Standards for the purchase and care of athletic supplies

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STANDARDS FOR THE PURCHASE AND CARE OF ATHLETIC SUPPLIES

A P ro je c t P re se n te d to th e F a c u lty o f th e School of E d u c a tio n The U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a

In P a r t i a l F u lfillm e n t o f t h e R e q u ir e m e n ts f o r t h e D egree M a s te r o f S c ie n c e i n E d u c a t i o n

by.

G eorge Edward T r o t t e r , J r . J u n e 1950

UMI Number: EP46104

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‘sTO T f s r S

P 't y

T h is p r o je c t rep o rt, ’written u n der the direction o f the candidate's a d v ise r a n d a p p r o v e d by him , has been p rese n te d to a n d a c c e p te d by the F a cu lty o f the S c h o o l of E du ca tion in p a r tia l fu lfillm e n t of the requirem ents fo r the d e g re e of M a s te r of Science in E ducation.

A d viser

D ea n

TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... The p ro b le m . . . . . .

........................ . . .

S ta te m e n t o f t h e p ro b le m

. . . . . . .

I m p o rta n c e o f t h e s t u d y L i m i t a t i o n s an d w e a k n e s s e s

1 2 2

. .. .

2

..........................

3

Method o f p r o c e d u r e . . . . . . . . . . .

3

D e f i n i t i o n s o f te rm s u s e d . . . . . . . .

3

A t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s . . ........................ . . .

3

T e n sile s tr e n g th

. . . . . . . . . . . .

4

Weaving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4

W a r p ...........................

4

F illin g or w eft . . . . . . . . . . . .

4

S e lv a g e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4

P l a i n weave . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5

T w ill weave

5

.

I.

PAGE

..........................................

S a t i n o r s a t e e n w eaves K n ittin g

......................

............................

5 6

C o u r s e ...............................................

6

Wale

.......................................................................

6

T an n in

.

6

. . . . .

V e g e t a b l e t a n n i n g ...................................... Chrome t a n n i n g

*•

. . . . . .

6 7

Iv CHAPTER

PAGE F a c t o r s i n b u y in g a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s . . . O r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e r e m a in d e r o f p a p e r

II.

7 .

9

PURCHASE AND CARE OF COTTON ATHLETIC SUPPLIES

. . . . . . . .

........................

. .

P r o p e r t i e s o f c o t t o n ............................ P h y sic a l p r o p e r tie s

10 10 10

C h em ical p r o p e r t i e s . . . . .

.......................

11

F a c to rs i n p u rc h a sin g c o tto n a t h l e t i c s u p p lie s

•

. . . . . . . . .

12

. . . . . . .

13

Q u a lity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13

P ric e . . . . .

C a re o f c o t t o n a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s C le a n in g

. . . .

. . . . . .......... ....................................

S t a i n re m o v a l ................... S to r a g e . . . .

16

. . . . . . . .

17

. . . . . . .

17

S u m m a ry ........................... III.

16

18

PURCHASE AND CARE OF WOOLEN ATHLETIC SUPPLIES

...................

. . . . . . . . . . .

P r o p e r t i e s o f w o o l ..................................... P h y sic a l p r o p e r tie s

....................................

C hem ical p r o p e r t i e s ...................

. . . . .

19 19 19 20

F a c t o r s i n p u r c h a s i n g w o olen a t h l e t i c su p p lie s

........................................... . . . . .

20

V

CHAPTER

PACE P r i c e ...................................................................... ..................................

Q u a lity . . . . . . . . .

C a re o f w o olen a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s

...................

21 24

C l e a n i n g .................................................................

24

S t a i n re m o v a l

25

S to r a g e • • • • • • • . • • •

........................

.......................

Summary IV .

21

26 26

PURCHASE AND CARE OF RAYON ATHLETIC SUPPLIES .

28

P r o p e r t i e s o f r a y o n ....................................................

28

P h y sic a l p r o p e r tie s

. .

C h em ical p r o p e r t i e s .......................

28 29

F a c to rs i n p u rc h a sin g rayon a t h l e t i c su p p lie s

...................

. . . . . . . .

P r i c e .......................

30

Q u a lity . . . . . . . . . .

.............................

C are o f r a y o n a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s . . . . . . C lean in g

............................. . . . . . . . . .

S t a i n re m o v a l ........................ S to ra g e . .

30 33 33

. . . . . . . .

34

.................................. . . . . . . .

35

. . . . .

35

Summary V.

29

PURCHASE AND CARE OF NYLON

ATHLETIC SUPPLIES .

37

P r o p e r t i e s o f n y lo n . . . . .

.............................

37

P h y sic a l p r o p e r tie s . . . .

.............................

37

vi CHAPTER

PAGE C hem ical p r o p e r t i e s . . . . . ........

38

F a c t o r s i n p u r c h a s i n g n y lo n a t h l e t i c su p p lie s

...................

. . . . . .

39

P r i c e . . ....................................................................... .

39

Q u a l i t y ....................... . . ...........................

39

C a re o f n y lo n a t h l e t i c

su p p lie s . . . . . .

42

. . . . . . .

42

C lean in g

S t a i n r e m o v a l ...................................................... ..

43

S to ra g e . . .

43

Summary . V I.

....................

. . . . . . . .

.......................

43

PURCHASE AND CARE OF LEATHER ATHLETIC S U P P L I E S ............................

45

P ro p e rtie s of le a th e r

................................. ....

P h y sic a l p r o p e r tie s . . . . . C h em ical p r o p e r t i e s .

.

45

........................

45

...........................

46

F a c to rs in p u rc h a sin g l e a t h e r a t h l e t i c su p p lie s In fla te d b a lls

................................................... .

47

...............................................

G l o v e s ............................................................

47

48

S hoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

49

P r o t e c t i v e e q u ip m e n t

50

. . . .

........................

C a re o f l e a t h e r a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s

. . . . .

53

C l e a n i n g ...................................................... . . . .

54

v ii CHAPTER

PAGE S t o r a g e . . ............................

55

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V II.

PURCHASE AND CARE OF RUBBER ATHLETIC SUPPLIES. P ro p e rtie s of rubber

.................................

56 58 58

P h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s ........................................... .

58

C h e m ic al p r o p e r t i e s . . .

58

..................................

F a c to rs in p u rc h a sin g ru b b er a t h l e t i c su p p lie s

. . . . .

R ubber b a l l s

..............................................................

59

R ubber s h o e s

............................. . . . . . . .

60

C are o f r u b b e r a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s

. . . . .

61

. . . .

62

C l e a n in g S to ra g e . . . . . .

.................................

62

65

Summary V III.

59

PURCHASE AMD CARE OF WOODEN ATHLETIC SUPPLIES. P r o p e r t i e s o f w o o d .......................

64 64

P h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s ................................................

64

C h em ical p r o p e r t i e s . . . . . . . . . . .

65

F a c t o r s i n p u r c h a s i n g wooden a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s ......................................... B a s e b a ll and s o f t b a l l b a ts J a v e lin s

65 . . . . . . .

