtyEighth Congress, he served as the third-ranked member on the powerful Committee of Ways and Means as well as on the Select Committee on the Rebellious States. In Washington, Fenton was a reliable Republican, supporting Lincoln, his cabinet, and the war. Fenton was elected governor on November 8, 1864, after a vigorous campaign; he resigned from the House on December 20. Fol-

lowing two terms as governor, Fenton was elected to the U.S. Senate, taking office on March 4, 1869, and continuing until March 3, 1875. After his term, Fenton chaired the U.S. commission to the International Monetary Conference in Paris in 1878.100

Adjutants General •  J. Meredith Read, Jr. (1837–1896) was appointed Morgan’s chief of staff and state adjutant general on January 1, 1861; he served until August 14, 1861. He was born in Philadelphia to a prominent family: his father was a justice on Pennsylvania’s supreme court and his grandfather had signed the Declaration of Independence. Read attended military school, then Brown University, graduating in 1858. (While at Brown, Read led a company of cadets under state militia chief Ambrose Burnside.) He went to the Albany Law School, finishing in 1859, then traveled to Europe for a year of international law study. He returned to the United States in 1860 and quickly established his Republican credentials, helping to organize New York’s Wide Awake movement. After Lincoln’s election, Read had the choice of a diplomatic post or the adjutant generalship of New York. He took the latter. Years later, Read reflected that, “Could I have foreseen . . . that within three months I should be called upon to take part in the organization of an army of New York men twice as large as the army of the United States at the time of my appointment, and in the midst of the greatest possible difficulties, I should have hesitated, chiefly because of my comparative inexperience and the fact that I was only twentythree, the youngest man who had ever yet been adjutant general.” Read’s tenure—considered highly creditable by most contemporaries—was ended not by inexperience but by (in the day’s parlance) “severe ill health, resulting from his unusual labors in discharging the arduous duties of his office.” Postwar, Read had a remarkable career in the U.S. foreign service. Between 1869 and 1873, he was consul-general to France and Algeria, which Governance and Politicians | 87

put him in Paris during the Franco-Prussian War (where he was also charged with representing German interests) as well as the Commune of 1871. In 1873, Read was appointed minister to Greece. He retired in 1879, and died in Paris.101 •  Thomas Hillhouse III (1816–1897) replaced Read as adjutant general on August 14, 1861, and served until January 1, 1863. He was born on a farm near Albany. When Hillhouse was eighteen, his father died, making college no longer possible. As the oldest son, he farmed to support the family and proved quite adept, gaining appointment to the New York State Agricultural Society’s executive committee. In 1851 he relocated to Geneva, New York. During the mid-1850s, his staunch antislavery views found a home in the Republican Party. In 1856 he campaigned for Fremont, and in 1859 was elected to New York’s senate. In January 1861, Hillhouse was appointed chairman of the Select Committee on National Affairs, created by a resolution he had introduced. Its goal was to report on the right of secession; few probably were surprised when the committee denounced secession as unconstitutional and recommended that New York give Washington any required moral and material assistance, including a pledge to use armed force. When Lincoln appointed Morgan major general of the Department of New York (see entry for October 26, 1861), he also appointed Hillhouse as Morgan’s aag. In 1865, Hillhouse was elected New York’s comptroller; his re-election bid was unsuccessful. In 1870, Grant appointed him assistant U.S. treasurer at the sub-office in New York; he served for twelve years. During these years, he established a preeminent reputation for financial expertise. In 1882, after he left the Treasury Department, he was chosen president of the newly created Metropolitan Trust.102 •  John T. Sprague (1810–1878) was appointed New York adjutant general by Seymour on January 1, 1863; he served until January 1, 1865. Sprague was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts. By 1830 88 | New York

he was in Detroit, where he made the acquaintance of Michigan governor Lewis Cass. After Jackson named Cass secretary of war, Sprague served on his staff. In July 1834, Sprague was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Marine Corps. During this period, he supervised civilian contractors removing Creek Indians from Tallahassee to Fort Gibson (in present-day Oklahoma). Sprague, appalled by the conditions of the march, demanded better treatment for the Creeks. When Sprague’s party moved at a more humane pace through Tennessee, the state’s governor objected, threatened Creek leader Tuckabatche Hadjo, and sought to call out the militia to force a faster march; but Sprague intervened to protect his charges. In July 1837 Sprague took a commission in the Regular Army with the Fifth U.S. Infantry. He was an adc, aqm, and acting commissary of subsistence to General Thomas S. Jessup in the Creek War. Between 1837 and 1838, he participated in two more Indian removals, one from Georgia and another from Michigan. In March 1838 he was assigned to the Eighth U.S. Infantry. He served with great distinction in the Second Seminole War as an adc to General Alexander McComb, and participated in the battle of Pilaklikaha Hammock. Afterwards he published The Origin, Progress, and Conclusion of the Florida War (New York, 1848), a valuable history of the conflict. In 1840, he served on the staff of Florida commander Colonel William J. Worth. For “meritorious and successful service” during the war, Sprague was brevetted captain in 1842 and promoted to full rank in 1846. In 1848 he was brevetted major; that year he commanded Florida’s Ninth Military Department. He was in Texas between 1849 and 1852, commanded Governor’s Island in New York Harbor between 1852 and 1854, and was in New Mexico between 1855 and 1859. By 1861 he was a full major and assigned to the First U.S. Infantry in Texas. Sprague was taken prisoner by General David E. Twiggs’s surrender of U.S. forts and forces in Texas; he was paroled sometime

over the next few months and returned north. Under U.S. GO No. 105 (see Chronology for December 3, 1861) he was appointed federal superintendent of recruiting for New York. Although detailed to serve as New York’s adjutant general, Sprague retained his rank in the Regular Army. On March 13, 1863, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and transferred to the Eleventh U.S. Infantry. On June 12, 1865, he was promoted to full colonel and given command of the Seventh U.S. Infantry. Later that year he was appointed the military governor of Florida, and was given high marks for his administration during Reconstruction. He resigned from the service in 1870.103 •  William Irvine (1820–1882) was appointed by Fenton on January 2, 1865, and served until January 1, 1867. He was born in Whitney’s Point and educated in the public schools. In 1841, Irvine relocated to Greene County and studied law. Admitted to the bar in 1849, he practiced in Corning. Irvine was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-Sixth Congress; in the months following the attack on Fort Sumter, he devoted himself to raising a cavalry regiment. On September 27, 1861, the Tenth New York Cavalry (“Porter Guard”), a three-year unit, was organized at Elmira, with Irvine serving as lieutenant colonel. The unit was trained at Gettysburg and, until the spring of 1863, was posted around Baltimore and Washington. Its first largescale action was Stoneman’s Raid on Richmond (April 13 to May 10), launched as a preliminary movement to Hooker’s Chancellorsville Campaign. But it was on June 9, 1863, that the Tenth—with Irvine in command—achieved renown. At Brandy Station, the largest cavalry engagement of the war, the Tenth was on the Union left, assigned to Third Cavalry Division, First Brigade. During this fierce engagement, Irvine’s second-in-command recalled of him, “I never saw so striking an example of devotion to duty. He rode into them slashing with his saber in a measured and determined manner just as he went at everything else, with

deliberation and firmness of purpose. I never saw a man so cool under such circumstances.” Nevertheless, Irvine’s horse was soon shot down. Irvine himself was severely wounded, taken prisoner, and incarcerated at Libby, where his health broke down. He was exchanged but never resumed combat command. On March 13, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier general for “Faithful and Meritorious Services.” After his term with Fenton, Irvine moved to California to practice law. He died in San Francisco.104

New York City’s War Mayors •  Fernando Wood, Democrat, served from January 1855 to January 1858, and from January 1860 to January 1862. The strikingly handsome and charming older brother of Benjamin (see ThirtySeventh Congress), Fernando Wood (1812–1881) was born in Philadelphia and educated in the public schools. In 1820, he relocated with his family to New York City. Wood became a merchant at first but eventually found public life more attractive. A natural Jacksonian (and with a grudge—he blamed Biddle’s Second Bank of the United States for his father’s bankruptcy), Wood concluded that Tammany Hall was indispensable to a rising Democrat’s success and joined in 1836. In 1840 he was elected as a Tammany Democrat to the Twenty-Seventh Congress. Although he was unsuccessful in his bid for re-election, Wood had made important friends: in 1844, Secretary of State John C. Calhoun appointed him “dispatch agent” for the State Department at the Port of New York, a patronage post which Secretary of State James Buchanan cheerfully renewed. Wood held the position until 1847. In 1850, he ran and lost for New York City mayor. That same year, he “retired” from the shipping business (although he never retired from opportunities to make money) and became grand sachem of Tammany Hall, serving until 1856 and again, briefly, in 1858. Despite New York’s immigrant constituency, Wood became a Know-­ Governance and Politicians | 89

Nothing, served on that party’s executive committee, and relied on its secrecy to keep his membership private. When opponents discovered the affiliation during his 1854 mayoral campaign, Wood sued for defamation, generating enough smoke to win election in a four-man race, mostly on votes from poor Germans and Irish. This was not the first time that Wood showed how skillfully, if cynically, he could navigate obstacles (often of his own creation). But if more than the usual measure of political double-dealing and betrayal characterized Wood’s career, it was also marked by enormous talent, rare innovation, and often brilliant competency. He proposed hiring the unemployed for public works, created New York’s first public complaint bureau, cracked down on prostitution and gambling, enforced Sunday laws, and eliminated corruption from street-cleaning services. He also introduced public transportation safety measures, continued his predecessor’s commitment to establishing Central Park, and created a strong municipal police force, among other things. These accomplishments earned him a national reputation and the sobriquet “Model Mayor.” (Wood also introduced another “innovation”— sharply rising taxes to pay for these services.) In 1857, he was both mayor and the de facto head of Tammany Hall. But later that same year, hurt by the Panic of 1857, Wood lost his bid for another term in City Hall. And by the following year, the pressure of the looming secession crisis, coupled with local factors, had eroded Tammany’s unity. In 1858, Wood broke from Tammany to form the rival Mozart Hall (named after the hotel where the anti-Tammany rebels first met). During the war, both factions claimed to represent New York City’s Democrats. Tammany Hall was generally pro-war, although it vigorously dissented from other Lincoln administration policies. Mozart Hall, representing the party’s peace wing, was vehemently anti-emancipation (and often viciously racist), anti-conscription, and pro-negotiation. Wood re90 | New York

turned as the city’s mayor in 1861; it was during his January address that he called for New York to declare itself “a free city” (see entry for January 7, 1861). On April 15, he was steadfastly Unionist; by the fall of 1861, class and ethnic tensions had become irresistible wedges (the war was portrayed as a rich man’s battle, with the actual fighting belonging to the poor, the German, and the Irish). Local Republicans wanted Wood arrested for treason, but he again showed his political skills, successfully navigating the narrow straits between a cell in Fort Lafayette and permitted dissent. In the next mayoral election, with Democratic voters split between Tammany and Mozart, Wood lost to Republican George Opdyke. Out of power, Wood spent the time between this loss and the November 1862 congressional elections further burnishing his credentials as a peace man. There would be plenty of fodder: federal frustrations (or worse) on the battlefields, coupled with the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, gave Wood a resounding victory. Over the next nine months, Wood affiliated with Vallandigham, campaigned for ultra-peace man Thomas Seymour (running for governor of Connecticut), and sponsored peace rallies in New York City. After the July 1863 Draft Riots created a blacklash, however, Republicans painted Wood as disloyal. Democratic woes worsened after federal victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg. In the November election, Wood was among those who lost bids for the Thirty-Ninth Congress to Republicans; opponents gleefully predicted his political oblivion. While Appomattox looked to seal Wood’s political fate, he emerged victorious in his bid for the Fortieth Congress and served until the Forty-Seventh—when only death stood between him and his seat. His astounding resiliency extended beyond the Civil War years: although censured by the Fortieth Congress for “unparliamentary language,” he served two terms as chairman of the Ways and Means Committee.105 •  George Opdyke, Republican, served from Janu-

ary 1862 to January 1864. Opdyke (1805–1880) was born on a farm in Kingwood, New Jersey. He taught school for two years, beginning at age sixteen. At twenty, he moved to Cleveland, Ohio, establishing a frontier trading post that grew into a general store (according to one source, selling clothes). He later went to New Orleans and opened a wholesale clothing line before settling in New York City in 1832. He founded a woolen goods importer, weathered the Panic of 1837 (and of 1857) and soon became a prominent man, continuing in the import business until 1867. Opdyke had been a staunch antislavery Democrat until the Free Soil Party was founded in 1848; he was one of the Committee of Seven who wrote the party’s Buffalo Platform. That same year, he unsuccessfully stood for Congress as a Free Soil candidate. He joined the Republican Party upon its founding and again ran unsuccessfully for Congress in 1856. In 1858 he was elected to the New York assembly, serving on the Committee on Banks and the Committee on Insurance. In 1859, he ran unsuccessfully for mayor against Mozart’s Fernando Wood and Tammany’s William F. Havemeyer.106 As an antislavery Republican and Lincoln supporter, Opdyke’s December 1861 election as New York City’s mayor was an anomaly: that year, the rivalry between Tammany and Mozart divided the Democratic vote between Charles Gunther (see below) and Fernando Wood, allowing Opdyke to enter office with a 613-vote margin over Gunther, with Wood finishing third. Opdyke did not run for re-election in 1863. Postwar, he founded the banking firm of George Opdyke & Company in 1868.107 •  Charles Godfrey Gunther served from January 1, 1864 to January 1, 1866. Gunther (1822–1885) was born in New York City, the son of French Alsatian immigrants. His father was a prominent fur merchant, and was able to afford Charles a good early education, first at the Moravian Institute in Nazareth, Pennsylvania, and later at the Columbia College Grammar School. At some point in his mid to

late teens, he went to work in his father’s Maiden Lane fur business. Within a few years, Gunther was drawn to Democratic politics. He joined the Young Men’s Democratic General Committee and, in 1844, cast his first vote for James Polk. He was a founder of the Democratic Union Club and, after an 1852 tour of Europe, canvassed for Franklin Pierce. In 1855, the Democratic Young Men’s National Club, led by James T. Brady,108 sponsored Gunther for election as a governor of the almshouse. Gunther’s victory by over 5,000 votes was a measure of his popularity; soon he was president of the almshouse’s board of governors. Confirming Gunther’s political status was his 1856 election as a sachem of Tammany Hall. Although defeated by Opdyke in the December 1861 mayoral race, he ran again in December 1863 and emerged victorious over Tammany rival Francis I. A. Boole109 and Republican Orison Blunt,110 winning by over 7,000 votes. Gunther’s constituency, heavily German, assumed that he was also German; in fact, after Gunther’s biological father died, his mother remarried a German named Gunther who adopted her children. The candidate did little to disabuse his voters about his family background. Nevertheless—in an era that professed high principles but delivered low behavior—Gunther was famously consistent for principle in both words and deeds. His devotion to states’ rights was destined to make him an opponent of the Civil War, but he apparently was a genuine pacifist, ill-disposed to any war, and his administration was marked by a number of antiwar speeches and gestures. Postwar, Gunther resumed his business interests and, except for an unsuccessful 1878 run for state senate, did not reenter public life.111

Federal Military Department Department of the East, January 1, 1861, to October 26, 1861 Department of New York, October 26, 1861, to January 3, 1863 Governance and Politicians | 91

Department of the East, January 3, 1863, to the end of the war112

Demography In 1860, New York ranked first nationally in population (3,880,735) and fourth in population density per square mile (84.36). For the latter statistic, the gaps between ranks were substantial: first-place Massachusetts had a population density of 157.83, while the figure for third-place Connecticut was 98.45. As noted earlier, New York’s statewide density is misleading: a resident of the Fourth Congressional District (New York City Wards 4, 6, 10, and 14) encountered 80,387 people per square mile, while a resident of the Sixteenth Congressional District (Clinton, Essex, and Franklin Counties) experienced only 22 people per square mile. In 1850, the state population had been 3,097,394, which meant that New York added 783,341 people over the decade. A closer look at this population growth reveals that it was overwhelmingly (70 percent) urban and downstate. In 1860, New York’s top ten population growth in new york’s top ten cities, 1850–1860 1850 New York City Brooklyn Buffalo Albany Rochester Troy Syracuse Utica Newburgh Poughkeepsie Total

92 | New York

1860

Increase

515,547 96,838 42,261 50,763 36,403 28,785 22,271 17,565 11,415 13,944

813,669 266,661 81,129 62,367 48,204 39,235 28,119 22,529 15,196 14,726

298,122 169,823 38,868 11,604 11,801 10,450 5,848 4,964 3,781 782

835,792

1,391,835

556,043

cities accounted for a 35.65 percent share of the state’s total population.113 The gender balance of New York State’s 1860 population was noted under War Geography. A brief discussion of race appeared under Governance and Politicians, while proportions of some ethnic and religious groups—including white, black, foreignborn, and Catholic—were listed under Congressional Districts. A more detailed description follows. In the 1860 census, 3,831,590 New Yorkers were classified as white, 49,005 as “free colored” (1.26 percent of total population), and 140 as Indians (this was an absurdly low figure). African Americans were not necessarily concentrated in all large cities; the determinant was proximity to New York City, which in the decade preceding 1860 had the highest concentration of economic opportunities. In 1860, “free colored” in New York County numbered 12,574 (1.54 percent of total population). Kings County (Brooklyn) had 4,999; Queens County (contiguous with Kings), 3,387; Westchester (contiguous with New York County), 2,270; and Suffolk County (eastern Long Island), 1,798. Together these counties were home to 51 percent (25,028) of New York’s black population but only 33 percent (1,267,926) of the state’s white population. Upstate, the percentage of African Americans was low. In Erie County, which contained the state’s third largest city (Buffalo), blacks accounted for 0.62 percent of the population. In Albany County, which contained the state’s fourth largest city, blacks accounted for 0.82 percent of the total population.114 In 1860, 2,602,460 New Yorkers (67.06 percent) were born in the state; 275,164 (7.09 percent) were born in other states; and 998,640 (25.73 percent) were born in other countries; the balance were of unknown nativity or born at sea. In 1860, New York City’s total population was 813,669, of which 429,952 were native-born and 383,717 foreign-born. Of these foreign-born, 203,740 (53.1 percent) were Irish and 118,292

nativity of selected foreign-born residents of new york state in 1860 Country

Number

Percentage of Foreign Born

Ireland German states England British America Scotland France Wales Switzerland Holland

498,072 256,252 106,011 55,273 27,641 21,826 7,998 6,166 5,354

49.87 25.66 10.61 5.53 2.76 2.18 0.80 0.61 0.53

(30.82 percent) were German; the balance being from other countries. Foreign-born residents represented 47.15 percent of New York City’s total population.115 Most immigrants to the United States came through the Port of New York. Based on the annual reports of the state’s commissioners of emigration, 2,671,819 foreigners entered between 1847 and 1860. Of these, 1,107,034 (41.43 percent) were Irish, 979,575 (36.66 percent) were German, 315,625 (11.81 percent) were English (there was no separate entry for British America, i.e., Canada), 71,535 (2.67 percent) were from Scotland, 57,591 (2.15 percent) were from France, 43,625 (1.63 percent) were from Switzerland, 19,635 (0.73 percent) were from Holland, 17,276 (0.64 percent) were from Wales, and the balance from other countries.116 The growing importance of the Port of New York to immigration to the United States (and New York State) is illustrated by data from the four decades before 1860. Between 1820 and 1830, 125,932 immigrants entered the United States, of which 81,337 (64.6 percent) came through that port; between 1830 and 1840, 527,613 entered, of which 353,638 (67 percent) came through the port; between 1840 and 1850, 1,398,790 entered,

of which 965,434 (69 percent) came through the port; finally, between 1850 and 1860, 2,756,956 entered, of which 2,005,689 (72.75 percent) came through the port. In 1855, authorities began to poll immigrants about their final destination by state. In the year ending December 31, 1856, 38.67 percent indicated New York (55,053 of 142,352 arrivals); in 1857, 42.76 percent indicated the state (78,585 of 183,773 arrivals). In 1858, 43.63 percent indicated New York (34,296 of 78,589 arrivals), with the low number of arrivals perhaps reflecting the prior year’s economic depression. In 1859, arrivals remained relatively low but an even higher percentage, 51.6 percent, indicated New York (40,923 of 79,322 arrivals). Arrivals ticked up in 1860 (the recession of Secession Winter did not commence until late November) to 105,162, of which 56,131 or 53.37 percent indicated New York. Overall during this period, 589,198 immigrants entered the Port of New York; 264,991 (45 percent) intended to remain in the Empire State; the rest presumably went west.117 The relevance of these demographics to New York’s experience of the Civil War might be summarized by one question: How did the state, which was controlled by Republicans during the war’s first two years, mobilize support and attract recruits from groups that had been previously subject to violence, invective, and discrimination from the once-influential Know-Nothings, since absorbed into the Republican Party? The answer was complicated by Protestant New York’s long history of Nativism, which, save for a few illustrative details, is beyond the scope of this work. New York’s 1777 constitution empowered the legislature to naturalize immigrants who “shall come to settle in, and become subjects of this State,” imposing only one requirement: that they “shall take an oath of allegiance and subjection to this State and abjure and renounce all allegiance and subjection to all and every foreign King, Prince, Potentate and State, in all matters ecclesiastical as Demography | 93

well as civil.” The penultimate condition was the rub; many Protestants believed that Catholics were loyal to the Pope, not the state. As New York’s Catholic population grew, so did tension with Protestants. The Church of St. Peter, the first Catholic congregation in New York City, was established in 1786. Twenty years later, New York City recorded its first nativist violence, the Christmas Riot of 1806. In 1807, local Federalists called for an “American ticket,” free from foreign influence. In 1836, polymath Samuel F. B. Morse ran as a nativist for New York City mayor, and would do so again in 1841. In 1837, the Whigs endorsed nativist Aaron Clark for mayor and thereby made his cause their own. (The state’s Whigs were not uniformly nativists; Whig governor William H. Seward and political machinist and editor Thurlow Weed were friends to immigrants.) During the 1840s, nativism waned and waxed, but was always present, organizing first at the county level, then statewide, and eventually nationwide. There were many such organizations, with the “secret societies” of the Know-Nothings emerging in the early 1850s. New York nativists shared the fortunes of the national movement. In the gubernatorial election of 1854, candidate Daniel Ullman (see note to entry for January 16, 1863) garnered some 122,000 votes in a losing cause. Thereafter the movement declined, with events such as the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the American Catholic Church’s public declaration that, in civil matters, Catholics owed no duty to the papacy, and a new conspiracy, The Slave Power, focusing Northern attention through the lens of a growing Republican Party.118 For all of its bitter legacies and social destruction, however, New York nativism accomplished little by way of actual legal barriers that would require dismantling with the coming of the Civil War. Here the “gold standard” in Nativist legislation was the Two Years’ Amendment, a popularly voted amendment to Massachusetts’ constitution that added an additional two years of required 94 | New York

residency after naturalization in order for newly minted citizens to vote (see States at War, volume 1). In many cases, New York Republicans had no need to persuade members of marginalized minorities to shoulder a musket or willingly pay taxes. There were Irishmen who would support the war for many reasons, including those who loved their adopted land more than they disliked their political and social adversaries, and those with a wish to prove that they could risk a bullet for the Stars and Stripes the same as any Protestant. And many Germans, particularly the FortyEighters, viewed the Civil War as a continuation of the same struggle for human rights for which they had risked everything in the old country and would risk all once again. But if Governor Morgan had no Two Years’ Amendment to undo, there were other fences to mend with the Irish community and he wasted no time in undertaking one highly symbolic act. He quashed court-martial proceedings against Irish nationalist and U.S. citizen Michael Corcoran, who faced charges for his refusal to parade his unit before the Prince of Wales during the latter’s 1860 visit to New York City. (Both Archbishop John Hughes and Thurlow Weed lobbied Morgan to do so after the attack on Fort Sumter, and the governor had the good sense to listen.) On April 20, 1861, Morgan commissioned Corcoran as colonel of the Sixty-Ninth New York. (See entry and note for April 23, 1861.) On the same day Corcoran received his shoulder straps, Archbishop Hughes and Irish nationalist Richard O’Gorman were featured speakers at the now-famous Monster Rally at Union Square. (See entry for April 20, 1861.) In the meantime Morgan, like other Northern governors, was busy distributing commissions—not just on the basis of military experience or recruiting ability, but along lines well known to any mid-nineteenthcentury American politician—as a form of patronage. But Morgan also had a different goal: to bind German and Irish communities to the war effort by

commissioning their leading men as officers. And so New York would field Brickel’s First Battalion German Light Artillery, the Garibaldi Guard, the United Turner Regiment, the Tammany Regiment, and the Irish Brigade, among many others. As the Draft Riots of 1863 demonstrated, however, these measures would meet with mixed success.

1860 Key Events New York yields to none of her sister States in her devotion to the Union. She reveres it as the fruit of a long protracted contest for liberty and independence, and she cherishes it for its present benefits and its guarantees for the future. Her citizens discovered at a very early period that slavery was an evil, and prompt and considerable provision was made for its extinction. So far as our example was worthy of imitation, the other members of the Confederacy had the advantage of it; but we never claimed that we had the right to interfere, directly or indirectly, with slavery as it existed in the other States of the Union. . . .

Another question, however, is presented when it is

proposed to establish or to permit the establishment of slavery in the territories. Being the common property of the whole people, so long as they remain territories New York will claim the right to participate in their government. In no way can she do so except through the agency of her chosen representatives in Congress; and therefore it is that the electors of New York recognize the authority of Congress, to legislate for the territories and to prohibit the establishment of slavery therein. —Governor Edwin D. Morgan, annual message, January 3, 18601

february 7: Before adjourning, the state Democrat convention in Syracuse names delegates for the national convention in Charleston. Fernando Wood is named chairman of New York’s delegation.2

27: At the Cooper Institute, New York Evening Post editor William Cullen Bryant introduces candidate for president Abraham Lincoln. “These children of the West, my friends, form a living bulwark against the advance of Slavery, and from them is recruited the vanguard of the armies of liberty,” Bryant says of the speaker. Lincoln delivers a closely reasoned speech divided into three basic parts. The first poses the question, “Does the proper division of local from Federal authority, or anything in the Constitution, forbid our Federal Government to control as to Slavery in our Federal Territories?” Lincoln answers in the negative and reviews the votes of the founders in the early congresses on relevant matters, including the 1787 vote to bar slavery from the Northwest Territories. A majority of the founders at one point or another upheld the federal government’s authority to limit slavery or prohibit it outright in federally owned territories. In the second part, Lincoln denies that Republicans are a sectional party that intends to meddle with slavery in states where it exists or means to provoke slave insurrections (referring to John Brown). Finally, he urges Republicans to listen—to “calmly consider their demands and yield to them if, in our deliberate view of our duty, we possibly can.” And yet, he wonders, What will satisfy them? He probes the answers, then concludes: “This and this only; cease to call slavery wrong, and join them in calling it right.” A few moments later, he says, “If Slavery is right, all words, acts, laws, and Constitutions against it, are themselves wrong, and should be silenced, and swept away.”3 april 18: The Republican state convention in Syracuse names delegates to the national convention and adopts one resolution, committing the 1860: Key Events | 95

delegates “to present the name of William H. Seward [uproarious applause, lasting for some minutes] to the Chicago Convention for the office of President.”4 23: The Democratic National Convention meets in Charleston. Before it ends (on May 3), Southern delegates walk out over Northern Democrats’ refusal to endorse pro-slavery planks. may 9: National convention of the Constitutional Union Party meets in Baltimore. 16–18: The Republican National Convention meets in Chicago, nominating Abraham Lincoln for president and Hannibal Hamlin for vice president. june 18–22: Democrats reconvene in Baltimore. After delegates favoring secession walk out of the convention, Stephen Douglas and Herschel V. Johnson are nominated for president and vice president, respectively. 23: Democratic delegates who had abandoned their seats (or been refused them) meet briefly at the Maryland Institute in Baltimore, nominating John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky and Joseph Lane of Oregon for president and vice president, respectively. The attendees agree to reconvene on June 26 in Richmond. 26–28: Meeting in Richmond, (Southern) Democrats affirm their choice of John C. Breckinridge for president and Joseph Lane for vice president. july 12: The Constitutional Union Party meets in Utica and adopts a resolution “to form said ticket in such manner as they deem best calculated to unite National Union men of every name and designation and promote the [election] of John Bell and Edward Everett.”5 96 | New York

august 2: The Mozart General Committee meets in preparation for the Democratic state convention. Among other resolutions, the committee instructs its delegates “to exert themselves to bring about a union of all opponents to Black Republicanism throughout the State, upon one electoral and State ticket.”6 7: The Breckinridge state convention meets in Syracuse.7 8: Among other nominations, the Breckinridge convention selects James T. Brady for governor. The resolutions adopted include a condemnation of Lincoln and Douglas “for interfering with the rights of slaveholders in the Territories,” praise for Buchanan, ratification of the Breckinridge and Lane ticket, and a declaration of the illegitimacy of the Douglas nomination.8 Off the coast of Africa, the USS Mohican stops the Erie, captained by the Maine-born Nathaniel Gordon. The vessel is found to contain 897 Africans. About one-half are children, a quarter older males, and a quarter older females. Gordon is arrested.9 (See entry for November 9, 1861.) 15: The Douglas state convention meets in Syracuse, admitting both Tammany and Mozart delegations. William Kelly10 is nominated for governor. Among the resolutions adopted are condemnations of Republicans, Breckinridge, and Morgan, and a proposal to drop the property requirement for black suffrage. Convention-goers also insist that “we still stand by the Union against disunion.”11 22: Republican state convention meets in Syracuse. Morgan and Robert Campbell12 are re-nominated for governor (Morgan by acclamation) and lieutenant governor, respectively. The Chicago Platform is embraced. At night the streets are lit by

a Wide Awake march said to include “two to three thousand” torches.13 october 8: The Douglas, Breckinridge, and Constitutional Union factions meet at the Cooper Institute (“the hall was crowded to its utmost capacity”) to agree on a common set of presidential and vice-presidential electors, thereby effecting a fusion between blocs. The meeting, presided over by John A. Dix14 agrees on thirty-five electors.15 10: The secessionist William L. Yancey16 speaks at the Cooper Institute. He is described as “a man of middle age and medium height,—with a square, intelligent and rather hard face, an easy and graceful manner, and the general appearance of a respectable, common place gentleman. . . . [Who] does not look like a professional Fire-eater.”17 november 6: Federal and state elections yield the following results (thirty-five electoral votes at stake). President: Abraham Lincoln/Hannibal Hamlin, Republican, 362,646 (53.7%); Stephen A. Douglas/Herschel V. Johnson, Douglas Democrat (Fusion), 312,510 (46.3%)18 Congress: First District—Edward H. Smith, Democrat, 11,882 (52.78%), Luther Carter, Republican, 10,631 (47.22%); Second District—Moses Odell, Democrat, 13,322 (55.07%), James Humphrey, Republican, 10,870 (44.93%); Third District—Benjamin Wood, Democrat, 5,892 (52.83%), Amor J. Williamson, Republican, 4,585 (41.11%), John Y. Savage, Independent Democrat, 675 (6.05%); Fourth District—James E. Kerrigan, Independent Democrat, 5,145 (41.30%), Michael Tuomy, Democrat, 3,989 (32.02%), John Commerford, Democrat, 3,324 (26.68%); Fifth District—William Wall,

Republican 6,877 (41%), Welson Taylor, Democrat, 6,811 (40.61%), John Duffy, Independent Democrat, 3,085 (18.39%); Sixth District—Frederick A. Conkling, Republican, 6,536 (35.10%), John Cochrane, Independent Democrat, 6,360 (34.16%), John W. Chanler, 5,724 (30.74%); Seventh District—Elijah Ward, Democrat, 10,814 (56.23%), Augustus Dow, Republican, 8,417 (43.77%); Eighth District—Isaac Delaplaine, Democrat, 13,576 (59.04%), Abram Wakeman, Republican, 9,417 (40.96%); Ninth District—Edward Haight, Democrat, 11,389 (53.54%), Thomas Nelson, Republican, 9,882 (46.46%); Tenth District—Charles H. Van Wyck, Republican, 8,311 (50.45%), Daniel B. St. John, Democrat, 8,163 (49.55%); Eleventh District—John B. Steele, Democrat, 9,938 (50.38%), Peter H. Sylvester, Republican, 9,789 (49.62%); Twelfth District—Stephen Baker, Republican, 11,795 (51.99%), Ambrose Wager, Democrat, 10,514 (46.34%), John H. Overheisrer, Breckinridge Democrat, 378 (1.67%), Thirteenth District—Abram B. Olin, Republican, 8,650 (51.13%), Isaac McConihe, Democrat, 8,268 (48.87%); Fourteenth District—Erastus Corning, Democrat, 10,814 (51.85%), Thomas W. Olcott, Republican, 10,043 (48.15%); Fifteenth District—James B. McKean, Republican, 14,924 (58.76%), Emerson E. Davis, Democrat, 10,474 (41.24%); Sixteenth District—William A. Wheeler, Republican, 10,571 (58.73%), Augustus C. Hand, Democrat, 7,427 (41.27%); Seventeenth District—Socrates N. Sherman, Republican, 16,134 (68.39%), Henry G. Foote, Democrat, 7,456 (31.61%); Eighteenth District—Chauncey Vibbard, Democrat, 12,019 (50.88%), Simon H. Mix, Republican, 11,602 (49.12%); Nineteenth District—Richard Franchot, Republican, 11,310 1860: Key Events | 97

(56.97%), Lyman Walworth, Democrat, 8,542 (43.03%); Twentieth District—Roscoe Conkling, Republican, 12,536 (58.28%), DeWitt C. Grover, Democrat, 8,973 (41.72%); Twenty-first District—R. Holland Duell, Republican, 13,960 (62.2%), Simon C. Hitchcock, Democrat, 4,923 (21.94%), Judson C. Nelson, Breckinridge Democrat, 3,559 (15.86%); Twenty-second District— William E. Lansing, Republican, 15,253 (63.73%), B. Franklin Chapman, Democrat, 8,682 (36.27%); Twenty-Third District— Ambrose W. Clark, Republican, 11,865 (59.9%), James F. Starbuck, Democrat, 7,568 (38.20%), George C. Sherman, Breckinridge Democrat, 376 (1.9%); Twenty-fourth District—Charles W. Sedgwick, Republican, 11,175 (60.42%), Lake Tefft, Democrat, 6,088 (32.92%), Luther Hay, Breckinridge Democrat, 1,233 (6.67%); Twenty-fifth District—Theodore M. Pomeroy, Republican, 14,437 (64.46%), William C. Beardsley, Democrat, 7,961 (35.54%); Twenty-sixth District—Jacob P. Chamberlain, Republican, 11,581 (58.26%), John L. Lewis, Democrat, 8,153 (41.02%), George N. Clark, Independent, 144 (0.72%); Twentyseventh District—Alexander S. Diven, Republican, 13,482 (57.20%), Harvey A. Dowe, Democrat, 10,088 (42.80%); TwentyEighth District—Robert B. Van Walkenburg, Republican, 13,167 (60.75%), Charles C. Walker, Democrat, 8,507 (39.25%); TwentyNinth District—Alfred Ely, Republican, 10,704 (59.41%), Mortimer F. Reynolds, Democrat, 7,314 (40.59%); Thirtieth District—Augustus Frank, Republican, 15,342 (67.49%), Martin F. Robinson, Democrat, 7,389 (21.51%); Thirty-first District—Burt Van Horn, Republican, 8,662 (58.81%), Phineas L. Ely, Democrat, 5,882 (39.93%), Jonathan L. Woods, Breckinridge Democrat, 185 98 | New York

(1.26%); Thirty-second District—Elbridge G. Spaulding, Republican, 12,256 (52.82%), Solomon G. Haven, Democrat, 10,947 (47.18%); Thirty-Third District—Reuben Fenton, Republican, 14,303 (66.79%), Charles H. Lee, Democrat, 7,111 (33.21%); totals— 9 Democrats, 1 Independent Democrat, 23 Republicans.19 Governor: Edwin D. Morgan, Republican, 358,272 (53.2%); William Kelly, Douglas Democrat, 294,812 (43.8%); James T. Brady, Breckinridge Democrat, 19,841 (2.9%).20 State Assembly: 35 Democrats, 92 Republicans, 1 Independent Republican21 State Senate: next election in 1861 Constitutional Amendment on Negro Suffrage: For—197,503; Against: 337,98422 In New York County, containing New York City, Lincoln’s ticket received 33,290 votes, while the Democratic Fusion candidates received 62,298.23 In the governor’s race, Morgan received 33,692 votes, Kelly 56,056, and Brady 3,834. Voting on the amendment to abolish the property requirement for Negro voters was 10,483 for and 65,082 against.24 14: Wall Street financial crisis precedes Secession Winter. The stock market, already falling, reflects (among other anxieties) the withdrawal of approximately $3.5 million of Southern gold from New York banking institutions.25 15: aag Lorenzo Thomas, writing from U.S. Army Headquarters (as a practical matter, based in New York City since 1851 at General Winfield Scott’s insistence; but see entry for December 12), issues SO No. 137: Major Robert Anderson “will forthwith proceed to Fort Moultrie and immediately relieve Bvt. Col. John L. Gardner . . . in command thereof.”26 21: New York banks issue clearinghouse certificates, maintaining gold reserves and mitigating the panic.27

december 4: The U.S. House establishes the Committee of Thirty-Three, intended to settle the secession crisis. New York’s representative is Republican James Humphrey.28 10: Richard Lathers29 joins sixteen other prominent men—including Washington Hunt,30 Erastus Brooks,31 James T. Brady, Gustavus W. Smith,32 William B. Astor,33 John Dix, and James W. Beekman34—in issuing invitations to New York’s conservative merchant and political elite for a meeting on December 15 at Lather’s offices at 33 and 35 Pine Street, New York City. The meeting calls “for consultation and mutual counsel with a view to the adoption of such measures, if any can be devised as will tend to heal the present dissensions, and restore our once happy country to peaceful and harmonious relations.” Meanwhile, in Congress, Daniel Sickles35 criticizes “the illusion . . . that this Union can be preserved by force.” He also denounces control of New York City from Albany (“a fanatical and puritanical state government”) and adds that, when federal laws preventing states from being divided are repealed, New York City “will repel the hateful cabal at Albany and . . . as a free city, open wide her gates to the civilization and commerce of the world.”36 12: After nearly a decade in New York City, General Scott concludes that the arc of events dictates returning U.S. Army Headquarters to Washington, D.C.37 15: Lathers convenes what later will be known as the Pine Street Meeting. He identifies himself and those attending as Northern brothers to the South, “whose sympathies have always been with Southern rights and against Northern aggression.” He notes that the crisis has been bad for business: “Already our industrial and commercial enterprises

are paralyzed, and we are threatened with bankruptcy among the rich and starvation among the poor.” He proposes sending a delegation south to meet with Southern leaders and present New Yorkers’ views, namely, “to express our sympathy for their wrongs and to assure them of our continued co-operation and hopes of success” in redeeming Southern rights under the Constitution. Other speakers follow, including John A. Dix. The meeting adopts resolutions calling for enforcement of the fugitive slave law and the allowance of slavery in the territories.38 20: South Carolina secedes. 21: A conference arranged by Thurlow Weed39 convenes at Morgan’s request in New York City. “No persons except Governors will be present,” Morgan writes to Maine governor Israel Washburn, who attends. At the conference, Morgan urges conciliation, including repeal of the Northern states’ personal liberty laws.40 Separately, at the request of Morgan, Thomas Hillhouse writes to U.S. Adjutant General Samuel Cooper and offers nysm to garrison federal forts in New York State.41 (See entry for January 8, 1861.) 22: In New York City, Senator Seward speaks to a meeting of the New England Society and downplays the risks of secession and war. “I believe that every day’s sun which set since [Lincoln’s election] has set on mollified passions and prejudices,” the soon-to-be secretary of state observes, “and that if you will only give it time, sixty days’ more suns will give you a much brighter and cheerful atmosphere.”42 24: South Carolina’s declaration of independence names New York as one of fourteen states whose personal liberty laws are intended to stymie enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. New York is singled out for special 1860: Key Events | 99

opprobrium (along with New Jersey, Ohio, and Iowa); South Carolina complains that “even the right of transit for a slave has been denied by her tribunals.”43 (See Chronology.) 31: Joseph Holt becomes U.S. secretary of war ad interim.

State Military Affairs In 1860, New York claimed 469,189 enrolled militia. Of these, 19,189 active militia were distributed into 8 divisions aggregating 25 brigades and 63 regiments. These included 327 companies (13,594 men) of infantry, light infantry, and rifles; 50 companies (2,065 men) of artillery, and 38 companies of cavalry. Militia supplies included iron cannon— 2 nine-pounders, 122 six-pounders, and 1 threepounder—12,378 muskets, 262 musketoons, 2,002 rifles, and 1,850 “cavalry and artillery swords.” In January 1861, Morgan pronounced the militia in a “creditable state of discipline.” With the exception of the Brooklyn Arsenal (“condemned as unsafe”), Morgan likewise pronounced state arsenals and armories “in excellent condition.”44 Based on the 1860 contents of state arsenals, there were too few arms for the active militia. This neglect extended to tax collection: in the same year, only $50,000 of an estimated $300,000 due in commutation tax was collected.45 The Metropolitan Police, whose jurisdiction included New York, Kings, Westchester, and Richmond Counties, as well as the towns of Jamaica, Newtown, and Flushing in Queens County, consisted of “a superintendent, four inspectors, thirty-two captains, one hundred and forty-three sergeants, and sixteen hundred patrolmen.” In addition, New York County had recently authorized an addition of four hundred patrolmen for the city. The combined force supervised an area of 920 square miles with a population of 1.4 million. In New York City, the police ratio was 1 to every 650 residents; in Brooklyn, it was 1 to every 1,380 residents.46 New York State’s revenues as of September 100 | New York

30, 1860, were $15,538,263.09. Combined with the existing cash balance in the state treasury as of October 1, 1859, this provided a “cash flow” of $17,448,205.13 during the year. Expenses for the year ending September 30, 1860, were $14,148,667.64; thus Morgan had a cash balance on October 1, 1860, of $3,299,537.49, a 60 percent increase over the prior year. However, New York State still struggled with the debt accumulated from financing canals in earlier decades ($27,064,584.48). The state’s total funded debt on September 30, 1860, was $33,570,238.85.47

1861 Key Events january 1: The eighty-fourth session of the New York legislature convenes in Albany. Twenty-threeyear-old J. Meredith Read is appointed state adjutant general.1 5: The Star of the West, carrying supplies for the relief of Fort Sumter, leaves New York Harbor.2 7: New York mayor Fernando Wood delivers his annual address to the city’s Common Council. He repeats his complaints against Albany’s imperiousness and his well-known sympathies for the South, then asks a question: “[W]hy would not New York City, instead of supporting by her contributions in revenue two-thirds of the expenses of the United States, become also equally independent? As a free city, with but a nominal duty on imports, her local government could be supported without taxation upon her people.”3 8: U.S. Adjutant General Cooper replies to Hillhouse’s letter of December 21, 1860, offering New York troops for federal garrisons. “The emergency is happily passed which

would require prompt action on the subject,” Cooper assures him, “but the United States Government will at a convenient time look to the defenses of our frontiers and sea-ports.” He thanks New York for its “new proof of . . . patriotism.”4 President Buchanan delivers a gloomy message to Congress, asserting that secession is illegal but denying that he has any constitutional power to avert it. The matter is for Congress to decide. (See Chronology.) 9: Star of the West, bearing supplies for Fort Sumter, is fired on as it approaches Charleston Harbor. 11: Reacting to the Star of the West episode, New York assembly speaker De Witt C. Littlejohn introduces a resolution offering President Buchanan “whatever aid in men and money may be required to enable him to enforce the laws and uphold the authority of the Federal Government.” Concurrent resolutions denounce the seizure of federal property by Georgia, Alabama, and Louisiana as “treasonable acts” and call on the “Union-loving representatives and citizens of Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Missouri and Tennessee . . . to withhold their states from the vortex of secession.” The measure passes the assembly 117–2 and the senate 28–1, and is immediately forwarded by Morgan to Buchanan and the other states.5 14: A lecture to be given at Clinton Hall by Hinton R. Helper, author of the Greeley-distributed antislavery book, The Impending Crisis of the South, is postponed after a pro-Southern crowd threatens the event.6 16: On behalf of Morgan, Major General Charles W. Sandford7 of the New York State Militia writes to Winfield Scott, noting he understands “that the state of country” might compel the federal government to empty its garrisons in New York Harbor

for redeployment elsewhere; if so, the First Division of New York State Militia will happily take their places. “And should it be necessary (as I trust it will not),” Sandford adds, “to sustain the Government and keep the peace at Washington by a larger force than you can concentrate from the U.S. Army, I can send you, at short notice, five or six good regiments, upon which you could rely with confidence.”8 17: From Washington, Scott answers Sandford’s note by writing to Morgan. The president has not yet “seriously thought of calling for volunteers of militia from any quarter beyond this District.” He expresses confidence in the district’s “local militia, the constabulary and some 700 regulars” including three companies of flying artillery. But perhaps hinting at other possibilities, Scott also declares, “If there be an exception, it is the Seventh Infantry, of the city of New York, which has become somewhat national, and it is held deservedly in the highest respect from its escorting the remains of President Monroe from New York to Richmond, and its presence at the inauguration of the statue of the Father of his Country in Washington.” Scott’s reply mollifies Morgan—for now.9 (See entry for February 11.) 18: A meeting of New York’s powerful Chamber of Commerce passes a series of resolutions expressing its “urgent and emphatic expression of the necessity which seems to exist for mutual conciliation and compromise.” A committee is appointed to travel to Washington and Albany to present this memorandum to New York’s elected representatives. 21: In response to a request from Congressman Benjamin Stanton10 of Ohio, chairman of the House Committee on Military Affairs, Acting Secretary of War Joseph Holt provides an inventory of weapons in federal forts and arsenals in all of the states. New York has 1861: Key Events | 101

70,411 small arms, including 42,005 muskets and 28,406 rifles. There are 744 pieces of artillery, including 506 seacoast guns (8- and 10-inch columbiads), 209 siege and garrison guns (8-inch howitzers and 24-, 18-, and 12-pounder pieces), and 29 brass field pieces. Separately, Read writes to Holt and asks for permission for New York to buy 5,000 “Minie muskets” from the federal government.11 (See entry for January 23.) 22: Yesterday’s disclosure to Congress of federal ordnance inventories in each state is followed by a list of U.S. arsenals and forts in each state, their garrison capacities, current garrison strength and, where applicable, viability. New York has twelve forts and four arsenals. The arsenals (with current garrisons in parentheses) are at Champlain (0), New York City (1), Watervliet (46), and Rome (1). There are three forts on Governor’s Island: Fort Columbus, Castle William, and South Battery, with a combined current garrison of 613 and a projected war garrison of 800. Columbus and William are “in good condition for defense”; both batteries are rated “Defensible.” On Ellis Island, Fort Gibson has a current garrison of 0, a war garrison of 80, and is rated “Defensible.” On Bedloe’s Island, Fort Wood has a current garrison of 1, a war garrison of 350, and is rated “Defensible.” On Staten Island, Forts Richmond and Tompkins, and Batteries Hudson and Morton, have a combined current garrison of 0 and a war garrison of 1,000. Tompkins is rated “Not yet far enough advanced to be of much service.” In New York Harbor, Forts Lafayette (1/370) and Hamilton (8/800) are both rated “Defensible.” Fort Schuyler, at Throg’s Neck on the East River (1/1,250) is “ready for its garrison and for its entire armament.” In addition to these works are the forts along New York’s Canadian border: Fort Porter, at Black Rock, near Buffalo 102 | New York

(“Prepared for its armament and garrison”); Fort Niagara at the Niagara River’s mouth (“Ready for its armament, but deficient in accommodation for garrison and supplies”), Fort Ontario at Oswego (“Defensible”), and Fort Montgomery at Rouses’s Point (“About half built; capable of some defense”).12 New York City’s superintendent of police, John A. Kennedy,13 seizes thirty-eight crates of muskets bound for Savannah, Georgia, from the steamer Monticello in New York Harbor. They are deposited in the New York State arsenal.14 (See entry for February 2.) Meanwhile, Morgan transmits to the New York legislature some resolutions of the Ohio legislature expressing support for the federal government, denouncing secession, and calling for repeal of personal liberty laws.15 23: Kennedy asks U.S. District Attorney James I. Roosevelt16 for advice about yesterday’s arms seizure and is told to write to Holt. Kennedy does so, explaining that more weapons and ammunition are bound for Charleston. He expresses concern about secession and asks, “It is for you, sir, to determine whether I shall continue [to seize arms bound to seceded states] or to deliver up the arms I already hold into the hands of traitors.” (See entry for January 28.) Separately, Holt answers Read’s January 21 request to purchase 5,000 rifled muskets: “none are now for sale.”17 24: Morgan transmits to the legislature Virginia’s resolutions calling for a peace conference. Separately, U.S. Senator Robert Toombs of Georgia wires Mayor Wood and asks if it is true that New York authorities seized goods bound for his state. “Your answer is important to us and to New York,” Toombs declares. “Answer at once.” Wood replies immediately, characterizes the seizure as “an outrage” and insists that “the City of New-York should in no way be made responsible for the outrage.”18

28: Holt answers Kennedy’s January 23 letter. He is powerless to act against arms shipments to seceded states, although such transfers are “certainly greatly to be deplored.” Holt claims that there is no legislation authorizing him to act; he concedes that if the arms are “intended for use in the prosecution of any treasonable enterprise,” then the buyers and sellers are subject to arrest, “but as the law now stands I do not see how the arms themselves, which are lawful articles of commerce between the States could be detained.”19 Meanwhile, Democrats assemble “one of the largest meetings” ever gathered in Cooper Institute for a “Union meeting.” Tammany Grand Sachem Elijah F. Purdy20 opens the meeting by declaring that New Yorkers desire the “the Union as it was, as it is, [and] as it shall be”; he adds, “Partisan as I am, I lay aside all party feeling and yield up every consideration for the interest of my country.” Other speakers include James T. Brady. Resolutions are approved that hold the Constitution as the supreme law of the land, that recourse to ballots or the Supreme Court is the remedy for grievances, not secession; that the “right of revolution and to take up arms against the Constitutional authorities, does not exist”; that the question of slavery depends on “the great Laws of Nature” and is beyond legislation; that the Ordinances of Secession are unconstitutional as are personal liberty bills; that the election of Lincoln, although opposed by New York City, was fair; that the Crittenden Compromise should be the basis for reconciliation. Finally, a resolution is approved to send a committee to the conventions then (reportedly) meeting in South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi “to confer” with them about “the measures best calculated to restore the peace and integrity of this Union.”21

30: An abolition meeting convenes in Syracuse’s Convention Hall, intending to pass antislavery resolutions; it is disrupted, the abolitionists evicted, and the meeting transformed into a pro-Union rally.22 31: The state Democratic Party convenes in Albany. In a spirit of unity, it votes to seat both Mozart and Tammany Halls; Tammany then withdraws.23 february 1: The legislature approves as peace commissioners24 David Dudley Field,25 William Curtis Noyes,26 James S. Wadsworth,27 Amaziah B. James,28 Erastus Corning, Francis Granger,29 Greene C. Bronson,30 William E. Dodge,31 John A. King,32 James C. Smith,33 and General John E. Wool.34 Morgan transmits several state resolutions to the legislature. These include that of Tennessee expressing “profound regret” over those adopted by New York on January 11; Virginia requesting that, “no such resolutions be again sent to this General Assembly”; and Georgia’s resolutions endorsing the state’s seizure of Fort Pulaski. He also forwards resolutions supporting the federal government from Massachusetts, Wisconsin, and Pennsylvania.35 Meanwhile, the Democratic State Convention continues in Albany. Tammany is persuaded to return and, before closing, the convention adopts eight resolutions, including a statement that the secession crisis should “[raise] all patriotic citizens above the considerations of party”; that “Civil war will not restore the Union, but will defeat forever its reconstruction”; that because the federal government often negotiates territorial compromise with foreign nations, it should do no less for the South; that Northerners should heed the advice of border states in resolving the crisis, and in particular, the 1861: Key Events | 103

Crittenden Compromise; that the convention should appoint a committee of five to appeal to New York’s legislature urging passage of any constitutional amendments arising therefrom; and that the legislature should dispatch peace commissioners (urging the appointment of, among others, Bronsen, and Corning; see above).36 2: In Milledgeville, Georgia, the firm of D. C. Hodgkins & Sons meets with Governor Joseph E. Brown and claims ownership of 200 of the muskets seized by Kennedy on January 22. They ask Brown for help in retrieving them. Brown wires Morgan and asks that the muskets be returned, appointing Gazaway Bugg Lamar,37 a Georgian residing in New York, to receive them.38 Morgan transmits resolutions from New Jersey supporting the federal government and the Crittenden Compromise, and appointing commissioners to the peace conference.39 (See entry for January 29, 1861, in New Jersey chapter, States at War, volume 4.) 4: The peace conference convenes (see Chronology). 5: The New York senate elects Ira Harris to replace William H. Seward in the U.S. Senate.40 Morgan forwards to the legislature the Minnesota resolutions, supporting the federal government, and the Kentucky resolutions, endorsing the peace conference.41 Meanwhile, Brown has heard nothing from Morgan in response to his February 2 wire. He orders Georgia militia to “seize and hold, subject to my order, every ship now in the harbor of Savannah, belonging to citizens of New York.” If the arms are returned, Brown will release the ships. Accordingly, Georgia militia impound two barks, Adjuster and D. Colden Murray; two brigs, W.R. Kibby and Golden Lead; and the schooner Julia A. Hallock.42 8: Morgan forwards Indiana’s resolutions, 104 | New York

which express a reluctant willingness to accommodate Virginia to adjust differences.43 9: The New York owners of the impounded Adjuster implore Morgan for help. Morgan refuses on legal grounds: “the executive authority of New York can render you no assistance, for the obvious reason that no law of this State has been infringed”; the owners’ remedy is in the courts of Georgia or of the United States. However, despite this letter, something has changed: G. B. Lamar writes Brown that, “The arms have been at the command of the owners here; please release all vessels.” Brown does so at once.44 11: Seward renews Morgan’s apprehensions about national affairs. He informs the governor that Scott is now concerned about Maryland’s secession sentiments, and he advises Morgan “to have a force of 5,000 to 10,000 men in readiness at forty-eight or even twenty-four hours notice.” Seward also urges secrecy.45 15: The Military Bill, introduced in January and appropriating $500,000 to arm the militia, is tabled amidst opposition.46 (See entry for April 12.) Morgan sends the legislature Michigan’s resolution supporting the federal government and Louisiana’s ordinance of secession.47 16: Lincoln, on a roundabout journey to Washington and his inauguration, arrives in Buffalo.48 18: Two booming cannon announce the arrival of Lincoln in Albany. Later this day, Lincoln addresses the New York legislature.49 19: At exactly 3:00 p.m., Lincoln arrives in New York City at the flag-festooned depot of the Hudson River Railroad on Thirtieth Street, between Ninth and Tenth Avenues. Thirty-five carriages wait outside to convey the presidentelect, his entourage, and the welcoming dignitaries to the Astor House, Lincoln’s “headquarters” during his stay.50

21: In an official Astor House reception, Fernando Wood publicly welcomes Lincoln to New York and, characteristically, creates a partisan moment. He lectures Lincoln about his waiting challenges (“it will require a high patriotism, and an elevated comprehension of the whole country”), then adds that, “The present political divisions have sorely afflicted [New York City’s] people,” concluding with the hope that Lincoln must understand that, “restoration of fraternal feelings between the States—[can] only . . . be accomplished by peaceful and conciliatory means—aided by the wisdom of Almighty God.” While many in the large audience are offended by Wood’s boldness, Lincoln’s response displays some characteristics of his own. He expresses “feelings of deep gratitude” for his New York reception, heightened by the knowledge that, “I cannot but remember that [this welcome is given] by the people, who do not, by a large majority, agree with me in political sentiment. It is the more grateful to me, because in this I see for the great principles of our Government the people are pretty nearly or quite unanimous.” He declares that Wood’s remarks are “fit” and he has spoken “justly,” that he agrees with Wood’s sentiments. Wood steps forward and shakes Lincoln’s hand. Later today, Lincoln leaves for Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington.51 Meanwhile, in Albany, Morgan transmits to the legislature Illinois’s resolutions supporting the peace convention and expressing its openness to constitutional amendments to accommodate the South. He also forwards Texas’s resolution, denouncing any attempt by Northerners “to coerce any of our sister states of the South by force of arms into subjection to Federal rule.”52 26: “With a view to stimulating still further the zeal of the troops [i.e., militia],” Adjutant

General Read appoints a commission to prepare “the annual course of instruction.” Participating officers include Sandford, H. B. Duryea, Henry W. Slocum, Marshall Lefferts, Thomas C. Devin, Daniel Butterfield, and host of soon-to-be regimental commanders.53 march 2: Fugitive slave John Polhemus, escorted by two deputy U.S. marshals, boards the steamship Yorktown for return to his Virginia owner. While Polhemus struggles—and a sympathetic crowd gathers round—a politician named Armstrong steps forward and demands that the marshals produce an extradition order. When one of the marshals leaves to find it, Polhemus breaks away and disappears.54 4: Lincoln inaugurated. 21: Morgan sends to the legislature the joint resolution adopted by Congress proposing amendments to the Constitution to accommodate the South. In his accompanying message, Morgan states that New York “is unqualifiedly in favor of extending any proper constitutional guaranty, desired by her sister States, against the exercise of any power to interfere with or abolish the domestic institutions therein.”55 april 1: The Fort Sumter relief ship leaves New York Harbor. Separately, Scott seconds Colonel Erasmus D. Keyes56 to Morgan’s staff for twenty days to consult on organizing, arming, equipping, and encamping units.57 6: Hiram Barney58 sworn in as the collector of New York’s Port. 10: Captain Gustavus Fox59 departs New York Harbor on the Baltic for the “second” Charleston relief expedition. Morgan transmits Arkansas’ resolutions 1861: Key Events | 105

proposing a series of constitutional amendments.60 12: Fort Sumter attacked. The legislature recalls the $500,000 Military Bill, tabled on February 15.61 13: Legislature passes the $500,000 Military Bill. 14: Surrender ceremonies take place at Fort Sumter, and the news reaches Albany in the morning. In his executive offices “at an early hour,” Morgan convenes an emergency meeting of state officials. They decide to offer 30,000 troops to the federal government. This afternoon Morgan convenes a meeting of assembly and senate committees for military and finance. A committee of four is appointed—including Read and Attorney General Myers—to draft an enrollment bill for the 30,000 call and a tax increase (two mills) for expenses. The Democrats present withhold consent for the tax, pending a review of the bill, but agree to the call. The drafting committee meets in Read’s office, and the proposed bill is printed tonight to present to the assembly tomorrow morning.62 15: Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops. Cameron simultaneously wires Morgan invoking the Militia Act of February 28, 1795, as his authority for mobilizing state militia. (See Chronology.) He also includes New York’s quota (the largest of any state): seventeen regiments for a total of 13,280 men, including 649 officers. To command this force, New York is to supply two major generals and four brigadiers. Troops are to rendezvous at New York City, Elmira, and Albany. Morgan replies to Cameron, “Will you communicate as fully as possibly by telegraph details of the object of President’s proclamation? Our legislature may adjourn to-night, and it is important to have as full information as can be furnished.” But Tammany Hall Democrat Daniel E. Sickles has no questions. “The city 106 | New York

of New York will sustain the Government. The [New York] Herald will declare tomorrow for the Administration. Democrats are no longer partisans,” he declares. “They are loyal to the Government and the flag. The attack on Fort Sumter has made the North a unit. We are at war with a foreign power.”63 Mayor Wood, unsure of how the news about Fort Sumter will play politically, issues a noncommittal proclamation asking New Yorkers “to avoid excitement and turbulence”; he hopes that the Union will be restored but, unlike many of his peers, he expresses uncertainty as to whether this will be by “fratricidal warfare, or by concession, conciliation, and sacrifice.”64 (See entry for April 20.) A crowd assembles at the Herald’s office at the corner of Ann and Broad Streets, demanding that James Gordon Bennett’s65 newspaper display the American flag.66 Meanwhile, New York’s legislature immediately moves to consider Chapter 277. After some wrangling over the Board of Officers, the bill passes the assembly 102 to 6, all the nays being New York City Democrats. The senate passes the bill 29 to 3 that evening, and adds two more positions to the board. Senator Andrew J. Colvin,67 a Democrat from Albany who had vehemently opposed the pre-Sumter Military Bill, now declares, “The country is in a crisis, and he who falters is a traitor to his country. . . . Sir, Secession is rebellion, and is not tolerated by the Constitution!”68 Adjutant General Lorenzo Thomas issues SO No. 106, assigning Regular Army officers to the states to muster troops into service.69 A meeting of ten prominent business leaders (“the solid men of Wall Street”) convenes at 30 Pine Street to urge citizens to rally for the war effort (see entry for April 20). They also adopt a resolution calling for

mobilization of the state militia. Several other meetings are held over the next few days: committees are formed to arrange for speakers and to invite Major Anderson, still en route from Fort Sumter. This is the origin of the Union Defence Committee (udc).70 (See entry for April 20.) 16: Morgan signs Chapter 277 which, among other things, calls for 30,000 two-year volunteers (not to be confused with the existing militia, soon to be dispatched to Washington), appropriates $3 million, and establishes a Board of State Officers to administer the call. The board consists of the governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, comptroller, treasurer, attorney general, state engineer, and state surveyor.71 (See Legislative Sessions—1861.) Separately, the New York legislature adjourns and Morgan orders the New York Seventh Regiment to Washington.72 The Board of State Officers later convenes to consider a wire from Cameron asking that “one or more regiments” deploy to Washington by the end of the week. In response, Morgan orders available militia to deploy and the board agrees that seventeen new, 780-man regiments be organized for two years. Discussions center on transport, quarters, hospital and medical supplies.73 Meanwhile, “an immense demonstration” gathers in front of Wool’s house in Troy. The next day, a crowd “without distinction of party” will assemble “in immense numbers” in Oswego; an ensuing meeting will pass resolutions denouncing secession as “treasonable” and supporting the Union. To the north, in Ogdensburg, “A large crowd is parading [in] the streets” and a call goes out for 1,000 volunteers. Meetings will occur throughout the week in Albany, including an especially important one on April 22, when

8,000 people gather in a Union meeting to hear such Democratic notables as Erastus Corning and Lyman Tremain.74 Albany’s Common Council will appropriate $30,000 for the relief of families. Millard Fillmore addresses a crowd in Buffalo and speaks for Democrats and Republicans throughout the state. “The government calls for aid and we must give it,” the former president declares. “It is no time now to inquire by whose fault or folly this state of things has been produced.” War meetings also occur in Kingston, Auburn, Hudson, Watertown, Geneva, Dunkirk, Schenectady, Binghamton, Utica, Batavia and Albion, among others.75 (See April 20 for New York City’s mass response.) 17: Morgan wires Cameron with two questions: Will the federal government “uniform and equip the volunteer militia raised by this State?” and “Will it accept one or more regiments at New York now ready and transport them to Washington?” Cameron replies that the government will “Not uniform but [will] equip.” As for the regiments, “Will accept all.”76 Morgan orders the New York Sixth, Twelfth, and Seventy-First to deploy.77 Meanwhile, the Sixth Massachusetts parades through cheering crowds in New York City en route to Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington.78 Pelitiah Perit79 opens a special meeting of the New York Chamber of Commerce (of which he is the president) with a speech that, while acknowledging the chamber’s “habit . . . not to intermeddle with the political questions which agitate the country,” nevertheless declares that, “There can be no neutrality now—we are either for the country or its enemies.” Resolutions are proposed supporting the federal government and asking for a blockade of Southern ports. When an 1861: Key Events | 107

announcement is made that several regiments cannot deploy for lack of equipment, $21,000 is raised “in ten minutes.” Moreover, a committee is formed to promote marketing the unsold portion ($8 million) of a February U.S. loan for $25 million. At the meeting’s conclusion, the members “[spring] to their feet and [adopt] the resolutions unanimously with ringing cheers.”80 18: Morgan officially acknowledges the April 15 call for seventeen regiments, and tells Cameron that, “the requisite steps have been taken to comply . . . at the earliest moment. He also informs the secretary that this week New York will send “about 800 men” either from the Seventh (the same unit requested by Scott on January 17) or from two smaller units of the militia’s First Division. Morgan also issues a public proclamation calling for seventeen regiments consisting of “six hundred and forty-nine officers, and twelve thousand six hundred and thirty-one men, forming an aggregate force of thirteen thousand two hundred and eighty men.” They are to be organized and equipped pursuant to New York GO No. 13, also issued today.81 More regiments move through Manhattan en route south. The Massachusetts Eighth, led by former Breckinridge supporter General Benjamin F. Butler, is presented colors in the city amidst cheering throngs. 19: En route to the relief of Washington, the Sixth Massachusetts is attacked in Baltimore by a pro-secessionist mob. Lincoln proclaims a blockade of Southern ports. In Albany, Morgan prepares to inform the War Department that he has ordered four more regiments to Washington, three from New York City and one from Albany. The New Yorkers will depart on April 20 or 21. But as Morgan is writing, a wire arrives from Cameron: “Wait for further directions.” 108 | New York

So Morgan finishes his own wire: “Shall the order for the [four] New York regiments be countermanded?” Morgan also sends Cameron another message, informing him that the Seventh is departing for Washington and repeating his earlier offer to send more New York units.82 Separately, Morgan orders the Twenty-Fifth New York to deploy.83 The Seventh Regiment forms in Lafayette Place in the late afternoon, thronged by “an immense crowd.” Just before their departure, word comes of the Sixth Massachusetts’ Baltimore skirmish. “[T]he excitement of the crowd [is] made wild” by the news and, with great drama, the Seventh is issued fortyeight rounds per man. Then they march with musical and police escort along Fourth and down Broadway, to Cortlandt Street and the Jersey City ferry.84 20: An estimated 100,000 people gather in New York City’s Union Square to hear speakers from across the political and ethnic (but not racial) spectrum thunder for unity, union, and war. Democrat John A. Dix is the rally’s president; the eighty-eight vice presidents number among the “the most distinguished of New-York’s merchants, jurists, and literati.” Five stands are erected across the square, each hosting different speakers. These include Dix (“We have come to express our determination to uphold the authority of the Government”), Democrat and ex-U.S. senator Daniel Dickinson85 (“it is no time to inquire whose hand governs the helm, nor who placed him there”), Senator Edward D. Baker86 of Oregon (“the hour for conciliation has passed. . . . It will return when rebellious traitors are taught obedience and submission”), Democrat Robert J. Walker,87 the treasury secretary during the Mexican War (“Secession is political suicide”); Fernando Wood (“I

am willing to give up all sympathies, and, if you please, all errors of judgment upon all national questions)”; Constitutional Unionist and ex-governor Washington Hunt (“The controversies of the past must be forgotten. We must all rally for the salvation of the country”); and William M. Evarts88 (“You have to write a history which your children will glory in and bless you for”). Attendees also hear a patriotic (but studiously nonviolent) letter from New York Archbishop John Hughes,89 and a telegram from Morgan urging “calm councils and energetic action” in the crisis. Others speaking include Republican Robert C. Schenck,90 ex-congressman from Ohio; Republican Henry J. Raymond,91 New York Times founder and editor; Democrat John Cochrane,92 ex-congressman from New York; Irish-American leader (and Irish revolutionary) Richard O’Gorman,93 and early socialist and Ohio German-American leader Ignatz Koch (“We may be born Germans, and many dear old lies hold us still to the Fatherland, but, having adopted this country as our home, we are now American citizens”). Announcements are made that the steamer Baltic is in harbor and ready to board 5,000 volunteers for Washington. In the afternoon, Major Robert Anderson, the “Hero of Fort Sumter” appears on stand number one; he bows repeatedly to the crowd, who receive him with “an outburst of applause seldom, if ever, equaled.”94 At some point today, probably after the above gathering, the udc [not yet named as such] appoints “A committee . . . to receive funds in support of the public authorities.” Cameron thanks Morgan for the “alacrity and promptness” of New York’s response to Lincoln’s call and adds that it “is alike honorable to the great State of New York and yourself, as her Executive.” In return, Morgan sends Cameron two wires. In the first, he

notifies the secretary that, as of today, six units (two volunteer and four militia) have been ordered to Washington by “fast sailing steamers up the Potomac, making ten [units] in all.” In the second wire, Morgan identifies several of those sent or to be sent: the Seventh (which he erroneously believes is already in Washington), Sixth, Twelfth, and SeventyFirst New York, all units of the First Division. He also has ordered up two Second Division units and two volunteer units. He promises the regular militia units will be “underway” within thirty-six hours and that the volunteers “will follow almost immediately.” Two more volunteer units, one from New York City and one from Troy, will be ready the following week. Morgan also dispatches the New York commissary general to Washington for information about arms and equipments.95 As Keyes departs Morgan’s staff (see entry for April 1), he is replaced by Major Marsena Patrick.96 (See entry for November 16.) Meanwhile, Morgan meets with Wool and informs him that, “Washington was in great danger of being taken possession of by the rebels.” Wool immediately issues orders to furnish transportation and thirty days’ rations to New York troops ready to sail to the district.97 Morgan orders the Eighth, Thirteenth, Twenty-Eighth, Sixty-Ninth, and Eleventh New York to deploy.98 21: Wool is moving his headquarters from Troy to the Astor House in New York City, and is scheduled to arrive tomorrow. (But see entry for April 28.) Meanwhile, the Sixth, Twelfth, and SeventyFirst New York regiments march down Broadway and board the steamers Columbia, Baltic and R.R. Schuyler, respectively.99 James S. Wadsworth personally advances $17,000 to charter the Kill van Kull from 1861: Key Events | 109

Elizabethtown, New Jersey, to New York City for the purpose of steaming the Seventh New York and supplies to Annapolis.100 22: Morgan has heard nothing from Cameron for several days. “[I] am now painfully anxious to get news,” he wires the secretary. But Morgan is concerned about more than mobilization. How secure is the route to Washington? He expresses hope that Cameron controls the key rails through Maryland, Relay House, and the junction connecting Washington with the Annapolis Branch. (See entry for April 26.) In the meantime, he informs Cameron that the Twenty-Fifth New York, a three-month unit from Albany, will march soon. As of this date, eighty-two companies have been enlisted under New York GO No. 13.101 New York City’s Common Council passes an “An ordinance making an appropriation in aid of the defence of the National Union.” (It will receive final approval on April 26.) Under its terms, $1 million of “Union Defence Fund Bonds” are issued, due May 1, 1862 (see Legislative Sessions). Spending authority for these funds will be given to the Union Defence Committee (see entry for April 23). Five hundred thousand dollars in family aid bonds also will be authorized.102 A “Committee of Twenty-One” appointed at the April 20 mass rally convenes in New York City’s Chamber of Commerce: John A Dix is president, Simeon Draper103 is vice president, and William M. Evarts is secretary. Various committees are formed: an executive committee, as well as ones for correspondence and publications, finance, and collection and subscription. It is at this meeting (or shortly thereafter) that the name “Union Defence Committee” is adopted.104 The New York Bar meets and raises $25,000 “on the spot” for the war effort.105 23: Cameron finally answers Morgan with a 110 | New York

delegation of power that no other governor will receive. “In consideration of the extraordinary measures for the preservation of the national capital and defense of the of the National Government,” the secretary writes, addressing both the governor and Republican notable Alexander Cummings,106 “I hereby authorize [both of you] to make all necessary arrangements for the transportation of troops and munitions of war in aid and assistance of the officers of the Army of the United States until communication by mails and telegraph is completely re-established between . . . Washington and New York.” (See entry for April 24.) Separately, Vice President Hamlin is in New York and writes Cameron that, “the country is aroused and it is heart cheering to see with what alacrity the people rally to your support.” Meanwhile, Wool meets with the Union Defence Committee, which presents him with its plan to save Washington. On behalf of the federal government, Wool accepts the plan: troop transports are chartered and armed, escort convoys are dispatched, and blocking vessels directed to prevent cannon taken from Norfolk from being sent to Old Point Comfort.107 The udc opens an office at Pine Street. The state Board of Officers requests bids for 12,000 uniforms. Brooks Brothers, located at the corner of Broadway and Grand Street, is selected at $19.50 per suit and the promise that it has sufficient army cloth to complete the contract. Two days later, the firm will concede it does not have enough army cloth and instead uses shoddy material. Bitter complaints arise and an enormous scandal ensues. An investigatory committee led by Lieutenant Governor Campbell is formed; ultimately, Morgan renegotiates the contract—at no charge.108 Led by Colonel Michael Corcoran,109

the Sixty-Ninth110 New York departs for Washington. A majority of the men have arms and blankets but none have uniforms. 24: Cameron appoints General John A. Dix, Richard M. Blatchford,111 and George Opdyke as special agents of the U.S. government and places to their credit $2 million to be spent “only [on] such requisitions as may be directly consequent upon the military and naval measures necessary for the defense and support of the Government.” (See entry for April 30.) Separately, Morgan reports to Cameron on New York’s mobilization. Recruitment is proceeding “with celerity.” Indeed, Lincoln’s requisition will be filled (and mustered) faster than uniformed or equipped. “If the uniforms and equipments can be provided, one half the force [seventeen regiments] will be ready in ten days, and the remainder in ten days thereafter.” Morgan offers to send more units than requisitioned, but he has one uncertainty: “I need advices from Washington on the state of things before sending you too large a force.” Morgan estimates that by April 26, New York will have sent 8,050 men.112 Morgan also dispatches Jacob Schuyler113 to England as a state agent with a letter of credit for $500,000 and instructions to purchase 25,000 rifles with ammunition. Schuyler also carries a letter from Morgan to British Prime Minister Palmerston asking his permission for New York to buy arms in Canada. Palmerston will refuse.114 25: Morgan issues another proclamation asking for twenty-one new regiments (beyond those called on April 18) of 780 men each, all to be organized pursuant to New York GO No. 17, issued today.115 Meanwhile, word has reached Morgan that the first federal regiments have arrived in Washington, and the news “has awakened

emotions hardly to be described. Our information one hour before was of the most painful kind.”116 Major General John E. Wool reports to Winfield Scott that he has ordered federal arsenals to supply New York’s commissary general Benjamin Welch117 with forty rifled muskets, per request of General John Dix, chairman of the udc. He also acts on rumors that Confederate privateers are off Cape Henry by ordering Brooklyn Navy Yard commandant Samuel Livingston Breese118 to dispatch a convoy to protect supply ships en route to Washington.119 A group of women meet informally in New York City from which grows “the providential idea of attempting to organize the whole benevolence of the women of the country into a general and central Association.” Very soon, this movement becomes the Women’s Central Relief Association.120 Army surgeon Robert C. Wood,121 concerned about the advent of warm weather and the prospect of “the large number of troops now en route” to New York City, recommends to Cameron that healthy locations be established outside of the city. Supplies have been requested for 75,000 men and hospital accommodations have been made for about 400, but more supplies are needed.122 Separately, British residents in New York City meet to express support for the war.123 26: On Winfield Scott’s authority, aag Townsend orders Colonel Erasmus D. Keyes to return to Morgan “to counsel and aid him in organizing the quota of troops called for from his State.” Separately, Cameron writes Morgan, praises him once again for his efforts and promises to take seriously his suggestions of April 22 to secure the rail route.124 28: Wool is ordered back to Troy because of “infirmities.”125 (See entry for May 5.) 1861: Key Events | 111

29: A petition signed by ninety-one women calls for a meeting at the Cooper Institute on May 6. (Their spouses include some of the most powerful men in the city, the state, and the country.) Its preamble notes that, heretofore, relief efforts have worked “without concert, organization or head, without any direct understanding with the official authorities, [and] without any positive instructions as the immediate or future wants of the Army,” and thus “are liable to waste their enthusiasm in disproportionate efforts, to overlook some claims and overdo others, while they give unnecessary trouble in official quarters, by the variety and irregularity of their proffers for help or their inquiries for guidance.” To remedy this, the proposed meeting will consider organizing the supply of bandages and lint, “the offer of personal service as nurses,” formal coordination with the head of Army medicine, the establishment of a central supply depot and, above all, a central organization.126 (See entry for May 18.) Cameron informs Morgan that he should “not send any more [troops] to this point until you are further advised.”127 (See entry for May 3.) 30: Dix, Blatchford, and Opdyke write to Salmon Chase (who forwards the letter to Cameron) with five questions about their appointment as special agents. By “requisitions” did Cameron mean that they had to wait for directions from Washington, or could they, with the approval of General Dix or Commandant Breese, spend the $2 million at their discretion? Second, could they use the funds to pay for troop transports already contracted for? (Because communications with Washington were cut, “and it being understood that the city of Washington was in peril, we had no alternative but to assume the responsibility of providing the necessary transportation.”) Next, can they use the funds to pay the cost of dispatching 112 | New York

an armed steamer (at $100 per day) to protect Fort Monroe’s communications with necessary supplies? Fourth, can they pay for sending a coal-loaded whaling ship to anchor under the guns of Fort Monroe to supply fuel for military shipping? Finally, the udc has paid $100,000 for sending troops to defend Washington. Can it be reimbursed for this expenditure?128 may 1: On behalf of the Board of Military Officers, state attorney general Charles G. Myers129 writes Cameron and offers thirty-eight regiments to serve for two years, armed and equipped at the state’s expense. He acknowledges that the government had asked for only seventeen regiments (780 men each) “but such is the patriotic zeal of the people of the State that it will be a great disappointment to them if they are not permitted to raise thirty-eight regiments for the public service.” Because New York is constitutionally prohibited from borrowing money for this purpose (“except in case of actual invasion of the State or insurrection there”), he requests that the U.S. government assume the cost of instructing, paying, and subsisting these troops once at the depots.130 Meanwhile, Cameron informs all governors that Colonel Carl Schurz has been authorized to recruit a cavalry regiment. The U.S. government can arm this unit but cannot provide horses and “we rely upon the patriotism of the States and the citizens for this purpose.”131 The udc announces that, in the past two weeks, they have spent $425,000 on mobilization: $125,000 in direct aid to regiments, $200,000 in provisions, and $100,000 for arms and equipments.132 3: Abraham Lincoln issues a proclamation requesting 42,034 volunteers to serve three years or the war. (See Chronology.) Morgan

writes Cameron that he has “two or three regiments” ready to depart. But, after Cameron’s April 29 note, Morgan is unsure about Washington’s need for new troops, so he asks the secretary, “Shall they be received by the General Government or sent to their homes?” Unbeknownst to Morgan, Cameron responds to Myers’ offer of thirty-eight, twoyear regiments: they will be accepted and, once they have been mustered into U.S. service, New York’s shorter-term units will be relieved.133 (But see entry for May 15.) Meanwhile, a governors’ conference convenes in Cleveland. Morgan is too busy to attend but sends a representative. (See Chronology.) 4: The War Department issues GO Nos. 15 and 16, specifying the size and organization to which state-proffered regiments must conform to be accepted into federal service. GO No. 15 also specifies that each regiment’s company and field officers “will be appointed by the Governor of the State furnishing it.” The president will appoint all general officers of the volunteer force.134 (See Chronology.) 5: Galusha Grow—soon to be speaker of the U.S. House—is in New York and reports to Cameron that, “There is but one feeling with all classes, parties and sects—that the rebels must be made to lay down their arms everywhere, the traitors [be] hung, and the union of the States restored before this contest closes.” However, Grow also conveys New York’s “great dissatisfaction” that Wool has been assigned to Troy “instead of acknowledging his services at a very critical point of time when all communication with Washington was cut off.” But Grow’s real issue is that Wool and many others have raised troops beyond the U.S. requisition, and Cameron is now turning them away when the people are impatient for action.135

6: Jefferson Davis authorizes letters of marque. (See Chronology.) Cameron officially notifies Morgan that hereafter all enlistments should be for three years. Perhaps responding to Grow’s admonishment of yesterday, he also writes to Wool and praises his “long, able, and faithful services,” and his “zeal . . . and loyalty”; he reassures Wool that the U.S. refusal to accept more troops did not reflect on him but was motivated by a desire “to avoid any conflict of orders or confusion of arrangements” and so that the War Department could better know the number of troops, their route, and so forth. As evidence of the confusion in Washington, Lincoln writes Hamlin (still in New York) requesting that he daily wire the White House with “what troops left during the day, where going, and by what route,” as well as the numbers and identities of remaining units. One reason for the confusion is that the Washington command seems divided, with governors’ questions flowing both to Cameron and to Winfield Scott, and both of them answering. For example, today Morgan writes Cameron and explains that Scott has ordered all New York three-month units sent to Washington or Fort Monroe “as soon as equipped.” But Morgan is again confused: will the federal government furnish clothing, transportation, arms, and equipment once they are in the field? If not all of the foregoing, then what portion? And what number should be sent to Washington and what number to Fort Monroe?136 7: Confusion continues. Morgan writes Cameron to remind him that the thirty-eight volunteer regiments recruited under New York’s Chapter 277 (see entry for April 16) were enlisted for two years—the statutory maximum. “The period of enlistment cannot be changed,” Morgan declares, “though no doubt required 1861: Key Events | 113

[three] years, the force can be filled at the end of that time.” In the meantime, one of the thirty-eight units has already departed.137 8: Cameron replies to Morgan’s question of May 6 (asking what supplies the federal government will provide to New York troops about to be dispatched). The secretary answers plainly: after federal muster, the U.S. government will furnish “ammunition, subsistence, and other stores” as well as “tents and camp equipage [and] transportation.” The government also would normally provide clothing but is “finding it difficult to supply all promptly, [so] some of the States have furnished their troops with it,” and will await U.S. reimbursement. Separately, Morgan gives Cameron official notice that the Board of State Officers has approved the thirty-eight regiments; six of these are ready for U.S. muster and the other thirty-two will be ready in ten days.138 9: Daniel Sickles, colonel of the temporarily named Excelsior Regiment (it will become the Seventieth New York) and acting brigadier general of what will became the Excelsior Brigade, informs Cameron that his brigade will be “uniformed and equipped as regulars by the city of New York,” and will include twelve officers who served under Scott in Mexico, as well as “twelve steel rifled cannon.” Unlike state units sponsored under Chapter 277, Sickles’ men will serve for three years. These 3,000 men are mustered, “and unless you take us I must disband two splendid regiments eager for service.” Morgan resents Sickles’ direct dealings with the War Department; this will contribute to significant problems between Washington and Albany.139 (See entry for May 15.) 11: State Adjutant General Read notifies Cameron that the following ten regiments are gathered at the approved rendezvous sites: in New York City are the First, Fourth, Fifth, and Seventh; 114 | New York

in Albany, the Second, Third, Fourteenth, and Sixteenth; in Elmira, the Twelfth and Thirteenth. These units will be uniformed, armed, and equipped at state expense. Read now asks for instructions on federal subsistence after U.S. muster.140 13: Cameron directs Morgan to forward to Washington “by sea and Potomac five regiments of three-years’ volunteers.” He instructs the governor that no more threemonths’ men are to be sent “without special orders from the War Department or Generalin-Chief.” Morgan responds that the units will be sent “as soon as they can be armed and equipped—certainly during the present week.” Cameron now sends Morgan a reply to Read’s note of May 11. The ten regiments identified by Read may be sent “by sea or by rail through Pennsylvania” but one thing must be clear: “they are to serve three years or during the war.” Morgan writes Cameron, but not about the matters raised in the secretary’s last wire. Instead, Morgan complains that various volunteer militia companies have asked for discharges to allow direct enlistment into U.S. service. Morgan demands to know if the U.S. government is accepting such volunteer companies. If so, and if these units are considered a part of New York’s thirty-eight regiment quota, he will not grant discharges. If these units will not count against the state’s quota, he will grant discharges. Cameron replies that he is sending Abraham Van Vechten to confer with Morgan on this issue.141 14: Cameron informs Morgan that he has accepted the Seventy-Ninth New York for three years service. Morgan reminds Cameron that he will be sending five regiments this week. “I intend to accomplish it,” he declares. “Five others will follow, in all, next week. The above ten regiments will be for two years or for the war.”142 15: A rather large “misunderstanding” occurs

between Washington and Albany when Cameron wires Morgan that the U.S. government will not accept thirty-eight New York regiments but only twenty-eight. Subtracting units already provided, Cameron informs the governor that, hereafter, only eleven two-year units will be accepted. Morgan replies immediately that Cameron is wrong, citing the May 3 correspondence in which the secretary expressly accepts thirty-eight regiments. In relying on that acceptance, New York “has incurred very heavy expenses” to organize these units. Declining these units would force their disbandment and demoralize the public. At the same time, Morgan complains that the War Department has been dealing with third parties (e.g., Daniel Sickles, the udc), and accepting regiments directly into U.S. service outside of Albany’s control. This has created “irregularity, uncertainty and inextricable confusion,” has been productive of “mischief,” and is responsible for the misunderstanding. Morgan concludes by insisting on his prerogatives—no units must be organized or accepted other than through state authority. Underlying the urgency of Morgan’s concerns, he hands this letter to the New York State Militia’s judge advocate general, William Henry Anthon,143 for personal delivery to Cameron.144 Separately, Cameron instructs Morgan to “send immediately” five regiments to Washington and nine regiments to Fort Monroe, all to be for three years’ service. At the same time, Cameron, apparently distrusting Morgan, telegraphs udc Chairman Hamilton Fish,145 noting that the governor has been asked for five regiments. “Should the governor decline to send [these] you are authorized to do it,” adding that, “These troops are to be made up of the fourteen regiments now in New York City.”146

16: Winfield Scott writes Morgan at Lincoln’s behest. Apparently, Lincoln had accepted fourteen New York units on the previous day, probably those referred to by Cameron in his letter to Fish. But it has occurred to Lincoln that these fourteen might be deducted from the other New York units he had already agreed to accept from Morgan, which is not the president’s intention. “I write, by his desire,” Scott tells the governor, “to say that the former [fourteen regiments] are not to be deducted, but added to the latter.” Of the fourteen regiments, he requests Morgan to forward five to Washington “at once.” The others may be held pending further orders from Scott.147 17: Cameron instructs Morgan to forward to Washington all troops at the Elmira depot “by way of Williamsport, Harrisburg, and York.” By another note, he promises Morgan that he will answer his inquiry of May 13 (whether discharged companies who enlist directly into U.S. service will count against New York’s quota) and his complaint of yesterday about recruiting efforts outside of Morgan’s control. Morgan also replies to Scott’s letter of yesterday and explains that jag Anthon has delivered the letter explaining Albany’s position to Cameron, and he now asks Scott’s help in convincing the secretary to honor his May 3 acceptance of these units.148 18: Sickles is stunned by an order from Morgan “directing me to disband all but eight [of forty] companies” of his Excelsior Brigade, “for the reason that he had authorized more troops to be raised in the city of New York than could be accepted without causing dissatisfaction in the interior counties.” Excelsior recruits vehemently protest this order and Sickles circumvents Morgan by meeting directly with Lincoln. Sickles suggests a new idea to the president: create a depot on Staten Island from which three-year troops could 1861: Key Events | 115

be sent as needed to maintain minimum strength in already deployed units. And here, Sickles not only suggests a name (“United States Volunteers”) but also offers a legal theory: under Article I, Section 8, of the U.S. Constitution (“Congress shall have the power To . . . Raise and support Armies”), the federal government can do as it wishes without the consent of governors. Lincoln rightly anticipates that state governors will oppose this scheme. In the meantime, at Lincoln’s direction, Cameron writes Morgan and Fish to inform them that the fourteen regiments called for on May 15 are to include Sickles’ brigade—five regiments. But Simeon Draper, chairman of the udc’s Executive Committee, immediately replies with unsettling news: Sickles does not have a brigade, at least one that is known to the udc. In a second letter, Draper reminds Cameron that the udc is to select which units will compose the fourteen regiments. Finally, in a move not likely to clarify matters, Cameron informs Sickles that Lincoln has authorized him to accept the five New York City regiments of his brigade.149 (See entry for June 29.) Meanwhile, Reverend Henry Bellows,150 and Doctors W. H. Van Buren,151 Elisha Harris,152 and Jacob Harsen153 petition Stanton on behalf of “three associations of the highest respectability in the city of New York”—the Women’s Central Association of Relief for the Sick and Wounded of the Army, the Advisory Committee of the Boards of Physicians and Surgeons of the Hospitals of New York, and the New York Medical Association for furnishing Hospital Supplies in Aid of the Army. They offer help by “methodizing the spontaneous benevolence of the city and State of New York,” and note that, “The present is essentially a people’s war. The hearts and minds, the bodies and souls of the whole 116 | New York

people and of both sexes throughout the loyal States are in it.” (In his July 4, 1861, message to Congress, Lincoln will use similar language: “This is essentially a people’s contest.”) The petition proposes a “new rigor” in examining troops to weed out “under-aged and unsuitable persons,” and to improve the diet of soldiers (and thus prevent disease) by “collecting, registering and instructing a body of cooks.” The Women’s Central Association of Relief are selecting “out of several hundred candidates, one hundred women, suited in all respects to become nurses in the General Hospitals in the Army,” and a corps of medically trained male nurses to serve as “volunteer dressers.”154 (See entry for May 22.) 19: Winfield Scott writes Morgan with a summary of New York’s troop contribution and some new orders. Exclusive of three-month troops, the U.S. government has accepted fourteen regiments raised by the udc and thirtyeight volunteered by Morgan. Of these, fourteen have been ordered to Washington or Fort Monroe; now Scott wants six more for Washington. The remaining thirty-two regiments should be encamped somewhere in northern or western New York, and, “As most of these regiments are not likely to take the field much before frost,” there will be ample time for drill.155 20: Cameron responds to the udc’s “reminder” (i.e., Draper’s second letter of May 18) with a reminder of his own: the udc does not have “authority to send on troops independent of Governor Morgan”; the orders were conditional and would have taken effect only if Morgan refused to send the requested troops.156 Meanwhile, Lincoln attempts to placate Morgan about the federal acceptance of the udc’s offer of fourteen regiments. “To not shirk just responsibility,” Lincoln opens, “I

suppose I ought to admit that I had much to do with the matter of which you complain.” He explains that the udc was in Washington last week to discuss the fourteen regiments and insisted that, “something must be done with them.” “I could not see—can not yet—how it could wrong you or the Regiments you were raising [the 38 units] for these 14 to move forward at once, provided yours, too, should be received when ready.” Lincoln had conferred with Scott and received his blessing. The president expresses concern because “The enthusiastic uprising of the people in our cause, is our great reliance,” and “we can not safely give it any check, even though it overflows, and runs in channels not laid down in any chart.” He concludes by assuring Morgan that his acceptance of the udc’s offer does not reflect on what “[you] have done & are doing nobly.”157 21: Major Generals Dix and Wadsworth (both recently commissioned by Morgan) are commanding the seventeen regiments that were furnished under Lincoln’s call of April 15. Now Morgan writes Cameron with a question about the twenty-one regiments furnished under Lincoln’s May 3 call: “What provision is to be made for officering the brigades and divisions to be composed of . . . these regiments?” He requests authority from Cameron to appoint two new major generals and four brigadiers (with staff ), as well as U.S. muster for the whole.158 22: Cameron requests all governors to take into account the requirements of moral character as well as age in commissioning the officers provided for in War Department GO No. 15. No one “of doubtful morals or patriotism and not of sound health should be appointed.” No lieutenants older than twenty-two years should be commissioned; no captains over the age of thirty; no field officer unless a West

Point graduate or “known to possess military knowledge and experience”; no major over thirty-five; no lieutenant colonel over forty and no colonel over forty-five. “[T]he higher the moral character and general intelligence of the officers so appointed,” Cameron advises, “the greater the efficiency of the troops and the resulting glory to their respective states.” Separately, Adjutant General Read informs Cameron that thirty-one of the state’s thirtyeight regiments have mustered and the remaining seven will be ready “in three or four days.” (See entry for May 24.) Lincoln acknowledges the growing tensions between Albany and Washington. “I wish to see you face to face to clear these difficulties about forwarding troops from New York,” he writes Morgan. Meanwhile, Sickles asks Cameron for his orders.159 Acting U.S. Surgeon General Robert C. Wood refers to the May 18 letter from Bellows, et al., and declares that, “The pressure upon the [U.S.] Medical Bureau is very great and urgent.” He urges Cameron to accept “the counsels and well-directed efforts of an intelligent and scientific commission, to be styled, ‘a commission of inquiry and advice in respect of the sanitary interests of the U.S. forces.’” This commission would coordinate with army medicine “with reference to the diet and hygiene of troops and the organization of military hospitals, &c.” (Wood had earlier expressed concern about the “crude and hasty manner” in which recruits were being medically examined and cooks and nurses organized.) Wood recommends five men as commissioners, four of these—Henry Bellows, Alexander Bache,160 Wolcott Gibbs,161 and W. H. Van Buren—will number among the founders of the U.S. Sanitary Commission.162 (See entries for June 9 and 13.) 23: On War Department orders, Colonel William B. .

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Franklin,163 Twelfth U.S. Infantry, meets with the udc to instruct them to forward to Washington, in lieu of the fourteen regiments the udc had promised (see entry for May 16), only such units as were immediately available. While there, Franklin is handed a memo claiming that ten regiments (four had already been furnished) will be ready for inspection on May 25. Franklin informs the War Department and agrees to inspect the units when assembled.164 Colonel Thomas A. Scott, formerly of the Pennsylvania Railroad, “has been appointed to take charge of all Government railways and telegraphs or those appropriated for Government use.”165 24: Cameron replies to Morgan’s request for authority to appoint additional major and brigadier generals. “[This] Department does not at this time desire the appointment of additional major or brigadier generals,” Cameron declares, and reminds Morgan that under GO No. 15, officers of brigadier rank and above are presidential appointments.166 Separately, Cameron replies to Read’s May 22 letter about the status of New York’s thirtyeight regiments. “The number mustered is in direct contravention of the positive order of this Department requesting only twenty-eight to be so mustered,” Cameron insists. Meanwhile, Major Richard Delafield167 of the Corps of Engineers writes Totten to explain that New York has decided to replace its six- and twelve-pounder brass, smoothbore cannon with rifled guns (for a ratio of approximately one piece per thousand men). New York will provide the guns but Delafield is asking the U.S government to provide the equipments: “carriages, caissons, wagons, &c” to render them serviceable. Totten submits the request to Ripley, who declines to furnish these. “There is nothing due to the State of 118 | New York

New York on account of [the] quota under the law for arming the militia,” he explains, “and issues in advance on such accounts are forbidden.”168 The War Department sends a circular to most governors making recommendations for campsites but also asking that, when each state has completed its quota of three-year volunteers, the rendezvous be converted to camps of instruction.169 25: Franklin inspects the udc’s assembled regiments (see entry for May 23) and finds that only 4,500 men appear, of which “one-eighth ought to be rejected on account of physical disability, youth, disease, &c., and that . . . there were not present more than enough men to make four regiments.” Franklin recommends to the udc that only four units be furnished, instead of ten. He adds that this is well, because “the number of regiments called from New York largely exceeds its share.” On Morgan’s orders, Adjutant General Read again writes Cameron to inform him that New York’s “thirty-eight regiments of volunteers have been organized and ordered to be mustered” into U.S. service. Regarding the War Department’s refusal to appoint New Yorkers as generals for the state’s units, Morgan informs Lieutenant Governor Robert Campbell that the Board of State Officers has voted on the previous day for Campbell to proceed to Washington to lobby “to have the proportionate numbers of general officers appointed or elected by the State authorities of this State to the force organized by this Board.”170 26: Morgan writes Cameron and continues to pressure him to accept New York units. “Will you please issue orders immediately to the mustering officer at Elmira to muster into the service of the United States four regiments full and waiting,” he demands. He also

informs the secretary that he has ordered two regiments (the Twelfth and Thirteenth, both two-year units) to Washington via Harrisburg and Baltimore.171 Separately, the body of Elmer Ellsworth, a martyr of the war, arrives in New York City en route to burial in Mechanicsville, New York.172 27: Franklin reports to Cameron that divided command has created “much confusion and clashing caused by the adverse opinions and interests of those engaged in raising and equipping these regiments [a reference to Morgan and the udc]. I believe that the knot will be cut at once,” Franklin suggests, “if an officer of high rank be ordered here to take charge of this whole business.” This want of command has had bad effects—regiments are being raised without clear authority and most are under-equipped when they depart. Worse, according to Franklin, the senior War Department representative in New York— Lieutenant Colonel Henry L. Scott,173 an adc to Winfield Scott—“keeps quiet, seems to take but little interest in the whole matter, and is, in short, of no use.” In a second wire to Cameron, Franklin declares that the breach between Morgan and the udc “is only partially healed.” Nevertheless, he can report that one regiment is aboard ship for Old Point [Comfort] and two more will leave for Washington tonight. Cameron replies with other concerns, asking Franklin to learn the number of three-month units accepted by Morgan, how many of these have been mustered into service, and the names of their commanders. In the meantime, Erasmus Keyes, on behalf of Morgan, informs Cameron of troop status. He states that of the fourteen regiments promised by the udc, two have marched and Morgan has agreed to allow them to recruit four more. In addition, Morgan has consented to allow the udc to send the Ninth

and Seventy-Ninth of the nysm on condition that the men enlist for three years. This makes eight udc regiments. Keyes also reports on sixteen other regiments. Separately, Morgan informs Lincoln that the state has provided eight regiments and the udc six regiments. Morgan hints at some agreement between the state and the udc. “These [regiments] are to make good what you expected from the Union Committee,” he informs the president, “and the six ordered by [General Winfield Scott] on the 19th instant, to be sent by [me] to Washington.” Morgan also writes Cameron with a new concern: he has just been told that the U.S. mustering officer in Elmira has sworn in several regiments for three months and not for two years. He demands that Cameron rectify this.174 28: Franklin reports to Cameron with welcome news. “I have finished with the Union Defence Committee and the Governor,” he states. “Things are now harmonious between them.” But things are not harmonious between Cameron and Morgan. The secretary tells the governor that he will issue orders for a longer muster only if the troops agree to enlist for three years, not two years. Morgan does not respond to this issue but instead gives Cameron some unwelcome news: he has appointed Dix and Wadsworth to be major generals in command of New York troops— despite Cameron’s earlier refusal to accept them as such (see entry for May 24). Worse, Morgan declares that he had made these appointments days earlier and announced them to Secretary of State Seward. (In fact, Morgan had appointed Dix a major general on May 8 and Wadsworth on May 16; his request for authority to commission new generals was made on May 21.) “For reasons that I trust are without foundation,” Morgan 1861: Key Events | 119

tells Cameron, “Generals Dix and Wadsworth are somewhat apprehensive that they may not be recognized at Washington.” He adds that because these appointees would “render eminent service to the country,” and that “their acceptance would be in strict conformity with the requisition already referred to from your department,” and because of “the expectations of the people of this State who have furnished forty-six regiments . . . I confidently expect a favorable acknowledgment.”175 30: Morgan receives a letter from M. B. Anderson, H. Humphrey, and O. M. Benedict176 that resembles a legal brief. The letter objects to that part of War Department GO No. 15 (see entry for May 4) that reserves to the president the power to appoint general officers for the volunteer force. “Public attention in Western New York,” the men declare, “has been arrested by the extraordinary collision between the General and State governments on the important subject of the appointment of officers for our militia.” Their argument is based on Article I, Section 8, of the U.S. Constitution, which grants to Congress various powers of war but reserves to the states “the Appointment of Officers.” Since the Constitution does not differentiate among regimental, brigade, division, or corps officers, the federal government has no right to withhold for itself the power to appoint any specific class of officer when the armed force to be commanded is drawn from state militia. The letter is a convenient prop for Morgan’s dispute with Cameron over the appointments of Dix and Wadsworth.177 (See entry for June 3.) june 3: Lieutenant Governor Campbell meets with Cameron. (See entry for May 25.) The secretary does not relent in his refusal to 120 | New York

accept New York’s appointment of Dix and Wadsworth; moreover, if New York continues to insist on these appointments, Cameron will refuse to recognize the troops that these two men command. Campbell protests.178 5: Franklin is at Elmira overseeing the federal muster of New York regiments. Cameron writes to remind him that, in organizing these units, GO No. 15 is to “be strictly adhered to.”179 9: Cameron, seconded by Lincoln, approves of the formation of “A Commission of Inquiry and Advice in respect of the Sanitary Interests of the United States Forces.” It will serve without compensation and the War Department will furnish a room in Washington for its needs. The commission will communicate directly with the Medical Bureau of the Army.180 (See entry for June 12.) 12: Cameron sends two messages to Franklin, who remains at Elmira. The first hints at a compromise on an issue bedeviling U.S.– Albany relations: whether the state controls the length of a unit’s service (i.e., two years under Chapter 277 or the War Department’s three years). Based on “the understanding with Governor Morgan,” Franklin may muster New York troops for a two-year period so long as they agree to serve under Major General Robert Patterson of the Regular Army. One regiment should depart daily; if arms are in short supply, Franklin has authority to requisition the Springfield Armory for his needs. In the second note, Cameron informs Franklin that Lincoln has accepted Sickles’ five regiments and he is to muster them into service for three years. Separately, Second Lieutenant William W. Averell181 of the Regular Army reports to Cameron about troops and barrack conditions at Elmira. Brigadier General (and

Congressman) Robert B. Van Valkenburgh, nysm, commands 5,422 men distributed into three-month and two-year regiments. The facilities “present a magnificent appearance” and “Everything that could contribute to the discipline and comfort of the troops has been done in a very systematic and indefatigable manner.”182 As proposed in Dr. Wood’s May 22 letter to Cameron, a meeting is held to organize the U.S. Sanitary Commission, with four men agreeing to serve as commissioners. Other men also will become commissioners (at this and subsequent meetings), including Elisha Harris, Frederick Law Olmsted,183 J. Huntington Wolcott,184 George Templeton Strong,185 and Horace Binney, Jr.186 Tomorrow they will meet with Lincoln and Cameron.187 15: State Adjutant General Read complains to U.S. Adjutant General Thomas that ammunition shortages threaten the timely dispatch of New York’s promised regiments. He forwards Thomas a copy of his letter of complaint to the Ordnance Department.188 The Confederate privateer Savannah enters New York Harbor under the control of a prize crew. The Confederate sailors are landed and marched to the Tombs prison amidst wondering and angry crowds. A New York grand jury will indict the Savannah’s crew for piracy on July 16, with arraignment the following day. The 1790 statute under which they will be tried imposes a death penalty for conviction; this fact, coupled with concurrent trials in Philadelphia of other captured privateers, triggers a controversy between Washington and Richmond that will echo from the dank Tombs to the wide floors of Libby Prison. Both Lincoln and Davis try to balance the strictly legal requirements of crime and punishment against the reality that both sides are beginning to accumulate large quantities of

pows; legal notions of reciprocity might justify tit-for-tat executions, but such a practice would end badly for both sides.189 21: Cameron asks governors to furnish him with a statement of “the number of regiments organized . . . in your State . . . and the number accepted by this Department not yet mustered . . . and when these will be ready to muster.” Morgan adc Edmund Schriver190 replies with a summary: to date, the War Department has accepted thirty-eight regiments; of these, thirty-three are mustered for two years; Franklin will muster the remaining five for two years on June 24. In addition to these thirty-eight, there are four state militia units (the Second, Ninth, Fourteenth, and SeventyNinth) which will muster for three years, as well as another non-militia unit, the ThirtyNinth (Garibaldi Guards). These last five represent the udc’s final contribution.191 22: Morgan boasts to Cameron that New York has (thus far) kept its commitment to dispatch one regiment each day for twenty-two consecutive days. Today concludes the first week and “nothing will prevent the carrying out of my promise for next week . . . except want of arms.”192 Meanwhile, in an important display of commitment to the war, the Forty-Second New York Infantry, sponsored by Tammany Hall (and known as the Tammany Regiment), is officially organized at Great Neck. The unit is commanded by Colonel William D. Kennedy,193 Tammany’s grand sachem. 27: Cameron increases the pressure on Sickles to produce his promised regiments, telling Franklin, now in New York City, that “If they are not ready within three days they cannot be received.”194 The Fortieth New York is officially organized in Yonkers. Known as the Mozart Regiment, the Fortieth is sponsored by Tammany’s rival 1861: Key Events | 121

and its training camp named after Fernando Wood.195 july 1: Between April 16 and today, New York has furnished 46,700 troops, consisting of 8,300 three-month militia; 3,400 three-year militia; 30,000 two-year volunteers, and 5,000 threeyear volunteers.196 4: Congress convenes. 3: The New York Chamber of Commerce approves a memorial to Congress, “that the defences of the harbor of New-York require the immediate attention of government. . . . A hostile fleet might pass them with little or no risk of injury and lay the city in ashes.” The memorial describes each fort’s vulnerability and a committee is appointed to travel to Washington to present it to Congress.197 (See entry for July 12.) 8: aag Ruggles writes Adjutant General Read and asks how many three-year, two-year, and threemonth regiments from New York have been mustered into U.S. service? 10: Read replies to Ruggles’ inquiry of July 8 by writing directly to U.S. Adjutant General Thomas: all thirty-eight New York units have been mustered into U.S. service.198 12: Totten, to whom the New York Chamber of Commerce memorial (see entry for July 3) has been referred, replies with the status of New York Harbor forts: Schuyler (“very strong and efficient”), Richmond (“now ready for armament”), Tompkins (“Work there ordered to be resumed energetically”), Sandy Hook (“in an early stage of progress”). Hamilton and Lafayette at the Narrows, along with Battery Hudson, Bedloe’s Island, Ellis Island, and Governor’s Island are “finished works.” Totten adds that while he does not know how completely these forts have been armed, he estimates that 767 pieces of artillery will be 122 | New York

necessary to protect the Narrows, the East River, and points opposite the city.199 Meanwhile, the last of the thirty-eight regiments called for under Chapter 277 depart; hereafter, the Board of Officers is no longer required. Statewide, rendezvous are closed and recruiting halted.200 (But see entry for July 25.) 13: Cameron issues a letter to all governors declaring, “No more troops will be received by this Department till authorized by Congress.”201 16: Cameron overlooks his June 27 threat that Sickles must produce his regiments in three days or be denied muster. He now writes Sickles that, “If your regiment desires to enter into the service of the United States let it be mustered in and reported here immediately.” Sickles replies at once. The first regiment of the Excelsior Brigade has already been mustered into service, fully armed and with accoutrements. It awaits only equipments and clothing (already requisitioned) and is “ready to proceed to Washington at one hour’s notice.” The brigade’s second and third regiments can be forwarded “whenever required” and the remaining two “are nearly full, and will be ready to report next week.”202 Meanwhile, Morgan is in Washington reviewing contract matters with the Quartermaster’s Department and ordering new rifles for New York units.203 19: War Department GO No. 45 affirms governors’ appointment powers for vacancies. (See Chronology.) Of particular interest to New York—and any other state with a large foreignborn population—the GO also stipulates that, “no volunteer will be mustered into the service who is unable to speak the English language.” (But see entry for August 8.) 20: Captain Joshua M. Varian’s Battery of Light Artillery, attached to the Eighth New York Militia, is deployed in Virginia. As battle

with Confederates looms, their term expires. Although ordered to turn their guns over to a responsible ordnance officer, the unit abandons them on the field and returns to Washington.204 21: New York infantry units engaged in the Battle of First Bull Run include the Second, Eighth (militia), Eighth (volunteers), Eleventh, Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Sixteenth, Eighteenth, Twenty-Seventh, Twenty-Ninth, Thirty-First, Thirty-Second, Thirty-Eighth, Thirty-Ninth, Forty-First, Sixty-Ninth, and Seventy-First Regiments. New York also furnishes one artillery unit: Bookwood’s New York Battery. Of fifty-one state and federal infantry regiments present at the battle, New York has furnished eighteen. That night, Winfield Scott, almost certainly mindful of the day’s disaster, wires Sickles with orders to hurry his brigade forward.205 Among the high-profile federal pows captured in this battle are New York’s Colonel Michael Corcoran (see entry for August 16, 1862) and Congressman Alfred Ely. 22: Congress enacts Chapter 9: “An Act to authorize the Employment of Volunteers to aid in enforcing the Laws and protecting Public Property,” which authorizes a 500,000man call. (See Chronology.) The call will be repeated on July 25. Sickles answers Scott’s request of yesterday by way of Cameron. One Excelsior regiment leaves today; two more will go “immediately.” But, Sickles adds, “Up to this hour we have received neither pay, clothing, nor anything but subsistence from the Government, and unless something be done for them I anticipate serious difficulty getting some of them off.” Cameron replies in lawyerlike fashion. The quartermaster general has ordered New York’s quartermaster “to provide for your men such equipment as pertains to his department.”206

23: Sickles proves true to his word, notifying Cameron that the First Regiment of Excelsior Brigade (“1,000 strong”) is now moving to Washington via the New Jersey Central route. The Second and Third Regiments leave tomorrow on the Camden and Amboy Railroad.207 24: Morgan wires Cameron and offers him six 10-pounder rifled cannon, mounted, with 100 rounds, and ten 20-pounder rifled Parrott cannon, not mounted, but also with 100 rounds. “They can be sent to the seat of war at once,” Morgan states. “Will you have them forwarded?” War Department chief clerk James Lesley responds, promising an answer “at the earliest possible moment.”208 25: Congress enacts Chapter 17: “An Act in addition to the ‘Act to authorize the Employment of Volunteers to aid in enforcing the Laws and protecting Public Property,’ approved July twenty-second, eighteen hundred and sixty-one,” reiterating the 500,000-man call. (See Chronology for this as well as the Crittenden-Johnson Resolution, which also passes this day.) Meanwhile, Morgan issues a proclamation. Citing a presidential request “to furnish troops for the prompt suppression of resistance to the Constitution and laws,” he asks for 25,000 volunteers to serve for three years or the war, and promises a general order that will detail the organization of this force. Probably hoping to satisfy every section of the state eager to volunteer (see entry for May 18), Morgan declares, “that every portion of the State may have an opportunity to contribute.” He establishes three separate rendezvous: New York City, Elmira, and Albany, with headquarters at the latter. The GO that is eventually issued will require that all officer candidates be examined “as to their fitness for company and field officers.”209 1861: Key Events | 123

Separately, Brigadier General Louis Blenker,210 a well-known German-American, writes Cameron that, after receiving “numerous letters, requests, offers and petitions” from all parts of the Union—especially New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania—he wants to raise a second German brigade of men “who have seen service and actual war abroad.” He asks Cameron for the authority (explicitly outside of state authority) to recruit and for reimbursement for expenses.211 (See entry for August 12.) 26: Morgan writes Seward about recruiting. He repeats his promise in yesterday’s proclamation to issue a general order. But he has problems finding supplies to equip troops. “Arms cannot be bought,” Morgan declares. “I must and will take from the returning troops [three-month units ready to muster out] all that are suitable.” He also intends to recruit all comers. “I shall accept of any State militia regiment that will volunteer for the war.” Morgan may lack authority to do this (“I have no time to call the Legislature”), but he has no doubts that, once called, it will sustain him. His remaining problem is money. “Ours is nearly spent,” he informs Seward, “but if the General Government will make payment on account of past expenditures incurred all will go smoothly.” (See entry for July 27.) Separately, E. L. Viele212 in New York City asks Cameron: “Will the Department accept the four regiments offered by the 22d of June by citizens of New York?” No reply to Viele is on record but, in a separate dispatch to Colonel John Cochrane, Cameron instructs “Bring your regiment at once, and telegraph that it has started.”213 Meanwhile, Morgan is asked to authorize three colored regiments, all to be armed, equipped and paid by New York’s African American residents. Morgan declines, citing 124 | New York

his lack of authority to recruit colored units.214 (See entries for September 17 and 18.) 27: Congress enacts Chapter 21: “An Act to indemnify the States for Expenses incurred by them in Defence of the United States.” (See Chronology.) Meanwhile, Cameron replies to Morgan’s offer of cannon (see entry of July 24): Ripley of Ordnance had informed him that the Department has “as many Parrott rifled cannon as are wanted, and . . . it is not necessary to send the guns you offer.”215 (But see entry for August 2.) Separately, Cameron issues an official letter of introduction for Colonel George L. Schuyler216 of New York, “a gentleman of high social position [who] visits Europe as the agent of this Government to make purchases of arms for the United States.” The letter authorizes Schuyler to purchase “100,000 rifled muskets, 20,000 cavalry sabers, 10,000 revolvers and 10,000 carbines.” Moreover, he can draw on the U.S. Treasury Department for payment, the amount “being mainly left to his discretion.”217 28: Morgan now writes Cameron (and, separately, Seward) about the two topics he discussed with Seward on July 26: legal authority and money. “Both are now exhausted,” he tells Cameron. Morgan is reluctant to convoke his legislature, “for that will produce delay.” But before he will issue a GO for recruits, “I require specific directions as to the mode of organization, and money or Treasury notes placed at my command now, for which the people all over the State are anxiously waiting.” Regarding the organization of his 25,000-man quota, he asks Cameron if War Department GO No. 15, issued May 4, still controls. “That no time, however, should be lost,” he has already ordered 10,000 uniforms ($16.50 per) and 20,000 caps ($0.75 per).

He wants to avoid duplication: “[I]f the Government is to provide these things, I should be advised at once.” Ever impatient with government (including New York’s), he explains to Cameron that the time is right to obtain supplies. If the U.S. government can supply him immediate funds, it is unnecessary to convene his own state military board— Morgan will order the supplies directly. Without War Department funds, “I cannot be expected to proceed.” But with money, “there is nothing I would not do for the Government, and in the prompt and effective manner which the exigencies require.”218 29: “[On] the authority of the Secretary of War and Quartermaster-General,” Seward answers Morgan’s questions of yesterday with clarity. Troop organization will be governed by War Department GO No. 15 (see entry for May 4). As for cash, the governor should requisition U.S. assistant quartermaster general Daniel D. Tompkins,219 who will be given “money or Treasury notes to pay current disbursements.”220 30: Fortified by Seward’s August 29 letter, Morgan issues New York GO No. 78 detailing the organization of 25,000 men (twenty-five regiments). They will be enumerated from the Forty-Third to the Sixty-Seventh, and also include one artillery regiment of six batteries, four guns each. The state order mostly tracks U.S. GO No. 15 (see entry for May 4). Commanding the New York City depot is Brigadier General Charles Yates,221 at Albany is Brigadier General John F. Rathbone,222 at Elmira, Brigadier General R. B. Van Valkenberg. Other tracked provisions in GO No. 78 include a $100 payment to the legal heirs of soldiers “who die or may be killed in service.” The first satellite depots are established at Syracuse and Troy.223 Separately, Morgan is instructed to

furnish for two years the Twelfth, Thirteenth, Nineteenth, and Twenty-Sixth Regiments, as well as companies A through E of the Twentieth Regiment, all originally threemonth units. Cameron also accepts from Morgan an earlier offer (date unclear) of two regiments of cavalry and two of artillery (GO No. 78 only mentions one unit of artillery).224 31: Morgan orders the reopening of the New York City, Elmira, and Albany depots. To cast as wide a recruiting net as possible, he also will open twenty-two satellite depots around the state. This is a shrewd move to help recruit local regiments.225 (See entry for August 23.) august 2: Chief Clerk Lesley at the War Department writes Morgan and retracts the July 27 rejection of artillery. “Forward at once and advise by telegraph,” Lesley instructs the governor. Separately, New York aag Duncan Campbell226 circulates SO No. 321, which contains instructions for colonels of the three-month units—the Twelfth, Thirteenth, Nineteenth, Twenty-Sixth, and five companies of the Twentieth. After muster out, they are directed to prepare their commands for two years of federal service.227 3: The War Department issues GO No. 49, which contains the texts of U.S. Chapters 9 and 17 (see Chronology for July 22 and 25, respectively). Under these calls (which incorporated the May 3 call), New York’s quota is 109,056 men, against which it will eventually furnish 120,231 men. Meanwhile, the War Department reports that between July 8 and today, it has accepted from New York 75 regiments and 13 companies of infantry, 8 regiments of cavalry, and 2 regiments and 7 companies of artillery. Separately, Acting Secretary of War Thomas A. Scott writes to Morgan with 1861: Key Events | 125

clarification and instruction on how the U.S. government will pay New York’s expenses in organizing the 25,000 men that Morgan called for on July 25. In general, the scheme for reimbursement requires Morgan to certify, with vouchers attached, expenses under these categories: transportation, subsistence, rations, equipment and uniforms (but only in accord with U.S. Army regulations and subject to qm approval), depot expenses, compensation of depot personnel, troop housing, tents, volunteers’ pay, and funds for incidentals.228 5: Congress passes Chapter 45: “An Act to provide Increased Revenue from Imports, to pay Interest on the Public Debt, and for other purposes.” Section 8 provides for “a direct tax of twenty millions,” of which New York’s share (the largest in the country) is $2,603,918.66. (See Chronology.) 6: Congress enacts Chapter 63, ratifying Lincoln’s call of May 3 and increasing a private’s pay to $13 per month. (See Chronology.) Cameron writes Morgan and asks, “How are you getting on with the organization of new regiments?” He wants the governor to wire him about their status. Meanwhile, the Republican State Committee meets in Albany and selects five delegates to meet with their Democratic counterparts (who are scheduled to meet in Albany on August 9) “for the purpose of enabling the two Conventions to unite in the nomination of a Union ticket pledged to a vigorous prosecution of the war,” as well as to call the two parties’ nominating conventions at the same time and place.229 7: From New York City, Morgan replies to Cameron’s wire of yesterday and the news is not good: “The numerous skeleton regiments in this city creates unnecessary competition for men, and there are no full regiments ready.”230 8: Dean Richmond,231 chairman of the Democratic 126 | New York

State Committee, declines the Republicans’ August 6 request to form a “Union ticket.” There remain too many differences in principle between the two parties: “Above all . . . that there exists between the two sections of the Union, such an incompatibility of institutions as to give rise to an irrepressible conflict between them, which can only terminate in the subjugation of one or the other.” According to the committee, Democrats will continue to oppose secession by armed force, but “they regard it as the duty of the National Government at all times to hold out terms of peace and accommodation to the dissevered States.”232 Meanwhile, the War Department issues GO No. 53, repealing paragraph 3 of GO No. 45 (see entry for July 19): the ban on mustering volunteers who are unable to speak English has been “misunderstood.” Under the new rule, volunteers should “enlist under officers whose language they speak and understand.”233 12: Blenker writes Cameron about a “misunderstanding concerning the regiments I offered for acceptance.” These units are now being organized in New York and include one cavalry, one artillery, and two infantry regiments. (In New Jersey, Blenker has one infantry regiment and five companies in formation.) But now Blenker seems to lack authority to complete the organization (or, although Blenker does not say so, perhaps the state has assumed the duties of recruitment and officer selection). “[T]here is nothing more wanted than one power to direct [i.e., recruit, organize, and select officers] them all, and one name under whose aegis the organization may be completed,” Blenker insists. “I ask, therefore . . . the national Government to send me or another general to New York, with full power to concentrate

and unite the now scattered numbers of the thousands of Germans ready to fight for the preservation of the Union, and who expect nothing else than a leading chief in whom they have confidence.”234 (See entry for August 27.) 14: Adjutant General J. Meredith Read resigns for reasons of “ill health.”235 (See entry for August 19.) 15: Cameron writes Morgan with two questions: first, “How many regiments have you organized that can be started at once?” Second, “How soon can others be ready?” He advises Morgan that, “Prompt organization is required” and asks the governor to “Answer fully.” Morgan replies immediately with discouraging news—“No regiments ready, nor can I promise any for a month”—and blames federal mismanagement. Potential officers (usually active recruiters) are now discouraged, “fearing their inability to pass the required examination before a board of examiners yet to be appointed by the War Department.” (See Chronology for July 25, 1861.) And the failure to pay the recently mustered out three-month troops “discourages many” as well. Morgan also believes that the minimum company size required by GO No. 15, sixtyfour enlisted men, is another problem (New York’s minimum is thirty-two). Finally, New Yorkers (i.e., Morgan) are discouraged by “the course pursued by those organizations accepted at Washington independently of the State.” Cameron, almost certainly prodded by McClellan’s need to concentrate the army for training and defense, is all conciliation. He promises that the three-month troops will be paid and that an order will be issued to resolve the problems with the sixty-four-man minimum. “Adopt such measures as may be necessary to fill up your regiments as rapidly as possible. We need the men,” Cameron implores, then exhorts, “Let me know the best

that the Empire State can do to aid the country in [the] present emergency.”236 16: A federal grand jury makes a presentment to the U.S. Circuit Court for the Southern District of New York, charging the Journal of Commerce, the New York Daily News, the Day Book, the Freeman’s Journal, and the Brooklyn Eagle with “encouraging the rebels now in arms against the National Government by expressing sympathy and agreement with them.” The grand jury asks a question that will resonate throughout the country during the war: “If a person in a fortress or an army were to preach to the soldiers submission to the enemy, he would be treated as an offender. Would he be more culpable than the citizen, who, in the midst of the most formidable conspiracy and rebellion, tells the conspirators and rebels that they are right, encourages them to persevere in resistance, and condemns the effort of loyal citizens to overcome and punish them, as an ‘unholy war?’”237 (See entry for August 25.) 17: John B. Raefle, a naturalized GermanAmerican, writes Secretary of State Seward to denounce the New York-based National Zeitung newspaper as “absolutely secessionist.”238 (See entry for September 6.) 19: In response to rumors of threatening Confederate movements (or pressure from General McClellan), Cameron sends Morgan two urgent messages. First, Cameron asks if “a requisition of the whole or part of the uniformed militia or home guards of your State for temporary service would seriously retard or embarrass” efforts to recruit threeyear units. The second message urgently asks, in Lincoln’s name, that Morgan forward “immediately to the city of Washington all volunteer regiments, or parts of regiments, at the expense of the United States Government.”239 1861: Key Events | 127

Morgan immediately responds to Cameron’s inquiries. Trying to accommodate the War Department’s urgency, Morgan notes that many returned units (now mustered out) are “fragmentary”; but he will send others no matter what their condition: “companies, parts of regiments, whether accepted by the Government as independent or through the State.” Morgan pledges to do “all in my power to aid the Government”; still, he cannot refrain from a now familiar complaint, “that there is one system of acceptances by the Government independent of the State and another through its constituted authorities.” (A dig at Sickles and Blenker, among others.) And Morgan revisits another issue, previously thought resolved, where federal execution does not match its urgency: U.S. mustering officers continue to insist on the sixty-four-man minimum for companies (see entry for August 15) and will only muster an entire regiment at a time. Beyond expressing frustration, Morgan intends to act. Even if the War Department does not communicate its new orders, “I shall send men without being mustered into U.S. service, and take the consequences.”240 Separately, Thomas Hillhouse replaces Read as state adjutant general.241 20: Morgan informs Cameron that he has ordered to Washington the First and Second Regiments, New York Cavalry, and the Forty-Seventh, Fifty-Fifth, Sixty-Second, Sixty-Fifth, SixtySeventh, Sixty-Eighth, and Seventy-Fourth Infantry. Hoping to address the problem of “fragmentary” units (see entry for August 19), Morgan requests the power to consolidate units already mustered into federal service, arguing that they are “an expense to the Government and a benefit to nobody.” He urges that the U.S. government stop accepting troops—except through state governors. (“I at least desire to express the opinion of New York 128 | New York

on that subject.”) He also makes a practical suggestion, asking for approval to appoint “mustering officers under my directions, and in such numbers as I shall deem the interests of the service to require.” These powers would allow New York “to strengthen our force at the seat of the war largely and rapidly.” Cameron’s reply suggests that he did not (or chose not to) understand Morgan’s requests: “The prompt forwarding of volunteer regiments will remove the necessity for a requisition to send temporary forces.”242 22: Morgan issues a proclamation describing his view of the war. The war was produced by a conspiracy, “not the work of a day, but the result of years of false, wicked, and traitorous machinations.” The conspirators are “Ambitious and designing men, disappointed in their personal aims,” who have lied to one section of the country about the feelings of the other, and have done so “to usurp and exercise a power which has become not only tyrannical and oppressive” in their own states, “but dangerous to the entire Union.” Confederate victory at Bull Run (“an accidental success”) now threatens Washington. “As Chief Magistrate of the State, it is my solemn duty to warn all good and loyal men of the dangers to which our institutions are exposed,” he says, urging the public to make an “earnest and zealous cooperation with the authorities of the State and General Government,” and a “cheerful contribution” of men and money. “The whole country, the civilized world, now looks to the State of New York,” he declares. “Let her response be worthy of her history.”243 23: Morgan’s policy of establishing local depots begins with a facility in Oswego. Between today and November 2, similar depots will be established at Saratoga (August 27), Rochester (August 27), Buffalo (August 29), Ogdensburg (September 2), Auburn (September 5), Kingston

(September 6), Westfield (September 9), First Division, New York County (September 12), Syracuse (September 13), Second Division, Brooklyn (September 16), Boonville (September 23), Geneseo (September 24), Cortlandville (September 24), Plattsburgh (September 26), Cherry Valley (October 1), Potsdam (October 4), Malone (October 9), Unadilla (no date), Hancock (October 15), Sacketts Harbor at Madison Barracks (October 17), Lyons (October 25), Utica (October 26), Le Roy (October 28), Troy (no date), and Nineveh (no date).244 24: New York Adjutant General Thomas Hillhouse informs Cameron that, subject to U.S. willingness to reimburse New York, he will hereafter pay recruiters $2 for each man enlisted. Hillhouse explains that the recent dip in New York recruiting is due to the lack of recruiters, not recruits, and the $2 will compensate recruiters who intend to lead the companies they raise, but cannot recruit for lack of personal wealth. Assuming a sixtyfour-man company, $2 per man means $128 per company, or $1,280 for a ten-company regiment. Because no expense is incurred in merging militia units into regiments, however, Hillhouse estimates that the cost for recruiting 25,000 men will be $25,000 for the whole, “a sum so small, in comparison with the importance of a prompt enrollment of this force.” Morgan has already announced this new policy in New York GO No. 90, and Hillhouse informs Cameron that should the U.S. government decline reimbursement, the order will be revoked.245 25: The U.S. postmaster for New York City, W. B. Taylor, is ordered by Washington not to mail copies of the Journal of Commerce, New York Daily News, Freeman’s Journal, or Brooklyn Eagle.246 26: The War Department notifies McClellan that,

since July 8, it has accepted from New York 75 regiments and 13 companies of infantry, 8 regiments of cavalry, and 2 regiments and 7 companies of artillery. Total national acceptances number 268 regiments and 18 companies of infantry, 27 regiments and 32 companies if cavalry, and 7 regiments and 24 companies of artillery.247 27: Blenker, perhaps having heard nothing from Cameron (see entry for August 12), now lobbies General McClellan. He explains that recruitment of Germans is going slowly in New York and Philadelphia, “comparatively to the number of recruits and the war spirit of the German population.” He blames the competition for regiments within each state: “instead of finishing and completing ten or twelve full regiments, we have twenty-five or thirty skeletons, and every so-called colonel has a personal interest that his men do not join another organization to complete it, fearing he would lose his pretended and cherished colonelship.” Blenker’s solution is familiar: give him and his designees federal authority “to collect and unite all these mutilated and scattered companies and regiments.” Each batch of thirty-four recruits will be sent “instantaneously, to my camp, to be organized into companies and regiments independently of all local political or personal influences and jealousies.” McClellan endorses Blenker’s request the same day and forwards it to Cameron.248 29: Cameron writes Morgan and explains why the U.S. government authorized recruiting independent of state authority (in New York and elsewhere). First, he claims that the War Department wanted to “expedite the raising of troops, and to remove as far as possible the impression that the Department was unwilling to receive all the troops that were offered.” Cameron informs Morgan that the 1861: Key Events | 129

independent units now recruiting in New York are empowered to complete their units and forward them to Washington; he tells Morgan that in these circumstances, “I think it would not be advisable to interfere with the parties until such time as they fail to conform to original agreements as made with them.” However, as a sop to Morgan he explains that, “in all cases these regiments will be directed to report to the Governor of the State for their commissions.” Separately, Cameron writes Hillhouse regarding federal reimbursement for the payment of $2 fees to recruiters. His response suggests that he may not have fully understood Hillhouse’s letter of August 24. “While the Department doubts the policy of offering any bounty in view of the increase of regular pay provided by the recent act of Congress [a reference to Chapter 63, which increased privates’ pay to $13 per month; see Chronology for August 6], nevertheless, the offer on the part of the Empire State to act thus liberally is regarded as deserving consideration from the United States Government.” But Cameron warns Hillhouse that, “It will be for Congress hereafter to provide for the refunding of such bounties on the part of the States if deemed advisable.”249 30: Since July 22, Albany has authorized more than seventy-five infantry, cavalry, and artillery regiments. These units to do not include those authorized by Morgan on July 30 as part of the 25,000-man call, for which recruiting has been slow. As of this date, there are insufficient recruits to organize a single regiment under this call.250 september 2: Cameron writes General T. W. Sherman in New York City and presses him to call upon New England governors for their share of troops for 130 | New York

his expedition. Cameron also suggests adding New York to the list: “New York may be able to give three [regiments] immediately.” Sherman replies and, though he does not mention New York, assures Cameron that the governors have been called and that troops should begin arriving on September 3. Separately, Cameron presses Colonel Hiram Berdan,251 a native New Yorker also now in the city, for more sharpshooters.252 (See entry for October 28.) Seward orders the arrest of Henry A. Reeves, editor of the Republican Watchman in Greensport, Long Island. His arrest is attributed to publishing “secessionist teachings and attacks upon the acts of the officers of the United States Government and the Administration [and] afforded aid and comfort to the insurrectionists.”253 3: General T. W. Sherman reports to Cameron that he has met with Morgan. Perhaps unbeknownst to Sherman, the governor slyly enlists him in his campaign to concentrate enlistment authority in the states. “[Morgan] desires authority from the War Department to fill up some of his regiments from the scattered companies of the accepted regiments not yet completed, and to organize the scattered parts of those accepted regiments that will not probably fill up very soon into complete regiments for service.” Sherman endorses Morgan’s approach: “I have no doubt but the interests of the service will be much advanced thereby.” In exchange, Morgan offers nothing but time. “The Governor will remain here until an answer is received.”254 Meanwhile, federal authorities suppress from distribution in New Haven the Wood brothers’ New York Daily News.255 4: Sickles reappears with a request for Cameron; he wants authority to recruit a cavalry battalion and five batteries of artillery to be attached to his Excelsior Brigade. He also requests

authority to expand the size of his regiments by recruiting an additional six companies for each one (each regiment originally had ten companies), citing War Department GO No. 16, issued May 4.256 Separately, Cameron authorizes the arrest of James W. Wall, a New Jersey–based columnist for the Daily News.257 Meanwhile, the Democratic State Convention meets at Syracuse, with the peace wing—emboldened by the federal debacle at Bull Run—much in evidence. The convention attempts to resolve the usual conflict over which New York City delegation to recognize: Tammany or Mozart. War politics now intervenes, with Tammany perceived as a harder war advocate than its rival. The convention votes to seat both delegations, and Tammany withdraws in protest.258 5: In a major concession to Morgan, the War Department issues GO No. 71. Section I requires, among other things, that “All persons having received authority to raise volunteer regiments, batteries or companies in the State of New York will immediately report to His Excellency Governor Morgan . . . the present state of their respective organizations.” These units are to be placed under Albany’s orders and Morgan is given authority to “reorganize them and prepare them for service in the manner he may judge most advantageous for the interests of the General Government.” Section II stipulates that commissioned officers of any unit or branch “now in service” and “raised in the State of New York” can be commissioned by Morgan once they report to the state adjutant general and file a copy of their unit’s muster rolls.259 In Syracuse, the Democratic State Convention reconvenes and admits Tammany; rival Mozart withdraws. Before adjourning, the

convention approves a number of resolutions, including various commitments to prosecute the war and a vow that New York Democrats “will regard any attempt to pervert this conflict into a war for the emancipation of slaves as fatal to all hopes of the restoration of the Union.” A motion also is made to restore one resolution previously deleted by the Committee on Resolutions; this plank had protested Lincoln’s “Suspension of habeas corpus, the passport system, the State Police system, the suppression of free discussion in the Press, and the doctrine that the States derive their authority from the National Government.” After debate, the convention votes to restore the plank.260 6: U.S. Marshal Robert Murray reports to F. W. Seward that he has been reading the National Zeitung newspaper “but do not think it necessary to arrest the parties in question.”261 (See entry for September 9.) 7: Cameron presses Morgan for troops: how many “can you have ready for marching orders on a few hours notice, if required to meet an emergency?” Morgan responds immediately: “By active measures, with some deficiencies in numbering and otherwise, I can probably move five or six regiments wherever ordered by the latter part of next week.” He reminds Cameron that New York’s current obligation is to General T. W. Sherman (an indication that War Department GO No. 71 was found satisfactory) and that he intends to forward new units to Sherman’s rendezvous, now at Fort Monroe. “If emergency require it,” however, “[I] could in a yet more irregular form move them sooner.” In an entirely different correspondence, Captain Thomas Francis Meagher262 of New York’s SixtyNinth (“Irish”) Regiment asks Cameron to “Authorize positively to organize an Irish brigade of 5,000 men. I can do so forthwith 1861: Key Events | 131

and have it ready in thirty days to march.” A wiser Cameron advises Meagher to “Make application at once to Governor Morgan. He will give authority for organization.” Separately, The War Department issues GO No. 73, initiating a series of moves against states sending minors into service.263 (See Chronology.) 9: Cameron replies to Morgan’s September 7 note. “Give General [T. W.] Sherman his quota, and also General Wool,” the secretary directs. “Concentrate to urge forward all the other organizations possible.” Meanwhile, Sickles lobbies McClellan with the same request he made to Cameron on September 4. McClellan, probably not wishing to assume this particular problem, endorses Sickles’ request as “Referred to the honorable Secretary of War.”264 Separately, Police Superintendent Kennedy forwards copies of the National Zeitung to William Seward, and comments that “they contain matter more objectionable than either of their predecessors.”265 (See entry for September 12.) 10: Morgan, delighted with GO No. 71 and Cameron’s referral of Meagher to Albany, informs the secretary of “An evident favorable reaction manifest in all parts of the State.” All obstacles have vanished, apparently, and “Recruiting proceeding with more activity,” the governor declares. “I have accepted Captain Meagher’s proposal to organize the Irish brigade in thirty days.” Morgan adds that he will forward regiments “as rapidly as the exigencies of Government may require. Arms and supplies will soon be in greater demand than soldiers.”266 In Syracuse, the Peoples’ Party Convention begins. It will reconvene tomorrow.267 11: The Republican Party convenes in Syracuse at the same hall as the Peoples’ Party, in alternate 132 | New York

sessions. Both parties agree on the same slate of candidates (with one minor exception), to be led by Daniel S. Dickinson for attorney general. This fuses the two parties, to be known in this election cycle as the Union Party.268 12: Seward answers Kennedy’s September 9 letter and informs him that Murray’s September 6 note and information received from “other friends” suggest that, “at present proceedings against [the National Zeitung] would not be advisable.” Nevertheless, the New York postmaster has already been instructed to prevent mailing of the National Zeitung.269 (See entry for September 22.) 13: Engineer Delafield reports to Totten that things go well with Albany’s plans for field artillery; he has been supplying state militia with one field piece per regiment. “This will enable the Governor to meet the calls of the President, have a reserve, and an additional supply to meet losses and casualties.” In addition, Delafield has been coordinating state needs with various manufacturers of caissons, cannon, and other equipments. Separately, Assistant Secretary of War Scott wires Morgan: “How many regiments have you ready that can be moved within the next twenty-four hours if needed? Please answer immediately.”270 14: Cameron, increasing the pressure, telegraphs Morgan to “Start all the regiments you can to Washington to-day. Important.” Morgan reports to Assistant Secretary of War Scott that he is sending three regiments to T. W. Sherman; these will depart on September 16, 17, and 18. He will send the next three regiments to Fort Monroe (none to Washington) unless their destination is changed by the War Department. These units are raw: if shipped to the front, “they would not be serviceable without drill.” Morgan hears again from Cameron, who

urges him to start Sherman’s regiments (“and all others that you can possibly send”) for Washington. “Give them arms and start them,” Cameron implores. Later, Morgan writes Cameron with two requested updates. He has met with Sherman, and his units will require all available cars for the next day and a half; thus, Morgan will have to send two regiments on Monday (instead of one) to meet his commitment. He adds later that the Fire Zouaves have been supplied with two days’ cooked rations and will be sent to Fort Monroe on Monday, if the War Department approves.271 (For more on New York and Sherman’s forces, see entry for September 21.) Meanwhile, the New York Daily News, owned by Ben Wood, closes its doors and posts a notice “that the publication of the paper [is] suspended until the freedom of the press [is] restored.”272 (See entry for May 18, 1863.) James A. McMaster,273 editor of the conservative Catholic, pro-Southern, and profoundly racist Freeman’s Journal (now renamed the Freedman’s Appeal), is arrested on orders of Seward and imprisoned in Fort Lafayette. “He was charged with disloyalty and with editing a disloyal newspaper in New York City,” according to his dossier.274 (See entry for October 23.) 16: The War Department issues GO No. 78 which instructs “All persons having received authority from the War Department to raise volunteer regiments” that “These troops will be organized, or reorganized, and prepared for service by the Governors of their respective States.” This makes generally applicable what GO No. 71 had applied to New York. Meanwhile, Robert Murray, the U.S. marshal for the Southern District of New York, writes Cameron and discusses the various seizures and forfeitures he has effected since Lincoln’s August 16 proclamation forbidding

“commercial intercourse” between persons or entities from insurrectionary states and persons or entities in loyal states. (The proclamation also had empowered federal officials to seize property and impose penalties, including forfeiture.) Murray has discovered that assets, profits derived from contraband, and transfers of assets by disloyal friends of the accused may be hidden or laundered in the form of real estate or mortgages on real estate. When Murray suspects illicit trading, however, he has no authority to require banks to open their records. “The power to act promptly and strongly is all I want, and the tone of the dealers with the South and their friends here will be changed.” (See September 18 for Cameron’s reply.) Separately, Cameron wires Morgan: “Did you send the Fire Zouaves to Fort Monroe, as indicated in your message of 14th?”275 17: Morgan answers Cameron’s question asking if the Fire Zouaves have been sent. “I did not,” he replies. “I have been waiting the pleasure of the War Department, agreeably to my dispatch of 14th instant. At Fort Monroe they will be under proper discipline. Shall they be sent?” (In that dispatch, Morgan had warned that the troops were too raw for immediate service and needed drill.) Cameron replies, “Send the Zouaves as originally intended [to Fort Monroe].” On a very different matter, Cameron receives a letter from one Edward Vernon of 148 West Forty Ninth Street in Manhattan. Writing for a second time, Vernon urges Cameron to accept African Americans into service immediately. He notes that the rebels use their slaves for military duty, “and I can see no reason why the United States should not employ blacks likewise.” He adds that a New York City black regiment could be fielded in a 1861: Key Events | 133

month and that, “Efficient and accomplished white officers are waiting to lead it.”276 18: Cameron responds to Marshal Murray’s requests of September 16: “Under a fair interpretation of the act I think your duty is clearly to take action against the real estate and bonds and mortgages held by the rebels, and then let the question come before the courts for decision.” The secretary further advises, “I think you have an equal authority to look after the banks and their customers, and to obtain from the officers of these institutions all the information you can which may aid the Government in arresting the efforts of disloyal parties to give aid and comfort to the enemy.” Separately, Cameron replies to Edward Vernon’s letter regarding black regiments— and he punts. “This Department has referred the organization of additional forces to the Governors of the several states. I therefore suggest that your application be made to Governor Morgan, who has charge of the whole subject in the state of New York.”277 21: Morgan informs Cameron that three infantry regiments have been dispatched to T. W. Sherman’s camp at Hempstead: the 662-man Forty-Seventh New York under Colonel Henry Moore,278 the 950-man Forty-Eighth under Colonel James H. Perry,279 and the 675-man Forty-Sixth under Colonel Rudolph Rosa.280 In addition, three infantry regiments have been sent to Wool at Fort Monroe: the 750man Forty-Third New York under Colonel Francis L. Vinton,281 Bidwell’s 800-man Forty-Ninth, and Stuart’s 864-man Fiftieth. Although these six units are under strength and not fully equipped, Morgan boasts that a ten-battery regiment under Colonel Guilford Dudley Bailey282 is now at Elmira and will soon be ready to deploy (“there will be no finer regiment in the service”). Morgan has also forwarded to Fort Monroe ten rifled cannon 134 | New York

with equipments. Now that Washington is safe from attack, Morgan proposes to take more time in training and equipping units before deployment; he also asks for authority to “continue the raising of regiments or batteries without limit until revoked”; if a limit is necessary, let it be for twenty new regiments “and the proper proportion additional of artillery and cavalry.” He asks Cameron to order U.S. quartermasters in New York “to fill promptly my requisitions.” There is a shortage of horses, horse equipments, sabers, and bugles for artillery and cavalry, and of ambulances. Morgan thinks Cameron should send buyers to Vermont or elsewhere to purchase them; but insists that they be delivered and inspected locally as “they will be wanted for drilling purposes sooner than they can be purchased and delivered.” Morgan observes that, “At this moment there is less difficulty in getting soldiers than arms,” and asks Cameron’s “immediate attention.”283 (For U.S. Quartermaster Montgomery Meigs’ response concerning horses, see entry for October 3.) 22: Superintendent Kennedy recommends to Seward that the National Zeitung’s chief editor, O. Bengue, be arrested, “and probably his arrest would be sufficient for the whole.”284 23: Assistant Secretary of War Scott instructs Morgan to send the Fifth German Rifles (the Forty-Fifth New York, commanded by Colonel George Von Amsberg285) to Washington, where they will join General Blenker’s brigade. Scott wires again: “What regiments do you start to-day? Are they armed and equipped?” Morgan replies to Cameron that the FortyNinth under Colonel Daniel D. Bidwell286 and the Fiftieth (New York Engineers) under Colonel Charles Beebe Stuart287 departed for Washington this morning. “They are informed that tents will be provided on their arrival.”

Separately, the War Department instructs all governors that uniforms now must be blue.288 (See Chronology.) 24: Ambrose Burnside, having received War Department approval to recruit an amphibious unit, now reports to Cameron on his endeavors. “I have communicated with the Governors of New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island, and find them all disposed to give their aid to the expedition.” New York has one regiment organizing “with the prospect of two more.” Separately, Morgan writes Cameron that “It is necessary that you provide arms for ten regiments, or direct the Springfield Armory to honor my requisition therefore.”289 25: Morgan writes to Seward asking for such authority “as to enable me to encourage rather than to repress the rising spirit of enlistments.” First, he wants permission to raise 25,000 more men for infantry, cavalry, and artillery. Two facts drive him: the existing quota of 25,000 is almost filled, and the onset of winter—with the consequent freezing of “canals, the river and the lakes cannot fail to give us many hardy and loyal men who are dependent upon their daily employment for support of themselves and their families, and who from following out-of-door pursuits, from constant exposure to the weather, their habits of self-reliance, and being accustomed to obey orders, will be found to be of the best material for recruits.” Morgan expects that more recruits eventually will be needed and recruiting now is really in the men’s interest: putting them in the army “will tend to prevent them from squandering their earnings, and from a course of recklessness which, with the class who follow the water, usually succeeds their season of labor.” And there is a second reason for writing—or explicitly lobbying—Seward: “It is imperatively necessary that our volunteers should be

furnished with suitable arms.” He explains that New York, having spent $500,000 in Europe, has exhausted its resources, “and I now look to the Government.” He has asked the War Department and Bureau of Ordnance for help “and I beg your aid in the matter.” Morgan states that since the war began, not one Springfield rifle has appeared in the state. “Why is this?” he asks. “Our requisitions have been for a due proportion of such, but we have invariably received the old smooth-bores of 1842 or 1822.”290 27: This morning Cameron is handed Morgan’s September 25 letter to Seward. His back goes up. “Allow me respectfully to suggest that hereafter when Your Excellency has business to transact connected with this Department,” he testily responds, “our intercourse will be much facilitated if you will address your communications directly to me.” Cameron adds that, “I am very desirous of meeting the wishes of the Governor of the State of New York,” and to prove it, he immediately accepts Morgan’s offer of 25,000 men beyond the state’s quota. “You will please organize them, and prepare them for service with the least possible delay.” But Cameron resists Morgan’s complaints about a shortage of modern arms, especially Springfields (not the shortage itself, which is a fact, but the reasons for the shortage). “Your complaint . . . is hardly just,” he declares, and he offers a few insights about remedying shortages. “At the commencement of the war our arsenals were nearly empty, and we have now purchased every gun fit for service that could be obtained in Europe and America.” Cameron discusses the Springfield manufactory: its capacity has been doubled, and the plant converted to twenty-four-hour production. Before the war, it could produce 3,000 arms monthly; by the end of September, it will produce 10,000 arms 1861: Key Events | 135

monthly. In addition, the War Department has scoured the country for arms manufacturers and contracted with all it could find. All of this, Cameron declares, should insure that the 25,000 new recruits just authorized will be given “arms worthy of the hardy men of New York State.” (See entry for October 1.) Separately, Cameron responds to an offer from Colonel Edward W. Serrell,291 who is currently organizing what will become the First New York Engineers. Cameron accepts both the regiment and a company of artillery, including six Parrott rifled cannon, “subject to the approval of Governor Morgan, as one of the quota of twenty five regiments authorized to be reorganized by him.”292 28: Cameron wires Morgan with an urgent request. “Can you ship by express to-day 5,000 muskets [from] stores on hand to General Anderson293 at Louisville?” He promises to replace them in ten days from the U.S. arsenal in New York. Morgan replies that he has ordered “3,000 [sic] muskets as requested.” In a second note, Morgan now asks for something in return: authority to purchase “all the horses required” for cavalry and artillery regiments now forming in the state. He promises to pay no more than U.S-approved prices and all animals will be subject to U.S. inspection. Morgan declares that “it is the highest importance to the service that this authority should be granted to me at once.” Cameron replies, but not with authority to buy horses. “I have the honor to inform you that the President has this day appointed you major-general volunteers,” he informs Morgan. “Allow me to congratulate you, and to hope that you will accept the post.”294 october 1: Thomas A. Scott authorizes Sickles to organize three batteries of artillery—“without interfering 136 | New York

in any manner with the enlistments now going on in the State of New York.” Separately, Morgan responds to Cameron’s September 27 letter. He thanks him for the authority to raise 25,000 volunteers, then seeks to smooth the waters. “I beg to say that in communicating with [Seward] nothing was further from my thoughts than an interference with your prerogatives or a disregard of your just authority.” Instead, he cites Seward’s intimacy with New York’s affairs and notes that the secretary of state frequently invited Morgan to use him to lobby Lincoln or Cameron. Regarding arms, while Morgan concedes that, “Each State is, of course, apt to be partial to its own troops,” he continues to press New York’s case. He complains that in distributing arms from Europe or America, the federal government has not given New York its due, and asks Cameron for more favorable consideration. In one of two subsequent communications, Cameron replies to Morgan’s September 21 letter (regarding horses) by informing the governor that it has been referred to the U.S. quartermaster general for consideration; as for other supplies, he instructs Morgan to “make the proper requisition upon the U.S. officers who will afford you every facility in their power to this end.” Concluding this letter, Cameron increases Morgan’s recruiting authority: now he may recruit as many troops as will equal 100,000 men furnished for all of 1861. In his last note of the day, Cameron directs Morgan to send four units as ready to the Burnside expedition’s depot at Camp Hempstead, Long Island.295 2: Cameron asks Morgan how many of the First New York Engineers are enrolled, can the unit be readied within five days, and if not, how many men can be readied? Morgan replies that 470 First Engineers are mustered, 140 are

not mustered, and 217 have been recruited in New Jersey and are being held by that state’s governor, Charles Olden. Serrell has informed Morgan that, in two weeks, regimental strength will total 1,000 men. Cameron replies to Morgan by asking him to send Serrell’s regiment, or any part that is ready, to T. W. Sherman. “It will be a fine opportunity for [Serrell],” Cameron notes, “His command will be most useful.” Then the secretary makes an offer that Morgan would be unlikely to refuse. “If desired, I will request Governor Olden to send Jersey recruits to Hempstead.” Morgan then complains to Cameron that, “certain regiments of the State of New York expect to obtain their commissions direct from the United States,” adding, “I sincerely trust this will not be the case.” The day closes on a bright note for Morgan, as Cameron replies with a single sentence: “All officers of New York regiments will be referred to you for commission.”296 3: Cameron redeems his offer to Morgan, as asw Thomas A. Scott writes to New Jersey Governor Olden requesting that his state’s recruits for the First New York Engineers be allowed to join the unit at Camp Hempstead. In his reply, Olden notes that these recruits are not under his command; nevertheless, he is “willing you should order them when and where you please.” Cameron then informs Morgan that Serrell “can take the recruits from New Jersey” but that he should “Please hurry up this organization.” Separately, U.S. Quartermaster General Montgomery Meigs answers Morgan’s September 21 letter about horses. The problem is money. “The [U.S.] Treasury is so pressed for funds that it is not able at this time to meet without delay the daily requisitions,” Meigs explains. But there is welcome news. McClellan has ordered 8,000 horses, many of which are in Washington awaiting artillery and cavalry; there are enough

to provide the estimated 1,100 horses for Bailey’s New York artillery. Horse equipments are the responsibility of the Ordnance Department, which is not Meigs’ bailiwick; but bugles are his responsibility, and these can be had on short notice.297 (See entry for October 10 for Meigs’ further response.) 4: Morgan asks Cameron if he wants Lieutenant James Barrett Swain298 to organize a cavalry regiment. This would be added to the 4,000 cavalry New York is already organizing “for which arms cannot very soon be provided.”299 5: Cameron orders Colonel Guilford D. Bailey’s First New York Light Artillery to Washington.300 8: Morgan briefs Cameron in two notes, the first about cavalry. New York can send to Washington in the next ten days 3,000 cavalrymen, “mostly, perhaps entirely, uniformed”; he wants Cameron’s advice if they should be sent “as fast as they can be organized and uniformed, arms and equipments to be furnished at Washington[?]” In addition to these men, there are “at least” 3,000 more being raised in state “with a fair prospect of several thousand more soon, unless enlistments in this arm of the service shall be discouraged.” The second note pertains to infantry. Within the next ten days, Morgan can send six infantry regiments, “all having the minimum and several the maximum number [of men], equipped with the exception of arms, and with the exception of baggage wagons, horses and tents.” He seeks Cameron’s advice on where this force should be sent—to Washington or elsewhere. “Some of the regiments can move in a day or two,” he adds.301 10: Meigs informs Morgan that $1 million has been sent to Captain Henry C. Hodges302 in New York and that a priority list for pressing disbursements has been established. “The requisition for the State of New York was 1861: Key Events | 137

one thus reported as most pressing,” Meigs declares.303 Archbishop John Hughes warns Cameron that, “The Catholics, so far as I know, whether of native or foreign birth, are willing to fight to the death for the support of the Constitution, the Government, and the laws of this country. But if it should be understood that, with or without knowing it, they are to fight for the abolition of slavery, then indeed, they will turn away in disgust from the discharge of what would otherwise be a patriotic duty.”304 11: Thomas A. Scott answers Morgan’s October 8 query about where to send the six regiments of infantry and three of cavalry. All should be sent to Washington.305 14: In a letter that stirs considerable anxiety in many states, Seward warns coastal and lakefront governors about the possibility of waterborne attacks and urges them to fortify coastal defenses.306 (See Chronology.) 18: Hillhouse reports to aag Lorenzo Thomas that New York has ordered four infantry regiments to Burnside; ordered to Washington are five infantry, two artillery, and one cavalry regiment. In addition, the regiments currently organizing amount to ten infantry, three cavalry, and one artillery, and may be complete within thirty days.307 19: Morgan tells Cameron, “It is important the order creating the military department of New York be issued at once.” In another note, Morgan informs Cameron about cavalry recruitment in the state, which he fears may be getting out of control. There are four regiments currently being organized, “not more than one-half of which can be equipped in the next four weeks.” Moreover, “cavalry companies are springing up and are being organized in many parts of the State under a belief that the Government need such and that they will be accepted into the service.” The 138 | New York

businessman in Morgan, always concerned with “proper economy,” wants Cameron on notice. (See entry for October 28.) Separately, Morgan acknowledges Seward’s October 14 warning letter to seaboard governors, and declares that he will “take immediate steps to procure some needed information” about New York’s coastal defenses for future consideration.308 (See entry for November 4.) 21: Battle of Ball’s Bluff, Virginia. Tammany’s regiment, the Forty-Second New York, is a combatant. 23: The War Department arranges to pay wages to pows. (See Chronology.) Meanwhile, James A. McMaster takes the oath of allegiance and is released from Fort Lafayette.309 (See entry for October 28, 1864.) 24: asw Scott asks Morgan to authorize Captain T. J. Kennedy,310 currently with the Nineteenth New York, to recruit an artillery battery to serve with his regiment.311 26: The War Department asks Morgan for an accounting of all troops furnished to date, including three-month regiments, as well as troops expected by December 1. The governor replies immediately: New York has furnished 11 three-month regiments (10,000 men) and, in aggregate, 75 regiments (66,000 men). By December 1, an additional 30 regiments will be provided, with an estimated strength of 27,000.312 Separately, the War Department issues GO No. 92, which creates the Department of New York and announces Morgan’s acceptance as its commander, with the rank of major general.313 28: aag Scott informs sharpshooter Hiram Berdan that, “I think we have a sufficient number of sharpshooters enlisted to meet the wants of the Army.” Scott orders Berdan to close the New York camp and send all recruits in camp to Washington.

Cameron finally answers Morgan’s October 19 letter expressing concern about excess cavalry recruitment. “In reply, you are respectfully informed that this Department is not disposed to increase the quota of cavalry regiments from your State beyond those already authorized.”314 Horatio Seymour speaks in Utica and establishes his bona fides as an opposition leader. “We are willing to support this war as a means of restoring our Union, but we will not carry it on in a spirit of hatred, malice, or revenge,” he declares. “We cannot, therefore, make it a war for the abolition of slavery. We will not permit it to be made a war upon the rights of the States. We shall see that it does not crush out the liberties of the citizen.”315 29: Morgan asks Cameron for permission to increase New York’s aggregate recruits from 100,000 to 125,000.316 (See entry for October 1.) 30: Hillhouse reports the estimated departure times of recently recruited regiments. The Fifth Cavalry will leave on November 1; the Second Artillery, November 2; Fifty-Sixth Infantry, November 4; Sixty-First, November 5; Fifty-Eighth, November 6; Fifty-Ninth, November 7; Fifty-Seventh, November 8; no date is given for the Sixty-Sixth. Hillhouse explains that these units were formed by, “consolidating incomplete regiments,” thus, “it has been found impracticable to have them of the maximum strength.” All were recruited in New York City and vicinity. Arming this force as well as those still recruiting (“from the regimental camps in the interior of the State from ten to fifteen regiments”) forces Hillhouse to revisit a familiar subject. Other than 10,000 Enfield muskets and rifles, many of which need to remain in New York for units still organizing, “the State has no supply.” He asks that the War Department give Morgan the authority to requisition Springfields “sufficient

to arm, say, ten regiments, it would relieve the authorities from much embarrassment.”317 31: Morgan informs Cameron that New York’s quota of six cavalry regiments is now full (except for Swain’s Eleventh New York and the Ira Harris Cavalry) and awaits equipment by the federal government.318 november 1: Major General Morgan assumes command of the Department of New York.319 4: Morgan approves of certain suggestions made by Secretary of State Seward regarding his October 14 warning to seaboard and lakefront governors, and now asks that Lincoln appoint an officer “who will act as an agent of the Government and with whom I can immediately and directly confer preparatory to prosecuting a system of defense in this State.”320 5: State elections yield the following results. (The next gubernatorial election will take place in 1862.) Attorney General: Daniel S. Dickinson, Union, 295,609; Horatio Ballard, Democrat, 188,361321 State Assembly: 35 Democrats, 92 Republicans, and 1 Independent Republican State Senate: 10 Democrats, 22 Republicans322 7: General McClellan requests of aag Scott “that no more cavalry regiments be authorized in any part of the country. Those already authorized cannot be armed and equipped for several months, and they will be all that will be required this winter.”323 Scott asks Morgan to forward to Washington, with orders to report to McClellan, the Fifty-Eighth Infantry under Colonel Wladimir Krzyanowski,324 and the Fifty-Second Infantry under Colonel Paul Frank.325 8: The U.S. Navy illegally boards the RMS Trent 1861: Key Events | 139

and seizes two Confederate diplomats and staff. (See Chronology.) 9: Captain Nathaniel Gordon of the slaver Erie is convicted in New York City. (See entry for February 7, 1862.) 11: Seward tells Morgan that the officer assigned to work with Albany on defending New York’s coastal and inland water facilities is Brigadier General Joseph G. Totten.326 14: Cameron asks Morgan to send Colonel Viele’s artillery regiment to Washington with orders to report to McClellan. Morgan replies that “Colonel Viele has no artillery regiment,” but he will send instead four artillery companies for Colonel Bailey’s First New York Light no latter than November 17.327 15: Morgan writes Totten on the subject of New York’s coastal and inland waterway defenses. The governor has prepared a survey of these, but given Totten’s more extensive surveys, he will not trouble him without first hearing the chief of engineers’ recommendations. Morgan admits that New York’s defenses are “in a very imperfect and unsatisfactory condition,” and assures Totten of “my readiness to co-operate with the Government, and especially with your department, in whatever is necessary.” Separately, Captain Richard I. Dodge328 of the Eighth U.S. Infantry, now a mustering officer, writes Lorenzo Thomas from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, with a question about eight New Yorkers. They seek to enlist, presumably in a Pennsylvania regiment, and are described by Dodge as “excellent men.” All eight “are of about three fourths Indian blood,” although good English speakers. Dodge has happily mustered them, with the understanding that, “if not approved by the Department these names should be stricken from the rolls.” Dodge asks: “Will you be kind enough to inform me immediately if my action meets your approbation?”329 (See entry for November 27.) 140 | New York

16: The national convention of the Young Men’s Christian Association meets in New York at the American Bible Society. Delegates organize the U.S. Christian Commission.330 18: The War Department institutes a system to track each state’s troop contributions. Morgan is requested to provide the War Department—on the tenth, twentieth, and last day of each month—with a complete roster of all regiments currently being recruited in New York; this should include “a full report of the condition of the volunteer recruiting service in your State setting forth the number of complete regiments for duty, the number nearly completed and number in process of organization,” as well as the names of commanders and arm of service. (See entries, for December 24, 1861, and January 21, 1862.) Meanwhile, Cameron instructs Colonel Meagher to “Get your command ready for marching orders. We shall have quarters for you at Harrisburg in a few days.”331 (See entry for February 18, 1862.) 19: asw Scott writes Morgan that Colonel David Webb,332 organizing at Camp Scott near New York City, now has “a sufficient number of men to form a full regiment of infantry.” Although this unit was recruited to form “the Third Regiment of Ira Harris Cavalry,” the War Department informs Morgan that it will no longer equip them as such. It will accept them as infantry, however, if Morgan reorganizes them as infantry.333 25: Lorenzo Thomas writes Morgan to inform him that the War Department has rescinded provisions of the Department of New York’s GO No. 1 which required state officers (as well as federal officers based in New York) responsible for “organization, equipment, and subsistence of volunteers” to report to Morgan and not to Washington. Thomas reminds the governor and major general that federal

officers in “the general recruiting service” report to the adjutant general of the U.S. Army, “subject to the discretion of the Secretary of War.” Thomas then lectures Morgan on federal-state relations: orders issued for the Department of New York “must come from the commanding officer thereof in his military capacity. The Governor of a State is a civil State officer. He cannot give instructions to those serving in a military capacity under the Federal Government.” (See December 3 for Morgan’s reply.) In another matter relating to federal-state relations, Cameron writes Morgan and asks that New York “withdraw all agents for the purchase of arms, in order that the Government of the United States may make all such purchases with the greatest possible economy and remove the present inducement of speculators to withhold arms from the service.”334 Separately, Morgan informs Cameron that the Seventh New York Cavalry under Colonel Andrew Jackson Morrison335 has left for Washington. The Ninth New York Cavalry, under Colonel John Beardsley,336 and the Eighth, under Colonel Samuel J. Crooks,337 will deploy this week. All units leave “well uniformed and organized” but “not mounted or armed,” as the U.S. government will supply rifles and horses in Washington. Morgan also confirms that, “I now accept infantry soldiers as offered. I decline to accept cavalry.”338 27: aag E. D. Townsend replies to Captain Dodge’s November 15 query about mustering in Indians. “I am directed to say that the muster-in of eight men who are of about three-fourths Indian blood is approved by the Secretary of War.” Scott instructs Morgan to “Make no further organization of new regiments. When those that have been authorized are filled we will be fully supplied.”339 Meanwhile, Mayor Fernando Wood

speaks in the Volksgarten.340 He restates some familiar denunciations of Albany’s tyranny over New York City and expresses his opposition to dry legislation (“I am opposed to dictating to any man whether he shall drink water or lager beer or rum”). But about the war he waxes intemperate. The Republicans, he says, are “in favor of freeing the slave that [they] may rid the South of slavery and bring black labor in competition with white labor of the North.” Republicans are not only corrupt but in the service of corruption, they are exploiting naturalized citizens. “They will get Irishmen and Germans to fill up the regiments and go forth to defend the country under the idea that they will themselves remain at home to divide the amount of plunder that is to be distributed.” They will prosecute the war “so long as a drop of Southern blood is to be shed.” He closes with a warning against electing a Republican mayor. “If this party gets possession of the city government God help you!” he declares. “They have driven the Union to destruction, and they are now battling steadily against the old Empire State itself.”341 Wood understands the risk of overly vigorous dissent. (He also anticipates difficulties from critics; see entry for November 28.) Characteristically, he tries to remain a step ahead of the opposition and writes a pre-emptive letter to Seward. “An effort will be made to prejudice me in the estimation of the Government by representations affecting my support of the war movement, &c.,” he declares, adding that these attempts will be designed to defeat his candidacy. “I am for a vigorous prosecution of the war, and for sustaining the Administration by every power at our command, and for a restoration of peace only when it can be done consistently with the safety, honor and unity of the entire Government.”342 1861: Key Events | 141

28: In separate letters, U.S. Marshal Murray and Superintendent Kennedy write Seward in reaction to Woods’ speech of the previous night. Kennedy declares that “the community was scandalized this morning” on reading the speech in the newspapers, while Murray’s message is more severe: “I have been importuned by a number of our most respectable citizens to arrest Fernando Wood in consequence of a violent disunion speech he made last night. . . . I await your instructions.”343 30: Totten reports to Cameron on the status of U.S. seaboard and lakefront fortifications, including those in New York. At Fort Ontario (Oswego), work amounting to $100,000 is needed to rebuild gun platforms and reinforce scarps and counterscarps. At Fort Montgomery (Rouse’s Point), work amounting to $100,000 is required to mostly complete armament. Fort Schuyler (at the eastern entrance of New York Harbor) is “essentially ready,” while the fort at Willet’s Point (also at the eastern entrance New York Harbor) requires $200,000 to pay off a mortgage and begin construction, as this work “is of greatest importance for the defense of the commercial metropolis of the country.” Fort Columbus, Castle William, South Battery, Fort Wood, and Fort Gibson, “all works immediately in front of the southern end of the city of New York, and constituting its inner line of defense, are in serviceable condition” and ready for armaments. New Battery at Fort Hamilton (New York Harbor) is being acquired by the U.S. government and construction will begin in the spring; Fort Richmond (also in New York Harbor) is ready for armament although it requires some additional work. The works adjacent to Fort Tompkins requires $200,000 for completion of its counterscarps; pavement of its galleries also must be done. Casemate Battery for Staten Island “is the 142 | New York

most important work yet to be undertaken for the defense of New York” and will require $100,000 to build. Sandy Hook requires substantial work, with $300,000 necessary for completion.344 Separately, Morgan concludes two pieces of War Department business. To Cameron’s November 25 request that New York cease sending state agents to purchase arms, he replies that, “in view of the inability of the General Government to supply all the volunteers with arms,” New York did dispatch agents to England to buy Enfields. After that contract is fulfilled, however, “No other purchase has been or will be made by the State.” Morgan also writes Assistant Secretary of War Scott. He acknowledges his November 27 order to cease recruiting volunteers, but can’t resist a bit of sarcasm. “I will, of course, comply with the wishes of the War Department,” Morgan says, “but I beg to add that, unless the rebellion is crushed out by the 1st of February next, I shall ask the acceptance by the Government of at least 25,000 additional volunteers.”345 december 1: Cameron makes his annual report of the War Department to Lincoln, including a statement of the “estimated strength of the Army.” New York is credited with 10,188 threemonth volunteers and 100,200 three-year volunteers, for an aggregate of 110,388. New York furnished 13.08 percent of the national total (77,875) of three-months volunteers and 15.64 percent of the national total (640,637) of three-year volunteers.346 3: In the New York City mayoral election, Republican George Opdyke (25,380 votes) defeats Mozart Democrat Fernando Wood (24,167) and Tammany Democrat C. Godfrey Gunther (24,767).347

The War Department notifies Morgan that no more cavalry regiments will be accepted into service; moreover, it declares that “a number” of cavalry already raised will be converted into “infantry or garrison artillery.” Separately, Morgan replies to Thomas’s November 25 letter rescinding certain provisions of his orders. By requiring federal recruiting officers to report to him, Morgan only was attempting “to establish uniformity in the matter of organizing, equipping and subsisting volunteers.” Despite War Department orders that officers forming regiments report to him as governor, not all do, and it is only from federal recruiting officers that he can discover their needs. He reminds Thomas of Cameron’s November 18 request that New York report to the War Department on the tenth, twentieth, and final day of each month with the status of regiments in formation. Without requiring federal reports, Morgan will be unable to comply fully with the secretary’s request. He asks for authority to continue receiving these reports.348 Meanwhile, the War Department issues GO No. 105, stripping governors of recruiting authority, to take effect on January 1, 1862. Under its provisions, Major J. T. Sprague (a future state adjutant general) will be appointed as the U.S. superintendent of recruiting for New York. (See Chronology.) 18: Morgan dispatches William A. Dart,349 U.S. attorney for the Northern District of New York, to present a letter to Totten. “The recent affair of the Trent and the possible consequences growing out of it has caused much solicitude in the city of New York,” Morgan writes. He adds that these anxieties are not limited to seaports: also included are “the borders of the lakes, and at points where it is thought canals might be damaged and sources of supplies of water could be cut off.” The governor wants to

cooperate with Totten to “reassure all classes and give them to feel that no time will be lost nor means spared by the authorities to protect the interest of the citizens.” He asks that Totten give Dart his plans “as will enable me to take early action in relation to the subject.”350 (See entry for December 30.) 21: Hillhouse writes to Lorenzo Thomas about “the defenses of the forts in the vicinity of New York [City] and our northern frontier” as anxieties about the Trent affair mount. “Should the first blow be delivered before a declaration of war against us, it would only be a repetition of what occurred in the case of Denmark,” Hillhouse writes. “The possibility of a similar course being pursued with us renders the question of protecting our seaports and frontiers one of first importance, and the propriety of at once placing garrisons in the forts about New York and on the lakes.” To that end, Hillhouse suggests that some of the volunteers being raised for federal service could garrison these works; failing that, “New York stands prepared, if required, to furnish a force equal to her resources and the loyalty of her citizens [i.e., militia], only asking that her efforts may be made doubly effective by timely action on the part of the General Government.”351 23: Cameron writes governors that, “Large numbers of foreign officers of military education and experience have tendered their services to the Government, which has to the extent of its ability availed itself of their offers.” He now “respectfully recommends” that the governors do the same.352 24: Congress passes an act to enable soldiers to allot pay. (See Chronology.) Meanwhile, Morgan objects to Cameron about Section II of the War Department’s GO No. 105. (See Chronology for December 3, 1861.) This order “seems to imply . . . that enlistments are to be 1861: Key Events | 143

transferred to and continued under regular officers of the Army [and] I feel it my duty to express my fear that the policy . . . will prove to be unwise.” First, he notes that the volunteer and regular armies “proceed on radically different bases” and that this is evidenced by the “inability” of regular army officers to recruit: “our citizens . . . entering the service are prompted by a sense of obligation to defend their institutions rather than a desire to find employment.” Until New York has “faltered in her duty the agents elected by her people . . . can properly be permitted to act as the medium through which the Government obtained its volunteers.” Moreover, federal recruiters will be unsuccessful in persuading “the class of men of which our regiments are composed”; they will also injure state pride. Morgan asks that the War Department rescind this part of the general order.353 26: The Confederate diplomats seized from the Trent are released and sent to Provincetown. (They will embark on a British warship on January 1, 1862). The formal crisis with Britain is ended, but New York’s anxieties about coastal defenses remain. Separately, Cameron replies to Morgan’s letter of December 24, objecting to War Department GO No. 105. He states that Congress’s quota of 500,000 men has been met; hereafter, no new men will be accepted but by special requisition. In sum, Cameron believes there will be no more general recruiting by the states. What recruiting that will occur will be limited to completing units still organizing or replacing losses in units already deployed; thus, the government requires only “a system of recruiting with a view to keeping the various regiments full and of saving the great expense which necessarily exists under present arrangements [in which

144 | New York

each state manages its own recruiting].” Cameron concludes by refusing to rescind any provision of GO No. 105.354 (But see Morgan’s counterattack on January 21, 1862.) 30: Banks suspend specie payments. In response to Morgan’s message of December 18 regarding New York’s coastal defenses, Totten offers a lengthy reply. The report is candid and, after careful reading, could not have been very reassuring. After detailing fort-by-fort plans for New York Harbor’s defenses, he concedes that preparations for the projected total of 1,093 heavy-caliber shore guns will be “finished or likely to be finished within a year or so.” Based on a five-man-per-gun ratio, Totten projects that some 5,000 men will be necessary to serve these batteries and strongly recommends that the nysm train for such duty. Totten adds that these defenses can be supplemented by floating batteries—although none have yet been constructed (or, he implies, even designed). He also discusses the prospect of an amphibious invasion on Long Island’s south shore, perhaps with the Brooklyn Navy Yard as the enemy’s initial objective. Shore batteries that could fire on enemy transports, along with the inland forts necessary to garrison land forces, do not yet exist; nevertheless, Totten is confident that once they are built, some combination of these and New England troops (which could be summoned by telegraph and transported by rail) would be sufficient to confront invaders. Unfortunately, Colonel Delafield is unwell and, with so many engineers serving in the field, there is a shortage of personnel. Regarding the northern frontier, Totten suggests that, on Lake Erie, “the great preponderance there of our tonnage” would deter any threats from Canada (although he concedes no knowledge

of particulars). Fortifying Buffalo is another matter. The armaments of Buffalo’s Fort Porter are incomplete; new forts need to be constructed nearby to supplement Porter’s capabilities with crossfire. The expenditure is estimated at $150,000, and all forts should be garrisoned with nysm. At the mouth of the Niagara River, Fort Niagara remains a useful work but needs improvements estimated at $150,000. On Lake Ontario, the English and American tonnage is even, and the lake is accessible to ocean vessels. Rochester is the first concern here and its defense requires fieldworks some eight miles south of the Genesee River (an estimated $75,000 to construct). Fort Ontario, which defends Oswego, requires $150,000 for restoration and armaments. Sodus Bay would be a useful boatyard and should be defended by fieldworks (estimated cost: $50,000). Sackett’s Harbor (on the far eastern shore of Lake Ontario) “has no defenses” and it will require $150,000 to build these. New York’s frontier along the St. Lawrence likewise has no defenses, save “a small and weak redoubt” at Ogdensburg. “Every town and habitation upon either shore of this river may be said to lie at all times at the mercy of the shore opposite” (which Totten believes may be its best defense). He recommends a new survey of the St. Lawrence to determine where forts might be established to control communications along the waterway. For defending Lake Champlain, the news is better. At Rouse’s Point, Fort Montgomery “affords position for the complete defense of the outlet.” The fort “is well advanced. . . . It may even now resist escalade.” By the time Champlain thaws in the spring, it should have complete armaments. Finally, Totten recommends that Albany, with its rail, telegraph, and canal connections, serve

as the concentration point for forces defending the northern frontier.355

Legislative Sessions eighty-fourth session of the new york legislature The formal proceedings of persons in some of our sister States, with the avowed purpose of dissolving the Federal Union, is . . . a subject of painful apprehension, and so imminent has the danger been felt to be, that the business affairs of the country have been deranged, and the public mind greatly perplexed.

A separation of one or more of the States, though

called secession, and claimed to be lawful under rights erroneously supposed to have been reserved to the States, can, nevertheless, be practically nothing else than disunion, and disunion, so soon as it shall take its needful form and proportions, must reveal itself in the character of treason, which it will be the high duty of the General Government to arrest and punish. . . . The people of the State of New York, in my judgment, are not prepared for such an admission [i.e., the failure of the federal government]; on the contrary, they will give to the Federal authorities, in the adoption of all wise, just and necessary measures for the enforcement of the laws, their earnest, faithful and constant support.

I would respectfully invite all those States which have

upon their statute books any [personal liberty laws], conflicting with the Federal Constitution, to repeal them at the earliest opportunity. —Governor Edwin D. Morgan, excerpts from annual address, January 1, 1861356

Concurrent Resolutions Tendering Aid to the President of the United States and Support of the Constitution and the Union Whereas, the existence of “treason . . . in one or more of the states of this confederacy”; and South Carolina’s seizure of “the post office, custom house, moneys and fortifications of the federal government”; and the firing on the Star of the West; and the actions of Georgia, Alabama, and Louisi-

1861: Legislative Sessions | 145

ana, which have also “unlawfully seized with hostile intentions” federal “forts and property”; and that their “senators in congress avow and maintain their treasonable acts,” it is therefore resolved: “That the legislature of New York, profoundly impressed with the value of the Union, and determined to preserve it unimpaired, hail with joy the recent firm, dignified and patriotic special message of the president of the United States, [and we offer him through our governor] whatever aid in men and money he may require to enable him to enforce the laws and uphold the authority of the federal government.” New York expresses gratitude to the “Unionloving representatives and citizens” of Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Missouri, and Tennessee, “who withhold their states from the vortex of secession.” The governor is directed to circulate these resolutions to other governors. Passed January 14, 1861.357 Concurrent Resolutions, Inviting the President-Elect to pass Through the State of New York, on His Way to Washington Passed by the assembly on January 26 and the senate on January 29, 1861.358 Concurrent Resolutions Appointing Commissioners from this State to   Meet Commissioners from other States   at Washington The whereas recitals cite Virginia’s invitation to “the slaveholding and non-slaveholding states” to meet in Washington on February 4 to consider “some suitable adjustment of our national difficulties.” New York, while it holds “the opinion that the constitution of the United States, as it is, contains all needful guarantees for the rights of states, are nevertheless, ready at all times to confer with their brethren upon all alleged grievances, and to do all that can justly be required of them, to allay discon146 | New York

tent.” Therefore the state appoints David Dudley Field, William Curtis Noyes, James S. Wadsworth, James C. Smith, Amaziah B. James, Erastus Corning, Addison Gardiner, Greene C. Bronson, William E. Dodge, John A. King, and John E. Wool as commissioners to proceed to Washington. The commissioners are “at all times . . . subject to the control of this Legislature.” It should not be implied that by appointing commissioners the New York legislature “approves of the propositions” submitted by Virginia. Passed by the assembly on February 1 and the senate on February 5, 1861.359 Concurrent Resolutions of Thanks to Governor Hicks of Maryland Expresses gratitude for “the conservative action of the border slave states, in refusing to sanction the unconstitutional measures of the secession states.” Expresses gratitude for “the refusal of Governor Hicks, of Maryland, to convene the legislature of that state to promote the objects of the secessionists.” (See Maryland chapter in States at War, volume 4.) Passed by the Senate, January 22, and by the Assembly, February 18, 1861.360 Chapter 18: An Act to aid the government of the United States in obtaining a loan of money upon its bonds Section 1: “For the purpose of aiding the government of the United States in obtaining a loan of money upon its bonds, the faith of this state, to an amount equal to the deposit fund held in this state . . . shall upon application of the secretary of the treasury of the United States, be pledged for the payment by the government of the United States, within not less than ten years, of its bonds to the full amount of said fund.” Enacted February 16, 1861.361 It is not doubted that New York will be at once called upon for a large quota of militia. It would seem, therefore, most

clearly to be the part of wisdom, no less than the dictate of patriotism, that a military force be authorized sufficiently large to meet the present and prospective demands of the General Government; and to place such force at the disposal of the Federal authorities. I would, therefore, respectfully, though earnestly, urge that the Legislature, without delay, confer large discretionary power than is now possessed to embody and equip a volunteer militia for the public defence, and to provide the necessary means therefore.