..........................................

R a c k e ts . . . . . . . .

.............................

65 66

. .

67

v iil CHAPTER

PAGE V a u l t i n g p o l e s .......................................... C a re o f wooden a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s C lean in g

67

. . . . .

70

...................................................................

S to r a g e . . . . . . . . . . .

.

70 70

*

Summary IX .

. . . .

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary

. .

72 73 73

.......................

C o n c l u s i o n s ............................................................

76

R ecom m endations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

76

BIBLIOGRAPHY

................................................

78

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION E f f i c i e n c y i n t h e p u r c h a s e o f s u p p l i e s and e q u ip m e n t i n v o l v e s a c a r e f u l s tu d y o f community and s c h o o l n e e d s , e x i s t i n g p r i c e s , th e q u a l i t y o f w o rkm an sh ip , a n d s a t i s f a c t o r y m a te ria ls .^

U n f o r t u n a t e l y , v e r y few h i g h s c h o o l c o a c h e s

an d p h y s i c a l e d u c a t i o n t e a c h e r s h ave e v e r t a k e n t h e tim e o r t r o u b l e t o l e a r n th e p r o c e s s o f b u y in g a t h l e t i c i n an. i n t e l l i g e n t and c a r e f u l m an n er.

su p p lie s

I n t h e p a s t , and

t o a s t i l l g r e a t e x t e n t i n th e p r e s e n t , c o a c h e s an d p h y s i c a l e d u c a t i o n t e a c h e r s have b e e n r e s p o n s i b l e f o r th e p u r c h a s e s o f t h e i r d e p a r t m e n t s w i t h o u t a d e q u a te know ledge o f b u y in g . The t r e n d a p p e a r s t o be to w a r d s a c e n t r a l p u c h a s i n g o f f i c e i n e a c h s c h o o l sy stem w here a s p e c i a l l y t r a i n e d b u y in g a g e n t d o e s a l l th e p u r c h a s i n g o f m a t e r i a l s f o r t h e whole s c h o o l upon t h e re c o m m e n d a tio n s o f d e p a r t m e n t h e a d s .

T h is

i s p e r h a p s t h e i d e a l m ethod o f c a r r y i n g on t h i s f u n c t i o n b u t a s y e t t h e r e a r e many s m a l l e r s c h o o l sy ste m s w i t h no such o f f i c e . A t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s a r e s u b j e c t e d t o ro u g h t r e a t m e n t t h r o u g h t h e v i g o r o u s n a t u r e o f a t h l e t i c s and t h e r e b y t h e ^ J e s s e F e i r i n g W illia m s and C l i f f o r d Lee B r o w n e ll, The A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f H e a l t h an d P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n ( P h i l a ­ d e l p h i a and London; W. B. S a u n d e rs Company, 194-6), p . 427-

c a r e o f s u c h s u p p l i e s a l s o demands t h e a t t e n t i o n o f a l l concerned w ith a t h l e t i c s .

F o rsy th e p o in ts out t h a t a t h l e t i c

s u p p l i e s d e t e r i o r i a t e more r a p i d l y b e c a u s e o f i l l t r e a t m e n t t h a n th e y do from e x c e s s i v e u se o r w e a r .

The m ethod u s e d

in c a rin g f o r th e s e s u p p lie s i s th e g r e a t e s t f a c t o r in d e t e r m i n i n g i t s d u r a b i l i t y and a p p e a r a n c e . 2

I t fo llo w s

t h a t d u r a b i l i t y i s d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o economy s i n c e t h e more d u r a b l e t h e s u p p l i e s a r e th e l e s s w i l l be t h e c o s t o f r e p l a c e m e n t s and new s u p p l i e s . I .

THE PROBLEM

S ta te m e n t o f th e p r o b le m .

I t was th e p u r p o s e o f

t h i s s tu d y ( l ) t o exam ine and s e t up s t a n d a r d s f o r th e p u r c h a s e o f a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s ; and (2 ) t o l i s t s t a n d a r d s f o r th e c a re of a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s .

T hese s t a n d a r d s were

s e t up f o r t h e s e v e n b a s i c m a t e r i a l s u s u a l l y fo u n d i n a t h le t ic su p p lie s.

They a r e c o t t o n , w o o l, r a y o n , n y l o n ,

l e a t h e r , r u b b e r , and wood. I m p o rta n c e o f t h e s t u d y .

A t h l e t i c c o a c h e s and

t e a c h e r s o f p h y s i c a l e d u c a t i o n have lo n g b e e n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h th e p u r c h a s e and c a r e o f a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s w i t h o u t _

C h a r l e s E . F o r s y t h e , The A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f H igh S c h o o l A t h l e t i c s (Hew f o r k ; P r e n t i c e - B a l l , I n c . , 1 9 ^ 8 )7 p . 2 17 .

a d e q u a te t r a i n i n g in t h a t f u n c tio n .

I t was h op ed t h a t t h i s

s t u d y would s e r v e a s a g u i d e i n t h e p u r c h a s e an d c a r e o f a th le tic

s u p p l i e s a n d t h e r e b y e n a b le

t h e c o a c h e s and

p h y s i c a l e d u c a t i o n t e a c h e r s t o buy more w i s e l y an d c a r e f o r s u p p l i e s more a d e q u a t e l y .

Wise p u r c h a s i n g w i l l r e s u l t

i n a s a v i n g o f money and a l l o w f o r a b e t t e r c o v e r a g e o f s u p p l i e s and a b e t t e r a l l a ro u n d p ro g ram o f s p o r t s . L i m i t a t i o n s and w e a k n e s s e s .

The l i m i t i n g f a c t o r

o f tim e c o n s t i t u t e d t h e b i g g e s t w ea k n e ss o f t h i s p r o j e c t . A s t u d y o f t h e p ro b le m d e s i g n e d t o e x p e r i m e n t w i t h v a r i o u s ty p e s o f m a t e r i a l s used in m a n u fa c tu rin g a t h l e t i c s u p p lie s w ould be more s i g n i f i c a n t .

Time r u l e d o u t . t h e p o s s i b i l i t y

o f su c h e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n . The l a c k o f w r i t t e n m a t e r i a l s on t h e s p e c i f i c s u b j e c t o f p u r c h a s i n g a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s was a l s o a lim itin g fa c to r. Method o f p r o c e d u r e .

D a ta f o r t h i s p r o j e c t w ere

o b t a i n e d from m a t e r i a l s i n t h e l i b r a r y o f th e U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a .

No r e l a t e d s t u d i e s w ere foun d

i n t h e p ro b le m f i e l d b e i n g t r e a t e d I n t h i s s t u d y . II.

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED

A th le tic s u p p lie s .