Let not New York falter in this hour of the country’s peril;

but let her make all needful preparation to respond to the Nation’s call with that promptness which comports with her past history, and with her present position in the sisterhood of States. —Governor Edwin D. Morgan, “To the Assembly,” April 15, 1861362

Chapter 277: An Act to authorize the embodying and equipment of a Volunteer Militia, and to provide for the public defence Section 1: In addition to existing militia, authorizes “The governor, lieutenant-governor, secretary of state, comptroller, attorney-general, state engineer and surveyor, and state treasurer (or a majority of them)” to accept for two years 30,000 men, “to be formed and organized without regard to military districts.” Section 2: Authorizes the governor to commission officers, consistent with Article 11 of the New York constitution. (See Governance and Politicians.) Section 3: Officers and men are to be given the same wages and rations as those in U.S. service; men raised under this act “shall be liable to be turned over to the service of the United States” by the governor and as part of the state militia, upon the president’s requisition. Section 5: Captains of companies are required to make monthly returns to their colonels, except when in U.S. service; the colonels will forward these and the regimental return to the adjutant general and comptroller for payment. Section 6: “All expenditures of arms, supplies

or equipments . . . for said force shall be made under the direction of the governor, lieutenantgovernor, secretary of state, comptroller, attorney general, state engineer and surveyor and state treasurer” (or a majority thereof ). Section 7: This force, when called into service, is subject to “all the rules and articles applicable to troops in the service of the United States”; troops may only be discharged from service “in the county where they were organized,” except by individual request. Section 8: Appropriates $3 million “to defray the expenditures authorized by this act.” Section 9: For the fiscal year commencing October 1, 1861, a state tax of two mills “on each dollar of the valuation of real and personal property in this state” are imposed to finance these expenditures. Passed April 15, 1861.363 Chapter 292: An Act to provide arms and equipments of the Militia of the State, and for the public defence Section 1: Appropriates $500,000 for the following purposes. Section 2: These moneys may be spent under the direction of the “commander-in-chief, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, attorney general and comptroller” as “most appropriate for the purpose of efficiently arming the militia of the state, and providing for the public defence”; these moneys will not be spent before the next session of the legislature unless deemed necessary by the governor. Section 3: Distribution of “arms, equipments and munitions” is left to the governor’s discretion. Section 4: The governor will report to the next session of the legislature (or as soon as possible thereafter) “all his acts and proceedings” under this statute. Section 5: The governor shall require sureties from the commanders of companies for the safekeeping of arms. 1861: Legislative Sessions | 147

Section 6: The inspector general shall report to every session of the legislature “the number and condition of the arms, equipments and munitions of war.” Passed April 17, 1861.364

State Military Affairs For 1861, considering all terms of service and all branches (except naval), New York furnished 107,278 troops. Three-month militia, including 2 cavalry units and 11 infantry regiments, totaled 8,534 men. Two-year volunteers, consisting of 38 infantry regiments, totaled 30,131 men. Three-year volunteers totaled 68,613 men. This included 10 regiments and 1 battalion of cavalry (8,742 men); 2 regiments and 2 battalions of artillery, plus one rocket battalion (4,434 men); 1 engineer regiment (855 men); 50 infantry regiments (43,582 men); along with recruits for old regiments (11,000 men).365 Troops were furnished against several quotas. Under the call of April 15, New York’s quota was 13,280, against which it sent 13,906 men. Under the combined calls of May 3, July 22, and July 25, New York’s quota was 109,056. To meet this obligation, the state sent 30,950 two-year recruits and 89,281 three-year recruits.366 These figures might have included New York’s general officers. The state had 6 brigadier generals of volunteers promoted from the Regular Army, and 16 commissioned directly from civilian life.367 Through January 1, 1862, New York’s troop casualties and reductions included 270 killed in action; 350 dead from natural causes; 550 pows; 2,700 honorably discharged; 1,500 “Discharged by error in United States muster”; 140 discharged by court-martial; 3,300 deserted or awol; 900 “unaccounted for”; and 7,344 discharged by expiry of service. New Yorkers were deployed in nine states and served in 43 brigades, assigned to 12 different divisions.368 For 1861, the organized militia of 19,613 men 148 | New York

consisted of 8 divisions, containing 25 brigades and 58 regiments. These included 14,551 troops in infantry, light infantry, and rifles, organized into 355 companies; 2,135 in artillery, organized into 52 companies; and 1,323 in cavalry, organized into 33 companies.369 Aid to soldiers’ families came from public and private sources. New York City distributed $3 weekly per family, with an additional $1 for the first child and 50 cents for each younger sibling. The udc estimated that 12,000 New Yorkers received relief from its coffers in 1861. A distribution center was established at 14 Fourth Avenue and aid given at $3 weekly per family; on June 10, this was reduced to $2 weekly. Some of the money advanced by the udc, however, was fronted by the city. Mayor Opdyke lobbied in vain for federal reimbursement. (The city was reportedly still asking for repayment as late as 1929.)370 In his January 7, 1862, annual message, Morgan emphasized New York’s vulnerability to foreign wars, particularly those that involved naval actions. Aggregate tonnage of sailing vessels owned in the Port of New York was 1,258,491, with a value of $69,217,005. Steam-vessel tonnage was 205,510, with a value of $26,716,300. He estimated foreign exports at $111 million and imports at $191.5 million. These aggregated some $384 million—in excess of $1 million per day. “Hostilities with either of the great powers of Europe, and most of all with that government which, from consanguinity, language and customs, is most intimately related to us [i.e., Britain], would be of untold disaster.”371 In 1861, state entities—chiefly banks, brokerage houses, wealthy individuals, corporations, and the city of New York—loaned substantial sums to the U.S. government. This began before the war with a February loan of $7,243,500. In April, loans totaled $7,814,890; in May, $7,310,000. By July, monthly loans had reached $12 million; between August and December of 1861, Wall Street took an unprecedented $105 million in loans. In addition

to these sums, New York City made advances to (or expenditures on behalf of ) the federal government amounting to $2,155,000 in April and $1.5 million in May. Assorted New Yorkers and New York– based corporations advanced an additional $2 million during the year. For the year, total financial support reached an estimated $145,023,390, excluding legally required tax and other payments.372

1862 Key Events january 1: War Department GO No. 105 (see entry for December 3) takes effect. Cameron appoints Major John T. Sprague of the Regular Army as New York’s general superintendent of recruiting.1 2: John C. Nash,2 Hiram Sibley,3 and E. F. Smith4 write to Morgan complaining of the “defenseless condition of the harbor of Rochester.” Morgan immediately forwards the letter to Totten. 3: The War Department asks Morgan to list the names and strengths of all two- and threeyear units, as well as all independent units, furnished by New York.5 7: The state legislature convenes in Albany. 8: aag Lorenzo Thomas thanks Hillhouse for Morgan’s December 21, 1861, offer of nysm to garrison the state’s forts. “The emergency has happily passed which would require prompt action,” Thomas states, referring to the Trent affair, “but the United States Government will at a convenient time look to the defenses of our frontiers and seaports.” Totten writes Morgan in reference to the January 2 letter from Nash, Sibley, and Smith. The chief engineer points out that Congress currently has three separate appropriations: one for $750,000 and two more that aggregate

$600,000, portions of which may be used for Rochester’s defenses. If these fall short, Totten promises that his department will lobby the War Department to request additional funds. The bottleneck involves cannon: “in extremity temporary defenses may speedily be erected . . . but the cannon cannot in any sense be improvised.”6 15: Edward M. Stanton replaces Simon Cameron as secretary of war. 21: On Morgan’s instructions, Hillhouse responds to Cameron’s November 18, 1861, request for three reports per month about regiments forming in the state. Although he is willing, Hillhouse cannot comply. Albany has received “numerous applications” to fill up existing regiments, but “General Orders, No. 105, places the recruiting service in this State beyond [the governor’s] control. . . . [And] unless some provision can be made for at least a portion of the officers who have enlisted the companies and who have been duly appointed, it would be difficult, if not impossible to transfer them.”7 february 1: Colonel George Bliss, Jr.8 replaces Yates as commander of the New York Depot.9 7: Captain Nathaniel Gordon of the slaver Erie is sentenced to hang for his crime.10 (See entry for February 21.) 10: Marsena Patrick resigns from Morgan’s staff to become a brigadier general, USV. 18: aag Thomas writes Meagher to inform him that his request “to have the several regiments composed of Irish citizens now in service consolidated and placed under one command . . . is not approved.” Thomas declares that these men were enlisted “in defense of the Government of the United States and the maintenance of the Union.” It was that sentiment that prompted their enlistment 1862: Key Events | 149

and it would be “inconsistent with the idea of army organization on the basis of distinct nationalities, and to foster such organization among those who are fighting under the same flag is unwise and inexpedient.”11 19: By this date, New York has contributed ten regiments and two companies of cavalry, containing 503 commissioned officers and 9,805 enlisted men, for an aggregate of 10,308 horse soldiers.12 Morgan replies to a resolution of the New York legislature [not listed under Legislative Sessions], “That the Governor be requested to inform this House what provisions (if any) have been made to pay the parents, wives, or orphans of the State volunteers, who have so nobly fought and fell in sustaining the Constitution of our country.” Morgan states that by Act of Congress, Chapter 9, Section 6, surviving heirs receive $100. (See Chronology for July 22, 1861.) The governor concedes, however, that Congress has not yet appropriated funds to pay this.13 21: The War Department issues GO No. 18, which provides in part, “The Governors of States are legally the authorities for raising volunteer regiments and commissioning their officers. Accordingly, no independent organizations, as such [e.g., the Excelsior Brigade] will be hereafter recognized in the U.S. service.”14 Nathaniel Gordon is executed in New York after his February 7 conviction for slave trading. He is the only American ever executed for this crime.15 25: In response to U.S. law (Act of March 2, 1803), Stanton reports to U.S. House Speaker Galusha Grow the militia strength for all states and territories—on paper, 3,214,310 males. New York claims 469,189 enrolled militia (this figure is current through March 27, 1861, but represents the 1860 militia returns).16 (See Military Affairs—1860.) 150 | New York

Separately, Stanton warns newspaper editors and publishers in all important cities against publishing “intelligence” about military operations. Violators are subject to arrest and newspapers to seizure. (See Chronology.) 28: In accordance with a U.S. Senate request, Stanton provides an accounting of state troop contributions. New York’s total is 90,384 men. This presumably includes 6 New York residents promoted to brigadier general from the Regular Army, and 16 promoted to the same rank from civilian life.17 march 6: A large antislavery meeting convenes at Cooper Institute, chaired by James Hamilton,18 son of Alexander Hamilton. Letters are read from Senators Charles Sumner, Preston King, and Henry Wilson.19 Prominent New York sponsors include Francis Lieber,20 George Bancroft,21 William Cullen Bryant,22 and Charles King,23 president of Columbia College.24 Commanded by Captain John L. Worden,25 the “bomb-proof battery” Monitor, pulled by the tugboat Lithlow leaves New York Harbor for Hampton Roads.26 8: Battle of Hampton Roads, the first day: The ironclad Merrimack (CSS Virginia) destroys the wooden-hulled Cumberland and Congress and runs the Minnesota aground. Morgan informs Stanton that, later today, the New York legislature will authorize advancing money to the U.S. government “to pay off such of our regiments as were in this state on the 1st.” (This was for New York bounties owed state recruits.) Morgan, always cautious in money matters—and likely aware of the unusual nature of this transaction—notes that since the units on the receiving end are already on the march, thus delaying distribution, Stanton must acknowledge receipt of the money, and

provide a written undertaking that the funds will be applied as specified. Crack attorney Stanton replies directly to State Comptroller Lucius Robinson27 and immediately complies, although with a proviso: “so far as this Department can do it.” (See entry for March 11.) Meanwhile, Hillhouse notifies Thomas that the Eighty-First, Ninety-Second, NinetyThird, and Ninety-Eighth have departed for Washington. The Ninety-Fifth, One Hundredth, and One Hundred and First depart later today; remaining regiments will deploy “as rapidly as the means of transportation” will permit. The problem is snow upstate, which has disrupted movements. After these units have cleared, only 1,500 mustered men will remain in state, “and a broad field will be opened for recruiting for regiments now in service.”28 9: Battle of Hampton Roads, the second day: the federal ironclad Monitor engages the Merrimack but with indecisive results. Checkmated, the Merrimack returns to port and the federal blockade continues. Stanton offers military advice to the coastal governors, who have been anxiously awaiting the battle’s outcome. “The opinion of naval commanders here is that the Merrimac will not venture to sea, but they advise that immediate preparations be made to guard against the danger to our ports by large timber rafts, protected by batteries.” Stanton continues, “They regard timber rafts, guarded by batteries, as the best protection for temporary purposes. General Totten says do not neglect the batteries.” Morgan replies immediately: “I have ordered into the forts at the harbor of New York such volunteer regiments as have not been dispatched to Washington.” He adds that “I have ordered the militia regiments at New York that are in best preparation to hold themselves ready for duty at the forts in that harbor.” Just as soon as he

can prepare a train, Morgan will leave Albany for New York City.29 11: Stanton informs Comptroller Robinson that U.S. Senator Henry Wilson’s Military Committee will pass today a joint resolution that will authorize the secretary of war “to receive money advanced by a State to pay its own volunteers and make specific application.” He promises Robinson that “this will meet all difficulties and afford security for disbursements.”30 12: Morgan orders New York’s inspector general Chester A. Arthur to tour New York City and Harbor fortifications.31 13: Morgan forwards Stanton a copy of “An Act to aid in repelling and defending in war the frontier of the United States within the limits of this State.” The bill provides $5 million for harbor and frontier defense.32 (See Legislative Sessions.) Congress amends the Articles of War: no soldier or sailor may return slaves to anyone claiming ownership. (See Chronology.) 17: The Army of the Potomac boards steamers to commence the Peninsula Campaign. Meanwhile, Sickles’ adc Joseph L. Palmer Jr.,33 also an acting assistant adjutant general, responds to an inquiry about the whereabouts of a packet of commissions sent by Morgan to Colonel Nelson Taylor,34 who is commanding the Third Regiment of the Excelsior Brigade (now part of Hooker’s Second Division). The Third is actually the New York Seventy-Second—an enumeration Sickles refuses to recognize since he considers Excelsior a creature of federal, not state origin. “There being no such regiment in [Sickles’] command, and the parcel having lain about some time unclaimed,” Palmer explains with brazen defiance, “the contents of this and several others of similar appearance but otherwise addressed to persons officially 1862: Key Events | 151

unknown [probably Morgan’s commissions for other units of Excelsior], by direction of [Sickles] were used as waste paper.”35 (See entry for March 27.) 19: Thomas wires Morgan asking for “an immediate telegraphic report of the whole number of organized regiments, companies, or batteries, of cavalry, artillery, and infantry now mustered or ready to be mustered into U.S. service, but still within the limits of your State.”36 20: New York tycoon Cornelius (“Commodore”) Vanderbilt has offered his ship, the Vanderbilt, to the U.S. government for military purposes. Stanton thanks him for this “patriotic and generous gift” and declares that the government will not only accept the ship, “for protection and defense against the rebel iron-clad ship Merrimac,” but also can use Vanderbilt himself. He will command the ship in action “to aid in the protection and defense of the transports now in the service of this Department at Chesapeake Bay, Hampton Roads, and adjacent waters.” Vanderbilt is given complete authority “to arm, equip, navigate, use, manage, and employ” Vanderbilt as he sees fit. (Oddly, there is no reference here to the mission outlined just several sentences earlier; Stanton only asks that whatever orders Vanderbilt gives be copied to the War Department.) The quartermaster general will be instructed to provide supplies. Meanwhile, Morgan informs Thomas that the Ninety-Seventh, One Hundred and Fourth, and One Hundred and Fifth Infantry, as well as the Fifth Artillery “are complete and ready for service.” Fragments of infantry units still remain, numbering approximately 1,000 men, along with “a fractional cavalry regiment of [James Barrett] Swain, who does not report to the State.” The Fifth Artillery now garrisons New York Harbor; the Ninety-Seventh departs for Washington today, the One Hundred and 152 | New York

Fourth tomorrow, and the One Hundred and Fifth next week.37 27: Palmer’s note of March 17 has reached Morgan, who is furious. He fires off a note to Stanton complaining about “commanding officers of certain regiments from this State [who] persist in refusing to acknowledge the authority of the Governor of this State in regard to commissioning and filling vacancies.” That Sickles’ minions refuse to redeliver commissions is “an injury to the service and in defiance of legitimate authority.” He appeals to Stanton’s understanding of the law, recalling earlier occasions where he has confirmed Albany’s authority regarding appointments. For Stanton’s convenience, he names the offending regiments: the SixtyFifth, Seventy-Second, and Seventy-Fourth (known as the “Fifth Excelsior”); in addition, the Eightieth, Eighty-Third, and Eighty-Fourth also are ignoring Morgan’s authority.38 april 3: The War Department issues GO No. 33, which orders that recruiting cease. The general superintendent of recruiting, John T. Sprague (a future state adjutant general), is likewise ordered to cease recruiting. The cessation will last only six weeks.39 (See Chronology and entry for May 19.) 14: Stanton issues a circular to all governors declaring that the returns made by many states are “imperfect.” Considering changes in War Department policies since states filed these returns, he now asks for “a full and accurate statement of all the troops from your State which are now in the service of the General Government, together with a separate list of all not mustered into the service, and all used as home guards, &c?” The purpose of this request is to allow the department to make “adequate appropriations for payment and supply.”40

15: Thomas asks Morgan for any “organized infantry regiments and artillery companies you may have but not dismounted cavalry.” Hillhouse replies for the governor. “No volunteer infantry remaining in the State except the One hundred and sixth Regiment, which will be organized and sent forward at once,” he promises. “No volunteer artillery except the Fifth Regiment, now occupying the forts in New York harbor. Shall that go?” (Thomas notes on an internal endorsement, “The artillery not to come forward.”)41 16: Slavery abolished in the District of Columbia. 17: Hillhouse replies to Stanton’s circular of April 14, promising the information by mail tomorrow.42 18: Morgan responds to an earlier request by Stanton that New York City accommodate Peninsula casualties by appointing Bliss to oversee the conversion of available barracks into hospitals. Morgan orders Surgeon General S. Oakley Vanderpoel43 to Fort Monroe to oversee New York’s casualties and arrange for transport home.44 23: The legislature adjourns. In one of its last official acts, the New York State Militia is renamed the New York National Guard. This is part of Chapter 477, a militia reform bill (see Legislative Sessions). Hillhouse writes Stanton (perhaps in response to the April 14 circular) that “as nearly as can be ascertained” New York has sent 84,358 infantry, 8,686 cavalry, and 873 engineers, for a total of 102,630 men.45 24: Morgan’s adc Francis M. Rotch46 is sent to assist Vanderpoel on medical matters. 25: Federals enter New Orleans. may 1: In a victory for the governors (especially Morgan), the War Department issues GO No. 49, returning recruiting authority to

them for all troops requisitions from field commanders.47 (See Chronology.) 8: Morgan sends General Chester A. Arthur to Yorktown to oversee care and evacuation of New York’s wounded.48 9: Confederates evacuate Norfolk. 11: The Merrimack (CSS Virginia) is destroyed. 12: At 5:00 a.m., a group of New York City’s African Americans convene services at the Shiloh Church to give thanks for the April 16 abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia. At 3:00 p.m. an American flag is raised at the church, followed by a mass meeting at the Cooper Institute and a ball at Metropolitan Hall on Prince Street. “The rejoicing among the colored population was most general and hearty,” reports the New York Times.49 19: In a reversal of the April 3 suspension of recruiting, Thomas telegraphs Morgan asking for “six or more” new infantry regiments. Morgan immediately replies that he can raise these regiments “in sixty days.” The delay involves the season. “I do not doubt that any number of regiments required by the Government can be organized in this state,” he continues, “but as the agriculturalists and persons employed in inland commerce are now busily engaged [in planting], additional time may be necessary.”50 21: Adjutant General Thomas sends two notes to Morgan. In the first, he asks the governor to recruit an infantry regiment, outfitted and armed, to be ready in thirty days. “Raise as many regiments thereafter as you can,” Thomas concludes. In the second note, Thomas revises his request: Morgan should have the regiment ready in ten days if he can and fifteen if he must. Morgan, unsure about financing this request, writes Stanton. He explains that he lacks an appropriation for Thomas’s request. “I now ask that the Government at once assume the payment 1862: Key Events | 153

of all necessary expenses,” Morgan insists, “and that all needful authority, therefore, be formally issued to me by return mail.”51 23: In response to Thomas’s May 21 letter, Morgan orders recruited “as many companies as practicable.” New York City, Elmira, and Albany are designated as depots. Accordingly, Hillhouse issues New York GO No. 31 to facilitate these enlistments.52 24: Stanton writes Morgan that “The operations of the enemy in the Shenandoah may require speedy re-enforcements. Please organize one regiment as speedily as possible.” He also suggests that the Seventh New York should be prepared to march if needed. Morgan replies that the Seventh, whose roster shows some 900 men, “will move at short notice when ordered.” He also has polled other state militia to determine readiness and has learned this much: “Militia regiments will prefer a three-months’ muster. Will they be accepted?” Stanton replies with a confidential wire to Morgan, Massachusetts’ Governor Andrew, and Pennsylvania’s Governor Curtin: General Wool declares that, “the rebels are reported to be moving north from Richmond. If that be true we shall need re-enforcements here [Washington]. To that end, three-months’ militia men will be received in addition to volunteers for the war.” Stanton urges Morgan and the other governors to place their entire force of militia and volunteers in readiness to march at once. Perhaps as an extra incentive, Stanton sends another wire declaring that recruiting officers will be paid from the beginning of their service for any regiment completed within thirty days.53 25: General Nathaniel Banks retreats in confusion from Winchester, Virginia. Stanton telegraphs Morgan that, “Intelligence from various quarters leaves no doubt that the enemy in great force is advancing on Washington.” He 154 | New York

asks state governors to “forward immediately all the volunteer and militia force in your state.” Morgan immediately replies. “I can dispatch 3,000 militia soldiers in small regiments, fit for service, in twenty-four hours after order.” More troops can be sent in several days. Morgan also proposes converting the Fifth Artillery (“1,000 strong”) to infantry and sending them on May 27. Stanton, evidencing some panic, replies, “Send on all the troops you can, and quickly. All the information from every source indicates a concentration of rebel power in this direction. Send the Seventh Regiment immediately.” Morgan answers with welcome assurances: tomorrow, the Fifth Volunteer Infantry, the oft-requested Seventh, and the Seventh Artillery leave for Washington. “Four smaller militia regiments” will follow per request, but Morgan has a request of his own: “Please direct all your officers at New York to honor my requisitions for arms and ammunition.” At midnight, Stanton replies that Morgan’s request has been given to aag Thomas for action but, more importantly, information from General Banks indicates that, after marching thirty-five miles, he has arrived at the Potomac near Williamsport, and Stanton hopes that “he may have effected his crossing in safety, as he expected.”54 26: At 2:20 a.m., Morgan receives Stanton’s wire with the latest information about Banks reaching the Potomac. Referring to his offer of regiments, the governor asks, “Shall these be uniformed and sent, or does later information render it unavoidable to send militia regiments now?” In any case, the Seventh nysm and Fifth Artillery will be leaving tonight. Stanton answers, “Send on all the militia regiments.” He adds that Colonel David Vinton and the U.S. commissary have been ordered to fulfill all state requisitions. But later in the day, Stanton learns that his orders have not

reached federal officers in New York. “Colonel Vinton says he needs his instructions from the Quartermaster General. He does not feel at liberty to issue clothing or equipage to militia regiments without special orders in every instance emanating from him. Please send him the necessary instructions. Clothing is required for troops to move to-morrow.” Stanton telegraphs all governors asking them to communicate to General Ripley, chief of ordnance, and Quartermaster General Meigs “the points where you desire arms and clothing to be placed for your new regiments to be raised under recent call.” aag Thomas wires all federal mustering officers to “Afford every assistance to the Governor of your State in raising the troops just called for.”55 With the departure of the Fifth New York Artillery, the state has dispatched a total of 19,003 men in nineteen infantry regiments and two artillery regiments, along with four batteries of artillery, since January 1.56 27: The emergency with Banks has passed, and Stanton informs governors that, since the federal government can now “procure promptly” enough three-year troops, “you will please accept no more for less term without special order.” But Morgan has a problem: having relied on Stanton’s earlier calls for men, the governor has already dispatched the Seventh without being mustered into federal service (“the demand seemed to be pressing, and the influence of their example on other regiments and volunteers was most beneficial”); moreover, they were sent with the understanding that their term would be no more than ninety days. In a second dispatch, Morgan also informs Stanton that five more regiments are ready to leave New York today but that Vinton refuses to issue clothing unless they are mustered. The governor asks the secretary to order Vinton to issue clothing at

once, “and let the men be mustered on arrival at Washington, as was done last year?” Stanton replies again that Vinton has been given the necessary orders, and he now asks Morgan to “state the term of enlistment of the regiments you have sent and are sending.”57 28: Morgan provides Stanton with more details about his response to the emergency. “Fifteen militia regiments had been accepted for three-months’ service, mostly in New York and Brooklyn,” he explains, and they average 800 men each. Many have left, and the remainder will go soon. Morgan also states that the War Department’s request to discontinue accepting three-month units “will be strictly observed.” Stanton replies and, perhaps sensing that the business-like Morgan does not intend for his state to bear the expense of raising units for the now-cancelled federal emergency, assures him that “all your proceedings are approved. Send on the troops accepted.” They may even arrive by companies rather than regiments. Stanton sends another message that might have confused Morgan. “If you have any volunteer cavalry, mounted or unmounted, please send them on immediately.” Morgan forbears reminding Stanton that the War Department had discouraged raising new horse soldiers, and replies that there are no volunteer cavalry in New York, except for one unit now mustered out, some of whose troopers might re-enlist.58 (See entry for December 3, 1862.) 30: Stanton notifies Morgan of an order that redeems the War Department’s call for three-month volunteers during the recent emergency. All militia units and ninety-day troops who are able to report to Washington by June 10 will be mustered into three-month U.S. service, and will be paid. Stanton also states that 50,000 three-year men will be accepted under this call.59 1862: Key Events | 155

31: Stanton asks Morgan to “report the state of your enlistments.”60 june 2: Stanton writes Morgan with happy news. First, prominent New York Democrat and state senator Francis Barretto Spinola61 has asked the War Department for authority to raise a regiment. Stanton assures Morgan that the War Department “will only act through the State Executives” and Spinola was referred to Albany. However, “The President would be very much gratified if you would grant him the permission, and directs me to ask your consent.” Stanton also informs Morgan that McClellan has prevailed at Fair Oaks, Pope is forcing the rebels from Corinth, and Jackson has evacuated the Shenandoah. “We hope Fremont or McDowell may take him.” Morgan replies that, just this morning, he has authorized Spinola to raise a regiment. “He returned to Brooklyn full in the faith that he could accomplish it,” Morgan reports, adding, “Every facility will be given him.” Morgan also expresses gratitude that Lincoln and Stanton continue to honor the first paragraph of War Department GO No. 18, confirming governors’ authority to raise troops. (See entry for February 21.) Separately, Hillhouse replies to Stanton’s May 31 request for information about enlistments. He states that New York has authority to raise seven regiments of threeyear volunteers, “with the certainty of more applications and a fair prospect of filling up those already granted rapidly.”62 3: Pursuant to Chapter 477 (enacted April 23, 1862), Morgan orders a state enrollment.63 6: Since Stanton’s emergency call last month, New York has deployed 12 militia regiments for a total of 8,588 men. Eleven of these units were for 90 days, and one for 30 days.64 156 | New York

9: Thomas presses Morgan with Stanton’s May 31 question: What is the state of your enlistments and when will the regiments be ready?65 14: Morgan writes Stanton with several requests that he believes will enhance his ability to recruit under GO No. 49 (see entry for May 1). Morgan anticipates that at least 25,000 more New Yorkers will be needed, with a number of these assigned to fill existing regiments. Morgan suggests that some portion of vacant officer posts be “retained as an incentive and reward to persons who are appointed to recruit for them”; alternatively, existing companies that are undersized should be consolidated, and the excess officers sent home to recruit. Morgan recognizes that his first suggestion “would to some extent prevent the promotion of meritorious officers now in service,” but the second alternative would not provide much incentive for new recruiters. Next, Morgan suggests that recruits who fill existing regiments have their enlistment terms limited to that remaining for the regiment. This “would greatly stimulate the recruiting service and enable me to fill up our regiments much more promptly.” Finally, Morgan recommends that recruiting expenses be paid by the War Department; likewise, the federal quartermasters should be ordered to provide subsistence, clothing, and arms at the governor’s request.66 18: Troop shortages deepen as casualties mount in both eastern and western theaters. “We are in pressing need of troops,” Thomas writes Morgan. “How many can you forward immediately?”67 New York City’s Common Council passes “An ordinance to provide relief for the families of the volunteers from the city of New York, serving in the army of the Union.”68 23: Stanton forwards Morgan an “Order to

Encourage Enlistments” which allows for a $2 bounty and an advance of one month’s pay to volunteers upon muster.69 25: The Seven Days’ Campaign begins; it will end on July 1. 27: Assistant Secretary of War Christopher P. Wolcott answers a June 24 letter from William C. Barney70 seeking authority to form a brigade of Catholics. “I am directed to say that the organization of the volunteer forces is placed under the exclusive control of Governors of States,” Wolcott declares. He points out that recruiting is by regiment, and regiments “will be arranged in brigades as the necessities of the service may require”; however, Wolcott also suggests that if Barney did recruit such a brigade, “it can be kept together,” and urges him to apply to Morgan. (But see entry for February 18.) Seward, reflecting the Lincoln administration’s concern about army losses, travels to New York to “rouse the popular feeling and raise troops to reinforce the wasting Army.” Before leaving Washington, he meets with the New York Republican congressional delegation to enlist their support in raising new recruits; among congressmen who immediately return to their districts to assist recruiting are Wheeler, Pomeroy, Diven, and Van Valkenburg. Meanwhile, Lincoln writes a letter making the case for a new levy (but not specifying numbers) and hands it to Seward “to use in his confidential intercourse with prominent men in the North.”71 28: Seward proceeds to New York with Lincoln’s message as well as a draft letter (perhaps written by Seward himself ) that he plans to circulate to loyal governors. The letter is cast as a petition from the governors to Lincoln; citing “the reduced condition of our effective forces in the field,” the governors

would ask the president “at once [to] call upon the several States for such number of men as may be required to fill up all military organizations now in the field,” that is, to direct all volunteers to old regiments. The governors also would declare, “All believe that the decisive moment is near at hand.”72 29: At Seward’s invitation, dinner is served at New York’s Astor House to Morgan, Thurlow Weed, and Pennsylvania’s Governor Curtin. Seward broaches his scheme to the three men, and almost certainly shows them Lincoln’s message as well as the draft petition. The response is favorable.73 30: Seward forwards to Stanton a copy of the governors’ petition. Stanton replies, noting that Lincoln is away; the president is tired and gone “to the country.” But he thinks Seward’s proposal is “all right” and promises that the president will answer when he returns tomorrow, July 1. Meanwhile, a draft circular dated today and bearing Lincoln’s signature is distributed to loyal governors. Citing military successes in New Orleans and Corinth, the president declares that, “there will soon be no formidable insurgent force except in Richmond.” He notes that existing regiments are depleted but, not wishing to “hazard the misapprehension of our military condition and of groundless alarm by a call for troops by proclamation,” he will instead only ask the governors for 150,000 more troops for existing regiments. Later, Seward wires Stanton with a request, perhaps prompted by his conversations with Morgan and Weed the evening before: “Will you authorize me to promise an advance to recruits of $25 of the $100 bounty?” He adds, “It is thought here and in Massachusetts that without such payment recruiting will be very difficult, and with it probably entirely successful.” Meanwhile, on the eve of Lincoln’s 1862: Key Events | 157

July 1, 1862, call, the War Department reports New York as having 99,213 men currently in U.S. service.74 july 1: At 4:00 p.m., Seward, still in New York, wires Stanton with good news and some advice about numbers. First, the governors have approved the petition; moreover, the udc “approve earnestly and unanimously.” Seward names the assenting governors (see note to June 28) and recommends that “the President make the order, and let both papers [i.e., the governors’ petition and Lincoln’s order, which is yet to be written] come out—to-morrow morning’s papers if possible.” Lincoln approves of Seward’s plan and wants to increase the call from 150,000 to 200,000 men. But Seward, having consulted with various governors, wires Stanton with another suggestion. “No one proposes less than 200,000,” he declares, “make it 300,000 if you wish. They say it may be 500,000 if the President desires.” He also reminds Stanton about the $25 bounty advance. By now, Stanton is prepared to grant this request on his own authority; he issues an order that the $25 be paid in hand to recruits; it will be funded from a $9 million account held by the U.S. adjutant general “for collecting, organizing, and drilling volunteers.” Lincoln is also prepared to act. “Fully concurring in the wisdom of the views expressed to me in so patriotic a manner by you,” Lincoln replies to the governors, “I have decided to call into the service an additional force of 300,000 men. I suggest and recommend that the troops should be chiefly of infantry.” Stanton’s assistant, Brigadier General C. P. Buckingham, also is in New York City. He wires his chief that he has “arranged with Governor Morgan to place the recruiting 158 | New York

service here in an efficient condition. Have agreed upon the principal points of order for that purpose. Do not issue any orders affecting it until I see you.” (See entry for July 2.) Meanwhile, Stanton has taken a second look at the governors’ petition and notices three missing names. “Did not the Governors of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Iowa respond favorably, and should not their names be subscribed to the petition?” he asks Seward. Separately, Congress passes the first effective income tax in the United States.75 (See Chronology.) Back in New York, a large antiemancipation crowd assembles at Cooper Institute. They cheer resolutions that include praise for McClellan and a call for the preservation of the Union. One resolution deplores both the subjugation of the South and interference with slavery, denouncing the connection of “the abolition of Slavery with the work of the army,” and declaring that, “This is a Government of white men, and was established exclusively for the white race.” Speakers include Fernando Wood, who declares, “Down with armed traitors of the South, and down with Abolitionist traitors of the North. Death to all who by the sword, by the tongue, or by the pen, would interfere with or destroy the Republicanism inherited from our fathers. Death to all who oppose the Constitution as it is, and the restoration of the Union as it was.”76 Although enlistment for three-year troops was renewed on May 23, as of today, Hillhouse has issued only 150 authorizations to raise companies and has recruited less than 3,000 men.77 2: Buckingham is now at Boston’s Parker House. He asks the secretary to approve the commitments he made to Morgan on July 1, as the governor wants to issue a recruiting

proclamation today. “The recruiting service, including supplies of quartermaster’s and ordnance stores, subsistence expenses, and mustering of New York Volunteers, will be placed entirely under [Morgan’s] control,” Buckingham writes. Stanton not only approves these terms but adds, “The Department will sanction and confirm whatever arrangement you deem expedient for the service.” Interestingly, events have moved so rapidly that Morgan, though near the center of action, is caught unawares. “Is the call for 300,000 or for 200,000 volunteers?” he writes Lincoln. “It appears in all the New York papers for 300,000.” The president responds that, “It was thought safest to mark high enough. It is 300,000.”78 Morgan issues a proclamation informing New Yorkers about Lincoln’s call for 300,000 three-year men and asking for volunteers. He appeals to patriotism, state pride, and history, and adds this: “We cannot doubt that the insurrection is in its death throes; that a mighty blow will end its monstrous existence.”79 Separately, the Land Grant Colleges Act becomes law. 3: Lincoln rationalizes a draft to Morgan. “I should not want the half of 300,000 new troops if I could have them now,” he claims, adding, “If I had 50,000 additional troops here now I believe I could substantially close the war in two weeks.” He cites cruel arithmetic: 50,000 new men each month must be netted against 20,000 in monthly losses. “The quicker you send the fewer you will have to send.” Employing a dubious linkage, he concludes, “The enemy having given up Corinth [Mississippi], it is not wonderful that he is thereby enabled to check us for a time at Richmond.”80 5: To facilitate local recruiting, Morgan names

bipartisan citizen committees throughout the state.81 7: C. P. Buckingham informs Morgan that “as part of ” his quota under Lincoln’s July 2 call, New York must furnish “as soon as is practicable” 28 three-year regiments.82 Meanwhile, Albany issues GO No. 52, establishing regimental camps in each of New York’s thirty-two senate districts.83 8: The War Department issues GO No. 75, containing new authority for governors to assist in raising and subsisting volunteer forces. (See Chronology.) Hillhouse will later cite General Chester A. Arthur for his “signal ability” in arranging supply matters with the War Department.84 11: C. P. Buckingham reminds Morgan that under GO No. 75, the War Department and not the states will provide “arms, equipments, and all other supplies” needed for troops.85 14: Congress enacts Chapter 166, authorizing federal pensions for veterans with disabilities. (See Chronology.) Separately, the War Department authorizes Morgan to raise “two independent companies of artillery, without a field officer, to garrison the works on Staten Island.” Meanwhile, Morgan writes Lincoln and urges that before adjournment, Congress (“if it has the power to do it”) should provide a draft to fill up old regiments and complete those units now organizing.86 15: General McClellan makes several recommendations to Morgan about recruiting. First, he would “prefer 50,000 recruits for my old regiments to 100,000 men organized into new regiments.” If new units must be formed, then Morgan should raise companies and consolidate these with existing regiments in the field. “With the old regiments thus filled up,” the general declares, “the whole army would in a very few weeks be ready for any service.” McClellan also gives two reasons why 1862: Key Events | 159

units should be enlisted for not less than three years: efficiency and morale. “The contact of such troops [i.e., enlistees for less than three years] with those enlisted for three years would soon breed dissatisfaction among the latter, while the term of service of the former would expire about the time they became valuable to the service.” New recruits should be dispatched at once to the front and not trained at in-state depots. “They will become soldiers in one-tenth of the time they could in the home depots, and would have all the advantages of contact with the veterans who now compose this army.” Finally, McClellan asks for Morgan’s help with two problems: first, to return fit officers and men now at home to the front; second, to avoid recommisioning officers who resigned from one regiment “to avoid the consequences of cowardly conduct, inefficiency, and so forth” who now may seek commissions in a new regiment. “It is a melancholy fact that, while many noble exceptions are to be found, the officers of volunteers are, as a mass—perhaps I should say were (for the worst are sifted out)—greatly inferior to the men they command.” Meanwhile, in New York City’s Herald Square, an estimated 30,000 people gather in “oppressive heat” around one of five outdoor stands to hear a number of speakers, including General Hiram Wallbridge,87 General F. A. Spinola, and state representative David S. Coddington88 (all War Democrats), as well as General John C. Fremont, Mayor George Opdyke, Francis Lieber, and Horace Greeley (all Republicans).89 16: Stanton sends New York merchant William H. Aspinwall90 a receipt acknowledging his check payable to the U.S. government for $25,290.60, as “his share of the profit on a contract for arms purchased by Howland & Aspinwall and sold to the United States.” Stanton declares Aspinwall’s gesture as “proof 160 | New York

. . . furnished of the disinterested and patriotic spirit that animates the citizens of the United States in the present contest against treason and rebellion.”91 17: President Lincoln is authorized to accept 100,000 men to serve nine-month terms. (See Chronology.) After consultations with senior state legislators, prominent citizens, and members of his administration, Morgan issues a proclamation establishing a $50 bounty to all recruits under the July 2 call (though he lacks both legal authority and an appropriation). The Commercial Bank of Albany will advance funds to the state.92 18: Thomas authorizes a John G. Brown of New York to recruit an infantry brigade of four regiments; most unusually, these men are to be raised from New York and New Jersey and are subject to Brown receiving the consent of both Morgan and New Jersey governor Charles Olden.93 19: New York issues GO No. 59, which establishes the procedures for processing recruits, including paperwork, proper recordkeeping, and medical examination.94 21: C. P. Buckingham authorizes Morgan to raise three regiments for Major General Franz Sigel’s First Corps d’Armee.95 23: Buckingham notifies all governors about “the large number of soldiers absent from the Army on sick-leave who are abundantly able to rejoin their regiments, but who are neglecting their duty.” Because the fear of being charged with desertion is apparently inadequate, he asks the governors’ “vigorous co-operation . . . in finding out and sending men to join their comrades in the field.” Buckingham notes that “A system of committees appointed throughout your State from among the most reliable and influential of your citizens, who, acting under your official sanction, would be

willing to give to their country a few weeks of time and labor, would be extremely useful in this matter, as well as in exerting a wholesome influence on the volunteer recruiting service.”96 25: The War Department issues GO No. 88, which permits recruiting details from deployed regiments to return home. (See Chronology.) 26: C. P. Buckingham circulates to all loyal governors a letter he has sent to Pennsylvania Adjutant General A. L. Russell.97 Reacting to that state’s decision to recruit state militia for both nine- and twelve-month terms, he declares, “I am directed to say that at present it is considered inexpedient by the President to call for any other than those three-years’ troops designated in the last levy.” This would remain inexpedient—for another nine days. (See entry for August 4, 1862.) Morgan replies directly to Stanton that “Applications for a less term of service [than three years] will not, in the present state of affairs, be entertained in this State.”98 28: Lincoln writes all loyal governors: “It would be of great service here for us to know, as fully as you can tell, what progress is made and making in recruiting for old regiments in your State.” He also wants to know when the new regiments (probably referring to those organizing under the July call) will be ready to leave. “This information is important to us in making calculations.” The calculations that Lincoln is making almost certainly refer to the next call. (See entry for August 4, 1862.) Morgan replies immediately and uses this opportunity to tweak Lincoln on state and federal relations. “I feel pretty well as to the motion of things in most parts of the State,” he informs the president. “I am doing all in my power to forward enlistments in old regiments; but, as you are aware, recruiting for these since January has not been under the control of the Governors of the States. It

is not rapid.” (See GO No. 105 in Chronology for December 24, 1861.) Regarding new regiments, Morgan promises that he will begin sending units in two weeks or twenty days.99 august 4: President Lincoln calls for 300,000 more men to serve for nine months. (See Chronology.) New York’s quota is again 59,705 (credits will later be determined to be 1,799). But the state is suddenly confronted by a legal problem. The militia is limited to 20,000 men, of which over 8,000 remain in the field. In order to produce the number required by the quota, a state draft will be necessary.100 (See entry for August 13.) 5: The War Department issues orders that if any “State shall not by the 18th of August, furnish its quota of the additional 300,000 volunteers . . . the deficiency of volunteers in that will also be made up by special draft from the militia.” (See Chronology for the problems of states seeking to commission officers for new regiments from men in federal service.) Hillhouse promises Stanton that New York will complete its enrollment by August 15.101 6: The War Department credits New York with a total of 106,606 men, with the last new unit fielded on April 16, 1862. (This figure obviously excludes New York troops furnished under Stanton’s emergency call of late May.) Meanwhile, C. P. Buckingham notifies Wisconsin Governor Edward Salomon that “The President declines to receive Indians or negroes as troops.”102 (But see entry for November 27, 1861.) 7: Separately, the advent of conscription brings requests for exemptions. Executive officers from five major Midwest railroads petition Stanton. (See Chronology.) 8: Stanton issues two orders. The first is, “Order Authorizing Arrests of Persons Discouraging Enlistments.” The second is, “The Recent 1862: Key Events | 161

Orders to Prevent the Evasion of Military Duty.” (See Chronology.) Meanwhile, Samuel Sloan,103 president of the Hudson River Railroad Company, writes to Stanton, informing him that there is “a good deal of excitement among our employes on the subject of drafting.” Sloan asks the secretary if “locomotive engineers, firemen, and conductors who are essential to the running of trains, and of course transportation of the mail,” are exempt from the draft. Buckingham replies for Stanton: “Locomotive engineers will be exempt on the same principle as telegraph operators; no others.” The calls of July and August catch many unprepared. “Is the Washington Arsenal supplied with equipments as well as arms for the Elmira and other regiments?” Morgan asks Stanton, also noting that in the New York City arsenal there are only 16,000 sets of accoutrements. “Our volunteers in many parts of the State are pouring in like the water over the Niagara,” Morgan concludes. “Will they be detained for necessary supplies?” Assistant Secretary of War P. H. Watson replies for Stanton: the statement about accoutrements is “false,” he angrily informs the governor. “It must have been made by an enemy of the Government, with the object of throwing discredit upon the Ordnance Department, and the Secretary of War requests you to give the name of your informant.” Morgan tells Stanton that the informant is Captain Silas Crispin, chief of ordnance in New York City.104 Watson also receives a message from Captain James Mooney, acting military commandant stationed at Rochester: “Many men are leaving for Canada, and he asks if he has the authority to enforce Stanton’s orders received earlier today.”105 9: The War Department issues GO No. 99 entitled, “Regulations for the Enrollment and Draft of 162 | New York

300,000 Militia.” (See Chronology.) Among other provisions, it requires the governors to conduct new enrollments and establishes rules for those states without a draft statute or who choose to operate under this general order instead. It also promises that “All reasonable and proper expenses of such enrollment, and of the draft hereinafter provided, will be reimbursed by the United States” upon states submitting vouchers. Section 5 of GO No. 99 will have special interest for New York: it provides that the War Department will appoint provost marshals “on the nomination of the Governor . . . to enforce the attendance of all drafted persons who shall fail to attend” where required. Meanwhile, Morgan receives formal notice that his quota under the August call is 59,705. Separately, Stanton informs Captain Mooney (see entry for August 8) that he is “authorized to arrest in the cases specified in the order of this Department without waiting for any further special orders.”106 10: The War Department orders Brigadier General Quincy A. Gilmore107 to Morgan to “consult with him upon measures necessary to dispatch the new regiments to their destination.” Gilmore also is tasked with paying bounties and overseeing soldiers’ equipment and armament to ensure their prompt departure to the war.108 11: Morgan informs Stanton that volunteering under Lincoln’s July 2 call is “rapidly progressing to completion.” However, the “distinguished and energetic citizens” who will command these units “are not, in all cases, of military experience.” Because “experienced officers to fill the positions of lieutenant-colonel and major is of the utmost importance in the work of organization,” Morgan asks Stanton to ask the generals to “make a detail of twenty-five captains to report to me without delay for assignment to the

offices above referred to.” (See Chronology for August 5, 1862.) The pressure of the summer’s calls threatens to overwhelm state officials and Morgan sends several messages to Stanton seeking relief. First, he recommends that the draft for any deficiency under the July 2 call for three-year men be moved from August 15 to August 30, as it “will take fifteen days at least to correct the enrollment books and complete the draft.” Next, Morgan asks Stanton if he will count any excess of three-year volunteers under the July 2 call against New York’s quota for nine-month volunteers under the August call. “This change will be both popular and effective,” Morgan declares, “and I regard it [as] very important. . . . Delegations from several parts of State now here [Albany] waiting [for] answer.” Stanton replies that the purpose of the July call is to fill old regiments rather than create new ones. Then he concludes with a question: “The estimates and returns of the Adjutant-General’s Office show that 54,120 men are required from your State to fill its old regiments. Can you raise more than that amount by volunteers in addition to what you have raised?”109 12: Morgan informs Stanton that several districts have now produced regiments containing as many as 1,600 men. “Can I accept them as [a] regimental organization, giving them another major?” Separately, Assistant Secretary of War Watson asks Morgan, “How soon will the New York troops begin to move to Washington? Can you send any to-day?” Morgan replies that none can go today but that Colonel Robert Bruce Van Valkenburgh’s One Hundred and Seventh New York “is expected to move to-morrow.” Those troops are being paid bounties today, and another unit (the “Rochester regiment”) will leave August 18. Finally, Stanton replies to Morgan’s

question about oversize regiments: he will have an answer tomorrow. “I rejoice that one regiment is in motion,” he continues. “For Heaven’s sake keep them moving. If there is any delay or deficiency on the part of any Government officer, please report immediately, that he may be dismissed.”110 13: C. P. Buckingham requests that Morgan notify the War Department “as soon as possible how many volunteers are enlisted at 12 o’clock to-day under the call of July 2 for 300,000.” If exact numbers are unavailable, an approximation will do.111 The draft from the reserve militia stipulated by Chapter 477, Section 283, is deemed “inadequate”; instead, the state issues GO No. 67, which adopts the rules of War Department GO No. 99 (see entry for August 9) and begins a new enrollment. (See entries for August 18 and October 14.) Separately, the War Department issues GO No. 104, which attempts to restrict foreign travel by anyone subject to draft.112 (See Chronology.) 14: Morgan reports to Stanton that, “Stimulated by bounties, by the efforts and zeal of local committees, by fear of a draft, and the apprehension of unfavorable intelligence at any moment [probably in the form of battlefield news], the reserve power of the State is fairly in motion.” Morgan adds that “not less than 30,000 have been enrolled in new organizations in the last three weeks,” exclusive of recruits for old regiments. The governor estimates that 30,000 more troops can be recruited over the next three weeks, all volunteers. However, “to do this the ardor must not be checked for one moment. I must accept companies and maximum regiments as circumstances shall determine. Is this satisfactory?” A half hour later, Morgan wires Stanton with a schedule of departures: two regiments to leave on each of four days, 1862: Key Events | 163

commencing August 18; four regiments to depart on August 23; one on August 25; and one more on August 27. Meanwhile, under pressure from some governors, War Department GO No. 99 is amended to add “counties and subdivisions” to “municipalities and towns” as entities among which the draft quota can be divided. This reflects the fact that subdivisions in some states include counties and unincorporated areas as well as towns. The War Department wires all governors Stanton’s “Order Respecting Volunteers and Militia,” which discusses recruiting, bounties, and the draft, and issues timetables respecting these last two.113 (See Chronology.) 15: C. P. Buckingham telegraphs governors: “Drafting will take place on Wednesday, September 3.” Separately, General-in-Chief Henry Halleck answers Morgan’s question of August 11 about withdrawing officers to serve in New York volunteer regiments. “The rule of this Department is that Regular Army officers will not be permitted to accept volunteer commissions of less rank than a colonelcy,” Halleck declares (although it is unclear that Morgan’s request was limited to regular officers). Stanton also writes and continues the pressure on New York. “Your dispatch of yesterday respecting the movement of troops is highly gratifying,” he declares. “If you can anticipate by moving to-morrow, so much the better. Hours are pressing. The railroad companies would no doubt run on Sunday, and I will make the arrangement if the troops can be ready.”114 Meanwhile, Thurlow Weed writes Stanton that New Yorkers “are responding to the call for troops with alacrity and enthusiasm,” and that Morgan can produce his share of the 600,000 calls (July and August combined) even earlier than a draft can be scheduled. “The popular feeling is at a war heat,” he 164 | New York

tells Stanton. “It has cost much to get this steam up. Pray do not require the Governor to ‘blow it off.’” Stanton replies immediately and assures Weed that “I am anxious not to ‘waste the steam,’ and shall do all in my power to make the machine work with a full head.” He points to the amendment of GO No. 99 (see entries for August 9 and 14) and his order of yesterday as helping New York in its task.115 16: Stanton also answers Morgan’s August 11 request that officers be detailed to New York’s volunteer regiments. It cannot be done “without danger of disaster. Not a single officer can be taken from any army in the field at present.” Colonel Michael Corcoran is released and arrives at Fort Monroe. In several days, he will return to New York to great acclaim.116 18: “Pray hurry on your troops,” Stanton wires Morgan. Halleck pushes Gilmore to send New York regiments “with all possible dispatch.” Buckingham informs Morgan that as of August 13, a total of 52,854 men were required to fill up New York’s existing regiments. Stanton’s anxieties seem to grow with each message. He tells the governor that, in the interests of expediting troops to Washington, companies may be temporarily attached to regiments, and will be reorganized “when time and the safety of the country admits. I cannot tell you how precious time is now,” he pleads. “Every man is needed at once.” If troops cannot be paid before departure, Stanton will arrange for payment on arrival.117 Meanwhile, the need for equalization— to ensure fairness in assigning quotas and credits under the July 17 draft authorized by Congress—requires a new enrollment. Morgan lacks the funds to make one but announces its commencement today. Anthon is assigned to enroll New York and Kings

Counties, accounting for some 25 percent of New York’s population.118 19: Seeking information about the August call, C. P. Buckingham wires all governors. First, how many new regiments have been organized under this call? Second, how many are full? Third, how many men are necessary to fill them and, finally, how many regiments under this call have been deployed? Morgan writes Stanton that the One Hundred and Thirteenth Infantry leaves tonight “with full ranks,” as well as the One Hundred and Eighth Infantry from Rochester. But the troops are incompletely supplied and paid. “I pray that you will furnish them at Washington with suitable barracks and supply their deficiency in canteens and haversacks,” Morgan continues, “also pay the $25 bounty [and] the months advance.” Stanton replies that he will comply with all of Morgan’s requests, and adds that, “The emergency for troops here is far more pressing than you know or than I dare tell. Put all your steam on and hurry them up.”119 20: Morgan answers C. P. Buckingham’s inquiry of yesterday. New York has organized fifty regiments; twenty-five are now full; 15,000 men are required to complete the remaining twenty-five, and ten days should be sufficient to recruit these; three of the fifty are deployed. Meanwhile, the New York Tribune carries editor Horace Greeley’s open letter to Lincoln, “The Prayer of Twenty Millions,” in which he criticizes the president for not enforcing the Second Confiscation Act and demands more federal action on behalf of Southern slaves. Greeley’s rationale is that such action is “indispensible not only to the existence of our country, but to the well being of mankind.”120 22: Lincoln responds to the words of his “old friend” Greeley, “whose heart I have always supposed to be right.” “My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not

either to save or to destroy slavery,” Lincoln declares. “If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that.” Meanwhile, Morgan asks Stanton for “10,000 Springfield rifled muskets, with accoutrements.” If he consents, New York will match this with the same number of .58-caliber Enfields from its own armories, “provided that the Government will immediately reimburse the State cost and charges therefor.” Also, the state has no infantry accoutrements and those offered by Crispin do not fit existing arms. But Morgan also has better news: the One Hundred and Eleventh left his morning, the One Hundred and Seventeenth “is just leaving the Albany dock,” the One Hundred and Twentieth and One Hundred and Twenty-Ninth leave tomorrow.121 aag Vincent notifies mustering officers that they may admit minors between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one “upon the affidavit of the captain of the company offering them for muster that the parents or guardians consented to enlistment.” Written consent is not required.122 23: asw Watson asks Morgan “What number of arms will New York furnish to her troops?” In a separate note, Watson also refuses Morgan’s request for 10,000 Springfields: the War Department “has issued all the Springfield rifles it had ratably among the States and therefore cannot issue 10,000 more to New York.” However, he does agree to reimburse the state for arming troops with its own Enfields.123 Separately, Buckingham asks Morgan to inform him “what preparations have been 1862: Key Events | 165

made in your State for the draft of militia, and whether [Morgan] will be ready on the 3d of September to carry it into effect.”124 25: asw Watson writes to Morgan about Springfield muskets and offers considerable insights on arming regiments. New York’s quota was 9,000 Springfields; in the War Department’s experience, this should arm ten regiments (900 rifles per regiment) and should have been divided equally among five regiments (4,500 rifles) for federal service and five regiments (4,500 rifles) for state militia. Watson notes that where 1,000 Springfields have been issued to one regiment “fully 10 per cent. of them are found to be superfluous and are commonly sold for a trifle to grogshop keepers or pawnbrokers, or are given away,” thus representing a loss to the government. In fact, Watson states, the real number of rifles required is between 800 and 870, because the sick, wagoners, cooks, and others detailed to non-combatant roles do not need arms. He explains that, “Your attention is called to these facts in order that you may take such measures as will prevent the over issue of arms.”125 26: Second Bull Run campaign begins. C. P. Buckingham officially informs Morgan that New York’s quota under the August call is 59,755. Credits may be calculated as follows: if the number of three-year volunteers under the July call (filling old regiments and creating new ones) “from July 2 to September 1 exceed this number, the excess may be deducted from the number drafted.” Morgan also is told that if New York cannot conduct the draft on September 3, it should do so as soon as possible, “yourself taking the responsibility of extending the draft.”126 27: Buckingham delivers more detailed notice to the governors about extending the draft. Speaking for Stanton, he states that, “in the present exigency of the country, the [War] 166 | New York

Department cannot postpone the time fixed by the order hereof issued, but must leave the responsibility of any delay with those who make it; that if in any State the draft be not made at the time specified in the order of August 14 [15], it should be made as speedily thereafter as practicable.”127 In New York City, a massive pro-war rally convenes around City Hall for the purpose of stimulating recruiting. Mayor Opdyke delivers the keynote address. Born from this meeting is an organization called the National War Committee, which seems to draw support from all opinions and parties. As it turns out, many of the names advertised—including eminences such as A. T. Stewart, Peter Cooper, Moses Grinnell, and Cornelius Vanderbilt— have been used without permission.128 28: Somehow, the War Department finds more Springfield rifled muskets for New York. asw Watson notifies Morgan that 6,300 Springfields with accoutrements (“sufficient for arming seven maximum regiments”) are being sent to Elmira.129 29: Opdyke issues a proclamation requesting that between this day and September 13, all city businesses close at 3:00 p.m. “to enable loyal citizens to carry forward volunteering and perfect themselves in military drill.”130 30: “The loss in killed and wounded is very heavy,” Stanton informs Opdyke, referring to the ongoing battle of Second Bull Run. “Volunteer surgeons will be much needed. Please forward all you can.” Opdyke asks Dr. Elisha Harris for assistance. Thirty surgeons are recruited and sent south.131 Meanwhile, Morgan issues a proclamation declaring that the quotas have been filled, and that after September 5, the $50 bounty will be paid only to three-year volunteers to existing regiments.132 31: Hillhouse notifies Stanton that the One

Hundred and Twenty-Second New York has departed Syracuse for Washington. “We hope to give you at least ten additional regiments this week,” he adds. Stanton, beleaguered by bad news, welcomes any good reports. “I am glad of the promise of ten regiments,” he replies. “They are very much needed, for the exigency is pressing.” september 2: New York City’s Common Council passes “An ordinance to promote the speedy recruitment of the several regiments and brigades of volunteers from the city of New York, now organizing in this city, or actually at the seat of the war.”133 3: The New England governors (except for Holbrook from Vermont) meet informally at Brown University’s commencement. (See Chronology.) 4: The War Department officially abandons its time limits regarding recruits for old regiments, declaring that, “Recruiting for old regiments will continue, and advance pay and bounty will be paid until further orders.” Meanwhile Mayor Opdyke writes Stanton to request that General John C. Fremont or General Ormsby M. Mitchel134 be permitted to recruit in New York a new corps of 50,000 men “composed of citizens of this and other States” but who would be credited to New York State.135 5: Stanton replies to Opdyke: Mitchel has been assigned command elsewhere and “must immediately join his command.” Not that this matters. “Raising volunteers in New York has been assigned to the Governor of that State,” Stanton explains for the umpteenth time, “who is faithfully performing his duty, and there appears to be no reason for interfering with him.” To allow military officers, even major generals, to recruit and organize an

army corps “would be productive of military disorganization.”136 6: In the first move towards the Altoona Conference, Pennsylvania’s Governor Curtin sends Massachusetts Governor Andrew a note proposing a meeting of governors. (See Chronology and entry for September 14.) 8: Hillhouse complains to Stanton that the War Department has redirected 2,500 artillery recruits into infantry companies. “To change the condition of the enlistments would be attended with serious if not insurmountable difficulties,” he declares, and asks Stanton for a review. The review is brief. “You will go on organizing the artillery as you propose without regard to the order you mention,” Stanton replies immediately, “which was given without my authority.”137 New York City’s Common Council repudiates a resolution (to which its support had been alleged) endorsing emancipation. (See entry for September 30.) 9: A shortage of arms, ammunition, and cartridge boxes has developed at Elmira. Morgan tells Stanton that troops should not move without these items and asks if Captain Crispin and Major Robert H. K. Whiteley138 have been issued appropriate orders. Watson replies for Stanton and assures Morgan that the requested items are being shipped from New York to Elmira today. He explains that, for the next three weeks, demand will outstrip supply; afterwards, supplies will be “abundant.” In the meantime, Whiteley has been ordered to supply full arms and equipment only to regiments “actually organized and armed.”139 One day before the Democrats open their state convention in Albany, the Constitutional Union convention begins in Troy. There are fewer than one hundred delegates attending. Six nominees are suggested for governor (including ex-president Millard Fillmore); the 1862: Key Events | 167

top two vote-getters are ex-governor Horatio Seymour—who wins with 32 votes—and John A. Dix, who receives 20 votes.140 10: The Democratic State Convention opens in Albany. By a ward-splitting compromise, delegates from Tammany and Mozart are both seated. As expected, delegates nominate Horatio Seymour for governor. Feigning reluctance, Seymour accepts the nomination and then speaks with “unusual force, brilliancy, eloquence and boldness.” He reaffirms the loyalty of Democrats and offers (by Fernando Wood’s standards) a moderate critique of Republicans, noting that there are other issues at stake besides slavery and that their hard-war policies have done more to unite rather than defeat the South. He declares, however, that “Republicans were not intentionally dishonest” and that “there were loyal men in the body of the Republican Party”; these had been misled by its leaders, “dangerous and unwise men.”141 11: The Albany Democrats pass a series of resolutions which include a commitment to “restore the Union as it was, and maintain the Constitution as it is,” a reaffirmation of the Crittenden Resolution as a war aims’ statement (see Chronology for July 22 and 25, 1861), and a protest of Lincoln’s “illegal and unconstitutional arrests.”142 12: Morgan requests Stanton’s permission to accept nine-month volunteers and credit them against the state quota for the upcoming draft. On a more serious matter, Opdyke writes anxiously to Stanton that he has “reason to apprehend at any moment the visit to this port of one or more rebel iron-clad war steamers from Europe.” New York Harbor is poorly prepared: forts are ungarrisoned, not enough guns are mounted and none are rifled. He tells the secretary that he has asked Morgan to activate one of the city’s militia units (“260 168 | New York

strong”) for garrison duty. While Morgan is considering this request, a panicked Opdyke wants more—Stanton should order Morgan to garrison troops at once. Opdyke also asks Stanton to send rifled guns for the harbor forts, along with veteran gunners to serve them and to instruct the inexperienced militia. Opdyke concludes by reminding Stanton that, “the safety of New York is of too much consequence to the Union to allow of your not fully appreciating the propriety of this application.”143 13: aag J. C. Kelton,144 addressing Morgan in the governor’s capacity as major general, transmits Stanton’s order “that a garrison of one company each be placed in Forts Richmond and Schuyler, New York Harbor.” Meanwhile, C. P. Buckingham answers Morgan’s question from yesterday and permits nine-month volunteers to be credited “in lieu of drafted men, but without bounty or pay.”145 14: Battle of South Mountain. Governors Curtin, David Tod of Ohio, and F. H. Pierpont of (West) Virginia issue a formal invitation to the governors of the loyal states to meet in Altoona, Pennsylvania, on September 24. Meanwhile, Morgan, probably trying to comply with Kelton’s order of yesterday, writes Stanton to request that Major William A. Thornton146 be ordered to supply arms and ammunition.147 (See entry for September 24.) 15: Morgan, relentless in his desire to secure proper equipment for state troops, again wires Stanton. Seven infantry regiments will be ready to move by September 23, but arms and accoutrements exist for only three units. “Will you now order 3,600 arms and sets of accouterments there [to Elmira]?”148 17: Battle of Antietam. Halleck, concerned with Lee’s Maryland Campaign, finally answers the mayor’s September 12 letter regarding New York

Harbor. It is “impossible” to send troops to New York, the general replies. “Every available man must be in the field against the enemy. Perhaps in a few days,” Halleck adds. Separately, the War Department reports that, during the summer, New York has furnished 39,200 three-year men, of which 32 regiments have been deployed.149 18: Opdyke, getting no satisfaction from the War Department, dispatches nyng Major General Sandford to personally hand Lincoln a letter about New York Harbor’s defenses. Essentially, Opdyke asks the president to give General Sandford authority to garrison state militia in the federal forts of New York Harbor. In Sandford’s opinion, 3,000 men would be sufficient for this duty. (It is unclear if this number includes the 1,200 artillerists Morgan promised but which have not yet arrived.) The mayor notes that doing this would “tend to hasten the completion of our preparations for defense, and at the same time avoid any withdrawal of strength from the army in the field.”150 20: In response to Opdyke’s September 18 letter to Lincoln, Halleck issues instructions to Major General Morgan. The president has approved the mayor’s request: New York City militia may serve under Sandford to garrison the harbor forts, and Morgan is ordered “to take such measures as you may deem proper to carry [this] into effect.” Halleck adds that Washington agrees with Opdyke’s rationale: posting nyng in the forts will not divert troops from the battlefield. Besides, the assignment should allow the men “an opportunity to learn the use of artillery in forts.”151 22: Lincoln issues the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. (See Chronology.) Brigadier General William K. Strong152 in New York City reports to Stanton on the status

of Empire State units. The Sixth Battalion of Artillery (430 men) leaves today. The news is not as cheery about various regiments organizing around New York City. The One Hundred and Thirty-Second (700 men), One Hundred and Thirty-Third (700 men), and One Hundred and Forty-Fifth (614 men), as well as the Third and Fourth Regiments of the Empire Brigade (500 and 425 men, respectively), and the Third Regiment of the Metropolitan Brigade (600 men) “are all delayed because they lack the minimum number of men.” Nevertheless, Strong reports that measures are being adopted for consolidation in order “to fill them all up this week.” As for the Corcoran Legion, its constituent units are all “very small, none numbering more than 400 men. What will be done with these I have not learned.”153 24: For several days, governors from Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Wisconsin, New Hampshire, Iowa, Rhode Island, (West) Virginia, Ohio, and a surrogate for Indiana have been conferring in Altoona, Pennsylvania. John Andrew of Massachusetts chairs the meeting and is tasked with writing its final resolutions—the Altoona Address—to submit to Lincoln. Its most noteworthy resolution is that supporting the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. Morgan is not present and will not sign the address, giving his absence as the reason: “it would [have been] more in accordance with his sense of propriety to express his views in another manner than subscribing to the proceedings of a meeting at which he had not been present.”154 Also declining to sign are New Jersey’s Charles Smith Olden (for unspecified reasons, probably related to looming elections in his divided state), Missouri’s Gamble, Kentucky’s 1862: Key Events | 169

Robinson, and Delaware’s Burton (these last three were slave states).155 In a development destined to influence the war, the War Department issues GO No. 140. It establishes the position of provost marshal general, tasked with arresting deserters and disloyal persons, reporting treasonable practices, uncovering spies, and returning stolen or embezzled U.S. property. To assist him, special provost marshals will be appointed in each state. This lays the foundation for a federal police force, reporting through the provost marshal general (the first appointee is Simeon Draper) to the secretary of war.156 The state convention of the RepublicanUnion Party meets in Syracuse, reflecting last year’s fusion (see entry for September 11, 1861). On the first ballot, delegates nominate General James S. Wadsworth for governor. Various resolutions include a statement that the war be prosecuted “with the utmost vigor and energy in the field,” endorsements of the Second Confiscation Act and preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, and a call for New York to begin immediately “enrolling, arming, and disciplining its militia.”157 Separately, Lincoln issues a proclamation suspending the writ of habeas corpus. (See Chronology.) 26: The signatories of the Altoona Address present it to Lincoln. It is read aloud by Andrew, with discussion afterward. Iowa’s Samuel Kirkwood, speaking directly to Lincoln, states that “in the opinion of our people George B. McClellan is unfit to command the Army of the Potomac.” After a few more remarks, he asks if Lincoln believes in McClellan’s loyalty. Lincoln is emphatic: “I have the same reason to believe in his loyalty that I have to believe in the loyalty of you

170 | New York

gentlemen before me now.” He knows that McClellan has “deficiencies.” Furthermore, “He is very cautious, and lacking in confidence in himself and his ability to win victories with the forces at his command.” “But if I remove him,” Lincoln asks, “some one must be put in his place, and who shall it be?” Michigan’s Blair responds, “Why not try another man, Mr. President?” Lincoln replies, “Oh, but I might lose an army by that.”158 27: Morgan gives Stanton some welcome news. Geneva’s One Hundred and FortyEighth Infantry departed for Washington on September 21; Syracuse’s One Hundred and Forty-Ninth left September 23; and Troy’s One Hundred and Sixty-Ninth left September 25. Departing on September 26 were Schoharie’s One Hundred and Thirty-Fourth, Hamilton’s One Hundred and Fifty-Seventh, Binghamton’s One Hundred and ThirtySeventh, Staten Island’s One Hundred and Forty-Fifth, and Oswego’s One Hundred and Forty-Seventh. Brooklyn’s One Hundred and Thirty-Second will leave on September 28. Four artillery battalions have been raised, all three-year units; two left on September 18 and two on September 20. Since July 11, another 600 recruits have received state bounties and been deployed.159 29: Stanton has just received Morgan’s troop status report. “It is highly gratifying,” Stanton replies. “Please accept the thanks of the Department for your promptness and energy.” (But see entry for October 2.) At the Shiloh Church at the corner of Hammond and Prince Street in New York City, “a very large assemblage” of African Americans gather at 8:00 p.m. to celebrate the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation.160 30: Mayor Opdyke vetoes a Board of Aldermen’s resolution opposing emancipation.161

october 2: General Strong again reports to Stanton about New York State’s troop status. Contrary to Morgan’s September 27 report, Strong declares that, “The movement of troops from this State seems quite at a standstill at the present moment.” Regarding the Second Metropolitan Regiment (the One Hundred and Thirty-Third), “there is nothing ready to move.” As for a “regiment organized in Sullivan County” (the One Hundred and Forty-Third), a dispute between a disappointed candidate for colonel and the actual appointee is “producing almost a state of mutiny.” On the bright side, a regiment organized at Delhi (probably the One Hundred and Forty-Fourth) and a unit from New England are expected to pass through New York City en route to Washington.162 3: “Antietam Reproduced” headlines a note in today’s New York Times about photographer Mathew Brady’s exhibit of photographs from the Battle of Antietam. The gallery is on the second floor of a Broadway building and is identified by “a little placard, ‘The Dead of Antietam.’”163 9: The War Department issues GO No. 154, which allows commanding officers of Regular Army units to detail “one or more recruiting officers” who are “authorized to enlist, with their own consent, the requisite number of efficient volunteers to fill the ranks of their command to the legal standard.” In effect, these officers are authorized to poach men from state volunteer units in the field.164 (See entry for October 27 for Morgan’s reaction.) 13: Morgan reports to Halleck that the following units departed on October 11: Monticello’s One Hundred and Forty-Third, Delhi’s One Hundred and Forty-Fourth, Rome’s One Hundred and Forty-Sixth, and Poughkeepsie’s One Hundred and Fiftieth. Departing today are two New York City units: the One Hundred

and Sixty-Second and the One Hundred and Seventieth, the latter also known as the Fourth Corcoran Legion.165 This evening, a Seymour ratification meeting convenes at Cooper Institute. The featured speaker is the ex-governor, who defends himself against Republican charges that he is a “traitor.” Seymour charges Republican administrations (state and federal) with “incompetency, corruption and error in different departments,” and clarifies the political struggle in the North as not between Republicans and Democrats but “between conservative and radical classes of our citizens.” John Van Buren, son of the former president also speaks. Wadsworth, he declares, is “only a militia-muster general, and had never been in the field except as an Aid-de-Camp.” He owes his nomination to “Abolitionists . . . political strikers [and] his enormous wealth.”166 14: With enrollment virtually complete, Hillhouse issues GO No. 79 in preparation for a November 10 draft. The draft will be “equal in the aggregate to the number of men required on that day, to complete the quota of 120,000.” Commissioners for superintending the draft are appointed for each county; counties in which two or more commissioners are appointed will be divided into sub-districts, one per commissioner. Commissioners’ duties include administering oaths, judging claims for exemptions, and completing enrollments in counties where enrollments are incomplete. Special rules are established for New York and Kings Counties, where the commissioners will answer directly to New York State’s jag. The jag will issue orders and provide guidance; moreover, the commissioners are authorized “to call upon all citizens, as well as upon all military and civil officers of this

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State” to execute the jag’s orders. The jag also will oversee transport of these draftees to the rendezvous. On November 1, district committees must report all enlistees since July 2. The following persons are exempt from the draft: the lieutenant governor, state legislators, the secretary of state, state treasurer (and clerks in the foregoing offices), judicial officers, including justices of the peace and sheriffs, all federal army and navy personnel and members of the active militia, persons honorably discharged after military service, ministers, Shakers, Quakers, college professors and students, all common school pupils, commissioned militia officers with seven years’ service, idiots, lunatics, felons, paupers, and drunkards.167 (See entry for November 1.) 15: On Morgan’s orders, Hillhouse sends Stanton a copy of yesterday’s GO No. 79 with two requests. First, he asks that the commissioners for superintending the draft be appointed special provost marshals as provided for in Section 5 of GO No. 99 (see entry for August 9); this would essentially federalize the state enforcement machinery. Second, Hillhouse requests that the state jag also be appointed a special provost marshal. Stanton refers this matter to the War Department’s jag, Joseph Holt, for an opinion.168 (See entry for October 26.) 20: Lincoln orders that “all persons who may have actually been drafted into the military service of the United States, and who may claim exemption on account of alienage,” apply to the State Department or their country’s consulates. This order is sent directly to all loyal governors.169 22: Morgan asks Stanton for authority to permit A. T. Stewart,170 Peter Cooper,171 “and other leading citizens” to recruit a three-year infantry regiment. “I had decided to authorize no more regiments, as they lessen the number of men to go to the old regiments,” Morgan 172 | New York

explains. “[But] if a regiment of three-years’ men, instead of an equal number of ninemonths’ men, to go to old regiments, should be deemed an advantage, I will grant the application at once.”172 23: Stanton replies to Morgan’s request to raise a new regiment. “This Department would prefer the regiment of three years’ men proposed to be raised if it can be filled up speedily,” the secretary explains. “You will please authorize it to be raised.”173 24: Senator Harris, during a recent meeting with Halleck’s chief of staff, General George W. Cullum,174 was shocked when the latter claimed that, “not more than 30,000 [New York troops] had been received.” Harris immediately asked Morgan for figures, which he now sends Cullum. The statement shows that, since July 2, New York has furnished a total of 83,353 troops, of which 72,703 have deployed, with 10,650 continuing to organize in state.175 26: War Department jag Holt advises Stanton not to grant Hillhouse’s October 15 request that provost marshal status be conferred on New York draft commissioners or the state jag. His reason is the absence of a reason: “I find nothing in paragraph V, of General Orders 99 that contemplates these commissioners shall be appointed provost-marshals, nor is any reason suggested for this step.”176 27: Morgan asks Stanton to revoke GO No. 154 (see entry for October 9) as being “highly prejudicial to the service and to all interests.”177 28: Stanton notifies Morgan that General Nathaniel P. Banks will be organizing a southern expedition, and asks the governor “to render him every aid in your power in speedily organizing his command.”178 29: Thomas notifies the governors of New York, Massachusetts, Ohio, and Pennsylvania that they are “authorized and directed” to assign,

from all militia drafted in state [nine-month troops], “so many men for each organized regiment in the field [i.e., the old regiments] as may be required to fill up each regiment to its maximum number.” Any militia draftees remaining may be organized into new units.179 30: Wadsworth addresses a rally of many thousands at Cooper Institute. He replies to Democrats’ criticism that he has not campaigned in person by citing his duties. He also defends Lincoln and the calls to end slavery as necessary to destroy the rebellion.180 31: C. P. Buckingham requests from all governors, “as soon as possible,” the number of men enrolled for the draft, the number actually drafted, the number of draft commissioners for administering the draft, the number of examining surgeons, the number of camps of rendezvous, the number of nine-month men to take the place of draftees, and the number of draftees who have volunteered for three-year service. Meanwhile, General Banks, who has been named by Lincoln to replace General Benjamin Butler in New Orleans (and as commander of the Department of the Gulf ), reports to Stanton from his New York City headquarters about various matters. Tonight he leaves for Albany to confer with Morgan, but he can report now that “Merchants here and in New England are much interested in the success of the expedition.” Also, “Our friends are greatly encouraged in regard to the election, which is believed to be safe, and in good spirits.”181 Speaking again at the Cooper Institute, Wadsworth, introduced by Francis Lieber, addresses New York’s Germans. “I detest Slavery in the abstract and I detest it also in every form it may assume in every man,” the general declares. “There can be no questioning the fact, but that the war was brought on by the white men of the South, but the result

of it will be, that it will prove the instrument which shall strike from under them the very foundation of their arrogance and power.”182 november 1: Under New York GO No. 79 (see entry for October 14), all counties were ordered to report their enrollments as of today as a prerequisite for the November 10 draft. When many counties do not return reports, the draft is suspended.183 Banks reports to Cullum, summarizing his meetings with governors and the troop status for his mission. Morgan has shown “hearty and prompt co-operation,” as have the New England governors. Corcoran’s Legion now has an estimated 2,500 men. “The regiments from New York are all without arms,” however, and Banks asks that 6,000 or 8,000 rifles be sent immediately. Commodore Vanderbilt has provided some transports. New York regiments reporting for this mission include the One Hundred and Sixtieth, the One Hundred and Sixty-First, and the One Hundred and Fifty-Sixth.184 Meanwhile, Police Superintendent Kennedy issues GO No. 324, requiring that “a competent and trusty man” from each district be assigned to polling stations during the upcoming elections to check voters’ names against a list of those claiming draft exemptions by alienage. Any such “aliens” are to be arrested and detained at police stations, “subject to the order of the Secretary of War.”185 (See entry for January 1, 1863.) 4: Congressional and state elections yield the following results. Congress: First District—Henry G. Stebbins, Democrat, 9,908 (56.08%), Richard C. McCormick, Union-Republican, 7,759 (43.92%); Second District—Martin Kalbfeisch, Democrat, 10,588 (66.30%), 1862: Key Events | 173

William Wall, Union-Republican, 5,381 (33.70%); Third District—Moses Odell, Democrat, 8,915 (54.29%), James Humphrey, Union-Republican, 7,506 (45.71%); Fourth District—Benjamin Wood, Democrat, 7,828 (63.32%), Hiram Walbridge, Union-Republican, 4,535 (36.68%); Fifth District—Fernando Wood, Democrat, 8,176 (70.1%), John Duffy, Union-Republican, 3,488 (29.9%); Sixth District—Elijah Ward, Democrat, 6,942 (54.33%), Frederick A. Conkling, Union-Republican, 4,839 (37.87%), Orrison Hunt, Independent, 996 (7.8%); Seventh District—John W. Chanler, Democrat, 9,326 (76.05%), Henry A. Burr, Union-Republican, 2,937 (23.95%); Eighth District—James Brooks, Democrat, 9,625 (63.34%), Elliot C. Cowdin, UnionRepublican, 5,570 (36.66%); Ninth District—Anson Herrick, Democrat, 7,323 (64.19%), Leod Murphy, Union-Republican, 4,085 (35.81%); Tenth District—William Radford, Democrat, 8,878 (45.82%), Edward Haight, Union-Republican, 7,921 (40.88%), Andrew E. Suffern, Independent, 2,576 (13.3%); Eleventh District—Charles H. Winfield, Democrat, 9,326 (55.19%), Stephen Fullerton, Union-Republican, 7,572 (44.81%); Twelfth District—Homer A. Nelson, Democrat, 10,275 (53.4%), Charles L. Beale, Union-Republican, 8,965 (46.6%); Thirteenth District—John B. Steele, Democrat, 10,263 (54.93%), Thomas Cornell, UnionRepublican, 8,422 (45.07%); Fourteenth District—Erastus Corning,186 Democrat, 15,715 (59.57%), Henry Smith, Union-Republican, 10,665 (40.43%); Fifteenth District—John A. Griswold, Democrat, 12,226 (52.78%), Edward Dodd, Union-Republican, 10,939 (47.22%); Sixteenth District—Orlando Kellogg, UnionRepublican, 7,654 (52.28%), Benjamin P. Burhans, Democrat, 6,987 (47.72%); 174 | New York

Seventeenth District—Calvin T. Hubbard, Union-Republican, 12,015 (67.19%), David C. Judson, Democrat, 5,867 (32.81%); Eighteenth District—James M. Marvin, Union-Republican, 13,096 (51%), Isaiah Blood, Democrat, 12,582 (49%); Nineteenth District—Samuel F. Miller, Union-Republican, 14,918 (52.45%), Robert Parker, Democrat, 13,523 (57.55%); Twentieth District— Ambrose W. Clark, Union-Republican, 14,826 (57.34%), Lorenzo Carryl, Democrat, 11,031 (42.66%); Twenty-first District—Francis Kernan, Democrat, 9,943 (50.25%), Roscoe Conkling, Union-Republican, 9,845 (49.75%); Twenty-second District—De Witt C. Littlejohn, Union-Republican, 12,667 (59.98%), William Titus, Democrat, 8,453 (40.02%); Twenty-Third District—Thomas T. Davis, Union-Republican, 13,032 (58.47%), John M. Strong, Democrat, 9,257 (41.53%); Twenty-fourth District—Theodore M. Pomeroy, Union-Republican, 13,834 (55.27%), Sterling C. Hadley, Democrat, 11,196 (44.73%); Twenty-fifth District—Daniel Morris, Union-Republican, 11,615 (58.74%), Scott Lord, Democrat, 8,157 (41.26%); Twenty-sixth District—Giles W. Hotchkiss, Union-Republican, 13,889 (58.68%), Charles G. Day, Democrat, 9,781 (41.32%); Twentyseventh District—Robert B. Van Valkenburg, Union-Republican, 14,887 (58.01%), Samuel C. Hathaway, Democrat, 10,774 (41.99%); Twenty-Eighth District—Freeman Clarke, Union, 11,193 (53.23%), Sanford E. Church, Democrat, 9,833 (46.77%); TwentyNinth District—Augustus Frank, UnionRepublican, 10,470 (52.1%), Washington Hunt, Democrat, 9,627 (47.9%); Thirtieth District—John Ganson, Democrat, 12,400 (57.98%), Elbridge G. Spaulding, UnionRepublican, 8,985 (42.02%); Thirty-first District—Reuben E. Fenton, Union-Republican,

11,950 (63.12%), Stephen D. Caldwell, Democrat, 6,982 (36.88%)187 Governor: Horatio Seymour, Democrat, 306,649 (50.9%); James S. Wadsworth, Republican, 295,897 (49.1%)188 State Assembly: 63 Democrats, 56 Republicans, 9 Union-Democrats189 State Senate: next election in 1863 8: New York City’s Common Council enacts “An ordinance making an appropriation of five hundred thousand dollars for the continuation of the relief now afforded to soldiers’ families.”190 21: According to the War Department’s “latest muster and payrolls,” New York has provided 11 cavalry regiments totaling 11,300 men and 1 cavalry company of 84 men; 6 artillery regiments totaling 5,811 men and 45 artillery companies totaling 5,137 men; and 145 infantry regiments totaling 115,056 men. Between August 15 and November 21, the state also provided 14,642 men to old regiments.191 22: War Department GO No. 193 orders the discharge from military custody of all those who have interfered with the draft, discouraged enlistments, or aided the enemy. (See Chronology.) 24: C. P. Buckingham asks Morgan to provide “immediately” the number of three-year volunteers raised since July 2, as well as the number of draftees or volunteers for ninemonth service.192 26: Hillhouse answers Buckingham’s November 24 request for information. Since July 2, New York has furnished 87,739 three-year volunteers, of which 81,139 have been deployed (including those serving with Banks). There are 1,600 in still-organizing regiments in the state. Nine-month troops number 3,920; these include a 900-man unit assigned to Banks. “There are no men drafted,” Hillhouse reports.193

december 11–13: The battles of Fredericksburg. 15: Burnside’s Army of the Potomac retreats across the Rappahannock following its disaster at Fredericksburg. 20: Morgan establishes the Bureau of Military Statistics as a part of the adjutant general’s office.194 27: The War Department accepts Morgan’s resignation as major general to take effect on January 1, 1863, when his term as governor ends.195 30: Dr. Charles McDougall,196 the U.S. military medical director in New York City, reports leasing the steamer Thomas P. Way as a receiving and triage hospital in New York Harbor. Patients will be boarded there before distribution to city hospitals ashore.197

Legislative Sessions eighty-fifth session of the new york legislature New York has been no idle spectator of the progress of the insurrection. She responded to the first summons to protect the endangered Capital, and to-day one hundred thousand of her brave sons bear aloft the banner of the Union, in and near the rebellious States. From her imperial resources vast supplies have been drawn for the war. Her bankers, and particularly those of the city of New York, with a patriotism and an enlightened confidence, which is a wonder to Europe, and a marvel to ourselves, have furnished a most important element to the government. She has freely contributed from her public treasury, as well as in the cities and towns, through formally organized action of her private citizens, and through the less formal means of individual benevolence. The care of the families of Volunteers has been assumed by municipalities, by villages and by individuals. The cord of brotherhood has been strengthened by our public grief. —Governor Edwin D. Morgan, annual address, January 7, 1862198 1862: Legislative Sessions | 175

Concurrent Resolution Requesting Senators and Representatives in Congress to Vote for Modification of Acts for Purposes of Revenue that each State May Assume and Pay in Accordance with its Own Laws Requests New York’s congressional delegation to support a measure “that each state be allowed to assume the payment of such amount [required under federal revenue acts], and to assess and collect the same in accordance with its own laws and through its own officers.” Passed by the senate on January 23 and the assembly on January 25.199 Chapter 1: An Act to authorize the Board of Supervisors of the County of Kings to provide for the relief of families of volunteers Section 1: Authorizes the county treasurer under the direction of the board of supervisors “to borrow on the credit of said county, such sum of money as has been or may be expended or may be required by said county for relief of families of volunteers from said county, in the military service of the United States or the State of New York, an amount not exceeding two hundred thousand dollars,” and to issue bonds for the same. Section 2: Authorizes the board of supervisors to levy and collect annually a tax to pay the interest and principal on these bonds. Passed, February 1, 1862.200 Chapter 2: An Act to legalize certain ordinances of the corporation of the city of New York Section 1: Legalizes three ordinances passed by New York City: “An ordinance making an appropriation in aid of the defence of the national union, and authorizing the borrowing of money for that purpose” (passed April 23, 1861); “An ordinance making an appropriation in aid of the families of volunteers from this city serving in the defence of the national union” (passed July 17, 1861); and “An 176 | New York

ordinance making an appropriation in aid of the families of volunteers from this city serving in the defence of the national union” (passed December 16, 1861). Passed February 1, 1862.201 Chapter 5: An Act to authorize the board of supervisors of the county of Ulster to defray certain expenses of board, transportation and so forth of the twentieth regiment of the New York Militia Section 1: Authorizes Ulster County’s Board of Supervisors to levy a $4,500 tax on property located within the county to cover the above costs for the Twentieth Regiment. Passed February 13, 1862.202 Chapter 12: An Act to amend chapter three hundred and thirteen of the Laws of eighteen hundred and sixty-one, entitled “An Act giving consent of the State of New York to the purchase by and ceding jurisdiction to the United States over certain lands within this State to be occupied as sites of light houses, keeper’s dwellings and fortifications, and their appurtenances, passed April eighteenth, eighteen hundred and sixty-one.” Section 1: Amends act to stipulate that land is being ceded to areas adjacent to Forts Hamilton and Tompkins for the purpose of “building and maintaining thereon batteries, forts [and] wharves.” Passed February 20, 1862.203 Chapter 21: An Act providing for the distribution of Soldiers’ Allotments Section 1: Requires the state treasurer to accept from the U.S. paymaster general monies which soldiers have allotted for themselves or their families. Section 2: At least once every three months, the state treasurer shall prepare a list of all assignees of such funds, and furnish the list to country treasurers.

Section 3: On receiving this list, the country treasurer will notify the assignees and inquire whether they wish to receive the allotment. Section 5: Monies unclaimed after one year shall be returned by the county to the state treasurer. “No fee or charge shall be made or received by any officer under this act.” Passed March 6, 1862.204 Chapter 25: An Act to provide for the more speedy payment of the volunteers from this state, mustered into the service of the United States, and within this state, on the first day of March, eighteen hundred and sixty-two Section 1: Authorizes the comptroller to borrow on state credit up to $350,000. Section 2: The governor is authorized to apply these funds (and other unappropriated funds) “to pay and discharge all arrears of the monthly pay, due and payable according to the rules and regulations of the United States military service,” due on January 1, 1862, to “any officer or private of the volunteers of this state” in service on March 1, 1862. Section 3: No money will be advanced until the state comptroller has received “satisfactory assurances” from the U.S. government that all advances “shall be repaid to this state in not more than ninety days from the date of the advance thereto, or shall be credited to this state on account of the direct tax.” Passed March 8, 1862.205 Chapter 31: An Act to legalize the levy and collection of a tax in the county of Tioga to defray the expenses of enrolling, organizing, mustering and subsisting volunteers for the military service in the United States, and for aid to their families Section 1: Authorizes the county to levy a tax on eligible property for the sum of $6,500 to pay the expenses incurred “during the spring, summer and fall” of 1861 “of enrolling, organizing

and subsisting volunteers . . . preparatory to their being mustered into” U.S. service and “for aid to the families of such volunteers.” Passed March 15, 1862.206 Chapter 50: An Act for the relief of families of volunteers in the service of the United States, from the town of German Flats in the county of Herkimer Section 1: Authorizes the town of German Flats to raise $1,000 in taxes to refund monies advanced for family aid; however, these funds cannot be disbursed to any person enlisting after the date of this act or to his family. Section 2: These monies will be paid to Josiah Shull, Samuel E. Coe, and D. D. Devoe, of the town’s volunteer relief committee; the committee shall apply the monies to repay “a certain note of one thousand dollars and interest,” held by the Mohawk Valley Bank. Passed March 26, 1862.207 Chapter 185: An Act to provide for the payment of the bonds issued by the city of New York for the defence of the National Union Section 2: Authorizes New York County’s Board of Supervisors to raise 1862 property taxes by $500,000 to pay family aid expenses. Section 3: Authorizes the board to raise 1863 property taxes by $500,000 for the same purpose. Section 4: Authorizes New York to issue bonds as are necessary to refinance the Union Defence Bonds issued pursuant to city ordinance of April 23, 1861. Section 5: In 1864, the city is authorized to issue bonds to redeem the Union Defence Bonds authorized in Section 4. Passed April 12, 1862.208 Chapter 192: An Act making an appropriation for the payment to the United States of the 1862: Legislative Sessions | 177

direct tax assumed by the State of New York, and also appropriating the proceeds of the tax levied in pursuance of chapter two hundred and seventy-seven of the Law of eighteen hundred and sixty-one Section 1: Authorizes the comptroller to pay New York’s obligation of $2,603,918.67 to the United States under the direct tax. Section 2: Appropriates $1,250,000 to redeem bonds that were issued pursuant to Chapter 277 (1861) “for the public defence.” (See Legislative Sessions—1861.) Passed April 12, 1862.209 Chapter 204: An Act for the relief of the families of the New York State Volunteers, in the town of Morristown Section 1: Morristown town meeting may appoint five residents “to act as [a] volunteer aid committee whose duty it shall be to provide for the indigent families of New York State volunteers of said town [from] any tax raised for that purpose.” Section 2: The commissioners shall “decide [which] families and to what extent they shall receive aid under this act.” However, no aid will be given to families whose soldiers enlisted after the date of this act; nor shall any voluntary subscriptions for family aid be reimbursed under this act. Passed April 12, 1862.210 Chapter 234: An Act to provide for the payment of certain moneys expended in equipping the twentieth regiment of   New York State militia Section 1: Authorizes the state treasurer to pay $12,000 to banks located in the town of Kingston to repay advances made to equip the Twentieth New York. Passed April 15, 1862.211

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Chapter 362: An Act to authorize the Supervisors of Orleans County to raise money for the support of volunteers Section 1: Authorizes Orleans County to levy taxes in the amount of $10,000, to be used for soldiers’ family relief. Section 2: “The chairman of the board of supervisors . . . the county judge, and the county treasurer, shall be the committee for disbursing the aforesaid fund; and the money shall be paid from time to time to such families of volunteers, as, in the judgment of said committee, shall need assistance, and under such regulations and restrictions as the committee shall adopt.” Passed April 19, 1862.212 Chapter 397: An Act to provide for the payment of certain claims incurred in the organization, equipment and subsistence of troops raised in the State of New York, or received therefrom, for the service of the United States Section 1: Authorizes the board of officers created by Chapter 277 (1861) to pay claims “incurred in the organization, pay, equipment, quartering, subsistence and other proper expenses for troops” raised under that chapter, and which have not been paid due to some “irregularity either in the mode in which the same were incurred or certified.” Section 2: The board has the power to examine witnesses and require documents. Section 5: Appropriates $500,000 to pay claims. Passed April 21, 1862.213 Chapter 420: An Act to incorporate the Union Home and School for the education and maintenance of the children of Volunteers Passed April 22, 1862.214 Chapter 421: An Act to provide for the reimbursement of certain persons and regiments belonging to the militia of this State

for clothing and equipments lost or destroyed in the service of the United States Section 1: Authorizes the state comptroller, treasurer, quartermaster, and inspector generals to form a board to consider claims by militia members for clothing and equipments, belonging to such persons or regiments, lost or destroyed in U.S. service since April 16, 1861. Section 2: The only eligible claimants are those who furnished “at [their] own expense” uniforms and equipments (now lost or destroyed) and who remain militia members. Three-month militia who were deployed may draw $25 for each member who served, if the regiment (and not individuals) provided uniforms. Section 6: No individual is entitled to more than $25 compensation for uniforms and equipments. Section 7: Appropriates $50,000 for this act. Enacted April 22, 1862.215 Chapter 456: An Act to provide means for the support of Government, and to pay the sum apportioned to be paid by this State, of the direct tax levied by the act of Congress, approved the fifth day of August, eighteen hundred and sixty-one Section 1: For the state’s general fund, increases taxes by one mill on each dollar of the valuation of all real and personal property. Section 2: To pay the direct tax, increases taxes by two mills on each dollar of the valuation of all real and personal property. Passed April 23, 1862.216 Chapter 471: An Act to facilitate the taking of oaths and affirmations and the acknowledgement or proof of written instruments by persons in the military service of this State or the United States, as Volunteers Section 1: A colonel with a New York regiment in U.S. service, or “any commissioned officer in

said service who is a counselor of the supreme court of this state, may administer and certify any oath or affirmation” of any volunteer who is out of state. Section 2: Oaths and affirmations thus taken are admissible in any state tribunal. Section 4: New York’s secretary of state will circulate copies of this act to all New York volunteer regiments. Passed April 23, 1862.217 Chapter 477: An Act to provide for the enrollment of the militia, the organization and discipline of the National Guard of the State of New York, and for the public defence. Section 1: “All able-bodied, white, male citizens, between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years, residing in this state and not exempted by the laws of the United States, shall be subject to military duty,” except active-duty persons in U.S. military service, clergymen, the lieutenant governor, legislators, secretary of state, attorney general, comptroller, state engineer and surveyor, treasurer, and their clerks and employees, as well as judicial officers, justices of the peace, sheriffs, coroners, and constables, Shakers and Quakers, college students, professors and teachers, as well as teachers and students in high schools, persons who have been “regularly and honorably discharged” from military duty, “such firemen as are currently exempt,” honorably discharged commissioned militia officers with seven years’ state or federal service, and non-commissioned officers, musicians, and privates with seven years service, “except in cases of war, insurrection or invasion.”218 Section 4: Enrollment under this act will begin immediately and occur at least once every two years thereafter. Enrollees are divided into two classes: persons aged eighteen to thirty, and persons aged thirty to forty-five. Section 6: Requires “tavern keepers, keepers of

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boarding houses, persons having boarders in their families” to provide the names of any boarders who are eligible for enrollment. Section 8: Requires county officials to publish a notice that the enrollment is complete and allows enrollees to claim exempt status. Section 9: Exempts from enrollment all militia members and firemen. Section 12: All eligible enrollees are considered the “reserve militia of New York”; those between eighteen and thirty are deemed “reserve militia of the first class” and those between thirty and fortyfive are “reserve [militia] of the second class.” Section 13: The reserve militia is required to assemble “for parade and inspection” on the first Monday in September. Section 14: Those failing to appear will be fined one dollar.219 Section 20: “The governor . . . shall arrange [the militia] and the districts therefor, into divisions, brigades, regiments, battalions, squadrons, troops, batteries and companies.” Section 21: “The organized militia of this state shall be known as ‘the National Guard of the State of New York.’” Authorizes the governor, “In case of war or insurrection, or of imminent danger,” to “make further drafts of militia.” Section 23: Authorizes the governor “to appoint and commission” company, regimental, and brigade officers to fill out the required militia, and to fill all vacancies hereafter. Section 25: The organization of the New York National Guard “shall conform to the provisions of the laws of the United States, and their system of discipline and exercise shall conform as nearly as may be to that of the army of the United States.” Section 26: Establishes a minimum company size of 32 and a maximum of 100 ncos and privates. (For differences between this provision and War Department GO No. 15, see entry for August 15, 1861.) Section 27: The peacetime force will not exceed 30,000 “officers and men.” 180 | New York

Section 32: Militia members of any branch are prohibited from joining any fire company without written consent. (Section 1 exempted firemen.) Section 33: No volunteers under twenty-one years may enlist without written consent of parents or guardians; minors may be drafted without such consent. Section 34: Officers and privates shall provide their uniforms at their own expense.220 Section 38: Requires the quartermaster general to contract for uniform and equipments with manufacturers located “in the several regimental districts of this state,” unless the prices exceed those established by U.S. Army regulations. Section 44: Whenever six or more companies are formed in a regimental organization, the governor will order elections for colonel, lieutenant colonel, and major.221 Section 49: The governor may nominate major generals and commissary generals for senate consent. Section 51: The governor may appoint to his military staff, the adjutant general, inspector general, quartermaster general, commissary general of subsistence, paymaster general, surgeon general, and three aides. Section 53: Company officers and ncos will be elected by companies; brigadier and inspector generals will be elected by the field officers of their brigades. Section 55: The governor will commission all officers and officers only can be removed in two ways: first, by the senate (“on the recommendation of the Governor”) after stating the grounds for removal, second, by court-martial. (But see Section 95.) Section 56: Regimental commanders may appoint sergeant majors, quartermaster sergeants, and drum majors. Section 95: “In time of war, insurrection, invasion, or imminent danger thereof,” whenever state forces are deployed, the governor is authorized to “suspend from active service such officer or offi-

cers as he shall deem it discreet to suspend.” The suspension cannot exceed thirty days without a court-martial ordered. Section 96: The governor may have three aides with the rank of colonel, and a secretary with the rank of major. Section 98: The adjutant general may be a brigadier general; his department will consist of an assistant adjutant general (colonel); to each division, a division inspector (colonel) and to each brigade, a brigade inspector (major); to each regiment or battalion, an adjutant (lieutenant).222 Section 106: Each regiment is entitled to one chaplain “who shall be a regular ordained minister of a christian [sic] denomination.” Section 110: Authorizes the governor to organize his staff departments “in his discretion,” but the rules and regulations adopted by staff officers shall “conform to those which are prescribed for the government of the staff department in the army of the United States.” Section 119: As each company is formed, armories are to be established within their districts.223 Section 133: Companies must parade annually between May 1 and November 1. Section 134: There must be six drills or parades annually. Section 136: Company commanders may require company drills and parades monthly between November and May. Section 146: For ncos and privates, the term of service is seven years. Persons serving seven years are exempt from two days’ highway tax each year; if resident in a city, he is entitled to deduct $500 from the assessed value of his taxable property. Section 167: The governor may order militia (not to exceed 1,000 men per year) “to be stationed in such forts or other places as may be furnished by the United States government . . . within the State of New York for a period not exceeding ten days in any one year, for instruction in the management of heavy artillery for sea and lake coast defence.”

Section 176: “[I]n time of war, insurrection, invasion, or imminent danger,” deployed militia are entitled to pay, rations, and clothing allowances as for the U.S. forces.224 Section 177: Authorizes the governor to hire clerks “as shall be actually necessary for the public service.”225 Section 218: ncos and privates not appearing for parade will be fined $2. Section 253: Capital punishment will not be inflicted for any offense “except in time of actual war, invasion, or insurrection,” as declared by the governor. Section 283: “In cases of insurrection or invasion, or imminent danger thereof,” the governor may order companies to accept volunteers; if too few men volunteer, he may order a draft from the reserve militia. Section 284: “[In] case of insurrection or invasion, or imminent danger thereof,” the governor may deploy such units “as he shall deem proper”; all such troops will receive U.S. pay and rations. This section also ratifies “all the acts, proclamations and orders” of the governor since April 16, 1861.226 Section 290: Persons who “shall be wounded or disabled in opposing or suppressing any invasion or insurrection, shall be taken care of and provided for at the expense of the state.” Section 291: “In case of any breach of the peace, tumult, riot or resistance to process of this state, or apprehension of imminent danger of the same, it shall be lawful for the sheriff of any county or the mayor of any city” to call for militia aid.227 Section 298: Militia drafts, called by the governor or the president of the United States, shall be made by lot. Section 300: A draftee may furnish an able-­ bodied male, at least age twenty-one, as a substitute. Section 305: Appropriates $300,000 for uniforms and equipments for privates and officers. Passed April 23, 1862.228 1862: Legislative Sessions | 181

State Military Affairs For 1862, considering all terms of service and all branches (except naval), New York furnished 116,803 troops. Three-month militia, including 12 infantry regiments, totaled 8,588 men. Ninemonth volunteers formed 1 infantry regiment of 830 men. Three-year volunteers included 1 regiment of cavalry (1,461 men); 2 regiments, 4 battalions, and 14 independent companies of artillery (5,708 men); and 85 regiments of infantry (78,216 men). Recruits for old regiments numbered 20,000 men. There were 2,000 troops in state and not yet organized as of December 31, 1862. Based on these numbers, the combined total for 1861 and 1862 is 224,081. To this must be added naval recruits (24,734) and enlistments into the Regular Army (5,679), producing a total of 254,494 men credited to New York since April 1861.229 Under the July 2 call, New York furnished a total of 71,512 men, consisting of 62,039 of infantry, 1,461 of cavalry, 2,300 in artillery battalions, and 3,712 in artillery batteries, along with 2,000 men in “incomplete organizations.” This produced a claimed surplus of 29,212 men, mostly three-year enlistees. Raising this force and filling depleted regiments entailed making “nearly four thousand promotions” during 1862.230 Under the combined calls of July and August, New York’s quota was approximately 120,000 men; the state furnished 85,392, leaving a deficiency of 28,517.231 Payment of the $50 state bounty aggregated approximately $8,650,000. Estimated war expenditures by the state for 1862 were approximately $10 million, with an equal amount in bounties and family aid expenses paid by towns and counties, for a combined total of $20 million in state and local war expenses.232 For 1862, the organized militia consisted of 8 divisions, 26 brigades, and 59 regiments, comprising 22,154 officers and men. These included infantry, light infantry, and rifles (380 companies 182 | New York

in all) totaling 16,544 men; 54 companies of artillery totaling 2,655 men; and 31 companies of cavalry totaling 1,403 men.233 A new enrollment was ordered after the August 4 militia call. From a statewide population of 3,879,707, there were enrolled 764,603 men between the ages of eighteen and forty-five. Of these, 139,198 were exempt, leaving 625,405 men liable to duty.234 By 1862, New York hosted an enormous publicprivate hospital complex, perhaps second only to Philadelphia in its scope. This included facilities at Park Barracks, Governor’s Island, Fort Schuyler, St. Luke’s, Jews’ Hospital (present-day Mount Sinai), St. Vincent’s, New York Hospital, and Belle­ vue. The Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph’s Hospital administered to amputees in several converted buildings in Central Park.235 Not surprisingly, New York produced large quantities of goods and materiel for the war. Between June 30, 1861, and September 30, 1862, however, New Yorkers provided only 1,729 horses to Pennsylvania’s 11,508. New York did somewhat better with greatcoats and uniform coats, manufacturing 481,567 and 439,982, respectively (Pennsylvania’s totals were 917,837 and 994,743, respectively). Similarly, New York City placed second to Philadelphia in pantaloons (815,692 to 2,382,184), in blankets (840,278 to 894,075), and in tents of all types (184,676 versus 323,382). The state produced no wagons or ambulances.236 Where New York mattered most was in money. By the end of 1862, New York commercial and savings banks held a total of $158,986,574 in U.S. government obligations, or approximately 30 percent of all outstanding federal debt ($500,978,142).237 By mid-July, New York City had established a fund of $500,000 to aid soldiers’ families. The head of family was entitled to $1.50 weekly, with 50 cents added for each child under age fourteen, not to exceed three children. By July 22, pay­ masters were posted at distribution points in the

Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Seventh (state senate) Districts, which had been subdivided by city wards. In the Fifth District, for example, aid was distributed at the corner of Seventh Street and Hall Place, in the rear of Tompkins’ Market. Recipients were monitored and ward committees responsible for distributing aid could substitute groceries for cash if they believed a recipient was of “intemperate habits.”238 State revenues as of October 1, 1861, were $16,942,977.53. Combined with the existing cash balance in the state treasury as of October 1, 1860 ($3,299,537.49), this provided a “cash flow” of $20,242,515.02 during the year. Expenses for the year ending October 1, 1861, were $17,167,573.17; thus a cash balance of $3,074,941.85 remained on that date, a decrease over the prior year. The principal due on canal debt had decreased through repayments to $26,081,610.25. To finance debt service and operating costs, New York authorized a direct tax on subject property of 4.75 mills; of this, 2 mills was for the expenses of outfitting the militia for war. Morgan expected the federal government to reimburse New York for at least 40 percent of the qualified advances made by the state for war expenses. In fact, the state felt so sure of reimbursement that it reduced the “war portion” from 2 mills to 1.5 mills. According to the terms of the direct tax imposed by Congress on July 27, 1861, states could deduct from their direct tax liabilities any reimbursements for war expenses due from the federal government. New York’s obligation to the U.S. government—less the 15 percent discount for early payment—was $2,213,332. The state had previously spent $2,873,501.16 in reimbursable war expenses, for which it had been reimbursed $1,156,048.50, leaving $1,717,452.66 still unreimbursed. Deducting this figure from the direct tax due, New York’s remaining obligation to the U.S. government was $495,880.239 As further evidence of the governor’s commitment to the war, Morgan called for public schools

to offer “elements of military science” to all male children over the age of twelve.240

1863 Key Events january 1: Lincoln issues the final Emancipation Proclamation. (See Chronology.) Governor Seymour is inaugurated. His first act redeems a campaign pledge to act against New York’s Metropolitan Police Commissioners for alleged civil rights abuses, including allowing Police Superintendent Kennedy to become “Special Provost-Marshal for the Metropolitan Police District of New-York without authority of law.” Kennedy reportedly held a female detainee (one Mrs. Isabel Brinsmaid) without authority of federal or state law, and this illegal act was approved by all commissioners. Police stations also have been used as detention centers without authority of law, and Seymour believes that GO No. 324 (see entry for November 1, 1862) “was calculated and intended to deter citizens in the exercise of the elective franchise and in violation of the law.” The police commissioners are required to appear for trial in Albany on January 3.1 Seymour’s appointments include John T. Sprague as adjutant general and Nelson J. Waterbury2 of New York City as judge advocate general.3 3: New York City’s police commissioners, charged by the state with civil rights violations, refuse to appear in Albany for trial.4 5: Seymour retreats from his demand that the Metropolitan Police Commissioners be tried in Albany. While he insists that the January 3 hearing was only to receive the commissioners’ answer to the charges, he agrees that, “The convenience of parties 1863: Key Events | 183

and witnesses requires that [the investigation] should be made in the City of New York.” No date is set for when this will occur.5 Meanwhile, Mayor Opdyke, in his annual message to the Common Council, notes that the people, businesses, and government of New York City have contributed “in taxes, gratuities and loans to the [U.S.] Government, not less than” $300 million. Although he notes that recruiting records are defective, he estimates that the city has contributed “about” 80,000 troops.6 6: The state legislature convenes in Albany. 15: Citing “the urgency of the present great national crisis” and “the revolutionary schemes which unprincipled men are plotting to accomplish,” a call is issued to form “the National Club,” shortly to be renamed the Union League Club of New York. Among the club’s purposes are “to cultivate a profound national devotion,” “to discuss and urge upon public attention large and noble schemes of national advancement,” and to “reawaken a practical interest in public affairs in those who have become discouraged.” The sponsors hope that such a body of “earnest and patriotic men” can accomplish these goals; prospective members need “an unblemished reputation” and “an uncompromising and unconditional loyalty to the Nation, and a complete subordination thereto of all other political ideas.” Eight prominent New Yorkers, including Wolcott Gibbs, George Templeton Strong, Henry W. Bellows, and George C. Anthon,7 sign the call.8 16: Brigadier General Daniel Ullman9 asks Stanton to order him to publish a press release that modestly declares that he has been assigned to “special duty; large and responsible powers have been submitted to him” and that (perhaps more factually), his headquarters will be in New York. Through 184 | New York

an aide, Stanton replies that “the notice submitted is not approved.”10 17: Ullman persists in his quest for publicity, writing aag Vincent with additional explanations. He insists that, “it is very desirable that I should be accredited before the public. I wish to prepare the public mind for the final development.”11 (See entry for February 2.) 20: U.S. Consul General William W. Murphy,12 headquartered in Frankfurt, writes Stanton to explain that he has shipped “three casks of linen and lint” to Mayor Opdyke and several others, “contributed here and in the neighboring towns by Germans and Americans who have friends and relatives in the Union Army.” Murphy estimates that he will forward an additional 6,000 to 10,000 pounds of these materials. Of greater significance, Murphy briefs Stanton that he has recently informed Opdyke that, “I could probably send him in a few weeks . . . for our Army from 20,000 to 30,000 experienced veteran soldiers who have seen service in the Italian and Crimean wars, and who have been discharged by reason of a reduction by several German states of their military force.” He assures the secretary that this would not violate German neutrality laws; moreover, these recruits would not require large bounties—although they will need help with paying passage. However, Murphy also informs Stanton that Opdyke “seemed to think that soldiers enough could be procured in the United States, and that none would be needed to be sent from here.”13 february 2: According to War Department records, between August 15, 1862, and January 31, 1863, New York furnished 17,468 men to old regiments. Separately, a newspaper dispatch declares,

“Brig.-Gen. Daniel Ullman’s headquarters are at No. 200 Broadway. Applications for commissions are pouring in upon him from all directions. His chief difficulty is that of selection.”14 3: Ex-governor Edwin Morgan elected U.S. senator.15 6: At a meeting in Delmonico’s restaurant, Democratic leaders August Belmont,16 Samuel J. Tilden,17 Samuel Barlow,18 James Brooks, and Horatio Seymour form the New York Society for the Diffusion of Political Knowledge. (The organization will be completed on February 13.) Its constitution declares that “The objects of the Society shall be to disseminate a knowledge of the principles of American constitutional liberty; to inculcate the correct views of the United States, of the powers and rights of the Federal Government, and of the powers and rights reserved to the States and the people, and generally to promote a sound political education of the public mind.” A Committee of Publications is established to oversee the writing and distribution of pamphlets. A variety of pamphlets will be issued, including a defense of Fitz-John Porter, a biblical defense of slavery, and speeches of Democratic leaders.19 11: Census data submitted to the War Department discloses that New York has 796,881 white males between eighteen and forty-five years old, and 10,208 black males in the same cohort. Of these, an estimated 2,041 black males would be available for service.20 The One Hundred Sixty-Eighth New York Volunteers (Nineteenth nyng) musters in for nine-month service. It is the first of 3 ninemonth units tendered by New York.21 14: In reaction to the New York Society for the Diffusion of Public Knowledge, prominent Republicans form a Loyal Publication Society.

It is intended “chiefly for the army to counteract the base camarilla of [New York] ‘World’ renown.” Francis Lieber will chair its publications committee.22 march 3: Chapter 75, nicknamed the Enrollment Act, becomes law. (See Chronology.) It federalizes what had previously been state responsibilities: enrollments and drafting. It also creates a federal bureaucracy for administering and issuing regulations and enforcing laws respecting enrollments and drafting, headquartered in Washington and extending to every state capital and beyond. (Although aapmgs are not specifically authorized by the Enrollment Act, Fry will use them as critical liaisons to state governors.) Such agents as are authorized have responsibilities that include arresting deserters and uncovering spies. The act requires these officers to create new state enrollments that group eligible males into three categories: those exempt by law; a first class, consisting of unmarried men aged twenty to forty-five and married men aged twenty to thirty-five; and a second class, consisting of married men aged thirty-five to forty-five. Congress also passes Chapter 81, “An Act relating to Habeas Corpus, and regulating Judicial Proceedings in Certain Cases,” which gives congressional sanction to Lincoln’s right to suspend the writ of habeas corpus in certain cases. (See Chronology for this date and September 15, 1863.) 6: Responding to a call from Mayor Opdyke, thousands gather at the Cooper Institute for a “meeting of the loyal citizens of New York.” Presided over by William Cullen Bryant, the co-sponsors include several prominent Democrats, including John Van Buren23 (whose 1863: Key Events | 185

turnabout is especially noted), Judge Charles P. Daly,24 and James T. Brady. For the first time, these men now stand with conservative and radical Republicans to support the Lincoln administration. 7: Vallandigham speaks at the Democratic Association, located at the corner of TwentySecond and Broadway in New York City. He denounces the soaring national debt and the income tax law, arguing that it is intended “to control the life-blood of the nation, its business and currency.” He also speaks against the Enrollment Act, which “surrendered the entire military power of the Government into the hands of the President. . . . What else could be needed to make a Dictator?” The Ohio congressman also “denied that we owe any obedience to our conscription act, saying that the President has no right to call upon us.”25 10: Lincoln proclaims an amnesty under Section 26 of the Enrollment Act: awol soldiers who report to the designated PMs by April 1 will forfeit pay but avoid other punishment. War Department GO No. 58 requires New York absentees to report at one of three locations across the state: Elmira, under Captain L. L. Livingston,26 Buffalo, under Lieutenant Sheldon Sturgeon,27 and Governor’s Island, under Colonel G. Loomis.28 12: Jonathan Devol and George B. Eddy, representing the Society of Friends in Saratoga County, write to Lincoln “to earnestly call thy attention to the sufferings which [the Enrollment Act] must necessarily subject a portion of the most loyal and lawabiding citizens of these United States.” The two men remind the president that pacifism has been Friends’ doctrine for more than two centuries. They assert that Friends in the South are exempt from conscription and ask that Lincoln exempt Friends in the North. “For though we love our country, and have 186 | New York

no sympathy with rebellion, yet we love our blessed Lord more, and consider His commands more binding upon us than any that man can make, and His are, ‘My Kingdom is not of this world, else would my servants fight,’ therefore my servants cannot fight.”29 17: James Barnet Fry appointed U.S. provost marshal general.30 Separately, New York Adjutant General John T. Sprague writes to U.S. Adjutant General Thomas with a proposal from Seymour to Stanton. The First Division of New York’s National Guard has 7,000 men “upon [which] the city must mainly depend when threatened by an enemy.” Given that New York’s defenses consist of garrisoned batteries, “It is essential that this body of men should be instructed in the use of sea-coast guns” and the routine and maintenance of forts. Seymour proposes a training regimen: on May 1, he will assign 2,000 men to harbor duty; on June 1, a new contingent of 2,000 men will rotate in for the month as May’s men rotate out; this will continue through the months of July, August, and September. “Citizens of large, mercantile, commercial and mechanical interests offer the services of men in their employ gratuitously to perfect a plan so desirable in making the citizens of New York feel that in time of danger their well-instructed troops and the skillful use of artillery in fortifications are the protectors of their homes and their property.”31 21: At a rally at Cooper Institute, the formation of the Loyal National League is announced. This new organization to support the administration is led by William E. Dodge, Jr., and its executive committee includes General John Cochrane, Sidney Howard Gay, and Parke Godwin.32 24: Mozart Hall meets and passes resolutions denouncing, among other things, conscription

“as grossly and palpably unconstitutional.” Afterwards, Fernando Wood mentions James T. Brady and John Van Buren by name, then declares, “There is no such thing as ‘War Democrats,’” adding that, “any man who supports the policy of the Administration cannot be a Democrat.”33 25: The state senate passes a resolution asking Seymour to disclose how much of the $30,000 appropriated for “expenses incident to transportation, care and supplies of hospitals for sick and wounded soldiers belonging to this State &c., and for the removal of remains of officers slain in battle or dying while in service” has been spent and “the general character of such expenditures.” Seymour replies that $13,481.02 has been spent. Threefourths of the money went to converting the Albany Barracks, the Park Barracks in New York City, and the Riker’s Island facility for hospitals and medical staff. The rest of the money went for transportation of sick and wounded soldiers, medical services, and pay for New York’s agent in Washington.34 30: A firestorm erupts in New York when newspapers publish diplomatic correspondence between Lord Lyons, British ambassador to the United States, and the Foreign Ministry. In the previous November, Lyons informed his government that, upon his arrival in New York, “Several leaders of the Democratic party sought interviews with me” on the subject of foreign mediation of the war. According to Lyons, these unnamed Democrats believed that mediation was inevitable, although “they appeared to be very much afraid of its coming too soon.” They were concerned that the Republicans (“the radical party”) would use it as “a means of reviving the violent war spirit, and of thus defeating the peaceful plans of the conservatives.” However, he also characterized the Democrats’ wish to

end the war “even at the risk of losing the Southern states altogether.” Ever the diplomat, Lyons’ response to the Democrats had been noncommittal at the time. Today, however, Republicans are furious (as, no doubt, are many others).35 31: On April 1 (tomorrow), an interest payment of $392,634.11 on various New York State bonds will be due, with approximately $25,000 of this amount owed to foreign bondholders. Bond interest is due in “coin,” meaning gold or silver, but the state has no coin. Since the war has driven specie higher, buying coin now in order to pay bondholders would cost a premium of $177,000. Seymour makes an emergency request to the legislature: authorize the payment in coin and preserve New York’s credit. “The failure of the most important State of the Union will be a National calamity,” Seymour declares. “It will be more disastrous than the loss of battles or the destructions of many millions of treasure.” In response, the legislature adopts a concurrent resolution: interest will be paid in coin to foreign bondholders, but not to American ones.36 april 2: The War Department issues GO No. 86, pursuant to Sections 19 and 20 of the Enrollment Act, requiring that state units falling below “one-half the maximum number [of soldiers] required by law” must be consolidated and that any “supernumerary” officers be discharged. Consolidating regiments means that some units will lose their identity, a matter of pride both to soldiers and sponsoring towns or ethnic groups. Discharging surplus officers means losing veteran field officers while creating political pressure for officer retentions. This helps fuel the nationwide “Fill Up The Old Regiments!” movement.37 7: Fernando Wood addresses a “densely packed” 1863: Key Events | 187

meeting at the Cooper Institute called to oppose conscription, emancipation, and Republican management of the war. He categorizes those who benefit (and thus support) the war as follows. First are the banks, which Washington now controls through federal chartering; then railroad corporations, because the war closes the Mississippi River and diverts traffic to rail. New England manufacturers benefit because of war contracts; debtors because they depend on government stimulus; and the “army of office holders and contractors” because government revenues can be returned as political contributions for politicians. War Democrats support the administration for reasons of personal ambition, and abolitionists “will be for the war as long as Slavery exists, and so long as there is a slaveholder to punish.”38 11: A mass rally in Union Square, commemorating the second anniversary of Fort Sumter, is sponsored by the Loyal National League. Six speakers’ stands are erected; the orators include Opdyke, Lieber, Fremont, Dickinson, Senator Henry Wilson, and Postmaster General Montgomery Blair.39 13: Seymour formally announces his opposition to a statutory revision that gives the vote to soldiers absent from their places of residence. However, he would support an amendment to New York’s constitution to permit voting by soldiers.40 (See entry for April 24.) 21: The War Department issues “Regulations for the government of the Bureau of the ProvostMarshal-General of the United States,” giving effect to the Enrollment Act. Federal officers (often career soldiers) are assigned to each state, and each state is divided into districts that parallel congressional districts. Each district will conduct its own enrollment and the draft will be based on these enrollments.41 Separately, the Loyal Union League—not 188 | New York

to be outdone by the Loyal National League— sponsors a mass rally, described as “the largest popular gathering ever held in this City.” An estimated crowd of 50,000 gathers around Madison Square. The ever-popular General Winfield Scott presides over the meeting; due to enfeeblement, however, his seat is located on a balcony of the Fifth Avenue Hotel. Delegations from Baltimore, Philadelphia, Trenton, and Wilmington are present, and prominent War Democrats Tremain, Dickinson, Bancroft, and John Van Buren are featured.42 24: Fry informs Seymour about the new provost marshal and enrollment board system. “With a view to uniform and harmonious execution of the enrollment, it has been deemed best to assign an officer of this department of rank to duty at the capital of New York,” Fry explains. “He will be instructed to confer with the Governor, to superintend the operations of the provost marshals and boards of enrollment in the several districts of the State, excepting the first nine [enrollment districts of New York City], to secure from the provost-marshals and boards and submit to the State executive such rolls and reports as may be deemed necessary for the files of the State, and to prepare from the State records and transmit to the provostmarshals and boards of enrollment such information placed at his disposal by the State authorities as may be necessary or useful to provost-marshals or boards of enrollment.” Fry also informs Seymour that, as of now, New York’s aapmgs are Major Frederick Townsend43 of the Eighteenth U.S. Infantry, posted in Albany, and Colonel Robert Nugent44 of the Sixty-Ninth New York Volunteers, posted in New York City. Nugent will have jurisdiction over the city’s nine enrollment districts.45 (See entry for May 15 for Diven appointment.) Separately, Seymour vetoes “An act to

secure the elective franchise to the qualified voters of the army and navy of the State of New York.” He objects that the bill fails to provide procedural safeguards to prevent fraud. As part of his argument, Seymour cites the case of Lieutenant A. J. Edgerly, a New Hampshire officer who was dismissed from the service for “circulating Copperhead tickets [and] doing all in his power to promote the success of the rebel cause in his State.”46 (See New Hampshire chapter, in States at War, volume 1, entry for March 18, 1863, and note.) 25: Fry instructs Townsend (and presumably Nugent) that, when dealing with Seymour, to emphasize diplomacy as well as authority. Fry explains that, “there is no law creating the position of provost-marshals for States,” so Townsend must act “in the name of the Provost-Marshal-General and as his assistant.” He “will be exclusively under the orders of this department; yet, while the Governor of New York has no control over you, you will be required to acquaint yourself with his views and wishes, and give them due weight in determining as to the best interests of the General Government, of which you are the representative. To this end you will use all proper means to gain and retain the confidence and good will of the Governor and his State officers. You will endeavor by all means in your power to secure for the execution of the enrollment act the aid and hearty co-operation of His Excellency the Governor and of the civil officers in his State, as also of the people.” Fry notes that since New York has failed to meet its quota under the calls of July and August 1862, Townsend’s first duty will be to calculate the deficiency for each district—not the actual deficiency but the proportion of New York’s statewide deficiency that should be allotted to each district. (But see entry for May 2.) Aside from

reporting on the abilities of other enrolling officers, surgeons, draft commissioners, and others, Townsend has another duty: to report on the “the localities, numbers and strength of the enemies of the Government, if there be any,” as well as on the “strength of military forces and of all enrolled, organized or partially organized parties friendly to the Government.” Separately, Fry sends Opdyke a letter introducing Nugent.47 (Nugent and Diven will meet with Seymour separately; see entries for May 16 and 22.) In Albany, the eighty-sixth session of the legislature adjourns. 27: Fry notifies Draper that Nugent will soon arrive to relieve him. He also conveys Stanton’s “appreciation of the zeal and ability displayed by you in their execution.”48 (See entry for September 24, 1862, for U.S. GO No. 140 and Draper’s appointment.) The Seventh and Eighth New York Infantry return to New York City to an enthusiastic welcome. These are two of the two-year regiments recruited under Chapter 277 (1861) that are now mustering out of service. Remaining two-year regiments will be mustering out on July 4. A later estimate suggests about 75 percent of returning twoyear men re-enlisted.49 28: The War Department issues GO No. 105 (see Chronology), which establishes the Invalid Corps, later renamed the Veteran Reserve Corps. aapmgs are given authority over recruitment.50 may 1: Chancellorsville Campaign begins; it will end on May 5. 2: Fry recommends that the next draft first fill any state deficiencies remaining from the 1862 calls, which total 87,103 among all states. Despite his April 25 assertion to Townsend 1863: Key Events | 189

that New York is deficient, he now declares that the Empire State is in surplus and “must not be called upon for the first draft” of 3,666 men. Separately, Fry notifies Sprague that the War Department will accept only three-year recruits and no two-year men.51 5: Vallandigham arrested. (See Chronology.) 7: Stanton informs Seymour that Hooker has failed at Chancellorsville “but there has been no serious disaster to the organization or efficiency of the army,” which has recrossed the Rappahannock and returned to its former positions. In what will prove an erroneous assessment, Stanton adds that Stoneman’s Raid on Richmond has been “a brilliant success.” He concludes by promising that, “The Army of the Potomac will speedily resume offensive operations.”52 13: Fry notifies Adjutant General Sprague that, for the purposes of calculating credits, one threeyear man is equivalent to four nine-month men.53 15: The New-York State Soldiers’ Depot “for the reception of the sick, wounded, furloughed and discharged soldiers of the State, and for others requiring protection and assistance to and from the field,” opens in New York City at 52 Howard Street. It is funded by the state and administered by a board consisting of Seymour’s senior staff officers. To publicize the depot and its services, New York has created a network of agents “in the field, in the cities, on railroad trains and at various depots to whom [soldiers] may apply for assistance.”54 Separately, former congressman Alexander S. Diven is appointed aapmg for the Western Division of New York.55 16: Nugent reports to Fry that his first meeting with Seymour was “in most respects satisfactory.” He infers from Seymour’s

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“tone” that “he will throw no obstacle in the way of the U.S. authorities carrying out the provisions” of the Enrollment Act. Seymour believes that the two-year men recently discharged will re-enlist and that the legislature has allocated $3 million for inducements. Nugent also inferred from Seymour’s comments that he will claim a large surplus (in excess of calls) based on the number of enlistees recorded by the state adjutant general; however, Nugent reminds Fry that “a large proportion of these men deserted before the regiments left the State and before they were mustered into the U.S. service.” Anticipating a problem, Nugent urges Fry to adjust any differences “as speedily as possible”; until this is done, Nugent is unable to determine any deficiencies.56 The Democratic State Committee meets in Albany, presided over by Erastus Corning, to protest the arrest of Vallandigham. A letter from Seymour is read, which declares that, “It will not only lead to military despotism— it establishes military despotism,” and wonders “what kind of government it is for which we are asked to pour out our blood and our treasure.” The meeting passes a series of resolutions, which include a spirited denunciation of Vallandigham’s arrest and trial by military tribunal, but also a declaration of loyalty to the Union. On May 19, Corning will send these to Lincoln.57 (See entry for June 12 for Lincoln’s reply.) 18: Federals commence siege of Vicksburg. In New York City’s Union Square, thousands of Peace Democrats rally to protest Vallandigham’s arrest. A number of prominent Democratic Party members, including Fernando Wood, Amasa Parker, and others, are scheduled to speak. Significantly, they do not appear, offering various excuses, and lesser lights

dominate the proceedings. At one point, each mention of Lincoln’s name brings forth calls to “Hang him.” In his speech, James McMaster of the Freeman’s Journal suggests that Northern “liberties must be preserved by organization, and those organizations ought to be of a military character.” He calls upon Seymour to use force to resist arrests “whenever the humblest citizen was incarcerated without due process of law.” An Alabamian named Tharin declares that Lincoln is a king no better than George III, and that “we should redeem [our liberties] as our fathers did.” In his speech, John Mullaly58 pronounced “the war to be wicked, cruel and unnecessary, and carried on solely to benefit the negroes, and advised resistance to conscription if ever the attempt were made to enforce the law.”59 Meanwhile, the Wood brothers’ New York Daily News reopens.60 20: Seymour tells Stanton that he plans to visit Washington but has been delayed “by the urgent duties growing out of the Legislature of New York for encouraging enlistments.” He explains that “liberal bounties” will be given to recruits, and that he is “now employed with the members of my staff in organizing a vigorous system for recruiting, which I hope will do away with the necessity of making any draft in New York.”61 22: aapmg A. S. Diven, who in his political career always enjoyed “friendly” relations with Seymour, now reports to Fry on his long conversation with the governor. Somewhat apologetically, Diven remarks that most of their talk was confidential, and he is limited about what he can report. (What Fry thought of Diven’s reluctance to divulge is unclear.) The arrest of Vallandigham was discussed, as was Seymour’s public denunciation of the arrest. However, Seymour will cooperate with

U.S. authority “in such measures as may be adopted for raising armies and carrying on the war,” and the governor is prepared to let the courts decide the constitutionality of the Enrollment Act. However, Seymour is far less understanding about the suspension of habeas corpus and arbitrary arrests. Diven believes that it would be in everyone’s interest if arrests are made in strict compliance with the laws authorizing them, and he urges Fry to communicate this to Stanton. Diven concludes with a comment about troops mustering out: “[they] are but little controlled by their officers and the civil authorities are timid about punishing the offenses of soldiers.” He anticipates that draftees will be equally uncontrollable and recommends that the Elmira barracks (which can accommodate 10,000 men) be reactivated.62 (See entry for June 2 for the War Department’s response.) 26: The Loyal National League holds a statewide convention in Utica. All but two of New York’s sixty counties are represented, and General John P. Cochrane chairs the meeting. Delegates number some 2,000. An interesting debate flares during the vote on resolutions. The first four resolutions—denouncing party organizations in wartime, calling for the establishment of loyal leagues everywhere, denouncing secession as anti-republican, and calling for peace only after the federal union is restored—pass without dissent. A fifth resolution, which justifies the suspension of habeas corpus during wartime, also notes that, “the greatest care should be exercised lest a dangerous precedent be established that may induce or justify in future time the violation of rights the most dearly prized by the American people.” For two hours these last words are questioned as implying some criticism of the Lincoln administration.63

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30: aapmg Nugent wires Fry that “several persons were arrested this afternoon for refusing to give their names to the enrolling officers and giving false names.” He referred them to U.S. District Attorney E. Delafield Smith,64 a Lincoln appointee, but Smith declined to prosecute, claiming that these acts were not crimes under Section 25 of the Enrollment Act. (See Chronology for March 3.) “What course shall I take in such cases?” Nugent asks. Fry forwards the question to Stanton with an analysis. Legally Nugent is correct, argues Fry (who is not a lawyer), but there are political concerns. “If . . . it is the opinion of the Government that parties tried for the offense set forth cannot be convicted, it will be necessary to direct the provost-marshal to discharge the men now in arrest as quietly as possible. The effect of this will be bad, but not so bad as to fail in case of trial.” Later today, New York City Judge John H. McCunn,65 a Peace Democrat, issues a writ of habeas corpus, served on Nugent, that requires him to produce the several men immediately. Deputy Provost Marshal Samuel J. Glassey,66 a prominent attorney, then appears before McCunn, successfully argues that the writ is “defective in form,” and the writ is quashed. Meanwhile, on Whiting’s advice, Nugent paroles the men in exchange for their real names, thus ending the matter as Fry had originally advised: “as quietly as possible.”67 31: Fry answers Nugent’s question about prosecutions from yesterday. Nugent is to meet with War Department Solicitor William A. Whiting, coincidentally in New York, and ask him to review the case (Fry apparently distrusts U.S. attorney Smith’s judgment). Stanton wants Whiting “to see that proper disposition is made of it,” and deems the situation serious enough to wire Seward in Albany. “The district attorney in New York has assumed a position 192 | New York

that will require your interference promptly,” Stanton advises.68 june 1: Stanton wires Seward at the Astor House and reports Smith’s unwillingness to prosecute those refusing to give their names. “This extraordinary conduct on his part if persisted in must lead to consequences which you can understand,” Stanton complains. “There never has been any assistance rendered by civil officers to the Government in this war where they could get any colorable pretext for withholding it.” He asks Seward to visit Smith “and have him at once refrain from such conduct and lend the aid of his office in enforcing the law.” Separately, Nugent reports to Fry about his meeting with Whiting, whose legal finding contradicts both Fry and Stanton. Section 25, Whiting says, does not authorize the arrest of a person who refuses to give his name (“or otherwise embarrasses the enrolling officer”) but applies “only to cases of men who resist the draft”; enrollment is not the draft. Whiting advises hiring detectives to follow the enrolling officer in order to discover the names of those refusing to provide them.69 (For Whiting’s reversal, see entry for June 16.) 2: New York State’s acting aag John B. Stonehouse70 asks Stanton if the War Department would accept “one or two” units of light artillery enlisted for two years “if completed in a short time.” Stanton replies that they would be accepted but only for three-year enlistments. Separately, A. S. Diven receives the War Department’s response to his May 22 letter about Seymour. Diven is urged to complete the enrollment “with all possible dispatch” and is also told that a camp will “probably” be re-established at Elmira. Meanwhile, U.S. attorney Smith writes Seward about his refusal to prosecute the cases Nugent

referred. First, Nugent had presented him with no particulars, only an abstract question of law about Section 25 of the Enrollment Act. Here, Smith agreed with Whiting (but see entry for June 16). However, the issue of giving false names (as opposed to failing to give a name) was not raised. Smith implies that, in some jurisdictions, this might be actionable, but declares that even “such a naked refusal would not enable me to obtain a conviction before the courts and juries of New York.” He pledges to Seward that he stands ready to issue arrest warrants in any sustainable case. In order to make sure that there are no further misunderstandings, Smith has ordered subordinates to bring all such cases to him for review in the future. Smith also asks Seward to remind Stanton of his past services, which include “my extra-judicial action in the matter of prize munitions of war,” as well as prosecuting those aiding deserters and fraud in various federal departments. Seward forwards Smith’s letter to Stanton with the comment that it “makes all right.”71 3: A mass rally sponsored by Wood and other Peace Democrats opens at the Cooper Institute and surrounding area. Resolutions adopted include a denial of federal authority to coerce states by military force, the assertion that those who attempt to “do away” with constitutional provisions “are aiming a parricidal blow at the life of the supreme law,” and a call for an immediate “suspension of hostilities” between North and South in order to negotiate a resolution. “We have been beaten,” the convention address declares. “We cannot conquer the South.” Vallandigham also is defended.72 4: The War Department issues GO No. 163, establishing bounties for Regular and volunteer forces. All accepted recruits (or others responsible for their enlistment) will

be paid a $2 premium; recruits will receive one month’s advance pay and a $100 bounty, of which $25 will be paid in advance. Black soldiers, however, will be paid “ten dollars per month and one ration; three dollars of which monthly pay may be in clothing.”73 The Tammany General Committee endorses the resolutions of the Democratic State Committee adopted on May 16 and May 28 (see entry for May 16) and thus opposes the peace faction of Mozart.74 6: War Department GO No. 166 notifies “all commanders, paymasters and officers in the service” that the allotment commissioners appointed by Seymour under Chapter 185 of the laws of New York “are hereby recognized . . . as on equal footing” with U.S. allotment commissioners.75 George L. Stearns76 offers to place under War Department control “an organization for recruiting colored men in the free States which I had established at Buffalo, N.Y. This organization consisted of salaried agents in most of the large cities, and sub agents paid a recruiting fee for the men procured by them.”77 8: In New York City, 500 longshoreman strike for higher wages. Strikebreakers and others refusing to recognize the strike are attacked— and soon protected by a police guard.78 11: The case of Briody vs. United States reaches U.S. commissioner for New York City John A. Osborn. Briody was arrested for refusing to give his name to enrollment officers. Brought before Osborn, he is discharged on substantially the same grounds discussed by Whiting and Smith (see entries for June 1 and 2). In Osborn’s opinion, Section 25 does not cover enrollment. Osborn “observed that the conscription act was another sad evidence of the immature deliberations and incomplete legislation of our law-makers, and regretted that its provisions were not more explicit.” On 1863: Key Events | 193

an entirely different matter, Diven asks Stanton for guidance on the case of Stillman Duane Clements of the One Hundred and Fifty-Fourth New York. Clements had been arrested by the provost marshal as a deserter, and his father has brought a writ of habeas corpus in a Chemung County court seeking his release on grounds of minority.79 (See entry for June 15.) 12: Captain Charles E. Jenkins,80 provost marshal for New York’s Ninth Congressional District, bitterly complains to Fry about Osborn’s decision of yesterday. It “is likely to cause me a great deal of trouble,” he observes. “Very few desire to be enrolled, and if the law officers of the Government sustain Commissioner Osborn in his construction of the act, then those only will be enrolled who are sufficiently loyal to furnish the enrolling officer with the information he is obliged to seek.”81 In a long letter, Abraham Lincoln replies to Corning’s May 16 resolutions protesting Vallandigham’s arrest. The president argues that the circumstances of the arrest are necessary because of the civil war and that they are constitutionally permitted under Article I, Section 9. He notes that, “he who dissuades one man from volunteering, or induces one soldier to desert, weaken the Union cause as much as he who kills a Union soldier in battle.” Later in his letter, he asks in frustration, “Must I shoot a simple-minded soldier boy who deserts, while I must not touch a hair of a wily agitator who induces him to desert?”82 14: Nugent reports that, in his nine congressional districts (New York City and vicinity), “All has been done that was possible toward completing the enrollment.” Still incomplete are the large, sparsely inhabited districts: the First, Second, and Ninth. Too few enrolling forms also have slowed progress; once they are

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supplied, “the work can be completed at any date which you may name.”83 Meanwhile, Fry, aware of the approaching conscription and anxious to develop the means to enforce it, wires all aapmgs: “Is everything being done in your State that is in your power to do to hasten the enrollment and the creation of the Invalid Corps? No time must be lost. Can you make any suggestion to me which will hasten the accomplishment of these objects[?] Answer.” Nugent reports that Invalid Corps enlistment has been “slow” and he recommends more publicity, including advertisements in the New York Herald and New York Sun.84 15: The advance element of Lee’s army, led by Ewell’s Second Corps, begins to cross the Potomac into Maryland. Prompted by Lee’s movement north, Lincoln issues a call for 100,000 six-month militia from Maryland, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. Although New York is not among these states, Stanton urgently wires Seymour, informing him that rebel forces are moving to invade Maryland and Pennsylvania. After describing the emergency, Stanton asks: “Will you please inform me immediately if, in answer to a call of the President, you can raise and forward say 20,000 militia or volunteers without bounty, to be credited to the draft of your State, or what number you can probably raise?” Seymour replies immediately. “I will spare no effort to send you troops at once. I have sent orders to the militia officer of the State.” Stanton responds with his and Lincoln’s thanks, and urges Seymour to send troops to Philadelphia: “a very encouraging movement [which will] do great good in giving strength in that State.” He adds that the law requires a six-month enlistment, though no more than thirty days’ service probably will be required, and

concludes with a question: “Can you forward your city regiments speedily?” Major General Sandford replies for Seymour: New York City units numbering 8,000 to 10,000 men can go immediately but not for longer than three months. “For what time will they be required?” the general asks. Stanton’s reply ignores his earlier insistence on six-month terms: New Yorkers are welcome “for any term of service.” He cannot tell Sandford how long the troops will be deployed but doubts it will be more than twenty or thirty days. Seymour now reenters the exchange. “I will order the New York and Brooklyn troops to Philadelphia at once,” he promises Stanton. “Where can we get arms if they are needed?” Without waiting for a reply, Seymour sends a second wire, informing Stanton that New York also has 2,000 volunteers, who will be consolidated into units and dispatched “at once.” Again he reminds Stanton that, “You must provide them with arms.” Reflecting confusion and fast-changing conditions, Stanton sends Seymour two wires this evening: the first directs troops to Harrisburg and notes that “Arms will be supplied there.” Some troops may go by way of Philadelphia, others by Elmira. Twenty minutes later, Stanton wires again: all troops must report to Major General Darius Couch85 at Harrisburg, commander of forces in eastern Pennsylvania. Meanwhile, aapmgs Townsend and Diven separately report to Fry about enrollment and the Invalid Corps. Townsend assures him that enrollment will be completed by July 1, except for the Eleventh District, which he expects to be finished by July 10. Diven reports slow progress on the Corps: “No privates offer for the Invalid Corps. Plenty of officers.”86 Governor Curtin of Pennsylvania wires Seymour that the War Department has told

him about New York’s effort. The rebels, Curtin writes, are in the Cumberland Valley. “The danger is imminent,” he warns. “Allow me to urge the forwarding of all troops in Harrisburgh [sic] without delay.” Seymour replies, probably after midnight: “I am pushing forward all troops as fast as possible. Regiments leave New York to-night [June 16].”87 16: Attempting to execute Seymour’s commitments of yesterday, Sprague asks Stanton to order Colonel David H. Vinton88 to issue “clothing and camp equipage” to New York’s quartermaster general “to supply the militia regiments now assembling for service in the field.” With these supplies, plus subsistence and transportation, New York’s units will move in twenty-four hours. Stanton replies that clothing and equipment will be issued at Harrisburg; subsistence and transportation may be requisitioned in New York. This afternoon, Sprague wires Stanton with a new offer. “Four returned volunteer regiments can be put into the field at once for three months service,” he promises. “Can arms and accouterments be supplied in New York? Old arms not fit for field.” Separately, the War Department issues Circular No. 28, containing Solicitor General William Whiting’s about-face on the applicability of Section 25 of the Enrollment Act. “To do any act which will prevent or impede the enrollment of the national forces (which enrollment is preliminary and essential to the draft) is to prevent or impede the draft itself.” The examples cited by Whiting include intentionally refusing to give a true name at the enrolling officer’s request, or giving a false name with “illegal intent.” Meanwhile, Lincoln writes General Meagher. “Shall be very glad for you to raise 3,000 Irish troops, if done by the consent

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and in concert with Governor Seymour.” The evening ends with a wire from Sandford to Stanton: “Four of our regiments go tomorrow; eight more the next day.” Yesterday, Stanton found time to answer Diven’s question about Clements (see entry for June 11). “By the act of Congress approved February 13, 1862,” the secretary replied, “all laws discharging minors are repealed; this man will therefore be returned to his regiment as a deserter.”89 (See entry for June 18 for Diven’s reply.) 17: Marshall Lefferts,90 commanding the New York Seventh, departs for Harrisburg. Between today and July 3, the Seventh will be followed by twenty-five other units, aggregating 13,971 men.91 War Department GO No. 178 announces that Major George L. Stearns is “the recruiting commissioner for the U.S. colored troops,” subject to instructions from the War Department.92 18: Mobilization in New York continues. Sandford notifies Stanton that 7,000 men under the command of nyng Brigadier-General John Ewen,93 recruited for thirty days, leave for Harrisburg tomorrow. However, to be sure that these men are wanted—and that the War Department will pay their expenses—Sandford asks that Stanton confirm that these troops will be mustered into federal service. Stanton replies that the troops will be mustered into federal service and for thirty days; a request for officers is granted to the brigade level: brigadiers will be mustered in according to seniority. This evening, Sprague wires Stanton with a troop summary and a question from Seymour. Twelve thousand men “in good spirits and well equipped” are en route to Harrisburg. But, “Shall troops continue to be forwarded? Please answer. Nothing from Washington since first telegram.” Stanton 196 | New York

closes this day’s exchange by conveying his and Lincoln’s thanks “for [your] energetic and prompt action.” As for sending additional troops, Stanton asks for patience, as Lee’s movements remain unclear. He promises an answer tomorrow. Meanwhile, the case of Clements continues. Diven, probably reading from the plaintiff ’s brief, forwards a counterargument to Fry: while the February 1862 act repealed an act of 1850, it did not repeal earlier laws that specifically required parental consent before enlistment. Fry asks Whiting for advice, while Diven writes Judge Elijah P. Brooks94 hoping to prevent the “great danger of a collision between civil and military authorities.” Speaking in the abstract, Diven tells the judge that if every decision to arrest a deserter were appealable to civil court, then provost marshals would refuse to honor writs of habeas corpus. Nugent closes the day with some reassurance for Fry. “The excitement incident to invasion of Pennsylvania has not in any way interfered with the progress of the enrollment,” he declares. “All is going on well and with all possible rapidity.”95 19: Stanton wires Adjutant General Sprague with a message from Lincoln to Seymour. “The President directs me to return his thanks to His Excellency Governor Seymour and his staff, for their energetic and prompt action.” If more forces are desired, the War Department will communicate with Albany tomorrow, “by which time it is expected that the movements of the enemy will be more fully developed.”96 21: Stanton wires Albany that Lincoln wishes Seymour “to forward to Baltimore all the militia regiments he can raise.” Seymour replies through a subordinate, asking, “if so, to what extent, and to what point?”97 24: General A. P. Hill’s Third Corps and General

James Longstreet’s First Corps begin crossing the Potomac into Maryland. 25: Hooker’s army begins to cross the Potomac in pursuit of Lee. Faced with the muster-out of 1861’s threeyear regiments, the War Department issues GO No. 191, intended to persuade these soldiers— the Veteran Volunteers—to re-enlist. (See Chronology.) 26: Confederate naval raiders hijack the Caleb Cushing in Maine’s Portland Harbor. 28: Wool writes Secretary Welles that, with New York City’s militia sent to Pennsylvania, “We shall be at the mercy of any privateer that may think proper to assail this city.” There are too few men left to man the guns at the harbor forts.98 29: Lee realizes the Federals are in close pursuit. He orders his army to concentrate at Cashtown, located just over six miles west of Gettysburg as the crow flies. Fry notifies Seymour that under GO No. 191, New York is authorized to raise twelve regiments of Veteran Volunteer infantry, two regiments of Veteran Volunteer cavalry, and six regiments of Veteran Volunteer artillery. Separately, Diven writes Fry, warning of an invasion of Canada. “[U]nless the communications between these [New York border districts] and Canada are in some way guarded there will be a great accession to her Britannic Majesty’s subjects about the time of the draft.” Diven estimates that Canada has provided asylum to “more than half the men that have deserted from the volunteers from this State” and asks, “if our citizens make this a means of escape from volunteer service, what may we expect from enforced service?”99 30: Wool worriedly writes Seymour about “the defenseless condition of [New York] city.” He has but 550 men to garrison the forts, at least half of whom are not fully trained to

serve the guns; the ironclad frigate Roanoke has been ordered to leave the harbor and no replacement is expected for ten days. City and Brooklyn militia are in Pennsylvania, and Wool asks: “Is it wise for New York to follow her example [that of Pennsylvania, which neglected its border defense and was thus vulnerable to Lee’s invasion] by neglecting to protect the city of New York, the great emporium of the country, and of more importance at the present moment to the Government than all other cities under its control?” Seymour orders militia to “man the fortifications.”100 july 1: Battle of Gettysburg begins; it will end on July 3. Meanwhile, Fry notifies Seymour that a draft of 2,539 men of the first class has been ordered for New York’s Thirtieth Congressional District. Fry adds, “It is deemed important not to invite public discussion as to its operations under the Enrolment Act, but it is proper that I should advise you of such steps taken under it as may bear upon your State.” (See entry for July 12 for changes in this policy.) Fry concludes by asking Seymour to “do all in your power to enable the officers acting under me to complete the draft promptly, effectually, fairly, and successfully.”101 2: Curtin wires Seymour (who is in New Jersey) to “Send forward more troops as rapidly as possible: every hour increases the necessity for large forces to protect Pennsylvania.” He adds that yesterday’s battles “were not decisive; and if Meade should be defeated, unless we have a large army, the State will be overrun by rebels.” Seymour immediately orders Adjutant General Sprague to send more troops. Complying, Sprague orders to Pennsylvania the Seventeenth (from White Plains), the 1863: Key Events | 197

Eighteenth (from Southeast), and the EightyFourth (from New York City). They will depart tomorrow.102 3: Fry notifies Seymour that a draft will take place in six New York congressional districts: the Eighth (5,043 men), Fifteenth (2,620 men), Twenty-First (number not given), TwentySixth (2,252), Twenty-Eighth (number not given), and Twenty-Ninth (number not given). Separately, a War Department circular establishes Buffalo, Elmira, Riker’s Island, and New York City as official rendezvous for drafted men. Fry notifies all New York aapmgs that Washington fears violent resistance to the draft and that “In the present crisis, it is not probable that sufficient military force can be furnished you to suppress successfully and the same time a resistance to the draft in your State should such occur simultaneously in any great number of the districts under your charge.” Instead, Fry suggests serial enforcement: “you must collect what force you can in one designated disaffected district . . . complete the draft in that one without endeavoring at this time to enforce it in any other one similarly effected.” In other words, aapmgs should marshal their forces, and conduct the draft one district at a time.103 Sprague responds to Curtin’s wire from yesterday. “Troops will continue to be sent,” he assures the governor. Three more regiments depart for Pennsylvania, bringing the total to twenty-two. Thirteen of these units are from New York City, six are from Brooklyn, and one each is from White Plains, Poughkeepsie, and Southeast.104 Colonel Richard Delafield warns Seymour that, following a rebel conquest of Harrisburg, Lee’s forces would continue moving east. From Jersey City, enemy artillery could hit New York City.105 198 | New York

4: Vicksburg surrenders. 5: The draft enrollment for New York City is completed.106 6: Fry informs Seymour that a draft of men of the first class has been ordered for seven New York congressional districts: the Eighth (5,043), Ninth (2,521), Fifteenth (2,520), Sixteenth (1,493), Twenty-Fifth (2,087), Twenty-Sixth (2,152), and Twenty-Ninth (1,867). Separately, Nugent is ordered to draft 2,521 men in the Ninth District; Diven is ordered to draft 2,639 in the Thirtieth District (this is likely a misprint; in other lists, the district’s quota remains 2,539); and Townsend is ordered to draft 1,593 men in the Sixteenth District.107 8: Port Hudson surrenders. John Hunt Morgan crosses the Ohio River and enters Indiana. The War Department reports that a draft is ordered for New York’s Seventh District (3,452) and Twenty-Fifth District (1,936).108 9: Fry notifies Seymour that a draft will take place in the Fifth District for 3,390 men.109 10: The names collected during the justcompleted enrollment are consolidated into classes.110 Police Superintendent Kennedy, learning that the Massachusetts Fifty-Fifth Infantry (a colored regiment) is scheduled to march through New York’s streets on July 13, requests that Stanton divert this unit around the city. Kennedy notes that the victories of Gettysburg and Vicksburg “have more than ever excited a portion of our city population against the negroes,” and that “Every day my men are engaged in protecting negroes from unjustifiable attacks, and the bad feeling is on the increase, mainly on the part of the returned two-years’ soldiers, whose antipathies are stronger than before they went to the Potomac.” Kennedy reminds Stanton that the city militia is serving at the front and “there is nothing but police here to secure

peace and order.” “Save us from riot and possible bloodshed,” he pleads.111 11: Drawing for conscription begins peaceably at the Ninth District’s provost marshal office, at the corner of Third Avenue and Forty-Sixth Street; a blindfolded man, drawing from a wheel, selects about one-half the required number of names. The Eighth District draft, expected to begin in two days, will draw the largest number of names of any city district: 5,000. A draft for 4,146 men is ordered for New York’s Second District; it is expected to begin on July 15, along with the draft in the Third District.112 According to Adjutant General Sprague, Albany is not notified until today that a draft will commence in the Ninth District. The estimated number of New York National Guard troops in the city is only 600. Seymour sends Sprague to Washington tonight “to have the draft postponed until a sufficient military force, belonging to [New York] city, could be sent back to meet the apprehended difficulties.”113 12: Fry changes policy on transparency and conscription. “Let the draft be entirely public,” he now advises Diven, “and let the names of all drafted men for publication if the papers want them. The name of every man who is granted exemption by the Board must be published, with cause for exemption clearly stated, except in cases of particular physical disqualifying causes which it might not be delicate to publish.” Even in these cases, however, the fact of exemption should be published.114 The War Department also issues Circular No. 44, which attempts to clarify certain rules. Draftees paying $300 are exempt under that draft but not subsequent drafts; exemptions for draftees furnishing substitutes are coterminous with the substitute’s service; once a draftee reports to the board of enrollment for examination, he is ineligible to pay commutation. Men

who were in service as substitutes as of March 3, 1863, and who were so employed during the 1862 drafts, although subsequently discharged, are not liable to the present draft; but those who furnished them are liable to the present draft.115 Meanwhile, 618 wounded men from Gettysburg arrive in New York hospitals.116 13–18: New York City draft riots. See page 225 for detailed discussion. 19: Fry advises Canby on proceeding with conscription in New York State. First, he has told Nugent “to be in readiness to proceed with the draft as soon as he is ordered to resume it.” He asks that Canby inform him when he believes conditions have improved to allow resumption: “I shall [then] order the draft in but one district at a time in the city unless you think it will be safe to attempt more.” He asks for Canby’s advice, and informs (or reminds) him that the draft has been suspended in Troy, and resuming it in Albany and Buffalo is “at this time injudicious.” (Throughout the day, returning nyng units reinforce Canby; these units include the Thirteenth, Twenty-Third, TwentyEighth, Forty-Seventh, Fifty-Second, and FiftySixth Regiments.) Fry proposes completing the draft first in New York City, then Albany, then Troy, and then Buffalo. Meanwhile, Nugent replies to Fry’s wire of yesterday asking him to suspend the draft until ordered to resume. Nugent has met with Generals Dix and Canby; all agree that when the draft is resumed, it should be done district by district. Just as importantly, “in order to teach the riotous part of the population that the Government was resolved to execute the laws, [the draft] should be done on the very spot which has suffered so much at the hands of the mob.” Nugent asks that a tent be erected on the ruins of the Ninth District office.117 1863: Key Events | 199

20: The War Department issues orders that colored substitutes only can be used for colored soldiers. Fry asks Stanton “to have the constitutionality of [the Enrollment Act] passed upon by the Supreme Court of the United States.” Nugent informs Fry that, due to continuing troop shortages, Canby remains unable to furnish an escort to retrieve the Ninth District’s safe, or guards for offices in the Sixth and Seventh Districts. Thus, it is impossible to comply with the ten-day notice provisions for names drawn on July 11.118 21: In a report endorsed by Dix, Canby tells Fry that “there have been no disturbances in the past four days” in New York City. Canby now has 2,113 “men of all arms,” with another 988 in the harbor. Most are recruits, however, and have been “hastily collected and armed.” He recommends retaining these forces until authorities “have had time to perfect arrangements for the preservation of order in this city.” Canby warns that future resistance is likely to be organized, and specifically directed against forts and public property. Canby also replies to Townsend’s July 17 troop request. His total force for New York City and its harbor forts is only 3,101 men. “The force asked by Major Townsend cannot, in my judgment, be spared at present.” Diven, now in Auburn (the Twenty-Fourth District), informs Fry about other districts in his area. He is concerned about the Syracuse headquarters of the Twenty-Third District because of foreigners working the nearby salt mines; although no violence has occurred, Diven has arranged for 500 guards. In Ontario County, the sheriff has organized a 40-man posse to assist the provost marshals. In the Twenty-Ninth District at Lockport, Diven has arranged for 100 guards. He is now distributing arms to these (apparently citizen) volunteer forces, and will commence Auburn’s draft on July 23.119 200 | New York

Edward F. Bullard, a Waterford lawyer, writes to Senator Henry Wilson of Massachusetts, chairman of the Senate Committee on Military Affairs, that the New York National Guard “is mainly officered by open secessionists recently appointed by the Governor. They will lead the mob in these counties.” (Bullard probably refers to the counties of the Eighteenth District; in 1863, these included Hamilton, Fulton, Montgomery, Saratoga, and Schenectady.) He proposes that provost marshals be authorized to appoint guards in each municipality—100 guards for every 600 voters—and that arms and ammunition be issued and stored in each house. The letter is later endorsed by Townsend and Captain James P. Butler,120 provost marshal of the Eighteenth District, headquartered in Schenectady.121 Meanwhile, Colonel Berens and the SixtyFifth arrive in Buffalo, prepared to resist anti-riot activity. They occupy the state arsenal and will remain there without incident until July 30.122 22: Fry notifies Major General John Dix, commander of the Department of the East, that he is being assigned responsibility for drafting in some areas due to violent draft resistance. He provides Dix with a summary of the draft status in the New England states, New York, and New Jersey. Separately, Nugent informs Fry that the safes containing records have been retrieved from the rubble of provost marshal headquarters in the Eighth and Ninth Districts.123 In Syracuse (the Twenty-Third District), Diven meets with Captain Alonzo Wood,124 the provost marshal, Mayor Daniel Bookstaver,125 the county sheriff, and a citizens’ committee. A draft is scheduled for August 29, and Diven agrees to supply several hundred guns for protecting operations.126 (See entry for July 27.)

23: Diven, just returned from every provost marshal headquarters in his division, informs Fry that, with 1,000 muskets, he could complete all drafting next week. He also has conferred with local politicians in each district and shares several fascinating observations. “The worst element of disturbance now is the persistent attempt of our Republican friends to make the Democratic party and rioters identical.” Diven argues that this legitimizes rioters and persuades outsiders that the riots’ cause has been “backed by so powerful an organization.” “While it is true that all or nearly all the opposition to the draft comes from Democrats,” he adds, “it is also true that in my arrangements for enforcing the law I have received the most efficient aid from Democrats.”127 24: Dix communicates with Fry, assuring him that he will confer with all aapmgs in areas likely to experience trouble in renewing the draft. “I hope to resume the draft here at an early day and that it may be enforced without serious disturbance,” Dix explains, adding, “But some delay is necessary, and a strong force may be needed to insure quietude.” Dix concludes by conveying the Oswego mayor’s “anxiety” about disturbances. Writing from Buffalo, Major General Abner Doubleday,128 only several weeks removed from Gettysburg, asks Fry on behalf of Buffalo’s “first citizens” for the temporary use of an artillery battery, “for the purpose of keeping good order in the city with reference to the approaching draft.” Fears in Buffalo are heightened by border insecurities. “A large number of thieves from Canada have arrived here,” Doubleday explains. “It is believed that they will be stimulated, and perhaps armed by the secessionists who are now stopping at the Clifton House.”129 Equally worrisome, Doubleday reports that Buffalo’s “trade

organizations [i.e., unions], numbering in all 7,000 men,” are “hostile to the draft.” He admits there is no evidence that these groups intend to riot, but fears “they may be drawn into doing so.” If a battery is sent, he requests that “it [be] manned from some other part of the State in order that there may be no sympathy between the military and the rioters.” Meanwhile, the War Department notifies the board of enrollment in New York’s TwentyEighth Congressional District that a drawing will take place for 2,177 men.130 25: Led by Major General Nelson Randall, commander of the Eighth Division, nyng, some of the “first citizens” of Buffalo write to Stanton. “Serious apprehensions are entertained of a riot here on account of the draft,” they declare, then ask that Colonel Watson A. Fox’s131 Seventy-Fourth nyng, slated to be mustered out, be retained in service for at least thirty days to protect the city.132 In New York City, Opdyke vetoes the Common Council’s measure appropriating $2.5 million to pay commutation fees. (See entry for afternoon of July 15.) In his veto message, Opdyke declares that this action was intended “to nullify the law against which riotous resistance is made” and was little more than “a price offered to a lawless mob.”133 (But see entry for August 28.) 26: Seymour asks Fry for a statement of “how the draft is made in different districts.” (For Fry’s answer, see entry for July 28.) Perhaps due to the War Department’s order of July 20, Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts complains to Fry that, “colored persons are not received as substitutes for white persons under the conscript act.” Sumner notes that, “It was a part of the glory of this act that it made no distinction of color.” In 1863: Key Events | 201

his final report, Fry will answer this objection by arguing that his hands were tied: the July draft was meant to replenish the exclusively white ranks of the Army of the Potomac, and colored substitutes could not be used. Meanwhile, John Hunt Morgan is captured in Ohio.134 27: In a confidential note, Halleck asks Canby if he should honor Dix’s request for reinforcements for New York City. “I have none that I can send unless I take them from General Meade’s army in the field,” Halleck writes. “Should this be done, and he should be defeated, there will be a howl throughout the country against the Administration in Washington.” He wants Canby to tell him whether reinforcements are “absolutely necessary,” and if so, “what is the minimum required?”135 Meanwhile, Diven writes Fry that he has received “numerous . . . communications” from Buffalo citizens expressing fears about a renewal of the draft (at least until it is successfully executed in New York City). Believing that they “very much magnify the danger,” Diven leaves for Buffalo tonight to arrange for enough force to calm them. In Syracuse, U.S. Deputy Marshal R. R. Lowell writes to Fry with some welcome reassurance: riots are not expected because “We have the men and means to draft any day you order it done.” Lowell explains that Captain Alonzo Wood, the district’s aapmg (“formerly a country merchant”), “has become quite timid” and has threatened to resign unless the draft is postponed. Meanwhile, Diven, still in Elmira, follows up on his July 22 meeting in Syracuse and informs Captain Wood that he has just received the requested “blanks” (code for “guns”). The provost marshal does not reply.136 (See entry for July 30.) 28: Fry replies to Seymour’s July 26 question with assurance that he has provided the 202 | New York

governor’s staff member, state jag Nelson Waterbury, with full information about the rules for conscription. Fry defends the process, declaring that, “The enrollment has, so far as I can judge, been made in accordance with the law, and is as nearly correct as it could, in the nature of things, have been made.” He then explains the process: there is no fixed quota of draftees for the country or any particular state. “The rule is to take one-fifth of the enrolled men of the first class in each and every Congressional district as the quota for that district without regard to other districts of the State or to other States.” Fry concedes that it is here that “the imperfections of the enrollment are to be found,” especially where names have been omitted by “neglect, accident or design.” It is only where drawing one-fifth fails to supply the necessary numbers (usually from exemptions) that an additional 50 percent (that is, 50 percent of one-fifth, or 10 percent of the whole) is called. Meanwhile, Canby replies to Halleck’s question from yesterday. If an insurrection occurs, Canby believes that “it will be prudent to re-enforce the troops now here to such an extent as will secure the forts in the harbor against any sudden seizure by the mob or by insurgents.” Canby’s concern is with the reliability of citizen volunteers and militia. And he doubts Seymour: “The State authorities have not yet declared themselves with sufficient distinctness to deprive the disaffected of all hope of sympathy, if not of assistance, in any movement they may undertake.” Canby believes another 2,000 to 2,400 men “drawn from troops that will not sympathize with any local excitement” should be sufficient. Separately, Fry declines a request from fearful Rochester authorities to transfer 300 troops from Buffalo. He doubts that

conditions merit such a force and believes that the “unnecessary movements of troops” might create the very problems they were designed to solve. Besides, Fry promises that four companies of the Invalid Corps are en route to Elmira from Louisville. Diven knows this district and is not panicking either: “If you were to listen to all the reports of danger and demands for protection, you would not have troops enough to secure order in Western New York, though you were to break up the Army of the Potomac. And yet I answer you I cannot see the slightest symptom of disorder. Wherever the draft is undertaken it goes on quietly.” Diven understands that local anxiety has a psychological as well as a practical component. In recommending “a small military force” for Buffalo (500 men), “it will establish confidence in the minds of the orderly and show to any disorderly or riotously disposed persons that the Government is prepared to enforce the law.” The War Department notifies the board of enrollment in New York’s Thirty-First Congressional District that a drawing will take place for 1,753 men.137 29: In Butternuts (the Nineteenth District), troops from the Forty-First New York are charged with enforcing order during the drawing. Captain C. P. Root of Company D writes a worried letter to Townsend requesting ammunition. “Please do the best you can for me and our district,” he asks, “as we live in the midst of copperheads.”138 30: Dix writes Seymour with the following question: “I am desirous of knowing whether the military power of the State may be relied on to enforce the execution of the law in case of forcible resistance to it.” His words reflect an uncertainty throughout the federal military establishment about Seymour’s willingness to aid in attempting conscription a second

time. Dix adds that if Seymour can assure him on this point, it will be unnecessary to ask the War Department for active-duty troops. Such troops, he continues, “could not be withdrawn in any considerable number from the field without prolonging the war and giving aid and encouragement to the enemies of the Union at the very moment when our successes promise, with a vigorous effort, the speedy suppression of the rebellion.”139 In Syracuse, Provost Marshal Wood sends Diven a telegram that is never received, informing him that that he could be ready to draft by August 5.140 31: Fry, perhaps reflecting Dix’s anxieties from yesterday, asks Diven for a written account of “such important points and inferences connected by your recent interview with Governor Seymour as you may feel at liberty to make known.” In a second wire, Fry instructs Diven not to begin drafting in Buffalo until he has sufficient forces. Separately, jag Waterbury writes Fry about his meetings with Fry and Lincoln and also sounds themes that soon will become familiar. Waterbury promises to forward a report that “will show very clearly the inequalities of the draft.” He urges Fry to “take no further steps” toward a New York City draft until he submits this report, promised for August 6. “Of one thing be assured,” Waterbury declares, “it is of the first importance that the draft should be so conducted as to preclude any probability of unfairness, and the President assured me that we could rely upon having such a course.” Waterbury claims that 100 volunteers are enlisting daily in New York City, and concludes with the hope that, if federal and state officers “aid and accommodate” each other, “we will come out all right.”141 Meanwhile, Captain Frederick Emerson,142 1863: Key Events | 203

provost marshal, reports from Watertown that, “At present I do not think it would be safe to proceed with the draft in this district.”143 Because Diven has heard nothing from Provost Marshal Wood in Syracuse, he telegraphs instructions. “As soon as you can get ready you must commence the draft in your district,” Diven directs. “If you need arms, telegraph me and they shall be forwarded.” He receives no reply.144 (See entry for August 1.) august 1: Seymour wires Lincoln and Stanton separately, but with similar messages: “I ask that the draft be suspended in this State until I can send you a communication I am preparing.” Lincoln replies, “By what day may I expect your communications to reach me? Are you anxious about any part, except the city and vicinity?” Meanwhile, Captain Edwin Rose,145 provost marshal, advises Nugent against reopening the First District headquarters without protection; Nugent deploys an Invalid Corps company, intending to reopen Rose’s office on August 4. From Albany, Townsend’s status report is mixed. He will announce a draft in Oswego on August 4, but he continues to lack confidence in state authorities. Townsend is supplying arms and assigning guards to provost marshals on request; he now asks Fry for 1,500 men and a six-gun battery: 500 men and two guns for Troy, and 1,000 men and four guns for Albany. With these forces, Townsend pledges to “put [the draft] through in these cities, if to do so I am obliged to level half their buildings, respectively.” He also offers some good news: “the draft may be executed harmlessly in the Nineteenth District.” Separately, Diven has good news for Fry: he has arranged for the draft to begin in Buffalo and also has enough troops to enforce it. Diven also gives Dix a status report on these 204 | New York

western New York districts (headquarters in parentheses): the draft is expected by August 6 in the Twenty-Third (Syracuse); it has been completed satisfactorily in the Twenty-Fourth (Auburn); it is progressing quietly, as far as is known, in the Twenty-Fifth (Canandaigua). In the Twenty-Sixth (Oswego) and TwentySeventh (Elmira), the drafts are complete and draftees are being examined. The draft is to begin August 5 in the Twenty-Eighth (Rochester); it is underway without trouble in the Twenty-Ninth (Lockport). In the Thirtieth (Buffalo), the draft is scheduled for August 5 and Diven will deploy 450 troops plus home forces for security. In the Thirty-First (Dunkirk), the order to draft was just received; it should be implemented by August 7.146 2: Diven receives a disturbing letter from Syracuse attorney George N. Kennedy.147 Referring to an alleged agreement between Fry and Seymour to hold the Twenty-Third District’s draft on August 15, Kennedy, a strong Unionist, informs Diven that “an effort is being made by certain parties here to break up [this] arrangement.” Kennedy implies that these parties want to hold a draft earlier than August 15; if this occurs, “it will prove damaging to the Union cause in this locality.” Municipal officials have relied on the August 15 date to offer bounties and fill their quotas with volunteers; if a draft is forced earlier, it will give local Democrats an opportunity to charge Unionists with “duplicity and unfairness.” Diven knows nothing about an agreement between Fry and Seymour to draft on August 15, and writes Syracuse’s Provost Marshal Wood. He asks Wood to inform Kennedy that “this draft is made to replenish a gallant Army depleted by the casualties of war, and will be carried on for that purpose solely, without reference to its effects on partisan politics.” If Wood really has orders from Fry to draft on

August 15, he should do so; “if not, you are to proceed with it at once.” Diven also asks Wood why he has heard nothing from him.148 (See entry for August 5.) 3: Seymour sends his “communication” to Lincoln. He notes that when the draft commenced, New York City was “defenseless against any attack from abroad or from riot within its limits” because the militia was deployed in Pennsylvania. It was then that “the provost-marshal commenced the draft without consulting with the authorities of the State or of the city.” The draft is a “lottery for life” and must be conducted with absolute fairness and transparency; this was done upstate but not in the city. As for suppressing the riots, it is the city’s citizens and police to whom credit is due; less so the federal government, whose under-garrisoning of the harbor forts increased the danger of mob takeover. (As evidence, Seymour includes Wool’s June 30 letter.) New York State not only deserves moral and patriotic credit for its troop contributions but also credit against draft quotas, as only it and Rhode Island have exceeded their quotas. Although here the records of Albany and Fry do not agree, Seymour asks for the chance to reconcile discrepancies. His complaint extends further: “I am satisfied that the quotas now demanded from the Congressional districts in New York and Kings County are glaringly unjust.” State records show that, for troop contribution, these counties are in surplus, not deficit. But Seymour’s real complaint is less about accounting than it is about politics. He declares that the draft’s “inequalities fall most heavily upon those districts which have been opposed to [Republicans’] political views,” implying that the Lincoln administration is using conscription to punish opponents. Statewide, Seymour provides data claiming that conscription demands are much heavier

in New York City and Brooklyn than upstate.149 Moreover, the draft is not only unfair, it is also ineffective, because “it will not secure either so many or so effective men” as volunteering. Seymour renews his request that, pending an investigation, the draft be suspended in New York State. He then raises another, perhaps more troubling matter: “It is believed by at least one-half the people of the loyal States that the conscription act, which they are called upon to obey . . . is in itself a violation of the supreme constitutional law.” Judicial determination of the Enrollment Act’s constitutionality “would satisfy the public mind that the act is either valid or void.” And this should be done before enforcement. “It will be but a little price to pay for the peace of the public mind,” he argues.150 Sometime later today, Seymour responds to Dix’s letter of July 30, and informs him of his communication with Lincoln. “I believe his answer will relieve you and me from the painful questions growing out of an armed enforcement of the conscription law in this patriotic State,” Seymour optimistically assures the general. Meanwhile, the conscription grinds on. Fry informs Seymour that the Thirty-First District is ordered to draft 1,749 men of the first class. He informs Townsend that 2,013, 2,310, 2,387, and 2,448 men are to be drafted from the Twelfth, Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Districts, respectively. Fry also wires Diven in Elmira, asking if the Invalid Corps from Louisville has arrived. Buffalo’s draft will begin August 5 and Fry is anxious. “From what I can learn, Buffalo is the next most dangerous place to New York City,” he writes Diven, “and I hope you will be there in person.” Townsend, about to leave for Oswego to supervise drafting, asks Fry about a rumor: “I have been informed that the draft throughout the whole State is to 1863: Key Events | 205

be stopped. I can hardly believe this, although the information comes very direct from Governor Seymour.” Townsend asks to be told about the draft’s status.151 5: Fry informs Seymour that representatives of draftees from Rochester, Batavia, “and others” have contacted him to request a discharge “on the ground that the towns they represent have furnished an excess of men over the calls of 1861 and 1862.” Because these calls were squarely under state control, Fry refers them to Seymour but also discloses how New York must document the validity of the exemption claims. Seymour should prepare a statement disclosing the statewide quota and each town’s share; a list of names by town must identify the regiments and companies into which each volunteer went, with the understanding “that no man is considered to have been actually furnished unless he has been duly mustered into the U.S. service.” Moreover, it must be shown that quotas of all towns, taken together, are equal to the state quota. In Washington, Fry is lobbied by Congressman Ely to defer Rochester drafting for six days, until its (claimed) surplus of recruits can be counted. Fry refuses to postpone the draft per se, but writes Diven that, because he controls “the days for drawing and the interior operations,” some accommodation might be reached. From Oswego, Townsend reports that the draft proceeds “harmoniously.” In New York City, the Fifth District’s provost marshal, Captain John Duffy,152 complains that he cannot lease space for new headquarters; property owners are not disloyal but fear a repeat of the July riots. “In my opinion,” Duffy declares, “these fears are groundless.” He adds that in ten days “my lists will all be complete and ready for the wheel.” Regarding space, he recommends that his old headquarters be repaired.153 206 | New York

Diven now has received all of Captain Wood’s delayed messages from Syracuse, and replies with a message of his own: he has met with Fry and there are no orders to postpone the Twenty-Third District’s draft. “You will forthwith make everything ready to proceed with the draft without delay, and have it commenced as soon as the beginning of the coming week.” Diven also promises to deliver “arms and ammunition . . . as soon as you shall name what number you require.”154 (See entry for August 10.) 6: Fry wires Nugent and calls his attention to intense newspaper criticism of New York City’s enrollment. The pmg understands that the battle for compliance also is one of persuasion. “Call your provost-marshals together confidentially, go over the whole subject thoroughly, compare the lists carefully, and prepare a full statement that will carry conviction with it,” he instructs Nugent. “Let this be done as soon as possible.” Townsend informs Fry that drafting in Oswego was “without difficulty”; he now wishes to draft in the Eighteenth District (where he has ninety men for security) and asks Fry to inform Seymour. “The draft ought not to be delayed a moment,” he insists. About Buffalo and Rochester, Diven reports to Fry that “the draft was progressing quietly and satisfactorily yesterday.” Diven writes a second letter, this one to Seymour, reporting on his meetings at Washington. Diven states that officials responsible for administering the draft will not suspend it pending a determination of its constitutionality. Instead, he repeats the advice he gave Seymour during their recent meeting: an application for a writ of habeas corpus made directly to a member of the U.S. Supreme Court on a single ground—the validity of the Enrollment Act—is the best way to obtain a final determination of constitutionality.155

7: Lincoln replies to Seymour’s August 3 letter. “I cannot suspend the draft in New York as you request,” the president explains, “because, among other reasons, time is too important.” Lincoln has reviewed Seymour’s figures and posits some alternative explanations. In the end, however, he is unwilling to rely on his own thinking to explain the discrepancies. Lincoln proposes a compromise. He will order the draft forward in all districts, but in the Second, Fourth, Sixth and Eighth, the quotas will be only 2,200,156 this being the average number of draftees from the upstate districts. Afterwards, these districts, together with the Seventeenth and Twenty-Ninth, will be “carefully re-enrolled and, if you please, agents of yours may witness every step of the process.” Lincoln has no objection to a Supreme Court ruling on the constitutionality of the Enrollment Act (“I should be willing to facilitate the obtaining of it”); but what he will not do is “lose the time while it is being obtained.” Seymour, not yet in receipt of Lincoln’s reply, writes the president that he is sending a complete report “showing the injustice of the enrollment.” And he adds this: “However much I may differ from you in my views of the policy of your administration, and although I may unconsciously to myself be influenced by party prejudices, I can never forget the honor of my country so far as to spare any effort to stop proceedings under the draft in this State—and more particularly in the cities of New York and Brooklyn— which I feel will bring disgrace not only upon your administration but upon the American name.” Meanwhile, Fry presses forward with conscription, granting Townsend’s request of August 3 to draft in the Eighteenth District.157 8: Seymour has received Lincoln’s reply and answers with his own letter, accompanied by the promised report from jag Waterbury. “I

regret your refusal to comply with my request to have the draft in this State suspended until it can be ascertained if the enrollments are made in accordance with the laws of Congress or with principles of justice,” Seymour tells the president. He characterizes Waterbury’s report as giving “the strongest proofs of injustice, if not of fraud, in the enrollments of certain districts.” He plays on Lincoln’s metaphor of butchers and bullocks (see note to August 7) by saying that even that is preferable to “any scheme that which shall fraudulently force a portion of the community into military service by a dishonest perversion of the law.” He summarizes Waterbury’s report in several factoids. In the New York City and vicinity districts (the first nine), the total 1860 vote was 151,243; the quota for these districts is 33,729. In nineteen other districts, the 1860 vote was a combined 457,257, and yet the combined quota for these districts is only 39,626. In his harshest charge, Seymour notes that the nine New York districts all voted Democrat, while the nineteen upstate districts all voted Republican. Meanwhile, Dix responds with a long letter to Seymour’s optimistic August 3 note. A fellow Democrat, Dix defends the draft and even objects to Seymour’s use of the word “conscription” to describe it, suggesting that the term refers to autocratic European levies that are inapplicable to the current U.S. system. But Dix, who as commander of the Department of the East must deploy federal troops to enforce the draft, encourages Seymour’s unequivocal declaration that he will commit state troops for enforcement.158 9: The published exchanges between Lincoln and Seymour reverberate within the bureaucracy. Referring to Lincoln’s August 7 letter, Fry asks Dix, “Are you prepared for me to issue orders to the provost-marshals to proceed 1863: Key Events | 207

[with the draft]?” But Dix has not yet read the letters, and replies that “Some preparations will be necessary here.” Perhaps suggesting that the telegraph was not secure, Dix promises that his answer will be in writing and mailed. Meanwhile, Townsend reports to Fry on the draft upstate. Two days earlier, the wheel began spinning in the Eighteenth District (Schenectady); although assured by the sheriff that there would be “no difficulty,” Townsend still arranged for troops. He reports that Saratoga is complete. Elsewhere in the district, 500 workers were no-shows (it’s likely that these were factory workers, implying the same pre-riot pattern as New York City), but Townsend intends to finish the county of Schenectady “if not resisted” by August 11.159 10: It is now Fry’s turn to answer the various charges contained in Seymour’s correspondence and Waterbury’s report. First, the act of enrolling and drafting began on April 25 (see entries for April 24 and 25) when aapmg appointments were made—with instructions to cooperate with the governor—and notice was given to Seymour. Next, Fry defends the enrollment, which began in late May and was completed “without any serious resistance, and nothing was brought to my knowledge indicating any inefficiency or unfairness in it.” Fry concedes that duplication was a serious problem— enrollments were done at businesses yet many workers resided in other districts. But he asserts that painstaking efforts were made to consolidate lists to eliminate duplication. Between the time the governor had notice of the New York City draft and its actual commencement on July 11, “I heard nothing from [Seymour] during this interval in relation to the draft, nor in fact at any other time previous to the mob violence.”160 Fry next turns to the subject of credits. New York claims 12,311 recruits for existing regiments; based 208 | New York

on muster-in sheets, the War Department can only verify 2,794 such enlistments. The difference is 9,517 and the obligation rests on New York to prove these men have mustered in.161 In fact, Fry claims that based on actual enlistments in identifiable units, the War Department has credited New York with 3,518 more troops than the state has claimed for such units. Moreover the War Department has no evidence that New York City or Brooklyn have furnished more than their share of troops from the state. Finally, Fry addresses Seymour’s contention that conscription is unnecessary because volunteerism will suffice. He asserts that “conscription does not prevent voluntary enlistments, but on the contrary it decidedly stimulates them.” But volunteerism has stagnated in New York and elsewhere. Fry cites the histories of four cavalry regiments, one artillery company, four infantry regiments, and one infantry company, all of which have been attempting to organize since late 1862 and early 1863. Between January 1 and July 9, 1863, only 6,004 recruits have been found for these units and only 1,918 recruits sent to existing regiments.162 Separately, Fry complains to Nugent and Townsend that, “Constant reports are made to this office . . . that great numbers of drafted men are being exempted by boards of enrollment without sufficient cause under the law.” He directs the New York aapmgs to investigate whether New York boards (and their surgeons) are properly issuing exemptions.163 Dix replies to Fry’s letter of yesterday. He has now read Lincoln’s response to Seymour, and believes that it is “admirable, and I do not see how [Seymour] can avoid giving an affirmative answer to my inquiry [for state assistance in draft enforcement].” Nevertheless, Seymour has not yet replied

to Dix, and the latter is apprehensive. “In this city there must be some preparation,” he explains. “With 800,000 people there are many villains, and beside the secession and anti-draft interests, the plunderers will try to create confusion.” Dix is working on a “system of preparation which I hope will prevent disturbance.” He also suggests that city districts should be the last drafted in the state.164 Seymour’s administration becomes increasingly attuned to the stakes involved in arguing credits and quotas with the War Department. “Persons[,] residents and citizens of this State liable to military service and conscription therein are being taken in great numbers by substitute agents and recruiting officers from other States,” complains New York’s Inspector General Josiah T. Miller165 to Fry, “for the purpose of filling the quota of such States with residents of New York.” Miller asks that the War Department issue a general order requiring that volunteers, conscripts and substitutes be credited to the state where they were enrolled.166 (For New York City’s action, see entry for August 20.) Regarding Syracuse, Fry asks Diven: “Is the draft going on in Onondaga County? [Onondaga and Cortland Counties composed the Twenty-Third District.] It is reported to have been suspended. It must be carried out at once.”167 (See entry for August 11.) 11: Lincoln replies to Seymour’s August 8 letter that also contained Waterbury’s report. “Asking you to remember that I consider time as being very important, both to the general cause of the country and to the soldiers already in the field,” the president reviews the time he has spent discussing this matter with Seymour. Nevertheless, he wants Seymour to have the opportunity to present his views. Having considered these, Lincoln restates the

same principle as in his first letter: “to proceed with the draft, at the same time employing infallible means to avoid any great wrongs.” Thus, taking Seymour’s numbers seriously, Lincoln will add the Fifth and Seventh Districts to those where no more than 2,200 men will be drafted.168 Following this draft, a transparent re-enrollment will made in a number of districts, including the Second, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth. Separately, Fry informs Seymour that, “no State has been allowed [credit] for seamen or for soldiers in the Regular Army.” Fry also informs Dix that Stanton does not wish the New York City draft delayed and concludes with a question: “If I send the orders tomorrow, can’t you be ready by the time [the provost marshals will be] and let the draft begin in one city district, say next Monday [August 17]?”169 Meanwhile, Diven telegraphs Wood in Syracuse: “Give notice that the draft in your district will take place on the 15th instant. Arms will be sent to you tomorrow.”170 (See entry for August 12.) 12: Fry restarts the machinery for New York City’s conscription. He notifies Seymour that orders have been sent to the boards of enrollment for the Second, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth Districts to draft 2,050 men of the first class from each. No date is mentioned but one: “This is in conformity with the letter of August 7, 1863, addressed to you from His Excellency, the President of the United States.” Meanwhile, Dix sends Fry some welcome news. He has met with Canby, Opdyke, and the police commissioners and all agree “that the draft can safely commence in this city on Monday [August 17] with a sufficient force.” He adds that Canby has 5,000 troops but that this number ought to double. Dix also mentions his unhappiness with Seymour. His 1863: Key Events | 209

published letters with Lincoln “have increased the disaffection and multiplied the chances of collision, and there is little doubt that he will do all in his power to defeat the draft short of forcible resistance to it.” At some point (probably before Fry’s response below), Dix sends a long letter to Stanton and repeats his request to double his force. He informs the secretary that if he encounters resistance, “I shall promptly declare martial law and suspend civil authority.” Dix also reviews several statutes and Supreme Court opinions and concludes that, in the event of emergency, Lincoln has authority to circumvent governors and issue orders directly to state militia commanders. Dix’s review is not academic: “If I find it necessary to declare martial law, I may also find it necessary to ask the President to call General Sandford’s division into the service of the United States, and to address the order directly to him.” What concerns Dix are the “intimations [that] have been thrown out by persons officially connected with Governor Seymour, that the militia of the city may be used to protect its citizens against the draft in certain contingencies,” such as judicial proceedings for habeas corpus. Fry responds to Dix’s earlier wire about troops and timing. First, Stanton has ordered the draft for August 19 “without fail”; moreover, Fry informs Dix that “A larger force than you have represented as necessary will be at your disposal in New York before that day.”171 Meanwhile, Seymour writes Fry and wants to know the latest dates for which volunteers will be accepted in place of draftees. New York has a bounty program to recruit volunteers; Seymour observes that it will be pointless to pay bounties after the time has expired for credits against quotas.172 In Syracuse, Mayor Bookstaver and deputy 210 | New York

provost marshals call on Diven and persuade him to defer the draft until August 19. Diven notifies Fry that the draft will begin at Syracuse on August 19 and at Dunkirk on August 17. Except for Utica, which has just been added to Diven’s jurisdiction, these are the last two districts in western New York to be conscripted.173 14: Halleck emphasizes to Dix the administration’s commitment to counter anti-draft violence. Five thousand troops have been ordered to Governor’s Island. “In any attempt to resist the draft I hope the punishment will be prompt and severe,” Halleck instructs. “No blank cartridges.” The general-in-chief also urges Dix to recruit loyal civilians for a Union Home Guard “in large numbers.” Enrollment should be made before the draft begins and arms issued, if necessary. Separately, Dix informs Fry that Townsend has completed the draft in the Twenty-Second District (Oswego) and the Eighteenth (Schenectady). Dix adds, “it was alone the presence of troops which saved Schenectady from the disgrace of a bloody riot.”174 15: Seymour forwards to Fry a note from Adjutant General Sprague arguing that Erie County has a surplus of 1,136 men above the 1862 quotas.175 Dix spends part of today staking positions throughout New York City; his troops are expected to arrive tomorrow.176 Meanwhile, New York’s Board of Engineers reports on improving New York Harbor defenses. They recommend a system of floating obstructions, emplaced in the Narrows, at Fort Schuyler, and along the East River, intended to block or slow hostile vessels while they can be enfiladed by shore batteries.177 16: Seymour wires Lincoln with a request that volunteers who have thus far enlisted and mustered into U.S. service be accepted as

substitutes for conscripts living in the same congressional district. “I am satisfied that such an arrangement will secure immediately a large number of volunteers,” Seymour concludes. Lincoln replies immediately that he does not “perfectly understand” the governor’s proposal. Substituting volunteers for draftees raises difficult, perhaps intractable questions. “[H]ow shall it be determined which drafted man is to have the privilege of thus going out [i.e., a discharge] to the exclusion of others?” Lincoln asks. Moreover, each time a volunteer comes forward, the draft quota must be reconstructed. Lincoln refuses Seymour’s request but declares that credits against the quota for volunteers shall be given “to the last moment” before the draft begins. “My purpose is to be just and fair, and yet not to lose time,” the president declares. Separately, Fry gives formal notice to Seymour that the draft will begin on August 19. He adds that federal troops will be in the city “to meet any emergency that may arise.” Fry praises the “loyalty and patriotism” of state and local militia forces and states his hope that they will help to “prevent a recurrence of the scenes enacted in July last.” In a related matter, Fry writes Dix and offers some advice. He notes that Stanton is forwarding enough troops so that Dix must only call on state militia “in the contingency of more serious opposition than apprehended.” He adds that Canby believes Dix intends to ask Seymour for help from the militia, and strongly suggests that Dix seek Stanton’s approval before doing so. “My understanding was that [Stanton] wished to produce the impression that the General Government was abundantly able and prepared to have its laws executed.” Fry adds, “To call out the militia without being forced to would it seems to me, indicate weakness on our part.”178

Dix responds to Halleck’s August 14 note. He is grateful for the troops, and adds: “You need not fear that the rioters, if they show themselves, will be tenderly treated. My orders on the day I took command were: First, use no blank cartridges; and second, not only to disperse the mob, but to follow them up and so deal with them that the same persons should never be assembled again.”179 17: Questions about Seymour’s willingness to suppress anti-draft violence end today as reliable reports from Albany indicate his intention to use strong measures against unlawful resistance. Privately, he orders General Duryea’s division to Brooklyn to prevent any possible riots. Duryea himself is summoned to Albany to confer on anti-riot measures.180 Sandford activates the entire First Division as requested by Opdyke and the police. He deploys them from High Bridge to the Battery.181 Meanwhile, the Kings County sheriff asks General Duryea to activate the entire Second Division for service in Brooklyn during this “second draft.” They will remain on duty until September 7, with a small detachment maintained at the Brooklyn Arsenal. The unit is finally dispersed on September 18.182 18: Seymour issues a proclamation, declaring that “real or imaginary wrongs cannot be corrected by unlawful violence.” While he believes that the constitutionality of the Enrollment Act should have been judicially determined before implementation, he cites former president Andrew Jackson’s farewell address on the need to obey even “Unconstitutional or oppressive laws” pending political or judicial relief. Using violence to oppose the draft is the same logic used by secessionists. But the words that must have sweetened Lincoln’s day appear in Seymour’s conclusion: “I hereby admonish all judicial and executive officers, whose duty it 1863: Key Events | 211

is to inforce [sic] the law and preserve public order, that they take vigorous and effective measures to put down any riotous or unlawful assemblages; and if they find their power insufficient for that purpose, to call upon the military in the manner pointed out by the Statutes of the State. If these measures should prove insufficient, I shall then exert the full power of the State, in order that the public order may be preserved and the persons and property of the citizens be fully protected.” Seymour’s deeds support his words. At the governor’s request, Duryea proceeds to Albany and “receives general directions . . . as to the course to be pursued to prevent and to repress disorder within my district.” These orders include further deployments throughout Brooklyn, including cavalry and artillery units.183 Later an anxious Dix informs Halleck that only two troop ships have arrived from Fort Monroe and that the balance “cannot possibly be here before to-morrow night, if then.” Security is paramount. “I shall try to keep the knowledge of the fact concealed and make the most of the force we have,” he promises Halleck. He also informs the general about Seymour’s proclamation. Meanwhile, the Seymour administration continues to press to reduce draft quotas. Nugent informs Fry that New York’s aag Stonehouse claims 1,530 volunteers from six city congressional districts since the state’s last report to the War Department; pursuant to Lincoln’s letter (“Let credits for volunteers be given up to the last moment”), Stonehouse wants these volunteers deducted from the quotas. Fry refuses: it is too late, “and the draft must go on for the quotas ordered,” adding, “The credit, if found correct, will be considered on the next draft.” Dix writes Seymour and delineates what 212 | New York

he hopes will be the different parts played by federal and state troops in tomorrow’s draft. State troops will be used to enforce public order, keep the peace, and suppress riots. Federal forces should be limited to protecting public property (presumably federal property), “officers of the United States in the discharge of their duty, and to give those who intend to uphold the Government, as well as those who are seeking to subvert it, the assurance that its authority will always be firmly and effectually maintained.”184 Diven arrives in Syracuse this evening prepared to oversee a draft scheduled for tomorrow morning. He is greeted by conflicting claims. Some citizens declare that the city has filled its quota by volunteers and exempts; others outside the city (but within Onondaga County) claim that the city has poached volunteers rightly belonging to villages outside of Syracuse. Diven asks Fry for instructions but wires the draft inspector for Syracuse not to close the Twenty-Third District draft without drawing in Syracuse.185 (See entry for August 21.) 19: The draft begins in New York City, starting with the Sixth District. At 11:30 a.m., Stanton’s special aide Charles A. Dana186 wires some welcome news: “There is not the least symptom of disturbance in any part of the city.” Canby, the police, and Opdyke “are all confident that everything will pass off quietly.” Dana implies that some misinformation is contributing to the peace: although Dix has not received 10,000 promised troops, everyone else believes that there are 20,000 Federals deployed. And Seymour has proven true to his word. “The militia are all under arms [and] co-operating perfectly,” Dana concludes.187 At 3:00 p.m. Dix informs Halleck that, “The draft is progressing quietly. The troops are arriving.” Sandford’s division

is deployed and at Opdyke’s and the police commissioners’ call. “Governor Seymour has backed down,” Dix declares. “The show of strength the Government is making will do great good.”188 Meanwhile, the machinery continues for the upstate draft. Fry notifies Seymour that the board of enrollment for the Twenty-First District has been ordered to draft for 1,687 men of the first class.189 A letter from Diven to Fry illustrates how some cities are dealing with conscription. In Utica, Diven reports that “I find a bad state of feeling existing here growing out of volunteering.” Utica Mayor Charles S. Wilson,190 a Democrat, had won election partly by promising that no draft would come to the city. Apparently, Seymour had told the city it would be credited for all volunteers enlisted before the draft, per Lincoln’s letter. The mayor immediately secured the financial support of “friends of the draft and of the Administration” to raise a private bounty fund; they then began “scouring the State for volunteers . . . [and thus have] enabled the recruiting officers to procure volunteers enough to fill the quota of this city.” When Diven arrived in Utica last night, a large public meeting was underway to congratulate the mayor on his success. At that meeting, letters (leaked by someone in the provost marshal’s office) were read aloud “by speakers hostile to the Administration and the draft.”191 (For Fry’s reply, see entry for August 22.) Waterbury writes to Lincoln to complain that Fry has not adopted the suggestions contained in his report (see note to entry for August 8). Because of this, the Sixth District’s drawing is a “fraud and a farce.”192 20: Dix informs Halleck that the draft goes well. Separately, Fry orders Nugent to “Commence draft in all the districts in city on [August 24],

if possible, and push it through as rapidly as possible.” Meanwhile, Waterbury writes to Fry, praising his integrity but expressing regret that none of his anti-fraud suggestions have been adopted for the ongoing draft.193 Captain Samuel T. Maddox,194 provost marshal for New York’s Second Congressional District, headquartered in Williamsburg, describes for Fry the meticulous process used in qualifying enrollment officers and making the enrollment. Of particular interest are his efforts to avoid double counting, the bane of New York City enrollment. Houses were visited and age-eligible residents enrolled. Businesses also were visited but only to inquire if any employees were also residents. “If so, then they were enrolled,” Maddox states, “but strict injunctions were laid down that no persons should be enrolled except at their residences.” A total of 21,546 men of the first class are enrolled.195 David T. Valentine,196 clerk of New York City’s Common Council, sends Seymour a resolution recently approved by the council. The preamble notes the presence of “recruiting offices, and also substitution brokers’ offices [that] have been opened in this city, by whom large bounties are offered to procure volunteers and substitutes for drafted men in other States” in violation of New York law. The resolution requests that Seymour “take immediate measures to prohibit any and all persons from offering bounties, and from recruiting or procuring volunteers or substitutes from the City of New York for the purpose of taking them to other States.”197 Meanwhile, Fry declines an earlier request by Diven for an infantry regiment and artillery. “The actual want in New York City takes everything at this moment,” the pmg explains. “You must avoid everything, even in performance of duty, which would lead to 1863: Key Events | 213

disturbance until you feel strong enough to overcome all opposition.”198 21: Fry instructs Nugent that the First, Third, and Ninth District quotas cannot be changed. The quotas of the First District, composed of Suffolk, Queens, and Richmond Counties, were calculated county-wide, and cannot be divided by towns. Nugent reports to Fry that the Sixth District draft is complete: “The utmost good order has prevailed throughout.”199 Seymour writes Lincoln with a series of complaints. (This letter was subsequently given to Fry, whose replies to Seymour’s particulars appear in the parentheses below.) “[New York’s] Legislature, anxious to recruit the Army by volunteers, at its last session, made an appropriation to pay bounties to volunteers,” Seymour declares. “It was expected that these would be credited to the State as well as the number already furnished beyond its quota.” (Fry notes that all quotas were credited as of June 11, 1863, when the last enrollment was completed.) Seymour insists that he first learned of the August 19 draft in the newspapers of August 17. (Fry points to his notices to Seymour of August 12 and August 16.) Seymour also complains that other states have been recruiting New Yorkers for their own service and credits; indeed, some states have opened recruiting agencies in New York City and Brooklyn. Because many of these poached men were already enrolled in New York, the effect is to overstate enrollment—and thus, the quota.200 (See entry for August 27 for Fry’s further responses.) Major Silas Ramsey201 reports the TwentyThird District’s status. Except for Syracuse, the draft is concluded. “Everything passed off quietly,” and some 657 men have been conscripted. As for Syracuse’s claims that the quota is met, it has only mustered in about 214 | New York

one-half the number required; however, the city declares that the balance will muster in by August 24. Ramsey concludes with a disturbing report. In Oswego “there is probably all sorts of rascality” by the Enrollment Board; it is reported that, for a $25 bribe, conscripts will be discharged.202 In Kansas, William Clarke Quantrill burns Lawrence and massacres military aged males. 22: Fry replies to Diven’s August 19 letter. Fry is unclear whether or not a draft has actually taken place in Syracuse, and the provost marshal there is not communicating with Washington. “It was not my intention that the draft should be omitted there or anywhere else,” Fry declares, “and there is an unsatisfactory condition of things in that district.” He asks Diven to report, especially about the behavior of officials in the provost marshal’s office: “if there is . . . a disposition to subordinate the public to local interests, a change must be made.”203 Major General Sandford writes Stanton to request that “the troops under [his] command, who were in the U.S. service at the time the draft commenced in New York, may be excused from its operation.”204 (See entry for August 29.) 25: Fry instructs Nugent to “Go on with the draft in all your districts as fast as you are ready, without waiting for any further orders from me, provided everything is right. We want it over now as soon as practicable.”205 New York County passes “An ordinance making provision for the payment of damages for which the county has become liable, in consequence of the proceedings of the mob, during the recent riots.” (See Chapter 7 in Legislative Sessions—1864.) 26: Lincoln now seems aware of the ambiguity in his assurance to Seymour that, to the last moment practicable, volunteers would be

credited against draft quotas. (See note to entry for August 22.) The president tells Stanton that, by the last moment, he meant “the last day before the draft begins in any district.” Lincoln also redeems his promise to give governors adequate notice before drafts are made in their states; he even proposes a form of notice. When re-enrollment begins in New York, Lincoln wants Seymour notified so the governor can name agents to witness the fairness of the process.206 In a separate report on the Fourteenth District’s enrollment, Townsend asks for 1,000 men to enforce the next draft and points to a new scam: accepting disabled persons as conscripts and substitutes.207 27: Per Lincoln’s letter of yesterday, Fry wires Nugent, Townsend, and Diven that, hereafter, the governor must have advance notice of draft proceedings in every district. Separately, Fry provides Stanton with more details to answer Seymour’s August 21 complaints. Fry seems unaware of Lincoln’s letter of yesterday, which resolved the crediting of volunteers in Seymour’s favor. Instead he insists that volunteer credits cannot be issued after draft quotas are formulated; volunteers received after formulation but before any draft will be credited against the next draft. Fry also rejects Inspector General Miller’s August 10 request that the War Department prohibit recruiters from other states. Such recruiting “is general throughout the United States,” Fry observes; however, he does refer the matter to jag Holt, attaching his opinion rejecting this request.208 28: Opdyke signs a New York City Common Council measure to appropriate $2 million to pay the $300 commutation fee for active-duty firemen, Metropolitan Police, and active state and city militia directly to their substitutes. Conscripts’ indigent families also are entitled

to $300 through the Soldiers’ Family Aid Fund. Moreover, indigent conscripts may receive $300 for substitutes; men unsuccessful in finding substitutes may, subject to city discretion, be given $300 for commutation.209 New York County passes “An ordinance to provide for the procurement of substitutes for certain citizens of the city and county of New York, who have been or may hereafter be drafted to serve in the army of the Union, during the existing war, and for other purposes.” (See Chapter 7 in Legislative Sessions—1864.) 29: Stanton refuses Sandford’s request to excuse his militia from U.S. service for New York City’s draft: “the interests of the service and legal execution of the enrollment law” require continued duty. Separately, Townsend informs Fry that because Dix cannot spare the troops, he must complete the draft in Troy (to recommence September 1) before beginning drawings in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Districts.210 31: The War Department provides Seymour with its record of New York troops from the beginning of the war through August 11, 1863. The state’s quota for three-year volunteers under 1861 calls was 109,056. The quota under the July 2, 1862, call was 59,705. The combined quota for three-year men is 168,761. The numbers of recruits furnished for all branches, excluding the navy, is as follows: 168,761 three-year men, and 30,950 twoyear men. The quota for nine-months troops under the August 1862 call was 59,705. The state furnished 1,781 men, for a deficiency of 57,924. In a supplementary filing to reflect enlistments between June 11 and August 11, 1863, the War Department acknowledges an additional 2,491 men, including cavalry, artillery, and “Recruits not previously accounted 1863: Key Events | 215

for.” However, New York claims that the number actually enlisted during this period is 12,311, a difference of 9,517. “As the present records of the [War] Department will not allow a credit to be given for the disputed number (9,517) of recruits,” aag Vincent declares, “it remains for the State to show by the muster-in rolls thereof that she is entitled to said credit.”211 Meanwhile the draft begins in Brooklyn. Canby orders five regiments of U.S. Volunteers to report to Duryea, who posts one regiment at South Brooklyn (Carrol Park); two at Washington Park (Fort Greene); and two at East New York.212 september 1: Dix asks Halleck for copies of Seymour’s War Department correspondence and other records in order to arrange for adverse newspaper publicity about the governor’s neglect and broken promises in raising troops—a pattern that Dix claims is contrary to Seymour’s election platform. He cites a number of Seymour’s alleged breaches and also notes that when President James Madison proposed a draft, then Congressman Morris S. Miller (1779–1824), a Federalist from Utica “with whose family Seymour is connected (I think by double marriage),” “attacked [the draft] as conscription, as unconstitutional, &c., very much as Seymour is doing now.” Halleck endorses Dix’s request and asks Fry and Townsend for the information requested.213 2: The state convention of the Union Party meets in Syracuse. Resolutions adopted include a condemnation of Seymour “as unpatriotic and unfaithful to the loyal sentiment of the State of New-York . . . and of those who have acted with him, in embarrassing the efforts of the Government to increase its military force, in stimulating a spirit of violent resistance to the 216 | New York

laws of the land.” In another resolution, the delegates declare that “we will consent to no peace which shall involve a separation of the American Union, a recognition of the right or the power of any State to secede or change the Constitution of the United States, except such as may be made by the people in accordance with the forms which it prescribes.” After some debate (during which one delegate chides another to remember “that this is a Union, not a Republican, Convention”) a resolution endorsing the Second Confiscation Act is adopted, but with the proviso that it is only legal “as a war measure.”214 3: aag Vincent asks Seymour to prepare “a quarterly return, or list, showing the number of volunteers,” by their respective units, that were mustered into U.S. service. The War Department wants to insure proper credit for recruits.215 4: Fry repeats his order to all aapmgs to notify governors “both by telegraph and mail” of the dates when a draft will commence in their states. He also provides a form for notification.216 7: The crisis anticipated with the Brooklyn conscription is over and Duryea’s troops are dismissed.217 9: The Democratic State Convention meets in Albany; a life-sized portrait of Seymour hangs over the platform. Seymour’s speech suggests that recent victories are propitious for a negotiated peace. He rejects the “policy of subjugation” which “implies a long and bloody war” and calls for reconciliation between the sections, which he believes, “only slumbers in the revolted States and is not dead.” The ideologically aligned Constitutional Union Party also convenes today but without nominations.218 10: The Democratic State Convention in Albany continues. Among the resolutions adopted

this day include a commitment to use military force to oppose secession; that the federal government should adopt a policy of conciliation towards seceded states; that the Enrollment Act is “unjust, vexatious and oppressive” and that volunteering should be the mainstay. Concerning the New York City riots, “we condemn all mob violence as a crime against the people [and] against Republican government”; however, the platform equates federal lawlessness (“the spirit of misrule and disregard of constitutional and legal obligations”) with “the lower law of the mob.”219 15: Under authority of Chapter 81 (March 3, 1863; see Chronology), Lincoln issues a proclamation suspending the writ of habeas corpus throughout the United States in cases where “military, naval, and civil officers of the United States . . . hold persons under their command or in their custody, either as prisoners of war, spies, or aiders or abettors of the enemy, or officers, soldiers, or seamen, enrolled, drafted, or mustered, or enlisted in or belonging to, the land or naval forces of the United States, or as deserters therefrom.”220 16: Fry notifies Seymour that the Eleventh District’s board of enrollment has been ordered to draft 1,945 men of the first class.221 18: Fry notifies Seymour that the Tenth District’s board of enrollment has been ordered to draft 2,270 men of the first class.222 19: Fry notifies Seymour that the Fourteenth District’s board of enrollment has been ordered to draft 2,324 men of the first class.223 Battle of Chickamauga, Georgia, begins; it will end the next day. 21: Fry circulates instructions to provost marshals (copied to the governors) detailing various compensations. For anyone arresting deserters, the reward is $30. Recruiters will receive $15 for each non-veteran and $25 for

recruits with at least nine months’ service. Under GO No. 191 (1863), re-enlisted veterans receive premium and bounty totaling $402; for non-veteran recruits, the premium and bounty total $302. One aspect of this measure disadvantages state agents to the detriment of the recruiting process: recruiters must be “persons deputized by the Provost-MarshalGeneral.” Separately, Fry sends Seymour (and the Twenty-Ninth District) “copies of instructions” for enlisting recruits. “Your cooperation and aid in carrying it out are respectfully solicited,” Fry tells the governor. “It is presumed that your experience in raising troops will enable you to make useful suggestions in the execution of this scheme, especially as to the persons to be selected by boards [of enrollment] to act as deputies or recruiting agents for procuring the recruits.” aapmgs are instructed “to confer with you in this matter.”224 23: Nugent acknowledges Fry’s September 18 note about the Tenth District’s draft. He informs Fry that Canby has sent troops to the provost marshal headquarters at Tarrytown.225 october 5: Congressman Erastus Corning resigns from the Fourteenth District. (See entry for November 3.) 7: Fry notifies Seymour that new enrollments are to commence in the Second, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Sixteenth, Seventeenth, Twenty-First, Twenty-Fifth, Twenty-Ninth, and Thirty-First Districts, “as soon as practicable.” Consistent with Lincoln’s August 7 promise, Fry adds an invitation “to appoint some suitable persons to witness the enrollment and assist the officers of the Government in taking such steps as will make it correct and satisfactory.”226 13: Diven and Townsend have met with Seymour 1863: Key Events | 217

and nyng Quartermaster S. Visscher Talcott,227 and reached agreement on various matters. Fry had suggested that new recruiting committees should be formed throughout the state with members appointed by the governor, “the old [committees] being too numerous and too much scattered in each senate district to be made available.” Seymour agrees with Fry’s suggestion and will appoint these committees “with very little delay.” Regarding the arrest of deserters, Seymour suggests that a state agent join federal officers in examining “all cases where the party claimed as a deserter denied that he was such.” Where state and federal officials agree that the arrest was improper, the subject will be released; where officials disagree, the party will be detained pending appeal to Fry. “This would prevent much clamor about improper arrests,” Diven and Townsend assure Fry. “With this provision it would seem we could have the earnest co-operation of the Governor in procuring recruits and arresting deserters.” Separately, Talcott asks that his department assume from the aapmgs responsibility for the transportation of recruits to the general rendezvous, as well as for inventory and disbursement of uniforms. “We would be pleased to be relieved from any duty that this officer would like to perform,” Fry’s two agents report, “provided you think it as well for the service.”228 15: The War Department issues SO No. 462, which declares that Brigadier General Francis B. Spinola is assigned “for duty on recruiting service, and will station himself in Brooklyn.”229 17: Lincoln calls for 300,000 men to replace recent battle losses from Gettysburg. This call carries a large stick: states that fail to meet their quotas will face a draft on January 5, 1864, that will include not only this quota but 218 | New York

also dun states for any deficiencies remaining on prior calls.230 At Seymour’s invitation, Nugent and Captain Joel B. Erhardt,231 provost marshal of the Fourth District, come to Albany. The governor’s conversation seems confused: he attributes inflated quotas to federal fraud in pro-Seymour districts while simultaneously excusing the federal government for inflated quotas because, in merging rural and urban areas within congressional districts, errors naturally occur. He cites Waterbury’s report (see entry for August 8) but concedes several points and distances himself from it. Confusion continues about enrollments. Despite Lincoln’s willingness to conduct a new enrollment with state officials, Seymour now opposes that plan, instead urging that the old enrollment be corrected. The state is unwilling to pay for a new enrollment (and, by implication, state agents). When Nugent and Erhardt ask Seymour to suggest a fair enrollment, he replies “that he could scarcely see how it could be made more fair than it was.” Erhardt tells Fry that the conversation lasted “more than three hours . . . yet long as it was, little was said to justify the belief that discrepancies in the enrollment were the cause of his dissatisfaction, but much that [was] captiousness was the secret of his opposition to the law.”232 20: Fry replies to Diven and Townsend’s September 13 letter. First, noting Lincoln’s call of October 17, Fry hopes that “you will commence to recruit as soon as possible.” Fry also is open to paying recruiting premiums if Seymour and the aapmgs think it helpful. However, when it comes to ceding pmg authority, Fry will have none of it. Regarding the use of state agents to help decide deserters’ cases, Fry points to Circular No. 94 (which already forbids aapmgs from taking

“improper action”) and adds: “I have not yet heard of any improper arrests in New York of the kind the Governor wishes to provide against.” If improper arrests are made, however, Fry will adopt Seymour’s suggestion “or take some other steps to prevent it.” Fry also declines to transfer to state authority the responsibilities for inventorying uniforms or transporting recruits. He lacks legal authority to do the former and sees no reason to do the latter, given that the current transportation system is “entirely satisfactory.”233 Seymour issues, in the words of Diven, a “patriotic” proclamation calling for volunteers under the October 17 call. The governor declares that “the defenders of the National Capital are menaced by a superior force, the Army of the Cumberland is in an imperiled condition, and the military operations of the Government are delayed and hindered by the want of an adequate military power, and are threatened with serious disaster.” It is an “emergency” and all citizens should give “efficient and cheerful aid in filling up the thinned ranks of our armies.” New Yorkers should “give this by voluntary and cheerful contributions of men and money, and not by a forced conscription or coercive action on the part of the Government.” Seymour argues that it is conscription that produces “unequal burdens”; it is only the “cost and sacrifices of volunteering, which more perfectly adjusts itself to the condition of all classes.” Seymour concludes by emphasizing “The extremely liberal and much larger [bounties] than those heretofore given.”234 21: Fry notifies Seymour that New York’s quota under the October 17 call is 38,268 men of the first class, “exclusive of any deficiencies you may have on the present draft or former calls, and these will be considered only in case another draft is necessary in January.”

But what are those deficiencies? Fry sends Seymour a second letter in which he details the War Department’s deficiency calculations, district-by-district. First, based on New York’s absolute proportion of men of the first class, the state should furnish 60,378 under the October 17 call. The state’s quota under drafts for other existing calls (not including October 17) is 68,717. Up to October 17, drafts in the state have produced 21,060 men; deducting this from 68,717 leaves a deficiency of 47,657 recruits under existing calls. Now comes Lincoln’s stick: if New York fails to meet its quota under the October 17 call, it will face a January 1864 draft for that deficiency coupled with this pre-existing deficiency. The “good news” is that the pre-existing deficiency of 47,657 will be reduced “by all held to service under the present draft after the 17th instant, and by all volunteers not heretofore credited, as well as by all the State may raise in excess of 60,378.” Fry also gives Seymour some genuinely good news: the governor may “allot proportional parts of Congressional District quotas to smaller subdivisions [that is, counties, cities, towns, and villages] of your State.”235 27: Brigadier General William Hays236 appointed to replace Nugent as aapmg for the Southern Division of New York.237 31: Dix issues GO No. 15, extending the furloughs of all New York soldiers on leave until November 15.238 New York County passes “An ordinance to provide for the procurement of substitutes for drafted soldiers for the armies of the Union, provided the same can be counted and allowed on the quota of the city and county of New York, in any future draft.” (See Chapter 7 in Legislative Sessions—1864.) Of 182 U.S. General Hospitals nationwide (84,472 total beds), New York has at least 6. 1863: Key Events | 219

All of the listed hospitals are in the vicinity of New York City: De Camp on David’s Island, McDougall at Fort Schuyler, Fort Wood on Bedloe’s Island, Fort Columbus on Governor’s Island, Ladies Home Hospital, and Saint Joseph’s.239 november 3: State elections yield the following results. Congress—Fourteenth District (special election): John V. Pruyn, Democrat, 15,455 (56.61%), John K. Porter, Union, 11,848 (43.39%) State Assembly: 82 Unionists, 46 Democrats State Senate: 21 Unionists, 11 Democrats240 5: Fry wires New York’s aapmgs to re-emphasize that, if a state meets its full quota of volunteers under the October 17 call, it will not face a January 5 draft.241 Dr. Richard H. Coolidge,242 medical inspector of the U.S. Army, reports on the number of draftees from the Seventeenth, Twentieth, Twentieth-Second, Twenty-Fourth, and Twenty-Ninth Districts rejected for physical disability. Of 11,949 men examined, 4,258 were rejected, a rate of 35.63 percent. The average rejection rate for a sample of fifteen districts from six states (including New York) was 31.91 percent.243 6: The War Department reports that through October 31, New York has recruited six companies in the First Battalion, Invalid Corps, and five companies in the Second Battalion.244 Separately, Fry informs Diven that he will do “everything in my power” to permit governors to summon home duty officers now in the field and detail them for recruiting (first priority to those regiments facing an 1864 expiry). When possible, existing units will be returned home to recruit under the governor’s direction. Any volunteers recruited thereby 220 | New York

will remain under the governor’s control until deployed and governors are given flexibility in “the amount and mode of payment of premium for obtaining recruits for old regiments and the persons to whom it is paid,” as long as it does not exceed the permitted $25 for veterans and $15 for recruits. However, Fry asserts that he has no legal authority to declare cities or towns that meet their quotas to be exempt from the draft.245 10: Fry writes all aapmgs: “In filling the quota of volunteers called for by the President’s proclamation of October 17, 1863, it is the desire of this Bureau that Governors of States from which troops are required shall take the leading part in the work.” Any changes proposed by governors to U.S. recruiting practices are to be immediately forwarded to Washington for approval. Fry’s orders are clear: “You will also co-operate fully with the State authorities in carrying out whatever measures they may consider advisable to secure the filling of their quota.”246 11: Stanton wires William G. Fargo,247 mayor of Buffalo, the mayors of Oswego, Ogdensburg, Lewiston, and Rochester, General Dix, Senator King, Governor Seymour, Major General William T. H. Brooks,248 as well as the governors of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Michigan, that the British ambassador to the United States, Lord Lyons,249 has passed information from the Canadian governorgeneral that “persons hostile to the United States, who have found an asylum in Canada, [plan] to invade the United States and destroy the city of Buffalo . . . to take possession of some of the steam-boats on Lake Erie, to surprise Johnson’s Island,250 and set free the prisoners of war confined there.” Stanton orders Dix to take precautions and to call upon New York authorities, if necessary. He further suggests that Dix travel immediately to Buffalo

to oversee defenses. The governor-general recommends watching steamboats and arresting any suspicious persons, and adds that Ogdensburg also has some suspicious connection with the plot.251 Meanwhile, a satisfied Diven informs Fry that he has concluded various negotiations with Seymour, and “after all that has been said about Governor Seymour, I think it but due to him . . . that I have found him earnestly cooperating with me in every effort to promote recruiting.” Seymour also is satisfied with New York’s current arrangements with the War Department and feels no need for change. In connection with the October 17 call, the bounty arrangements are as follows: All recruits will receive $75 in installments: $10 at enlistment, and $65 after U.S. muster and before deploying from the general rendezvous. Re-enlistees from two-year units into U.S. service (and who were in such service on April 17, 1863) will receive $150 in installments: $30 at enlistment and $120 before leaving the rendezvous, but after U.S. muster. In his message to Fry, Diven suggests certain changes in the draft. First, he recommends amending federal law to allow exemptions to towns once their quotas are met; then, the enactment of a New York statute that allows towns to subscribe for bounties. Diven assures Fry that if these two items are in place by next April, New York will volunteer its way out of conscription.252 On orders from Seymour, Adjutant General Sprague departs for an inspection tour of New York forces in the field. Movements in the Armies of the Potomac, of Cumberland, and of the South will keep him outside their camps, but he does manage to visit General Quincy Gilmore’s Tenth Army Corps, as well as New Yorkers at Morris and Folly Islands, Port Royal, Beaufort, and St. Augustine.253

12: A busy day for the Empire State’s defenders. David C. Judson, president of Ogdensburg Village, and Senator King agree that, “It is well to take proper precaution,” although the men “do not apprehend danger.” Dix informs the secretary of war that he leaves for Buffalo tonight or tomorrow morning, and asks that Canby remain in New York City. Buffalo’s Mayor Fargo tells Stanton that he “shall take all precautionary measures,” but like his Ogdensburg counterparts, states that, “There are no indications of difficulty here.” Fargo has asked Seymour to order local militia to assist. Oswego Mayor L.A.G.B. Grant replies to Stanton’s wire of yesterday, “Have every precautionary measure taken that can be.” He will also give the facts to the commander of the fort.254 According to the War Department, New York’s quota under Lincoln’s October 17 call stands at 60,333.255 (See entry for October 21. On that date, New York’s October 17 quota was given as 38,268.) 13: Rochester Mayor Nehemiah C. Bradstreet256 replies to Stanton’s November 11 letter that, “All is quiet here.”257 14: From Buffalo, Dix writes W.T.H. Brooks: “If you have troops in the service of the United States and can spare two or three hundred, I should like to have them here. Tomorrow will be in time.” Dix reports to Stanton that, “I found no preparation whatever for the protection of [Buffalo].” There is no revenue cutter in the harbor, the state arsenal containing 3,000 arms and 20 artillery pieces is unguarded, and the cannon have no ammunition. Moreover, the militia is only “partially armed.” Dix has sifted the intelligence and reports that the real target is the pow camp on Johnson’s Island (see Michigan and Ohio chapters); however, he still rates an attack on Buffalo as “probable” 1863: Key Events | 221

and requests that the Seventy-Fourth nyng (400 men) be activated for thirty days. As for Johnson’s Island, the pows should be removed. The water between the mainland and the island is but five feet deep and the weather is against them—soon, load-bearing ice will cover the water between Sandusky and Johnson’s. Dix asks Seymour to activate the Seventy-Fourth and send ammunition for the 10-pounder Parrotts in the state arsenal.258 15: Probably in anticipation of a new call (see entry for December 19, 1864), Fry issues Circular No. 39, reminding states and aapmgs that, “the revision and correction of [enrollment] lists is a continuous duty.”259 16: Peter Cooper, General Sickles, Morris Ketchum,260 William Curtis Noyes, General William K. Strong, Fred S. Tallmadge,261 “and sixty-one others” form the New York Association for Colored Volunteers. This organization is prompted by the enormous burden (“100,000 men” according to its sponsors) imposed by Lincoln’s October 17 call. The association presents New Yorkers with a way out of what they see as two bad choices. On one hand, “If we allow our citizens to be drawn away by superior inducements offered by other States,” then “the draft will fall heavily upon those who are left.” On the other hand, “if we raise men by volunteering at the last hour, we shall have to pay large bounties and heavier taxes.” The call to organize notes that “our colored men” are among the New Yorkers being poached by other states. The “several thousands of these may be added to the strength of our Army, and also saved to the quota of our State.”262 20: Henry O’Reilly,263 secretary of the New York Association for Colored Volunteers (see entry for November 16), asks Stanton “whether the President will authorize the enlistment of colored volunteers in this State and credit them 222 | New York

on the quota of this State” under the October 17 call. O’Reilly’s question is prompted by “the refusal of certain State functionaries to recognize colored men in the call for volunteers, notwithstanding the fact that the President’s proclamation for volunteers makes no discrimination, and the additional fact that that class of citizens are subject (like white men) to a draft.”264 24: Stanton replies favorably to O’Reilly’s request to raise colored troops in New York, “On application by suitable persons.” Writing to General William K. Strong, Stanton states that troops will be credited against state quotas; however, no bounty will be paid and the monthly wage is $10 (versus $13 for white soldiers). Stanton makes clear that these inequities are not by his choice but the result of congressional mandate: “The Department will recommend that in this respect the act be amended so as to make the pay the same as other soldiers.”265 In response to an inquiry about forming African American units, Seymour replies that he lacks authority to create new regiments absent War Department approval; however, he notes that, unlike the federal government, the state pays bounties to all recruits “without distinction.”266 25: Having sent a detective to Montreal, Dix now reports his findings to Stanton: “there is no movement on foot.” Should not the British and Canadian ministers be requested, he asks, “to prevent by military force the organization of marauding expeditions against the towns on our frontier, as a violation of every principle of international law?” Otherwise, Dix fears that a border war may result.267 26: In a reply to Stanton’s November 24 letter about enlisting colored troops, Spinola informs the secretary that he has recruited six men. He confesses that he is unclear, however,

about where “suitable persons” should apply to be officers of colored regiments. Nevertheless, he will continue to complete the raising of a colored unit, although he recognizes that his choices for officers will be non-binding on the government.268 27: Seymour answers a letter from Alex Van Rensselaer,269 Colonel Le G.B. Cannon,270 and George Bliss, Jr., members of New York’s Union League. The three men have asked Seymour for authorization to raise a colored regiment, and the governor informs them that, since “The matter rests entirely with the War Department,” they should inquire there. However, Seymour does inform the men that New York bounty will be paid to colored recruits.271 28: Senator Morgan writes to introduce four men to Fry: Congressman Orlando Kellogg, New York state senator James A. Bell,272 former adjutant general Thomas Hillhouse, and William H. Bogart,273 “one of our most highly esteemed citizens.” These men have been sent by Seymour “to consult the Government in relation to raising the number of volunteers called for by the President.” The hope is to furnish enough volunteers to make the looming draft unnecessary. “They are all unconditional Union men and earnest supporters of the Administration,” Morgan assures Fry. Their agenda includes the apportionment of quotas by town so that those towns that fill quotas will be exempt from conscription, and the equalization of bounties for recruits, whether enlisting in old or new regiments. Also, rather than discharging company officers because of consolidation, they propose that these officers should instead be sent home to recruit for old regiments. Morgan concludes by endorsing these men’s goals.274 30: Halleck answers Dix’s November 25 letter

to Stanton. “I fully agree with you in your opinion that there was no real foundation in the pretended raid on the northern lakes and frontier,” he declares. Halleck believes that the rumors were no more than a rebel feint to draw off federal troops from combat operations. Meanwhile, evidencing a desire to keep tight control over commissioning officers for colored units, the War Department replies to Spinola’s November 24 letter. “You will stop all further proceedings in this matter,” aag E. D. Townsend declares. “Colored troops will not be recruited in the State of New York by any person until regularly authorized by the Department.”275 Separately, Bliss and Cannon (two of three recipients of Seymour’s November 27 reply) ask Stanton for authority to raise a colored regiment under the aegis of the Union League Club. “The Union League Club is composed of over 500 of the wealthiest and most respectable citizens of New York,” they inform the secretary, “whose sole bond of association is an unflinching determination to support the Government.” The club has raised “a large sum” to recruit; if its application is approved, officer candidates will be submitted for War Department approval. The club hopes that it will “field a regiment worthy to stand side by side with the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts.”276 december 1: New York City mayoral elections yield the following results. C. Godfrey Gunther, McKeon Democrat, 29,121; Francis I.A. Boole, Democrat, 22,597; Orison Blunt, Union, 19,383277 2: Fry gives some welcome answers to the issues raised by Kellogg, Bell, Hillhouse and Bogart. (See Morgan’s November 28 letter of introduction.) First, the War Department approves of quotas being “apportioned to 1863: Key Events | 223

towns and wards” and, if their quotas are met, such entities will be exempt from the draft. Second, towns and wards will be credited for any recruits mustered into U.S. service since the previous draft, and this number will be deducted from the state’s quota. Third, the War Department agrees to equalize bounties for recruits into specified new regiments. Fourth, Seymour is authorized to raise new infantry companies to be sent to old regiments “that have less than their proper number of company organizations.” (However, the governor does not have authority to consolidate regiments.) Finally, a commission is to be appointed “for the purpose of giving a renewed examination to the subject of the quota of men raised from the State of New York, and of certain inequalities alleged therein.”278 (See entry for December 5.) Meanwhile, worries persist about security on the northern frontier. Stanton orders General Barnard “to make an examination of the shore of Lake Erie, and designate at what points temporary works can be advantageously erected to guard the States of New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio against hostile raids from Canada.”279 3: The policies that Fry announced yesterday for New York are made applicable to all states. Quotas now can be apportioned by towns and wards within congressional districts and municipal entities furnishing their quotas will be exempt from the draft scheduled for January 5, 1864. Moreover, municipal entities will be credited for all volunteers furnished since the previous draft, such credits to be deducted against the quotas assigned under the October 17 call.280 Fry writes New York’s aapmgs with instructions to subdivide each congressional district’s quota among towns and wards,

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but to do so “in conjunction with State authorities.”281 Separately, War Department aag Charles W. Foster grants the Union League’s November 30 request to organize a colored unit. It will be enumerated the Twentieth Regiment U.S. Colored Troops; recruits will be paid $10 monthly, receive one ration per day and opt to take $3 of their monthly pay in clothing. Also, they will receive no federal bounties. Recruits will rendezvous on Riker’s Island.282 5: As promised by Fry in his December 2 letter, Stanton orders the formation of a “special commission to revise the enrollment and quotas of the city and State of New York, and report whether there be any, and what errors or irregularities therein, and what corrections, if any, should be made.” The commission will meet in New York, in offices provided by the pmg, and be assigned a clerk and a messenger. Appointed to the committee are William F. Allen,283 Major General John Love284 of Indiana, and Chauncey Smith285 of Massachusetts.286 7: Seymour issues a circular to all towns reminding them of the October call for 300,000 men and urging them “to enter immediately upon the duty of raising by voluntary enlistments the quota of your town.”287 10: Fry is ordered by Stanton “to instruct the officers of your department in the State of New York to enlist into the service of the United States for three years or during the war all suitable colored men who may offer themselves for enlistment.” Enlistees should be told that they will receive $10 per month and one ration, along with a clothing allowance of $3. Recruits will be sent to Riker’s Island and into the ranks of the Twentieth USCT, now organizing.288 15: The War Department notifies New York aapmgs that, hereafter, “persons who

establish the fact before boards of enrollment that they are conscientiously opposed to bearing arms and to paying the commutation money for exemption from draft, and that they belong to a religious society whose creed prohibits them to serve in the Army or to pay commutation money, shall when drafted be put on parole by the provost-marshal.”289 16: The commission formed to examine New York enrollments meets in New York City and appoints as clerk Leander Babcock,290 a former congressman from Oswego. 17: The commissioners appointed by state governors to discuss establishing a national cemetery at Gettysburg convene at the Jones House in Harrisburg. New York is not personally represented, but Seymour has written to David Wills291 to endorse “any reasonable action” of the convention. David Wills represents Pennsylvania, and he is voted chairman. On motion, a committee of four (including Wills) is appointed “for the purpose of preparing and putting in appropriate shape the details of the plan in reference to the Soldiers’ National Cemetery at Gettysburg.” The convention adopts five resolutions: first, Pennsylvania will hold title to the cemetery land in trust for states with soldiers buried within; two, a request that the Pennsylvania legislature create a corporation with each participating state appointing one trustee (which shall be divided into three classes with staggered terms; after the initial cycle, each term is for three years); third, the projected cemetery cost is $63,500; fourth, states will divide this expense “according to representation in Congress”; and fifth, the costs of cemetery maintenance will be paid by a dedicated fund, the annual contributions to which to also be determined by congressional representation.292

New York has 867 men interred in the national cemetery.293 23: Congress passes a joint resolution declaring that after January 5, 1864, the $300 federal enlistment bounty will no longer be paid to Veteran Volunteers.294 (But see entry for January 4, 1864.) 28: Fry writes to Hays, Diven, and Townsend with important news on the next draft, now scheduled to begin on January 5, 1864: “It is the intention in making the next draft to give credit to each sub-district—that is, each town, county, or ward, as the case may be—for all its drafted men held to service under the late draft, whether they served in person, furnished substitutes, or paid commutation, and also give them credit for all volunteers they may have furnished since the draft, and which have not been credited on the draft.” This letter is sent to all provost marshals nationwide and represents an important political concession to governors: towns that have heretofore exceeded their quotas will be credited on an individual basis and will not be subject to the expected draft.295 31: George Bliss, of the Union League Club, informs the War Department that the Twentieth U.S. Colored Troops is “is nearly to the maximum” and requests authority to raise another colored regiment.296 (See entry for January 4, 1864.)

New York City Draft Riots morning of july 13 On Manhattan’s east side, laborers from many factories, railroads, construction, and other job sites do not appear for work at the usual time of 7:00 a.m. A procession starts in the Twenty-­Second Ward and continues through the city’s upper wards, visiting workshops and persuading workers to join.297 At 7:15 a.m., Captain Charles E. Jenkins opens

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the Ninth District provost marshal’s office and prepares for the drawing of names, scheduled to begin at ten o’clock. By 8:00 a.m., the anti-draft procession has grown; it moves towards Central Park, continuing to visit other factories and job sites (and closing them). At the park, a short meeting is held; afterwards, the workers become full-fledged draft protestors, carrying “No Draft” signs. They move towards Jenkins’ office. Soon, Jenkins is informed “that an attempt would be made to stop the draft.” He alerts Nugent and requests “a sergeant, 2 corporals and 25 men” for protection. Nugent replies that, if trouble begins, Jenkins should “suspend the draft and send for a guard.” Not satisfied with this answer, Jenkins sends for police; a dozen arrive. (Perhaps about this time, Department of the East Commander John E. Wool, “hearing of some disturbance in the upper part of the city,” meets with Nugent and is informed that “the police of the city had already attended to it and he required no other assistance.”) What neither Wool, Nugent, nor Jenkins apparently know is that the approaching protestors have become a mob—although not an unthinking one. Some members destroy telegraph lines, while others loot axes from a hardware store and, later, destroy train tracks and stop omnibuses. The intent is to prevent authorities from concentrating against rioters. At 10:00 sharp, Jenkins blindfolds the drawer, the wheel is spun, and names are extracted and announced. “The room was full, but the occupants were comparatively orderly,” Jenkins recalled. At 10:35, Jenkins believes that “for the present no danger was to be apprehended,” although a crowd estimated at 200 were gathered in and outside the office. But a few minutes later, he hears shouts (“They are coming”) and “[i]nstantly the windows and front of the house were broken in by paving stones.” Prominent rioters at this moment include the Black Joke Engine Company; since firemen are exempt from state conscription, they believe 226 | New York

they should also be exempt from federal conscription. The force of the mob pushes Jenkins out the back of his office and he runs into the next building. Deputy Provost Marshal Edward Vanderpoel confronts the mob, points to the destruction of “all drafting paraphernalia,” and asks them to leave “to prevent the destruction of the helpless women and children” who live nearby. The rioters move against him and Vanderpoel and several subordinates are severely injured. Meanwhile, Police Superintendent Kennedy, hearing of the riot, rushes to the scene in a carriage; he is recognized as soon as he steps out. Kennedy is attacked by rioters and now lies on the street, badly beaten. (As Kennedy remains incapacitated during the riots, Police Commissioner Thomas C. Acton298 assumes command of the force.) The mob sets fire to the ­building.299 As the provost marshal’s office is burning, a guard previously ordered up by Nugent—consisting of about twenty-five men from the First Battalion, Invalid Corps—approach the scene, joining some forty policemen already on site. They “could not approach the scene nearer than two or three squares,” Nugent reports, “and coming up after the building was fired, found the crowd too dense to proceed.” The soldiers are attacked with stones and immediately fire a volley into the crowd. But while pausing to reload, “they were overpowered, muskets and equipments taken from nearly all of them, and most men cruelly beaten.” There are seven casualties and at least one death.300 Around 11:00 a.m., a Lieutenant Reid posted at the Park Barracks receives word of the riot in the Ninth District. With a company of Invalid Corps, he marches via Third Avenue towards the scene as “crowds of men, women and children gathered at the street corners, hissed and jeered them,” while some threw stones. On arriving, Reid orders his men into line and approaches the mob; muskets level, Reid gives the order to fire. Most of his men comply, but their weapons are loaded

with blank cartridges. After the smoke clears, the mob (“armed with clubs, sticks, swords and other implements”) attacks and scatters Reid’s line. Several soldiers are reportedly killed and many are severely beaten. A shout is heard, “Now for the Fifth-avenue Hotel—there’s where the Union Leaguers meet!” Meanwhile, the mob prevents arriving firemen from quenching the flames in the provost marshal’s office; fire now threatens the entire block.301 By 11:30 a.m., Captain B. F. Manierre,302 provost marshal of the Eighth District (comprising the Eighteenth, Twentieth, and Twenty-First Wards), has drawn 216 names from the wheel. Then he receives word from Jenkins about the mob. Manierre postpones the draft, secures his papers at the local police station, and closes the office, located on Broadway near Twenty-Eighth Street. Rioters appear shortly afterwards and torch his office; this fire also spreads to the entire block. “The mob here was so great that it was deemed useless to order up the guard, only to [have them] share the same fate as their companions in the ninth district,” Nugent reported. Meanwhile, Opdyke tells Wool that “a serious riot existed in some upper wards of the city”; he asks for the general’s help to suppress it and reminds him that the city militia is in Harrisburg. Wool is persuaded by the “imminent danger” and “the threatened destruction of property and lives of citizens . . . and of the property of the United States, which was very large.” But with no forces in the city, Wool must draw from harbor fort troops, who are ordered to his city headquarters. Wool and Opdyke also make an appeal for troops to Rear Admiral Hiram Paulding,303 commander of the Brooklyn Navy Yard; Colonel Alexander Bowman,304 superintendent of West Point; Newark city authorities; and the governors of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. Wool begins to assemble a scratch army; on July 13 it includes a company each from West

Point and Newark, what militia Major General Sandford could assemble (deployed at the state arsenal and the upper wards), and—at the request of Wool, Seymour, and Opdyke—returned veterans, ordinary citizens, and New York’s staunch police force. Separately, Wool asks the admiral to order an armed steamer to guard Governor’s Island. Wool places all federal troops under the command of Sandford.305 Meanwhile, a draft for 4,146 men is ordered to commence in the Second District; a draft for 2,088 men in the Twenty-Third District; and a draft for 2,262 men in the Twenty-Fourth District.306 afternoon of july 13 Edward S. Sanford307 wires Stanton (received 12:10 p.m.) that “a serious riot is now taking place on Third Avenue,” the provost marshal’s office has been “burned, and the adjoining block [is] on fire.” Worse, communications are threatened: “Our wires in that direction have all been torn down.” Sanford adds that regular troops have been dispatched to the area from Governor’s Island. At 1:30 p.m. New York’s Board of Aldermen gather for a previously scheduled meeting. The meeting had intended to authorize the corporation counsel to hire “such eminent counsel . . . as he might choose . . . to test the constitutionality of the National Enrollment Act.” The lack of a quorum prevents taking action, but Alderman Terence Farley, representing parts of the Ninth District, does make a speech. He blames the riot on men from New Jersey who crossed the river that morning. He observes that, “The impression is strong that the Drafting act is unconstitutional, and until the question of its legality is decided by the proper judicial tribunal, they will regard any attempted enforcement of it as harsh and arbitrary.” However, he also declares that his colleagues should “talk and counsel peace, and quiet.”308 In a wire received at 2:30 p.m., Sanford updates Stanton. The riot “is entirely beyond the control of 1863: New York City Draft Riots | 227

police,” Kennedy is out of action, and “So far the rioters have everything their own way.” Some estimate the crowd at 30,000 to 40,000 but Sanford thinks the true number is “2,000 to 3,000 actually engaged.” He adds that, “Appearances indicate an organized attempt to take advantage of the absence of military force.” Meanwhile, Brigadier General Harvey Brown,309 in command of the harbor forts, offers his services to Wool, who details him to Sandford and Nugent, in joint command of federal troops, then mixed with volunteers, militia, and citizens. About four o’clock, two events occur in different parts of the city: mobs approach the armory at the corner of Second Avenue and Twenty-First Street and the Orphan Asylum for Colored Children,310 located on Fifth Avenue and extending between Forty-Third and Forty-Fourth Streets. At the armory, an estimated “three or four thousand” rioters converge on the four-story manufacturing building, in which carbines and rifles are made for U.S. service. Police guarding the building are quickly overwhelmed by the mob. Using sledgehammers, the crowd bashes in the armory’s front door. The rush to enter the building is met with defenders’ gunshots, wounding four or five rioters. Immediately, a struggle for possession of the armory begins; the badly outnumbered police are ordered to retreat and the building is torched. Some six defenders escape through a third-story window; two men break legs and one severely fractures his skull.311 As the mob approaches the Orphan Asylum, a flag of truce is waved from the building’s grounds and the institution’s officers make an appeal to spare the building. It is no use. Superintendent William E. Davis attempts to bolt the doors, but the mob forces entry. At that moment Davis, who has gathered the children and staff in the rear of the building, evacuates them out the back. The rioters loot every room. There is one last attempt to save the building: Chief Engineer Decker and ten 228 | New York

firemen force their own entry into the asylum, and disperse the piles of broken furniture that rioters have ignited. Fire takes hold in the lofts, however, and Decker’s crew is forced to evacuate. Within ninety minutes, the building burns to the ground. Meanwhile, Davis successfully leads 237 children to the Twentieth Precinct police station, and eventually to Blackwell’s Island.312 Shortly after the Orphan Asylum is torched, another mob estimated at 500 people approaches Mayor Opdyke’s home at 79 Fifth Avenue. Just as they are about to attack, New York supreme court justice George G. Barnard,313 a prominent Democrat (described as a “crony” of Fernando Wood and, later, a “tool of the Tweed regime”) suddenly appears and successfully persuades them “to desist from their purpose.” The mob goes elsewhere.314 At five o’clock Nugent is assigned command of about 400 troops guarding the state arsenal. At the same time, another mob contingent marches down Broadway carrying a banner that reads “No draft” as well as an American flag; they also are heavily armed. Shouting racist epithets, the mob proceeds towards the La Farge House with the announced intention of killing its black staff. Along the way, however, they encounter a company line of 200 police with orders to “make no prisoners.” The police charge into the mass with disciplined clubs and disperse it, reportedly killing two and severely wounding ten or fifteen.315 evening of july 13 At six o’clock, a mob enters the provost marshal’s Fifth District office, then burns it and adjacent buildings. (As with the other offices, vital papers have already been removed.) As suggested by the earlier attack on the Orphan Asylum, what started as a protest against the draft has also assumed the character of white race riot. While one mob attacks the provost marshal office, another mob burns a colored seamen’s boardinghouse on Roosevelt Street and badly beats three men. Also on Roos-

evelt Street, a black woman is severely injured when forced to jump from a window after her building is torched. At 6:30 p.m. a colored boardinghouse on Vandewater Street is attacked; nine roomers are injured and the building damaged. A half hour later, another colored seamen’s home, located on Dover Street, is attacked and looted; the occupants escape and find refuge in a police stationhouse.316 Wool receives orders from Halleck charging him with protecting the provost marshals’ operations. He is to ask Seymour and Opdyke for aid and to deploy any force in his command. “You must see that that the laws are executed,” Halleck orders. Opdyke wires Stanton (received at 7:30 p.m. in Washington) with official notice of the riots, a burned provost marshal office, and a burned city block. “We have but little military force to suppress it,” Opdyke concludes. At some point (probably in early evening), Adjutant General Sprague wires Sandford to expect 200 troops to arrive from Albany July 14 on the morning boat. “[P]ut them in the arsenal,” Sprague orders, “or as many are as necessary today.”317 Around eight o’clock William Jones, dispatched by his wife for a loaf of bread, is set upon by a mob, estimated at 400 “men and boys.” After seizing Jones, they “beat him with clubs and paving stones till he was lifeless.” The mob then hangs his corpse from a lamppost on Clarkson Street, and continues to beat the body before torching it. According to reports, the rioters “danced and yelled and swore their horrid oaths around the burning corpse.” The next morning the body remains on the lamppost.318 Around nine o’clock, a mob fires the TwentyThird Precinct station house, as well as the house of Abram Wakeman,319 postmaster of New York.320 Around the same time, General Brown appears at Wool’s office to announce that he will not take orders from Major General Sandford; Wool relieves him and assigns his command to Nugent. At 9:30 p.m., Sanford sends his last wire of the day to Stan-

ton. “The situation is not improved since dark,” he informs the secretary. “The programme is diversified by small mobs chasing isolated negroes as hounds would chase a fox.” Greeley’s Tribune has been “partially sacked.” The police have repulsed some rioters but more attacks loom. Communications remain a target as “The telegraph is especially sought for destruction.” The Ninth’s provost marshal office has been burned, others have closed down, and the “main business” transferred to Jersey City. “In brief, the city of New York is tonight at the mercy of a mob,” he reports. This message is received at 11:45 p.m. At midnight, General Brown relieves Nugent from command at the state arsenal.321 At some point during the night a call is issued for all ex-officers and discharged soldiers from volunteer regiments, along with any other willing citizens, to assemble at the armory of the Seventh Regiment at 8:00 a.m. tomorrow. “They will be furnished with arms and equipments, and at once set to work.” Meanwhile, sailors and marines fortify the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Thirteen 18-pounder cannon are mounted along Flushing Avenue “so as to sweep everything.” Two 32-pounders guard the entrance. Ships have removed to the rivers, guns loaded, to await orders. Ordered to assist city officials are several companies of marines with 60 cartridges each and 12-pound howitzers, along with 300 sailors “armed with cutlasses and revolvers”322 At some point during the day, Seymour informs Samuel Sloan that he had dispatched Sprague to Washington on July 11 to lobby to suspend the draft and also to argue that New York City can meet its quota with volunteers. He states that Sprague has wired him that “the draft is suspended.”323 As troops were concentrating throughout the day, Sandford dispatched them to “all parts of the city.” He later will state that, “No blank cartridges were issued to or used by any troops under my orders.” Although the timing is uncertain, Sandford reports that rioters were attacked “In Broadway, 1863: New York City Draft Riots | 229

42d street, 27th, 28th, 29th, 30th, 31st, and 32nd streets, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth avenues . . . and in every instance defeated or dispersed.” He also sends troops to protect the Manhattan Gas Works (between Eighteenth and Nineteenth Streets), Webb’s shipyards (“and various manufactories”) on the East River, and the firemen working to douse the flames at the Orphan Asylum for Colored Children.324 Separately, Fry notifies Seymour that a draft will take place in New York’s Second, Thirteenth, Twenty-Third, and Twenty-Fourth Districts.325 morning of july 14 At 1:00 a.m., Stanton replies to Sanford and asks for the status of forces deployed, casualties and property damage, and the measures taken by authorities to suppress the riot. Around 1:30 a.m., 300 police start towards Clarkson Street to remove the corpse of William Jones, a black man lynched the previous evening; however, they are recalled en route as their headquarters is rumored to be under attack. By 2:00 a.m., the city is reported as quiet.326 During the night, General Brown has had a change of heart. At 8:00 a.m. he appears in Wool’s office and asks to be returned to command: “he considered himself wrong in having refused to serve under General Sandford.” Wool grants his request, reassigns Nugent to report to Brown, and admonishes the latter: “To-day there is to be no child’s play. Send the troops under your command to immediately to attack and stop those who have commenced their infernal rascality in Yorkville and Harlem.”327 In Troy, drawing begins in the Fifteenth District. aapmg Townsend deploys a sergeant and ten men from the Invalid Corps at provost marshal headquarters. Meanwhile, back in New York City, Admiral Paulding has been coordinating the defense of federal buildings in the Wall Street area (including the important U.S. Sub-Treasury offices) with Assistant Secretary of the Treasury John 230 | New York

Cisco.328 The U.S. gunboat Tulip, commanded by Captain Stephen G. Sluyter,329 usn, is stationed off the Battery with guns trained on “Wall or Pine street, or both”; Sluyter has orders to open fire “if signaled accordingly.”330 “Early in the morning,” some rioters (“boys between the ages of eighteen and twenty years”) gather on Fifth Avenue for a second assault on Opdyke’s house. This time, they are somewhat more successful, forcing open the front door, smashing windows, and destroying a lamp on the front stoop. Manierre spots the attack and, together with “a few friends” and “with clubs and revolvers,” they protect the mayor’s house. Police are replaced by Regular Army troops.331 Around 9:00 a.m., Richard Delafield of the Corps of Engineers attempts to commute to work but cannot: rioters have stopped the Hudson River Railroad, and the omnibuses have no more room for passengers. He is forced to hire a private carriage. His work today will consist of gathering office records and sending them to his clerks’ homes in Brooklyn and Staten Island.332 In a message received at 11:00 a.m., Nugent reports to Fry that provost marshal offices other than those burned out in the Fifth, Eighth, and Ninth Districts “are unharmed,” with most vital records saved. He reports Regulars and Marines in the city number over 400, and that the rioters have shifted focus from sacking public to private property. Nugent also reports that, for him, the riot has become personal: “My own dwelling has been gutted, and I understand has been burned down.” To no surprise, he reports that, “The draft is for the present suspended.” Ten minutes later, Fry wires back official confirmation (with the same orders sent to Diven for Buffalo): “Suspend the draft in New York City and Brooklyn.”333 Also (probably) this morning, Fry advises Stanton that, “In the present condition of things, I do not think the draft can be made without additional force.”334 Around the same time, Sanford responds

to Stanton’s 1:00 a.m. message: he has asked Wool for a situation report but has not heard back. From his own knowledge, he can report that conflicts between rioters and authorities have already occurred “with more serious results than those of yesterday.” The police have sustained “severe injuries,” three arsenals were attacked unsuccessfully, and a third was breached, arms taken, although recovered by “marines and regulars.” More worrisome is Sanford’s report that, “This morning nearly all the manufactories were visited by delegations from the rioters who compelled the men to stop work. This adds to the number and somewhat to the strength of the mob.” Sanford also reports that Opdyke has delegated all his powers to Seymour, and that an “immense” but “undemonstrative” crowd has gathered at the offices of the Evening Post. At eleven o’clock, the military confronted rioters at Thirty-Fourth Street, and fires into them. “Result not reported.”335 At some point during the day, Wool, still short of troops, orders Inspector General Miller to detail “25 men with 20 rounds” to report to defend the state arsenal at Brooklyn. In the meantime, Major General Harmanus B. Duryea,336 nyng, commanding the Second Division, is informed by the Kings County sheriff of “imminent danger of riot” there and asked to call out his troops. Duryea assembles his only available unit, the Seventieth Regiment, at the state arsenal. Seymour will confirm and expand these orders later today: Duryea activates the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Regiments from Queens and Suffolk Counties, respectively, with orders to report to the armory in Brooklyn. Because most of his forces (some fifteen regiments) are deployed in Pennsylvania, Baltimore, Alexandria, and Harper’s Ferry, Duryea also remains short of troops. Besides the Seventieth, he activates national guardsmen who have sent substitutes (and thus remain in Brooklyn); armed citizens also answer the call. Seymour, however, orders Duryea to dispatch the Fifteenth Regiment to New York City.337

The morning also includes other acts of destruction and obstruction. A gun store at Fifth Street and Avenue A is looted. Omnibuses connecting Manhattan are stopped: the rioters have torn up track on the Third, Fourth, Sixth and Eighth Avenue lines. Mobs have also destroyed track on the Hudson River Railroad between FiftyThird and Fifty-Ninth Street. Among the many prominent people who witness today’s outbreak are actor Edwin Booth and his younger brother, John Wilkes Booth, both of whom take shelter in Edwin’s home on East Seventeenth Street.338 afternoon of july 14 At noon, Sanford wires Stanton that he has met with Wool: the entire military force in New York totals an inadequate 800 troops and 2,000 police. Seymour had been vacationing in Long Branch, New Jersey, but has arrived in the city, and Wool “reports him as co-operating heartily.” At their meeting, “some authorities” recommend that martial law be declared, but Seymour dissents. Sanford also reports that Seymour has called out “several regiments” and Wool has asked New Jersey for two regiments. During the meeting, a large crowd gathers around City Hall, and Opdyke asks the police commissioners for reinforcements.339 At 12:30 p.m., against a backdrop of soldiers with bayonets fixed, Seymour speaks from the steps of City Hall to an estimated 800 men and boys. He is greeted with “vehement and prolonged cheers” and states that he has “come from his quiet home . . . to do what he could to preserve the public peace.” He asks his audience “to refrain from all acts of violence and from all destruction of property. . . . He was their friend, and the friend of their families.” He explains that only last Saturday he had sent Adjutant General Sprague to Washington “to ask the Government to stop the draft in the City for the present. [Prolonged cheers.] There was no occasion for resistance, for the draft had not yet been enforced. If they would now quietly disperse 1863: New York City Draft Riots | 231

to their homes and abstain from further acts of violence, he would promise them that no injustice should be done in the matter of the conscription, and that the right of themselves and their families should be fully protected. [Great applause.]”340 Before leaving City Hall, Seymour issues another proclamation, destined for controversy: “I know that many of those who have participated in these proceedings would not have allowed themselves to be carried to such extremes of violence and of wrong except under an apprehension of injustice, but such persons are reminded that the only opposition to the conscription which can be allowed is an appeal to the Courts.” The governor also makes a private request to Archbishop John Hughes. “Will you exert your powerful influence to stop the disorders now reigning in this city?” the governor asks. “I do not wish to ask any thing inconsistent with your sacred duties; but if you can with propriety aid the civil authorities in this crisis, I hope you will do so.”341 Opdyke issues a proclamation of his own, ordering “all persons who keep arms and ammunition for sale, that they will at once cease selling to private persons and close their places of business.”342 By two o’clock, Delafield reports that rioters have stopped all omnibuses; now there is no public transportation linking the two ends of Manhattan. Just before this, a mob again attacked Opdyke’s house near Fifth Avenue and Sixteenth Street and inflicted “slight damage.” Delafield adds that the New Haven and Harlem rails “are broken up both in the city and beyond to Harlem River, in some few places enough to put a stop to all travel for the moment.”343 Meanwhile, in Troy, drawings in the Fifteenth District are completed without incident. But rumors surface that violence organized by draft resisters is about to take place. Washington County’s sheriff calls out six companies of a Troy militia regiment to assemble at the state armory; only two companies appear, about one hundred men. 232 | New York

Townsend orders “canister, ammunition, and some grenades and shell” to be delivered to the provost marshal.344 At 2:37 p.m., General-in-Chief Henry Halleck wires Seymour with Stanton’s official request “that you will call out sufficient militia force to quell the riot and enforce the laws of the city.” He asks the governor to confer with Wool, who has been ordered to cooperate. He also informs Seymour that federal troops can be sent from the field “but this should be avoided as long as possible.” Three minutes later, Sanford wires Stanton with opinions and a warning: “If you cannot enforce the draft here, it will not be enforced elsewhere.”345 Fry wires Nugent at 3:00 p.m., mindful of his other responsibilities under the Enrollment Act. “Set your detectives at work to ascertain the names of the ringleaders and other principal men concerned in the late riot,” he orders, “and to get evidence against them so that they may be arrested and tried.” Five minutes later, Admiral Paulding receives a reminder from Navy Secretary Welles: “your first duty is to protect the navy-yard and public property. After that you can make such disposition of your force as circumstances may warrant.”346 At 4:00 p.m., the Seventh’s Colonel Lefferts is 240 miles away at Monocacy Junction; he is handed a dispatch from Halleck. His unit is ordered to entrain for New York. While no reason is given, Lefferts already has been told of the “disgraceful riot” in New York City.347 At some point during the day, John McCunn, a municipal judge and Peace Democrat, rules on a case involving the arrest and incarceration of a man who refused to give his name to an enrolling officer. McCunn finds that no offense was committed and, in an obiter dictum, pronounces the entire Enrollment Act unconstitutional.348 Of greater importance is Seymour’s next proclamation, which declares “the City and County of New York to be in a state of insurrection, and give[s] notice to all persons that the means pro-

vided by the laws of this State for the maintenance of law and order will be employed to whatever degree may be necessary, and that all persons who shall, after publication of this proclamation, ‘resist, or aid in resisting, any force ordered out by the Governor to quell or suppress such insurrection,’ will render themselves liable to the penalties prescribed by law.”349 evening of july 14 At 6:20 p.m., Stanton wires reassurance to Sanford (perhaps hoping that it reaches others). “The Government will be able to stand the test,” he declares, “even if there should be a riot and mob in every ward of the city.” Two hours later (to the minute), Nugent wires Fry with a status report. There are not enough troops available to send one company to protect each provost marshal office. Authorities have engaged the rioters, killing several in the Fifth District. “City in intense excitement. Business suspended. Rioting in every ward,” Nugent reports. Wool only has 1,000 troops, “inadequate, I fear, to repel attacks from so many different points.” However, Nugent sees no conspiracy. “It is a spontaneous movement. No organization. Principally for plunder.” He concludes that, “The mob is more formidable to-day than yesterday.” Around this time, Sanford replies to Stanton (in a wire received at 8:40 p.m.) but does not reflect his confidence. Sanford reports that communications soon may cease as “We are expecting momentarily that our Southern wires will be cut, as the rioters are at work in their immediate neighborhood.” The police are exhausted and Sanford recommends that, “not less than 10,000 good native [i.e., not Irish or German] soldiers are needed to quell the riot.” At a house being used by the First District’s provost marshal to store clothing, rioters enter and fire the building. In a report to Fry written (probably) late today, Nugent explains that, “the mob have proceeded with utter recklessness in the destruction of private property. Work-

shops have been visited, and the buildings threatened to be burned unless the proprietor closed them up; and so great is the apprehension of the people, that in most cases the summons has been complied with.” But the news is not all bad. “The means for the suppression of the rioters is good,” Nugent concludes, “and it is considered that there is sufficient force now here and to arrive this evening to speedily check any further serious disturbance.”350 Meanwhile, at Fort Lafayette, seven 32-pounder cannon are replaced by an equal number of 100-pounder rifled artillery.351 Reports reach Fry from other parts of New York State. Captain Joshua Fiero,352 provost marshal headquartered in Kingston, describes “Irish women” obstructing an enrollment officer during his rounds. By working with local Catholic clergy, however, and “careful management and stratagem,” the enrollment is completed. This evening Fiero reports a meeting of 300, “mostly Irish, who hurrahed for Jeff. Davis and Lee, and voted to resist the draft.” Fiero adds that there are few military forces in his district. From Elmira, Captain L. L. Livingston reports that, “there is good reason to expect a riot here” and he has only recruits for new regiments to suppress it. Livingston asks for 500 additional men. Meanwhile, in Troy, Washington County’s sheriff recommends that Townsend cancel the draft drawings scheduled for tomorrow. Townsend agrees and suspends the draft.353 “At a late hour,” an estimated mob of 4,000 to 5,000 attacks Brooks Brothers clothing store on Catherine and Cherry Streets. The police intervene, and together with store employees, fight off the mob, although casualties are taken on both sides. Also at “a late hour,” colored tenement houses on Sullivan and Thompson Streets are attacked. In what is described as a “reign of terror,” two black children are reportedly shot and killed and “a large number” of blacks are found strewn on the street, beaten senseless. Reportedly, the mob only is interested in “plunder.”354 1863: New York City Draft Riots | 233

Tonight a mob attacks the home of James Sinclair on Twenty-Ninth Street, mistakenly thinking that Horace Greeley lives there. (Greeley once boarded there.) A man named Hyde mounts the step, states that he is a Democrat and is “bitterly opposed” to the draft and adds that Greeley does not live there. The crowd grabs Hyde and another man who attempts to address them and savagely beats both. Sinclair’s house is looted and the rioters eventually disperse when the police appear.355 A mob also attacks black residents on ThirtySecond Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues. James Costello is seized, beaten, and lynched from a tree; afterwards, the mob cuts down the body but continues to mutilate it. Costello’s wife and children are pursued by the mob; fortunately, she finds refuge in a police station.356 Sometime previously, Stanton wires Opdyke that “Five regiments are under orders to return to New-York.”357 morning of july 15 Wool sends Brown an artillery battery. Brown is instructed to deploy “to the park in front of the City Hall, with instructions to the infantry stationed there to aid and assist in preserving order, and to keep the crowd out from the park.” Meanwhile, howitzerarmed cavalry, commanded by Colonel Thaddeus P. Mott,358 open fire on a mob in West Thirty-Second Street, killing twenty-eight and wounding an unknown number. Mott’s troops also suffer casualties: seven killed and twenty wounded.359 Duryea has deployed his Brooklyn force: the Seventieth guards the state arsenal, the Sixteenth guards the city armory, and other forces protect the armory of the Forty-Seventh Regiment in eastern Brooklyn. Duryea countermands yesterday’s order to the Fifteenth to proceed to New York City: overnight rioting in Brooklyn has persuaded him (and Seymour) to retain it there.360 Despite Townsend’s order of last night sus-

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pending Troy’s draft, riots break out there: an estimated “300 or 400 men,” reported to be workers from the Rensselaer Iron Foundry and Albany Nail Works, “marched through the streets of the city proclaiming that the draft should not take place.” Despite pleas from local priests, asking the protestors “to go to their homes, to keep the peace and obey the laws,” the crowd soon becomes a mob. They destroy the Troy Times newspaper, release jailed prisoners, and tear down a black church.361 Albany is also “on the verge of a riot,” although no draft is scheduled for the capital. Townsend blames Seymour’s government, opposition newspapers, anti-draft pronouncements from prominent citizens, and the Irish, who “form . . . the sub-structure of the mob.” The militia is “unreliable” and Albany and Troy are devoid of troops, most having been sent to New York City. Even the Albany municipal authorities are obstructionist, refusing Townsend the right to guard some 4,000 muskets in the state arsenal there, claiming that their presence “would lead to the very outbreak that we were endeavoring to avoid.” He fears that even if local militia are deployed, they will be used against him. These factors lead Townsend to “withhold orders for the draft in the Thirteenth, Twenty-first, and Twenty-second Districts until further advised.” As a “specimen of what is reaching me,” Townsend forwards a report from Captain Fiero describing a 2,000-man strong Knights of the Golden Circle organization at Kingston, Saugerties, Wilbur, Eddyville, and Port Ewen that has overwhelmed a boat docking from New York City—on a rumor that it was unloading cannon.362 Around 11:00 a.m., Opdyke issues a proclamation that the riot “has been in good measure subjected to the control of public authorities.” He invites the public to “form voluntary associations under competent leaders, to patrol and guard your various districts.” He calls “omnibuses, railways and telegraphs” to return to service.363

afternoon of july 15 Delafield reports to Totten at 1:00 p.m. that a mob threatens to destroy the ferry linking Manhattan with New Jersey (“by which troops reach the city”); to prevent this threat, the ferry is sent to the New Jersey shore. Delafield also reports about threats received at various New York harbor forts. At 1:10 p.m., Nugent informs Fry that rioters attacked the provost marshal’s First District office last night and destroyed clothing, although vital records had been previously safeguarded. “Rioters still at work in the city,” he reports. “Mob assembled at Thirty-second street this morning; were fired upon by the military. Quite a number killed.” Nugent remains convinced that the character of the riot has changed. “Object seems to be plunder, rather than any real opposition to the draft.” He also gives Fry some hope: he has just returned from Wool’s headquarters and reports that “the force now available will be sufficient to speedily check any further disturbance.” Later today, Nugent reports that because the mob is now about plunder rather than principle, “the public generally have lost all sympathy for it.”364 In three separate telegrams, apparently received ten minutes apart beginning at 1:40 p.m., David Dudley Field wires Stanton, Lincoln, and Chase with slightly different versions of the same message. In an implicit call for martial law, Field asks the government to send General Benjamin Butler (he has an “iron will”) and give him sufficient men and authority to crush the rioters. In a message received in Washington at 3:00 p.m., Sanford informs Stanton that he has just returned from a meeting with Wool and Seymour. The governor relayed a rumor that there are disloyal organizations in Newark and Jersey City planning to stop the Seventh New York on its way to help restore order in the city. Sanford recommends that returning troops circumvent those cities. He also reports that, “The situation does not appear to me to improve.”365

Around 2:00 p.m., Richard Delafield reports to Totten that most of the garrisons from Fort Richmond and nearby harbor forts have been sent into New York City, leaving only guard detachments.366 Meanwhile, an important meeting convenes at the St. Nicholas Hotel. Present are Seymour, Opdyke, Hiram Barney, and several others, including Nugent. The latter is asked if he has received orders from the War Department about suspending the draft “in New York and the other Congressional districts.” Nugent replies that he has received suspension orders for New York and Brooklyn, “but that [he] was not at liberty to publish them without express authority from [Fry].” Nevertheless, Seymour, Opdyke, and Barney “earnestly solicited” Nugent to publish Fry’s telegram. Nugent objects, “but as they considered that it would have the effect of allaying the excitement to have the fact made known,” he finally consents, “over my own signature.” The suspension notice is submitted immediately for newspaper publication.367 At 5:00 p.m., the Sixty-Fifth nyng, a Buffalo unit, arrives in New York from Pennsylvania and is deployed for anti-riot duty. As it marches to report to Wool, a mob begins to menace two African Americans attached to the unit. Colonel William F. Berens places them inside a battery and deploys a company on each flank.368 New York’s Common Council meets and appropriates $2.5 million to pay $300 commutation fees for poor draftees.369 (See entry for July 25.) evening of july 15 Sometime after 6:00 p.m., Colonel Winslow, in command of 150 men and two howitzers, advances to confront a mob on First Avenue between Eighteenth and Nineteenth Streets. As the troops draw closer, they are hit by sniper fire and brickbats, which rain down from the upper stories of buildings lining the street. Nevertheless, the howitzers are unlimbered, put into line, and loaded with

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canister. Ten rounds are fired and an estimated thirty rioters killed. Winslow takes ten casualties, including several killed, before withdrawing. At 6:20 p.m., Sanford wires Stanton, giving details of the draft riots in Boston (see Massachusetts chapter in States at War, Volume 1), informing the secretary about a riot last night on Staten Island, and noting that “there are indications of outbreaks at Brooklyn and Williamsburg.”370 At 9:10 p.m., Fry wires Nugent and answers his question from yesterday about publicizing the draft suspension: it “must not be published.” Fry is too late, of course. Meanwhile, Sanford will report intense fighting tonight. Casualties on both sides mount: two officers of the Duryea Zouaves are reported killed and Colonel Edward Jardine371 badly wounded. The Zouaves are reinforced by Brown and the mob driven back but the cost is high: fifteen dead soldiers and “about” twenty-five rioters. Sanford adds that an “agrarian mania has taken a strong hold of a certain class, and the cry of contrast between rich and poor is loudly raised.” Wool orders a combined force of infantry and cavalry to Gramercy Park; the troops are fired upon and return fire, killing an unknown number of rioters and dispersing them.372 Stanton’s frustration with New York boils over in a wire to Thurlow Weed. After reviewing federal successes of the last eight days—“Gettysburg, Helena, Vicksburg, Port Hudson”—battles in which New York troops played signal parts, he is dumbfounded. “Has New York no sympathy for these great achievements won by the valor of her own sons? Shall their glory be dimmed by the bloody riots of a street mob?”373 Around 11:00 p.m., a Brooklyn mob estimated at 200 men gathers near the Atlantic Dock Basin. They enter and torch the Central Pier Elevator and the Floating Elevator, two huge grain elevators. In response, Sandford sends the Thirteenth and Twenty-Third Regiments, accompanied by artillery, to the docks. Although the troops find a crowd, it 236 | New York

displays no hostility; nevertheless, Duryea posts guards around the dock, which will remain until July 31. Also at 11:00 p.m., Captain Henry R. Putnam374 of the Twelfth U.S. Infantry, Company F (with 150 men and one howitzer), receive what amounts to a rescue order for Colonel Jardine’s command. (See entry for Afternoon of July 17 for more on Putnam.) He returns to the First Avenue scene where Winslow fought five hours earlier, and Jardine more recently. As with Winslow’s force, Putnam’s troops are assailed both from building tops and in front; however, the men now return “a destructive fire” on the buildings. The confrontation spreads to Second Avenue but, by 12:30 a.m., order is restored. An unknown number of rioters are killed. Jardine is found hidden in a nearby home with a bullet in his thigh.375 At some point today, Wool orders Lieutenant Colonel Louis Schirmer,376 who commands the New York Light Independent Artillery, with “four pieces of artillery and about 200 men” fully armed, to Brown. Perhaps Wool lacks confidence in Seymour’s willingness to respond to the violence. “This will supersede the necessity for calling on General Sandford for State artillery,” he explains, “which would not be delivered without the approval of the Governor of the State.” In SO No. 111, Wool also dispatches troops (some equipped with artillery) to a variety of strategic locations throughout the city. To Wall Street he sends troops and artillery to protect “the sub-treasury, banks, &c.,” while also positioning in the East River gunboats with cannon trained on the area. State militia and artillery are ordered to Center Market, and two companies of cavalry to Metropolitan Police headquarters (300 Mulberry Street). Brown is to protect the Manhattan Gas Company “in order that it may proceed in the manufacture of gas, and not leave the city in darkness.” The Park Barracks commander will continue to support the protection of City Hall. When the Seventh New York Militia arrives, it will proceed to the St. Nicholas Hotel for orders.377

Also sometime today, Iowa Governor Samuel J. Kirkwood increases the pressure on Stanton. “The enforcement of the draft throughout the country depends upon its enforcement in New York City,” he declares. “If it can be successfully resisted there, it cannot be enforced elsewhere. For God’s sake let there be no compromising or halfway measures.” Diven reports from Elmira with a similar message. If the administration relents with the New York rioters (“in whole or in part”) as Seymour recommends, “then I expect the resistance to be universal.” However, Diven’s district-by-­ district evaluation suggests that except for rumors of mob violence (and non-related procedural problems), matters proceed smoothly where the draft is scheduled to begin.378 Meanwhile, recalled New York regiments begin to arrive in the city. Marshall Lefferts’ famed New York Seventh and Colonel William F. Berens’ SixtyFifth nyng appear and will report to Seymour. Brown immediately orders two companies of the Sixty-Fifth to guard the U.S. Sub-Treasury buildings on Wall Street.379 morning of july 16 At 1:00 a.m., Wool sends Halleck a mixed message. He estimates that, “50 or 60 rioters have been killed or wounded,” but then shows some optimism: “I think we shall put it down to-­morrow.” Fire still sweeps the city, however; in Brooklyn, storehouses and shipping are threatened. “Martial law ought to be proclaimed but I have not a sufficient force to enforce it,” Wool complains. At 4:40 a.m., Nugent receives Fry’s telegram, sent last night and prohibiting him from doing what he has already done: publicizing the suspension of the draft. Later that morning, Sanford also is optimistic, a first since the riots began. “The situation is evidently improved,” he informs Stanton. “Cars and omnibuses are running. The Hudson River Railroad has been relaid, and trains have come in and gone out without molestation. Laborers have

resumed work at various points, and the lower part of the city presents its usual appearance.”380 Morning newspapers publish two important announcements. The first is from Nugent: “The draft has been suspended in New-York City and Brooklyn.” The second is an appeal to Catholics from Archbishop Hughes, who calls on “all persons who love God and revere the holy Catholic religion which they profess, to respect the laws of man and the peace of society, to retire to their homes with as little delay as possible, and disconnect themselves from the seemingly deliberate intention to disturb the peace and social rights of the citizens of New-York.”381 Sometime before 10:00 a.m., the Seventh, not having changed its clothes in eleven days, debarks at Canal Street and marches up Broadway en route to report to Wool and Seymour at the St. Nicholas Hotel.382 The Sixty-Fifth Regiment nyng is further deployed: one company with artillery is posted at the Hotchkiss shell factory at Twenty-Fourth Street; another company, also with artillery, is posted at Seward’s shell factory on Seventeenth Street. Proceeding towards Jackson’s shell factory on Twentyeight Street, the unit confronts a mob. After fighting his way through, Berens takes possession of Jackson’s but the building is immediately surrounded by rioters. Intermittent firing takes place throughout the morning.383 afternoon of july 16 Assessments conflict. At 1:25 p.m. Seymour wires Stanton: “There is great disorder here. It is important to have the New York and Brooklyn regiments sent home at once.” U.S. Quartermaster Stewart Van Vliet,384 based in New York, agrees with Seymour. “The mob is becoming better organized, hence more formidable,” he writes Montgomery Meigs. He is confident that soon, “The mob will be put down, but the longer delayed the more difficult it will be.” Van Vliet reports that 5,000 “good troops” are expected today.385 1863: New York City Draft Riots | 237

At 2:00 p.m., a priest approaches Berens’ position at Jackson’s shell factory. He promises that if the troops leave, the factory will be left unharmed. If the troops do not leave, however, the priest will be unable to control the mob, estimated at “4,000 strong.” Berens asks Brown for instructions and is told “to hold the place at all events, and to disperse the assemblage . . . at the point of the bayonet, if necessary.” But before Brown’s reply can arrive, firing resumes and Berens’ men drive the mob back.386 At 3:00 p.m., Lefferts receives his orders: one battalion of the Seventh will deploy in the Eighteenth Precinct and another in the Twenty-first. The Seventh’s jurisdiction encompasses Seventh through Sixty-Fifth streets, and the colonel is “charged with suppressing all mobs and riots, and will sternly use all means he has to do so.” As Lefferts deploys, he is under continual sniper fire.387 evening of july 16 aapmg Townsend gives Fry a summary of events in the Albany area. Drawings are complete (“in a peaceable manner”) in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Districts. At 8:10 p.m., Fry wires him, “Don’t try to push . . . draft [in Troy] or anywhere else where it is at all opposed until you get force.” Fry orders Townsend to ask Canby in New York City for troops.388 Opdyke wires Stanton to report that “We had but little disturbance in the city last night,” a contrast to Sanford’s blood-stained description of the previous evening. The mayor reports that John U. Andrews,389 “one of the [riot’s] chief leaders, is arrested.” He adds optimistically, “I think the riot is at an end for the present.” Sanford agrees with Opdyke’s assessment of a relatively non-violent day but remains concerned: “I anticipate a renewal of trouble to-night, both here and in Brooklyn.” At 10:10 p.m. Wool wires Halleck confirming Opdyke’s observations. “During the day the rioters and robbers were quiet,” he reports, adding that “I 238 | New York

think we shall put it down to-morrow.” Three regiments with artillery arrived this afternoon; another comes tomorrow. Total uniformed casualties are “3 officers and some 28 men wounded, beside a few killed.”390 A force consisting of artillery and infantry continues to deploy around Brooklyn’s Atlantic Dock. The dock will be guarded by Duryea’s force, reinforced by Buffalo’s Seventy-Fourth Regiment, nyng.391 Reports flow in from around the state. The Twenty-First District’s provost marshal, Captain Joseph P. Richardson,392 reports from his headquarters in Utica that, while no draft is scheduled there, none should be: “a very large portion of the population, composed of the working and lower classes, including of course nearly all of the Irish and German element, are aroused to a dangerous degree in opposition to the conscription law.” He believes that some prominent men aid them. The local militia, especially those units composed of foreigners, is unreliable and in sympathy with the anti-draft element. Secret meetings are held nightly, “and there is no doubt of a desperate and powerful organization in opposition to the draft.” Richardson requests 500 troops to enforce the law, should a draft be called.393 The Tenth District’s provost marshal, Captain Moses G. Leonard,394 reports from his headquarters in Tarrytown. After consultations with local citizens, Leonard is moving the government property at his office (“clothing and equipments &c”) to Fort Lafayette. Records have already been removed. While some citizens volunteered their services to protect his office, Leonard believes that, should trouble occur, these men might have to protect their own homes. Although the Tenth’s enrollment is complete except for six sub-districts, Leonard would need “a regiment of disciplined men” should a draft be made.395 Lefferts reports that he was obliged to use “harsh measures” against rioters this evening, but

offers no details. He has learned, however, about several arms caches belonging to rioters.396 Sometime today, Stanton replies to Seymour’s morning wire requesting the return of city regiments. “Eleven New York regiments are relieved, and are at Frederick, and will be relieved as fast as transportation can be furnished them,” the secretary says. When upstate regiments arrive in Albany, they are refused transport; the mob has threatened to destroy any boats and depots facilitating troop transport.397 morning of july 17 Lefferts is determined to find the rioters’ store of arms. He proceeds with his entire force to the corner of Thirty-Eighth Street and Second Avenue. His unit surrounds a block, then searches house by house, continuing this pattern, “square by square,” until Fourteenth Street. He finds “250 arms, many of them loaded and capped,” as well as clothes stolen from Brooks Brothers.398 At 10:00 a.m., the Seventy-Fourth nyng arrives in New York City fresh from Gettysburg service. They march up Broadway to report to Wool, who refers them to Brown for orders.399 At 10:45 a.m., Wool reports to Halleck and estimates that the riots will end by this evening. He also reports that, in the wee hours, there was another fight [probably at Gramercy Park] and that houses were searched. In a manure pile, the cavalry finds “70 carbines, revolvers, &c. and barrels of paving stones,” which are seized. Rioters abound but are dispersed around the city and now seem devoted mostly to plunder. To Wool’s delight, among the federals now reporting for duty is Brigadier General Judson Kilpatrick400 whom he immediately places in command “of the few cavalry I have.” Wool is ordered by the War Department to relieve Brigadier General Harvey Brown in favor of Brigadier General Edward R. S. Canby.401 Sanford wires Stanton five minutes later. This morning, things are settled and “Business is going forward in most of the city.” There have been no attacks

on telegraph wires and connection has been re-­ established with Boston. “The rioters made a harder fight last night [probably at Gramercy Park] than at any previous time,” Sanford reports, “but they were thoroughly whipped.”402 Wool issues two important orders this morning. In GO No. 1, General Canby is appointed commander “of the United States troops in the city and harbor of New York.” In GO No. 2, all commanders “are informed that a meeting at the house of Archbishop Hughes is intended to help bring order and law. Soldiers must be careful not to molest persons passing to and from the meeting, and to pay no attention to harsh words, only interfering when actual force or violence occurs.”403 At some point today, Fry issues Circular No. 48 for the benefit of state officials and aapmgs around the country. It is an attempt to reassure his bureaucrats after New York’s draft riots. “Provostmarshals are informed that no orders have been issued countermanding the draft,” Fry declares, “and that Adequate force has been ordered by the Government to the points where the proceedings have been interrupted.” He assures aapmgs that they will be “sustained by the military forces of the country in enforcing the draft” and that they should “proceed to execute the orders heretofore given for the draft as rapidly as shall be practicable.”404 From Albany, Townsend writes Canby for help, citing riots in the Fifteenth District. The militia is “utterly unreliable, having affiliations and sympathy with the rioters,” and is well armed and organized against the federal government; thus, he needs troops to protect the state arsenal and government records. Townsend requests 1,000 men and an artillery battery. (See entry for July 21 for Canby’s response.) afternoon of july 17 Around noon, Opdyke issues a proclamation declaring that, “The riotous assemblages have been 1863: New York City Draft Riots | 239

dispersed. The various lines of omnibuses, railways and telegraphs have [resumed] their ordinary operations. Few symptoms of disorder remain, except in a small district in the eastern part of the City. . . . The police are everywhere alert. A sufficient military force is now here to suppress any illegal movement, however formidable.”405 At 2:07 p.m., Sanford wires Stanton with New York Police Commissioner Thomas C. Acton’s report of casualties from last night’s battle at Gramercy Park: one soldier and between fifteen and twenty-three rioters killed, with sixteen taken prisoner. Sanford also relays Acton’s suggestion that Captain Putnam of the Twelfth U.S. Infantry be promoted: this was the second time that Putnam has encountered mobs and driven them back. At 3:40 p.m., Stanton wires Acton that a “suitable acknowledgement” of Putnam’s gallantry will be made as soon as an official report is received. Stanton also asks Acton to relay all cases of “gallantry and courage” that come to his attention. Five minutes later, Sanford wires “a synopsis” of the speech that Archbishop John Hughes delivered to a crowd an hour before: “I do not address you as the President, nor a military commander, nor as the mayor, but as your father. You know that for years back I have been your friend. I have stood by you with my voice and my pen. Now, as to the causes of this unhappy excitement. Some of your grievances I know are imaginary ones, though unfortunately, many are real. Yet I know of no country under the sun that has not more cause for a just complaint that we have in this.” Sanford summarizes the effect: “The archbishop, who is in excellent voice, has entire control of the sympathies of the crowd of three or four thousand people.” At 4:20 p.m., Fry telegraphs Diven in Elmira regarding Captain Livingston’s July 14 warning of a riot there. “I, of course, look to you for information on that point,” Fry declares. “I do not, however, want you to undertake the draft where it is at all likely to be interrupted until you have force to 240 | New York

put it through.” Diven advises Fry, “If New York [City] is excused from the draft the rest of the State will claim the same exemption, and if New York [State] is exempt, of course other States will claim as much.”406 In the meantime (around three o’clock), companies of the Seventy-Fourth have been deployed on guard duty to Hotchkiss’ shell works, the Manhattan Gas Works, the Atlantic Dock in Brooklyn, and to Forts Richmond, Hamilton, and Lafayette; later, another company is ordered to report to Jersey City’s mayor.407 evening of july 17 Wool reports to Stanton that, “All quiet in this city up to this hour, and from all appearances, we do not apprehend any trouble to-morrow.”408 At some point today, Fry advises Nugent and Townsend confidentially that Section 12 of the Enrollment Act—which requires personal notification to be served on drafted men within ten days of the draft—should be “strictly” carried out. This substantially increases the risk of physical harm to notice servers.409 The Sixteenth District’s provost marshal, Captain George Clendon, Jr.,410 reports from his headquarters in Plattsburg. “No violence of a serious character has occurred in this district,” except for minor obstruction of an enrolling officer working Irish neighborhoods in Glens Falls. There have been rumors, however, including a threat to burn Clendon’s house. Circular No. 44 (see entry for July 12), Clendon continues, “is regarded here as extremely unjust and calculated to make mischief.” He has consulted with Congressman Kellogg and others “whose loyalty cannot be doubted,” and all concur that “a man should be permitted to know that he is liable to a draft before the commutation money or substitute is demanded.” Clendon believes that if this order is executed, it will “disgust the true friends of the Administration and give the copperheads an opportunity of claiming popular

sympathy.” He also requests ammunition to enforce the draft.411 morning of july 18 At some point today, Archbishop Hughes writes Seward that, “I think the trouble is now over.” And he provides this analysis of what lay behind the trouble: “on the surface, the draft,” but “At its ­bottom . . . the discontent will be found in what the misguided people imagine to be a disposition on the part of a few here and elsewhere to make black labor equal to white labor, and put both on the same equality, with the difference that black labor shall have local patronage over the toil of the white man.” He advises Seward to “Let the draft not be given up, but let it be baffled for a couple of weeks, and I have no apprehensions as to the result.”412 The Fourth Brigade of the First Division, nyng, arrives in New York City after hard service; it is immediately deployed on anti-riot duty.413 afternoon of july 18 Sanford wires Stanton at 1:30 p.m. “The plunder [and] rioting is suppressed for the present,” although he believes that groups are organizing to resist conscription. He adds that “This organization assumes a party aspect [i.e., Democrats],” and includes militia members who live in the city. At 2:00 p.m., Wool wires Stanton with a similar message: “Quiet and order prevailed in this city yesterday, last night and this morning, and continues up to the present hour.” Rioters have returned to their jobs and Wool’s sources suggest that all will remain quiet unless there is another effort to enforce the draft. Meanwhile, Major General John Dix relieves Wool as commander of the Department of the East.414 evening of july 18 Canby reports at 10:30 p.m. that “There has been no disturbance in the city during the day, and the reports up to this hour are favorable.” At some

point today, Nugent assesses the past five days for Fry. He blames Democratic politicians for the riots, especially Seymour. “From what I have learned and from what I knew of Governor Seymour, as well as from the substance and tone of his speeches, I am convinced that little or no reliance can be placed on the loyalty of Governor Seymour and I would caution the Administration against the placing of any reliance whatever on his professions.”415 Fry wires aapmgs in loyal states to “Make daily reports of the condition and progress of the draft in the several districts.”416 Townsend wires Fry with a status report on Albany and Troy. The draft remains suspended in the latter; should a riot occur there, it will spread to the former, only six miles away. Townsend cannot enforce a draft in Troy without 1,000 troops and an artillery battery; he would have to deploy guards even in districts not drawing names. About one thing Townsend is clear: “I would respectfully suggest that the draft be put through forcibly and in a memorable manner in New York, Albany, and Troy before it is attempted anywhere in the nation.”417 Nugent informs Fry that, except for the Ninth District, where the safe containing records remains in the ruins, “Everything is prepared for drafting in the several districts under my control.” He requests instructions. Fry replies that “Orders will be sent you when to resume the draft.” Diven also reports good news from Elmira: he has completed the draft in two counties without incident. “We shall draft in [Chemung] County on Monday, and do not expect any disturbance which we are not able to put a stop to.”418 Horatio Seymour will later estimate that the number of people killed or wounded in the riots was “at least one thousand.”419 Meanwhile, the Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts assaults Battery Wagner in Charleston Harbor. The attack fails but establishes the regiment—and by inference, African Americans—as credible combatants. 1863: New York City Draft Riots | 241

Sometime this evening, the Second Brigade of the First Division, nyng, returns to New York City from duty in Pennsylvania, and is deployed for riot control.420 On a different subject, Circular 52 is issued, containing War Department Solicitor General William Whiting’s ruling that “Indians and half-breeds are not citizens of the United States, within the meaning of the enrollment act, unless they have been made citizens by act of Congress.” In sum, they are exempt from enrollment.421

Legislative Sessions the eighty-sixth session of the new york legislature Under no circumstances can the division of the Union be conceded. We will put forth every exertion of power; we will use every policy of conciliation; we will hold out every inducement to the people of the South to return to their allegiance, consistent with honor; we will guaranty them every right, every consideration demanded by the Constitution, and by that fraternal regard which must prevail in a common country; but we can never voluntarily consent to the breaking up of the Union of these States, or the destruction of the Constitution. —Governor Horatio Seymour, message to the legislature, January 7, 1863422

Concurrent Resolution relative to the establishment of a Hospital and Asylum for the wounded and disabled Soldiers who have belonged to the various Regiments of New York State Volunteers Resolved, that a committee of five from the assembly and three from the senate be appointed to draft a bill to establish a hospital and asylum “for the wounded and disabled soldiers belonging, or who have belonged, to the various regiments of New York State Volunteers.” Passed by the assembly on January 15; by the senate on January 29; committee appointed, February 2, 1863.423 242 | New York

Concurrent Resolution relative to United States Allotment Commissioners Resolved, that New York’s U.S. senators be instructed “to give all possible aid” to Theodore Roosevelt,424 William E. Dodge, Jr., and Theodore B. Bronson,425 U.S. allotment commissioners, “in carrying out the Allotment system with the troops of this State.” Passed February 19, 1863.426 Chapter 13: An Act to authorize the Board of Supervisors of the county of Putnam to raise money by a tax to pay volunteers in the United States service Section 1: “[F]or the purpose of aiding enlistments in the United States service [and] fill the quotas of soldiers required from said county under the order of the secretary of war,” authorizes Putnam County to raise taxes to pay bounties upon its towns in an amount not to exceed the amounts voted by individual towns at meetings held in August and September, 1862. Passed February 19, 1863.427 Chapter 14: An Act to confirm the acts of the governor of the State of New York, and to appropriate moneys for the repayment of moneys paid as bounties to volunteers, and for other purposes Section 1: Appropriates $3.6 million to pay bounties to volunteers as offered by the governor’s proclamation of July 17, 1862 (and confirmed in NY GO No. 59). Section 2: Authorizes the comptroller to repay the Commercial Bank of Albany for any advances made to pay these bounties. Passed February 21, 1863.428 Chapter 15: An Act to authorize the levying of a tax upon the taxable property of the different counties and towns in this state, to repay moneys borrowed for, or expended in, the payment of bounties to volunteers, or for the

expenses of their enlistment, or for aid to their families, or to pay any liability incurred therefor Section 1: In cases where towns have incurred liabilities “for the payment of bounties to volunteers, enlisted or to be enlisted in the military service of the United States,” in compliance with calls from the president or the governor after July 1, 1862, or incurred liabilities for family aid, such liabilities must be certified by town officers. Section 2: Within sixty days of this act, towns may “borrow upon the credit of the said town” the sums necessary to pay the amounts certified in Section 1. Section 3: Bonds issued under this act may not be sold at less than par; however, the town may raise by tax the money necessary to service the bonds. Section 8: Persons who have contributed into funds for volunteers or family aid are claimants against the towns for those amounts, and will be entitled to credit against any tax imposed. Section 13: Town taxes imposed in 1862 for the aforementioned purposes are ratified. Section 20: This act does not apply “to cases where moneys have been voluntarily given by individuals, companies or corporations . . . for the purposes mentioned in this act, except in the county of St. Lawrence.” Passed February 21, 1863.429 Chapter 16: An Act to confirm and legalize the taxes imposed in the year eighteen hundred and sixty-two, by the boards of supervisors of the several counties in the state, or of such of them as may have included in such taxes any sum or sums raised or advanced in their respective counties for the payment of bounty money to volunteers enlisted in the service of the United States, or for the support and maintenance of the families of such volunteers Section 1: The act confirms and ratifies county taxes imposed to finance bounties and family aid made subsequent to Lincoln’s call of July 2, 1862. Passed February 23, 1863.430

Chapter 19: An Act to confirm the acts of the board of supervisors of the county of Erie, in relation to paying bounties to volunteers, and borrowing money for that purpose Whereas in the months of October, November, and December, 1862, Erie County resolved to pay its recruits $100 for the purpose of meeting its quota required by the president’s call upon New York; it also resolved to finance this through bonds, and finance the bonds by increased taxes. Section 1: Confirms Erie County’s resolves. Section 2: Erie County may borrow up to $200,000, coupon not to exceed 7 percent. Section 3: Erie County may issue ten-year bonds; the tax imposed to finance these bonds will be proportionate to the volunteers credited to each of the county’s towns, including the city of Buffalo. Passed March 4, 1863.431 Chapter 25: An Act to provide for the payment of certain bonds issued by the corporation of the city of New York, and to authorize a continuance of the aid heretofore granted and allowed by the said corporation to families of volunteer soldiers from that city, now serving in the army of the Union Section 1: Authorizes New York City to issue $500,000 in bonds, to be known as “The volunteer soldiers’ bounty fund and redemption bonds,” payable on November 1, 1867, with a coupon not to exceed 7 percent. These bonds are issued to redeem the “Volunteer soldiers’ bounty fund bonds” which are due on October 1, 1863. Section 2: Authorizes New York City to issue $500,000 in bonds in 1865, to be known as “The Volunteer soldiers’ family aid fund redemption bonds,” which will be due on November 1, 1868, at a coupon not to exceed 7 percent. These bonds will refinance “the volunteer soldiers’ family aid fund bonds” due on July 1, 1865. Section 3: Authorizes New York City to issue bonds to refund its pledge of August 5, 1862, that 1863: Legislative Sessions | 243

created the “Volunteer soldiers’ family aid fund number three.” Section 4: The bonds’ coupons cannot exceed 7 percent. Section 5: Authorizes New York County to levy taxes “upon the estates by law subject to taxation” to finance these bonds. Passed March 6, 1863.432 Chapter 26: An Act to legalize certain ordinances of the corporation of the city   of New York Section 1: Legalizes New York City ordinances of June 18, September 2, and November 8, 1862. (See entries for those dates.) Passed March 6, 1863.433 Chapter 65: An Act to authorize the city of Syracuse to borrow money and to issue bonds of the city Section 1: Authorizes Syracuse to borrow “from time to time” up to $20,000 for family aid, and to finance this with bonds, with interest not to exceed 7 percent. Section 2: Legalizes the city’s $5,000 loan with Onondaga County Savings Bank. Section 3: Authorizes Syracuse to issue an additional $30,000 in bonds. Passed March 31, 1863.434 Chapter 113: An Act in relation to the Bureau of Military Statistics Section 1: “It shall be the duty of the chief of the bureau of military statistics to collect and preserve, in permanent form, an authentic sketch of every person from this State who has volunteered into the service of the general government since the fifteenth day of April, eighteen hundred and sixty-one, and likewise a record of the service of the several regiments, which shall include an account of their organization and subsequent history and operations, together with an account of the aid afforded by the several towns and coun244 | New York

ties of this State, and an abstract of such statistics shall accompany the annual report of the adjutant-­ general.” Passed April 8, 1863.435 Chapter 135: An Act making appropriations for the support of government for the fiscal year commencing on the first day of October, in the year eighteen hundred and sixty three Military appropriations: “For the purchase of uniforms and equipments, pay of officers and privates, and other expenditures” authorized by Chapter 477 (1862), $200,000. Passed April 15, 1865.436 Chapter 170: An Act to authorize the town of Batavia, in the county of Genesee, to raise money for the payment of bounties to volunteers from said town, in the service of the United States Section 1: Authorizes Batavia to issue 126 bonds in the amount of $50 with interest not to exceed 7 percent. Section 2: Bonds may be sold for cash and the proceeds used to pay a $50 bounty; however, no proceeds may be used to pay Batavians who enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty-Ninth Regiment, nor to any volunteer who deserted or has been (or will be) dishonorably discharged. Passed April 17, 1863.437 Chapter 184: An Act to promote the reenlistment of volunteers now in the service of the United States, and the enlistment of persons into regiments and corps now in said service and hereafter to be organized Section 1: Any soldier serving in a Chapter 277 (1861) regiment who re-enlists for two years will receive a bounty of $150; a volunteer who re-enlists for one year will receive a bounty of $50. Section 2: Any private or nco enlisted in any unit since November 1, 1862, or in any unit now organizing within the state, for the term of three

years, will receive a bounty of $75; however, in order to qualify for this bonus, “the person so enlisting shall have allotted . . . at least one half of his monthly pay, for the benefit of such family or relative.” Section 3: After this act’s passage, no town or county will be permitted to offer bounties; however, this will not apply to bounties promised before this act’s passage, or bounties paid “to procure substitutes for persons drafted.” Section 5: Appropriates $3 million for these purposes. Section 6: Imposes a state tax not to exceed two mills to meet these expenses. Passed April 17, 1863.438 Chapter 212: An Act to amend the act entitled, “An act to facilitate the service of process in certain cases,” passed June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and fifty-three Section 1: Except in partition cases or actions or proceedings where no personal claim is made against any of the following persons, soldiers, sailors, or marines “actually absent from their town or place of residence, and actually engaged in the army or military service of the United States” are exempt from “the service of any summons, order, notice, or other process.” Passed April 23, 1863.439 Chapter 222: An Act to provide and repair arms and equipments of the militia of this State, and for the public defense Section 1: Unexpended moneys from earlier appropriations for arms or receipts of funds from the United States for arms, will be combined with a current appropriation to equal $500,000. Section 2: Authorizes the governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, attorney general, and comptroller to spend these funds “for the purpose of effectually arming the militia of the State and providing for the public defense.” Section 3: The arms purchased or repaired under

this act “shall be distributed in such manner as the [governor] shall deem best for the interest of the militia service of the State.” Passed April 24, 1863.440 Chapter 223: An Act to incorporate “The Soldiers’ Home” Section 1: Authorizes incorporators441 to provide “a home and [the] maintenance for officers and soldiers who have served, are now serving, or may hereafter serve in the volunteer forces . . . furnished from the State of New York, who, by reasons of wounds or other disabilities received or produced in the service of the United States, or of the State of New York, shall be unable to support themselves, and all who having been honorably discharged shall be decrepid [sic] or homeless in their old age.” Section 2: Ex-officio members include the governor, lieutenant governor, comptroller, and secretary of state. Section 4: The home’s managers preferably will be soldiers also “disabled by wounds or other causes but whose mental faculties are unimpaired.” Section 5: The home’s “interior management” will be “conducted on strict military principles, and according to army regulations; the inmates shall wear their uniforms, two suits of which will be furnished yearly” by the state. Section 7: Returning New York units will deposit their flags “in a hall of honor, or chapel, to be provided for this purpose in the erection of the building. . . . A place shall also be provided for the preservation and display of all other trophies taken by said volunteers.” Passed April 24, 1863.442 Chapter 224: An Act to provide additional means of relief for the sick and wounded soldiers of the State of New York in the United States service Section 1: Authorizes the governor to appoint state agents “whose duty it shall be to provide ad1863: Legislative Sessions | 245

ditional means of relief for the sick, wounded, furloughed and discharged soldiers of this State, who shall have been, are now or may hereafter be engaged in the United States service, while being transported to and from their homes; to ascertain the names and conditions of all patients belonging to this State, in the United States hospitals, within such limits as the Governor may designate; to keep a register of the same, and to furnish information to all who make inquiry concerning them; to facilitate the removal of the bodies of deceased soldiers . . . when such action is desired, and to perform such other duties for the relief of the sick and wounded soldiers of this State as the Governor may designate and require.” Section 2: Authorizes the governor to appoint surgeons “or other agents as . . . may be required, for the care, comfort and removal of the sick and wounded soldiers belonging to the State of New York.” Section 3: Appropriates $200,000 for this act. Passed April 24, 1863.443 Concurrent Resolution in relation to quota of this State furnished for the military service of the United States Whereas quotas under the Enrollment Act are now being determined, and that under the 1862 calls for some 600,000 men, New York State has “nearly filled” its entire quota with three-year men, “whilst other States filled their respective quotas, in whole or in part, by men enlisted for only nine months.” Resolved, first, that New York “is justly entitled to credit for the large number of three years’ men furnished under the calls of ” 1862, and in assigning quotas, “the President ought to take the above facts into account.” Second, requests Seymour “to communicate with the President of the United States, or the war department, on the above subject, and to secure . . . a just credit to this State in arrangement of the new quotas.” 246 | New York

Passed by the senate on April 9, 1863; passed by the assembly on April 24, 1863.444 Concurrent Resolutions proposing an amendment to the [New York] Constitution, providing that persons in the military service of the United States, in the army or navy thereof, may vote at the place where they may be in such service Resolved, “That the following amendment be proposed to the Constitution of this State: Section one of article two is hereby amended by adding at the end thereof the following words: Provided, that in time of war, no elector in the actual military service of the United States, in the army or navy thereof shall be deprived of his vote by reason of his absence from the State; and the Legislature shall have power to provide the manner in which, and the time and places at which such absent electors may vote, and for the canvass and returns of their votes in the election districts in which they respectively reside or otherwise.” Passed in the assembly on April 22, 1863; passed in the senate on April 24, 1863.445 Chapter 239: An Act to protect the harbors and frontiers of the State of New York against invasion, and to provide for their defense Section 1: Appropriates $1 million to carry out this act. Section 2: Appoints the governor, comptroller, and Edwin D. Morgan as commissioners authorized “to purchase cannon, provide submarine batteries, iron-clad steamers, and take such other measures as may be deemed necessary for the protections of the harbors and frontiers of this State.” Passed April 27, 1863.446 Chapter 393: An Act to provide means for the support of Government; to authorize a tax of two mills on a dollar for purposes of the general fund; three-fourths of a mill for the maintenance of common schools;

three-eighths of a mill for the interest and redemption of State indebtedness, and two mills for the payment of bounties to volunteers, and for other purposes Section 4: At the start of the fiscal year beginning on October 1, 1863, county treasurers will impose a tax of two mills on the “real and personal property of the state subject to taxation”; the proceeds will be held by the state treasurer to pay bounties or aid to families of volunteers. Passed May 4, 1863.447 Chapter 425: An Act to amend an act entitled “An act to provide for the enrollment of militia, the organization of the National Guard of the State of New York, and for the public defense,” passed April twenty-third, eighteen hundred and sixty two Section 1 (amends Section 1 of Chapter 477): “white” is retained for eligibility but “persons of foreign birth” are added to those “subject to military duty.” A number of categories of exemptions from enrollment are eliminated, including clergymen, senior state executives, and specified local officials (see third category, Chapter 477), Shakers and Quakers (see Section 6 below), college professors and students and public school teachers. These professions are now subject to enrollment. Section 2 (amends Section 4 of Chapter 477): now requires that the enrolling officer must “serve upon each person enrolled a notice, by delivering the same to him personally, or by leaving it with some person of suitable age and discretion at his place of residence.”448 Section 6 (adds to Section 300 of Chapter 477): “Any person so drafted, who may be a member of any religious denomination whatever, as from scruples of conscience may be averse to bearing arms, shall be excused from said draft on payment to the clerk of the county . . . the sum of three hundred dollars.”449 Section 9 (amends Section 13 of Chapter 477,

477): the reserve militia is now exempt from having to “assemble for parade and inspection on the first Monday of September next.” [This chapter has been summarized to show the principal changes from Chapter 477 (1862); technical amendments have been omitted.] Passed May 5, 1863.450 Chapter 428: An Act for the release of the officers of the thirty-seventh regiment New York State militia, from liability to the State for one hundred and twenty-one muskets stolen from the armory of said regiment, while said regiment was absent from the State, by order of the commander-in-chief Section 1: “Charles Roome and Claudius L. Monell, the obligors upon a bond to the people of New York, conditioned for the return to the said State of all arms furnished by the State to the thirty-seventh regiment . . . are hereby released and forever discharged from all liability upon said bond, for one hundred and twenty-one muskets [which] during the absence of said regiment from the State . . . were stolen from one of the armories . . . in the city of New York.” Passed May 5, 1863.451 Chapter 514: An Act providing for relief to the indigent families of volunteers and persons who may be ordered into the military or naval service of the United States Section 1: “The supervisor, town clerk and justices of the peace in each of the towns and common councils of the respective cities of this State, shall, ex-officio, constitute a board of relief . . . [with power] to grant such relief to the indigent families of volunteers from this State . . . and of such persons ordered into the military or naval service of the United States, as shall seem necessary and proper.” Relief given is a charge upon the town or city. [See Chapter 8 (1864) for amendments.] Passed May 17, 1863.452 1863: Legislative Sessions | 247

State Military Affairs In January 1863, based on the latest enrollment, New York State had 764,603 males liable to military duty. The number of males between the ages of eighteen and forty-five who were exempt for various reasons was 139,198. According to Adjutant General Sprague’s 1863 report, New York State enlisted 19,980 men for U.S. service. An additional 1,653 men were sent to existing regiments, with 3,691 men still organizing as of December 31, 1863; thus, the total state enlistments were 25,324. However, to this must be added recruits obtained by federal efforts: 9,176 drafted men were held to service, 11,060 men were recruited by federal provost marshals, and an estimated 10,000 men re-enlisted in the field. The total federal enlistments were 30,236; and the combined state and federal enlistments were 69,531 New Yorkers. In the process, Sprague’s office issued 7,206 commissions during the year.453 Since April 15, 1861, New York had sent a total of 292,982 men to war. These included 196,509 sent by state authorities; 32,653 sent by federal superintendents of recruiting; 3,691 still organizing in state; 11,060 enlisted by provost marshals; 10,000 field re-enlistments; and 9,176 drafted men and substitutes.454 Under the calls of October 17, 1863, and February 1, 1864, New York’s quota was 81,993, against which it was credited for 75,751. This consisted of 59,839 recruits and 15,912 paid commutations.455 On December 31, 1863, Sprague estimated that there remained in state three artillery regiments, eight cavalry regiments, and twenty-five infantry companies still organizing.456 Total 1863 draftees held to service were 2,557; total substitutes accepted, 6,619; total number paying commutation, 14,073; the total of these categories was 23,249. Of the 77,864 men examined, 24,853 were exempted for physical disability and 28,256 exempted for all other reasons.457 In his 1863 annual report, Sprague argued that, 248 | New York

by January 1 of that year, the state had provided a surplus of three-year men of 12,552. He arrived at this figure by assuming that the total calls of 1861 (now put at 109,056) and 1862 (59,705) equaled 168,761; against this aggregate call, since April 1861, New York had furnished 195,825 men, leaving a claimed surplus of 27,064. To create a ninemonth equivalent (see entry for May 13), Sprague multiplied the surplus of three-year men by four, yielding a 108,256 surplus in terms of nine-month men. To this he added the actual number of ninemonth men furnished by New York (1,660) to produce an equivalent of 109,916 nine-month men. From this he deducted New York’s quota under the August 4 call for nine-month men (59,705) to produce a surplus of 50,211; dividing that figure by four yielded an equivalent surplus of 12,552 threeyear men. Between January 1 and June 11, however, New York had furnished an additional 2,913 threeyear men (or their equivalent in nine-months recruits); thus, New York’s real surplus through June 11 was 15,465. As of June 11, the War Department showed New York’s surplus at 4,651, or 10,814 less than Sprague claimed.458 What Hillhouse observed in 1862 remained true in 1863: counties were not collecting the $1 fine for men failing to appear at the annual militia parade. Sprague estimated that the neglected revenue would have added $275,739 to state coffers.459 The fine of $1 for non-attendance at parades was remitted in 1863, as was the requirement for an annual parade in 1864. Thus, for two years (1862 being the year of organization) no fines had been collected; moreover, many towns continued to refuse to assess this fine “in expectation that the Legislature will interpose in behalf of the delinquents.” Sprague believed that if this “leniency is granted, it will be the means of destroying the basis upon which the militia of the State depends for efficiency.”460 The organized New York National Guard numbered 31,500 men, distributed among 8 divisions,

32 brigades, and 85 regiments. Contents of state arsenals had been upgraded and now included 8,209 Springfield rifled muskets and 4,536 Enfields. Even adding the 767 carbines, however, the whole remained insufficient to arm the organized militia. Based on the most recent state enrollment, the reserved militia was 298,527; the whole number of persons liable to military service after subtracting exempts was 586,959. The number of new commissions issued to the nyng in 1863 was 1,753.461 Colonel Robert Nugent described a challenge faced by aapmgs in New York City: “The peculiar system which prevails in the city of New York, where nearly all the business community resides in other districts than those in which their business is located, many residing in the cities of Brooklyn, Jersey City, and Hoboken, as well as many suburban villages.” Because most of the enrolling had been done at businesses, provost marshals were faced with incomplete and inaccurate lists. The problem was (supposedly) resolved by “a system of exchange” in which provost marshals from different districts compared lists to properly connect names with actual residences.462 The nine draft district officers in the New York City area made the following summary reports of the draft riots. First District: “Complete suspension of business for eight or ten days and the destruction of a portion of the clothing which had been issued to [the provost marshal].” Second District: “Little or no suspension of work.” Third and Fourth Districts: “No suspension or interruption.” Fifth District: “Building and furniture destroyed; work suspended for want of quarters.” Sixth District: “Work suspended for about ten days.” ­Seventh District: “Furniture partially destroyed; also blanks; work suspended for about ten days.” Eighth and Ninth Districts: “Building, furniture, and blanks destroyed, together with all the clothing; work suspended for want of quarters.”463 According to War Department records, between

January 1, 1863, and October 31, 1863, New York furnished for new, three-year regiments, 1,642 infantry, 7,811 cavalry, and 3,077 artillery. This represented 12 percent, 31.1 percent, and 29.8 percent of the national totals, respectively. In nine-month troops, the state furnished 908 infantry and 8 cavalry. During the same period, New York sent to existing regiments 847 infantry, 591 cavalry, and 1,554 artillery. This represented 8.7 percent, 10.9 percent, and 38.6 percent of the national totals, respectively. New York also sent 5 recruits to existing nine-month regiments.464 As of December 31, 1863, Dix’s Department of the East counted 9,673 men present (or absent) for duty; of this number, 8,014 were present, including 295 officers and 6,090 enlisted men.465 Between January 1, 1863, and June 30, New York furnished 5,569 recruits; from June 30, 1863, to December 31, it furnished 13,224. The implication is that the summer conscription stimulated volunteering.466 Under Chapter 224 (1863), the New York Soldiers’ Depot was established at 51 Howard Street. Between its opening on May 11 and year’s end, 15,727 soldiers received support. Under the provisions of Chapter 224, $1,500 was sent to Richmond for the benefit of New York pows held there and state agencies were established “wherever New York State troops were to be found.” Total New York bounties appropriated from the war’s start through 1863 by counties, towns, common councils, and the state were $84,687,309.86. In 1863 alone, these bounties consisted of $11,038,291.95 from towns and counties, $2,579,668.50 from common councils, and $8,841,098 from the state; the year’s total was $22,459,058.45.467 As of September 30, 1862, state debt totaled $30,487,264.62, of which $23,981,610.25 consisted of canal debt and $6,505,654.37 of “General Fund debt.” As of October 1, 1862, the treasury balance was $3,074,941.85. Total state receipts were $20,840,913.20 and total expenditures were 1863: State Military Affairs | 249

$18,165,233.86. The net cash remaining in the treasury was $5,750,621.19. To finance state operations, New York imposed a direct tax of 5 mills on subject property, of which 11⁄16 mill was exclusively for bounties.468 (It would not be enough. See State Military Affairs—1864.)

1864 Key Events january 2: Fry reports to Stanton that enlistments under the October 17, 1863, call “are, in the main, very encouraging as to the prospect of getting a large number of recruits by volunteer enlistments.” His reports show that, for the last three months of 1863 (partial figures for December), national enlistments total 42,529.1 3: Archbishop John Hughes dies. 4: The War Department grants Bliss’s request for the Union League Club to sponsor another colored regiment. It will be enumerated the Twenty-Sixth Regiment U.S. Colored Troops.2 Separately, the Union Central Committee convenes at Morgan’s house and endorses Lincoln’s re-nomination.3 Mayor Gunther delivers his inauguration speech. Given the turbulence of the past year, he strikes a calming note. “In assuming my present duties I have sedulously abstained from all expression of opinion on the exciting topics of political discussion,” he declares, closing his address. “I claim the right in common with all my fellow-citizens to the enjoyment of my opinion on all these questions, but my official action and course will be confined exclusively to municipal affairs and the welfare of the City.”4 5: The draft scheduled for this day is deferred nationwide, “in consequence of the progress made in procuring volunteers.” Meanwhile, 250 | New York

the commission to investigate New York’s enrollment reconvenes in New York. The state legislature opens its eightyseventh session in Albany. Lincoln, supported by Stanton and Fry, asks Congress to reconsider its joint resolution of December 23 and allow the $300 enlistment bounty to continue to be paid to Veteran Volunteers—at least until February 1.5 6: Fry notifies recruiters in loyal states that “Recruits will be credited to the localities from which they received local bounties.” Re-enlisting veterans, on the other hand, “will be credited to the localities to which the re-enlistments and muster-in rolls show them as belonging.” This rule allows new volunteers to “bounty shop” before enlisting (and its ambiguity apparently offers a similar opportunity to re-enlisting veterans).6 (See entry for April 4). 9: Major General Winfield Scott Hancock is assigned recruiting duty in thirteen states, including New York, to “fill up the old regiments of the Second Army Corps, and to increase the said corps to a strength of 50,000 men.”7 12: Fry notifies aapmgs that Congress has extended bounties for “a few weeks” (they were supposed to be discontinued after January 5). “Continue enlistments under regulations established prior to that date,” Fry directs, “and keep up enthusiasm for recruiting. Inform Governor immediately.”8 14: Fry notifies the superintendents of recruiting in all loyal states that, “The time of paying the bounty of $300 and $400 and the $15 and $25 premium is extended to March . . . and these bounties and premiums will be paid in cases of men enlisted between January 5 and 12, the same as January 5.”9 15: Seymour describes for the legislature the problems endured by returning re-enlistees

who, by federal regulations, are to rely on U.S. quartermasters for transportation and subsistence to and from their home states. (See Chronology for December 15, 1863.) “In consequence of the return of several regiments to the principal rendezvous of New York and Elmira, and the collection of great numbers of enlisted men at the same points, there has been a want of suitable accommodations, and great inconvenience and suffering,” Seymour notes. “This is due to the fact that the Superintendents of Recruiting [aapmgs] were not duly advised of the large numbers of recruits and of returning volunteers, who would require accommodations and subsistence at their hands.”10 21: The Union Lincoln Association of the State of New York meets in New York City. Presided over by Simeon Draper, the association endorses the re-nomination of Lincoln for president.11 27: Bliss reports that the Twenty-Sixth USCT is full, and requests authority to recruit another colored regiment. The War Department complies; the new unit is to be designated the Thirty-First Regiment U.S. Colored Troops.12 february 1: Lincoln calls for 500,000 three-year men, with deficiencies to be drafted on March 10. According to the War Department, New York’s quota of 81,993 for this call also includes its quota under the October 17, 1863, call.13 4: Fry authorizes New York to recruit forty new companies of infantry, “to be combined into regiments as fast as companies are completed.” These troops are assigned to Burnside’s Ninth Corps.14 12: The U.S. Senate extends the payment of federal bounties until March 1, 1864.15 16: The commission to investigate New York’s enrollment issues its report, concluding “that

the enrollment in the State of New York is imperfect and erroneous, excessive in some districts and possibly too small in others, and certainly excessive in the cities of New York and Brooklyn, and especially as compared with the other States.” The defective enrollment, especially in New York City and Brooklyn, is not due to fraud (as Seymour had once implied), but instead attributed to four factors: a “large floating population,” estimated at 30,000 persons; large numbers of aliens; the presence of men who live and work in different districts;16 and an insufficient amount of time “for such inquiries and investigations” that could determine actual residency. After examining the ratio of enrollments of men of the first class to all eligible males in all states, the commission concludes that there is no uniformity: New England averages 614 per thousand, while New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio average 764 per thousand, and Michigan, Illinois, and Indiana 767 per thousand. New York City’s ratio was 818 per thousand, the highest in the nation. Holding New York to the average ratio would have produced an enrollment of 380,822 versus the existing 427,469. Applying proportions derived from the 1860 census, the commission asserts that New York’s obligation under the October 17 call was 52,858 men. The commission does not call for a new enrollment but suggests conforming the existing enrollment to the averages. According to the commission, “A call for volunteers is in one sense a tax upon the States and communities; large bounties have to be paid to obtain the men, and States and communities act upon this established fact, and by tax compel each man to contribute his share, so that the burthen falls upon property as directly as if Congress had laid a direct tax for the same purpose. In this respect representative population is a constitutional 1864: Key Events | 251

basis for the apportionment of this burthen.” Using the proposed methodology, it recommends specific new quotas for each of New York’s thirty-one congressional districts.17 (See entry for February 25 for Fry’s response.) 20: Battle of Olustee, Florida. 23: The Republican State Committee endorses Lincoln’s re-nomination.18 24: Congress passes Chapter 13, an amendment to the 1863 Enrollment Act. (See Chronology.) Thus begins the process of recognizing naval credits against draft quotas. The law also makes explicit that African Americans will be included in the national militia.19 The Democratic State Convention meets in Albany to choose delegates to the national convention. The expected battle over state delegations becomes a three-way fight: Tammany versus Mozart versus the McKeon Democracy,20 the faction that elected Gunther, a Peace Democrat, as New York City mayor. A compromise seats Mozart and McKeon; Tammany walks out. Two noteworthy resolutions are passed. First, delegates to the state convention will hereafter be chosen by assembly districts (not organizations), thus avoiding the annual conflicts between competing New York machines. Second, state delegates to the national convention will vote as a block for the Democratic candidate for president.21 25: In response to the report of the commission on New York’s enrollment, Fry concedes that “exact justice” cannot be found in any enrollment and that urban enrollments are more difficult than in rural. He explains that New York City’s susceptibility to inaccurate enrollments is common in urban areas and was adjusted for by the aapmgs. (See entry for August 10.) Fry does allow that New York City is unique: “the political condition 252 | New York

[during the enrollment] was such as to breed a senseless opposition to a correct enrollment.”22 And while an enrollment may be defective, the census “is no more likely to have been correct . . . at the time it was taken than the enrollment is now.” In fact, Fry argues, the New York City enrollment is more accurate than the census, given the special measures taken to verify names. (Moreover, the 1860 census does not account for any increase in the male population in the ensuing three years.) Fry disagrees that conscription is a tax proportionally laid to produce some equivalent of men or money. “I assume that we are looking for personal military service from those able to perform it,” he states, and “that we make no calls for volunteers [but rather] assign to the districts under the enrollment act fair quotas for the men we have found them to contain.”23 (For Lincoln’s response, see entry for February 27.) 27: Lincoln, after reviewing the commission’s report, replies to Stanton. He recalls that the basis for the commission was his promise to Seymour to allow “agents of yours to witness every step of the process” in order to enhance the enrollment’s credibility. Later, he reduced quotas. “Not going forth to find men at all, [the commission] have proceeded altogether upon paper examinations and mental processes,” the president observes, adding, “One of their conclusions, as I understand, is that . . . the enrolling officers could not have made the enrollments much more accurately than they did.” He orders that for now, quotas remain as made by the enrolling officers in cases where the commission’s table requires them to be increased, and reduced where the commission calls for reductions. He recommends that it be “especially considered” whether the report’s suggestions “can be conformed to without an alteration of the law.”24

march 3: Stanton informs Seymour that, “By authority of joint resolution of Congress passed to-day, the payment of bounties will be continued until further orders.”25 Separately, Seymour presses the legislature for adequate funding for the state adjutant general to employ clerks to process the state’s voluminous rolls of soldiers and sailors. “By constant handling, many of the rolls have become mutilated and hardly legible,” the governor declares. “In addition to the value of these rolls for the purposes named [crediting local quotas], they may eventually be the only evidence whereby disabled soldiers or the families of deceased soldiers will be enabled to draw back pay or receive pensions.”26 4: The War Department issues GO No. 91, establishing naval recruiting stations in New York and throughout the country, with each station having its own quota. The national naval quota is 12,000; New York’s portion is 5,000.27 (See Chronology.) Separately, Fry notifies Hays, Townsend, and Diven that the draft, scheduled for March 10, is postponed indefinitely.28 5: At 9:00 a.m., some 1,000 soldiers of the Twentieth USCT, a unit raised under the auspices of the Union League Club, depart Riker’s Island aboard the steamer John Romer for the East River pier at Twenty-Sixth Street in Manhattan. Arriving at Union Square around 1:00 p.m., they form double-facing lines before a special platform that has been raised in front of the flag-festooned Union League Club. Many of the people on the platform are not the usual toastmasters and speakers for a flag presentation ceremony: they are women— wives, sisters, and daughters of some of the most powerful men in New York and the nation. President of Columbia College Charles King welcomes the crowd and especially the

soldiers. He reads a statement prepared by the women, and the colors are then presented. As is customary, the regimental commander, Colonel Nelson B. Bartram,29 accepts the colors with appropriate remarks.30 8: In a special election, a constitutional amendment allowing soldiers to vote is passed: 258,795 for, 48,079 against.31 9: Ulysses S. Grant is appointed lieutenant general. 14: Lincoln calls for 200,000 men. (See Chronology.) New York’s quota under this call is 32,794, against which it will eventually be credited with 41,940.32 25: Dix learns of a new scam to cheat recruits out of their installments of the $300 bounty: certain towns and counties have provided that the recruit receive $100, with a bounty broker, through ambiguities in the contract, receiving the $200 balance. Outraged, Dix issues Department of the East GO No. 23, which orders provost marshals and enlisting officers to refuse enlistments from any town or county that allows this provision. Unless the provost marshal and enlisting officer “shall be convinced that such recruit has actually received the full amount of the bounty raised . . . such recruit will not be allowed to part with any portion of his said bounty to any person for any pretended services in enlisting him.”33 Dissatisfied with Lincoln, twenty-three signatories led by William Cullen Bryant (and including seventeen New York state senators) petition the National Republican Executive Committee to postpone the national convention, now scheduled to meet in Baltimore on June 7. More time might produce another, more radical candidate.34 29: Adjutant General Sprague writes militia commanders in counties bordering Pennsylvania, warning them of “the exposed condition of that section of country 1864: Key Events | 253

extending from Binghamton to Elmira, to the raids of a rebel force.” He urges them to keep their units at strength and work with citizens in case their assistance is required. He discloses that arms and ammunition are being deposited at the state arsenal in Corning.35 april 4: The Metropolitan Fair of the U.S. Sanitary Commission opens its doors. The main, two-level building is located between Fourteenth and Fifteenth Streets at Sixth Avenue; it combines a temporary structure with the armory of the Twenty-Second nyng. Another building—housing a music hall, the Knickerbocker Kitchen (offering “viands as would have delighted their ancestors”), and a children’s department selling ice cream and soda water—opens along Seventeenth Street. Admission is 50 cents and the “Ticket Department” will record sales of $181,382.10, suggesting that at least 350,000 people attend over the twenty days that the fair is open (it will close April 23). The fair will gross $1,340,050.37; net of expenses ($163,378.47) the proceeds will total $1,176,671.90. Most of the revenue comes from the sale and auction of donated goods, including donations from “St. Petersburg and Smyrna, from Copenhagen and Geneva, from Hamburg and Lisbon, and from Rio [de] Janeiro.” (The Sanitary Commission had branch offices in London and Paris.)36 Fairs will be held elsewhere in the nation and around the state. Nationwide, New York City’s fair would net the largest sum, followed by Philadelphia’s Great Central Fair ($1,035,398). Among Sanitary Commission fairs in New York State, Brooklyn and Long Island collected $305,513.83; Albany $80,000; Poughkeepsie $16,192.27; Yonkers $12,000; Flushing $3,934.32; Warwick $1,432.72; 254 | New York

Schuyler County $1,287.43; and Hornellsville $800.37 Seymour writes Major J. B. Stonehouse, the acting aag, to complain that out-of-state agents are now enlisting New York troops in Washington, D.C. New Jersey is paying between $350 and $375, and Massachusetts is reportedly paying $400 “cash down.” Seymour blames recent rules for allowing men who are re-enlisting to bounty shop any state they wish. “This is all wrong,” an exasperated Seymour declares, “and should be remedied at once if possible.”38 8: Fry notifies Hays, Townsend, and Diven that “Lieutenant-General Grant directs that active measures be taken to get into the field all recruits, new organizations, and all old troops that can be spared. . . . Execute this order as soon as possible.”39 20: Fry notifies governors to accelerate the formation of heavy artillery units, up to 1,738 men per regiment. All such recruits will be credited against state quotas. Meanwhile, in Albany, fifty-one battle flags are presented to the state, in a ceremony attended by Seymour and the entire legislature.40 21: Lincoln, through Stanton, asks Seymour for a favor. Veterans around the country are being concentrated for Grant’s looming spring offensive; Dix, for his part, is contributing all the federal troops that he can. Can Seymour give “one or two regiments of your [New York City] militia to act in the city as guards, escorts, for deserters, stragglers, &c., and similar special duty[?]” The term would be for three months. Separately, authority to raise 100-day troops is granted to Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin at the request of their governors. The forces are intended to relieve longer-term garrison troops, thus freeing them for the front. New York eventually will contribute

5,640 of these 100-day men, from a “soft” quota of 12,000. (See entry for July 4.) These troops receive no bounty, but “if any officer or soldier in this special service should be drafted he shall be credited for the service rendered.” The exact meaning of this last condition will create controversy in New York.41 (See entries for July 25 and 26.) 22: New York’s inspector general, Josiah T. Miller, replies for Seymour to Stanton’s request of yesterday: the regiments sought “will be promptly furnished for the purposes indicated.”42 23: In Albany, the legislature adjourns. Meanwhile Dix, on Lincoln’s authority, asks Seymour for “one or two” regiments to garrison New York Harbor. Seymour replies, “I will do what I can.” The Fifteenth nyng is assigned this duty.43 may 2: In Washington, an organization named The Ladies National Covenant forms, dedicated to anti-inflation through avoidance of extravagance. Mrs. Millard Fillmore, Mrs. Ira Harris, Mrs. Edwin Morgan, Mrs. Horatio Seymour, Mrs. Ann S. Stebbins, Mrs. George B. McClellan, and Mrs. John Fremont represent New York. (See Chronology.) 4: The Army of the Potomac under U.S. Grant crosses the Rapidan River.44 5: Battle of the Wilderness begins; it will end on May 7. 6: Congress passes a resolution appropriating $25 million for 100-day volunteers.45 7: Sherman commences March to Atlanta. Back in New York, Major General John J. Peck46 is ordered to report to Dix.47 8: Battles of Spotsylvania begin; they will end on May 21. 10: Senator Morgan forwards Fry a letter from Thurlow Weed, “which speaks for itself.”

Prompted by fear of another riot, Weed writes: “If possible to do so, stop the draft to-morrow.” The draft is postponed in the Second Congressional District pending a new enrollment. New York City is very close to its quota—only 1,200 men required. Meanwhile, a new enrollment is ordered for the Southern Division of New York.48 11: Drawing goes forward in the Third Congressional District without incident.49 18: The New York World and the Journal of Commerce publish a presidential proclamation, supposedly signed by Lincoln and Seward, that designates May 26 as a day of prayer and fasting. Citing the “situation in Virginia, the disaster at Red River, the delay at Charleston, and the general state of the country,” as well as “the pending expiration of 100,000 of our troops,” the sham proclamation calls for 400,000 men; if not furnished, they will be drafted on June 15. Almost immediately telegrams arrive in Washington from Dix and other officials: “Is it genuine?” asks one.50 Stanton immediately replies to Dix: the proclamation is not only “spurious,” but “a base and treasonable forgery.” Seward issues a public announcement with copies to all New York newspapers and U.S. envoys in London and Paris, declaring that the proclamation is “an absolute forgery.” Lincoln immediately orders Dix “to arrest and imprison in any fort or military prison in your command the editors, proprietors, and publishers” of the World and Journal of Commerce, as well as anyone else involved in the publication. Lincoln further orders that arrestees are to be held “in close custody until they can be brought to trial before a military commission for their offense.” Dix also is ordered to seize “by military force, the printing establishments” of these newspapers, “and hold the same until further orders.”51 1864: Key Events | 255

At 2:00 p.m., Lincoln (through Stanton) augments Dix’s orders. He is to personally direct the seizure of four New York City offices of the Independent Telegraph Company: the offices located at the corner of Cedar and Nassau, at the Gold Room, at William Street, and at Brokers’ Exchange. The order includes seizing “instruments, dispatches and papers” as well as arresting “the manager, operators, [and] superintendent” and detaining them until further orders.52 At 4:35 p.m., Stanton receives a wire from Dix reporting the results of his investigation. At 4:00 a.m. today, someone delivered copies of a dispatch that mimicked those of the Associated Press to several newspapers; only the night foremen were present at that hour. Dix has examined three copies of the dispatch, and they are identical. When the World determined that the proclamation was spurious, it published a bulletin offering a $500 reward for the author. The New York Herald actually printed the proclamation, but discovered the fraud before distributing the newspapers. Dix believes that the newspapers were duped, but he will make the arrests unless “the foregoing information is deemed sufficient by the President to suspend it until my investigation is completed.” Stanton is in no mood for explanations, however. “The President’s telegram was an order to you which I think it was your duty to execute immediately upon receipt,” he snaps.53 At 6:30 p.m., a very unhappy Stanton wires Dix that he was ordered to make seizures and arrests, not investigations. “How you can excuse or justify delay in executing President’s order until you make an investigation is not for me to determine,” Stanton adds, perhaps hinting at some future inquiry. But exactly two hours later, new information has changed Stanton’s mind. The secretary wires Dix that 256 | New York

the Washington-based investigator of the scandal now believes that it originated there, and not in New York. If Dix still believes the telegraph company and newspaper were duped, he “may suspend action against them until developments are made.” It is too late, however, Dix has already seized the offices of the telegraph company and the newspapers and arrested the “editors, proprietors, and publishers” of the latter. Indeed, he reports that a steamer awaits them at Castle Garden for transport to Fort Lafayette.54 Just after Dix makes this reply to Stanton’s 6:30 wire, he is handed the secretary’s 8:30 wire, authorizing him to suspend action. In his reply, Dix declares that, “I am satisfied the publishers of the World and Journal of Commerce had no knowledge of it.” He will suspend the arrest orders for the newspapermen, but keep possession of their offices; the telegraphers, however, will be sent to Fort Lafayette “in an hour.”55 Separately from this brouhaha, Fry writes Hays, Townsend, and Diven urging them to complete the revised enrollment “at the earliest possible day.” Municipalities should be advised to strike “all names improperly enrolled, because an excess of names increases the quota called for.” Fry advises listing all eligible males “because the greater the number to be drawn from the less chance that any particular individual will be drawn.”56 19: Members of the New York Associated Press write Lincoln a joint letter defending the innocence of the World and Journal of Commerce (also AP members) and asking the president to rescind the suppression order. Signatories include Sidney Howard Gay,57 editor of the New York Tribune; Erastus Brooks, editor (and a proprietor) of the New York Express; Frederic Hudson,58 on behalf of James G. Bennett, owner of the New York Herald; and Moses

Sperry Beach,59 editor and owner of the New York Sun.60 20: Dix informs Stanton that he has arrested the fraudster: a journalist named Joseph Howard, aka “Howard of the Times.”61 Howard has confessed to forging the proclamation as part of a stock swindle and exonerates the newspapers and telegraph company; Dix has corroborated the confession. Stanton replies with two telegrams. The first asks Dix to examine the Independent Telegraph Company’s employees, and “if satisfied that they have had no complicity nor part of the transmission or perpetration of the forgery . . . you will discharge them.” Later that evening, Stanton wires Dix and reports Lincoln’s sentiments. The newspapers and their employees “are responsible for what appears in their papers injurious to the public service, and have no right to shield themselves behind a plea of ignorance or want of criminal intent”; yet, the president “is not disposed to visit them with vindictive punishment,” and hopes that they will be more cautious in the future. Dix is ordered “to restore to them their respective establishments.”62 21: Dix reports to Stanton his finding that the Independent Telegraph Company’s employees are innocent, adding that, “they took the earliest opportunity of exposing [the fraud] by telegraphing on their line east and west.” In reply, Stanton orders their release, but also instructs Dix to “retain possession of their offices.”63 24: The Union State Convention meets in Syracuse. It will endorse Lincoln’s renomination the next day.64 25: The State Committee of War Democrats, a spinoff from the Union State Convention, organizes in Syracuse. It also intends to support Lincoln.65 27: Sprague publishes telegrams from Fry that

announce a new enrollment and emphasize the importance of an accurate one: “make known to the people that it is plainly for the interest of each town, ward, &c., to have stricken from the lists all names improperly enrolled, because an excess of names increases the quota called.” Fry’s telegrams also declare that each enrolled man has a stake in ensuring that the rolls are accurate so that “the quota in which he is concerned shall not be made too large, and that his own chance for draft shall not be unjustly increased.”66 30: The War Department’s Thomas M. Vincent informs Seymour that his “department has made complete arrangements for the prompt muster-out and discharge of all regiments, detachments, and individuals of the volunteer forces whose terms may expire.” However, the department is concerned about the behavior of enlisted men while they await muster-out. Vincent informs the governor that regimental officers are charged not only with preserving the rolls to enable muster-out [and final payment], but also with controlling their men. Governors are asked to report “neglectful officers” so that they may be disciplined.67 31: Radicals assemble in Cleveland to nominate Fremont. (See Chronology.) june 1–3: Battles of Cold Harbor. 7–8: The Republican National Convention nominates Lincoln for president and Tennessee’s Andrew Johnson for vice president. (See Chronology, along with entry for August 19.) 14–15: The Army of the Potomac crosses the James River. 16: Petersburg unsuccessfully attacked. Federals entrench for a siege. 19: CSS Alabama sunk off the French coast by the USS Kearsarge. 1864: Key Events | 257

25: The War Department issues Circular No. 24, which (among other things) reminds boards of enrollment that “their duties in regard to the correction of enrollments do not cease with its revision, as recently completed or now in progress. On the contrary, the revision and correction of these lists is a continuous duty to which the labors of all boards must be directed.” This is an open invitation to local communities to inspect enrollment lists and recommend changes.68 26: Fry distributes Circular No. 25, which declares that “Persons not fit for military duty and not liable to draft from age or other causes” may be “personally represented in the Army.” This creates the “representative recruit,” a voluntary form of substitution for those exempt from service. By war’s end, 1,292 representative recruits enlist nationwide; New York’s total is 119.69 28: Sprague orders Sandford to detail a regiment to garrison the New York Harbor forts and relieve the Fifteenth nyng. The Sixty-Ninth nyng is assigned this duty.70 30: The War Department reports that the Department of the East has 5,093 men present (or absent) for duty. Of this number, 4,448 men are present, including 221 officers and 3,354 enlisted men. Meanwhile, Captain William Dunning,71 now provost marshal of the Ninth District, sends Fry a disturbing report. He believes that “combinations are forming which are fast ripening into organization, with the avowed intention of resisting any draft that may be made in this city.” Dunning believes that these groups, while pretending to be “protecting union organizations or some other popular name,” are actually anti-draft groups. He observes that they are “composed in the most part of the Irish ‘laboring classes,’” and are “led by designing men of some ability, and frequently 258 | New York

addressed by these leaders at their various places of meeting.”72 (See entry for July 4 for a second report to Fry.) july 4: Congress passes Chapter 237 (see Chronology), repealing commutation, authorizing state governors to recruit in some formerly insurgent states, and giving states credit for naval enlistments.73 Separately, Thomas Carstairs,74 acting assistant paymaster aboard the U.S. steamer Eutaw (now in Norfolk), informs Fry that a fireman aboard ship has received a letter from an Irish friend in New York claiming that “the friends of Vallandigham are preparing for a grand riot; that they have been purchasing through their agents old arms and storing them in their own arsenal on Tenth avenue.” Carstairs has not read the letter himself, but the recipient was overheard reading it aloud by another man.75 (See entry for July 28 for Dix’s response.) 5: Stanton notifies Seymour that a rebel force estimated between 15,000 and 20,000 men has invaded Maryland, taken Harper’s Ferry, and “are threatening other points.” Lincoln relies on state governors activate their militia to meet this invasion. “He, therefore, directs me to call on you for a militia force of 12,000 men from your State, to serve not more than 100 days.” Stanton asks that these troops be sent to Washington immediately. Stanton also notifies Dix, ordering him to determine if New York can meet this demand and to render any assistance to state authorities. Seymour replies to Stanton that, “I will do what I can; orders sent to the commanders of the State National Guard.” He wires Stanton again: “Will you receive any men for less than 100 days? I should like such information about affairs as you can give with propriety.”