For th e purp o se of t h i s stu d y

a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s w ere i n t e r p r e t e d a s b e i n g p e r s o n a l s u p p l i e s su c h a s u n i f o r m s , b a l l s , m e n t, and t h e l i k e .

g lo v e s, p r o te c tiv e eq u ip ­

O b je c ts l i k e b a s k e t b a l l b a n k b o a r d s ,

h u r d l e s , a n d b a c k s t o p s w ere c o n s i d e r e d a s f a c i l i t i e s . T e n sile s tr e n g t h .

The te rm t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h i s

d e f i n e d a s t h e num ber o f po un ds o f p u l l r e q u i r e d t o b r e a k a s;b rip o f c l o t h one i n c h i n w i d t h .

I t has a d ir e c t

r e l a t i o n s h i p to th e d u r a b i l i t y o f th e f a b r i c . ^ W eaving . W eaving i s t h e p r o c e s s o f i n t e r l a c i n g two s e t s of y arn s a t r i g h t a n g le s of each o th e r. 4 W arp.

T h is te rm i s a p p l i e d t o t h e y a r n s w h ic h r u n c l e n g t h w i s e i n a woven f a b r i c . - ^ F illin g o r w e ft. d en o te

These te r m s a r e synonymous an d

t h e y a r n s w h ich r u n a t r i g h t a n g le s t o

t h e w arp y a r n s

i n woven g o o d s .

They p a s s o v e r an d u n d e r t h e

warp y a r n s . ^

S e lv a g e .

The o u t e r f i n i s h e d edge on a

f a b r i c form ed

by t h e

f i l l i n g y a r n b e i n g lo o p e d a r o u n d o u t s i d e w arp y a r n

^ I s a b e l B. W in g a te , T e x t i l e F a b r i c s an d T h e i r S e l e c t i o n (New Y o rk : P r e n t i e e - H a l l , i n c . , 1 9 4 9 ), p . 2 8 . ^ Ib id . . p. 4 l.

5 t o form a n edge w hich w i l l n o t r a v e l . ^ P la in w eave.

T h is weave i s made by a l t e r n a t e

p a s s i n g o f y a r n s o v e r and u n d e r e a c h s u c c e e d in g y a r n .

It

i s i n e x p e n s i v e , d u r a b l e , e a s y t o c l e a n , an d m o st commonly fo u nd i n c o t t o n .

8

T w ill w e a v e .

The f i l l i n g y a m s a r e i n t e r l a c e d w i t h

t h e warp i n su c h a way a s t o form d i a g o n a l r i d g e s , c a l l e d w a le s, a c ro s s th e f a b r i c . ' a serg e o r d ia g o n a l.

T h is weave m ig h t a l s o be c a l l e d

I t i s t h e m o st d u r a b l e weave a n d i s

s t r o n g e r t h a n th e p l a i n .

However, th e c o s t o f m a n u f a c tu r e

i s g r e a t e r an d i t i s h a r d e r t o c l e a n . Q on c o t t o n and w o o l. S a tin o r s a te e n w eaves.

I t i s u s e d m o s tly

T hese w eaves a r e s m o o th e r

t o t h e f e e l due t o t h e f a c t t h a t i n t h e i n t e r l a c i n g more w arp s a r e e x p o s e d i n t h e s a t i n weave and more f i l l i n g s e x p o s e d i n t h e s a t e e n w ea v e.

P r o p e r t i e s o f t h e s e w eaves

a r e sm o o th n e s s , h i g h l u s t e r , and d i r t s h e d d in g a b i l i t y on on t h e a d v a n ta g e s i d e w h i l e th e y a r e c o s t l y , l e s s d u r a b l e ,

7 8

9

I b i d ., p . 42. I b i d . , pp. 22 6 -7 . I b i d . , pp. 232-6.

and a p p e a r g re a s y a f t e r c o n tin u o u s w e a r . ^ K n ittin g *

K n ittin g i s th e p ro c e s s o f c o n s tr u c tin g

f a b r i c by i n t e r l o o p i n g y a r n t o form a s u c c e s s i o n o f c o n n e c te d l o o p s . ^ C ourse*

T h is te rm i s a p p l i e d t o t h e lo o p s l y i n g

s i d e by s i d e a c r o s s t h e k n i t t e d f a b r i c .

12

W ale.

T h is te rm i s a p p l i e d t o t h e lo o p s w h ich l i e 1^ one ab o v e th e o t h e r i n a k n i t t e d f a b r i c . ^ T a n n in .

T a n n in i s a w a t e r - s o l u b l e m a t e r i a l o f

v e g e t a b l e o r i g i n t h a t w i l l com bine w i t h t h e h i d e p r o t e i n , r e n d e r i n g i t r e s i s t a n t t o p u t r e f a c t i o n , an d r e s i s t s u b s e q u e n t rem o v a l by w a s h in g . 14 V e g e ta b le t a n n i n g .

V e g e ta b le t a n n i n g i n v o l v e s a

tr e a tm e n t o f th e h id e w ith w a te r s o lu tio n s o f ta n n in _

_

I b i d . , pp. 236-9. 11

Zelma B endure an d G lady s P f e i f f e r , America* a F a b r i c s (New Y o rk : The M a c m illa n Company, 1 9 4 6 ) , p . 3 8 6 . 12

13

L oc. e l t . L o c. e l t .

Joh n A r t h u r W ils o n , M odem P r a c t i c e i n L e a t h e r M a n u fa c tu r e (New Y ork : R e in h o ld P u b l i s h i n g C o r p o r a t i o n , 1 941), p . 722.

7 e x t r a c t e d from m a t e r i a l s o f v e g e t a b l e o r i g i n . Chrome t a n n i n g .

Chrome t a n n i n g i s t h e p r o c e s s o f

c o n v e r t i n g h i d e i n t o l e a t h e r by t r e a t i n g t h e h i d e w i t h 1& w a t e r s o l u t i o n s o f com plex s a l t s o f chromium . III.

FACTORS IN BUYING- ATHLETIC SUPPLIES

B e fo r e p r o g r e s s i n g f u r t h e r , m e n tio n s h o u ld b e made o f some o f t h e g u i d i n g p r i n c i p l e s an d f a c t o r s i n b u y in g a th le tic

su p p lie s.

W illia m s an d Hughes s t a t e d a b o u t

b u y in g : B u yin g , l i k e a l l o t h e r b u s i n e s s p r a c t i c e s , i n v o l v e s c e r t a i n b a s i c s k i l l s a n d t e c h n i q u e s . These c a n , a s a m i l e , be l e a r n e d and t h e d i r e c t o r o f a t h l e t i c s s h o u l d be f a m i l i a r w i t h them , s i n c e i n t h e s m a l l e r s c h o o l s an d c o l l e g e s , h e u s u a l l y a c t s a s t h e p u r c h a s i n g a g e n t f o r h i s d e p a r t m e n t . He s h o u ld make a s tu d y o f e q u ip m e n t a n d p r i c e s and s h o u ld be a b l e to r e c o g n i z e v a l u e s , a lw a y s w i t h two c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n m ind: t h e im provem ent o f s e r v i c e t o t h e s t u d e n t s , and th e m ost e c o n o m ic a l u s e o f f u n d s . . . . . Q u a lity , p r ic e , an d s e r v i c e a r e t h r e e i m p o r t a n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n b u y in g .1 ' The same two a u t h o r s p o i n t e d o u t some fu n d a m e n ta l p r i n c i p l e s f o r p u rc h a sin g a t h l e t i c s u p p lie s : 1.