Stanton answers that “It is not probable that your emergency troops will be required over sixty days, perhaps not so long, as orders for the concentration of other forces were issued some days ago in anticipation of a detachment from the rebel army for the purpose of raids, but it has been deemed best to extend the call for 100 days.” Meanwhile, in connection with this emergency, Halleck orders Dix to send to Washington two Veteran Reserve Corps regiments (one at Elmira and one at New York City).76 6: Halleck changes the orders for the New York City–based VRC regiment: it should deploy without waiting for militia replacements.77 7: Adjutant General Sprague informs Stanton about recruitment concerns. “It is found important in raising volunteers for 100 days promptly to be able to give assurances that the duties will be limited to repelling the invasion of Washington, Maryland, or Pennsylvania,” Sprague declares. “If possible, will you please state this so that assurances may be given.” At some point after this letter, Sprague will inquire about sending 30-day troops. Meanwhile, Seymour calls for an increase in state militia to 75,000 men, by a draft if necessary.78 8: Because New York’s promised troops have not yet arrived, Halleck asks Seymour “what progress is [New York] making in raising troops under the President’s call, and when the first regiments will be ready for service.” In a separate wire, Stanton asks Dix to report their status. Dix replies that the Tenth VRC will leave for Washington on the 6:00 p.m. train.79 9: Battle of the Monocacy in Maryland. Adjutant General Sprague issues GO No. 9, announcing that, in view of Lincoln’s call for 12,000 100-day men, the nyng will be filled to its maximum. Sandford’s First Division

is asked to recruit 3,500 new volunteers, to deploy “as early as practicable.” Duryea’s Second Division is to furnish 1,850 volunteers and “despatch them to the field by regiments.” Sprague’s order declares that, “Regiments as fast as organized will proceed to Washington city and report for orders.”80 Still concerned about the status of New York’s troops, aag Vincent asks Sprague “how many regiments of 100-days’ troops you have now organized?” and “What is prospect for as to the speedy organization of the force called for?” Vincent adds that federal officers are ordered to muster in troops “promptly.” Meanwhile, Dix writes Stanton about the confusion in New York City. Seymour reportedly had ordered south 4,500 New York City militia and 1,500 Brooklyn militia, but the order was soon revoked. Dix suggests one reason in his conclusion. “There is a very bad state of things here [in New York City] and I think three regiments of reliable State troops are indispensible to the preservation of order and for the security of the public property.” But Seymour is sending troops. The governor affirms an earlier assurance given by Sandford to send 3,500 men and 600 light artillerists, mentions his July 7 call to increase militia, and is sending an aide to New York City to help forward troops. Separately, aag Louis H. Pelouze81 replies to Sprague’s request to send thirty-day troops: Stanton has decided that these “would not be able to render any efficient service.”82 10: Stanton informs Dix about yesterday’s battle at Monocacy: “our forces were at length overpowered by the superior numbers of the enemy.” Colonel William H. Seward, Jr.83 of the Ninth New York Heavy Artillery was wounded and he and Brigadier General Erastus B. Tyler84 are now pows. Separately, Dix is ordered by Halleck to 1864: Key Events | 259

send Sandford’s troops to Baltimore “with all possible dispatch.” But New York’s situation remains confused. Sandford issued the necessary orders then “went into the country,” leaving his second in command to superintend the troops’ departure. Even with Seymour’s recent orders, Dix declares that, “It will be impossible to get off any troops . . . for several days.” By the end of today, he reports that, “About 600 men have left or are leaving,” and promises better results tomorrow.85 11: A Confederate raiding force under Jubal Early menaces Washington. They will leave tomorrow. 12: Seymour issues a proclamation exhorting New Yorkers to join the nyng. “Unless this is done at once, I cannot respond to the call now made by the President of the United States,” he declares, referring to Lincoln’s July 5 call. In an odd but presumably necessary inclusion for an exhortation of this type, Seymour attempts to reconcile divisions over conscription and the war by reciting three articles of the U.S. Constitution that even he believes make this call constitutionally legitimate. (Seymour had previously opposed conscription on constitutional grounds.) He declares that New Yorkers must unite in this call for volunteers, not permit “passions . . . prejudices and suspicions to increase the dangers which overhang us,” and rally to protect Washington.86 15: Despite Seymour’s promises, only one 100-day unit has actually deployed from New York; it reaches Washington today.87 16: Sandford informs Stanton that he has several regiments available under the 100-day call— but only 500 men per regiment. Because these fail to meet the minimum, federal officers refuse to muster them into U.S. service. Sandford asks Stanton to accept them as is. Stanton agrees.88 18: Lincoln calls for 500,000 men and specifies 260 | New York

that volunteers will be accepted for terms of one, two, or three years. A draft to cure any deficiency will be held on September 5.89 19: Seymour asks Fry if 100-day men will be exempt from conscription while in service.90 (See entry for July 21.) Meanwhile, the War Department notifies New York’s aapmgs that, under Lincoln’s call of yesterday, the state’s quota is 89,318 men.91 20: Seymour dispatches James A. Bell, a state senator from Jefferson County, to consult with Stanton about “military matters,” including the “constantly increasing complaints of New York soldiers, who claim that they were enlisted for the unexpired term of their respective regiments.”92 21: In response to Seymour’s inquiry about 100-day men and the draft, Fry replies (as later quoted by Sandford) that, “‘if any officer or soldier in this special service should be drafted, he shall be credited for the service rendered,’ but is not exempt from draft during such service.” (See entry for July 25.) Unfortunately, Sandford already has published nyng GO No. 6, apparently without waiting for Fry’s response. This order assures men enlisted in 100-day units, or contemplating enlistment, that they “will be exempted from the draft which is to be made in September next.”93 22: Seymour is dissatisfied with Fry’s answer of yesterday and believes that it violates the law. (See entry for July 25.) Perhaps embarrassed that Sandford has already announced draft exemptions for 100-day enlistees during their service, the governor suspends all further musters of 100-day troops into U.S. service.94 Separately, Dix asks Stanton for authority to recruit an artillery regiment to garrison New York City and harbor (“and not elsewhere”) for three years. Heavy artillery, especially in Fort Richmond, requires trained artillerists. But Dix

is also concerned about security inside the city. “The indications all show that disturbances will be nearly sure to grow out of the coming draft,” he warns. “Nothing but efficient preparation can prevent them.” Dix promises to institute recruiting procedures “to insure the enlistment of men who are in every respect worthy of trust, and who will constitute a reliable force to sustain the Government in any emergency.”95 (See entry for August 7.) 25: Sandford informs Stanton about Fry’s July 21 letter and Seymour’s withholding of troops. Sandford believes that Fry’s interpretation violates an express provision of the February 24, 1864, amendment to the Enrollment Act and Seymour has directed him to “confer with you . . . to obtain a recognition of the exemption of the officers and soldiers of this force [the 100-day troops] from any draft which may take place in New York whilst they are thus in the service of the United States under the [July 18] call.” Sandford then sounds an ominous note, sure to have captured Stanton’s attention. “I will not dilate upon the evils or difficulties which may result from any disregard of so express an enactment, nor upon the importance of a prompt response to this application.” Stanton immediately refers this letter to Fry and Whiting for a response.96 26: Fry advises Stanton with regard to Sandford’s assertion that the law exempts 100-day men from conscription during their term of service. Although the four governors who offered the first 100-day men on April 21 (see entry for that date) stipulated that they be exempt from conscription, they had no authority to do so; only Congress can determine exemptions. The War Department’s solicitor general publicized this fact in a May 9 ruling. Moreover, on July 5, when Lincoln wired Seymour for 100-day troops, nothing was said about exemption from conscription.97 As for the February 24,

1864, amendment to the Enrollment Act, Sandford has quoted out of context. The full passage makes clear that “emergency men” (such as 100-day men) were never included; indeed, there were no 100-day men when the February act was passed, and Congress clearly intended only to exempt men serving in threeyear units, or those who had already served for a minimum of two years. And yet, despite this vigorous defense, Fry reaches a surprising conclusion: should any 100-day New York man be drafted while in that service, he “will be discharged from liability to service under that draft.”98 28: Dix reports to Fry on Dunning’s report (see entry for June 30) and Carstairs’ letter (see entry for July 4). “The combinations referred to have been for months under the surveillance of the police and of one of our detectives,” Dix states. “They are political organizations got up to promote the election of General McClellan to the office of President.” Dix’s investigation suggests that their intent is peaceful.99 30: Jubal Early burns Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. Meanwhile, Fry authorizes Seymour to raise 100 companies of men, for service of one, two, or three years, under Lincoln’s July 18 call. In order to be credited against New York’s quota for the September 5 draft, they must be mustered into U.S. service before that date.100 august 1: The War Department’s solicitor general William Whiting endorses the legality of the “years of service” formula of quota and credit equalization. (See Chronology.) 3: Seymour complains to Stanton that the new enrollment is erroneous in all thirty-one New York districts. While the quotas for all New York districts average 2,881, in Massachusetts and New Hampshire the average is 2,167, and 1864: Key Events | 261

in Pennsylvania 2,571. This proves unfairness because there are “no differences in character of the population of these States to account for these discrepancies.” Once again, Seymour asserts that the gravest injustices are in New York and Brooklyn, where the district average is 3,855 men each. Moreover, the percentage of the population enrolled in Boston is only 12.5 percent, while in New York City and Brooklyn it is 26 percent. This time, however, Seymour does not blame the enrollers; he concedes that “I know what they state is true,” and that excessive enrollments in dense urban areas are unavoidable. Nevertheless, the enrollment is defective and the state has been offered no chance to correct it. He further claims a surplus of 3,000 three-year men. Seymour asks that Stanton revise New York’s enrollment consistent with the principles suggested by the commission’s February 16 report and adopted by Lincoln.101 5: Battle of Mobile Bay. In New York State, Townsend relays to Fry several questions from the Nineteenth District’s provost marshal: “What mode or means is there of preventing persons enrolled and liable to draft from leaving the district or State before being drafted? A stampede is going on. . . . Can they be stopped on the border of the State?” Fry replies that, “there is no provision for checking exodus . . . other than is contained in Circular 47, of 1863.”102 6: The CSS Tallahassee slips through the federal blockade around Wilmington, North Carolina. (See entry for August 12.) 7: Fry notifies Seymour that Dix has been authorized “to raise a regiment of heavy artillery or infantry, as he may elect,” in New York, and that Dix will confer with him on the appointment of officers. Fry asks Seymour to commission those officers nominated by the general.103 262 | New York

10: In response to Seymour’s letter of August 3, Fry again defends the federal enrollment of New York. Because the populations of New York City and Brooklyn are denser (with more males) than others cited by the governor, their enrollments will be larger. Fry asserts that Seymour’s claim that the “character of the population” is alike in all mid-Atlantic states is false. In the states Seymour mentions, “the ‘population’ takes an interest in securing a just administration of the law by aiding the U.S. officers in making and correcting the enrollments, [thus] lists more nearly perfect are obtained. In New York, they have not done this as assiduously as in Boston.” As for Seymour’s claim that 26 percent of New York City’s population is enrolled, that too is false; Fry states that the correct figure is only 16.92 percent.104 Differences in population density and the proportion of males also explain the difference in average quotas for New York and Massachusetts districts.105 Seymour’s claim that there have been no opportunities to correct enrollments is likewise false, and Fry points to the notices published by Sprague on May 27. And while the commission may have proposed a one-time reduction, the February 24 law “absolutely requires that the quotas shall be based on the enrollment.”106 This evening, a mass rally for McClellan assembles in Union Square. The resolutions adopted endorse McClellan’s candidacy and condemn Lincoln’s “fanatical” attempt “to force an equality social and political between races naturally different.” The speakers are silent, however, about how the war should be ended. Separately (and more ominously), Adjutant General Sprague has been receiving reports of “a class of men in Canada who were threatening a hostile invasion of our frontier,” especially in the Buffalo area. He writes to Brigadier General Henry L. Lansing,107

commanding the Thirty-First Brigade, nyng, and warns him about the threat. The NinetyEighth, Seventy-Fourth, and Sixty-Fifth nyng are being organized in the Buffalo area and will report to Lansing; meanwhile, more arms and ammunition are being shipped north.108 11: Fry informs Seymour of Townsend’s claim that there are some 100 men in Saratoga County, all over age forty-five, who want to volunteer for garrison duty. (Although Fry does not specify which garrisons, the context of the exchange between him and Seymour suggest that these men were intended for New York Harbor.) The War Department will accept them as such, to muster in for one, two, or three years, as the individuals elect. They will be paid as infantry but receive no bounties. Fry also reminds Seymour that War Department GO No. 15 (issued February 15, 1862) declared that, “no volunteers or militia from any State or Territory shall be mustered into the service of the United States on any terms or conditions confining their service to the limits of said State or Territory.”109 Meanwhile, plans to defend the northern frontier continue to unfold. Sprague asks Dix to make federal barracks in Buffalo and Sacketts Harbor available for use by the Seventy-Fourth and Sixty-Fifth Regiments, nyng.110 12: A yawl-boat appears off Fire Island with sixteen people aboard, former captives from the pilot boat James Funk, three brigs (the Estelle, the Sarah Boyce, and the Richard), the bark Bay State, and the schooner Atlantic. All of these ships were taken and burned by the CSS Tallahassee, several of them off Sandy Hook. For the next several days, news trickles in about more ships and more captures.111 (See entry for August 26.) Fry reminds Hays, Diven, and Townsend that, except for recruiting in “States in

rebellion,” poaching by out-of-state recruiters is against the law and they should “arrest recruiting officers and agents who may be found violating it.”112 13: In response to Fry’s letter of August 11, Seymour informs Townsend that he will not authorize the formation of the Saratoga County garrison-only unit. His reason is the same general order cited by Fry (GO No. 15), which prohibits confining troops to the state. It will cause “perplexing questions as to the liabilities of such men [if ] ordered into other service than that they anticipate when they enlist.”113 15: At Seymour’s request, Adjutant General Sprague writes Senator Morgan and describes “the exposed condition of the northern frontier and the probability of incursions” from Canada. Seymour has activated three militia regiments to protect the frontier, but under existing military appropriations Albany lacks the money to pay for an estimated 10,000 muskets, along with accoutrements and subsistence for these units (including the fiftyman contingent guarding the state armory at Buffalo).114 On April 27, 1863, however, the legislature appropriated $1 million to protect harbors and frontiers. Would Morgan have any objections, Seymour asks, if funds were used from the April appropriation to pay for current frontier protection?115 Brigadier General John A. Green, Jr., nyng (see entry for October 29), is placed in command of the northern frontier—including Monroe, Wayne, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oswego, Jefferson, St. Lawrence, Franklin, and Clinton Counties—with orders to defend against an invasion from Canada.116 17: The annual convention of Western New York’s Protestant Episcopal Church meets in Utica. A committee appointed by the convention will conclude that its clergy are caught between 1864: Key Events | 263

two provisions of the 1864 amendment to the Enrollment Act. They are not exempt under Section 10 and, in good conscience, the church cannot claim Section 17’s “Quaker and Shaker” exemption. A resolution will be passed requesting that, if Episcopal clerics are drafted, they “be assigned to special duties as chaplain, or to do duty in hospitals, or in the care of freedmen, or in such clerkships or other special duties as may be required by the War Department.”117 (See entry for September 3.) 18: Dix, having received Fry’s August 8 letter authorizing him to recruit a regiment of infantry or heavy artillery (see note to entry for August 7), complains to Stanton that the War Department policy of requiring such recruits to potentially serve out of state “will prove entirely inadequate to the purpose.” According to Dix, that “purpose” is not only to garrison New York City and Harbor for external defense, but also to remain on call to suppress any future riots. “Although there are no outward evidences of an intention to create disturbances when the approaching draft takes place,” Dix cautions, “it is well known that there is a wide-spread feeling of hostilities to the measures of the Government which is liable on the slightest pretext to break out into open violence.” Dix adds that state and city authorities may be unreliable to enforce the draft, and that 2,000 additional soldiers are necessary, “half to be stationed on the Battery, near Wall street, and half in the upper part of the city.”118 The Mass Peace Convention assembles in Syracuse today and probably fuels Dix’s apprehensions. Speakers include Fernando Wood and Vallandigham. Thousands attend and the resolutions adopted include calls for a “permanent suspension of hostilities,” pending peace negotiations, and demands that the Democratic National Convention 264 | New York

adopt planks and candidates that reflect Peace Party concerns. The convention votes to send a Peace committee to lobby the Democratic National Convention in Chicago.119 19: Stanton appoints U.S. Senators Morgan and Morrill,120 along with Thomas Howe,121 a former congressman, to travel to New England, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware to report on the federal conscription program and to meet with each governor. (See Chronology.) Separately, Townsend writes Stanton an ominous letter mixing military advice (asking for more troops to enforce the September 5 draft) with political speculation. Last evening, he met with Seymour, who predicted “fearful riots everywhere” and announced that he would not be in state for the September 5 draft, “that he had gone through one riot and he never wished to see another.” Townsend condemns Seymour as a “coward” but also questions the draft’s timing: “just in the midst of a political campaign, with the whole country wild with the excitement of stump speeches, rum, roman candles, and bonfires.” The draft will prejudice the Union ticket because, unlike last year, when victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg mitigated violence, a draft will now help “the peacemongers.” Townsend warns that if the draft is enforced before the November election, “a so-called Democratic President will occupy the White House for the next four years.”122 Meanwhile, John Mullaly, editor of the Metropolitan Record, is arrested for publicly counseling Seymour to resist the draft. The charge claims that, on July 30, the Metropolitan Record published an article entitled “Five Hundred Thousand More Victims to Abolition,” and that, on August 6, it published an article entitled, “The Coming Draft.” These and other articles are alleged to violate Section 25 of the

March 3, 1863, Enrollment Act. Mullally is released on $2,500 bail.123 A meeting convenes at the home of former New York City mayor George Opdyke to take action on replacing Abraham Lincoln as the Republican Party nominee for president. Gathered with Opdyke are New York radicals David Dudley Field, Roscoe Conkling, and John A. Stevens, as well as Henry Winter Davis124 of Maryland. Horace Greeley, who has long been interested in replacing Lincoln, cannot attend but sends support. Salmon Chase likewise cannot attend but wishes the participants well.125 (See entry for August 22.) 20: Orison Blunt, chair of New York County’s County Volunteer Committee, informs Seymour that he has completed descriptive lists and muster rolls for county residents who enlisted in the U.S. Navy since the war began and is ready to present these to the commission appointed by the War Department to determine naval credits under Section 8 of Chapter 237. (See Chronology for July 4, 1864.) New York’s commission consists of Seymour and Townsend.126 (See entries for August 22 and September 3.) 22: Seymour replies to Stanton’s August 11 letter (see note for that date). While he accepts the secretary’s decision as final and does not wish to create new public discord, yet he fears that “silence on my part” would be an injustice to his state. Again, Seymour disputes the accuracy of the enrollment; he quotes an opinion of Whiting (with which Seymour agrees) that enrollments “previously subject to correction” are the only basis for conscription. But, he asks, “how shall the correction be made?” Here the governor argues that boards of enrollment cannot correct their own work; he prefers commissions. Moreover, New York City and Brooklyn are special cases where board correction procedures are especially difficult to apply.127

Separately, a committee formed by attendees of Opdyke’s August 19 meeting issues an invitation for a new convention to consider a Republican presidential nominee. The convention will meet on September 28 in Cincinnati. The signatories consider neither Lincoln nor another radical alternative, Fremont, electable, and hope for a third, yet unidentified candidate—perhaps Benjamin Butler.128 Meanwhile, New York County files a claim with Seymour and Townsend for 25,980 naval enlistments (representing 49,014 years of service) made between April 15, 1861, and April 4, 1864.129 (See entry for September 3.) 24: Lincoln orders Dix to release the forger Howard (see entry for May 20) from Fort Lafayette.130 25: Alexander Hamilton,131 grandson of the Founder, sends Seward a newspaper article containing recent resolutions of the New York City Board of Supervisors. These cite reports that the enrollment is uncorrected, that New York County has sent “over 100,000 men” and spent “over $15,000,000” to support the Union, that the call for 100-day troops has depleted local manpower, that the rebel raiders “have been within our own harbors and in sight of our forts,” and that men are needed for local defense. Furthermore, New York State claims unrecognized credits of “over 24,000 mariners . . . now in service.” The resolutions ask that the draft be postponed, that activeduty firemen and police be exempted, and that Washington become acquainted with “the hardship of taking the heads of families, upon whom devolve the duty of providing means for their support,” by conscription. It is Hamilton’s “hope that the Government will take this favorable opportunity to avoid a most calamitous extremity,” and he asks that Washington act quickly on the supervisors’ complaints.132 1864: Key Events | 265

26: The CSS Tallahassee returns safely to Wilmington, North Carolina, after inflicting severe damage on East Coast shipping during the past month: twenty-six ships sunk or burned and seven captured.133 Meanwhile, the Common Council of New York City passes a resolution to illuminate public buildings “in honor of the recent victories on land and sea.”134 (But see entry for August 29.) 29: Anxieties mount regarding the looming draft. Dix forwards Hays’ opinion to Stanton. Hays believes that “10,000 good troops will be required for the prompt execution of the law in this division [Southern New York].” Dix adds, “I now deem it hazardous to commence the draft without a force of from 8,000 to 10,000 men.”135 The Democratic National Convention meets in Chicago. Led by Seymour, the New York delegation favors McClellan.136 Meanwhile, Mayor Gunther vetoes the Common Council’s September 26 resolutions. His reasons include an odd mix of politics, sarcasm, and pacifism. “By those in authority, they are not claimed as Union victories, but as a result of the Emancipation Proclamation,” he declares. Adding, “It is asserted that the new policy of the Administration will give us a succession of victories. If this is the case your honorable body will be called upon to illuminate every fortnight, and if the papers in the employ of the Administration, which daily parade ‘the defeat of the rebels,’ are to be believed, three times a week.” Nevertheless, he continues, “It has been the immemorial custom of mankind, in all ages and climes, to abstain from rejoicings over victories gained in civil wars.”137 30: Fry wires Hays, Townsend, and Diven: “Keep volunteering up as much as possible after the 5th of September, and let it be known 266 | New York

that volunteers will be counted on the quotas of the present call up to the last practicable moment.”138 31: Democrats nominate McClellan for president. september 2: Sherman occupies Atlanta. Meanwhile, Major General John Peck sends Stanton a report from Sandford: if the draft is not postponed, “every provost-marshal’s office in New York will be sacked and burned by Monday morning [September 5].” Sandford adds that “at least” 10,000 troops are necessary for enforcement and Peck concludes by vouching for Sandford’s report. Stanton immediately replies. He is not surprised that Sandford makes such a report; however, “if military officers do their duty, it is not likely there will be occasion for alarm.” Moreover, if the current officers lack “nerve,” they will be replaced. Stanton adds that burning the offices is futile, because the War Department has copies of the enrollments. Stanton also writes to Dix, referring to Sandford’s report as a “stampede story” sent “for political purposes to stop the draft.” However, because Dix’s subordinate Peck has endorsed this report, he now orders Dix to remain in New York City “and to take such steps as may be in your power to preserve the peace.” Peck, perhaps stung by Stanton’s implicit lack of confidence, writes the secretary to remind him that he has received reports from Dix and Hays (see entry for August 29) noting the possibility of riots and calling for increased forces. “The information of General Sandford only corroborates the views of Generals Dix and Hays, who have been here a long while,” Peck declares. Sandford “does not think that his troops can be relied upon to the extent that we have believed,” Peck adds, but “There is no alarm here.”139

Great concern continues along the frontier, however. Adjutant General Sprague orders the state commissary general in New York City to send the military storekeeper at Dunkirk two 20-pounder rifled Parrotts and two 10-pounder rifled Parrotts, with thirty rounds of ammunition for each gun. “If you have not the ammunition on hand,” Sprague orders, “purchase it, and transmit it as early as possible.”140 3: Orison Blunt notifies Albany that he has updated his August 22 claim for naval enlistments from New York City and vicinity, increasing it to 26,418. (Whether these messages were received before Stanton’s acceptance of New York’s naval credits, wired today, is unclear.) According to Townsend and Stoneman, Stanton has accepted 18,448 men from New York City, 6,046 from Brooklyn, 7,323 from Buffalo, and 1,807 men from other locations throughout the state.141 Stanton’s wire declares that he has approved the commissioners’ report for naval credits accrued before February 24, 1864. (See Chronology.) Townsend is ordered to share this information with Hays and Diven “and tell them to allow and enter the credits at once.” Separately, Bishop William H. De Lancey142 informs Seward that “The bishop and clergy of Western New York are in a state of uncertainty on the subject of the draft,” and ask to relieve “from bearing arms” any that are drafted. This is not a request for an exemption from service, rather that clergy “be assigned to such duties as are compatible with their profession, and yet will help the Government without bearing arms and shedding blood.”143 (See entry for August 17.) 5: The draft scheduled for today is postponed. Separately, Fry sends Diven a VRC regiment and artillery section. “As soon as you get the troops in hand commence the draft, beginning

in such districts as you think most advisable,” the pmg instructs. “We want to get ahead as rapidly as possible but do not wish you to draft in more places at the same time than you are sure you can manage.”144 7: Stanton informs Dix that the pmg’s office is still in the process of determining and distributing credits; however, when deficiencies are established, the draft is to begin “without delay.” “All applications for [the draft’s] postponement have, therefore, been refused,” Stanton believes.145 Meanwhile, the Union State Convention meets in Syracuse and nominates Congressman Reuben E. Fenton for governor. Resolutions include an endorsement of Lincoln for president and a declaration that the war should end only with Southern surrender.146 13: Stanton orders Dix to commence the draft in all states within his military department that have not filled their quotas by September 19.147 14: Townsend postpones the draft in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Districts. In the Twelfth, the board of enrollment and provost marshal claim that if they can have until September 19, “there would be large numbers of recruits added.” In the Thirteenth, Seymour requested a delay until September 19, and while Townsend is pessimistic about its chances of filling the quota, he does believe that “the supervisors are fairly aroused and propose to increase largely their already offered bounty, which will carry volunteering up to the time of drafted men reporting.”148 Meanwhile, the Democratic State Convention meets in Albany. Tammany is endorsed as the sole representative of New York City; Mozart and McKeon factions withdraw. The next day, Seymour is re-nominated for governor and the Democrats’ Chicago Platform is endorsed.149 Fry notifies mustering officers throughout the loyal states that VRC re-enlistments will 1864: Key Events | 267

not be credited on the quota “of any State, district, or sub-district.”150 19: A telegram is received in Buffalo stating that a group of Confederate agents have seized control of the steamer Philo Parsons near Kelley’s Island in Lake Erie. The Buffalo Board of Trade meets to discuss measures to protect the harbor. On behalf of Seymour, Lansing offers to post cannon, rounds, and artillerymen aboard a tugboat, if the merchants would charter one. For the next twenty-four hours, the tug steams at the harbor entrance, hailing all boats seeking port.151 20: As news of the rebel takeover of the Philo Parsons reaches New York, Sprague wires Lansing in Buffalo. “Use all the armament belonging to the State in Buffalo to resist the pirates who have captured the steamer on Lake Erie,” he instructs. “Order out as many men of your command as may be wanted.” Sprague simultaneously wires Colonel David S. Forbes,152 of the Sixty-Eighth nyng, in Fredonia. “Look out for pirates on Lake Erie,” he warns. “Use all the means in your power to resist them.”153 21: Fremont and Cochrane withdraw their candidacies, leaving the Lincoln-Johnson ticket the sole contender for Republican votes. This ends the New York radicals’ attempts to urge Lincoln’s withdrawal as a candidate.154 27: Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant proposes rules for voting by soldiers. (See Chronology.) 28: Fry wires Hays, Diven, and Townsend: “Have every possible effort made to arrest promptly drafted men who fail to report as required.” He concludes with a question: “Are my orders to have such numbers of drafted men notified as will secure an examination by each board [of enrollment] of 120 men a day being out in all your districts? Answer.”155 30: Seymour circulates ballots to deployed soldiers with a warning that repeats Section 13 of Chapter 253’s prohibitions against 268 | New York

improperly influencing enlisted electors’ votes.156 (But see entry for October 27.) october 1: Grant clarifies his thinking on voting by soldiers. He had given Stanton his “general views” about limiting the number of state election agents entering the army, but now declares that, “Whatever orders you make on the subject will be cheerfully carried out.”157 5: Great anxieties persist about the northern frontier. Sprague tells Lansing that, “I am strongly impressed with the necessity of having in the city of Buffalo a well organized and efficient battalion of artillery consisting of about two hundred and fifty (250) experienced and respectable men.” He suggests that two artillery units have enough heavy guns for any emergency “on Lake Erie and along the frontier of Canada.”158 7: A U.S. naval raiding party captures the CSS Florida while it is docked in Bahia, Brazil. Sprague orders General Duryea to assign a regiment to relieve the Sixty-Ninth nyng, which has been garrisoning New York Harbor.159 Sprague also writes Lansing again, with more thoughts about frontier artillery. The unit should be named, “The Buffalo Battalion of Frontier Artillery, nyng” and should have two 20-pounder Parrotts and four 10-pounders, with muskets and accoutrements. Personnel should number 200 privates, 10 corporals, 10 sergeants, 12 lieutenants, and 4 captains, all commanded by a major. These men should be recruited from Buffalo and vicinity “who have a personal interest in the place, and in the security of the city.”160 19: Confederates raid St. Albans, Vermont. (See Vermont chapter, entry for October 19, 1864.) 22: Apprehensive after the St. Albans raid, Sprague writes Seventh Division commander Major General William S. Fullerton, based

in Sparta, urging him “to exercise a proper vigilance to prevent a repetition of such acts” and to encourage citizens to form defense groups. A similar letter is sent to Major General Levi H. Brown, commanding the Fourth Division at Watertown, which includes information about arms distribution: 500 long arms and 20,000 rounds have been sent to Plattsburg; 200 long arms and 6,000 rounds have ben sent to Ogdensburg.161 24: Congressman Henry Stebbins of the First District resigns. (See entry for November 8.) 26: Fear deepens about the possibility of a St. Albans–type event along the New York frontier. Sprague writes to Morgan and Lucius Robinson, two of the Harbor Defence Commissioners for New York. Sprague notes that Canada is “overrun by reckless and lawless men, without occupation, willing to embark in any enterprise that will insure to them their daily bread”; it also harbors rebels “who are seeking opportunities of retaliation, and instigate adventurers to unite with them in plundering defenceless inhabitants in the towns and country.” He declares that what is needed now is a “different force than which has heretofore been stationed along this frontier”: cavalry. Infantry protects towns but, in less populated areas, it is the farmer who needs help. Winter looms and ice will form a bridge between Canada and the United States over which “the idle and the dissolute” can cross. New York’s frontier stretches from Rouse’s Point to Buffalo, a distance of 500 miles. The towns between these points— Plattsburg, Champlain, Malone, Ogdensburg, Sackett’s Harbor, Cape Vincent, Oswego, Rochester, and Niagara—each require 100 to 200 infantry and an artillery battery for defense. But what concerns Sprague is the St. Albans mode of attack: “small bands of desperate men, who, in squads of six, eight,

or ten, come stealthily at night, rob, fire, and murder the remote settler, and flee with their booty, unpunished to the Canada shore.” Sprague now raises the same question to Morgan and Robinson that Seymour did on August 15: since the state has not appropriated funds for this purpose, could it use part of the $1 million designated by the act of April 27, 1863? (Morgan and Robinson will eventually decline this request.) What is needed is 1,000 cavalry, “called into service, to be distributed along the frontier.” This force must be equipped with 1,000 revolvers, 2,000 muskets and accoutrements, and ammunition. The men will require compensation per diem for their horses as well as pay.162 27: CSS Albemarle sunk off North Carolina. Meanwhile, in a revelation that will not improve Democratic prospects in the upcoming election, New York newspapers report that two state agents (both Seymour appointees), who were responsible for collecting soldiers’ ballots and transmitting them to Albany, are charged with fraud. Ballot envelopes were opened and Lincoln tickets replaced with McClellanSeymour tickets. The fraud also included forging soldiers’ names on ballots. Seymour is not personally implicated and will appoint a commission (of Democrats) to investigate.163 (See Chapter 253 [1864] for details on New York’s absent servicemen’s voting act.) Because Seymour is absent from Albany, Sprague worriedly writes Dix about frontier security, particularly the areas around Malone, Champlain, and Plattsburg. Groups of citizens are lobbying Albany for protection, and Sprague conveys their observations that “there are small bands of suspicious characters loitering about the frontier and in small towns.” Several prominent Plattsburg citizens will personally hand Dix this letter and ask him to deploy federal troops in the areas just mentioned.164 1864: Key Events | 269

28: As if the news of ballot fraud were not bad enough, New York State is further roiled by Dix’s issuance of GO No. 80. Undoubtedly stirred by a combination of yesterday’s letter from Sprague and other intelligence, GO No. 80 asserts that rebel agents in Canada “design to send into the United States, and colonize, at different points, large numbers of refugees, deserters and enemies of the Government, with a view to vote at the approaching Presidential election.” Dix cites the recent examples of rebel raids in Detroit and St. Albans and adds that, “it is not unlikely” that, once these rebel agents have voted, they will embark on “nefarious acts of robbery, incendiarism and murder.” He orders provost marshals “to exercise all possible vigilance” and voters “to take such measures as may be required for their security.” In addition, all citizens of insurgent states are required to report themselves for registry.165 (But see Dix to Sprague, entry for November 2.) Probably today, John W. Headley166 and seven other Confederate agents arrive in New York City after traveling in pairs by rail from Toronto. They have been told that, “about 20,000 men enlisted in New York under a complete organization” await them, that this organization is armed, and that it will be commanded by them on arrival. On the afternoon of November 8 (election day), their plan is to set fires throughout the city, “to deter opposition.” They will then seize the U.S. Sub-Treasury and liberate prisoners at Fort Lafayette. They also have instructions to contact James A. McMaster and Fernando Wood, both presumed to be friendly. On arrival, each pair checked into a different hotel.167 29: Brigadier General John A. Green, nyng, headquartered in Syracuse, issues GO No. 2, which “enjoins upon all subordinate 270 | New York

officers . . . to exercise a special vigilance in guarding against any hostile invasions of this State by persons in the Canadian provinces.” Green, probably referring to Dix’s GO No. 80 (see entry for October 28), implies that the danger to New York elections comes from the federal government, not rebels in Canada. He denounces “the proposed attempt of a major general, holding his commission under the Federal government” to interfere with state elections. “The Federal Government is charged with no duty or responsibility whatever relating to an election to be held in the State of New York,” Green thunders.168 (See entry for November 2.) 30: The U.S. consul in Toronto reports to Buffalo Mayor Fargo that “one hundred armed men, rebels and rebel sympathizers, had left Toronto for Buffalo or Detroit; that they [are] prepared with incendiary materials, and were determined to destroy everything in their course.” Lansing immediately deploys infantry around the harbor and along the Niagara River.169 31: On October 17, Major General George G. Meade submitted a list of Army of the Potomac soldiers who, between July 1, 1863, and (presumably) October 17, 1864, “have individually captured flags from the enemy . . . and who for their gallantry are recommended to the War Department as worthy to receive medals of honor.” By this day, Medal of Honor awardees include twenty-six soldiers in New York regiments. After war’s end, at least 292 Medals of Honor will be presented to New Yorkers, including Dr. Mary Walker,170 the only woman to receive the award.171 Meanwhile, Dix informs Adjutant General Sprague that he has no troops to send to Buffalo. He asks that Seymour mobilize the local militia.172

november 1: A mass meeting sponsored by the New York affiliate of the State Committee of War Democrats (see entry for May 25) assembles at the Cooper Institute. Speakers include Generals Dix and Sickles; Wool sends a letter of endorsement. Resolutions include opposition to “any change in public affairs that might result in removing from the commands of the Army Gens. Grant, Sherman and Sheridan, and from the Navy, Farragut, Porter and Winslow.” Another resolution declares that, “as Democrats we differ from the Administration in some of its measures of public policy, [but] we still as patriots accept the necessity of supporting and strengthening [the country], without regard to the party affinities of the incumbent.”173 2: Seymour reacts to Dix’s GO No. 80, issuing a proclamation intended to calm public fears. He implies that it is the general who might be seeking to “interfere” with New York’s election, and dismisses Dix’s warnings: “There are no well-grounded fears that the rights of the citizens of New-York will be trampled upon at the polls.” Seymour adds that, “The power of the State is ample to protect all classes in the free exercise of their political duties.”174 Dix, perhaps responding to public criticism that his safety measures amount to federal electoral interference, issues GO No. 85, which includes his orders that, “No military force will be embodied at or in the vicinity of any of the polls, and there must be no interference in any manner with the exercise of the right of suffrage.”175 Meanwhile, Seward heightens anxieties by wiring Mayor Gunther and Mayor Fargo (with copies to mayors of other large New York cities) that he has received information that “there is a conspiracy on foot to set fire to the

principal cities in the Northern States on the day of the Presidential election.”176 Separately, Middle Department commander General Lew Wallace grants furloughs until November 14 to men from designated states at Camp Parole in Annapolis “as desire to vote at the coming election.” Among the designated states is New York. Furloughs also are granted to ambulatory patients in U.S. General Hospitals. The Quartermaster’s Department “will furnish free transportation to their homes and return.”177 Major General Benjamin Butler is ordered to New York to report to Dix “for temporary duty in the Department of the East, and for assignment to the command of the troops in the harbor and city of New York that may be forwarded by General Grant’s orders.”178 3: Mayor Gunther replies to Seward’s warning of yesterday. “I have no fears of such threats being carried out, or even attempted,” the mayor declares, although he does promise to enact “precautionary measures” and call on federal troops if necessary.179 Butler arrives in New York City and reports to Dix. But Dix is not happy. “This is not the weak point,” he writes Stanton, “it is on the frontier from Saint Albans to Buffalo, and at least half of the troops should go there.” Stanton replies in a confidential wire. “You will understand that in assigning General Butler to report to you it is not designed in any way to impair or interfere with your supreme command, but is only a brief, temporary arrangement, which affords the only chance of getting a sufficient force to serve your purpose in the present emergency.”180 4: Expecting an estimated 100 insurgents armed with incendiaries and orders to burn Buffalo, Sprague orders Lansing to activate four companies drawn from the Sixty-Fifth and Seventy-Fourth Regiments for thirty days’ service. 1864: Key Events | 271

In New York, General Butler, renowned for many things but especially his tough administration of Baltimore and New Orleans, establishes headquarters at the Fifth Avenue Hotel.181 5: Dix assigns Butler to command all “the troops arriving and about to arrive” in New York City “to meet existing emergencies,” in particular, those identified by Dix in his October 28 general order. Butler issues GO No. 1, which seems to answer Seymour’s November 2 proclamation implying that federal troops might interfere with the election. “Nothing could be further from the truth,” Butler declares, and notes that in view of the October 19 raid in St. Albans, federal troops are here to prevent interference “from bad men.” Headley and his seven Confederate colleagues discover that news of Butler’s appointment “at once demoralized” McMaster and others.182 6: Fry receives a wire from Major J. A. Haddock,183 “a reliable officer” in Buffalo, asking that troops be sent there. “I think a raid from Canada may be expected,” Haddock warns. “I have reliable information that the advance guard of a force [is] at Fort Erie and Suspension Bridge.” Fry forwards this note to Diven and Dix for them to take “such action as may be deemed necessary.”184 7: Over the course of this afternoon and tomorrow morning, Butler deploys approximately 7,000 troops on steamers, which are ordered to lay off the Battery and the North and East Rivers. This positioning means they are within thirty minutes marching time of any point in New York City or Brooklyn.185 Meanwhile, General Peck, now in Buffalo, issues GO No. 12, adopting the same steadfast tone as other federal commanders. The crimes expected by rebels in Canada are “of a blacker character than has marked any former civilization.” While “ample preparations 272 | New York

for any emergency” have been made, “No interference in elections will be permitted.”186 8: Presidential, congressional, and state elections yield the following results (thirty-three electoral votes at stake). In a special election for the unexpired term of Henry Stebbins (First District) in the Thirty-Eighth Congress, Dwight Townsend, a Democrat, received 11,827 votes (54.92%), defeating Henry G. Stebbins, Union, with 9,706 votes (45.08%). President: Abraham Lincoln/Andrew Johnson, Republican, 368,735 (50.5%); George B. McClellan/George Hunt Pendleton, Democrat, 361,986 (49.5%)187 Congress: First District—Stephen Taber, Democrat, 12,232 (54.96%), George V. Curtis, Union, 10,023 (45.04%); Second District—Teunis G. Bergen, Democrat, 13,630 (60.69%), Samuel T. Maddox, Union, 8,829 (39.31%); Third District—James Humphrey, Union, 11,752 (51.27%), Thomas Faron, Democrat, 11,168 (48.73%); Fourth District—Morgan Jones, Democrat-Tammany, 9,605 (57.17%), William Walsh, DemocratMozart, 5,512 (32.81%), Carolan O. Bryant, Union, 1,684 (10.02%); Fifth District— Nelson Taylor, Democrat-Tammany, 9,272 (53.05%), William Maclay, DemocratMozart, 4,286 (24.52%), Eppes Elleay, Union, 3,921 (22.43%); Sixth District— Henry J. Raymond, Union, 7,315 (42.44%), Elijah Ward, Democrat-Tammany, 6,929 (40.20%), Eli P. Norton DemocratMozart, 1,647 (9.55%), Rush C. Hawkins, Republican Union, 1,347 (7.81%); Seventh District—John W. Chanler, Democrat, 11,513 (67.13%), William Boardman, Union, 5,638 (32.87%); Eighth District—James Brooks, Democrat-Mozart, 8,583 (39.99%), William E. Dodge,188 Union, 8,435 (39.30%), Thomas J. Barr, Democrat-Tammany, 4,444 (20.71%); Ninth District—William A. Darling, Union,

5,822 (38.10%), Fernando Wood, DemocratMozart, 4,749 (31.08%), Anson Herrick, Democrat-Tammany, 4,397 (28.78%), J. Trumbull Smith, Independent, 311 (2.03%); Tenth District—William Radford, Democrat, 13,033 (56.05%), Francis Larkin, Union, 10,218 (43.95%); Eleventh District—Charles H. Winfield, Democrat, 9,976 (50.61%), Ambrose S. Murray, Union, 9,736 (49.39%); Twelfth District—John H. Ketcham, Union, 12,229 (51.41%), Homer A. Nelson, Democrat, 11,559 (48.59%); Thirteenth District—Edwin N. Hubbell, Democrat, 11,373 (53.14%), Theodore B. Gates, Union, 10,028 (46.86%); Fourteenth District—Charles Goodyear, Democrat, 17,497 (57.48%), John H. Gardner, Union, 12,942 (42.52%); Fifteenth District—John A. Griswold, Union, 15,251 (54.12%), William L. Van Alstyne, Democrat, 12,928 (45.88%); Sixteenth District—Orlando Kellogg, Union, 8,988 (53.94%), Thomas S. Gray, 7,675 (46.06%); Seventeenth District—Calvin T. Hulburd, Union, 13,183 (69.97%), William J. Averill, Democrat, 5,659 (30.03%); Eighteenth District—James M. Marvin, Union, 14,453 (51.57%), Alonzo C. Paige, Democrat, 13,572 (48.43%); Nineteenth District—Demas Hubbard, Union, 17,067 (54.80%), Hezekiah Sturgis, Democrat, 14,078 (45.20%); Twentieth District— Addison H. Laflin, Union, 16,441 (56.22%), Frederick W. Hubbard, Democrat, 12,804 (43.78%); Twenty-first District—Roscoe Conkling, Union, 11,966 (52.52%), Francis Kernan, Democrat, 10,816 (47.48%); Twenty-second District—Sidney T. Holmes, Union, 14,638 (59.95%), Albertus Perry, Democrat, 9,781 (40.05%); Twentythird District—Thomas T. Davis, Union, 14,800 (58.58%), William C. Roger, Democrat, 10,464 (41.42%); Twenty-

fourth District—Theodore M. Pomeroy, Union, 16,027 (57.53%), George W. Cuyler, Democrat, 11,832 (42.47%); Twenty-fifth District—Daniel Morris, Union, 12,763 (58.75%), Barzillai Slosson, Democrat, 8,962 (41.25%); Twenty-sixth District— Giles W. Hotchkiss, Union, 15,543 (58.99%), John Magee, Democrat, 10,806 (41.01%); Twenty-seventh District—Hamilton Ward, Union, 16,945 (60.26%), Andrew J. McNott, Democrat, 11,176 (39.74%); Twenty-eighth District—Roswell Hart, Union, 13,081 (52.49%), James L. Angle, Democrat, 11,841 (47.51%); Twenty-ninth District—Burt Van Horn, Union, 12,671 (57.07%), James M. Willett, Democrat, 9,533 (42.93%); Thirtieth District—James M. Humphrey, Democrat, 13,231 (50.71%), Orville J. Holley, Union, 12,861 (49.29%); Thirty-first District—Henry Van Aernam, Union, 13,996 (65.49%), Jonas K. Dutton, Democrat, 7,374 (34.51%)189 Governor: Reuben E. Fenton, Union, 369,557 (50.6%); Horatio Seymour, 361,264 (49.4%)190 State Senate: next election in 1865 State Assembly: 52 Democrats, 75 Republicans, 1 Independent191 Meanwhile, the morning newspapers report that, in Chicago, a conspiracy of rebel agents is disrupted with numerous arrests, including colleagues of the New York group. This further demoralizes the New Yorkers assisting the rebel agents. McMaster withdraws from the conspiracy and the rebels decide “to set the city on fire and give the people a scare if nothing else.”192 With Albany exhausting its appropriations (and federal volunteers now patrolling the frontier), Sprague asks Lansing to deactivate the four companies whose service was requested on August 10. New York National 1864: Key Events | 273

Guard concentrations are to remain in the Malone-Champlain-Plattsburg areas.193 In New York City, tensions persist. At 10:10 p.m., A. F. Puffer, Butler’s aag, sends a message to Police Superintendent Kennedy that, “A large and excited crowd is collected at the Fifth Avenue Hotel [Butler’s headquarters]. Please send a heavy force of police to the neighborhood.”194 15: Probably in anticipation of a new call (see entry for December 19, 1864), Fry issues Circular No. 39, reminding states and federal provost marshals that, “the revision and correction of [enrollment] lists is a continuous duty.” Butler’s New York City command ends.195 16: Sherman begins March to the Sea. 24: On prior instructions, Headley proceeds to Washington Place and takes delivery of a heavy valise containing 144 vials of “Greek Fire” (almost certainly phosphorus). The plan was to burn nineteen selected hotels “so as to do the greatest damage in the business district on Broadway.”196 25: At 6:00 p.m., six of the eight conspirators (two failed to report) distribute most of the vials of Greek Fire among themselves, then disperse to their objectives—the hotels. Headley returns to his room at the Astor House, makes a pile of bedding, bureau drawers, chairs, and newspapers, douses it with turpentine, then empties the phosphorus. “It blazed up instantly and the whole bed seemed to be in flames before I could get out,” he recalled. Headley proceeds to the North River wharf, where he empties vials on the vessels tied up there, starting fires on several. Returning to the hotel district, Headley overtakes his colleague, Captain Robert Kennedy,197 who earlier had set fire to Barnum’s Museum. Later that night, however, Headley and his comrades confront the fact that their mission has failed: “the fires had 274 | New York

been put out in all the places as easily as any ordinary fire.”198 26: Headley awakes to discover that the New York morning newspapers have complete details of the plot, their fictitious hotel-registration names, and “a minute description of my personal appearance, clothing, manners and actions.” Later this afternoon, he learns that the Federals have known about the plot for at least a month. At 9:00 p.m., Headley and his comrades board a Toronto-bound New York Central sleeping car and successfully escape.199 (See entry for December 29.) Dix issues GO Nos. 92 and 93. The first order, citing “evidences of extensive combination, and other facts disclosed to-day, show[ing] it to have been the work of rebel emissaries and agents,” decrees the death penalty for the perpetrators of the fires. The second order requires “all persons from insurgent states” in New York City to register at 37 Bleecker Street.200 28: The War Department proposes to raise a new corps “to consist of not less than 20,000 infantry” of “able-bodied men who have served honorably not less than two years, and therefore not subject to draft.” It will be enumerated the First Corps and commanded by Major General Winfield Scott Hancock.201 30: Battle of Franklin, Tennessee. december 9: Major John A. Haddock, Veteran Reserve Corps, replaces Diven as aapmg for Western New York.202 (See entry for April 1, 1865.) 16: Confederate secret service agent John Yeats Beall is arrested near Niagara, New York, as he plans to derail a train to free Confederate pows. After a military trial he will be executed at Fort Columbus on February 24, 1865.203 19: Lincoln calls for 300,000 volunteers “to serve one, two, and three years.” (See Chronology.)

Among other reasons cited, the call will “provide for casualties in the military and naval service of the United States.” Deficiencies will be met by a draft scheduled for February 15, 1865. New York’s quota is initially set at 46,861 (but see entry for January 30, 1865), against which it eventually will furnish 34,138 men.204 21: Sherman occupies Savannah, Georgia. 23: Fry circulates instructions to aapmgs on how to calculate quotas given that the December 19 call seeks recruits across three unequal terms: one, two, or three years. (See Chronology and note.) 24: Fry’s office completes the first calculation of New York City’s quota at 4,433.205 (See entry for January 24.) 27: The War Department issues GO No. 305, which significantly reduces bounty fraud and the influence of substitute brokers. Among other things, the order requires that any bounty exceeding $20 due to a recruit be withheld and disbursed on the first regular payday after the recruit has mustered into his regiment. This measure is welcomed by the states.206 29: Captain Robert C. Kennedy, CSA, is arrested in Detroit, Michigan, “disguised, armed with a revolver [and] traveling under a false name, and with a passport representing himself as a loyal citizen.” He is sent to Fort Lafayette for trial.207 (See entry for January 17, 1865.) 31: The War Department informs states that recruits for heavy artillery, light artillery, and cavalry are no longer required: “until further orders [aapmgs] will enlist recruits only for the infantry service.”208

it carried anxiety and perplexity into the workshops, the fields, and the homes of our citizens. . . . The difficulty in getting recruits is owing, in part to the exhausting demands which have been made for that purpose. But it is also owing to other reasons; and among them attempted coercion is foremost. Congress attempted to keep up the number of men in the field without regard to State or local government, and it set aside those numerous organizations, whose united contributions of men have made up our vast armies. By efforts to make itself independent of popular and local influences, the General Government impaired its power to get recruits.209 Another difficulty is the depreciation of our currency. While farmers or merchants who sell, or the laborer who works for wages, avoids the depreciation by increased price of pay, the soldiers have lost one-third of the value of their pay; for the money they get is worth less by thirty-three per cent. than when the war began; hence their families are suffering.

[Conscription] has proved a levy upon property

rather than a draft upon persons. . . . State, local and municipal governments have avoided such painful scenes [“forcing citizens from their homes” via conscription] by the imposition of heavy taxes and the payment of large bounties to volunteers. This will continue to be the effect of every attempt at coerced military service.210 —Governor Horatio Seymour, annual message, January 5, 1864211

Resolutions proposing an Amendment to the Constitution, so as to Extend the Elective Franchise to Persons in the Military Service of the United States This was the last constitutionally required resolution preceding the March vote on the soldiers’ ballot amendment. Passed by the assembly on January 7; passed by the senate on January 15.212

Legislative Sessions the eighty-seventh session of the new york legislature The attempt to fill our armies by drafting was abortive. While it gave no useful result, it disturbed the public mind,

Chapter 2: An Act to amend section three of chapter one hundred and eighty-four of the Laws of eighteen hundred and sixty-three, entitled, “An act to promote the re-enlistment 1864: Legislative Sessions | 275

of volunteers now in the service of the United States, and the enlistment of persons into regiments and corps now in said service, and hereafter to be organized,” passed April seventeen, eighteen hundred and sixty-three Section 1: Amends Section 3 of the above act to make it unlawful “for any person, in any manner, to persuade or induce, or to attempt to persuade or induce, any resident of this state to enter into the military or naval forces raised or to be raised in any other state, for the military or naval service of the United States.” It is likewise unlawful to “induce any resident to depart from this State” for the same purpose. The violation of this law is a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine up to $1,000 and [an unspecified] imprisonment; one half of the fine is to be paid to the person providing information leading to the offender’s conviction. Passed January 29, 1864.213 Chapter 7: An Act to legalize certain ordinances of the Board of Supervisors of the county of New York, and provide for the payment of the bonds therein specified; also to authorize the borrowing of an additional amount of money for the payment of riot damages and military bounties Section 1: Legalizes three New York County ordinances (see entries for August 25, 1863, August 28, 1863, and October 31, 1863). Section 2: Authorizes New York County to issue $1 million in bonds, to be known as “Soldiers’ substitute bounty redemption bonds,” at a coupon not exceeding 6 percent and payable in 1873 and 1874. The proceeds must be applied to redeem the “Soldiers’ substitute bounty fund bonds” payable June 1, 1864. Section 3: Authorizes New York County to issue $1 million of “Riot damages redemption bonds,” at a coupon not exceeding 6 percent and payable in 1877 and 1879; the proceeds must be applied to redeem the “Riot damages indemnity bonds,” payable on August 1, 1864. 276 | New York

Section 4: Authorizes New York County to issue $946,700 of “Soldiers’ substitute and relief redemption bonds,” at a coupon not exceeding 6 percent and payable in 1880 and 1881; the proceeds must be applied to redeem the Soldiers’ substitute and relief fund bonds, payable September 1, 1864. Section 5: If the bonds issued under the August 28 ordinance above (riot bonds) “are insufficient to pay and satisfy all lawful claims against the city and county . . . for damages sustained by reason of the destruction or injury of property, in consequence of the mob or riots in said county” during July 1863, the county may borrow an additional $200,000 at 6 percent for this purpose. Section 6: To enlist volunteers and procure substitutes, New York County is granted an additional $4 million of bond-issuing authority (beyond that authorized in its October 31, 1863 ordinance); the bonds issued will be called the “Soldiers’ bounty fund bonds,” will have a coupon that cannot exceed 6 percent and be payable in 1882 and afterwards. Section 7: New York County must raise taxes to service the foregoing bond issues. Passed February 8, 1864.214 Chapter 8: An Act to authorize the levying of a tax upon the taxable property of the different counties and towns in this State, to repay moneys borrowed for, or expended in, the payment of bounties to volunteers, or for the expenses of their enlistment, or for aid to their families, or to pay any liability incurred therefor, or that may hereafter be incurred, and to amend section one of chapter five hundred and fourteen of the Laws of eighteen hundred and sixty-three Section 1: If any town or county meeting voted to incur liability “for the payment of bounties to volunteers . . . in the service of the United States, in compliance with any call, order or proclamation of the President or War Department . . . or of the

Governor of this State, made subsequent” to October 1, 1863, “for the payment of the expenses of the enlistment of said volunteers, or for the furnishing of aid to the families of such volunteers,” such expenses are declared to be a debt of the town or county. Section 2: Within sixty days after this act’s passage, any town may borrow against its credit “such sum of money as may be sufficient to fully pay and satisfy the claims for money so paid and expended.” Section 3: To finance these liabilities, towns either may issue bonds (which may be sold at not less than par value) or raise taxes. Section 5: If bonds are issued, taxes must be increased to service them. Section 6: Subsequent bonds may be issued to redeem earlier bonds issued originally for the purposes of bounties, recruitment expenses, or family aid. Section 7: Any “person, committee or officer” who “lent, paid or advanced to any volunteer,” money for his use or that of his family “in anticipation of the payment of bounty offered by any town,” is entitled only to the actual money advanced, plus interest. Violations of this provision are a misdemeanor, and will be punished according to law. Section 8: Towns or counties that issue bonds must raise taxes to pay debt service; counties that issue bonds may distribute the proceeds proportionately to its towns, provided that the amounts distributed do not exceed that paid for volunteers required to fill quotas, and no more than $300 allocated to each such volunteer. Section 9: Persons who paid advances for bounties and related expenses (pursuant to town meetings) will receive a credit against any tax increases for the amount paid. Section 14: Ratifies any taxes previously voted by towns to finance bounties and related expenses. Section 15: Ratifies any bond issues previously

issued by towns to finance bounties and related expenses. Section 16: Within ninety days of this act’s passage, bonds may be issued or taxes raised for this act’s purposes. Section 17: This act applies to cities as well as towns. Section 21: Amends Section 1 of Chapter 514 (1863) to impose the condition that municipal boards charged with relief of the indigent families of volunteers may not distribute more than $15 “at any one time.” Section 22: Authorizes counties to raise money on county credit or upon town credit (for the sole use of that town or towns) and to finance these with taxes for the purposes of this act; but no money can be raised using town credit unless, by a majority vote at the annual town meeting, the town concurs. Passed February 9, 1864.215 Chapter 9: An Act to perfect an amendment of the Constitution providing for the vote of electors in the military service of the United States As required by New York’s constitution, this is the second legislative reading of this act, preparatory to submission to the electorate. (For its terms, see Concurrent Resolution, passed by the senate, April 24, 1863, as well as Chapter 253 below.) Section 1: An election to decide this amendment will be held on March 8, 1864. Passed February 13, 1864.216 Concurrent Resolution authorizing the Comptroller to borrow money to pay State bounty to volunteers in the United States army “Resolved, That the comptroller of the State borrow such sums of money as may be needed from time to time, to pay the State bounty to men enlisted and enlisting in anticipation of the passage of a bill making the necessary appropriation.” 1864: Legislative Sessions | 277

Passed by the assembly on February 17; passed by the senate on February 19.217 Concurrent Resolution in relation to the neglect and suffering of State volunteers Authorizes the governor, secretary of state, and comptroller to spend (from the $200,000 appropriated in 1863 for the relief of sick and wounded soldiers) up to $25,000 “to take such action for the proper reception of the returning volunteers,” as well as “for the comfort and health of the recruits at the several rendezvous and places of enlistment,” provided that no more than $8,000 is spent in any one locality. Passed by the senate on January 20; passed by the assembly on March 4, 1864.218 Chapter 30: An Act to authorize the city of Syracuse to borrow money, and to issue the bonds of the city for the same Section 1: Authorizes Syracuse to borrow up to $20,000 “to aid in the support of the families of volunteers residing in said city.” Passed March 10, 1864.219 Concurrent Resolution authorizing the Chief of Bureau of Military Statistics to send Flags and Trophies to Metropolitan Fair at New York (See entry for April 4, 1864.) Passed by the senate on March 17; passed by the assembly on March 18, 1864.220 Chapter 36: An Act authorizing and directing the board of supervisors of the county of Putnam to raise money by tax to pay moneys borrowed by the town of Phillipstown, to assist drafted men, and to encourage volunteering in the United States service Section 1: Authorizes Putnam County to raise $12,000 taxes in Phillipstown “to pay the money borrowed by the said town to assist in procuring 278 | New York

substitutes for the persons drafted and held to service” in Phillipstown in 1863. Section 3: Authorizes the county to raise additional Phillipstown taxes for the same purpose pursuant to a town meeting held on January 2, 1864. Passed March 11, 1864.221 Chapter 50: An Act to legalize the action of a special town meeting held in the town of Stockbridge, county of Madison, on the twenty-seventh day of August, eighteen hundred and sixty-three Section 1: Ratifies the Stockbridge town meeting resolutions adopted August 27, 1863, “for the purpose of raising money to pay bounties to drafted men and for other purposes.” Section 2: The “orders” [that is, the checks] to draftees or to substitutes are deemed liabilities of the town. Section 3: Authorizes the town to raise taxes to finance these liabilities. Passed March 19, 1864.222 Chapter 51: An Act in relation to the Bureau of Military Statistics Section 1: The books and records of the bureau will be open to public inspection. Section 2: The bureau chief has the authority to issue authenticated copies of records. (This suggests that one function of the bureau was to provide documents in support of various claims, including those for pension, bounties, and family aid.) Section 4: “The objects of the . . . bureau are to collect and preserve in permanent form the name of every person who has volunteered or been ­mustered . . . into the service of the general government since” April 15, 1861, “and the personal history of such person while in service . . . ; a record of the services of the several regiments . . . and also an account of the aid afforded by the several towns, cities and counties in the state.” (This section also repeals Chapter 113 [1863].)

Section 5: Regiments may receive new colors in exchange for their old colors by depositing the latter with the bureau. Section 6: Appropriates $16,300 for the bureau. Passed March 21, 1864.223 Resolutions in relation to Bounties to Volunteers Whereas clauses note that in 1861 New York sent thirty-nine units of two-year infantry and that, by War Department GO No. 15 (1861), these men were promised $100 bounty at discharge. When discharged, however, the U.S. government refused to pay the bounty, claiming these men had enlisted for two years and not the required three years. Nevertheless, the War Department amended this policy on August 1, 1863, by agreeing to pay the $100 bounty to those troops that had served within thirty days of the two-year period. However, those soldiers who filled vacancies in two-year units after their first year of service are now being denied bounties. The legislature therefore requests that New York’s congressional delegation “make all necessary exertions” to secure the $100 bounty “or a pro-rata share proportioned to the time of service.” Passed by the senate on March 30; passed by the assembly on April 4, 1864.224 Chapter 131: An Act to relieve from auction duties all sales made for the relief of sick and wounded soldiers within this State Section 1: Exempts from auction duty all sales in which proceeds are for “any fair or exhibition held or conducted for the benefit of the United States Sanitary Commission.” Passed April 6, 1864.225 Chapter 182: An Act making appropriation for the payment of bounties to volunteers, and providing means therefore Section 1: Appropriates $3.1 million to pay principal and interest on funds borrowed from the

Canal Fund “to provide for the bounties of volunteers,” paid under Chapter 184 (1863). Section 2: Appropriates an additional $3 million to pay bounties under Chapter 184 (1863) to soldiers enlisting in U.S. service before April 1, 1864. Section 3: Imposes a tax of 21⁄8 mills on the valuation of taxable property. Section 4: Authorizes a $3 million bond issue with a coupon, not exceeding 6 percent at par, for these purposes; moreover, appropriates an additional $200,000 to pay debt service on these bonds. Passed April 14, 1864.226 Concurrent Resolution authorizing the Governor to borrow sufficient amount of money to supply deficiency in fund to pay State bounties to volunteers Resolved, if funds appropriated to pay bounties prior to April 1, 1864, are insufficient, “the Governor is hereby authorized to borrow, upon the credit of the State, a sufficient amount to make up such deficiency.” Passed by the assembly on April 22; passed by the senate on April 23, 1864.227 Chapter 253: An Act to enable the qualified electors of this State, absent therefrom in the military service of the United States, in the army or navy thereof, to vote This act establishes “the manner and form” by which deployed soldiers and sailors could vote according to the state constitutional amendment passed on March 8, 1864 (see entry for that date). Section 1: Absent soldiers and sailors can vote “at any general or special election held in this State.” Section 2: Within sixty days of an election, the absentee may authorize an in-state elector to cast his ballot. Section 3: Specifies the form of sworn affidavit attesting to the absent voter’s age, residency, and military status. Section 4: The affidavit and the ballot shall 1864: Legislative Sessions | 279

be folded and placed inside an envelope (and the name of the absentee elector signed on this envelope); the envelope shall be placed inside a larger envelope and addressed to the in-state elector. Section 5: The in-state elector may open the outer envelope but not the envelope inside. The in-state elector will present the signed envelope to election officials who will compare the signed name with the list of registered voters. Section 10: Persons “who shall deliver or ­present . . . any forged, altered or changed ballot, envelope or instrument . . . shall be guilty of a misdemeanor,” punishable by a fine of $250 and imprisonment up to four months. Section 13: State and U.S. officers, or any other person who attempts to control any enlisted elector’s vote “by menace, bribery, fear of punishment, hope of reward, or any other corrupt or arbitrary measure,” face a $1,000 fine, one year imprisonment, and will be barred for life from holding any state office. Passed April 21, 1864.228 Chapter 334: An Act to amend an act entitled “An act to provide for the enrolment of the militia, the organization and discipline of the National Guard of the State of New York, and for the public defence,” passed April twentythird, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, and for other purposes Section 1 (amending Sections 101 and 146 of the original act): reorganizes the quartermaster’s department and increases the number of its personnel, and exempts nyng officers and enlisted personnel from jury duty, and highway taxes, or, if not exempt from highway taxes, a $500 deduction in the assessed value of taxable property, during service. After service, officers and enlisted personnel shall be exempt from six days of highway taxes; if a city resident, then a $500 deduction in the assessed value of taxable property. Section 2: Prohibits the governor from com280 | New York

missioning any nyng officer who has not been “elected by the qualified electors of his command.” Section 5: Requires that all contracts “for the purchase of military property” be made in writing by the seller and the state buyer, “and before becoming binding upon the State they shall be submitted for inspection and approval to the comptroller, and afterwards be specifically approved by the commander in chief.” Inspections and comparison with the original contract specifications are required before payment is made. Passed April 23, 1864.229 Chapter 347: An Act making appropriations for the expenses of Government, and for the support of deficiencies in former appropriations Lists specific military expenses and appropriations, including financial resources for the state adjutant general to complete muster rolls, for paying the New York Central for transporting soldiers, for purchasing copies of Casey’s tactics and nyng manuals, for printing expenses for the 1862 state enrollment and the 1863 draft, and a general $350,000 for a variety of claims incurred in organizing, equipping, and subsisting New York recruits for U.S. service. Passed April 25, 1864.230 Chapter 391: An Act to prevent the swindling of persons enlisting into the military or naval service of the United States, and to make such offences a felony, and to punish the use of certain means to procure enlistments Section 1: Recruiting agents or any person acting for municipalities, the state, or the U.S. government “who shall willfully defraud any person enlisting or enlisted into military . . . service . . . of the money to which such person is entitled as bounty or pay . . . shall be deemed guilty of a felony,” and punished by imprisonment not less than two nor more than five years. Section 2: Whoever administers “any drug or

stupefying substance with intent, while such person is under the influence thereof, to induce such person to enter the military or naval service” is guilty of a felony and punished by imprisonment of not less than two nor more than five years. Passed April 25, 1864.231 Chapter 392: An Act to provide grounds for the final resting place of the remains, and monuments to perpetuate the memories of the soldiers of this State, who fell in the defence of the Union on the battle fields of Gettysburgh [sic] and Antietam Section 1: Authorizes (and requires) the comptroller to appropriate $30,000 to pay for New York’s portion of the national cemetery at Gettysburg. Also authorizes the purchase of ten acres of land near Sharpsburg, Maryland, for a cemetery, and payment of the costs of “enclosing, laying out and ornamenting the same, the removal and burial of the dead, and for the erection of suitable monuments and head stones to mark the final resting place of the soldiers of this State who fell or died of wounds received in the defence of the Union on the battle field of Antietam.” Passed April 25, 1864.232 Chapter 399: An Act to provide ways and means for the support of government; to authorize a tax of one and three-quarter mills on a dollar for purposes of the General Fund, two and one-eighth mills for payment of bounties to volunteers, three-quarters of a mill for maintenance of common schools, three-eighths of a mill for redemption of State indebtedness, and for internal improvements Passed April 23, 1864.233 Chapter 401: An Act making appropriations for certain public and charitable institutions, and for other purposes Section 2: Appropriates $3,000 for the Union home and school “for the education of the children

of volunteers.” New York County is authorized to raise an amount not exceeding $5,000 for the same institution. Also appropriates $2,500 for New York City’s Colored Orphan Asylum; $50,000 for a number of named hospitals in the state provided that “they shall not reject any proper application of sick or wounded soldiers”; and $2,500 for Ithaca’s Ladies’ Soldier’s Aid Society, “for the maintenance and education of destitute and orphan children of soldiers . . . on condition that the managers of said society, shall raise from other sources, the additional sum of two thousand five hundred dollars.” Passed April 25, 1864.234 Chapter 404: An Act to enable the Board of Supervisors of the county of New York to raise money by tax for certain county purposes Section 1: Empowers the county to raise taxes to pay up to $5,000 for the “Cost of riot claim suits . . . for which the city or county may be legally liable in any actions arising out of riots.” Appropriates $56,046.13 for interest on the county substitute and relief bonds; $60,000 for interest on the riot damages indemnity bonds; and $55,000 for interest on the soldiers’ substitute bounty fund bonds. Passed April 25, 1864.235 Chapter 405: An Act to enable the board of supervisors of the county of New York to raise money by tax, for the use of the corporation of the city of New York, and in relation to the expenditure thereof Section 1: Authorizes the county to raise taxes to pay (among other things) $30,000 interest each on two bond issues entitled, “the soldiers’ family aid fund, number three,” and “number four.” Passed April 25, 1864.236 Chapter 553: An Act to amend Chapter one hundred and fifty of the laws of one thousand eight hundred and thirty-seven, authorizing a loan of certain moneys belonging to the 1864: Legislative Sessions | 281

United States, deposited with the State of   New York for safe-keeping Section 1: Authorizes the commissioners of the United States Loan Fund to invest in New York county bonds issued “for the purpose of raising money to pay bounties to volunteer soldiers,” at not over par and for an interest rate not less than 7 percent. Passed May 2, 1864.237 Chapter 578: An Act concerning the rights and privileges of persons in the military and naval service of the United States Section 1: Actions pending or to be filed against persons who, “during the present insurrection” are in military service, may be continued until expiration of service “unless the court shall be satisfied that great injustice would be done by such continuance.” Section 2: The period of absence will not toll against any statute of limitations. Section 3: Past or future judgments rendered against persons in military service may be enforced unless the judge rules otherwise. Section 4: The bounty and pay of army and navy enlisted personnel “shall be exempted from seizure, and shall not be liable to attachment or to levy or sale under execution.” Section 5: “Any sword, horse, medal, emblem or device of any kind presented to any officer, musician or private . . . shall be exempt from seizure.” Passed May 4, 1864.238

State Military Affairs In 1864, New York furnished a total of 162,867 land forces of varying terms of service, including 5,640 hundred-day militia and 791 thirty-day militia. New volunteers enlisted by the state numbered 17,261, while re-enlisted veterans numbered 20,518.239 Since the Enrollment Act was instituted (1863), provost marshals in the state have processed 128,657 draftees, substitutes, and enlistments. Between April 15, 1861, and December 31, 1864, 282 | New York

New York sent 437,701 men to war. Of this number, 409,426 were in ground forces and 28,275 in the navy. As determined by a commission, New York’s naval credits as of February 24, 1864, were 27,746 (see entry for August 20); this figure was credited against the state’s quota under the 500,000 man call of July 18, 1864. Of these, 18,948 were credited to New York City and 6,046 to Brooklyn, with the balance assigned elsewhere in the state. Another 529 naval recruits enlisted between February 25 and April 6 and were credited to New York City, yielding the previously mentioned total of 28,275.240 Under the call of February 1, New York’s quota was 81,993.241 Under the call of March 14, New York’s quota was 32,794, against which it was with credited 41,940 recruits and 2,267 paid commutations, for a total of 44,207.242 Under the call for 100-day militia, New York’s quota was 12,000 men, against which it furnished 5,640 men. Under the call of July 18, New York’s quota was 77,539, against which it was credited with 45,089 one-year troops, 2,128 two-year troops, 36,547 three-year troops, 74 four-year troops, and 5 paid commutations, for a total of 83,843.243 Under the call of December 19, New York’s quota was 61,076, against which it furnished 9,150 one-year troops, 1,645 two-year troops, 23,321 three-year troops, 67 four-year troops, and 13 paid commutations, for a total of 34,196.244 According to War Department records, between October 1, 1863, and September 30, 1864, New York mustered in 76,894 volunteers. This was 19.5 percent of the national total (394,236). Of that 76,894 figure, 11,797 mustered between October 1, 1863, and December 31, 1863. Monthly enlistments for 1864 are as follows: January, 17,441; February, 9,787; March, 6,756; April, 4,319; May, 1,809; June, 532; July, 1,101; August, 4,367; and September, 18,985.245

Many men recorded as mustering-in did not actually deploy, however. Between November 1, 1863, and October 31, 1864, only 68,363 New Yorkers actually deployed to new or existing units for terms of one, two, or three years. (This represented 18.65 percent of the national total of 366,459.) According to the War Department, the difference is explained by “desertions and discharges on account of physical disability, subsequent to muster in and prior to the men being ready to be forwarded to regiments and companies.” New York also was credited with 19,426 re-enlisted veterans, as well as 8,611 draftees actually forwarded to their units. During this period, New York deployed seven regiments and six companies of 100-day men, aggregating 3,420 troops. A number of federal units were mustered out due to expiry of their terms of service, including 35 three-year regiments, 9 three-year companies, and 9 three-year batteries. From these units, 2,097 men returned home.246 For the period between November 1, 1863, and October 31, 1864, three-year volunteers for new units included 3,544 infantry, 4,088 cavalry, and 2,892 artillery; two-year volunteers for new units included 3 infantry and 1 cavalry; one-year volunteers for new units included 3,607 infantry, 89 cavalry, and 156 artillery. For the same period, three-year volunteers for existing units included 13,254 infantry, 5,015 cavalry, and 7,497 artillery; two-year volunteers for existing units included 24 infantry, 2 cavalry, and 6 artillery; one-year volunteers for existing units included 7,653 infantry, 3,292 cavalry, and 4,201 artillery.247 During 1864, a number of state units—regiments, independent companies, and batteries— also were mustered out of service. The total of 116 units included some 80 regiments. Although most of these regiments consisted of 900 to 1,000 men at inception, none exceeded 300 soldiers at the end of its term of service.248 Approximately 53,000 soldiers passed through

the New York State Soldiers’ Depot in New York City during the year. Since its opening in May 1863, the total traffic has been 68,527.249 The state enrollment made during the summer of 1864 yielded 314,308 men liable to duty who were not in the New York National Guard. By December 31, 1864, the number serving in the nyng was 45,910; commissions issued to the nyng were 1,865. During Seymour’s tenure, a total of 15,573 commissions were issued: 7,206 in 1863 and 8,367 in 1864.250 The Confederate Navy’s assault on U.S. shipping significantly affected New York. Seymour reported that an estimated 184 U.S.-flagged vessels, totaling 84,871 tons and with a valuation of $15 million including cargo, had been destroyed. In 1860, an estimated $234 million of the foreign cargo trade was shipped under U.S. flag, versus $150 million under foreign flags. By mid-1862 (the most recent figures Seymour had), only $55.09 million was shipped under the U.S. flag, while $146 million was shipped under foreign flags. “This loss falls mainly upon the city of New York,” Seymour observed in January 1864.251 Although U.S. shipping was down, immigration to the Port of New York was substantially higher. In 1862, 76,306 foreigners arrived in New York. In 1863, that number had more than doubled to 156,843.252 By January 1864, New York State’s fiscal position had deteriorated. On September 30, 1863, New York had a deficiency in its general fund of $1,192,787.77. After netting out various revenues and expenses, the state treasury was overdrawn by $534,289.16. During the preceding year, the legislature had directed that $5,337,000 be spent for a variety of warconnected purposes not included in the annual estimates: bounties to volunteers ($3 million), harbor and frontier defenses ($1 million), purchase of arms ($400,000), costs of sick and wounded soldiers ($200,000), and expenditures under the supply bill ($637,000). Of this amount, $2.1 million had actu1864: State Military Affairs | 283

ally been spent, and a shortage of cash compelled New York’s comptroller to finance bounties with a short-term loan of $2 million. Seymour projected on January 5, 1864, that this borrowing would have to be increased to $3 million.253

1865 Key Events january 1: Reuben Fenton is inaugurated as governor. Among his first acts is the appointment of William Irvine as state adjutant general. 2: Fry’s Circular No. 1 declares that quotas under the December 19, 1864, call “must not be reduced except by actual enlistments in the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps.” This creates great anxiety among states and municipalities for it is understood to mean that the War Department will not allow them to offset quotas by prior surpluses. Thus, the department is seen to renege on its earlier agreement to allow surpluses to offset quotas. Wisconsin Governor John T. Lewis complains about this to Stanton.1 3: The legislature convenes in Albany for its eighty-eighth session. In an effort to make recruiting under the pending call easier, Adjutant General Irvine, at Fenton’s request, asks the War Department for authority to raise new units.2 6: Perhaps receiving no reply to Irvine’s January 3 request, Governor Fenton writes Stanton directly, asking for authority to raise new units. “This authority granted,” Fenton promises, “we can save a draft.” Fry responds immediately, authorizing the governor to raise five infantry regiments and fifty detached infantry companies. The detached companies will be consolidated with existing or newly raised units, as may be needed.3 284 | New York

7: New York’s draft quota is published as “46,000.”4 (But see entry for January 20.) 10: Fenton is dissatisfied with New York’s quota. Although he does not yet believe that the overall number is excessive, he does take issue with how the burden is distributed among the state’s congressional districts. He dispatches state aag Stonehouse to Washington to meet with Fry and Stanton.5 (See entry for January 14.) 12: Fry answers Minnesota Governor Stephen Miller’s concerns about whether Circular No. 1 disallows surpluses (see entry for January 2). After a lengthy explanation of how the new formulation works, Fry confirms that surpluses will be allowed.6 14: The Queen’s County Board of Supervisors, in the First Congressional District, has appointed a committee to present their objections to an “excessive and unjust” levy under Lincoln’s December 19 call. Members include former governor John A. King, John C. Jackson,7 and Elias J. Beach.8 The committee delivers a written summary to Fry. Essentially, they object to weighting men by terms of service (see entry for December 23, 1864), arguing that term-weighting distorts the system and adds to deficiencies of “flesh and blood” men. Under a previous call for 500,000 men, the district’s quota was 1,267 men; under the current 300,000-man call, their quota has risen to 1,666 men. The committee asserts another inequity: before term-weighting was adopted, Queens had furnished its quota for nine-month men with three-year recruits; at that time, surpluses were credited to states, not subunits of states (such as counties or other draft subdistricts), thus Queens saw no credit benefits. It asks for that credit now, and renews its case against term weighting. After all, if three one-year men equal one three-year man, then such a system—which compels the

district to hazard three lives instead of one— must be unjust.9 Separately, Fenton’s adc, Colonel George W. Palmer,10 also meets with Fry to complain about quotas and term weighting. The state objects to the way in which New York’s quota has been distributed among its districts and argues that term weighting unfairly punishes states for recruiting shorter-term men the previous summer—even though that was encouraged by the law.11 (See entry for January 20.) 16: Adjutant General Irving informs Fenton that New York’s quota is 46,861 under the call of December 19, 1864.12 (But see entry for January 20.) 17: Confederate Robert C. Kennedy’s trial before a military commission begins at Fort Lafayette. He is charged with espionage in New York City and Detroit, as well as with a third specification: “Violation of the laws of war.” The prosecution declares that Kennedy “undertook to carry on irregular and unlawful warfare . . . [and] attempted to burn and destroy said city of New York by setting fire thereto.” He pleads not guilty.13 (See entry for March 20.) 20: Fry informs a shocked Fenton that, under the term-weighting system, New York’s quota has been increased “and will probably be a little over sixty thousand.”14 21: Fenton leaves for Washington, intending to make his protests directly to Fry and Stanton. In their meeting (which likely occurs the next day), Fenton presses the same objections that Palmer raised with Fry. He also reviews New York’s account with the War Department since the July 18, 1864, call and tries to draw a comparison between how the state’s quota was calculated under that call and the present calculations. For example, under the July 1864 call for 500,000 men, New York’s quota was

89,318. Applying similar proportions to the current 300,000-man call, New York’s quota should be 53,900. Then, because the state has a 6,750-man surplus that can be applied to the December call, the state’s quota should be 53,900 minus 6,750, or 47,150. This is, in fact, very close to Fry’s initial quota of 46,861, before term-weighting. But this new claim for 60,000-plus New Yorkers has no basis in math or history. Fenton rests his case and returns to New York.15 (See entries for January 24 and 25.) 22: aag Townsend notifies General Dix that in jag Holt’s opinion (which he attaches), the personal messages placed by Southern residents in Ben Wood’s Daily News are illegal. Dix is instructed to inform Wood and his editors that “this system of correspondence by advertising must immediately cease, and in case they continue the offense you will instantly arrest them all and bring them to immediate trial before a military commission for violation of the laws of war.”16 24: Fry notifies Hays, Diven, and Townsend that New York’s quota under the December 19, 1864, call has been increased to 61,076 and reminds them of the new formula that accounts for years of service in determining credits. The new quota, Fry adds, “is the number required under the call after taking into account the credits to which the State is entitled by estimating the number of years of service furnished by one, two, and three years’ men.” (See Chronology.) In New York, the quota for the Southern Division is 28,631; for the Northern Division 14,266; and for the Western Division 18,179. Credits are calculated through December 31, 1864; the quotas will be adjusted later to reflect enlistments after January 1, 1865. Separately, Fry revises New York City’s quota upwards to 21,019.17 (See entry for February 1.) 1865: Key Events | 285

25: Fenton asks Fry for authority to raise an infantry regiment for duty at Elmira. Separately, Orison Blunt of the New York County Board of Supervisors18 meets with Fry in Washington to demand an explanation for the increase in Manhattan’s quota from 4,433 to 21,019.19 Meanwhile, Fenton supplies Fry with additional reasons to reduce New York State’s quota. He notes that “the pressure of public sentiment is becoming more intense in favor of the adoption of the system which I proposed” (see entry for January 21). In sum, crediting one-year enlistments on the same basis as three-year enlistements “would secure the hearty co-operation of the people in raising men for the service.” Fenton also suggests a face-saving measure—call for the original number now, then shift the increase (the difference between 46,861 and 61,076) to a later call.20 27: A delegation of New York legislators leaves for Washington to lobby against the increase. On January 30, Fenton will send Stonehouse with additional negotiating instructions: if all else fails, he is to demand from the War Department an extension of time for those districts that recruited one-year men. The extension should be equal to the time when those enlistments expire. Moreover, Stonehouse is to ask that the time for correcting the enrollment be extended “until the very latest practicable time before the draft,” and that “the time for the execution of the draft be postponed.”21 (See entry for February 2.) 28: Blunt’s account of his January 25 meeting with Fry is published, in which he describes presenting “Voluminous statistics” to Fry justifying New York County’s position. After summarizing Fry’s explanations (a summary Fry will dispute—see entry for February 1), 286 | New York

Blunt complains that Fry could not show (in Blunt’s opinion) “the precise method in which the quota of this county was arrived at.” He concludes that, “Had your committee . . . been authorized by the War Department two months earlier than they were, to undertake the correction of the enrollment, the work would have been finished before the present quotas were assigned, and the quota of this county would have been reduced by at least 15,000 men.”22 (See entry for February 2.) 30: New York’s assembly passes a resolution noting that, “Information is abroad that the official quota of this State, under the present call of the President for 300,000 men . . . has been increased from 46,000 to 62,000 men, which increase is apparently without explanation.” Fenton is asked to provide the assembly with any information he has about the increased quota.23 31: The U.S. House approves the Thirteenth Amendment. Fry declines Fenton’s request to raise an infantry regiment as proposed in his January 25 letter. Stanton “does not deem it best to authorize another regiment under the conditions proposed.” Meanwhile, Brigadier General William Hays is replaced by Brigadier General Edward W. Hincks24 as aapmg for the Southern Division of New York.25 february 1: Lincoln approves the Thirteenth Amendment, abolishing slavery. Fenton immediately sends a formal notice to the legislature. “I lose no time in calling your attention to this great event, for the purpose of recommending that immediate measures be taken for a ratification of the proposed amendment by this State.”26 In a letter distributed to aapmgs nationwide, Fry explains to Hincks why New York City’s quota was raised from 4,433 on

December 24, 1864, to 21,019 on January 24, 1865. The initially “low figure of 4,433” was produced by an unjust distribution of naval credits by the New York County Board of Supervisors, which gave New York City the credits for two-year and three-year recruits while distributing one-year credits to Brooklyn and Tarrytown. In calculating the initial quota, the pmg overlooked this manipulation; after discovery, the quota was revised. Also, while many states and New York counties experienced a decline in enrollments, New York City enrollment did not materially decline. Because enrollments in other counties in the state declined, the city’s proportion of the quota under the December 19 call increased. Moreover, of the 5,462 naval enlistments claimed by New York City, “many were fraudulently enlisted and counted, several times over, and some of them are still in the city of New York, repeating their enlistments to fill the present quota.” Fry adds that persons implicated in this fraud are being investigated. He also disputes Blunt’s January 28 account of their meeting, claiming that Blunt “acknowledged that the explanation was full [and] stated in terms that he understood it perfectly; that it was right, and he would inform the people of New York.” Fry notes that the War Department invited comment on enrollment in two circulars issued last year (June 25 and November 15), but that New York County ignored these until November 24. Moreover, Blunt’s January 28 report “is calculated not only to do injustice to this department, but it has misled the people of New York who have confided in him to aid in raising soldiers to strengthen the Army and Navy.” Fry then concludes with a surprise announcement: “The President has ordered that 25 per centum of the quota in each district in the State be set aside until further orders.”27

2: Fenton is notified that Lincoln has agreed to the following: “That so much of the revised quota as was added to the State of New York by the order of January 24th (say, 16,000), be deferred for further investigation. This deferred portion of the quota is to be deducted pro rata from the various districts of the State. This is to be carried out by the deduction of 25 per cent. from the quota of each district in the State as assigned January 24th.”28 3: The New York legislature approves the Thirteenth Amendment by a vote of 72–40 in the assembly (only one Democrat voting yes) and a vote of 17–8 in the senate. Following passage, 100 guns are fired in Albany by order of Irvine.29 Blunt’s committee, in Washington’s Willard Hotel, has met again with Fry to ask for more concessions. Noting that the quota is large, the committee asks Fry for an extension of time in order to recruit volunteers and thus avoid a draft. They also request that the quota be suspended until a corrected enrollment is made, after which the quota can be recalculated. Fry immediately responds on both points. He declines the committee’s request to extend the time for the draft; Lincoln fixed the day in his call and the pmg lacks the authority to make changes. Fry is more flexible about recalculating the quota based on a corrected enrollment. The corrections are expected “in about twenty days” and, while he will not defer “the raising of troops,” he is willing to reduce the quota if the corrected enrollment shows reductions.30 4: Blunt’s committee continues its minuet with Fry. It sends a form requesting a breakdown of the enrollment for each congressional district from the Fourth through the Ninth, including the “years furnished,” the July 18 quota, the excess of years furnished, the December 19 quota, any deficiency, and any surplus. This 1865: Key Events | 287

request immediately is sent to Lincoln, who returns it to Fry with a comment: “This is too large a job for the officers to be encumbered with now in the midst of preparation for the approaching draft.”31 Fry replies to the president of the Board of Supervisors, and asks him “whether the principles upon which the city of New York is assigned [its quota] have been made known [to the board] and if so, whether the same is satisfactory.” Fry asks the board president to state if these principles “have been fairly applied” and “whether [New York’s] fair share of credits have been allowed to her by the January [24] assignment.” He also asks that, if the board or its committee have another way “to carry out the law governing the subject and more equitably apportion the credits and quotas,” to please let him know in writing.32 5: Fry formally responds to the committee’s request of yesterday for information. Consistent with Lincoln’s instructions, the pmg refuses to compile the data. First, he explains that much of what it seeks relates to the December 24 quota—which was abandoned on January 24. Moreover, both Stanton and Lincoln agree that there is insufficient time and personnel for the pmg’s office to fill this request. Meanwhile, the committee replies to Fry’s request of yesterday that the board make known whether it is familiar with the principles on which the quota was calculated, if it believes these were fairly applied, and if it had an alternative to suggest. The committee states that it understands how the quota was derived but declares that it is unsatisfactory. To Fry’s unwillingness to provide the information requested, “We regret this conclusion from our conviction that only through the publication of the process by which the quotas of our county for December as well as for 288 | New York

January were arrived at could our constituents be satisfied that the increased quotas under the last assignment were just.” The committee now requests the right to examine records relating to every congressional district in the loyal states. Reading this response, Stanton comments that “The demand of this committee appears to me unreasonable and impracticable, but the Provost-MarshalGeneral will put on it such force as he can, and in the meantime go on with the draft.”33 Fry declines the committee’s request “to examine all the records of the different branches.” In his reply, he quotes Lincoln’s February 4 comment and Stanton’s earlier response to the committee’s demands.34 At 11:00 p.m., the committee replies to Fry. First, they argue that their requests will not occupy much time, and they offer to pay for two clerks for an estimated two hours copy time. The committee continues to question Fry’s calculations for the national enrollment (of which New York is a percentage), as well as the excess of credits in districts other than New York City’s on December 31, 1864. Again, the committee argues for transparency: “If the means of satisfying our constituents be afforded us, we know that they will heartily respond to any just call which has been or may be made upon them, and we are entirely confident that recruits will then be obtained so rapidly by voluntary enlistments that the enforcement of the draft will be unnecessary.”35 6: In response to the overwhelming tide of complaint about the draft, Lincoln appoints a three-man board—consisting of U.S. Attorney General James Speed, Brigadier General Richard Delafield, and Assistant Adjutant General C. W. Foster—“to examine into the proper quotas and credits of the respective States and districts, under the call of December

19, 1864, with directions that if any errors be found therein to make such corrections as the law and facts may require and report their determination to the Provost-Marshal-General. The determination of said board is to be final and conclusive, and the draft to be made in conformity therewith.” Lincoln also orders Fry to begin drafting “as speedily as the same can be done after the 15th of this month.”36 (See entry for February 9.) Fry writes Horace Greeley, objecting to a February 4 Tribune article entitled, “Mr. Fry’s Draft.” Fry emphasizes that the purpose of the July 18, 1864, draft was to raise men, not absorb credits. Lincoln needed 300,000 actual men for the service; anticipating that credits from naval enlistments (as permitted by the congressional enactments of February and July 1864) would amount to some 200,000, he called for 500,000 men. Net of projected credits, the hope was to raise the requisite 300,000.37 Diven, now returned to private life, alerts Fry that a petition is circulating in the assembly demanding that he be removed.38 9: The board appointed by Lincoln on February 6 meets for a presentation from Fry. The pmg offers “a tabular statement showing the surplus credits, enrollment of every State and Congressional district in the loyal States, and the quotas assigned to each.” Fry explains “the general principles by which he was guided in giving credits and assigning quotas.” A junior officer is appointed to review Fry’s data “to ascertain if the quotas have been correctly determined.”39 Separately, Lafayette Baker writes Fry that, “There is a greater change in New York in public sentiment with reference to the quota. You will be fully sustained in your action. I think the matter is becoming understood.”40 10: The three-man board to consider quotas and

credits meets again. Foster argues that Fry’s determinations were correct. However, the board decides to reconvene on February 13, at which time Speed will present a draft of a general report to be made to the pmg. There is no discussion about whether or not he will accept Fry’s calculations.41 13: Speed presents his report at today’s board meeting. After some discussion, it is decided that, “the Board should itself determine the quota of every State and Congressional district under the call of December 19, 1864, as shown by their respective enrollments, and the number of men previously furnished by the several States and districts.” Delafield will calculate the quotas for Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, West Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Missouri, and Kansas. Foster will calculate the same for Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.42 After authorization by the legislature (see Chapter 29 in Legislative Sessions—1865), New York recruiters begin to pay $600 for three-year recruits, $400 for two-year recruits, and $300 for one-year recruits.43 16: aag Foster issues his report to the board for the states of Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Vermont, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. He finds that, “In all the States named, except Massachusetts, the quotas assigned by the Provost-Marshal-General differ but slightly from the results obtained by me.”44 (See Massachusetts chapter, entry for February 16, 1865, in States at War, volume 1.) Fry complains to aapmgs nationwide that, because “Gross frauds [have] been perpetrated on the Government and individuals by forged certificates of naval enlistments as 1865: Key Events | 289

evidence of credit,” he is to forward to the War Department for corroboration all naval enlistments made since December 19, 1864, as well as those made hereafter.45 17: The commissioners appointed by Lincoln “to examine and correct the quotas of the several States and districts, under the call for volunteers of December 19, 1984,” make their reports. The board concludes: “We have carefully examined and proved the work done under this rule by the Provost-Marshal-General, and find that it has been done with fairness.”46 19: Stanton notifies Fenton that Columbia, South Carolina, has fallen to General Sherman and that the evacuation of Charleston is imminent. “Hasten on recruiting to fill up the Army,” he exhorts, “and the rebellion must receive its final blow in this spring campaign.”47 21: Stanton notifies Fenton that the War Department has received the official report announcing that Charleston, South Carolina, surrendered at 9:00 a.m. on February 18. Captured property includes 200 artillery pieces and ammunition. However, retreating Confederates burned “cotton warehouses, arsenals, quartermaster stores, railroad bridges, two iron-clads, and some vessels in the ship-yard.”48 The paymaster of the War Department issues Circular No. 28, noting that a “general exchange of prisoners of war having been commenced, all payments to families of prisoners . . . will be suspended until further orders, to avoid inadvertent double payments.”49 (See entry for October 23, 1861.) 25: Fenton asks Stanton if he will accept “five or ten regiments of State National Guard for 100 days to do garrison duty in Charleston, Savannah, Wilmington or other posts?” If accepted, Fenton wants them credited as follows: three 100-day troops to equal one three-year recruit.50 290 | New York

26: Stanton forwards Fenton’s proposal to Grant, who immediately declines the offer. “The value of 100-days’ men is more than absorbed in getting them to where they are wanted and in transferring men relieved by them to where they will be needed,” the general replies, “and again in relieving them when their time expires.”51 27: Major Richard Dodge, former commander of the Elmira Camp of Instruction and Recruiting, replaces Hincks as aapmg for the Southern Division of New York.52 march 1: Fry wires Hincks (already relieved), Townsend, and Haddock: “Let the draft begin in all the districts in your division in which it is not already been ordered.” Separately, Captain Henry F. Brownson,53 assistant to Hincks, informs Blunt that, for New York City, “the present rate of enlistment will not fill the quotas of the city districts within the time required, and unless recruiting increases and men are put in service more rapidly, the draft will be commenced.”54 2: Blunt answers Brownson that, since increasing bounties on February 13, New York City has recruited an average of 104 men per day for a total of 1,459 through February 28. Moreover, the arc of recruitment has risen during this two-week period; Blunt remains optimistic that volunteering will prevent a draft.55 3: Hincks replies to Blunt’s letter of yesterday. While impressed with Blunt’s statistical review, he remains unconvinced that New York City will meet its quota, as it “has been less actively or less successfully engaged in actual recruiting than the suburban districts.” The draft has begun in districts surrounding the city; based on Hincks’ extrapolation of Blunt’s own figures, the city will not meet its

quota until August 1. Hincks recommends that “the people of the city be appealed to through the public press and, if practicable, through public meetings to devote one week to their country and their own personal interests in labor to secure the filling of the quotas of their districts, and thereby relieve themselves from the evils of a draft.”56 4: Lincoln is inaugurated. 6: The First Division marches on Broadway in New York City to celebrate the capture of Forts McAllister, Sumter, and Fisher and the fall of Charleston, Savannah, Wilmington, and Columbia.57 9: Fry informs Fenton that the Fifty-Sixth Regiment, nyng, is accepted for one years’ service, “wherever required.”58 10: In a large-scale sting operation, Colonel Lafayette C. Baker59 arrests 590 bounty jumpers (including 27 bounty brokers). Leasing the Odd Fellows Hall in Hoboken, New Jersey, Baker establishes what appears to be a legitimate federal recruiting agency. He then circulates word in New York City that the agency is not only mustering and examining recruits and paying bounties, but also will— for a bribe—release recruits already mustered. For the first two days of operation, men are inducted, paid, and allowed to bribe their exits. When these men return to New York bearing the good news, agency traffic picks up. Today the trap closes. After bounty jumpers pay their bribes, they are escorted to a temporary jail upstairs. Bounty brokers complicit with the jumpers are told to appear near the ferry for instructions on where to collect their fees; they are met by a detective who, slapping them on the back with a chalky palm, sends them to a nearby hotel for payment. These “marked men” are arrested at the hotel.60 11: Lincoln issues his amnesty proclamation. (See Chronology.) Meanwhile, Fry informs

Townsend that New York’s request to delay the draft has been rejected; however, this rejection seems to be in name only. “[I]n order to give the districts a fair opportunity to fill their quotas with volunteers,” Fry instructs, “you will in all districts in which the Board of Enrollment is fully employed on that date [the day of the draft] in the examination and mustering of volunteers direct that the draft will not be made so long as recruiting continued to that extent.” Separately, Baker informs Fry of yesterday’s arrests and also asks a question: “I have been requested to pass [the manacled jumpers] down Broadway in order that the people may have a sight of them. Is there any objection?” Fry answers that he has no objection. But in a second wire, Fry appears to reconsider. “It is represented that some of the arrests made by you are not based on sufficient evidence,” he writes, asking Baker to make no more arrests until the evidence has been reviewed both locally and at the pmg’s Washington office. Finally, Fry sends a third wire: “Do not march the deserters down Broadway, and do not iron them or any other men.”61 13: Fenton asks Stanton if he will accept the SixtyEighth Regiment, nyng, for six months; and if not for six, then for twelve months, with the credit to be applied to the Thirty-First District.62 Separately, a group of New York’s most prominent merchants petition Stanton to postpone the draft, claiming that volunteers are filling New York City’s quota. There has been delay in paying bounties caused by the unavailability of a state appropriation, but that is now remedied. Attached to the petition is a list showing recruiting activity between March 1 and March 10 for the city and county of New York: 484 volunteers, 75 for the Regular Army, 45 army substitutes, and 42 naval enlistments, 1865: Key Events | 291

for a total of 646 recruits. In the period between March 7 and March 11, 461 men have been paid bounties.63 14: Stanton accepts Fenton’s offer of the SixtyEighth nyng for one year.64 16: Fenton expresses surprise to Fry that the draft will not be postponed: “I was led to expect the draft would not occur as long as we were doing reasonably well in recruiting.” The governor has special concerns in requesting that the draft “be suspended to-day for a short period, at least in New York City, in view of the fact that to-morrow, as suggested to me by prominent citizens of that city, the Irish population celebrate the anniversary of Saint Patrick, and there will be a body of at least 20,000 men in the ranks that might be incited to an outbreak if the draft was progressing.” Fry concurs with Fenton and, in a wire marked “Confidential,” instructs Dodge that no drawing is to be made tomorrow in New York City. Fry makes clear that the draft is not and will not be postponed; however, if boards of enrollment are too busy examining recruits, no draft need be held.65 20: Dix issues GO No. 24, announcing that Kennedy is found guilty on all specifications and charges. Kennedy is to be “hanged by the neck until dead.”66 24: At 10:30 p.m., Lieutenant Colonel Martin Burke, commander of Fort Lafayette, visits Kennedy, who is scheduled to die tomorrow. After briefly conversing with Burke, Kennedy makes a full confession, which he asks Burke to withhold in case he should be reprieved. The confession is a mixture of anger (“In retaliation for Sheridan’s atrocities in the Shenandoah Valley we desired to destroy property”); minimization (the Barnum’s arson was only “a joke”); and defensiveness (“I wish to say that killing women and children was the last thing thought of ”). He admits in the end, 292 | New York

however, that the death of innocents “would have followed in its train.” The overarching motivation was revenge: “We wanted to let the people of the North understand that there are two sides to this war, and that they can’t be rolling in wealth and comfort while we at the South are bearing all the hardships and privations.”67 april 1: aapmg Haddock is relieved from command.68 4: Haddock is arrested in Elmira. He will be charged with violating Articles 99, 83, and 85 of the Articles of War.69 (See entry for April 14.) 6: Fenton announces Richmond’s fall and sets aside April 14 as a day of celebration. Two days later, he will postpone this celebration until April 20.70 Recent victories notwithstanding, the draft preparations grind on. New York’s aag Stonehouse tells Fry that it would help Fenton if the pmg could wire Albany with a message that he will keep the provost marshals throughout the state “fully employed mustering in volunteers so that a continuance of the draft may be rendered unnecessary.” Fry agrees to do so and wires Fenton the requested exhortation.71 9: Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court House. 10: Major Samuel B. Hayman,72 Tenth U.S. Infantry, replaces Haddock as aapmg of Western New York.73 12: A joint committee of New York City’s Common Council and Board of Aldermen petitions Stanton “in view of the present military situation” to postpone the draft. Volunteering will fill the quota with the same result but “with much less hardship and distress to families, and without at all disarranging the business interests of the metropolis.”74 13: The War Department notifies aapmgs

throughout the loyal states that “The Secretary of War directs that you discontinue the business of recruiting and drafting in all the districts of your State.”75 Stanton informs the New York City aldermen and councilmen that, “upon consultation with Lieutenant-General Grant, [I have] come to the conclusion that the recent campaigns have left in the field no rebel force that can withstand the armies of the Union, [and thus] it has been deemed expedient to stop all drafting and recruiting.”76 14: President Lincoln is assassinated. Stanton appoints Roscoe Conkling, the former (and future) congressman, to investigate Haddock.77 15: Andrew Johnson sworn in as the seventeenth president. Fenton formally notifies the legislature of Lincoln’s murder and confirms that the “honored and favored son of New York, William H. Seward, was likewise a victim of the tragic plot of assassins, and now lies in an unconscious condition. May God spare his life to the nation.” Fenton issues a proclamation declaring that April 20, which had been set aside for celebrating the fall of Richmond, instead will be a day “appropriate to a season of National bereavement.”78 17: Captain Erhardt files his final report for draft results in the Fourth Congressional District through April 15. Under the call of December 18, 1,874 were drafted; of these, 1,257 men were notified to report on or before April 15; of these, 1,021 men failed to report and are now “considered as deserters.” Of those who did report, only 1 was held to service—and he furnished a substitute.79 19: During preparations for Abraham Lincoln’s funeral procession, New York City’s Common Council votes to exclude African Americans from formal participation.80 24: Lincoln’s body is ferried across the Hudson

from Jersey City and placed in New York City Hall. This evening New York City’s Common Council receives a wire from the War Department asking “that no discrimination” on account of color be applied to the funeral procession. The Common Council informally convenes and (apparently) refuses to rescind its earlier order barring African Americans. However, New York Police Chief Acton unilaterally issues an order for inclusion.81 25: A funeral procession, with the New York National Guard providing escort, moves up Broadway, crosses at Fourteenth Street to Fifth Avenue, proceeds to Thirty-Fourth Street, then crosses to Ninth and the depot of the Hudson River Railroad. The train moves slowly through the Hudson River towns and arrives in Albany at 11:00 p.m. The president’s remains are moved to the Assembly Chamber in the Old Capitol.82 26: Lincoln’s body remains in state during the morning; in the afternoon, the president is moved to a New York Central train to continue the journey to Springfield. The train route follows the Mohawk Valley, passing through Schenectady, Utica, Syracuse, Rochester, and other towns. Meanwhile, Andrew Johnson issues a proclamation announcing May 25 as a national day of mourning.83 27: Lincoln’s funeral train arrives in Buffalo this morning. It will depart for Cleveland at 10:00 p.m. 28: In the wee hours, Lincoln’s funeral train stops briefly in Westfield, New York, en route to Cleveland. The War Department issues GO No. 77, which orders the honorable and immediate discharge of all federal pows awaiting exchange, recruits in rendezvous awaiting assignments, and most soldier-patients in military hospitals. Work on fortifications is 1865: Key Events | 293

ordered stopped and reductions required in transports and clerks.84 29: The New York legislature adjourns. Extending the stop-recruitment order issued on April 13, Fry now orders that the recruitment “of all persons, including colored men, in all States” be ended.85 Andrew Johnson modifies his previous proclamation of a day of mourning. Because May 25 is Ascension Day, Johnson moves the day of national mourning to June 1.86 may 6: The War Department issues GO No. 82, mustering out “company and staff officers of volunteer regiments absent from their commands on account of physical disability or by virtue of leaves of absence.”87 8: The War Department issues GO No. 83, mustering out all volunteer cavalry troopers whose terms expire before October 1, 1865.88 10: Johnson declares that, “armed resistance to the authority of this Government in the said insurrectionary States may be regarded as virtually at an end.”89 18: The War Department announces the muster out of “All volunteer organizations of white troops in General Sherman’s army and the Army of the Potomac whose terms of service expire prior to October 1 next.”90 23–24: Grand review in Washington of the Army of the Potomac (May 23) and Sherman’s army (May 24). june 1: The national day of mourning for the death of Abraham Lincoln.91 14: The War Department orders that all regimental colors from state units be given to state governors.92 23: Johnson rescinds the federal naval blockade of all Southern ports.93 294 | New York

july 4: With Governor Fenton and Lieutenant General Ulysses Grant present, one of the largest public gatherings ever assembled in Albany witnesses the presentation of battle flags to the state of New York.94 september 6–7: The Democratic State Convention meets in Albany and adopts several resolutions, including a call for restoring civilian courts, a suggestion that the readmission of states not be conditioned on “negro equality or negro suffrage,” and an endorsement of President Johnson’s reconstruction program.95 20: The Republican State Convention meets in Syracuse and adopts several resolutions, including congratulating federal forces for, among other things, “the extirpation of slavery,” calling for federal “support and comfort of [veterans] as have received honorable and disabling wounds,” and approving President Johnson’s “wise and just” plan for reconstruction. Delegates also declare that the federal government should not assume any debts incurred by insurgent states in prosecuting the war.96 november 7: State elections yield the following results. Governor: next election in 1866 State Senate: 5 Democrats, 27 Republicans State Assembly: 36 Democrats, 91 Republicans97 9: In Poughkeepsie, a state convention of African Americans adopts a resolution that “there should be a representation of colored men in the city of Washington,” from all sections of the country, “whose duty it should be to urge upon members of Congress the importance of having the status of the colored American so fixed in the land that his color shall not be a bar to his occupying any position or to the

enjoyment of all the rights that appertain to citizenship.”98

adopted by them, which shall forever prohibit slavery within the free Republic of the United States of America. —Governor Reuben E. Fenton, annual message, January

december 1: President Johnson restores the writ of habeas corpus in most loyal states and territories. (See Chronology.) 5: In the New York City mayoral election, John T. Hoffman wins with 32,820 votes. Marshall O. Roberts receives 31,657 votes; John Hecker, 10,390; and Charles Gunther, 6,758.99 18: The Thirteenth Amendment, accepted by twenty-seven of thirty-six states (thus far) is declared ratified.

Legislative Sessions the eighty-eighth session of the new york legislature Let me also call your attention, as citizens and legislators, to the increasing demand for benevolent action growing out of the great struggle in which the nation is engaged. . . . Notwithstanding the liberal provisions made by the Federal Government to those whose cases can be brought within the general rules by which its bounties and pensions are disbursed,

3, 1865100

Concurrent Resolutions proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, so as to abolish slavery “Resolved . . . That our senators in congress be instructed, and our representatives requested to make all necessary exertions to secure the passage of a resolution, by that body, submitting to the legislatures of the several states a proposition to amend the Constitution of the United States.” Passed by the senate on January 11; passed by the assembly on January 17, 1865.101 Chapter 1: An Act to authorize the city of Syracuse to borrow money, and to issue the bonds of the city for the same Section 1: Authorizes Syracuse to issue up to $20,000 in bonds for family aid for residents, bonds to be payable over ten years at a coupon not to exceed 7 percent. Passed January 17, 1865.102

there must be a large number of persons thrown directly from the camp and battle-field upon the charities of States, communities and individuals. These brave veterans are in poor conditions to accept for all their sacrifices the simple honors of a nation’s gratitude. They must be fed, clothed and warmed. . . . Fully alive to the considerations due those whose brave exposure, sickness, wounds and death in maintaining the integrity of the nation, it shall be my special aim to give to [benevolent agencies, private and public] their greatest efficiency.

Chapter 3: An Act to incorporate the Home for Disabled Soldiers Section 1: Permits incorporators103 to establish in New York City a home “for the purpose of affording relief to soldiers disabled in the service of the United States during the present rebellion, who have been or shall be honorably discharged.” Passed January 24, 1865.104

But we may reasonably expect, in view of transpiring

events, and the recent expression of public opinion, that [slavery], which has thus always been an element of weakness and dissension at home, and a source of reproach abroad, will be eradicated from the land. It seems to have been so ordered, by an overruling Providence. . . . I may safely predict, as I earnestly hope, that an amendment to the Constitution will be speedily submitted to the people and

Chapter 14: An Act to legalize bonds issued in pursuance of resolutions of the Board of Supervisors of Dutchess county, and to provide for raising money by taxes to pay the same Section 1: Legalizes bonds issued by Dutchess County pursuant to county resolutions of August 2, 1863, March 30, 1864, and June 14, 1864, for boun1865: Legislative Sessions | 295

ties to volunteers or draftees mustered in and credited to the county’s quota, and to pay or reimburse funds advanced to draftees, volunteers and substitutes. It also authorizes the county to raise taxes for debt service. Passed February 2, 1865.105 Chapter 17: An Act to confirm and make valid a certain ordinance of the Board of Supervisors of the county of New York, passed June twenty-fifth, eighteen hundred and sixty four, and to provide for the redemption of the bonds therein specified Section 1: Legalizes the county’s ordinance “to provide for the procurements of volunteers for the armies of the Union” passed June 24, 1864. Section 2: Authorizes the county to issue up to $2 million in bonds, entitled the “Soldiers bounty fund redemption bonds, number 2”; these may be repaid in $500,000 installments commencing in 1891 at a coupon not to exceed 7 percent; the borrowed funds will be applied to redeem the “Soldiers bounty fund bonds, number two.” Section 3: The county may raise taxes for debt service. Passed February 8, 1865.106 Chapter 29: An Act to provide for filling the quota of men required from this State for the army and navy of the United States, and to repeal section twenty-two of chapter eight of the Laws of eighteen hundred sixty-four, and to prohibit any local bounties to volunteers, drafted men, or substitutes, and to raise money by an issue of the bonds of the State, and to provide for submitting the question thereon to the people Section 1: Authorizes a state bounty to army and navy volunteers under the December 19, 1864, call “and also under any future call or calls which may be made during the present war.” Section 2: The bounty only will be paid to en296 | New York

listed personnel credited by the United States to local quotas. No bounties will be paid to anyone enlisted or drafted before December 19, 1864. Towns that have met or exceeded their quotas under this call may have bounties refunded under this act. Section 3: Bounties paid to volunteers will be $600 for a three-year enlistment; $400 for a twoyear enlistment; and $300 for a one-year enlistment. Draftees will be paid $250. To pay these bounties, the state comptroller is authorized to borrow sufficient money from or on the general fund. Section 4: Prohibits cities, towns, and counties from borrowing or raising by tax any money to pay bounties to volunteers, draftees, and substitutes under the December 19, 1864, call, “or any future call.” These entities may pay “hand money”107 up to $100 for procuring volunteers. Section 5: The bounties only may be paid to “the volunteers in person”; moreover, “Any agreement by any volunteer or substitute with any broker, middleman, or any agent, acting between him and the authorities of any city, county or town for the payments of any part of the bounty to be paid to him by the provisions of this act, to any other person, whether executed or not, is hereby declared to be void.” The volunteer or substitute or heirs may, within four years, recover any moneys paid. Section 6: These bounties will be paid to any person furnishing a substitute under the December 19 call, less amounts already paid to him by any municipal entity.108 Section 7: Amends Section 22 of Chapter 8 (1864) to limit the amounts that municipal entities can borrow or tax for bounties to the sums specified in Section 3 above. Section 9: To finance the foregoing, authorizes the state to borrow up to $30 million, payable over eighteen years, retiring principal one-third each six years.109 Section 10: Coupon not to exceed 7 percent, and sales price not less than par.

Section 11: At the next state general election, this chapter will be submitted for voter approval. Passed February 10, 1865.110 Chapter 56: An Act to provide means for the payment of the bounties directed to be paid by the Act chapter twenty-nine of the Laws of eighteen hundred sixty-five Section 1: To pay for Chapter 29’s bounties, a tax of 2 percent is levied upon taxable property. Section 2: The comptroller is authorized to issue bonds in anticipation of the foregoing tax receipts. Section 4: Any moneyed, New York incorporated institution may invest in the proposed bonds, “to any extent which it may deem proper, without regard to the amount to which it may have been limited in making such investments by its charter.” Section 5: If the bonds are approved at the general election as provided for in Section 11 of Chapter 29, the taxes called for in Section 1 of this act will not be imposed. Passed February 27, 1865.111 Concurrent Resolution ratifying an Amendment to the Constitution of the   United States “[The Thirteenth Amendment] is hereby ratified by the legislature of the state of New York.” (See Chapter 552 in this session.) Passed by the senate on February 2 and 17; passed by the assembly on March 1, 1865.112 Chapter 84: An Act to provide a parade ground for the military of the city of New York Section 1: “All that part of Hamilton square lying between the Third and Fourth avenues and Sixty-sixth and Sixty-ninth streets” is set aside as a parade ground for the First Division, nyng. Passed March 6, 1865.113 Chapter 177: An Act for the relief of James Saunders and others, re-enlisted veterans of

the town of Franklinville, in the county of Cattaraugus Section 1: Authorizes Cattaraugus County to tax Franklinville $2,700 at 7 percent interest (to be calculated from January 4, 1864) to pay $300 bounties (and accrued interest) to Franklin T. Saunders, James Saunders, John McClure, James Little, Robert Baird, A. F. Hayden, Darius Stiles, W. H. Stone, and Solomon Dickinson. Passed March 22, 1865.114 Chapter 258: An Act for the relief of   Edwin Baker Section 1: Authorizes Allegany County to audit the claim of Edwin Baker, supervisor of the town of West Almond, “for moneys paid by said Baker as bounty for volunteers to fill the quota of said town” under the July 18, 1864, call. Passed March 31.115 Chapter 351: An Act making appropriations for the support of Government for the fiscal year beginning on the first day of October, in the year eighteen hundred and sixty five Appropriates $200,000 for the militia: “for salaries, pay of officers and privates, purchase of arms, uniforms, equipments and military supplies and other authorized expenditures.” Passed April 10, 1865.116 Chapter 535: An Act to incorporate the Soldier-Messenger Corps Section 1: Lists incorporators, including Robert Anderson, Hamilton Fish, Peter Cooper, Charles P. Daly, and William E. Dodge, Jr. Section 2: “The object of this corporation shall be to furnish for the benefit of soldiers and sailors, who have served honorably in the army and navy of the United States, the employment incidental to a message and parcel corps; and no person shall be employed or hold a position under said corporation unless he shall have so served.” 1865: Legislative Sessions | 297

Section 4: Punishes (as a misdemeanor) “any person [who] procure[s] employment from this corporation by falsely representing himself as a soldier honorably discharged from the army or navy of the United States.” Section 6: Deems this act to be a “public act, having for its object the welfare and support of soldiers and sailors who have been disabled or who have otherwise suffered in the service of the United States.” Passed April 22, 1865.117 Chapter 552: An Act to ratify the amendment to the Constitution of the United States, proposed by the Congress thereof, prohibiting slavery or involuntary servitude therein, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party has been duty convicted Whereas clauses recite the procedural history of the Thirteenth Amendment, as well as the amendment itself. Section 2. “And Whereas, Said [amendment] was approved by the president of the United States, February first, eighteen hundred and sixty-five; and whereas, the legislature of this state have considered the said proposed amendment and do deem it wise and necessary that the same should be agreed to, therefore, The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows: “1. The proposed amendment recited in the foregoing preamble is hereby approved by the legislature of this state, and ratified by it as and to be the thirteenth article of the Constitution of the United States. “2. This act shall take effect immediately.” Passed April 22, 1865.118 Concurrent Resolutions relative to the presentation of flags Resolved, “That the flags of New York volunteer regiments deposited in the bureau of military

298 | New York

statistics be publicly presented on the fourth of July next, and that his excellency the governor” is designated to receive them. (See entry for July 4, 1865.) Resolved, the chief of the bureau of military statistics is “to prepare a brief history of such flags, to be used on that occasion, and that he also prepare an account of the proceedings on that occasion.” Passed by the assembly and the senate on April 28, 1865.119 Concurrent Resolution authorizing the Commissioners of the Land Office to permit citizens of Albany to erect a bronze statue of the President Resolved, that the citizens of Albany may erect a bronze statue “to our martyr President, in the Capitol park.” Passed by the assembly on April 27; passed by the senate on April 28, 1865.120 Chapter 601: An Act for the relief of John F. Curtis Section 1: Authorizes the payment of $50 bounty, previously withheld from John F. Curtis “on account of not being the requisite age when enlisted in the military service of the United States.” Passed April 28, 1865.121 Chapter 641: An Act making appropriations for certain public and charitable institutions Section 2: Includes appropriations of $45,000 for the Union Home and School, “for the edu­ cation and maintenance of the children of volunteers”; $500 for the “Society for the Relief of Destitute Children and Seamen in Richmond ­ County; $2,500 for the Colored Orphan Asylum in New York City “to aid in rebuilding of that institution”; $2,500 for the Ladies’ Soldiers’ Aid Society of Ithaca “on condition that that society shall obtain a like amount from other sources . . . for the

establishment of an asylum for orphan and destitute children”; and $55,000 for hospital relief, including the Soldiers’ Home and Ladies’ Relief Association of Elmira, on condition that “no proper application of sick or wounded soldiers shall have been refused.” Passed May 1, 1865.122

Chapter 656: An Act to provide for the laying out of a plot of ground in the Central Park in the city of New York, and for the erection thereon of a monument to the memory of Abraham Lincoln, late President of the   United States Section 1: Appoints trustees to act with the commissioners of Central Park.123 Section 2: Charges trustees and commissioners “as speedily as may be after the passage of this act to select, procure and lay out, in . . . Central park, a suitable plot of ground, and to erect thereon a monument to perpetuate the memory of Abraham Lincoln.” The costs of the plot and the monument will be funded by voluntary contributions. Passed May 1, 1865.124

Chapter 690: An Act in relation to the bureau of Military Statistics Section 1: Hereafter the bureau will be known as the “bureau of military record.” Section 2: Any county may organize an “auxiliary bureau of military record for the county of—,” to compile records of servicemen, units, and voluntary aid provided by the county or within towns and cities. Section 5: Towns will be furnished blanks requesting information about moneys raised and spent “for every purpose connected with the war”; for the number of troops furnished, bounties paid, “and such other information as falls within the cognizance of officers of towns, cities or counties.”

Section 6: Town clerks are required, after receiving blanks for information from the bureau of military record, “to make out a full and complete record of the names of all the soldiers and officers who composed his town’s quota of troops.” Section 12: Appropriates $19,200 to create the bureau. Passed May 11, 1865.125 Chapter 744: An Act to provide a suitable repository for the records of the war and other purposes Section 1: Appoints commissioners, including, ex officio, the governor, lieutenant governor, and chancellor of the state university, as well as Hamilton Fish, Edwin D. Morgan, John A. King, John A. Dix, Ira Harris, Preston King, Horatio Seymour, Washington Hunt, Millard Fillmore, and Daniel S. Dickinson. Section 3: A fireproof structure, called the “Hall of Military Record” will be built in Albany (provided that the city contribute the land) and also “provided that the sum of seventy-five thousand dollars shall be voluntarily contributed by the people of this state.” If Albany cannot donate the land, New York City “or other municipality” may do so. Section 8: When $35,000 has been raised, the commissioners may advertise for building plans. It shall be of marble (“or other suitable non-combustible material”) and at least two stories. The building will house “objects of military interest now belonging to the collection of the state,” and include or eventually include, “newspapers, books, documents, pamphlets, and other papers belonging to the bureau of military record.” Section 9: Towns that contribute a “proportionate” share to the construction costs may deposit their wartime archives with the bureau. Section 10: Appropriates $75,000 as is required for completion of the Hall of Records. Passed May 13, 1865.126

1865: Legislative Sessions | 299

Supplementary Information Recruiting, Manpower and Casualties The following list shows the number of New York residents engaged by the various branches of service. Regular Army: 17,7601 Naval and Marine Corps: 50,9362 U.S. Volunteers: 5753 U.S. Veteran Volunteers: 1,7704 Veteran Reserve Corps: 2225 U.S. Colored Troops: 4,125 As volunteers in other states: 500 As militia or New York National Guard: 38,028 Commuters credited to the state: 18,197 Volunteers: 370,652 Total: 502,765 After netting all figures for the numerous reentries and re-enlistments, however, the estimated number of individuals actually furnished by New York was 399,994.6 The War Department tallied New York’s quotas under all calls as 507,148, against which it furnished 448,850 men, with 18,197 paying commutation, for a total of 467,047 credits. This was the equivalent of 392,270 three-year men. Based on War Department records, of the 448,850 men furnished, 404,805 were classified as white and 4,125 as African-American; 39,920 were naval recruits (including marine corps). Overall, New York contributed 16.15 percent of U.S. land and sea forces. It contributed 2.3 percent of all colored troops, and 37.67 percent of all sailors and marines.7 New York’s experience under conscription can be summarized as follows. Under the calls of July and August 1863, a total of 95,795 names were drawn. Of these, 2,300 were held to service; 6,998

300 | New York

provided substitutes; 15,912 commuted; 15,820 were not examined “for various reasons”; and 54,765 were “exempted after examination.” Of those exempted, 25,701 were for “physical or mental disability.” Under the call of March 14, 1864, a total of 11,713 names were drawn. Of these, 153 were held to service; 2,003 provided substitutes; 2,267 commuted; 2,852 were not examined “for various reasons”; and 4,438 were “exempted after examination.” Of those, exempted, 2,391 were for “physical or mental disability.” Under the call of July 18, 1864, a total of 10,227 names were drawn. Of these, 47 were held to service; 1,708 provided substitutes; 5 commuted; 6,796 were not examined “for various reasons”; and 1,671 were “exempted after examination.” Of those exempted, 1,030 were for “physical or mental disability.” Under the call of December 19, 1864, a total of 33,753 names were drawn. Of these, 710 were held to service; 2,623 provided substitutes; 13 commuted; 23,275 were not examined “for various reasons”; and 7,132 were “exempted after examination.” Of those exempted, 2,964 were for “physical or mental disability.” The totals under all calls were as follows: 151,488 drawn; 3,210 held to service; 13,332 provided substitutes; 18,197 commuted; 48,743 not examined; and 68,006 exempted after examination. Of those exempted, 32,086 were for “physical or mental disability”; this represented 32.22 percent of the 102,745 men examined.8 For the war, total deaths from all causes for New York troops were 52,996. The following list aggregates officers and enlisted persons. War-related Mortality Killed in action: 14,210 Mortally wounded: 7,557 Died from disease: 28,010

Died from accident: 595 Drowned: 572 Murdered (including murdered as pows): 60 Suicide: 86 Executed: 36 Sunstroke: 66 Other causes, known and unknown: 1,8019 For volunteers (as opposed to militia), a total of 48,586 men were wounded but recovered, while 25,363 survived capture.10 Nativities of 337,000 New York Volunteers Native Born: 203,622 British American: 19,985 English: 14,024 Irish: 51,206 German: 36,680 Other Foreigners: 11,555 Foreigners not otherwise designated: 728 Occupations of 52,125 New York   Volunteers11 Agricultural: 18,090 Mechanic: 13,817 Commercial: 3,815 Professional: 684 Printers: 476 Laborers: 13,516 Miscellaneous: 1,727 Education of 3,699 New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania Soldiers None: 132 Slight: 37 Limited Common School: 1,627 Good Common School: 1,698 High School: 169 Collegiate: 22 Professional: 14 Between May 1865 and January 15, 1866, 175 New York units were mustered out of service. In

this period, a total of 4,414 commissions were issued to officers, of which 1,461 appear to have been for the nyng. By the end of 1865, the nyng active force numbered 50,246, of which approximately 28,000 were armed and equipped. There also were 314,308 “Ununiformed Militia,” for a total of 364,695.12

Expenses, Bounties, and Debt By Section 5 of Chapter 690 (1865), New York towns, counties, and cities were required to report all expenses incurred by the war. The final report (1868) included summaries from 47 counties through December 31, 1865; from 12 counties through December 31, 1864; from 5 cities through December 31, 1864; from 771 towns through December 31, 1865; and from 132 towns through December 31, 1864. One county and 25 towns made no report; however, estimates were made in cases where reports did not cover the entire war or were never filed. The total expenses of towns, counties, and cities filing reports in 1864 or 1865 were $105,030,743.33. The estimated expenses of entities not reporting or filing reports only through 1864 were $6,325,339. Voluntary contributions totaled $3,047,973.02.13 State expense for the war totaled $38,044,576.82. This included $5,101,873.79 for “organizing, subsisting, equipping, uniforming, and transporting volunteers”; of which $4 million had been reimbursed by the federal government by 1868. It was estimated that, “owing to lack of proper evidence of legal expenditure, or incomplete vouchers,” the net unreimbursed amount was $900,000. The state total for the war also included $2,213,332.86 under the August 5, 1861, direct tax, as discounted by early assumption, and, most significantly, $34,931,243.96 in state bounties.14 The total for state and local war expenses was $152,448,632.1715 On December 10, 1865, New York’s funded

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debt, including loans taken for bounty payments, was $51,041,540.16 The New York County Board of Supervisors reported that, for the entire war, New York City sent 116,382 men. The average bounty cost was $80.06 per recruit; bounties plus “hand money” (the amount in cash dispensed at the point of enlistment) averaged $84.81 per recruit. The total of bounties, hand money, recruiting expenses, and family aid disbursements was $150.47 per recruit.17 In the year preceding September 30, 1864, New York succeeded in reducing its deficiency in the general fund to $863,814.67. Likewise, overdrafts in the state treasury had fallen to $85,003.77. State debt stood at $6,519,654.37. State taxes for the preceding fiscal year had risen to 5.25 mills; significantly, this included 1 77⁄80 mills for bounties, an amount that substantially exceeded the taxes required to pay for state government (1 1⁄4 mills).18 During the war, New York State borrowed $43,270,337.47 to pay bounties. In 1878, Governor Lucius Robinson—who had served as state comptroller from 1862 to 1865—formally congratulated the state for paying off the last of this debt.19

State Agencies and Private Aid Under Chapter 224 (1863), the main Soldiers’ Depot was established at 52 Howard Street in New York City. Over 110,000 volunteers were served in some way at the depot, which remained open until March 25, 1866. A satellite of the New York City depot was located at Albany; following the war, it was maintained as a home for disabled veterans until 1869, when residents were transferred to the National Soldiers’ Home in Togus, Maine.20 Only a fraction of the benevolent activities of New York’s state and private agencies are described here. With every village, town, and city organized in some way (and many churches and women’s groups within each municipality), a full listing would be almost impossible to produce.

302 | New York

In this summary, the records of the U.S. Sanitary Commission will have to suffice as a stand-in. In the period between June 27, 1861, and January 1, 1866, New York State ranked second nationally in direct contributions to the commission at $229,328.71. California, ranked first, contributed five times this amount: $1,233,977.81. (It seems that Golden Staters could contribute in coin what they could not provide in recruits.) The gap between New York and third-ranked Nevada also was substantial, with the latter contributing $107,642.96. When direct contributions are added to the proceeds of the Sanitary Fairs, however, New York becomes the undisputed leader. The great fairs of 1864—held in New York City ($1,184,487.72), Brooklyn ($305,513), Yonkers ($12,000), Flushing ($3,934.32), Schuyler County ($1,287.43), Albany ($80,000), Warwick and Orange Counties ($1,432.73), Poughkeepsie ($16,192.27), and Hornellsville ($800)—raised a total of $1,605,648.10. Although the data appears to be incomplete, New York contributed 32.6 percent of all listed revenues of $4,924,048.99. New York State and its largest city also contributed something else to the charitable cause—the initial impetus and leadership that produced the Sanitary Commission. Those contributions began with the elite women of New York City, whose last names include Dix, Fish, Aspinwall, Minturn, Roosevelt, Bryant, Field, Astor, Schuyler, Blatchford, Godwin, Raymond, Barlow, Auchincloss, Cooper, Winthrop, Curtis, Morse, Daly, Bellows, Evarts, Hewitt, and King. Then it would be the men’s turn to formally propose the scheme to Stanton. All four of the signatories—Henry W. Bellows, W. H. Van Buren, Elisha Harris, and J. Harsen— were New Yorkers.21 The U.S. Christian Commission also was born in New York City (see entry for November 16, 1861), at a national convention of the Young Men’s Chris-

tian Association. By December 1862, the commission had established a New York branch. Although it had different purposes than the Sanitary ­Commission—more religious and less “scientific” —historians might be forgiven for wondering (based on soldiers’ accounts) whether most ben-

eficiaries of its largesse knew or cared much about the ideological differences of the men and women who doctored and nursed them, wrote their letters, delivered essential supplies, furnished funds, and ministered to their spiritual wants, especially in times of crisis.22

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Notes introduction 1. The notion that returned veterans might be lending their military expertise to the rioters was suggested by a July 10, 1863, note from New York police superintendent John A. Kennedy to Secretary of War Stanton (see entry for that date). Kennedy, sensing a sharp rise in whites’ hostility to blacks, blamed “the returned two-years’ soldiers, whose antipathies are stronger than before they went to the Potomac.” 2. U.S. Naval War Records Office, Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of Rebellion (Washington, D.C., 1921), series II, part 1, 226. 3. See Economy in 1860 for more details. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, The Civil War in the United States (New York: International Publishers, 1961), ix–x. 4. Frederick Phisterer, New York in the War of Rebellion, 1861 to 1865 (Albany: Weed, Parsons and Company, 1890), 48, 53–54. 5. “Gen. Aiken’s Visit to Washington,” W. A. Croffut and John M. Morris, The Military and Civil History of Connecticut during the War of 1861–65 (New York: Ledyard Bill, 1868), 839–841. Aiken would marry Buckingham’s daughter Eliza in August. A Modern History of New London County Connecticut, Benjamin Tinkham Marshall, editor (New York: Lewis Publishing Company, 1922), vol. 2, “Biographical,” 68. 6. Jefferson Davis, The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, forward by James M. McPherson (New York: Da Capo Press, 1990), vol. 1 of 2, 443. The context of Davis’ famous quote—“If the Confederacy falls, there should be written on its tombstone, ‘Died of a theory’”— should not be overlooked. Davis was arguing with a Confederate senator that black soldiers should be enlisted to fight for the South. But there were limits beyond which some Confederate states could not be “at war.” 7. Anonymous limerick based on Sydney Smith’s (1771–1845) bon mot about fishwives, Bon Mots of Sydney Smith and R. Brinsley Sheridan, edited by Walter Jerrold (London: J. M. Dent and Company, 1893), 112.

principal officers of the department of war 1. A roster of War Department officials may be found in OR.III.1.964; OR.III.2.957; OR.III.3.1199; OR.III.4.1035; OR.III.5.601–602. Information about C. P. Buckingham may be found in Biographical Register (3rd), vol. 1, 424–425.

2. Joseph Holt (1807–1894) was born in Breckinridge County, Kentucky, and educated at Saint Joseph’s College in Bardstown and Centre College in Dansville, Kentucky. He commenced practicing law in 1828 in Elizabethtown, Kentucky. After relocating to Louisville in 1832, he became an editor with the Louisville Advertiser and practiced law on the “Jefferson circuit.” Holt rose to national notice at the 1836 Democratic Convention by successfully promoting the controversial Richard M. Johnson as Martin Van Buren’s vice president. In 1855 he moved to Port Gibson, Mississippi. In 1857, James Buchanan named Holt as commissioner of patents and, in 1859, as postmaster general. Holt established his bona fides as a pro-Union Democrat when he replaced John Floyd as secretary of war ad interim after Floyd’s resignation in 1860. Holt and General Winfield Scott provided an important contrast to their vacillating commanderin-chief; the two men cooperated in many confidencebuilding measures, especially in dealing with nervous state governors. Holt worked to keep Kentucky in the Union, and fought against its neutrality policy. A supporter of the Emancipation Proclamation, he also provided important legal justifications for a variety of Lincoln administration policies, from conscription issues to the enlistment (and promise of freedom) for colored troops from areas not covered by the Emancipation Proclamation. Holt was brevetted a major general on March 13, 1865, for “Faithful, Meritorious, and Distinguished Services in the Bureau of Military Justice during the War.” Postwar, Holt continued as the War Department’s solicitor general; among his projects was the successful prosecution of Lincoln’s assassins. He retired in 1875, when he was already several years over the mandatory retirement age of sixty-two. Appletons’ Biography, III.244. 3. Simon Cameron (1799–1889) was born in Maytown, served as Pennsylvania’s adjutant general, and in 1845 was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate to fill Buchanan’s unexpired term. (A more complete biographical note on Cameron appears in States at War, volume 3.) He was re-elected to the Senate in 1857 as a Republican and was a candidate for president in 1860. He was appointed secretary of war by Lincoln on March 4, 1861, and served until January 1862; later that year he was appointed U.S. minister to Russia. He returned to the U.S. Senate as a Republican in 1867, was re-elected in 1873, and served until he resigned in 1877. Biographical

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Directory of the United States Congress, 1774–2005 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2005), 773. Cited hereafter as BD, followed by the page number. 4. Edwin M. Stanton (1814–1869) was born in Steubenville, Ohio. His father died when Stanton was thirteen; until then, he had received a local but classical education. Afterward, he was forced to leave school and support his mother, which he did by clerking in a bookstore for three years. In 1831, at the age of seventeen, he enrolled in Kenyon College. He left college in 1833 to read law in the office of Benjamin Tappan of Steubenville, then a U.S. district judge (Tappan became a Democratic U.S. senator from Ohio in 1839). Stanton was admitted to the bar in 1836 and Tappan remained his preceptor. Stanton’s enormous talent for the law and his legendary appetite for work persuaded Tappan to entrust him with a portion of his law practice, already one of the more enviable such stables in Ohio. In 1837, Stanton relocated to Cadiz (approximately eighteen miles west of Steubenville) and—in his first and only popular ­election—won the post of Harrison County district attorney. He returned to Steubenville in 1839 and, in 1842, was elected by Ohio’s house to serve as reporter for the state supreme court, a position he held until 1845. (Volumes 11, 12, and 13 are Stanton’s.) During this period, Stanton gained national fame defending the clerk of the Ohio assembly, who was charged with defalcation. In 1848, he moved to Pittsburgh and formed a practice that included Charles Shaler, a former Allegheny County district judge. Stanton remained in Pittsburgh almost a decade, during which he participated in several of the antebellum era’s highest-profile corporate cases, including the McCormick-Manny patent cases (Stanton successfully defended the alleged infringer) and the Wheeling Bridge Company case, where Stanton represented Pennsylvania’s claim that the bridge, built too low to accommodate tall-stacked steamboats, interfered with the right of free navigation. As a mark of his reputation (and Democratic bona fides), Buchanan appointed Stanton to travel to California in late 1857 to represent the United States against claimants under Mexican land grants. In 1858, Stanton left his Pittsburgh law firm and relocated to Washington, D.C., to establish a practice. In 1859, he represented New York Congressman Daniel Sickles against charges that he had murdered his wife’s paramour; Stanton prevailed by his use of the then-novel plea of temporary insanity. (See note 35 under 1863 for a biographical note on Daniel Sickles.) On December 20, 1860, Buchanan appointed Stanton (a lifelong antislavery Democrat) as acting U.S. attorney general, a position he held until Lincoln’s inauguration. It was not lost on Lincoln that Buchanan’s final senior-level 306 | Notes to Page 13

appointments—John A. Dix, Edwin M. Stanton, and Joseph Holt—were all Democrats; these men did much to ensure that the new administration would inherit something more than the mere semblance of a government. Lincoln eventually named all three men to positions of great importance, beginning with Stanton’s appointment to the War Department in January 1862. Postwar, Stanton was at the center of the controversy between Andrew Johnson and congressional radicals. On August 5, 1867, Stanton refused Johnson’s demand that he resign; on August 12, Johnson suspended him; on January 13, 1868, the Senate restored Stanton to office. After more demands and refusals, the Senate impeached Andrew Johnson on February 24, 1868. On ­December 20, 1869, President Grant appointed Stanton to the U.S. Supreme Court. He was confirmed by the Senate but died four days later. Appletons’ Biography, V.648–649; The Portrait Monthly: Containing Sketches of Departed Heroes, and Prominent Personages of the Present Time, Interesting Stories, Etc. (New York: T.B. Leggett & Co., 1864), 50. 5. Thomas A. Scott (1824–1881) was born in London, Pennsylvania, the son of a tavern keeper (“Tom Scott’s Tavern”) who serviced travelers on the Philadelphia to Pittsburgh turnpike. His early education was seasonal: school in winter, farming in summer; when Scott was older, he clerked in nearby country stores. In 1841, Columbia toll collector Major James Patton hired Scott as an assistant. By 1847, he had advanced to chief clerk for the Philadelphia toll collector. In 1851, Scott began working for the Pennsylvania Railroad, then under construction. From 1852 to 1857, he was general superintendent for the mountain district, headquartered at Duncasville. Scott also assumed other responsibilities during these years: in 1853 he became the general superintendent of the Pittsburgh office and, in 1855, superintendent of the entire railroad. He became vice president in 1859 and, by 1861, was considered one the country’s top railroad executives. After the attack on Fort Sumter, Pennsylvania governor Andrew G. Curtin appointed Scott to his grand staff. On April 27, 1861, Secretary Cameron asked Scott to create a new line connecting Philadelphia and Washington. Combining new construction with existing rail connections, Scott pushed the line through Annapolis and Perryville with astonishing speed. On May 3, 1861, he was commissioned a colonel of volunteers, and on May 23 he was authorized “to take charge of all Government railways and telegraphs or those appropriated for Government use.” On August 1, 1861, Cameron appointed him assistant secretary of war. In January 1862, Stanton tasked Scott with organizing transportation in the northwestern states and, in March, to accomplish the same on the western rivers. On June 1, 1862, Scott resigned to return to the

Pennsylvania Railroad. But Stanton was not through with him. On September 24, 1863, he specially commissioned Scott to deploy by rail the Eleventh and Twelfth Army Corps from the war’s eastern theater to Nashville and ultimately to Chattanooga, for the relief of General Rosecrans. This rail deployment was the largest during the war and, again, Scott accomplished it with speed and remarkable dexterity—improvising tracks, connecting lines and places not previously joined, and sending trains by every available route. In 1864, he returned to the Pennsylvania Railroad as president both of its western division and the Pennsylvania Company, an affiliate through which the railroad secured rights and leases with lines connecting west. From 1871 to 1872, Scott was president of the Union Pacific Railroad; in 1874, he became president of the entire Pennsylvania Railroad. Failing health forced his resignation in 1880. He also organized and served as the first president of the Texas Pacific Railroad. Appletons’ Biography, V.430; Lamb’s Biographical Dictionary of the United States, edited by John Howard Brown (Boston: Federal Book Company of Boston, 1903), vol. 6, 657; OR.III.1.228. 6. Peter H. Watson (1819–1885) was born in England and immigrated to the United States about 1839. He briefly studied civil engineering but, after settling in Rockford, Illinois, commenced reading law. After admission to the bar, Watson established his practice in Washington, D.C. His specialty was patent law and his reputation was national. In 1855 Watson successfully defended the Manny interests against a patent infringement suit by the owners of the McCormick reaper patents. His co-counsels were Edwin M. Stanton, George Harding, and—until the client declined his further services—a prominent Illinois lawyer named Abraham Lincoln. (Lincoln initially declined his fee; Watson sent it twice before Lincoln cashed the check.) After being appointed secretary of war, Stanton persuaded Congress to grant him two assistants and, on January 22, 1862, brought in Watson for the one-year period allowed by the authorization. Stanton trusted Watson. His capacity for hard work (like that of his boss) was legendary and his employment in several bureaus of the War Department extended throughout the war. Postwar, Watson settled in Ashtabula, Ohio, and soon became interested in railroads. He built the Ashtabula & Franklin Railroad and, in 1872, revived the South Improvement Company of Pennsylvania, the vehicle through which Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company and the Pennsylvania Railroad would fix prices and set rebates. In 1872, Watson replaced General John A. Dix as president of the Erie Railroad; he served until 1874, resigning for reasons of health. After recuperating, he returned to business by founding the successful Fabric Measur-

ing and Packaging Company in New York; he remained president until his death. Edward Harold Mott, Between the Ocean and the Lakes: The Story of Erie (New York: John S. Collins, Publisher, 1901), 469–470; Ronald C. White, Jr., A. Lincoln: A Biography (New York: Random House, 2009), 212–214. The scheme is summarized in Philip S. Klein and Ari Hoogenboom, A History of Pennsylvania, second edition (University Park: Pennsylvania State University, 1980), 311; Grace Mary McAlexander, “The Efficiency of the War Department,” Master of Arts Thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1915, 9. 7. Catharinus P. Buckingham (1808–1888) was born in Springfield (present-day Zanesville), Ohio. Educated locally, Buckingham matriculated at Ohio University in Athens at age fourteen. He remained one year, then was appointed to West Point, graduating in 1829. Afterward, he immediately entered the Topographical Corps, and was detailed to survey parts of Kentucky. The next year he returned to West Point as an assistant professor of natural philosophy. He taught for a year, then resigned to accept a professorship of natural philosophy at Kenyon College. He taught three years and left to pursue a business career in Mt. Vernon, Ohio. He became a successful manufacturer of machinery and managed an ironworks. In 1856 he went to Chicago to build the Illinois Central grain elevators—a small detail that eventually had large consequences. After Fort Sumter was attacked, Buckingham’s services were required by Ohio, and he was appointed aag, then commissary general, and finally adjutant general for the state. On July 16, 1862, the War Department commissioned him a brigadier of volunteers and brought him to Washington. Most Northern state executives knew Buckingham during his tenure, but he briefly achieved national prominence as the officer selected to relieve McClellan and appoint Burnside as commander of the Army of the Potomac. Buckingham resigned on February 11, 1863, to return to business. Together with brothers John and Ebenezer, he built a grain elevator in New York. It failed, but he would have better luck in Chicago where, after his move to that city in 1868, he continued to build elevators. In 1873, the Buckingham brothers and several other investors established the Chicago Steel Works, which quickly became one of the largest steel manufacturers in Illinois. A.T. Andreas, The History of Chicago from the Earliest Period to the Present Time (Chicago: The A.T. Andreas Company, 1886), vol. 3 of 3, 478–479; Ezra J. Warner, Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Press, 1992), 49–50. 8. Wolcott (1820–1863) was born in Wolcottville, Connecticut, and graduated from Washington College (one of the two predecessors to Washington and Jefferson College) in 1840. He read law under Edwin Stanton when the latter was practicing at Tappan & Stanton in Notes to Page 13 | 307

Steubenville, Ohio. In 1844, Wolcott married Stanton’s sister, Pamphilia, and that same year was admitted to the bar. He practiced in Ravenna between 1844 and 1846, then moved to Akron where he practiced for the next decade. In 1856, Ohio governor Salmon P. Chase appointed him state attorney general. Wolcott left that office with Chase’s departure but was appointed by his successor, Governor William Dennison, as a delegate to the 1861 peace conference. Wolcott also advised Dennison about organizing the state’s military operations. In May 1862, Stanton appointed Wolcott as assistant secretary of war. Wolcott died in April 1863; contemporaries attributed his death to overwork. Biographical and Historical Catalogue of Washington and Jefferson College, Containing a General Catalogue of the Graduates and Non Graduates of Jefferson College of Washington College and of Washington and Jefferson College, 1802–1902 (Philadelphia: George H. Buchanan Company, 1902), 324; Bench and Bar of Northern Ohio, History and Biography, edited by William B. Neff (Cleveland: The Historical Publishing Co., 1921), 172; Samuel A. Lane, Fifty Years and Over of Akron and Summit County (Akron, Ohio: Beacon Job Department, 1892), 553. 9. Samuel Cooper (1798–1876) was born in Dutchess County, New York, and graduated from West Point in 1815. Between 1818 and 1825, he was assigned to the adjutant general’s office in Washington; from 1828 to 1836, he served as an adc to General Alexander Macomb. In 1836, he was brevetted captain and also authored A Concise System of Instructions and Regulations for the Militia and Volunteers of the United States. Between 1841 and 1842, he served as chief of staff to General William J. Worth during the Seminole Wars, participating in the rout of Halleck Tustenuggee’s band in the Big Hammock of Pilaklakaha. In 1848 he was brevetted colonel for “Meritorious Conduct, Particularly in the Performance of Duties in the Prosecution of the War with Mexico.” On July 26, 1852, Cooper was appointed adjutant general of the U.S. Army. He held that office until March 7, 1861, when he resigned to join the Confederacy. (A Northern man with strong Southern principles, he was married to a sister of Virginia’s senator James M. Mason.) Cooper became adjutant general of the Confederate States’ Army, a position he held throughout the war. (Historians owe Cooper a debt of gratitude as his May 1865 surrender to federal authorities included all of his official records.) Postwar, he returned to his farm in Alexandria, Virginia, until his death. Ezra J. Warner, Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Press, 1987), 62–63; Francis S. Drake, Dictionary of American Biography, including Men of the Time (Boston: Houghton, Osgood & Company, 1879), 218. 10. Lorenzo Thomas (1804–1875) was born in Delaware and graduated from West Point in 1823. He was 308 | Notes to Page 13

promoted to captain on September 23, 1836, and served in the Seminole Wars between 1836 and 1837 and from 1839 to 1840. He was promoted to aag with the rank of major in July 1838 and fought in Mexico, where, on September 23, 1846, he earned a brevet to lieutenant colonel for his actions at Monterrey. He was promoted to full major, Fourth U.S. Infantry, on January 1, 1848, and aag with the rank of full lieutenant colonel on July 18, 1852. On May 7, 1861, Thomas was appointed adjutant general with the rank of brigadier general. He remained in Washington until 1863, when his mission changed: he was sent west to organize colored regiments, and also oversaw the effort to implement wages for freed slaves on liberated Southern plantations. On March 13, 1865, he was brevetted a major general. Postwar, Thomas became the center of controversy when Andrew Johnson appointed him secretary of war to replace Stanton, who refused to leave. The sequel was Johnson’s impeachment trial. Drake, Dictionary of American Biography, 904. 11. Edward D. Townsend (1817–1893) was born in Boston and attended Harvard, then graduated from West Point in 1837. He served in the Seminole Wars and, on August 8, 1846, was promoted to aag with the rank of captain. On July 15, 1852, he was promoted to major, then to colonel on August 3, 1861. Brevetted a major general on March 13, 1865, he was promoted a full brigadier and adjutant general of the U.S. Army on February 22, 1869, a position he held until 1880. Drake, Dictionary of American Biography, 916; Roger D. Hunt and Jack R. Brown, Brevet Brigadier Generals in Blue (Gaithersburg, Maryland: Olde Soldier Books, 1990), 622. 12. Montgomery C. Meigs (1816–1892) was born in Augusta, Georgia, to a distinguished family. Meigs’ father was a physician and his grandfather had been a Yale College professor and, later, president of the University of Georgia. When Meigs was a child, he relocated with his family to Philadelphia. He attended the University of Pennsylvania, then graduated from West Point in 1836. Meigs was an engineer and, in the twenty-five years before the war, his projects included construction works at Fort Delaware, Fort Wayne (Detroit), the Potomac Aque­ duct, and the extension of the U.S. Capitol, including the dome and House and Senate chambers. On May 14, 1861, he was promoted to colonel of the Eleventh Infantry and, on the very next day, to quartermaster general of the United States, with the rank of brigadier general. He served in this post until his retirement in 1882. In an age (and a war) notable for peculation, Meigs was an honest man: a recent biographer estimated that, between 1861 and 1866, $1.5 billion was disbursed on his orders without a single credible accusation of financial impropriety. He earned high praise from most quarters for his competence, which was on special display in providing

supplies to federal forces in Chattanooga and to Sherman’s army when it reached the sea. He was brevetted a major general on July 5, 1864. Postwar, Meigs spent time in Europe observing various military practices for U.S. application; post-retirement, he designed Washington’s Pension Office Building and served as a regent of the Smithsonian Institution. Drake, Dictionary of American Biography, 614; Warner, Generals in Blue, 318–319. 13. Joseph G. Totten (1788–1864) was born in New Haven, Connecticut, and graduated from West Point in 1805 as an engineer lieutenant. (He was the tenth man to graduate from the academy.) Promoted to captain on July 31, 1812, he served as chief engineer of the U.S. Army in the Niagara battles of 1812–1813. He earned distinction in the capture of Fort George on May 27, 1813, and on June 6 was brevetted major for meritorious service. In 1814, he earned further distinction (and a brevet to lieutenant colonel) as the chief engineer for Generals George Izard and Alexander Macomb at Lake Champlain and at Plattsburg. Totten was promoted to major on November 12, 1818, to full lieutenant colonel on May 24, 1828, and to colonel and chief engineer on December 7, 1838. During the Mexican War, Totten was Scott’s chief engineer at Veracruz and, on March 25, 1847, brevetted brigadier general for “gallantry.” He served as a regent of the Smithsonian between 1846 and 1864. He also translated the work of French engineer Joseph Vicat, “On Mortars,” which dealt not with ordnance but with cement—an appropriate topic for Totten who built (among other things) the fortifications at Newport, Rhode Island, and wrote studies of major U.S. harbors and coastlines. His sixty-two years in uniform ended with pneumonia in 1864. He was posthumously promoted to major general, having received his brigadier’s rank in 1863. Drake, Dictionary of American Biography, 914; Warner, Generals in Blue, 509–510. 14. Richard Delafield (1798–1873) was born in New York City and graduated from West Point in 1814. Commissioned a second lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers, he was immediately assigned to serve as an “astronomical and topographical draftsman” to the commission formed by the Treaty of Ghent (following the War of 1812) to settle disputes over the U.S. northern border. Delafield’s career mirrored the country’s growth: building fortifications at Hampton Roads (1819–1824) and Plaquemine Bend, Louisiana (1824–1832), surveying the mouth of the Mississippi, serving as engineer for the New Orleans Canal and Banking Company, and improving the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers (1831–1832). Between 1832 and 1838, he worked on projects for the Cumberland Road, Fort Delaware, and Fort Miflin (Pennsylvania), and on harbor improvements along the Delaware River. Between 1838 and 1845, he was superintendent of West Point. As New York City commerce

increased, so did the harbor’s value and, between 1846 and 1855, Delafield supervised harbor fort construction. As a mark of his value, he was sent with George B. McClellan to the Crimea as an observer in 1855. He returned as West Point’s superintendent and served until 1861, having helped revise the curriculum. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in August 1861. During the war Delafield served on New York governor Edwin Morgan’s staff, assisting in the organizing and equipping of New York volunteers and dealing with logistical matters; he also worked on supplying ordnance to federal fortifications across the country. In New York Harbor, he was superintending engineer for fort construction at the Narrows, at Governor’s Island, and at Sandy Hook, New Jersey. He was promoted to brigadier general in April 1864 and appointed chief of engineers, commanding the Corps of Engineers and the Engineer Bureau in Washington. He was brevetted a major general in 1865 and retired on August 8, 1866. “Richard Delafield” contained in Professional Memoirs, Corps of Engineers, United States Army and Engineer Department at Large, vol. 3, nos. 9–12 (Washington, D.C.: Press of the Engineering School, 1911), 416–417. 15. James W. Ripley (1794–1870) was born in Windham, Connecticut, and graduated from West Point in 1814. He was assigned to the artillery and served under Andrew Jackson in the Seminole War of 1817–1818. In 1823, he was named a commissioner for drawing the boundary line of the Florida Indian Reservation. Ripley was promoted to captain on August 1, 1825, and to captain of ordnance on May 30, 1832. Having spent time as superintendent of the Kennebec Armory, he was next appointed superintendent of the Springfield Armory (1841–1854), ending the latter assignment as a full lieutenant colonel. Ripley was out of the country when he heard about the attack on Fort Sumter and immediately returned home. On April 23, 1861, he was appointed chief of the Ordnance Department and, on August 3, 1861, was commissioned a brigadier. Ripley was responsible for weapons—including the small arms for which every governor now clamored. His inability to supply these (not his fault) and his insistence on abiding by the prewar rules governing the distribution of arms made him unpopular with state executives and a symbol of government red tape. He was probably the most frequently circumvented official in government, as powerful state executives appealed directly to Lincoln, Cameron, and Stanton. Nevertheless, on matters of supply, the hot-tempered Ripley (an unhealthy trait in a man of sixty-six) was judged too harshly by some of his peers; he did manage to keep arms and ammunition coming, and federal soldiers rarely lacked these items for very long. Notes to Page 13 | 309

But what Ripley is remembered for (and what led to his replacement on September 15, 1863) was his diehard opposition to breech-loading rifles. He believed that they wasted ammunition and that their mechanisms were too complex to survive under field conditions. (Rip­ley was mistaken here, but he was correct on another point. At the time, the U.S. gun industry was midway through a massive conversion to produce rifled muskets; reversing that process would have taken time.) Postwar, Rip­ ley was appointed inspector of armament of forts on the New England coast. Drake, Dictionary of American Biography, 770; Warner, Generals in Blue, 404–405. The best assessment of Ripley can be found in Robert V. Bruce, Lincoln and the Tools of War (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989 [1956]), 31–36, 106–108. 16. James B. Fry (1827–1894) was born in Carrollton, Illinois, and graduated from West Point in 1847. He immediately entered the artillery, taught the subject at West Point and, in the aftermath of the Mexican War, was assigned to the Mexico City garrison. He returned to the United States in 1848 to garrison duty in New York. This was followed by diverse assignments: he accompanied the 1848 voyage to Oregon, was on garrison duty at Fort Vancouver, Washington, and Astoria, Oregon, then was assigned to posts in Mississippi, New Orleans, and Texas, punctuated by stints teaching artillery at West Point and the Artillery Practice School at Fort Monroe. In 1859, Fry briefly returned to action (of a sort) as a member of the Harper’s Ferry Expedition, sent to crush John Brown’s insurrection. In 1860, Fry served on the board to “Revise the Programme of Instruction at the Military Academy,” and later that year, was posted at Fort Leavenworth. When Fort Sumter was attacked, Fry was in the Washington garrison commanding a light artillery battery. With war came a series of staff assignments that placed Fry in principal combat theaters: he was chief of staff to Irwin McDowell at First Bull Run, and to Don Carlos Buell and the Army of the Ohio at Nashville, Shiloh, the Siege of Corinth, and in the confrontations with Bragg through Kentucky and into northern Alabama. On November 12, 1862, Fry’s field service ended when he was assigned to Washington as assistant in charge of the appointment branch of the adjutant general’s office. On December 31, 1862, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel (staff ) and, on March 17, 1863, to full colonel (staff ), together with his appointment as pmg. He was promoted to brigadier general (staff ) on April 21, 1864. March 13, 1865, brought a double brevet: to colonel for “Gallant and Meritorious Services at the Battle of Bull Run, Va.,” and to major general, U.S. Army, for “Faithful, Meritorious and Distinguished Services in the Provost-Marshal-General’s Department during the Rebellion.” When the pmg’s department was abolished 310 | Notes to Page 13

on August 30, 1866, Fry was assigned adjutant duties for military departments across the country. He retired on July 1, 1881. Fry authored many works, including The History and Legal Effect of Brevets in the Armies of Great Britain and the United States and their Origin in 1692 to the Present Time (1877); Army Sacrifices, or Briefs from Official Pigeon-holes (1879); MacDowell and Tyler in the Campaign of Bull Run, 1861 (1884); Operations of the Army under Buell, from June 10th to October 30, 1862, and the Buell Commission (1884); New York and the Conscription of 1863 (1885); and The Conkling and Blaine-Fry Controversy (1893). He also co-authored works on subjects ranging from Custer’s Last Stand to army command. George Washington Cullum, Biographical Register, vol. 1, 188–189; “Gen. James B. Fry Dead,” New York Times, July 12, 1894. 17. George D. Ruggles (1833–1904) was born in Newburgh, New York, and graduated from West Point in 1855. His first assignment was to Chippewa and Sioux territory, but even here, he had administrative duties that would distinguish his career for the next forty-six years. He was adjutant of the Second U.S. Infantry (1857–1861) and later was assigned as aag of the Department of the West (1858–1861). On May 21, 1861, he was promoted to full lieutenant and assigned as brigade aag to General Robert Patterson, then commanding the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps. On August 3, 1861, Ruggles was promoted to full captain and assigned to the War Department to help organize state volunteers intending to muster into federal service. Because of delays that prevented payment to these men, it fell to Ruggles to appeal to Congress for more money. He succeeded in securing an appropriation of $20 million. On June 28, 1862, he was assigned chief of staff and adjutant general for Pope’s newly formed Army of Virginia and, on July 17, 1862, was promoted to full major. That summer Ruggles saw action at Cedar Mountain, Waterloo Bridge, Second Bull Run, and Chantilly. After McClellan’s restoration in September, Ruggles remained as his assistant chief of staff and participated in the battles of South Mountain, Antietam, and Snicker’s Gap. With McClellan’s relief in November, Stanton requested that Ruggles return to the War Department. After passage of the Enrollment Act in March 1863, Ruggles was a key assistant to Fry in organizing the provost marshal general’s office. It was here that Ruggles often communicated with governors, state adjutant generals, and aapmgs. In late 1864, at George Meade’s request, Ruggles became adjutant general of the Army of the Potomac, remaining until disbandment on June 30, 1865. Ruggles was present at Lee’s surrender at Appomattox. On March 13, 1865, he was double brevetted, to lieutenant colonel, U.S. Army (“For Gallant and Meritorious Service during the War”), and to brigadier general, U.S. Army (“For Gallant and Meritorious Services dur-

ing the Campaign Terminating with the Surrender of the Insurgent Army of Northern Virginia”). On March 25, 1865, he received the personal thanks of Meade and Lincoln and, on April 9, 1865, was brevetted brigadier general of volunteers. Postwar, Ruggles continued in administrative duties, serving as adjutant general of almost every army department: the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Lakes, the East, the Platte, the Dakota, Texas, and California. He was promoted full lieutenant colonel on June 15, 1880, colonel on June 7, 1889, and adjutant general of the army with the rank of full brigadier on November 6, 1893. He retired on November 6, 1897, but in 1898 was appointed by McKinley to command the Soldiers’ Home in Washington, D.C. He left that post in 1903. Lamb’s Biographical Dictionary of the United States, edited by John Howard Brown, vol. 6, 564–565. 18. Noah Lemuel Jeffries (1828–1896) was born in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania. As a child, he relocated with his family to Wooster, Ohio. Jeffries was educated in local schools for several years, then taught school in the vicinity. Around 1847 he began to study law; he was admitted to the bar in 1850 and later moved to Ravenna, Ohio, to commence practice. In 1858 he moved to Mansfield, Ohio, and was practicing law at the time Fort Sumter was attacked. His brother-in-law was William L. Tidball who, when commissioned colonel of the Fifty-Ninth New York Infantry, took Jeffries (and four companies of Ohio men recruited by Jeffries) into the regiment. On October 14, 1861, Jeffries was appointed first lieutenant and adjutant of the unit. He was promoted to captain and brigade aag on March 26, 1862. Jeffries saw action at Williamsburg and Fair Oaks and was severely wounded (at first thought to be mortal) during the Seven Days’ battles. In February 1863, Jeffries was assigned to former (and future) congressman and then General Robert P. Schenk, who commanded the Middle Department, which included Baltimore. Jeffries was promoted to major on August 13, 1863, and appointed aapmg for Maryland and Delaware. He held this position until August 17, 1864, although months earlier (on November 30, 1863), he had resigned from the army to accept an appointment as a lieutenant colonel in the VRC. On March 30, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier general of volunteers for “Faithful Service in the Recruitment of Armies of the United States.” He resigned on August 26, 1866. Postwar, Jeffries transitioned easily from war administration to practicing law in Washington, D.C. He served on a commission to adjust West Virginia’s war claims and also served Maryland governor Thomas Swann as inspector general of militia. Andrew Johnson appointed Jeffries as register of the U.S. Treasury in September 1867, a position he held until March 1869. Afterward, he resided and practiced law in

Washington, D.C. Eminent and Representative Men of Virginia and The District of Columbia, of the Nineteenth Century (Madison, Wisconsin: Brant & Fuller, 1893), 174–177; Francis B. Heitman, Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army, from its Organization, September 29, 1789, to March 2, 1903 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1903), vol. 1, 571; Hunt and Brown, Brevet Brigadiers in Blue, 313.

chronology of events, battles, laws, and general orders 1. Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States being the Second Session of the Thirty-Sixth Congress, begun and held at the City of Washington, December 3, 1860 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1860), 36–37. 2. A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the President, vol. 5, Message of Buchanan, January 8, 1861, 655. 3. “Congressional Proceedings, Senate,” New York Times, December 19, 1860. 4. The Political History of the United States during the Great Rebellion, edited by Edward McPherson, second edition (Washington: Philp & Solomons, 1865), 16. 5. A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the President, vol. 5, 655–659. 6. Political History, 62–63. These sections appear in McPherson as five separate articles. 7. OR.III.1.67–68; “Table of [state] quotas,” 69. By Authority of Congress: The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 3, 1845, edited by Richard Peters (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1845), 424–425. The 1795 Act repealed the Militia Act of May 2, 1792, but not the act of May 8, 1792—and the latter stipulated that only whites were eligible to serve. 8. Chapter III, “An act recognizing the existence of war between the United States and the Confederate States; and concerning letters of marque, prizes and prize goods,” By Authority of Congress: The Statutes at Large of the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America, edited by James M. Matthews (Richmond: R. M. Smith, Printer to Congress, 1864), 100–103. 9. OR.III.1.145–145. 10. William B. Hesseltine, Lincoln and the War Governors (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955), 163–164; “The Governors in Council,” New York Times, May 10, 1861. 11. OR.III.1.151–154 (GO No. 15) and OR.III.1.154–157 (GO No. 16). GO No. 15 dealt with volunteers; GO No. 16 with the Regular Army. 12. Laws for the Army and the Navy of the Confederate States (Richmond: Printed by Ritchie & Dunnavant, 1861), 41– 43. 13. OR.III.1.327. 14. OR.III.1.339. Notes to Pages 13–19 | 311

15. Statutes at Large, vol. 12, 268–271. 16. Statutes at Large, vol. 12, 274. Horace Greeley, The American Conflict: A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States of America, 1860–’64 (Hartford: O.D. Case & Company, 1864), 568. “Object of the War,” The Congressional Globe, 37th Congress, 1st Session, July 26, 1861, 257–265. OR.III.1.349. 17. Statutes at Large, vol. 12, 276. Chapter 21 was broad, brief, and stipulated no procedures whereby states could make claims or the federal government would process them. Into this breach stepped Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase, who promulgated tight-fisted rules for claims submissions and established plodding and meticulous bureaucratic procedures for verification. By one estimate, the loyal states would spend $468 million for the war; in some cases, claim settlements continued into the twentieth century. From 1861 to 1884, New York received $4,156,986.98 in reimbursements from the federal government. Over a similar period, Pennsylvania received $3,871,710.59; New Jersey $1,517,026.79; Maryland $133,140.99; and Delaware $31,988.96. Kyle S. Sinisi, Sacred Debts: State Civil War Claims and American Federalism, 1861– 1880 (New York: Fordham University Press, 2003), 9–16, 19–20, 23, 185. While some contemporaries believed that these rules helped prevent raids on the treasury, there was another benefit to federal finances, sometimes overlooked but just as real: delaying payables was the fastest way for the cash-strapped federal government to create credit. 18. Statutes at Large, vol. 12, 281–282. 19. Statutes at Large, vol. 12, 292–313. 20. Statutes at Large, vol. 12, 326, 319. 21. OR.III.1.391. 22. OR.III.1.412. 23. OR.III.1.424–425. 24. OR.III.1.453. Note that McClellan did not recommend blue or any other color. 25. OR.III.1.461. 26. OR.III.1.479. 27. OR.III.1.488–489. 28. OR.III.1.518–519. 29. OR.III.1.527–528. While War Department GO No. 81 was issued in September, Congress felt the need for legislative authorization. See Chronology for December 24, 1861. 30. OR.III.1.531. 31. OR.III.2.586. This was distributed to the army via GO No. 141 issued on September 25. 32. OR.III.1.575–576. When Seward wrote this letter, Congress had committed to reimburse states only for costs connected with “troops employed in aiding to suppress the present insurrection.” Coastal defenses were not included. See entry for July 27. 312 | Notes to Pages 19–25

33. General Orders Affecting the Volunteer Force (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1862), 42. 34. OR.III.1.675–676. In 1863, for example, New Jersey purchased thousands of Springfield rifled muskets and hundreds of swords, along with gun carriages, caissons, and a six-gun artillery battery. (The state wanted more but foundries demurred, citing U.S. government demand.) Such actions reflect states’ continuing efforts to arm their own troops and militias when the federal government could not. Annual Report of the Quartermaster General of the State of New Jersey, for the Year 1863 (Trenton: Printed by David Naar, True American Office, 1864), 8–10. 35. OR.III.1.722. 36. Annual Register, 1862, 277. The vote was seventysix in favor of tabling the resolution with sixty-five opposed (and presumably for affirmation). What had changed between July 25 and December 4? 37. Statutes at Large, vol. 12, 331. Soldiers’ allotments often were an important part of their dependents’ welfare. When soldiers were not paid on time, this could create enormous hardships on the home front. States sometimes intervened in such cases—another instance of the federal government shifting the costs of war downrange. 38. OR.I.5.41. 39. Statutes at Large, vol. 12, 334–335. 40. Statutes at Large, vol. 12, 339–340. 41. OR.III.1.898. 42. Statutes at Large, vol. 12, 345–348. By expanding the amount of currency (Section 1) and increasing the authorized debt (Section 2), the Legal Tender Act was meant to maintain public liquidity and expand the government’s ability to finance war expenses. The best contemporary history of the Legal Tender Act was written postwar by Chapter 33’s principal drafter, Congressman E. G. Spaulding. In his words, the 1861 federal government “had no national bank currency, no gold or available means in the Treasury or Sub-Treasury, to carry on the war for the Union,” and yet managed one of the most remarkable financial feats in modern history. E. G. Spaulding, History of the Legal Tender Paper Money issued during the Great Rebellion, being a Loan without Interest and a National Currency (Buffalo: Express Printing Company, 1869), 5. The subject matter may deter some but the story is genuinely compelling. 43. OR.III.1.899. 44. Political History, 209. In remarks accompanying the bill, Lincoln declared that, “The leaders of the existing insurrection entertain the hope that this Government will ultimately be forced to acknowledge the independence of some part of the disaffected region, and that all the slave States north of such part will then say,

‘the Union for which we have struggled being already gone, we now choose to go with the southern section.’ To deprive them of this hope [by having the border states adopt emancipatory policies] substantially ends the rebellion.” 45. Statutes at Large, vol. 12, Thirty-Seventh Congress, Session II, Chapter 40, “An Act to make an additional Article of War.” 46. OR.III.2.2–3. 47. OR.III.2.16. 48. OR.III.2.28–29. 49. OR.III.2.109. 50. OR.III.2.187–188; Statutes at Large, vol. 12, 432– 489. 51. OR.III.2.206–207. 52. OR.III.2.210–211. 53. Political History, 213–214. 54. Statutes at Large, vol. 12, 566–569. 55. OR.III.2.221–222. 56. Political History, 215–217. 57. Political History, 217–218. 58. Statutes at Large, vol. 12, 597–600, 589–592. 59. OR.III.2.250. 60. OR.III.2.389. 61. OR.III.2.291–292. 62. OR.III.2.295. 63. OR.III.2.315. The petition comes from Chicago and the signatories are James Robb, receiver of the St. Louis, Alton & Chicago Railroad; G. L. Dunlap, superintendent of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad; Mahone D. Ogden, president of the Chicago & Milwaukee Railroad; E. B. Talcott, general superintendent of the Galena & Chicago Railroad; and C. G. Hammond, general superintendent of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. 64. OR.III.2.321–322. For further elaboration of Stanton’s second order, see U.S. Judge Advocate L. C. Luther to “Military Commandants, Provost-Marshals, U.S. Marshals, and Police Officers,” OR.III.2.348–349. 65. OR.III.2.333–335. 66. OR.III.2.370. 67. OR.III.2.380–381. 68. OR.III.2.397. 69. OR.III.2.483. 70. “Commencement of Brown University,” New York Times, September 4, 1862. Meeting consensus as described by William Hesseltine, Lincoln and the War Governors, 251, 252–253. 71. Henry W. Shoemaker, The Last of the War Governors: A Biographical Appreciation of Colonel William Sprague (Altoona, Pennsylvania: The Altoona Tribune Publishing Company, 1916), 29. 72. The preliminary proclamation may be found at

OR.III.2.584–585. The various alternatives to slavery— compensated emancipation and colonization—were dropped in the final proclamation as, by then, no states in rebellion had taken advantage of Lincoln’s hundredday window for returning to allegiance. 73. The governors might have tried to do too much with these passages: justifying the preliminary proclamation as a military measure, but also addressing the internal conflicts among whites in border states, as well as civil rights issues such as the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus and the suppression of newspapers. But given the identity of the non-signatories—mostly governors from border or otherwise divided states, including Olden (New Jersey), Gamble (Missouri), Robinson (Kentucky), and Burton (Delaware)—there may have been good reason to keep the language convoluted and not overly specific, perhaps in the hope of inducing these men to sign. 74. OR.III.2.582–584. 75. OR.III.2.587. 76. OR.II.4.746–747. 77. OR.III.3.2–3. 78. Statutes at Large, vol. 13, 665–682. Chapter 58 began the federalization of state banking. Participating banks were prohibited from issuing as money any notes other than federal notes. 79. OR.III3.88–93. Fry would write his aapmgs months later, directing them to enroll everyone as required by Section 1. “This enrollment is, therefore, simply a census of all male citizens [and eligible foreigners as defined in the act]. . . . Neither the enrolling officers nor the boards of enrollment shall make exemptions from enrollment. The question of exemption is to be considered by the boards of enrollment alone, and only with regard to draft.” OR.III.3.245. 80. OR.III.3.755–758. Section 5 continues at some length in treating bail and attachments but the central point is that Chapter 81 vests federal courts with something like exclusive jurisdiction; the only qualification is that in cases where a state court judgment favors the defendant, Chapter 81 gives the plaintiff no right to appeal. 81. OR.III.3.74. 82. As quoted in The United States: Its Beginnings, Progress and Modern Development, edited by Edwin Wiley (New York: American Educational Alliance, 1913), vol. 5, 263. 83. OR.III.3.125–146. These far-reaching regulations (which also list thirty-nine separate administrative forms), together with the March 3 Enrollment Act, should be required reading for anyone seeking to understand the shift from state to federal control of the conscription process. These regulations were revised and reissued on September 1, 1864. See OR.III.4.650–680. 84. OR.III.3.170–172. Notes to Pages 25–36 | 313

85. E. B. Long, with Barbara Long, Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865 (New York: Da Capo Press, 1971), 349; Wiley, The United States, 265. 86. OR.III.3.201. 87. OR.III.3.215. See also GO No. 144 at OR.III.3.216. 88. OR.III.2.320. 89. OR.III.3.360–361. 90. OR.III.3.414–416. GO No. 190, issued the same day, offered veteran volunteer status to re-enlistees in the Regular Army. A five-year commitment was required. 91. OR.III.3.545. 92. OR.III.3.548. 93. OR.III.3.611. 94. The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, edited by Roy Basler (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1953–) vol. 6, 451–452. 95. OR.III.3.892. 96. Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings, edited by Roy P. Basler (New York: Da Capo Press, 1946), 738–741. 97. OR.III.3.1172. 98. Statutes at Large, vol. 13, 6–11. 99. OR.III.4.151–152. On March 25, 1864, the War Department identified the following “rendezvous” for naval service: Portsmouth (New Hampshire), Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, D.C., Erie, Cincinnati, Chicago, and Cairo. It is unclear whether these also functioned as recruiting stations. OR.III.4.203. 100. OR.III.4.181. 101. OR.III.4.237–239. 102. OR.III.4.238. 103. OR.III.4.238. 104. “The Ladies National Covenant,” New York Times, May 5, 1864. 105. For biographical details on Howard, see note 79 on page 43, States at War, volume 1. 106. Horace Greeley, The American Conflict: A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States of America, 1860–’64 (Hartford, Connecticut: O. D. Case & Company, 1864– 1866), vol. 2., 657. 107. Proceedings of the National Union Convention, held in Baltimore, Md., June 7th, and 8th, 1864, reported by D. F. Murphy (New York: Baler & Godwin, 1864). 108. Statutes at Large, vol. 13, 126–130. See also Circular No. 60 from the War Department, dated August 1, 1864, OR.III.4.564–565. 109. OR.III.4.472–474. 110. OR.III.4.476–477. 111. OR.III.4.515–516. On July 19, Fry notified all state provost marshals of state quotas “under the enrollment recently completed, without regard to any excess or deficiency the State may have on former calls.” 112. OR.III.4.562–564. No single decision of the War 314 | Notes to Pages 36–45

Department related to conscription caused as much nationwide consternation as Whiting’s ruling. For Fry’s explanation of this controversy, see note to entry for December 23, 1864. 113. OR.III.4.628–629. 114. OR.I.42.ii.1045–1046. 115. OR.III.4.751–752; Grant tells Stanton that, “Whatever orders you make on the subject will be cheerfully carried out.” 116. OR.III.4.989. 117. OR.III.4.1002–1003. 118. Fry mandated a formula and gave an example, using a district containing eight sub-districts with a quota of 1,000 men under the current call. Assuming that the district filled its quota of 1,600 men under the previous call (July 18, 1864), he then introduced a new way to understand quotas: “years of service,” calculated by multiplying the number of men by their years of enlistment. In his hypothetical district, Fry assumed that the eight sub-districts produced a total of 1,600 men with 2,800 years of service; he then subtracted the quota of men from the years of service to derive the “excess years of service” (2,800 – 1,600 = 1,200). In the hypothetical district, each sub-district was then credited for its share of the 1,200 excess years of service. These “excess years” could now be applied to the current call (December 19, 1864) as follows: first, add the current quota (1,000 men in Fry’s example) to the number of excess years (1,200) to obtain a sum of 2,200; then, determine the ratio of that sum to the district’s total enrollment (in Fry’s example, the total enrollment is 20,000, for a ratio of 11 percent). The “gross quota” for each sub-district is then derived by multiplying that ratio by the sub-district’s total enrollment. (In Fry’s hypothetical first sub-district, total enrollment is 2,400 and the gross quota is 264.) The final step is to reduce each sub-district’s gross quota by its share of “excess years” from the July 18, 1864, call. In Fry’s hypothetical first subdistrict, the share of excess years from that call was 100; subtracting this figure from the gross quota of 264 produces a net quota under the current call of 164. Thus were quotas equalized across sub-districts. Fry’s attempt at balancing quotas was arithmetically equitable but politically disastrous. Some who were affected did not understand it; others used its complexity in an effort to dodge the politically painful work of having deficiencies filled by conscription. Fry, for all his brilliance and efficiency, could be prickly and, like other such men, did not suffer fools gladly. As he explained: The “people” did not understand this principle. All previous quotas had been assigned by the simple rule of proportion, and the process could be readily understood by the meanest intellect. This new principle, rendered necessary by the very terms of the

law, filled them with wonder and dismay, and almost every district in the loyal states sent forward a committee into its workings and to see if they had had full credit for all surpluses in “years of service” which they seemed to consider as equivalent in so many men. For weeks this branch was kept busy both day and night explaining to committees the modus operandi by which results were arrived at, and I believe that with one exception [this was probably Rhode Island] every individual and committee left the department satisfied that the quota of his or their district was equitable. OR.III.4.1008–1009; this formula was changed on January 24, 1865. See OR.III.4.1073–1075. For Fry’s concluding remarks, see OR.III.5.719–720. 119. OR.III.4.1015–1017. 120. OR.III.4.1073. Fry’s instructions provide an example. 121. OR.III.4.1204–1205. 122. Annual Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Rhode Island, for the year 1865 (Providence: Providence Press Company, 1866), 15. 123. Political History, 15.

new york: war geography, economy in 1860, governance and politicians, and demography 1. Frank J. Welcher, The Union Army, 1861–1865: Organizations and Operations (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989), vol. I of II, 11–12. The Department of the East had two wartime iterations: between October 31, 1853, and October 26, 1861, John E. Wool commanded it. Beginning with secession, the department shrunk, eventually disappearing on October 26, 1861, when New York State became the Department of New York. However, the Department of the East was revived on January 3, 1863, to include New York and New England; on February 3, 1863, New Jersey was added. John E. Wool again commanded the department between January 12 and July 18, 1863. John A. Dix commanded the department between July 18, 1863, and April 10, 1865, followed by John J. Peck from April 10, 1865, to April 19, 1865. 2. R. S. Guernsey, New York City and Vicinity during the War of 1812–15, being a military, civic and financial local history of that period (New York: C. L. Woodward, 1889), 121, 219, 292–293. 3. Ralph S. Tarr, The Physical Geography of New York State (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1902), 16–21; 339. 4. The funnel metaphor also can be stood on its head, as people and resources moved “up” the spout from New York City and out into the hinterlands. Stanley B. Parsons, William W. Beach, and Michael J. Dubin, United States Congressional Districts and Data, 1843–1883 (New York:

Greenwood Press, 1986), 126–127; Joseph G. Kennedy, Preliminary Report on the Eighth Census, 1860 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1862), “States in order of their area and population,” 121; “Table 41: Population of the United States by Counties, Census 1860,” 272–273; New York in the War of Rebellion, 1861 to 1865, compiled by Frederick Phisterer, second edition (Albany: Weed, Parsons and Company, 1890), 47–48. pmg Fry would question the number of naval recruits claimed by New York City. See entry for February 1, 1865. 5. States with significant gender imbalances endured serious complications. Before the passage of the March 3, 1863, Enrollment Act, quotas were based on a state’s general population, without regard to the percentage eligible to serve. OR.III.5.622–625. In Massachusetts, for example, the excess of females was 37,640, a significant percentage of the state’s population of 1,231,066. Massachusetts Governor John A. Andrew detailed the unfairness of this phenomenon; see “Inaugural Address of His Excellency John A. Andrew,” Acts and Resolves passed by the General Court of Massachusetts at a Second Session of the year 1865, Together with the Constitution, the Messages of the ­Governor, List of the Civil Government, Changes of Names of Persons, Etc., Etc., Etc. (Boston: Wright & Potter, 1865), 733. Statistics of the United States (including Mortality, Property, &c.) in 1860; compiled from the original returns and being the final exhibit of the Eighth Census under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1866), Table OO, “Nativity of Americans residing in other states,” lxi–lxii; “Course of Internal Migration,” Joseph G. Kennedy, Population of the United States in 1860; compiled from the Original Returns of the Eighth Census, under the Direction of the Secretary of the Interior (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1864), xxxiv. 6. Statistics of the United States, Table OO, “Nativity of Americans residing in other states,” lxi–lxii; Table II, “Showing the number and nativities of the residents of each State and Territory and the proportion of each to total population,” li; Robert Ernst, Immigrant Life in New York City, 1825–1863 (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1994 [1949]), “Table 7: Comparison of Immigration and City Population Growth, 1820–1860, by Decades,” 187. There is a slight difference between the 1860 Census figures and that of the New York Department of Labor, which reported that 1,146,241 foreign-born arrived between 1840 and 1850, and 1,994,640 between 1850 and 1860; Sixteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the State of New York, for the Year 1898 (New York: Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford Co., State Printers, 1899), 988. Kennedy, Preliminary Report, 15. 7. Kennedy, Preliminary Report, 15; Benjamin Apthorp Gould, Investigations in the Military and Anthropological StaNotes to Pages 45–50 | 315

tistics of American Soldiers (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1869), “Table III: Nativities of United States Volunteers,” 27. According to Gould’s study, 19,935 volunteers were British Americans, 14,024 were English, 51,206 were Irish, 36,680 were German, 11,555 were “Other Foreigners,” and 728 were “Foreigners not otherwise designated.” 8. Kennedy, Preliminary Report, “States in the order of their area and population,” 121; “Table No. 36: Productions of Agriculture for 1850 and 1860,” 196–197; for New England values, see States at War, vol. 1. 9. Kennedy, Preliminary Report, “Table No. 35: The true value of Real Estate and Personal Property according to the Seventh Census (1850) and the Eighth Census (1860) respectively; also the increase, and increase per cent,” 195. 10. Statistics of the United States, xviii–xix. 11. “Table No. 34: Statement of the number of Banks, the capital, loans, specie, circulation and deposits,” Kennedy, Preliminary Report, 92–193. New York’s growth as a financial center in the decade preceding the war was remarkable: in 1850, the state had 198 banks, $48,618,762 in capital, $107,132,389 in loans, $10,045,330 in specie, circulation of $26,415,526 in notes, and $50,774,193 in deposits. 12. Kennedy, Preliminary Report, 77–79. 13. “Table No. 33: Aggregate statistics of the Products of Industry for the year ending June 1, 1860,” Kennedy, Preliminary Report, 190. 14. “Table of Steam Engines and Machinery produced in the United States during the year ending June 1, 1860,” “Table No. 12: Statistics of Iron Founding in the United States during the year ending June 1, 1860,” “Table 29: Illuminating Gas produced during the year ended June 1, 1860,” “Table No. 8: Value of Agricultural Implements produced in the United States during the year ending June 1, 1860,” “Table No. 18: Value of Sawed and Planed Lumber produced during the year ending June 1, 1860,” “Table No. 19: Value of Flour and Meal produced during the year ending June 1, 1860,” “Table No. 20: Spirituous Liquors distilled during the year ending June 1, 1860,” “Table No. 24: Leather produced during the year ending June 1, 1860,” “Table No. 17: Clothing made in the following States during the year ending June 1, 1860,” Kennedy, Preliminary Report, 171, 172, 169, 176, 177, 178, 184, 175. 15. Kennedy, Preliminary Report, 170, 173, 174, 180– 181, 182–183, 185; Manufactures of the United States in 1860, compiled from the original returns of the Eighth Census under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1865), cxc. 16. Statistics of the United States, xviii; “Table No. 40: Table showing the population of the principal cities and 316 | Notes to Pages 50–55

towns in the United States, according to the Seventh Census (1850) and the Eighth Census (1860), respectively; also the numerical increase and increase percent,” Kennedy, Preliminary Report, 242–243. Readers should note that there is a slight difference in the figures contained in Kennedy and those contained in Statistics of the United States. The reason is that the latter were based on final numbers while those published in Kennedy were indeed preliminary. 17. “Table No. 36: Productions of Agriculture for 1850 and 1860,” Kennedy, Preliminary Report, 198–210. The growth of western state agriculture (and speedy rail transport to New York) were probably reflected in the declines or only slight growth in many of New York’s farm categories. 18. George Rogers Taylor and Irene D. Neu, The American Railroad Network, 1861–1890 (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2003 [1956]), 23–24; “Table No. 38: Railroads of the United States,” Kennedy, Preliminary Report, 230, 105. 19. Taylor and Neu, The American Railroad Network, 24–26; “Table No. 38: Railroads of the United States,” Kennedy, Preliminary Report, 230. Some of the domestic dramas of the Mid-Atlantic states unfold along their rail systems: the Pratt Street Riots (in response to federal troops arriving by train), the subsequent burning of the rail bridges into Baltimore, Early’s first raid on Chambersburg (sent to destroy a railroad bridge), and the destruction of track during the New York Draft Riots by individuals who knew that these tracks might carry reinforcements for the city’s beleaguered defenders. 20. “Recapitulation of the number and class of vessels built in each State of the Union during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1860,” Kennedy, Preliminary Report, 107. “Statement exhibiting the number of American and Foreign Vessels, with their tonnage and crews, which entered the several Districts of the State of New-York from Foreign Countries, during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1860,” “Value of Merchandise imported into the United States,” “Foreign Exports of New York,” Third Annual Report of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New-York for the Year 1860–’61 (New York: John W. Amerman, Printer, 1861), 178, 66, 67. 21. “Table No. 57: Newspapers and Periodicals in the United States in 1860,” Kennedy, Preliminary Report, 211–213. 22. Report of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue on the Operations of the Internal Revenue System for the Year Ending June 30, 1863 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1864), “Comparative table, showing the territorial distribution of internal revenue, population, and wealth in the United States,” 232. 23. New York’s average weekly board for laborers was

$2.24. The private’s wage assumed in this example is $13 monthly, which did not become law until August 6, 1861. (See Chronology.) Statistics of the United States, 512. Except for farmhands, the Eighth Census lists wages per diem. In calculating the figures given in the text, daily wages were multiplied by 365; to calculate board, the average weekly figure of $2.24 was annualized. 24. Lockwood L. Doty, A History of Livingston County, New York: from its Earliest Traditions, to its part in the War for our Union (Geneseo, N.Y.: Edward E. Doty, 1876), 472–473; Andrew W. Young, A History of Chautauqua County, New York, from its First Settlement to the Present Time (Buffalo: Printing House of Matthews & Warren, 1875), 186; J. N. Larned, The Progress of the Empire State: A Work Devoted to the Historical, Financial, Industrial, and Literary Development of New York, Volume II, The History of Buffalo (New York: The Progress of the Empire State Company, 1913), 68. 25. The History of Slavery and the Slave Trade, Ancient and Modern, compiled by W. O. Blake (Columbus, Ohio: H. Miller, 1861), 388. A Century of Population Growth from the First Census of the United States to the Twelfth, 1790–1900 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1909), 183, 47, 281–283, “Table 99: White and Slave Population, and Indians Taxed, in New York, in Certain Age Groups, by Sex: 1786,” “Table 7: Population of the United States as Returned at the First Census, By States, 1790,” “Table 114: Number of Families Reported at the First Census, Classified as Slaveholding and Non-Slaveholding, White and Free Colored, together with the Total and Average Number of Slaves, by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions.” 26. As quoted in Edward J. McManus, A History of Negro Slavery in New York (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, reprint, 1966), 161. See The Constitution of the State of New York (Fishkill, N.Y.: Samuel Loudon, 1777). Abolitionist John Jay drafted this constitution as well as the resolution introduced by fellow abolitionist Morris. De Alva Stanwood Alexander, A Political History of the State of New York (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1909), vol. 1, 8, 13–15. The failure to include the Morris/Jay resolution has been attributed to Jay’s absence toward the end of the convention. He left to attend his dying mother and may have expected that the resolution would be included; in any case, he objected after learning that it had been omitted. 27. Signing a bill was one matter; enforcing its terms was another. The perils faced by many African Americans in the wake of the 1799 bill can be found in McManus and also David N. Gellman, Emancipating New York: The Politics of Slavery and Freedom, 1777–1827 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2006), 153–186. 28. “Table 6: Negro Population, Slave and Free, at each Census by Divisions and States, 1790–1860,” Negro

Population in the United States, 1790–1915 (New York: Arno Press and the New York Times, 1968), 57. 29. This law and its history are discussed in Thomas D. Morris, Free Men All: Personal Liberty Laws of the North, 1780–1861 (Clark, N.J.: The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., 2008), 79–84. Constitution of the State of New York, as Amended (Albany: Cantine and Leake, 1821), 8; Constitution of the State of New York, as adopted in Convention, Oct. 9, 1846 (New York: James S. Burnton, 1846), 5. 30. Constitution of 1846, 5, 10, 9, 12, 14, 15, 25. 31. Constitution of 1846, 10–11, 25–26. 32. Constitution of 1846, 25–26. 33. Constitution of 1846, 2, 11. 34. Constitution of 1846, 21, 18–20. 35. E. Vale Blake, History of the Tammany Society or Columbian Order, from its Organization to the Present Time (New York: Souvenir Publishing Company, 1901), 11–12, 18, 21; Gustavus Myers, The History of Tammany Hall (New York: Boni & Liveright, 1917), 14–23, 151–153. 36. Jerome Mushkat, Fernando Wood: A Political Biography (Kent, Ohio: The Kent State University Press, 1990), 82–86. 37. Cyclopaedia of Political Science and Political Economy and of the Political History of the United States, by the best American and European Writers, edited by John J. Lalor (New York: Charles E. Merrill & Co., 1890), 45–46. Sidney David Brummer, Political History of New York During the Period of the Civil War (New York: no publisher, 1911), 24–26. 38. Parsons, Beach, and Dubin, U.S. Congressional Districts, 74–76; the authors explain that population density is a “good measure of the intensity of both mercantileindustrial and agricultural activity in a district.” However, for the reasons they discuss, this number also can be deceptive. See xiii under “Methodology.” 39. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774–2005 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2005), 1890 [hereafter cited as BD, with page number]; The Life of William Seward, with Selections from his Works, edited by George E. Baker (New York: Redfield, 1855), 17, 20–21, 25, 31–32, 54–55, 83; Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, edited by Robert Sobel and John Raimo (Westport Connecticut: Meckler Books, 1978), vol. 3 of 4, 1077–1078. Seward’s early (and failed) attempts to outmaneuver Lincoln over appointments and policy—and his subsequent emergence as the president’s great friend and advisor—is extensively told in Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006). As Seward’s relationship with Lincoln evolved, so did his effectiveness as secretary of state, as told by Amanda Foreman, A World on Fire: Britain’s Crucial Role in the American Civil War (New York, 2010). 40. BD.1201–1202; Journal of the Senate of the United Notes to Pages 55–62 | 317

States of America, being the First Session of the Thirty-Seventh Congress begun and held at the City of Washington, July 4, 1861, in the eighty-sixth year of the independence of the United States (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1861), 20 [hereafter cited as SJ.37.1, with page number]; Journal of the Senate of the United States of America, being the Second Session of the Thirty-Seventh Congress begun and held at the City of Washington, December 2, 1861, in the eighty-sixth year of the independence of the United States (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1861), 20 [hereafter cited as SJ.37.2, with page number]; Journal of the Senate of the United States of America, being the Third Session of the Thirty-Seventh Congress begun and held at the City of Washington, December 1, 1862, in the eighty-seventh year of the independence of the United States (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1861), 25 [hereafter cited as SJ.37.3, with page number], Journal of the Senate of the United States of America, being the First Session of the Thirty-Eighth Congress begun and held at the City of Washington, December 7, 1863, in the eighty-eighth year of the independence of the United States (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1861), 21 [hereafter cited as SJ.38.1, with page number]; as quoted in Allan G. Bogue, The Earnest Men: Republicans of the Civil War Senate (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2009 [1981]), 35–36, 63, 133; “Hon. Ira Harris,” New York Times, December 3, 1875; Memorial of Ira Harris (Albany: Joel Munsell, 1876), 3–4, 6–8. Evidence of Harris’ moderation can be found in his votes but also in his defense of Indiana Senator Jesse Bright from expulsion from the Senate. 41. BD.1386; Journal of the Senate of the United States of America, being the second session of the Thirty-Sixth Congress, begun and held at the City of Washington, December 3, 1860, in the eighty-fifth year of the independence of the United States (Washington, D.C.: George W. Bowman, Senate Printer, 1860–61), 412–413 [hereafter cited as SJ.36.2, with page number]; SJ.37.2.21–22; SJ.37.3.25–26; “Melancholy Affair,” New York Times, November 15, 1865; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, edited by James Grant Wilson and John Fiske (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1887), vol. 3, 542 [hereafter cited as Appletons, followed by volume and page number]; as quoted in Bogue, 35, 97–98. 42. March 4, 1861, to March 3, 1863; BD.162–163. Only standing committee assignments are listed. For the Thirty-Seventh Congress these may be found in Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States: Being the First Session of the Thirty-Seventh Congress, begun and held at the City of Washington, July 4, 1861, in the eighty-sixth year of the independence of the United States (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1861), 38–41 [hereafter cited as HJ.37.1, with page number]; Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States: Being the Second Session of the 318 | Notes to Pages 62–65

Thirty-Seventh Congress, begun and held at the City of Washington, December 2, 1861, in the eighty-sixth year of the independence of the United States (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1861), 36–37 [hereafter cited as HJ.37.2, with page number]; Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States: Being the Third Session of the Thirty-Seventh Congress, begun and held at the City of Washington, December 1, 1862, in the eighty-seventh year of the independence of the United States (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1863), 46 [hereafter cited as HJ.37.3, with page number]. 43. BD.1927; William S. Pelletreau, Records of the Town of Smithtown, Long Island, N.Y., with other Documents of Historic Value (Published by authority of the town, 1898), 163, 165–166, 490. 44. BD.1672; Bruce Tap, Over Lincoln’s Shoulder: The Committee on the Conduct of the War (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1998), 29–30, 88–89; Rev. Edwin Warriner, Old Sands Street Methodist Episcopal Church of Brooklyn, N.Y. (New York: Phillips & Hunt, 1885) 470– 471. 45. “Death of Benjamin Wood,” New York Times, February 22, 1900; Mushkat, 4, 84; Brummer, 81–83; “House of Representatives,” New York Times, June 12, 1862; Allan G. Bogue, The Congressman’s Civil War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 65–66; Wood quoted in America’s Successful Men of Affairs: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Biography, edited by Henry Hall (New York: The New York Tribune, 1895), vol. 1, 740. BD.2193–2194. 46. BD.1378; William Vincent Wells, Walker’s Expedition to Nicaragua: A History of the Central American War (New York: Stringer and Townsend, 1856), 104; Thomas P. Lowry, Tarnished Eagles: The Courts-Martial of Fifty Union Colonel and Lieutenant Colonels (Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 1997), 94–97. 47. “Obituary of William Wall,” New York Times, April 24, 1872; BD.2107. 48. BD.862; Frederick H. Dyer, A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion, compiled and arranged from official records of the federal and confederate armies reports of the adjutant generals of the several states, the army registers and other reliable documents and sources (Dayton, Ohio: The Press of Morningside Bookshop, 1978, reprint of 1903), 1438; “Obituary, Frederick Augustus Conkling,” New York Times, September 19, 1891; Roger D. Hunt, Colonels in Blue: Union Army Colonels of the Civil War, New York (Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Military History2003), 79. 49. BD.2115; Robert Hadfield, Elijah Ward [of New York]: A Biographical Sketch (New York: G.W. Carleton & Company, Publishers, 1874), 4–6, 17–19, 47. 50. BD.942; “Commencement at Columbia College,” contained in American Railroad Journal, and Advocate of Internal Improvements, July 1834 to January, 1835, Volume III,

Part II (New York: D.L. Minor, 1835), 636–637; The Diary of George Templeton Strong: The Civil War, edited by Allan Nevins and Milton Halsey Thomas (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1952), vol. 3, 90, note. 51. BD.1171; Allan G. Bogue, Congressman’s Civil War, 74–75; “The Year Book Miscellany,” v–vi, contained in Hunt’s Merchants’ Magazine Year Book, 1871 (New York: William B. Dana & Co., 1871). 52. BD.2085; “House of Representatives,” New York Times, July 9, 1861; Mark R. Wilson, The Business of the Civil War: Military Mobilization and the State, 1861–1865 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 151–159; Dyer, 1425; Thomas Weston Tipton, Forty Years of Nebraska: At Home and in Congress (Lincoln, Nebraska: State Journal Company, 1902), 316, 318; Bogue, Congressman’s Civil War, 81–88. 53. BD.1968; The American Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1866 (New York: Appleton & Company, 1867), 577; “From Washington: Abolition of Slavery,” New York Times, February 1, 1865; Alphonso T. Clearwater, The History of Ulster County, New York (Westminster, Maryland: Heritage Books, 2007 [1907]), 240. 54. BD.599. 55. BD.1676; C.C. Olin, A Complete Record of the John Olin Family, the first of that name who came to America in the year A.D. 1678 (Indianapolis: Baker-Randolph Co., Printers, 1893), 104–106; HJ.37.3.444; Christopher B. Banks, Judicial Politics in the D.C. Circuit Court (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 9. 56. BD.876; Irene D. Neu, Erastus Corning: Merchant and Financier, 1794–1872 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010 [1960]), 2–3, 5, 15–16; Appletons, I.742–743. 57. BD.1551; Nathaniel Bartlett Sylvester, History of Saratoga County, New York (Philadelphia: Everts & Ensign, 1878), 106–107, 195–196; Hunt, Colonels in Blue, New York, 192. The confusion about McKean’s birthplace will be found in Sylvester. 58. BD.2145; L. Edward Purcell, Vice Presidents: A Biographical Dictionary, Fourth Edition (New York: Facts on File, 2010), 181–182. 59. BD.1903; Eugene Perry Link, The Social Ideas of American Physicians (1776–1976): Studies of the Humanitarian Tradition in Medicine (Cranbury, New Jersey: Associated University Presses, 1992), 106–107; OR.I.29.i.40. 60. BD.2092; “Chauncey Vibbard Dead,” New York Times, June 6, 1891. 61. BD.1080; Roger D. Hunt and Jack R. Brown, Brevet Brigadiers in Blue (Gaithersburg, Maryland: Olde Soldier Books, 1990), 213, 20; Frederick Phisterer, Statistical Rec­ ord of the Armies of the United States (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2009 [1881–1883]), 471; Edward McPherson, A Handbook of Politics for 1870 (Washington City: Philip & Solomons, 1870), 564–565; “News from

Washington,” October 2, 1862, New York Times; Kathryn Allamong Jacob, King of the Lobby: The Life and Times of Sam Ward, Man-about-Washington in the Gilded Age (Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 2010), 104– 105. 62. BD.862; Henry Wilson Scott, Distinguished American Lawyers, with their Struggles and Triumphs in the Forum (New York: Charles L. Webster & Company, 1891), 189– 193; “Mr. Conkling’s Career,” New York Times, April 18, 1888. 63. BD.985; H.C. Goodwin, Pioneer History; or, Cortland County and the Border Wars of New York (New York: A.B. Burdick, Publisher, 1859), 435; Elias P. Pellet, History of the 114th Regiment, New York State Volunteers (Norwich, N.Y.: Telegraph & Chronicle Power Press Plant, 1866), 2; William Horatio Barnes, The American Government. II. Biographies of Members of the House of Representatives of the Forty-Third Congress (New York: Nelson & Phillips, 1874), 129–130. 64. BD.1418; Barnes, The American Government. II, 132; The Congressional Globe, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 2272–2274. 65. BD.824; To Commemorate the Foundation of the Village of Cooperstown and its Corporate Existence of One hundred years, this Memorial Celebration was held August 4th–10th, 1907 (Cooperstown, New York: Otsego Republican, n.d.), 167–168; Beman Brockway, Fifty Years in Journalism, Embracing the Recollections and Personal Experiences with an Autobiography (Watertown, N.Y.: Daily Times Printing and Publishing House, 1891), 231–235. 66. BD.1885; A Memorial of the Semi-Centennial Celebration of the Founding of Hamilton College, Clinton, N.Y. (Utica: Published by Ellis H. Roberts, 1862), 4; Proceedings of the New York State Bar Association, Sixteenth Annual Meeting (New York: New York State Bar Association, 1893), 134; Paul Finkelman, Slavery in the Courtroom: An Annotated Bibliography of American Cases (Union, N.J.: The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., 2003), 103–107; Charles Oscar Paullin, “A Half Century of Naval Administration in America, Part III,” United States Naval Institute Proceedings, vol. 39, no. 1, March 1913, whole no. 145 (Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute, 1913), 746. 67. BD.1750; Albert A. Pomeroy, Part Three, History and Genealogy of the Pomeroy Family (Detroit: George A. Drake, 1922), 86–87; Jean M. Humez, Harriet Tubman: The Life and the Life Stories (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003), note 17, 372; “Theodore M. Pomeroy,” New York Times, March 24, 1905; “The American and Republican State Conventions,” New York Times, October 10, 1858. 68. BD.804; History of Seneca County New York with Illustrations Descriptive of its Scenery, Palatial Residences, Public Buildings, Fine Blocks, and Important Manufactories from Original Sketches by Artists of the Highest Ability (Philadelphia: Notes to Pages 65–72 | 319

Everts, Ensign & Everts, 1878), 119; Francis T. Barbieri and Kathy Jans-Duffy, Seneca Falls (Portsmouth, N.H.: Arcadia Publishing, 2009), 31; Judith Wellman, The Road to Seneca Falls: Elizabeth Cady and the First Women’s Rights Convention (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2004) 208. 69. BD.964; William D. Murphy, Biographical Sketches of the State Officers and Members of the Legislature of the State of New York in 1859 (Albany: C. Van Benthuysen, 1859), 45–49; Hunt and Brown, Brevet Brigadiers in Blue, 165; The Union Army, A History of Military Affairs in the Loyal States, 1861–1865 (Madison, Wisconsin: Federal Publishing Company, 1908), vol. 3, 127–128; Edward Harold Mott, Between the Ocean and the Lakes: The Story of Erie (New York: John S. Collins, Publisher, 1899), 476–477; The Civil War Papers of Lt. Colonel Newton T. Colby, New York Infantry, William E. Hughes, editor (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2003), 161–166, 169. 70. BD.2084; Irwin W. Near, A History of Steuben County, New York, and its People (Chicago: The Lewis Publishing Co., 1913), vol. 1, 449–450; Papers of Lt. Colonel Newton T. Colby, 161–166; Hunt, Colonels in Blue, New York, 282; The Supreme Court of Florida and Its Predecessor Courts, 1821–1917, edited by Walter W. Manley, II (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997), 230–234. 71. BD.1018; William F. Peck, History of Rochester and Monroe County, New York, From the Earliest Historic Times to the Beginning of 1907 (New York: The Pioneer Publishing Company, 1908), 786, 789–790; Alfred Ely, Journal of Alfred Ely, A Prisoner of War in Richmond, edited by Charles Lanman (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1862). 72. BD.1081; History of Wyoming County, N.Y. with Illustrations, Biographical Sketches and Portraits of Some Pioneers and Prominent Residents (New York: F.W. Beers & Co., n.d. [1880]), 287–288. 73. BD.2082; Murphy, Biographical Sketches, 237–238. 74. BD.1952; “Elbridge Gerry Spaulding,” New York Times, May 6, 1897; E. G. Spaulding, History of Legal Tender Paper Money issued during the Great Rebellion, being a Loan without Interest and a National Currency (Buffalo: Express Printing Company, 1869); “Banks and Bankers of Buffalo,” Magazine of Western History, vol. 5, no. 6 (April 1887): 795–802. 75. March 4, 1863, to March 3, 1865; BD.166–167. Only standing committee assignments are listed. For the Thirty-Eighth Congress these may be found in Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States: being the First Session of the Thirty-Eighth Congress, begun and held at the City of Washington, December 7, 1863, in the eighty-eighth year of the independence of the United States (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1863), 39–43, and Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States: being the Second Session of the Thirty-Eighth Congress, begun and held at the City of Washington, December 5, 1864, in the eighty-eighth year 320 | Notes to Pages 72–79

of the independence of the United States (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1865), 32. 76. BD.1967; “Sudden Death of Col. Henry G. Stebbins,” New York Times, December 11, 1881; “House of Representatives,” New York Times, March 4, 1864; “Speech of the Hon. Henry G. Stebbins, in the House of Representatives, March 3, 1864,” Finances & Resources of the United States, No. 45, Loyal Publication Society, New York, April 1864 (New York: Published by the Loyal Publication Society, 1864). 77. BD.1358; “Martin Kalbfleisch,” New York Times, February 13, 1873; Henry Reed Stiles, A History of the City of Brooklyn, Including the Old Town and Village of Brooklyn, the Town of Bushwick and the Village and City of Williamsburgh (Westminster, Maryland: Heritage Books, 2007 [1867– 1870]), note 2, page 588; “House of Representatives,” New York Times, February 1, 1865. 78. BD.807; Murphy, Biographical Sketches, 157–158; “Obituary, John Winthrop Chanler,” New York Times, October 21, 1877; “House of Representatives,” New York Times, February 1, 1865. 79. BD.714; “Obituary: Hon. James Brooks,” New York Times, May 1, 1873. 80. BD.1243; Lamb’s Biographical Dictionary of the United States, edited by John Howard Brown (Boston: James H. Lamb Company, 1901), vol. 4, 34. 81. BD.1777; Charles Lanman, Biographical Annals of the Civil Government of the United States, Second Edition (New York: J.M. Morrison, 1887), 409; J. Thomas Scharf, History of Westchester County, New York, Including Morrisania, Kings, Bridge, and West Farms, which have been annexed to New York City (Philadelphia: L.E. Preston & Co., 1886), 489; “House of Representatives,” New York Times, February 1, 1865. 82. BD.2185; “His Speech Ended by Death,” New York Times, June 11, 1888; “House of Representatives,” New York Times, February 1, 1865; HJ.64.172. 83. BD.1647; Commemorative Biographical Record of the Counties of Dutchess and Putnam, New York, containing Biographical Sketches of Prominent and Representative Citizens, and Many of the Early Settler Families (Chicago: J. H. Beers, 1897), 8–9; “Homer A. Nelson,” New York Times, April 26, 1891; History of the 159th Regiment, N.Y.S.V., compiled from the diary of Lieut. Edward Duffy (New York: reprinted from “Hudson Gazette,” 1865), 3–4; “House of Representatives,” New York Times, February 1, 1865. 84. The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography (New York: James T. White & Company, 1893), vol. 3, 364. 85. BD.1160; James Parton, Bayard Taylor, Amos Kendall, E. D. Mayo, and J. Alexander Patten, Sketches of Men of Progress (Cincinnati: New York and Hartford Publishing Company, 1870–1871), 343–347; George Rogers Howell and Jonathan Tenney, Bi-Centennial History of Albany:

History of the County of Albany, N.Y., from 1609–1886 (New York: W.W. Munsell & Co., Publishers, 1886), 541–542; “Obituary. Hon. John A. Griswold,” New York Times, November 1, 1872; Appletons III.3. 86. BD.1366; New York State Bar Association Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth Annual Meeting Held at New York, January 19– 20, 1912 (Albany: The Argus Company, 1912), 576–577; see obituaries in Congressional Globe, 39th Congress, 1st Session, 104–106. 87. BD.1297; Parton, et al., Sketches of Men of Progress, 527–531. 88. BD.1512; Sylvester, History of Saratoga County, 196– 197; “Death List of a Day,” New York Times, April 26, 1901; James T. Stranahan, “The Railroad Men of America,” Magazine of Western History, vol. 9, no. 1 (November 1888): 336–338. 89. BD.1588; “Samuel F. Miller,” New York Times, March 20, 1892; Benjamin Perley Poore, Congressional Directory, for the use of Congress, Forty-Fourth Congress, First Session (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1875), 45. 90. BD.1376; Documents of the Senate of New York, One Hundred and Seventeenth Session, 1894, Volume IV, No. 56 (Albany: James B. Lyon, State Printer, 1894), 521–536; “House of Representatives,” New York Times, February 1, 1865; “Frances Kernan,” New York Times, September 8, 1892. 91. BD.1455; Life Sketches of the State Officers, Senators, and Members of the Assembly of the State of New York, in 1867 (Albany: Weed, Parsons and Company, Printers, 1867), 292–298; “Obituary: De Witt C. Littlejohn,” New York Times, October 28, 1892. 92. BD.932; Albert H. Davis, History of the Davis Family, being an Account of the Descendants of John Davis, a Native of England, who died in East Hampton, Long Island, in 1705 (New York: T.A. Wright, Publisher and Printer, 1888), 101–103; William M. Beauchamp, Past and Present of Syracuse and Onondaga County, New York (New York: The S.J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1908), 275. 93. Murphy, Biographical Sketches, 199–200; Documents of the Assembly of the State of New York, Eighty Ninth Session, 1866, Volume 4, No. 61 to 85 Inclusive (Albany: C. Wendell, Legislative Printer, 1866), 356. 94. BD.1280; “The Late Giles W. Hotchkiss,” New York Times, July 10, 1878; “Obituary. Giles W. Hotchkiss,” New York Times, July 6, 1878. 95. BD.830; Peck, History of Rochester and Monroe County, 434–437. 96. BD.1100; Charles F. Milliken, History of Ontario County, New York, and Its People (New York: Lewis H ­ istorical Publishing Co., 1911), vol. 1, 64; Gazetteer and Biographical Record of Genesee County, N.Y., Part First, 1788–1890, edited by F. W. Beers (Syracuse: J. W. Vose, Publishers,

June 1890), 465–466; H. Perry Smith, History of the City of Buffalo and Erie County, with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of some of its Prominent Men and Pioneers (Syracuse: S. Mason & Co., 1884), 274, 677–678; “House of Representatives,” New York Times, February 1, 1865. 97. Chester A. Arthur (1829–1886), future president of the United States, was born in Fairfield, Vermont, the son of a Baptist minister, and graduated from Union College in 1848. He decided to study law, moved to New York City in 1853, and read law under Erastus D. Culver; he was admitted to the bar the same year. During the 1850s, he practiced law in New York and became a forceful antislavery advocate, winning a landmark case that prohibited New York City streetcars from banning African American riders. He had been an earnest Henry Clay Whig but became an early Republican, supporting Fremont in 1856. Arthur’s friendship with Edwin Morgan led to his appointment to the governor’s staff as engineer-in-chief, with the rank of brigadier general, at the commencement of Morgan’s second term on January 1, 1861. After the attack on Fort Sumter, Morgan also appointed him acting quartermaster general for New York. In this capacity, Arthur played an important role in equipping the state’s early recruits for war. As state engineer, he also helped organize the defense of New York Harbor. On December 24, 1861, he convened a board of engineers to plan for harbor defense; on January 18, 1862, he produced an assessment of harbor and inland defenses. On February 10, 1862, Morgan appointed him inspector general; in this capacity, Arthur toured the front, reporting on New York’s contingent. In June 1862, he returned to New York at Morgan’s request, serving as his secretary during the crucial New York City meetings that ultimately produced Lincoln’s July 1862 call for 300,000 volunteers. On July 10, 1862, Arthur, having resigned the post of inspector general, was named the state’s full-time quartermaster general. He left office with the Morgan administration, and earned the plaudits of his Democratic successor, S. V. Talcott. “I found, on entering on the discharge of my duties, a well-organized system of labor and accountability, for which the state is chiefly indebted to my predecessor, Gen. Chester A. Arthur.” A suggestion of the challenges Arthur faced can be had from considering a small slice of his burden: In the four months between August 1 and December 1, 1862, his duties included uniforming, clothing, and equipping with all supplies for camp, battle, and garrison, sixty-eight regiments of infantry, two battalions of cavalry, and four battalions of artillery. After service with Morgan, Arthur returned to private practice. His political life did not resume in earnest until 1871, with his appointment by Grant as collector for the Port of New York. Appletons, I.99–100. Notes to Pages 79–86 | 321

98. BD.1616. Most of this sketch is taken from James A. Rawley, Edwin D. Morgan, 1811–1883: Merchant in Politics (New York: Ames Press, 1968 [1955]). Bogue, Earnest Men, 104–105; SJ.38.1.21–22; SJ.38.2.17–18. 99. Milliken, A History of Ontario County, 363; Norwich University, 1819–1911, Her History, Her Graduates, Her Roll of Honor, compiled by William Arba Ellis (Montpelier: The Capital City Press, 1911), 215–216; Isaac Hartley, “Horatio Seymour, 1810–1886,” Magazine of American History, vol. 15, no. 5 (May 1886): 417–432. 100. Appletons, II.430–431; BD.1044; “Death of ExGov. Fenton,” New York Times, August 26, 1885. 101. Memorial Biographies of the New England Historic Genealogical Society, Towne Memorial Fund, 1890–1897 (Boston: Published by the Society, 1908), vol. 9, 377–378; the quotation from Read is taken from his essay, “Military Affairs in New York State in 1861: Some Personal Experiences and Impressions,” pages 41–52, 288–296, found in Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries Illustrated, edited by Martha J. Lamb, vol. 14, July–December 1885. Read’s article is important to understanding New York politics (and politicians) from January through April 1861. “Resignation of Adj-Gen. Read,” New York Times, August 16, 1861. 102. The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography Being the History of the United States (New York: James T. White & Company, 1898), vol. 8, 247; “Thomas Hillhouse,” New York Times, August 2, 1897; No. 63, “Annual Report of the Executive Committee of the New-York State Agricultural Society, for 1842,” page 5, contained in Transactions of the New-York Agricultural Society, together with an Abstract of the Proceedings of the County Agricultural Societies for the year 1842 (Albany: E. Mack, Printer to the State, 1843), vol. 2. 103. “Obituary. Col. John T. Sprague,” New York Times, September 7, 1878; Appletons, V.637; Guy V. Henry, Military Record of Civilian Appointments in the United States Army (New York: Carleton, Publisher, 1869), vol. 1, 459; Encyclopedia of American Indian Removal, edited by Daniel Littlefield, Jr., and James W. Parins (Santa Barbara: Greenwood, 2011), 222–223. 104. BD.1314; Dyer, 1377–1378; Eric Wittenberg, The Battle of Brandy Station: North America’s Largest Cavalry Battle (Charleston, South Carolina: The History Press, 2010), 137; Hunt and Brown, Brevet Brigadiers in Blue, 309; “The Late Gen. William Irvine,” New York Times, November 21, 1882. 105. BD.2194. No sketch can fully describe Wood’s life and career; the foregoing is taken from Mushkat. 106. William F. Havemeyer (1804–1874) was born in New York City, the son of a German immigrant who had established a successful sugar refinery. Havemeyer was educated locally and graduated from Columbia College in 1823, afterwards entering his father’s business 322 | Notes to Pages 86–91

and becoming senior manager. In 1828, he brought in a cousin, Frederick C. Havemeyer; the new firm, W. F. & F. C. Havemeyer, established an industrial empire. William Havemeyer became president of the Bank of North America in 1851 and the New York Savings Bank in 1857. He held executive positions with the Pennsylvania Coal Company and the Long Island Railroad. Politically, Havemeyer was a Democrat, representing Polk and Dallas as an elector in 1844 and joining New York’s Democratic State Committee. He was elected mayor of New York in 1845 and served for one year, refusing renomination. The rudiments of New York’s police department were established during this term. When an emigration board was authorized in 1847, Havemeyer became its first president. In 1848, he was re-elected as mayor (and would be re-elected again in 1871). During the war, Havemeyer was an ardent Unionist and War Democrat. He died while still mayor. National Cyclopedia of American Biography, vol. 1, 451. 107. America’s Successful Men of Affairs, vol. 1, 486–487; “George Opdyke Dead,” New York Times, June 13, 1880. 108. James T. Brady (1815–1869) was born in New York City, the son of a distinguished lawyer. His father apprenticed him as clerk in his law office, and by sixteen, Brady served as his junior counsel. He was admitted to the bar in 1836 and immediately established his own practice. He rapidly won courtroom distinction across a range of cases, including labor, patent, criminal, and personal injury law. But Brady’s specialty ultimately would be criminal law. Whatever the case, Brady was celebrated for his courtroom eloquence, and expert but tactful witness examinations. (He reportedly won every case that lasted more than a week, so irresistible was his persuasiveness.) In 1843 he served as district attorney for New York and in 1845, as the city’s Corporation Counsel. He was one of Sickles’ defenders during the Key murder trial. In politics, Brady was a Hard Shell Democrat and a fervent believer in states’ rights. However, the attack on Fort Sumter changed him and by the end of the conflict he was among the most prominent New York War Democrats. Appletons, I.354–355 109. Francis I.A. Bool (1820–1869) was born in Nova Scotia and came to New York when he was young, finding work as a shipbuilder. In 1858, he was elected to New York City’s Common Council from the Eleventh Ward, and subsequently was elected an alderman. In 1862, Opdyke appointed him city inspector. In the fall of 1863, Tammany Hall nominated Boole for mayor, but he lost to Gunther, placing a poor third behind him and Blunt. In 1865, the City Board of Health was established and the office of city inspector eliminated; by this time, Boole was suffering from mental illness, for which he would eventually be hospitalized until his death in 1869. The

American Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the year 1869 (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1870), vol. 9, 519. 110. Orison Blunt (1816–1879) was born in Gardiner, Maine, and moved to New York City probably during the late 1820s. As a young man, he apprenticed to a gun maker and, by the 1850s, had become prominent as a firearms dealer. In 1853, Blunt was elected alderman of the Third Ward and, in 1856, alderman of the Fifteenth Ward. In 1858, he was elected to the New York County Board of Supervisors for a three-year term; in 1861, after the state legislature extended the supervisor’s term to six years, he was elected to serve until 1868. While in that post, he ran unsuccessfully for mayor of New York City, losing to Gunther in 1863. During the war, Blunt was chairman of New York County’s Substitute and Relief Committee. After the July riots, he was instrumental in appropriating $2 million to pay bounties to substitutes and, as the above correspondence suggests, persuaded Lincoln to postpone enforcement of the draft (something the president had done in other states). Blunt also served on the committee overseeing awards for damages incurred during the draft riots. During the war, Blunt did not neglect his vocation as arms dealer. In 1861 he and Simeon Draper, together with salesman J. D. Mills, used their Washington connections to introduce Lincoln to the Coffee Mill gun (invented by Wilson Ager), a forerunner of the Gatling gun and the Mitrailleuse. “Orison Blunt,” New York Times, April 22, 1879. Robert V. Bruce, Lincoln and the Tools of War (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 118–121. David A. Armstrong, The Machine Gun and the United States Army, 1861–1916 (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1982), 16–18. 111. Charles Elliott Fitch, Encyclopedia of Biography of New York: A Life Record of Men and Women of the Past Whose Sterling Character and Energy and Industry have made them Preeminent in their Own and many other States (New York: The American Historical Society, 1916), 126–127, 232–233, 310. 112. Phisterer, Statistical Record, 26. 113. “States in the order of their area and population,” “Table No. 40: Table showing the population of the principal cities and towns in the United States, according to the Seventh Census (1850) and the Eighth Census (1860), respectively; also the numerical increase and increase percent,” Kennedy, Preliminary Report, 121, 242–244. Stanley B. Parsons, Congressional Districts, 74–75. 114. “Table 41: Population of the United States by Counties, Census 1860,” Kennedy, Preliminary Report, 272–273. 115. Statistics of the United States, li, liii–liv, lvii; “Table 9: Birthplace of the Population of New York City, 1845– 60,” contained in Ira Rosenwaike, Population History of New York City (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1972), 42.

116. Annual Reports of the Commissioners of Emigration of the State of New York from the Organization of the Commission, May 5, 1847 to 1860, inclusive (New York: no publisher, 1861), 288, 188–189. These numbers record immigrants who either paid the required commutation entry fee (originally $1 per head, it was increased to $1.50 in 1850 and to $2 in 1853) or secured a bond promising payment. The proceeds were used to fund entry facilities for immigrants, including hospitals. Returning citizens were exempt from this fee. 117. Sixteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 988, 991. Readers interested in the complete list of immigrant destinations should consult page 340. 118. Constitution of the State of New York (1777), 33. Louis Dow Scisco, Political Nativism of New York State (New York: no publisher, 1901), 17–18, 28, 30, 38, 125, 162.

new york: 1860 1. State of New York: Messages from the Governors, Executive Communications to the Legislature and Other Papers Relating to Legislation from the Organization of the First Colonial Assembly in 1683 to and Including the Year 1906, edited by Charles Z. Lincoln (Albany: J.B. Lyon Company, State Printers, 1909), vol. 5, 197–198. 2. “The Syracuse Convention,” New York Times, February 8, 1860. 3. “Republicans at Cooper Institute,” New York Times, February 28, 1860. 4. “Republican State Convention,” New York Times, April 19, 1860. 5. “General Telegraphic News; New York Politics,” New York Times, July 13, 1860. 6. “General City News,” New York Times, August 3, 1860. 7. Brummer, 76. 8. “Political Movements,” New York Times, August 9, 1860; “Evening Session,” New York Times, August 8, 1860. 9. Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political and Historical Encyclopedia, edited by Junius P. Rodriguez (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2007), 691–692. 10. William Kelly (1807–1872) was born in New York City. His father was a successful merchant, a Scotch Presbyterian, and a political exile. When his father died in 1825, Kelly and his two brothers, all young, assumed the business (they were known as the “boy merchants”), and continued its successful management. After one brother died in 1836, the remaining two retired and became philanthropists. William Kelly bought a large estate in Rhinebeck and farmed. In 1854 he became president of the New York State Agricultural Society. He also was a founder of the State Agricultural College in Ovid, as well as a trustee of Vassar College and of Rochester University. He served in the state senate in 1855–1856, Notes to Pages 91–96 | 323

quickly came to detest politics, and vowed to serve no more. However, the 1860 political crisis compelled him to re-enter the lists as a Democratic candidate for governor. With war, he became ardent in defense of the Union (although he regarded the conflict as avoidable), contributing “time and money freely to the cause [and] aiding to raise regiments in the field.” Appletons, III.508. Marsena Rudolph Patrick, Memorial of Hon. William Kelly Presented to the New York State Agricultural Society, at the Annual Meeting, January 22, 1873 (Albany: Joel Munsell, Printer, 1873), 35, 37. 11. As quoted in Brummer, 79–80; “Political Movements,” New York Times, August 16, 1860. 12. Robert Campbell (1808/9–1870) was born in Bath (Steuben County) and schooled at the Geneva Academy and College. He immediately entered the law but also successfully operated a farm. In 1846 he became both a regent of the University of the State of New York and a delegate to the state constitutional convention. Campbell began political life as fervent Democrat and Van Buren supporter; by 1849, he was a Free Soil Democrat. He joined the Republican Party sometime in the 1850s, was elected lieutenant governor in 1858, and served until 1863. Murphy, Biographical Sketches, 9–11; Proceedings of the Seventh Anniversary of the University Convocation of the State of New York, Held August 2d, 3d, and 4th, 1870 (Albany: The Argus Company, 1871), 208–209; Speeches, Correspondence, Etc., of the late Daniel S. Dickinson, of New York, edited by John R. Dickinson (New York: G. P. Putnam & Son, 1867) vol. 1 of 2, 307. 13. “Republican State Convention,” New York Times, August 23, 1860; Rawley, 113. 14. Between 1861 and 1865, John A. Dix was the necessary man for New York and the Union. Dix (1798–1879) was born in Boscawen, New Hampshire, and educated at Phillips Exeter Academy and the College of Montreal. After only fifteen months in college, Dix, aged fourteen, was withdrawn by his militia major father to accompany him into the field. (In 1813, Dix was presented to Secretary of War John Armstrong, who asked him what preparations he had made for West Point. Dix described his course work in French, Spanish, mathematics, and the classics, to which Armstrong replied, “Well, young gentleman, I think there is not much for you to learn at West Point except military tactics. How would you like to go to the frontier?” Dix was appointed an ensign and sent to the Canadian border.) Commissioned a second lieutenant in 1814, he served at Fort Constitution in Portsmouth. He remained in uniform until 1828, when he resigned for health reasons with the rank of captain. He settled in Cooperstown, established a law practice and, in 1830, was named New York State’s adjutant general. Three years later, he served as New York’s secretary 324 | Notes to Pages 96–97

of state and superintendent of schools. Always a Democrat, Dix was a leading member of the Regency. When the Whigs took Albany in 1840, Dix became editor of the literary journal The Northern Light. He returned to politics in 1841, serving a term in the state assembly. Dix spent the following two years in Spain and Italy; on his return, he was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate, serving from 1845 to 1849. In 1848 he reluctantly supported Free Soil and stood unsuccessfully as its candidate for New York governor. In 1853, Dix became president of the Missouri & Mississippi Railroad (ten years later, he would become the Union Pacific’s first president). He supported Buchanan for president, and during Secession Winter served (at the insistence of Wall Street) as treasury secretary; his decisiveness during this critical time helped shore up U.S. finances. Although a heartfelt supporter of the Breckinridge ticket in 1860, Dix became a full-fledged War Democrat with the attack on Fort Sumter. In May 1861, the coalition-prone Lincoln appointed him postmaster general of New York City to restore confidence after recent scandals. His postwar career was of continued distinction: in 1866, the Frenchfluent Dix was appointed minister to France. In 1872, he served briefly as president of the Erie Railroad; that same year, he was elected New York’s governor as a Republican. Appletons, II.183–184; Memoirs of John Adams Dix, compiled by his son Morgan Dix (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1883), vol. 1 of 2, 38–39, 46–47. 15. “Ratification of Fusion,” New York Times, October 9, 1860. In his opening speech, Dix recognized that this fusion effort was late by about six weeks; the Breckinridge and Douglas factions were deeply divided. Brummer observed that, “The mutual bickerings, prolonged for so long a time, could not but weaken the prospects of the Democrats”; Brummer, 85–86. 16. William L. Yancey (1814–1863) was born at the Falls of Ogeechee in Warren County, Georgia. He was privately prepared for college, attended Williams College from 1830 to 1833, then left before graduation. He read law under Benjamin F. Perry in Greenville, South Carolina, and was admitted to the bar there in 1834. In 1836 he traded law for cotton and relocated to Cahawba, Alabama, where he was also an editor of the Cahawba Democrat and the Cahawba Gazette. In 1839 he moved to Wetumka, Alabama, again practicing law. He was elected to Alabama’s house in 1841, and the state senate in 1843. He was elected to the Twenty-Eighth Congress as a Democrat to fill a vacancy, was re-elected to the Twenty-Ninth, and served until he resigned on September 1, 1846. That year he moved to Montgomery, Alabama. In 1848, 1856, and 1860, he was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention. During the antebellum years, Yancey became the face of Fireaters and

radical secessionists to many Northerners. This was no coincidence. He was a sought-after speaker on the Northern circuit until the final months before disunion. It was Yancey who wrote South Carolina’s Ordinance of Secession. On January 7, 1861, Yancey was a delegate to Alabama’s constitutional convention. After secession, Yancey served as a commissioner to Europe representing the Confederacy in England and France. On February 21, 1861 he was elected to the Confederate Senate; he died the next year, on July 26. BD.2207; Ezra J. Warner and W. Buck Yearns, Biographical Register of the Confederate Congress (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1975), 264–265. A more detailed biography of Yancey will appear in the Alabama chapter. 17. “Mr. Yancey in New-York,” New York Times, October 11, 1860. 18. “1860 Presidential Election,” Congressional Quarterly’s Guide to U.S. Elections, second edition (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1985), 335 [hereafter cited as CQ, with page number]. 19. Michael J. Dubin, United States Congressional Elections, 1788–1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st through 105th Congress (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 1998), 188. 20. Michael J. Dubin, United States Gubernatorial Elections, 1776–1860: The Official Results by State and County (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2003), 181. 21. Michael J. Dubin, Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures: A Year by Year Summary, 1796–2006 (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2007), 136. 22. Tribune Almanac for 1861, contained in The Tribune Almanac for the Years 1838–1868, inclusive (New York: Published by the New York Tribune, 1868), vol. 2, 41. 23. Tribune Almanac for 1860, 45. 24. Tribune Almanac for 1860, 41. 25. Rawley, 120–121. 26. OR.I.1.73. The actual order memorialized in this SO was given the day before. Ernest A. McKay, The Civil War and New York City (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1990), 22. 27. Rawley, 121. 28. Edward McPherson, The Political History of the United States During the Great Rebellion (Washington, D.C.: Philp & Solomons, 1865), 53. 29. Richard Lathers (1821–1903) was born in Ireland and immigrated to the United States when six months old. His family settled in Edgefield, South Carolina. In 1841 Governor Pierce Butler named Lathers a colonel of the Thirty-First Regiment of South Carolina Militia. (Lathers would use the title for the rest of his life.) In 1843 he moved to New York City to represent Frazer, ­Trenholm & Co., Charleston cotton factors. Adept at business, he soon was a leading New York cotton mer-

chant. In 1850 he exited the mercantile business and founded the Great Western Insurance Company. In 1857, he chaired the finance committee of the Erie Railroad. With the Pine Street resolutions in hand, Lathers traveled to Richmond, Charleston, Augusta, Savannah, Montgomery, “and other places” in the South. The news of Fort Sumter reached Lathers while he was addressing an audience in Mobile. He immediately returned to New York City, helped recruit regiments for the Union, raised funds for the U.S. government and went on a pro-Union speaking tour in Europe. Postwar, his efforts on behalf of the government were recognized when he was made an honorary member of G.A.R. Post No. 509 in New ­Rochelle. “Death of Col. R. Lathers,” New York Times, September 18, 1903. 30. Washington Hunt (1811–1867) was born in Windham and educated in the common schools. After studying law, he was admitted to the bar in 1834. He ran unsuccessfully (as a Whig) for the Twenty-Fifth Congress then, in 1836, was appointed the first Niagara County judge. His bid for the Twenty-Eighth Congress was successful and he was re-elected twice more. In 1849 Hunt was elected state comptroller and, in 1850, beat Democrat Horatio Seymour for governor by 262 votes (out of 476,580 cast). In office, Hunt pushed government efficiencies and internal development of roads and canals, hoping that the latter might compete with railroads. In 1852 he was defeated for a second term by Seymour, and retired to his farm near Lockport. In 1856, he was acting chairman of the Whig National Convention; when that party dissolved, he chose the Democrats over the newly formed Republicans. In 1860, Hunt was offered the Democratic nomination for vice president but declined. That year, although a member of the Bell-Everett Constitutional Union effort, he supported a fusion with Douglas. A delegate to the 1864 Democratic National Convention, he supported McClellan. BD.1302; Biographical Directory of the Governors, V.III, 1081. 31. Erastus Brooks (1815–1886) was born in Portland, Maine. His father, engaged in the War of 1812 as captain of the Yankee, was lost at sea in 1814, forcing the family into straitened circumstances. When Brooks was eight years old, he started work in Boston as an errand boy, but soon became a printer’s devil and a devoted autodidact. He learned the publishing trade, relocated to Wiscasset, Maine, and founded the Yankee newspaper. He attended and paid his own expenses at Waterville College (later Colby), accumulating enough learning to enter Brown University as a junior. He taught briefly after graduation, moved to Haverhill, Massachusetts, and became editor and partner in the Haverhill Gazette. He left that post in 1836 to work as a correspondent for the New York Daily Advertiser, soon merged into the New York Express. He beNotes to Pages 97–99 | 325

came an editor and partner of the Express, which eventually became the principle sheet of New York Nativism. Brooks spent the next few years covering Congress, then returned to Portland in 1840 to edit the Portland Advertiser in support of Harrison, afterwards returning to the Express (with which he would remain connected for the rest of his life). In 1843, he traveled to Europe, sending home widely acclaimed accounts of his journey. In 1853, Brooks was elected to the state senate, where he was soon embroiled in a bitter controversy with Archbishop John Hughes over state efforts to strip bishops of control of church property, an eminently nativist platform. This controversy heightened his popularity with state KnowNothings. Brooks was re-elected to the state senate and was the American Party’s nominee for governor in 1856, losing to John A. King. In 1860, Brooks was a delegate to the Bell-Everett Constitutional Union Party. Postwar, Brooks served in the state assembly in 1878, 1879, 1881, and 1882, at one point chairing the Ways and Means Committee. He was also a long-time trustee of Cornell University. Anna Ella Carroll, The Star of the West, or National Men and National Measures (Boston: James French and Company, 1856), 161–168; “A Veteran Editor Gone,” New York Times, November 26, 1886. 32. Gustavus W. Smith (1821–1896) was born in Georgetown, Kentucky. He graduated from West Point in 1842, ranked eighth in his class, and was assigned to the Corps of Engineers, typically reserved for the academy’s higher achievers. He worked on construction projects, returned to teach engineering at West Point and, with the coming of the Mexican War, did service with and then commanded the Company of Sappers, Miners and Pontoniers. He opened the road from Matamoras to Tampico and participated in the Siege of Vera Cruz, the battles of Cerro Gordo, Contreras, and Churubusco, and the final assault on Mexico City, along with other important engineering projects before and after these engagements. He received two brevets: to first lieutenant on April 18, 1847, with a citation for “Gallant and Meritorious Conduct” at Cerro Gordo; then to captain for bravery at Contreras, on August 20, 1847. Postwar, he returned to West Point and became a professor of civil engineering, remaining there until he resigned on December 18, 1854. His subsequent civilian resume was impressive: he managed the expansion of the Treasury Building in Washington, and repaired the U.S. Mint and the Marine Hospital in New Orleans. He worked for Trenton Iron Works as an engineer, then temporarily switched vocations and represented British banks examining land ­titles in Iowa. On April 20, 1858, he became deputy street commissioner of New York City, a post he held until November 12 of that year. He became a prominent Democrat, and was named street commissioner of New York 326 | Notes to Page 99

City. He held that post until September 20, 1861—when he resigned to join the Confederacy. Smith’s career in gray was undistinguished, though he is remembered for his brief command of forces on the Peninsula, holding command of the Army of Northern Virginia briefly after Johnson’s wounding and before Lee’s assuming control. (He resigned in protest after being jumped in rank by juniors.) He briefly served as acting secretary of war in November 1862, until Georgia governor Joseph E. Brown appointed him as a major general of Georgia Militia. He organized his forces well and they did good service resisting Sherman’s army in the Atlanta Campaign. Smith surrendered his forces on April 20, 1865. Postwar, he found employment as superintendent of an iron manufactory in Tennessee and as an insurance commissioner in Kentucky. He moved to New York around 1876 and remained there for the rest of his life, working on memoirs and histories of the Mexican and Civil Wars. George W. Cullum, Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, from its establishment, March 16, 1802 to the Army Re-organization of 1866–67 (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1868), second edition, vol. 2, 1841–1867, 45; Ezra J. Warner, Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Press, 2002), 280–281. 33. William B. Astor (1792–1875) was born in New York, the son of John Jacob Astor. He was educated publicly until 1808, then sent to Heidelberg and school at Goetingen. After European travel, he returned to the United States in 1815 and joined his father in the China trade. In 1827 he became president of the American Fur Company. Astor family interests expanded to include New York real estate, especially in the area below Central Park, between Fourth and Seventh Avenues. William reportedly inherited $500,000 at the death of his uncle Henry Astor; when his father died in 1848, William became the wealthiest man in New York. His real estate empire expanded rapidly during the antebellum years, as did his investments in railroads, coal mining, and insurance companies. At the time of his death, Astor was worth some $45 million. During this period, Astor was described as a “conservative” and lent his name to the Pine Street movement in an effort to conciliate the South and avoid war. After the attack on Fort Sumter, Astor’s son John Jacob served as an adc to McClellan on the Peninsula and was brevetted brigadier general, USV, on March 13, 1865, for “Meritorious Services” in that campaign. John William Leonard, History of the City of New York, 1609–1909, from the earliest discoveries to the HudsonFulton Celebration (New York: The Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin, 1910), 502; Hunt and Brown, Brevet Brigadiers in Blue, 19. 34. James W. Beekman (1815–1877) was born in New

York City and graduated from Columbia College in 1834. He read law under John L. Mason (a New York superior court judge), but was never admitted to the bar. His merchant-father’s 1833 death left Beekman wealthy and he devoted a considerable part of the next seventeen years to European travel. In 1850 he was elected a New York state senator and served for two terms. Beekman was a Unionist; during the waning months of the Buchanan presidency, he belonged to a committee that met with the president to persuade him to resupply Fort Sumter. He was a noted philanthropist and was involved with the New York Dispensary and the Women’s Hospital. Appletons, I.221–222. 35. Daniel E. Sickles (1820–1914) was born in New York City. After leaving secondary school, he was placed by his patent-lawyer father with a bohemian clan led by an eighty-nine-year-old polymath, from whom Sickles was meant to complete his education. The two became close, and Sickles likely assimilated the nonconformism that would mark him thereafter. He briefly enrolled in New York University then, in 1840, entered the law office of ex-U.S. attorney general Benjamin F. Butler. He was admitted to the bar in 1843—an 1837 indictment for fraud notwithstanding (Sickles was a perpetual defendant, his life pockmarked by similar lawsuits)—and quickly won distinction as a lawyer. He also joined Tammany and soon became the youngest member of its g ­ eneral committee. In 1847 he served in the state assembly; in 1853 he became New York City’s corporation counsel. That same year, he was appointed by President Pierce as secretary to Ambassador James Buchanan’s London legation. Returning to New York, he served in the state senate in 1856 and 1857 and as a Democrat in the Thirty-Fifth and Thirty-Sixth Congresses. In 1859 he shot and killed his wife’s lover (Philip Barton Key, II) and, ably defended by James T. Brady and Edwin M. Stanton, was acquitted by reason of insanity, a first in U.S. jurisprudence. Shunned afterwards, the war brought redemption. Sickles was a War Democrat at a time when Lincoln relentlessly sought to bring Democrats into the pro-war fold. After raising the Excelsior Brigade, he was commissioned a brigadier general on September 3, 1861, and a major general on November 29, 1862. He saw action during the Peninsula Campaign, Antietam, and Chancellorsville. At Gettysburg, contravening George Meade’s orders, he deployed his III Corps with gaps in his line that invited a brutal counterattack from Longstreet. Sickles lost his right leg but probably saved his career—few would criticize a hero wounded in an iconic battle; moreover, recovering in Washington, he was within earshot of Lincoln long before his superior Meade could explain his side of the story. Now hors de combat, Lincoln sent him on a fact-finding tour through the occupied South, to report

on Andrew Johnson’s tenure as military governor, and the progress of Reconstruction. In January 1865, Sickles left for his last mission of the war: a diplomatic appointment to Colombia and Panama to inquire about resettling freedmen in those countries. W. A. Swanberg, Sickles, The Incredible (Gettysburg: Stan Clark Military Books, 1991 [1956]), 77–81, 221–223, 260–261, 269; BD, 1910; Ezra J. Warner, Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders (Baton Rouge: Louisiana University Press, 1999), 446–447. 36. Richard Lathers, Biographical Sketch of Colonel Richard Lathers (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1902), 85. Sickles quoted in Swanberg, Sickles the Incredible, 109. Sickles’s implication was that New York could be “free” not only from Albany but also from Washington. The meme was in motion. See entry for January 7, 1861. 37. John C. Fredriksen, The United States Army: A Chronology, 1775 to the Present (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2010), 129. 38. Lathers, 89–90; “The Crisis in New York,” New York Times, December 17, 1860. Invitees included former presidents (Martin Van Buren, Millard Fillmore), federal officials (the able Assistant Treasury Secretary John Cisco), soldiers and sailors (Lieutenant General Winfield Scott, Commodore Uriah P. Levy), former governors (Horatio Seymour), a future Confederate general (Gustavus W. Smith), James Gordon Bennett, S.L.M. Barlow, August Belmont, and A. T. Stewart; however, attendees were another matter. Although forty years later Lathers remembered “some three hundred prominent conservative men of both parties” present, historian Sidney David Brummer wrote that invitees numbered 180, and adds, “I have not been able to recognize a single Republican of any prominence in this list; thirty-three were well known Democrats and small number Bell-Everett men.” Brummer, 102. 39. Thurlow Weed (1797–1882) was born in Cairo, New York. At age two, Weed’s father relocated the family to Catskill. Weed spent less than a year inside a classroom; at eight, he operated a blacksmith’s bellows, he worked next in a tavern, and then as a cabin boy aboard a sloop. At nine years old, he first saw New York City from a ship’s deck and, in 1808, had his first job with a newspaper, the Catskill Recorder. His hopes for a printing career were dashed when his family relocated to the wilds of Cincinnatus, in Chenango County. There he worked alongside his father, logging for ash, and maple sugaring. Sometime in his early teens he became a passionate autodidact. In 1809 he relocated to Onondaga Hollow; this brought him a little more schooling, paying work in a blast furnace, and access to regular newspapers, which he read with a will, especially the political sections. In 1812, Weed apprenticed for a local paper, the Lynx. During the War of 1812, he enlisted in a New York infantry Notes to Page 99 | 327

regiment and served on the Canadian border. By 1815 he had moved to New York City for a position with Van Winckle & Wiley, publishers of William Cobbett’s Weekly Register. After four years, Weed returned to Chenango County to found the Norwich Agriculturalist and, in 1821, moved to Manlius to found the Onondaga County Republican. The year 1824 brought two important developments: Weed established a statewide reputation as party leader by fusing the Adams and Clay factions in support of the former, and he bought the Rochester Telegraph, the second New York newspaper to be printed west of Albany. In 1825 he was elected to New York’s assembly. Weed had become (by his own word) an “obnoxious” anti-Mason and, in 1826, controversial reporting on that subject led to the dissolution of the Telegraph. He immediately founded the Anti-Mason Enquirer, whose name hints at the sheet’s editorial policy. In 1830, he set his career’s keystone when he founded the Albany Evening Journal, which he built into one of the most influential sheets in New York and the country, an oracle for Whig and, later, Republican affairs. He supported Harrison in 1836 and 1840, Clay in 1844, Scott in 1852, and Fremont in 1856. Weed remained true to Whig and Republican ideas, promoting internal development (sometimes to his personal benefit) such as canals and railroads, including the legislation that led to the New York Central Railroad. He was intimate with Seward, who once remarked, “Weed is Seward, and Seward is Weed; each approves what the other says and does.” He persuaded a reluctant Seward to become New York’s governor in 1839, and a more eager Seward to bid for the presidency in 1860; however, Weed dutifully supported Lincoln after nomination and did so again in 1864. He did good service to the Union during the war: in 1861, Weed joined Archbishop John Hughes and Ohio’s Episcopalian Bishop Charles P. McIlvaine on an informal (expenses only) diplomatic tour to Europe, meant to dissuade E ­ ngland and France from recognizing the Confederacy. On his return Weed found a changed Republican Party: he opposed the radical wing that nominated James Wadsworth for governor and also opposed Lincoln on emancipation. This reduced his leadership to the conservative wing of the party. It is difficult to overestimate Weed’s antebellum influence on New York and national affairs. Except for his brief tenure in New York’s house, he never held public office; however, he was the indispensable man that governors and presidents alike consulted about patronage. In that sense, his influence rivaled even New York’s U.S. senators. Postwar, Weed continued as a conservative leader and supporter of Andrew Johnson, a relationship that did not endear him to many Republicans. Life of Thurlow Weed, including his autobiography and a memoir, edited by Harriet Weed (Boston: Houghton Mifflin and Co., 1883–1884), 1–20, 328 | Notes to Page 100

634–638; Seward quoted in Brummer, 18 (Brummer sets Weed in the context of 1860 on pages 17–24); Appletons, VI.419–420. 40. Gaillard Hunt, Israel, Elihu and Cadwallader Washburn: A Chapter in American History (New York: MacMillan, 1925), 83. Which other governors attended beside Washburn is unclear. What is known is that a number of governors subsequently called for repeal or modification of personal liberty laws, successfully in Vermont and Rhode Island, less successfully in Maine, and unsuccessfully in Massachusetts, where outgoing Banks endorsed repeal but Andrew would not countenance it. William B. Hesseltine, Lincoln and the War Governors (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955), 107–108. 41. OR.III.1.32. This letter is inferred from Cooper’s reply. 42. The American Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1861 (New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1864), 530 [hereafter cited as AAC.61, with page number]; full speech in “New England Society Anniversary,” New York Times, December 24, 1860. 43. “Declaration of Independence of South Carolina, Done in Convention, December 24, 1860,” as quoted in The Tribune Almanac for 1861, 35. 44. Annual Report of the Adjutant General of the State of New York, transmitted to the Legislature January 15, 1862 (Albany: C. Van Benthuysen, Printer, 1862), 29 [hereafter cited as AG.61, with page number]; as quoted in annual message, January 2, 1861, found in State of New York, Messages from the Governors, comprising, Executive Communications to the Legislature and Other Papers Relating to Legislation from the Organization of the First Colonial Assembly in 1683 to and Including the Year 1906, edited by Charles Z. Lincoln (Albany: J. B. Lyon Company, State Printers, 1909), 281– 282 [hereafter cited as Messages from the Governors, with page number]. Morgan’s numbers differed slightly from the above. OR.III.1.901–905. This request makes clear the crisis in arming faced by New York after the attack on Fort Sumter. The state had a total of 14,380 long arms, of which 86 percent were already long-obsolete smoothbores. In the first eight months of the war, New York would deploy over 90,000 three-year recruits, of which 80,709 were infantry. OR.III.1.907. 45. AG.61.39. 46. Messages from the Governors, 282–283. As will unfold below, it was the Metropolitan Police that bore the brunt of the draft riots during the first days. 47. Messages from the Governors, 252–253.

new york: 1861 1. New York in the War of Rebellion, 3; Manual for the Use of the Legislature of the State of New York, 1900 (Albany: Brandow Printing Company, 1900), 600.

2. OR.I.1.9. 3. As quoted in Brummer, 124. Wood biographer Jerome Mushkat describes this speech as “a blunder of the first magnitude. . . . Wood miscalculated on a growing Northern determination to save the Union, even at the price of war.” Mushkat, 113. 4. OR.III.1.32. 5. “From the State Capital,” New York Times, January 12, 1861; AAC.61.519. It was questionable how prepared New York was to deliver on this promise: there were only 8,000 muskets available for the state’s then 20,000 uniformed militia. Phisterer notes that in the South, this resolution “met with no favor”; Phisterer, Statistical Record, 4. 6. “Mr. Helper’s Lecture Postponed,” New York Times, January 15, 1861. 7. Charles W. Sandford (1796–1878) was born in Newark, New Jersey, and moved to New York as a child. He trained for the law and simultaneously served in the militia, first enlisting as a private in the Third Regiment, New York State Artillery (which eventually became the Eighth Regiment, Washington Greys). He was promoted through the ranks, eventually becoming the unit’s colonel. In 1834 he was appointed brigadier general in command of the Sixth Brigade of Artillery. In 1837, he was appointed major general of the nysm’s First Division, a position he would hold until 1867. During his thirty years, the First Division was called out for New York City riot duty, and it saw action during the Flour Riot (1837), the Astor Place Riot (1849), the Municipal Riot (1857), and the 1863 Draft Riots. Aside from law, Sandford successfully managed theaters (he was the first to bring live horses onstage) until fire destroyed his business. No stranger to reversals, his New York Times obituarist noted that, “He was accustomed to disastrous speculations, and lost two or three fortunes.” He also served as counsel to the Harlem Railroad Company and, after retiring from the militia, vice president of the New York Bar Association. He was described by a contemporary as “short, erect, and well-proportioned, with an intelligent ruddy face, which in the latter part of his military career was adorned and distinguished by a long, full white beard.” Although well-regarded personally, some remembered him as a lax officer with a love of pomp and a man “who did not keep up with the times” (that is, with changes in military technology). Emmons Clark, History of the Seventh Regiment of New York, 1806–1889 (New York: Published by the Seventh Regiment, 1890), vol. 2 of 2, 151; “An Old Militia Leader. Death of Major-Gen. Sandford,” New York Times, July 26, 1878. 8. OR.III.1.40. 9. OR.III.1.41. 10. Benjamin Stanton (1809–1872) was born in Mount Pleasant, Ohio, employed as a tailor before read-

ing law and securing bar admission in 1834. He practiced in Bellafontaine, Ohio, and served in Ohio’s senate between 1841 and 1843. He was a delegate to the 1850– 1851 state constitutional convention and was sent to the Thirty-Second Congress as a Whig. He was re-elected to the Thirty-Fourth, Thirty-Fifth, and Thirty-Sixth Congresses as a Republican. In 1862, Stanton was elected Ohio’s lieutenant governor. He moved to Martinsburg, West Virginia, in 1865, to practice law; he died in Wheeling. BD.1964. 11. OR.III.1.43. Read’s letter is inferred from Holt’s answer. 12. OR.III.1.47–50. The information provided about forts was not uniform. The Fort at Willets Point in New York Harbor was “Not commenced.” 13. John A. Kennedy (1803–1873), the son of Irish immigrants, was born and educated in Baltimore. His first trade was painting; after moving to New York in 1828, he established a second career in politics, joining Tammany Hall and serving several terms on New York City’s Common Council. During Horatio Seymour’s first term as governor (1853–1854), Kennedy was appointed a commissioner of emigration; he later became superintendent of emigration. Kennedy’s youth in Maryland, a slave state, converted him to firm anti-slavery convictions. Although his first political experience in New York City was as a Democrat, by 1848 he was a Free Soil Democrat. After the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he joined the Republican Party. Before his May 23, 1860, appointment as superintendent of the Metropolitan ­Police, Kennedy had no policing experience. Nevertheless, he was a highly regarded administrator and introduced reforms and increased discipline in the ranks. These improvements were credited with producing a force that performed with great skill and courage during the 1863 Draft Riots. During that affray, his public identification with the force, and the Republican Party, nearly cost him his life (see July 13 entry for New York Draft Riots). Kennedy remained as superintendent until 1870. “Obituary. Ex-Superintendent John A. Kennedy,” New York Times, June 21, 1873; Augustine E. Costello, Our Police Protectors. History of the New York Police from the Earliest Period to the Present Time (New York: Published for the Benefit of the Police Pension Fund, 1885), 151. 14. AAC.61.522. 15. Messages from the Governors, 307–309. 16. James I. Roosevelt (1795–1875) was born in New York City. He graduated from Columbia College in 1815, was admitted to the bar in 1818, and practiced law with Peter Jay from that year until 1830. In 1828, he was elected to New York’s City Council as a Democrat (and was a supporter of Andrew Jackson’s election that year); he was re-elected in 1830. He served in New York’s Notes to Pages 100–102 | 329

assembly in 1835 and 1840 and successfully stood for the Twenty-Seventh Congress (1841–1843). Declining to run for a second term, he traveled to England, Holland, and France to study law. Between 1851 and 1859, he was a New York supreme court justice, also serving one term (ex officio) on New York’s appellate court in 1859. In 1860, Buchanan appointed him U.S. district attorney for the Southern District of New York; Roosevelt served until replaced in 1861 by the Lincoln administration. Afterwards, he devoted himself to farming. BD.1835; “The Death of Judge Roosevelt,” New York Times, April 7, 1875. 17. OR.III.1.52–53. Kennedy forwarded his letter to Roosevelt to Holt, offering to seize arms bound for seceded states. OR.III.1.54. 18. AAC.61.520. See Messages from the Governors, 309– 313; New York Times, “The Seizure of the Georgia Muskets,” January 26, 1861. 19. OR.III.1.58. 20. Elijah F. Purdy (1796?–1866) was born in Westchester County and apprenticed to a carpenter until age twenty-one. Having saved his money, he opened a country store, but a fire destroyed it. He moved to New York City in 1821 and held several odd jobs, including that of car man and horse and cart driver. Although his given occupation was grocer, his real avocation was politics. During the 1820s, he was considered a rising star in New York City’s Democratic Party. His first political appointment came in 1831, to the custom’s house, a post he held until 1836. (His departure was by choice, as he was “a great stickler for the doctrine of rotation in office.”) He was an alderman from the Tenth Ward from 1838 to 1843 and president of the Board of Aldermen between 1840 and 1844. He began to earn his nickname “the Old War Horse of Tammany” after his election as grand sachem in 1846. He would hold this post until 1851, again between 1854 and 1855, and from 1863 to 1866. He was a New York County supervisor in 1858, 1859, 1860, and 1861, and was serving at the time of his death (the term had recently been extended to six years). In 1866, he was also a commissioner of emigration. D. T. Valentine, Manual of the Corporation of the City of New York (New York: Edmund Jones & Company, Printers, 1865), 487, 413, 76, 72; Blake, History of the Tammany Society, 102, 185; William Hunt, The American Biographical Sketch Book (New York: Nafis & Cornish, 1849), 198–199. 21. “The Union To Be Preserved,” New York Times, January 29, 1861; AAC.61.520. 22. AAC.61.521. 23. “Democratic State Convention,” New York Times, February 1, 1861. 24. The list of New York commissioners can be found in L. E. Chittenden, A Report of the Debates and Proceedings in the Secret Sessions of the Confederence Convention for Propos330 | Notes to Pages 102–103

ing Amendments to the Constitution of the United States, held at Washington, D.C., in February, A.D., 1861 (New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1864), 465. The politics of their selection will be found in Brummer, 110–112. 25. David Dudley Field (1805–1894) was born in Haddam, Connecticut, to David Dudley Field, Sr., a wellknown Protestant divine. Field was educated privately and graduated from Williams College in 1825. Afterwards, he read law in Albany under Harmanus Bleecker, and later relocated to New York City to complete his study in the offices of Robert and Henry Sedgwick. He was admitted to the bar in 1828 and practiced in New York City. Fields’ life work was reform of the law. During the 1830s, he had begun to publish his ideas, and at some point concluded that a seat in New York’s assembly would be the right perch to introduce reforms. Although unsuccessful for office as a Democrat in 1841, the constitutional convention of 1846 gave him the ­opportunity he sought. He published a series of articles in Bryant’s New York Evening Post proposing a reorganization of the judiciary, followed by more articles and pamphlets addressing different aspects of reform. In 1847, Field received a legislative appointment as a member of the Commission on Legal Practice and Procedure, a post he held until 1850. In 1857, he was appointed to head a state commission tasked with the codification of almost the entirety of New York law. The commission continued through 1865. Meanwhile, Field continued with his large practice. Always antislavery, he became a Free Soil Democrat after the annexation of Texas. He worked with the Republican Party in 1856 and attended the 1860 Chicago convention, reportedly playing an important role in securing Lincoln’s nomination. At the peace conference, Field opposed any constitutional amendments, arguing that conciliation was possible through existing law. During the debate, Fields asked if he “would let the Union slide?” He replied, “No, never! I would let slavery slide and save the Union.” Postwar, Field was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-Fourth Congress to fill a vacancy; his term lasted from January to March 1877. Afterwards, he resumed his law practice. Henry M. Field, The Life of David Dudley Field (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1898), 35, 37, 46–49, 116, 149–151, 155; BD. 1049. 26. William Curtis Noyes (1805–1864) was born in Schodack. He began reading law in 1819 in Albany and continued from 1820 to 1821 with Oswego County Judge Samuel B. Ludlow. After his term with Judge Ludlow, Noyes relocated to Whitesboro and more reading under Congressman Henry R. Storrs. Noyes was admitted to the bar in 1827 and practiced in Rome (Congressman Henry A. Foster was a partner), eventually becoming Oneida County’s district attorney. He relocated to New York City in 1838. Noyes was a brilliant practitioner and

universally respected: he was regarded as peerless in equity as well as a skillful cross-examiner. Between 1857 and 1864 he was one of three commissioners charged with codifying New York’s statutes. An early Republican, in 1857 he was defeated for state attorney general. Noyes was ardently antislavery and a founding member of the Union Club of New York. The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans, edited by Rossiter Johnson (Boston: The Biographical Society, 1904), vol. 8, no page numbers. “The Death of Mr. Noyes,” New York Times, December 28, 1864; “Obituary. Death of William Curtis Noyes,” New York Times, December 26, 1864. 27. James S. Wadsworth (1807–1864) was born in Geneseo to a landowning father whose estimated 70,000 acres, concentrated in and around Livingston County, would define the son’s life. He enrolled in Hamilton College but was dismissed for unknown reasons. In 1826 he was admitted to Harvard College, class of 1828, as a “Temporary Student,” but left in late 1827, at the college’s request. As Harvard President Kirkland wrote the elder Wadsworth, “he is by no means answering the purposes of his connection with this Institution.” Wadsworth returned to Geneseo but, one year later, was back in Massachusetts, clerking in the law offices of Senator Daniel Webster. His tenure was again brief; after three months he was back in Geneseo. In 1829, he enrolled in what later became Yale’s law school, remained five months, then returned to Albany to read law at McKeon and Deniston. In 1832, he was admitted to the New York bar. With time, Wadsworth became more involved in managing the family estates. By the mid-1840s (and after his father’s death), Wadsworth had matured into a competent businessman who was not shy of politics. Antislavery and Barnburner in sentiment, he was generous with like-minded politicians and their newspapers. At political conventions, he could be heard shouting imprecations at Hunkers and loudly supporting the Wilmot Proviso. He joined New York’s Republican Party shortly after its inception and in 1856 was named a Republican elector. He campaigned for Lincoln in 1860 and, by 1861, was radicalized. With war came a financial and personal commitment to the Union. He was present at Bull Run as an aide to McDowell and, in August, was given command of the Washington defenses, eventually becoming the capital’s military governor. Regarded by many contemporaries as impulsive, ­Wadsworth lobbied for antislavery measures in Washington while he itched for combat command. But first came his unsuccessful 1862 run against Seymour for New York’s governorship. Assigned to command the First Division of the First Corps, he was present although unengaged at Chancellorsville. At Gettysburg, however, his division savagely fought on the battle’s first day. On May 6, 1864, he was

mortally wounded at the Battle of the Wilderness. Wayne Mahood, General Wadsworth: The Life and Wars of Brevet General James S. Wadsworth (New York: Da Capo Press, 2003), 10, 18, 21–27, 31, 45–47, 56–57; Warner, Generals in Blue, 532–533. 28. Amaziah B. James (1812–1883) was born in Stephentown, then relocated with his family to the town of Sweden, in Monroe County, when he was two. He received a good education and at age fourteen was apprenticed to a printer in Batavia. In 1831, he moved to Ogdensburg to found the weekly sheet, Northern Light, and soon extended his news interests to include the Whig Times and Advertiser. James became a captain in the Ogdensburg Artillery in 1836, and rose to major general of state militia. He read law, was admitted to the bar in 1838, and practiced in Ogdensburg. In 1853, he was elected justice of the New York Supreme Court, and was re-elected in 1861 and 1869, serving until 1876. Postwar, he was elected as a Republican to the Forty-Fifth and Forty-Sixth Congresses. BD.1323. 29. Francis Granger (1792–1868) was born in Suffield, Connecticut (his father served as Thomas Jefferson’s postmaster general for fourteen years). Granger received a classical education and graduated from Yale College in 1811. He relocated in 1814 to Canandaigua, read law, was admitted to the bar in 1816, and practiced locally. Granger was elected to the state assembly in 1826 and served until 1828, when he ran unsuccessfully for lieutenant governor. He was re-elected to the assembly in 1830, serving until 1832. He was unsuccessful in running for governor on the National Republican ticket in 1830 and, later that year, was a delegate to the Anti-Masonic Convention in Philadelphia. He joined the Whigs as that party emerged and was elected to the Twenty-Fourth Congress. In 1836, he was unsuccessful in seeking his party’s nomination for vice president of the United States. However, he was re-elected to the Twenty-Fifth Congress and served through the TwentySeventh Congress, until his resignation in March 1841, when Harrison appointed him U.S. postmaster general. He served in that position through September then ­returned to Congress. He was not a candidate for the Twenty-Eighth Congress. BD.1146; Appletons, II.705–706. 30. Greene C. Bronson (1789–1863) was born in Oneida and spent most of his life in Utica. He became one of New York’s ablest lawyers. In 1819, he was appointed surrogate of Oneida County and in 1822 was elected to the assembly. He was elected state attorney general in 1829, a post he held until 1836. That year he was selected for the New York Supreme Court and, in 1845, he was named chief justice. Two years later, he was selected as one the judges for the newly established state court of appeals. In 1853, Bronson, having lost money Notes to Page 103 | 331

in speculations, was named collector of the Port of New York, but was removed the next year. In December 1859, he was named corporation counsel for New York City, serving until 1863. Politically, Bronson was a Hard-Shell Democrat—opposed to Free Soil Democrats, in favor of repealing the Missouri Compromise, and staunchly opposed to congressional interference with slavery. In 1855, he was that faction’s nominee for governor. Appletons, I.384; Fitch, Encyclopedia of Biography, 347–348. 31. William E. Dodge (1805–1883) was born in Hartford, Connecticut, to a father in the dry goods business. He was educated in the common schools and, when his father took over management of a cotton mill, followed him there. At thirteen, Dodge relocated with his family to New York City, and spent eight years working in a dry goods store. His 1833 marriage to the daughter of Anson G. Phelps produced the firm of Phelps, Dodge & Co., which William managed until 1879. He was an early investor in and director of the Erie Railroad, and his port­folio grew to include substantial real estate, lumber, mill, and mining interests. He joined the New York Chamber of Commerce in 1855, and was later elected first vice president and then president of that body, serving three terms in the latter post. In January 1861, Dodge had been one of the Committee of Twenty-Five sent by the Chamber to lobby Congress on behalf of compromise measures; thus, his selection by Morgan to the peace convention was a logical one. He was an earnest advocate for compromise until the firing on Fort Sumter, after which he became an ardent Unionist. He was a guiding force behind the Union Defense Committee and sent a son to war. Throughout the crisis he remained a Union and Republican stalwart. He was elected to the Thirty-Ninth Congress, prevailing over Copperhead James Brooks in a contested election. He served one term before returning to business. After his death, he was commemorated with a bronze statue at the corner of Broadway and Sixth Avenue in New York. Carlos Martyn, William E. Dodge: the Christian Merchant (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1890), 167, 190–192, 201; BD.696; Appletons, II.192. 32. John A. King (1788–1867), the son of Revolutionary-era politician Rufus King, was born in New York City, attended Harrow School in England, and studied in Paris. He returned to New York, studied law, and began practice. During the War of 1812, he served as a cavalry lieutenant; after the war, he took up farming. In 1819 he was elected to the state assembly, serving until 1821. Two years later, he entered the state senate, resigning in 1825 to become secretary of the U.S. legation in London. The next year, he was promoted to charge d’affairs. He returned to New York and was re-elected to the assembly three times (1832, 1838, and 1840). In 1839 and 1852, 332 | Notes to Page 103

he was a delegate to the Whig National Convention, and was elected as a Whig to the Thirty-First Congress. An early Republican, he organized that party’s establishment at an 1855 convention in Syracuse and was a delegate to the 1856 Republican National Convention. The following year, he was elected governor of New York. King was vehemently antislavery, opposing the Fugitive Slave Law and advocating California’s admission as a free state. King chose not to run again, thus clearing the way for Morgan; afterwards, he retired to Jamaica, New York. Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, vol. 3, 1083; BD.1385. 33. James C. Smith (1817–1900) was born in Phelps. He graduated from Union College in 1835, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1838, and practiced in Lyons. In 1842, he was appointed surrogate of Wayne County. In 1854 he relocated with his practice to Canandaigua, where he spent the rest of his life. After his stint as peace commissioner, Smith was named a justice of the New York Supreme Court, serving between 1862 and 1887. Politically, Smith had been a Free Soil Democrat and Barnburner until the advent of the Republican Party; in 1856 and afterwards, he was the party’s man on the canvass. Milliken, A History of Ontario County, vol. 1, 128. 34. John E. Wool (1784–1869) was born in Newburgh. Four uncles and his father fought in the Revolution. Wool was four years old when his father died; he was raised by his grandfather. He clerked at several stores and studied law, but fire ended his last retail employment. Fortunately (for Wool), the War of 1812 loomed; he was commissioned a captain in the Thirteenth U.S. Infantry just before it began. At the Battle of Queenstown Heights, Wool, although severely wounded, led the charge that captured the heights; he emerged a hero with a national reputation. By war’s end, he was a colonel and one of two inspector generals in the army. In 1826, he was brevetted a brigadier general (made permanent in 1841). In 1830, he toured northern fortifications and reported on their condition (his intimacy with these forts would prove useful during the Civil War). In 1832, he toured Europe to inspect foreign forts and armies. In 1836, after inspecting Maine forts, President Jackson assigned him to command the Cherokee removal. Wool was mentioned in Zachary Taylor’s dispatches from the Battle of Buena Vista and he was welcomed home a hero, especially in New York State. In 1854, he was given command of the Department of the Pacific and, in 1857, the Department of the East. Perhaps his greatest Civil War service was to secure Fort Monroe after the outbreak of hostilities, a base that proved invaluable to federal efforts. John Savage, Our Living Representative Men (Philadelphia: Childs & Peterson, 1860), 493–503; Warner, Generals in Blue, 573–574.

35. The flurry of state resolutions will be found in Messages from the Governors, 313–357. 36. AAC.61.520–521. Assembly Republicans distrusted the idea of a peace conference and insisted that only Republicans be appointed as commissioners. King and Wool were added to secure the bill’s final passage. “Democratic State Convention,” New York Times, February 2, 1861. 37. Clint Johnson, author of A Vast and Fiendish Plot: The Confederate Attack on New York City, observes that Lamar, who is identified in most records as “G. B. Lamar,” “understandably” preferred these initials to spelling out his name in full. Lamar was no ordinary transplant. He founded the Bank of the Republic, located at the corner of Broadway and Wall Street. During Secession Winter, he was active in promoting New York’s secessionists and endorsed Fernando Wood’s call for a “free city.” Lamar had New York financial printers produce bonds for the fledgling Confederacy. He was forced to leave the city in 1861. Clint Johnson, A Vast and Fiendish Plot (New York: Citadel Press, 2010), 56–57. 38. AAC.61.522. 39. Messages from the Governors, 324–325. 40. The commissioners full report may be found in Chittenden, 613–621. 41. Messages from the Governors, 327. 42. AAC.61.522. 43. Messages from the Governors, 331–332. 44. AAC.61.522. 45. As quoted in Rawley, 131. 46. Read, “Military Affairs,” 45. 47. Messages from the Governors, 340–341. 48. “Reception and Speech at Buffalo,” New York Times, February 18, 1861. Among his official greeters was the young Adjutant General Read. Over twenty years later he recalled that, up to that point, Lincoln had “long been a familiar abstraction,” a man his father had a “warm friendship” with, and the candidate on whose behalf Read had helped organize the New York Wide-Awakes. But meeting Lincoln for the first time in Buffalo, “His face now covered with the rough beginnings of a beard, while his prominent cheek bones were exaggerated by the fatigues of travel and the unremitting mental strain,” Read was jarred. “Is this the man I have been working day and night for the last six months to elect?” he asked himself. Read, “Military Affairs,” 45–46. 49. “Reception and Speech at Albany,” New York Times, February 19, 1861; Messages from the Governors, 334–336. 50. “Arrival and Reception in New York,” New York Times, February 20, 1861. At the Astor House, Lincoln begged off making any grand declarations. “I do suppose that while the political drama being enacted in this country at this time is rapidly shifting in its scenes, forbidding an anticipation with any degree of certainty

today what we shall see tomorrow, that it was peculiarly fitting that I should see it all up to the last minute before I should take ground, that I might be disposed by the shifting of the scenes afterwards against to shift.” As quoted in McKay, 44. 51. “The Incoming Administration,” New York Times, February 21, 1861. 52. Messages from the Governors, 342–343. 53. Read, “Military Affairs,” 49. 54. “General City News,” New York Times, March 4, 1861. 55. Messages from the Governors, 348–349. 56. Erasmus D. Keyes (1810–1895) was born in Brim­ field, Massachusetts, the son of a doctor who soon relocated his practice (and the young Erasmus) to Kennebunk County, Maine. Keyes graduated from West Point in 1832. While he did not see action during the Mexican War, he served three times as Winfield Scott’s aide, a mark of the esteem in which he was held. At different points in his career, he served in infantry, cavalry, and artillery. In May 1861 he was promoted colonel of the Eleventh U.S. Infantry, and saw action at Bull Run. In August, he was promoted brigadier general, and commanded Fourth Corps during the Peninsula Campaign. During the Gettysburg Campaign, Keyes was ordered by John A. Dix to make a demonstration on Richmond, and thus prevent Lee from reinforcing his northbound army; Keyes supposed failure to do so led to his resignation in 1864. Postwar, Keyes relocated to San Francisco and prospered in wines, mines, and banks. Warner, Generals in Blue, 264–265. 57. AAC.61.530; Rawley, 153–154; Cullum, Biographical Register, vol. 1, 401–402. 58. Hiram Barney (1811–1895) was born in Henderson. In 1834, he graduated from Union College; afterwards, he studied law, moved to New York City and associated with Democrat Benjamin F. Butler, who would become U.S. attorney general for Presidents Jackson and Van Buren. Barney supported Jackson and, in 1840, Van Buren. In 1848, he supported Van Buren and the Free Soil Party, serving as a delegate to the Buffalo convention. He supported Free Soiler John Hale in 1852, Fremont in 1856 and, four years later, Abraham Lincoln, who he had known personally since 1857. At the 1860 Republican National Convention, Barney supported Lincoln from the start, aligning himself with Horace Greeley and William Cullen Bryant, and opposing Seward, the candidate of conservative Republican Thurlow Weed. Barney had known Salmon Chase since 1842 but his selection to the collectorship, the most lucrative federal sinecure in the country, appears to have been Lincoln’s decision. “Mr. Barney’s quiet, unostentatious bearing has deprived him of the notoriety which attaches to most of Notes to Pages 103–105 | 333

our politicians of equal experience and influence,” Bryant’s friendly Evening Post wrote, “Nevertheless, he is well known to the Republican party and universally respected as one of its foremost and most intelligent supporters.” The Post quoted in Alexander, vol. 2, 395; J. W. Shuckers, The Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase, United States Senator and Governor of Ohio, Secretary of the Treasury and Chief Justice of the United States (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1874), 477. 59. Gustavus V. Fox (1821–1883) was born in Saugus, Massachusetts. His family moved to Lowell when he was young. On January 12, 1838, he was appointed midshipman in the U.S. Navy. In the years that followed, he served on mail stations, in the Mexican War, and on the coast survey. By 1856, he was a lieutenant but resigned that year to accept a position with the Bay State Woolen Mills of Lawrence, Massachusetts. In February 1861, Winfield Scott asked for his help in reinforcing Fort Sumter. Although Buchanan had forbidden any resupply, Fox was dispatched to Charleston Harbor for an interview with Major Robert Anderson. Fox returned to New York with a plan and, following the newly inaugurated Lincoln administration’s decision to resupply the fort, returned to Sumter. Unfortunately for the garrison, Fox arrived as the fort was under attack. He returned to New York with Anderson and his men. During the brief period when communications between Washington and New York were severed, businessmen William H. Aspinwall and William B. Astor outfitted the steamer Yankee, made Fox the captain, and dispatched him for the capital. On July 31, 1861, Lincoln appointed Fox assistant secretary of the Navy. In this role, Fox made his mark as a naval strategist and tactician, helping to plan the capture of New Orleans, the opening of the Mississippi River, and other operations. Fox pruned the Navy of inefficient officers, selected Farragut as admiral, and worked closely with Grant on river operations in the west. In 1866, he was chosen for a personal diplomatic mission to Czar Alexander II, crossing the Atlantic on the monitor Miantonomoh. Fox reportedly played a role in the U.S. purchase of Alaska from Russia. He resigned from the Department of the Navy in 1866 and, returning to Massachusetts, became manager of Middlesex Mills and a partner in E. R. Mudge, Sawyer & Co., a textile sales agent for some of the largest mills in New England. Appletons, II.519– 520; Memorial Biographies of the New-England Historic Genealogical Society, Towne Memorial Fund, 1880–1889 (Boston: Published by the Society, 1907), vol. 8, 156–157. 60. OR.I.1.11; Messages from the Governors, 352–356. These included such items as “The President and VicePresident of the United States shall each be chosen alternately from a slaveholding and a non-slaveholding State,” and “The elective franchise and the right to hold 334 | Notes to Pages 105–106

office, whether federal, State, territorial or municipal, shall not be exercised by persons of the African race, in whole or in part.” 61. Read, “Military Affairs,” 49. 62. New York in the War of Rebellion, 7; Read, “Military Affairs,” 50. Read claimed some skullduggery occurred at the printers: the bill was originally drafted—and sent to the printer—with Morgan having complete power to execute its provisions; however, when it was placed on legislators’ desks the next morning (April 15), Read discovered that someone had inserted the requirement for the Board of State Officers. (See entry for April 16 and Chapter 277 in Legislative Sessions—1861.) 63. OR.III.1.67–68, 69, 72. 64. AAC.61.531. 65. James Gordon Bennett (1795–1872) was born in Keith, Scotland. Around 1809, his parents dispatched him to Blair’s College in Aberdeen to prepare for the priesthood, but Bennett had other ideas. In 1819, he immigrated to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he failed as a teacher of accounting. Shortly thereafter, he moved to Boston to work as a proofreader. In 1822, he relocated to New York City, contributed articles to several sheets, and was hired by the Charleston Courier as an assistant editor. He moved to Charleston but returned to New York City in 1824, in a failed attempt to revive his dream of teaching. In 1825, with borrowed money, he bought the Sunday Courier but soon left that publication. He was associated with the National Advocate in 1826, but left because it favored John Quincy Adams. He next became an associate editor with Tammany Hall leader Mordecai Noah’s New York Enquirer. Bennett joined Tammany and was sent to Washington as the Enquirer’s correspondent (an innovation) in 1828. His reputation grew, and it was on Bennett’s 1829 suggestion that the Enquirer merged with the Courier, becoming the Courier and Enquirer. For a time, this was among the most prominent sheets in the country. However, ideology intervened (as it had before) in Bennett’s career. When the paper backed Nicholas Biddle in his struggles with Jackson over the national bank, Bennett left, moved to Philadelphia, and started a sheet that lasted just thirty days. He returned to New York, no less ideological but now distrustful of politicians. On May 6, 1835, he published the first issue of the New York Herald, initially writing the entire four-page sheet (one cent a copy) himself. The Herald compensated for lack of news—a result of having no other reporters—by printing sensationalized, often reckless, opinions that left no party, politician, or society figure unscathed. (It also left no crime undescribed—its 1836 reporting on the murder-by-hatchet of prostitute Ellen Jewett struck a chord.) But Bennett did more than sensationalize: his financial reporting was considered among the best in the world.

He was credited with predicting the Panic of 1837 and had an international readership. In 1838, he hired European correspondents to report news from abroad, and soon developed a network of correspondents in many American cities as well. By 1841, using newsboys for distribution, the Herald had annual income of $100,000. By 1846, Bennett was printing telegraphed speeches in full. Circulation continued to rise and, by the time of the Civil War, the Herald was the largest newspaper in the United States. The cost of covering the conflict was estimated at $500,000, employing sixty-three reporters. Bennett’s influence reached into the White House, and he was a perpetual object of Lincoln’s charm and erstwhile largesse (he offered Bennett the ministry to France but the pugnacious editor could not be bought). As a long-time Democrat, Bennett opposed both emancipation and Lincoln’s re-election. In an oft-quoted remark, Horace Greeley passed this judgment on Bennett after his death: “He developed the capacities of journalism in a most wonderful manner, but he did it by degrading its character. He made the newspaper powerful, but he made it odious.” Appletons, I.238; Donald A. Ritchie, American Journalists: Getting the Story (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 59–60. 66. McKay, 57. 67. Andrew J. Colvin (1808–1889) was born in Coeymans. At sixteen he entered the law offices of then-U.S. senator Martin Van Buren and Benjamin F. Butler (later U.S. attorney general under Andrew Jackson and Van Buren and also secretary of war for the latter). Colvin became a city attorney for Albany, and in 1842, its corporation counsel, later serving as district attorney for Albany County. In 1859 he entered the state senate; he was highly regarded by colleagues of both parties. When Lincoln visited Albany en route to his inauguration, Colvin presided over the joint meeting of the legislature that received the president. He left office after 1861 and resumed full-time law practice. “Obituary. Andrew J. Colvin,” New York Times, July 21, 1889. 68. As quoted in Read, “Military Affairs,” 51–52. 69. OR.III.1.69–70. 70. The meeting on Pine Street was followed by another that evening at the home of Robert H. McCurdy “to prepare a call, draft resolutions, and procure speakers for the proposed [April 20] meeting.” The Union Defence Committee of the City of New York, Minutes, Reports, and Correspondence, with an historical introduction by John Austin Stevens (New York?: Published by the Union Defence Committee, 1885), 1–2. 71. Read, “Military Affairs, 49–50.” The board was tasked only with administering the recruitment and deployment of the 30,000 volunteers called in Chapter 277. Read characterized it as “unwieldy.” However, Rawley

notes that several days later, a resolution was passed that gave Morgan authority to act in emergencies when a quorum could not be mustered. 72. Messages from the Governors, 400; the adjutant general gives the date as April 17. AG.61.7. 73. New York in the War of Rebellion, 7–8; AG.61.6–7. 74. Lyman Tremain (1819–1878) was born in Durham, New York. He was educated in the common schools and, later, at the private Kinderhook Academy. He read law under John O’Brien in Durham, and completed his study in the New York City offices of Sherwood & White. After admission to the bar in 1840, he returned to Durham to practice in partnership with O’Brien. Tremain entered public life as a Democrat in 1842, when he was elected supervisor of Durham. In 1844, he was appointed as district attorney. In 1846, he was elected surrogate and Greene County judge. He would not be re-elected in 1851, and two years later, relocated with his law practice to Albany. In 1858 he was elected state attorney general as a Democrat. With the attack on Fort Sumter, Tremain proved an ardent Unionist, and sent his son to war. (The younger Tremain would survive some twenty-five battles, only to be killed at Hatcher’s Run in 1865.) In 1862, Tremain ran as a Republican for lieutenant governor (with Wadsworth leading the ticket), but was not elected. He served in the assembly between 1866 and 1868, and was speaker in 1867. He was elected as a Republican to the Forty-Third Congress but was not a candidate for the Forty-Fourth, afterwards returning to Albany and his law practice. Among notable postwar achievements was his role in prosecuting William M. Tweed. William Horatio Barnes, Biographies of Members of the House of Representatives of the Forty-Third Congress (New York: Nelson & Phillips, 1874), 79–82; BD.2060. 75. “New York,” New York Times, April 16, 1861; “State of Feeling Throughout the North,” New York Times, April 18, 1861; “State of Feeling Throughout the North,” New York Times, April 21, 1861; “Off For The War,” New York Times, April 24, 1861. Fillmore quoted in Brummer, 143. This list and details from other cities appear in Brummer, 144. “The action of the state government was sustained by the people,” Brummer writes. “The series of great meetings held throughout the State testified to the fact that, for a while at least, party strife and recrimination were stilled.” 76. OR.III.1.83. 77. Messages from the Governors, 401. 78. AAC.61.531. 79. Pelitiah Perit (1785–1864) was born in Norwich, Connecticut. At age thirteen, he entered Yale College, graduating in 1802. He was deeply religious and intended to enter the ministry, but poor health derailed this plan. At nineteen, he became a clerk to a PhiladelNotes to Pages 106–107 | 335

phia importer. He became a supercargo (presumably after his health improved) and voyaged throughout West India and South America. In 1809, Perit moved to New York City and, after several false starts, entered the firm of Goodhue & Company, where he would remain until his death. His business was import-export and shipping, and he soon became the most important partner, although his name never graced the door. He used his growing wealth to finance a variety of religious missions, served as president of the Seamen’s Friend Society, and was an executive with the American Bible Society. He held only one political office in his long life—on New York’s first board of police commissioners—but wielded great power as president of the New York Chamber of Commerce between 1853 and 1863. Whatever his feelings were before the attack on Fort Sumter, he became a Unionist and used the chamber to advocate for the government. Portrait Gallery of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York, compiled by George Wilson (New York: Press of the Chamber of Commerce, 1890), 48–52. 80. AAC.61.532; Joseph Bucklin Bishop, A Chronicle of One Hundred & Fifty Years: The Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York, 1768–1918 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1918), 71–73. “Meeting at the Chamber of Commerce,” New York Times, April 18, 1861. 81. OR.III.1.85. “The Feeling Throughout the North; In New-York; The Proclamation of Governor Morgan,” New York Times, April 19, 1861. Rawley, 136; AG.61.8. 82. OR.III.1.87–88. 83. Messages from the Governors, 401. 84. AAC.61.531; AG.61.7. 85. Daniel S. Dickinson (1800–1866) was born in Goshen, Connecticut, and moved with his family to Guilford, New York, in 1806 or 1807. Educated in the public schools, he qualified as a teacher at age twenty-one and was given charge of a school in Wheatland. In his spare time, he continued study in Latin and mathematics and earned part-time income as a surveyor. He was married in 1822, read law, and admitted to the bar in 1828. He entered public life as Guilford’s postmaster in 1827, a position he held until 1832. At about that time (1831 by some accounts), he relocated to Binghamton and established a successful practice. He was Binghamton’s first city president (1834) and between 1837 and 1840 represented the district in the state senate as a Jacksonian Democrat and recognized party leader. He ran unsuccessfully for lieutenant governor in 1840, but won election to that office in 1842. As lieutenant governor, he presided over the senate, which at that time also functioned as an appellate court for usury cases (with the lieutenant governor as its chief judge). Several of Dickinson’s decisions defined the law in New York State. In 1844, he was a presidential elector for the Polk-Dallas ticket. Dickinson was ap336 | Notes to Pages 107–108

pointed to fill a U.S. Senate vacancy in 1844; at its next session, the legislature elected him for a full term. He served until 1851, chaired the Finance Committee, and in debate was recognized as a brilliant orator who could employ grace, classical allusion, and biting sarcasm. In politics, he had become a conservative Democrat, resisting federal intervention in slavery. His bid for re-election in 1852 was unsuccessful but Pierce nominated him in that same year for collector of New York’s port, the most lucrative patronage position in the country. Dickinson declined, preferring to practice law. After the attack on Fort Sumter, he became one of New York’s (and the country’s) leading War Democrats. In 1861, he was overwhelmingly elected New York’s attorney general on the Union ticket. During the war’s first three years, he spoke over one hundred times to pro-union audiences, always urging that partisanship be set aside pending defeat of the South. In 1864, Lincoln appointed him as a U.S. commissioner to conclude the settlement of the Hudson Bay and Puget Sound boundary negotiations. Lincoln also appointed him as U.S. district attorney for New York’s Southern District, a post he held from 1865 to 1866. BD.957; “Obituary. Hon. Daniel S. Dickinson,” New York Times, April 14, 1866. 86. Edward D. Baker (1811–1861) was born in London, England, and immigrated to the United States with his family in 1815. The Bakers initially settled in Philadelphia but in 1825 moved west, relocating first to New Harmony, Indiana, then to Belleville, Illinois. Edward became a full-fledged autodidact with a real avidity for the printed word. He moved to St. Louis for a year then returned to Illinois, settling in Carrollton, the seat of Carroll County. He read law in the office of a local judge while working as a deputy in the county clerk’s office. He was admitted to the bar in 1830 and, influenced by his new wife, joined the Campbellites, a Protestant sect emphasizing a literalist interpretation of the Bible. It was as a speaker at religious meetings that Baker’s talent for eloquence was first honed. In 1832, Baker enlisted in the Black Hawk War and saw action at the Battle of Broad Axe River. The principal legacy of his experience was a love of the martial. In 1835, he moved to Springfield, Illinois, to practice law, and eventually partnering with judge and future congressman Stephen T. Logan, as well as Albert T. Bledsoe (who would eventually become an asw for the Confederacy). It was at Springfield that Baker became intimate with Abraham Lincoln and friendly (if not always in agreement) with Stephen A. Douglas, future congressman and general John A. McClernand, and future senator Lyman Trumbull, among others. He was elected to Illinois’ house in 1837, and served in the state senate from 1840 to 1844. In 1845, he was elected as a Whig to the Twenty-ninth Congress;

it was just in time for the Mexican War. On July 4, 1846, he was commissioned as colonel of the Fourth Regiment, Illinois Volunteers, although he did not resign from Congress until January 15, 1847. In the meantime, he saw action at the Siege of Vera Cruz and at Cerro Gordo. On May 29, 1847, he was honorably discharged. Baker then moved to Galena and was elected as a Whig to the ThirtyFirst Congress; he was not a nominee for re-election. In 1851 he moved to San Francisco and practiced law. In California, he became a Free Soiler and, in 1856, led the campaign for Fremont, lending his eloquence to the cause. In 1860 he relocated to Oregon and was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate to fill a vacancy caused by the death of David C. Broderick. After the speaking engagement described in the above entry, Baker went to work raising a regiment in New York City, with the help of visiting Californians. He added Pennsylvanian (and San Francisco law partner) Isaac Wistar to his team and together the two men filled the roster. (Although called the California Regiment, the vast majority of its recruits were from Pennsylvania.) On May 8, 1861, Baker received authorization (and a colonel’s commission) for the unit; on May 17, he received a commission to brigadier general, which he declined. Baker was commanding the forces on Ball’s Bluff—while still a U.S. senator— when he was killed on October 21, 1861. Joseph Wallace, Sketch of the Life and Public Services of Edward D. Baker (Springfield, Illinois: no publisher, 1870), 9–18, 50–51; BD.597; Gary G. Lash, Duty Well Done: The History of Baker’s California Regiment (Baltimore: Butternut & Blue, 2001), 2–3, 6–10. 87. Robert J. Walker (1801–1869) was born in Northumberland, Pennsylvania. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1819, was admitted to the bar in 1821, and began his practice in Pittsburgh in 1822. In 1826, Walker relocated his practice to Natchez, Mississippi. He was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate in 1835 and remained in that chamber until 1845. From the Twenty-Fourth to the Twenty-Sixth Congress, he was chairman of the Committee on Public Lands. Between 1845 and 1849, he was James K. Polk’s secretary of the treasury. Walker declined Pierce’s offer to head the China mission and returned to his law practice. In April 1857, he accepted Buchanan’s nomination as governor of the Kansas Territory but, appalled by the fraud used to secure the Lecompton Constitution, he resigned in December. The election of Lincoln gave the talented Walker’s steadfast Unionism a chance to be applied. As demonstrated in the note above, Walker became a War Democrat. By 1862, he was endorsing emancipation. In 1863, he was appointed financial agent for the United States in Europe. It was through his efforts that $250 million in bonds were placed. Postwar, he facilitated the purchase

of Alaska and helped lobby for legislation for the Pacific railroad. BD.2106. Appletons, VI.329. 88. William M. Evarts (1818–1901) was born in Boston, Massachusetts. His father was a distinguished lawyer and fervent sponsor of overseas missionaries, and his mother a daughter of Roger Sherman. Evarts prepared for college at Boston Latin School; in 1837, he graduated from Yale. After a brief teaching stint in Vermont, he attended Harvard Law School and lectures by Joseph Story and Simeon Greenleaf. He relocated to New York City, entered the office of Daniel Lord, and was admitted to the bar in 1841. Although politically inclined (he stumped for Harrison and Tyler, and was an admirer and later a close friend of Seward), Evarts also was one of the most distinguished lawyers of his time. He was appointed assistant U.S. district attorney, serving between 1849 and 1853. These years witnessed a blot on Evarts’ career, however; in 1850, in a speech applauded by Democrats but bitterly denounced by anti-slavery factions, Evarts, though supposedly antislavery, endorsed the 1850 Fugitive Slave Law. After leaving office, he restored his antislavery credentials in his brilliant 1860 defense of New York’s personal liberty law in the Lemmon case, upholding the writ of habeas corpus brought on behalf of slaves who were brought by their owner on a visit to New York. At the Chicago Convention that year, Evarts made the speech nominating Seward; when Seward’s prospects dimmed, it was Evarts who moved that Lincoln’s nomination be made unanimous. In 1861, he was an unsuccessful candidate (as was his rival Horace Greeley) to replace Seward in the U.S. Senate. Nevertheless, Lincoln knew a crack lawyer when he saw one, and Evarts was retained to represent the U.S. government in prize cases involving blockade runners; he also successfully argued before the U.S. Supreme Court that the president has the right to institute blockades. Lincoln later named Evarts on a sensitive (and successful) diplomatic mission to lobby Britain to refrain from involvement in Napoleon III’s Mexican scheme. He was a member of the state constitutional convention of 1867–1868. Appointed U.S. attorney general by President Johnson, he represented Johnson during the 1868 impeachment trial. In 1872, he represented the United States in the Alabama Claims negotiation at Geneva, Switzerland. During the disputed 1876 presidential election, he represented Rutherford B. Hayes, who afterwards appointed him secretary of state, a position Evarts held until 1881. That year, he also was a delegate to the International Monetary Conference in Paris. New York sent him as U.S. senator to the Fiftieth and Fifty-First Congresses. BD.1031; J. Hamden Dougherty, William M. Evarts, Lawyer and Statesman, Read Before the Law Department of the Brooklyn Institute, on October 28, 1901 (Kessenger Publishing, 2006 [1901]), 1–10. Notes to Pages 108–109 | 337

89. John Hughes (1797–1864) was born in Annaloghan (County Tyrone), Ireland. He was educated locally but, due to financial difficulties, left school at eighteen to work on the family farm. In 1816, Hughes’ father immigrated to the United States and Hughes followed the next year. Hughes’ Catholicism had deepened during these years, as had his awareness of English restrictions on its practice. He initially settled in Baltimore, then worked as a plantation gardener on Maryland’s Eastern Shore. By 1818, Hughes had joined his family (all of whom had by now immigrated) on his father’s farm in Youngstown, Pennsylvania. John Hughes was increasingly drawn towards the priesthood and resumed his education at the Mount St. Mary’s Catholic College and Seminary in Emmitsburg, Maryland. By 1820, he was admitted as a full-time student. In 1823, Hughes began in his course in theology, at the same time contributing poetry to local newspapers. He was made deacon in 1825 and ordained a priest the following year. His first parish was in Bedford, Pennsylvania; after that he held several parishes in Philadelphia, where he would build the St. Augustine Church, which became the principal parish in the city. It was during these years that Hughes began to demonstrate the skills that would distinguish him as a leader of American Catholicism. He had the ability to manage and grow the church organization as well as to navigate church and secular politics. He also revealed a bent towards polemics, publicly disputing with Protestant clergy on theological matters. These traits, combined with a populist leadership style, fitted him perfectly for the challenges faced by the church in the hostile environment of the 1840s and 50s. In 1838, he was named coadjutor of New York Bishop John Dubois; in 1842, Hughes succeeded Dubois as bishop. Hughes’ jurisdiction included New York and parts of New Jersey, altogether embracing some 200,000 Catholics who worshiped in twenty churches, of which eight were in New York City. Hughes moved his diocese out of debt, expanded and staffed parochial education (each parish had its own school), and founded St. John’s College at Fordham (now Fordham University). These years witnessed intense controversy in New York and elsewhere over religion and education. Hughes became the genuine voice of New York Catholicism, asserting demands for public funding of parochial schools and objecting to the use of Protestant bibles in taxpayer-funded public schools. He took the fight from City Hall to Albany, and while unsuccessful there was successful in another respect: these issues had organized New York Catholics as a political force. In the process he forged strong relationships with the immigrant-friendly Thurlow Weed and William H. Seward. When the 1844 Nativist riots in Philadelphia threatened to spread to New York, Hughes 338 | Notes to Page 109

urged Catholics to defend themselves if necessary (he directed armed volunteers to protect churches) but, at the same time, kept the peace within his own community. In 1850, Hughes was made archbishop. He repeatedly rose in defense of Catholicism during the Know-Nothing period, both in print and from the pulpit, further enhancing his iconic status among American Catholics and the New York Irish. After the attack on Fort Sumter, Hughes proved an ardent nationalist, though he was anti-abolitionist in the same degree. Nevertheless, he separated himself from Southern-leaning Catholic newspapers, notably the Metropolitan Record, which had been founded in 1859 and provided a personal soapbox until its prosecession stance forced him to sever ties in March 1863. Lincoln understood his importance to the war effort, and reportedly lobbied Rome to make Hughes a cardinal. In November 1861, Hughes and Weed were dispatched to Europe to lobby against foreign recognition of the South. Hughes returned to New York in August 1862. In poor health during the last several years of his life, he nevertheless intervened forcefully (at Seymour’s request) to help restore order during the New York Draft Riots. (See entries for July 14 and 16, 1863.) John R.G. Hassard, Life of Most Reverend John Hughes, D.D., First Archbishop of New York (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1866), 14–25, 38, 49, 495, 499; Appletons, III.303–305. 90. Robert C. Schenck (1809–1890) was born in Franklin, Ohio. He was educated publicly and graduated from the Miami University in Oxford in 1827. For the next two years he taught at his alma mater; after 1829, he read law under future Ohio governor Thomas Corwin at Lebanon. He was admitted to the bar in 1833, practicing in Dayton. In 1839, Schenck was elected to Ohio’s house; he held office until 1843. He was elected as a Whig to the Twenty-Eighth Congress and re-elected through the Thirty-First, serving as chair of the Committee on Roads and Canals in the Thirtieth. He declined to run again after his fourth term, instead choosing to accept Fillmore’s appointment as minister to Brazil, with responsibility for Uruguay, the Argentine Confederation, and Paraguay. In 1860, Schenck campaigned aggressively for Lincoln, who appointed him a brigadier general on June 5, 1861. Schenck commanded a brigade under Tyler at First Bull Run, saw service under Rosecrans in West Virginia, and fought Stonewall Jackson’s forces in the Valley Campaign of spring 1862. At Second Bull Run, Schenck commanded a First Army Corps division and was severely wounded, ending his combat career. He was commissioned major general on August 30, 1862, thus beginning (in the editor’s opinion) the more interesting part of his Civil War service. In December 1862, he was assigned to command the Middle Department, Eighth Army Corps, which included the border states of Mary-

land and Delaware. Schenck’s ­tenure corresponded with federal involvement in elections, emancipation, and factional struggles among Unionists, Democrats, and Peace Democrats, as well as occasionally overwhelming security concerns sparked by enemy cavalry raids, invasion, contraband trade with Virginia, and espionage. Schenck followed a hard war policy in the Middle Department, drawing praise (although occasional correction) from Washington while provoking the anger of secessionists, fellow travelers, and those of no particular sympathy who suffered from what they believed were petty harassments or “Yankee despotism.” In early December 1863, Schenck resigned his command to take a seat in the Thirty-Eighth Congress; he had been elected the month before in Ohio. He was appointed chairman of the powerful Military Affairs Committee in his first term, and was re-elected two more times; in the Fortieth and FortyFirst Congresses, he was chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee. He was not re-elected in 1870. In 1871 Grant appointed him ambassador to the Court of St. James. While in England, he earned approval for helping settle claims arising from the Alabama depredations and disapproval for using his ambassadorial position to sell stock in a silver mine in which he had an interest; the latter misstep resulted in his resignation. Schenck returned to Washington and resumed the practice of law. He was reportedly an expert on poker. BD.1871; Warner, Generals in Blue, 422–423; Centennial Portrait and Biographical Record of the City of Dayton and of Montgomery County, Ohio, containing Sketches of Prominent and Representative Citizens, edited by Frank Conover (Logansport, Indiana: A.W. Bowen & Co., 1897), 171–173. 91. Henry J. Raymond (1820–1869) was born in Lima, New York, and spent his boyhood helping his father manage a small farm. He graduated from the University of Vermont in 1840 and relocated to New York City, intending to read law. During his studies he earned a living teaching at a girls’ school and writing for Horace Greeley’s New Yorker and, later, for his Tribune. In 1841, Raymond became a Tribune assistant editor and began to distinguish himself as a reporter, especially of other people’s sermons, speeches, and lectures. In 1843 he worked for the Courier and Enquirer while his interest in politics deepened. In 1849, Raymond was elected as a Whig to the New York assembly; he was re-elected in 1850, serving as speaker. In 1851, he founded the New York Times (the first issue appeared on September 18, 1851). The next year, he reported extensively on the Whig National Convention in Baltimore, where he was also delegate and earned repute as a speaker. In 1854, Raymond was elected New York’s lieutenant governor. He helped found both the national and state Republican Party, earning fame for his “Address to the People,” a statement of principles read aloud

at the party’s first national convention in Pittsburgh in 1856. He campaigned vigorously for Fremont that year. He was offered the nomination for New York governor in 1857 but declined. In 1860 he supported Seward for president; it was reportedly Raymond’s influence that helped the senator into Lincoln’s cabinet. Raymond had worked for Lincoln during the campaign, and both Raymond and the Times were reliable supporters of the president throughout the war, with an occasional deviation (after the federal defeat at Bull Run, Raymond advocated a provisional government). Raymond returned to the assembly in 1863 and served as speaker. That year he competed with ex-governor Morgan for the U.S. Senate and lost. In 1864, Raymond was elected to Congress. During his term and especially afterwards (he declined renomination) Raymond was a moderate Republican, often at odds with the Radicals’ reconstruction agenda, especially the doctrine that secession had terminated states’ existences. He backed Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction policies and helped organize the 1866 pro-Johnson National Union Convention in Philadelphia. Appletons, V.192–193; BD.1788. 92. John Cochrane (1813–1898) was born in Palatine, New York, and educated locally. He briefly attended Union College, then graduated from Hamilton College in 1831. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1834, thereafter practicing in Palatine, Oswego, and Schenectady. He relocated to New York City in 1846 and, in 1853, was appointed by Democrat Franklin Pierce a surveyor of the Port of New York, a post he held until 1857. Cochrane was elected to the Thirty-Fifth and Thirty-Sixth Congresses, although his bid for the ThirtySeventh failed. He was a delegate to the 1860 Democratic conventions (Charleston and Baltimore), and was on record as blaming the North for sectional discord. After the attack on Fort Sumter, however, Cochrane became a War Democrat. On June 11, 1861, he was appointed by Morgan as colonel of the Sixty-Fifth New York. He was promoted to brigadier general on June 17, 1862, but resigned on February 25, 1863, citing poor health. His service included the Peninsula Campaign, Lee’s Maryland Campaign, and the Battle of Fredericksburg. In 1863, running as a War Democrat, Cochrane was elected New York’s attorney general; the next year, he chaired the Independent Republican Convention at Cleveland. He was nominated vice president on Fremont’s ticket but withdrew after Lincoln was strengthened by military victories during the fall of 1864. In 1869, Grant offered him the mission to Paraguay and Uruguay but Cochrane declined. In 1872, he worked as a reformer to defeat Grant’s re-election bid, canvassing for Greeley. His Republican days over, Cochrane returned to the Democratic fold and became a Tammany sachem. He was elected to New York Notes to Page 109 | 339

City’s Board of Aldermen, served as council president and, briefly, as acting mayor when A. Oakey Hall was forced to resign during the Tweed Ring Scandal. BD.846; “Gen. John Cochrane,” New York Times, February 9, 1898; Hunt, Colonels in Blue, New York, 17. 93. Richard O’Gorman (1821–1895) was born in Dublin to a wealthy wool merchant and leader of the Emancipationist movement in Ireland. He attended Dublin’s Trinity College and prepared for the bar in London. Deeply influenced by Irish nationalism, O’Gorman joined Young Ireland and, after the abortive revolt in 1848, fled to New York City in 1849. He was soon admitted to the bar and became closely affiliated with Tammany Hall. In an oftquoted letter, O’Gorman reflected on his experience as a mid-century Irish-American: “It is refreshing however to find that in this effervescing process [of corruption], our Countrymen have their share—in all political proceedings—Primary Elections—­smashing Ballot boxes—[im] personating citizens—filling minor office of all kinds, and plundering the Public for the Public good. . . . The honest fellow, I left behind me in Ireland, a ‘cheque clerk’ on the road, is now owner of a corner grocery store in New York and covets the post of alderman, and scents plunder from afar.” O’Gorman eventually became a superior court judge. As quoted in The Great Famine and the Irish Diaspora in America, introduction by Ruth-Ann M. Harris, edited by Arthur Gribben (University of Massachusetts Press, 1999), 14–15. 94. “The Union Forever!” New York Times, April 21, 1861. A partial list of vice presidents: industrialist and philanthropist Peter Cooper (co-founder with Abram Hewitt of the Cooper Institute); the “Iron King” Abram S. Hewitt; Republican William M. Evarts; Democrat, historian, and ex-Navy secretary George Bancroft; Democrat and future general John Cochrane; Republican and ex-governor John A. King; Mozart leader, Democratic ultra, and New York City mayor Fernando Wood; Republican ex-governor and U.S. senator Hamilton Fish; retail prince A.T. Stewart; financier Joseph Seligman; John Jacob Astor III; Tammany notable Augustus Schell; Democrat and future New York City mayor and state governor John T. Hoffman; and Democrat and National City Bank chairman Moses Taylor. Estimating crowds then (as now) is difficult but, during several of the speeches, the number 100,000 was mentioned. Phisterer reports that similar demonstrations and meetings were held this day in Schenectady, Hudson, Utica, Oswego, Rochester, Poughkeepsie, Troy, Auburn, Syracuse and Buffalo; New York in the War of Rebellion, 11. Alexander asserts there were six platforms; he probably included the main stage, vol. 3, 4; about the udc, 6. It is worth noting that a number of prominent Democrats did not attend this rally; that group was led by Dean Richmond, chairman 340 | Notes to Pages 109–110

of the Democratic State Committee, and were mostly Soft Shells. Alexander, vol. 3, 12–13. 95. Rawley, 141. 96. Patrick will remain until November 16. Cullum, Biographical Register, third edition, vol. 1, 623. 97. OR.III.1.94–95. The Seventh would not arrive in Washington until April 24–25. Morgan partially identifies other units in his wire, including the Zouave regiments of Duryee, Ellsworth, and Wilson (the Fifth, Eleventh, and Sixth New York, respectively). OR.III.1.179. 98. Messages from the Governors, 401. 99. AAC.61. 524, 532. As the flotilla left New York Harbor, a contemporary described the scene: “The piers, landings, and housetops of the city, Jersey City, Hoboken, and Brooklyn were crowded. The Battery was covered with people, and thousands of boats saluted the steamers crowded with troops. Flags were dipped, cannons roared, bells rang, steam-whistles shrilly saluted, and thousands upon thousands of people sent up cheers of parting.” Quoted from AAC.61.532–533. Between April 17 and June 29, 1861, a total of fifty-seven units (an estimated 56,100 men) marched through the transportation hub of Manhattan. These included not only New York troops but those from Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Connecticut, and Rhode Island— just under 1,000 men per day. AG.61.7. 100. OR.III.1.99. Wadsworth will travel to Annapolis and supervise logistics and rail repairs between ­Annapolis and Washington. The udc will reimburse Wadsworth $15,588. Mahood, 60–61. 101. OR.III.1.100. Relay House was located nine miles south of Baltimore en route to Washington; Annapolis Junction connected the Annapolis spur to the Washington rail route. AG.61.8. 102. AAC.61.529, 533. Union Defence Committee, 11. 103. Simeon Draper (1806–1866) was born in Brookfield, Massachusetts. As a younger man, he worked as a merchant’s clerk in Boston; at some point, he relocated to New York City, where he spent the rest of his life. He early became politically connected with New York City mayor Phillip Hone, whose table attracted some of the most prominent men in the country. Through Hone, Draper met Henry Clay, Daniel Webster (to whom he was especially devoted), and John Jacob Astor. Draper became prominent in business and seemed headed for wealth until he was ruined by one of the periodic panics. Thereafter, he founded a company specializing in government auctions. Before the war, Draper served on the board of governors overseeing New York City’s charities (it controlled Blackwell Island, among other facilities), a position he would hold until 1864. Described as a “zealous Whig,” Draper was a friend of Seward and served several stints on New York’s Whig Central Committee. Draper

was an early Republican (he served on the Committee on Permanent Organization at the 1856 Republican convention), kept favor in Washington, and in September 1862 was named provost marshal general. (See entry for September 24, 1862.) On September 7, 1864, Lincoln named Draper to replace the corrupt Hiram Birney as collector of the Port of New York; Draper resigned in 1865. When Draper died, he was the government agent for all cotton shipments received at New York. Thomas Waln-Morgan Draper, The Drapers in America, being a History and Genealogy of those of that Name and Connection (New York: John Polhemus Printing Company, 1892), 70; “Death of Simeon Draper,” New York Times, November 7, 1866; The Republican Convention convened at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on the Twenty-Second of February, 1856 (New York: Published by the New York Republican Committee, 1856), 3. 104. Union Defence Committee, 11. 105. AAC.61.532. 106. Alexander Cummings (1810–1879) was born in Pennsylvania. He founded the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin and, later, the New York World. Politically connected to Secretary of War Simon Cameron, a fellow Pennsylvanian, Cummings was appointed purchasing agent for the Army, a position for which he had no qualifications. When, at the price of $200,000, Cummings purchased 1,670 straw hats and 800 obsolete carbines (at $15 per) that the government had already sold (for $3.50 each), the resulting scandal drove him from office. Down but not out, Cummings recruited and commanded (as colonel) the Nineteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry, briefly served as superintendent of colored troops in the Department of Arkansas, and, in 1865, was promoted to brigadier general. That same year he became territorial governor of Colorado. He proved an unpopular choice, in part because of his advocacy for equal rights (he promoted school desegregation) and suffrage for African Americans. Cummings resigned in 1867 amidst allegations of fraud; he was later exonerated. Eugene H. Berwanger, The Rise of the Centennial State: Colorado Territory, 1861–1876 (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2007), 44–55; Hunt and Brown, Brevet Brigadiers in Blue, 139. 107. OR.III.1.104. This was done on orders from Lincoln. The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events, with Documents, Narratives, Illustrative Incidents, Poetry, etc., edited by Frank Moore (New York: G.P. Putnam, 1863), V.146 OR.III.1.105–106. For Wool’s own account of his actions during the time he was unable to communicate with Washington, see OR.III.1.179–181. 108. Rawley, 154; “To the Public,” New York Times, June 8, 1861; see also “Local Military Movements,” July 17, 1861, New York Times. 109. Michael Corcoran (1827–1863) was born in Carrowkeel, County Sligo, Ireland. Corcoran’s father, a

c­ aptain in the British army, provided his son with an education and, in 1845, a position with the Irish constabulary. During this service, Corcoran converted to Irish nationalism, spurred by his conviction that the constabulary was a repressive force. He resigned his position and immigrated to the United States in 1849, settling in New York. He worked as a postal clerk and, later, with the city register. He joined the state militia as a private and advanced through the ranks until commissioned colonel in 1859. His commitment to Irish nationalism never lessened. He was a founder of the Fenian Brotherhood in the United States (1857) and refused to march the Sixty-Ninth Militia during the Prince of Wales’ 1860 visit to New York (see next note for details). Wounded and captured at First Bull Run, he was a pow for a year. For some of that time, he was held (with other officers selected by lot) in Libby Prison, under special confinement and subject to death in retaliation for a threatened death sentence against captured Confederate privateers of the Enchantress. Corcoran’s popularity among the Irish soared and he became a symbol to Irish and non-Irish alike of the Hibernian commitment to the war. Released in August 1862, Corcoran was promoted to brigadier general, retroactive to July 1861. In early 1863, he organized the Corcoran Legion (reportedly, one draw for Irish enlistees was Corcoran’s status as a Fenian and whispers that any service might prove useful against the British later on). In April, he commanded a brigade in action near Suffolk and, later, near Norfolk. In August 1863, the Corcoran Legion was attached to the Army of the Potomac. Corcoran died after falling off his horse on December 22, 1863. Warner, Generals in Blue, 93–94; Edward A. Sowle, “Fenianism and Fenian Raids in Vermont,” The Magazine of History with Notes and Queries, vol. 7, no. 1, January 1908, 32–47; The Union Army: A History of the Military Affairs in the Loyal States 1861–65, vol. 8 (Madison, Wisconsin: Federal Publishing Company, 1908), 60. 110. When the Sixty-Ninth refused to march in a parade honoring the Prince of Wales during his 1860 visit to New York City, Corcoran was court-martialed (alone— he took full responsibility) and the unit stripped of its colors. After the attack on Fort Sumter, Corcoran committed to march but needed the colors. With the help of Archbishop John Hughes, Corcoran lobbied Thurlow Weed, who wired Morgan. On April 21, Morgan quashed the court-martial and returned the colors. McKay, 62; James Edward McGee, Sketches of Irish Soldiers in Every Land (New York: J.A. McGee, Publisher, 1873), 311–314; “The People in Arms,” New York Times, April 21, 1861. 111. Richard Blatchford (1798–1875) was born in Stratfield, Connecticut, and graduated from Union College in 1815, where William H. Seward was a classmate. By 1819, Blatchford was practicing law in New York City. Notes to Pages 110–111 | 341

He established a specialty in banking and finance: in 1826 he became U.S. counsel for the Bank of England (a position he held for over 40 years) and around the same time, counsel to the Second Bank of the United States. He also became a sought after private trustee. Blatchford’s banking connections predisposed him for the Whigs, and when classmate Seward was elected governor in 1839, he hired Blatchford’s son as his secretary. In time, the Blatchford and Seward practices (the latter based in Auburn) became closely associated, eventually joining to create the predecessor firm of Cravath, Swaine & Moore. Active in the udc and in 1863, the Union Loyal League, in 1862, Lincoln appointed Blatchford minister to the Holy See. Robert T. Swaine, The Cravath Firm and Its Predecessors, 1819–1947 (Clark, New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., 2007, reprint, 1947–1948) Volume I, 1–2, 5–6, 9–11, 14; “Obituary: Richard M. Blatchford,” New York Times, September 5, 1875. 112. OR.III.1.136–137. OR.III.1.108–109. Morgan also provided details about departed units, all infantry. The Seventh, with 1,050 men under Colonel Marshall Lefferts, left April 19. Three other units left April 21: the Sixth, with 550 men under Colonel Joseph C. Pinckney; the Twelfth, with 950 men under Colonel Daniel Butterfield; and the Seventy-First, with 950 men under Colonel Abram S. Vosburgh. The Thirteenth, with 400 men under Colonel Abel Smith, and the Sixty-Ninth, with 1,050 men under Colonel Michael Corcoran, left April 23. Morgan also mentioned the Twenty-Fifth (Colonel Michael K. Bryan, 500 men), the Eighth (Colonel George Lyons, 900 men), the Twentieth (Colonel George W. Pratt, 600 men), and the Seventy-Ninth (Colonel Thomas W. McLeay, 700 men). 113. Jacob Rutsen Schuyler (1816–1887) was proprietor of the noted arms merchant and manufacturer Schuyler, Hartley & Graham. Manufacturing facilities were at Bridgeport, Connecticut, and Bergen (now Bayonne), New Jersey. Genealogical and Family History of Southern New York and the Hudson River Valley: A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of a Commonwealth and the Building of a Nation, edited by Cuyler Reynolds (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1914), vol. 3, 1159. 114. AAC.61.523; Rawley, 156. Schuyler represented New York until July 2. On November 25, Cameron requested that governors cease using state agents to acquire arms. (See Chronology.) In Britain, agents from New York and other states found themselves competing both with each other and the government of Spain, which had coincidentally placed a large order for rifles. Schuyler managed to purchase 19,000 Enfields for $350,000, but the British-owned steamship refused to carry them; ultimately, they were shipped through Galway courtesy the pro-Union firm of Baring Brothers. New York in the 342 | Notes to Page 111

War of Rebellion, 12. On January 7, 1862, Morgan refers to “10,000” Enfields being purchased in Europe, of which 6,000 had been received. Messages from the Governors, 392. 115. “Important From Albany,” New York Times April 26, 1861; AG.61.9. 116. OR.I.2.600. 117. Benjamin Welch, Jr. (1818–1863) was born in Kingston and studied law in Utica. He edited the Utica Democrat and, later, the Buffalo Republican. In 1849 he stood for state treasurer as a Democrat and lost. He stood again in 1851, also as a Democrat, losing by only 228 votes out of 401,158 cast. He contested the election on the basis that some votes cast for him had not been counted, either because they omitted some aspect of his name, such as “Jr.,” or were abbreviated “B. Welch” instead of containing his full name. The state supreme court ruled for Welch and he was allowed to take office. He joined the American Party in 1855 and, later, the Republican Party. In 1859 Morgan appointed him commissary general of the nysm for four years. In 1862, Welch accepted a staff position with General John Pope. He died from disease contracted in the service. “Death of General Welch,” New York Times, April 15, 1863. The facts of the election case are recited at length in “The People vs. James M. Cook,” Oliver L. Barbour, Reports of Cases in Law and Equity in the Supreme Court of the State of New-York (Albany: Gould, Banks & Co., 1881), vol. 14, 259–328. 118. Samuel Livingston Breese (1794–1870) was born in Whitesboro. He enrolled in Union College with the class of 1813, but left for naval service. In 1811, he was appointed midshipman and assigned to the frigate Congress. He was aboard the Congress when the War of 1812 was declared. Breese served with McDonough at the Battle of Lake Champlain and was recognized by Congress for gallantry at Plattsburgh. He was commissioned lieutenant in 1816 and, while on Mediterranean duty, confronted Algerian pirates (1826–1827) and observed the Greek War of Independence. In 1835, Breese was appointed commander; in 1841 he was made captain. In 1845, he commanded the Cumberland in the Mediterranean and, a year later, during the Mexican War, the corvette Albany. He participated in the blockade and naval siege operations around Vera Cruz that helped capture the city. He also commanded amphibious landings at Tuxpan and assisted in the capture of Tabasco. He saw Great Lakes service in 1847, commanded the Norfolk Navy Yard between 1852 and 1855, and was commander of the Mediterranean fleet between 1856 and 1858. He assumed command of the Brooklyn Navy Yard in 1859, a post he held until 1861. In July 1862, he was commissioned commodore and, in September, rear admiral, a rank recently created by Congress. After being placed on the retired list (mandatory at age sixty-three), he was ap-

pointed lighthouse inspector. Documents of the Assembly of the State of New York, ninetieth Session—1867, Volume X, Nos. 231–235 Inclusive (Albany: C. Van Benthuysen & Sons, 1867), 590–592. 119. OR.III.1.114–115. 120. Katherine Prescott Wormeley, The Other Side of the War with the Army of the Potomac (Boston: Ticknor and Company, 1889), 6. 121. Robert C. Wood (1799–1869) was born in Newport, Rhode Island, and graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City in 1821. He was appointed an assistant surgeon in the army in 1825, and for the next decade served in a variety of posts across the Northwest Territory. He was promoted full surgeon in 1836 and sent to Florida, where he remained until 1840, afterwards being transferred to Buffalo. In 1845, Wood became surgeon to the Fifth U.S. Infantry during its Mexican War engagement, and was chief of hospital at Port Isabel during the Rio Grande campaign. In the war’s final months, he was transferred to the hospital at the Jackson Barracks in New Orleans. Between 1850 and 1854, he was post surgeon at Fort McHenry in Baltimore. In 1862 he became assistant surgeon general for the army and frequently filled the acting surgeon general’s part when required. He was assigned to Louisville and ran the medical department for the western theater. On March 13, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier general, usa, “For Faithful and Meritorious Services during the War. He resigned from the army in 1869. Wood’s family was divided by war. He was son-in-law of President Taylor and brother-in-law to Richard Taylor, CSA, whose son was Captain John Taylor, CSN. “The Late Gen. Robert C. Wood,” New York Times, November 2, 1891; Hunt and Brown, Brevet Brigadiers in in Blue, 689. 122. OR.III.1.115. 123. New York in the War of Rebellion, 12. This is soon followed by meetings of French and German residents. “Nationalities vied with each other in the work of raising regiments and sustaining the Government,” Phisterer later wrote. “Distinctive regiments of Irish, Scotch, Germans and French were being raised for the war.” 124. OR.III.1.117, 121. Keyes was to return to Washington “when the Governor can dispense with his services.” 125. AAC.61.524. 126. Charles J. Stille, History of the United States Sanitary Commission in the War of the Rebellion (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1997 [1866]), appendix I, 523–526. It would be difficult to compete with this list of signatories for influence and wealth. They included the wives of James Dix, Hamilton Fish, William Aspinwall, Robert Minturn, David Dudley Field, William B. Astor, Parke Godwin, S.L.M. Barlow, Henry Raymond, Peter Cooper,

Abram Hewitt, Henry Bellows, William C. Evarts, Moses Grinnell, and Richard Blatchford. 127. OR.III.1.130–131. 128. OR.III.1.136–137. There also was a procedural concern accompanying these questions: who should serve as the U.S. official to approve payments for these expenditures (especially the reimbursements)? 129. Charles G. Myers (1810–?) was born at Madrid, New York, raised on a farm and educated at St. Lawrence Academy at Potsdam. At sixteen, he worked at the law offices of Gouverneur and Ogden in Waddington and, in 1832, was admitted as an attorney and chancery solicitor in Albany. In 1833, he partnered with Congressman Ransom H. Gillett from Ogdensburg, a Democrat, with Myers covering the senior partner’s practice during his Washington absences. In 1844, Myers was appointed county surrogate, an office he held until 1848. In 1847 he was elected to the assembly, serving one term. The next year he was elected county district attorney, an office he held until 1854. He attended the Barnburner’s convention in Herkimer in 1847, where a state representative urged the adoption of the Wilmot Proviso. Myers joined the Republican Party when it was organized, and was elected state attorney general as a Republican in 1859. He was on the Board of Military Officers that supervised the recruitment of 30,000 men. After he left office, he continued to raise regiments, serving as chairman of the military committee in his senatorial district and helping to recruit the Ninety-Fifth, One Hundred and Sixteenth, and One Hundred and Forty-Seventh infantries. Postwar, he held no office until Governor John A. Dix appointed him canal appraiser. The State Government for 1879, Memorial Volume of the New Capitol, edited by Charles G. Shanks (Albany: Weed, Parsons and Company, Printers, 1879), 35–36. 130. OR.III.1.143–144. See entry for May 3. 131. OR.III.1.140–141. This is an example of how the War Department sowed confusion and incurred resentment from state governors. Essentially Schurz has been authorized to mount a national recruiting drive for his unit, within state jurisdictions but without consultation with or consent of the governors. 132. “Local Military Movements,” New York Times, May 1, 1861. 133. OR.III.1.151. 134. OR.III.1.151–154 (GO No. 15) and 154–157 (GO No. 16). 135. OR.III.1.160. Grow volunteered that “The men who have left their business cannot wait long without pay from some source” and that “the enthusiasm of the hour ought not to be repressed by flat refusals to accept them into service.” See States at War, volume 3 for a biographical note on Grow. Notes to Pages 111–113 | 343

136. OR.III.1.161, 165–166. On the same day Sandford received a letter from Scott directing him to send all units in the vicinity of New York City to Washington with no mention of Fort Monroe and nothing said about arms, uniforms, or equipments. Morgan listed each unit’s departure date for Cameron. 137. OR.III.1.172. 138. OR.III.1.177–178. 139. OR.III.1.183. 140. OR.III.1.188–189. 141. OR.III.1.191–192. Abraham Van Wyck Van Vechten (1828–1906) was born in Bloomingburgh. He graduated from Williams College in 1827, studied law in New York, and was admitted to the bar in 1849. Van Vechten maintained a practice from the same office in Pine Street until his death, more than fifty-five years later. His connection with Cameron is unclear. New York State Bar Association Proceedings of the Thirtieth Annual Meeting Held in Albany January 15–16, 1906 and Charter Constitution By Laws Lists of Members Officers Committees and Reports for 1906 (Albany: The Argus Company, 1907), 356–357. “Death List of a Day,” New York Times, August 30, 1906. 142. OR.III.1.201. 143. William Henry Anthon (1827–1875) was born in New York City. He was admitted to the bar in 1848, and elected to the New York house, representing Richmond County, in 1851. He established a successful legal practice including high-profile divorce cases and a noted 1858 defense of the rioters who, while protesting the presence of quarantine buildings on Staten Island, burned them. Politically, he was first a Whig, a member of the Silver Gray faction (supporters of Fillmore), and later a Republican. Appletons, I.81; “Obituary: Gen. William Henry Anthon,” New York Times, November 9, 1875. 144. Rawley, 144–145. 145. Hamilton Fish (1808–1893) was born in New York City. He was enrolled in Monsieur Bancel’s school, where he acquired a fluency in French that would help him nearly half a century later as secretary of state, and in 1827 graduated from Columbia College (predecessor to Columbia University). He studied law with Peter Jay, son of the first chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, was admitted to the bar in 1830, and established a New York City practice specializing in real estate and chancery matters. With his father’s death in 1833, Fish succeeded to management of his family’s extensive real estate holdings, thus sidelining his law practice. His interest in public office came early. From 1832 to 1833, he served as commissioner of deeds for New York County and City. He ran unsuccessfully for the New York assembly in 1834; ten years later, he won election as a Whig to the Twenty-Eighth Congress (he was not re-elected). He served as New York’s lieutenant governor from 1848 344 | Notes to Pages 113–116

to 1849, then as governor between 1849 and 1850. The next year he was elected as a Whig to the U.S. Senate; he did not stand for re-election in 1857. He was a reluctant Republican, coming late to that party, and went to Europe after his Senate term. He returned in time for the 1860 election and supported Lincoln. His wartime service was varied but vigorous in support of the Union, including the udc and a committee intended to visit federal pows in ­ onfederates) Richmond (permission was withheld by C that played a role in developing an exchange cartel for pows. He served as Grant’s secretary of state between 1869 and 1877, afterwards returning to private life. BD.1053; Amos Elwood Corning, Hamilton Fish (New York: The Lanmere Publishing Co., 1918), 11, 17–19, 46. 146. OR.III.1.204–206. 147. OR.III.1.208. This letter was intended to conciliate Morgan. Whether it reduced or added to the confusion is unclear. For Scott’s recommendation on what to do with the other units, see OR.III.1.209. 148. OR.III.1.211. Morgan also describes the units’ organization and readiness. Twenty-five units are now organized for two years; sufficient men for the remaining thirteen are enrolled and their units will be organized “probably in one week.” Five will be sent to Washington, and nine to Fort Monroe, with the remainder under Scott’s orders. Dix will control the New York City force and Major General James S. Wadsworth will command the Second Division’s two brigades, consisting of eight units. The balance of twenty-one regiments “will be divided and officered in the same manner.” 149. Major General Daniel E. Sickles, “Leaves from My Diary,” Part I, Journal of the Military Service Institution of the United States (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1885), vol. 6, 142–144. Sickles might have been a War Democrat, but he was still a Democrat, and it was possible that if Morgan believed he would have to reduce existing recruits due to the misunderstanding with Cameron, he would have preferred to do so at Sickles’ expense—or so Sickles believed. W. A. Swanberg, Sickles the Incredible, 117. According to Sickles, Lincoln exclaimed, “I like that idea of United States Volunteers, but you see where it leads to! What will the governors say if I raise regiments without their having a hand in it?” Lincoln promised he would have his cabinet consider the idea, asked Sickles to keep his men together, then instructed Cameron to authorize the New Yorker to raise five regiments of U.S. Volunteers. OR.III.1.215–216. 150. Henry Bellows (1814–1882) was born in Boston. He graduated from Harvard College in 1832 and from Harvard’s Divinity School in 1837. In 1839 he became pastor of New York City’s First Congregational Church, quickly establishing a reputation for eloquence behind the lectern and social reform in its front. In 1846, he

founded the Christian Inquirer, a Unitarian weekly, for which he wrote until 1850. Bellows served as editor of two other sheets, the Christian Examiner and the Liberal Christian, and was at home in the worlds of faith, reform, and academics. In 1853, he delivered a note­worthy address to Harvard’s Phi Beta Kappa Society, titled “The Leger and the Lexicon or, Business and Literature in Account with American Education.” The following year, Harvard awarded him an honorary D.D. In 1857, he was asked to speak at the Lowell Institute and delivered another famous speech, “The Treatment of Social Diseases” (this dealt with social pathologies and not venereal disease; later, Bellows conceded that the title was “unfortunate”). The same year, in New York, he offered a well-known defense of certain public entertainments, especially drama (“The Relation of Public Amusements to Public Morality, especially of the Theater to the Highest Interest of Humanity”). With the Civil War, Bellows became prime mover of the Sanitary Commission, which distributed an estimated $15 million in supplies and $5 million in cash. Appletons, I.230–231. As quoted in Jeanie Attie, Patriotic Toil: Northern Women and the American Civil War (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998), 59. 151. William Holme Van Buren (1819–1883) was born in Philadelphia. After two years at Yale, he was given his degree in 1838. Afterwards, he studied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and in France. In 1840, he received his M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania. The same year, he was appointed an assistant surgeon in the U.S. Army. By 1846, he had left the army for a position assisting his father-in-law at the clinic associated with the University of the City of New York. He gained distinction as a surgeon and teacher while maintaining a family practice. When Bellevue Hospital opened in 1847, Van Buren was appointed a surgeon; in 1849 he was appointed surgeon at St. Vincent’s Hospital and, in 1852, was given the chair of anatomy at New York University’s medical school. Van Buren remained on the Sanitary Commission’s Executive Committee throughout the war. (Reportedly, he was offered the surgeon generalship of the U.S. Army but declined.) In 1866, Van Buren left New York University to direct the recently established Department of Diseases of the Genito-Urinary System at Bellevue. Two years later, he was also given the chair of surgery, and served as vice president of the New York Academy of Medicine, president of the New York Pathological Society, and corresponding member of the Paris Surgical Society. He published widely, both original research papers and textbooks, and was an innovator in the surgical suite. Appletons, VI.234–235. 152. Elisha Harris (1824–1884) was born in Westminster, Vermont, attended local schools, and worked on the family farm. He relocated to New York City when in his

twenties and graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1849. He was appointed chief physician of the Quarantine Hospital on Staten Island in 1855 and, in 1859, took charge of the Floating Hospital anchored below the Narrows. Aside from his work with the Sanitary Commission, Harris also invented a railway ambulance, for which he was honored at the Paris Exposition of 1867. Harris made his mark postwar as a medical statistician. He supervised the door-to-door tenement house survey in New York City and, when the New York Metropolitan Board of Health was established in 1866, he was appointed the registrar of records, a post he held until 1870. In 1873, Harris became registrar of vital statistics, remaining until 1876. In 1880, when New York established the State Board of Health, Harris was chosen as one of its three commissioners, its recording secretary, and superintendent of vital statistics. He was widely published on medical topics pertaining to epidemic disease, and on military, naval, and urban sanitation. Howard Atwood Kelly and Walter L. Burrage, American Medical Biographies (Baltimore: The Norman Remington Company, 1920), 496. 153. Jacob Harsen (1808–1863) was born in New York City. He was raised in Bloomingdale and received his early education at Bloomingdale Academy. He graduated from Columbia College in 1825. Intent on medicine, he entered the office of Dr. Alexander H. Stevens of New York, receiving his diploma in 1829, and practicing in the vicinity. In 1842, he was elected a manager of the Northern Dispensary and, in 1842, received the first of many appointments as attending physician to the St. Nicholas Society (one of eight philanthropic associations to which Harsen belonged and in which he apparently practiced medicine). Wealthy by inheritance, Harsen became active in the war effort after the attack on Fort Sumter, contributing time and much money to the Soldiers Lint and Bandage Society and the Surgical Aide Society. John G. Adams, Memoir of Jacob Harsen, M.D.: Read Before the New York Academy of Medicine, June 1, 1864 (No place, no publisher, no date), 9–10, 16. 154. Stille, History of the Sanitary Commission, 526–630. 155. OR.III.1.216. 156. OR.III.1.217–218. 157. Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, 1859–1865, edited by Don E. Fehrenbacher (New York: Library of America, 1989), 241–242. 158. OR.III.1.223. 159. OR.III.1.227–228. OR.III.1.226–227. 160. Alexander D. Bache (1806–1867) was born in Philadelphia, the son of Richard Bache, a Revolutionary patriot and wealthy marine insurer. He evinced a high intelligence at an early age, received a classical education in Philadelphia, and at age fourteen was admitted Notes to Pages 116–117 | 345

to West Point. He graduated in 1825 first in his class and was brevetted a second lieutenant of Engineers. He remained in service and helped build Fort Adams in Newport Harbor. In 1828, at age twenty-two, he was offered the chair of natural philosophy and chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania and made a member of the Franklin Institute, in whose journal he published. One year later he resigned from the army. Bache remained at Penn until 1836, when he became president of Girard College. During these years he traveled to Europe and continued to publish original research on applications of steam technology and safety, as well as papers on physics, chemistry, and the beginnings of his work in meteorology. (He would eventually establish an observatory in Philadelphia and publish seven years of observations in a three-volume book.) He left Girard in 1841 to become principal of the Philadelphia High School and, the next year, superintendent of the city’s public schools. While in that post he introduced reforms that were widely copied in school systems throughout the country. He briefly returned to Penn but one year later, in 1843, was appointed superintendent of the Geodetic and Hydrographic Survey of the Coasts of the United States, and (ex officio) of the Office of Weights and Measures. He held this post for the rest of his life. As chief of the coastal survey, it would be difficult to overstate his contributions in both peace and war. Before the firing on Fort Sumter, he sat on numerous commissions responsible for harbor and river improvements in South Carolina, Georgia, Virginia, North Carolina, Maine, Massachusetts, New York, and Alabama, as well as on the critical Light House Commission. A founding regent of the Smithsonian (and a founder of the American Academy of Science), by 1860, Bache belonged to the leading scientific societies in ­England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Belgium, and Germany, and had received gold medals for scientific achievement from the kings of Sweden, Sardinia, and Denmark, along with the Victoria Gold Medal for “Successful Labors in carrying out the great Coast Survey of the United States.” All of this—beginning with his intimate knowledge of the U.S. coast from north to south— made him a major asset during the Civil War, during which his work, maps and insights were highly valued by the navy, among many others. Aside from his official duties, he devoted considerable time to his native city. He was a vice president of the Sanitary Commission and, between June and December 1863, served as Philadelphia’s chief engineer for the ring of earthworks intended to keep Robert E. Lee out of the city. Cullum, Biographical Register, third edition, vol. 1, 337–338; Appletons, I.127. 161. [Oliver] Wolcott Gibbs (1822–1908) was the son of a distinguished geologist and the brother of a West Point–trained federal general (Alfred). Another brother 346 | Notes to Pages 117–118

(George, Jr.) was a historian, ethnographer, and geologist. Wolcott Gibbs (he dropped Oliver as a young man) was among the greatest American scientists and chemists of his generation. He graduated from Columbia College in 1841, studied medicine in Philadelphia, and returned to New York to take his M.D. at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1845. Afterwards he went to Germany and France for intensive study in chemistry. In 1848 he returned to the United States and, after a brief stint at Delaware College, accepted the chair of physics and chemistry at the City College of New York (1849–1863). Gibbs was a founder of the Sanitary Commission, and it was reportedly through this work that he first ­suggested applying the same ideas to the “social organization of sentiments of loyalty to the Union,” from which grew the Union League Club of New York. (He hosted its first meeting at his home on January 30, 1863.) Gibbs was later given the Rumford Professorship at Harvard University and responsibility for the Lawrence Scientific School’s laboratory. After Charles W. Eliot became Harvard’s president, Gibbs’ responsibilities became university-wide. His yen was for original research and he published numerous technical papers. He was likewise renowned as a teacher and many distinguished chemists of the next century boasted Gibbs as a mentor. Appletons, II.637–639. 162. OR.III.1.224–225. One of the five proposed members, Dr. Jefferies Wyman, declined to serve. 163. William B. Franklin (1823–1903) was born in York, Pennsylvania, and graduated first in his 1843 West Point class. He was assigned to the Topographical Engineers, surveyed the Great Lakes (1843–1845), explored the Rockies with Philip Kearny, and was brevetted for gallantry in the Mexican War. Between that war and the Civil War, he was based in Washington, helping to construct the Capitol Building and the Treasury addition. On May 14, 1861, he was promoted to colonel and given command of the Twelfth U.S. Infantry. He was promoted to brigadier general on May 17 and commanded a brigade at Bull Run; in September, he commanded a division garrisoning Washington. Later the commander of Sixth Corps, he fought at South Mountain, Antietam and, in command of the Left Grand Division, at Fredericksburg. Burnside accused Franklin of disobeying orders at that battle and suggested he bore some responsibility for the debacle. This tainted Franklin for the rest of the war, although he did see action (and a wound) at Red River, another failed campaign. Postwar, Franklin managed Colt’s Fire Arms for twenty-two years and helped build Connecticut’s capital building. He was an elector for Tilden in 1876 and the senior U.S. commissioner to the 1888 Paris Exposition. Cullum, Biographical Register, second edition, vol. 2, 72–73. Warner, Generals in Blue, 160.

164. OR.III.1.236–237. Franklin’s purpose probably is to repair relations between the udc and Morgan. 165. OR.III.1.228. 166. OR.III.1.233. In response to this message, Morgan and Anthon will travel to Washington to lobby Lincoln for the appointments of Dix and Wadsworth. While Morgan is unsuccessful, both men will later receive federal commissions as general officers. 167. Richard Delafield (1798–1873) was born in New York City and graduated from West Point in 1814. Commissioned a second lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers, he was immediately assigned to serve as an “astronomical and topographical draftsman” to the commission formed by the Treaty of Ghent (which ended the War of 1812) in order to settle disputes over the northern border. From 1819 to 1824, he was assigned to the construction of defenses at Hampton Roads, which included Fort Monroe; meanwhile, he was promoted first lieutenant in 1820 and captain in 1828. Delafield’s engineering assignments mirrored the country’s growth and included fortifications at Plaquemine Bend, Louisiana (1824–1832), surveying the mouth of the Mississippi, serving as engineer for the New Orleans Canal and Banking Company, improving the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers (1831–1832) and, between 1832 and 1838, working on projects for the Cumberland Road, Fort Delaware, Fort Mifflin (in Pennsylvania), and Delaware River harbor improvements. In 1838 he was promoted major and from that year until 1845 was superintendent of West Point. Between 1846 and 1855, he was the chief engineer for improving the defenses of New York Harbor; in 1855 he traveled with George B. McClellan to the Crimea as an observer. He returned as West Point’s superintendent and served until 1861, helping to revise the curriculum. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in August 1861. During the war, Delafield served on Morgan’s staff to assist in organizing and equipping New York volunteers and to deal with logistical matters; he also worked on supplying ordnance to federal fortifications across the country. In New York Harbor, he was superintending engineer for fort construction at the Narrows, Governor’s Island, and at Sandy Hook, New Jersey. He was promoted to brigadier general in April 1864 and appointed Chief of Engineers, commanding the Corps of Engineers and the Engineer Bureau in Washington. He was brevetted major general in 1865 and retired on August 8, 1866. “Richard Delafield” contained in Professional Memoirs, Corps of Engineers, United States Army and Engineer Department at Large, vol. 3, nos. 9–12 (Washington, D.C.: Press of the Engineering School, 1911), 416–417. 168. OR.III.1.233; OR.III.1.230–231. 169. OR.III.1.229. 170. OR.III.1.236. New York’s argument was arithme-

tic: it wanted “due position in rank with her sister States in the ratio of her troops in the field as compared with theirs.” OR.III.1.235; OR.III.1.237. 171. OR.III.1.235–236. 172. “Obsequies of Colonel Ellsworth,” New York Times, May 27, 1861. 173. Henry L. Scott, born in and appointed from North Carolina, was graduated from West Point in 1833, and commissioned a second lieutenant with the Fourth U.S. Infantry. He saw action in the Seminole Wars and served as Winfield Scott’s adc and then Chief of Staff during the Mexican War where he received two brevets for combat at Contreras, Churubusco, and Chapultepec. In 1855 he was again adc to Winfield Scott. At some point in the days after the attack on Fort Sumter Scott was sent to New York to represent the War Department. From August 8 to October 30 1861 he commanded there. Disabled, he took a year’s leave of absence to Europe, and resigned on October 31, 1862. Cullum, Biographical Register, second edition, vol. 1, 442–443. 174. OR.III.1.237–238, 239–240. Colonel Erasmus D. Keyes was also present in New York; Franklin noted that Keyes would like to have a volunteer brigadier’s commission and then said, “I do not know that he is the best man for the purpose, but I suggest him if no one else is mentioned.” Keyes’s letter may reflect Franklin’s findings (see entry for May 25) that the udc could only produce four units, not ten. 175. OR.III.1.241. 176. The three men were almost certainly Martin B. Anderson, president of the University of Rochester, and attorneys Oliver M. Benedict and Harvey Humphrey, also of Rochester. 177. OR.III.1.252–254. 178. See OR.III.1.249–250 for Campbell’s summary of this meeting. The next day Campbell sends Cameron a copy of Chapter 277, an extract from the New York Constitution empowering the state to appoint general officers, and the letter from Anderson, Humphrey, and Benedict. (See entry for May 30.) In his cover letter, Campbell also charges Cameron with attempting to force the Board of State Officers to violate the U.S. and New York constitutions, dishonoring the character of New York’s militia, and disregarding the popular will of the state. He also claims that Cameron’s refusal violates his written understanding with New York’s attorney general Myers. (See entries for May 1 and 3.) There is no evidence in the Myers-Cameron exchange that the secretary ever granted New York the right to appoint general officers for the volunteer force. 179. OR.III.1.255. 180. Stille, History of Sanitary Commission, 532–533. 181. William W. Averell (1832–1900) was born in CamNotes to Pages 118–120 | 347

eron and graduated from West Point in 1855. A career horse soldier, he was commissioned a second lieutenant of mounted rifles, posted at St. Louis’s Jefferson Barracks, then assigned to the Cavalry School in Carlisle. In 1857 he was posted in New Mexico and fought southwestern tribes in a series of skirmishes and expeditions. On the night of October 8, 1858, his camp was attacked at ­Puerco of the West. Franklin was severely wounded and returned east. Recovered by the Civil War, he was present at Bull Run and afterwards commissioned as colonel of the Third Pennsylvania Cavalry. He commanded a brigade during the Peninsula Campaign, and was at Antietam, Fredericksburg, Kelly’s Ford, and Stoneman’s Raid on Richmond. He later served under Sheridan in the Shenandoah. At the end of the war, he held brevets to brigadier and major general but resigned from the army in May 1865. Postwar, he was appointed as consul general to Canada (Quebec). Toward the end of his life, he served as an assistant inspector general of the Soldiers’ Home in Bath. Cullum, Biographical Register, third edition, vol. 3, 630–631; Warner, Generals in Blue, 12–13. 182. OR.III.1.266–268. 183. Frederick Law Olmsted (1822–1903) was born in Hartford, Connecticut, the son of well-to-do merchant. He was educated privately and prepped for Yale College, but this plan changed one afternoon when he was fifteen. While wandering in the woods (long his favorite ­activity), Olmsted became entangled in poison sumac. The resulting rash closed his eyes and the effects lingered for months (he may have had a pre-existing susceptibility). Although he later attended classes at Yale, he focused his attentions on the outdoors, working on farms (he would eventually have his own on Staten Island) and mastering agriculture’s connection with the land. Olmsted began writing articles on landscape architecture and toured Europe in 1850 to observe landscaping there. In 1852, he published a highly successful account of this trip, Walks and Talks of an American Farmer in England. Olmsted had a remarkable career as a travel journalist, publishing A Journey through Texas, or a Saddle Trip on the Southwestern Frontier, with a Statistical Appendix (1857), and Journal in the Back Country (1860). Another book influenced contemporary opinions on the subject of slavery: A Journey to the Seaboard Slave States, with Remarks on their Economy (1856). Twentieth-century critic Edmund Wilson summarized Olmsted’s findings like this: “The Negro . . . has no interest whatever in working for the white man who has made him a slave. He is always sabotaging, dawdling, malingering, revolting or running away. . . . The planter must live in continual apprehension of a Negro insurrection. . . . . [The] traveller is brought to conclusion that the classical argument that the bondage of an inferior class of laborers is justified by 348 | Notes to Pages 120–121

the use of his leisure that a liberated master may make has not been proved in the South.” Because Olmsted was not an abolitionist, these arguments had additional force in the antebellum North. In 1856, when New York State established a commission to create what would become Central Park, Olmsted was appointed superintendent. In the 1857 design competition, Olmsted and Calvert Vaux submitted the winning entry. Olmsted worked on the park’s construction until 1861. (Barracks constructed on park grounds hosted thousands of transient soldiers while hospitals built there healed their maimed and diseased bodies. The park also was a destination for some rioters in July 1863, as well as the garrison for soldiers intending to suppress them.) When Olmsted joined the U.S. Sanitary Commission, Journey to the Seaboard Slave States was mentioned as a reason for his acceptance. He moved to Washington to lobby for needed legislation, visit the front, and report on conditions. At this point, Olmsted’s story assumes a national aspect, and is detailed by Charles Stille in History of the United States Sanitary Commission. In the war’s immediate aftermath, Olmsted applied his energies to famine relief and assisted with the organization of New York State’s Board of Charities. He helped found the New York Museum of Art and the Museum of Natural History, was appointed head of the New York Park Commission (in 1872), and designed the street system for the area of the city north of the Harlem River. A partial list of his parks includes Morningside and Riverside in New York City, Prospect and Washington in Brooklyn, the Capitol grounds in Washington, and other parks in Chicago, Buffalo, Montreal, Bridgeport, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Wilmington, San Francisco, and Niagara Falls, as well as grounds at Harvard, Yale, and Amherst. Elizabeth Stevenson, Park Maker: A Life of Frederick Law Olmsted (Piscataway, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2000), 10–11; Edmund Wilson, Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1994), 224–226; Stille, History of the Sanitary Commission, 76; Appletons, IV.577–578. 184. Joshua Huntington Wolcott (1804–1891) was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, a lineal descendent of Roger Wolcott, signer of the Declaration of Independence. He was educated privately, then moved to Boston to work for A. and A. Lawrence & Co., the textile titans. In 1851, he moved to Milton, Massachusetts. Wolcott made a fortune, afterwards retiring to pursue philanthropy. During the Civil War, Wolcott served as treasurer of the Boston branch of the U.S. Sanitary Commission. Just before Lee’s surrender, Wolcott lost his son, Lieutenant Huntington F. Wolcott, from disease contracted in service. “J. Huntington Wolcott,” New York Times, January 5, 1891; Memorial Biographies of the New England Historic

Genealogical Society, Towne Memorial Fund, Volume IX, 1890– 1897 (Boston: Published by the Society, 1908), 30. 185. George Templeton Strong (1820–1875) was educated privately. He was sent to the Columbia College Grammar School in 1832 and began at Columbia College in 1834. (The next year, his parents gave him the gift of a blank book. Although such an event does not necessarily deserve mention in biographical notes, it does in this case. For the next forty years, Strong kept a diary—one of the most valuable in New York history, and indispensable to understanding Civil War New York City and the U.S. Sanitary Commission.) Strong graduated second in his class in 1838 then began to study law in his father’s Wall Street office. He was admitted to the bar in 1841 and became a full counselor at law in 1844. He returned to his father’s firm to practice and quickly established a reputation for high competence, though he never became a courtroom lawyer. Strong became a trustee of Columbia College in 1853. Two years later, his father died and Strong assumed his position in the firm. In 1856, he helped found Columbia’s law school. A Republican, Strong supported Lincoln in 1860. He joined the Sanitary Commission in June 1861 as treasurer and member of the executive committee. This work placed him in command of enormous sums, gave him authority to dispense tons of contributed goods, and offered him a seat at the table with Lincoln, the secretaries of war, and the leaders of the Army of the Potomac. He worked for the commission throughout the war. This account is drawn from Allan Nevins’ preface to The Diary of George Templeton Strong, Volume I, The Young Man in New York, 1835–1849, edited by Allan Nevins and Milton Halsey Thomas (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1952), v–xli. 186. Horace Binney, Jr. (1809–1870) was born in Philadelphia and educated privately. He graduated from Yale College in 1828, afterwards studying law. Admitted to the bar in 1831, he practiced in Philadelphia. Prewar, he was active in municipal reform. On July 30, 1861, Binney was elected to the “Commission of Inquiry and Advice in respect of the Sanitary Interests of United States Forces.” In December 1861, Binney organized the Philadelphia branch of the Sanitary Commission. He was its chairman throughout the war and played an important role in organizing the Great Central Sanitary Fair in 1864 (see entry for April 4, 1864). Charles J. Stille, A Memoir of Horace Binney, Jr., read before the American Philosophical Society at a Meeting held May 6th, 1870 (Philadelphia: McCalla & Stavely, Printers, 1870), 10–11. 187. Stille, History of the Sanitary Commission, 64–65. After the Sanitary Commission’s launch, its New York connection gradually eases. The commission becomes national in scope, with headquarters in Philadelphia. The responsibilities of the various subcommittees estab-

lished included coordinating relief efforts and advising state governments, as well as harmonizing various state and federal laws relating to “inspection usages, or in the manner in which officers, military or medical have been appointed in the several States.” 188. OR.III.1.273. New York had purchased twenty thousand .577 caliber Enfields from England and the federal arsenal at Watervliet was unable to manufacture cartridges. In his June 14 letter, Read asked Brigadier General James Ripley, head of the Ordnance Department, if he would arrange for manufacture. 189. “The First Privateer,” New York Times, June 16, 1861; William Morrison Robinson, Jr., The Confederate Privateers (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1990 [1928]), 56, 140. 190. Edmund Schriver (1812–1899) was born in York, Pennsylvania, and graduated from West Point in 1833. Between graduation and his 1846 resignation (except for a brief stint in the 1839 Seminole War), Schriver held a variety of staff positions, most prominently in the adjutant general’s office in Washington. Between 1847 and 1861, he served as the treasurer of New York railroads, including the Saratoga & Washington (1847–1852), the Saratoga & Schenectady (1847–1861), and the Rensselaer & Saratoga; he was president of the Rensselaer & Saratoga between 1851 and 1861. Soon after the news of Fort Sumter reached Albany, Morgan accepted Schriver as an adc. He would remain in the post until July 14; before formally departing from Albany, he was commissioned lieutenant colonel of the Eleventh U.S. Infantry. He was promoted colonel in May 1862, and returned to staff duty as chief of staff of the First Corps. He was present during the Shenandoah Campaign of 1862, Cedar Mountain, and Second Bull Run. Schriver was promoted to inspector general of the army in March 1863 and was present at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, after which he was designated to transport thirty-one captured battle flags to the War Department. He also was present at Mine Run and Grant’s Overland Campaign. Schriver was brevetted brigadier general in August 1864 and major general in March 1865. Postwar, he served as inspector in a variety of posts and projects, including reporting on the Freedman’s Bureau in 1873. He retired on January 4, 1881. Cullum, Biographical Register, third edition, vol. 3, 548–549. 191. OR.III.1.284, 288. 192. OR.III.1.290; see follow up from Morgan at OR.III.1.297. 193. Dyer, 1419–1420; before enumeration, this unit was called the Jackson Guard. Blake, History of the Tammany Society, 81–84. William D. Kennedy (1818–1861) was ­ erchant born in Baltimore. He was a wholesale paint m in New York City and brother of Police Commissioner John A. Kennedy. He was elected grand sachem of Notes to Page 121 | 349

Tammany Hall in 1861. When Tammany sponsored the Forty-­Second New York, Kennedy was commissioned as its first commander. He died of disease in Washington, D.C. Hunt, Colonels in Blue, New York, 166. 194. OR.III.1.299. 195. Dyer, 1418. The Fortieth contained four Massachusetts companies that had migrated south for want of a Bay State unit with which to affiliate. Bay Stater Frederick Clark Floyd, who later wrote the regimental history, recalled that when they reached New York and learned they were bound for the Mozart Regiment, “we had supposed that the name had been adopted in honor of the celebrated musical composer whose melodious strains had entranced the world.” Fred. C. Floyd, History of the Fortieth (Mozart) Regiment New York Volunteers (Boston: F.H. Gilson Company, 1909), 30. 196. AAC.61.523. 197. “Monthly Meeting of the Chamber of Commerce, New York, Wednesday, July 3, 1861,” The Merchants’ Magazine and Commercial Review, edited by Smith Homans and William B. Dana (New York: William B. Dana, Publisher, 1861), vol. 45, July–December 1861, 200–203. The forts mentioned are Schuyler (“without armament”); Richmond (“also without armament”); Tompkins (“unfinished”); Sandy Hook (“earlier stages of construction”); Hamilton (“inferior guns mounted”); Lafayette (“inferior guns . . . an old fort of little strength”); and, the fortifications on Bedloe’s and Governor’s Islands (“well supplied with guns” but too close to the city to protect it “from the shells and heavy metal of iron-cased steamers”). 198. OR.III.1.325. See Read’s letter for further details about three-month units and others. 199. OR.III.1.333–335. Totten’s report contains more details, especially about calibers and costs, and should be consulted directly. On gun emplacements for New York Harbor, Ripley declared that “This department has already made preparations for distributing among the forts of our sea-coast all the guns which are on hand and which we have carriages for.” The issue is a shortage of heavy guns, and Ripley believes that only Congress can supply the “additional means” for more. OR.III.1.335–336. 200. Rawley, 146. 201. OR.III.1.327. 202. OR.III.I.332. 203. “Local Matters,” New York Times, July 17, 1861. 204. OR.I.1.745, 769. Joshua M. Varian joined the Washington Grays in 1844 and remained active with the New York militia throughout the prewar period. A captain by 1861, the following year he was commissioned colonel of the Eighth nysm. In 1866, he was elected general of the Third Brigade. Poor health forced his retirement in 1882. During the war, Varian’s Battery (as it was 350 | Notes to Pages 121–124

known) was Company I of the Eighth Regiment, serving three months from April 19 to July 20, 1861. The unit was reactivated for thirty days’ duty during the Gettysburg Campaign and saw minor action. Emmons Clark, History of the Seventh Regiment of New York, 1806–1889 (New York: Published by the Seventh Regiment, 1890), 313–314. 205. OR.I.2.314–315. Bookwood’s Battery consisted of artillery from the New York Eighth Militia manned by details from the New York Eighth and Twenty-Ninth volunteers. Scott’s wire is readily inferable from Sickles’ wire to Cameron at OR.III.1.342. See entry for July 22. 206. The acts will be found in War Department GO No. 49, of August 3, 1861, OR.III.1.380–384, see footnote 383–384. OR.III.1.342. 207. OR.III.1.344–345. 208. OR.III.1.347. Morgan also informed Cameron that an additional ten 10-pounders, with “some carriages, caissons, battery wagons and forges” would be available to ship on July 26. 209. Messages from the Governors, 403. 210. Louis Blenker (1812–1863) was born in in the city of Worms, in the duchy of Hesse Darmstadt. Blenker’s father was a jeweler and taught his son the craft, but Blenker wanted more. When Prince Frederick Otto (King Othen after coronation) became king of Greece in 1832, he took with him a Bavarian legion of 3,500 men that included Private Blenker. Blenker spent four years in Greece, skirmishing with dissident Greek factions and earning promotion. After the legion’s 1837 disbandment, Blenker was discharged an honorary lieutenant. He returned to Germany, studied medicine in Munich, then left to enter the wine business—in which he ­ prospered—just in time for the 1848 revolution. His military background and nationalist sentiments disposed him for action. He commanded the Worms national guard and helped organize the revolutionary army. After a running series of battles against Prussian and royalist forces, he (and the revolution) were beaten. In 1849, Blenker sought refuge unsuccessfully in Switzerland, eventually immigrating to the United States and purchasing a dairy farm in Rockland County, New York. Revolutionary sentiments notwithstanding, Blenker had a love of pomp and high living and farming proved uncongenial. He relocated to New York City and established himself within the growing German émigré community. After the attack on Fort Sumter, Blenker organized the Eighth New York Infantry (First German Rifles), which deployed on May 27, 1861. Present at Bull Run, Blenker—by that time commanding a brigade— distinguished himself by protecting the federal rear after the debacle. On August 9, 1861, he was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers. At that point, General Franz Sigel (who would replace Blenker in March

1862 as the East’s most important German military figure) was still out West; meanwhile, Blenker’s command served as a magnet for German units. It grew to division size and, by the end of 1861, included eleven regiments, two artillery batteries, and a unit of dragoons. But Blenker fell out with McClellan—the latter frustrated Blenker’s efforts to consolidate all German units under his control—and was assigned to General John Fremont in the Shenandoah (and the Battle of Cross Keys). In the meantime, Blenker had other troubles that reflected divisions within the German-American community. He had accumulated a large volunteer staff, many of whom were German aristocrats (including Prince Salm-Salm). These were unwelcome to radical “Forty-Eighters” in the ranks and in many German communities across the country. When stories of looting and rowdy conduct by Blenker’s troops were joined with rumors of the general’s peculation, he became a focus of controversy in the Germanlanguage press. Blenker had his defenders as well, but none of this publicity augured well for his political prospects. Worse, Blenker was thrown by his horse in April 1862 and likely sustained internal injuries. He resigned on March 31, 1863, retired to a farm, and died there in October. Heroes and Martyrs: Notable Men of the Time, edited by Frank Moore (New York: G.P. Putnam, 1862), 63–67; Warner, Generals in Blue, 37; William L. Burton, Melting Pot Soldiers: The Union’s Ethnic Regiments, second edition (New York: Fordham University Press, 1998), 84–89; Jack D. Welsh, Medical Histories of Union Generals (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1996), 31–32. 211. “New-York to the Rescue. A Call for 25,000 More Volunteers. Proclamation by Gov. Morgan,” New York Times, July 26, 1861. OR.III.I.458–459. 212. Egbert Ludovicus Viele (1825–1902) was born in Waterford and educated at public schools before graduating from Albany Academy. He graduated from West Point in 1847, was commissioned brevet second lieutenant, and served in Mexico from 1847 to 1848; thereafter, he was on frontier duty in Texas until 1852. He resigned in 1853 as a first lieutenant to pursue what proved to be a brilliant career as a civil engineer. He had several important appointments: state topographical engineer of New Jersey (1854–1857) and engineer-in-chief of New York’s Central Park (1857–1858). When Viele’s proposal for Central Park lost to that of Frederick Law Olmsted, he became chief engineer of Brooklyn’s Prospect Park (1860–1861). With war, Viele returned to service, first as captain-engineer with New York’s Seventh Militia, working on the Washington defenses. On August 17, 1861, he was commissioned a brigadier general of volunteers, and rendered distinguished service in the capture of Fort Pulaski. He later served as military governor of Norfolk, Virginia (May 1862 to October 1863). In 1863, he also

served as superintendent of the draft in northern Ohio. He resigned on October 20, 1863. His postwar engineering career included the design of the Girdle Elevated Railroad (1867), chief design engineer of the Pittsburg, Buffalo & Rochester Railroad (1871), and consulting engineer of the New York & Chicago Railroad. He was New York City’s park commissioner (1883–1884) and, in 1885, was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-Ninth Congress, serving through the Fiftieth. In 1895, he was invited by the House of Lords to consult on municipal legislation. Viele was a prolific author on many topics, including geology, public sanitation, and sewers and drains. He also wrote the Handbook for Active Service (1861), a guide for officers that was used by North and South, as well as the Topographical Atlas of the City of New York (1865), a work that, by charting the waterways crisscrossing Manhattan, contributed to the city’s later development. BD.2092; Warner, Generals in Blue, 526–527; An Encyclopedia of Contemporaneous Biography, compiled by Mitchell C. Harrison (New York: New York Tribune, 1900), vol. 2, 354–355; Cullum, Biographical Register, third edition, vol. 2, 338. 213. OR.III.1.354. 214. New York in the War of Rebellion, 14. 215. OR.III.1.356. 216. George L. Schuyler (1811–1890) was born in Rhinebeck, New York, the grandson of Revolutionary War General Philip J. Schuyler. He was educated privately and attended Columbia College (predecessor of Columbia University). Schuyler’s lifelong passion was yachting. In 1844, he helped found the New York Yacht Club and, in 1851, was an owner of the schooner America, which that year won the America’s Cup. He was married twice (both times to granddaughters of Alexander Hamilton). Schuyler was a successful investor, owning a share in the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad. He died suddenly (and perhaps fittingly) in Newport, Rhode Island, in the stateroom of the yacht Electra, which belonged to his friend Commodore Elbridge T. Gerry. “George L. Schuyler Dead,” New York Times, August 1, 1890. 217. OR.III.1.355. 218. OR.III.1.361–362, 366. 219. Tompkins was assigned to the quartermaster’s department sometime before June 30, 1862, to purchase supplies in New York. OR.III.2.835. 220. OR.III.1.366–367. Seward’s note is unclear whether what is to be disbursed is cash, so that Morgan can pay contractors directly, or whether he will be limited to making requisitions for items to Tompkins, who will then pay (and perhaps even choose) the contractors. See entry for August 3 for some clarification. 221. Charles Yates (1808–1870) was born in Schenectady. He graduated from Union College in 1829 beNotes to Pages 124–125 | 351

fore establishing a law practice in New York City. He was commissioned a general officer in the nysm in 1854. He would continue in command of the New York City depot until relieved on January 25, 1862; he then returned to his brigade. During the Gettysburg Campaign, the forces under his command would be federalized. He was posted at Fenwick, Pennsylvania, and later assigned to First Brigade, Dana’s Division, Department of the Susquehanna. New York in the War of Rebellion, 280; A General Catalogue of the Officers, Graduates, and Students of Union College from 1795 to 1854 (Schenectady: S.S. Riggs, 1854), 44; Annual Report of the Adjutant General of the State of New York, transmitted to the Legislature January 17, 1866, Volume I (Albany: G. Wendell, Printer, 1866), 87 [hereafter cited as AG.65, with page number]; “The Volunteer Depot,” New York Times, January 28, 1862. 222. John F. Rathbone (1819–1901) was born in Albany and educated at Albany Academy and Brockport Collegiate Institute. Owing to his father’s financial reverses, the family relocated to a Rochester farm around 1830. After his father’s death in 1833, John clerked for a Rochester merchant; in 1837 he returned to Albany as a clerk in the foundry of his uncle Joel Rathbone. Soon, he was superintendent of the business, and before 1845 acquired ownership of the company, later the largest stove manufacturer in the world. Rathbone was a committed Republican and his business skills disposed Morgan to commission him a brigadier on December 26, 1860. In 1864 he ran unsuccessfully as a Republican for mayor of Albany. Postwar, Governor John A. Dix appointed Rathbone state adjutant general on January 1, 1873. He was a trustee of the Albany Orphan Asylum for fifty years and its president for thirty-five. He was also a long-time trustee of Albany Medical College, Albany Academy, the University of Rochester, and Dudley Observatory. Until shortly before his death, he served as president of the Mutual Fire Insurance Company of Albany. “In Memoriam. John F. Rathbone. Born October 9, 1819. Died March 20, 1901” (a pamphlet including a memorial sermon by Rev. Wallace Buttrick, D.D., Emmanuel Baptist Church, Albany, New York, May 12, 1901), 5–7, 12; see Albany Argus and Albany Evening Journal obituaries included in this pamphlet. AG.I.66.87. 223. New York in the War of Rebellion, 8. Syracuse was commanded by Brigadier General Robert M. Richardson and Troy by Brigadier General Darius Allen. 224. OR.1.III.368–371. New York GO No. 78 did have some interesting administrative particulars not found in its U.S. counterpart. Depots were instructed that recruits were to be inspected when they aggregated thirty-two men or more; thereafter, the men were to elect a captain and a lieutenant (the captain could then begin selecting ncos; however, these appointments were subject to the 352 | Notes to Pages 125–126

regimental commander’s approval). Officers must pass examination by a board of officers before commissions were issued; besides knowledge in branch, “the examiners will also inquire into the moral character and habits” of the candidate. Colonels could confirm (or newly appoint) company lieutenants, and regimental adjutants and quartermasters. The governor would appoint surgeons. Chaplains were required to be “a regularly ordained minister of some Christian denomination” and could be appointed by the colonel after a vote of field officers and company commanders. The provision allowing thirty-two men to elect company officers created serious complications, since the War Department’s standards for company size allowed as many as one hundred men, up to three minimum-sized New York companies might have to consolidate, thus pitting men and officers against each other in determining leadership. AG.61.23; OR.III.1.368–369. 225. Rawley, 164; New York in the War of Rebellion, 14. 226. Duncan Campbell (1824–1890) probably was born in Albany. Between 1830 and 1839 he attended Albany Academy, afterwards entering Union College. He graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1842, read law under Marcus T. Reynolds, and afterwards traveled to Europe, where he attended German universities. In 1857, he was appointed aag by Governor John A. King and continued in that position under Morgan, serving through 1862. Around 1870, Campbell began the work that would ­establish his legacy: over the next twenty years, he assembled one of the most important collections of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century books in the United States. New York State Library, Catalogue of the Duncan Campbell Collection (Albany: University of the State of New York, 1908), 5–6. 227. OR.III.1.379, 391. 228. OR.III.1.380–384; see note 383–384; 386–387; Scott’s letter should be consulted directly for details. The information about New York’s contribution will be reported to General McClellan on August 26. OR.III.1.455. 229. OR.III.1.389; “Republican State Committee; Union for the Sake of Union,” New York Times, August 7, 1861. 230. OR.III.1.390. 231. Dean Richmond (1804–1866) was born in Barnard, Vermont. At age fourteen, he relocated with his widowed mother to Salina, New York (now part of Syracuse), where her husband had interests (unprofitable) in salt mining. By age fifteen, Dean had assumed the business and, by sixteen, restored its profitability. Over the next five years, he aggressively expanded his salt mining, not only leasing or purchasing other sites but also assembling a shipping network along canals and rivers and in the Great Lakes. In 1842, he moved to Buffalo and branched into western shipping and commission

goods, soon becoming one of the wealthiest men in the Great Lakes region. Railroads were a natural extension of this enterprise, and Richmond became an investor in and director of the Utica & Buffalo Railroad Company. When the line extended to Batavia, he moved his residence there. Richmond was a Jeffersonian Democrat, maintained involvement in party affairs, and was one of several prime movers for the consolidation of seven railroads into the New York Central. In 1853, when consolidation became law, Richmond was named a vice president of the line; in 1864, following the retirement of Erastus Corning, he became president. Representing upstate interests, Richmond was the logical successor as leader of the Regency wing of the Democratic Party. In 1857, he became chairman of the Democratic State Committee, holding this post until his death. Contemporary American Biography, Part 2, Volume I (New York: Atlantic Publishing and Engraving Co., 1895), 323–326; Appletons, V.246. 232. “Democratic State Committee; They Decline To Act With the Republican Committee,” New York Times, August 9, 1861. 233. OR.III.1.391. 234. OR.III.1.459. 235. New York in the War of Rebellion, 8. 236. OR.III.1.412, 415. 237. A presentment is a grand jury’s written statement that, based upon what it knows or has observed (and without the government bringing an indictment), a crime has been committed. Once a presentment is issued, those charged with prosecuting crimes will return to the grand jury with a formal bill of indictment. “Presentment of Secession Journals by the Grand Jury,” New York Times, August 17, 1861. On June 12, 1863, Lincoln will write Erastus Corning and ask a similar question. Also see New Jersey chapter of States at War, volume 4, entry for September 25. 238. OR.II.2.493. 239. OR.III.1.425–426. Morgan’s response referred to a telegram dated August 18, whereas the Official Records telegrams were dated August 19. The editors concluded that although the file copy was dated August 19, some wires must have been sent the day previous. See OR.III.1.429, note. 240. OR.III.1.429–430. Morgan’s willingness to send troops not U.S.-mustered was fiscally brave, to be sure, as he risked being unreimbursed for New York’s expenses in raising these men. 241. Manual for the use of the Legislature of the State of New York, 1878, prepared pursuant to a Resolution of the Senate and Assembly of 1865, by Allen C. Beach, Secretary of State (Albany: Weed, Parson and Company, 1878), 450. 242. OR.III.1.434. Morgan’s last suggestion would

allow him to circumvent the required minimums of GO No. 15 and dispatch units of any size to reinforce those already deployed. On August 29, Cameron will answer Morgan’s requests by noting the issuance of War Department GO No. 58, issued August 15, and No. 61, issued August 19. (See Chronology for both.) However, it is difficult to understand how either order was responsive to Morgan’s requests. 243. “Important from Albany,” New York Times, August 23, 1861. 244. New York in the War of Rebellion, 14; AG.61.12–14, 720. Phisterer’s list does not match the list in Hillhouse’s 1861 report. The success of this plan—aimed at meeting “the views and feelings of our rural population”—was attributed to the increased attractiveness of having local companies regimented together; the increased ease of local elites in recruiting; and the fact that recruits wanted to remain as close to their dependents as long as possible. During September, October, and November, thirtyfive infantry, three artillery, and seven cavalry regiments were raised in these camps. 245. OR.III.1.452. The implied threat here is that if the order is revoked, recruiting will return to a standstill. That the order was not intended to compensate recruiting brokers may be inferred from its terms: those eligible for the $2 must recruit a minimum of thirty-two men to qualify for any fee, and at least thirty-two recruits must pass medical examination. OR.III.1.453. 246. “Another Blow at Secession Journals,” New York Times, August 25, 1861. The Times describes these instructions as “just received” and the editor infers that these arrived on the same day as the article’s publication. 247. OR.III.1.455–456. 248. OR.III.1.458. 249. OR.III.1.465. This explanation cannot have pleased Morgan. He almost certainly believed that it was erratic federal recruiting policies, not state ones, that left the “impression” that the War Department would not accept additional volunteers. And Morgan was already entitled by law to commission these officers. (See Chronology, entry for July 19.) Based on Hillhouse’s letter of August 24, the increase in privates’ pay would have no bearing on the willingness of recruiters to invest the money required to raise a company. Also, while Cameron’s admission that New York’s liberality deserved “consideration” would seem to imply reimbursement, his words were no ironclad assurance and must have invited numerous re-readings to decide exactly what he meant. 250. AG.61.12. 251. Hiram Berdan (1824–1893) was born in Phelps (near Rochester) in a well-to-do farming and stockraising family. In 1830, Berdan relocated with his family to Plymouth, Michigan, where he spent his boyhood Notes to Pages 126–130 | 353

on the family farm. His schooling was good and he returned to New York to attend Hobart College in Geneva, where he demonstrated a gift in mathematics and, in his spare time, mechanical engineering. He took an apprenticeship in a Rochester machine shop and, by his twentieth year, had invented a mechanical reaper. This was followed by a mechanical baker that met resistance from the bakers’ unions. When Berdan applied his genius to war, the results were the Berdan rifle (purchased by the federal government), along with a far more ingenious invention: the mating of the primer cap with the cartridge to produce the Berdan primer, which prefigured the modern centerfire cartridge. Not surprisingly, Berdan was a marksman. Immediately after the attack on Fort Sumter, he raised the First U.S. Sharpshooters, four of whose companies were recruited in New York. Berdan’s crew continually demonstrated their value and, though Berdan resigned in January 1864, he was brevetted a brigadier general on March 13, 1865, “For Gallant and Meritorious Services at the Battle of Chancellorsville.” Postwar, Berdan went to Russia to manufacture the Berdan rifle for the czar’s army. He returned to the United States in 1888 to sue the U.S. government for patent infringement in its manufacture of Springfield rifles. He received a judgment for $500,000 and, in 1892, recovered $100,000. Berdan spent his remaining years working on patents for modern torpedoes, the vessels to deliver them, and submarine technology. The Cyclopaedia of American Biography: Comprising the Men and Women of the United States who have been Identified with the Growth of the Nation, edited by John Howard Brown (Kessinger Publishing Company, 2006 [1897]), vol. 1, 278–279; Hunt and Brown, Brevet Brigadiers in Blue, 51. 252. OR.III.1.476. 253. OR.II.2.665–673. The quoted material is from the “Record Book, State Department, Arrests for Disloyalty,” and should not be confused with legal charges, which in this case (and many others like it) were never filed. Reeves was incarcerated at Fort Lafayette on or about September 2. The complaint originated with U.S. Marshal Robert Murray, who read the Republican Watchman and, on August 31, forwarded it to Seward. Reeves was detained until October 3; he was released after taking a loyalty oath. Reeves’ experience apparently did little to chasten him. On December 23, a man named John Jones, Sr., wrote to the State Department, included excerpts from Reeves’ articles, and commented, “He is a traitor and ought to go back to Fort Lafayette for the winter.” 254. OR.III.1.482. The “scattered parts” also would include incomplete units raised by independents; thus, if Morgan’s request were granted, he could take control of most recruiting in state. 354 | Notes to Pages 130–131

255. OR.II.2.54, 60. Eight days later, the paper would be suppressed throughout Connecticut. 256. OR.III.1.483. GO No. 16 dealt exclusively with the Regular Army and may be found at OR.III.1.154–157. Sickles was probably referring to the provision that “Each regiment will consist of two or more battalions” and each battalion “will consist of eight companies.” Perhaps he believed that GO No. 16 was applicable because Excelsior was a USV unit and not furnished by state authority. 257. OR.II.2.771–778; for more details on this arrest see New Jersey chapter of States at War, volume 4. 258. Brummer, 159–165. 259. OR.III.1.483–484. As New York’s adjutant general commented, “In this way, all organizations in the State were finally brought under the provisions of orders issued from this department, so far as these were not in conflict with [U.S.] Government orders.” AG.61.12. 260. Quoted material is from a speech by Arphaxad Loomis, “State Politics,” New York Times, September 5, 1861. The final resolution also condemned “the refusal of mail facilities” to newspapers. Brummer, 162. 261. OR.II.2.494. 262. Thomas Francis Meagher (1823–1867) was born in Waterford, Ireland, the son of a wealthy merchant who would eventually become the first Catholic mayor of Waterford and represent the district in parliament. At age eleven, Meagher enrolled at the Jesuit’s College of Clongowes-Wood in County Kildare and remained there until he was seventeen. It was during these years that Meagher’s Irish nationalism developed; his enrollment at Stoneyhurst College in England did little to discourage this sentiment. In 1843, Meagher returned to Ireland an accomplished speaker and he quickly applied these gifts to the Young Ireland movement, which sought complete independence from Britain, by violence if necessary. He went to Paris during the 1848 revolution, returned with an Irish Tricolor, and was arrested for sedition. Released, he was arrested again after parliament passed the Treason Felony Act of 1848. This time Meagher was sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted to exile and Meagher was “transported” to Tasmania. He escaped in 1852, settled in New York City, and by 1855 began to study law. In 1856, he founded the Irish News, using the paper as an outlet for his brand of Irish nationalism. After the attack on Fort Sumter, Meagher joined Corcoran’s Sixty-Ninth New York (when it was a threemonth unit) as major. He saw action at First Bull Run, where his horse was shot beneath him. He returned to New York at expiry and, in late 1861, organized the famed Irish Brigade. He was elected colonel of the reconstituted Sixty-Ninth New York, now a three-year unit, and on February 6, 1862, was appointed brigadier general.