E q u ip m en t p u r c h a s e d s h o u ld conform t o s p e c i f i c a -

15 I b i d . . p . 7 2 3 . 16 I b i d . . p . 7 0 8 . 17

J e s s e F e i r i n g W illia m s a n d W illia m L e o n a rd H ughes, A t h l e t i c s i n E d u c a t i o n ( P h i l a d e l p h i a an d London: W. B. S a u n d e r s Company, 1 9 3 0 ) , p p . 1 6 9 - 7 0 .

8 t i o n s ; i t s h o u ld h e o f f i c i a l and s h o u ld be s u i t a b l e f o r t h e s e r v i c e s f o r w h ic h i t i s i n t e n d e d . 2. tio n s .

P r i c e s s h o u l d be c o n s i s t e n t w i t h m a rk e t c o n d i­

C u t p r i c e s a r e t o be a v o i d e d . 3.

P u r c h a s i n g s h o u l d show c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e

n eed s o f a l l th e a c t i v i t i e s . 4.

E very p u r c h a s e s h o u ld show t h a t t h e i n t e r e s t s

o f th e sch o o l have been p r e s e rv e d . 5.

E v e ry p u r c h a s e s h o u ld b e made on r e g u l a t i o n

fo rm s a n d i n su ch a m an n er a s w i l l i n s u r e l e g a l i t y o f c o n t r a c t , p ro m p t d e l i v e r y an d p a y m e n ts, a n d s u f f i c i e n t m a n ag em en t.1^ I n t h e p a s t t h e p ro b le m o f b u y in g was n o t a s c o m p li­ c a te d as a t th e p r e s e n t tim e .

F a b ric s o f th e p r e s e n t a re

more num erous an d p r i c e s a r e more i n c o n s i s t e n t .

To p u r c h a s e

i n c o n d i t i o n s su c h a s t h e s e a p e r s o n m ust be a n e x p e r t i n p u rc h a sin g .

The t e a c h e r an d a t h l e t i c d i r e c t o r c a n n o t be

e x p e e t e d t o r e a c h t h e s t a t u s o f a n e x p e r t and t h e r e f o r e m u st r e l y on th e i n t e g r i t y o f t h e d e a l e r f o r g u id a n c e w h i l e a t t h e same tim e n o t f o r g e t t i n g t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n p r i c e r a n g e s and q u a l i t y . 19^

18 I b i d . . p p . 1 6 9 - 7 0 . 19

K en n e th L. M eyer, The P u r c h a s e , C a re an d R e p a ir o f A t h l e t i c E quipm ent ( S t . L o u i s : E d u c a t i o n a l P u b l i s h e r s , I n c . , 1948), p . 24.

9 The q u e s t i o n o f t e n a r i s e s a s t o from whom th e p u r ­ c h a s e s h o u ld b e m ade.

Moat a u t h o r i t i e s c la im t h a t p u r c h a s e s

s h o u ld be made from r e p u t a b l e e q u ip m e n t h o u s e s t o th e e x c lu s io n o f l o c a l d e a l e r s u n le s s th e l o c a l d e a l e r can e q u a l o r b e t t e r t h e s e r v i c e an d p r i c e . IV .

20

ORGANIZATION OF THE REMAINDER OF PAPER

C h a p te r two p r e s e n t s t h e f a c t o r s i n t h e p u r c h a s e an d c a r e o f c o t t o n a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s .

Wool a t h l e t i c

s u p p l i e s w i l l be c o v e r e d i n c h a p t e r t h r e e . c h a p te r rayon s u p p lie s a r e p r e s e n te d . t h e s u p p l i e s made o f n y l o n .

I n th e f o u r t h

C h a p te r f i v e c o v e r s

R ubber s u p p l i e s and t h e i r

p u r c h a s e an d c a r e a r e c o v e r e d i n c h a p t e r s i x . seven p r e s e n ts th e l e a t h e r s u p p lie s .

Wooden a t h l e t i c

su p p lie s a re fe a tu re d in c h a p te r e ig h t. i s t h e summary o f t h e p r o j e c t .

20

I b i d *, p . 6 .

C h a p te r

The n i n t h c h a p t e r

CHAPTER I I PURCHASE AND CARE OF C-OTTON ATHLETIC SUPPLIES C o t to n was r a n k e d f i r s t i n t h e l i s t o f t e x t i l e f a b r i c s b e i n g u s e d a s s t a t e d by W in g ate * 1

T h is r a n k i n g

h e l d t r u e f o r i t s u s e i n t h e m a n u f a c tu r e o f a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s a c c o r d i n g t o M eyer.

2

In t h i s c h a p te r an a tte m p t

was made t o c o v e r c o t t o n a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s an d s t a n d a r d s s e t up f o r t h e p u r c h a s e a n d c a r e o f s u c h s u p p l i e s .

B e fo r e

a t t e m p t i n g t h a t i t m ig h t p r o v e b e n e f i c i a l t o ex am ine th e p ro p e rtie s of c o tto n . I.

PROPERTIES OF COTTON

P h y sic a l p r o p e r t i e s .

P h y sic a l p r o p e r tie s o f c o tto n

w h ic h w ere p e r t i n e n t i n t h e q u e s t i o n o f c o t t o n a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s i n c l u d e d t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h , e l a s t i c i t y , h e a t con ­ d u c tiv ity ,

te m p e ra tu re a f f e c t , l i g h t a f f e c t , m o is tu re

a f f e c t , and d u r a b i l i t y . C o t to n r a n k e d t h i r d i n t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h o f t h e f o u r f i b e r s commonly u s e d I n a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s w i t h n y lo n a n d w ool h a v i n g a g r e a t e r s t r e n g t h . e la stic ity ,

W ith r e g a r d s t o

c o tto n ranked l a s t in th e l i s t o f fo u r.

_

W in g a te , o p . c i t . , p . 35* ^ Meyer, op . c i t . . p . 2 6 .

M o is tu r e h a d a d i r e c t l y p r o p o r t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e e l a s t i c i t y of c o tto n f ib e r s .

An i n c r e a s e i n m o i s t u r e c a u s e d

a n d w i l l c a u s e an I n c r e a s e i n e l a s t i c i t y *

G o tte n f i b e r s

w ith sto o d h ig h te m p e ra tu re s and b o ili n g w a te r w ith o u t damage t o th e f i b e r s .

Too l o n g a n e x p o s u r e t o d i r e c t

s u n lig h t r e s u lte d in a lo s s o f f i b e r s tr e n g th and a b r i t t l e n e s s of th e f i b e r .