The Irish Brigade was in action across the Peninsula, at Second Bull Run, Antietam and, most notably, up Marye’s Heights at the Battle of Fredericksburg (where Meagher was wounded in the leg). But bravery and aggressive command depleted the brigade’s ranks and, when the War Department refused Meagher’s request to recruit anew, he offered his resignation on May 14, 1863. It was not accepted and, ultimately, revoked. Meagher reentered the war in early 1864 attached to W. T. Sherman’s force in the west, but saw no action. He resigned on May 15, 1865. Less than two months later, Johnson appointed him secretary (and later, governor) of the Montana Territory. On July 1, 1867, he fell overboard from a steamship (reportedly during a drinking binge) and into the Missouri River. He was not seen again. Michael Cavanaugh, Memoirs of Gen. Thomas Francis Meagher, comprising the ­Leading Events of His Career, chronologically arranged, with selections from his speeches, lectures and miscellaneous writings, including Personal Reminiscences (Worcester, Massachusetts: The Messenger Press, 1892), 13, 17, 26, 35, 346, 493; Appletons, IV.283; Warner, Generals in Blue, 318. 263. OR.III.1.489, 490, 491. 264. OR.III.1.493–494. 265. OR.II.2.494. 266. OR.III.1.497. 267. “State Politics; The Peoples’ Union Convention at Syracuse,” New York Times, September 11, 1861. The party consisted of some War Democrats, some Republicans, and some former Bell-Everett supporters. Brummer, 166–167. 268. “Combination On a Ticket,” New York Times, September 12, 1861. 269. OR.II.2.495–496. 270. OR.III.1.503–504. Delafield’s letter should be consulted for details. The manufacturers involved included Althause & Son (“100 carriages for forty rifled guns”) and “the West Point foundry” for casting cannon, “if their orders for the United States will permit.” OR.III.1.509. 271. OR.III.1.510; 514–515. 272. OR.II.2.496. The quoted words are those of Police Superintendent Kennedy writing to Secretary Seward. 273. James A. McMaster (1820–1886) was born in Duanesburgh, New York, to a Scotch Presbyterian family. In 1837 he entered Union College, graduating in 1839. He studied law at Columbia College then, in 1842, enrolled in the General Theological Seminary, intending to become an Episcopal minister. In 1845, he converted to Catholicism. He considered the priesthood but by 1846 had decided to remain a layman. In the words of one biographer, he became a “militant Catholic.” Although he had left the stern Presbyterianism of his father, the son retained the adjective. (And in fairness, McMaster’s

conversion occurred at a very treacherous period for American Catholicism, occurring as the Nativist movement was growing.) In 1847, McMaster purchased the Freeman’s Journal and through this sheet gave voice to a hyper-conservative Catholicism. James Gordon Bennett reportedly dubbed McMaster “the Abbe”—a name that stuck. After earning the support of Archbishop John Hughes, the Journal became the church organ; a relationship that continued as long as McMaster advocated church concerns. When McMaster promoted his states’ rights ideology with the same vehemence as his theology, however, Archbishop Hughes ended their formal relationship. Although he had supported Douglas in 1860, by wartime he was fiercely pro-Southern. “James A. M’Master Dead,” New York Times, December 30, 1886; Mary Augustus Kwitchen, James Alphonsus McMaster: A Study in American Thought (Washington, D.C.: Murray and Heister, 1949), 1, 12, 15–17, 20. 274. OR.II.2.802–804. On September 13, U.S. Marshal Robert Murray sent Seward a copy of the Freeman’s Appeal and asked him if he thought McMaster should be arrested. Seward issued the order the following day. 275. OR.III.1.817; OR.III.1.522–523. See OR.III.417–418 for Lincoln’s proclamation. 276. OR.III.1.524. 277. OR.III.1.525, 526. 278. Henry Moore (1825?–1904) was born in New York City. On July 24, 1861, the War Department authorized Moore to organize what would become the FortySeventh New York (“Washington Grays”). Recruits were drawn from New York City, Brooklyn, and Dutchess County. Moore was commissioned colonel on September 14, 1861, and resigned on August 5, 1862, citing poor health. However, he returned to the regiment and led it at the Battle of Olustee on February 20, 1864, when he was shot in the arm and leg. He was honorably discharged on October 27, 1864. New York in the War of Rebellion, 409; Hunt, Colonels in Blue, New York, 202–204. 279. James H. Perry (1811–1862) was born in Ulster County. His father had performed unspecified “political services” for President Andrew Jackson; in return, son James was admitted to West Point. While awaiting notice of admission, Perry read law and married. When the letter finally arrived, he entered West Point with the class of 1837. He attended for three years, until news of Texas’s rebellion from Mexico reached the academy. He left West Point and received a colonel’s commission from the rebel government, apparently in exchange for the promise to raise a regiment. In this, he was only partly successful, but took what men he had raised to Texas, where he was accepted as a volunteer on the staff of General Sam Houston. Almost immediately, Perry felt a strong dislike for his chief, perhaps predisposed by his connections to Notes to Pages 131–134 | 355

Houston’s enemies: David G. Burnet, president of the Republic of Texas, and Robert Potter, secretary of the republic’s navy. Perry secretly reported on the general until Houston became aware of the disparaging letters and eventually arrested Perry for disobedience. As the Battle of San Jacinto approached, Houston, desperate for men, restored Perry to duty. Perry led a wing of the attack with great distinction, and afterwards joined in the general bloodletting as men sought revenge for the Alamo and Goliad. The feud with Houston lasted for the remainder of both men’s lives. By the fall of 1836, Perry had returned to New York. One night, in a Methodist church in Newburgh, he had a conversion experience. He was admitted to the New York Conference as a Methodist pastor in 1838 and received his D.D. from Dickinson College in 1844. He spent the antebellum years behind the pulpit of several different churches; by 1861, he was pastor of the Pacific Street Methodist Episcopal Church in Brooklyn. On hearing the news about Fort Sumter, Perry reportedly rose from his seat and declared, “I was educated by the Government; it now needs my services. I shall resign my ministry and again take up the sword.” Sponsored by Congressman Moses Odell, he received War Department authorization to organize what became the Forty-Eighth New York Infantry, a three-year unit. Its command by a well-known religious figure would prove attractive to some recruits and many parents, fearful of the demoralizing effects of military service. The unit was soon nicknamed “Perry’s Saints.” Recruiting offices were opened in New York and Trenton and a depot established at Fort Hamilton on Long Island. On September 17, 1861, its 964 soldiers joined Sherman’s expedition to South Carolina and fought with distinction at the Battle of Port Royal. While the Forty-Eighth was posted at Fort Pulaski, Perry was felled by stroke, dying instantly on June 18, 1862. Abraham J. Palmer, The History of the Forty-Eighth Regiment New York State Volunteers, in the War for the Union, 1861–1865 (Brooklyn: Veteran Association of the Regiment, 1885), 2–7, 43; James L. Haley, Sam Houston (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2002), 136–137, 155, 279. 280. Rudolph Rosa (1824–1901) was born in Silesia, Germany, and served as an engineer officer in the Prussian army. Like some other “Forty-Eighters,” he arrived in the United States as a refugee with combat experience, but his engineering skills afforded him another distinction. By 1861, he was a surveyor for the U.S. Coast Survey. With war, Rosa decided to raise a regiment, which the War Department authorized on July 23, 1861, but with a condition: Rosa must be ready to deploy by August 13 (later revised to September 12). The German Committee, led by Frederick Kapp—an antislavery journalist, Republican, and German-American leader—helped equip this unit, eventually numbered the Forty-Sixth New York 356 | Notes to Page 134

Infantry. Meanwhile, the udc appropriated $5,000 for expenses, the state commissary issued ammunition, and the U.S. government contributed arms, tents, and some other equipment. General E. L. Viele’s wife presented the all-German Forty-Sixth Infantry with its colors. Rosa’s regiment was assigned to Sherman’s expedition and proceeded to South Carolina. Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of Military Statistics. State of New York. Submitted to the Legislature February 11, 1867 (Albany: Weed Parsons & Co., 1867), 85–86; Hunt, Colonels in Blue, New York, 244. 281. Francis L. Vinton (1835–1879) was born in Maine’s Fort Preble, where his West Point-educated father was an army officer. (Vinton’s father was later killed at Vera Cruz.) Like his father and two uncles, Vinton attended the academy. He graduated in 1856 and left immediately for France, where he attended the esteemed École des Mines, graduating in 1860. He returned to the United States before the war to teach mechanical drawing at New York City’s Cooper Union. After the attack on Fort Sumter, Vinton was given a Regular Army rank of captain. Morgan appointed him colonel of the Forty-Third New York Infantry on August 3, 1861. He led this unit on the Peninsula as a part of Sixth Corps, which was not active at Second Bull Run or Lee’s Maryland Campaign. He saw action at Fredericksburg and was severely wounded, ending his military career. He was appointed to brigadier general on April 9, 1863 (to date from March 13), then resigned on May 5, 1863. Between 1864 and 1877, he taught civil and mining engineering at Columbia School of Mines, afterwards relocating to Colorado to work as a mining consultant. Warner, Generals in Blue, 528. 282. Guilford Dudley Bailey (1834–1862) was born in Martinsburg, New York. He graduated from West Point in 1856. Between graduation and the war, he remained in the Regular Army. He was stationed at Fort Brown when Fort Sumter was attacked; when Twiggs offered the garrison to the Confederates, he and Stoneman refused to surrender. Bailey escaped to Mexico then made his way back to New York. He was commissioned a first lieutenant with the Second U.S. Artillery on May 14, 1861; on August 3, he was made a captain in the Commissary of Subsistence. On September 25, Morgan commissioned him colonel of the First New York Light Artillery. He was killed at the battle of Fair Oaks on May 31, 1862. Herringshaw’s Encyclopedia of American Biography of the Nineteenth Century (Chicago: American Publishers’ Association, 1901), 66; Hunt, Colonels in Blue, New York, 35. 283. OR.I.6.172–173. 284. OR.II.2.497. Despite lobbying by Kennedy, ­Bengue was apparently never arrested and suppression of the sheet did not go beyond denial of mail access. On February 24, 1862, the State Department informally asked a judge to read excerpts from the Zeitung and opine on

whether its criticisms were legally actionable. The judge (probably William Hogan of St. Lawrence, New York, who had served as a county judge and, by 1861, held the position of translator for the State Department) sagely replied that, “My fingers itch to write yes, but yet second thought suggests that the result would probably only increase circulation and influence. The surest counteraction would come from the columns of an ably conducted German paper from the now very gratifying progress of events, and of the earliest possible inoculation of our German citizens with a passable knowledge of our language.” OR.II.2.504–505; Lanman, Biographical Annals, 241. 285. George Von Amsberg (1821–1876) was born in Hildesheim, Germany. He served in the Austrian army, commanding a unit of Hungarian Hussars, apparently so enamored of Hungarian that he spoke it in preference to German. When his unit joined the revolution of 1848, Von Amsberg went with it; afterwards, he was sentenced to prison. He immigrated to the United States in the late 1850s and taught riding in Hoboken. He was commissioned major of the Fifth New York State Militia, a three-month unit, on May 1, 1861. After discharge, he was commissioned colonel of the Forty-Fifth on October 7, 1861. Postwar, he managed a hotel. “The FortyEighters in the Civil War,” by Ella Lonn, contained in The Forty-Eighters, Political Refugees of the German Revolution of 1848, edited by A. E. Zucker (New York: Russell & Russell, 1950), 203, 272; Hunt, Colonels in Blue, New York, 287. 286. Daniel D. Bidwell (1819–1864) was born in Black Rock (now part of Buffalo), a center of Great Lakes shipbuilding in the first half of the nineteenth century. (His father Benjamin Bidwell of Stanard & Bidwell was among the Queen City’s first and most prominent shipbuilders; Buffalo’s Bidwell Parkway is named after him.) In 1854 Daniel Bidwell entered local politics, serving on Buffalo’s city council; by 1861, he was a police justice for the city. But what really captured his interest was militia service, and his pre-war company was noted throughout New York “for its high grade of drill and discipline.” After the attack on Fort Sumter, Bidwell joined the Sixty-Fifth nysm as a private. He was soon elected to company captain; a series of administrative posts ­followed, including brigade inspector. Later, perhaps seeking a return to the line, he took a position in the Seventy-Fourth Infantry. During the summer of 1861, however, Buffalo’s Committee on the Defense of the Union passed resolutions inviting Bidwell to organize a second Buffalo regiment (the first was the Twenty-First nysm, a three-month unit). In exchange, the committee promised to subsist the unit during formation. On July 30, Bidwell circulated his first call for recruits. On August 1, the War Department granted authority, and when the

state assumed control on September 18, Bidwell’s unit was enumerated the Forty-Ninth New York. The state completed its organization by adding the Fremont Rifles from West Chester to the western New York companies recruited by Bidwell. On September 20, the regiment left the state. Bidwell fought with his unit on the Peninsula, and saw action at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville (during which he led a brigade), Gettysburg, and the Overland Campaign. On August 11, 1864, at the recommendation of George Meade, Bidwell was confirmed as a brigadier general. He died from wounds suffered at the Battle of Cedar Creek on October 19, 1864. Appletons I.258; H. Perry Smith, History of the City of Buffalo and Erie County, with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of some of its prominent men and Pioneers, in Two Volumes, edited by H. Perry Smith (Syracuse, New York: D. Mason & Co., Publishers, 1884), vol. 1 of 2, 250, 234; Our County and Its People: A Descriptive Work on Erie County, New York, edited by Truman C. White (The Boston History Company, Publishers, 1898), vol. 1, 380, 392; Warner, Generals in Blue, 32–33; New York in the War of Rebellion, 411. 287. Charles Beebe Stuart (1814–1881) was born in Chittenango Springs and graduated from Union College. He started his career in civil engineering, beginning with the construction of the Philadelphia, Wil­ mington & Baltimore Railroad. A prolific author on engineering topics and engineers, his subjects included dry docks (well-read in Europe), steamers, mail transports, waterworks, railroads, and The Lives and Works of Civil and Military Engineers of America (1871). In 1847, while living in Geneva, New York, he was elected to a two-year term as state engineer. He was the first to conceive of a suspension bridge across the Niagara River and, while others would build it, Stuart’s wife would be the first to cross it. He next worked for the U.S. government, building the Brooklyn dry docks. He was appointed chief engineer of the U.S. Navy in 1850, a post he held until 1853. On July 26, 1861, Stuart was authorized to raise an infantry regiment, later designated the Fiftieth Regiment of Engineers. His vision was of an engineer regiment, recruited from ordinary men, who would then receive competent training. With its members chiefly from upstate New York, the unit deployed on September 20, 1861. They fought—and built, corduroyed, fortified, and bridged—with great distinction alongside the Army of the Potomac. Stuart was discharged for disability on June 3, 1863, citing respiratory ailments. Appletons, V.728; The New York Civil List, containing the Names and Origins of the Civil Divisions, and the Names and Dates of Election or Appointment of the Principal State and County Officers, from the ­Revolution to the Present Time (Albany: Weed, Parsons & Co., Publishers, 1858), 37–38; New York in the War of Rebellion, 373; Hunt, Colonels in Blue, New York, 268; “A Notes to Page 134 | 357

Distinguished Engineer Dead, Gen. Charles B. Stewart Dies From the Effects of a Sprained Ankle,” New York Times, January 5, 1881. The Times was mistaken about two things—it misspelled Stuart’s name, and he was not a general, by brevet or otherwise. 288. OR.III.1.532–533, 534. 289. William Marvel, Burnside (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 32–33; OR.III.1.535, 537. 290. OR.III.1.540. 291. Edward W. Serrell (1826–1906) was born in London. He was appointed to the First New York Engineers on February 14, 1862, and remained in technical command of that unit until he was mustered out on February 13, 1865. During the interim, however, he was appointed by Benjamin Butler as acting chief of staff and also served as chief engineer for the Department of the South. On March 13, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier general “For Meritorious Services during the War.” Hunt, Colonels in Blue, New York, 13; Hunt and Brown, Brevet Brigadiers in Blue, 544; Dyer, 1403–1404. 292. OR.III.1.544–545. If Morgan’s intent by writing Seward was to move Cameron, it worked. 293. “General Anderson” was Robert Anderson of Fort Sumter fame. 294. OR.III.1.546–547. The New York Times listed Morgan’s date of appointment as September 28, “Appointments Made in the Volunteer Force Called into Service under the Acts Approved July 22 and 24, 61,” New York Times, January 11, 1862. 295. OR.III.1.550, 552–553. The four units were the Warren Fusileers [sic], Shepard Rifles (Fifty-First New York), Scott Rifles, and a “regiment now forming from Butterfield’s old regiment.” For Cameron’s reply to Morgan’s letter, see OR.III.1.567. 296. OR.III.1.556–557. 297. OR.III.1.558–560. Meigs gave Morgan some candid insight into the federal government’s cash-flow problems: “The Secretary of War called the officers of the bureaus together last night to meet the Secretary of the Treasury, and while all agree that men are necessary to maintain the country, and, in order to make these men effective, equipments, wagons, and horses, yet the Treasury finds it difficult to meet the great calls, which at this time, when every soldier is to be provided with a complete outfit, when every army is purchasing the means of transportation, are much heavier than they will be when the expenditure is confined to keeping up a stock of animals, wagons, clothing, arms and ammunition once provided and paid for. . . . No nation probably ever so quickly and so thoroughly organized and equipped so large and army and so nearly paid its way as we have done.” 298. James Barrett Swain (1820–1895) was born in 358 | Notes to Pages 134–137

New York City. He worked in a print shop with Horace Greeley, then served as private secretary to Senator Henry Clay (1838–1839). Afterwards, he partnered with Greeley in publishing the Log Cabin, a pro-Whig newspaper that promoted William Henry Harrison (Clay’s rival) for president in 1840. The venture launched both men on newspaper careers. Greeley founded the Tribune in 1841. Swain wrote and edited the Life and Speeches of Henry Clay (2 vols., 1842) followed by Historical Notes to a Collection of the Speeches of Henry Clay (2 vols., 1843), then became editor of the Hudson River Chronicle (1843–1849), while also moonlighting as clerk of the Sing-Sing prison (1848–1849). Greeley hired Swain as city editor of the Tribune in 1850. As Swain’s stature as a journalist grew, he moved to the newly founded New York Times (1851–1852), became editor of the American Agriculturalist (1852), was hired as a political contributor to the Times (1853–1859), and then became its Washington correspondent during the critical period of 1860–1861. (Swain also served as a New York State railroad commissioner between 1855 and 1857.) During the 1850s, Swain had shifted from Whig to Republican. In 1856, he edited the Free State Advocate, sponsored by the National Republican Committee. While contributing to the Times, he also served as editor of the Albany Daily Statesman (1857–1861). On November 1, 1861, Swain was commissioned a second lieutenant in the First U.S. Cavalry; he was promoted to first lieutenant on February 24, 1862. In the meantime, he was raising a cavalry unit, nicknamed “Scott’s 900,” that would eventually be numbered the Eleventh New York Cavalry; on April 30, 1862, he was commissioned its colonel. The Eleventh divided its service between the vicinity of Washington and the Louisiana bayous. On February 12, 1864, Swain was dismissed from the service for “making false musters, neglect of duty, and repeated and perseverant disobedience of orders.” The findings were revoked on February 24, 1866, however, and Swain received an honorable discharge. In the meantime, he was hired by Fenton as engineer-in-chief of the New York National Guard, thereby earning the honorific, “general.” Postwar, Swain held several patronage positions, including U.S. weigher (1867–1870) and post office inspector (1881–1885). He returned to the editorship of the Chronicle between 1876 and 1885. Swain also was credited with inventing the journalist’s trick of “dummy dispatches”—in his case, paying a town’s only telegraph officer to transmit a copy of the Bible (to tie up the line) while he prepared his story. When his copy was ready, he instructed the operator to stop with the Bible and send his story instead. “General James B. Swain,” New York Times, May 28, 1895; as quoted in Hunt, Colonels in Blue, New York, 271; Appletons, VI.3. 299. OR.III.1.562.

300. OR.III.1.564. 301. OR.III.1.567–568. 302. Henry C. Hodges (1831–1917) was born in Vermont and appointed from that state to West Point, graduating in 1851. He served on the frontier for the next decade. On May 17, 1861, he was appointed captain with orders to serve as a quartermaster on Governor Morgan’s staff. Hodges served as purchasing and disbursing quartermaster: clothing and equipping New York volunteers, arranging for the transport of troops to the Peninsula between February and September 1862, and building barracks at Buffalo, Auburn, Fonda, Plattsburg, and Staten Island. As of June 30, 1862, Hodges also was responsible for chartering vessels. He was transferred to quartermaster’s duty with the Army of the Potomac in January 1863, serving in various capacities in the western theater. On March 13, 1865, he was double brevetted to major and lieutenant colonel “For Faithful and Meritorious Services during the Rebellion.” Postwar, he remained with the army, retiring from active service on January 14, 1895. He died in Buffalo. Cullum, Biographical Register, third edition, vol. 2, 465–466; OR.III.2.835. 303. OR.III.1.569–570. Meigs relates that Secretary Chase had gone to New York to negotiate loans, presumably from New York banks, to fund this amount. He also expressed hope that the bind in federal cash flow would be temporary: “We are largely in debt to contractors at all the principal points of purchase and I fear we will so remain for some time to come, though, if we once get the troops equipped the great stimulus to manufacturing, and the importations which we may reasonably expect from Europe before long, will, I trust, enable us to keep them from suffering.” It is unclear if by the word “them” Meigs meant under-equipped troops or cash-starved contractors. 304. American Catholics and Slavery: 1789–1866, An Anthology of Primary Documents, edited by Kenneth Zanca (Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1994), 247. 305. OR.III.1.572. 306. OR.III.1.575–576. 307. OR.III.1.579–580. To Burnside went the FiftyFirst through Fifty-Fourth Regiments of infantry; to Washington went the Forty-Fourth, and the Fifty-Sixth through Fifty-Ninth. Also to Washington went the First and Second Regiments of artillery, and the First Cavalry Regiment. 308. OR.III.1.580, 581. See also OR.III.1.596, Morgan to Cameron, expressing continuing concern about recruiting cavalry units. Morgan’s reply to Seward is not in the Official Records; the quoted material is Morgan’s paraphrase of this letter contained in a later communication. See OR.III.1.646. 309. OR.II.2.802. McMaster simultaneously filed a

written protest, declaring “there is no warrant of law or justice in requiring the oath of me.” 310. Terence J. Kennedy was living in Auburn in 1861, a “paint merchant” and an active artilleryman in the state militia. On January 11, he asked Morgan for authority to raise troops. Morgan declined with thanks, but Kennedy would not be deterred. According to the regimental history, he was “a close student of public affairs” and saw war coming. A month before Fort Sumter was attacked, Kennedy decided to raise troops on his own hook and organized an artillery unit in Auburn. After twenty days, he only had 5 signatures; by April 17, however, that number had grown to 130. He again offered troops to Morgan, who now accepted conditionally, saying he could only take infantry. On April 24, Kennedy’s men were sworn in as infantry; they would ultimately become Company B of the Nineteenth New York. The Third New York Artillery would become attached to the Nineteenth, and Kennedy would eventually be promoted to lieutenant colonel of the latter. Henry Hall and James Hall, Cayuga in the Field, A Record of the 19th New York Volunteers, all the Batteries of the 3d New York Artillery, and 75th New York Volunteers (Auburn, New York: no publisher, 1873), 18–20, 79. 311. OR.III.1.595. 312. OR.III.1.598, 599. 313. OR.III.1.597. 314. OR.III.1.604, 605. Cameron will honor New York’s sponsorship of Swain’s Eleventh New York Cavalry. On October 29, aag Scott, replying to an October 25 question from Morgan (not found in the Official Records) also states that the War Department “has determined not to authorize any increase in the mounted force.” OR.III.1.608. 315. Alexander, vol. 3, 21–23. 316. OR.III.1.607–608. 317. OR.III.1.610. The shortages of the Springfield rifled-musket (combined with its good reputation) created a political problem for the War Department. After learning that the Forty-Fourth New York had been armed with Springfields, Ohio Governor William Dennison complained to aag Scott that “Ohio has not received a Springfield since the war began, and, as the War Department has been repeatedly advised, Ohio has regiments ready for the field waiting for arms. Has not Ohio reason to complain?” OR.III.1.610–611. 318. OR.III.1.613. 319. New York in the War of Rebellion, 16. 320. OR.III.1.646. Seward’s suggestions were omitted from the Official Records. 321. Tribune Almanac, 1861, 57. Although SAW does not usually provide the results of state attorney general elections, it does so here to illustrate the importance of the 1861 fusion of the Republican and Peoples’ parties. Notes to Pages 137–139 | 359

322. Dubin, Party Affiliations, 136. 323. OR.III.1.622–623 324. Wladimir Krzyanowski (1824–1887) was born in Raznova, Poland, a first cousin to Frederick Chopin. He participated in Poland’s 1848 revolt against Prussia; after its failure, he fled to the United States, settled in New York City, and became a civil engineer. His specialty was railroads, and during the 1850s he worked in Virginia and elsewhere. On April 17, 1861, Krzyanowski enlisted in Washington, D.C., as a private, probably for shortterm service. By the summer, he was in New York City recruiting a mixed group of Polish and German émigrés to form the Fifty-Eighth New York Volunteers, known as the “Polish Legion.” The unit deployed on November 7 to the Washington defenses. Krzyanowski (whose army nickname was “Kriz”) saw action under Fremont at Cross Keys and at Second Manassas (where he led the brigade). He was nominated for brigadier general on November 29, 1862, but the Senate did not act and the appointment expired. Assigned to the ill-starred Eleventh Corps, his unit was flanked by Jackson at Chancellorsville and saw brutal service at Gettysburg. Transferred west later in 1863, the brigade participated in Chattanooga. During the Atlanta campaign, Krzyanowski was assigned guard duty at several key railroad junctions in Sherman’s rear. He was brevetted a brigadier general on March 2, 1865, and mustered out on October 1. Postwar, he was appointed to federal offices in California and Alaska, and received a diplomatic post in South America. In 1883, he was appointed a treasury agent at the New York customhouse. Warner, Generals in Blue, 273–274; Stanley S. Sokol with Sharon F. Mrotek Kissane, The Polish Biographical Dictionary: Profiles of nearly 900 Poles who have made lasting contributions to World Civilization (Wauconda, Illinois: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1992), 214. 325. Paul Frank (1828–1875) was born in Saxony, Germany. Answering the call after Fort Sumter, he served as a first lieutenant and adjutant for the threemonth Fifth nysm. After muster out, Frank organized the three-year Fifty-Second New York by consolidating his own six companies, known as the “German Ran­gers,” with four companies of the Sigel Rifles. He enrolled in New York City on October 25, 1861, and was commissioned colonel on November 14, 1861, to date from October 29. He mustered out near Stevensburg on November 9, 1864. Frank was brevetted a brigadier general on March 13, 1865. Postwar, he served as a U.S. marshal at the consular court in Kanagawa, Japan (1866–1868), and as vice consul at Osaka and Hiogo (1871–1872). Hunt and Brown, Brevet Brigadiers in Blue, 214; J. G. Rosenngarten, The German Soldier in the Wars of the United States (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1890), 219. 360 | Notes to Pages 139–140

326. OR.III.1.647. This letter is not found in the Official Records but can be inferred from Morgan’s November 15 letter to Totten. 327. OR.III.1.643. At this time, Colonel John Jay Viele commanded the Ninety-Fourth Infantry; on January 6, 1862, he resigned and was succeeded by his first cousin, Henry Knickerbocker Viele. 328. Richard I. Dodge (1827–1895) graduated from West Point in 1848 and was assigned to the Eighth U.S. Infantry as a second lieutenant. Except for brief stints in Michigan and St. Louis’s Jefferson Barracks, he spent the period between graduation and 1855 in Texas: San Antonio, Fort Lincoln, Fort Martin Scott, Camp Johnston, Fort Chadbourne, Ringgold Barracks, Camp Lox Laxas, Fort Davis and Fort Bliss. His service was occasionally punctuated by action, including a skirmish with Comanches at the San Sabe River on March 22, 1851. Promoted to first lieutenant in 1855, he would spend the next five years in the east: on recruiting service and teaching infantry tactics at West Point. By 1861, he was on garrison duty at Fort Wood (future home of the Statue of Liberty). On May 3, 1861, he was promoted to captain, Eighth U.S. Infantry, and saw action (his last during the war) at First Bull Run. That July and August he was garrisoned in the Washington defenses but was soon sent to command the Elmira Camp of Instruction and Recruiting—essentially, to organize New York volunteers for the war. Between October 16 and December 31, 1861, Dodge was super­intendent of volunteer recruiting at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, followed by a change in assignment to chief mustering and disbursing officer for the state of Pennsylvania, headquartered at Harrisburg, between January 1 and September 30, 1862. Dodge essentially spent the war years replicating his successes in processing troops and, later, administering the March 3, 1863, Enrollment Act in different locations, as necessity (and state politics) would dictate. Between October 1, 1862, and February 28, 1863, he helped process Marylanders for war, with a brief stint (and staff promotion to lieutenant colonel) as assistant inspector general of the Fourth Army Corps (January 1 to February 21, 1863). From March 1 to December 9, 1863, he returned to Harrisburg as chief mustering and disbursing officer, then served only as disbursing officer between December 9, 1863, and September 1, 1864, with a promotion to major, Twelfth U.S. Infantry, on June 21, 1864. Between August 1, 1864, and February 27, 1865, Dodge united the three processing and enforcement roles in Pennsylvania: he was aapmg for the Western District, superintendent of the Volunteer Recruiting Service, and chief mustering and disbursing officer for the same district. Politics drove him out of Pennsylvania, but not down in the estimation of pmg Fry. On February 27, 1865, he was trans-

ferred to New York City as aapmg, where he remained until the end of the war. On March 30, 1865, Dodge was brevetted lieutenant colonel “For Meritorious and Faithful Services in the Recruitment of the Armies of the United States.” Dodge had a long and very distinguished postwar career that involved several decades of frontier service, which included the Indian Wars as well as administrative assignments. (Dodge City was named after him.) He published Plains of the Great West (1876), Black Hills (1876), and Our Wild Indians (1881). He retired from the army on May 19, 1891. Cullum, Biographical Register, third edition, vol. 2, 356–357. See also Wayne R. Kime’s biography, Richard Irving Dodge: The Life and Times of a Career Army Officer (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2010). 329. OR.III.1.647. Dodge’s letter has been included because it deals with New York residents. The 1860 Census counted only 140 New York residents as Indians (“Table 41: Population of the United States by Counties, Census 1860,” Kennedy, Preliminary Report, 272–273). This number was low by a factor of 27 at least. In 1855, the New York census counted 3,774 Indians; in 1860, the U.S. Indian Office counted 3,945—and these figures included only the Six Nations of New York. Thomas Donaldson, Eleventh Census Bulletin. Indians. The Six Nations of New York: Cayugas, Mohawks (Saint Regis), Oneidas, Onondagas, Senecas, Tuscaroras (Washington, D.C.: United States Census Printing Office, 1892), 6. 330. A Memorial Record of the New-York Branch of the United States Christian Commission, compiled under the direction of the Executive Committee (New York: John A. Gray & Green, Printers, 1866), 7. William E. Dodge became the chairman of the New York branch, which was formally established on December 8, 1862. 331. OR.III.1.656–657. 332. Colonel David Webb would eventually serve with the Thirteenth Regiment of New York Cavalry. New York in the War of Rebellion, 313. 333. OR.III.1.659. 334. OR.III.1.672–673; 675. This rule was uniform: “No general commanding a department has authority to give orders to any officers on this duty.” See OR.III.1.675–676 regarding state agents. 335. Andrew Jackson Morrison (1831–1907) was born in Argyle to a veteran of the War of 1812. At age sixteen, unhappy in his father’s window-blind business, Morrison ran away from home and enlisted in a New York militia company bound for California. (The Mexican War had begun.) His father found him on Governor’s Island and compelled his discharge, but the boy ran off again, this time enlisting at Philadelphia in the First U.S. Dragoons. Although Morrison was discharged for being underage and undersized, Captain John Butler of Company B took him to Mexico as an adc. When Butler died of

fever, Morrison returned to New Orleans with Butler’s body. While there he joined with Narciso Lopez, a Cuban nationalist recruiting a filibustering expedition. When the 500-man force was crushed by the Spanish, Lopez and others were executed; Morrison’s ship never landed. By 1850, Morrison had returned to New York, where he befriended the Italian exile Garibaldi. (A decade later he would join Garibaldi in Italy, be commissioned a captain, and participate in Italian unification.) In 1855 Morrison helped recruit a unit named the Worth Legion for a second Cuban expedition. Although it never deployed to Cuba, the unit enlisted with William Walker’s Nicaraguan expedition. While docked in New York Harbor, the transport vessel was raided and Morrison arrested. After his release, he immediately joined Walker’s forces in Nicaragua. He returned to New York for his trial and was acquitted of having violated U.S. neutrality laws. Between that time and his departure for Italy, Morrison was an editor for the Troy Daily Times and also worked in railroading. When news of the attack on Fort Sumter reached him, Morrison was with Garibaldi’s forces in Italy. He returned home, helped raise the Seventh New York Cavalry, and was commissioned its colonel on November 6, 1861. The unit’s service was brief, mustering out on March 31, 1862. Morrison stayed on and became a volunteer adc to General Innis Palmer. He served through the Peninsula Campaign and was wounded at Oak Grove. In the fall of 1862, while Palmer was organizing New Jersey regiments, Morrison was appointed to command the Twenty-Sixth New Jersey, a nine-month unit. After the battle of Fredericksburg, he was accused of drunkenness. He was court-martialed in June 1863 and dismissed, but the finding was revoked in February 1864. Even before the revocation, New Jersey’s adjutant general, convinced of Morrison’s innocence, appointed him colonel of the Third New Jersey Cavalry (on November 4, 1863). He was court-martialed again in 1864 but resigned, apparently before a verdict, in August. Postwar, he worked as a railway postal agent and resided in Watervliet, New York. Peter T. Lubrecht, New Jersey Butterfly Boys in the Civil War: The Hussars of the Union Army (Charleston, South Carolina: The History Press, 2011), 19–25; Hunt, Colonels in Blue, New York, 208. 336. John Beardsley (1816–1906) was born in Fairfield. He was educated at Fairfield Academy and displayed aptitude for Latin and mathematics; during winter term, he taught school in Salisbury. He graduated from West Point in 1841, was brevetted a second lieutenant, and assigned to the Eighth U.S. Infantry. After brief service at Fort Columbus, New York, he served in the Florida War (1841–1842) and in several Florida garrisons. He was assigned to the military occupation of Texas (1845–1846) until the Mexican War. In Mexico, he Notes to Pages 140–141 | 361

fought at Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, San Antonio, Churubusco, and Molino del Rey, where he was severely wounded. He had attained first lieutenant in 1846 and was brevetted captain “for Gallant and Meritorious Conduct in the battle of Molino del Ray.” After recovering from his wounds, he returned to frontier duty in Texas (1849–1853) and was promoted full captain in 1849. He resigned on December 31, 1853. Between his resignation and the war, Beardsley returned to his farm near Athens, New York, and engaged in agriculture. After the attack on Fort Sumter, he was commissioned colonel of the Ninth New York Cavalry. On November 29, the Ninth left the state unarmed and without mounts. After months reluctantly serving as infantry support for artillery, the unit was demoralized. On May 22, 1862, McClellan ordered the unit mustered out. After brief service in Washington, however, the unit was mounted and under Beardsley’s command, and served in Pope’s army during Second Bull Run. At some point following this campaign, Beardsley was charged with “uttering disloyal sentiments and language tending to demoralize his command, cowardice, and conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman.” Rather than face court-martial, Beardsley resigned on April 8, 1863. He returned to Athens and remained there until his death. Thirty-Fifth Annual Reunion of the Association of the Graduates of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, June 14th, 1904 (Saginaw, Michigan: Seemann & Peters, Printers, 1904), 83–88; Cullum, Biographical Register, second edition, vol. 2, 29; as quoted in Hunt, Colonels in Blue, New York, 42. 337. Samuel J. Crooks (d. 1892) was born on Staten Island but his family likely resided in Nunda (Livingston County), where his father probably taught school in the 1820s. Crooks attended the Nunda Institute, read law in Nunda around 1846, and was admitted to practice there and in Rochester. During the 1850s, he was a Nativist; in 1855, he stood for state assembly on the American Party ticket. Crooks seemed to be a born commander. A contemporary recalled that “[Crooks] said ‘Come’ instead of ‘Go.’ . . . As a recruiting officer he excelled: the ‘Come and go with me boys’ was magical, no wonder he got to be Colonel.” The Eighth had left New York by November 30, 1861, and was on duty in the Washington defenses until March 1862, but Crooks himself resigned on February 21, 1862. Quite improbably, Crooks appears again on August 26, 1862, as a private with the Thirty-Third New York Infantry, a two-year unit of which one company (F) was recruited at Nunda. He was honorably discharged on December 22, 1862. On September 24, 1863, Crooks was authorized to raise the three-year Twenty-Second New York Cavalry. It departed New York in March 1864— just in time for Grant’s Overland Campaign. During the Battle of the Wilderness, Crooks gave a false alarm 362 | Notes to Pages 141–142

(in someone’s opinion), an offense against the Articles of War. Before the court-martial could release its findings, Crooks was captured at Reams Station (on June 30, 1864). He was transferred to a series of Confederate prisons in Richmond, Macon, and Columbia while the court-martial handed down his dismissal from the army. In August, Confederate Secretary of War Seddon ordered him “placed in irons” in retaliation for the treatment accorded a Confederate officer by the Twenty-Second Cavalry. But when Dr. T. L. Ogier of the Confederate Army examined Crooks, he found him “affected with chronic disease, and . . . unfit to be put in solitary confinement.” Several days after Ogier’s recommendation, Crooks apparently attempted to escape from the hospital. A bureaucrat with Seddon’s office noted that “the order was carried into execution,” i.e., he was returned to irons. Crooks was paroled on December 10, 1864; the courtmartial findings were revoked on March 23, 1865. Centennial History of the Town of Nunda, 1808–1908, edited by Henry Wells Hand (Rochester Herald Press, 1908), 306, 293, 413, 333; Lockwood L. Doty, A History of Livingston County New York, from its earliest traditions to its part in the war for our Union (Geneseo: Edward D. Doty, 1876), 457–458; New York in the War of Rebellion, 398; Hunt, Colonels in Blue, New York, 90; OR.II.7.593, 669–670. 338. OR.III.1.675. In his dispatch about cavalry, Morgan also refers to parts of two cavalry regiments training at Elmira: “I hope they will attach themselves to some of the infantry regiments now forming in this State.” 339. OR.III.1.679. 340. The Deutsches Volksgarten, located at 45 Bowery, probably was the most popular establishment of its kind in New York’s German community; catering to families, it featured lager, popular music, and light gambling. It was circular in design with a stage in the rear and a gallery above—a good venue for a mayoral candidate to address a cross-section of New York’s ­German-Americans. Brooks McNamara, The New York Concert Saloon: The Devil’s Own Nights (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 101. 341. OR.II.2.1269–1271. 342. OR.II.2.1267. 343. OR.II.2.1268–1275. Seward must have been inundated with New York press clippings; at least four people complained about the speech and sent articles and editorials. 344. OR.III.1.685, 687. For more details, the original engineering should be consulted. On December 9, Totten submitted the following presumably “harder” cost estimates through June 30, 1863, per fort: Fort Schuyler, $25,000; Willet’s Point, $250,000; Fort Richmond, $25,000; Fort Tompkins, $250,000; Staten Island, $100,000; Sandy Hook, $300,000. See OR.III.1.732.

345. OR.III.1.698. 346. OR.III.1.699. 347. Tribune Almanac, 1861, 58. 348. OR.III.1.724, 726. 349. William A. Dart (1814–1891) was born in Smith’s Corners (West Potsdam). As a young man, Dart farmed in summer and went to school in winter, attending St. Lawrence Academy (now State University of New York at Potsdam). Between 1834 and 1840, he clerked in several law offices. He was admitted to the bar in 1840, appointed a state district attorney in 1845, and elected to the state senate as a Democrat in 1849. By 1861 he was a Republican, however, and in April of that year Lincoln appointed him U.S. attorney for the Northern District of New York. In 1866 he earned distinction in helping to prevent Fenian attacks on Canada. In 1869 Grant appointed him consul general to the British Provinces of North America. Proceedings of the New York State Bar Association, Fifteenth Annual Meeting, Held at the City of Albany, January 19 and 20, 1892 (Albany: Printed for the New York State Bar Association, 1892), 128–130. 350. OR.III.1.750–751. 351. OR.III.1.755. It is unclear which “case of Denmark” Hillhouse meant, although the Second Battle of Copenhagen (1807) comes closest by way of analogy. 352. OR.III.1.756. 353. OR.III.1.758–759; Morgan’s arguments foreshadow those that will run between federal and state officials throughout the war. 354. OR.III.1.760–761. In retrospect, Cameron’s notion that no additional regiments would be required seems myopic, given how central recruiting became to the war effort. Writing in December 1861, however, Cameron could not have known that the war would become a casualty mill of epic proportions (the Battle of Shiloh was four months away). Moreover, this sense of sufficiency appeared episodically throughout the war; it was famously shared (with equal conviction) by Stanton as well. (See entry for April 3, 1862.) See AG.61.22–23 for the adjutant general’s objections to GO No. 105. 355. OR.III.1.766–774. 356. Messages from the Governors, 249–305. The address was delivered on January 2. 357. Laws of the State of New York passed at the EightyFourth Session of the Legislature, begun January First, and ended April Sixteenth, 1861, in the city of Albany (Albany: Munsell & Rowland, 1861), 819–820 [hereafter cited as NY.PL.61, with page numbers]. 358. NY.PL.61.821. 359. NY.PL.61.822–823. By another resolution passed on February 8, Thurlow Weed was appointed to replace Addison Gardiner. 360. NY.PL.61.824–825.

361. NY.PL.61.26. 362. Messages from the Governors, 356–357. The New York legislature remained in session until April 16. 363. NY.PL.61.634–636. 364. NY.PL.61.664–666. Under this chapter, Morgan will spend, through January 7, 1862, $180,000 for 10,000 Enfields; $18,000 for 100,000 lbs. of cannon powder; and $79,229 for “material for obstruction of [the] Narrows of N.Y. Harbor.” Messages from the Governors, 414–415. 365. New York in the War of Rebellion, 26. These are Phisterer’s numbers, published twenty-five years after the war. These should be compared with those found at OR.III.4.1264 and 72–73. In his report for 1861, the adjutant general asserted that total strength furnished was 120,316 men, including in his total 14,283 men still in state as of January 1, 1862. AG.61.17. Those wishing a third set of numbers for comparison should consult Morgan’s annual message dated January 7, 1862. As of that date, Morgan listed 120,578 as the “Aggregate number of men raised in State.” Messages from the Governors, 404. 366. OR.III.4.1264. These figures do not match those given by Phisterer, and are provided here only to evidence the “structural” background (that is, the federal calls and quotas) against which New York sent troops. For another set of figures on 1861 calls and credits, see Annual Report of the Adjutant General of the State of New York, transmitted to the Legislature, February 1, 1864, Volume I (Albany: Comstock & Cassidy, 1864), 12–13 [hereafter cited as AG.63, with page number]. This document numbers the calls at 109,056 (89,641 three-year men plus 30,131 two-year men) and the number furnished at 119,772. In his 1863 report, Sprague arrived at his final figure (109,056) by reducing his two-year recruits to a threeyear standard; thus, he subtracted 10,044 from the total men furnished in 1861. 367. OR.III.1.907–908. By January 14, 1862, New York had contributed the most men and had the most generals (22). Second-ranked Pennsylvania had a total of 9 generals. Such bean-counting mattered because Congress was concerned that general officer appointments reflect state troop contributions. On January 7, 1862, Senator Garrett Davis of Kentucky introduced a resolution that required the War Department to produce (among other data) “the number of brigadier generals and other brigade officers that have been nominated to the Senate for its confirmation, first from the regular Army, and second, from without the regular Army, of each class, stating the number of each class from each State and Territory . . . and also what number of each class would be entitled to of the whole number of such nominations made.” “Volunteers in Service,” Congressional Globe, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 199. 368. AAC.61.523–524. Notes to Pages 142–148 | 363

369. AG.61.30. 370. McKay, 96–97; 117. 371. Messages from the Governors, 410–411. 372. AAC.61.533.

new york: 1862 1. New York in the War of Rebellion, 19. 2. John C. Nash (1803–1865) was born in Caledonia, New York, and educated at Hamilton College. After graduation he relocated to Rochester and read law in the offices of future mayor Isaac Hills. By 1834, he had been admitted to the bar; that same year, he was elected Rochester’s city clerk. In 1840, he was appointed master in chancery and, in 1846, clerk of Monroe County. In 1861, Nash was elected mayor of Rochester as a Republican. Rochester and Post Express: A History of the City of Rochester form the earliest times (Rochester: The Post Express Printing Company, 1895), 98. 3. Hiram Sibley (1807–1888) was born in North Adams, Massachusetts, and relocated to western New York at the age of sixteen. A mechanical genius, Sibley worked as a wool carder, machinist, and iron founder. In 1843, he was elected sheriff of Monroe County and moved to Rochester. Sibley had been working with Samuel F.B. Morse on telegraphy since before 1840; that year, he went with Morse to Washington to lobby for an appropriation of $40,000 to install a telegraph line between Washington and Baltimore. The money was given and the telegraph was born. After some false starts, Sibley acquired partners’ interests and eventually founded the Western Union Telegraph Company with himself as president. During the next sixteen years, he increased the number of telegraph offices from 132 to over 4,000; the Atlantic and Pacific line would be installed under his aegis. (Sibley wanted to circumvent the Atlantic cable by laying line across the Bering Straits, but the New York to London connection was established first.) By the time of his death, Sibley owned railroads, salt mines, and lumber. Rochester and Post Express: A History of the City of Rochester, 135–136. 4. Elijah F. Smith was a Rochester alderman in 1838; three years later, he became the city’s first popularly elected mayor. He had founded what would become the largest wholesale grocery dealer in Rochester in 1826. Smith was a trustee of the Fitzhugh Street Academy (an all-female school) and the Western House of Refuge (a reform school for juveniles), as well as a director of the Bank of Monroe. William F. Peck, Semi-Centennial History of the City of Rochester with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of some of its Prominent Men and Pioneers (Syracuse: D. Mason & Co., Publishers, 1884), 167, 306, 194, 498, 464. 5. OR.III.1.777. 6. OR.III.1.785. 364 | Notes to Pages 148–149

7. OR.III.1.804. A close reading of GO No. 105 reveals the state-federal conflict in recruiting. For example, Section X requires that commanders in the field requisition (after approval by their chains of command) the federally appointed superintendent of recruiting in each state for their manpower needs; the superintendents of recruiting will then recruit and dispatch men as needed. In this scheme there is no role for volunteer recruiting efforts undertaken by men who expected to be commissioned in return for enlisting other men. Part of Morgan’s problem could be that when Scott issued his “Make no further organization of new regiments” request on November 27, 1861, the governor already had a number of companies organizing for new regiments. 8. George Bliss, Jr. (1830–1897) was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, where his father and grandfather were both successful lawyers. Bliss was educated in local private schools and in Europe; in 1851, he graduated from Harvard College. He spent the next two years studying in Paris and at the University of Berlin. He returned to Springfield to read law, then relocated to New York City, where he read under the tutelage of William Curtis Noyes. After admission to the bar, he practiced for several years. When Morgan became governor he appointed Bliss his private secretary. After the attack on Fort Sumter, Bliss joined Morgan’s staff. In 1862, he was appointed paymaster general for the state of New York with the rank of colonel. After Morgan was appointed a major general, Bliss was commissioned captain of the Fourth New York Heavy Artillery. Bliss’s major wartime contribution was, under Stanton’s authority, the organization of the Twentieth, Twenty-Sixth, and ThirtyFirst U.S. Colored Troops, sometimes referred to as the “Union Club Regiments,” after their sponsor. Postwar, Bliss had a distinguished career as an attorney. In 1866, he successfully defended the constitutionality of the Metropolitan Board of Health and the Board of Excise. In 1873, he was appointed the U.S. attorney for the Southern District of New York. He was assigned by Garfield to represent the government on several high-profile antifraud cases, and wrote or edited several books that became standard reference works, including Law of Life Insurance and the Annotated New York Code of Civil Procedure. A frequent contributor to the North American Review, Bliss also drafted important pieces of reform legislation as well as the New York City Consolidation Act. The Cyclopaedia of American Biography: Comprising the Men and Women of the United States who have been Identified with the Growth of the Nation, edited by John Howard Brown (Kessinger Publishing Company, 2006 [1897]), vol. 1, 329–330. 9. New York in the War of Rebellion, 19. 10. In one of the most powerful judgments ever rendered in an American court, U.S. Judge William Shipman

told Gordon before sentencing that, “You are soon to be confronted with the terrible consequences of your crime. . . . Let me implore you to seek the spiritual guidance of the ministers of religion. . . . Do not attempt to hide its enormity from yourself; think of the cruelty and wickedness of seizing nearly a thousand human beings, who never did you any harm, and thrusting them between the decks of a small ship, beneath a burning tropical sun, to die of disease or suffocation or be transported to distant lands, and consigned, they and their posterity, to a fate far more cruel than death. . . . Do not flatter yourself that, because they belonged to a different race than yourself, that your guilt is thereby lessened—rather fear that is increased. In the just and generous heart the humble and the weak inspire compassion and call for pity and forbearance, and as you are soon to pass into the presence of that God of the black man as well as the white man, who is no respecter of persons, do not indulge for a moment the thought that He hears with indifference the cry of the humblest of his children.” Shipman’s speech may be found in Charles Sutton, The New York Tombs, and its Secrets and Mysteries, edited by James B. Mix and Samuel A. MacKeever (San Francisco: A. Roman & Co., 1874), 296–298. Gordon attempted suicide shortly before he was executed. 11. OR.III.1.895. It is difficult to reconcile Thomas’s views with what was common practice: some regiments—and even entire brigades—were recruited under ethnic or racial categories. 12. OR.III.1.913. Compare with the figures in State Military Affairs—1861. 13. Messages from the Governors, 420. War Department GO No. 87, issued October 4, 1861, provided in Part I: “In the settlement of the accounts of deceased volunteers, the Second Auditor will place to the credit of the man the one hundred dollars bounty, granted in the 5th [6th] section of the act approved July 24, 1861.” 14. OR.III.1.898. 15. “The Execution of Nathaniel Gordon,” New York Times, February 22, 1862. 16. These figures illustrate the “paper army” that was the antebellum state militia. OR.III.1.900–901; for ordnance inventories, see 902–905. 17. OR.III.1.906–907. As conscription drew near, the differences between what the War Department would credit and what state adjutant generals would claim for troop contributions became the principal source of tension between federal and state governments. 18. James Hamilton (1788–1878), the third son of founder Alexander Hamilton, was born in New York City and graduated from Columbia College in 1805. He read law in the office of Judge Nathaniel Pendleton and was admitted to the bar in 1809. In 1813, he was ap-

pointed a master in chancery, but the War of 1812 interrupted his practice. In 1814, with an attack on New York City expected imminently, Hamilton volunteered for the New York Militia. He was appointed a quartermaster and, later, a major and brigade inspector. After the war he returned to the law. On April 23, 1829, Andrew Jackson appointed Hamilton the U.S. attorney for the Southern District of New York, a position he held until poor health compelled his resignation in December 1833. Hamilton’s memoirs include recollections of and personal encounters with many prominent figures of the Revolutionary and post-Revolutionary generation, and yet it was the Civil War—which began when Hamilton was seventy-three years old—that he called “the most interesting period of my life.” Hamilton described himself as “sternly opposed to slavery”; he had served Jackson during the 1832 Nullification Crisis, and felt a personal connection with the founding of the government. Hamilton favored conciliation until South Carolina seceded; at that point he was convinced that “force alone” would preserve the Union. After the attack on Fort Sumter, Hamilton gladly lent his name to Union meetings and lobbied relentlessly, if not for hard war, then for a harder war. On September 10, 1862, he met with Lincoln and urged him to free all slaves held by rebels, extending the authority of existing confiscation acts. Hamilton also urged that freedmen and black citizens alike be armed. James A. Hamilton, Reminiscences of James A. Hamilton, or, Men and Events, at Home and Abroad, during Three Quarters of a Century (New York: Charles Scribner & Co., 1869), 40, 45, 140, 267, 440, 529–530. 19. For biographies of Sumner and Wilson, see Massachusetts chapter in States at War, volume 1. 20. Francis Lieber (1800–1872) was born in Berlin, where his father was an ironmonger. Among his early memories was Napoleon’s occupation of Berlin, and his childhood was marked with incidents of war, including battle-wounded brothers and diseased family members. This inspired a dislike of the French and, combined with his later experiences as a soldier, may have spurred his interest in international law as a means of preventing, or at least regulating, war. He trained briefly in medicine, but interrupted his studies for volunteer military service in 1815. He saw action at Ligny, where he killed a man in battle, and at Waterloo and Namur, where he was severely wounded. He returned to Berlin after the war but was imprisoned for his liberal political beliefs. After his release, barred from Prussian universities, he went to the University of Jena and was granted a Ph.D. in 1820. In 1821, he went to Greece to fight in its revolution; between 1822 and 1823, he spent a year in Rome tutoring the son of the Prussian ambassador. Lieber published a journal of his time in Greece and returned to Germany Notes to Pages 149–150 | 365

to the University of Halle, only be arrested and imprisoned again. In 1825, he fled to England and continued to write. In 1827, he immigrated to the United States, where he became a popular lecturer on history and current events. He moved to Boston, where he edited the thirteen-volume Encyclopeaedia Americana (Philadelphia, 1829–1833) and wrote several other works, including a history of the French revolution of 1830. In 1832, he was asked by Girard College to develop a curriculum, and remained in Philadelphia from 1833 to 1835. That year he was appointed a professor at the University of South Carolina, where he remained until 1856, afterwards accepting a post at Columbia College. He was at the college until 1865; in that year, he led the effort to gather, edit, and store Confederate documents. After leaving the college, he was appointed a professor of political science at Columbia’s law school, where he remained until his death. It is difficult to overstate Lieber’s contributions to the Union war effort. (Ironically, his son Oscar died fighting for the Confederacy in 1862; another son, Hamilton, fought for the Union and lost his arm at Fort Donelson.) As a lifelong educator, he was engaged in building public support for the war. His principal vehicle was the Loyal Publication Society, which he helped found; he both contributed essays and served as its president. The society’s pamphlet distribution was enormous: in 1863, it printed an estimated 400,000 copies of 42 essays, with another 400,000 copies printed in the following year, in addition to 100,000 mailings of newspapers, broadsides, and other materials. Lieber was ubiquitous at Union rallies but the society’s work, essentially a wideranging series of “Why We Fight” essays, reached an enormous audience. Lieber, the veteran of Waterloo and student of international law, made yet another contribution to the war—one destined to cast a long, and arguably protective shadow. He wrote what was issued as War Department GO No. 100 (Series 1863) [OR.III.3.148–164], entitled, “Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field.” Its 157 provisions were, according to Mark Grimsley, “the western world’s first formal set of guidelines for the conduct of armies in the field.” While historians have long debated what influence the Civil War had on subsequent wars, there is no debate that GO No. 100 was seminal, “a contribution by the U.S. to the stock of common civilization.” Postwar, Lieber served on a committee to arbitrate various issues between the United States and Mexico in 1870. His publications were voluminous and included history, political science and theory, biography, penology, poetry, and ­various translated works. The Life and Letters of Francis Lieber, edited by Thomas Sergeant Perry (Boston: James R. Osgood and Company, 1882), 2–3, 6–11, 16; Appletons, 709–711; Frank Freidel, Union Pamphlets of the 366 | Notes to Page 150

Civil War, vol. 1, 10; as quoted in Mark Grimsley, The Hard Hand of War: Union Military Policy towards Southern Civilians, 1861–1865 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 148–149. 21. George Bancroft (1800–1891) was born in Worcester, Massachusetts. He was educated at Philips Academy at Exeter and graduated from Harvard College in 1817. Afterwards, he spent two years at Gottingen studying German literature, acquiring languages, and reading history and philosophy. In 1820, he received his Ph.D. and went to Berlin and later Heidelberg to study history. Bancroft’s European years are noteworthy because of the remarkable range of intellectuals he managed to connect with: Schleiermacher, von Humboldt, Goethe, von Savigny, von Ense, and Hegel. Bancroft returned to the United States in 1822, spent a year tutoring Greek at Harvard, and published a book of poetry. In 1823 he founded the Round Hill School in Northampton. In 1834, Bancroft published the first volume of his History of the United States; it would eventually include ten volumes and many editions. He moved to Springfield in 1835, continued with his History and, in 1838, was named by Van Buren as collector of the Port of Boston. (It was here that Bancroft made another contribution to American letters by appointing Nathaniel Hawthorne and Orestes Brownson to the Boston customhouse.) He ran unsuccessfully for Massachusetts governor as a Democrat in 1844 and, in 1845, was named by Polk as secretary of the navy. During his tenure he established the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis and ordered naval vessels to occupy California. (He also briefly served as acting secretary of war.) Between 1846 and 1849, he was minister to the Court of St. James. He settled in New York City after his return, and continued to work on his History. Throughout the war, Bancroft (despite early misgivings about Lincoln) publicly and privately worked for the Union. As a lifelong Democrat, however, he refused an 1862 Republican nomination for Congress. Party loyalties notwithstanding, he was thoroughly antislavery, and he doubted that Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation was sufficiently stern. After Lincoln’s assassination, it was Bancroft who was asked to deliver an official eulogy to the House of Representatives, the Memorial Address on the Life and Character of Abraham Lincoln (Washington, 1866). In this address, it is apparent that he had thoroughly revised his view of the president. Postwar, he was ambassador to Russia (1867), then accredited to the German Confederation (1868) and Prussia (1871–1874). Bancroft also wrote numerous minor works and gave several other major addresses. Appletons, I.154–156; The Life and Letters of George Bancroft, edited by Mark A. De Wolfe Howe (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1908), vol. 1, 225; vol. 2, 132, 154–155, 158–159.

22. William Cullen Bryant (1794–1878) was born in Cummington, Massachusetts, the son of a physician who also served three terms in the Massachusetts legislature. Bryant learned to write poetry early; his first work was published in 1807. Applying the Federalist prejudices of his father, Bryant’s second published work was an 1808 satire on Jefferson’s embargo (few readers believed the author to be a thirteen-year-old until family friends vouched for it in print). Other poems followed and, at age sixteen, Bryant entered Williams College, then left two years later to read law in Worthington and Bridgewater. It was at this time that Bryant attained national notice with his poem, “Thanatopsis,” submitted to the North American Review by his father. Published in 1817, it proved iconic. In 1821, Bryant was invited to speak to Harvard’s Phi Beta Kappa Society and recited a new poem, “The Ages,” which also proved popular. In 1825, Bryant moved to New York City. Because poetry then (as now) did not pay, Bryant turned to literary journal publishing; this venture did not pay either so he turned to journalism, which paid him very well. In 1828 he accepted a position with the New York Evening Post and never left. By 1830, he was editor-in-chief and part owner. With the help of Washington Irving, Bryant published his first volume of collected verse in 1832. For all of his youthful anti-Jeffersonian fervor, Bryant’s Post reflected the views of a Jacksonian Democrat. When the New York party diverged into Hunkers and Free Soilers, Bryant sided with the latter, then became a Republican at the party’s inception. In 1860, Bryant introduced Lincoln at the February 27 speech at Cooper Union. (See entry for that date.) During Secession Winter, Bryant backed government authority with no thought of compromise. After the attack on Fort Sumter, Bryant, his poetry and the editorials of the Evening Post were “all in.” He backed emancipation but did not support the Legal Tender Act and expressed great unhappiness at Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus. Postwar, Bryant was devoted chiefly to translating Homer and other literary ventures. Appletons, I.422–427; Parke Godwin, A Biography of William Cullen Bryant, with Extracts from his Private Correspondence (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1883), vol. 2 of 2, 64, 87–90, 142, 149, 154–157, 160, 204. 23. Charles King (1789–1867) was born in New York City, the son of Rufus King. He was educated at Harrow (England) and in Paris. When the War of 1812 broke out, Charles was in England but soon returned. He was elected to the New York legislature in 1813, and volunteered for the war in 1814. He turned to publishing newspapers; included in his early ventures was the conservative New York American, which he edited from 1827 until 1845. That year, he became an editor with the Courier and Enquirer, a position he held until appointed presi-

dent of Columbia College in 1849. During the Civil War, King was an ardent Unionist. He retired from Columbia in 1863 and returned to Europe, where he died in Frascatti, Italy. Universities and Their Sons, the history influence and characteristics of American universities, with biographical sketches and portraits of alumni and recipients of honorary degrees, edited by Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain (Boston: R. Herndon Company, 1899), vol. 2, 118–119. 24. An Emancipation Meeting,” New York Times, March 7, 1862. 25. John L. Worden (1818–1897) was born in Westchester County, New York. In 1835 he entered the navy as a midshipman; in 1840, he attended the naval school in Philadelphia and became a “passed midshipman.” Over the next twenty years, Worden served on a number of different ships. By 1861, he was posted at the Naval Observatory. In April 1861, after delivering messages to Fort Pickens, he was captured and held as a pow for seven months. After exchange, he was ordered to work with Ericsson on the Monitor and, later, given its command. Worden captained that vessel at its epic March 8, 1862, battle with the Merrimack at Hampton Roads. During that action, powder burns temporarily blinded him. The battle was a tactical draw but a strategic victory for the United States. Worden was given the thanks of Congress on July 11, 1862, and promoted to commander on July 12, 1862. After his injuries healed, he commanded the Montauk until June 1863, during which time he was engaged in the bombardment of Fort McAllister (receiving a second thanks from Congress on February 3, 1863). He participated with Du Pont in the attack on Charleston, and was promoted to captain. Postwar, Worden remained on the active list and served with the Pacific Squadron. He was promoted to commodore on May 27, 1868, and rear admiral on November 20, 1872. Between 1870 and 1874 he was superintendent of the Naval Academy. Afterwards, he was commander-in-chief of the European Squadron (1875–1877), served on the examining board and, later, on the retiring board. He retired in 1886. Appletons, VI.614. 26. “Army and Navy,” New York Times, March 7, 1862. 27. Lucius Robinson (1810–1891) was born in Windham, Greene County. He attended Delaware Academy and learned to love Greek and Latin; afterwards, he clerked for several law firms, including that of Amasa J. Parker. In 1833, Robinson opened a practice in Catskill; from 1837 to 1839, he was county district attorney. In 1839 he relocated to New York City and established a very successful practice; soon, Robinson was considered an authority on equity jurisprudence. After the 1846 constitution merged law and equity, Robinson, a Democrat, became more active politically. He relocated his offices to the New York Evening Post’s building, conNotes to Pages 150–151 | 367

tributed articles to the newspaper, and counted William Cullen Bryant as a close friend. Staunchly antislavery, Robinson was prominent at the 1848 Free Soil Convention. While close to the Republican Party since its 1856 establishment, he never abandoned his allegiance to the Democrats. In 1855 he relocated to Elmira for health reasons and, in 1859, was elected to the assembly. He was re-elected in 1860, lost a close race for the speakership to Littlejohn, and was made chair of Ways and Means and, later, of Federal Relations. In 1861, Robinson was nominated for comptroller by the combined Republican and People’s parties and elected handily. His commitment to the war was unquestioned but his willingness to finance the New York National Guard became a subject of controversy. His 1865 retirement from politics proved temporary: ten years later, he would serve briefly again as comptroller and, shortly thereafter, as New York’s governor. David C. Robinson, “Life of Lucius Robinson,” The Democratic Party of the State of New York: A History of the Origin, Growth and Achievements of the Democratic Party of the State of New York, Including a History of Tammany Hall in its Relation to State Politics, edited by James K. McGuire (New York: United States History Company, 1905), vol. 2 of 3, 23–28; for complaints about Robinson and funding the nyng, see AG.65.13. 28. OR.III.1.922, 923. Stanton added that, after consulting with Secretary Chase, the funds would be deposited in the Treasury’s New York office (and presumably in New York banks). 29. OR.III.1.923–924. Despite (or perhaps because of ) the drawn battle between the Monitor and Virginia at Hampton Roads, on March 15 Stanton asks Cornelius Vanderbilt “for what sum you will contract to destroy the Merrimac [Virginia] or prevent her from coming out from Norfolk—you to sink or destroy her if she gets out?” As quoted in McKay, 119. 30. OR.III.1.926–927. 31. New York in the War of Rebellion, 19. 32. OR.III.1.928. 33. Joseph Lancaster Palmer, Jr., died instantly from a bullet in the head in the vicinity of Fair Oaks, Virginia, on June 15, 1862. “Died,” New York Times, June 22, 1862. 34. Nelson Taylor (1821–1894) was born in South Norwalk, Connecticut. He was publicly educated and, by the time of the Mexican War, was living in New York. On August 1, 1846, he was commissioned captain in the First Regiment, New York Volunteer Infantry, and his unit dispatched to California, where it served throughout the conflict. He was mustered out in California in 1848 and remained there, residing in Stockton, and serving in the state senate between 1850 and 1856. In 1855, he was elected San Joaquin County’s sheriff. Shortly

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afterwards he returned to New York, but remained only briefly, matriculating at Harvard Law School and graduating in 1860. He was unsuccessful in his bid as a Democrat for the Thirty-Seventh Congress, but the war brought greater success. On July 23, 1861, Morgan commissioned him colonel of the Seventy-Second New York Volunteers, a unit in Sickles’ Excelsior Brigade. He led the regiment and then the brigade on the Peninsula and at Second Bull Run; on September 7, 1862, he was promoted to brigadier general. Nelson was not present at Antietam but led a brigade at Fredericksburg under the usually hard-to-please John Gibbons, who later complimented his performance. He resigned his commission on January 19, 1863, and returned to New York. That summer, he commanded a scratch unit battling rioters in Harlem. He won election as a Democrat to the ThirtyNinth Congress, but was unsuccessful for the Fortieth. He returned to South Norwalk in 1869. BD.2023; Warner, Generals in Blue, 495–496. 35. OR.III.1.954. Taylor must have referred Palmer’s response to Stanton, who in turn sent it to Thomas for a report. In his endorsement, Thomas wrote, “Orders have been sent these commanders to respect the authority of the Governor.” 36. OR.III.1.933. 37. OR.III.1.934–935. The Vanderbilt, a twin-masted, wooden side-wheel steamer weighing 3,321 tons, was 331 feet long with a 37-foot beam. It was an extremely fast ship; in 1860, it set the record for travel between Southampton and New York (nine days, seven hours). Between the two missions specified for the Vanderbilt— protecting against the ironclad Merrimack and escorting McClellan’s Peninsula-bound transports (which were already steaming through Chesapeake Bay)—escort seemed the more likely and valuable service. Vanderbilt commanding the Vanderbilt arrived in theater on March 23; when he later returned to New York, he left his namesake vessel behind. International Marine Engineering, vol. 16, January–December 1911, 9; Edward J. Renehan, Jr., Commodore: The Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt (New York: Basic Books, 2007), 234–236; OR.III.1.937. 38. OR.III.1.953. Morgan cited Section 10 of Chapter 9 of July 22, 1861 (“all officers . . . shall be commissioned by the respective Governors of the States, or by the President of the United States”) and Section 3 of Chapter 57 of August 6, 1861 (“That vacancies hereafter occurring among the commissioned officers of the volunteer regi­ments shall be filled by the Governors of the States respectively in the same manner as original appointments”). Morgan’s problems with defiant regiments went beyond Sickles; of the units specified, only two belonged to Excelsior. According to Morgan, the last three

“claim to be still militia regiments; claim militia instead of volunteer commissions, and elect their officers in accordance with the militia law of this State.” 39. OR.III.2.2–3. 40. OR.III.2.16. 41. OR.III.2.18. 42. OR.III.2.21. 43. S. Oakley Vanderpoel (1824–1886) was born in Kinderhook and graduated from Jefferson Medical College in 1845. He traveled to Europe in 1847 for further medical study in Paris, where he witnessed the revolution of 1848. He returned home in 1850, then moved to Albany. In 1857, Governor King appointed him surgeon general for New York; Morgan renewed the appointment in 1861. After the attack on Fort Sumter, it fell to Vanderpoel to organize the state’s medical system in support of the war. This meant vetting thousands of applicants for the posts of surgeon and assistant surgeon with New York units. (It was reported that, during the war’s first months, Vandepoel made 500 appointments in six weeks.) His professional positions included the presidency of the Albany Medical Society (1860), along with several postwar academic appointments. In 1867, he was appointed professor of general pathology and clinical medicine at Albany Medical College and, in 1870, president of the New York Medical Society. Between 1872 and 1880, he was health officer for the Port of New York and lectured on hygiene at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. In 1876, he was professor of theory and practice at Albany Medical College. In 1883, he was appointed professor of public hygiene at the University of the City of New York. Gaillard’s Medical Journal, edited by P. Brynberg Porter, vol. 42, January–June 1886, 426; S. V. Tal­cott, Genealogical Notes of New York and New England Families (Albany: no publisher, 1973 [1883]), 336–339. 44. New York in the War of Rebellion, 19–20. Hillhouse stated that Vandepoel was ordered out on April 20; in any case, he also stated that “extensive hospital accommodations were prepared [in Albany] and in New York [City]” for the wounded. The Park Barracks were converted to a hospital; between May and August over 14,000 patients were treated there. Annual Report of the Adjutant General of the State of New York, transmitted to the Legislature, January 27, 1863 (Albany: Comstock & Cassidy, 1863), 23 [hereafter cited as AG.62, with page number]. 45. OR.III.2.25. 46. Francis M. Rotch (1822–1863) was born in New Bedford, Massachusetts, and “at an early age” relocated with his family to a stock farm in Morris (then called Butternuts), New York. Rotch was educated locally, then attended Harvard College, graduating in 1841 as a mem-

ber of Phi Beta Kappa and with sufficient class rank for a commencement speech. Rotch wanted to study law but was dissuaded by his father. He returned to Morris, joined his father on the farm, and studied veterinary science. After an 1843 art tour in Europe, Rotch resumed his agricultural work. He returned to Europe in 1851, not for art but for sheep, and made several other trips on behalf of U.S. sheep breeders. Between 1856 and 1859, he was vice president of the New York Agricultural Society. In 1859, he was elected to the state senate from the Twentieth District (Morris and Otsego Counties). In 1862, Morgan appointed him an adc with the rank of colonel and ordered him to the front to report on New York troops under General McClellan. Morgan was pleased with his work and promoted Rotch to aag; unfortunately, Rotch contracted malaria while on the Peninsula. He died at home on November 28, 1863. Proceedings of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Graduation of the Class of 1841 at Harvard University, June 23–24, 1891 (Boston: Alfred Mudge & Son, Printers, 1892), 69–72. 47. OR.III.2.28. 48. New York in the War of Rebellion, 20. 49. “General News,” New York Times, May 13, 1862. 50. OR.III.2.44, 45–46. 51. OR.III.2.62–63. Morgan will repeat this request in a second telegram. 52. New York in the War of Rebellion, 20; AG.62.8. 53. OR.III.2.68–69. 54. OR.III.2.70, 72. 55. OR.III.2.78, 75, 82. Between May 26 and June 4, New York sent some 8,588 men, including 11 threemonth units and 1 thirty-day unit. 56. AG.62.6. 57. OR.III.2.86–87. Hillhouse also writes Stanton and informs him that he has 10,000 men under arms in New York City ready to march and only awaiting transportation south. Hillhouse then repeats the substance of Morgan’s requests above. 58. OR.III.2.94. 59. OR.III.2.98–99. 60. OR.III.2.101. 61. Francis Barretto Spinola (1821–1891) was born near Stony Brook. His father, an ethnic Italian, had immigrated from Portugal’s Madeira Island. Spinola was educated in the public schools, then at the Quaker Boarding School in Poughkeepsie. At age sixteen, he relocated to Brooklyn and worked as a jeweler’s apprentice. He left jewelry for a series of odd jobs in the late 1830s or early 40s, then decided to read law while clerking for Brooklyn’s Common Council. Admitted to the bar in 1844, he practiced in Brooklyn. In politics, he started as a Whig but shifted to the Democrats and Tammany. In 1846 he

Notes to Pages 152–156 | 369

was elected as alderman from Brooklyn’s Second Ward; he was re-elected in 1847 and again in 1849, this time for a four-year term. That year, backed by Tammany, he became a Brooklyn fireman; the fireman’s high-collared shirt soon became his trademark. In 1855 he was elected to New York’s assembly. During these years, he openly opposed Know-Nothings, expressing support for the Hungarian Kossuth and, later, Irishman Thomas F. Meagher. In Albany, he aligned with the Hard-Shells (antiabolitionists) and remained a reliable Tammany backbencher, also embracing its overt Negrophobia. Between 1858 and 1861, he served in New York’s senate; in 1860, he was a Douglas delegate to the Charleston convention. But antebellum politics were not always a reliable predictor of wartime positions. After the attack on Fort Sumter, Spinola became a full-throated War Democrat, delivering memorable speeches in the state senate and during public rallies. In 1862, he decided to enter military service. On June 2, he was authorized by Morgan to organize what became four regiments of the Spinola Brigade. By mid-September, the brigade (whose reputation was blackened in a barracks riot over unpaid bounties) began to deploy, at first to the Virginia coast and, later, to North Carolina. Spinola accompanied them with an October 1, 1862, promotion to brigadier general, approved by Lincoln. From the fall of 1862 until June 1863, Spinola commanded his original brigade; by the last part of this tour, he commanded the Keystone Brigade, consisting of three 9-month Pennsylvania regiments. Spinola and the Keystone were ordered to Fort Monroe then, on July 6, joined the post-Gettysburg pursuit of Robert E. Lee. With the terms of the Pennsylvania units about to expire (and evidence of some dislike for him among the men), Spinola was assigned on July 11 to command Sickles’ Excelsior Brigade. Spinola was severely wounded at the Battle of Manassas Gap on July 23, 1863. This would be his last combat command; in a reorganization of the Army of the Potomac in March 1864, Spinola was relieved. Detailed to recruiting duty in New York City, Spinola was accused of corruption with bounty brokers and tried in a high-profile court-martial in the summer of 1864. Found guilty on several counts, the verdict was ultimately disapproved by jag Joseph Holt (and, in the judgment of close students of the affair, rightly so). Spinola resigned on June 8, 1865, and received an honorable discharge in August. Postwar, Spinola prospered in the insurance business and remained a Democrat and a Tammany loyalist (at least until 1886), as well as a bête noir of local Republicans. He was elected to the Fiftieth through Fifty-Second Congresses. Frank Alduino and David L. Coles, Sons of Garibaldi in Blue and Gray: Italians in the American Civil War (Youngstown, New York: Cambria Press, 2007), 179–200; OR.I.33.638–639; Eugene C. 370 | Notes to Pages 156–157

Murdock, Patriotism Limited, 1862–1865: The Civil War Draft and the Bounty System (Kent, Ohio: The Kent State University Press, 1967), 172–186. In Murdock’s words, Holt found Spinola’s actions “the logical result of the broker system.” Warner, Generals in Blue, 467–468; Dyer, 1455–1456, 1464; BD.1957. 62. OR.III.2.103–104. 63. New York in the War of Rebellion, 21. 64. AG.62.7. Hillhouse noted that when Stanton’s call arrived, New York was “without troops.” 65. OR.III.2.114. 66. OR.III.2.148–149. 67. OR.III.2.163. 68. Laws of the State of New York passed at the Eighty-Sixth Session of the Legislature, begun January sixth, and ended April twenty-fifth, 1863, in the City of Albany (Albany: Weed, Parsons and Company, Printers, 1863), 40 [hereafter cited as NY.PL.63, with page number]. 69. OR.III.2.171. Pressure from the governors for greater enlistment incentives persuaded Congress to allow this order. 70. On August 22, 1861, William C. Barney was nominated for the post of additional paymaster in the War Department; on March 11, 1862, the Senate refused to confirm him. Lincoln withdrew his nomination. “Appointments Made in the Volunteer Force Called into Service Under the Acts Approved July 22 and 24, ’61,” New York Times, January 11, 1862; Official Army Register for August, 1862 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1862), 88. 71. OR.III.2.178. The text of Lincoln’s letter is in The Life of William Seward; the quoted material is taken from Seward’s autobiography, co-authored with his son Frederick, who served as his father’s aide. In Seward’s autobiography, the letter is dated June 28; in the Official Records, June 30. Frederick W. Seward, Seward at Washington as Senator and Secretary of State: A Memoir of his Life, with Selections from his Letters, 1861–1872 (New York: Derby & Miller, 1891), 100–101. 72. OR.III.2.180; see also the internal communications between Stanton and Seward, 181–182. Accurately dating this letter is problematic but important in order to properly sequence the numerous back-channel communications that made it possible. The Official Records offers a “signed” letter dated June 28; the New York Times (among other newspapers) released a text of the governors’ letter (and its acceptance by Lincoln) dated July 1. The events actually unfolded as follows: after the draft letter was circulated (either late on June 29 or after receiving Stanton’s approval the following day), governors’ replies began to arrive. On June 30, responses arrived from Berry, Buckingham, Olden (who immediately traveled to New York to meet with Seward), Blair,

Johnson, Tod, Pierpont, Gamble, the Kentucky Military Board’s John B. Temple, Wood, and Morton (who was away, but apparently telegraphed his concurrence that evening); no telegrams were required from Morgan and Curtin, as both were in New York. On July 1, Washburn, Bradford, and Solomon concurred, Andrew consenting on July 2. Seward’s case was probably strengthened as the casualties of Seven Days became known. Seward, Seward at Washington, 100–107; “Important from Washington,” New York Times, July 2, 1862. 73. OR.III.2.181. Curtin was present although not mentioned in the Official Records. Rawley, 175. 74. OR.III.2.181–182, 183, 184. 75. OR.III.2.186–188; Seward, Seward at Washington, 107. About the income tax, Morgan declared, “This is a novelty in our country. We have heretofore taxed only real and personal property. It is obvious that great inequality would result from an enforcement of this law, in a manner so partial as would be the case now. It is understood that Congress will take measures for modifying its provisions. A question as to the constitutionality of this measure has been raised,” noted the governor, citing Section 2, Article I, of the U.S. Constitution. 76. “The Submission Party,” New York Times, July 2, 1861. 77. AG.62.8. Hillhouse attributed this lack to “the great demand for labor in the field and workshop. . . . There was nothing of that eagerness to enter the service which had been manifested at previous periods, and it appeared as if the people had fallen into an apathy from which only an extraordinary effort could raise them.” 78. OR.III.2.199, 200. Stanton wired Morgan directly to confirm Buckingham’s arrangements. This delegation of power conferred most of the authority Morgan had been seeking for months. 79. “Gov. Morgan’s Appeal,” New York Times, July 3, 1862. 80. OR.III.2.200–201. 81. Rawley, 176. Hillhouse discusses Morgan’s decision at AG.62.11, and attributes the recruiting successes under the July 2 call to the influence of these local committees. 82. OR.III.2.208. In a footnote at OR.III.2.188, New York’s quota under the July 2 call is for 59,705 men, against which it eventually would furnish 78,904 men. 83. “The New Call for Troops,” New York Times, July 9, 1862; AG.62.10. In New York in the War of Rebellion, 22, Phisterer notes, “The State became a vast military camp.” Under GO No. 52, the first seven senatorial ­districts— New York City and environs—were not required to establish a camp in each district; rather, regimental organizers could select sites “as shall to them appear most advantageous,” subject to the governor’s approval.

84. AG.62.15. 85. OR.III.2.217–218; GO No. 75 may be found at OR.III.2.210–211. Such federalization served efficiency by centralizing procurement, reducing competition for the same goods. 86. OR.III.2.222, 223. 87. For biographical note see Massachusetts chapter in States at War, entry for June 9, 1861. 88. David S. Coddington (1823–1865) was born in New York City. He entered Columbia College in 1837 and, after one year, transferred to Union College, which he attended until 1840. After leaving school, he read law under George W. Strong, then finished his studies in the offices of Slosson and Schell. He was admitted to the bar in 1845. He was not an ardent practitioner of law, instead devoted himself “to the more congenial pursuits of literature and politics.” In 1848 Coddington campaigned for the Free Soilers and Martin Van Buren, a family friend. Coddington was no abolitionist but acted instead from the conviction that the extension of slavery jeopardized free labor in the territories. Although facing political exile from the Democrats after supporting Van Buren in 1848, he never became a Republican. Still, he differed with many in his party and opposed the Lecompton Constitution. After the firing on Fort Sumter, Coddington became a full-fledged War Democrat. In 1861, he was elected to the assembly from New York City, but did not seek renomination. In 1864, perhaps predictably, Coddington (still a Democrat) rejected the Chicago Platform. As he had for three years of war, Coddington stumped for pro-war, pro-Union measures; by November 1864, that meant campaigning for Lincoln. He died the next year. Speeches and Addresses of the Late Honorable David S. Coddington, with a biographical sketch (New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1866), viii–xxv. 89. OR.III.2.225–226. McClellan leaves no doubt that the deficient officers are those from the Peninsula; his fear is that many who have resigned over the past few months will resurface in the new regiments being formed under the July 2 call. “The Loyal Meeting,” New York Times, July 16, 1862. 90. William H. Aspinwall (1807–1875) was born in New York City and educated privately, afterwards en­ tering his uncles’ shipping firm of Gardiner G. and Samuel S. Howland. In 1832, he became a partner; in 1837, he acquired his uncles’ interests, brought in new money, and began operations as Howland & Aspinwall. The firm owned some eighteen vessels, and conducted an active trading business in the Caribbean, and with China, Europe, and England. It rapidly became one of the largest shipping firms in New York. In 1850, Aspinwall left active management of the business to concentrate on something new: a joint venture to construct the Panama Railroad and Notes to Pages 157–160 | 371

the Pacific Mail Steamship Company. These proved an enormous success, establishing direct communications across the isthmus. Aspinwall was an ardent Unionist, undertaking a confidential mission to England with Boston industrialist John Murray Forbes to lobby against construction of Confederate ships of war. He was also a founding member of the Union League Club. National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1898, vol. 8, 47; “William H. Aspinwall,” New York Times, January 19, 1875. 91. OR.III.I.228. 92. “The New Call for Troops,” New York Times, July 18, 1862; New York in the War of Rebellion, 23. Hillhouse believed that federal reverses on the Peninsula made this bounty necessary. AG.62.11–12. 93. OR.III.2.232–233. 94. “The New Regiments,” New York Times, July 24, 1862. 95. OR.III.2.235. 96. OR.III.2.247–248. 97. See States at War, volume 3, for biographical note on A. L. Russell. 98. OR.III.2.255–256, 257. 99. OR.III.2.265. 100. OR.III.2.291–292. New York’s quota appears in note on 291. New York in the War of Rebellion, 24. This militia call presented New York with a problem. The state was unable to carry out the enrollment required by Chapter 477 (1862) for a variety of reasons, including a lack of enrolling officers and funding, and the failure of the state law to provide equalization, that is, a system of credits to properly reflect the fact that some counties had sent more recruits than others. A new enrollment was thus required and Morgan decided to adopt the War Department’s system as set forth in GO No. 9 (see entries for August 9 and 13). 101. OR.III.2.295–296. 102. OR.III.2.314. The total credits consisted of 10 1⁄12 regiments of cavalry, 6 2⁄12 of artillery, and 105 of infantry. 103. Samuel Sloan (1817–1907) was born in Lisburn (County Down), Ireland, and immigrated to the United States when very young. He was educated at the Columbia College Grammar School, afterwards clerking and becoming a merchant. He moved to Brooklyn in 1844 and was elected a Kings County supervisor, serving from 1850 to 1851. In 1854 he relocated to New York City, where he was elected to the state senate as a Republican, serving in 1858 and 1859. His connection with the Hudson River Railroad began as a director; he was elected its president in 1855 and served until 1865. At one time or another, Sloan also served as president of some sixteen railroads, all owned or connected to the Hudson River Railroad. He was a commissioner for the Trunk Lines between 1865 and 1867, and a director of the Delaware, 372 | Notes to Pages 160–162

Lackawanna & Western Railroad in 1864, becoming its president in 1867 and serving until 1899. A statue of Sloan stands at the Hoboken, New Jersey, ferry terminal. Appletons, V.550. Meredith Arms Bzdak, Public Sculpture in New Jersey: Monuments to Collective Identity (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1999), 31. 104. OR.III.2.333–335, 341–342, 345. Pennsylvaniaborn Silas Crispin graduated from West Point in 1850 and went directly to the Ordnance Department. During the next decade, he served at the Watervliet, Washington, D.C., Allegheny, St. Louis, and Leavenworth arsenals. In August 1861, he was promoted to captain and, on January 1, 1862, was in charge of the Ordnance Agency in New York. By war’s end, he would be brevetted major, then colonel, the latter for “Faithful and Meritorious Services in the Ordnance Department During the Rebellion.” Cullum, Biographical Register, second edition, vol. 1, 256. 105. OR.III.2.321–322. For further elaboration of Stanton’s second order, see U.S. Judge Advocate L.C. Luther to “Military Commandants, Provost-Marshals, U.S. Marshals, and Police Officers,” OR.III.2.348–349. OR.III.2.322 (“The Recent Orders to Prevent the Evasion of Military Duty”), 329 (Mooney to Stanton). 106. OR.III.2.333–335. 107. Quincy A. Gilmore (1825–1888) was born in Lorain, Ohio. He was educated locally, taught school for three years, then was admitted to West Pont in 1845. He graduated first in his 1849 class, and was brevetted a second lieutenant of engineers. He worked on Forts Monroe and Calhoun, taught at West Point (1852–1856) and, in 1856, returned to Fort Monroe for construction projects. Between 1856 and 1861, he was chief of the Engineer Agency at New York; he also worked on fortifications in New York’s Harbor from 1857 to 1858. A full lieutenant by 1861, he was promoted to captain of engineers in August of that year. He helped construct fortifications on Hilton Head and was the chief engineer at the Siege of Fort Pulaski. On April 11, 1862, he was brevetted a lieutenant colonel for “Gallant and Meritorious Services in the Capture of Fort Pulaski, GA.” Promoted to brigadier general of U.S. Volunteers on April 28, 1862, he was seconded to assist Morgan “in forwarding State troops” between August 13 and September 12, 1862. This was followed by divisional commands in Kentucky and western Virginia, with a brevet to colonel for distinction at the Battle of Somerset (Kentucky). On June 12, 1863, he was given command of the Department of the South, and was engaged in operations around Charleston until he was promoted to major general of U.S. Volunteers on July 10, 1863, and assigned command of the Tenth Army Corps and operations around Richmond-Petersburg. Here he rotated among several commands until injured by falling from his horse; inspection tours and other

non-combat assignments followed until the end of the war. He was brevetted a brigadier and a major general in the U.S. Army. Postwar, Gilmore attained great distinction as an engineer, spending the remainder of his military career working on fort, river, bridge, monument, canal, harbor, and other projects. He wrote a number of engineering treatises, and received an honorary A.M. from Oberlin (1856) and an honorary Ph.D. from Rutgers (1878). Cullum, Biographical Register, third edition, vol. 2, 367–370; Warner, Generals in Blue, 176–177. 108. OR.III.2.345. 109. OR.III.2.353–354. 110. OR.III.2.364–365. 111. OR.III.2.374. 112. AG.62.33–34. 113. OR.III.2.380–381, 385. 114. OR.III.2.389, 392, 393. At this point, the War Department rule was that no new units could be organized after August 15; after that date, unfilled new units would be consolidated and, if there remained any deficiency, a draft would be ordered. 115. OR.III.2.393. 116. OR.III.2.400; OR.II.4.400; McKay, 151–152. 117. OR.III.2.405–406. 118. “The Coming Draft in New York,” New York Times, August 19, 1862; Rawley, 177–178. According to Rawley, Morgan, unable to obtain immediate federal funding for the enrollment, borrowed $22,500 from the Albany City Bank. 119. OR.III.2.408, 413. In an interesting note about the two regiments scheduled to depart, Morgan states that because the troops have just been paid the state and local bounties (the $25 mentioned is the advance on the federal bounty; see entry for July 1), they “beg for more time [before departing].” Do they want to spend the money or distribute it to their families? 120. OR.III.2.421; A Library of American Literature from the Earliest Settlement to the Present Time, compiled and edited by Edmund Clarence Stedman and Ellen McKay Hutchinson (New York: William Evarts Benjamin, 1894), vol. 7 of 11, 81–82. 121. OR.III.2.433, 438–439. 122. OR.III.2.434. The War Department soon will have reason to regret this ruling. 123. OR.III.2.446, 448 124. OR.III.2.440. 125. OR.III.3.2.458. 126. OR.III.2.467–468. For example, if New York raised 60,000 volunteers under the July 2 call, then 245 (60,000 – 59,755) could be deducted from the August quota of 59,755. Some of the later controversies over conscription stem from this rule, which implicitly equates a three-year July volunteer with a nine-month

August volunteer. When James Fry presented a new rule under the March 3, 1863, Enrollment Act—with credits determined by considering years of service; that is, with a one-year recruit “worth” one-third of a three-year ­recruit—state protests would reach the White House. (See entries for January and February 1865.) 127. OR.III.2.471. The pressure of two calls within one month, an unrealistic timetable imposed by the federal government, and the radically different situations among states regarding enrollment, political consensus, and existing conscription machinery all conspired to make this postponement necessary. However, the War Department was unwilling to take responsibility for rescheduling. 128. Official Documents, Addresses, Etc., of George Opdyke, Mayor of the City of New York, during the years 1862 and 1863 (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1866), 84–86; 89–90. Committee membership also seems to have been something of a litmus test for the fracturing support for Lincoln administration policies. Prominent Democrat ­August Belmont contributed $1,000, but with the money came an insulting letter (which he thoughtfully published) that declared that he would hold the committee strictly liable if it spent the sum for purposes other than recruitment. In context, this was taken to imply that the sponsors (gentlemen all) were not only untrustworthy but, given the support by some for abolition, the funds might be spent for that purpose. Opdyke returned Belmont’s check, and a brief but bitter slugfest ensued in the newspapers. In the end, Belmont was correct: the committee roamed far afield, urging the reoccupation of west Texas, weighing in on matters of harbor defense, and becoming involved in reforming the ambulance corps, among other non-recruitment related projects. McKay discusses the committee at 153–155. 129. OR.III.2.480. 130. Official Documents of George Opdyke, 86. 131. OR.III.2.493; McKay, 147. 132. “The New York State Bounty,” New York Times, September 1, 1862. 133. See Chapter 25 in Legislative Sessions—1863. 134. Ormsby Mitchel (1809–1862) was born in Kentucky. After his father died, he moved to Miami, Ohio, where he received a classical education. At age twelve, he clerked; at age fifteen, he was admitted to West Point, graduating in 1829. His class rank was a more than respectable fifteenth and his brilliance in mathematics induced the army to grant him a leave of absence (despite a commission in the artillery) in order to teach at the academy. He taught for two years, joined his unit in Texas, then resigned in 1832, hoping for better things. Mitchel opened a Cincinnati law office then was hired by Cincinnati College as a professor of mathematics, phiNotes to Pages 162–167 | 373

losophy, and astronomy, a post he held from 1834 until 1844. In 1837, in order to supplement his earnings, he worked as chief engineer for the Little Miami Railway. Mitchel’s interest in astronomy deepened around 1842, and he decided that Cincinnati needed a professional observatory. He traveled to Europe and located suitable instruments in Munich. He then went to England, enrolled at the Greenwich Observatory long enough to learn what he needed, and returned to the United States, where he did a stint as Ohio adjutant general (1847–1848). In 1853, on donated land, the Mitchel Observatory became a reality—at the cost of Mitchel’s entire fortune. In the meantime, however, Mitchel had become one of the most sought-after science lecturers in the United States. During these years, he also edited the Sidereal Messenger, a journal of astronomy. In 1859 he moved to Albany and assumed the directorship of the Dudley Observatory. All of that changed after the attack on Fort Sumter. He was made a brigadier general of volunteers and commanded the Department of Ohio in its first wartime days, when he was just the man to fortify Cincinnati. After the Departments of Ohio and Cumberland merged, Mitchel was posted to Louisville to organize regiments; when done with this task, he seized Bowling Green, Nashville and, in March 1862, Huntsville, Alabama. There he also seized some 120 miles of railroad track, securing the northern part of the state. He was promoted to major general and on September 17, 1862, was given command of the Tenth Corps and the Department of the South. His career was ended by yellow fever; he died on October 30, 1862. During his lifetime, Mitchel was granted honorary degrees by Harvard and Washington College, as well as membership in the Royal Astronomical Society. Cullum, Biographical Register, third edition, vol. 1, 429–431. 135. OR.III.2.512, 14. 136. OR.III.2.517. Ulysses S. Grant was permitted to recruit to fill old regiments, although the circumstances were different: Grant was recruiting in Tennessee, not fully cooperating New York. OR.III.2.496. 137. OR.III.2.526–527. 138. Robert H. K. Whiteley (1809–1896) was born in Maryland and appointed to West Point from Delaware, graduating in the class of 1830. He was commissioned into the Second U.S. Artillery after graduation and, during the 1830s, was posted at various Southern arsenals. He was promoted to first lieutenant in 1835, fought in the Seminole War, and participated in the defense of the Convoy at Wilika Pond in 1836; he was brevetted captain for gallantry. Afterwards, he was posted in the arsenals in Washington (1838–1840), Baton Rouge (1841–1843, 1844–1849, 1849–1851), St. Louis (1851–1854), the New York Ordnance Depot (1854–1858), and the Texas Arse374 | Notes to Pages 167–168

nal at San Antonio, until it was seized in 1861. He was promoted to major and served throughout the war, beginning with the New York Arsenal (May 14, 1861, to October 23, 1862) before moving to the Allegheny Arsenal (in Pittsburgh) from November 1, 1862, to the end of the war. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel of ordnance in 1863, brevetted a full colonel in 1865 for “Faithful and Meritorious Services in the Ordnance Department,” and brevetted brigadier general on the same day and for the same reason. His postwar rank was colonel, in ordnance. Cullum, Biographical Register, second edition, vol. 1, 366. 139. OR.III.2.531. 140. “State Politics,” New York Times, September 10, 1862. According to Brummer this was not coincidental. The Constitutional Unionists wanted Democrats to sponsor some of their candidates; Democrats might have been tempted because it would have allowed them to claim fusion status and the appearance of a broader base of support for their slate. Brummer, 212–213. 141. “State Politics,” New York Times, September 11, 1862. Brummer, 214–215. 142. “State Politics,” New York Times, September 12, 1861. These resolutions may be found in The American Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1862, Volume II (New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1863) 655 [hereafter cited as AAC.62, with page number]. 143. OR.III.2.539, 540. 144. John Cunningham Kelton (1828–1893) was born in Delaware County, Pennsylvania. Kelton graduated from West Point, class of 1851, and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Sixth U.S. Infantry; he was promoted to captain in 1855. He was posted on the frontier, chiefly in Minnesota, at Jefferson Barracks in Missouri, and in Kansas. From 1857 until 1861, he served as an instructor at West Point. His war years were spent largely in adjutant duties, both in the field and in Washington. On August 1, 1861, Kelton was promoted to captain and assistant adjutant general. He was promoted major on July 17, 1862, and lieutenant colonel in March 1866. After the war, he continued in administrative duties, but also wrote educational pamphlets on military subjects, including “Pigeons as Couriers” (1882), “Information for Riflemen on the Range and Battlefield” (1884), “Devices for Effective Firing by Cavalry in Attack” (1888), and “Fencing with Foils” (n.d.). He was promoted to colonel in 1880, to brigadier general in 1889 and, finally, to adjutant general of the army. He retired in 1892, and between that time and his death was in charge of the Soldiers’ Home in Washington. Appletons’ Annual Cyclopaedia and Record of Important Events of the Year 1893, New Series, Vol. XVIII (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1894), 558; The Centennial of the United States Military Academy at West

Point, New York, 1802–1902, Volume II, Statistics and Bibliographies (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1904), 289. 145. OR.III.2.540, 543. 146. William A. Thornton (1803–1866) was born in New York. He graduated from West Point in 1825 and was assigned to the First U.S. Artillery. After survey work, stints as instructor at the Artillery School for Practice at Fort Monroe, and teaching infantry practice at West Point, Thornton found himself in Charleston Harbor during the Nullification Crisis in 1832–1833. Afterwards, he served as a quartermaster during the Seminole Wars and was involved in support during the Black Hawk War, although not in combat. Duties during the 1840s and 1850s were largely ordnance-related (Thornton was not in Mexico). Between 1840 and 1848, he served with the Ordnance Depot in New York City, having already done a stint at the Watervliet Arsenal. Between 1840 and 1854 he was an inspector of contract arms and served on the Ordnance Board for the Trial of Small Arms. During the Dorr War in Rhode Island, he was in command of the Watertown Arsenal in Massachusetts. Aside from managing depots and inspecting arms, he frequently served on boards evaluating new arms, including heavy artillery. By May 1861, he was major in the Ordnance Department. Between May 14, 1861, and December 17, 1863, he was in command of the Watervliet Arsenal. From December 1863 until his June 19, 1865, appointment as commander of the New York Arsenal, he was again an inspector of contract arms and ordnance. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel on March 3, 1863, to full colonel on September 15, 1863, and on March 13, 1865, was brevetted brigadier general, usa, “For Faithful and Meritorious Services in the Ordnance Department.” He remained in command of the New York Arsenal until his death on April 6, 1866. Cullum, Biographical Register, second edition, vol. 1, 276. 147. Henry W. Shoemaker, The Last of the War Governors: A Biographical Appreciation of Colonel William Sprague (Altoona, Pennsylvania: Altoona Tribune Publishing Company, 1916), 29; OR.III.2.544. Morgan explains to Stanton that Thornton has considerable ammunition and 2,000 to 3,000 flintlocks now being converted to percussion. 148. OR.III.2.547. 149. OR.III.2.562, 565. 150. OR.III.2.570–571. 151. OR.III.2.576. Opdyke did not specify that the militia would be limited to units from New York City. 152. William K. Strong (1805–1867) was born in Duanesburg. He made his fortune in wool while still relatively young and retired to Geneva, New York. The attack on Fort Sumter found him in Egypt. On May 30 he was a speaker (along with future comrade John C. Fre-

mont) at a pro-Union meeting in the Great Hall at the Hotel de Louvre in Paris. While in Europe, he assisted the U.S. government by purchasing arms. Upon his return to New York, Lincoln commissioned him a brigadier general (September 28, 1861), reportedly after pressure by New York merchants. He was assigned to duty under Fremont and held a series of administrative commands, including St. Louis’ Benton Barracks and the District of Cairo (March 1862). On February 3, 1863, Strong was appointed to lead a special commission investigating the controversial federal evacuation of New Madrid the prior December. In June 1863, he briefly commanded the District of St. Louis. By October, he had resigned his commission for reasons of ill health and returned to New York. An early member of the Union League Club, he almost immediately became a strong proponent for raising colored troops to the credit of New York and took a leading role in the New York Association for Colored Volunteers. (See entry for November 16, 1863.) “The American Meeting in Paris,” New York Times, June 14, 1861; Warner, Generals in Blue, 484; Appletons, V.723–724; letter of Albert G. Brackett, contained in The United Service, A Monthly Review of Military and Naval Affairs, Volume V, New Series (Philadelphia: L. R. Hamersley & Co., 1891), 182–187; First Organization to Accept Colored Troops in the State of New York to Aid in Suppressing the Slaveholders’ Rebellion (New York: Baker and Godwin, Printers, 1864), 7–8. 153. OR.III.2.579–580. 154. In a letter to Curtin, Morgan offered this reason for not attending Altoona: “The first duty of the loyal States is to raise and forward the six hundred thousand men required by the Government, until after which I shall not be able to leave these headquarters.” As quoted in Rawley, 181. 155. OR.III.2.582–583 (Address of the loyal Governors to the President, adopted at a meeting of Governors of loyal States, held to take measures for the more active support of the Government, at Altoona, Pa., on the 24th day of September, 1862). Connecticut Governor Buckingham apparently believed that Andrew arranged for the Altoona Conference. Samuel Buckingham, The Life of William A. Buckingham, The War Governor of Connecticut (Springfield, Massachusetts: The W. F. Adams Company, Publishers, 1894), 265. Shoemaker, The Last of the War Governors, 30–31. 156. Adjutant General’s Office, General Orders Affecting the Volunteer Force (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1863), 120–121. See also OR.III.2.586; OR.III.2.936–941. As Draper notes in his report, prior to his appointment there were already some twenty-two special provost marshals in various states, although surprisingly, none in New York. Through December 6, 1862, none would be appointed there (although Draper Notes to Pages 168–170 | 375

did appoint seven special provost marshals in other states). About New York, Draper later reported, “I have also acted as provost-marshal for the State of New York, which on account of the city of New York being the focal point of troops arriving and departing and returning from the field both of that State and of all New England, has required my constant care and attention.” 157. “New York State Politics,” New York Times, September 25, 1861; for the speeches of Lyman Tremaine and New York Times owner Henry J. Raymond, see “Afternoon Session,” New York Times, September 25, 1862; Brummer, 224. Morgan had hinted at least since 1861 that he would not seek a third term; when the convention met, he would not allow his name to be considered. There likely were two other considerations that had come into play since 1861: first, Morgan believed that mounting unhappiness with Republicans would favor a Democrat; second, and of equal importance, was the growing strength in New York State of the Republicans’ radical wing; Rawley, 181–182. A full statement of Republican resolutions can be found at AAC.62.655. 158. Shoemaker, The Last of the War Governors, 42; William H. Egle, The Life and Times of Andrew Gregg Curtin (Philadelphia: The Thompson Publishing Company, 1896), 321–322. 159. OR.III.2.593. 160. OR.III.2.595. Morgan’s report was dated September 27 but sent on September 29. “Jubilee Meeting at Shiloh Church,” New York Times, September 30, 1862. 161. Official Documents of George Opdyke, 99–100. 162. Dyer, 1456, 1459; OR.III.2.645. Strong may have been overly pessimistic; the One Hundred and ThirtyThird and One Hundred and Forty-Third departed the state on October 8. For discrepancies between Dyer and Morgan, see entry for October 13. Whatever Strong’s view, Phisterer reports that on October 2, “it was officially proclaimed that New York had exceeded its quota by 29,000 men; as a consequence, three year recruiting was suspended and that for nine months’ recruits begun.” New York in the War of Rebellion, 23. 163. “Antietam Reproduced,” New York Times, October 3, 1862. This is the first announcement in the Times, ­suggesting that Brady’s exhibit opened no later than ­October 2. The Times ran a more extensive (and oft-quoted) review on October 20, entitled, “Brady’s Photographs: Pictures of the Dead at Antietam.” The reporter gives witness to a new theater of war: the home front. As the unidentified reporter for the Times declared, “Mr. Brady has done something to bring home to us the terrible reality and earnestness of war. If he has not brought bodies and laid them on our dooryards and along the streets, he has done something very like it.” An account of this exhibit may be found in William A. Fras376 | Notes to Pages 170–172

sanito, Antietam: The Photographic Legacy of America’s Bloodiest Day (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1978), 14–17. 164. OR.III.2.654. 165. OR.III.2.663; Dyer, 1465, 1467. 166. “The Tories in Council,” New York Times, October 14, 1862. 167. OR.III.2.666–669. The New York jag was Brigadier General William H. Anthon. (See note to entry for May 15, 1861.) The state will compile lists for districts not filing a recruit list by November 1, and will add 5 percent to the quota for each town to account for exemptions, desertions after enlistments, and other reasons. 168. OR.III.2.666. 169. OR.III.2.960. 170. Alexander Turney Stewart (1803–1876) was born in Lisburne, Ireland, to a Scotch Irish family. His father died when Alexander was young, but a well-to-do grandfather assumed guardianship over the family. Alexander prepared for college and enrolled at Trinity College in Dublin, but his grandfather’s death forced him to withdraw after two terms. In 1823 he immigrated to New York City and taught school; he returned to Ireland briefly to settle his grandfather’s estate, invested his inheritance (several thousand dollars) in Irish cloth, then crossed the Atlantic to sell the goods in New York. Thus, he became a dry goods merchant with a bent for retail. Over the years, he established a retail ethos that required complete disclosure of quality and pricing at point of sale; high-volume wholesale purchasing with correspondingly high-volume, low-margin retail sales; and strictly cash transactions. In 1848 he purchased the once fashionable Washington Hall, located at the corner of Broadway and Chambers streets, for $65,000 and there established the headquarters of A. T. Stewart & Co., soon the most fashionable dry goods retailer in New York City. In 1862 A. T. Stewart relocated its retail operations to the corner of Tenth and Broadway, a building that cost $2,750,000 to complete. In the meantime, the firm had become genuinely multinational; besides branches in Boston and Philadelphia, it had outlets in England, Scotland, France, Prussia, and Saxony as well as contracts with mills in the United States and Great Britain to produce exclusively for the firm. Anticipating the Civil War, Stewart bought heavily in cotton fabric and cornered the market; in the immediate aftermath of the attack on Fort Sumter—and foreseeing the demand for wool uniforms—he contracted for the total output of woolen mills across New York and New England. He contributed $100,000 to the Sanitary Commission during the war and, in 1862, gave $10,000 for the relief of workers in Lancashire, England, unemployed by the cotton famine. Other charitable endeavors included supplies for Irish famine relief in 1847 and a $50,000 donation after

Chicago’s Great Fire in 1871. “Death of A.T. Stewart,” New York Times, April 11, 1876; The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, being a History of the United States (New York: James T. White & Company, 1897), vol. 7, 352. 171. Peter Cooper (1791–1883) was born in New York City. His schooling was limited but his aptitude for mechanical invention high (as an adult, his improvements to various devices were legion, but he was best known for championing somebody else’s invention: the transatlantic telegraph). Through his father’s different businesses, Cooper gained experience in making hats, bricks, and ale. In 1808 he apprenticed to a coach maker; afterwards, he worked for a Hempstead factory that produced a machine for shearing cloth. In three years, he had saved enough money to purchase the machine’s New York rights, from which he prospered during the War of 1812. When textile demand diminished, he converted his factory to furniture production. He also started a grocery business in New York City and, in 1824, a glue and isinglass factory. It was in glue that he made his first fortune, but more lay ahead. Land deals in Maryland led, in 1830, to the Canton Iron Company in Baltimore. In 1845, Cooper moved a New York City iron rolling mill to Trenton, New Jersey. While he supplied the funds, son Edward Cooper and son-in-law Abram S. Hewitt provided the management. Soon, Cooper & Hewitt became the country’s largest such facility. In 1854, the mill rolled the first iron beams for building construction. In 1855, Cooper broke ground for a New York City institution that embodied his vision of affording working people access to higher learning: the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art. Known by contemporaries as the “Cooper Institute,” it opened in 1859, offering free instruction. The school was open until 10:00 p.m. and welcomed the general public to its Great Hall, which hosted speakers of every political stripe. Cooper himself was broadminded, a lifelong Democrat, and firmly antislavery. With the coming of war, he became an ardent Unionist and, though past seventy years in age, sent nine substitutes. In 1863, he assumed a leading role in lobbying Lincoln to accept colored regiments from New York. “Death of Peter Cooper,” New York Times, April 5, 1885; Rossiter W. Raymond, Peter Cooper (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1901), 5, 14, 1–19, 22, 91; First Organization to Accept Colored Troops, 9–10. 172. OR.III.2.678–679. 173. OR.III.2.682. 174. George Washington Cullum (1809–1892) was born in New York and appointed to West Point from Pennsylvania, graduating in 1833. As befit academically astute graduates, Cullum was brevetted a second lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers. Both before and after he was promoted to full captain (1838), he assisted with fort,

harbor, and lighthouse construction projects, chiefly in the Northeast. During the war with Mexico, he remained stateside, designing and building “Sapper, Miner, and Ponton Trains” for the army at war. This was followed by publication of Memoir on Military Bridges with India Rubber Pontons (1847–1848). On sick leave between 1850 and 1852, he traveled extensively through Europe, Asia, Africa, and the West Indies. In 1852, he returned to West Point as an engineering instructor and remained until 1855, when he was assigned full-time duty on construction projects (he had already been performing such duties on a part-time basis), including the U.S. SubTreasury building in New York City, as well as repairs to forts, channels, and lighthouses from Georgia to Massachusetts. Of particular interest to New York during these years was his extensive work on the New York Harbor defenses and Sandy Hook in New Jersey. He was named an adc with rank of lieutenant colonel to Winfield Scott on April 9, 1861, and promoted to brigadier general of Volunteers on November 1, 1861. He continued to work on New York projects throughout the Civil War, and was a member of the U.S. Sanitary Commission, including the Western Sanitary Commission. From late 1861 through 1862, he served as Halleck’s chief of staff during the latter’s term in the western theater; this involved Cullum in numerous (and dangerous) combat engineer assignments. During the war’s last two years, there were few major military engineering projects in which he was not involved. On March 13, 1865, Cullum received brevets to colonel, brigadier, and major general, all for “Faithful and Meritorious Services During the Rebellion.” Having reached the mandatory retirement age (sixty-two) in 1874, he left the army. Post-retirement, he became a vice president of the American Geographical Society, attended the International Geographical Congress in Vienna in 1881, and was involved in a variety of philanthropic endeavors, notably supporting the New York Cancer Hospital. His list of publications is extensive, but no single work is more appreciated by the editor of SAW than the volumes of the Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y. Cullum, Biographical Register, third edition, vol. 1, 535–537; “Obituary. Gen. George W. Cullum,” New York Times, February 29, 1892. 175. OR.III.2.686. Although it is unclear what basis (if any) Cullum had for his estimate, this episode foreshadows disagreements to come between Washington and Albany over numbers. Morgan’s claim of 72,703 men for New York consisted of fifty-six regiments and one battalion of infantry (53,034 men); eight batteries of artillery (3,100 men); 14,069 recruits for old regiments; and an “estimated” 2,500 recruits sent “previous to and subsequent to the payment of bounty.” Notes to Page 172 | 377

176. OR.III.2.666. 177. OR.III.2.691. Morgan’s objections to this general order are puzzling, as it related to the Regular Army and not volunteer units. It was generally understood that while states might help with Regular Army recruiting (especially later, when these recruits counted as credits against draft quotas), matters affecting this branch would nevertheless remain the War Department’s province. 178. OR.III.2.691–692. 179. OR.III.2.695. 180. The New York Times, a pro-Wadsworth sheet, estimated the crowd at 30,000. “Wadsworth and Tremain: Thirty Thousand Endorsing Them,” New York Times, October 31, 1862; Mahood, General Wadsworth, 112–113. 181. OR.III.2.705–706. James C. Hollandsworth, Jr., Pretense of Glory: The Life of General Nathaniel P. Banks (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1998), 83–85. Merchants would be interested in any military operation that might affect cotton supplies or open the Mississippi River to navigation. As department head, one of Banks’ main assignments was to take Vicksburg. 182. “Grand German Union Rally,” New York Times, November 1, 1862. 183. New York in the War of Rebellion, 24. On December 3, state draft commissioners were advised “to await further orders.” The reasons included this failure by some counties to make returns, a desire by local committees for more time to fill quotas by volunteers, a lack of quarters, subsistence, and clothing for expected recruits, and a lack of provost marshals to enforce the draft. AG.62.40. 184. OR.III.2.713. 185. “Seymour vs. The Police,” New York Times, January 3, 1863. 186. Resigned October 5, 1863. 187. Dubin, Congressional Elections, 194–195. 188. Congressional Quarterly’s Guide to U.S. Elections, second edition (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1985), 518. Brummer estimated that approximately 100,000 soldiers were at the front during this election and thus “temporarily disenfranchised.” He argued that “there is some ground” that Wadsworth might have won had the percentage of these troops eligible to vote been able to cast their ballots. He noted that Wadsworth received some 66,000 fewer votes than Lincoln had in 1860, while Seymour exceeded by less than 6,000 the number of votes cast for the Democrats’ fusion ticket that year. “Either there were more New York Republicans than Democrats in the federal military service or if the strength of both parties was equally decreased through this cause, the Democrats must have been largely compensated for such loss by defections from the Republicans.” Brummer argues that the second possibility was improbable, 252–253. 378 | Notes to Pages 172–176

189. Dubin, Party Affiliations, 136. 190. NY.PL.63.40. 191. OR.III.2.859–861. 192. OR.III.2.865. 193. OR.III.2.881. 194. New York in the War of Rebellion, 25–26. See Chapter 113 in Legislative Sessions—1863. In 1864, the bureau was made independent of the adjutant general’s office; in 1865, its name was changed to Bureau of Military Record, and soon afterwards, its mission was expanded to include a repository for war records and battle flags and a “fire-proof ” building. The city of Albany was to provide the land and voluntary donations the money ($75,000); when $35,000 was raised, the building could be commenced. The minimum was raised but the building was never begun. On May 8, 1868, the bureau was returned to the adjutant general’s office. 195. OR.III.3.45. 196. Charles McDougall (1804–1888) was born in Chillicothe, Ohio, then relocated to Indiana. On July 13, 1832, he was appointed assistant surgeon, U.S. Army. One year later, he served with the mounted rangers in the Black Hawk War. Between 1838 and 1841, he served in the Creek and Seminole wars. In 1838, McDougall was promoted to major and full surgeon. After two years doctoring at West Point (1846–1848), McDougall was assigned west and remained there until after the attack on Fort Sumter. In April 1862, he was appointed medical director of the Army of the Tennessee; in September of that year, he was assigned to New York City. He was brevetted brigadier general on March 13, 1865, for “Faithful and Meritorious Service during the War.” In 1866, he was promoted to full lieutenant colonel; he retired in 1869. Appleton’s IV.108. 197. “General City News,” New York Times, December 30, 1862. See McKay, 171. 198. Messages from the Governors, 358–359. 199. Laws of the State of New York passed at the Eighty Fifth Session of the Legislature, begun January Seventh, and ended April twenty-third, 1862, in the city of Albany (Albany: Weare C. Little, 1862), 996 [hereafter cited as NY.PL.62, with page number]. 200. NY.PL.62.10–11. A series of similar acts were passed during this session. See “Chapter 13, An Act to authorize the trustees of the village of Yonkers to raise money by tax,” passed February 22, 1862 (may raise, by tax, up to $6,000 for aid to soldiers’ families); “Chapter 14, An Act to authorize the Common Council of the city of Buffalo to borrow money,” passed February 22, 1862 (authorized the city to borrow $50,000 for board, clothing, and other supplies to volunteers and to provide family aid). 201. NY.PL.62.11.

202. NY.PL.62.15. 203. NY.PL.62.20–21. 204. NY.PL.62.83–84. 205. NY.PL.62.89. This act was amended on March 12 by Chapter 29 (not listed here), which provided that even if U.S. assurance of repayment was not received by the time regiments currently in state were deployed, the comptroller retained the authority to make such advances. 206. NY.PL.62.93–94. Chapter 32, passed March 15, ratified Syracuse’s April 23, 1861, appropriation of $10,000 for family aid. Chapter 38, passed March 21, authorized the county treasurer of Westchester to issue up to $50,000 in bonds at interest not to exceed 7 percent (and to tax towns proportionately) for family aid expenses; bond proceeds were to be distributed proportionately, and if a town failed to distribute its proportion, excess funds could be distributed in other towns within the county. Chapter 42, passed March 22, authorized the city of Poughkeepsie to borrow on its credit up to $4,100 for family aid. 207. NY.PL.62.166–167. Chapter 76, passed March 28, 1862, reimbursed six individuals (who had formed a committee) from the town of Little Falls for a total of $5,000 for monies already advanced for family aid; the reimbursement was in the form of bonds with a coupon of 7 percent. Chapter 200, passed April 12, authorized the board of supervisors to raise taxes by $1,100 in the town of Salisbury to reimburse seven named individuals (the volunteer relief committee) for advances by them for family aid. Chapter 201, passed April 12, raised taxes for the town of Manheim in the amount of $500 to reimburse five named individuals, the volunteer relief committee of the town. Chapter 203, passed April 12, 1863, authorized the town of Herkimer to give four $500 bonds at a 7 percent coupon to three named individuals as reimbursement for family aid advances, and to increase taxes to service the bonds. 208. NY.PL.62.356–357. Chapter 247, passed April 16, 1862 (not listed here), involved a two-step process. The first step recognized the legality of $115,588.56 of Brooklyn bonds issued to pay to equip volunteers and militia and to provide for their families. The second step authorized Brooklyn to repay these (now legal) advances by issuing new bonds in the same amount for a term not exceeding three years at coupon not greater than 7 percent. Chapter 334, passed April 18, authorized Dunkirk village trustees to issue $4,375 in bonds, payable over three years (with one-third redeemed each year) to reimburse citizens for expenses incurred “in clothing and uniforming companies D and E” of the village’s volunteers. 209. NY.PL.62.364–365. On January 17, the state senate passed a resolution (concurred in by the assembly on

January 25 but not listed here) assuming its share of the direct tax. Federal law provided a discount to states that notified the secretary of the treasury, by the second Tuesday in February of each year, that the state intended to assume its share. In New York’s case, the original amount ($2,603,918) was reduced by $390,586, leaving a net liability of $2,213,332. 210. NY.PL.62.376. Chapter 209, passed April 12 (not listed here), authorized Southeast town officials to create a “committee to furnish relief to the families of ­volunteers . . . with the power to borrow money for that purpose in an amount not exceeding” $600 “until the same can be raised by tax.” 211. NY.PL.62.430. 212. NY.PL.62.608. 213. NY.PL.62.724–726. See Chapter 409, passed May 4, 1863 (not listed here), for an amendment to this chapter dealing with paying the expenses of the auditing board and claims incurred after June 1, 1861. 214. NY.PL.62.752. Incorporators were Mrs. General Robert Anderson, Mrs. Drake Mills, Mrs. Olive Devoe, Mrs. David Hoyt, Mrs. Richard Stokes, Mrs. Walter Kidder, Mrs. Sarah Mather, Mrs. J. Bagiola, Miss. M. F. Hoyt, Miss H. Sherman, Mrs. John Voorhis, and Miss Kate Connell. 215. NY.PL.62.753–755. 216. NY.PL.62.822–823. 217. NY.PL.62.870. For amendments to this act, see Chapter 425 (1863) and Chapter 612 (1865), not listed here. For additional legislation privileging military personnel in relation to civil process, see Chapter 212 (1863) and Chapter 578 (1864), neither listed here. 218. Section 3 exempted “Idiots, lunatics, paupers, habitual drunkards and persons convicted of infamous crimes.” See NY.PL.62.881–946 for complete statute. 219. This “fine” also may be considered a tax and, as such, likely did little to deter “no-shows.” In his 1862 report, Hillhouse noted that some counties were failing to collect this fine, thus depriving the militia of revenue. AG.62.25. 220. For privates and ncos, Sections 35 and 36 ameliorated this requirement. The state would furnish the uniform and equipments, and the soldier’s wages would be reduced by 50 percent until the cost was paid. 221. All elections were subject to the governor’s approval. Section 45 authorized the election of the brigadier general and the brigade inspector after the requisite number of regiments had formed. 222. The governor’s staff also consisted of an inspector general with the rank of brigadier general (Section 99), an engineer-in-chief with the rank of brigadier general (Section 100), a quartermaster general with the rank of brigadier general (Section 101), a commissary Notes to Pages 176–181 | 379

general of subsistence with the rank of colonel (Section 102 but renamed in Section 104 the “Commissary General of Ordnance”), a paymaster general with the rank of colonel (Section 103), a surgeon general with the rank of brigadier general (Section 105), and a judge advocates department led by a judge advocate general with the rank of brigadier general (Section 107). 223. Companies could use existing armories. Section 120 charged the armory expense to counties. 224. Section 176 gave the governor’s staff U.S. pay equivalents during the same conditions. 225. A salary cap of $1,200 per annum per clerk was specified, but not the number of clerks. New York, unlike its New England counterparts, gave its governor the required personnel to process its large militia—the maximum number specified in this chapter (30,000) was almost twice the size of the peacetime Regular Army. 226. In such emergencies, New York also gave unit commanders the right to act before receiving higher authority, so long as “with the utmost expedition” they notify their superiors. See Sections 285–289. 227. This formula—“breach of peace” etc.—was meant to apply to domestic disturbances (i.e., not foreign invasions). 228. NY.PL.62.881–946; Hillhouse noted that due to an oversight, no funding or appropriation had been made for the enrollment itself. AG.62.24. 229. New York in the War of Rebellion, 26. These figures should be compared with those at OR.III.4.72–73 and AAC.62.658. There is considerable confusion about enlistments for naval and marine service. The figure used above (24,734) contradicts a later figure that Phisterer assigns to 1861 and 1862 (16,244), which was calculated under Chapter 13, passed by Congress on February 24, 1864 (see Chronology for that date). 230. AG.62.14, 20. Hillhouse’s published total of 69,212 appears miscalculated: adding his components equals the figure given above. 231. AG.62.42–43. 232. AAC.62.658. 233. AG.62.26–27. Hillhouse states that 94 new companies of all branches were organized in 1862, including 89 of infantry, 3 of rifles, and 2 of artillery. 234. AG.62.35–36. These numbers must be used with caution; in the paragraph that precedes them, Hillhouse describes the number “subject to military duty” as over 550,000, substantially less than the figure produced from the columns. It is left to the reader to speculate on what accounted for the approximately 75,000-man difference. 235. McKay, 123–124. 236. OR.III.2.810–813. 237. AAC.62.657. 380 | Notes to Pages 181–183

238. “Local Intelligence,” New York Times, July 16, 1862. 239. Messages from the Governors, 359–360, 369. Morgan declared that, “Our State credit, an index of abiding confidence in the Governor, never stood higher than now, and though drawn upon for the war, our finances, as will appear from the exhibit . . . are now in a satisfactory condition.” 240. Messages from the Governors, 375.

new york: 1863 1. The Metropolitan Police Commissioners censured Kennedy for this detention but in the same finding gave him a vote of confidence; thus, according to Seymour’s complaint, the commissioners, as well as Kennedy, violated the law. “Seymour vs. The Police,” New York Times, January 3, 1863. 2. Nelson J. Waterbury (1819–1894) was born in New York City. He read law in the offices of Wells & Van ­Wagenen until his admission to the bar in 1845. He reportedly received a judicial appointment when his name was mistakenly included on a list of nominees for a judgeship on the Marine Court, which then-governor Silas Wright approved. Waterbury is said to have first learned of the appointment after his return from Albany, following his admission to the bar. He immediately wrote Wright and informed him of the error, but the governor, who knew him, insisted on the appointment. Waterbury, a Democrat, was replaced after Hamilton Fish (a Whig) was elected governor in 1848. Afterwards, Waterbury attempted to build a law practice but, in the words of one biographer, “His Democratic politics were a sort of religion to him,” and this passion “often led him into truancy from his law office.” In 1852, Waterbury was a member of New York City’s Board of Education, a position he held until 1862. In 1853, Waterbury was appointed assistant postmaster of New York City, a position in which he demonstrated real management skills. He divided the city into seven postal districts, each with a main office as well as branch offices. The scheme proved successful, and some version of it was adopted in many urban areas. In 1858, he was elected district attorney for New York City. After the attack on Fort Sumter, Waterbury drafted Tammany Hall resolutions supporting the Union. In 1862, he ran for Congress but withdrew in favor of James Brooks. When Seymour was elected governor, he appointed Waterbury as state jag with the rank of brigadier general. (Despite the commission, Waterbury understood that the jag’s office was essentially a law office, and rarely wore his uniform.) In May 1862, he was elected grand sachem of Tammany Hall, but resigned in late 1863 in a dispute. In 1893, Waterbury was elected to the state constitutional convention but died

before it convened. Representative Men of New York: A Record of their Achievements, edited by Jay Henry Mowbray (New York City: The New York Press, 1898), vol. 3, 171–175. 3. New York in the War of Rebellion, 26–27. 4. “From Albany,” New York Times, January 4, 1863. The commissioners insist that, by statute, the charges must be forwarded to the “District Attorney of the county in which such officer shall be”; only that district attorney is authorized to inquire into the truth of the charges, and then must give “at least eight days notice to the officer accused, of the time and place when he will proceed to the examination of witnesses before some Judge of the County Courts.” Apparently, the commissioners were residents of New York County. 5. “Local Intelligence,” New York Times, January 6, 1863. 6. Official Documents of George Opdyke, 149. 7. George C. Anthon (1820–1877) was born in Red Hook, the son of famous Episcopal divine Henry Anthon. He graduated from Columbia College in 1839, studied law, and was admitted to practice in New York City. In 1847, he relocated to New Orleans to accept a teaching post at the University of Louisiana. He resigned in 1850 and returned to New York City, with an appointment as professor of Greek at the University of the City of New York. In 1854, he established the Anthon Grammar School, and remained its principal until 1877. Appletons I.81; Biographical and Historical Memoirs of Louisiana, embracing an authentic and comprehensive account of the chief events in the history of the state, a special sketch of every parish and a record of the lives of many of the most worthy and illustrious families and individuals (Chicago: The Goodspeed Publishing Company, 1892), vol. 1 of 2, 111. 8. The Union League Club of New York, 1887 (New York: Published by the House, 1887), 9–10. The Union League Club was incorporated on February 16, 1865, under Chapter 32 (not listed). Chapter 32 declared that the club was “to promote, encourage and sustain, by all proper means, absolute and unqualified loyalty to the Government of the United States: to discountenance and rebuke, by moral and social influences, all disloyalty to said Government and every attempt against the integrity of the Nation: and, in furtherance of these objects, to establish and maintain a library and a gallery of art and military trophies, especially devoted to the perpetuation and illustration of the patriotic service and sacrifices by which the existing struggle against rebellion has been characterized.” For many years, there had been another Union Club in New York City. According to McKay, this club had refused to expel Judah P. Benjamin, a Confederate cabinet member and former U.S. senator from Louisiana; McKay, 178. 9. Daniel Ullman (1810–1892) was born in Wilming-

ton, Delaware. He graduated from Yale College in 1829, taught for two years in Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania, then relocated to New York City to read law under former Federalist congressman Henry R. Storrs, also a Yale graduate. Ullman practiced in the city, attaining the status of master of chancery before it was merged with law courts. A follower of Henry Clay and advocate of his “American System,” he ran for state attorney general as a Whig in 1851, and stood for governor on the American (KnowNothing) ticket in 1854. He was a founder of the New York City Young Men’s Christian Association. After the attack on Fort Sumter, Ullman raised the Seventy-Eighth New York (“Highlander” Regiment) and was appointed colonel on April 28, 1862. He led the unit throughout Banks’ Shenandoah Campaign and, sick with typhoid, was captured after Cedar Mountain. He was held in Libby Prison, then released in October. On January 13, 1863, he was promoted to brigadier general and, based in New York City, tasked with recruiting white officers to command five colored regiments in Louisiana, the basis of the famed “Corps d’Afrique.” He was engaged during the siege of Port Hudson and spent the remainder of the war in Louisiana. He was brevetted major general in March 1865. Postwar, Ullman retired from public life, a decision attributed to health problems resulting from his service. He traveled widely, and developed a keen interest in comparative philology; he was working on a book entitled “Philosophy of History as Developed by the American Rebellion” when blindness prevented its completion. “Obituary. Gen. Daniel Ullman,” New York Times, September 21, 1892; Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale University Deceased from June, 1890, to June, 1900, Presented at the Annual Meetings of the Alumni, 1890–1900 (New Haven: Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor Co., 1900), 147. 10. OR.III.3.17. 11. OR.III.3.17. 12. William W. Murphy (1816–1886) was born in Ernestown, Canada, and relocated with his family to Ovid, New York, as a child. He moved to Michigan in 1835, clerked for a “government land office,” and studied law part-time. In 1837 he moved to Jonesville and established the first law practice in Hillsdale County. At first a Democrat, then a Free Soiler, he joined the Republican Party in 1854. At some point, Murphy founded the Jonesville Telegraph, and also a bank. In 1861 Lincoln appointed him consul general at Frankfurt-am-Main, an office he held until 1870. During the war, Murphy is credited with playing an important role in supporting the critical European market for U.S. bonds, chiefly by persuading German investors that the federal government remained creditworthy. After leaving his diplomatic post, Murphy remained in Germany and died in Heidelberg. Early History of Michigan with Biographies of State Officers, Members of Notes to Pages 183–184 | 381

Congress, Judges and Legislators (Lansing: Thorp & Godfrey, State Printers and Binders, 1888), 484–485. 13. OR.III.3.18–19. 14. OR.III.3.36; “General City News,” New York Times, February 2, 1863 15. Morgan received 86 votes, Erastus Corning 70, Dix 1, and Dickinson 1. The vote was a victory for the conservative wing of New York’s Republican Party, led by Thurlow Weed. For additional background, including Radical discontent with Morgan (they held him partially responsible for Wadsworth’s loss), see Rawley, 186–188. 16. August Belmont (1813/16–1890) was born in Alzey, Germany. He was educated in Frankfurt and began work at the House of Rothschild at the age of fourteen. Satisfied with his performance, the Rothschilds sent him to Naples, followed by assignments in Rome and Paris. In 1837, he was dispatched to Cuba, but a stop in the United States coincided with the panic of that year; Belmont remained to tend to his employer’s interests—then stayed for the rest of his life. He soon left the Rothschilds’ employ and established August Belmont & Co., which, although independent, remained closely associated with the European house. Belmont’s world was not all banking: in 1841, he fought a duel (either over a woman or an anti-Semitic slur), took a bullet in his thigh, and was lamed for life. He represented the Austrian government in New York between 1844 and 1850, but resigned in protest of that country’s policies towards Hungary. In 1847, he married Caroline Slidell Perry (the daughter of Matthew Perry and a relation of Louisiana’s John Slidell). This marriage secured his social position and also introduced him to the Democratic Party. By then a citizen (and a rumored convert to Christianity from Judaism), he was appointed by Pierce as the U.S. charge d’affairs at The Hague in 1853; the next year, he was upgraded to minister. Here he played a role in issuing the Ostend Manifesto (the U.S. statement of intent to annex Cuba for a slave state), which proved a domestic disaster, and became another wedge issue between the sections. He resigned in 1858 and returned to New York to resume his pursuits in finance and politics. Belmont became a major force in the Democratic Party and famous for his art collection. He was a delegate to the 1860 Democratic National Convention and chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 1860 until 1872, a post that typically recognized fund-raising ability. In 1860, Belmont supported Douglas. During the war, he received his share of epithets from Republicans: Copperhead, Confederate sympathizer, and occasionally, public complaints about “the Jew banker of New York.” Before the war, Belmont did in fact believe that the South should be allowed to “go in peace,” as the phrase had it; when hostilities commenced, however, Belmont equipped Louis 382 | Notes to Pages 184–185

Blenker’s first command (the First New York Regiment of Rifles, otherwise known as the Eighth New York), lent his support to federal finances, advised Chase, and actively lobbied European governments and capital, if not to purchase federal bonds, then to avoid buying those issued by the Confederates. In 1861, Belmont went to London to lobby Lord Palmerston and, through connections, Napoleon III. He was a generous contributor to the Sanitary Commission. Some literary scholars believe that Edith Wharton “reinterpreted” Belmont to create Julius Beaufort in her novel, The Age of Innocence. More certain is that Belmont Park (and the Belmont Stakes) were named after him. Appletons, I.231; Harry Simonoff, Jewish Participants in the Civil War (New York: Arco Publishing Company, 1963), 81–83; see “Speech to First N.Y. Regiment of Rifles, May 15, 1861,” in Letters, Speeches and Addresses of August Belmont (Privately Printed, 1890), 132; Bertram W. Korn, American Jewry in the Civil War (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1951), 99, 162; Stephen Birmingham, Our Crowd: The Great Jewish Families of New York (New York: Harper & Row, 1967), 58, 60, 129; Richard Stone Reeves and Edward L. Bowen, Belmont Park: A Century of Champions (Hong Kong: Blood Horse Productions, 2005) 13–15. 17. Samuel J. Tilden (1814–1886) was born in New Lebanon, New York. His father was an outspoken admirer of Andrew Jackson and close friend of Martin Van Buren. Childhood illness forced Tilden to be educated intermittently, at home and in local schools. At the age of sixteen he was prepared for college at a private academy in Williamstown, Massachusetts. By 1832, however, he was in New York City, seeking treatment from local physicians. That same year, Tilden composed a statement of principles for New York’s Democratic Party. His father placed it in the hands of Van Buren, who ordered it published. Tilden entered Yale College in 1834, but poor health forced his departure after six months. He returned to New York City for medical care and entered New York University in 1835. In 1838 he enrolled in its law school; he was admitted to the bar and practiced in New York City. Tilden’s life was divided between politics and the practice of law (for ambitious lawyers, not separated by a bright line). He took high-profile cases and was a delegate to the 1846 state constitutional convention. By the mid-1850s, he had developed an expertise in railroad reorganizations and had an enormous railroad practice. Tilden was a Free Soiler in 1848, but remained within the Democratic Party, albeit as a Soft Shell (the antislavery faction). He ran unsuccessfully for state attorney general in 1855 but remained a leader of mainstream New York Democrats during the Civil War, insisting on loyalty to the Union while vehemently protesting Lincoln administration policies on civil rights and emancipation. By

1868, Tilden was the leader of New York Democrats. He opposed the Tweed Ring and helped bring down corrupt judges loyal to the ring. In 1874, Tilden was elected governor of New York. In 1876, Tilden was the Democratic nominee for president. He won both the popular and electoral vote, but the election was decided in favor of Republican Rutherford B. Hayes by the fifteen-member Electoral Commission. Appletons, VI.114–116; John Bigelow, The Life of Samuel J. Tilden (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1895), vol. 1 of 2, 12, 23, 27, 46, 49. 18. Samuel Latham Mitchell Barlow (1826–1889) was born in Granville, Massachusetts. He was educated in New York City and remained there to practice law. He became an important Wall Street corporate lawyer and an influential Democrat. He met George McClellan during his years with the Illinois Central, while seeking a merger with the Ohio & Mississippi. Barlow would become one of McClellan’s closest confidants, especially on political matters. It is interesting to note that contemporary biographies reveal little about him. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, for example, mentions him as a rare book collector and little more. In the 1950s, however, historian Allan Nevins discovered an enormous collection of boxed papers and over fifty bound volumes of letters, totaling some 20,000 pieces. From that time forward, Barlow has assumed a place as one of the more influential Democratic Party strategists during the Civil War. Included in these papers were hourly telegrams sent by Manton Marble, publisher of the New York World, informing Barlow about developments during the 1864 Democratic National Convention. Stephen W. Sears, George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon (New York: Ticknow & Fields, 1988), 50–51; Gerald L. Fetner, Immersed in Great Affairs: Allan Nevins and the Heroic Age of American History (Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 204), 166. 19. McKay, 174; Handbook of the Democracy for 1863 & ’64, containing Publications of the Society for the Diffusion of Political Knowledge (New York: Society for the Diffusion of Political Knowledge, n.d.), 2, 9–10. 20. OR.III.3.43–45. These figures almost certainly were prepared with the expectation of raising colored regiments. The number of eligible black males was estimated by applying the same discount that experience had demonstrated was the case for white males. 21. AG.63.9. The others are the One Hundred Seventy-Sixth and the One Hundred Seventy-Seventh. 22. As quoted in Union Pamphlets of the Civil War, 1861–1865, edited by Frank Freidel (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1967), vol. 1, 4. Freidel quotes Lieber remembering one recent train ride: “The cars, on my return from Washington [to New York City] were full of discharged sol-

diers and such loud, nasty, infernal treason I have never believed my ears should be destined to hear. I changed cars, but it was everywhere the same.” 23. John Van Buren (1810–1866) was born at Hudson, the son of Martin Van Buren. He graduated from Yale in 1828 and moved to Albany, where he read law for three years. After admission to the bar he remained in that city to practice. Van Buren was a politically active Democrat; in 1845, he was appointed attorney general by the legislature. His tenure was marked by prosecution of the leaders of the Anti-Rent War (in which he and defense counsel had a fistfight and both were cited for contempt) and the Freeman case, in which an African American was accused of murdering a family (opposing counsel William H. Seward pled insanity but Van Buren prevailed). He soon became a leading Barnburner (antislavery), a group that fought with the Hunkers (conservative Democrats) for control of the state party during the late 1840s. In 1848, under John Van Buren’s leadership, the Barnburners nominated Martin Van Buren for president. At the Baltimore convention that year, both the Barnburner and Hunker factions were seated, causing the withdrawal of the former. When the convention did not nominate Martin Van Buren, the stage was set for a third party. “Prince John” helped organize the Buffalo convention that gave rise to the Free Soil Party and nominated Martin Van Buren for president and Charles Francis Adams for vice president. John Van Buren campaigned vigorously that year, earning a national reputation as a stump speaker. After the Free Soilers’ defeat, Van Buren attempted to return to the Democratic fold, endorsing the pro-slavery Franklin Pierce for president in 1852. He never regained his influence in the state Democratic Party, however, though it was not for want of trying. He opposed the Republican Party at its inception and endorsed Breckinridge for president in 1860. As with many Democrats, the fault lines presented by secession were great; Van Buren became a War Democrat and publicly supported the use of force to end the rebellion. “Death of John Van Buren,” New York Times, October 17, 1866. 24. Charles P. Daly (1816–1899) was born in New York City to an Irish immigrant father. After his father’s death, Daly went to sea for three years, first as a cabin boy, then as a sailor. He returned to New York City and apprenticed as a mechanic. Although he soon became interested in the law (and persuasive enough to find someone to pay his tuition), he honored the terms of his apprenticeship, remaining until his twenty-first year. He then clerked in a New York City law office, where he became regarded as a prodigy after only two years; the bar relaxed its rules to admit him in 1839, at age twenty-three. In 1843 he was elected to the New York assembly and, in 1844, was appointed by Governor William L. Marcy, a Democrat, to Notes to Pages 185–186 | 383

the New York City Court of Common Pleas. In 1856 he married Maria Lydig (whose published diary provides an important source of information about New York City during the war), and in 1857 was appointed chief judge of Common Pleas in New York City. Possessed of a formidable intellect, Daly wrote a number of scholarly works including, Historical Sketch of the Tribunals of New York from 1623 to 1846 (1855), History of the Naturalization and its Laws in Different Countries (1860), First Settlement of Jews in North America (1875) and, reflecting his interest in geography (he was a founder of the American Geographical Society), What We Know of Maps and Mapmaking before the Time of Mercator (1879). He was the editor of the thirteen-volume Reports of Cases in the Court of Common Pleas, City and County of New York (1868–1887). Benson J. Lossing, History of New York City, embracing an Outline Sketch of Events from 1609 to 1830, and a Full Account of its Development from 1830 to 1884 (New York: The Perine Engraving and Publishing Co., 1884), vol. 2, note, 496; Appletons, II.61. 25. “Vallandigham in New York,” New York Times, March 8, 1863. 26. La Rhett L. Livingston (1831–1903) was born in New York State. He graduated from West Point in 1853, entered the Third U.S. Artillery, and served in Florida. He fought Indians on the 1854–1855 march from Utah to California, and served garrison duty in Kansas, Minnesota, and Oregon. Promoted to captain on October 26, 1861, he continued with the Third Artillery and fought across the Peninsula. Livingston was brevetted for “Gallant and Meritorious Services” at Malvern Hill and was artillery chief of Third Army Corps at Fredericksburg. After that battle, he was appointed mustering and disbursing 0fficer at Elmira. In June 1864, he returned to the field under Sheridan during the Shenandoah Campaign. Between August and October 1865, he was on recruiting duty at Fort Columbus in New York Harbor. At war’s end, he was brevetted lieutenant colonel for “Gallant and Meritorious Services at the Battle of Smithsfield, Va.” Postwar, he continued with the artillery service and, in 1877, saw action of a different sort in Scranton, Pennsylvania, where he was ordered to suppress the Railroad Riots. He retired from the army in 1895. Francis Heitman, Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army, from its organization, September 29, 1789 to March 2, 1903 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1903), 636. 27. Sheldon Sturgeon (1838–1892) graduated from West Point in 1861, was appointed second lieutenant, infantry, then promoted to captain in 1862. By war’s end, he had received brevets to major and lieutenant colonel for gallantry. In April 1865, he was appointed colonel of the First New Orleans Infantry, afterwards serving with the Sixth U.S. Cavalry until his retirement in 1876. 384 | Notes to Page 186

Twenty-Fourth Annual Reunion of the Association of Graduates of the United States Military Academy, at West Point, New York, July 9, 1893 (Saginaw, Michigan: Seemann & Peters, 1893), 31. 28. OR.III.3.60–62. Gustavus Loomis (1789–1872) was born in Thetford, Vermont. He graduated from West Point in 1811 and served in the artillery, performing garrison duty and fighting in the War of 1812. In 1813, he was taken prisoner by the British at Fort Niagara; afterwards, he served in quartermaster’s duty in garrison at various posts. He was promoted to captain in 1821 and, after participating in the Seminole Wars, to major in 1838. He fought Indians in Texas, was promoted lieutenant colonel of the Sixth U.S. Infantry in 1840, and returned to the Seminole Wars from 1856 to 1858. During the Civil War, he was involved in mustering duty; on June 1, 1863, he was appointed superintendent of recruiting. He retired from active duty shortly thereafter, but continued to sit on courts-martial. At war’s end, he was brevetted brigadier general in recognition of his long service. Appletons, IV.19; OR.III.3.242. 29. OR.III.3.64. 30. OR.III.3.74. 31. Appletons, II.557; OR.III.3.74–75. 32. “A Loyal League,” New York Times, March 21, 1863. In contrast with the Union League Club, whose membership was restricted to elites, the Loyal National League (whose executive committee shared more than one member with its Union League counterpart) was intended as a popular organization: clubs were formed in city wards. According to Brummer, clubs received badges, membership certificates, literature, and loyalty pledges. The Loyal National League soon moved statewide. (See entry for May 26.) Parke Godwin (1816–1904) was born in Paterson, New Jersey. He was educated at Kinderhook and graduated from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton) in 1834. He returned to Paterson to study law, then went to Kentucky, where he was admitted to the bar but did not practice. He moved to New York City and attempted to practice there but without success. In 1837, he met William Cullen Bryant, editor of the New York Evening Post. He married Bryant’s daughter and was hired by his ­father-in-law as a “temporary” assistant editor, a post that lasted on and off until 1873. Godwin became a politically active journalist and occasional spoilsman. In 1843, he founded the Pathfinder, which lasted only three months. Polk appointed him deputy collector of the Port of New York (an office that lasted a while longer). When Putnam’s Monthly Magazine was founded in 1853, Godwin joined as an editor, remaining until 1857 (and rejoining between 1867 and 1870). Godwin joined the Republican Party in 1856 and would remain a loyal member,

supporting it with his written work until 1876 and the ­Tilden-Hayes race. His better known writings include Popular View of the Doctrines of Charles Fourier (New York, 1844), Democracy, Constructive and Pacific (New York, 1844), Vala, A Mythological Tale (dedicated to Jenny Lind; New York, 1851), A Handbook of Universal Biography (New York, 1851; reissued as the Cyclopaedia of Biography in 1871), History of France (1861), and a six-volume edition of Bryant’s poetry and other writings. Charles Elliott Finch, Encyclopedia of Biography of New York, vol. 5, 127–128; Appletons, II.671. 33. “Local Politics,” New York Times, March 25, 1863. 34. Messages from the Governors, 487–489. Seymour did not blame the federal government for any gaps in caring for the sick and wounded but ascribed them to circumstance: “the number of sick and wounded soldiers is so great, and so liable to sudden increase, beyond all calculation, by battle, that I recommend an ample appropriation by this State for its sick and wounded troops.” 35. The correspondence was published in the New York Herald on March 30 and in the Times on March 31. Part of a routine disclosure made to Parliament, the letters were grist for Republican mills and used by speakers at several Union rallies over the next few weeks. 36. Messages from the Governors, 490–493, 578–581. This resolution is not listed in Legislative Sessions. In the 1864 session, the legislature demanded that New York stop paying foreign creditors in coin, to which Seymour vehemently objected. He noted that, “The State is even now [April 1864] in the market for money to pay volunteers,” and warned that, “Bad faith on the part of New York . . . must, inevitably weaken very greatly, if it do not destroy the credit of our government securities in foreign markets.” 37. OR.III.3.112–113. The influence of GO No. 86 should not be overemphasized: the most important incentive in filling up old regiments was the benefit of associating veterans with inexperienced soldiers. 38. “Copperheads in Council,” New York Times, April 8, 1863. 39. “Loyal Mass Meeting,” New York Times, April 12, 1863. The Times estimated the crowd at 30,000. 40. Messages from the Governors, 508–512. 41. OR.III.3.125–146. These far-reaching regulations (which also listed thirty-nine separate administrative forms) contained much more. Together with the March 3 Enrollment Act, they are required reading for anyone seeking to understand the shift from state to federal control of the conscription process. 42. “League for the Union,” New York Times, April 21, 1863. For a detailed account of speeches and resolutions see “The Great Questions of the Times,” in a Brief Report of Proceedings at the Great Inaugural Mass Meeting of the Loyal

National League (New York: Printed for the Loyal National League, 1863). 43. Frederick Townsend (1825–1897) was born in Albany to a prosperous merchant family. He was educated locally and graduated from Union College in 1844; afterwards, he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1849. However, that same year he went to California, drawn by gold. He returned to New York rich in adventure, but less so in gold. During the 1850s he entered Company B of the Washington Continentals, a militia unit. He organized the Seventy-Sixth Regiment of militia, founded the Albany Zouave Cadets and, in 1857, was appointed by Governor King as the state adjutant general, a position he held until 1860. Phisterer credits him with having “reorganized the uniformed Militia and made it a serviceable body”—just in time for the Civil War. When Morgan took office, he reappointed Townsend, who left sometime before January 1, 1861, when Read became state adjutant general. After the attack on Fort Sumter, Townsend became the recruiter and colonel of the ninety-day Third New York State Volunteers. He led the unit with distinction at Big Bethel on June 10, 1861. On August 19, 1861, Lincoln appointed him major of the Eighteenth U.S. Infantry, a Regular Army unit. He was posted to the western theater, and earned further distinction on the Lick River Reconnaissance (April 26, 1862), the siege of Corinth (April 30), Perryville, and at the terrific fight at Stone’s River (December 31), earning a brevet to lieutenant colonel. He was brevetted brigadier general on March 13, 1865, for “Faithful and Meritorious Services during the War.” Postwar, Townsend remained in service for three years, although much of the time was spent in Europe. Returning in 1867, he was assigned to California as acting inspector general of that department, and later, Arizona. He resigned in 1868. Townsend served as a director of the New York National Bank, and as a trustee of Vassar College, the Albany & Bethlehem Turnpike Company, the Albany Orphanage Asylum, Albany Academy, and the Dudley Observatory. His militia associations continued as brigadier general of the Ninth Brigade, nyng. In 1880, he was again appointed state adjutant general. The same year he served as a presidential elector for Garfield. The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography (New York: James T. White & Company, 1895), vol. 4, 458–459; Hunt and Brown, Brevet Brigadiers in Blue, 623; New York in the War of Rebellion, 6. 44. Robert Nugent (1824–1901) was born in Kilkeel, County Down, Ireland. He came to the United States when a boy. In 1853, he joined the Sixty-Ninth nysm; by wartime, he was its lieutenant colonel. Nugent deployed with the unit under Lincoln’s April 15 call, saw action at Bull Run, and mustered out on August 3, 1861. Two days later, he was commissioned a captain in the ReguNotes to Pages 186–188 | 385

lar Army with the Thirteenth U.S. Infantry. In October, Nugent was granted leave to return to New York and organize the Sixty-Ninth as a three-year unit and to serve as its colonel. He led the regiment through the Peninsula, and was brevetted a major, usa, on June 27, 1862, for gallantry at Gaines’ Mill. He fought with the Sixty-Ninth at Antietam and Fredericksburg, where he was severely wounded. He was brevetted lieutenant colonel (to date from December 13, 1862) and, on April 2, 1865, colonel, both for bravery at Fredericksburg. On March 13, 1865, he was brevetted a brigadier general of volunteers for “Faithful and Meritorious Service during the War.” At war’s end Nugent rejoined the Thirteenth U.S. Infantry, serving with the unit until 1876, when he was transferred to the Twenty-Fourth. His last years with the Thirteenth and Twenty-Fourth were spent on the frontier fighting Indians. He resigned in 1879 and returned to New York. Appletons’ Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1901, Third Series, Volume VI (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1902), whole series vol. 41, 455. 45. OR.III.3.166–167. 46. Messages from the Governors, 513–515. 47. OR.III.3.167–169. The Official Records contain only the full letter to the provost marshal for New York, but note that similar letters were sent to provost marshals in most states. 48. OR.III.3.169–179. 49. New York in the War of Rebellion, 30–31. “Welcome To The Brave,” April 29, 1863, New York Times. For a list of regimental muster-outs, see AG.63.7–8. Sprague estimated that the number of men mustering out was 11,000. 50. OR.III.3.170–172. 51. OR.III.3.185–187. Fry’s recommendation is approved by Stanton. Fry’s April 25 statement represents the War Department’s claim and had not yet been disputed by the governor. 52. OR.I.25.ii.437–448. This letter was sent to most loyal governors. 53. AG.63.13. This letter is not found in the Official Records or reproduced by Sprague but is referred to in the latter’s 1863 annual report. 54. “The Soldiers’ Rest: Circular From the AdjutantGeneral, General Headquarters State of New York, Adjutant-General’s Office,” New York Times, May 17, 1863. The circular was issued on May 11. 55. OR.III.5.888. 56. OR.III.210. 57. As quoted in Brummer, 308–309. The full text of this letter may be found at The American Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the year 1863, vol. 3 (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1869), 689 [hereafter cited as AAC.63, with page number]. A meeting approving of Seymour’s letter also was held in Buffalo in early June; 386 | Notes to Pages 188–192

Brummer, 310–311. On May 28, another Democratic State Committee meeting in Albany renewed its support of the government’s policy of using force to suppress the rebellion, called for restoration of the Union under the constitution, acknowledged the right to suspend habeas corpus within military lines but not outside them, and endorsed Seymour’s letter of May 16. See “New York Politics,” New York Times, May 29, 1863, and Brummer, 316. 58. John Mullaly (1835–1915) was born in Belfast, Ireland, and immigrated to the United States in the early 1850s. He began working for Greeley’s Tribune, Bryant’s Evening Post, and Bennett’s Herald. It was while employed by the latter (1857–1858) that Mullaly reported on the laying of the first Atlantic cable. In 1859, after severing a relationship with McMaster’s Freeman’s Journal, Archbishop Hughes established the Metropolitan Record with Mullaly as editor, a position he held until the sheet ceased in 1873. On August 19, 1864, Mullaly was arrested for publishing articles that counseled resistance to the draft. (See entry for that date.) After his career in newspapering, Mullaly had a distinguished second career as a New York park commissioner and writer. His works include a history of the laying of the Atlantic cable and assorted pamphlets. Historical Records and Studies, edited by Charles George Herbermann, vol. 8, June 1915 (New York: The United States Catholic Historical Society, 1915), 260. 59. “The Copperhead Council: Three Thousand Citizens Assembled at Union Square,” New York Times, May 19, 1863. Readers may discern that the arc of Democratic protests after the Vallandigham arrest reveals a divided party. Brummer identifies this split as between the Regency and Tammany factions on one hand, and Mozart on the other. It is more helpful to understand the division as among three groups: pure War Democrats, War Democrats whose enthusiasm was tempered by civil rights constitutionalism, and Peace Democrats. 60. P. C. Headley, Public Men of To-Day, being Biographies of the President and Vice-President of the United States, &c. (Hartford: S.S. Scranton & Company, 1882), 654. 61. OR.III.3.214. 62. OR.III.3.217–218. 63. “The Loyal National League,” New York Times, May 27, 1863. A complete account will be found in Proceedings of the Convention of Loyal Leagues held at Mechanics Hall, Utica, Tuesday, 26 May, 1863 (New York: Wm. C. Bryant & Co., Printers, 1863). 64. E. Delafield Smith (1826–1878) was born in Rochester, New York, and relocated with his family to New York City around 1836. Smith was educated at Solymon Brown’s Quaker School, New York University’s grammar school, the Wheatsheaf Academy in New Jersey, and finally the New England Seminary in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. He graduated from New York University in 1846

and read law with some of the most distinguished practitioners of his time: the brothers E. H. and R. M Blatchford (see entry for April 3, 1861), and New York supreme court judge William Kent (the son of Chancellor James Kent and later Joseph Storey’s successor on the faculty of Harvard Law School). Smith was admitted to the bar in 1848 and, in the early 1850s, partnered with his brother Augustus F. Smith. Their firm was highly respected and likewise remunerative. Between 1854 and 1859, Smith further enhanced his reputation by publishing four volumes in the series E. D. Smith’s Reports, containing case reports from New York County. In 1861, Lincoln appointed Smith as U.S. district attorney for the Southern District of New York, where for the next four years Smith prosecuted some of the highest profile cases in the country. In 1861 he tried Nathaniel Gordon, captain of the slave ship Erie, for violating the Piracy Act of 1820 (see entry for February 7, 1862, and others). Gordon was convicted and sentenced to death, and lesser convictions were obtained against those who equipped or provided sureties for the ships. Smith oversaw the 1863 condemnation of the British steamships Peterhoff, Springbok, and Stephen Hart for having conducted illicit trade with the Confederacy through Nassau and Matamoras. In another highprofile case, he prosecuted John U. Andrews for his role in fomenting the New York Draft Riots (see that section). In 1864 he prosecuted Solomon Kohnstamm for fraud in army contracts. Postwar, he returned to private practice. He was named corporation counsel for the city of New York in 1872. Sketches of Representative Men, North and South, edited by Augustus C. Rogers, third edition (New York: Atlantic Publishing Company, 1874), 423–440; “Obituary. Hon. E. Delafield Smith,” New York Times, April 13, 1878. 65. John H. McCunn (1825–1872) was born in Londonderry, Ireland. He went to sea as a young boy and arrived in New York in 1841. Finding no employment, he then went to Philadelphia as an apprentice furniture maker. Dissatisfied, he returned to New York City within several years and was hired as a messenger by the famous lawyer Charles O’Conor. O’Conor may have mentored McCunn and the latter acquired enough law to pass the bar around 1846. Afterwards, he worked for several firms before deciding that the bench was for him. He joined the Tammany wing of the Democratic Party and was elected a city judge in 1860, holding the position until 1863. After the attack on Fort Sumter (and while still on the bench), McCunn reportedly deployed with the Sixty-Ninth New York as a “Captain of Engineers.” On May 28, 1861, he was commissioned colonel of the Thirty-Seventh New York but lasted only three months, rejected by his officers as “wholly incompetent to command a regiment.” He was nonetheless elected (with

Tammany sponsorship) to New York’s superior court in 1863, and re-elected in 1870. Always considered little more than a tool of the Tammany interests (except when he served the same role for Fernando Wood), McCunn achieved his greatest fame when he was impeached for corruption after the Tweed Ring collapsed. He was removed from the bench by a vote of the New York Senate in 1872, and died soon thereafter. As quoted in Hunt, Colonels in Blue, New York, 189–190; “Obituary. Judge John H. McCunn,” New York Times, July 7, 1872; The American Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1872 (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1873), vol. 12, 584–585. 66. Attorney Samuel J. Glassey was a Whig turned Republican. He served as an assistant in Draper’s provost marshal office before becoming deputy provost marshal in New York City under Fry. Marquis James, The Metropolitan Life: A Study in Business Growth (New York: The Viking Press, 1947), 32, note 5. 67. OR.III.3.241, 244; Ivor Bernstein, The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 59. 68. OR.III.3.242, 244. 69. OR.III.3.243, 244. 70. John B. Stonehouse (1813–1885) was commissioned major and inspector of the Ninth Brigade (nysm) on August 4, 1862; he also assumed the duties of state aag. On May 2, 1864, Stonehouse was promoted colonel and Seymour’s chief of staff. He served throughout the conflict. Postwar, he remained with the militia. After John A. Dix was elected governor, he appointed Stonehouse brigadier general and staff aag on May 8, 1874. The next year, Stonehouse was appointed military agent for New York. The war was over but not the arguments between states and the federal government over reimbursements. Stonehouse was credited with recovering a large amount of money owed to New York. He continued as a militia officer until his death in New York City. “Gen. Stonehouse Dead,” New York Times, November 25, 1885. 71. OR.III.3.245–247. 72. “The Peace Party: The Wood-Vallandigham Faction in Convention,” New York Times, June 4, 1863. This rally was, by all accounts, well attended, with many German-Americans present. There were many speakers although few of statewide influence. McKay, 187. 73. OR.III.3.250–252. 74. Brummer, 316. 75. OR.III.3.320. See Legislative Sessions for 1863. Chapter 185 did not explicitly give Seymour authority to appoint allotment commissioners. 76. George L. Stearns (1809–1867) was born in Medford, Massachusetts, and became a prosperous Boston Notes to Pages 192–193 | 387

manufacturer of sheet and pipe lead. Occasionally quick tempered, he was a life-long abolitionist, a Free Soiler in 1848, and a sponsor of the Emigrant Aid Society. In 1856, he established the Massachusetts State Kansas Committee, a fundraising and financing effort on behalf of Kansas “free staters.” (He was remembered as its lead contributor.) In 1857 he met and became devoted to John Brown, one of the Secret Six; the tie never loosened, even as Brown sat in a cell awaiting execution. In 1860, Stearns was subpoenaed to testify before James M. Mason’s U.S. Senate committee and, unlike some of his colleagues, he appeared and testified truthfully. After the firing on Fort Sumter, Stearns understood that war was abolition, and he became active in a number of emancipationist measures, After Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation in September 1862, Stearns began to organize a Freedman’s Bureau. In 1863, with War Department sanction, he helped organize a nationwide recruiting effort for colored soldiers. It was headquartered first in Buffalo, then in Philadelphia, and later Nashville. Stearns was instrumental in recruiting the Massachusetts Fifty-Fourth and Fifty-Fifth Infantry and the Fifth Cavalry—all African American units with white officers. He was the founder of the Commonwealth and Right of Way, two abolitionist newspapers, the former having some influence in wartime Boston. Ralph Waldo Emerson eulogized Stearns in words that might easily describe many others of his generation who worked in and outside of government for the same objects. “Without such vital support as he, and such as he brought to the government, where would that government be? When one remembers his incessant service; his journeys and residences in many states; the societies he worked with; the councils in which he sat; the wide correspondence, presently enlarged by printed circulars, then by newspapers, established wholly or partly at his own cost; the useful suggestions; the celerity with which his purpose took form; and his immovable convictions,—I think this single will was worth to the cause ten thousand ordinary partisans, well-disposed enough, but of feebler and interrupted action.” Herringshaw’s National Library of American Biography, edited by Thomas William Herringshaw, vol. 5, 319; Ralph Waldo Emerson, “George Luther Stearns,” Lectures and Biographical Sketches (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1904 [1883]), 501–507. 77. OR.III.3.682–685. 78. “The Liberty of the Press,” New York Times, June 9, 1863. Modern historians link the draft riots with a number of strikes that preceded the July 13 violence. The longshoremen’s strike factors into any discussion: eventually, the strike spread to some 3,000 workers. Racial tensions were heightened when shippers replaced 388 | Notes to Pages 193–195

discharged strikers with African American laborers. For vessels that were government-owned or carried critical war materiel, military prisoners were brought over from Governor’s Island to perform longshoremen’s work. By mid-June, the army was employed to guard the piers. This led to tension between strikers and soldiers. See “Local Intelligence,” New York Times, June 14, 1863. McKay, 197; Bernstein, 27. 79. OR.III.3.348–349. 80. Captain Charles E. Jenkins was appointed provost marshal on April 15, 1863; he resigned on December 7, 1863. Jenkins served in the New York assembly in 1866. OR.III.5.894; Civil List and Forms of Government of the Colony and State of New York, Edition of 1867 (Albany: Weed, Parsons and Company, Publishers, 1867), 504. 81. OR.III.3.347–348. 82. Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings, edited by Roy P. Basler (New York: Da Capo Press, reprint, 1946), 699–708. Article I, Section 9, includes: “The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.” 83. Readers should note that the Ninth District was redrawn after the 1860 census; it now included Manhattan and its still-undeveloped northeast section. 84. OR.III.3.359, 360. 85. Darius N. Couch (1822–1897) was born in New York and graduated from West Point in 1846. He resigned in 1855 for employment at his in-laws’ Taunton, Massachusetts, manufactory. With war, he was commissioned colonel of the Seventh Massachusetts and, through a series of promotions, held divisional command in the Second and, later, the Twenty-Third Corps. During the Gettysburg Campaign he commanded the Department of the Susquehanna. Warner, Generals in Blue, 95–96. 86. OR.I.27.iii.141, 138–139, 140. Stanton immediately wired Couch that New York troops would be forwarded and that, “They ought to reach you in time to check the enemy.” OR.III.3.368. Harrisburg is Pennsylvania’s capital and close enough to Elmira (125 miles) to have created apprehension in New York when it appeared the Confederates would occupy it. 87. AG.63.21. 88. David H. Vinton (1803–1873) was born in Rhode Island and graduated from West Point in 1822. He spent the 1820s in several artillery units before transferring to the Sixth U.S. Infantry. He served in the quartermaster’s department between 1836 and 1839, during the Creek and Florida Wars. Between 1839 and 1840, he was on frontier duty in northern New York with the Third U.S. Artillery. By the time of the Mexican War he was a major, serving as chief quartermaster on the staff of Major General John E. Wool. Afterwards, he held quartermaster

positions in California, Boston, and St. Louis. In 1861, he was chief quartermaster of the Department of Texas in San Antonio. After Confederates took that town, Vinton was briefly a pow. He returned north after parole and, on August 3, 1861, was brevetted a lieutenant colonel. For the remainder of the war, Vinton was chief quartermaster at New York City, “in charge of the depot for supplying the army with clothing and equipage.” On March 13, 1865, he brevetted colonel and brigadier general for “Faithful and Meritorious Services during the Rebellion.” He retired from the army on July 29, 1866, having exceeded the age of sixty-two. Cullum, Biographical Register, second edition, vol. 1, 227. 89. OR.I.27.iii.165–168; OR.III.3.368–369, 372. In Sandford’s concluding wire, he asked that these units be “commanded by their own general officers. . . . They will go stronger if this request is complied with.” OR.III.3. 378–379. 90. Marshall Lefferts (1821–1876) was born in Brooklyn. He was educated publicly, then worked as a clerk for a time. He was hired by Chief Engineer John S. Stoddard to help in a survey of Brooklyn. (Stoddard reportedly named Marshall Street after Lefferts, who was by then an assistant engineer.) After this survey, Lefferts joined Morewood & Co., importers; by the end of three years, he was a partner. He managed the firm until 1852, then moved into iron founding, introducing galvanized iron. Lefferts brought zinc-plated wire to the United States from England, and became an investor in the Bain Chemical Telegraph. Unfortunately for Lefferts, Samuel F.B. Morse obtained an injunction for infringement and Bain’s telegraph was never a factor in the United States. (In 1861, Lefferts joined the American Telegraph Company as an electrical engineer, supervising the complex business of stringing line. He invented a device to detect electrical faults and another that reduced the electrical resistance of relays. Another of his innovations was the hiring of women as telegraph operators. When the Western Union Company was formed in 1866, Lefferts joined as its senior engineer, then later founded its news division. He left in 1869 to become president of the Gold and Stock Telegraph Company.) Lefferts joined the Seventh New York in 1851 and, by 1852, was elected lieutenant colonel. In 1859, he was elected full colonel. Antebellum militia service was no guarantee of competence in wartime, but Lefferts and his regiment were equal to the emergency of 1861. The Seventh was the first regiment to leave New York, and also rendered good service during the early occupation of Maryland. (See Maryland chapter in States at War, volume 4.) Lefferts proved himself useful to John A. Dix, and served as military governor of Frederick, Maryland, for a time. When the New York City Draft Riots occurred, the Seventh was recalled from

guard duty around Gettysburg. National Cyclopaedia, vol. 10, 243. 91. AG.63.23. 92. OR.III.3.374. 93. John Ewen (1810–1877) was born in New York and trained to become a civil engineer. Together with his brother Daniel, Ewen laid the streets for the village of Williamsburg (now part of Brooklyn). His next job was as engineer for the New Castle & Frenchtown (Delaware) Railroad. He returned to New York as chief engineer of the New York & Harlem Railroad. From 1836 to 1844, he was New York City’s street commissioner, serving Democrats and Whigs. He was forced out when the nativists took control of the Common Council in 1844. After the administration changed in 1845, Ewen was appointed comptroller, holding this office until 1848. That year he left to work for the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company. He later joined the Pennsylvania Coal Company, of which he eventually became president. In the course of defending his company from various lawsuits, Ewen studied law and was admitted to the New York bar. Although Ewen voted for Lincoln in 1860, he was a Democrat. His contribution to the Civil War was as a soldier. He had been elected a first lieutenant with the Eighth New York, Light Infantry, in 1836; he rose to colonel and, in 1847, was elected brigadier general of the Fourth Brigade. After the attack on Fort Sumter, the Fourth included such units as the Irish Sixty-Ninth and the Seventy-Ninth Highlanders. Ewen and his brigade were engaged at First Bull Run. Ewen commanded a brigade under General William F. (“Baldy”) Smith in the run-up to the Gettysburg campaign. J. Thomas Scharf, History of Westchester County, New York, including Morrisania, Kings Bridge and West Farms which have been annexed to New York City, Volume 1, Part 2 (Philadelphia: L. E. Preston & Co., 1886), 767. 94. Elijah P. Brooks (1819–1878) was born in Edmiston, Otsego County, but moved with his family to Elmira in 1835. Publicly educated, Brooks first tried wagonmaking, then clerked for a local attorney until his 1841 admission to the bar. He achieved prominence in law and success as an investor. He also became a prominent Republican in western New York. He served as a delegate to the 1857 state constitutional convention and was appointed county judge in Chemung County in 1860. “During the war Judge Brooks patriotically and actively interested himself in sustaining the government,” a local historian recollected, “and was one of a committee of influential citizens who gave assistance to raise regiments and enable the district to fill its quota of troops.” He remained on the bench until 1864; in the following year he was appointed a canal appraiser. History of Tioga, Chemung, Tompkins, and Schuyler Counties, New York, comNotes to Pages 195–196 | 389

piled by H. B. Peirce and D. Hamilton Hurd (Philadelphia: Everts & Ensign, 1879), 234–235. 95. OR.I.27.iii.205. Based on the Official Records, the “first telegram” from Stanton was sent two days earlier, but the “next day” turned into June 21. OR.III.3.378–380. Nugent must have inspired Fry, who re-wrote his message then sent it to Townsend and Diven along with aapmgs in New Jersey, Ohio, and Massachusetts. 96. AG.63.22. 97. AG.63.22; OR.I.27.iii.253. 98. OR.I.27.iii.392. 99. OR.III.3.424–426. 100. OR.III.3.614. Seymour excerpted Wool’s letter in his 1864 annual message, arguing for increased expenditure for harbor defenses. Messages from the Governors, 549. 101. OR.III.3.462, 463; James B. Fry, New York and the Conscription of 1863, a Chapter in the History of the Civil War (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1885), 22–23. Seymour will later claim that he received no notice that the draft was commencing in New York City; Fry will disagree, claiming that the governor was notified on July 1. OR.III.3.660. The Official Records suggest that the notice Seymour did receive on July 1 was about this draft in the upstate Thirtieth District; according to the Official Records the earliest notice given Seymour for drafting in one of the nine metropolitan districts was July 3—for the Eighth Congressional District. (See entry for July 3.) 102. AG.63.24. 103. Fry, New York and the Conscription of 1863, 22–23. The entry in the Official Records also shows that Seymour was notified of a draft in the Sixteenth Congressional District, with 1,593 men to be drafted. OR.III.3.462, 465, 467. The Official Records contain discrepancies between draft calls. The note at page 462 states that the Fifteenth’s quota was 2,620 but the note at page 467 puts that district’s quota at 2,252 men. For the TwentySixth District, the corresponding numbers are 2,252 and 2,165. The latter note also asserts that the draft for the Twenty-Eighth District will be 2,260 men. 104. White Plains, Southeast, and Poughkeepsie are all close to New York City. In responding to the crisis in Pennsylvania, New York City and environs were stripped of militia. This would have consequences. (See entry for July 13.) However, what concerned New York authorities on July 3 was “serious apprehension” that the rebels would invade the state through Elmira. In fact, Sprague reported that 2,000 muskets and 50,000 rounds of ammunition were distributed to local militia along the border with Pennsylvania. AG.63.23–24, 25. 105. McKay, 190. 106. OR.III.3.595. 107. In New York and the Conscription of 1863, Fry de390 | Notes to Pages 196–199

clares that, on this day, drafts were ordered for the First, Seventh, Ninth, Sixteenth, and Twenty-Fifth Congressional Districts; 22–23. 108. OR.III.3.472. Compare this quota for the Twenty-Fifth (1,936) with that of July 6 (2,087). 109. OR.III.3.467. There are discrepancies between the districts and dates contained in the Official Records and those contained in Fry, New York and the Conscription of 1863, 22–23. In the latter source, for example, July 9 is not identified as a date of any notice to Seymour; the closest is July 10, and the district identified is the Tenth. 110. OR.III.3.595. For the difficulty of determining residency, see Military Affairs—1863. Fry notifies Seymour that a draft will take place in New York’s TwentySecond District for 2,068 men. 111. OR.III.3.467, 673. 112. “The Draft,” New York Times, July 13, 1863; “The Mob in New York,” New York Times, July 14, 1863; OR.III.3.493. 113. The authority is Phisterer, New York in the War of Rebellion, 30, probably based on AG.63.25. As always, readers need to carefully sift what appears to be conflicting evidence. The notices given by the War Department (see entries of July 9 and 10, for example) which Fry later claimed as proof that Albany was notified did not specify a date when drafting would begin. In an effort to provide flexibility, Washington had authorized enrollment boards to set the final dates. These earlier notices only cued an enrollment board that, for the quota given, it could now set a date. In his later complaints about a lack of notice, Seymour was therefore more than technically correct. Fry will make the point—also true, and perhaps weightier from a practical standpoint—that these notices to Albany should have suggested that something was about to happen. Yet for reasons that require separate study, Seymour had a curious indifference to (and an occasional striking ignorance of ) draft matters generally. The words characterizing Sprague’s mission are his as they appear in the 1863 report. 114. OR.III.3.484–485. Why Townsend and Nugent were omitted from the list of recipients is unclear. On July 13, ex-governor Morgan wrote Stanton and urged him “to give such public information regarding the draft as to show that it was perfectly fair, and that each locality was called upon by the Government only for its just proportion.” While Morgan’s advice came late—the rioting had been underway for some five hours when it was sent—it was wise. The draft riots involved far more than some misunderstanding; in fact, certain inequities of Civil War conscription were understood all too well. Complete transparency, especially about how quotas were set and by whom, might have mitigated some public hostility and also would have weakened Seymour’s

post-riot argument that conscription intentionally targeted Democratic wards. OR.I.27.ii.912–913. 115. OR.III.3.484. 116. McKay, 193. 117. OR.I.27.ii.930; AG.63.321–322, 344, 348; OR.III. 3.547. Nugent also informs Fry that getting enrollment officers to serve notices will be difficult. He proposes using the Invalid Corps “under a strong guard.” 118. OR.III.3.548. Fry’s request reflected fears among many supporters of the Enrollment Act that the rioters were well-organized and had a long-term political and legal strategy. These “Northern rebels” were said to hope that anti-draft violence would pit the administration against state courts; the latter would issue writs of habeas corpus and rule against the constitutionality of conscription. In the interest of filling the army, the administration would ignore these rulings and this would hand the Democrats an issue by which they could de-­legitimize both conscription and Republican rule. Fry and others (including Seymour) sought a high court judgment to set the matter at rest. For a statement of Republican fears, see John Jay to Stanton, OR.III.3.540–542, 549–550. 119. OR.I.27.ii.940; OR.III.3.552. 120. James P. Butler (1816–1895) was appointed provost marshal on April 15, 1863, and honorably discharged on October 31, 1865. Butler was born in Moriah and educated locally, afterwards reading law in the office of noted criminal attorney Zebulon R. Shepherd. He was admitted to practice in the court of common pleas in 1840, the supreme court in 1843, as a solicitor in chancery in 1846, and to full supreme court counselor in 1847. From the first, he was a Whig, later transitioning to a Republican. His interest in military affairs began early; he enlisted in a state company of artillery at age sixteen. He advanced through the ranks and, by 1846, was major of the Seventeenth Artillery, New York State Militia. In 1852, Governor Washington Hunt appointed him district attorney of Essex County to fill an unexpired term; the following year, he received the Whig nomination for the same office. He was elected and served until 1857, at which time he relocated to Saratoga County and practiced law. Finding himself in Washington in April 1861, he enlisted in Cassius Clay’s battalion and served two weeks on guard duty at the White House. Lincoln nominated him for provost marshal in 1863. The next year, Butler paid for a representative recruit to serve in the stead of his infant son. Postwar, Butler served in local offices in Saratoga Springs. Sylvester, History of Saratoga County, New York, 158–159; OR.III.5.895. 121. OR.I.27.ii.940, OR.III.3.527–528, 552–553. 122. AG.63.361–362. 123. OR.III.3.555–556. Readers looking for a status report on draft disturbance from Washington’s perspec-

tive should consult the letter from Fry to Dix. New headquarters for a draft drawing needed to be found. Captain B. F. Manierre of the Eighth District urged that City Hall be used because private property owners would be reluctant to lease buildings for provost marshal headquarters. OR.III.3.557. 124. Alonzo Wood was appointed provost marshal on April 15, 1863; his appointment was cancelled on October 13. OR.III.5.895. Wood, a merchant in civilian life, was fired not for corruption but for faint-­heartedness. He had become “quite timid from what is told by p ­ ersons who amuse themselves by intimidating him.” Eugene C. Murdock, One Million Men: The Civil War Draft in the North (Madison, Wisconsin: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1971), 108. 125. Daniel Bookstaver (1828–1903) was born in Montgomery, New York. He graduated from Rutgers College in 1846, and practiced law in Syracuse. He was elected mayor of Syracuse in 1863 as a Democrat and served one year. Catalogue of the Officers and Alumni of Rutgers College, In New Brunswick New Jersey, 1766–1909, compiled by John Howard Raven (Trenton: State Gazette Publishing, Co., 1909), 75. 126. OR.III.3.714. Security concerns were evident by the code Diven agreed to use in telegraphing Syracuse officials. In these wires, the word “blanks” was to be used in place of “guns.” 127. OR.III.3.561. Diven also suggested that since anti-draft Democrats insisted that volunteers could fill the quotas, the War Department should offer discharges to draftees from any sub-district that filled its quota within thirty days of the draft. 128. Abner Doubleday (1819–1893) was born in Ballston Spa, New York. His father, Ulysses Freeman Doubleday, was a Jacksonian and two-term New York congressman. Before admission to West Point (class of 1842), Doubleday had been working as a civil engineer; after graduation he was brevetted a second lieutenant in the Third U.S. Artillery, serving in garrisons in North Carolina, Maryland and Maine. After his full promotion to second lieutenant (1845), he was posted to Texas, a convenient perch from which to move south into Mexico when war began. He fought at Monterrey, the Rinconada Pass, and at Buena Vista. Promoted to first lieutenant (1847) and captain (1855), he served in New York, Maryland, Texas, and Virginia until 1856, when he participated in another iteration of the Seminole War (1856–1858). Doubleday was at Fort Moultrie, Charleston Harbor, in 1861; he moved with Anderson to Fort Sumter, stood the bombardment and surrender, then returned north. He was promoted to major, Seventeenth U.S. Infantry, on May 14, 1861, and between April 19 and June 3, commanded Fort Hamilton in New York Harbor. He Notes to Pages 199–201 | 391

served with Patterson in the Shenandoah, and, promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on February 3, 1862, saw action at Second Bull Run, South Mountain, and Antietam. Promoted to major general of volunteers on November 29, 1862, he was engaged at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. Fame found Doubleday at Gettysburg on July 1, 1863, arguably his greatest moment of the war. Following the death of Reynolds, Doubleday commanded First Corps, fought savagely against overwhelming Confederate assaults, and led the retreat to Cemetery Hill; First Corps never recovered as a fighting unit. Doubleday’s nickname “Forty-Eight Hours” was, some historians believe, a term of opprobrium for his indecisiveness; others believe that it was respectful, a reflection of his “habitual composure” and placidity, “so free from any sudden impulse.” Meade believed the former, however; for the balance of the war, Doubleday was assigned to the Washington defenses. On March 13, he was brevetted brigadier and major general for “Gallant and Meritorious Services during the Rebellion.” Postwar, he served as an assistant commissioner in the Freedman’s Bureau in Galveston, Texas, and also led the Thirty-Fifth U.S. Infantry. He resigned from active duty in 1873. Cullum, Biographical Register, second edition, vol. 2, 54–55; “Obituary. Gen. Abner Doubleday,” New York Times, January 28, 1893; Warner, Generals in Blue, 129–130. The case for “Forty-Eight Hours” as a sign of respect is made in Thomas S. Bartel, Abner Doubleday: A Civil War Biography (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co., 2010), 127–128. 129. The town of Clifton (since absorbed into Niagara Falls, Canada) was located on the western bank of the Niagara River some one and a half miles downriver from the falls. Rail and bridges there linked Canada and New York State. The Clifton House was a hotel in Clifton. The Province of Ontario Gazetteer and Directory, Containing Concise Descriptions of Cities, Towns and Villages in the Province, edited and compiled by H. McEvoy (Toronto: Robinson & Cook, Publishers, 1869), 105. 130. OR.III.3.566–567, 590. 131. Watson A. Fox (1819–1896) was born in Erie and engaged in grocery and ship supply. The Seventy-Fourth Regiment was formed in 1854 in Buffalo; Fox served as its first major. In 1856 the original colonel resigned and Fox replaced him. He would hold the colonelcy until 1864. In May 1862, Morgan accepted the unit for service but, as it was about to deploy, the order was countermanded (probably based on the War Department’s termination of recruiting at that time). Fox enlisted the support of Congressman Spaulding and former congressman, U.S. postmaster general, and current federal district judge Nathan K. Hall to lobby Morgan but without success. Eventually, many in the Seventy-Fourth left 392 | Notes to Pages 201–204

the unit for enlistment in other, war-bound regiments. The Seventy-Fourth was mobilized on June 18, 1863, for thirty days’ service and assigned to Harrisburg; it was mobilized again on November 16, 1863, for thirty days’ service around Buffalo. Hunt, Colonels in Blue, New York, 126; James O. Putnam, Addresses, Speeches and Miscellany on Various Occasions, from 1854 to 1879 (Buffalo: Peter Paul & Brother, 1880), 128–129; Dyer, 1434. 132. OR.III.3.572. 133. Official Documents of George Opdyke, 277–278. 134. OR.III.3.574–575. Seymour’s request is perhaps the first volley in an exchange with the Lincoln administration, which will soon include Lincoln himself. Here Fry is being asked to corroborate Seymour’s understanding of the process: “that the number of persons in each district liable to duty is ascertained by enrollment; that they are divided into two classes by age; that the draft in each district is a certain percentage upon the number thus enrolled.” 135. OR.III.3.575. 136. OR.III.3.578–579, 714. Murdock, One Million Men, 108. 137. OR.III.3.585–586, 590. 138. OR.III.3.610. Perceptions differed—see entry for August 1 regarding the Nineteenth District. 139. OR.III.3.592. Left unsaid in Dix’s letter was the implication that if Seymour failed to aid conscription enforcement, the political price might be high, presumably including accusations of aiding and comforting rebels, as well as responsibility for future federal reverses or lengthening the war. 140. OR.III.3.717. 141. OR.III.3.595. 142. Frederick Emerson was appointed provost marshal for the Twentieth District on April 25, 1863, and honorably discharged on October 31, 1865. OR.III.5.895. 143. OR.III.3.594–595; 609. It is not clear which meeting Fry is inquiring about; from the Official Records, the last meeting between Diven and Seymour was on May 22. 144. OR.III.3.714. 145. Edwin Rose was appointed provost marshal of the First District on April 15, 1863; he held the position until his death on January 12, 1864. OR.III.5.893. 146. OR.III.3.607–608, 610–611. There were slight variations in Seymour’s wires to Lincoln and Stanton. In assessing conditions within his jurisdiction, Townsend admitted that he had no evidence that Seymour was disloyal other “than what is patent to everybody in this State.” He knows Seymour personally and considers him (and Fernando Wood) “a dangerous man with a mind congenitally predisposed to lunacy, and always directed by the absorbing impulse of inordinate ambition.” Townsend implies that Seymour has accelerated nyng

recruitment and appointed disloyal commanders for the purposes of challenging federal authority. 147. George N. Kennedy (1822–1901) was born in Marcellus and relocated to Syracuse sometime in the mid-1850s. An early Republican, he was a delegate to the Philadelphia convention that nominated John Fremont for president in 1856. Around this time he engaged in the practice of law, becoming partners with Congressman Charles B Sedgwick. He was elected to New York’s senate in 1867, and re-elected multiple times. He sponsored legislation for withholding state funds from sectarian schools. In 1883, he was elected to New York’s supreme court, serving until mandatory retirement in 1893. He also served as president of the Merchant’s National Bank in Syracuse, and after his time on the bench, taught at the Syracuse University School of Law. “Ex-Justice G.M. Kennedy is Dead,” New York Times, September 8, 1901; The Bankers’ Magazine: Rhodes Journal of Banking and the Bankers’ Magazine, consolidated (New York: Bradford Rhodes & Co., n.d.), vol. 63, July–December 1901, 680. 148. OR.III.3.715–716. 149. To prove this point, Seymour cited examples and provided a table contrasting the populations, draft calls, and number of 1862 voters (exclusively male) for seven upstate districts and those of New York City and Brooklyn. (His inclusion of voter data was intended to demonstrate that the draft calls did not reflect the real number of eligible males.) Seymour gave Lincoln a table of data, but it might be easier to grasp the governor’s argument by examining district averages. The average populations for upstate and urban districts were 126,445 and 141,839, respectively. This is a relatively slight difference compared to the discrepancy in average draft calls, for which urban districts exceeded their upstate ­counterparts by over 100 percent, 4,431 to 2,132, respectively. Moreover, the average number of voters in an upstate district was 21,670, compared to 14,545 in an urban district. OR.III.3.619. 150. OR.III.3.612–619. 151. OR.III.3.619–620. Fry informed Seymour of the draft in the four districts on August 7. OR.III.3.636. 152. John Duffy was appointed provost marshal on April 15, 1863; he was dismissed on December 16, 1863, for incompetence and fraud. The latter involved stealing recruits’ bounty money while they were drunk; one victim was robbed, then reportedly caged in Duffy’s office for days. According to Murdock, an official visiting Duffy’s office “found the place so overrun with brokers, runners, loafers, thieves, and other undesirables that it was impossible to transact business there.” OR.III.5.894. The quoted material is Murdock’s paraphrase of the original report; Patriotism Limited, 151. 153. OR.III.3.627–628, 629. The principle of count-

ing only recruits who mustered into U.S. service will become contentious. By requiring this, Fry intends to exclude those who deserted after signing enlistment papers (and receiving bounties). Governors have a different perspective: having enlisted these men and paid them bounties, the states insist that they be counted. 154. OR.III.3.718. 155. OR.III.3.633–634, 667. Diven implies in the second letter that Seymour had dispatched him to Washington to lobby unnamed “executive officers of the Government” to suspend the draft while its constitutionality is judicially determined. Diven also sent Fry a copy of this letter; he will later ask Fry that it be shown to Stanton and Lincoln. 156. Lincoln’s compromise will reduce the number of conscripts required by 1,946 in the Second, 3,681 in the Fourth, 2,338 in the Sixth, and 2,692 in the Eighth. 157. OR.III.3.633–634, 635–636. The president’s emphasis on time runs throughout his exchanges with Seymour. As Lincoln explained it, “We are contending with an enemy, who, as I understand, drives every able-bodied man he can reach into his ranks, very much as a butcher drives bullocks into a slaughter pen. No time is wasted; no argument is used. This produces an army which will soon turn upon our now victorious soldiers already in the field, if they shall not be sustained by recruits as they should be. It produces an army with a rapidity not to be matched on our side, if we first waste time to re-experiment with the volunteer system.” 158. OR.III.3.639–640, 652–654, 641, 650, 646, 642– 643, 648, 649, 651. Waterbury’s report is careful not to impugn the integrity of Lincoln or Fry and praises their willingness to rectify matters. Although he asserts that the report’s findings are “inconsistent with any other conclusion than that of intentional fraud,” no examples of fraud are given; instead, his argument rests on four tables, which provide evidence for Seymour’s letter of summary. The first two tables compare “Metropolitan Districts” with “Interior Districts” and attempt to prove that, based on the number of eligible males, New York City furnished a disproportionate share of draftees. The second set of tables compares “Lincoln Districts” and “Anti-Lincoln Districts” from the 1860 election and “Seymour Districts” and “Wadsworth Districts” from the 1862 gubernatorial election, all of which argue that Democrat-voting districts were targeted for conscription. Along the way, Waterbury makes a number of charges, including blaming the enrolling officers, and by implication, the district provost marshals. He asserts that “The enrollment is a partisan enrollment,” and claims that, in the Ninth District, the drawing showed “a great disproportion of the names of people of a particular lineage, although only one-fourth of the inhabNotes to Pages 204–207 | 393

itants of the district were born in Ireland.” Waterbury’s report does contain several useful suggestions aimed at making the process transparent, something that Fry was beginning to learn the hard way. The complete report was published in New York newspapers and perhaps its real significance resides in that fact. Those aggrieved by conscription—who believed that it was partisan or that it discriminated based on ethnicity—were drawn into the political process rather than the streets, and now felt that Seymour was representing them in the highest councils. “The National Draft; Report of the Judge AdvocateGeneral to the Governor of the State of New-York,” New York Times, August 13, 1863. 159. OR.III.3.656. 160. According to the Official Records, Fry gave notice to Seymour on July 1 that a draft would commence in the upstate Thirtieth District; on July 6 he wrote the governor that the draft would begin in the city’s Eighth and Ninth Districts. (See entries for July 1 and 6.) 161. Fry argues that, in prior reports and communications, New York’s adjutant general has asserted higher numbers based on estimates and not actual enlistments. OR.III.3.662. 162. OR.III.3.657–663. 163. OR.III.3.664. Fry also sent this letter to aapmgs in New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Vermont, which may have indicated more questionable exemptions in those states than in others. 164. OR.III.3.665. Dix had been sending troops upstate to assist Townsend; despite the latter’s nervousness, Dix reports no trouble. 165. Josiah T. Miller (1820–1884) was born in Perry County, Pennsylvania, and moved to Seneca County, New York, in 1833. In 1839, while still a minor, Miller became editor of the Seneca Falls Democrat. He served on the local school board and, between 1845 and 1849, as postmaster. At some point, Miller read law under local attorney John Morgan and established a law practice. He served as county district attorney in 1850 and again in 1859. Seymour appointed Miller inspector general, a post in which he presumably served until his 1863 election as Seneca County judge. Postwar, Miller served as a judge until 1868, and was a director of the National Bank of Seneca Falls (1865). In 1869, Miller was elected to New York’s assembly. He died in Waterloo, New York. John E. Richardson, “Judiciary of the County of Seneca,” contained in Centennial Anniversary of Seneca County (no place, publisher or date), 31–32; History of Seneca County, New York, with Illustrations Descriptive of its Scenery (Philadelphia: Everts, Ensign & Everts, 1876), 109, 110, 46. 166. OR.III.3.705–706. 167. OR.III.3.715. 168. This represents a reduction of 1,190 in the Fifth 394 | Notes to Pages 207–212

District and 1,252 in the Seventh District. See Waterbury’s table at OR.III.3.642. 169. OR.III.3.666–667. Lincoln also proposed reenrolling the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, Twenty-First, TwentyFifth, Twenty-Ninth, and Thirty-First Districts. 170. OR.III.3.715. 171. OR.III.3.671–674. Fry’s response to Dix also was sent to Nugent with orders that he report to Dix. 172. OR.III.3.705. Seymour also questions Fry about how credits for volunteers will be distributed and which authority makes the decision. Fry later claims not to have received the letter, and Seymour will continue to believe that volunteers may be credited against draft quotas until just before the draft, as opposed to the date when the enrollment was completed. See entry for August 21. 173. OR.III.3.715; OR.III.3.676. 174. OR.III.3.677–678. 175. OR.III.3.680. For more on the Erie County quota, see Sprague’s memorandum at OR.III.3.690–691. 176. OR.III.3.699. 177. Messages from the Governors, 564–570. 178. OR.III.3.681–682. Regarding Fry’s advice, asking Seymour for militia only to have him refuse might provoke a dangerous confrontation between Washington and Albany. In fact, a number of nyng units already had returned to the state, most in the immediate aftermath of the riots. These units had their service extended and thus were available for the “second” New York City draft in August. 179. OR.III.3.699. 180. “Proclamation by Gov. Seymour,” New York Times, August 18, 1863, from Albany; OR.I.27.ii.911. Those who had questioned Seymour’s intentions or loyalty probably had mistaken his sincere and vigorous opposition to conscription (as well as his willingness to give those who were disgruntled a voice in the matter). 181. The force is withdrawn over time: most remain on duty until September 5; small detachments are finally dismissed on September 15. AG.63.313–314. 182. AG.63.317. In gratitude, the Brooklyn Common Council voted to give commutation money for any of these nyng men who might be subsequently drafted. 183. AG.63.323. Duryea described the meticulous security measures for deployment: “The orders for the service of the troops were issued specially and on the moment to each regiment, and the places and times of assembly and dismissal of the forces not part of the permanent guards, were constantly changed, so that their movements could in no event be known or anticipated, and the concentration was such as to enable us to use what force we had to the best advantage, and on all the principal points of the city by the shortest lines.” 184. “Proclamation by Gov. Seymour,” New York Times,

August 19, 1863; OR.I.27.ii.911–912; OR.III.3.685–686, 689–691. A total of forty-four federal units were sent to enforce the August draft. Besides U.S. Regular infantry and artillery, troops were drawn from New York, Ohio, Massachusetts, Vermont, Connecticut, Delaware, Michigan, Indiana, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. AAC.63.687. 185. OR.III.3.715. 186. Charles A. Dana (1819–1897) was born in Hinsdale, New Hampshire. He was educated seasonally and, at the age of twelve, sent to Buffalo to clerk in an uncle’s general store. Dana had earlier demonstrated a remarkable aptitude for acquiring languages (years later in Grant’s camp, he would easily converse with Captain Ely Parker in Seneca); after he showed other signs of a prodigious intellect, it was decided to send him to Harvard College. He was slated for graduation in the class of 1843, but a lack of funds ended his connection with the school after two years (Harvard granted him an honorary A.B. in 1861, backdated to 1843). Dana continued his education in other venues, however; in 1841, he joined Brook Farm, remaining there until 1846. During the latter part of his stay, he helped George Ripley edit The Harbinger. After leaving Brook Farm, Dana went to New York to work for Horace Greeley’s Tribune. He traveled and wrote extensively from Europe. During the 1850s, Dana lost his faith in Fourierist fantasy and became deeply engaged in practical politics, opposing slavery as well as the Know-Nothings. As a journalist, he fought against the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, supported Fremont, and opposed the Lecompton Constitution. In 1860, both he and Greeley supported Lincoln, beginning with the candidate’s speech at Cooper Union and through the election in November. After the attack on Fort Sumter, Greeley and Dana parted ways over the conduct of the war (or perhaps the conduct of the Tribune’s increasingly erratic editorial page). Dana left the Tribune in 1862; by 1863, Stanton had appointed him an assistant secretary of war. For the balance of the war, Dana would be identified with Grant in the west; whether his role was that of minder, spy, or liaison with Washington is arguable, but it is clear that, impressed with Grant’s ability, Dana soon became his advocate. Postwar, Dana returned to New York and, after a brief encounter with an unsuccessful newspaper, had a long engagement with the highly successful New York Sun. In 1867, he became part-proprietor and chief editor of the Sun, remaining with the sheet for the rest of his life. Although the paper supported Grant during both of his terms, it became a Democratic sheet under the former Brook Farmer. James Harrison Wilson, The Life of Charles A. Dana (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1907), 4–5, 13, 35, 51, 61; Appletons, II.64–65. 187. OR.III.3.693. Halleck wired Dix that between

August 15 and 19, ten troop transports had been dispatched and three were now loading. 188. OR.III.3.693. 189. OR.III.3.693. 190. Charles S. Wilson (1809–1884) was born in Scotland. He immigrated to New York in 1830, and thence to Utica. Between 1832 and 1848, Wilson was cashier of the Utica City Bank. A Democrat, he served three terms as city alderman and, in 1859, was an unsuccessful candidate for mayor. After Mayor Roscoe Conkling resigned to run for Congress, the city council appointed Wilson to fill his unexpired term. Wilson was elected in his own right in 1863 and re-elected in 1867. Memorial History of Utica, N.Y., from its Settlement to the Present Time, edited by M. M. Bagg (Syracuse: D. Mason & Co., 1892), 221. 191. OR.III.3.694. Diven promised to investigate the leakers. War Department Circular No. 6, issued May 29, 1863, forbade provost marshal officers and employees from publicizing “information, official communications or opinions” of the office. OR.III.3.239. 192. OR.III.3.712–714. The point of Waterbury’s long letter is unclear. John Hay, Lincoln’s secretary, forwarded it to Fry along with this August 24 note: “The inevitable Waterbury is again upon us. He has changed his base. He don’t like the way the thing is done. His experience as a political ballot stuffer for twenty years comes up and troubles his dreams. He is afraid you are stuffing the draft on him. Read his wail if you don’t think that life is too short and Lee too near. If you do, file it. With a firm reliance on Providence and your waste-paper basket, you cannot fail. I am going to the sea-shore; burst not with envy.” 193. OR.III.3.699–700, 699. 194. Samuel T. Maddox (1830–1876) was appointed provost marshal of the Second District on April 15, 1863, and resigned June 27, 1864. Maddox was born in New York City and educated in the public schools until the death of his father compelled his entry into the workforce at the age of eight. His first job was in a rope-walk; he next worked for a shipbuilder. At eighteen he joined the Brooklyn Fire Department and rose steadily through the ranks, soon entering politics. As a Democrat, he was a Free Soiler, but the Kansas-Nebraska crisis drove him into Republican ranks. In 1856, he was a supporter of Fremont. He rose steadily in the party; in 1862, he was chairman of the Young Men’s General Committee of King’s County, and by 1865 was president of the Republican General Committee. After the attack on Fort Sumter, Maddox raised a company for the ninety-day Thirteenth New York but went as a private. In 1861, Maddox was elected as a Republican to the state assembly. He was swamped by the Democratic surge of 1862, however and, after his defeat, was commissioned as a first lieutenant in the Forty-Seventh New York State Militia, Notes to Pages 212–213 | 395

which garrisoned Baltimore’s Fort McHenry. After his resignation as provost marshal, he was nominated for Congress as a Republican but lost. From 1868 to 1869, he served as an assessor of Internal Revenue. H. H. Boone and Theodore P. Cook, Life Sketches of Executive Officers, and Members of the Legislature of the State of New York, Volume III (Albany: Weed, Parsons and Company, 1870), 273–276; “Funeral of Samuel T. Maddox,” New York Times, November 20, 1876; OR.III.5.893. 195. OR.III.3.700–701. Maddox’s report should be consulted for additional details on the enrollment. It would appear that Fry had learned some lessons as well. 196. David T. Valentine (1801–1869) was born in Westchester County and educated at Westchester Academy until he was fourteen. In 1815 he relocated to New York City, working as a grocer’s clerk until 1821, when he was appointed clerk of the Marine Court. In January 1837, he was appointed clerk of New York City’s Common Council, where he remained for the next thirty-one years. In 1842, Valentine published the first “Manual of the Common Council,” considered a major innovation in municipal transparency. “David T. Valentine,” New York Times, February 26, 1869. 197. OR.III.3.706. This measure was approved by the Board of Councilmen on August 14, by the Board of Aldermen on August 15, and signed by Opdyke on August 19. In his 1863 report, Sprague seconds these city officials on the damage done to New York’s recruiting efforts by out-of-state recruiters. He recommended a “stringent law” to stop this activity, noting that, at one time, there were as many seventeen offices opened in New York City alone, as well as offices in Utica, Rochester, Buffalo, and Lockport. AG.63.32. 198. OR.III.3.549. 199. OR.III.3.702–703. 200. OR.III.3.703–705. In this letter, Seymour refers to Lincoln’s assurance that volunteers would be credited against draft quotas up to the last moment. Here was a real misunderstanding: Was the last moment the last before the draft commenced or before the enrollment closed? Seymour believed the former; Fry insists on the latter: “The rule is definite to credit up to the last moment practicable before making up quotas.” Reading Lincoln’s letters to Seymour, the impression is of the former, but the president was not overly specific. It would turn out that Seymour was mostly correct (see entry for August 26). Seymour’s claim that he had no notice of the August 19 draft may have been technically correct, though disingenuous. But Seymour’s larger case—that the district boards of enrollment, once authorized by Fry to draft, do not properly coordinate with state ­officials— largely is correct. See also Fry’s longer answers to Seymour’s objections in the August 27 entry. 396 | Notes to Pages 213–216

201. Silas Ramsey (d. 1873) was born in Maryland but settled in Illinois, where he practiced law and held a number of offices, including justice of the peace (he was better known as Judge Ramsey). After the war began, Ramsey was commissioned a major and adc to General John A. McClernand on June 12, 1862. In 1863, he was temporarily detailed to New York’s Twenty-Third District to assist with conscription. He was brevetted a colonel, USV, on March 13, 1865, and mustered out on April 20, 1866. Francis B. Heitman, Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army, from its Organization, September 29, 1789 to March 2, 1903 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1903), vol. 1, 814. 202. OR.III.3.718. Ramsey was not asserting the Oswego board’s corruption as fact but only as reported. 203. OR.III.3.708. Fry was reacting to Diven’s suggestion that someone had leaked confidential provost marshal communications to local politicians. In this note, Fry also refers to “alleged abuses at Elmira” although he does not specify what these are. 204. OR.III.3.739. 205. OR.III.3.720. 206. OR.III.3.721. 207. OR.III.3.721, 723. Presumably, the point of this scam is to see the draft closed out by the provost marshals before these disabled recruits can be rejected by the U.S. mustering officer, thus deferring the quota to some future draft. 208. OR.III.3.727, 728–729, 730–731. Fry insists that Seymour received notice of the draft but, oddly, blames Seymour. The aapmgs would have notified the governor “if he had made known a desire for more specific information than was communicated.” Correspondence with aapmg Townsend makes clear that Fry often took responsibility for notifying the governor. 209. “Exemption Ordinance,” New York Times, August 29, 1863. What made this ordinance satisfactory to Opdyke is that, with one humanitarian exception, it subsidized men who were otherwise in public service and did not distribute commutation fees to all comers. 210. OR.III.3.739. 211. OR.III.3.747–752. The War Department counted recruits actually mustered-in, not just enlisted. Vincent notes that if New York can prove its claim, the state will have a total surplus (considering three-year, two-year, and nine-month recruits) of 14,212 men. These numbers do not match the relevant totals given in Military Affairs—1863. 212. AG.63.323–324. These units were from the Army of the Potomac, and Duryea observed that the “behavior of the officers and men were such as to induce the ladies of the localities where the camps were established to give to the soldiers a handsome entertainment before their departure.”