C o tto n h a d good d u r a b i l i t y

p r o p e r t i e s and was c o n s i d e r e d r u g g e d en o ug h t o w i t h s t a n d ro u g h t r e a t m e n t m et i n c o n t a c t s p o r t s . ^

In th e m a tte r o f

h e a t c o n d u c t i v i t y , c o t t o n r a n k e d a h e a d o f wool b u t was n o t 4 a s good a s r a y o n . C h em ical p r o p e r t i e s »

The i m p o r t a n t c h e m ic a l

p r o p e r t i e s had t o do w i t h th e r e a c t i o n o f c o t t o n t o a c i d s and a l k a l i e s *

C o t to n f i b e r s w ere s e n s i t i v e t o a c i d s i n

an y form b u t w ould do no damage i f r i n s e d o u t w i t h w a t e r . A l k a l i e s h a d a b e n e f i c i a l a f f e c t on c o t t o n s a s t h e p r o c e s s o f m e rc e riz in g gave a n in c r e a s e i n s t r e n g t h and e l a s t i c i t y and a d e c r e a s e i n t h e s h r i n k a g e f a c t o r .

M e rc e riz in g i s

a p r o c e s s w hereby c o t t o n i s t r e a t e d w i t h a c a u s t i c a l k a l i so lu tio n .

B e s id e s th e f a c t o r s l i s t e d a b o v e , m e r c e r i z e d

K a t h a r i n e Paddo.ek H ess, T e x t i l e F i b e r s a n d T h e i r Use (C h ic a g o , P h i l a d e l p h i a , New Y o rk : J . B. L i p p i n c o t t Company, 1 9 4 1 ) , p p . 2 8 5 - 9 1 . 4

W ingate, o p . c i t *. p . 87*

12

c o t t o n f a b r i c s have a h i g h e r a f f i n i t y f o r dye arid a h i g h lu ste r* ^ II.

FACTORS IN PURCHASING- COTTON ATHLETIC SUPPLIES As was m e n tio n e d p r e v i o u s l y , c o t t o n was an d I s t h e

m o st u s e d f a b r i c i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s . The more commonly fo u n d a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s i n c o t t o n h av e i n c l u d e d f o o t b a l l p a n t s and j e r s e y s , b a s k e t b a l l u n i f o r m s , b a s e b a l l u n i f o r m s , s i d e l i n e c o a t s , t r a c k u n if o r m s an d w arm -ups, s o c k s , T - s h i r t s , and s u p p o r t e r s .

T hese a r t i c l e s

m e n tio n e d ab o v e m ig h t o r m ig h t n o t b e a l l c o t t o n s i n c e i n many i n s t a n c e s m i x t u r e s o f c o t t o n and o t h e r f a b r i c s a r e In v o lv e d .

F o r e x a m p le , b a s k e t b a l l J e r s e y s h ave i n c l u d e d

m i x t u r e s o f c o t t o n a n d r a y o n and c o t t o n a n d w o o l. A c c o rd in g t o v a r i o u s a u t h o r i t i e s , . t h e t h r e e m ain c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n b u y in g a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s a r e q u a l i t y , s e rv ic e , and p r ic e .^

I t w ou ld seem t h a t t h e q u a l i t y an d

s e r v i c e c r i t e r i a would be more o r l e s s r e l a t e d so t h a t i n a c t u a l i t y t h e r e would be o n ly two m ain f a c t o r s , q u a l i t y and p ric e ,

t o be c o n s id e r e d * Meyer s t a t e d t h a t t h e q u a l i t y o f a f a b r i c d ep e n d ed

-

-

H ess, o p . c i t . , p . 2 9 2 . ^ W illiam s and Hughes, o p . c i t . , p p . 1 6 9 -7 0 .

13 on more th an th e raw m a t e r ia ls u s e d .

C o n tr ib u tin g f a c t o r s

w ere th e c o n s t r u c t io n o f th e weave o r k n i t , r e s i s t a n c e to la u n d e r in g , s h r in k in g q u a l i t i e s o f th e s p e c i f i c m a t e r ia ls , and th e f a s t n e s s o f c o l o r .^

W ith th o s e f a c t o r s

in m ind, th e q u e s tio n o f p u r c h a s in g .c o t t o n a t h l e t i c s u p p lie s h a s been exam in ed . P r ic e . w o o l.

C otton goods i n g e n e r a l a r e ch eap er th an

K n itte d good s have b een found t o be j u s t a s s e r v i c e ­

a b le and p r a c t i c a l a s woven and have n o t been any more e x p e n s iv e .

Q

E x te n s iv e u se has b een made o f c o t t o n s u p p lie s

i n a t h l e t i c s and e s p e c i a l l y where th e f a b r i c s have b een o f s u f f i c i e n t w e ig h t .

In v ie w o f th e ch eap er p r ic e o f

c o t t o n over w ool th e r e rem a in s th e q u e s tio n o f th e r e l a t i o n ­ sh ip o f p r ic e t o q u a l i t y . Q u a lit v »

The f i r s t o f th e fo u r f a c t o r s i n q u a li t y

m en tion ed above was th e c o n s t r u c t io n o f th e k n it o r w eave. K n itte d f a b r ic s have been found t o be more c o m fo r ta b le i n t h a t th e y a r e porous and a llo w f o r v e n t i l a t i o n o f th e s k in .

T his f a c t e lim in a t e s the s t i c k i n g o f th e garm ent

when w e t.

Q

In t h e c a s e o f k n it t e d g o o d s, s t r e n g t h i s

7 M eyer, o p . c i t . . p . 2 4 . ® W ingate, o p . c i t . « pp 2 7 8 -9 * Q

L o c. c i t .

14 d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e num ber o f e o u r s e s a n d w a le s p e r s q u a r e i n c h . 10

P l a i n a n d t w i l l w eaves h av e b e e n fo un d t o be m ost

common i n c o t t o n .

The t w i l l , w e a v e h a s b e e n fo u n d t o be

th e s t r o n g e r o f th e two and i f b u y in g f o r w e a r, t h e t w i l l w ould be th e b e t t e r .

S t r e n g t h o f woven g oods i s d e t e r m in e d

by t h e number o f w arps an d f i l l i n g s p e r s q u a r e i n c h . 3"1. W hether to p u r c h a s e k n i t t e d o r woven c o t t o n s u p p l i e s m u st be ju d g e d b y th e u s e t o w hich th e i n t e n d e d g oods a r e a ssig n e d . The s e c o n d f a c t o r i n q u a l i t y w as r e s i s t a n c e t o la u n d e rin g . clean ed .

C o t to n goods c a n be e i t h e r w ash ed o r d ry

T hat p o i n t w o u ld b e w o rth y o f c o n s i d e r a t i o n

s in c e la u n d e rin g i s

cheaper th a n d ry c le a n in g .

S c h o o ls

w i t h s m a ll b u d g e t s s h o u ld t a k e n o t e . 12 The t h i r d f a c t o r was s h r i n k a g e o f t h e m a t e r i a l s in v o lv e d .

C o tto n f a b r i c s p r e s e n t no s h r i n k a g e p ro b le m

i f t h e b u y e r b u y s c o t t o n s w h ich h av e b e e n s a n f o r i z e d o r pre-sh ru n k .

G-oods w h ic h h a v e b e e n s a n f o r i z e d h a v e an

a l lo w a n c e o f one p e r c e n t s h r i n k a g e o r no more t h a n o n e f o u r th in c h i n le n g th and w id th . ^

H e ss , o p . c i t . ,

iw

p . 60.

H W in g a te , o p . c i t . . p . 2 4 3 . 12 Meyer, o p . c i t . ,

p . 26.

^3 W ingate, op. c i t . . p . 3 1 8 .

15 The f i n a l q u a l i t y f a c t o r was t h e f a s t n e s s o f . c o l o r i n g o r dyes u s e d .

C o t to n t a k e s c o l o r w e l l an d c a n he made a s 14 a t t r a c t i v e a s any o t h e r f a b r i c s . H ow ever, some a u t h o r i ­ t i e s a d v o c a te a v o id a n c e o f m ixed f a b r i c s on t h e p r e m is e t h a t no two f a b r i c s dye t h e same an d c o n t i n u e d c l e a n i n g o r w a s h in g w i l l r e s u l t i n a b i z a r r e a p p e a r a n c e . ^ The p u r c h a s i n g o f c o t t o n g o o d s s h o u ld be d e t e r m in e d by w hat i s d e s i r e d o f t h e f a b r i c c a n d w hat c o n d i t i o n s a re ., p r e s e n t w ith re g a rd s to th e a c t i v i t y .

S ta n d a rd s f o r th e

p u r c h a s e o f c o t t o n a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s w ould i n c l u d e : 1.

F or a lim ite d b u d g et, c o tto n i s cheaper th a n

o th e r f a b r i c s b u t g iv e s d e s i r a b l e w ear. 2.

L aundry q u a l i t i e s g iv e c o t t o n a n a d v a n ta g e o v e r

w ool and r a y o n . 3.

S a n f o r i z e d g a r m e n ts o n ly s h o u ld be p u r c h a s e d .

4.

The q u e s t i o n o f k n i t o r woven g a r m e n ts s h o u ld be

d e c i d e d on t h e b a s i s o f c o m fo r t s i n c e k n i t g oo ds a r e a s s e r v i c e a b l e a s w oven.

I n d o o r s p o r t s , c h a r a c t e r i z e d by

p r o f u s e s w e a t i n g , s h o u l d h av e k n i t g a r m e n ts w here v e n t i ­ l a t i o n can o cc u r. 5*

The more com pact t h e k n i t o r weave i s , t h e more

d u r a b ili ty i s o b ta in e d . M eyer, o p . c i t . ,

p . 26.

^ K e n n e th G-. S u l l i v a n , r,The E qu ip m ent P r o b l e m ,” S c h o l a s t i c C o a ch . 17*38, J a n u a r y , . 1 9 4 8 .

6.

I f m ixed f a b r i c s u p p l i e s a r e p u r c h a s e d , t h e

la u n d r y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s s h o u l d be c h e c k e d b e f o r e b u y i n g . 7*

The p u r c h a s e .:o f m ixed f a b r i c s s h o u ld be a v o i d e d

i f a t a l l p o s s i b l e due t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n l a u n d r y an d d y ein g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . III.

CARE OF COTTON ATHLETIC SUPPLIES

The c a r e o f a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s i n c l u d e s a l l t h e tim e s p e n t i n h a n d l i n g t h e s u p p l i e s from th e tim e th e y a r e p u r c h a s e d u n t i l th e y a r e d e s t r o y e d .

A th le tic s u p p lie s are

c o n s t a n t l y s u b j e c t e d t o r o u g h t r e a t m e n t an d t h e p ro b le m o f c a r e becomes one o f p a ra m o u n t i m p o r t a n c e .

C are i s d i r e c t l y

p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e l e n g t h o f l i f e o f t h e s u p p l i e s and f a l l s i n t o t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s o f c l e a n i n g , s t a i n r e m o v a l, an d s t o r a g e . C lean in g .

P u re c o t t o n a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s a r e c a p a b le

o f b e i n g e i t h e r w ashed o r d ry c l e a n e d .

M ix tu re s o f c o tto n

an d o t h e r f a b r i c s m u st be t r e a t e d w i t h c a u t i o n w i t h r e g a r d s t o la u n d r y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

T - s h i r t s an d s o c k s , i f

e x t r e m e ly s o i l e d , s h o u ld be s o a k e d b e f o r e w a s h in g w i t h a little

d iss o lv e d soda.

w a t e r w i t h o u t h arm .

C o t t o n i s c a p a b le o f t a k i n g h o t

Muddy g a r m e n ts s h o u ld be w ashed b e f o r e

t h e mud i s a l lo w e d t o s e t . 16 M eyer, o p . c i t . ,

"1 A

pp. 9 2 - 4 .

S t a i n re m o v a l.

B lo o d , g r a s s , an d m ildew a r e t h e

t h r e e s t a i n s w h ic h c a u s e . t r o u b l e i n c o t t o n s u p p l i e s .

The

f o l l o w i n g p r o c e d u r e s a r e recommended f o r c o m b a tt in g : 1.

B loo d s t a i n s c a n be rem oved by a p p l i c a t i o n o f

lukewarm w a t e r .

A f t e r a l l o w i n g g a rm e n t t o s o a k , l a u n d e r

i n t h e u s u a l m anner recommended f o r c o t t o n g o o d s . 2.

G ra s s s t a i n s c a n b e .re m o v e d by a p p l y i n g e i t h e r

a c e t i c e t h e r o r a lc o h o l d i r e c t l y to th e s t a i n . 3>

M ildew s t a i n s m ust be b l e a c h e d o u t by a p p l y i n g

J a v e lle w a te r d i r e c t l y to th e s t a i n .

The b l e a c h d o e s n o t

a c t u a l l y remove t h e s t a i n b u t t a k e s t h e c o l o r o u t o f t h e sta in .

C are m ust be e x e r c i s e d n o t t o b l e a c h c o l o r e d 17

goods. 1 S to ra g e .

M ildew m u st be c o n te n d e d w i t h i n t h e

s to ra g e of c o tto n a t h l e t i c

su p p lie s.

C o n s e q u e n t ly , c o t t o n s

m u st be s t o r e d i n a d ry p l a c e and i n a p l a c e w here m o i s t u r e c a n n o t be p r e s e n t .

Moths do n o t b o t h e r c o t t o n a n d .n o

p ro b le m i s p r e s e n t a s f a r a s u s e o f m oth r e p e l l e n t s . C o t to n w r i n k l e s e a s i l y an d i f c a r e i s t a k e n i n s t o r a g e , t h e p r e s s i n g w i l l n o t r e q u i r e much tim e o r e f f o r t b e f o r e u s i n g t h e g a r m e n ts a g a i n . ^

H ess, o p . c i t . . p p . 4 9 4 -5 . l i n g a t e , o p . c i t . , p . 104.