213. OR.III.3.755–756. 214. “The Union State Convention,” New York Times, September 3, 1863. 215. OR.III.3.765. 216. OR.III.3.767. 217. OR.I.27.ii.912. 218. “New York State Politics: The Democratic Convention at Albany,” New York Times, September 10, 1863; AAC.63.688. 219. “The Democratic State Convention: The Platform Laid Down,” New York Times, September 11, 1863. 220. OR.III.3.817–818. This was circulated in War Department GO No. 315 (September 17, 1863). 221. OR.III.3.815–816. 222. OR.III.3.822. 223. OR.III.3.825. 224. OR.III.3.827–829, 831. Naming these officials not only gave Seymour and Waterbury part of the transparency they wished but also represented a patronage opportunity. 225. OR.III.3.836. 226. OR.III.3.866. 227. Sebastian Visscher Talcott (1812–1888) was born in New York City. He entered Yale College in 1829, only to leave his sophomore year to pursue civil engineering. Hired by the U.S. government, his early projects included the surveying of the U.S.-Canadian border and various improvements on the Hudson River around Albany. At some point, he engaged in private employment and did the first surveys for the Erie Railroad around Dunkirk. Thereafter, he returned to government service, including a survey of the “Northeastern boundary” (probably the Maine-Canada line) and projects around the mouth of the Mississippi River. Following this, Tal­ cott was appointed assistant superintendent of mineral lands on Lake Superior. Seymour appointed Talcott as state quartermaster general with the rank of brigadier general; Talcott served until the end of his administration. Talcott Pedigree in England and America, from 1558 to 1876, compiled by S.V. Talcott (Albany: Weed, Parsons and Company, 1876), 260–261. 228. OR.III.3.881. In an October 22 letter to Fry, Diven gives two factors to explain the large number of deserters: first, “the abuses of our recruiting officers in enlisting boys under eighteen without the consent of parents or guardians”; second, “parents have no remedy since the courts are closed against them [cases of minor enlistment are no longer eligible for writs of habeas corpus].” He does add that in many cases, “the boys misstate their age for the sake of enlisting, and the parent has no remedy.” 229. OR.III.3.887. 230. OR.III.3.892, as contained in GO No. 340, October 19, 1863.

231. Joel B. Erhardt (1838–1909) was born in Pennsylvania in straitened circumstances, and relocated with his family to New York at age three. He worked throughout his school days as a letter carrier and clerk, and later taught school in Upper Jay, New York. By these efforts, he was able to enter the University of Vermont, where he studied law. After the attack on Fort Sumter, Erhardt borrowed money for a uniform and joined several short-time units, including the Ninth, the Second, and the SeventyFirst New York State Militia. (As the deployment of each was delayed for various reasons, Erhardt would transfer to another unit.) Ultimately, he deployed with New York’s famed Seventh Regiment. After its muster out on June 3, 1861, he went north to Vermont and helped organize the First Vermont Cavalry, ultimately attaining the rank of captain. He left that unit in 1863 and was appointed provost marshal of the Fourth District on April 15, 1863. (Murdock, at 163–164, notes that a disgruntled employee filed spurious charges against Erhardt, citing this as an example of the political stresses to which provost marshals could be subject. By all accounts, Erhardt’s management was honest and efficient.) One surviving anecdote about Erhardt is Stanton’s reply to someone who complained that he was enlisting men too slowly. “The men he enlists may be few, but they go to the front and fight, every one of them. They are not bounty jumpers.” Erhardt resigned on April 26, 1865. Postwar, he was admitted to the bar and served as U.S. district attorney for Brooklyn. In 1876, Governor Samuel Tilden appointed Erhardt police commissioner. In 1883, Arthur appointed him U.S. marshal for the Southern District of New York. In 1888, he was the Republican nominee for New York mayor. Later he was appointed collector of the Port of New York. By the end of his life, he was a trustee of the Bowery Savings Bank and a director of the Echo Ice Company as well as the SPCA. “Joel B. Erhardt Dies Suddenly,” New York Times, September 9, 1909. OR.III.5.893. 232. OR.III.4.81–83. A puzzling interview which, if reported correctly, may strike the reader as political double talk. However, that may be the key to understanding Seymour’s position. He was the man in the middle. The federal government had demonstrated its determination to enforce the Enrollment Act. During the July violence, Lincoln wisely had concluded not to invoke martial law; future violence might provoke a harsher response. On the other hand, it can be assumed that conscription was no more popular among Seymour’s constituents in October than it had been in July; yet, where mobs clashed with authority, the eventual losers might be politicians charged with maintaining law and order. Reading Erhardt’s entire report, one gets the sense that Seymour was concerned that a new enrollment (no matter how fair) risked increasing the number of males eligible for Notes to Pages 216–218 | 397

conscription, especially in urban districts. The second city draft, having occurred in August without incident, might have tempted Seymour to stick with the existing enrollment, rather than press his early August complaint that it was fraudulent. 233. OR.III.3.901. Circular No. 94 was issued October 19, 1863, and provided that an alleged deserter would not be forwarded by provost marshals to any military post “until he shall have been afforded a fair and ample opportunity to present proof in support of his claim.” Provost marshals were enjoined to investigate all cases “carefully, thoroughly, and promptly.” Questionable cases were to be reported to the aapmg for further orders. OR.III.3.893. 234. OR.III.3.912–913. Significantly, on the subject of bounties, Seymour emphasizes how they help volunteers “to make immediate and ample provision for those dependent upon them.” 235. OR.III.3.905–907. On November 12, Henry E. Maynadier, captain in charge of the Enrollment Bureau, reported New York’s quota at 60,333; perhaps the slight change from Fry’s letter represents late additions of recruits. OR.III.3.1018. 236. William Hays (1819–1875) was born in Virginia and appointed from Tennessee to West Point, class of 1840. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Second U.S. Artillery, and to 1845, served mostly at a variety of New York State posts. He had extensive artillery service during the Mexican War, saw action at Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Monterey, Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, Amazoque, San Antonio, Churubusco, Molino del Rey (where he was wounded), and the assault on Mexico City. He was brevetted major for “Gallant and Meritorious Conduct” in battle and in 1853 was promoted to regular captain, still with the Second Artillery. In the 1850s, he held a variety of posts in Massachusetts, Minnesota, and at Fort Monroe. He served throughout the Civil War, at first in the Washington defenses, and then, after his September 1861 promotion to lieutenant colonel, on staff and in command of a brigade of artillery on the Peninsula, where he was engaged at Yorktown, Williamsburg, Mechanicsville, and Malvern Hill. That fall, he was in action at Antietam and, three months later, at Fredericksburg. Captured at Chancellorsville, Hays was exchanged in May 1863. He had temporary command of Second Corps after Hancock’s wounding at Gettysburg, which he retained until September 13. He served as provost marshal of the Southern Division of New York from November 1863 to February 1864, after which he was engaged in the siege of Petersburg and pursuit of Lee’s army. On March 13, 1865, he was brevetted a brigadier general “For Gallant and Meritorious Services in the Field during the Rebellion.” Hays’ career was marred 398 | Notes to Pages 218–220

when, on April 6, his commander visited his headquarters and discovered Hays and his entire staff asleep. Hays was relieved on the spot; the incident might have cost him a brevet to major general. Cullum, Biographical Register, second edition, vol. 1, 605–606; Warner, Generals in Blue, 224–225. 237. OR.III.5.888. Nugent is formally relieved the next day. 238. “Extensions of Furloughs to New York Soldiers,” New York Times, November 2, 1863. This likely was part of the Lincoln administration’s election strategy. The World and the Herald claimed that up to 18,000 soldiers were furloughed to vote in elections; the Times thought that 10,000 was the number. Also debated was the question of where these soldiers had been serving; anti-­ administration sheets claimed that they were withdrawn from the front, thereby weakening the war effort; proadministration papers claimed that furloughed soldiers had been posted in hospitals, convalescent homes, and behind-the-lines posts. Brummer, 351–352; “Important and True,” New York Times, November 3, 1863. 239. OR.III.3.964–965, 967. 240. Tribune Almanac, 1864, 57. 241. OR.III.3.996. 242. Richard H. Coolidge (1816/20–1866) was born in Dutchess County, New York. In 1841, he was appointed a U.S. Army assistant surgeon, with promotion to full surgeon in 1860. Between January 1861 and April 1862, he was the medical director of the Department of the Pacific. Between June 1862 and October 1865, he was in Washington and the provost marshal’s department; during that time, he also was posted to Louisville, and, in 1865, was medical director of the Department of Pennsylvania. At war’s end he was brevetted a lieutenant colonel for “Faithful and Meritorious Services during the War.” Postwar, he was medical director of the Department of North Carolina. In 1856 he published Statistical Report on the Sickness and Mortality in the Army of the United States, compiled from the Records of the Surgeon-General’s Office, embracing a period of Sixteen Years, from January, 1839, to January, 1855. In 1860, he published a similar report covering the period between 1855 and 1860. Another important work was his 1856 revision of Thomas Henderson’s 1840, Hints on the Practical Examination of Recruits for the Army. Appletons, I.723. 243. OR.III.3.1057. The figures that appear in “Appendix to Table No. 1” have been aggregated here. The other districts were in Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Pennsylvania. At 1068–1069, Coolidge presents figures for all draft exemptions from selected districts taken from seven states and the District of Columbia. In nine New York districts, 28,185 names were drawn. After desertions, exemptions, and failures to re-

port, that group produced only 806 draftees who actually appeared at the general rendezvous, along with 1,742 substitutes. 244. OR.III.3.1002. 245. OR.III.3.1004. This letter incorporated another that Fry had sent to General R. A. Pierce, of the Massachusetts Militia, which can be found on 928. This sudden indulgence of governors’ recruiting efforts reflected two facts: the 1864 expiration of so many regiments created a crisis; and the governors, through their in-state networks of municipal officials and local dignitaries, were better at recruiting than federal officers. See entry for November 10. 246. This order temporarily reversed the federalization of recruiting. OR.III.3.1012. 247. William G. Fargo (1818–1881) was born in Pompey, New York, and alternated seasonally between school and the family farm until the age of thirteen. He was then hired by a mail contractor, and delivered letters twice weekly, on horseback, over a forty-mile route. There followed various jobs until 1835 when he relocated to Syracuse for work as a grocer’s clerk. After an unsuccessful effort to start his own grocery, he went to work as a shipping clerk for the Auburn & Syracuse Railroad, and while still employed there moved to Buffalo in 1843. The next year, he partnered with Henry Wells and others to start a shipping line (Wells & Co.) from Buffalo to Cleveland, and extending to Detroit. As rail links had not yet been built, packages, mail, and other items moved by water in summer and overland in winter. The business grew and extended its routes to Chicago and points west; partners came and went but Fargo and Wells continued. The discovery of California gold presented an opportunity that the pair—now reorganized as Wells, Fargo & Co.—were quick to seize. Using steamships, they opened communications between San Francisco and New York. It was a veritable monopoly (the Pony Express also was a Wells, Fargo venture). With eager shippers and receivers of money at both ends of the route, the firm’s next step after transporting money was to bank and lend it. Fargo remained in Buffalo. He was elected mayor as a War Democrat on November 5, 1861, took office on January 6, 1862, and was re-elected for two more terms. He served as a presidential elector in 1868 and ran unsuccessfully for state senate in 1871. Of greater success was Wells, Fargo & Co., and another venture that Fargo helped shape—the American Express Company, of which he served as president after 1871. Michael F. Rizzo, Through the Mayor’s Eyes: Buffalo, New York, 1832–2005 (Morrisville, North Carolina: Lulu Enterprises, 2005), 87–94. 248. William T. H. Brooks (1821–1870) was at this time commanding the Department of the Monongahela.

For a biographical note, see States at War, volume 4, entry for June 7, 1863. 249. Lord Lyons (1817–1887) was born Richard Bickerton Pemell Lyons, in Lymington, England, the son of an admiral and diplomat. At age ten he was a Royal Navy midshipman, but soon left the sea for Winchester School and later, Christ’s Church at Oxford, from which he graduated in 1838, earning a master’s in course in 1843. In 1839, his father was serving as British minister to Greece, and Richard joined him as voluntary attaché. In 1844, he became a paid employee of the diplomatic service; in 1852, he was transferred to Dresden and, in 1853, to Rome, all by promotion. In 1856, he became secretary of the Florence legation and, distinguishing himself, was appointed ambassador. In 1858, he was appointed ambassador to the United States. His father’s death that year also brought ascension to the peerage (and thus he was now Lord Lyons). He arrived in Washington in early 1859. That year, Lord John Russell replaced Malmesbury as foreign minister. Like Malmesbury, Russell wanted intelligence from Lyons who, in a perceptive correspondence that was appreciated by Russell (as well as subsequent generations of Civil War historians), offered a picture of the American scene during the country’s most turbulent years. Of far greater importance to Lyons and his contemporaries was his ability to manage a series of crises that might have led to war between his country and the United States: the Trent affair, the detention of British subjects, depredations by rebel raiders using ships built in Great Britain, the federal blockade, Confederate activities in British Canada, and a fear of U.S. reprisals. By the end of 1864, Lyon’s health was broken and he was granted a return to England. Lyon’s workload can be gauged by his correspondence: during his four-year mission, he received 6,490 letters, and wrote 8,326. The relationship between Seward and Lyons began inauspiciously but ended amiably, a measure of how both men shouldered their diplomatic burdens. Postwar, Lyons was appointed minister to Constantinople (1865) then Paris (1867). He remained in Paris until his retirement in 1887. It was believed that Lord Salisbury offered Lyons the post of foreign minister, but his health was too impaired. Lord Newton, Lord Lyons: A Record of British Diplomacy (New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1913), vol. 1 of 2, 1–11, 137, 141; Eminent Persons: Biographies Reprinted from The Times (London: Printed and Published at the Times Office, 1892), 241–244. 250. About 275 acres in size, Johnson’s Island was located in Lake Erie close to the mouth of Sandusky Bay and some three miles from the city of Sandusky. The U.S. government established a pow camp for Confederate officers there in 1862. A twelve-foot-high wall topped by a parapet for sentries enclosed it. The camp housed Notes to Page 220 | 399

about 3,000 prisoners. Theresa Thorndale, Sketches and Stories of the Lake Erie Islands (Sandusky, Ohio: L.F. Mack & Brother, Publishers, 1898, souvenir volume), 279–280. 251. OR.III.3.1013, 1014–1015. This emergency drew resources from Illinois, Ohio, and Michigan. See OR.III. 3.1018–1019. 252. OR.III.3.1016. 253. AG.63.31–32. Sprague reported that, “These regi­ments were in excellent condition and were well subsisted, clothed and disciplined, and considering the duties to which they have been subjected for six months past, were in excellent health.” 254. OR.III.3.1022–1023. Omitted from this record are the many communications between other state authorities and Stanton. 255. OR.III.3.1018. 256. Nehemiah C. Bradstreet (1821–1910) was born in Danvers, Massachusetts, educated locally and, in 1838, moved with his family to Rochester. He immediately entered the leather and shoe business of an uncle, advanced in position, and was proprietor by the time of the Civil War. Bradstreet was a unionist Democrat. He was elected supervisor in 1857 and city alderman in 1859, 1861, and 1864. In the spring of 1863, Bradstreet successfully ran for mayor against radical Republican Samuel Wilder. As mayor, Bradstreet was noted for his relief efforts on behalf of soldiers’ dependents, as well as his efforts to procure volunteers. He did not run in 1864, but was defeated for mayor in 1865. Postwar, he represented Rochester in the state assembly, including a stint as chairman of the Committee on Canals. S. R. Harlow and S. C. Hutchins, Life Sketches of State Officers, Senators, and Members of the Assembly of the State of New York in 1868 (Albany: Weed, Parsons & Company, 1868), 187–189. 257. OR.III.3.1033. 258. OR.III.3.1036; OR.I.29.ii.457–458. 259. OR.III.4.935–936. 260. Morris Ketchum (1795–1880) was born in Saratoga County to a family of limited means. By the end of his career, he had made fortunes in banking, railroads, and locomotive engine construction, operating the firm of Rogers, Ketchum & Grosvenor. Ketchum was a major investor in the New York & New Haven Railroad as well as the Illinois Central. His banking resources were of particular importance during the war. He purchased government loans during the last months of the Buchanan administration, reportedly tendering a check for $500,000 without asking for a receipt or physical securities. In the aftermath of First Bull Run, Ketchum sponsored critical federal financing. Scientific American Supplement, January—June, 1880 (New York: Munn & Co., Publishers, n.d.), 3393; John H. White, A History of the

400 | Notes to Pages 220–222

American Locomotive, Its Development: 1830–1880 (New York: Dover Publications, Inc. 1980), 23–24. 261. Frederick Samuel Tallmadge (1824–1904) was born in New York City, a grandson of George Washington’s adc Benjamin Tallmadge. He graduated valedictorian from his 1845 Columbia College class. Afterwards, he read law with William Curtis Noyes and, following admission to the bar, joined his practice. Tallmadge developed a lucrative railroad practice and represented the Illinois Central, New York Central, and the New York, New Haven & Hartford. Later, he became a highly regarded estate law practitioner. A brilliant speaker and a student of the Revolution, he was also an ardent preservationist who, as a young man, prevented the removal of the Soldiers and Sailors’ Monument from the Trinity churchyard. He became a founding member of the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society. Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth Annual Meeting of the New York State Bar Association held at Albany, N.Y., January 6, 1906, with Reports for the Year 1905 (Albany: The Argus Company, 1906), 461–463. 262. OR.III.3.1082–1083. For background documents on the association, see Henry O’Reilly, “First Organization to Accept Colored Troops in the State of New York to Aid in Suppressing the Slaveholders’ Rebellion” (New York: Baker & Godwin, Printers, 1864). 263. Henry O’Reilly (1806–1886) was born in Carrickmacross (County Monaghan), Ireland, and immigrated to the United States in 1816, settling with his family in New York City. In exchange for his board, O’Reilly apprenticed to the editor of the New York Columbian and, for the next decade, held a succession of newspaper jobs in different parts of New York. In 1826, he moved to Rochester and founded the Rochester Daily Advertiser. As the Anti-Masons made the 1826 alleged murder of William Morgan their cause célèbre, O’Reilly questioned the incident and bitterly attacked rival editor and AntiMason Thurlow Weed. Weed sued for libel and O’Reilly returned to New York City. Inspired by the candidacy of Andrew Jackson, O’Reilly was induced to return to Rochester. Several years after Jackson’s victory, he secured the postmaster position of a town proposed to be built by his father-in-law. By 1832, he was back in Rochester with an appointment as deputy collector for the Genesee District. During the mid-1830s, O’Reilly helped promote the borrowing of enormous sums to rebuild the Erie Canal (badly timed, it would prove), promoted reforms in the common schools, sought to build a city library and, in 1838, published the first serious town history, Sketches of Rochester. That year he was appointed postmaster of Rochester, remaining until 1840. He relocated to Albany in 1842, became editor of the Albany Atlas and started the

reform bandwagon that produced New York’s constitutional convention of 1846. In the later part of the decade he lost his money in telegraph ventures (perhaps one of the few men to do so). He moved to Iowa during the 1850s, then returned to New York in 1859. Another unsuccessful business followed and then disaster of a different sort—his son was killed in the Battle of Williamsburg. Beyond O’Reilly’s general reformist zeal, the roots of his anti-slavery attitudes and commitment to colored recruiting are obscure. He was a lifelong Democrat, and abolition was not among the causes he had previously championed. (Perhaps that is why the New York Association for Colored Volunteers accepted or sought his help.) Postwar, O’Reilly continued advocating a variety of reforms and attacking railroad monopolies. In 1868, he secured an appointment as storekeeper for the New York Customs House. The advent of Rutherford B. Hayes and civil service reform undid him, and O’Reilly was dismissed at the age of seventy-two. He returned to Rochester where he lived until his death. Dexter Perkins, “Henry O’Reilly,” Rochester History, vol. 7, no. 1, January 1945, 2–23. 264. OR.III.3.1082. 265. OR.III.3.1092. Stanton sent a copy to General Spinola. The “suitable persons” phrase referred to War Department GO No. 144, issued May 22, 1863, which established an examining board to pass on officers for colored regiments. See OR.III.3.216. 266. AAC.63.688. New York sent no colored units in its own name, but did organize three regiments of USCTs: the Twentieth (see entry for December 3, 1863), Twenty-Sixth, and Thirty-First. Phisterer notes that New York was credited with 4,125 black soldiers but may have sent as many as 5,829; New York in the War of Rebellion, 43. 267. OR.III.3.1096. 268. OR.III.3.1097. 269. Alex Van Rensselaer (1814–1878) was born in Albany at Manor House, a scion of one of the great patroon families. He graduated from medical school but never practiced and moved to New York City about 1838. Relieved by inherited wealth from the necessity of working, Van Rensselaer devoted his life to charities. He was a founding member of the Union League Club of New York. Hudson-Mohawk Genealogical and Family Memoirs, Volume IV, edited by Cuyler Reynolds (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1911), 1814–1821; “Alexander Van Rensselaer,” New York Times, May 9, 1878. 270. Le Grand Bouton Cannon (1815–1906) was born in New York City and graduated from Rensselaer Institute (later Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute) in Troy. After finishing school, he remained in Troy and prospered in the wholesale dry goods business. In 1846, he retired to

New York City and divided his time between Manhattan and his palatial Vermont home. In 1854, he reorganized the Whitehall & Saratoga Railroad, and invested in the Champlain Transportation Company, the Lake George Steamboat Company, and the Crown Point Iron Company. Cannon was described as “a zealous Republican” and was prominent in organizing New York City for the war. He later helped found the Union League Club of New York. Morgan commissioned him major of militia (and appointed him adc) on August 28, 1861, then colonel on February 1, 1862. (Cannon proudly bore the latter honorific for the rest of his life.) Postwar, he ran unsuccessfully for Congress in 1866, and was a presidential elector in 1880. Cannon had some military experience, having served on General John E. Wool’s staff during the 1838 Canadian Rebellion. After the attack on Fort Sumter, Wool recruited Cannon as his adc. Cannon’s experience as a dry goods merchant was applied in organizing and equipping troops for the defense of New York City. When Wool was transferred to Fort Monroe, Cannon (by then a major) followed him. He was on the Monitor before its engagement with the Virginia, witnessed the battle, and later wrote about it, reportedly at the navy’s request (Recollections of the Iron Clads, Monitor and Merrimac and Incidents of the Fights, [Burlington, Vermont, 1875]). While at Fort Monroe, he was tasked with investigating what effect the large number of fugitive slaves gathered in the vicinity was having on fort operations. The March 1862 report recommended employment at wages, clean quarters, day schools for children, night schools for adults, Sunday services, and a police force to keep order in camps and prevent exploitation. Postwar, he purchased the farm in North Elba where John Brown of Harper’s Ferry fame was buried and donated it to the state of New York. Genealogical and Family History of the State of Vermont: A Record of the Achievements of her People in the making of a Commonwealth and the founding of a Nation, edited by Hiram Carlton (New York: The Lewis Publishing Company, 1903), 463–464; Le Grand B. Cannon, Personal Reminiscences of the Rebellion, 1861–1866 (New York: Burr Printing House, 1895), 58–66; “Le Grand B. Cannon Dead,” New York Times, November 4, 1906. 271. OR.III.3.1107. 272. James A. Bell (1813–1895) was born in Hebron, New York. In 1824, he relocated with his parents to a farm in Jefferson County. He worked the farm, attending school seasonally, then was enrolled at Watertown Academy. In 1836 he entered the retail drug and grocery trade in nearby Brownsville; shortly thereafter, he established his own firm in Dexter. Soon he owned a steamer and was engaged in extensive trade along the canals. Bell also was active politically, serving as a school commis-

Notes to Pages 222–223 | 401

sioner and as town supervisor of Brownsville. He helped found the Republican Party in northern New York and was elected to the state senate as a Republican (“of the Henry Clay school”) in 1859, serving two terms. In the senate, Bell chaired the finance committee and was frequently consulted on marketing New York’s war loans. He apparently served as something of a bridge between Seymour and the Lincoln administration, which explains his mission to Fry. Postwar, Bell retired from his merchandising business and looked for opportunities in the south (owning an Alabama cotton plantation until he was chased out by the Ku Klux Klan) and west (Minnesota real estate). He was a delegate to New York’s 1867 constitutional convention, was appointed by Reuben Fenton as auditor of the Canal Department in 1868, and served on James A. Dix’s executive staff during the latter’s term as governor (1873–1875). John A. Haddock, The Growth of a Century: as Illustrated in the History of Jefferson County, New York, from 1793 to 1894 (Albany: Weed-­Parsons Printing Co., 1895), 740–742; “Obituary Notes,” New York Times, May 26, 1895. 273. William H. Bogart (1810–1888) was born and educated in Albany, graduating from the Albany Law School in 1831. Bogart struggled as a lawyer, although he managed to serve in New York’s assembly. Afterwards, he concluded that he would rather write about the body than serve in it. Trading the law for newspapers, he was hired as a columnist by General James Watson Webb, Whig publisher of the New York Courier and Enquirer. Bogart did not disappoint: his Albany reports became indispensable. When Webb sold the business in 1861 to Manton Marble’s pro-Democratic New York World, Bogart left the paper. He did not abandon his efforts in Albany, however, establishing an informal news bureau in the capital and supplying a number of New York City papers with his column. Bogart was later appointed clerk of the state senate. He also contributed pieces to a variety of publications, including the Atlantic. He died in Aurora, to which he had moved around 1858. Bogart is best remembered for his book, Daniel Boone and the Hunters of Kentucky (Buffalo, 1854). Appletons, I.302; “Obituary. William Henry Bogart,” New York Times, August 23, 1888. 274. OR.III.3.1100–1101. 275. OR.III.3.1104, 1105. 276. OR.III.3.1106–1107. Bliss and Cannon also enclosed Seymour’s November 27 letter. 277. Tribune Almanac, 1864, 57. 278. OR.III.3.1108–1109. The regiments for which bounties were equalized were the Second (Veteran), Thirteenth, Fifteenth, Eighteenth, and Twenty-First Cavalry; and the Fourteenth Artillery. 279. OR.III.3.1107. 280. OR.III.3.1116; letter written to Gardiner and 402 | Notes to Pages 223–224

circulated to other aapmgs. Fry included his December 2 letter to Kellogg, Bell, Bogart, and Hillhouse to all aapmgs. Also, see instructions to aapmg J.W.T. Gardiner in Maine and copied to other states, OR.III.3.1195. 281. OR.III.3.1117. 282. OR.III.3.1117–1118. 283. William F. Allen (1808–1878) was born in Windham County, Connecticut, and at some point relocated to Oswego, New York, to practice law. He was elected to New York’s assembly as a Democrat in 1842 and re-elected for two additional terms. In 1847, he was elected a justice of New York’s supreme court. He was re-elected in 1855 and remained on the high bench until 1867, when he was elected state comptroller. When New York’s courts were reorganized, Allen was selected to sit on the new court of appeals. One possible reason for Allen’s selection to this committee was his reputation for personal integrity. “On the bench he was severe,” his Times obituarist noted, “a strict observer of the precepts of the law.” According to Thurlow Weed, Allen was “an avowed, earnest, active War Democrat” (so loyal that, in the election for state comptroller, Republican Weed cast a rare vote for a Democrat and supported Allen). “Obituary. Judge William F. Allen,” New York Times, June 4, 1878; “What I Know About” Horace Greeley’s Secession, War and Diplomatic Record. A Letter Written (Not Published) in 1870, by Thurlow Weed to Thomas C. Acton (New York: James McGee, Printer, 1872), 3–4. 284. John Love (1820–1881) was born in Virginia. In 1837, he was appointed to West Point from Tennessee. He graduated in 1841, spent a year at the Cavalry School in Carlisle, then was brevetted a second lieutenant and assigned duty with the First U.S. Dragoons. He served at several outposts in Kansas until 1847 and the war with Mexico. In 1848, he was brevetted captain for gallantry at the Battle of Santa Cruz de Rosales, and in 1849 assigned quartermaster duty. After his return to the United States, he was on recruiting duty until his resignation in 1853. In civilian life, he worked as a railroad contractor and, in 1858, joined the Indiana Militia as a captain, a ­position he held until the outbreak of the Civil War. On April 27, 1861, he was appointed major and brigade inspector with General Thomas A. Morris and accompanied him into western Virginia. Love was present during the Confederate withdrawal from Laurel Hill, and participated in combat at Carrick’s Ford. Afterwards, he was in command of the Camp of Instruction for Indiana Volunteers, located at Indianapolis. On September 10, 1861, he was appointed major general in the Indiana Legion, a home defense organization. In 1862, he commanded a division assigned to the defense of Cincinnati. He resigned on January 1, 1863, but afterwards accepted Governor Oliver P. Morton’s appointment as an adc. When John

Hunt Morgan raided Indiana, Love was appointed an acting brigadier general and placed in command of a scratch force of militia, U.S. volunteers, and citizens. Love organized the defense of Vernon and delivered the first check to Morgan in Indiana. Postwar, Love sold real estate in Indianapolis and Gatling guns in Europe. He later served as a commissioner for the construction of a new state capital building, and was appointed to the board of the National Asylum for Disabled Soldiers. Cullum, Biographical Register, third edition, vol. 2, 80; “Report of General John Love,” contained in Operations of the Indiana Legion and Minute Men, 1863–4, Documents Presented to the General Assembly, with the Governor’s Message, January 6, 1865 (Indianapolis: W.R. Holloway, State Printer, 1865), 15–19. 285. Chauncey Smith (1819–1895) was born in Waitsfield, Vermont, and was educated in the common schools and at Gouverneur Wesleyan Seminary at Gouverneur, New York. He attended the University of Vermont, and afterwards relocated to Boston. He was admitted to the bar in 1849 and established his practice in Boston. He developed a specialty in patent law, and played a prominent role in the Bell telephone litigation, which stretched for a decade after Bell’s patent was issued. Smith was described by one historian as “an old-fashioned attorney of the Websterian sort, dignified, ponderous, and ­impressive. . . . He was a large, thick-set man, a reminder of Benjamin Franklin, with clean-shaven face, high collar, and beaver hat.” William T. Davis, Bench and Bar of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (The Boston History Company, 1895), vol. 1 of 2, 406–407; Herbert N. Casson, The History of the Telephone (Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co., 1911), 101. 286. OR.III.3.1139. 287. “Gov. Seymour and the Quota,” New York Times, December 12, 1863. 288. OR.III.3.1163. A copy of this was sent to Cannon. 289. OR.III.3.1173. 290. OR.III.4–103. Leander Babcock (1811–1864) was born in Paris, New York. He studied at Lowville Academy and entered Hamilton College, but transferred to Union College and graduated from there in 1830. After graduation, he relocated to Utica to read law in the offices of a Mr. Crafts, and was admitted to the bar in 1834. Moving to Oswego, he served as district attorney for Oswego County from 1840 to 1843. In 1850, he was elected mayor of Oswego; in November of that year, he won a seat as a Democrat in the Thirty-Second Congress. After one term, he returned to Oswego, serving as president of the Board of Education in 1853 and again in 1855. BD.590; Babcock Genealogy, compiled by Stephen Babcock (New York: Eaton & Mains, 1903), 327; A Record of the Members of the Kappa Alpha Fraternity and a City and Town Directory, 1825–

1892, compiled and published by the Catalogue Committee, Issued May, 1892 (New York: A.H. Kellogg, 1892), 19. 291. David Wills was a Gettysburg resident. See States at War, volume 3. 292. Charter and Proceedings of the Board of Commissioners of the Soldiers’ National Cemetery Association (Providence: Knowles, Anthony & Co., Printers, 1864). This was a pamphlet. 293. John Russell Bartlett, The Soldiers’ National Cemetery at Gettysburg (Providence: Providence Press Company, 1874), 12. 294. OR.III.4.4. 295. OR.III.3.1195. 296. OR.III.4.4. See also the January 4, 1864, letter to Stanton that provides more details. On January 5, 1864, a ladies’ committee composed of wives of Union League members convened at the club to “procure a stand of colors for presentation to the Twentieth USCT; they included Mrs. Henry Van Rensselaer, Mrs. John Jay, Mrs. William Dodge, and Mrs. John Jacob Astor.” See OR.III.4.10–11. 297. Some workers were coerced and others came voluntarily. “The Mob in New York,” New York Times, July 13, 1863. 298. Thomas C. Acton (1823–1898) was born in New York City and educated in the public schools, at some point becoming a lawyer although he never practiced. In 1850, he was appointed deputy county clerk, and later served six years as deputy registrar. In 1860, Governor Morgan appointed him a commissioner of the Metropolitan Police District and, just before the war, president of the Board of Police Commissioners for New York County. Acton was a Republican, abolitionist, and Lincoln supporter, and helped found the state Republican Party. He was an early member of the Union League Club of New York. Grant appointed him superintendent of the U.S. Assay Office in 1870, a position he held until 1882. Acton is credited with legislation that established New York City’s fire department on a professional basis (taking the place of volunteers) and the city’s Board of Health. After government service, he helped found the Bank of New Amsterdam. “Thomas C. Acton is Dead,” New York Times, May 2, 1898. Additional information about Acton is available from an eyewitness reporter who recalled the details of his service during the riots; see George Bungay, Traits of Representative Men (New York: Fowler & Wells, Publishers, 1882), 103–118. 299. This account is indebted to Bernstein’s The New York City Draft Riots, 18. Bernstein is indispensable in understanding the changes in the riot’s internal dynamics. OR.I.27.ii.905–906; 878. Jenkins reported that he had managed to secure the all-important, completed enrollment forms in a safe. The safe was later retrieved from Notes to Pages 224–226 | 403

the burnt rubble; the papers were “much charred” but still serviceable. “The Mob in New York,” New York Times, July 14, 1863; Augustine E. Costello, Our Police Protectors: History of the New York Police form the earliest period to the present (New York: Charles F. Roper & Co., 1885), 202–204. 300. OR.I.27.ii.899–901. 301. “Mob in New York,” New York Times, July 14, 1863. Reportedly, shouts were heard that, “Seymour and [Fernando] Wood will help us!” and “Old Abe will pay $300 to keep quiet.” Editorially, the Times might have preferred to tie these riots to Democrats; however, this did not prevent its reporter from writing that, “All vehemently protested against the ‘$300 clause,’ and were willing to be drafted, if the rich man would be made to shoulder the musket same as they.” 302. Benjamin Franklin Manierre (1822–1910) was born in New London, Connecticut. Following the death of his father, he moved with his mother to New York City in 1829. Educated at public and private schools, he began work in a bank at age twelve for $1.50 per week. He remained there for twenty-five years, until chosen president of the Importers and Traders’ Fire Insurance Company. He was connected with the Equitable Life Insurance Company, and also was president of the New York Young Men’s Christian Association. His first presidential vote was for James Polk in 1844; he then became affiliated with Tammany. This lasted until 1848, when he supported Free Soil and Martin Van Buren. He became an early member of New York’s Republican Party, serving as president of the Fremont and Dayton Central Union Club in 1856. Around 1858, he became a member of the Republican State Central Committee, and in 1859 was elected to New York’s senate. At the end of this term (1861), he was appointed a provost marshal for New York City’s Eighth Congressional District, supposedly at the behest of Lincoln. He also was a sponsor of the One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth New York Infantry. Fenton later appointed him as a commissioner for the Asylum for the Blind at Batavia. Between 1866 and 1873, Manierre served as a New York City police commissioner. “Veteran Talks of New York Police,” New York Times, November 16, 1902; Murphy, Biographical Sketches, 83–86. 303. Hiram Paulding (1797–1878) was born in Westchester County and educated in the public schools. On September 1, 1811, he was appointed a midshipman in the U.S. Navy. During the War of 1812, he served under Commodore Isaac Chauncey on Lake Ontario, and later under Commodore Thomas MacDonough, Jr., at the Battle of Lake Champlain. In subsequent action, Paulding, not yet seventeen, was given command of a heavy gun division on the Ticonderoga; he won distinction (along with thanks and a sword from Congress). He later served under Commodore Stephen Decatur, Jr., in 404 | Notes to Pages 226–227

the Second Barbary War. In 1816, he was promoted to full lieutenant. Following a three-year Pacific cruise in the Macedonian, Paulding was given two years’ leave, during which he attended the American Literary, Scientific, and Military Academy (later, Norwich Academy), graduating in 1823. After returning to the navy he remained on sea duty, steadily earning promotion, and in 1837 was made commander. Between 1841 and 1844, he was executive officer of the Brooklyn Navy Yard. In the last year, he was promoted to captain and assigned to command the Vincennes and, in 1848, the St. Lawrence. In 1851, he assumed command of the Washington Navy Yard. From 1856 to 1858 he commanded the Home Squadron; in 1857, he destroyed William Walker’s Nicaraguan filibustering ­effort. (This act proved unpopular with slave-state legislators and Buchanan relieved Paulding from command; however, it was very popular in Nicaragua, and that country gifted Paulding land and a sword, which the sailor was duty-bound to refuse.) With the start of the Civil War, Paulding returned at the request of Lincoln to help put the navy on a wartime footing. He was given command of the Brooklyn Navy Yard, and it was partly due to his management that the Monitor was quickly made ready for action. When the post of rear admiral was created in July 1862, Paulding was one of ten retired naval men to receive it. Between 1866 and 1869, he commanded the Navy Asylum in Philadelphia and, between 1870 and 1874, was named port admiral of Boston. Norwich University, 1819–1911, Her History, Her Graduates, Her Roll of Honor, edited by William Arba Ellis (Montpelier, Vermont: The Capital City Press, 1911), vol. 2 of 3, 190–191. 304. Alexander Bowman (1803–1865) was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. He was appointed to West Point from Pennsylvania in 1821, graduating third in his class in 1825. He was immediately appointed second lieutenant (the same day as his brevet) in the Corps of Engineers, and was detailed as an assistant professor of geography, history, and ethics. Between 1826 and 1834, he was superintending engineer of the Military Road from Memphis to the St. Francis River, and through 1838, of improvements in the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers. At various times (1838–1851, 1852–1853), he was superintendent of the building of Fort Sumter and improvements to the defenses of Charleston Harbor. He was promoted full captain of the Engineers in 1838, sat on several commissions, and between 1851 and 1852, returned to West Point as instructor of practical engineering and commandant of sappers, miners, and pontoniers. During these years, he also superintended construction on the Savannah River and served as chief engineer of the Construction Bureau of the Treasury Department. In 1857, he was promoted to major. From May 1, 1861, to July 8, 1864, he was the superintendent

of West Point, with the ex-officio rank of colonel. Promotion to full lieutenant colonel came in March 1863. After running West Point, he served on various engineering boards to improve Boston Harbor and locate naval sites on the western rivers. Cullum, Biographical Register, second edition, vol. 1, 271. 305. “Mob in New York,” New York Times, July 14, 1863. Also, “The Draft in the Eighth Congressional District,” New York Times, July 14; OR.I.27.ii.900, 907, 878–879, 883. Wool’s request for troops from Paulding, along with orders for the same to Colonel Gustav Loomis (commanding Governor’s Island) and to the commander of Fort Hamilton will be found at OR.I.27. ii.882–883. AG.63.312. 306. OR.III.3.493. 307. Edward S. Sanford (1816–1882) was born in Medway, Massachusetts, the child of a clergyman. After completing school, he clerked in Boston for Harnden’s Express Company, reportedly the country’s only express shipper. In 1840, Bostonian Alva Adams started a competing company that offered express service between Boston and Worcester; by 1842, this business grew to include Connecticut and New York City. Shortly after the company opened offices in Manhattan, Sanford (who had relocated) was hired as a clerk. Having made a study of the business, he persuaded Adams to establish service between New York and Washington. Sanford was entrusted with the Washington office, made it profitable, and in 1846 was promoted to general agent of the company in Philadelphia. In 1854, Adams and several other shippers (including Sanford’s first employer) merged to form Adams Express Company. Sanford was a director of the merged entity, and in 1860 was made general superintendent of all routes. Having served for some time as a director of the American Telegraph Company, Sanford was made its president in 1860—just in time for the war. On February 25, 1862, Stanton announced Sanford’s appointment as “military supervisor of telegraphic messages throughout the United States,” the War Department just having taken “military possession” of the country’s telegraph system. Postwar, Sanford was made vice president of Adams Express. When American Telegraph Company was merged with Western Union, Sanford remained a director of the combined entity. “Death’s Shining Marks,” New York Times, September 10, 1888; OR.III.1.899. 308. “Board of Alderman,” New York Times, July 14, 1863. 309. Harvey Brown (1796–1874) was born in Bridge­ town (now part of Rahway), New Jersey. He entered West Point in 1813 and graduated in 1818, sixth in his class. He entered army service as an artillery officer and in 1820 was assigned to the Fourth U.S. Artillery. He held rank

in that unit for the next thirty years. During much of this period, he was a staff officer, including, among other posts, serving General Jacob Brown as adc. He saw service in the Black Hawk War (1832), among the Creeks (1836), and in the Seminole Wars (1836–1839), when he also commanded a unit of Creek volunteers. By 1840, he was brevetted major, having already been promoted to full captain in 1835. His next post was along the U.S.Canadian border during the Patriot War of 1837–1838. After the Mexican War began in 1846, Brown, as a major with an artillery unit serving as infantry, participated in the Battle of Monterey, and was singled out for “gallantry and good conduct.” After that battle, he was transferred to Scott and served at the Siege of Vera Cruz and the Battle of Cerro Gordo. Brown distinguished himself and was brevetted a lieutenant colonel; a further brevet to colonel followed his performance at the Battle of Chapultepec. After the war ended, Brown returned to artillery and, in 1851, was promoted to a full majority in the Second U.S. Artillery. Between that year and 1856, he was again fighting Seminoles in Florida. When the School for Artillery was established at Fort Monroe in 1857, Brown was put in command; he served in that position until late 1860. During Secession Winter, now Colonel Brown commanded troops in Washington and at Fort McHenry. On April 6, 1861, Brown was ordered to occupy Fort Pickens (Florida) and defend it against threats from Braxton Bragg. Brown successfully defended Pickens, and his brevet to brigadier general, usa, cited that defense. He was also given command of the Department of Florida. On April 5, 1862, he was assigned command of New York Harbor, and remained in that post until August 1, 1863. Between January 15 and July 16, 1863, Brown was military commander of New York City. On August 1, Brown retired, having been in the service longer than forty-five years. On August 2, 1866, he was brevetted major general “for distinguished services in the suppression of the riots in New York City.” Henry Hunt, Sketch of the Life and Services of Gen. Harvey Brown, U.S. Army, read before the Association of Graduates of the Military Academy at West Point, June 11, 1874 (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1874), 3–23. 310. The Orphan Asylum for Colored Children traced its origin to 1833, when two Quaker women, Anna H. Shotwell and Mary Murray, began raising money for a colored orphanage in New York City. By 1836, some $2,000 had been raised, and the Association for the Benefit of Colored Orphans was founded with a board of twenty-two women and five male advisers. Prejudice was strong and it took time to find an owner willing to sell for this purpose, but a cottage on Twelfth Street finally was purchased for $9,000. By 1838, the association was incorporated and the cottage was outgrown. New York Notes to Pages 227–228 | 405

City’s Common Council granted sixteen city-owned parcels fronting Fifth Avenue between Forty-Third and FortyFourth Streets. Around 1847 a building was erected for $7,000 and the asylum remained there until its destruction during the Draft Riots. After the riots, the lots were sold for $175,000 and land acquired at 143rd Street and Tenth Avenue for $45,000. In 1867 construction of a new asylum began with completion the following year. It was an enlargement over the Fifth Avenue facility: the new, fireproof asylum could accommodate over 300 children. The program at both locations admitted children between the ages of two and ten years; education was provided until they reached the age of twelve, when they were apprenticed “generally to farmers.” The asylum also accepted children with parents at a board of $0.75 per week. In 1869, the New York legislature appropriated $25,000 with an additional grant of $6,570 for the Commissioners of Charities and Corrections. In the 1870s, annual expenses were above $30,000. In the twentieth century, the asylum relocated to the Bronx, and in 1942, following the passage of anti-discrimination laws, began to admit non-black children. When foster care replaced orphanages, the asylum eventually dissolved. J. F. Richmond, New York and Its Institutions, 1609–1871 (New York: E.B. Treat, 1871), 302–305. 311. “Mob in New York,” New York Times, July 14, 1863. 312. “Mob in New York,” New York Times, July 14, 1863; also “Facts and Incidents,” New York Times, same date. David M. Barnes, The Draft Riots in New York, July 1863. The Metropolitan Police: Their Services during Riot Week (New York: Baker & Godwin, 1863), 117. 313. George G. Barnard (1829–1879) was born in Poughkeepsie. He graduated from Yale College in 1847 (one of four brothers to do so); afterwards he read law in his brother Joseph’s office. After admission to the bar, Barnard went to San Francisco and the office of another lawyer brother. He returned to New York in 1856 and, the following year, was elected recorder. In 1860, with Tammany and William M. Tweed as sponsors, Barnard was elected a justice of the New York Supreme Court, and re-elected in 1868. That same year, he was at the center of the legal battle for control of the Erie Railroad. In the suits and countersuits over the next two years, Barnard went to extreme lengths to favor Jay Gould and James Fisk in their efforts to control the railroad; in the process, he defied settled law and ignored civil procedure. In 1872, Barnard was impeached by New York’s legislature and barred for life from holding public office. Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale College Deceased from June, 1870, to June, 1880, Presented to the Annual Meetings of the Alumni, 1870–1880 (New Haven: Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor, 1880), 359; “Ex-Judge Barnard Dead,” New York Times, April 28, 1879. 406 | Notes to Pages 228–229

314. “Mob in New York,” New York Times, July 14, 1863. Mushkat, 111; “Current Topics,” The Central Law Journal, edited by John D. Lawson, vol. 10, January–June 1880 (St. Louis: William H. Stevenson, 1880), 34. 315. OR.I.27.ii.886, 879; “The Mob in New York,” New York Times, July 14, 1863. 316. OR.I.27.ii.900; “Mob in New York,” New York Times, July 14, 1863, and “Facts and Incidents of the Riot,” July 15; According to a Times reporter, for most of the day, blacks were chased and beaten wherever seen and, in “not less than a dozen cases,” murdered. Brief sketches of each individual killed and the circumstances of death are provided in “Colored Victims of the Riot,” J. T. Headley, The Great Riots of New York, 1712–1873 (New York: E. B. Treat, 1873), 271–277. Included in this section is Anne Derrickson, a white woman married to black man. One of her sons had been doused in camphene and set afire, and was about to be hung from a lamppost when police and “some citizens” intervened. While Derrickson was attempting to save her son’s life, she was set upon and beaten with “a cart rung.” She died several weeks later. 317. OR.I.27.ii.883–884, 913. 318. “Mob in New York,” New York Times, July 14, 1863. Barnes, 115. 319. Abram Wakeman (1824–1889) was born in Greenfield Hill, Connecticut. He was educated at Herkimer Academy, afterwards studying law in Little Falls, New York. In 1847 he was admitted to the bar and practiced in New York City. He was elected to the New York assembly in 1850 and again in 1851, and was sent to the Thirty-Fourth Congress as a Whig. An early member of the Republican Party, he was a delegate to the national convention in 1856 but defeated the same year for reelection to Congress. After the firing on Fort Sumter, Wakeman raised the Eighty-First Pennsylvania Volunteers and was named its colonel. He reportedly resigned at Lincoln’s request to become postmaster of New York on March 21, 1862. He held the position until September 18, 1864, when he was appointed port surveyor of the Port of New York, a post he held until 1869. Afterwards, he returned to his law practice. BD.2101; Appletons’ Annual Cyclopeadia and Register of Important Events, for the year 1889 (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1890), 651. 320. “Mob in New York,” New York Times, July 14, 1863. 321. OR.I.27.ii.880, 900, 886, 896–897. 322. “Mob in New York,” New York Times, July 14, 1863. Beside the Metropolitan Police, units deployed on July 13 included handfuls scratched from Harbor fortifications, assorted Regulars and volunteers, a West Point company, and one from New Jersey. New York in the War of Rebellion, 31.

323. “Facts and Incidents of the Riot,” New York Times, July 16, 1863. 324. AG.63.312–13. 325. Fry, New York and the Conscription of 1863, 22–23. 326. OR.I.27.ii.887; “Mob in New York,” New York Times, July 14, 1863. 327. OR.I.27.ii.880, 881, 902. Brown does not keep his word; rather than deal with clashing egos, Wool reassigns him again, to report directly to him and not Sandford. During the riots, units performed bravely but command was badly divided. Several days later, Nugent complained to Fry that “I cannot help saying that the confusion, vacillation, and conflict of orders which exist among the general officers of the regular, volunteer, and militia force at present in this city, [has] the effect of encouraging the rioters and lessening the confidence of the public in the Administration.” 328. John Cisco (1806–1884) was born in New York City, the son of a merchant. He entered the wholesale dry goods business while still a boy, and after nine years, established his own firm jobbing and importing wholesale dry goods. A skilled businessman, he survived the Panic of 1837, and prospered to the point of retirement in 1842. He spent the next decade managing his money until, in 1853, Franklin Pierce appointed him assistant U.S. treasurer in New York City, a position of enormous responsibility. It was not an office that he sought, but he accepted it under pressure from various interests and continued until the Buchanan administration. He tendered his resignation to the incoming secretary of the treasury but it was not accepted. As a loyal Democrat who supported Douglas for president in 1860, he had every reason to expect that an incoming Republican administration would accept his resignation, which he again duly tendered, this time to Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase. Although the prospect of an open position at the subtreasury was catnip to the Seward-Weed faction, Chase recognized the degree of confidence that Cisco commanded from Wall Street and persuaded him to remain. It would be difficult to overstate the importance of this sub-treasury position. One historian described the post as “the connecting link between the moneyed interest of the nation and the Treasury Department, a function that demanded personal tact, financial knowledge and skill, and unselfish devotion to the cause. Mr. Cisco had possessed these qualities in high degree. In an era of extreme office jobbing, his experience stood out as a shining exception.” Cisco remained at the sub-treasury until his health broke in 1864, this time requiring his retirement. After a year, he re-entered finance, founding the firm of John J. Cisco & Son. Cisco also was a founder and vice president of the United States Trust Company, and a director of City Bank. He died with an estimated

net worth exceeding $2 million. The Banker’s Magazine and Statistical Register, Volume Thirty-Eighth, or Volume Eighteenth of the Third Series, from July 1883 to June 1884, inclusive (New York: Published Monthly by Homans Publishing Co., 1883–1884), 807; Burton J, Hendrick, Lincoln’s War Cabinet (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1942), 442. 329. Stephen G. Sluyter (1832–1887/88) was born in Claverack, New York. Before the war, Sluyter commanded the Victoria, the ship that laid the first translatlantic cable. Postwar, he lived in Hartford, Connecticut. John Lee, of Farmington, Hartford County, Connecticut, and his Descendants, 1634–1897, compiled by Leonard Lee and Sarah Fiske Lee (Meriden, Connecticut: Lee Association, 1897), 115; “News Items,” The Albany Times, December 28, 1887. 330. OR.III.3.515; OR.I.27.ii.884. 331. “Miscellaneous Movement,” New York Times, July 15, 1863. 332. OR.I.27.ii.922. 333. OR.I.27.ii.896–897, 895. For Buffalo, see OR.III.3.489. Later, Nugent asks for permission to publicize Fry’s order. 334. OR.I.27.ii.893. 335. OR.I.27.ii.887–888. 336. Harmanus B. Duryea (1815–1884) was born in Newtown. In 1825, he relocated with his family to New York City, and afterwards, Brooklyn. Duryea read law under future judge Thomas W. Clerke, and finished his study under judges John Greenwood and John Dikeman. He was admitted to the bar at age twenty-one; the same year, he joined the state militia in Kings County. By the time of the Civil War, he had held every officer’s rank from lieutenant to major general, this last as commander of the Second Division, nyng. His law career continued apace. In 1842, Duryea was appointed supreme court commissioner for Kings County. That office, judicial in nature, was abolished in 1846, and Duryea was immediately appointed corporation counsel for Brooklyn. In 1847, he was elected district attorney of Kings County, and was re-elected twice more. He was elected to the state assembly in 1857 and re-elected in 1858, both times as a Republican. Beginning in 1845 and continuing until his resignation from the nyng in 1869, Duryea was an unceasing advocate of militia reform: consulting with legislatures, serving on state boards and, for three terms, serving as president of the State Military Association. Duryea’s reforms included the requirement of brigade encampments and the establishment of parade grounds. His Second Division was well prepared for the Civil War, and produced many early units for the defense of Washington, including the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Twenty-Eighth Brooklyn. Second Division militia also kept relative order in Brooklyn during the draft riots. L. B. Proctor, The Bench and Bar of Kings County, Notes to Pages 229–231 | 407

N.Y., and the Bench and Bar of the City of Brooklyn, 1686–1884 (Brooklyn, n.p., 1884), 55. 337. OR.I.27.ii.884, 908–909. Later, the commander of the brigade containing the Fifteenth stated that due to riots in Queens County, the regiment should remain there; Seymour approved this. For Duryea’s report, see AG.63.315–316. Duryea’s troops will remain on duty until September 18. 338. “Miscellaneous Movement,” New York Times, July 15, 1863. Nora Titone, My Thoughts Be Bloody: The Bitter Rivalry that led to the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Free Press, 2010), 293–299. John Wilkes Booth’s behavior throughout the New York Draft Riots was astonishing, given his Southern sentiments and dark future. He not only comforted wounded federal officer Adam Badeau (later a confidant of Grant), but also protected at some personal risk one of Edwin’s black employees. 339. “Doings of Gov. Seymour; Proclamation from the Mayor,” New York Times, July 15, 1863. Seymour establishes his headquarters in the same place that Wool lives: the St. Nicholas Hotel. “Facts and Incidents of the Riot,” New York Times, July 16, 1863. 340. “Doings of Gov. Seymour,” New York Times July 15, 1863; “Proclamation from the Mayor,” New York Times, July 15, 1863. Seymour’s speech was paraphrased by the reporter. 341. “Doings of Gov. Seymour; Proclamation from the Mayor,” New York Times, July 15, 1863. Republicans made much of this passage, suggesting that Seymour was coddling lawbreakers; less remarked upon were the other passages, for example, “Riotous proceeds must and shall be put down.” Seymour also had printed handbills circulated that identified six rendezvous throughout the city for “citizens wishing to volunteer to preserve the peace.” The quote addressed to Hughes is from Bernstein, 51. As quoted in Hassard, Life of John Hughes, 499. 342. “Doings of Gov. Seymour; Proclamation from the Mayor,” New York Times, July 15, 1863. 343. OR.I.27.ii.922. 344. OR.III.3.515. 345. The immediate national implications of the riots were evidenced in the stream of messages sent to the Lincoln administration echoing Sanford’s words. Several prominent Iowans wrote Lincoln that, “Suspension of the draft in New York, as suggested by Governor Seymour, will result disastrously in Iowa.” Stewart Pearce of Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania, wrote Seward that the failure to enforce conscription in New York would mean that, “the draft cannot be enforced anywhere.” New Jersey politician Martin Ryerson asked Seward to suspend the draft in New Jersey until it was enforced in New York. OR.I.27.ii.923, 934, 936. 408 | Notes to Pages 231–234

346. OR.I.27.ii. 915, 888, 895. 347. AG.63.355. 348. McCunn’s political designation is from Bernstein, 59. “Judge McCunn on Conscription,” New York Times, June 15, 1863. 349. “Proclamation of Gov. Seymour; The City and County Declared in a State of Insurrection,” New York Times, July 15, 1863. Seymour’s declaration did not establish martial law; it only initiated the legal justification for activating the militia to maintain state and local laws. While the term “martial law” lacks a specific statutory meaning, it generally denotes the temporary suspension of civilian due process (associated with arrest, detention, trial, and punishment) in favor of military rules. During the Civil War, “martial law” usually meant the suspension of habeas corpus. However, in the context of the New York Draft Riots, the proponents of martial law— and there were many Republicans who actively lobbied for it—probably imagined transforming affected areas into “free fire zones” in which the military and police were empowered to use lethal force at will to maintain public order, and where “suspect” neighborhoods could be occupied, curfews enforced by lethal means, and so forth. Lincoln and Stanton wisely refrained from authorizing martial law. The subject is treated extensively in Bernstein. See his conclusion at Bernstein, 259. 350. OR.I.27.ii.889, 897, 900–901. 351. OR.I.27.ii.922–923. 352. Captain Joshua Fiero, Jr., was appointed provost marshal of the Thirteenth District on April 15, 1863; he resigned December 4, 1863. OR.III.5.895. 353. OR.III.3.490–491, 515. 354. “Facts and Incidences of the Riot,” New York Times, July 16, 1863. 355. “Facts and Incidents of the Riot,” New York Times, July 16, 1863. 356. “Another Day of Rioting,” New York Times, July 16; Barnes, 114. 357. “Another Day of Rioting,” New York Times, July 16, 1863. 358. Thaddeus P. Mott (1831–1894) was born in New York City and attended New York University. Mott was known to contemporaries as “a soldier of fortune” and “the fighting general.” In Europe for the revolution of 1848, he fought on the side of the Italians, then sailed as third mate on a clipper for California before serving in the Mexican Army from 1856 to 1857. During the Civil War, he was commissioned June 17, 1861, as a captain in the Third Independent Battery, New York Light Artillery then, on October 29, 1861, as a captain in the Nineteenth U.S. Infantry. On June 20, 1862, he was shot in the leg at White Oak Swamp; he resigned his Regular Army commission on January 30, 1863. On February 26, 1863, he

was commissioned colonel of the Fourteenth New York Cavalry (which capped his service in all three branches of land warfare). He was dismissed January 18, 1864, after destroying civilian property and being found guilty of “conduct to the prejudice of good order and military discipline.” That judgment was revoked on December 18, 1865; by 1867, Mott was U.S. minister to Costa Rica. However, diplomacy was of less interest to him than war and, in 1868, Mott left for Turkey and service in the Ottoman Army. He was appointed a major general in the Egyptian army, fought for the Ottomans in the Balkans, and in 1870, served as an adc to the Khedive. When his contract with the Khedive expired in 1874, he returned to Turkey for more service in Serbia and against Russia. His health failing, he consulted Paris physicians and ultimately settled in Toulon, where he died. His Turkish ranks and decorations were many, including appointments as Grand Officer of the Imperial Order of Madjidieh, Grand Officer of the Imperial Order of Osmanieh, and the Awarde of the Croissant Rouge. “Soldier of Fortune Dead,” Paterson Daily Press, November 24, 1894; Hunt, Colonels in Blue, New York, 209–210. 359. OR.I.27.ii.885, 882. The Times reported in “Another Day of Rioting, July 16,” that at 9:00 a.m., a Captain Morr, commanding U.S. artillery, arrived with “a strong force” to remove the body of the black man lynched last night. At the scene, Morr’s forces were confronted by a mob that refused to disperse. On orders, the artillery fired three rounds of grape shot, killing twenty-five and wounding others. Based on the evidence, the Times account is a garbled version of Mott’s confrontation. 360. OR.I.27.ii.909; AG.63.318. Answering Seymour’s call, residents “began to form associations for local protection and mutual defense; and some of these associations of citizens were provided with arms,” on Seymour’s orders. 361. “The Mob Spirit in Troy,” New York Times, July 17, 1863; OR.III.3.516–517. 362. OR.III.3.516–517. 363. “Another Day of Rioting,” New York Times, July 16, 1863. 364. OR.I.27.ii.923; 897–898. Nugent also sent an article from the New York World reporting that a mob of 1,000 had attacked his own house near the corner of Fourth Avenue and Eighty-Sixth Street. According to this article, “[The mob] completely destroyed [the] inside, pitching light and available articles into the street, which were mostly appropriated to the private use of whoever happened to get them. The crowd only spared the building from the lighted torch on account of a foreman of one of the fire companies having property next door to Colonel Nugent’s residence, and in which he, the foreman, lived.”

365. OR.I.27.ii.919, 887–888. 366. OR.I.27.ii.923. 367. OR.I.27.ii.901–902. 368. AG.63.329; 359–360. In its report, the unit says it arrived at 5:00. 369. “Facts and Incidents of the Riot,” New York Times, July 16, 1863; Brummer, 326. 370. OR.I.27.ii.890. 371. Edward Jardine (1828–1893) was born in New York City. After the attack on Fort Sumter, he served as a major of the two-year Ninth New York (Hawkins’ ­Zouaves), and later served as lieutenant colonel of the Seventeenth New York, which was organizing at the time of the draft riots. The Seventeenth deployed in sections but had left New York by October 18, 1863, for western service. Jardine commanded the unit throughout its term. On November 2, 1886, he was brevetted a brigadier general, USV, “For Gallant and Meritorious Services.” Hunt and Brown, Brevet Brigadiers in Blue, 312. 372. OR.I.27.ii.895, 891, 882. 373. OR.I.27.ii.921. 374. Henry R. Putnam was born in Maine and enlisted as a private in the First Minnesota Regiment at its 1861 inception. He fought at Bull Run, was wounded and, in August 1861, commissioned a captain in the Twelfth U.S. Infantry. After his service during the draft riots, Putnam was engaged at the Battle of Rappahannock Station, the Mine Run Campaign, and at the Battle of Weldon Railroad. Near war’s end, he was a major and adc, USV, and brevetted a major, usa, for his role in quelling the New York riots. In September 1866, he was transferred to the Twenty-First U.S. Infantry. Guy V. Henry, Military Record of Civilian Appointments in the United States Army (New York: D. Nostrand, Publisher, 1873), vol. 2, 173. 375. AG.63.316, 321; OR.I.27.ii.909; “Doings in Brooklyn,” New York Times, July 16, 1863. Reportedly, the arsonists were employees of the grain elevators. “Another Day of Rioting,” July 16, 1863. Putnam’s full report can be found in “Report of Captain Putnam,” J. T. Headley, The Great Riots of New York, 331–337. Putnam’s account of this incident is more muted than that of the Times, and disagrees in places. 376. Colonel Louis Schirmer (1832–?) had received a military education in Prussia before immigrating to the United States. He was commissioned a first lieutenant in the Twenty-Ninth New York Infantry on May 18, 1861, but on July 21 became a lieutenant in the Second Independent Battery, New York Light Artillery. He was promoted captain, and served in the Third Battalion New York Heavy Artillery and, finally, as colonel of the Fifteenth New York Heavy Artillery. Wounded in action in 1864, Schirmer was court-martialed and found guilty of “embezzlement and misapplication of money held in Notes to Pages 234–236 | 409

trust and belonging to enlisted men.” He was dismissed from the service on August 5, 1865. As quoted on Hunt, Colonels in Blue, New York, 252. 377. OR.I.27.ii.885, 924. 378. OR.III.3.494. This message is seconded by another from a group of U.S and other officials in the Hawkeye state: “Suspension of the draft in New York suggested by Governor Seymour will result disastrously in Iowa.” OR.III.3.496–497. 379. AG.63.360; “Facts and Incidents of the Riot,” New York Times, July 16, 1863. 380. OR.I.27.ii.876, 901, 891. 381. Facts and Incidents of the Riot,” New York Times, July 16, 1863. “The Nationality of the Rioters,” New York Times, July 16, 1863. 382. AG.63.355. 383. AG.63.360–361. 384. Stewart Van Vliet (1815–1901) was born in Ferrisburg, Vermont, and educated locally. He graduated from West Point in 1840, was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Third U.S. Artillery, and saw action in the Seminole Wars, at one point killing a tribal chief in hand-to-hand combat. He next saw service in Mexico where, under Taylor’s command, he participated in the final charge at Monterrey and personally received the surrender flag. At Vera Cruz under Winfield Scott, he commanded a battery. After Mexico, he did frontier duty at Fort Leavenworth and helped construct Forts K ­ earney and Laramie on the Platte River. He served under Albert Sydney Johnson in the Salt Lake Expedition. During the Civil War, Van Vliet was the chief quartermaster of the Army of the Potomac, accompanying McClellan throughout the Peninsula Campaign. On July 10, 1862, he asked to be relieved. He spent the balance of the war as the senior federal quartermaster in New York City. In October 1864, he was brevetted to brigadier general, usa, and on November 23, 1865, was brevetted to major general, USV. In 1866, Van Vliet was deputy quartermaster general with the full rank of lieutenant colonel. He was promoted to full colonel in 1872. Between 1875 and his retirement in 1881, Van Vliet served as an inspector of the quartermaster general’s department. Men of Vermont: An Illustrated Biographical History of Vermonters and Sons of Vermont, compiled by Jacob G. Ullery (Brattleboro, Vermont: Transcript Publishing Company, 1894), 162. 385. OR.I.27.ii.925. 386. AG.63.361. 387. AG.63.356. 388. OR.III.3.515–516, 518. 389. John U. Andrews delivered an anti-draft speech outside the Ninth District provost marshal’s office on July 13. U.S. Marshal Robert Murray identified him as “the principal orator of the mob—a Southern man.” 410 | Notes to Pages 236–239

Born in Virginia, Andrews was an attorney who had lived in New York City for four years. He was incarcerated in Fort Lafayette on July 16 or 17 and tried in federal court in 1864; convicted, he was sentenced to three years’ hard labor. Andrews was the only rioter to face federal justice; the rest were tried in state courts. Bernstein, 18; OR.I.27. ii. 927; Mark Neeley, Jr., The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 132–133. 390. OR.I.27.ii.926, 891, 876–877. 391. OR.I.27.ii.910. 392. Joseph P. Richardson was appointed the TwentyFirst District’s provost marshal on April 15, 1863; he was dismissed from the service on December 20, 1864. OR.III.5.895. The reasons for Richardson’s dismissal were murky; when prosecuting the corrupt Provost Marshal Haddock (see entry for April 4, 1865), government lawyer Roscoe Conkling (a former and future congressman) raised suspicion that Haddock and Fry had colluded to dispense with Richardson because Haddock could “get along better [i.e., conspire in corrupt schemes]” with Richardson’s replacement, Peter B. Crandall. As quoted in Journal of the Proceedings of the Senate in the matter of George W. Smith, Judge of Oneida County in relation to Charges Submitted to the Senate by the Governor (Albany: Van Benthuysen & Sons, Printers, 1866), 251–252. Murdock, Patriotism Limited, 219, 223. Conkling hated Fry and sought to prove he was involved in Haddock’s crimes. 393. OR.III.3.528–529. 394. Moses G. Leonard (1810–1899) was appointed provost marshal on April 15, 1863; he resigned on February 16, 1864. Leonard was born in Stafford, Connecticut, educated in the public schools, and at some point relocated to New York City. He was elected alderman and then served as city court judge from 1840 to 1842. Leonard was elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-Eighth Congress, but was unsuccessful for the Twenty-Ninth. Thereafter, he held a series of local positions, including almshouse commissioner (1846) and commissioner of immigration for the Port of New York. He was also involved in the ice business. He moved to San Francisco and, in 1850, served on its city council. By 1861, he had returned to New York City. OR.III.5.894; BD.1440. 395. OR.III.3.529–530. 396. AG.63.356–357. 397. AG.63.26. 398. AG.63.357. 399. AG.63.397. 400. Hugh Judson Kilpatrick (1836–1881) was born in Deckerstown, New Jersey, a farmer’s son. He was educated locally in the common schools, was admitted to West Point in 1856, and graduated in the famed

class of May 1861. On May 9, 1861, he was commissioned captain in the Fifth New York Infantry (Duryea’s Zouaves) and was engaged (and wounded) at Big Bethel in June. Distinguished during that battle, in September he was appointed lieutenant colonel of the Second New York Cavalry, then served as inspector general on Irwin McDowell’s staff, followed by promotion to colonel in December 1862. On June 14, 1863, he was named brigadier general, USV. During this time, he advanced steadily in cavalry combat command and shared much of the battle itinerary of that branch in the Army of the Potomac, notably Beverly Ford, Stoneman’s Raid, Gettysburg, and Dahlgren’s failed February 1864 Richmond Raid. With the advent of Grant, Kilpatrick was sent west to serve under W. T. Sherman. Kilpatrick (nicknamed “Kil-Cavalry” because he was notoriously hard on men and horses) was badly wounded at Resaca but returned to duty in July and rode to the sea with Sherman. He was in at the close when Johnston surrendered. On March 13, 1865, he was brevetted major general, usa, and on June 19, 1865, brevetted major general, USV. In late 1865, Andrew Johnson appointed him minister to Chile. Politically ambitious, Kilpatrick began as a Republican. In 1872, however, angry with Grant over political differences, he backed Greeley for the presidency. He ran unsuccessfully for Congress in 1880 and returned as minister to Chile in 1881, under President Garfield, during the War of the Pacific between Chile and Peru. Married to a Chilean national, Kilpatrick may have professed more sympathy for his wife’s countrymen than was politic. He soon found himself at odds with the U.S. ambassador to Peru, former colleague Stephen A. Hurlbut, as well as with Secretary of State James G. Blaine. Kilpatrick died in Santiago before the controversy was resolved (or the war settled). Warner, Generals in Blue, 266–267; Cullum, Biographical Register, third edition, vol. 2, 786–790. 401. Edward R. S. Canby (1817–1873) was born at Piatt’s Landing, Kentucky. He was educated locally and, later, at Wabash College (Indiana); he graduated from West Point in 1839. He was assigned to the Second U.S. Infantry, saw action against the Florida Seminoles, served as a quartermaster, did recruiting duty, “emigrated” Indians to Arkansas, and did garrison duty in upstate New York and Detroit. After brief duty in Kentucky, Canby, now a first lieutenant, saw action at the Siege of Vera Cruz, and the battles of Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Churubusco, and the final assault and capture of Mexico City. He was brevetted to captain (staff ) in March 1847, to major in August “For Gallant and Meritorious Conduct in the Battles of Contreras and Churubusco,” and to lieutenant colonel for “Gallant Conduct at the Belen Gate of the City of Mexico.” With peace, Canby was assigned to the Pacific Division as aag and, in 1851,

to the adjutant general’s office in Washington, a position he held until 1855. After his promotion to major that year, he did mostly frontier duty in Wisconsin and Minnesota, and participated in the Utah and Navajo expeditions. After the attack on Fort Sumter, he was promoted colonel of the Nineteenth U.S. Infantry and remained in the Department of New Mexico. He saw combat in three of the territory’s Civil War actions: the defense of Fort Craig (January–February 1862) and battles at Valverde and Peralta. On May 31, 1862, he was promoted brigadier general, USV. That fall, Canby was ordered east and assigned to the draft rendezvous at Pittsburgh between November 7, 1862, and January 15, 1863. Canby commanded New York City and Harbor between July 14 and November 15, 1863. In May 1864, Canby returned west and was given command of the Military Division of West Mississippi. During his thirteen-month tenure, he was severely wounded by guerillas on the White River in Arkansas and commanded infantry during the Mobile Campaign, for which he received the “National Thanks” tendered by Lincoln. On March 13, 1865. Canby received a double brevet, to brigadier general, usa, for his battles in New Mexico Territory, and to major general, usa, “For Gallant and Meritorious Services in the Capture of Ft. Blakely, and Mobile, Ala.” (President Johnson also tendered his formal thanks for the skill displayed by Canby and his men in Mobile.) Canby occupied Mobile on April 12, 1865, Montgomery on April 27, took the surrender of General Richard Taylor’s army on May 4 and the surrender of Edmund Kirby Smith’s forces on May 26. On July 28, 1866, he was promoted to full brigadier general. Postwar, Canby would do occupation duty throughout the South. In 1870, he was assigned to command the Department of Columbia (Oregon and the future state of Washington). During his tenure, the Modoc War broke out. On April 11, 1873, Canby was assassinated while parlaying with Modoc leader Captain Jack (Kintpuash). Cullum, Biographical Register, second edition, vol. 1, 590–591; Warner, Generals in Blue, 67–68. 402. OR.I.27.ii.876–877, 881, 892. 403. OR.I.27.ii.928; the timing of the orders was almost certainly this morning. Hughes published a newspaper appeal about the meeting and also had notices posted in the relevant neighborhoods, declaring that, “I am not able owing to rheumatism in my limbs to visit you, but that is no reason why you should not pay me a visit in your whole strength. I shall have a speech prepared for you. There is abundant space for the meeting around my house. I can address you from the corner of the balcony. If I should be unable to stand during its delivery, you will permit me to address you sitting; my voice is stronger than my limbs.” As quoted in Hassard, Life of John Hughes, 499. Notes to Page 239 | 411

404. OR.I.27.ii.896. 405. “Quiet Restored,” New York Times, July 18, 1863. 406. OR.I.27.ii.892, 893, OR.III.3.527, 530. 407. AG.63.397–398. 408. OR.I.27.ii.877. 409. OR.III.3.524. Fry’s insistence that notices be served—an attempt to preserve the legal enforceability of drafting those men whose names were drawn before (or during) the violence—ignored actual conditions. On July 18 Nugent complained that the Ninth District’s records (which included all of the names upon whom notices had to be served within ten days) were in the same safe where Jenkins had stored them, just before being overwhelmed on July 13. The safe was still in the ruins, and Canby informed Nugent that an escort force would not be available to retrieve it before July 20—ten days since the first drawing was made on July 11, and insufficient time to serve notices. See OR.III.3.539. 410. George Clendon, Jr., was appointed provost marshal on April 15, 1863; his appointment was revoked on February 13, 1865. Clendon and two clerks had received bribes from local officials to provide recruits (and fill quotas). Murdock, Patriotism Limited, 149–151. 411. OR.III.3.531. It appears that Circular No. 44 did put draftees in a bind. If, for example, they contested their eligibility on physical grounds by reporting for examination and were found to be qualified, then they would be ineligible to pay commutation or furnish a substitute. 412. OR.I.27.ii.938–939. Hughes defined what he meant by “baffled”: “One day yes, another day no, a third day not quite decided, until the people of this city, so numerous and so liable to excitement, shall have had time to reflect.” 413. AG.63.338. 414. OR.I.27.ii.893, 877. Wool’s relief appears in GO No. 64, issued July 18, 1863, OR.I.27.ii.929. 415. OR.I.27.ii.929, 903–904, 893, 916. Readers should not necessarily treat Nugent’s assessment of Seymour as definitive. It has been included to illustrate a view held by some federal officials during and after the riots. Nugent’s own earlier reports contradict this judgment (see 901, for example). Sanford also blamed Democrats for the riots, although he did not mention Seymour by name. Mayor Odyke’s wires depict a Seymour cooperating fully in efforts to suppress the riots. 416. OR.III.3.536. 417. OR.III.3.538–539. 418. OR.III.3.539–540. 419. Messages from the Governors, 548. 420. AG.63.26. 421. OR.III.3.535–536. Whiting cited the “Stockbridge tribe of Indians” as citizens by act of Congress, as 412 | Notes to Pages 239–242

well as the Dancing Rabbit Creek Treaty by which Choctaws might become citizens. 422. Messages from the Governors, 445–484. Seymour’s speech was sent to New York’s senate on January 7 but was not delivered to the assembly until January 26. The assembly spent the intervening two weeks battling over Littlejohn’s replacement. 423. Laws of the State of New York, passed at the EightySixth Session of the Legislature, begun January Sixth, and ended April twenty-fifth, 1863, in the city of Albany (Albany: Weed, Parsons and Company, 1863), 897–898 [hereafter cited as NY.PL.63, with page number]. Appointed to the committee from the assembly were George L. Loutrel, Elias W. Bostwick, Korn, William Brown, and Benjamin H. Fletcher; and from the senate, Christian B. Woodruff, Alexander H. Bailey, and Hezekiah D. Robertson. 424. Theodore Roosevelt, Sr. (1831–1878), father of the future president, was born in New York City. He worked for the family firm of plate glass importers, Roosevelt & Co., until two years before his death, when he founded a bank. Although appointed by Rutherford Hayes as collector of the Port of New York, he was not confirmed. Roosevelt was a social welfare philanthropist and supported numerous charities, including the Newsboys’ Lodging House, the Young Men’s Christian Association, and the Orthopedic Hospital; he later served as a commissioner on the New York Board of Charities. He was a director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Museum of Natural History. Roosevelt’s family was deeply divided by the Civil War; his wife sympathized with the Confederacy and two of her brothers were in its service. Roosevelt wanted to volunteer for the military, but did not do so because of his “peculiar circumstances” (William E. Dodge’s tactful phrase, which almost certainly referred to Roosevelt’s domestic situation). However, Roosevelt was ardently for the Union and became a strong Lincoln supporter. Because he did not serve himself, he did the next best thing: hired a substitute. The wealthy Roosevelt easily could have paid the $300 commutation fee, but furnishing a substitute— which was far more expensive—produced what the army needed most: a man. Roosevelt devoted himself to charitable works on soldiers’ behalf, including advising the Women’s Central Association of Relief, the group that inspired the founding of the U.S. Sanitary Commission, supporting the Loyal Publication Society, and joining the Union League Club. He also aided that club’s successful efforts to recruit USCTs. In partnership with Theodore B. Bronson, Roosevelt helped to draft and then lobby for the enactment of the allotment bill (see Chronology for July 22, 1861). Roosevelt, Bronson, and Dodge were appointed allotment commissioners for New York. Because the position included marketing the program to

soldiers, it required travel to the front lines. As Dodge recalled, “For long, weary months, in the depth of a hard winter, [Roosevelt] went from camp to camp, urging the men to take advantage of this plan. On the saddle often six to eight hours a day, standing in cold and mud as long, addressing the men and entering their names.” The allotment program was a key pillar in family relief efforts and, to the extent that it helped steady soldier morale (and reduce desertions), has to be counted as an important element in federal victory. Towards the end of the war, Roosevelt helped organize the Protective War Claim Association, devoted to securing back pay and pensions at no charge, thereby eliminating the abuses of claim agents. He also is credited with the establishment of the Soldiers’ Employment Bureau, which sought to find jobs for disabled veterans. Appletons, V.318; Theodore Roosevelt Senior: A Tribute, the Proceedings at a meeting of the Union League Club of New York City, February 14, 1878 (New York: Published by Request, 1902), 15–21; Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1979), 8–10. 425. Theodore B. Bronson (1830–1881) graduated from Columbia College in 1848. On November 11, 1863, he was appointed provost marshal for the Sixth District, remaining until his resignation on April 25, 1864. He was an associate member of the Sanitary Commission and, postwar, served on New York State’s Board of Charities. OR.III.5.894; Officers and Graduates of Columbia College, Originally the College of the Province of New York known as King’s College, General Catalogue, 1754–1894 (New York: Printed for the College, 1894), 116; Manual for the use of the Legislature of the State of New York, 1894, prepared pursuant to the provisions of Chapter 683, Laws of 1892, by John Palmer, Secretary of State (Albany: The Argus Company, 1894), 324. 426. NY.PL.63.898. 427. NY.PL.63.17. 428. NY.PL.63.18. 429. NY.PL.63.19–28. Section 20 excludes what were intended as charitable contributions. Why St. Lawrence County was exempted is unclear. Chapter 46, passed March 25, amended this act and clarified that cities as well as towns were subject to its provisions. 430. NY.PL.63.28–29. 431. NY.PL.63.31–33. Chapter 29, passed March 14, ratified the resolutions of Buffalo to borrow $50,000 for eighteen months from the city’s contingent fund “for the purpose of assisting the families of such residents . . . as then had volunteered or might thereafter volunteer into the military service.” Buffalo was authorized to issue $50,000 in bonds and finance their repayment through new taxes. Chapter 52 authorized the city of Poughkeepsie to borrow on its credit $48,119.89 “to pay

the indebtedness incurred . . . by the payment of bounties to soldiers” enlisted from Poughkeepsie; the city was authorized to issue bonds and to raise taxes to finance them. Chapter 55 authorized the town of Wawarsing to issue bonds “to relieve the families of the volunteers in the army, from such town, not exceeding the sum of three thousand dollars; this amount may be financed by taxes.” Chapter 76, passed April 7, 1863, permitted the town of Essex to recognize as debts any advances made by individuals in the aggregate amount of $250 for enlistment and/or aid to families. Chapter 307, passed April 29, 1863, “authorized and required” Clinton County to levy taxes to pay bonds already issued for volunteer bounties. 432. NY.PL.63.37–39. 433. NY.PL.63.40. 434. NY.PL.63.88–89. 435. NY.PL.63.171–172. 436. NY.PL.63.209. 437. NY.PL.63.283–285. 438. NY.PL.63.320–322. 439. NY.PL.63.388–389. Parties were permitted to prove that the defendant was not a soldier or sailor, actually absent from his residence or actually engaged in the military service of the United States. For additional privileging of military personnel from civil process, see Chapter 578 (1864). 440. NY.PL.63.399–400. 441. Incorporators included the most recognizable names in New York State: Winfield Scott, George McClellan, John E. Wool, James S. Wadsworth, Charles W. Sandford, Millard Fillmore, Washington Hunt, William B. Astor, August Belmont, William E. Dodge, Erastus Corning, Charles P. Daly, Hamilton Fish, Edwin D. Morgan, Dean Richmond, Amasa Parker, William Curtis Noyes, Samuel Sloan, Thurlow Weed, George Opdyke, William Kelly, John A. King, Archbishop Hughes, and Robert Minturn. 442. NY.PL.63.401–404. 443. NY.PL.63.404–405. New York, which led in many things, was behind its New England neighbors in the appointment of state agents. By early 1862, most New England states had established agent networks in New York, Washington, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. Part of the Empire State’s delay is attributable to geography: it was closer to the foregoing cities than Boston or Portland, Maine, and for a time, private efforts (individual and institutional) probably filled gaps. Moreover, New York also hosted more U.S. General Hospitals than New England. By 1862, however, active operations extended to, and occasionally beyond, the Mississippi River, and New York units were everywhere. Also by that time, the war was producing casualties in numbers that overNotes to Pages 242–246 | 413

whelmed the advantages of proximity to railroad hubs, staging areas, and battlefields. It had become necessary for state agents to go where the soldiers were. Chapter 224 was reauthorized by Chapter 15 (passed February 2, 1865; not listed) on substantially the same terms and with $200,000 appropriated. 444. NY.PL.63.903–904. It was concerns such as this that led the War Department to attempt its equalization measures, “weighting” men by their length of service in an effort to develop an arithmetic standard that could be applied to all states. 445. NY.PL.63.908–909. Pursuant to Section 1, Article 13, of the state constitution, this amendment would be publicly noticed three months before the next general election of senators, and then be presented to the legislature. The 1846 New York State Constitution provided that, for voting purposes, a person would not lose his residence as a result of being absent “while employed in the service of the United States.” However, the same constitution required that a voter could only cast a ballot “in the election district of which he shall at the time be a resident and not elsewhere.” The American Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the year 1864, Volume IV (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1870), 581 [here­ after cited as AAC.64, with page number]. 446. NY.PL.63.434–435. 447. NY.PL.63.665–667. 448. Regarding the federal enrollment, the question of notice became a flashpoint between Washington and Albany: had enrollees been properly notified of their status, in a way that allowed them to challenge incorrect information (e.g., alienage) or apply for exemptions? 449. By declaring that self-identified conscientious objectors must pay commutation, New York extracted itself from the messy business of determining which religious denominations had genuine objections to bearing arms, and also documenting whether the claimant was a bona fide member of that denomination. 450. NY.PL.63.720–723. 451. NY.PL.63.727–728. The law held militia officers and privates personally liable for state property entrusted to them during service; in the case of officers who controlled inventories of weapons or equipments (as well as quartermaster and commissary generals, among others), bonds were required. As this chapter demonstrates, these bonds could be waived only by act of the state legislature. 452. NY.PL.63.889–890. This introduced a form of what in modern parlance would be called “means testing.” 453. AG.63.10–12. Phisterer provides different figures for 1863: a total of 61,169 state and federal troops, including 14,475 thirty-day militia and 46,964 three-year volunteers, recruited by all sources. See New York in the War of Rebellion, 35. 414 | Notes to Pages 246–250

454. AG.63.20. 455. OR.III.4.1265. 456. AG.63.10. 457. AG.63.2.639. 458. AG.6312–14. The difference between figures from the War Department and Albany was being negotiated as of December 31, 1863. Sprague noted that nyng troops called out in the spring for service connected with Gettysburg (29,893 men) were not included in any quota-credit calculations. 459. AG.63.15. 460. Annual Report of the Adjutant General of the State of New York, transmitted to the Legislature, January 12, 1865 (Albany: C. Van Benthuysen, Printer, 1865), 30 [hereafter cited as AG.64, with page number]. 461. AG.63.16–18. 462. OR.III.3.595–596. 463. OR.III.3.596. 464. OR.III.3.1079–1080. 465. OR.III.3.1198. 466. OR.III.4.3. 467. AAC.63.688. 468. Messages from the Governors, 451, 530. What is remarkable about this period is the reduction in canal debt—a major financial burden before the war. As canal debt decreased, general debt increased—no surprise there because war-related spending would drive this number higher. However, this somewhat sunny picture conceals how the relatively immature governments (state and federal) that waged the war shifted many costs associated with that war “off-balance sheet” (in modern parlance). The federal government, for whose benefit recruits were raised, did not pay the true costs of recruitment—for example, states and localities often paid bounties that dwarfed federal offerings. But just as the United States did not show state expenditures on its balance sheet (and often was slow to pay the reimbursements for which it was legally responsible), so states did not show local borrowings for bounties on their balance sheets. The same principle applied to family aid. Arguably, family aid was only necessary to attract recruits; however, it was vital for sustaining them in the field. While the federal government reaped the benefits of this attraction, it paid no family aid; some states did pay, while others left it to localities.

new york: 1864 1. OR.III.4.5–6. 2. OR.III.4.4. 3. Alexander, vol. 3, 69. 4. “The Mayor’s Message,” New York Times, January 5, 1864. 5. OR.III.4.103, 4–6; OR.III.5.635. In a January 4 let-

ter to Lincoln (given to Congress), Stanton listed three reasons for extending the bounty to February 1. First, the people preferred supplying the army by volunteering rather than the draft, and bounties encouraged volunteering. Second, veteran volunteers “who have become inured to service” were a “cheaper force than raw recruits or drafted men without bounty.” (Stanton’s implication was that Veteran Volunteers needed no expensive training.) Finally, Stanton conjectured that re-enlistments would be “checked” by Congress’s resolution. (It should be noted that the December 23, 1864, resolution did not suspend the $100 federal bounty, instituted in 1861.) 6. OR.III.4.9. 7. OR.III.4.16. 8. OR.III.4.26. 9. OR.III.4.30. 10. Messages from the Governors, 561–562. The state senate seems to have been under the impression that Seymour controlled this matter. 11. “Local Intelligence: The Union Lincoln Association,” New York Times, January 22, 1864. 12. OR.III.4–55. 13. OR.III.4.1265; contained in GO No. 35, February 1, 1864, OR.III.4.59. 14. OR.III.4.78–79. 15. OR.III.4.28. 16. This gave rise to a species of fraud. Respondents would claim that they lived where they worked (and where enrollment officers interviewed them); if subsequently drafted, they would claim error, and assert their real residence. 17. OR.III.4.103–112. How seriously to take this report? General Love may have undercut its significance in his accompanying letter to Fry: “We make some suggestions, which I hope you will take as suggestions merely. They were made because, from the attention we had given the whole questions, we thought might be valuable to the Department.” 18. Alexander, vol. 3, 69. 19. OR.III.4.128–133. 20. McKeon Democracy was led by John McKeon, a prominent Irish-American lawyer who had served Polk as U.S. attorney for the Southern District of New York. McKeon was an enemy of Fernando Wood and advocated reform. Although identified with Hard-Shell Democrats, he backed pacifist C. Godfrey Gunther for mayor. McKay, 232; Mushkat, 27. 21. “New-York Politics: The Democratic State Convention,” New York Times, February 25, 1864; “New-York Politics: The Democratic State Convention,” New York Times, February 26, 1864. 22. Enrolling officers “were unable to get correct information, entered fictitious names and names which

should have been omitted, and failed to procure names which should have been entered.” Fry blamed the public. 23. OR.III.4.112–118. 24. OR.III.4.139–140. Stanton ordered Fry “to make the ensuing draft in New York in conformity with the instructions of the President.” 25. OR.III.4.150. 26. Messages from the Governors, 575–576. 27. This system created new problems. Professional mariners’ state residency, often a difficult question, was further complicated by the fact that the official enlistment ports would induct sailors from many states: to which state did a sailor belong? A commission created under the act of July 4, 1864, would address this matter. GO No. 91, March 4, 1864, OR.III.4.151–152; 154. See entry for February 16, 1865. OR.III.4.1176–1177. 28. OR.III.4.154. 29. Nelson B. Bartram (1832–1886) was born at Westport, New York, and relocated to New York City while a boy. He clerked in a store then became a teacher, managed a night school, and served as a vice principal in the New York City public school system. Within two weeks of the fall of Fort Sumter, Bartram was already recruiting from Port Chester in Westchester County and practicing drill in a store on Duane Street in New York City. He captained Company B of the Seventeenth New York (a two-year unit), and served on the Peninsula. Promotions to major and lieutenant colonel followed. In the unit’s last year, Bartram commanded the Seventeenth and saw action at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. When the regiment’s term expired, he returned with it. In October 1863, he was commissioned lieutenant colonel of the Eighth USCT and was engaged in Olustee. He then commanded the Union League’s Twentieth USCT. Postwar, Bartram served in the New York customhouse (1870) and became one of its deputies, under Chester Arthur. “Ovation to Black Troops,” New York Times, March 6, 1864. Thomas S. Townsend, The Honors of the Empire State in the War of the Rebellion (New York: A Lovell & Co., 1889), 292. For more information about the Twentieth USCT and Bartram, see Union League Club, Report of the Committee on Volunteering, presented October 13, 1864 (New York: Club House, 1864). “Colo. Bartram’s Death,” New York Times, December 27, 1886. 30. “Ovation to Black Troops,” New York Times, March 6, 1864. There was more than enough irony to go around. The Times reporter picked up the subtext: “In the month of July last the homes of these people were burned and pillaged by an infuriated political mob; they and their families were hunted down and murdered in the public streets of this city; and the force and majesty of the law was powerless to protect them. Seven brief months have passed, and a thousands of these despised Notes to Pages 250–253 | 415

and persecuted men march through the City in the honorable garb of United States soldiers, in vindication of their own manhood, and with the approval of the countless multitude—in effect saving from inevitable and distasteful conscription the same number of those who hunted their persons and destroyed their homes during those days of humiliation and disgrace.” McKay reminds readers that racism dogged the unit from start to finish. Seymour would not reply to George Bliss, Jr.’s request to raise a black unit; for the parade down Broadway on March 5, the blue-stocking Seventh refused to lend its band. Even some Union League members were upset that a black chaplain had been invited. McKay, 240. 31. Brummer, 360. 32. OR.III.4.181. The above credit had not yet been settled. As of December 31, 1864, Sprague claimed a credit of only 5,251 men. AG.64.7. 33. OR.III.4.203–204. This scam operated by purposeful ambiguity: the recruit was given the $100 in hand but the $200 remaining was “undefined” as to recipients “and to be bargained for by the recruit and bounty broker, usually with fraudulent representations” by the broker. What Dix also objected to (but could do nothing to prevent) were schemes that explicitly gave recruiters $200 of the $300 bounty due the recruit. “The only remedy for the recruit is to enlist where he is more liberally treated,” Dix concluded, “and for the tax-payers to place their money in the hands of men who will not lavish it on runners and bounty brokers.” 34. “Petition to Republican National Executive Committee from New York State Senators Suggesting Postponement of the 1864 Convention,” found in Arthur M. Schlesinger, History of U.S. Political Parties: 1860–1910: The Gilded Age of Politics, vol. 1 of 4 (New York: Chelsea House, 1973), 1259. Alexander noted that, “Something seemed to be wrong in New York. Other States through conventions and legislatures had early favored the President’s re-nomination, while the Empire State moved slowly.” Alexander, vol. 3, 71. What was “wrong” with New York probably was seeded with the 1862 defeat of Wadsworth. New York radicals blamed the Republicans’ conservative wing—men like Weed and Morgan—for not vigorously supporting the general. Strong abolitionist newspaper editors like Bryant and Greeley, who believed that Lincoln was too conservative, afterwards fed these dissatisfactions. 35. AG.64.15–16. The Corning arsenal was near Elmira. 36. A Record of the Metropolitan Fair in Aid of the United States Sanitary Commission, held at New York, in April, 1864 (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1867); for location and building design, see maps between 18–19 and 185; 236, 235, 8. 37. Stille, History of the Sanitary Commission, 548. There 416 | Notes to Pages 253–256

are slight discrepancies in the figures for New York between Stille and the Record. 38. OR.III.4.216. 39. OR.III.4.221. 40. New York in the War of the Rebellion, 25; a list of the flags can be found at AG.64.10, OR.III.4.237. 41. OR.III.4.240, 237–238; 1266. 42. OR.III.4.242. 43. New York in the War of the Rebellion, 34. AG.64.17. 44. OR.III.4.263. 45. “Joint Resolution for the payment of volunteers called out for not less than one hundred days.” Public Resolution No. 26, approved May 6, 1864, OR.III.4.278–279. 46. John J. Peck (1821–1878) was born in Manlius, New York, and educated locally. He graduated from West Point in 1843. Peck served in the Mexican War and received brevets to captain and major “For Gallant and Meritorious Conduct.” He resigned in 1853, relocated to Syracuse, and prospered in banking and railroading. He entered public life, served on the local board of education, was nominated for Congress twice, and attended the Democratic national conventions in 1856 and 1860. Lincoln appointed Peck a brigadier general on August 9, 1861. After service on the Peninsula, Peck was promoted to major general on July 25, 1862. Peck achieved special note by literally “holding the fort” during the siege of Suffolk. After assignments in North Carolina (Peck’s health was poor), Dix gave him command of the Canadian frontier on July 5, 1864. He was mustered out on August 24, 1865. Peck founded the New York State Life Insurance Company in 1867 and remained its president until his death. Warner, Generals in Blue, 364–365. 47. OR.III.4.277. 48. OR.III.4.284, “Local Intelligence,” New York Times, May 11, 1864; “The New Enrollment,” New York Times, May 20, 1864. 49. “The Draft in Brooklyn,” New York Times, May 12, 1864. 50. OR.III.4.386–387. 51. OR.III.4.387–388. Stanton also wires Major General Lew Wallace in Baltimore to seize all copies of the World and Journal entering that city. OR.III.4.392. 52. OR.III.4.388–389. Copies of this wire are sent to U.S. officers in Philadelphia, Harrisburg, and Pittsburgh. 53. OR.III.4.389. Dix immediately replies to the secretary of war that, “there will be no delay in the execution of either order.” Nevertheless, he sustains a hope that the orders will be reconsidered, adding, “unless I hear from you before the guards are ready.” For a more complete discussion of the fraud, see the letter written by Gay, Brooks, Hudson, and Beach on May 19. 54. OR.III.4.390.

55. OR.III.4.390–391. 56. OR.III.4.385–386. 57. Sidney Howard Gay (1814–1888), was born in Hingham, Massachusetts, and spent two years at Harvard College, class of 1833, but was forced to withdraw by poor health. (Harvard awarded him a degree in 1877.) The next few years were spent traveling and working in a Boston counting house before he decided to read law in his father’s office. His studies ended when he realized that bar admission required an oath to support and defend the U.S. Constitution. This Gay would not do, because he believed that document embraced slavery. Gay was staunchly abolitionist, and a devoted follower of  William Lloyd Garrison. In 1842, he became a lecturer for the American Anti-Slavery Society, and, in 1844, editor of the New York–based National Anti-Slavery Standard. He remained there until 1858, when Greeley hired him at the Tribune. He was named managing editor in 1862 and held that post until 1866. Greeley was famously erratic and it was Gay who held the paper’s editorial policy to the pro-war line. His departure from the Tribune was health-related, and Gay spent the next two years at home on Staten Island. In 1868, he was hired by the Chicago Tribune and remained there until 1871, taking a sabbatical to assist with relief efforts after the Chicago Fire. He returned to New York in 1872 and joined the New York Evening Post. In 1874, he joined William Cullen Bryant in writing the successful, four-volume A Popular History of the United States (New York, 1876–1881). The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography (New York: James T. White & Company, 1892), vol. 2, 494. 58. Frederic Hudson (1819–1875) was born in Quincy, Massachusetts, and educated publicly in Concord and Boston. In 1836, he relocated to New York City, where he was hired by the New York Herald. He remained at that paper for thirty years, retiring in 1866 as its managing editor. Hudson wrote Journalism in the United States from 1690 till 1872 (New York, 1873). Appletons, III.296. 59. Moses Sperry Beach (1822–1892) was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, the son of Moses Yale Beach (an inventor and owner of the New York Sun), and older brother to Alfred Ely Beach (a future proprietor of the Scientific American). He was educated at Monson Academy. At age fourteen, Moses went to work at the Sun and continued there until 1845, when he became part-owner of the Boston Daily Times. As his father withdrew from the Sun, Beach, together with his siblings, began acquiring its shares. By 1851, the children had replaced their father as sole proprietors, and the Sun remained a Beach enterprise until 1868, when it was sold to Charles A. Dana. Like his father, Moses Beach was an inventor, and his creations furthered newspapers as products for the mass market. He invented a device that enabled printing

presses to use rolled paper rather than flat sheets; and another device that cut the rolls as they came off the press into separate newspapers. He also attained greater efficiencies by printing on both sides of the paper with only one pass through the press. The Encyclopedia Americana, edited by Frederick Converse Beach (New York: The Americana Company, 1904), no pagination, alphabetical order. 60. OR.III.3.4.393. 61. Joseph Howard, Jr., was a criminal but no traitor. A Brooklyn resident, he had led that city’s Young Men’s Republican Club and served as secretary to staunch abolitionist Henry Ward Beecher. The New York Times, Greeley’s Tribune, the Daily News, and the Brooklyn Eagle all employed Howard at various times. Clearly, only someone intimately acquainted with the forms and procedures of the Associated Press could expect to simultaneously plant stories in a large number of newspapers. Howard’s scam was a species of insider trading, with the added twist that he invented the event about which he had advance knowledge. Words at War: The Civil War and American Journalism, edited by David B. Sachsman, S. Kittrell Rushing, and Roy Morris, Jr. (West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press, 2008), 209–210. 62. OR.III.4.394–395, 401. On May 23, Stanton ordered that the Independent’s offices and instruments be returned to the company and the guards removed. 63. OR.III.4.399. 64. “The Union State Convention,” New York Times, May 25, 1864; “Political Conventions,” New York Times, May 26, 1864. 65. “Meeting of the State Committee of War Democrats,” New York Times, May 26, 1864. 66. OR.III.4.602–603. 67. OR.III.4.415–416. 68. OR.III.4.452. Circular No. 24 also repeats the categories of those persons whose names will be stricken: aliens, non-residents, minors, and persons with obvious physical disabilities. Fry will cite this and Circular No. 39, issued November 15, as reasons why New York City has only itself to blame when it asserts unfairness in the enrollment. See entries for November 15, 1864, and February 1, 1865. 69. OR.III.4.453–454; OR.III.5.932. 70. AG.64.17–18. 71. William Dunning was appointed provost marshal on January 2, 1864, and served until his honorable discharge on May 31, 1865. OR.III.5.894. 72. OR.III.4.465, 483. 73. Though unfair, the commutation clause did set a ceiling on bounties; its repeal, coupled with a shrinking pool of eligible (and willing) males, led to unprecedented competition between towns and produced soaring bounties. This increased the burden on poorer Notes to Pages 256–258 | 417

communities: their inability to compete for bounties led to their male residents seeking enlistment in wealthier towns; thus, they both lost men and had fewer to meet their own quotas. 74. Thomas Carstairs was born and resided in Massachusetts. He was appointed as acting assistant paymaster on September 30, 1862. He also served on the ironclad steamer Indianola. Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States including Officers of the Marine Corps and others, for the year 1860 to 1864 (Washington, D.C.: Printed by Order of the Secretary of the Navy, 1863), 163, 200. 75. OR.III.4.483–484. On July 8, Halleck ordered this letter and Dunning’s June 30 report sent to Dix “to ascertain the correctness of these statements.” 76. OR.I.37.ii.77, 78. Stanton is pleased with Seymour’s response, later telling Ohio Governor John Brough that the New York governor “answered the President’s call handsomely.” OR.I.37.ii.91. 77. OR.I.37.ii.98. 78. OR.I.37.ii.118; 4.486. Sprague’s letter is inferred from Louis H. Pelouze’s July 9 reply. “Gen. Dix and Gov. Seymour The National Guard to be Increased by a Draft,” New York Times, July 8, 1864. 79. OR.III.4.484; OR.I.37.ii.133. 80. AG.64.12. 81. Louis H. Pelouze (1831–1878) was born in Pennsylvania and appointed to West Point from that state, graduating in 1853. He entered the Second U.S. Artillery and served at Fort Niagara before transfer to Texas and the Seminole Wars (1856–1857). He was promoted to first lieutenant and assigned to the Fourth U.S. Artillery in 1856. Between that time and the Civil War, he served in frontier outposts, including Utah, the Department of the Platte, and in the Dakotas. On May 14, 1861, he was promoted captain and assigned as aag on Dix’s staff. His wartime service was a combination of staff work and combat. He accompanied the Port Royal Expedition in September 1861, was inspector general of the department, then in action again during the capture of Fort Pulaski. He continued as aag, was promoted to major in July 1862, then assigned to Pope’s Army of Virginia. He saw action in the Shenandoah, at Port Republic, and was badly wounded and disabled at Cedar Mountain. That ended his combat career. He was assigned to the Washington defenses until 1863, probably to recover, then served as aag in the Department of Virginia and North Carolina, and finally on special duty at the adjutant general’s office in Washington. In August 1862, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, staff, USV, and in March 1864, to major, usa. Pelouze was brevetted three times: to lieutenant colonel in March 1864, “For Gallant and Meritorious Services at the Battle of Cedar Moun418 | Notes to Pages 258–259

tain”; to colonel on March 13, 1865, “for Diligent, Faithful, and Meritorious Services in the Adjutant General’s Department during the Rebellion,” and to brigadier general, also on March 13, 1865, “For Most Valuable and Meritorious Services, both in Field and in the Adjutant General’s Department during the Rebellion.” Cullum, Biographical Register, second edition, vol. 1, 344–345. 82. OR.II.37.151–152; 154–155. The “very bad state of things” in New York City may have been connected to the prospect of a state draft raised by Seymour on July 7. OR.III.4.486. The Eleventh Regiment, commanded by Colonel Maidhoff, refused to deploy for the 100-day call because they were not exempt from the draft, claiming that they “were not liable to duty out of the State.” Maidhoff was arrested, court-martialed, found guilty, cashiered, and prevented from holding any military office for one year. Seymour reversed the sentence and restored Maidhoff to duty but censured him and the Eleventh “for the want of zeal and alacrity in the discharge of their duty.” AG.64.40. 83. William H. Seward, Jr. (1839–1920) was born in Auburn, the youngest son of Secretary of State William H. Seward. In 1857, seeking independence, Seward clerked for an Albany hardware store; in 1859, he became a private secretary to his father. The Civil War found Seward in Auburn, having just established the banking firm of William H. Seward & Co. (which would prosper and survive into the twentieth century). In 1862, Morgan appointed Seward to the war committee of his district. He spent that July raising men and in August became lieutenant colonel of the One Hundred and Thirty-Eighth New York, which deployed on September 12, 1862. On December 9, it was converted to the Ninth Regiment Heavy Artillery. Except for a brief diversion to New Orleans on an undisclosed but “delicate” mission to General Banks, Seward remained in the Washington defenses with his regiment until May 1864, when it was re-converted to infantry and joined Grant’s Overland Campaign. Seward personally led the Ninth at Cold Harbor where it incurred severe losses. He was promoted full colonel on June 10, 1864. The next month, the Ninth opposed Jubal Early at Monocacy; here Seward, wounded in the arm, broke his leg when his horse fell. He was promoted to brigadier general, and following his recovery, was assigned combat duty in the Shenandoah. He resigned his commission on June 1, 1865, and returned to Seward & Co. Postwar, he chose business over politics. Seward & Co. became a major financier in western New York, and Seward himself an investor in railroads and banks, as well as a director of the American Express Company. Who’s Who in New York City and State, First Edition (New York: L. R. Hamersly Company, 1904), 532–533; Dyer, 1385; Warner, Generals in Blue, 431–432.

84. Erastus B. Tyler (1822–1891) was born in Beaconsfield, New York, and at age eight, moved with his family to Ravenna, Ohio. He was educated in the public schools, and attended Granville College (present-day Denison University) before joining the American Fur Company in 1845. As a fur buyer and trapper, he traveled throughout Ohio, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia. He joined the Ohio Militia and by 1861 had advanced to brigadier general. After the attack on Fort Sumter, he set to work raising a regiment. By May 2, 1861, he had organized the three-month Seventh Ohio Infantry, the first unit tendered by Portage County and later a three-year regiment). Tyler outpolled future president and then Ohio state senator James Garfield for regimental command; Garfield was away while Tyler, in a “flashy” uniform, reportedly triumphed using a “bargains-and-brandy” strategy. Tyler was engaged at Cross Lanes in (western) Virginia, and Winchester. On May 14, 1862, he was promoted brigadier general of volunteers (with a strong assist from Ohio Congressman Ben Wade), then went on to fight at Port Republic, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Monocacy. In 1863, he was assigned to the Baltimore defenses and mustered out with a brevet to major general. Postwar, he relocated to Baltimore where, during the Hayes administration, he was appointed its postmaster. Itinerary of the Seventh Ohio Volunteer Infantry, 1861–1864, with Roster, Portraits and Biographies, edited and compiled by Lawrence Wilson (New York: The Neale Publishing Company, 1907), 365. History of Portage County, Ohio (Chicago: Warner, Beers & Co., 1885), 382; as quoted in Alan Peskin, Garfield: A Biography (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1999), 90; George C. Bradley and Richard L. Dahlen, The Sack of Athens & The Court-Martial of Colonel John B. Turchin (Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, 2006), 128. 85. OR.37.ii.190–191. The scratch force of Federals at Monocacy may have been defeated but they occupied Early’s forces for a day, buying time for the relief of Washington. 86. AG.64.14–15. 87. OR.III.4.550. 88. OR.III.4.502–503. 89. OR.III.4.515–516, 518–519, 1002–1003. On July 19, Fry notified all aapmgs of state quotas “under the enrollment recently completed, without regard to any excess or deficiency the State may have on former calls.” By Fry’s accounting, New York’s quota under this call was for 89,318 men; however, as Fry stated in his accompanying letter, this number had not been vetted for any prior surplus or deficiency. When these were factored in, the Empire State’s quota was for 77,539 men; it would eventually be credited with 83,838 men (a surplus). On December 31, 1864, however, Sprague believed the quota

was 89,318—and that it had been filled through the reporting date. AG.64.8. 90. OR.III.4.549. 91. OR.III.4.518–519. 92. OR.III.4.530. These complaints refer to those who entered an old regiment and expected to be discharged when the regiment’s term expired. 93. OR.III.4.546. Fry’s letter is not found in the Official Records but is inferred from Sandford’s July 25 letter to Stanton. “Local Intelligence; Military Affairs,” New York Times, July 22, 1864. 94. OR.III.4.550. 95. OR.III.4.540. 96. OR.III.4.546–547. Sandford’s argument is that the February amendment specifically exempted “at the time of the draft” men who were in state militia or U.S. naval service. 97. Seymour and Sandford’s argument was a complete misreading of the record. First (contrary to Sandford’s claim, although this particular argument is not reproduced above), the four western governors who offered 100-day men to Lincoln did not stipulate that, if accepted, such men would be exempt from conscription while in service. Point VI of the four governors’ conditions declared that, “if any officer or soldier in this special service should be drafted he shall be credited for the service rendered.” Nothing was said about exemption from the draft during such service. Wis­consin, of the four initiating states, certainly understood that there would be no exemptions. Its GO No. 11, issued May 2, 1864, entitled “Call for 100-Days’ Men,” declared that 100-day men would be subject to a draft for three years, and that the only benefit they would receive from 100 days’ service would be to receive credit against the draft for the time served; again, nothing was said about exemptions from draft during service. OR.III.4.267. Indeed, it may not have made a practical difference: on May 25, Fry informed Ohio’s adjutant general B. R. Cowan that if any 100-day man were drafted, he would be given a “reasonable time, say ten days after the expiration of their term of service, to procure substitutes or pay commutation.” OR.III.4.406. Assuming that New York authorities were familiar with all of this, then why insist on pressing a non-issue? The most likely answer is that recruiting for 100-day troops would be stimulated enormously by men who thought that they were sheltering themselves from the July 18 call for 500,000 men; the draft was slated to begin on September 5 and 100 days of service would push the potential draftee past the time of the draw. 98. OR.III.4.549–551. 99. OR.III.4.483. 100. OR.III.4.561. Notes to Pages 259–261 | 419

101. OR.III.4.571–572. Lincoln’s adoption of several of the report’s recommendations was expressly conditioned that, “this to be no precedent for subsequent action.” Seymour’s letter illuminates something of the burden that conscription imposed on the urban working class. “In our cities [the draft] is a terrible affliction. A great proportion of their inhabitants live upon daily wages, which they must receive with regularity to enable them to give food, fuel and shelter to their families. These can only be obtained by cash payments. The pay of a soldier, which is made at irregular times and perhaps at comparatively long periods, will not provide the necessary support to their families in cities like New York and Brooklyn, and they are frequently broken up and ruined.” 102. OR.III.580. Circular No. 47, issued July 17, 1863, consisted of Whiting’s opinion holding (as paraphrased by Fry) that draftees are deemed U.S. soldiers “by the fact of their names having been drawn in the draft.” Those failing to report to the rendezvous are considered deserters, even if their departure occurred before notice was given. One penalty for desertion was death. See OR.III.3.523–524. 103. OR.III.4.584. On August 8, Dix receives his formal authorization from Fry to raise one of these two units with terms of service for one, two, or three years “as recruits may elect.” The regiment must be mustered in by September 5 to be credited against New York’s quota. OR.III.4.591. 104. The claim was based on total population. Fry states that by the 1860 census, the combined population of New York City and Brooklyn was 1,092,791; with a total enrollment of 184,925, Fry’s calculation is correct. 105. Fry points out that Seymour, limiting himself to New England and some Mid-Atlantic states, did not go far enough: Indiana districts averaged 3,248; Illinois, 4,004; Michigan, 3,047; Wisconsin, 3,172; Missouri, 2,964; New Jersey, 3,178. The national average per district was 2,777; thus, New York was only 104 above the national average. 106. OR.III.4.600–605. On August 11, Stanton forwarded (and defended) Fry’s report to Seymour. The secretary’s main argument was that the February 24 act established that quotas and drafts only could be established by enrollment; the appointment of such adjusting commissions or the making of adjustments outside of enrollments was prohibited by law. Stanton’s hands were tied. 107. Henry L. Lansing (1818–1889) was born in Rome, New York, and educated locally, intending to enter business. He clerked for a time in Utica, and in 1836 was hired as a clerk by the Ontario Bank in Canandaigua, a firm in which his family were large investors. He remained here for “a number of years,” then relocated to Detroit, where 420 | Notes to Pages 262–263

he became cashier of The Michigan Insurance Company. After one year, he moved again, this time to Buffalo and the job of cashier with the Oliver Lee & Company Bank. This bank failed in the Panic of 1857 and Lansing next worked as treasurer and secretary of the Buffalo & Erie Railroad. He retired in 1873. During the Civil War, Morgan appointed Lansing to the district committee that oversaw recruiting in the Buffalo area. He also served as brigadier general of a brigade attached to the Eighth Division. Lansing was effective as a recruiter, and played an important role in raising Colonel Edward P. Chapin’s One Hundred and Sixteenth New York Volunteers, and Colonel James P. McMahon’s One Hundred and SixtyFourth Volunteers (the Corcoran Guards). History of Ontario County, New York, with Illustrations and Family Sketches of some of the Prominent Men and Families, edited by George S. Conover (Syracuse, New York: D. Mason & Co., 1893), 491–493. 108. AG.64.19. It was feared that these incursions would be made by characters other than rebel spies, raiding parties, or saboteurs. The villains were said to be “of a lawless character, without money or occupation, many, deserters from the United States army, willing to embark in any enterprise to plunder for daily subsistence.” These men were not organized nor very numerous, but “the absence of organization caused them to be more feared by the isolated farmer and the citizens of small towns, than if they appeared in large bodies and under an organized leader.” 109. OR.III.4.612. Go No. 15, Series 1862, can be found at OR.III.2.888–889. The relevant section of this general order reprinted Chapter 25, Section 3, of “An Act making an appropriation for completing the defenses of Washington, and for other purposes,” enacted February 13, 1862. 110. AG.64.20. 111. “Highly Important,” New York Times, August 12, 1864. This was a waterborne equivalent to what Jubal Early did in Washington the previous month. 112. OR.III.4.613–614. 113. OR.III.4.619–620. 114. That fifty-man armory guard had been placed on duty earlier that day in an order from Sprague to Lansing. AG.64.20. 115. OR.III.4.703. It is unclear why Seymour felt he needed Morgan’s approval for this measure. On September 8, Morgan forwarded Sprague’s letter to Stanton, wondering “whether there is any information in its possession that would authorize an appropriation of muskets to the extent proposed.” In all likelihood, the “appropriation” sought by Seymour was not money but muskets from federal arsenals; by statute, these were annually distributed to states on a pro rata basis.

116. AG.64.51. More information regarding conditions and deployments along New York’s northern frontier may be found in Green’s report at AG.64.50–53 and Lansing’s report at AG.64.53–57. 117. OR.III.4.691–694. 118. OR.III.4.625–626. 119. “The Peace Convention,” New York Times, August 19, 1864. 120. Lot M. Morrill (1813–1883) was a Republican from Maine. See Maine chapter in States at War, volume 1. 121. Thomas M. Howe (1808–1877) was a prominent Pittsburgh industrialist. At the time of this appointment, he was on Governor Curtin’s grand staff. 122. OR.III.4.629–630. Townsend’s comments about Seymour must be weighed against his oft-expressed dislike of the governor. 123. “The Editor of the Metropolitan Record Arrested for Inciting Gov. Seymour to Resist the Draft,” New York Times, August 20, 1864. 124. For a detailed biography of Henry Winter Davis, see Maryland chapter, States at War, volume 4. 125. John C. Waugh, Re-electing Lincoln: the Battle for the 1864 Presidency (New York: Crown Publishers, 1997), 270. 126. Report of Special Committee on Volunteering, 238– 241. Seymour chooses J.B. Stoneman to represent him on the commission. 127. OR.III.4.634–636. Seymour gave reasons why he believed that board of enrollment correction procedures were inapplicable to New York City and Brooklyn: “In a large city where the inhabitants are strangers to each other, though living in close proximity, where the population is shifting and where there is a daily influx of strangers, it is almost impossible to show that names are improperly upon the enrollment, when perhaps they represent persons who do not exist or those living in other sections of the country who have no interest in pointing out such errors.” 128. Waugh, 271–274. Ultimately, this effort came to naught. 129. New York County Board of Supervisors, Report of Special Committee on Volunteering Embracing a Complete Statement of Operations in Filling the Quota of the County of New York Under the Call of the President, dated July 18, 1864, for 500,000 Men (New York: W. L. Harrison, 1864), 249. 130. OR.III.4.636. 131. Alexander Hamilton (1816–1889) was born at “Nevis,” the family homestead in Irvington; he was the son of James Alexander Hamilton. Hamilton attended West Point but did not graduate. From 1842 to 1844 he served as Washington Irving’s secretary during the latter’s ministry to Spain. Afterwards, he studied law and commenced a successful marine and insurance practice. In 1861, he was commissioned colonel and aide to Wool

in New York, continuing during the latter’s tenure as commander of the Department of Virginia, headquartered at Fort Monroe. Hamilton resigned due to illness in 1862. At some point Hamilton was commissioned inspector for Sandford’s nyng Division, and served during 1864. Other wartime affiliations included membership in New York’s Union League Club. Genealogical and Family History of Southern New York and the Hudson River Valley: A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of a Commonwealth and the Building of a Nation, compiled and edited by Cuyler Reynolds (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1914), vol. 3, 1383. 132. OR.III.4.640. The newspaper source is not identified. 133. OR.I.3.701–704. 134. “Illumination of the City,” New York Times, September 30, 1864. 135. OR.III.4.646. 136. Brummer, 403–406; Alexander, vol. 3, 84–85. 137. The Old Guard: A Monthly Journal, devoted to the Principles of 1776 and 1787, edited by C. Chauncey Burr (New York: Van Evrie, Horton & Co., 1864), vol. 2, 235–236. Burr was one of the arch-Copperheads of New Jersey, and his biography will be found in that chapter. 138. OR.III.4.647. 139. OR.III.4.686–687. 140. AG.64.21. 141. “The Draft,” New York Times, September 6, 1864. 142. William H. De Lancey (1797–1865) was born in Mamaroneck and educated privately. He graduated from Yale College in 1817, receiving his master’s degree in course. He studied divinity under Bishop John H. Hobart (the third Episcopal bishop of New York) and was ordained an Episcopal minister in 1822. He served several pulpits in New York before relocating to Philadelphia where, in 1826, he became a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania. In 1828 he was elected provost of the university and was widely credited in improving the school during a critical period. He resigned in 1834. In 1839, De Lancey was elected the first bishop of the Western Diocese of New York. He held this post for the rest of his life, relocating to Geneva, New York. Universities and their Sons, University of Pennsylvania, Its History, Influence, Equipment and Characteristics, edited by Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain (Boston: R. Herndon Company, 1901), 261–262. 143. OR.III.4.690–691. Bishop De Lancey sent a scholarly letter to Lincoln defending the request for assignment to non-combatant duties. OR.III.4.692–694. 144. OR.III.4.696. Although Diven asked for six companies, Fry sends more. 145. OR.III.4.699. 146. “Union State Convention,” New York Times, September 8, 1864. Notes to Pages 263–267 | 421

147. OR.III.4.715. 148. OR.III.4.719–720. 149. “The Democratic State Convention,” New York Times, September 15, 1864; “Democratic State Convention,” New York Times, September 16, 1864. 150. OR.III.4.719. 151. Robin W. Winks, The Civil Wars: Canada and the United States, fourth edition (Ithaca, New York: McGillQueen’s University Press, 1998), 287–291; AG.64.55. The plan is to commandeer the USS Michigan, liberate Confederate pows at Johnson’s Island and steam along Lake Erie’s shores, bombarding Sandusky, Erie, and Buffalo. 152. David S. Forbes (1817–?) was born in Green, Chenango County, and educated at a military school and in Fredonia, to which his family moved in 1832. Afterwards, he clerked for several merchants; in 1835, he began clerking for his father’s mercantile business, which sold butter, cheese, and eventually flour, becoming quite successful. In 1855, Forbes was appointed colonel of the Sixty-Eighth New York Militia, a position that he held until 1864. Postwar, he returned to Fredonia and resumed his business pursuits. Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia of Chautauqua County, New York, edited by Butler F. Dilley (Philadelphia: John M. Gresham & Co., 1891), 454–455. (Although this source claims Forbes died in his eighty-seventh year, that would place his death thirteen years past its own publication.) 153. AG.64.21. 154. “The Presidential Campaign,” New York Times, September 23, 1864; Alexander, vol. 3, 92–93. No Republican majority backed Fremont’s candidacy; it ended with September’s military victories and negotiations by Michigan’s Senator Zachariah Chandler. (See Chronology for September.) 155. OR.III.4.747–748. 156. AAC.64.582. 157. OR.III.4.752. 158. AG.64.22–23. 159. AG.64.18. Thus was a system created: rotations every 100 days. See entries for April 23 and June 28. 160. AG.64.23. 161. AG.64.23–24. 162. AG.64.24–26, 28. 163. “Astounding Frauds!” New York Times, October 28, 1864. The Herald had carried this story the day before. Alexander, vol. 3, 95–96; Brummer, 432–436. The commission later acknowledges “irregularities” but finds no evidence of fraud. Alexander believed that, “this plot, if not discovered, would probably have changed the result in the State.” The post-arrest processing of this matter— as well as a confession from one of the defendants—may be found at AAC.64.584–588. According to that confes-

422 | Notes to Pages 267–270

sion, the idea may have originated with a Democratic committeeman from Clifton County. 164. AG.64.27. Dix did order troops to the frontier. 165. “Order from Gen. Dix,” New York Times, October 30, 1864. “Several hundred” Southerners reported to the provost marshal offices. AAC.64.583. 166. John W. Headley (1841–1930) was born in Providence, Kentucky (present-day Webster County), where his father was a merchant. Educated privately, Headley’s first job (at age twelve) was clerking for his father. After his father entered the state senate, Headley, age fourteen, took over the operation of the business. At age seventeen, he was in Louisville, clerking and learning accountancy with another firm. When the war began, Headley promptly enlisted as a Confederate cavalryman under Nathan Bedford Forrest. He received extensive experience as a horse trooper, serving under both Forrest and the western theater’s second saddle wizard, John Hunt Morgan, by which time he had a lieutenant’s commission. Headley showed talent with reconnaissance work, serving Braxton Bragg as a spy during the Murfreesboro Campaign. Confederate Secretary of State Judah P. Benjamin eventually assigned Headley to work under Jacob Thompson, who ran the Confederate secret-service network in Canada. While in that post, Headley participated in the general lack of success that characterized Confederate clandestine operations launched from Canada. In early 1865, Headley returned to the Confederacy, serving in Jefferson Davis’s escort until two days before the president was captured. Postwar, Headley entered the wholesale tobacco trade in Evansville, Indiana, then eventually returned to Louisville, where he prospered in the same trade as a principal of Givens, Headley & Co. Kentucky governor John Young Brown appointed the staunch Democrat Headley as secretary of state in 1891; he served until 1896. Ten years later, Headley published his memoir, Confederate Operations in Canada and New York, which remains in print. The passage of forty years had not dulled Headley’s bitterness about the war. The book was dedicated to the “Defenseless non-combatant people of the South who suffered the untold horrors of merciless warfare” and also included a mocking dedication to “the persecuted people of the North whose sense of justice and humanity revolted at a crusade for the cause of John Brown and of Horace Greeley, Gerrit Smith, and Cornelius Vanderbilt.” Nevertheless, the work is invaluable for its account of a typically unaccountable business. Headley eventually moved to Los Angeles, where he died. Z. F. Smith, The History of Kentucky (Centennial Edition) (Louisville: Courier-Journal Job Printing Company, 1892), 868–869; “To the Memory” in John W. Headley, Confederate Operations in Canada and New York (The Neale

Publishing Company, 1906); John Bell, Rebels on the Great Lakes: Confederate Naval Commando Operations Launched from Canada (Toronto: Dundurn, 2011), 186–187. 167. McMaster had been arrested on orders of Seward (see entry for September 14, 1861) and released on October 23 after taking the oath of allegiance—which he protested. If Headley’s account is correct, McMaster was less than sincere. Headley’s group (actually led by Colonel Martin) was given a letter of introduction to McMaster and met with him in his office after arriving in the city. (“He received us cordially. . . . [he] was a true friend.”) McMaster gave the group several assurances: that the 20,000-man organization was real; that Governor Seymour would not use state militia to suppress the revolt; that if the revolt was successful, New York, New Jersey, and New England would call a convention to form a separate confederacy. Magical thinking, this; although Headley repeats in his memoirs what he remembers being told, he does not vouch for any of it. J. W. Headley, Confederate Operations, 270, 265. Headley recalled arriving in New York City “about ten days” before the November 8 election. The editor has assumed October 28 as the arrival date. 168. AAC.64.583. Green’s denunciation of what he regarded as federal interference found its way to President Lincoln’s desk. After arriving in New York on November 3, Butler saw Green’s order and consulted with Dix, who demurred taking any action “because he thinks we have no power to touch Green.” But Dix did ask Butler to raise the matter with Stanton. Butler sent the secretary a proposed order that would have countermanded Green’s order, with a warning that, “any attempt by Green to exercise military authority without reporting [to Butler] will be summarily punished as willful disobedience of orders.” Stanton took the matter up with Lincoln, who replied with a soft touch. “The tendency of [Butler’s] order, it seems to me, is to bring on a collision with the State authority, which I would rather avoid, at least until the necessity for it is more apparent than it yet is.” Stanton conveyed Lincoln’s decision to Butler, and from it (correctly) implied that Green had been venting partisan steam. “If Green, under any color or pretense, should undertake to resist the military authority of the United States, he may then be dealt with as circumstances require, without any general order that may become the subject of abstract discussion.” The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, edited by Roy Basler (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1953–) vol. 8 of 9, 91–92. 169. AG.64.55. 170. Mary Walker (1832–1919) was born in Oswego to a family steeped in freethinking and radicalism. She

graduated from Syracuse Medical College in 1855, married another physician, and moved to Rome, New York, where she tried unsuccessfully to establish a practice. Although a civilian, she served as contract acting assistant surgeon at Bull Run, at the Patent Office Hospital in Washington, and at Chattanooga, Richmond, and Atlanta. During her service in Georgia, she was taken prisoner while treating civilians behind enemy lines, during which time she also served as a Union spy. As part of her selfmade uniform, Walker wore trousers; her appearance and profession transgressed too many of her captors’ boundaries. One Confederate officer wrote, “This morning we were all amused and disgusted too at the sight of a thing that nothing but the debased and depraved Yankee nation could produce—‘a female doctor.’” [Italics in original.] She was imprisoned in Richmond’s notoriously brutal Castle Thunder for four months before her exchange. On November 11, 1865, Andrew Johnson personally decorated her. In 1917, however, her decoration was revoked because she had been a civilian, not a soldier. In 1977, President Jimmy Carter returned her to the list of recipients. Sharon M. Harris, Dr. Mary Walker: An American Radical, 1832–1919 (Rutgers University Press, 2009), 1–15; Bonnie Z. Goldsmith, Dr. Mary Edwards Walker: Civil War Surgeon & Medal of Honor Recipient (Edina, Minnesota: ABDO Publishing, 2010), 6–12; Robert P. Broadwater, Civil War Medal of Honor Recipients: A Complete Illustrated Record (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2007), 210–211. 171. OR.III.4.814–818. The number of recipients may be low, as it is unclear from this otherwise useful source if the listing of recipients by state included those receiving the medal from naval, marine, and Regular Army units. Robert P. Broadwater, Civil War Medal of Honor Recipients: A Complete Illustrated Record (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2007), 294–296. 172. OR.I.43.iii.500. 173. “The War Democracy,” New York Times, November 2, 1864. 174. “The Approaching Election,” New York Times, November 3, 1864. Seymour asked local law enforcement to ensure that uniformed military not be allowed near polling places. Interference was a strong theme among Democrats, based on complaints in Maryland and Delaware. 175. AAC.64.583. The importance of electoral interference as an issue for New York Democrats cannot be understood without examining the very real army involvement in statewide elections in Maryland and Delaware in 1861, 1862, and 1863. In those states, public safety also became the rationale for army interference in elections.

Notes to Pages 270–271 | 423

176. “Anticipated Raids from Canada,” New York Times, November 3, 1864. Seward’s information was good although the timing was off (see entry for November 25). A courier running messages between Richmond and Jacob Thompson, the Confederacy’s principal agent in Canada, was a Northern spy, who kept Washington abreast of developments. Thompson, perhaps misreading the 1863 draft riots and exaggerating New York City’s antiwar contingent, had heard estimates that 20,000 New Yorkers were prepared to rise up against federal authority. Thompson—an antebellum U.S. senator from Mississippi and Buchanan’s interior secretary—persuaded Confederate Secretary of State Judah Benjamin that burning New York City on election day would serve some military or political purpose. The eight young Confederate agents charged with executing the deed had a less exalted view: burning New York City was revenge for the depredations of Sherman in Georgia and Sheridan in the Shenandoah. Edward Rob Ellis, The Epic of New York City: A Narrative History (New York: Carroll & Graf, Publishers, 2005), 319–320. 177. OR.I.43.ii.530–531. 178. OR.I.43.iii.532. 179. AAC.64.584. 180. OR.I.43.iii.535–536. Stanton explains in a subsequent wire that since the troops redeployed to New York at Dix’s request were taken from Butler’s Army of the James, it was deemed appropriate that their commander should follow. Stanton reassures Dix that if “you do not need General Butler and his forces in New York City, or if jealousies are likely to arise,” to let him know. Stanton then suggests sending Peck. 181. AG.64.27; McKay, 281. 182. “Tomorrow’s Election: Gen. Butler In Command in the State of New-York,” New York Times, November 7, 1864. According to Headley, Butler’s arrival induced McMaster and others to “postpone action.” The Confederate agents were assured that the delay would be temporary. The rebels dealt with McMaster alone, and had only his representations of who “the others” were and what they were doing. J. W. Headley, Confederate Operations, 270. 183. For Haddock’s story, see entry for April 4, 1865. 184. OR.III.4.920. 185. AAC.64.584. Despite Butler’s harsh reputation, this deployment was shrewd: the much feared (and, by some, resented) federal force was invisible yet rapidly deployable. They would remain in position until November 9. 186. AAC.64.584. 187. Congressional Quarterly, 283, 336. 188. Dodge successfully contested Brooks’ election and was seated on April 7, 1866. See note 6, Dubin, Congressional Elections, 203. 424 | Notes to Pages 271–275

189. Dubin, Congressional Elections, 199–200. 190. CQ.518. 191. Dubin, Party Affiliations, 136. 192. “The New Chicago Conspiracy,” New York Times, November 8, 1861; J. W. Headley, Confederate Operations, 270. McMaster was losing his nerve: “the more we insisted on the attempt in New York the weaker [he] became”; J. W. Headley, Confederate Operations, 271. It should be noted that the purported political and military benefits of the scheme now vanished; as Headley recalled years later, the new intention was to “let the Government at Washington understand that burning homes in the South might find a counterpart in the North.” J. W. Headley, Confederate Operations, 271. 193. AG.64.28. The companies will be mustered out on November 20. 194. OR.I.43.iii.576. 195. OR.III.4.935–936; AAC.64.588. 196. J. W. Headley, Confederate Operations, 272–273. The hotels were the Hoffman, Fifth Avenue, St. Denis, St. James, La Farge, St. Nicholas, Metropolitan, Howard, Tammany, Brandeth’s, Gramercy Park, Hanford, New England, Belmont, Lovejoy’s, City Hotel, Astor, United States, and Everett. 197. Robert Cobb Kennedy was a Confederate pow who escaped from Johnson’s Island to Canada. He fell in with Confederate agents and was recruited for secret service work. According to Headley’s recollection, Kennedy was aged about twenty-six and somehow related to Georgia’s Cobb family. “He possessed all the attributes of a gentleman,” Headley eulogized forty-two years later, “and was sincere, true, intelligent and absolutely fearless.” J. W. Headley, Confederate Operations, 331. 198. J. W. Headley, Confederate Operations, 273–277. 199. J. W. Headley, Confederate Operations, 277–279. 200. “Orders From Gen. Dix,” New York Times, November 27, 1864. 201. OR.I.42.iii.728–729. 202. OR.III.5.888. 203. Memoir of John Yates Beall: His Life; Trial; Correspondence; Diary; and private manuscript found among his papers (Montreal, Canada: John Lovell, 1865), 47–48, 88. 204. OR.III.4.1002–1003. The quotas appear in a footnote to War Department GO No. 302, issued December 21, 1864; the initial figure of 46,861 will be found in Messages from the Governors, 618–619. 205. OR.III.4.1094. 206. OR.III.4.1015–1017. 207. OR.II.8.414–415. 208. OR.III.4.1033. 209. To support his argument, Seymour produced this statistic: of 77,862 conscripts examined, the total number of recruits delivered at rendezvous (after exemp-

tion, commutation, and substitution) was a dismal 2,575. But Seymour did not call for the abolition of commutation (in his figures, commutation was paid by 14,073 men who received draft notices), or substitution (which, in his example, produced 6,619 men). In a genuinely national system without commutation or substitution, substitutes (unless they were aliens or otherwise exempt) would have been subject to service together with those hiring them. Thus, without regard to medical examinations, the pool of those held to service might have been 27,311 (those paying commutation, plus substitutes and those hiring substitutes) in addition to those actually held to service. 210. Seymour pointed out that, before 1862, the armies were “mainly filled by those who accepted the usual pay and bounties.” Once the draft arrived in New York, local and state bounties increased to $100; in 1863, under federal law, bounties increased to $300; in January 1864, local, state, and national bounties totaled $620. Although flawed (see previous note), Seymour’s case against Civil War conscription trenchantly highlights the system’s many failures. His statement that conscription was a “levy” on property and not a genuine draft for persons was absolutely correct—despite the system’s intentions. For Seymour’s criticism of enrolling, especially relative to other states, see Messages from the Governors, 571–574. 211. Messages from the Governors, 520–561. Those seeking a summary of representative Democratic ideas and criticism of the Lincoln administration for this period should consult this message. Significantly, Seymour closes his message by quoting the Crittenden Resolution. 212. Laws of the State of New York, passed at the Eighty-­ Seventh Session of the Legislature, begun January fifth, and ended April twenty-third, 1864 in the city of Albany (Albany: Van Benthuysens’s Steam Printing House, 1864), 1346– 1347 [hereafter cited as NY.PL.64, with page number]. 213. NY.PL.64.2. 214. NY.PL.64.7–11. This chapter was amended ten days later by Chapter 11 (not listed here), which authorized the county to borrow up to $2 million in “Soldiers’ substitute bounty redemption bonds,” payable over the years 1873 to 1876, at 6 percent interest. Giving a sense of changed market conditions, the provisions of Chapter 7 that stipulated 6 percent interest on authorized bonds was amended by Chapter 515 (April 21, 1865; not listed here) to allow a 7 percent coupon. 215. NY.PL.64.12–25. Chapter 293 (passed April 22, 1864) applied this act to the town of New Lots in Kings County. 216. NY.PL.64.26–29. 217. NY.PL.64.1349–1350. Perhaps mindful of Morgan’s act during the summer of 1862, when he advanced

bounties without legislative authorization, this resolution gave flexibility to the Seymour administration. 218. NY.PL.64.1349. 219. NY.PL.64.52. 220. NY.PL.64.1351. 221. NY.PL.64.58–59. 222. NY.PL.64.79. The following similar acts, not listed in full, were also passed this session. Chapter 133 (passed April 6) authorized the towns of Westchester County to finance procuring substitutes with bonds issued from one to ten years at a coupon not to exceed 7 percent. Chapter 169 (passed April 12) ratified Sullivan County’s 1863 bond issues and legalized any taxes to finance these for “the relief of drafted persons, their substitutes or their families, or for the promotion of enlistments.” Chapter 234 (passed April 19) ratified $27,000 of Buffalo’s $75,000 loan intended to help draftees who could pay some but not all of the commutation fee, and for family aid. Chapter 235 (passed April 19) ratified Oyster Bay’s action in issuing four $500 bonds to procure substitutes for indigent draftees. Chapter 329 (passed April 23, 1864) authorized Albany’s Common Council to redeem $100,000 of bonds by a new issuance, at a coupon not to exceed 7 percent and a term up to thirty years, “for the purpose of granting relief to the indigent families of persons ordered into the military service of the United States.” Chapter 330 (passed April 23) ratified the town of Cohoes’ $10,000 financing “to aid the drafted men of that district . . . required in procuring substitutes and relieving their families,” and permitted it to recover $4,800 by a tax increase. Chapter 331 (passed April 23) authorized Kings County to borrow up to $1 million “for the relief of families of volunteers” in U.S. or New York service, “and for the enlistment of volunteers and substitutes.” Chapter 332 (passed April 23) authorized Rockland County to increase taxes to repay amounts borrowed “to procure substitutes for drafted men.” Chapter 339 (passed April 23) compelled the town supervisors in Allegany County to pay the county all moneys (presumably raised by taxation) that they had received to pay volunteers’ bounties and which the county was authorized to draw; the county treasurer was authorized to proceed against towns refusing to make repayments. 223. NY.PL.64.80–82. 224. NY.PL.64.1354–1356. 225. NY.PL.64.235. 226. NY.PL.64.369–371. 227. NY.PL.64.1359. 228. NY.PL.64.549–553. This act was amended by Chapter 570 (passed April 27, 1865; not listed here). Among other things, Chapter 570 tightened inspection procedures in an effort to avoid the vote-stealing scandal Notes to Pages 275–280 | 425

that surfaced just before the November 1864 election. (See entry for October 27, 1864.) 229. NY.PL.64.777–780. 230. NY.PL.64.790–818. 231. NY.PL.64.889–890. 232. NY.PL.64.890–891. 233. NY.PL.64.900. 234. NY.PL.64.906–907. 235. NY.PL.64.937–939. 236. NY.PL.64.940–947. 237. NY.PL.64.1239. This measure broadened the market for counties seeking to sell bounty bonds. 238. NY.PL.64.1332–1333. 239. Sprague put the number of veterans mustering into service at 20,518, which presumably includes veterans enlisting into new units as well as re-enlistments into original units, AG.64.8. For a breakdown by unit, see AG.64.2.456–457. 240. AAC.64.579; for further breakdown, see AG.64.32– 33. From this welter of numbers, New York somehow claimed a surplus of 5,301 credits. 241. Messages from the Governors, 607. 242. OR.III.4.1265. 243. OR.III.4.1266. Fenton puts the July 18 quota at 89,318. 244. OR.III.4.1267; for a more detailed breakdown by call and by each division (that will not tally with the above figures), see AG.64.II.459–461. For an alternative set of numbers, see Fenton’s annual message, January 3, 1865. 245. OR.III.4.751. Variations in the flow of volunteers were produced by the threat of conscription and the demands of seasonal employment (e.g., planting and harvesting cycles, among other factors). 246. OR.III.4.813. The number of returned veterans seems low when divided by the returned units; however, this figure is net of those 19,426 who chose to re-enlist. 247. OR.III.4.936–937. For additional information on recruits by state, see exhibit at OR.III.4.938. 248. For a complete list, see AG.64.454–455. 249. AG.64.13. 250. AG.64.29–30, 33. 251. Messages from the Governors, 534–535. 252. Messages from the Governors, 535. 253. Messages from the Governors, 529–531. As Chapter 182 (1864) directed, some of this money was borrowed from the state’s Canal Fund.

new york: 1865 1. OR.III.4.1040–1042. 2. OR.III.4.1039. Irvine’s letter is implied from Fenton’s follow-up correspondence on January 6; the request for five new units is implied from Fry’s response and AG.64.7. 426 | Notes to Pages 280–285

3. OR.III.4.1039. Only three of the five units were organized: the One Hundred and Ninety-Second, the One Hundred and Ninety-Third, and the One Hundred and Ninety-Fourth. 4. Messages from the Governors, 624. Although the published reference is to “46,000” men, the actual number of 46,861 was already in circulation. (See entry for January 16.) 5. Messages from the Governors, 625. Fenton’s adc, Colonel George W. Palmer, will join him in several days. 6. OR.III.4.1045–1048. The Official Records does not disclose when the clarification was circulated to all governors. 7. John C. Jackson (1809–1889) was president of the Hunter’s Point, Newtown, and Flushing Turnpike Company, which built the road (originally named after Jackson). In 1921, it was renamed Northern Boulevard. Jackson’s name survives in Jackson Heights. New York Historical Society Quarterly, vol. 48 (1964), 256. 8. Elias J. Beach (1822?–1877) was elected as a Democrat to be Queens County judge in 1857; he served until 1865. “Obituary,” Elias J. Beach,” Brooklyn Daily Eagle, May 19, 1877; Alden Chester, Courts and Lawyers of New York: A History, 1609–1925 (New York: American Historical Society, 1925), vol. 1 of 2, 964. 9. OR.III.4.1050–1053. It was the War Department’s term-weighting that localities across the country could not (or would not) understand. In effect, the Queens committee argued that if one district enlisted 1,000 men for one year, and another district enlisted 1,000 men for three years, both districts have the same number of men exposed “to all the hazards of war and disease” for at least one year. The only difference (according to the committee) is that one class “is compelled to yield up to the chances of slaughter at the same time three[,] where the other offers [only] one on the common altar, and that one merely promises to continue longer.” The committee also argued that the term-weighting system removed productive men from the economy. 10. George W. Palmer (1835–1887) was born in New York City and graduated from Albany Law School in 1857, afterwards practicing law. He was a Republican and staunch supporter of Lincoln in 1860. In 1861, Palmer was appointed as assistant clerk to the U.S. Senate. Afterwards, the War Department appointed him to the quartermaster general’s office. On April 15, 1863, Palmer was appointed captain and provost marshal for New York’s Thirty-First District. He resigned on December 2, 1864, and was hired by Fenton as his military secretary. In 1865, Fenton promoted him to state commissary-general of ordnance, with a brigadier’s rank. In 1868 he assumed the duties of state quartermaster. He left government service in 1869 and returned to his law practice in New York City. That year, Grant appointed

him customs appraiser, a position he held until 1871. In 1879, Palmer was law director of New York City, a position he held until shortly before his death. Appletons, IV.638; OR.III.5.896. 11. Messages from the Governors, 626–628. 12. Messages from the Governors, 618. 13. OR.II.8.414. 14. Messages from the Governors, 628. The precise number will be 61,076. (See entry for January 24.) 15. Messages from the Governors, 624, 628–631. After returning to New York, Fenton will send Fry additional reasons supporting his case. 16. OR.III.4.1064–1068. Holt examined the January 10, 1864, issue of the Richmond Examiner and found, in a section labeled “Personals,” many “inquiries addressed from persons in the South to persons in the North, or vice versa, and also answers to previous ads. Likewise, the Daily News engages in the same practice.” Holt ruled that using personal columns was “in deliberate evasion and open defiance of the regulations established in regard to communication by letter between the lines.” These communications also were illegal because they had not been submitted to required inspection before being passed through the lines. Many ads bear only initials or fictitious names. Others are appeals to acquaintances to assist with food or comforts to named Confederate pows; these violate the terms under which the prisoners are being held. Those ads which “abound in expressions of personal sympathy and encouragement” directed towards rebels increase enemy morale. Finally, those ads which are indecipherable “might readily be used as a cover for the transmission of material information to the public enemy.” 17. OR.III.4.1073–1075. This letter, which was sent to aapmgs in all states still subject to the draft (excluding Iowa, Connecticut, Minnesota, Tennessee, Oregon, and California) also contained detailed instructions for calculating quotas now that enlistments were being made for one, two, or three years. These instructions are omitted here but should be read by close students of the process by which quotas were calculated. Phisterer states that Albany received notice of the state quotas on January 17. See Annual Report of the Adjutant General of the State of New York, transmitted to the Legislature, January 17, 1866 (Albany: C. Wendell, Printer, 1866), vol. 1, 5 [hereafter cited as AG.65, with page number]. A list of all thirty-one New York State districts with quota for each may be found at Messages from the Governors, 621–622. 18. At the time, New York County consisted of Manhattan. Blunt led a committee appointed by the board to investigate the quota. Other committee members included William M. “Boss” Tweed, John Fox, Smith Ely, Jr., and Andreas Willmann.

19. OR.III.4.1092–1094. Fenton’s letter is inferred from Fry’s reply; see entry for January 31. Presumably, Fenton wanted to limit the proposed unit’s service to New York State. On January 24 New York County’s Board of Supervisors authorized Blunt to meet with Fry on the quota. Blunt left at midnight and met with the pmg “immediately”; thus, a meeting on January 25 is inferred. 20. Messages from the Governors, 631–632. 21. Messages from the Governors, 632–633. 22. OR.III.4.1095. New York City’s draft riots had taught the War Department that transparency mattered and Fry was quick to provide an answer to Blunt’s account. See entry for February 1. 23. Messages from the Governors, 624–625. 24. For biographical note on Edward W. Hincks, see New Hampshire chapter in States at War, volume 1, entry for July 4, 1863. 25. OR.III.4.1092; OR.III.5.888. 26. Messages from the Governors, 623. Fenton added: “I see no reason why the Legislature may not act in this matter at once. Such a course would comport with the dignity and power of New York, as well as with her conceded influence in the sisterhood of States.” 27. OR.III.4.1092–1096. Lincoln’s masterful combination of flexibility and inflexibility (especially as to timing) also carried a cost—it accustomed New York politicians to believing that a sufficient amount of special pleading, public complaints, and hints at dark possibilities would inevitably produce quota reductions. 28. Messages from the Governors, 634. 29. “The Constitutional Amendment,” New York Times, February 4, 1865. 30. OR.III.4.1099–1100. 31. OR.III.4.1120–1121. 32. OR.III.4.1121–1122. 33. OR.III.4.1129–1132. 34. OR.III.4.1132–1133. 35. OR.III.4.1133–1134. After this exchange, Fry met with Lincoln to discuss the committee’s demands. Lincoln backed Fry, and on February 6, the pmg so informed the New Yorkers. OR.III.4.1144. 36. OR.III.4.1134. 37. OR.III.4.1144–1146. 38. OR.III.4.1146–1149. In this letter, Diven offered, with Fry’s consent, to testify on his behalf. He defended Fry although he occasionally disagreed with his decisions: “if you have committed any mistake it has been in yielding a literal enforcement of the law where the rule seemed to operate unjustly upon localities, for which, instead of receiving the thanks of those you have thus sought to serve, you are now loaded with reproaches.” The letter is worth reading, not least for its description Notes to Pages 285–289 | 427

of how New York City had fraudulently taken naval credits from interior counties. 39. OR.III.4.1134. 40. OR.III.4.1162. 41. OR.III.4.1135. 42. OR.III.4.1135. 43. OR.III.4.1216. 44. OR.III.4.1141. The editors of the Official Records were unable to find Foster’s report on New York. The quoted material is in his report for Massachusetts. 45. OR.III.4.1176–1177. 46. OR.III.4.1177–1178. This letter should be consulted for a statement of the formula by which years of service were applied to districts. 47. OR.I.47.ii.499. 48. OR.I.47.ii.526. 49. Annual Report of the Adjutant-General of the State of Connecticut for the year ending March 31, 1866 (Hartford: A.N. Clark & Co., State Printers, 1866), 233. 50. OR.I.46.ii.705. 51. OR.I.46.ii.705. 52. New York in the War of Rebellion, 29. 53. Henry F. Brownson was born in Massachusetts and appointed to West Point from New York. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Third U.S. Artillery in December 1861, was promoted to first lieutenant in February 1862, and later brevetted captain, usa, “For Gallant and Meritorious Services at the Battle of Malvern Hill, Virginia.” He was promoted to captain, USV, and served with the Forty-Third U.S. Infantry, through July 1866. His last battle seems to have been Chancellorsville, for which he was later brevetted major, usa. Possibly due to injury or sickness, he was detailed to the recruiting service in Chicago and New York City (although not necessarily in that order). He was honorably discharged in December 1870. Guy V. Henry, Military Record of Civilian Appointments in the United States Army, 266. 54. OR.III.4.1205, 1216. Brownson’s letter is quoted in Blunt’s response. 55. OR.III.4.1216–1218. 56. OR.III.4.1220–1221. 57. AG.65.25; “The Union Jubilee,” New York Times, March 7, 1865. 58. OR.III.4.1227. 59. Lafayette C. Baker (1826–1868) was born in Stafford, New York. In 1839, he relocated with his family to Lansing, Michigan, then a wilderness. The young Baker preferred eastern cities and, in 1848, left Lansing for New York and Philadelphia, in both places working as a mechanic. In 1853, he moved to San Francisco, also to work as a mechanic. There Baker joined the famed Vigilante Committee to clean up the town’s notorious criminal element. (One biographer politely refers to 428 | Notes to Pages 289–292

Baker’s “active part in the summary proceedings that restored order in the city.”) In 1861, he returned to New York and, through friends, was introduced to Winfield Scott. The old general sent him to Richmond incognito to gather information (this reportedly included several meetings with Jefferson Davis), and Baker returned after three weeks to much satisfaction in the War Department. In February 1862, one month after Stanton’s appointment as secretary of war, Baker was appointed to lead the Union Intelligence Service, with the rank of colonel. Among Baker’s other achievements was organizing the effort to capture John Wilkes Booth and his accomplices. He was promoted to brigadier general after the war, left government service in 1866, and died two years later. Appletons, I.145. 60. “Col. Baker’s Operations; An Immense Trap Sprung and Nearly a Regiment of Bounty-Jumpers Caught. Twenty-seven Bounty-Brokers Sent to Fort Lafayette, the Biters Bitten,” New York Times, March 12, 1865; “War Department Special Agency,” New York Times, March 13, 1865; OR.III.4.1231. The Times reporter estimated that there were “more than ten thousand deserters” in New York City. In fact, Baker was disappointed at his total, thinking to catch more than a thousand jumpers. His haul included murderers, assorted felons, escaped convicts, and surprisingly, “nearly one-half of an uptown fire company.” The reporter claimed that most were professional jumpers, with the least experienced having jumped three times, and some veterans having performed twenty-five times. Also disturbing were the arrests of people directly connected with federal provost marshal offices. These included two men from the Second District office (an attaché and a German interpreter), and George S. Woodman, a board of enrollment surgeon. The reporter claimed that “these new recruits are to be held at Fort Lafayette until the next transport goes out for City Point [Virginia], and then they are to be forwarded to Gen. Grant with the special request that he will put them in the front rank in the first battle.” 61. OR.III.4.1230–1232. 62. OR.III.4.1232. 63. OR.III.4.1232–1234. The merchants included Moses Taylor, Samuel Sloan, M. H. Grinnell, John J. Phelps, Henry Clews, William M. Evarts, Simeon B. Chittenden, Alexander T. Stewart, Edwards Pierrepont, and C.H. Marshall. 64. OR.III.4.1237–1238. 65. OR.III.4.1242. Fry was always reluctant to postpone a drawing for any reason, but may have hinted to Dodge that, at least on Saint Patrick’s Day, New York City boards of enrollment might wish to find something else to do. 66. OR.II.8.415. In affirming the sentence, Dix com-

mented that “The attempt to set fire to the city of New York is one of the greatest atrocities of the age. There is nothing in the annals of barbarism which evinces greater vindictiveness. . . . In all the buildings fired, not only the non-combatant men, but women and children, were congregated in great numbers, and nothing but the most diabolical spirit of revenge could have impelled the incendiaries to act so revoltingly.” Dix’s last comments stung the condemned Kennedy. 67. OR.II.8.428–429. Kennedy was executed on March 25. 68. Murdock, Patriotism Limited, 194. There is conflict among sources, as the OR.III.5.888 gives April 10 as the date of Haddock’s relief. For testimony in this case, see “Hon. Roscoe Conkling and Provost Marshal Gen. Fry,” Report from the Select Committee to investigate this case, House of Representatives, 39th Congress, 1st Session, Report No. 93, found in Reports of the Committees of the House of Representatives, made during the First Session, Thirty-Ninth Congress, 1865–’66, in three volumes (Washington, D.C. Government Printing Office, 1866). 69. See Murdock, Patriotism Limited, 87–207, for the Haddock story in detail. It provides a window on recruiting abuses that are otherwise difficult to recover over the passage of time—or even at that time. Article 99, “covered any non-capital offense not included in the previous 98 Articles”; Article 83, covered “conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman”; and Article 85, covered “fraud, malfeasance in office; abuse of official powers.” Twenty-six identical specifications were listed under each of these three charges, detailing a variety of bribes or kickbacks for favoring certain recruiting agents, for tipoffs on quota details before they were publicly released, and for mustering men to districts other than those of residency. The trial began in Elmira on May 22 and was moved to Syracuse four days later. On July 6, Haddock presented his case but was found guilty on most charges, dismissed from the service, fined $10,000, and sentenced to prison. Among the facts Conkling included in his closing argument was that before his appointment as aapmg (on December 9, 1864), Haddock was worth $13,450.73. When arrested four months later, he was worth $57,729.39. See also Alfred R. Conkling, The Life and Letters of Roscoe Conkling, Orator, Statesman, Advocate (New York: Charles L. Webster & Company, 1889), 232–233. 70. Messages from the Governors, 676. 71. OR.III.4.1258. 72. Samuel B. Hayman (1820–1895) was born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, and appointed to West Point in 1838, graduating in 1842. Assigned to the First U.S. Infantry, then the Seventh, he served in Wisconsin, Louisiana, and Florida before the Mexican War. In

Texas, he was engaged at Fort Brown and, in Mexico, at Cerro Gordo, Molino del Rey, Monterey, Contreras, Churubusco, Chapultepec, and San Cosmo. In the 1850s Hayman was on frontier duty in Kansas, at Fort Towson and Fort Arbuckle, in Utah and New Mexico Territories, and in garrison at St. Louis’ Jefferson Barracks. By 1861, he was a captain in the Seventh U.S. Infantry and posted at Fort Columbus, New York Harbor. On September 28, 1861, he was commissioned colonel of the Thirty-­Seventh New York; he served with the Army of the Potomac throughout the war. This included the Siege of Yorktown and the battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks and the Seven Days, Second Bull Run, Chantilly, and Fredericksburg. At Chancellorsville, he commanded a brigade. On January 21, 1863, he was promoted to full major, Tenth U.S. Infantry. After Chancellorsville, he was ­brevetted lieutenant colonel “For Gallant and Meritorious Service” at that battle. Although Hayman mustered out of the volunteer service on June 22, 1863, he continued with the Regulars in most of the Army of the Potomac’s 1863 battles, except Gettysburg. In 1864, he commanded the Tenth U.S. in the Wilderness (for which he was brevetted colonel) and severely wounded. Thereafter (except for duty defending Fort Stevens from Jubal Early), Hayman served in recruiting and provostmarshal capacities to the end of the war. Between August 13, 1864, and April 10, 1865, he was mustering and recruiting officer at Indianapolis; from April 10, 1865, to January 12, 1866, he was chief mustering and disbursing officer at Elmira. On March 13, 1865, Hayman was brevetted brigadier general, USV, “For Gallant Services at the Battle of Fair Oaks.” Postwar, Hayman returned to the frontier, serving in Texas and the Dakotas, with occasional duty in Virginia. He retired on July 1, 1872, and died in Pettis County, Missouri. Twenty-Sixth Annual Reunion of the Association of the Graduates of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, June 10, 1895 (Saginaw, Michigan: Seemann & Peters, Printers, 1895), 112–114; Cullum, Biographical Register, third edition, vol. 2, 148–149. 73. OR.III.5.888. 74. OR.III.4.1260–1263. The committee reports its findings that 75 percent of draftees consisted of “mechanics and middling classes of tradespeople, whose personal and most continuous efforts are required to supply the wants of their large families.” The joint committee also attached a resolution that, after citing the recent federal successes, called for a postponement of the draft of between sixty and ninety days. 75. OR.III.4.1263. 76. OR.III.4.1271. 77. Murdock, Patriotism Limited, 199. 78. Messages from the Governors, 648–649, 677. Notes to Pages 292–293 | 429

79. OR.III.4.1274. 80. “Right to Mourn,” and “About the Common Council’s Funeral Committee,” New York Tribune, April 27, 1865. 81. About the Common Council’s Funeral Committee,” New York Tribune, April 27, 1865. 82. AG.65.25; “The Procession,” New York Times, April 26, 1865; Read, “Military Affairs,” 47; Messages from the Governors, 679. 83. OR.III.4.1275. 84. OR.III.4.1280–1281. Exceptions for patients were Veteran Volunteers, veterans of the First Army Corps, and members of the Veteran Reserve Corps. 85. OR.III.4.1282. 86. OR.III.4.1281. 87. OR.III.5.5. 88. OR.III.5.11–12. 89. OR.III.5.18. 90. OR.III.5.25. The troops were mustered out in the order of the call under which they enlisted. First out were troops recruited under the call of July 2, 1862, and who enlisted prior to October 1, 1862. Next were three-year recruits for old regiments enlisted during these dates. Last were one-year men for new or old units who enlisted before October 1, 1864. 91. OR.III.4.1275, 1281. President Johnson had originally set aside May 25 for observances, but after learning that this was Ascension Day, he rescheduled observances for June 1. 92. OR.III.5.54. 93. OR.III.5.105–106. 94. New York in the War of Rebellion, 25. The gathering was sponsored by the Young Men’s Association of Albany. Major General Daniel Butterfield delivered the keynote speech. AG.65.10. 95. The American Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the year 1865, Volume V (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1869), 613–614 [hereafter cited as AAC.65, with page number]. 96. AAC.65.614–615. 97. Dubin, Party Affiliations, 136. 98. AAC.65.615. 99. Tribune Almanac, 1866, 63. 100. Messages from the Governors, 584, 615–616. 101. Laws of the State of New York, passed at the EightyEighth Session of the Legislature, begun January third and ended April twenty-ninth, 1865 at the city of Albany (Albany: William Gould, Law Bookseller, 1865), 1536 [hereafter cited as NY.PL.65, with page number]. 102. The following chapters authorized new bonds or taxes to pay bounties or recruitment expenses: Chapter 48, February 27, Poughkeepsie; Chapter 126, March 16, Onondaga County (to impose new taxes on the town of Skaneateles); Chapter 230, March 29, Schenectady; 430 | Notes to Pages 293–296

Chapter 260, March 31, Chenango County; Chapter 338, April 8, town of Hancock, Delaware County; Chapter 425, April 14, Poughkeepsie to pay $730 (the bounty then prevailing) to each recruit and person furnishing substitutes; Chapter 468, April 17, town of Harpersfield, Delaware County; Chapter 617, April 29, authorized all counties to levy taxes to pay for bounty bonds issued before December 19, 1864; Chapter 651, May 1, town of Elbridge, Onondaga County. 103. Incorporators included Theodore Roosevelt (father of the future president), Robert H. McCurdy, Parke Godwin, William E. Dodge, Charles Daly, Frank Moore, Abram S. Hewitt, James T. Brady, George W. Cullum, Robert Anderson, John A. Dix, Charles G. Halpine, and Daniel Butterfield. 104. NY.PL.65.3–4. 105. NY.PL.65.21–22. The following chapters confirmed bond issues and tax levies for paying bounties to volunteers, substitutes, draftees, and occasionally, family aid: Chapter 21, February 10, Ontario County; Chapter 105, March 11, town of Galen; Chapter 122 March 15, Onondaga County; Chapter 178, March 23, “hand money” for enlistments into the Fifty-Sixth Regiment, nyng; Chapter 243, March 29, Buffalo; Chapter 252, March 31, Wyoming County; Chapter 265, March 31, town of Ellisburgh, Jefferson County; Chapter 279, April 1, Richmond County; Chapter 283, April 1, town of North Greenbush, Rensselaer County; Chapter 324, April 7, Ulster County; Chapter 350, April 10, Tompkins County and towns within its limits; Chapter 397, April 13, town of Butler, Wayne County; Chapter 440, April 14, several towns within Herkimer and Otsego Counties; Chapter 443, April 14, town of Coventry, Chenango County; Chapter 510, April 21, Allegany County and towns within; Chapter 517, April 21, for the towns of Deerpark in Orange County and Forrestburgh in Sullivan County; Chapter 529, April 21, Clinton County and towns within; Chapter 532, April 22, Greene County; Chapter 544, April 22, town of Waddington, St. Lawrence County; Chapter 546, April 22, town of Spafford, Onondaga County; Chapter 549, April 22, town of Louisville, St. Lawrence County; Chapter 550, town of Stockholm, St. Lawrence County; Chapter 551, April 22, town of Orleans, Jefferson County; Chapter 653, May 1, Essex County; Chapter 660, May 1, Sullivan County to named members of the Fifty-Sixth New York. 106. NY.PL.65.25–26. 107. “Hand money” represented the premium paid for each accepted recruit. Third parties introducing accepted recruits received the premium; recruits who presented without third parties would receive the premium themselves. The official federal premium was $2. But “hand money” should be understood as a commission,

and the commissions paid to “third parties” by localities desperately seeking recruits were much higher than $2. See Murdock, Patriotism Limited, 107. 108. Amended by Chapter 226 (March 29; not listed here) to include not only persons furnishing an acceptable substitute, but also to draftees who are accepted by the U.S. government. 109. This section was repealed by Chapter 325 (April 7; not listed here); beside repealing Sections 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 of Chapter 29, it also amended that chapter to require a sinking fund and shortened the $30 million issue’s final maturity from eighteen to twelve years. Chapter 325 also required that in marketing this issue, bonds would first be offered to holders of outstanding revenue bonds that had been issued to fund bounties (presumably, an investor would consider an exchange if the market value or interest rate on the new bonds were an improvement); after that, the amount of unissued new bonds could be sold in the marketplace. Chapter 325 also would be voted on by the electorate in November. 110. NY.PL.65.39–46. Chapter 41 (passed February 25, 1865; not listed here) was substantially the same as this chapter, with one significant change. Whereas Chapter 29 forbade bounty reimbursement to municipal entities that sent men before the December 19, 1864 call, this chapter recognized a nuance: towns that furnished “an excess of men or of years of service” under the July 18, 1864 call, whose excess credits (or years of service) counted against the December 19 call, were entitled to state reimbursement to the extent of those credits of men or years of service. 111. NY.PL.65.81–82. State authorities were determined to pay bounties to recruit men. This measure created an incentive to pass the proposed bond issue by offering the electorate a choice between bonds or an immediate tax increase. 112. NY.PL.65.1539. 113. NY.PL.65.114–115. The city was authorized to spend up to $20,000 for the site, for which it could raise taxes. 114. NY.PL.65.299–300. Chapter 306 (April 6) authorizes the town of Wilson, in Niagara County, to levy taxes and pay bounties, accruing interest at 7 percent since September 3, 1864, to [twenty named soldiers] “or their assigns or legal representatives.” 115. NY.PL.65.420. 116. NY.PL.65.618. 117. NY.PL.65.947–948. 118. NY.PL.65.1084–1085. 119. NY.PL.65.1544. 120. NY.PL.65.1548. 121. NY.PL.65.1245. 122. NY.PL.65.1317–1322. 123. The trustees included William B. Astor, William

Cullen Bryant, Moses Taylor, Charles P. Daly, Horace Greeley, Henry J. Raymond, and William F. Havemeyer. 124. NY.PL.65.1356–1357. 125. NY.PL.65.1399–1403. 126. NY.PL.65.1475–1478.

new york: supplementary information 1. Phisterer starts with a total figure of 19,760, then subtracts an estimated 2,000 men who, already credited as volunteers, transferred to the Regulars. See New York in the War of Rebellion, 39–48. 2. Phisterer starts with a total figure of 51,936, then subtracts an estimated 1,000 men who, already credited as volunteers, transferred to the navy or marines. See New York in the War of Rebellion, 39–48. 3. Phisterer starts with a total figure of 1,375, then subtracts 800 who transferred from the USV to become general and staff officers. See New York in the War of Rebellion, 39–48. 4. Phisterer describes this category as “men who served their first enlistment no doubt in the volunteers of the State; their enlistment in this branch constitutes, however, a special credit, and was so credited to the State.” See New York in the War of Rebellion, 39–48. 5. Phisterer estimates that 9,862 New Yorkers served in the VRC, but that most were transferred from volunteer units and thus, already credited as volunteers. He adds that, “of those who enlisted in this corps after a term of service in the volunteers, no estimate can be made, but the State received special credit for such reenlistments.” New York in the War of Rebellion, 222. 6. As the prior five notes suggest, this list cannot be accurate but is close to “final.” Readers should note that commuters and volunteers in other states cannot be properly credited as men furnished by New York. Dyer’s figures are as follows: White troops, ground forces, all branches, 409,561; sailors and marines, 35,164; colored troops, 4,125; these total 448,850, of which 46,534 are classed as “Total Deaths, All Causes.” Dyer, 11. Phisterer’s data is used here because he developed and then applied the most comprehensive list of categories under which recruits fell. In addition to the foregoing, readers will also find other topics in New York in the War of Rebellion, including: “Periods of Service of the Men Enlisted” (46); “Where the Men, in the Service, were Obtained” (a list by county of all recruits; 50–53); “Organizations from this State in the United States Service” (nysm and nyng units entering U.S. service; 53–55); New York volunteers entering federal service (55–60); and “Officers from this State in the Armies and Navies of the United States” (60–83). 7. OR.III.4.1270. Notes to Pages 296–300 | 431

8. New York in the War of Rebellion, 47. The draft under the December 19, 1864, call was never completed. For numbers compiled by the adjutant general, see AG.65.224 (“Calls and Quotas”), 225 (troops furnished), 226 (Call of July 18, 1864), 227 (Call of December 19, 1864), 230 (aggregates). 9. New York in the War of Rebellion, 108. Based on his own totals, Phisterer’s computation of aggregate deaths was short by three, which is corrected above. See also AG.65.248 for an 1866 recapitulation of casualties. 10. New York in the War of Rebellion, 106. Phisterer calculated that the “number of men in organizations among whom losses occurred” was 371,890. 11. Gould, 27, 212, 570. 12. AG.65.7, 9, 15, 11. In another place, Irvine gives the active force as 50,387; AG.65.207. 13. This figure consisted of $1,757,184.17 for 535 towns actually reporting their voluntary contributions and an estimated $1,290,788.85 for towns not reporting. 14. These are state, not local bounties. These bounties consisted of those paid by Morgan’s proclamation of July 17, 1862, later confirmed by Chapter 184 (1863), $9,182,000, along with $25,749,243.96 paid under Chapter 29 (1865). These statutes are listed under Legislative Sessions. 15. New York in the War of Rebellion, 83–84. As Phisterer notes, these figures are not only incomplete due to short or non-existent reporting but also because they do not ac-

432 | Notes to Pages 300–303

count for non-cash voluntary contributions in the form of “provisions, clothing, hospital and sanitary supplies,” nor for the post-1865 costs of interest on war debts or continuing aid to families. Including these and other factors, he estimated total debt (and contributions) at $200 million. 16. AAC.65.611. 17. AAC.65.611. 18. Messages from the Governors, 688–689. Fenton had advice for his legislature: “We should not, in my judgment, borrow money to pay the interest on the public debt. The disposition and ability of the people to bear the burdens of the hour, and discharge occurring liabilities and demands upon them, is a gratifying evidence both of their patriotism and prosperity. The practice of paying debts, instead of borrowing to pay, should be observed by governments as well as individuals.” 19. Messages from the Governors, 610. 20. New York in the War of Rebellion, 29. 21. Stille, History of the Sanitary Commission, 546, 548, 525–530. 22. Figures are not listed for the New York branch’s contribution, but for the entire Christian Commission to the end of 1864: 3,840 “delegates” to the army, representing a total of 131,453 days of service. During this period, the commission sent to the army 1,211,316 tracts, pamphlets, and Bibles, and 11,307,008 religious newspapers. Memorial Record of the New York Branch of the Christian Commission, 84–85.