18 IV .

SUMMARY

The p u r c h a s e o f c o t t o n : a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s c o n c e r n s i t s e l f w ith th e in te n d e d u se o f th e goods.

M ain c r i t e r i a

i n p u r c h a s i n g a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s a r e p r i c e an d q u a l i t y . C o t t o n s a r e r e a s o n a b l e i n p r i c e and g i v e good w ea r i f o f s u f f i c i e n t w e ig h t.

The p o i n t s t o c h e c k i n q u a l i t y a r e

d e n s i t y o f weave o r k n i t , r e s i s t a n c e t o l a u n d r y , s a n f o r i z a t i o n , and c o lo r f a s t n e s s . K n i t g o o d s a p p e a r t o be s u p e r i o r f o r i n d o o r s p o r t s s u p p l i e s o v e r woven b e c a u s e o f t h e p o r o u s q u a l i t y o f t h e k n i t w h ic h a l l o w s f o r v e n t i l a t i o n .

T w i l l woven c o t t o n

g oo ds a r e d u r a b l e an d c a n s t a n d up u n d e r r u g g e d w e a r . C o t to n g oo ds c a n be e i t h e r w ashed o r d ry c l e a n e d . Hot w a t e r h a s no h a r m f u l a f f e c t on t h e f i b e r s .

S a n fo riz a -

t i o n s h o u ld be p r e s e n t t o m in im iz e s h r i n k a g e o f t h e g a r m e n t s . C o tto n ,.h a s good a f f i n i t y f o r d y e s an d c a n be made a s a t t r a c t i v e a s any o t h e r f a b r i c s . f a s t a n d w i l l s t a n d up w e l l .

The d y e s a r e n o r m a lly

The b u y in g o f m ixed f a b r i c s

s h o u ld be a v o i d e d i f a t a l l p o s s i b l e due t o d i f f e r e n c e s o f la u n d r y an d s h r i n k a g e q u a l i t i e s . C o t to n s m ust be s t o r e d i n an a b s o l u t e l y d ry a r e a an d i n d ry c o n d i t i o n s t o p r e v e n t m ild e w . b o th e r c o tto n s u p p lie s .

M oths do n o t

CHAPTER I I I PURCHASE AMD CARE OF WOQLEK ATHLETIC SUPPLIES Many p u r ch a ser s o f a t h l e t i c s u p p lie s have le a n e d t o th e s e l e c t i o n o f w oolen goods in t h e i r "buying.

A ccord­

in g t o W ingate, w ool ranked t h ir d b eh in d c o t t o n and rayon i n g e n e r a l u se among th e fo u r f i b e r s b e in g exam ined.^W oolen s u p p lie s have b een co v ered i n t h i s c h a p te r In a manner s im ila r t o th e p r e c e d in g c h a p te r on c o t t o n . I.

PROPERTIES OF WOOL

P h y s ic a l p r o p e r t ie s .

The same p h y s ic a l p r o p e r t ie s

o f t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h , e l a s t i c i t y , d u r a b i l i t y , h e a t con­ d u c t i v i t y , tem p eratu re a f f e c t , l i g h t a f f e c t , and m o istu r e a f f e c t have b een d e a lt w ith in w ool a s w ere i n c o t t o n . Wool f i b e r s ranked secon d to n y lo n i n t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h and ahead o f c o t t o n and ra y o n .

The s tr e n g th

v a r ie d , h ow ever, w ith th e p e r c e n ta g e o f m o istu r e p r e s e n t . A h ig h m o istu r e c o n te n t r e s u lt e d in a w eakening o f th e w ool fib e r s .

Wool f i b e r s were th e m ost e l a s t i c o f th e fo u r m ajor

f i b e r s and a g a in m o istu r e h a s an a f f e c t on e l a s t i c i t y . more m o istu r e p r e s e n t , th e g r e a t e r was th e e l a s t i c i t y . W oolens have good d u r a b il it y q u a lit y and p rob ably wear ^ W ingate, o p . c i t . ,

p . 35*

The

20

b e t t e r t h a n any o t h e r . w ool r a n k e d v e r y lo w .

I n re g a rd s to h e a t c o n d u c tiv ity , E x p o su re ..to d i r e c t s u n l i g h t f o r to o

lo n g a p e r i o d r e s u l t e d i n a w eakened f i b e r .

B o i l i n g an d

h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s a l s o r e s u l t e d i n l o s s o f s t r e n g t h and l u s t e r o f w o o le n s . 2 M eyer

s t a t e d t h a t w ool w ould o u tw e a r any o t h e r

f a b r i c an d w ould h o l d i t s

shape w e l l .

I f stre tc h e d , i t

c o u l d be r e s h a p e d by w e t t i n g t h e f a b r i c and m o ld in g i t . C h e m ic a l p r o p e r t i e s .

A c id s i n d i l u t e form have b e e n

fo u n d n o t t o harm w o o len f a b r i c s .

A lk a lie s in d ilu te

s o l u t i o n w i l l d e s t r o y t h e f i b e r s o f w o o len f a b r i c s , e s p e c i a l ­ ly i f b o i l e d .

B l e a c h i n g a g e n t s h av e no h a r m f u l a f f e c t on

w oo l an d o f t e n a r e u s e d i n p r e p a r i n g w ool f o r d y e i n g . H ydrogen p e r o x id e i s m ost commonly u s e d a s a b l e a c h f o r 4 w o o l. II.

FACTORS Hi PURCHASING WOOLEN ATHLETIC- . SUPPLIES Wool r a n k e d t h i r d b e h i n d c o t t o n an d r a y o n a s was

m e n tio n e d p r e v i o u s l y .

The m ost commonly fo u n d w o olen

g a r m e n ts i n a t h l e t i c s a r e b a s e b a l l f l a n n e l u n i f o r m s , 2 I b i d . . p p . 204-13* 5 M eyer, o p . c i t . , 4

p . 25.

He s s , op. c i t ... pp. 2 1 0 -2 .

21

f o o t b a l l j e r s e y s , b a s k e t b a l l u n if o r m s an d w arm -u ps, swimming t r u n k s , an d sw eat s o c k s .

As was t h e c a s e i n c o t t o n s u p p l i e s ,

o f t e n t h e above a r t i c l e s a r e i n c o m b in a t io n o f w ool and o th e r f a b r ic s . P ric e .

Woolen f a b r i c s a r e more c o s t l y t h a n c o t t o n

and o th e r f a b r i c s .

T h is d i s a d v a n t a g e i s b a l a n c e d by t h e

f a c t t h a t w ool w e a rs b e t t e r t h a n m o st o t h e r f a b r i c s .

The

i n t e n d e d u s e o f t h e g a r m e n ts i n q u e s t i o n s h o u ld g o v e r n th e p u r c h a s e when p r i c e s a r e compared.-* Q u a lity .