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Index Note: For specific New York military units, see under “military units.” For counties, see under “counties.” Towns and cities are in New York unless otherwise designated. An asterisk prior to a page number indicates a biographical entry. Acton, Commissioner Thomas C. (New York City police), 226, 240, 293, 403n*298 Adjuster (bark), 104 African Americans: NY State Assembly early support of gradual emancipation, 55–56; census data, 56, 92; personal liberty law, 56, 99–100, 328n40; voting rights, 56, 96, 98, 294; as percentage of population, 59–60; formation of colored regiments, 124, 133–34, 222, 400n262; service of thanksgiving and celebration of Washington, D.C. abolition, 153; initial refusal of federal government to use, 161, 223; Emancipation Proclamation, 169, 170, 183; population of military-age males, 185; bounties for recruits, 193; War Dept.’s establishment of organization of colored regiments, 193; increased resentment against after Gettysburg and Vicksburg, 198–99; Kennedy’s request to divert Massachusetts Fifty-Fifth Infantry around NYC, 198–99; enrollment, 200, 201–2; recruitment of, 200, 201–2, 224; segregation of soldiers, 200, 201–2; enlistment of, 222, 223, 224; Lincoln’s allowance of colored units, 222; poaching of by out-of-state recruiters, 222; raising of regiment by Spinola, 222–23; Orphan Asylum for Colored Children, 228, 281, 298, 405–6n310; Draft Riot attacks on, 228–29, 233–34, 235, 406n316, 409n359; military reputation established by Fort Wagner attack, 241; inclusion in national militia, 252; treatment of colored regiments, 253, 415–16n30; 13th Amendment, 286, 287, 295, 297, 298; contested inclusion in Lincoln’s funeral procession, 293; Democratic Party resolution for readmission of states not be conditioned on equality or suffrage, 294; convention resolution for Congressional lobby for equal rights, 294–95. See also military units: Thirty-First Regiment USCT; military units: Twenty-Sixth Regiment USCT; slavery CSS Alabama, 257 Albany: Lincoln’s visit to, 104–5; family aid, 107; depot at, 125; as concentration point for frontier defense

forces, 145; draft in, 204, 238, 241; anti-draft riots, 234, 239; lying in state of Lincoln’s body, 293; erection of bronze statue of Lincoln, 298 Albany Regency, 58–59 CSS Albemarle, 269 Allen, William F., 224, 402n*283 Altoona conference and address, 167–70, 375nn154–55 American Bible Society, 140 American Indians, 140, 141, 161, 361n329, 412n421 American Revolution, 47 Amsberg, Col. George Von, 134, 357n*285 Anderson, M. B., 120, 347n176 Anderson, Maj. Robert, 98, 109, 136, 297 Andrew, Gov. John A. (Massachusetts), 154, 167, 169 Andrews, John U., 238, 410n*389 Annapolis, Maryland, 271 Anthon, George C., 184, 381n*7 Anthon, Judge Adv. Gen. William Henry (also Brig. Gen.), 115, 164–65, 171–72, 344n*143, 376n167 Antietam, battle of, 72, 168, 171, 281, 376n163 arms and equipment —1860: summary of supplies and arsenal contents, 100 —1861: Holt’s disclosure of federal ordnance inventory, 101; summary of arsenal contents and supplies, 102, 139, 148; seizure of arms bound for seceded states, 102–4; NY State legislature Ch.292, “Military Bill” appropriating $500,000 to militia for arms and equipment, 104, 106, 147–48; responsibility for provision of, 110, 118, 141; authorization of G. Schuyler to purchase arms, 111, 124, 342n114; Delafield’s equipping of militia with artillery, 118, 132; authority for Franklin to requisition Springfield Armory, 120; shortages, 121, 139, 349n188, 359n317; Morgan’s order of rifles, 122; Cameron’s refusal of Morgan’s offer of cannon, 124; Morgan’s difficulties obtaining sufficient arms and supplies, 124–25, 139, 142; receipt of outdated smooth-bore rifles instead of Springfields, 135; summary of Springfield production, 135–36; Cameron’s request for muskets to be sent to Anderson at Louisville, Kentucky, 449

136; Cameron’s withdrawal of state agents for purchase of arms, 342n114; New York Harbor gun emplacements, 350n199 —1862: shortages, 149, 162, 167, 168; Morgan’s requisitions to supply reinforcements for First Winchester, 154; responsibility for provision of, 159; Aspinwall’s contract to purchase and resell to the U.S. government, 160; Morgan’s request for 10,000 Springfield rifled muskets, to be matched with Enfields from state armories, 165; Watson’s instructions on distribution of arms, 165, 166; War Dept. advice to Morgan on arming regiments, 166; Banks’ request for arms for southern expedition, 173 —1863: Seymour’s request for arms for troops raised under June 15 call, 195; Draft Riot defense of, 228, 234; Opdyke’s order for cessation of arms sales during Draft Riots, 232; emplacing of rifled artillery at Fort Lafayette, 233; discovery of arms caches belonging to Draft Riot participants, 239; NY State legislature Ch.222: provision of arms and equipment for militia, 245; NY State legislature Ch.428: release of officers of Thirty-Seventh New York from liability for theft of muskets, 247, 414n451; summary of arsenal contents, 249 —1864: equipping of frontier defense troops, 254, 263, 269; summary of state expenditure on, 283 Army of the Potomac: Peninsula Campaign commencement, 151; retreat across Rappahannock, 175, 190; regiments deployed for Brooklyn draft enforcement, 216, 396n212; crossing of Rapidan River, 255; crossing of James River, 257; Medal of Honor awardees, 270, 423n171; grand review (May 23-24, 1865), 294 Arthur, Inspector Gen. Chester A., 151, 153 Articles of War, fugitive slave amendment, 151 Aspinwall, William H., 160, 371–72n*90 Astor, William B., 99, 326n*33 Atlanta, battle of, 266 Atlanta, Sherman’s march to, 255 Atlantic (schooner), 263 Auburn, 128, 200, 204 Averell, 2nd Lt. William W., 120, 347–47n*181 Babcock, Leander, 225, 403n*290 Bache, Alexander, 117, 345–46n*160 Bailey, Col. Guilford Dudley, 134, 137, 140, 356n*282 Baird, Robert, 297 Baker, Sen. Edward D., 108, 336–37n*86 450 | Index

Baker, Edwin, 297 Baker, Col. Lafayette C., 289, 291, 428n*59 Baker, Congressman Stephen, *66, 97 Ball’s Bluff, Virginia, battle of, 138 Baltic (steamer), 105, 109 Baltimore, Maryland, 196, 260 Bancroft, George, 150, 188, 366n*21 banks: suspension of specie payments, 144; loans to federal government, 148–49, 182; defense of Wall Street during Draft Riots, 230, 236, 237 Banks, Gen. Nathaniel, 154, 172, 173, 377n181 Barlow, Samuel, 185, 383n*18 Barnard, George G., 228, 406n*313 Barney, Hiram, 105, 235, 333–34n*58 Barney, William C., 157, 370n70 Bartram, Col. Nelson B., 253, 415n*29 Batavia, 206, 244 batteries. See coastal defense The Battery, 211, 230, 264, 272, 340n99 Battery Hudson, 102, 122 Battery Morton, 102 Battery Wagner, South Carolina, 241 battles. See specific battles Bay State (bark), 263 Beach, Elias J., 284, 426n*8 Beach, Moses Sperry, 257, 417n*59 Beall, John Yeats, 274 Beardsley, Col. John, 141, 361–62n*336 Bedloe’s Island, 48, 102, 122, 220, 350n197 Beekman, State Sen. James W., 99, 326–27n*34 Bell, James A., 223, 260, 401–2n*272 Bellows, Rev. Henry W., 116, 117, 184, 344–45n*150 Belmont, August, 185, 373n128, 382n*16 Benedict, O. M., 120, 347n176 Bengue, O., 134, 356–57n284 Bennett, James Gordon, 54, 106, 256, 334–35n*65 Berdan, Col. Hiram, 130, 138, 353n*251 Berens, Col. William F., 200, 235, 237, 238 Bergen, Congressman Teunis G., 272 Bidwell, Col. Daniel D., 134, 357n*286 Binney, Horace Jr., 121, 349n*186 Black Joke Engine Company, 226 Black Rock, 102 Blair, Gov. Austin (Michigan), 170 Blair, Montgomery, 188 Blatchford, Richard M., 111, 341n*111 Blenker, Brig. Gen. Louis, 124, 126–27, 129, 350–51n210 Bliss, Col. George, Jr., 149, 223, 225, 250, 251, 364n*8

Blunt, Orison, 265, 267, 286–90 Bogart, William H., 223, 402n*273 Bookstaver, Mayor Daniel (Syracuse), 200, 210, 391n*125 Boonville, 129 Booth, Edwin, 231 Booth, John Wilkes, 231, 408n338 bounties: wartime summary of expenditure, 301–2 —1861: for recruiters, 129; Cameron’s response to Hillhouse regarding federal reimbursement, 130 —1862: state authorization to counties and cities to borrow, 55; advancement of money to federal government to cover bounties owed state recruits, 150–51; payment of recruiting officers for reinforcements for First Winchester, 154; Stanton’s “Order to Encourage Enlistments,” 156–57; establishment of for all recruits under the July 1 call, 160; tasking of Gilmore to ensure payment, 162; for three-year volunteers only after Sept. 5, 166; War Dept.’s continuation of recruiting for old regiments and payment of bounties, 167; summary of annual expenditures, 182 —1863: Seymour’s plan to offer as part of recruiting drive to prevent necessity of draft, 191, 210; for colored soldiers, 193, 224; War Dept. GO No. 163, establishing bounties, 491, 193; War Dept. GO No. 191, establishing rules for re-enlistment and bounties for same, 197, 217; operation of illegal recruiters from other states, 213, 214, 396n197; commutation, 215, 235, 396n209, 404n301; Fry’s notification to provost marshals, 217; for non-veterans, 217; premiums for veterans, 217; Seymour’s announcement of liberal bounties under Oct. 17 call, 219, 398n234; finder’s fees for filling Oct. 17 call, 220; arrangements under Oct. 17 call, 221; payment of state but not federal, for African American recruits, 222, 223; equalization of, for specified new regiments, 224; discontinuation for Veteran Volunteers, 225; NY State legislature Ch.13: authorization for Putnam County to raise taxes to pay bounties on federal volunteers, 242; NY State legislature Ch.14: appropriation for payment of bounties, 242; NY State legislature Chs.15 and 16: authorization of taxes for state reimbursement of bounties and family aid, 242–43; NY State legislature Ch.19: confirmation of Erie County’s financing of bounties, 243; NY State legislature Ch.25: authorization of NYC bond issue for bounties and family aid, 243–44; NY State legislature Ch.170: authorization for Batavia bond issue for bounties,

244; NY State legislature Ch.184: establishment of reenlistment bounties, 244–45; NY State legislature Ch.393: authorization of taxes for payment of bounties and family aid, 246–47; summary, 249 —1864: congressional extension of, 250, 251, 253, 414–15n5; and Fry’s crediting locations for recruits and re-enlistments, 250; described as tax on states by commission investigating enrollment, 251; bounty broker scam, 253, 416n33; offering of high payments from out-of-state agents, 254; commutation, 258, 417–18n73; War Dept. GO No. 305, measure to reduce bounty fraud, 275; NY State legislature Ch.7: bounty incentives, 276, 425n214; NY State legislature Ch.8: authorization for taxes and bond issues for bounties, 276–77, 425n215; NY State legislature Concurrent Resolution: authorization to comptroller to borrow money for bounties, 277–78, 425n217; NY State legislature Ch.50: ratification of Stockbridge’s resolution to raise taxes to pay bounties, 278; NY State legislature Ch.182: financing of bounties, 279; NY State legislature Concurrent Resolution: authorization to governor to borrow money for bounties, 279; NY State legislature Resolutions: in relation to bounties, 279; NY State legislature Ch.404: empowerment of New York County to raise taxes to pay bounty fund bond interest, 281; NY State legislature Ch.553: authorization of commissioners of United States Loan Fund to invest in New York county bounty payment bonds, 281–82; financing of, 283; disproportionate burden on states of, 414n468; legislative authorization of bond issues and taxes for, 425n222; wartime summary of expenditure, 432n14 —1865: Lafayette’s bounty jumper sting operation, 291, 428n60; NY State legislature Ch.14: confirmation of Dutchess County bond issue for bounties, 295–96; NY State legislature Ch.17: confirmation of New York County bond issue for bounties, 296; NY State legislature Ch.29: authorization of state bounties under Dec. 19, 1864 or future calls and prohibition of local bounties under same calls, 296–97, 430–31nn107–110; NY State legislature Ch.56: authorization of taxes and bond issue for bounties, 297; NY State legislature Ch.177: authorization of Franklinville tax for bounties, 297; NY State legislature Ch.258: authorization of Allegany County to audit claim for reimbursement of bounties paid by West Almond town supervisor, Index | 451

297; NY State legislature Ch.601: authorization of payment of bounty to John F. Curtis, 298; legislative authorization of bond issues and taxes for, 430n102, 430n105, 431n114 Bowman, Col. Alexander, 227, 404–5n*304 Bradstreet, Mayor Nehemiah C. (Rochester), 221, 400n*257 Brady, James T., 103, 186, 187 Brady, Matthew, 171, 376n163 Breckinridge, John C., 96 Breese, Commandant Samuel Livingston, 111, 342–43n*118 Brinsmaid, Isabel, 183 Briody vs. United States (1863), 193 Britain: Trent affair, 47, 48, 139–40, 143, 144; arms trade with, 111, 124, 342n114, 349n188; Democratic party leaders’ approach to Lyons on subject of British mediation, 187, 385n35 Bronson, Commissioner Greene C., 103, 146, 331–32n*30 Bronson, Theodore B., 242, 413n*425 Brooklyn: Fort Hamilton, 48, 102, 122, 142, 350n197; deployment of regiments, 198; draft and Draft Riots, 216, 229, 232, 236, 409n375; enrollment quota averages, 261–62; Seymour’s dispute over enrollment accuracy, 265, 421n127; naval and marine enlistments from, 267; Butler’s deployment of troops on steamers around, 272, 424n185; distribution of naval credits under Dec. 19, 1864 call, 287; bond issue authorization, 379n208 Brooklyn arsenal, 100, 211, 229, 231, 234 Brooklyn Eagle, 127, 129 Brooklyn Navy Yard, 111, 144, 229, 232 Brooks, Elijah P., 196, 389–90n*94 Brooks, State Assemblyman Erastus, 99, 256, 325–26n*31 Brooks, Congressman James, *76–77, 174, 185, 272 Brooks, Maj. Gen. William T. H., 220–21, 399n*248 Brooks Brothers, 110, 233, 239 Brown, Brig. Gen. Harvey, 228, 229–30, 234, 239, 405n*309, 407n327 Brown, John G., 160 Brown, Joseph E. (Georgia), 104 Brown, Maj. Gen. Levi H., 269 Brownson, Capt. Henry F., 290, 428n*53 Brown University, 167 Bryant, William Cullen, 150, 185, 253, 367n*22, 416n34 Buchanan, James, 101 Buckingham, U.S. Asst. Adj. Gen. Catharinus P.: recruiting service arrangements with Morgan, 158–59; notification to Morgan of state’s quota 452 | Index

under Lincoln’s July 1, 1862 call, 159; reminder to Morgan that War Dept. will provide arms, equipment and supplies, 159; authorization for Morgan to raise three regiments for Sigel, 160; concern expressed to governors about soldiers using sick leave simply to neglect duty, 160–61; notification to governors that Lincoln declines to receive blacks and Indians as troops, 161; notification to governors that troop call must be for three years and not shorter duration, 161; request for draft status from governors, 163, 165–66; announcement of draft for Sept. 3, 1862, 164; notification to Morgan of remaining quota, 164; instructions on extending draft, 166; notification to Morgan of state’s quota under Aug. 4, 1862 call and counting of credits, 166; permission to Morgan to credit nine-month volunteers against state quota for Sept. 3, 1862 draft, but without bounty or pay, 168; requests to all governors for enrollment status (Oct. 31, 1862), 173; request to Morgan for number of three-year volunteers and nine-month draftees or volunteers (Nov. 24, 1862), 175 Buffalo: Fort Porter, 48, 102, 145; family aid, 55, 378n200, 413n431; depot at, 128, 198; establishment as reporting location for absentees seeking amnesty under Enrollment Act, 186; draft in, 200–206, 203, 204; port activity, 54; Lincoln’s 1861 visit to, 104–5, 333n48; Johnson’s Island plot, 220–23, 399–400n250; threats of invasion from Canada, 262–63, 420n108; naval and marine enlistments from, 267; frontier and harbor defense during 1864 elections, 268–72; lying in state of Lincoln’s body, 293; frontier and harbor defense during 1864 elections, 422n151, 424n176 Bullard, Edward F., 200 Bull Run, battle of, 73 Bureau of Military Statistics, 175, 244, 278–79, 298, 299 Burke, Lt. Col. Martin, 292 Burnside, Gen. Ambrose, 135, 136–37, 138, 175, 358n295, 359n307 Burton, Gov. William (Delaware), 170 Butler, Maj. Gen. Benjamin, 108, 173, 235, 265, 271–72, 274, 424n180, 424n185 Butler, Capt. James P., 200, 391n*120 Butterfield, Maj. Gen. Daniel, 105 Butternuts, 203 Caleb Cushing (cutter), 197 calls and quotas. See quotas, calls, and deployments

Cameron, Sec. Simon (Sec. of War): removal from War Department for graft and inefficiencies, 66; notification of state militia mobilization order, 106; request for troops to deploy to Washington, 107, 127, 131–32, 133; thanks to Morgan for New York’s response to Lincoln’s call, 109; authorization of Morgan to make all arrangements for transportation and arming of militia, 110; appointment of special agents, 111; notification to Morgan not to send more troops, 111; promise to Morgan to consider security of rail route between New York and Washington, 111; authorization of Schurz to recruit cavalry regiment, 112; divided command and confusion over troop quotas and contributions, complicated by involvement of private groups, 112–20, 129–30, 135–36, 353n249; on moral character component in choosing officers, 117; denial of Morgan’s request for authority to appoint general officers, 118; concern over three-month units, 119; insistence on adherence to GO No. 15, reserving appointment of general officers for president, 120, 347n178; meeting with commissioners of newly formed U.S. Sanitary Commission, 121; requests for status of regiments, 121, 126; notification to Sickles of acceptance of regiments, 122; pause in recruiting due to exhaustion of authority, 122; on paying and equipping Sickles’ Excelsior Brigade, 123; authorization of G. Schuyler to purchase arms, 124; Blenker’s request for authority to recruit German brigade, 124; instructions to Cochrane to bring regiment, 124; refusal of Morgan’s offer of cannon, 124; accusations from Morgan of mismanagement, 127; notification of governors of Sherman Expedition needs, 130; request to Berdan for sharpshooters, 130; response to Hillhouse regarding federal reimbursement of recruiter bounties, 130; authorization for arrest of J. Wall of New York Daily News, 131; granting of authority to Murray to investigate illicit trading with secessionists, 134; referral of Vernon’s application to form black regiments to Morgan, 134; acceptance of Morgan’s offer of 25,000 additional men, 135; summary of arms production, 135–36; orders for troops for Burnside expedition, 136, 137, 358n295; request for muskets to be sent to Anderson at Louisville, 136; cavalry recruitment, 139, 359n314; instructions to Meagher to mobilize command for Harrisburg, Penn., 140; request for artillery to deploy to Washington, 140; annual report of the War

Department, 142; recommendation to governors to accept foreign officers’ offers to serve, 143; withdrawal of state agents for purchase of arms, 342n114 Campbell, Asst. Atty. Gen. Duncan, 125, 352n*226 Campbell, Lt. Gov. Robert (New York), 96, 110, 118, 120, *324, 347n178 camps. See encampments Canada, 47, 197. See also frontier defense Canandaigua, 204 Canby, Brig. Gen. Edward R. S., 411n*401; draft enforcement measures, 199, 202, 209, 211, 216, 217, 396n212; inability to respond to Townsend’s July 17 call, 200; report on NYC after Draft Riots, 200; replacement of Brown during Draft Riots, 239 Cannon, Col. Le Grand B., 223, 401n*270 Cape Vincent, 269 Carstairs, Thomas, 258, 261, 418n*74 Casemate Battery, 142 Cassidy, William, 59 Castle William, 102, 142 casualties. See under recruiting, manpower, and casualty data Catholics, 59–60, 138, 157, 237 Chamberlain, Congressman Jacob P., *71–72, 98 Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, 261 Champlain, 269 Chancellorsville, battle of, 190 Chanler, Congressman John W., *76, 174, 272 Chase, Salmon, 111, 265 Cherry Valley depot, 129 Chickamauga, battle of, 217 Cisco, Asst. Sec. John (Asst. Sec. of Treasury), 230, 407n*328 Clark, Congressman Ambrose W., *70–71, 81, 98, 174 Clarke, Congressman Freeman, *83–84, 174 Clements, Stillman Duane, 194, 196 Clendon, Capt. George, Jr., 240–41, 412n410 Clifton, 201, 392n129 coastal defense: geography and vulnerabilities, 47–48; fort system, 48, 102, 122, 350n197; the Narrows, 48, 210; blockade in Virginia, 110; Seward’s warnings to reinforce, 138; assessing of by Totten, 139, 140, 142, 144–45, 362n344; Morgan’s request for appointment of officer to advise, 139; anxieties stemming from Trent affair, 143; summary of maritime commerce (1861), 148; Thomas’s assurance of federal interest in, 149; state legislature’s provision for harbor and frontier Index | 453

defense, 151; garrisoning of Staten Island, 159; NY State legislature Ch.239: appropriations for coastal defense (1863), 246. See also frontier defense; New York Harbor Cochrane, Gen. John P. (also congressman), 109, 124, 186, 191, 268, 339–40n*92 Coddington, Congressman David S., 160, 371n*88 Coe, Samuel E., 177 Cold Harbor, battles of, 257 Colored Orphan Asylum, 228, 281, 298, 405–6n310 Columbia (steamer), 109 Columbia, South Carolina, 290, 291 Colvin, State Sen. Andrew J., 106, 335n*67 Commercial Bank of Albany, 160 Confederate Army, 194, 196–97 Confederate Navy, 48, 197, 283 USS Congress, 48, 150 congressional delegation, 60–84 congressional districts, 59–60 Conkling, Congressman Frederick A., *64–65, 97 Conkling, Congressman Roscoe, *69–70, 98, 265, 273, 293 Connecticut: common border, 47; population, 49, 92; economy, 50; transportation, 53 conscription. See enrollment, draft, and conscription constitutional structure and issues, 56–57, 246, 253, 414n445 Constitutional Union Party, 96, 97, 167–68, 216 Coolidge, Richard H., 220, 398n*242 Cooper, Peter, 172, 222, 297, 377n171 Cooper Institute, 95–97, 103, 150, 153, 158, 171, 173, 187–88 Corcoran, Col. Michael, 94, 110, 164, 341n*109, 341n110 Corinth, Mississippi, 159 Corning, Congressman Erastus, *67; Albany Regency membership of, 58, 59; resignation of, 78, 217, 378n186; elections, 97, 174; as peace commissioner, 103, 146; presiding of over 1863 Democratic State Committee meeting, 190 Corning arsenal, 254 Cortlandville depot, 129 Costello, James, 234 Couch, Maj. Gen. Darius, 195, 388n*85 counties: Clinton, 48, 59, 263, 413n431; Albany, 59; Columbia, 59; Dutchess, 59, 295–96; Essex, 59; Franklin, 59, 263; Fulton, 59, 200; Greene, 59; Hamilton, 59, 200; Herkimer, 59, 177; Montgomery, 59, 200; New York, 59, 171, 214, 219, 296; Orange, 59; Putnam, 59; Queens, 59, 454 | Index

284–85, 426n9; Rensselaer, 59; Richmond, 59; Rockland, 59; Saratoga, 59, 200, 263; Schenectady, 59, 200; Schoharie, 59; St. Lawrence, 59, 263; Suffolk, 59; Sullivan, 59; Ulster, 59, 176; Warren, 59; Washington, 59; Westchester, 59, 379n206; Allegany, 60; Broome, 60; Cattaraugus, 60, 297; Cayuga, 60, 263; Chautauqua, 60; Chemung, 60, 194; Chenango, 60; Cortland, 60; Delaware, 60; Erie, 60, 210; Genesee, 60, 244; Jefferson, 60, 263; Lewis, 60; Livingston, 60; Madison, 60; Monroe, 60, 263; Niagara, 60; Oneida, 60; Onondaga, 60, 209, 263; Ontario, 60, 200; Orleans, 60, 178; Oswego, 60, 263; Otsego, 60; Seneca, 60; Steuben, 60; Tioga, 60, 177; Tompkins, 60; Wayne, 60, 263; Wyoming, 60; Yates, 60; Kings, 92, 164, 171, 176, 205, 211, 231 Crispin, Capt. Silas, 162, 165, 167, 372n*104 Crittenden-Johnson Resolution, 123, 168 Crooks, Col. Samuel J., 141, 362n*337 Cullum, Gen. George W., 172, 173, 377n175 USS Cumberland, 48, 150 Cummings, Alexander, 110, 341n*106 Curtin, Gov. Andrew (Pennsylvania), 154, 157, 167, 168, 195, 197, 370–71n72 Curtis, John F., 298 Cutting, 48 Daly, Charles P., 186, 297, 383–84n*24 Dana, Charles A., 212, 395n*186 Darling, Congressman William A., 272–73 Dart, William A., 143, 363n*349 Davis, Henry Winter, 265 Davis, Jefferson, 113 Davis, Congressman Thomas T., *82–83, 174, 273 Davis, William E., 228 Day Book, 127 D. Colden Murray (bark), 104 Delafield, Brig. Gen. Richard, 118, 132, 198, 230, 235, 288–90, 347n*167 De Lancey, Bp. William H., 267, 421n*142 Delaplaine, Congressman Isaac, *65, 97 Delaware, 50, 51 Democratic Party: internal factionalization of, 57–58; Albany Regency, 58–59; 1860 state conventions, 95–97; 1860 national conventions, 96; 1860 elections, 97–98; 1861 state convention, 103–4, 131; refusal to join with Republican Party to form Union ticket, 126; opposition to emancipation, 131; 1862 state convention, 168; 1862 elections, 173–75; formation of New York Society for Diffusion

of Political Knowledge, 185; support of Lincoln, 185–86, 271; approach to Lyons on subject of British mediation, 187, 385n35; 1863 state committee meeting, 190, 386n57; blaming of, for Draft Riots, 201, 241, 404n301, 412n*415; 1863 state convention, 216–17; 1863 elections, 220, 223; 1864 state convention, 252, 267; 1864 national convention, 264, 266; ballot fraud accusations against (1864), 269, 422n163; 1864 elections, 272–73; 1865 state convention, 294; 1865 elections, 294–95. See also Mozart Hall; Tammany Hall demography, 49–50, 92–95; gender imbalance, 49; immigrant population, 49–50, 59–60, 92–93; in- and out-migration, 49–50; population, 51, 52–53, 92; Catholic population, 59–60; ethnic mix, 59–60, 92 deployments. See quotas, calls, and deployments depots. See specific locations Derrickson, Anne, 406n316 desertion. See draft resistance Devin, Thomas C., 105 Devoe, D. D., 177 Devol, Jonathan, 186 Dickinson, Sen. Daniel (also Atty. Gen.), 108, 139, 188, 299, 336n*85 Dickinson, Solomon, 297 direct tax “Tax of Twenty Millions,” 126, 158, 177–78, 179, 379n208 Diven, Congressman Alexander S. (AAPMG), *72 —1860: election to congress, 98 —1863: appointment of, 179; on Seymour’s concerns, 191; urging from War Department to complete enrollment, 192; involvement in Clements desertion case, 194, 196; report to Fry on enrollment progress in Invalid Corps, 195; warning of Canadian emigration by draft evaders, 197; orders for Thirtieth District draft, 198; arranging of security and arms for draft enforcement after Draft Riots, 200–204; countering of Republican attempts to blame Democrats for riots, 201, 391n127; need for arms to complete draft, 201; draft readiness and progress reports, 204, 206, 210; advice to Seymour on request for ruling on constitutionality of Enrollment Act, 206, 393n155; promise of arms to A. Wood for Syracuse draft support, 206; order to A. Wood to begin Syracuse draft on Aug. 15, 209; conflict over Syracuse draft quotas, 212; report to Fry on Utica attempts to raise volunteers against draft, 213, 395n191; support for Seymour’s suggestion of state

agent to examine disputed desertion arrests, 218, 397n228; support for Talcott’s offer to assume recruit transportation and uniform disbursement duties, 218; recruitment negotiations with Seymour under Oct. 17 call, 221; suggested changes to draft to boost volunteers, 221; handling of draft during Draft Riots, 230, 237, 240, 241 —1864: Fry’s postponement of Mar. 10 draft, 256; urging from War Department to complete enrollment, 256; replacement by Haddock, 274 —1865: Fry’s notification of quota under Dec. 19, 1864 call, 285, 427n17; alerting of Fry of petition demanding Fry’s removal, 289, 427–28n38 Dix, Maj. Gen. John A.: Albany Regency membership of, 58, 59 —1860: Democratic state convention, 97; convening of Pine Street meeting, 99 —1861: presiding over pro-Union rally in Union Square, 108; named as president of Union Defence Committee, 110; appointment as U.S. special agent, 111; request to Wool to order federal arsenals to supply muskets, 111; Morgan’s appointment of as major general, against Cameron’s orders, 119–20 —1863: plans for resumption of draft, 199, 201, 202; assignment by Fry of responsibility for drafting in areas with violent resistance, 200, 391n123; desire to use state militia instead of active troops to support draft in wake of riots, 203, 392n139; request for Seymour to commit state troops for draft enforcement, 207, 208–9; suggestion to draft city districts last, 209; intent to declare martial law in face of draft resistance in NYC, 210; anti-riot measures in final days before Aug. 19 NYC draft, 211–12; report on NYC Aug. 19 draft, 212–13; accusations against Seymour of anti-draft sentiments, 216; request for Seymour’s correspondence and records in order to publicize bad conduct during quota dispute, 216; precautions against planned attack on Buffalo and Johnson’s Island POW camp, 220–22, 399–400n250; on prevention of border war with Canada, 222, 223; relieving Wool of command of Dept. of the East, 241 —1864: Dept. of the East GO No. 23, refusing enlistments from towns operating bounty broker scam, 253, 416n33; garrisoning of NYC and harbor, 255, 260–61; spurious May 18 call for 400,000 men, 255–57, 416n53; ordering of to send 100-days’ troops under July 5 call, 258–59; concerns over security in NYC, 259, 261, 418n82; report on battle of the Index | 455

Monocacy, 259; authorization to raise regiment of heavy artillery or infantry under July 18 call, 262, 420n103; request to Stanton for approved regiments to remain in NYC for possible riot suppression, 264; fears of riots prior to Sept. 5 draft, 266; issuance of GO No. 80, assertions of infiltration of rebel agents from Canada, 270; notification to Sprague of lack of troops to deploy to Buffalo, 270; issuance of GO No. 85, orders for no military force near polls nor interference with voting rights, 271, 423nn174–75; notification to Stanton of greater need for troops on Canadian border than NYC and harbor, 271; assignment of Butler to safeguard against rebel electoral interference, 272, 424n182 —1865: issuance of GO No. 24, guilty verdict and death sentence for R. Kennedy, 292, 428–29n66; appointment to Hall of Military Record building commission, 299 Dodge, Commissioner William E., 103, 146, 332n*31 Dodge, Maj. Richard, 140, 290, 292, 360–61n*328 Dodge, William E., Jr., 186, 242, 297 Doubleday, Maj. Gen. Abner, 201, 391–92n*128 Douglas, Stephen A., 96 draft. See enrollment, draft, and conscription draft resistance —1862: initial actions to deal with draft evasion, 175 —1863: Lincoln’s amnesty for AWOL soldiers, 186; impact of desertion on state contribution numbers, 190; Mullaly’s calls for during Union Square protest (May 18), 191; giving of false names to enrolling officers, 192, 193, 194, 195; Osborn’s opinion in Briody vs. United States, 193, 194; Clements desertion case, 194, 196; War Dept. circular equating impeding or prevention of enrollment with impeding or prevention of draft, including giving false names, 195; Canadian provision of asylum for deserters and draft evaders, 197; Diven’s warnings of Canadian emigration, 197; Fry’s suggestions for enforcing draft in face of violent resistance, 198; Dix’s plans for resumption of draft in wake of Draft Riots, 199, 201, 202; Dix’s draft enforcement measures after Draft Riots, 200, 203, 207, 208–9, 211–12, 391n123, 392n139; statewide military protections after Draft Riots, 200; hostility of trade organizations, 201; absence of workers to Schenectady county draft, 208; Dix’s intent to declare martial law in face of draft resistance in NYC, 210; anti-riot measures in final days before Aug. 19 NYC draft, 211–12, 394n181–84; Seymour’s urging to comply with draft, 456 | Index

pending judicial review of Enrollment Act, 211–12; success of military presence at suppressing violence for Aug. 19 state draft, 212–13; disabled recruits offered as draft scam, 215, 396n207; compensation for arresting deserters, 217; Seymour’s suggestion for state agent to examine disputed desertion arrests, 218, 219, 397n228; parole of conscientious objectors, 224–25; Irish obstruction in Kingston, 233; outside of NYC during Draft Riots, 233; instigation of Troy riots by factory workers, 234; Albany mob’s threats against troop transport during Draft Riots, 239; Townsend’s request for help in suppressing riots in Albany, 239; including of militia members in organization of groups to resist conscription, 241; suggestions to use suppression of Draft Riots as warning to agitators in other states, 241; setting of commutation fees for conscientious objectors, 247, 414n449 —1864: reports of Irish-organized anti-draft groups, 258; union leadership of, 258; Dix’s request to recruit artillery to garrison NYC and harbor before Sept. 5 draft, 260–61; exodus of enrollees from state before draft, 262, 420n102; Dix’s request to Stanton for approved regiments to remain in NYC for possible riot suppression, 264; Mullaly’s arrest for encouragement of Seymour to resist, 264–65; fears of riots prior to Sept. 5 draft, 266; Fry’s orders to AAPMGs to arrest draftees who fail to report, 268; fraudulent claims of residence, 415n16. See also Draft Riots Draft Riots: B. Wood’s defense of the New York Times, 63; Sprague’s attempts to postpone draft until more troops present, 199, 390n113; officials’ inability to comply with ten-day notice due to lack of military escorts, 200; precautions taken in aftermath, 200; statewide fears and military precautions in wake of, 200–206; blaming of Democrats for, 201, 241, 404n301, 412n*415; passage of ordinance by New York County for payment of damages, 214; Democratic Party’s condemnation of, 217; instigation by laborers, 225–26, 231; burning of district offices, 226, 227, 228, 233; casualties during, 226, 228, 229, 231, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 240, 241, 409n359; destruction of communication and transportation lines, 226, 227, 231, 232, 239; interruption of draft by mob, 226, 227; participation of firemen, 226, 228; Ninth District office battle, 226–27; Lt. Reid’s leadership of Invalid Corps, 226–27; assertions

of unconstitutionality of draft as cause, 227, 232, 408n341; movements of troops, 227, 229–30, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 240, 242, 406n322; postponement of Eighth District drawing, 227; Wool’s assembly of troops for suppression, 227, 228, 236, 405n305; Wool’s request for armed steamer to guard Governor’s Island, 227; Sandford’s command of troops, 227–29; African Americans as targets of violence, 228–29, 233–34, 235, 405–6n310, 409n359; defense of armories, 228, 234; estimates of size of crowd, 228; La Farge House battle, 228; racist character of, 228–29, 233, 235, 241, 406n316; Brooklyn defense against, 229, 231, 232, 234, 236, 238, 409n375; burning of postmaster Wakeman’s house, 229; burning of Twenty-Third Precinct station house, 229; call for citizen assistance in suppression, 229; firing of Brown, 229; murder of William Jones and mutilation of body, 229; sacking of New York Tribune, 229; Sanford’s situation reports, 229, 231, 233, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241; suspension of draft, 229, 230, 235, 236, 237; Delafield’s securing of records, 230; lynching of William Jones, 230; Nugent’s situation reports, 230, 233, 235, 241; replacement of police with Regular Army troops, 230; return to command of Brown, 230; targeting of Opdyke’s house, 230, 232; Wall Street defense, 230, 236, 237; calls for and rejection of martial law, 231, 235, 237, 408n349; gathering of soldiers and police for suppression of, 231; looting, 231, 233, 234, 235, 239, 241; ThirtyFourth St. battle, 231; Seymour’s speech at City Hall against violence, 231–32; Fry’s orders to Nugent to investigate and arrest leaders, 232; Opdyke’s order for cessation of arms sales, 232; declaration by Seymour of state of insurrection, 232–33; Brooks Brothers battle, 233, 239; new emplacements at Fort Lafayette, 233; officials’ need for troops, 233; attack on home mistaken for Greeley’s, 234; City Hall defense, 234, 236; lynching of James Costello, 234; Opdyke’s call for resumption of public transportation, 234; organization of citizen patrols, 234; Townsend’s blaming of Irish and Seymour for, 234; violence outside of NYC, 234, 238; changing of focus of riot from draft opposition to plunder, 235, 239; Delafield’s report on depleted garrisons of harbor forts, 235; meeting of leaders at St. Nicholas Hotel, 235; threats against ManhattanNew Jersey ferry, 235; First Ave. battles, 235–36; Manhattan Gas Company defense, 236; placement

of gunboats in East River, 236; fears of failure to enforce draft affecting drawings throughout country, 237, 240; Hughes’ appeal for peace to Catholics, 237; Jackson’s shell factory battle, 237, 238; resumption of public transportation services, 237; Seymour’s situation report, 237; Van Vliet’s situation report, 237; Wool’s situation reports, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241; arrest of leader Andrews, 238; Opdyke’s situation reports, 238; winding down of, 238, 239, 240, 241; discovery of arms caches belonging to rioters, 239; Gramercy Park battle, 239, 240; Stanton’s return of troops to NYC, 239; Opdyke’s proclamation of dispersal of riots, 239–40; Acton’s situation report, 240; commendation of Putnam, 240; Fry’s orders of strict enforcement of service of personal notification on drafted men, 240, 412n409; Hughes’ July 17 speech, 240; Canby’s situation reports, 241; Hughes analysis of causes, 241, 412n412; Nugent’s blaming of Democrats and Seymour, 241; district summary reports, 249; NY State legislature Ch.7: New York County bonds for use in payment of riot damages (1864), 276, 425n214; NY State legislature Ch.404: empowerment of New York County to raise taxes to pay riot damages indemnity bond interest (1864), 281; issue of lack of transparency, 390–91n114; destruction of Nugent’s home, 409n364 Draper, Simeon, 110, 116, 170, 251, 340–41n*103, 375–76n156. See also Union Defence Committee (UDC) Duell, Congressman Rodolphus Holland, *70, 98 Duffy, Capt. John, 206, 393n152 Dunkirk, 204, 210, 267, 379n208 Dunning, Capt. William, 258, 261 Duryea, Gen. Harmanus B., 105, 211, 231, 236, 238, 394n183, 396n212 Early, Gen. Jubal, 260, 261 East River, 236 economy, 50–55; agriculture, 49, 50; geographic advantages for, 49; hydropower, 49; maritime, 49, 54; shipbuilding, 49, 53–54; in-migration compensating for out-migration, 49–50; cash value of farms, 50, 52; real and personal property value, 50–51; bank capital position, 51; bank clearing systems, 51; insurance capital position, 51; industrial employment, 51–52; manufacturing output, 51–52; food production, 52–53; national tax collection share, 54; newspapers as influential export, 54. See also finances, state Index | 457

Eddy, George B., 186 elections: 1860, 97–98; 1861, 139, 142; 1862, 173–75; 1863, 220, 223; 1864, 269, 270–73, 279–80, 422n163, 423n168, 423nn174–75, 424n182, 425–26n228; 1865, 294, 295 Ellis Island, 102, 122 Ellsworth, Elmer, 119 Elmira: threatened by Lee’s 1863 invasion of Pennsylvania, 48; drafts, 204, 233, 240; vulnerability of, 388n86; reinforcement of, 390n104 Elmira depot: deployment of troops from, 115; federal muster of New York regiments, 120, 198; facility and troop conditions, 1861, 120–21; reopening of, 125, 192; arms shortage, 167, 168; establishment as reporting location for absentees seeking amnesty under Enrollment Act, 186; Diven’s request for reactivation, 191 Ely, Congressman Alfred, *73, 98, 206 Emancipation Proclamation, 169, 170, 183 Emerson, Capt. Frederick, 203–4 encampments: War Dept. circular issued for campsiteto-instruction camp shift, 118; Camp Wood, 122; Camp Hempstead, 134, 136, 137; Scott’s closure of sharpshooter camp, 138; Camp Scott, 140; state GO No. 52, establishment of regimental camps, 159, 371n77, 371n83; Johnson’s Island POW camp, 220–23, 399–400n250; Camp Parole (Annapolis, Md.), 271 enlistments —1861: Cameron’s order for three years’ duration, 113; Patterson’s acceptance of two-year regiments, 120; conversion from three months’ to two years’ duration, 125; T. Sherman’s support of sole authority belonging to governors, 130; approval of those of Indian blood, 140; Dodge’s request for approval to muster Indians, 140, 141; summary, 142, 148; Morgan’s objections to Section II of GO No. 105, transference of enlistments to regular Army, 143–44 —1862: request from War Department for summary, 149; Thomas’s refusal of Meagher’s request to form ethnic regiments, specifically Irish, 149–50, 365n11; February summary of cavalry contributions, 150; acceptance of three-month militia for First Winchester, 154; state GO No. 31, facilitating enlistments, 154; Stanton’s request for report from Morgan, 156; Thomas’s request for report from Morgan, 156; governors’ request to Lincoln for increased enlistments to fill old regiments, 157, 370–71n72; notification that written consent not 458 | Index

required to enlist minors, 165; redirection of artillery into infantry, 167; Buckingham’s Nov. 24 request for report on enlistments, 175; summary, 182, 380n229 —1863: Fry’s focus on three-year recruits over shorter terms, 192; Nugent’s recommendation of publicity to speed Invalid Corps progress, 194; requirements for parental consent, 196; discrepancies between state and War Dept. enumerations of, 208; War Dept. record of enlistments for duration of war through Aug. 11, 215–16; problems with state officials not recognizing colored volunteers, 222; NY State legislature Ch.184: establishment reenlistment bounties, 244–45; summary, 248 —1864: Fry’s crediting of locations for recruits and re-enlistments, 250; Fry’s report to Stanton on enlistments under Oct. 17, 1863 call, 250; Dept. of the East GO No. 23, refusing enlistments from towns operating bounty broker scam, 253, 416n33; offering of high re-enlistment bounties by out-of-state agents, 254; mustering out of troops, 257; authorization of representative recruits, 258; disputes over length of, 260, 419n92; amendment to Ch.75 exempting three-year enlistees from draft (Feb. 24), 261; volunteering of 100 Saratoga County men for garrison duty, 263; New York County’s cumulative naval and marine enlistments, 265; Fry’s urging of AAPMGs to keep pushing for volunteer enlistments up to draft date, 266; cumulative naval and marine enlistments, 267; Stanton’s acceptance of commissioners’ report of naval credits, 267; Fry’s notification that VRC re-enlistments will not be credited on quotas for Sept. 19 draft, 267–68; NY State legislature Concurrent Resolution: authorization to spend up to $25,000 for care of veterans and volunteers, 278; NY State legislature Ch.391: prohibition of enlistment scams, 280–81; summary, 282–83 —1865: Fry’s accusation of fraudulent naval enlistments to fill quota under Dec. 19, 1864 call, 287, 289–90; wartime summary analysis, 300–301, 431nn1–6. See also quotas, calls, and deployments; recruiting, manpower, and casualty data enrollment, draft, and conscription —1861: Seymour’s request to revise state enrollment quotas to address inequalities, 104–6; Morgan’s proclamation asking for 21 new regiments, 111; summary, 148, 363n365 —1862: NY State legislature Ch.477, militia reform bill establishing a draft, 153, 179–81, 379nn218–28;

enrollment ordered by Morgan, pursuant to state Ch.477, 156; Morgan’s urging of Lincoln to provide a draft to fill old and complete new regiments, 159; congressional authorization for Lincoln to start nine months’ drafts, 160; request for draft exemptions for railroad employees, 161, 162; state draft required to meet share of Lincoln’s Aug. 4 call, 161, 372n100; War Dept.’s notification of scheduling of draft to make up any recruiting deficiencies for Aug. 4 call, 161; issuance of War Dept. GO No. 99, establishment of rules for draft, 162; issuance of GO No. 104, restricting foreign travel by anyone subject to draft, 163; issuance of state GO No. 67, adopting War Dept. draft rules, 163; Morgan’s request to move draft from August 15 to August 30, 163; amendment to GO No. 99 to include counties and subdivisions as entities among which draft quota can be divided, 164; announcement of new enrollment to ensure equalization, 164–65; Buckingham’s instructions on extending under summer calls, 166; permission to Morgan to credit nine-month volunteers against state quota for Sept. draft, 168; state GO No. 79, rules for Nov. 10 draft, 171–72, 173, 376n167; Lincoln’s order for all aliens to apply to State Dept. or consulates for Nov. draft exemption, 172; state request to confer provost marshal status on draft commissioners and state JAG for Nov. 10 draft, 172; Thomas’s direction to governors to fill old regiments with draftees, 172–73; Buckingham’s requests to all governors for enrollment status (Oct. 31), 173; suspension of Nov. 10 draft, 173, 378n183; summary, 182, 380n234 —1863: federal responsibility for (Enrollment Act), 57, 67, 489; beginning of draft in July, 103, 197–98, 199, 390n101, 390nn107–10; amnesty for AWOL soldiers, 186; request by Society of Friends for exemption, 186; Mozart Hall resolution denouncing conscription, 186–87; equivalence of one three-year man to four nine-month men, 190; Seymour’s plan for recruiting drive to prevent necessity of draft, 191; completion of July enrollment for NYC, 198; Fry’s suggestions for enforcing draft in face of violent resistance, 198; Fry’s change from private to public draft notice, 199, 240; Fry’s changing of policy on transparency and conscription, 199; issuance of Circular No. 44, clarifying draft exemptions, 199, 240, 412n411; statewide fears and military protections in wake of Draft Riots, 200–206; notification of Twenty-Eighth district draft quota,

201; Buffalo draft, 203, 204; dispute over accuracy of enrollment and quotas, 203, 204, 206, 393n153; notification of Thirty-First district draft quota, 203; Syracuse draft, 203, 204; Waterbury’s allegations of inequalities in NYC draft, 203; Albany draft, 204; Troy draft, 204; disagreements over draft dates, 204–5; Seymour’s request for judicial review of Enrollment Act, 205–7, 232, 408n341; Seymour’s attempts to delay draft, 209; Seymour’s request for judicial review of Enrollment Act, 211–12, 393n155, 394n180; commencement of Aug. 19 draft with no disturbances, 212–13; Maddox’s efforts to avoid double counting, 213, 396n195; operation of illegal recruiters from other states, 213, 214, 396n197; Waterbury’s complaints against Aug. draft, 213, 395n192; Fry’s instructions to Nugent regarding quotas, 214; reports of bribery of Oswego Enrollment Board, 214; disabled recruits offered as draft scam, 215, 396n207; Lincoln’s proposal to give governors notice before drafts, 215, 396n208; passage of appropriation for commutation subsidies by NYC’s Common Council, 215, 235, 396n209; War Dept.’s record of state troops furnished for duration of war, per quota dispute, 215–16, 396n211; Democratic Party condemnation of draft, 217; Fry’s invitation for Seymour to appoint witnesses to enrollment process, 217; order for Jan. 5, 1864 draft for states failing to meet share of Oct. 17 call for 300,000 men to replace Gettysburg losses, 218; Fry’s detailing of War Dept. deficiency calculations for Oct. 17 call, 219; New York County ordinance regulating use of draft substitutes, 219; Seymour’s proclamation calling for volunteers to prevent draft under Oct. 17 call for 300,000 men, 219; report on draftees rejected for physical disability, 220, 398–99n243; Fry’s issuance of Circular No. 39 reminding states to keep enrollment records current, 222; Fry on town-based draft credit policy implementation, 223–24, 225; appointment of commission to review state quotas and alleged inequalities, 224, 225; parole of conscientious objectors, 224–25; July 13 draft quota, 227; Fry’s assurance to governors of military enforcement of draft, 239; Fry’s orders of strict enforcement of service of personal notification on drafted men, 240, 412n409; Fry’s request to AAPMGs for daily draft status reports, 241; progress of draft outside NYC after riots, 241; issuance of Circular 52, exemption of American Indians from enrollment Index | 459

on basis of non-citizen status, 242, 412n421; NY State legislature Ch.425: amendments to Ch.477 (1862), making white immigrants eligible for draft, clarifying exemptions, requiring service of notice in person, setting commutation fees, and exempting militia from Sept. muster, 247, 414nn448–49; cumulative summary of contribution, 248–49; establishment of enrollment list system of exchange for NYC, 249; wartime summary, 300–301, 432n8 —1864: postponement of drafts, 250, 253, 255, 265, 267; reconvening of investigative commission, 250; state standing vs. other states, 251, 261–62, 420n105; report of investigative commission on state’s defective enrollment, 251–52, 415n17; accuracy of NYC list vs. 1860 census, 252; Fry’s response to enrollment investigation committee, 252; Fry’s announcement of new enrollment, 257; Fry’s issuance of Circular No. 25 establishing “Representative Recruits,” 258; War Dept. Circular No. 24, regarding correction of enrollment lists, 258, 417n68; schedule for draft for Sept. 5, 260; Seymour’s attempts to reconcile divisions over conscription in order to raise volunteers, 260; dispute over draft exemption for 100-day volunteers, 260–61, 419nn96–97; Feb. 24 amendment to Ch.75 exempting three-year enlistees from draft, 261; Seymour’s request to revise state enrollment quotas to address inequalities, 261–62, 420n101, 420nn104–6; prevention of exodus of enrollees from state before draft, 262, 420n102; request for special duties for drafted Episcopal clergy, 263–64, 267; Townsend’s fears of holding draft during election campaign, 264; request for exemptions for firemen and police, 265; Seymour’s dispute over enrollment accuracy, 265, 421n127; Dix’s request for troops for possible anti-draft riot suppression, 266; Fry’s deployment of VRC troops to Diven for support of draft, 267; schedule of draft for Sept. 19, 267; Fry’s notification that VRC re-enlistments will not be credited on quotas for Sept. 19 draft, 267–68; Fry’s issuance of Circular No. 39 reminding states to keep enrollment records current, 274; schedule of draft for Feb. 15, 1865, 275; NY State legislature Ch.36: authorization for Putnam County to raise taxes to pay draft substitutes, 278; summary, 282–83; Seymour’s characterization of conscription as a tax, 425n210 —1865: changes in enrollments and effect on quotas under Dec. 19, 1864 call, 287; Fry’s denial of Blunt’s 460 | Index

request for draft extension, 287; Fry’s granting of Blunt’s request for recalculation of quota based on corrected enrollment, 287; Fry’s objections to Greeley’s article criticizing July 18, 1864 draft, 289; Fry’s notification to begin draft under Dec. 19, 1864 call, 290; Fry’s rejection of request to delay draft, 291; petitions to postpone NYC draft, 291–92, 428n63; preparations for draft under Dec. 19, 1864 call, 292; discontinuation of enrollment due to Lee’s surrender, 292–93; final draft results, 293. See also Fry, U.S. Provost Marshal Gen. James Barnet Erhardt, Capt. Joel B., 218, 293, 397n*231 Erie (slave ship), 96, 140, 149, 387n64 Essex, 413n431 Estelle (brig), 263 Eutaw (steamer), 258 Evarts, William M., 109, 110, 337n*88 Evening Post, 231 Ewell, Gen. Richard S. (CSA), 194 Ewen, Brig. Gen. John, 196, 389n*93 Fair Oaks (Seven Pines), battle of, 156 family aid: responsibility shifted to local jurisdictions, 55; wartime summary of expenditure, 302 —1861: Albany’s appropriations for, 107; New York City bond authorization for, 110; state GO No. 78 authorizing $100 payment to heirs of soldiers killed in service, 125; summary of annual expenditures, 148 —1862: Morgan’s concession of lack of appropriation for $100 payments to heirs of soldiers killed in service, 150; New York City’s appropriation ordinance for, 156, 175; NY State legislature Ch.31, authorizing Tioga County to levy a property tax for recruiting and family aid, 177; NY State legislature Ch.50, authorizing German Flats to raise taxes to refund family aid advance, 177; NY State legislature Ch.204, creation of volunteer aid committee in Morristown, 178; NY State legislature Ch.362: authorization of Orleans County to levy taxes for, 178; NY State legislature Ch.420: incorporation of Union Home and School for the education and maintenance of children of volunteers, 178, 379n214; summary of annual expenditures, 182–83; authorization of bond issues and taxes for, 378n200, 379n210, 379nn206–8 —1863: state resolution to give aid to allotment commissioners, 242; NY State legislature Ch.15 and 16: authorization of taxes for state reimbursement of bounties and family aid, 242–43; NY State

legislature Ch.25: authorization of NYC bond issue for bounties and family aid, 243–44; NY State legislature Ch.65: authorization for Syracuse family aid bond issue, 244; NY State legislature Ch.393: authorization of taxes for payment of bounties and family aid, 246–47; NY State legislature Ch.514: creation of family aid boards, 247; authorization of bond issues and taxes for, 413n431; burden on states of, 414n468 —1864: NY State legislature Ch.8: authorization for taxes and bond issues for family aid, 276–77, 425n215; NY State legislature Ch.30: authorization for Syracuse to borrow funds for family aid, 278; NY State legislature Chs.404 and 405: empowerment of New York County to raise taxes to pay bond interest, 281; authorization of bond issues and taxes for, 425n222 —1865: War Dept. Circular No. 28, family aid suspension due to exchange of prisoners, 290; NY State legislature Ch.1: authorization to Syracuse for bond issue for family aid, 295 Fargo, Mayor William G. (Buffalo), 220–21, 270, 399n*247 Fenton, Gov. Reuben (also Congressman) (New York), 74–75, 84, *87; elections, 98, 174–75, 267, 273; dispute with Fry over distribution of state’s draft quota, 284, 286; inauguration of, 284; request for authority to raise new units, 284, 286, 426n3, 427n19; on ratification of 13th Amendment, 286, 427n26; request to Stanton for acceptance of 100-days’ men for garrison duty, 290; request for Stanton to accept Sixty-Eighth New York for six or twelve months, 291; announcement of fall of Richmond, Va., 292; request to Fry for suspension of Mar. 17 draft, 292; notification of legislature of assassination of Lincoln, attempt on Seward, and declaration of Apr. 20 as day of bereavement, 293; at presentation of battle flags to state, 294; address to state legislature, 295 Field, Commissioner David Dudley, 103, 146, 235, 265, 330n*25 Fiero, Capt. Joshua, 233, 234 Fillmore, Millard, 107, 167, 299 finances, state: banking industry contribution to Northern victory, 50–51; constitutional borrowing limitations, 57; wartime summary, 301–2, 432nn13–15 —1860: Wall Street financial crisis, 98; cash flow and debt status, 100

—1861: summary of loans to federal government, 148–49 —1862: NY State legislature Chs.25 and 29: authorization to borrow for payment of volunteers, 177, 379n205; NY State legislature Ch.192, appropriation for payment of state’s obligation under the direct tax, and appropriation to redeem bonds, 177–78; NY State legislature Ch.456: authorization of property tax increase to pay direct tax, 179; summary, 182–83; NY State legislature Resolution: assumption of state share of direct tax, 379n208 —1863: state resolution to pay interest in coin to foreign bondholders only, 187; NY State legislature Ch.14: appropriation for payment of bounties, 242; NY State legislature Ch.15 and 16: authorization of taxes for state reimbursement of bounties and family aid, 242–43; off-balance sheet reporting of, 249, 414n468; summary of cash flow and debt status, 249–50 —1864: NY State legislature Ch.7: New York County bonds for use in payment of riot damages and bounties, 276, 425n214; NY State legislature Ch.182: financing of bounties, 279; NY State legislature Concurrent Resolution: authorization to governor to borrow money for bounties, 279; NY State legislature Ch.347: appropriations for military expenses, 280; NY State legislature Ch.399: authorization of taxes for general fund, bounties, schools, and state debt, 281; NY State legislature Ch.553: authorization of commissioners of United States Loan Fund to invest in New York county bonds, 281–82; shipping losses, 283; summary, 283–84 —1865: NY State legislature Ch.29: authorization of state bounties under Dec. 19, 1864 or future calls and prohibition of local bounties under same calls, 296–97, 430–31nn107–110; NY State legislature Ch.56: authorization of taxes and bond issue for bounties, 297; NY State legislature Ch.351: appropriations for military spending, 297 Fire Island, 263 First Bull Run, battle of, 123 First Division, New York County depot, 129 First Winchester, battle of, 154 Fish, Hamilton, 115, 297, 299, 344n*145 CSS Florida, 268 Forbes, Col. David S., 268, 422n*152 Fort Columbus, 48, 102, 142 Fort Fisher, North Carolina, 291 Index | 461

Fort Gibson, 102, 142 Fort Hamilton, 48, 102, 122, 142, 176, 350n197 Fort Lafayette, 48, 102, 122, 233, 238, 350n197 Fort McAllister, Georgia, 291 Fort Monroe, 115, 131–32, 134 Fort Montgomery, 48, 102, 142, 145 Fort Moultrie, 98 Fort Niagara, 48, 102, 145 Fort Ontario, 48, 102, 142, 145 Fort Porter, 48, 102, 145 Fort Richmond, 48, 122, 142, 350n197, 362n344 forts. See coastal defense; frontier defense Fort Sandy Hook, 122, 350n197 Fort Schuyler, 48, 102, 122, 142, 210, 350n197, 362n344 Fort Sumter, South Carolina, 100, 101, 105, 106, 291 Fort Tompkins, 122, 142, 176, 350n197, 362n344 Fort Totten, 48 Fort Wood, 48, 102, 142, 220 Foster, U.S. Asst. Adj. Gen. Charles W. (AAG), 224, 288–90 Fowler, Isaac V., 58 Fox, Capt. Gustavus, 105, 334n*59 Fox, Col. Watson A., 201, 392n*131 Franchot, Congressman Richard, *69, 97 Frank, Congressman Augustus, *73–74, 84, 98, 174 Frank, Col. Paul, 139, 360n*325 Franklin, Tennessee, battle of, 274 Franklin, Col. William B., 117–20, 121, 346n*163 Fredericksburg, battles of, 175 Fredonia, 268 Freeman’s Journal (was Freedman’s Appeal), 127, 129, 133 Free Soil Democrats, 58 Fremont, Gen. John C., 66, 160, 167, 188, 257, 268 French and Indian War, 47 frontier defense: geography of, 47; fort system, 48, 102; St. Lawrence River, 145; state legislature’s provision for harbor and frontier defense, 151; fears of infiltration of rebel agents from Canada, 201, 268–72, 420n108, 424n176, 424n182; Dix’s precautions against planned attack on Buffalo and Johnson’s Island POW camp, 220–22, 399–400n250; Stanton’s orders for temporary fortifications on Lake Erie, 224; Sprague’s warnings to Lansing about possible threat of invasion from Canada, 262–63; Seymour’s request to Morgan to use April appropriation to pay for Canadian frontier protection, 263, 420n115; Sprague’s orders to arm military storekeeper at Dunkirk, 267; Sprague’s orders to commanders to encourage formation of 462 | Index

citizen defense groups, 268–69; deactivation of some state troops, 273–74; frontier and harbor defense during 1864 elections, 422n151 Fry, U.S. Provost Marshal Gen. James Barnet —1863: use of AAPMGs, 185; appointment of, 186; explanation to Seymour on how provost marshal general’s office will run the draft, 188; instructions to Townsend on duties toward Seymour, 189; introduction of Nugent to Opdyke, 189; recommendation to Stanton for strategy to fill deficiencies in enlistments, 189–90, 386n51; notification to Sprague of acceptance of threeyear recruits only, 190; notification to Sprague of equivalences for calculating enrollment credits, 190; advice to Nugent on arrest of men for giving false names to enrolling officers, 192; instructions to AAPMGs regarding enrollment, 194; notification to Seymour of state’s Veteran Volunteer quota, 197; notification to Seymour of draft dates, 198, 211, 217, 230; suggestions for enforcing draft in face of violent resistance, 198; advice to officials on resuming draft after riots, 199; changing of policy on transparency and conscription, 199; assignment to Dix of responsibility for drafting in areas with violent resistance, 200, 391n123; request for Supreme Court ruling on constitutionality of Enrollment Act, 200, 391n118; management of statewide fears and requests for troops in wake of Draft Riots, 200–206; defense and explanation of draft procedures, 202, 208; request from Diven for account of meeting with Seymour, 203; report on status of draft, 205–6; notice to Seymour of exemption requests on grounds of quotas exceeded, 206; notification to Nugent of criticism of NYC draft, 206; granting of permission to Townsend to proceed with draft in Eighteenth District, 207; direction to investigate draft exemptions, 208, 394n163; response to Dix’s intent to declare martial law in face of draft resistance in NYC, 210; advice to Dix on calling for state militia, 211, 394n178; orders to Nugent to commence draft on Aug. 24, 213; Waterbury’s complaints against, regarding draft execution, 213; declining of request by Diven for more troops, 213–14; instructions to Nugent to continue draft, 214; request to Diven for status of Syracuse draft and related provost marshal officials’ behavior, 214, 396n203; dispute with state over draft quotas and credits, 215, 394n172; orders to AAPMGs to notify governors of upcoming draft

date, 215, 216, 396n208; rejection of Miller’s request to prohibit out-of-state recruiters, 215; invitation to Seymour to appoint witnesses for enrollment process, 217; notification to provost marshals on bounties, 217; notification to Seymour of Tenth, Eleventh and Fourteenth Districts’ drafts (Sept), 217; sending of instructions for enlistments to Seymour, 217; refusal to allow state agents to participate in deciding disputed desertion arrests, 218–19, 398n233; declining to transfer troop transportation or uniform inventory duties to state quartermaster’s office, 219; detailing of War Dept. deficiency calculations for Oct. 17 call, 219; notification to Seymour of state quota under Oct. 17 call, 219; permission for finder’s fees for filling Oct. 17 quota, 220; permission for governors to summon officers from field for recruiting detail for filling Oct. 17 quota, 220, 399n245; reminder to AAPMGs that state can avoid Jan. 5 draft by meeting volunteer quota under Oct. 17 call, 220; temporary placement of recruiting authority in state hands for filling Oct. 17 quota, 220; issuance of Circular No. 39 reminding states to keep enrollment records current, 222; on town-based quota fulfillment policy implementation, 223–24, 225; handling of Draft Riots, 230, 232; suspension of NYC and Brooklyn drafts during Draft Riots, 235, 236, 237; orders to Townsend to request troops for Troy draft, 238; changing of policy from private to public draft notice, 240; orders of strict enforcement of service of personal notification on drafted men, 240, 412n409; request for report from Diven on draft resistance in Elmira, 240; request to AAPMGs for daily draft status reports, 241 —1864: notification to AAPMGs of congressional extension of bounties, 250; notification to recruiters of credit localities for bounties and re-enlistments, 250; report to Stanton of enlistments under Oct. 17, 1863 call, 250; authorization for state to recruit forty companies for Burnside’s Ninth Corps, 251; response to enrollment investigation committee, 252; postponement of Mar. 10 draft, 253; notification to AAPMGs of Grant’s need for all recruits in the field as soon as possible, 254; notification to governors to accelerate formation of heavy artillery units, 254; announcement of new enrollment, 257; issuance of Circular No. 25 establishing “Representative Recruits,” 258; officials’ informing of anti-draft organizations,

258, 261; clarification of draft eligibility under July 5 call, 260; notification to AAPMGs of state quotas under July 18 call, 260, 419n89; authorization to Seymour to raise 100 companies under July 18 call, 261; dispute over draft exemption for 100-day volunteers, 261, 419n97; addressing of Seymour’s claims of enrollment quota inequalities, 262, 420nn104–6; prevention of exodus of enrollees from state before draft, 262, 420n102; request to Seymour to commission officers nominated by Dix, 262; acceptance of 100 Saratoga County men for garrison duty for one-, two-, or three-year enlistments, 263; urging of AAPMGs to keep pushing for volunteer enlistments up to draft date, 266; deployment of VRC troops to Diven for support of draft, 267; notification that VRC re-enlistments will not be credited on quotas for Sept. 19 draft, 267–68; orders to AAPMGs to arrest draftees who fail to report, 268; orders to Diven and Dix to take necessary action for defense of Buffalo, 272; issuance of Circular No. 39 reminding states to keep enrollment records current, 274; on calculating quotas for Dec. 19 call, 275 —1865: authorization of Fenton to raise new units, 284, 426n3; issuance of Circular No. 1, declaring that Dec. 19 quotas must stand and subsequent gubernatorial protest, 284; dispute over distribution of state’s draft quota, 284–86, 287, 426n9; notification of AAPMGs of quota under Dec. 19, 1864 call, 285, 427n17; upwards revision of NYC’s quota under Dec. 19, 1864 call and subsequent protest, 285, 286–87; declining of Fenton’s Jan. 25 request to raise infantry regiment, 286; objections to Greeley’s article criticizing July 18, 1864 draft, 289; orders to AAPMGs to begin draft under Dec. 19, 1864 call, 290; acceptance of Fifty-Sixth New York, 291; rejection of request to delay draft, 291; review of Lafayette’s bounty jumper arrests, 291; agreement to suspend Mar. 17 draft in NYC, 292; ending of recruiting and enrollment, 292–93, 294 Fugitive Slave Act. See personal liberty law Fullerton, Maj. Gen. William S., 268 Fusionists, 63 Gamble, Gov. Hamilton (Missouri), 169 Ganson, Congressman John, *84, 174 Gardiner, Commissioner Addison, 146 Gay, Sidney Howard, 186, 256, 417n*57 gender imbalance in population, 49, 315n5 Index | 463

Genesee River, 145 Geneseo depot, 129 geography, 47–50; bays: Sodus Bay, 48; canals: Champlain Canal, 47, 48; drainage basins: St. Lawrence, 48; Delaware, 49; Hudson, 49; Mississippi, 49; Susquehanna, 49; harbors: New York Harbor, 47–48; lakes: Lake Champlain, 47, 48; Lake Erie, 48; Lake Ontario, 48; funnel vs. land bridge visualization of state, 48–49; importance of water, 48–49; impact on economic development, 49; East River, 236; ports: New York, 49; rivers: Hudson River, 47, 48, 49; Delaware River, 48; Niagara River, 48; Richelieu River, 48; St. Lawrence, 48 German immigrants, 124, 125, 134, 177, 184, 233, 238 Gettysburg, battle of, 197, 281 Gettysburg Soldiers’ National Cemetery commission, 225, 281 Gibbs, Wolcott, 117, 184, 346n*161 Gilmore, Brig. Gen. Quincy A., 162, 221, 372–73n*107 Glassey, Deputy Provost Marshal Samuel J., 192, 387n*66 Glens Falls, 240 Godwin, Parke, 186, 384–85n*32 Golden Lead (brig), 104 Goodyear, Congressman Charles, 273 Gordon, Capt. Nathaniel, 140, 149, 150, 364–65n10, 387n64 Governor’s Island, 48, 102, 122, 186, 227, 350n197 Granger, Commissioner Francis, 103, 331n*29 Grant, Mayor L.A.G.B. (Oswego), 221 Grant, Ulysses S., 253, 268, 290, 292, 294, 374n136 Greeley, Horace, 54, 160, 165, 265, 289 Green, Brig. Gen. John A., Jr., 263, 270, 423n168 Griswold, Congressman John A., *79, 174, 273 Grow, Galusha (Speaker of the House), 113 guns. See arms and equipment Gunther, Mayor Charles Godfrey (New York City), *91; elections, 142, 223, 271, 295; inauguration speech of (1864), 250; support from McKeon Democracy, 252, 415n20; veto of Common Council’s resolution to illuminate public buildings, 266 habeas corpus, suspension of, 57, 170, 185, 191, 217 Haddock, Maj. J. A., 272, 274, 292, 429n68, 429n69 Haight, Congressman Edward, *65–66, 97 Halleck, Gen. in Chief Henry, 164, 168–69, 202, 210, 223, 229, 232, 259–60 Hamilton, Alexander, 265, 421n*131 Hamilton, James, 150, 365n*18 464 | Index

Hamlin, Hannibal, 110 Hampton Roads, battle of, 150–51 Hancock, 48, 129 Hancock, Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott, 250, 274 Harper brothers, 54 Harper’s Ferry, West Virginia, 258 Harris, Elisha, 116, 121, 345n*152 Harris, Sen. Ira, *61–62, 104, 172, 299 Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 195, 225, 388n86 Harsen, Jacob, 116, 345n*153 Hart, Congressman Roswell, 273 Hay, John, 395n192 Hayden, A. F., 297 Hayman, Maj. Samuel B. (AAPMG), 292, 429n*72 Hays, Brig. Gen. William (AAPMG), 219, 285, 286, 398n*236, 427n17 Headley, John W., 422–23n*166; arrival with coconspirators in NYC, 270; New York City contacts’ dismay over Butler’s arrival with troops in city, 272, 424n182; motivations for attempted burning of NYC, 273, 424n176, 424n192; burning of hotels, 274, 424n196; escape of, 274; establishment of McMaster as inside contact, 423n167; reluctance of McMaster to carry out plot, 424n192. See also Kennedy, Capt. Robert C. (CSA) Helper, Hinton R., 101 Hendrick’s Reef, 48 Herrick, Congressman Anson, *77, 174 Hill, Gen. A. P., 196–97 Hillhouse, Adj. Gen. Thomas III, *88; policy and estimated cost of recruiter bounties, 129; summary of troop deployments and armaments needs, 138, 139; coastal defense and Trent affair, 143; divided command and confusion over troop quotas and contributions, 149, 364n7; report of troop strength to Stanton, 153, 156; issuance of state GO No. 31, facilitating enlistments, 154; promise to Stanton of ten regiments, 167; report on state contributions since July 2, 1862, 175; raising volunteers to beat draft under Oct. 17, 1863 call, 223 Hincks, Brig. Gen. Edward W. (AAPMG), 286–87, 290–91 Hodges, Capt. Henry C., 137–38, 359n*302 Hoffman, Mayor John T. (New York City), 295 Holmes, Congressman Sidney T., 273 Holt, Judge Adv. Gen. Joseph (also interim Sec. of War), 100, 101, 103, 172, 285, 427n16 Hooker, Gen. Joseph, 190, 197 Hotchkiss, Congressman Giles W., *83, 174, 273

Howard, Joseph, 257, 265, 417n*61 Howe, Thomas M., 264, 421n121 Hubbard, Congressman Calvin T., 174 Hubbard, Congressman Demas, 273 Hubbell, Congressman Edwin N., 273 Hudson, Frederic, 256, 417n*58 Hudson River Valley, 47, 48, 49 Hughes, Abp. John, 338n*89; letter to Union Square rally (Apr. 20, 1861), 109; on anti-abolition stance of Catholics, 138; role in suppression of Draft Riots, 232, 237, 239, 411n403; analysis of Draft Riots, 241; death of, 250; defense of Corcoran in Prince of Wales affair, 341n110 Hulburd, Congressman Calvin T., *79–80, 273 Humphrey, Harvey, 120, 347n176 Humphrey, Congressman James M., 99, 272, 273 Hunt, Gov. Washington (New York), 99, 109, 299, *325n30 Hyde (man attacked during Draft Riots), 234 immigrants: Irish assimilation into Tammany Hall, 58; in population, 59–60, 93–94, 283, 301; Morgan’s work to bind to war effort, 93–94; support of war, 94, 184; War Dept. GO No. 45 limiting volunteers to English speakers, 122; War Dept. GO No. 53, repealing GO No. 45 ban on mustering English-only speakers, 126; F. Wood’s use of anti-abolitionist rhetoric to foster fears of labor competition to secure votes, 141–42; Thomas’s refusal of Meagher’s request to form ethnic regiments, specifically Irish, 149–50, 365n11; Lincoln’s order for all aliens to apply to State Dept. or consulates for Nov. draft exemption, 172; state GO No. 324, ordering checks of voters for alien status, 173; suspicions of involvement in anti-draft activities, 233, 234, 238, 258; NY State legislature Ch.425 (1863): amendments to Ch.477 (1862), making white immigrants eligible for draft, 247; as one cause for state’s defective enrollment, 251; suspension of Mar. 17 draft in NYC due to reluctance to inflame Irish on St. Patrick’s Day, 292. See also military units for specific ethnic units income tax (direct tax), 126, 158, 177–78, 179, 379n208 Independent Telegraph Company, 256–57, 417n62 Indian Wars, 88 Invalid Corps (Veterans Reserve Corps): publicity to speed enlistments in, 194; slow enlistment progress on, 195; protection of draft, 203, 230; anti-riot duty during Draft Riots, 204, 226–27; War Dept.

summary of enlistments, 220; request for 100-days’ troops under July 5 call, 259; Fry’s notification that re-enlistments will not be credited on quotas for Sept. 19 draft, 267–68; wartime summary, 300, 431n5 Irish immigrants, 149–50, 195–96, 233, 234, 238, 258, 292, 365n11. See also under military units Irvine, Adj. Gen. William, *89, 284, 285, 426n3 Jackson, John C., 284, 426n*7 Jackson, Gen. Thomas (“Stonewall”), 154–56 James, Maj. Gen. Amaziah B., 103, 146, 331n*28 James Funk (pilot boat), 263 Jardine, Col. Edward, 236, 409n*371 Jay, Gov. John (New York), 55–56 Jenkins, Capt. Charles E., 194, 225–26, 388n*80 Jersey City, New Jersey, 198, 235, 293 John Romer (steamer), 253 Johnson, Andrew: nomination of for vice president, 257; election of as vice president, 272; proclaiming of national day of mourning, 293, 294, 430n91; swearing in as president, 293; announcement of end to hostilities, 294; rescinding of federal naval blockade of the South, 294; restoration of habeas corpus, 295 Johnson’s Island, 220–23, 399–400n250 Jones, Congressman Morgan, 272 Jones, William, 229 Journal of Commerce, 127, 129, 255–57 Judson, David C., 221 Julia A. Hallock (schooner), 104 Kalbfleisch, Congressman Martin (also Mayor of Brooklyn), *75–76, 173 USS Kearsarge, 257 Kelley’s Island, 268 Kellogg, Congressman Orlando, *79, 174, 223, 240, 273 Kelly, William, 96, *323–24 Kelton, Asst. Adj. Gen. J. C., 168 Kennedy, George N., 204, 393n147 Kennedy, Supt. John A. (New York City police), 329n*13; seizure of arms bound for seceded states on board Monticello, 102–3, 104; objections to National Zeitung newspaper, 132; call for arrest of Bengue, 134, 356–57n284; reaction to F. Wood’s Deutsches Volksgarten speech, 142; issuance of state GO No. 324, ordering checks of voters for alien status, 173; abuse allegations against, 183–84, 380n1, 381n4; Index | 465

request to divert colored Massachusetts Fifty-Fifth Infantry around city, 198–99; attack on, during Draft Riots, 226; Puffer’s warning of crowd outside Butler’s Fifth Avenue Hotel headquarters, 274 Kennedy, Capt. Robert C. (CSA), 274, 275, 285, 292, 424n197, 428–29n66. See also Headley, John W. Kennedy, Capt. Terence J., 138, 359n*310 Kennedy, Col. William D., 121, 349–50n*193 Kernan, Congressman Francis, *81, 174 Kerrigan, Congressman James E., *64, 97 Ketchum, Congressman John H., 273 Ketchum, Morris, 222, 400n*260 Keyes, Brig. Gen. Erasmus D., 105, 109, 119, 333n*56, 347n174 Kill van Kull (steamer), 109–10 Kilpatrick, Brig. Gen. Judson, 239, 410–11n*400 King, Charles, 150, 253, 367n*23 King, Gov. John A. (New York), 103, 146, 284, 299, 332n*32 King, Sen. Preston, *62, 150, 220–21, 299, 399–400n250 Kingston, 128, 178 Kirkwood, Gov. Samuel (Iowa), 170, 237 Know-Nothings, 71, 89–90, 93 Koch, Ignatz, 109 Krzyanowski, Col. Wladimir, 139, 360n*324 The Ladies National Covenant, 255 La Farge House, 228 Laflin, Congressman Addison H., 273 Lake Champlain, 47, 48, 145 Lake Erie, 48, 144–45, 220–23, 224, 268, 399–400n250, 422n151 Lake Ontario, 48, 142, 145 Lamar, Gazaway Bugg, 104, 333n37 Land Grant Colleges Act, 159 Lansing, Brig. Gen. Henry L., 262–63, 268, 270, 271, 420n*107, 422n151 Lansing, Congressman William E., *70, 98 Lathers, Col. Richard, 99, *325n29 Lawrence, Kansas, 214 Lee, Gen. Robert E., 168–69, 194, 197, 292 Lefferts, Col. Marshall, 105, 196, 232, 237, 238–39, 389n*90 Leonard, Capt. Moses G., 238, 410n*394 Le Roy depot, 129 Lesley, James, 123, 125 Leslie, Frank, 54 letters of marque, 113 Lewis, Gov. John T. (Wisconsin), 284 466 | Index

Lieber, Francis, 150, 160, 185, 188, 365–66n*20, 383n22 Lincoln, Abraham —1860: Cooper Institute speech challenging slavery, 95; election, 97 —1861: speeches in New York en route to inauguration, 104–5, 333n48–50; inauguration, 105; April 15 call for 75,000 troops, 106; April 19 proclamation of Southern blockade, 108; May 3 call for 42,034 three months’ volunteers, 111; request to Hamlin for daily mobilization updates, 113; dispute with Morgan over troop quotas and contributions, 115–17, 119, 120; meeting with commissioners of newly formed U.S. Sanitary Commission, 121 —1862: dispatch of Seward to beg for more troops, 157, 370n71; and governors’ request to Lincoln for increased enlistments to fill old regiments, 157; June 30 draft circular calling for 150,000 troops, 157; July 1 call for 300,000 troops, 158; rationalization of draft, 159; congressional authorization to start nine months’ drafts, 160; Aug. 4 call for 300,000 nine-months’ men, 161; declining of permission for blacks and Indians as troops, 161; request for status of recruiting efforts in response to July 1 call, 161; declaration of intent to save Union, irrespective of slavery, 165; and Altoona address, 169, 170; approval of Opdyke’s request to garrison New York Harbor with city militia, 169; preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, 169; defense of McClellan, 170; order for all aliens to apply to State Dept. or consulates for Nov. draft exemption, 172 —1863: final Emancipation Proclamation, 183; amnesty for AWOL soldiers, 186; invectives and calls for violence against, from Peace Democrats at Union Square protest (May 18), 191; support of Vallandigham’s arrest, 194; June 15 call for 100,000 six-months’ troops to counter Lee’s advance, 194–95; acceptance of Meagher’s 3,000 Irish troops under June 15 call, 195–96; request to Seymour for troops to be forwarded to Baltimore, Md., 196; dispute with Seymour over quotas and draft process, 204, 205, 207–12, 214–15, 393–94n156–158; willingness to facilitate Supreme Court ruling on constitutionality of Enrollment Act, 207; proposal to give governors notice before drafts, 215; Oct. 17 call for 300,000 men to replace Gettysburg losses, 218 —1864: re-nomination of, 250, 251, 252, 257, 265, 267; request to Congress to extend enlistment bounties, 250, 414–15n5; Feb. 1 call for 500,000 three-year men, 251; order for limited changes to enrollment

quotas in response to investigative commission’s report, 252; March 14 call for 200,000 men, 253; request to Seymour for three-month troops for special escort and guard duty, 254; on spurious May 18 call for 400,000 men, 255–57, 416n52; July 5 call for 100-days’ men, 258–59; July 18 call for 500,000 men for one-, two-, or three-year terms, 260; order to Dix to release Howard, 265; re-election of, 272; Dec. 19 call for 300,000 one-, two-, and three-year volunteers, 274–75 —1865: signing of 13th Amendment, 286; orders for deferral of 25 percent of state’s quota under Dec. 19, 1864 call, 287; declining of for draft officers to provide breakdown of enrollment during quota dispute under Dec. 19, 1864 call, 287–88; appointment of board to examine quotas and credits disputed under Dec. 19, 1864 call, 288–89; amnesty proclamation, 291; inauguration of, 291; assassination of, 293 Lithlow (tugboat), 150 Little, James, 297 Littlejohn, Congressman De Witt Clinton (also Bvt. Brig. Gen.), *81–82, 101, 174 Livingston, Capt. La Rhett L., 186, 384n*26 Lockport, 200, 204 Long Island, 134, 136, 137, 144 Long Island, battle of (1776), 47–48 Long Island Sound, 47 Longstreet, Gen. James, 196–97 Loomis, Col. Gustavus, 186, 384n*28, 405n305 Louisville, Kentucky, 136 Love, Maj. Gen. John, 224, 402–3n*284 Lowell, U.S. Deputy Marshal R. R., 202 Loyal National League, 186, 188, 191, 384n32 Loyal Publication Society, 185 Loyal Union League, 188 Lyons, Richard, 1st Viscount Lyons, 187, 220–21, 385n35, 399–400n250, 399n*249 Lyons depot, 129 Maddox, Capt. Samuel T., 195, 213, 395–96n*194 Maidhoff, Col. Joachim, 418n82 Malone, 129, 269 Manierre, Capt. B. F., 227, 404n*302 manpower data. See recruiting, manpower, and casualty data Marble, Manton, 54 Marcy, William L., 58 Marvin, Congressman James M., *80–81, 174, 273

Maryland, 50 Massachusetts: common border, 47; population, 49, 50, 92; economy, 50, 51, 52; transportation, 53–54; media, 54 Mass Peace Convention, 264 McClellan, Maj. Gen. George: endorsement of Blenker’s request for authority over recruitment process, 129; request from Sickles for authority to recruit cavalry and artillery for Excelsior Brigade, 132; order of 8,000 horses, 137; cavalry recruitment, 139; success at Fair Oaks, 156; instructions to Morgan on recruiting, 159–60, 371n89; governors’ dislike of, 170; presidential nomination of, 261, 262, 266; election defeat, 272 McClure, John, 297 McCunn, Judge John H., 192, 232, 387n*65 McDougall, Charles, 175, 378n*196 McKean, Congressman James B., *67–68, 97 McKeon, John, 415n20 McKeon Democracy, 252, 267, 415n20 McMaster, James A., 355n*273; arrest for disloyalty, 133; oath of allegiance and release of, 138; calls for use of force to resist arrests, 191; participation in Headley’s plot to burn NYC, 270, 272, 273, 423n167, 424n182, 424n192 Meade, Maj. Gen. George G., 270 Meagher, Brig. Gen. Thomas Francis, 131–32, 354–55n*262 Medal of Honor, 270 medical care. See under recruiting, manpower, and casualty data Meigs, U.S. Quartermaster Gen. Montgomery C., 137–38, 155, 358n297, 359n303 USS Merrimack (CSS Virginia), 48, 150, 153 Metropolitan Hall, 153 Metropolitan Record, 264 Middle Department, 271 military units: organization under state GO No. 13, 108, 110; deployment from New York Harbor, 109, 340n99 —First New York: Sandford’s leadership of, 101, 329n*7; deployment of, 108, 109; deployment for riot control, 211, 241, 242, 394n181; recruitment under July 5, 1864 call, 259; parade of, 291, 297 —Second New York: deployment of, 109; generally, 121; at First Bull Run, 123; deployment for riot control, 211, 394n182–83; recruitment under July 5, 1864 call, 259 —Fifth New York, 154 Index | 467

—Sixth New York, 107, 109, 342n112 —Seventh New York: deployment of, 107, 108, 109, 154, 196, 342n112; deployment for riot control, 232, 235, 237, 238 —Eighth New York, 109, 123, 342n112 —Ninth New York, 119, 121 —Eleventh New York, 109, 123, 418n82 —Twelfth New York, 107, 109, 123, 125, 342n112 —Thirteenth New York, 109, 123, 125, 199, 342n112 —Fourteenth New York, 121, 123 —Fifteenth New York, 231, 234, 255, 258 —Sixteenth New York, 123, 231 —Seventeenth New York, 197 —Eighteenth New York, 123, 198 —Nineteenth New York, 125, 138, 185 —Twentieth New York, 125, 176, 178, 342n112 —Twenty-Third New York, 199 —Twenty-Fifth New York, 64, 110, 342n112 —Twenty-Sixth New York, 125 —Twenty-Seventh New York, 123 —Twenty-Eighth New York, 109, 199 —Twenty-Ninth New York, 123 —Thirty-First New York, 123, 263 —Thirty-Second New York: at First Bull Run, 123 —Thirty-Eighth New York: at First Bull Run, 123 —Thirty-Ninth New York (Garibaldi Guards), 121, 123 —Fortieth New York (Mozart Regiment), 58, 121–22, 350n195 —Forty-First New York, 123, 203 —Forty-Second New York (Tammany Regiment), 58, 121, 138, 349–50n193 —Forty-Third New York, 125, 134 —Forty-Fourth New York, 125, 359n307 —Forty-Fifth New York (Fifth German Rifles), 125, 134 —Forty-Sixth New York, 125, 134 —Forty-Seventh New York, 125, 128, 134, 199 —Forty-Eighth New York, 125, 134 —Forty-Ninth New York, 125, 134 —Fiftieth New York, 125 —Fifty-First New York (Shepard Rifles), 125, 358n295, 359n307 —Fifty-Second New York, 125, 139, 199, 359n307 —Fifty-Third New York, 125, 359n307 —Fifty-Fourth New York, 125, 359n307 —Fifty-Fifth New York, 125, 128 —Fifty-Sixth New York: generally, 66; establishment of, 125; deployment of, 139, 359n307; deployment for riot control, 199; acceptance for one-year service of, 291 468 | Index

—Fifty-Seventh New York, 125, 139, 359n307 —Fifty-Eighth New York, 125, 139, 359n307 —Fifty-Ninth New York, 125, 139, 359n307 —Sixtieth New York, 125 —Sixty-First New York, 125, 139 —Sixty-Second New York, 125, 128 —Sixty-Third New York, 125 —Sixty-Fourth New York, 125 —Sixty-Fifth New York: establishment of, 125; deployment of, 128; defiance of Morgan’s authority, 152, 368–69n35; anti-riot duty of, 200, 235, 237; securing of common border with Canada, 263; defense of Buffalo, 271 —Sixty-Sixth New York, 125 —Sixty-Seventh New York, 125, 128 —Sixty-Eighth New York, 128, 268, 291, 292 —Sixty-Ninth New York (Irish): deployment of, 109, 110–11, 342n112; at First Bull Run, 123; generally, 131–32; garrisoning of New York Harbor forts, 258; return of colors to, 341n110 —Seventy-First New York, 107, 109, 123, 342n112 —Seventy-Second New York (Excelsior Brigade): mobilization of, 123; payment of, 123; Sickles’ defiance of Morgan’s authority, 151–52, 368–69n35; defiance of Morgan’s authority, 152, 368–69n35 —Seventy-Fourth New York (Fifth Excelsior): deployment of, 128; defiance of Morgan’s authority, 152, 368–69n35; anti-riot duties, 201, 238, 239; securing of common border with Canada, 263; defense of Buffalo, 271 —Seventy-Ninth New York, 119, 121, 342n112 —Eightieth New York, 152, 368–69n35 —Eighty-First New York, 151 —Eighty-Third New York, 152, 368–69n35 —Eighty-Fourth New York, 64, 152, 198, 368–69n35 —Ninety-Second New York, 151 —Ninety-Third New York, 151 —Ninety-Fifth New York, 151 —Ninety-Seventh New York, 151 —Ninety-Eighth New York, 151, 263 —One Hundredth New York, 151 —One Hundred and First New York, 151 —One Hundred and Fourth New York, 151 —One Hundred and Fifth New York, 151 —One Hundred and Sixth New York, 153 —One Hundred and Seventh New York, 72, 163 —One Hundred and Eighth New York, 165 —One Hundred and Eleventh New York, 165 —One Hundred and Thirteenth New York, 165

—One Hundred and Seventeenth New York, 165 —One Hundred and Twentieth New York, 165 —One Hundred and Twenty-Second New York, 166–67 —One Hundred and Twenty-Ninth New York, 165 —One Hundred and Thirty-Second New York, 169, 170 —One Hundred and Thirty-Third New York, 169, 171, 376n162 —One Hundred and Thirty-Fourth New York, 170 —One Hundred and Thirty-Seventh New York, 170 —One Hundred and Forty-Third New York, 171, 376n162 —One Hundred and Forty-Fourth New York, 171 —One Hundred and Forty-Fifth New York, 169, 170 —One Hundred and Forty-Sixth New York, 171 —One Hundred and Forty-Seventh New York, 170 —One Hundred and Forty-Eighth New York, 170 —One Hundred and Forty-Ninth New York, 170 —One Hundred and Fiftieth New York, 171 —One Hundred and Fifty-Sixth New York, 173 —One Hundred and Fifty-Seventh New York, 170 —One Hundred and Sixtieth New York, 173 —One Hundred and Sixty-First New York, 173 —One Hundred and Sixty-Second New York, 171 —One Hundred and Sixty-Eighth New York, 185 —One Hundred and Sixty-Ninth New York, 170 —One Hundred and Seventieth New York (Corcoran Legion), 169, 171 —First New York Artillery, 359n307 —Second New York Artillery, 139, 359n307 —Fifth New York Artillery, 151 —Seventh New York Artillery, 154 —Sixth New York Artillery, 169 —Fourteenth New York Artillery, 402n278 —First New York Light Artillery, 134, 137, 140 —New York Light Independent Artillery, 236 —Bookwood’s New York Battery, 123, 350n205 —Buffalo Battalion of Frontier Artillery, 268 —First New York Cavalry, 128, 359n307 —Second New York Cavalry, 128, 402n278 —Fifth New York Cavalry, 139 —Seventh New York Cavalry, 141 —Eighth New York Cavalry, 141 —Ninth New York Cavalry, 141 —Tenth New York Cavalry (Porter Guard), 89 —Eleventh New York Cavalry, 359n314 —Thirteenth New York Cavalry, 402n278 —Fifteenth New York Cavalry, 402n278 —Eighteenth Cavalry, 402n278 —Twenty-First New York Cavalry, 402n278 —Third Ira Harris Cavalry, 140

—First New York Engineers, 136, 136–37 —Fiftieth New York Engineers, 134 —Twentieth Regiment U.S. Colored Troops, 224, 253, 403n296, 415–16n30 —Twenty-Sixth Regiment U.S. Colored Troops, 250, 251 —Thirty-First Regiment U.S. Colored Troops, 251 —First Battalion, Invalid Corps, 226–27 —Tenth New York Veteran Reserve Corps, 259 —Third Regiment of the Empire Brigade, 169 —Fourth Regiment of the Empire Brigade, 169 —Third Regiment of the Metropolitan Brigade, 169 —First Corps New York, 274 —Tenth Army Corps, 221, 400 253 —First Corps d’Armee, 160 —Burnside’s Ninth Corps, 251 —Fire Zouaves, 133 —Rochester regiment, 163 —Scott Rifles, 358n295 —Varian’s Battery, 122–23 —Warren Fusiliers, 358n295 —Sixth Massachusetts, 107, 108 —Eighth Massachusetts, 108 —Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts, 241 —Fifty-Fifth Massachusetts, 198–99 Miller, Inspector Gen. Josiah T., 209, 215, 231, 255, 394n*165 Miller, Congressman Morris S., 216 Miller, Congressman Samuel F. (also Col.), *81, 174 Miller, Gov. Stephen (Minnesota), 284 USS Minnesota, 48, 150 Mitchel, Gen. Ormsby M., 167, 373–74n*134 Mobile Bay, battle of, 262 USS Mohican, 96 Monell, Claudius L., 247 USS Monitor, 79, 150 Monocacy, battle of, 259, 419n85 Monticello (steamer), 102 Mooney, Capt. James, 162 Moore, Col. Henry, 134, 355n*278 Morgan, Gov. Edwin D. (also Sen.) (New York), 62, *84–86 —1860: election, 98 —1861: calls for repeal of personal liberty and fugitive slave laws, 85, 99, 102; apprehensions about secession, 101, 104, 128; offering of support to W. Scott through Sandford in Washington, 101; seizure of arms bound for seceded states, 102–4; reaction to Fort Sumter attack and surrender, 106; deployment of militia to Washington, 107, 110, Index | 469

128, 353n240; notification to Cameron of militia deployments, 108, 109; offer to Cameron of New York regiments, 108; order to deploy Twenty-Fifth New York, 108; telegram sent to Union Square rally (April 20), 109; authority to organize all volunteer units, 110, 130, 131, 132, 137, 138; renegotiation of Brooks Brothers’ uniform contract after scandal, 110; dispatch of Schuyler as state agent to England to purchase arms and ammunition, 111, 342n114; notification from Cameron not to send further troops, 111; proclamation asking for twenty-one new regiments, pursuant to GO No. 17, 111; report to Cameron on mobilization, 111, 342n112; issue of divided command and confusion over troop quotas and contributions, complicated by involvement of private groups, 112–19, 128, 136, 140–41; request for authority to appoint general officers, 117, 118; informing of R. Campbell of instructions to lobby for general officer appointments, 118; appointment of Dix and Wadsworth to be major generals, 119–20; dispute over federal vs. state authority, 120, 143–44, 347n176; boasts to Cameron of troop contributions, 121; issuance of state GO No. 78, detailing organization of 25,000 volunteers to serve three-year enlistments, requirements for officer candidate examinations, and survivor benefits, 123, 125, 352n224; offer to Cameron of cannon, 123, 350n208; refusal to recruit colored regiments, 124; difficulties arming and supplying troops, 124–25; instructions from J. Leslie to supply artillery, 125; July instructions to furnish additional troops, 125; clarification from T. Scott of reimbursement to state of recruiting expenses, 125–26; notification to Cameron of status of new regiments, 126; accusations of mismanagement against Cameron, 127; request for mustering powers, 128; policy and estimated cost of recruiter bounties, 129; State GO No. 90, pay for recruiters, 129, 353n245; deployment of infantry to T. Sherman and Fort Monroe, 132–33, 134; request for unlimited recruiting authority, 134; shortage of arms, horses, and equipment, 134, 135, 136, 138; request to recruit additional 25,000 men beyond existing quota, 135; authority to recruit additional troops, 136; Cameron’s appointment of major-general volunteers, 136, 358n294; recruitment and deployment for Burnside expedition, 136–37, 358n295; creation of state military department, 138; fortification of coastal defenses, 138, 139, 140, 143; summary of troop 470 | Index

contributions, 138; appointment to command of Dept. of New York, 138–39; request for permission to increase recruiting quota, 139; War Department’s rescinding of state GO No. 1 requiring recruiting officers to report to governor, 140–41, 143; cessation of cavalry recruiting in favor of infantry, 141; request for authority to recruit 25,000 volunteers (Nov. 30), 142; request for authority to receive recruiting reports from federal officers, 143; legislative opening addresses and proclamations, 145, 146–47; dismissal of court-martial against Corcoran in Prince of Wales affair, 341n110 —1862: enumeration of troops in readiness, 151; problems with defiant regiments, 151–52, 368–69n35; request for War Department funding to meet Thomas’s call for troops, 153–54; request for arms and ammunition, 154; request to muster three-month militia regiments for First Winchester, 154; sending of reinforcements for First Winchester, 154; on use of three-months’ units after Banks emergency, 155; authorization of Spinola to raise regiment, 156; order of enrollment, pursuant to state Ch.477, 156; recommendations to Stanton for recruiting and incentives, 156; meeting with Seward to discuss request to Lincoln for increased enlistments to fill old regiments, 157, 370–71n72; recruiting service arrangements with Buckingham, 158–59; authorization to raise two artillery companies to garrison Staten Island, 159; naming of bipartisan citizen recruiting committees, 159; proclamation asking for volunteers to meet Lincoln’s July 1 call, 159; urging of Lincoln to provide a draft to fill old and complete new regiments, 159; notification to Stanton of intention not to accept less than threeyear enlistment terms, 161; promise to Lincoln to send new units in August, 161; reminder to Lincoln of governors’ loss of recruiting authority, 161; questioning of Stanton regarding capability of Washington Arsenal to supply state troops, 162; organization and recruiting of troops in response to July and August calls, 162–63; request for officers to be assigned to regiments filled in answer to July 1 call, 162–63; report of enrollment numbers to Stanton, 163; report on recruiting and deployments under Aug. 4 call, 165; request for Springfield rifled muskets, to be matched with Enfields from state armories, 165; request for War Dept. to house, supply, and pay troops deployed in response to Aug. call, 165; declaration of quotas filled and bounty

for three-year volunteers only, 166; request for permission to credit nine-month volunteers against state quota for Sept. draft, 168; absence from Altoona conference given as reason for not signing address, 169, 375n154; request for authorization to raise three-years’ regiment, 172; request for Stanton to revoke GO No. 154, 172, 378n177; addresses and proclamations for each legislative session, 175; resignation as major general, 175; call for public schools to offer military science instruction, 183; refusal to be considered for reelection, 375n157 —1863 (as Senator): election to U.S. Senate, 185, 382n15; introduction of consultants to Fry for raising volunteers against draft under Oct. 17 call, 223 —1864 (as Senator): appointment by Stanton to report on federal conscription program, 264 —1865: appointment to Hall of Military Record building commission, 299 Morgan, Gen. John Hunt, 198, 202 Morrill, Sen. Lot M. (Maine), 264 Morris, Congressman Daniel, *83, 174, 273 Morrison, Col. Andrew Jackson, 141, 361n*335 Morristown, 178 Morton Battery, 102 Mott, Col. Thaddeus P., 234, 359, 408–9n*358 Mozart Hall: history prior to 1860, 58; F. Wood and formation of, 90; state Democratic conventions at, 96, 103–4, 131, 168, 252, 267; denunciation of conscription, 186–87 Mullaly, John, 54, 191, 264–65, 386n58 Murphy, U.S. Consul Gen. William W., 184, 381–82n*12 Murray, U.S. Marshal Robert, 131, 133–34, 142, 355n274 Myers, Atty. Gen. Charles G. (New York), 111, 343n*129 the Narrows, 48, 210 Nash, John C., 149, 364n*2 National Soldiers’ Home, 302 National War Committee, 166, 373n128 National Zeitung, 127, 131, 132, 134, 356–57n284 Native Americans. See American Indians Nativism, 93–94 naval and marine recruits and credits: establishment of national recruiting stations and quotas, 253; appointment of War Dept. commission for determination of, 265; Blunt’s New York County muster rolls, 265, 267; New York County’s cumulative enlistments, 265; Stanton’s acceptance of commissioners’ report of naval credits, 267; state contribution, 267, 300, 431n2; effect of unequal

distribution under Dec. 19, 1864 call, 287; Fry’s accusation of fraudulent naval enlistments to fill quota under Dec. 19, 1864 call, 289–90 Nelson, Congressman Homer A., *77–78, 174 Newark, New Jersey, 235 New Battery, 142 New Jersey: common border, 48; population, 49; economy, 50, 51, 52; transportation, 53; recruits from, 137 New Orleans, Louisiana, 153 New York Adjutant General’s Office, 87–89. See also Hillhouse, Adj. Gen. Thomas, III; Irvine, Adj. Gen. William; New York General Orders; Read, Adj. Gen. J. Meredith, Jr.; Sprague, Adj. Gen. John T. New York Associated Press, 256–57 New York Bar, 110 New York Chamber of Commerce, 101, 107–8, 122, 350n197 New York City (NYC): vulnerability to invasion, 47–48; population density compared to upstate, 50; port activity, 54; wards, 60; mayors, 89–91 —1860: election, 98; Wall Street financial crisis, 98; Metropolitan Police strength, 100 —1861: Lincoln’s visit to, 104–5, 333n50; family aid, 110, 148; issuance of “Union Defence Fund Bonds,” 110 —1862: family aid, 156, 175, 182–83; Common Council’s repudiation of resolution endorsing emancipation, 167; passage of Common Council ordinance promoting recruitment, 167 —1863: abuse allegations against Metropolitan Police Commissioners, 183–84, 380n1, 381n4; longshoremen’s strike, 193, 388n78; militia deployed to Gettysburg, 198; rendezvous for drafted men (July), 198; Common Council’s appropriation for commutation fees, 201, 215, 235, 396n209; dispute over draft quotas and credits, 206; beginning of Aug. 19 draft, 209, 212; Seymour’s attempts to delay draft, 209; anti-riot measures in final days before Aug. 19 draft, 211–12; Common Council resolution requesting Seymour prohibit illegal bounties for draft substitutes for other states, 213, 396n197; Board of Aldermen’s meeting during Draft Riots, 227 —1864: inauguration of Gunther, 250; causes of defective enrollment, 251; Dix’s request to recruit artillery to garrison city and harbor before Sept. 5 draft, 260–61; enrollment quota averages, 261–62; Seymour’s dispute over enrollment accuracy, Index | 471

265, 421n127; Common Council’s resolution to illuminate public buildings in honor of victories, 266; naval and marine enlistments from, 267; Headley’s Confederate plot to burn hotels in, 270, 272–74, 423n167, 424n176, 424n182, 424n192, 424n196; fears of Confederate raids against, 271, 424n176; Butler’s deployment of troops on steamers around, 272, 424n185 —1865: R. Kennedy’s trial and sentencing for part in Headley plot, 285, 292, 428–29nn66–67; Fry’s upwards revision of city’s quota under Dec. 19, 1864 call and subsequent protest, 285–87; recruitment under Dec. 19, 1864 call, 290–91; merchants’ petition to Stanton to postpone draft, 291–92, 428n63; Fry’s agreement to suspend Mar. 17 draft, 292; Common Council’s dispute with Acton over blacks’ participation in Lincoln’s funeral procession, 293; mayoral elections, 295; NY State legislature Ch.17: confirmation of New York County bond issue for bounties, 296; NY State legislature Ch.84: provision of parade ground for First Division, 297; NY State legislature Ch.656: provision for statue of Lincoln in Central Park, 299. See also Draft Riots; enrollment, draft, and conscription New York Daily News: B. Wood as editor, 63, 64; charge of encouraging rebellion, 127; suppression of distribution, 129, 130, 354n255; arrest of J. Wall, 131; closure of, 133; reopening of, 191; illegal publishing of personal messages from Southerners, 285, 427n16 New York Express, 256 New York General Orders —1861: GO No. 13, instructions for organizing and equipping militia for deployment, 108; GO No. 13, organization of militia, 108, 110; GO No. 17, for the organization of twenty-one new regiments, 111; GO No. 78, organization of 25,000 volunteers to serve three-year enlistments, requirements for officer candidate examinations, and survivor benefits, 123, 125, 352n224; GO No. 78 authorization of $100 payment to heirs of soldiers killed in service, pursuant to U.S. Ch.9, 125; GO No. 90, pay for recruiters, 129, 353n245; GO No. 1, requirement for recruiting officers to report to governor; rescinded by U.S. War Department, 140–41, 143 —1862: GO No. 31, facilitation of enlistments, 154; GO No. 52, establishment of regimental camps, 159, 371n77, 371n83; GO No. 59, establishment of procedures for processing recruits, 160; GO No. 67, 472 | Index

adoption of rules of War Dept. GO No. 99 rules and beginning new enrollment, 163; GO No. 79, rules for Nov. 10 draft, 171–72, 173, 376n167; GO No. 324, ordering of checks of voters for alien status, 173 —1863: GO No. 15, extension of furloughs of soldiers on leave until Nov. 15, 219, 398n238; GO No. 1, appointment of Canby commander of troops in NYC and harbor during Draft Riots, 239; GO No. 2, notification of commanders of peaceful intent of meeting at Hughes’ home during Draft Riots, 239, 411n403 —1864: GO No. 9, on filling NYNG under July 5 call for 100-day men, 259; GO No. 6, exemption of 100-day volunteers from Sept. draft, 260; GO No. 2, call for restraint in guarding of state elections, 270, 423n168; GOs No. 1 and 12, proclamations of presence of troops to safeguard against rebel electoral interference, 272 New York Harbor: fort system in, 48, 102, 122, 329n12, 350n197; the Narrows, 48, 210; Totten’s assessment of fortifications in, 142; Willet’s Point fort, 142; Arthur’s tour of, 151; preparations following Battle of Hampton Roads, 151; garrisoning of, 168–69, 255, 258; leasing of steamer Thomas P. Way as hospital ship, 175; Seymour’s proposed training regimen for, 186; unmanning of guns due to troops sent to Pennsylvania under June 15, 1863 call, 197; state Board of Engineers report on improving fortifications in, 210; drawing on garrison troops for riot control, 227, 235; Butler’s temporary command of troops in, 271; deployment of troops on steamers in (Nov. 1864), 272, 424n185 New York Herald, 106, 256, 334–35n65 New York National Guard. See New York State Militia New York State legislature: Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery (1799), 55; legislative structure and elected officials, 56–57 —1860: personal liberty laws, 99–100 —1861: convening of, 100; Concurrent Resolution: denunciation of seizure of federal property by Southern states as treason, 101, 145–46; Concurrent Resolution: offer of financial and military aid to Federal Government, 101, 145–46; transmission by Morgan of resolutions issued by states regarding secession and constitutional accommodations for South, 102–4, 105, 334n60; approval of peace commissioners, 103; Ch.292, “Military Bill” appropriating $500,000 to militia

for arms and equipment, 104, 106, 147–48; Ch.277, authorization to organize, pay and arm additional militia; granting of commissioning authority to the governor; appropriations and taxes for the purpose, 106, 147; Ch.277, authorization the embodying and equipment of a Volunteer Militia; appropriations and taxes for the purpose, 107, 335n70; Morgan’s addresses and proclamations for each session, 143, 146–47; Ch.18, pledge of money for federal bonds, 146; Concurrent Resolution: appointment of commissioners to meet with other state commissioners, 146; Concurrent Resolution: invitation to Lincoln to travel through New York en route to inauguration, 146; Concurrent Resolution: thanks to Gov. Hicks of Maryland for refusal to sanction secession, 146 —1862: convening of, 149; provision of $5 million for harbor and frontier defense, 151; adjournment of, 153; Ch.477, militia reform bill, 153, 179–81, 379nn218–28; Morgan’s address to, 175; State Assembly elections, 175; Ch.1, authorization of and bond issue for family aid for Kings County, 176; Ch.2, legalization of NYC defense and family aid appropriation ordinances, 176; Ch.5, authorization of $4,500 property tax levy by Ulster County’s board of Supervisors to defray costs for Twentieth Regiment, 176; Ch.12, amendment stipulating land as being ceded for fortifications adjacent to Forts Hamilton and Tompkins, 176; Concurrent Resolution: requesting support from U.S. congressional delegation for a measure to allow states to make payments in accordance with their own laws, 176; Ch.21, provision for distribution of soldiers’ allotments, 176–77; Ch.25, authorization to borrow up to $350,000 for payment of volunteers, 177, 379n205; Ch.31, authorization of Tioga County to levy a property tax of $6,500 for recruiting and family aid, 177; Ch.50, authorization to German Flats to raise $1,000 in taxes to refund family aid advance, 177; Ch.185, provision for payment of Union Defence Bonds, 177; Ch.192, appropriation for payment of state’s obligation under the direct tax, and appropriation of $1,250,000 to redeem bonds, 177–78; Ch.204, creation of volunteer aid committee in Morristown, 178; Ch.234: provision for repayment of expenditures for equipping Twentieth New York, 178; Ch.362: authorization of Orleans County to levy $10,000 in taxes for family aid, 178; Ch.420: incorporation of Union

Home and School, 178, 379n214; Chs.397 and 409: authorization to pay claims incurred in raising troops, 178, 379n213; Ch.421: appropriation of $50,000 for reimbursement of militia for personal property lost or destroyed on active service, 178–79; Ch.456: authorization of property tax increase, 179; Ch.456: authorization of property tax increase to pay direct tax, 179; Ch.471: authorization of officers to administer oaths and affirmations of volunteers, 179 —1863: convening of, 184; Resolution: payment of interest in coin to foreign bondholders only, 187; senate request for accounting from Seymour of $30,000 appropriation for casualty care, 187; Ch.13: authorization for Putnam County to raise taxes to pay bounties on federal volunteers, 242; Ch.14: appropriation for payment of bounties, 242; Concurrent Resolution: establishment of hospital for soldiers, 242; Concurrent Resolution: to give aid to allotment commissioners, 242; Seymour’s address to, 242; Chs.15 and 16: authorization of taxes for state reimbursement of bounties and family aid, 242–43; Ch.19: confirmation of Erie County’s financing of bounties, 243; Ch.25: authorization of NYC bond issue for bounties and family aid, 243–44; Ch.26: legalization of NYC ordinances, 244; Ch.65: authorization for Syracuse family aid bond issue, 244; Ch.113: explanation of duties of Bureau of Military Statistics, 244; Ch.135: appropriations for uniforms, equipment, and pay, 244; Ch.170: authorization for Batavia bond issue for bounties, 244; Ch.184: establishment of reenlistment bounties, 244–45; Ch.212: amendment of 1853 act, to include exemptions for active-duty military from service of process, 245; Ch.222: provision of arms and equipment for militia, 245; Ch.223: incorporation of “The Soldiers’ Home,” 245; Ch.224: authorization of state agents to provide for sick and wounded soldiers, 245–46, 413–14n443; Ch.239: appropriations for coastal defense, 246; Concurrent Resolution: claiming of entitlement to credit for three-years’ men furnished under 1862 calls and requesting of equalization of quotas, 246; Concurrent Resolution: proposal of amendment to state constitution to allow absentee voting, 246, 414n445; Ch.393: authorization of taxes for payment of bounties and family aid, 246–47; Ch.425: amendments to Ch.477 (1862), making immigrants eligible for draft, clarifying exemptions, requiring service of notice in person, Index | 473

setting commutation fees, and exempting militia from Sept. muster, 247; Ch.428: release of officers of Thirty-Seventh New York from liability for theft of muskets, 247, 414n451; Ch.514: creation of family aid boards, 247 —1864: convening of, 250, 275; adjournment of, 255; Ch.253: prohibitions against improperly influencing enlisted electors’ votes, 268, 279–80, 425–26n228; Resolutions: enfranchisement of soldiers, 275; Seymour’s address to, 275; Ch.2: prohibition of out-of-state poaching of recruits, 275–76; Ch.7: New York County payment of riot damages and bounties, 276, 425n214; Ch.8: authorization for taxes and bond issues for bounties and family aid, 276–77, 425n215; Ch.9: enfranchisement of soldiers, 277; Concurrent Resolution: authorization to comptroller to borrow money for bounties, 277–78, 425n217; Ch.30: authorization for Syracuse to borrow $20,000 for family aid, 278; Ch.36: authorization for Putnam County to raise taxes to pay draft substitutes, 278; Ch.50: ratification of Stockbridge’s resolution to raise taxes to pay bounties, 278; Concurrent Resolution: authorization to Chief of Bureau of Military Statistics to send flags and trophies to Sanitary Commission’s Metropolitan Fair, 278; Concurrent Resolution: authorization to spend up to $25,000 for care of veterans and volunteers, 278; Ch.51: duties of Bureau of Military Statistics, 278–79; Ch.131: relief from auction duties all proceeds for benefit of U.S. Sanitary Commission, 279; Ch.182: financing of bounties, 279; Concurrent Resolution: authorization to governor to borrow money for bounties, 279; Resolutions: in relation to bounties, 279; Ch.334: amendment to 1862 militia reform bill, 280; Ch.347: appropriations for military expenses, 280; Ch.391: prohibition of enlistment scams, 280–81; Ch.392: appropriations for cemeteries for those killed at Gettysburg and Antietam, 281; Ch.399: authorization of taxes for general fund, bounties, schools, and state debt, 281; Ch.401: appropriations for public and charitable institutions, 281; Chs.404 and 405: empowerment of New York County to raise taxes to pay bond interest, 281; Ch.553: authorization of commissioners of United States Loan Fund to invest in New York county bounty payment bonds, 281–82; Ch.578: judicial rights and privileges of soldiers and sailors, 282 474 | Index

—1865: convening of, 284; assembly resolution noting quota increase, 286; ratification of 13th Amendment, 287; Ch.29: 289; adjournment of, 294; Ch.1: authorization to Syracuse for bond issue for family aid, 295; Ch.3: incorporation of Home for Disabled Soldiers, 295; Concurrent Resolutions: proposal of amendment to U.S. Constitution abolishing slavery, 295; Fenton’s address to, 295; Ch.14: confirmation of Dutchess County bond issue for bounties, 295–96; Ch.17: confirmation of New York County bond issue for bounties, 296; Ch.29: authorization of state bounties under Dec. 19, 1864 or future calls and prohibition of local bounties under same calls, 296–97, 430–31nn107–110; Ch.56: authorization of taxes and bond issue for bounties, 297; Ch.84: provision of parade ground, 297; Ch.177: authorization of Franklinville tax for bounties, 297; Ch.258: authorization of Allegany County to audit claim for reimbursement of bounties paid by West Almond town supervisor, 297; Ch.351: appropriations for military spending, 297; Concurrent Resolution: ratification of Thirteenth Amendment, 297; Ch.535: incorporation of Soldier-Messenger Corps, 297–98; Ch.552: ratification of Thirteenth Amendment, 298; Ch.601: authorization of payment of bounty to John F. Curtis, 298; Concurrent Resolution: authorization of Albany to erect statue of Lincoln in Capitol park, 298; Concurrent Resolution: presentation of battle flags to state, 298; Ch.641: appropriations for public and charitable institutions, 298–99; Ch.656: provision for statue of Lincoln in Central Park, 299; Ch.690: organization of Bureau of Military Record, 299; Ch.744: provision for creation of Hall of Military Record, 299 New York State Militia (later National Guard): coastal defense during War of 1812, 48; regulation of, 57; adjutants general, 87–89; strength, 100; supplies inventory, 100; Brooks Brothers uniform scandal, 110; 1861 summary of activities, 148; arsenals, 162, 231, 234, 254; 1862 summary of activities, 182; suspension of fines for non-attendance at parades, 248; 1863 summary of activities, 248–49; 1864 summary of activities, 282–83; wartime total enlistments, 300–301; militia supplies inventory, 328n44. See also coastal defense; frontier defense; military units; New York State Legislature New York State Soldiers’ Depot, 190, 249, 283, 302 New York Sun, 257

New York Times, 63, 153 New York Tribune, 229, 256, 289 Niagara, 269 Niagara River, 48, 270 Nineveh, 129 Norfolk, Virginia, 153 Noyes, Commissioner William Curtis, 103, 146, 222, 330–31n*26 Nugent, Col. Robert (AAPMG), 385–86n*44; appointment to superintend draft in NYC, 188; on first meeting with Seymour, 190; arrest of men for giving false names to enrolling officers, 192; report on enrollment (June 15, 1863 call), 194, 196; orders for Ninth District draft, 198; decision to resume draft on ruins of Ninth District office, 199; inability to comply with ten-day notice due to lack of military escorts, 200; notification to Fry of further state attempts to reduce draft quotas, 212; interview with Seymour on quota dispute and possible new enrollment, 218, 397n232; relief of, 219, 398n237; handling of Draft Riots, 227, 228, 229, 230, 235, 237; destruction of home during Draft Riots, 230, 409n364; report on preparation to resume draft after riots, 241 Odell, Congressman Moses F., *63, 76, 97, 174 Ogdensburg, 128, 145, 220–21, 269, 399n250 O’Gorman, Richard, 109, 340n*93 Olden, Gov. Charles (New Jersey), 137, 160, 169 Olin, Congressman Abram B., *66–67, 97 Olmstead, Frederick Law, 121, 348n*183 Olustee, Florida, battle of, 252 Opdyke, Mayor George (New York City), *90–91 —1861: questions about special agency appointment, 111; election, 142; lobbying for federal reimbursement of family aid expenditure, 148; veto of Board of Aldermen’s resolution opposing emancipation, 170 —1862: presence at Herald Square gathering, 160; delivering of keynote address at Aug. National War Committee rally, 166, 373n128; issuance of proclamation to close city businesses at 3:00 pm for volunteering and military drill, 166; request for permission for recruiting corps of 50,000, 167; garrisoning of New York Harbor against possible ironclad invasion, 168–69 —1863: enumeration of city’s financial and manpower contributions to war effort, 184; presence at Fort Sumter commemoration, 188; veto of Common Council appropriation of $2.5 million to pay

commutation fees, 201; agreement to begin draft on August 17, 209; request for First Division for anti-draft riot control (Aug.), 211; signing of appropriation $2 million to pay commutation fees, 215; handling of Draft Riots, 227, 231, 232, 234, 235, 238; home as target of Draft Riots, 228, 230, 232; proclamation of dispersal of Draft Riots, 239–40 —1864: hosting of meeting to discuss replacement of Lincoln as presidential nominee, 265 O’Reilly, Henry, 222, 400–401n*263 Osborn, John A., 193, 194 Oswego: Fort Ontario, 48, 102, 142, 145; depot, 128; mayor’s anxiety about violent draft resistance, 201; Aug. 4, 1863 draft, 204, 206; reports of bribery of Enrollment Board, 214; fears of St. Albans-style attack from Canada, 269 Palmer, Col. George W., 285, 426–27n*10 Palmer, Joseph L., Jr., 151, 368n33 Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, 111 Parker, Amasa, 191 Patrick, Brig. Gen. Marsena, 109, 149 Patterson, Maj. Gen. Robert, 120 Paulding, Rear Adm. Hiram, 227, 230, 232, 404n*303, 405n305 Peck, Maj. Gen. John J., 255, 266, 272, 416n*46 Pelouze, Asst. Adj. Gen. Louis H., 259, 418n*81 Pendleton, George Hunt, 272 Peninsula Campaign, 151, 371n89, 372n92 Pennsylvania: common border, 48; population, 49; economy, 50–51, 52–53; media, 54; transportation, 54 Peoples’ Party, 132 Perit, Pelitiah, 107, 335–36n*79 Perry, Col. James H., 134, 355–56n*279 personal liberty law, 56, 99–100, 105, 328n40 Petersburg, Virginia, 257 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 195 Philo Parsons (steamer), 268, 422n151 Pierpont, Gov. F. H. (West Virginia), 168 piracy, 121, 387n64 Plattsburg, 129, 240, 269 Polhemus, John, 105 political parties: Free Soil Democrats, 58; Whigs, 58; Fusionists, 63; Know-Nothings, 71, 89–90, 93; Constitutional Union, 96, 97, 167–68, 216; Peoples’ Party, 132; Union Party, 132, 170, 216, 257, Index | 475

267, 359n321; publication of pamphlets by, 185; Union Central Committee, 250; State Committee of War Democrats, 257. See also Democratic Party; Republican Party Pomeroy, Congressman Theodore M., *71, 83, 98, 157, 174, 273 Porter, Fitz-John, 185 Port Hudson, 198 Port Jervis, 48 Portland Harbor, Maine, 197 Potsdam depot, 129 Poughkeepsie, 198, 294–95, 379n206, 390n104, 413n431 prisoners of war (POWs): treatment and implications of privateering trials, 121; capture of Corcoran and Ely at First Bull Run, 123; wages paid to by War Department, 138; War Dept. GO No. 90, arrangement to pay families of POWs, 138; 1861 summary, 148; capture of Gen. J. Morgan (CSA) in Ohio, 202; War Dept. GO No. 315, suspension of habeas corpus in arrests of POWs, spies, troops or deserters, 217; Johnson’s Island camp, 220–23, 399–400n250; money sent for support, 249; capture of W. Seward, Jr. and Tyler, 259; thwarting of Beall’s plan to free Confederate POWs, 274; War Dept. Circular No. 28, family aid suspension due to exchange of prisoners, 290; War Dept. GO No. 77, discharging of all POWs, 293–94 privateering, 121, 387n64 private relief efforts: Women’s Central Relief Association, 111, 343n126; Advisory Committee of the Boards of Physicians and Surgeons of the Hospitals of New York, 116; New York Medical Association for furnishing Hospital Supplies in Aid of the Army, 116; U.S. Christian Commission, 120, 140, 302–3, 432n22; Union Home and School, 178, 298; Orphan Asylum for Colored Children, 228, 281, 298, 405–6n310; Home for Disabled Soldiers, 295; Ladies’ Soldiers’ Aid Society of Ithaca, 298; Society for the Relief of Destitute Children and Seamen in Richmond County, 298; Soldiers’ Home and Ladies’ Relief Association of Elmira, 299; wartime summary, 302–3, 432n22. See also state agents/ agencies and private aid; Union Defence Committee (UDC) Protestant Episcopal Church, 263–64 Pruyn, Congressman John Van Schaick Lansing, *78–79, 220 Puffer, A. F., 274 476 | Index

Purdy, Elijah F., 103, 330n*20 Putnam, Capt. Henry R., 236, 240, 409n*374 Quakers (Society of Friends), 186 Quantrill, William Clarke, 214 Queen’s County Board of Supervisors, 284–85, 426n9 quotas, calls, and deployments —1861: May 3 call for 42,034 three-year volunteers, 112–13; divided command issue and confusion over quotas, 112–20, 129–30, 135–36, 353n249; state share of Congress’ Ch.9, 500,000-man call, 123; request for troops for Sherman Expedition, 130; Morgan’s request to recruit additional 25,000 men beyond existing quota, 135; reorganization of militia, 143; summary, 148, 363n366–67 —1862: Stanton’s report to U.S. Congress of militia strength and state troop contributions, 150; mobilization disruption due to snow, 151; call for and sending of reinforcements for First Winchester, 154; Stanton’s call for reinforcements at First Winchester, 154; May 26 deployments to date, 155; May 30 call for 50,000 three-year recruits, 155; Stanton’s request for volunteer cavalry, 155; increase in federal need for troops (June), 156; state’s deployments, May 25 through June 6, 156; summary of deployments in response to Banks emergency, 156; governors’ request to Lincoln for increased enlistments to fill old regiments, 157, 370n72; June 30 draft circular calling for 150,000 troops, 157; July 1 call for 300,000 from Lincoln, 158; state total in service as of June 30, 158; Aug. 4 call for 300,000 nine-months’ men from Lincoln, 161; Buckingham’s notification to governors that troop call must be for three years and not shorter duration, 161; state’s share of Lincoln’s Aug. 4 call for 300,000 nine-months’ men, 161, 372n100; total contribution as of August, 161; Morgan’s organization and recruiting of troops in response to July and August calls, 162–63; Aug. deployments to Washington, 163; Morgan’s request for excess three-year July volunteers to count against ninemonth August quota, 163; deployments under July and Aug. calls, 163–64; Strong’s Sept. 22 report on state units, 169; issuance of Republican-Union Party call, 170; Morgan’s Sept. 27 report of deployments, 170; Morgan’s Oct. 13 report of deployments, 171; Morgan’s Sept. deployment report to Stanton contradicted by Strong, 171, 376n162; Morgan’s report of state troops furnished since July call, 172,

377n175; summary, 182, 380n230; state’s exceeding of quota by 29,000, 376n162 —1863: state deficiencies and Fry’s plan to fill quotas, 189–90; impact of desertion on state contribution numbers, 190; June 15 call for 100,000 six-months’ troops to counter Lee’s advance, 194–95; summary of deployments under June 15 call, 196; Canby’s inability to respond to Townsend’s July 17 call due to Draft Riots, 200; state dispute with War Dept. over accuracy of enrollment and quotas, 202, 205, 207–12, 218, 391n134, 393–94n156–158, 393n157, 394n172, 397n232; Dix’s request for Seymour’s correspondence and records in order to publicize bad conduct during quota dispute, 216; Oct. 17 call for 300,000 men to replace Gettysburg losses, 218; Fry’s notification to Seymour of state quota under Oct. 17 call, 219; Seymour’s proclamation calling for volunteers to prevent draft under Oct. 17 call for 300,000 men, 219; Oct. 31 War Dept. report of state recruiting numbers, 220; bounties under Oct. 17 call, 221; state’s share under Oct. 17 call, 221; formation of New York Association for Colored Volunteers, 222, 400n262; permission to raise colored troops, 222; Morgan’s introduction of consultants to Fry for raising volunteers against draft under Oct. 17 call, 223; Fry on town-based quota fulfillment policy implementation, 223–24, 225; appointment of commission to review state quotas and alleged inequalities, 224, 225; Seymour’s issuance of circular urging volunteers against draft under Oct. 17 call, 224; NY State legislature Concurrent Resolution: claiming of entitlement to credit for three-years’ men furnished under 1862 calls and requesting of equalization of quotas, 246; differing surplus calculations of Sprague and War Dept., 248, 414n458 —1864: Fry’s report to Stanton of enlistments under Oct. 17, 1863 call, 250; Feb. 1 call for 500,000 three-year men, 251; state’s share of Feb. 1 call, 251; recommendations by investigative commission for new quotas to amend defective enrollment, 251–52, 415n17; Lincoln’s orders for limited changes to enrollment quotas in response to investigative commission’s report, 252; establishment of naval quotas, 253; March 14 call for 200,000 men, 253; spurious May 18 call for 400,000 men, 255–57, 416nn51–53; July 5 call for 100-days’ men, 258–59; Seymour’s July 7 call for increase in state militia, 259; deployment of state troops to Baltimore after

battle of Monocacy, 259–60; July 18 call for 500,000 men for one-, two-, or three-year terms, 260; Fry’s authorization to Seymour to raise 100 companies under July 18 call, 261; Dec. 19 call for 300,000 one-, two-, and three-year volunteers, 274–75; Fry on calculating quotas for Dec. 19 call, 275; summary, 282–83 —1865: Fry’s issuance of Circular No. 1, declaring that Dec. 19, 1864 quotas must stand and previous surpluses will not count and subsequent gubernatorial protest, 284; state’s share of draft, 284, 426n4; Queen’s County’s dispute with Fry over share of state’s draft quota and term weighting, 284–85, 426n9; dispute over accuracy of enrollment and quotas, 284–90; state’s quota under Dec. 19, 1864 call, 285; Fry’s upwards revision of NYC’s quota under Dec. 19, 1864 call and subsequent protest, 285–87, 427n17; Lincoln’s orders for deferral of 25 percent of state’s quota under Dec. 19, 1864 call, 287; reports on NYC recruitment under Dec. 19, 1864 call, 290–91. See also military units; naval and marine recruits and credits Radford, Congressman William, *77, 174, 273 Raefle, John B., 127 railroads, 49, 118, 162, 231, 232 Ramsey, Silas, 214, 396n*201 Randall, Maj. Gen. Nelson, 201 Rathbone, Brig. Gen. John F., 125, 352n*222 Raymond, Henry J., 54, 109, 339n*91 Raymond, Congressman Henry T., 272 Read, Adj. Gen. J. Meredith, Jr., *87–88; appointment of, 100; appointment of commission to prepare militia instruction, 105; divided command and confusion over troop quotas and contributions, 114, 117, 118; enumeration of troops in readiness, 118; ammunition shortage complaints, 121; report of New York units mustered into service, 122; resignation of, 127 recruiting, manpower, and casualty data: total casualties, 300–301, 432nn9–10; wartime summary, 300–301, 431n7; education level of volunteers, 301; nativities of volunteers, 301; occupation of volunteers, 301 —1860: Metropolitan Police force strength, 100; New York State Militia enrollment numbers, 100 —1861: divided command and confusion over troop quotas and contributions, 112–20, 129–30, 135–36, 353n249; caring for casualties, 116, 117; requirements for officer appointments, 117; Index | 477

summaries, 121, 122, 129, 148; Cameron’s pause in recruiting due to exhaustion of authority, 122; issuance of state GO No. 78, detailing organization of 25,000 volunteers to serve three-year enlistments, requirements for officer candidate examinations, and survivor benefits, 125, 352n224; satellite depots, 125, 128–29, 353n244; clarification from T. Scott to Morgan of reimbursement to state of recruiting expenses, 125–26; Blenker’s frustrations over fragmented direction of recruitment process, 126–27, 129; accusations of federal mismanagement and disorganization, 127; issuance of state GO No. 90, pay for recruiters, 129, 353n245; skeleton regiments and competition for recruits, 129, 130; issuance of GO No. 71, granting Morgan authority to organize and prepare troops for service, and commission officers, 131; Burnside’s report on amphibious unit, 135; impact of seasons on recruiting efforts, 135; recruiting for Burnside expedition, 136–37, 358n295; October summary of troop contributions, 138; Scott’s closure of sharpshooter camp, 138; Morgan’s request for permission to increase recruiting quota, 139; request from T. Scott to reorganize cavalry troops as infantry, 140; War Dept. establishment of tracking system for state troop contributions, 140; War Department’s rescinding of state GO No. 1 requiring recruiting officers to report to governor, 140–41; cessation of cavalry recruiting in favor of infantry, 141, 143; Scott’s instructions to cease organization of new regiments, 141; annual report of the War Department, including estimated strength of the Army, 142; Morgan’s Nov. 30 request for authority to recruit 25,000 volunteers, 142; Sprague’s appointment as U.S. superintendent of recruiting for New York, 143; War Dept. GO No. 105, establishment of federal control over recruitment for existing regiments, and halting of cavalry recruitment, 143; Morgan’s objections to Section II of GO No. 105, the transference of enlistments to regular Army, 143–44; Cameron’s refusal to rescind GO No. 105, ending state recruiting, 144, 363n354 —1862: state-federal conflict over recruiting authority, 149, 364n7; March enumeration of troops in readiness, 152; War Dept. GO No. 33, cessation of federal volunteer recruiting service, 152; caring for casualties, 153, 159, 175, 182, 369n44; reversal of April 3 recruiting suspension, 153; seasons’ impact on recruiting, 153, 371n77; War Dept. GO 478 | Index

No. 49, resuming of recruiting by governors, but based on field commanders’ needs, 153; Morgan’s recommendations to Stanton for recruiting and incentives, 156; Thomas’s request for more troops in light of shortages due to casualties, 156; Barney’s request to form brigade of Catholics, 157; state total recruitments as of July 1, 158, 371n77; casualties as driving force in calls for more troops by Lincoln, 159; Morgan’s naming of bipartisan citizen recruiting committees, 159; McClellan’s instructions to Morgan on recruiting, including three-year enlistments and the problem of cowardice among officers, 159–60, 371n89; issuance of GO No. 59, establishing procedures for processing recruits, 160; Thomas’s authorization of J. Brown to recruit infantry brigade from New York and New Jersey, 160; state’s response to July and August calls, 163; deployment of thirty surgeons to treat Second Bull Run casualties, 166; passage of NYC Common Council ordinance promoting recruitment, 167; Stanton’s continued confirmation of governor’s sole recruiting authority, 167, 374n136; War Dept.’s continuation of recruiting for old regiments and payment of bounties, 167; need for consolidation of NYC regiments, 169; War Dept. Sept. 17 report on state’s contribution to military, 169; issuance of GO No. 154, allowing Regular Army recruiting of state volunteers, 171; NY State legislature Chs.397 and 409: authorization to pay claims incurred in raising troops, 178, 379n213 —1863: Murphy’s offer of German soldiers, 184; caring for casualties, 187, 199, 242, 245–46, 385n34, 413–14n443; opening of New-York State Soldiers’ Depot, 190; poaching by out-of-state recruiters, 209, 213, 215, 222, 396n197; Fry’s instructions for bounties and preference for recruiting of veterans, 217; appointment of recruiting committees by Seymour, 218; SO No. 462, assignment of Spinola to recruiting service in Brooklyn, 218; finder’s fees for filling Oct. 17 call, 220; Fry’s permission for governors to summon officers from field for recruiting detail for filling Oct. 17 call, 220, 399n245; temporary placement of recruiting authority in state hands for filling Oct. 17 call, 220; authorization to Seymour to raise new companies to be sent to old regiments under Oct. 17 call, 224; War Dept. authorization to raise colored regiment, 224 —1864: Fry’s crediting of locations for recruits and re-enlistments, 250; Gen. Hancock’s assignment to

recruiting duty, 250; poaching by out-of-state recruiters forbidden, 254, 263, 275–76; authorization for 100-day troops, 254–55; congressional repeal of commutation, 258, 417–18n73; Seymour’s push for NYNG volunteers, 260; suspension of 100-day musters, 260; Dix’s request to recruit artillery to garrison NYC and harbor, 260–61; War Dept.’s raising of First Corps, 274; order for recruiting only for infantry service, 275; NY State legislature Ch.391: prohibition of enlistment scams, 280–81; caring for casualties, 281; NY State legislature Ch.392: appropriations for cemeteries for those killed at Gettysburg and Antietam, 281; seasons’ impact on volunteering, 426n245 —1865: Stanton’s urging of Fenton to hasten recruiting after Sherman’s victories in South Carolina, 290; reports on NYC recruitment under Dec. 19, 1864 call, 290–91; arrest of Haddock for recruiting abuses, 292; Fry’s ending of recruiting, 292–93, 294; caring for casualties, 295. See also bounties; enlistments; naval and marine recruits and credits; prisoners of war (POWs); United States General Hospitals; United States Sanitary Commission Reeves, Henry A., 130, 354n253 Reid, Lt. (commander of Invalid Corps company during Draft Riots), 226 Representative Recruits (Circular 25), 258 Republican Party: internal factionalization of, 57–58; overcoming Nativism to mobilize immigrant population, 93–94; 1860 state convention, 95–96; 1860 elections, 97–98; request to Democratic Party to form Union ticket, 126; 1861 state convention, 132; fusion with Peoples’ party to form Union Party, 132, 170, 359n321; 1862 state convention, 170, 375n157; endorsement of Emancipation Proclamation, 170; 1862 elections, 173–75; formation of Loyal Publication Society, 185; 1864 state convention, 252; petition to postpone 1864 national convention, 253, 416n34; 1864 national convention, 257; radical members’ opposition to Lincoln’s re-nomination, 265, 268, 422n154; 1865 state convention, 294 Republican Watchman, 130, 354n253 Revolutionary War, 47 Richard (brig), 263 Richardson, Capt. Joseph P., 238, 410n*392 Richmond, Dean, 58, 59, 126, 352–53n*231 Richmond, Virginia, 154, 292 Richmond Examiner, 427n16

Riker’s Island depot, 198, 224 Ripley, Brig. Gen. James W., 118, 124, 155 Roanoke (ironclad), 197 Robinson, Gov. James (Kentucky), 169–70 Robinson, State Comptroller Lucius, 151, 367–68n*27 Rochester, 128, 145, 149, 202–3, 204, 206, 269, 293 Roman Catholics, 59–60, 138, 157, 237 Roome, Charles, 247 Roosevelt, U.S. Dist. Atty. James I., 102, 329–30n*16 Roosevelt, Theodore, Sr., 242, 412–13n*424 Root, Capt. C. P., 203 Rose, Capt. Edwin, 204 Rotch, Francis M., 153, 369n*46 Rouse’s Point, 48, 102, 142, 145, 269 Ruggles, Col. George G. (AAG), 122 Russell, Adj. Gen. A. L. (Pennsylvania), 161 Sackett’s Harbor, 48, 129, 145, 263, 269 Salisbury, 379n207 Sandford, Maj. Gen. Charles W., 329n*7; offer of state militia to garrison New York Harbor and for defense of Washington, D.C., 101; appointment to troop training commission, 105; request for 3,000 men to garrison New York Harbor, 169; report of deployments under June 15, 1863 call, 196, 389n89; request for confirmation of federal muster of troops sent under June 15, 1863 call, 196; anti-riot measures in final days before Aug. 19, 1863 draft, 211; request to excuse militia troops from service for NYC draft, 214; handling of Draft Riots, 227, 229–30, 237; ordering of troops to Baltimore, 260; request for Stanton to accept undersized regiments, 260; dispute over draft exemption for 100-day volunteers, 260–61, 419nn96–97; fears of riots prior to Sept. 5, 1864 draft, 266 Sandy Hook, 142, 263, 362n344 Sanford, Edward S., 405n*307; Draft Riot situation reports, 227, 229, 231, 235, 236, 239; estimate of size of Draft Riot mob at Ninth District office, 228; warning on draft enforcement impact on rest of state, 232; recommendation for anti-riot troops to circumvent Jersey City and Newark on route to NYC, 235 Sanitary Commission. See United States Sanitary Commission Sarah Boyce (brig), 263 Saratoga, 128, 208, 263 Saunders, Franklin T., 297 Saunders, James, 297 Index | 479

Savannah (Confederate privateer), 121 Savannah, Georgia, 275, 291 Schenck, Congressman Robert C. (Ohio), 109, 338–39n*90 Schenectady, 208, 293 Schirmer, Lt. Col. Louis, 236, 409–10n*376 Schriver, Edmund, 121, 349n*190 Schurz, Col. Carl, 112 Schuyler, Col. George L., 124 Schuyler, Jacob, 111, 342n*113 Scott, Lt. Col. Henry, 119, 347n*173 Scott, Col. Thomas A. (Asst. Sec. of War): appointment to take charge of railways and telegraphs, 118; clarification of reimbursement to state of recruiting expenses, 125–26; request for troops to deploy to Washington, 132–33, 134, 139; authorization of Sickles to organize artillery batteries, 136; orders for troops for Burnside expedition, 137; closure of sharpshooter camp, 138; orders for troops to be deployed to Washington, 138; recruitment of artillery, 138; request for Morgan to reorganize cavalry troops as infantry, 140 Scott, Gen. in Chief Winfield, 101, 112–17, 123, 188 Second Bull Run, battle of, 166 Second Division, Brooklyn depot, 129 Sedgwick, Congressman Charles B., *71, 98 Select Committee on Government Contracts (Van Wyck Committee), 66 Serrell, Col. Edward W., 136, 137, 358n*291 Seven Days’ Campaign, 157 Seven Pines (Fair Oaks), battle of, 156 Seward, Sec. William H. (Sec. of State), *60–61; New England Society speech (1860), 99; apprehensions about secession, 101, 104; requests from Morgan for legal authority and money for recruitment, 124–25, 351n220; orders for arrest of Reeves for secessionist publications, 130, 354n253; on inadvisability of prosecution of National Zeitung newspaper, 132; order for arrest of McMaster, 133; warning to New England states to tend to coastal defense, 138; request for authority for advances on bounties, 157; visit to state on Lincoln’s behalf to beg for troops, 157, 370n71; spurious May 18, 1864 call for 400,000 men, 255–57; dispute over accuracy of enrollment and quotas, 265; assassination attempt on, 293 Seward, Col. William H., Jr., 259, 271, 418n*83, 424n176 Seymour, Gov. Horatio (New York), *86–87: Albany Regency membership of, 58, 59 480 | Index

—1861: anti-abolition speech in Utica, 139 —1862: nomination of, 167–68; at Cooper Institute ratification meeting, 171; election of, 175, 378n188 —1863: inauguration of, 183; levying of abuse allegations against Metropolitan Police Commissioners, 183–84, 380n1, 381n4; formation of New York Society for the Diffusion of Political Knowledge, 185; opposition to absentee voting for soldiers, 188; veto of absentee voting act, 188–89; objections to Vallandigham arrest, 190, 386n57; letter to Stanton regarding recruiting drive to prevent necessity of draft, 191; response to Stanton on June 15 call for six-months’ troops, 194–95, 388n86; order to man fortifications at New York Harbor, 197, 390n100; ordering of troops to Pennsylvania pursuant to Curtin’s request, 197–98; request from Fry for explanation of draft procedures, 201, 391n134; dispute over accuracy of enrollment and quotas, 202, 205, 207–12, 218, 391n134, 393–94n156–158, 393n157, 394n172, 397n232; request for judicial review of draft, 205–7, 232, 393n155, 408n341; proclamation urging compliance with draft pending judicial ruling, 211–12, 394n180; anti-riot measures in final days before Aug. 19 NYC draft, 212, 394–95n183–184; complaints to Lincoln against Fry in quota dispute, 214, 396n200; accusations anti-draft sentiments against, 216; Democratic State Convention speech calling for reconciliation with Confederacy, 216; appointment of recruiting committees, 218; request for state agent to examine disputed desertion arrests, 218, 397n228; proclamation calling for volunteers under Oct. 17 call for 300,000 men, 219; warning from Canadian governor-general of planned attack on Buffalo and Johnson’s Island POW camp, 220–21, 399–400n250; satisfaction with recruitment arrangements under Oct. 17 call, 221; on formation of African American regiments and payment of state bounties, 222, 223; authorization to raise new companies to be sent to old regiments under Oct. 17 call, 224; issuance of circular urging volunteers against draft under Oct. 17 call, 224; endorsement of commission to establish national cemetery at Gettysburg, 225; handling of Draft Riots, 229, 231, 232–33, 235, 237, 408n341; blaming of for Draft Riots, 234, 241; address to state legislature, 242 —1864: dispute over accuracy of enrollment and quotas, 104–6, 261–62, 265, 420nn101, 421n127,

424–25n209; complaints of difficulties transporting and supporting returning troops, 250–51; request for funding for processing rolls, 253; attendance at presentation of battle flags to state, 254; complaints of poaching by out-of-state recruiters, 254; garrisoning of New York Harbor, 255, 263; request to send men for less than 100 days to meet July 5 call, 258–59, 418n76; call for increase in state militia, 259; revoking of order for NYC and Brooklyn militia under July 5 call for 100-day men, 259; call for NYNG volunteers under Lincoln’s July 5 call for 100-days’ men, 260; suspension of 100-day musters, 260; dispute over draft exemption for 100-day volunteers, 260–61, 419n97; Fry’s authorization to raise 100 companies under July 18 call, 261; request to Morgan to use April appropriation to pay for Canadian frontier protection, 263, 420n115; appointment to War Dept. commission to determine naval credits, 265; Democratic re-nomination for governor, 267; circulation of ballots to deployed soldiers, 268; appointment of commission to investigate accusations of ballot fraud, 269; assurances of no military interference in elections, 271, 423nn174–75; election defeat of, 273; address to state legislature, 275; total commissions issued, 283; characterization of conscription as a tax, 425n210 —1865: appointment to Hall of Military Record building commission, 299 Sharpsburg, Maryland, 281 Sherman, Congressman Socrates N. (also Bret. Lt. Col.), *68, 97 Sherman, Gen. Thomas W., 130, 131–32 Sherman, Gen. William Tecumseh: March to Atlanta, 255; occupation of Atlanta, 266; March to the Sea, 274; occupation of Savannah, 275; surrender of Charleston, South Carolina, 290; surrender of Columbia, South Carolina, 290; grand review of army on May 23–24, 1865, 294 Shiloh Church, 153, 170 Shipman, Judge William, 364–65n10 Shull, Josiah, 177 Sibley, Hiram, 149, 364n*3 Sickles, Brig. Gen. Daniel E., 99, 222, 327n*35; reaction to Fort Sumter attack and surrender, 106; role in confusion over troop quotas and contributions, 114, 115–16, 120; pressure from Cameron to produce promised regiments, 121; mobilization of Excelsior Brigade, 122, 123; request

for payment and clothing for Excelsior Brigade, 123; request for authority to recruit cavalry and artillery for Excelsior Brigade, 130, 132; request for authority to expand Excelsior Brigade, 131; authorization to organize artillery batteries, 136; defiance of Morgan’s authority, 151–52, 368–69n35 Sigel, Maj. Gen. Franz, 160 Silas, Capt. Crispin, 162, 372n*104 Sinclair, James, 234 Sisters of Charity, St. Joseph’s Hospital, 182 slavery: legislation enacting gradual emancipation, 55–56, 295; in New York, 55–56; personal liberty law, 56, 99–100, 328n40; “Jerry” fugitive slave case (1852), 71; Lincoln’s Cooper Institute pronouncements on, 95; capture of slave ship Erie, 96, 140, 149, 387n64; disruption of Syracuse abolition meeting, 103; John Polhemus affair, 105; national abolishment of, 127n148, 286; Democratic Party’s opposition to abolition, 131, 139; position of Catholics against emancipation, 138; F. Wood’s anti-abolition Deutsches Volksgarten speech, 141–42, 362n340; March 1862 Cooper Institute anti-slavery meeting, 150; fugitive slave amendment to Articles of War, 151; abolishment of in Washington, DC, 153; anti-emancipation meetings and demonstrations, 158, 187–88; Greeley’s proemancipation open letter to Lincoln, 165; Opdyke’s veto of Board of Aldermen’s resolution opposing emancipation, 170; Wadsworth’s abolitionist 1862 campaign addresses at Cooper Institute, 173; Mullaly’s linking of draft to abolition, 264; 13th Amendment, 286, 287, 295, 297, 427n26 Sloan, Samuel, 162, 372n*103 Slocum, Henry W., 105 Sluyter, Capt. Stephen G., 230, 407n*329 Smith, Chauncy, 224, 403n*285 Smith, U.S. District Atty. E. Delafield, 192, 193, 386–87n*64 Smith, Congressman Edward H., *62–63, 97 Smith, Elijah F., 149, 364n*3 Smith, Maj. Gen. Gustavus W., 99, *326n32 Smith, Commissioner James C., 103, 146, 332n*33 Society for the Diffusion of Political Knowledge, 185 Society of Friends, 186 Sodus Bay, 48, 145 Soldiers’ National Cemetery at Gettysburg, 225, 281 South Battery, 102, 142 South Carolina, 99–100, 241, 290, 291 Southeast (town), 198, 379n209, 390n104 Index | 481

South Mountain, battle of, 168 Sparta, 269 Spaulding, Congressman Elbridge G., *74, 98 Speed, U.S. Atty. Gen. James, 288–90 Spinola, Gen. Francis Barretto (also Sen.), 156, 218, 222–23, 369–70n*61 Spotsylvania, battles of, 255 Sprague, Adj. Gen. John T., *88–89; appointment as U.S. superintendent of recruiting for New York, 143, 149; appointment as adjutant general, 183; offer of three-months’ troops under June 15, 1863 call, 195; deployment of militia to Pennsylvania, 197–98; attempts to postpone draft until more troops present, 199, 390n113; inspection tour of state forces in the field, 221, 400n253; suspension of draft during Draft Riots, 229; warning to militia commanders of weakness on Pennsylvania border, 253–54; orders for garrisoning of New York Harbor forts, 258, 268; concerns about July 5, 1864 call for 100-days’ men, 259; frontier defense and fears of invasion from Canada, 262–63, 267–71, 420n108; misunderstanding of state quotas under July 18, 1864 call, 419n89 Springfield, 293 Springfield Armory, 120 St. Albans, Vermont, 268 Stanton, Congressman Benjamin (Ohio), 101, 329n*10 Stanton, Sec. Edward M. (Sec. of War) —1862: replacement of Cameron, 149; report to U.S. Congress of militia strength and state troop contributions, 150; warning of newspapers against publishing intelligence about military operations, 150; appointment of Vanderbilt as commander of Vanderbilt, 151; issuance of circular requiring accurate returns on troop contributions, 152; call for reinforcements at First Winchester, 154; orders to Vinton to fulfill state requisitions, 154–55; May 30 call for 50,000 three-year recruits, 155; request for Morgan to send volunteer cavalry, 155; request to governors to notify Meigs and Ripley of where arms and clothing need to be deposited, 155; on use of three-months’ units after Banks emergency, 155; referral of Spinola to Morgan for authority to raise regiment, 156; request for report of state of enlistments from Morgan, 156; “Order to Encourage Enlistments,” 156–57; orders to reduce evasion of military duty, 161–62; instructions for immediate dismissal of delaying or deficient officers, 163; request for troops in addition to state’s quota, 163; 482 | Index

continuance of pressure on Morgan for troops, 164, 165; “Order Respecting Volunteers and Militia,” 164; agreement with Morgan to house, supply, and pay troops deployed in response to Aug. call, 165; request for surgeons for Second Bull Run, 166; refusal to grant recruiting permission to anyone but the governor, 167; granting of Morgan’s request for authorization to raise three-years’ regiment, 172; request for Morgan to aid Banks emergency, 172 —1863: refusal of Ullman’s publicity requests, 184; acceptance of Stonehouse’s light artillery only if three-year enlistments, 192; concerns regarding arrest of men for giving false names to enrolling officers, 192; urgent request to governors for six-months’ troops for June 15 call, 194–95; confirmation of federal muster of troops sent under June 15 call, 196; conveyance of Lincoln’s request for troops to be forwarded to Baltimore, Md., 196; anti-riot measures in final days before Aug. 19 NYC draft, 211; refusal of Sandford’s request to excuse militia from service for NYC draft, 215; warning from Canadian governor-general of planned attack on Buffalo and Johnson’s Island POW camp, 220–21, 399–400n250; granting of permission to raise colored troops, 222; appointment of commission to review state quotas and alleged inequalities, 224, 225; authorization of Seymour to raise new companies to be sent to old regiments under Oct. 17 call, 224; orders for enlistment of colored men, 224; handling of Draft Riots, 230, 234; reaction to Draft Riots, 236; return of troops to NYC, 239 —1864: notification to Seymour of congressional extension of bounties, 253; spurious May 18 call for 400,000 men, 255–57, 416n51, 417n62; request to Dix and Seymour for state troops to meet July 5 call for 100-days’ men, 258–59, 418n76; agreement to accept Sandford’s undersized regiments from, 260; dispute over draft exemption for 100-day volunteers, 261, 419n97; appointment of committee to report on federal conscription program, 264; dismissal of fears of riots prior to Sept. 5 draft, 266; acceptance of commissioners’ report of naval credits, 267; notification to Dix of schedule for Sept. 19 draft, 267; notification to Dix to begin draft as soon as deficiencies established, 267; assignment of Butler to Dix in NYC, 271, 424n180; letter to Lincoln requesting Congress extend enlistment bounties, 414–15n5

—1865: urging of Fenton to hasten recruiting after Sherman’s victories in South Carolina, 290; merchants’ petition to postpone NYC draft, 291–92, 428n63; acceptance of Sixty-Eighth NYNG for one year, 292 Star of the West episode, 100, 101 state agents/agencies and private aid: provision for care for ill and/or disabled soldiers, 116, 182, 242, 245–46, 281, 295, 413–14n443; Morgan’s dispatch of agents to England to purchase Enfield rifles, 142; accusations of ballot fraud against, 269, 422n163; wartime summary, 302–3; withdrawal of state agents for purchase of arms, 342n114. See also private relief efforts State Committee of War Democrats, 257 Staten Island, 48, 102, 142, 159, 236, 362n344 Stearns, George L., 193, 196, 387–88n*76 Stebbins, Congressman Henry (also Col.), *75, 173, 269 Steele, Congressman John B., *66, 78, 97, 174 Stevens, John A., 265 Stewart, Alexander T., 172, 376–77n170 Stiles, Darius, 297 St. Joseph’s Hospital, 182 St. Lawrence River, 48, 145 Stockbridge, 278 Stone, W. H., 297 Stonehouse, Asst. Atty. Gen. John B., 192, 212, 286, 292 Strong, George Templeton, 121, 184, 349n*185 Strong, Brig. Gen. William K., 169, 171, 222, 376n162 Stuart, Col. Charles Beebe, 134, 357n*287 Sturgeon, Lt. Sheldon, 186, 384n*27 Sumner, Sen. Charles (Mass.), 150, 201–2 Swain, Col. James Barrett, 137, 358n*298 Syracuse: depot, 125, 129, 352n223; draft, 200–206, 209, 210, 214; claims of volunteer poaching in city’s draft, 212; 1863 Union Party state convention, 216; family aid, 244, 278, 379n206; Mass Peace Convention, 264; lying in state of Lincoln’s body, 293 Taber, Congressman Stephen, 272 Talcott, S. Visscher, 218, 397n227 CSS Tallahassee, 262, 263, 266 Tallmadge, Fred S., 222, 400n*261 Tammany Hall: history prior to 1860, 58; F. Wood’s leadership of, 89–90; state Democratic conventions at, 96, 103–4, 131, 168, 252, 267 Tarrytown, 217, 238 Taylor, Col. Nelson (also congressman), 151, 272, 368n*34

Taylor, W. B., 129 Thirteenth Amendment, 286, 287, 295, 297, 427n26 Thomas, U.S. Adj. Gen. Lorenzo: issuance of SO No. 137, relief of Gardner from command by R. Anderson, 98; issuance of SO No. 106, assigning Regular Army officers to the states to muster troops, 106; and Read’s complaint of ammunition shortages, 121; notification to Morgan of rescinding of state GO No. 1 provisions on officer responsibilities, 140; request for report from Morgan enumerating troops in readiness, 151; notification to Sprague of GO No. 33, cessation of federal volunteer recruiting service, 152; request for troops, 153, 156; urgent request to fill regiments after Banks’ Winchester retreat, 155; direction to governors to fill old regiments with draftees, 172–73 Thomas P. Way (steamer), 175 Thornton, Maj. William A., 168, 375n*146 Throgs Neck, 48, 102 Tilden, Samuel J., 185, 382–83n*17 Tod, Gov. David (Ohio), 168 Togus, Maine, 302 Tompkins, Asst. Quartermaster Gen. Daniel. D., 125, 351n219–20 Toombs, Sen. Robert (Georgia), 102 Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 270, 274 Totten, Brig. Gen. Joseph G., 118, 122, 140, 142, 144–45, 149, 350n199, 362n344 Townsend, Edward D. (AAG), 111, 141, 223, 285, 427n16 Townsend, Maj. Frederick (AAPMG), 385n*43 —1863: appointment of, 188; report to Fry on enrollment progress in Invalid Corps, 195; orders for Thirtieth District draft, 198; endorsement of letter requesting appointment of provost marshal guards for draft, 200; draft status reports, 204, 206, 208, 215, 238, 241; request for troops and guns for Troy and Albany drafts, 204; request to Fry for report on status of draft, 205–6; notification to Fry of need to complete Troy draft before commencing Twelfth and Thirteenth District drawings, 215; support for Seymour’s suggestion of state agent to examine disputed desertion arrests, 218; support for Talcott’s offer to assume recruit transportation and uniform disbursement duties, 218; order of ordnance delivered to provost marshal during draft, 232; blaming of Irish, newspapers, and Seymour for Draft Riots, 234; reports on anti-draft activity, 234; request for help from Canby in suppressing anti-draft riots, 239; suggestion to use suppression Index | 483

of Draft Riots as warning to agitators in other states, 241; negative opinions of Seymour, 392–93n146 —1864: querying of Fry on means to prevent exodus of enrollees from state before draft, 262, 420n102; warning of Stanton on risks of holding draft during election campaign, 264; appointment to War Dept. commission to determine naval credits, 265; postponement of Sept. 5 draft, 267 Tremain, Lyman, 107, 188, 335n*74 Trent affair, 47, 48, 139–40, 143, 144 Troy: depot, 125, 129, 352n223; draft enforcement measures, 204, 232, 241; completion of draft, 215, 232; commencement of draft, 230; suspension of draft, 233; anti-draft riots, 234 Troy Times, 234 USS Tulip, 230 Tweed, William M. (“Boss”), 58 Tyler, Brig. Gen. Erastus B., 259, 419n*84 Ullman, Brig. Gen. Daniel, 184–85, 381n*8 Unadilla depot, 129 Union Central Committee, 250 Union Defence Committee (UDC): origin of Pine Street office, 107, 110; appointment of fundraising committee, 109; bond appropriation for, 110; formation of, 110; plan for defense of Washington, 110; mobilization spending for April, 112; role in confusion over troop quotas and contributions, 116–17, 119; Franklin’s inspection of regiments, 118; final troop contribution, 121; summary of 1861 family aid expenditure, 148; passage of state Ch.185, providing for payment of Union Defence Bonds, 177 Union Home and School, 281, 298 Union League Club of New York: formation of, 184, 381n8; request to Stanton for authority to raise colored regiment, 223, 225; authorization to raise colored unit, 224; targeting of, by rioters, 227; raising of Twenty-Sixth Regiment (Colored), 250, 251; presentation of colors to Twentieth USCT, 253, 415–16n30 Union Lincoln Association, 251 Union Party, 132, 170, 216, 257, 267, 359n321 United States Adjutant General’s Office. See Buckingham, U.S. Asst. Adj. Gen. Catharinus P.; Foster, U.S. Asst. Adj. Gen. Charles W.; Thomas, U.S. Adj. Gen. Lorenzo; Vincent, U.S. Asst. Adj. Gen. Thomas M. United States Army Headquarters, 99 United States Congress: Legal Tender Act, 51; National Bank Act, 51 484 | Index

—1860 unless otherwise noted: House establishes Committee of Thirty-Three to settle secession crisis, 99 —1861 unless otherwise noted: ordering of federal military inventories, 101–2; Cameron’s invocation of Militia Act (Feb. 28, 1795), 106; convening of, 122; Ch.9: authorization for employment of volunteers to enforce public property protection laws, 123; Ch.17: reiteration of 500,000-man call, 123; Crittenden-Johnson Resolution, 123; Ch.21: indemnification of states for defense-related expenses, 124; Ch.45: direct tax, 126; Ch.63: ratification of Lincoln’s May 3 call and increase in private’s pay, 126 —1862 unless otherwise noted: Articles of War, amendment for non-return of fugitive slaves, 151; Senate Military Committee resolution to authorize secretary of war to receive money from states to pay volunteers, 151; direct tax enacted on July 1, 158; Ch.166: authorization for federal pensions for disabled veterans, 159; Land Grant Colleges Act, 159 —1863 unless otherwise noted: Ch.75: Enrollment Act, 57, 67, 185, 186; Ch.81: suspension of habeas corpus, 185, 217; Joint Resolution discontinuing Veteran Volunteers’ enlistment bounty, 225 —1864 unless otherwise noted: extension of bounties, 250, 251, 253, 414–15n5; Ch.13: recognition of naval credits against draft quotas and inclusion of African Americans in militia, 252; Resolution, appropriation for 100-day volunteers, 255; Ch.237: repeal of commutation, allowing recruiting in insurgent states, and naval recruiting credits, 258, 265, 417–18n73; Feb. 24 amendment to Ch.75 exempting three-year enlistees from draft, 261 —1865 unless otherwise noted: 13th Amendment, 286, 287, 295, 297, 298, 427n26 United States General Hospitals, 219–20, 271 United States Loan Fund, 281–82 United States Medical Bureau. See United States Sanitary Commission United States Military Academy (West Point), 227 United States Navy, 47, 48, 139–40, 143, 144, 150 United States Provost Marshal General’s Office, 170, 186, 188, 189, 217, 385n41. See also Fry, U.S. Provost Marshal Gen. James Barnet; Glassey, Deputy Provost Marshal Samuel J.; Vanderpoel, Deputy Provost Marshal Edward United States Sanitary Commission: origins in petition to Cameron and recommendations of R. Wood, 116, 117, 302; organization of, 120, 121; hosting

of Sanitary Fairs, 254, 278, 279, 302; wartime summary of contributions to, 302 United States Treasury Department, 137, 358n297 United States War Department —1861, GOs, circulars, rules, and instructions issued: directing of Col. Schurz to recruit cavalry unit without consulting governors, 112; GO No. 15, specifying size and organization of state regiments and governor’s authority to appoint officers, 113, 120, 125; GO No. 16, specifying size and organization of state regiments, 113; circular issued for campsite-to-instruction camp shift, 118; GO No. 45, affirmation of governors’ appointment powers for vacancies and ban on mustering English-only speakers, 122; GO No. 49, reiteration of May 3 call for troops and enforcement of public property laws, 125, 153; GO No. 53, repealing GO No. 45 ban on mustering English-only speakers, 126; GO No. 71, granting Morgan authority to organize and prepare troops for service, and granting him authority to commission officers, 131; GO No. 73, dealing with discharges for young age, 132; GO No. 78, giving governors authority to organize and prepare troops for service, 133; instruction to governors on blue uniform requirement, 135; GO No. 90, arrangement to pay families of POWs, 138; GO No. 92, creation of Department of New York, with Morgan as commander, 138, 139; establishment of tracking system for state troop contributions, 140; rescinding of state GO No. 1 requiring recruiting officers to report to governor, 140–41; GO No. 105, establishment of federal control over recruitment for existing regiments, and halting of cavalry recruitment, 143 —1862, GOs, circulars, rules, and instructions issued: GO No. 15, declaring of unacceptability of musters confining service to state limits, 127, 263; GO No. 18, recognition of governors as only authority to raise volunteer regiments, 150; GO No. 33, cessation (temporary) of federal volunteer recruiting service, 152; GO No. 49, resuming of recruiting by governors, but based on field commanders’ needs, 153; June 30 summary of troops, 158; GO No. 75, federal assumption of responsibility for supplying troops, 159; GO No. 88, permitting recruiting details from deployed regiments to return home, 161; notification of scheduling of draft to make up any recruiting deficiencies for Aug. 4 call, 161; GO No. 99, establishment of rules for draft, 162;

GO No. 104, restricting foreign travel by anyone subject to draft, 163; amendment to GO No. 99 to include counties and subdivisions as entities among which draft quota can be divided, 164; continuation of recruiting for old regiments and payment of bounties, 167; Sept. 17 report on state’s contribution to military, 169; GO No. 140, establishment of provost marshal general position, 170; GO No. 154, allowing Regular Army recruiting of state volunteers, 171; GO No. 193, order of discharge from military of draft opposers or traitors, 175; publishing of manpower account with state, 175 —1863, GOs, circulars, rules, and instructions issued: summary of state numbers (Aug. 15, 1862 to Jan. 31, 1863), 184; GO No. 58, designation of certain locations for administering oath to state troops, 186; GO No. 86, consolidation of regiments lacking full numbers, 187; organization of new provost marshal general’s office to run the draft, 188, 385n41; GO No. 163, establishing bounties for recruits, 193; Circular No. 28 equating impeding or prevention of enrollment with impeding or prevention of draft, 195; GO No. 178, appointment of Stears as recruiting commissioner for colored troops, 196; GO No. 191, establishing rules and bounties for re-enlistment and establishment of Veteran Volunteers, 197, 217; Circular No. 44, clarifying draft exemptions, 199, 240, 412n411; order for colored substitutes only for colored soldiers, 200; record of state troops from 1861 through Aug. 11, 215–16, 396n211; GO No. 315, suspension of habeas corpus in arrests of POWs, spies, troops or deserters, 217; Circular No. 94, stipulating investigation of desertion cases, 218–19, 398n233; policy revisions including permission for town-based quotas, 223–24, 225; Circular No. 48, on military enforcement of draft, 239; Circular No. 52, exemption of American Indians from enrollment on basis of non-citizen status, 242, 412n421; Circular No. 47 defining as deserters all draftees failing to report to rendezvous, 262, 420n102; GO No. 144, establishing organization of colored regiments, 401n265 —1864, GOs, circulars, rules, and instructions issued: approval of Bliss’s request to raise colored regiments, 250, 251; GO No. 91, establishing naval recruiting stations, 253; Circular No. 24, regarding correction of enrollment lists, 258, 417n68; report of Dept. of the East manpower, 258; notification Index | 485

to AAPMGs of state quotas under July 18 call, 260, 419n89; affirmation of rule of equalization, 261; GO No. 85, orders for no military force near polls nor interference with voting rights, 271, 423nn174–75; GO No. 305, measure to reduce bounty fraud, 275 —1865, GOs, circulars, rules, and instructions issued: Circular No. 28, family aid suspension due to exchange of prisoners, 290; GO No. 77, discharging of all POWs, recruits in rendezvous and soldier-patients, and ceasing of fortification work, 293–94; GO No. 82, mustering out of volunteers disabled or on leave, 294; GO No. 83, mustering out of volunteer cavalry troopers with tour expirations before Oct. 1, 294; mustering out of all white volunteer units whose terms expire prior to Oct. 1., 294, 430n90; order to return regimental colors to state governors, 294. See also Cameron, Sec. Simon; Stanton, Sec. Edward M. Utica, 129, 191, 210, 213, 238, 293 Valentine, David T., 213, 396n*196 Vallandigham, Congressman Clement (Ohio), 186, 190, 191, 193, 194, 258, 264 Van Aernam, Congressman Henry, 273 Van Buren, John, 171, 185–86, 187, 188, 383n*23 Van Buren, Martin, 58 Van Buren, W. H., 116, 117, 345n*151 Vanderbilt (steamer), 151, 368n37 Vanderbilt, Cornelius “Commodore,” 151, 173 Vanderpoel, Deputy Provost Marshal Edward, 226 Vanderpoel, Surgeon Gen. S. Oakley, 153, 369n*43 Van Horn, Congressman Burt, *74, 98, 273 Van Rensselaer, Alexander, 223, 401n*269 Van Valkenburgh, Congressman Robert B. (also Col.), *72–73, 83, 98, 120–21, 125, 157, 174 Van Vechten, Abraham, 114, 344n*141 Van Vliet, U.S. Quartermaster Stewart, 237, 410n*384 Van Wyck, Congressman Charles H. (also Brig. Gen. and Sen.), *66, 97 Van Wyck Committee (Select Committee on Government Contracts), 66 Varian, Capt. Joshua M., 122–23, 350n*204 Vermont: common border, 47; population, 49; economy, 50 Vernon, Edward, 133–34 Veterans Reserve Corps (Invalid Corps). See Invalid Corps Veteran Volunteers: establishment of, 197; state’s quota under GO No. 191, 197; congressional discontinuation of enlistment bounty, 225; Lincoln’s request to 486 | Index

Congress to continue enlistment bounty, 250, 414–15n5; wartime summary, 300 Vibbard, Congressman Chauncey, *68–69, 97 Vicksburg, siege of, 190, 198 Viele, E.L., 124, 351n*212 Vincent, U.S. Asst. Adj. Gen. Thomas M., 165, 216, 257, 259 Vinton, Col. David H., 154–55, 195, 388–89n*88 Vinton, Col. Francis L., 134, 356n*281 CSS Virginia (USS Merrimack), 48 voting rights: African American, 56, 96, 98, 294; soldiers, 188–89, 246, 253, 268, 271, 277, 414n445 Wadsworth, Bvt. Gen. James S., 331n*27; as peace commissioner, 103, 146; advancement of money to charter Kill van Kull for troop transport, 109–10, 340n100; command of regiments furnished under Lincoln’s April 15, 1861 call, 117; appointment as major general by Morgan, against Cameron’s orders, 119–20; nomination for governor, 170; Seymour’s political attack on, 171; Oct. 1862 campaign addresses to rally at Cooper Institute calling for abolition, 173; gubernatorial defeat of, 175, 378n188 Wakeman, Abram, 229, 406n*319 Walker, Mary, 270, 423n*170 Walker, Robert J., 108, 337n*87 Wall, Congressman William, *64, 97 Wallace, Gen. Lew, 271 Wall Street financial crisis of 1860, 98 Ward, Congressman Elijah, *65, 76, 97, 174 Ward, Congressman Hamilton, 273 War of 1812, 47 Washington Arsenal, 162 Waterbury, Nelson J., 183, 202, 203, 207, 213, 380–81n*2, 395n192 Watertown, 204, 269 Watson, Asst. Sec. P. H. (Asst. Sec. of War), 162, 163, 165, 166 Wawarsing, 413n431 Webb, Col. David, 140 Weed, Thurlow, 327n*39; ownership of Albany Evening News, 54; support of Seward for governorship, 61; arrangement of governors’ conference to discuss secession crisis, 99; meeting with Seward to discuss governors’ request to Lincoln for increased enlistments to fill old regiments, 157, 370–71n72; plea to Stanton not to waste state’s recruitment momentum, 164; request to postpone May 1864

draft, 255; appointment as commissioner to replace Gardiner, 363n359 Welch, Benjamin, 111, 342n*117 Welles, Sec. Gideon (Sec. of Navy), 66, 197, 232 West Almond, 297 Western New York’s Protestant Episcopal Church, 263–64 Westfield, 129, 293 West Point (United States Military Academy), 227 Wheeler, Congressman William A., *68, 97, 157 Whig Party, 58 Whitehall, 48 Whiteley, Maj. Robert H. K., 167, 374n*138 White Plains, 197, 198, 390n104 Whiting, William A., 192, 195, 242, 261, 412n421 Wide Awakes, 97 Wilderness, battle of, 255 Willet’s Point, 48, 142, 329n12, 362n344 Williamsburg, 236 Wills, David, 225 Wilmington, North Carolina, 262, 266, 291 Wilson (town), 431n114 Wilson, Mayor Charles S. (Utica), 213, 395n*190 Wilson, Sen. Henry (Mass.), 150, 188, 200 Winfield, Congressman Charles Henry, *77, 174, 273 Winslow, Col. Cleveland, 235–36 Wolcott, Asst. Sec. Christopher P. (Asst. Sec. of War), 157 Wolcott, J. Huntington, 121, 348–49n*184 Wood, Capt. Alonzo, 200, 202, 203, 204–5, 209, 391n124 Wood, Congressman Benjamin, 54, *63–64, 76, 97, 133, 174, 191, 285, 427n16 Wood, Mayor Fernando (New York City), 58, 76, *89–90 —1860: named chairman of New York delegation to Democratic convention, 95 —1861: “free city” address, 54, 100; opposition to seizure of arms shipments to seceded states, 102; reception for Lincoln, 105; reaction to Fort Sumter attack and surrender, 106; pro-Union rally in Union Square, 108–9; declaration to Seward of support of war, 141; Deutsches Volksgarten speech, 141–42, 362n340; mayoral defeat of, 142 —1862: appearance at anti-emancipation demonstration, 158

—1862: congressional election of, 174 —1863: denunciation of War Democrats, 187; speech opposing war and emancipation at Cooper Institute, 187–88; absence from scheduled appearance at May 18 Union Square protest, 191; reopening of New York Daily News, 191 —1864: speech at Mass Peace Convention, 264; and Headley plot, 270; congressional defeat of, 273 Wood, Surgeon Gen. Robert C., 111, 117, 343n*121 Wool, Brig. Gen. John E., 47, 332n*34 —1861: as peace commissioner, 103, 146; issuance of orders to furnish transportation and rations to troops, 109; relocation of headquarters from Troy to NYC, 109; acceptance on Lincoln’s behalf of UDC plan for defense of Washington, 110; order for convoy to protect supply ships en route to Washington, 111; report to Scott of order to federal arsenals to supply muskets, 111; return to Troy, 111; letter from Cameron regarding divided command and confusion over troop quotas and contributions, 113 —1862: report of Confederate movements toward Washington, D.C., 154 —1863: concern for defense of New York Harbor, 197; meeting with Nugent regarding assistance suppressing anti-draft activity, 226; request for armed steamer to guard Governor’s Island, 227; handling of Draft Riots, 227–31, 236, 237, 405n305; situation reports on Draft Riots, 237, 239, 240; issuance of state GO No. 1, appointing Canby commander of troops in NYC and harbor, 239; issuance of state GO No. 2, notifying commanders of peaceful intent of meeting at Hughes’ home, 239, 411n403; relief of command for Dept. of the East, 241 Worden, Capt. John L., 150, 367n*25 Wright, Silas, 58 W. R. Kibby (brig), 104 Yancey, William L., 97 Yates, Brig. Gen. Charles, 125, 351–52n*221 Yonkers, 378n200 Yorktown, 153 Yorktown (steamship), 105 Young Men’s Christian Association, 140 Youngstown, 48

Index | 487