C o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e weave o r k n i t i s t h e

f i r s t o f th e f a c t o r s of q u a l ity c o n s id e re d .

Woolen g a r m e n ts

a r e fo u n d m a in ly i n t h e p l a i n and t w i l l w e a v e s.

The t w i l l

weave i s t h e s t r o n g e r an d more d u r a b l e t h a n t h e p l a i n and g: i s a l s o more c o s t l y . K n it w o o le n s a r e commonly fo u n d i n a th le tic

su p p lie s, c h ie fly in f o o tb a ll je rs e y s .

T hese c a n

be made up i n l i g h t , medium o r heavy w e i g h t s f o r v a r i a n c e in c lim a te .

'Woolen j e r s e y s a r e more c o s t l y b u t g i v e l o n g e r

w ea r an d w i l l h o l d sh a p e b e t t e r t h a n c o t t o n . ^

The q u e s t i o n

o f b u y in g k n i t o r woven w o o le n s d e p e n d s upon t h e i n t e n d e d ^ M eyer, o p . c i t . ,

p . 25*

^ W in g a te , o p . p i t . , 7

p. 2 4 j.

Meyer, op. p i t * , p . 25*

22

use.

K n it g o o d s w i l l v e n t i l a t e and w i l l n o t s t i c k t o t h e

body when w e t. The s e c o n d f a c t o r i n c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f q u a l i t y was r e s is ta n c e to la u n d e rin g .

Woolens do n o t w ash r e a d i l y and

t h e r e f o r e d ry c l e a n i n g i s recom m ended, e s p e c i a l l y w h i l e th e g a r m e n ts a r e new.

T h is f a c t o r m ust be c o n s i d e r e d i f t h e

b u d g e t c a n n o t s t a n d t h e c o s t o f d ry c l e a n i n g and a b s o l u t e c a re i s n o t g u a ra n te e d in th e la u n d e rin g .

W oolens a b s o r b

o d o r s r e a d i l y and t h a t f a c t s t r e s s e s t h e p o i n t made above c o n c e rn in g c le a n in g . I n q u a l i t y c o n s i d e r a t i o n , t h e t h i r d f a c t o r was sh rin k a g e of th e m a te r ia l s In v o lv e d .

S h r in k a g e c o n t r o l

i s a c c o m p lis h e d i n w o o le n s by a t r e a t m e n t w i t h m elam ine f o rm a ld e h y d e r e s i n .

F a b r i c s t h u s l y t r e a t e d m ust w i t h s t a n d

a s h r i n k a g e o f f i v e p e r c e n t o r l e s s i n l e n g t h and two p er ce n t o r le s s in w id th .

One s h o u ld i n s i s t on s h r i n k a g e

c o n t r o l h a v i n g b e e n e x e r c i s e d when p u r c h a s i n g w o o le n s . 8 The f o u r t h p o i n t i n q u a l i t y c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s f a s t n e s s of c o lo r.

Wool p o s s e s s e s a g r e a t a f f i n i t y f o r d y e s and

c a n be made up i n v e r y a t t r a c t i v e

s ty le s .^

A g a in c a r e

s h o u ld be e x e r c i s e d i n p u r c h a s i n g m ixed f a b r i c s a s d y e s _

W in g a te , o p . c i t . , 9

I b i d . , p . 207•

p . 320.

23 a f f e c t d i f f e r e n t f a b r i c s i n v a r i e d ways and r e p e a t e d c l e a n i n g s le a v e t h e f a b r i c s w i t h a p o o r c o l o r . I f m ixed f a b r i c s a r e t o be p u r c h a s e d an d t h e p u r c h a s e r i s i n d o u b t a s t o w h at t h e f a b r i c s a r e o r d o u b ts t h e i n t e g r i t y o f t h e d e a l e r , t h e r e i s a s im p le t e s t w h ic h c a n be u s e d t o i d e n t i f y w ool and c o t t o n .

The fla m e t e s t

i s c a p a b l e o f b e i n g u s e d a t any tim e on a s m a ll s c r a p o r sam ple i f t h e m a t e r i a l i s a v a i l a b l e . sam ple and h o l d them i n a m a tc h f l a m e .

P u l l f i b e r s from t h e Wool f i b e r s b u r n

w i t h a b l u i s h c o l o r , g iv e o f f a f a t t y o d o r , an d le a v e a hard , c h a rc o a l-lik e re s id u e .

C o tto n f i b e r s b u rn w ith a

b r i g h t y e l lo w fla m e and l e a v e no r e s i d u e .

As a f u r t h e r

c h e c k , w ool f i b e r s t e n d t o c u r l up when t a k e n o u t o f f a b r i c s w h ile c o t t o n f i b e r s r e m a in s t r a i g h t . 10 As was t h e c a s e i n c o t t o n s u p p l i e s , t h e p u r c h a s e o f w o o len a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s s h o u ld be d e t e r m in e d by w hat i s d e s i r e d o f t h e f a b r i c a n d u n d e r w hat c o n d i t i o n s i t i s t o be u s e d .

S t a n d a r d s f o r t h e p u r c h a s e o f w o o le n a t h l e t i c

s u p p l i e s w ould i n c l u d e : 1.

Woolen s u p p l i e s a r e c o s t l y b u t g i v e more w ea r

t h a n o t h e r f a b r i c s an d h o l d t h e i r sh ap e w e l l . 2.

P u r c h a s e o n ly g a r m e n ts o r s u p p l i e s w h ich have

h a d some s h r i n k a g e c o n t r o l u s e d . 10 Meyer, op. c i t . . p. 2 5 .

24

3*

L a u n d e r in g o f w o o le n s p r e s e n t s a p ro b lem an d

t h e r e f o r e c a n be c a l l e d a d i s a d v a n t a g e t o t h e a d v i s a b i l i t y o f p u r c h a s i n g w o o le n s . 4.

S u p p l i e s b e i n g u s e d i n r u g g e d c o n d i t i o n s m ig h t

w e l l be w o o len f o r t h e sak e o f d u r a b i l i t y . 5*

C om fo rt t o t h e w e a r e r s h o u ld be t h e a n s w e r t o th e

b u y in g o f e i t h e r k n i t o r woven m a t e r i a l s . 6.

K n i t g o od s v e n t i l a t e and do n o t s t i c k when w e t.

7*

Woolen s u p p l i e s do n o t c o n d u c t h e a t w e l l and

f o r I n d o o r u s e w oo l i s q u e s t i o n a b l e . 8.

M ix in g f a b r i c s i s t o be a v o i d e d due t o l a u n d e r i n g

a n d dye d i f f e r e n c e s . III.

CARE OF WOGLETJ ATHLETIC SUPPLIES

The t h r e e p h a s e s o f t h e c a r e o f a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s i n v o l v e c l e a n i n g , s t a i n r e m o v a l, an d t h e s t o r a g e o f t h e a rtic le s .

An a d e q u a te s y ste m o f c h e c k in g o u t and m aking

i n v e n t o r y was b e i n g assu m ed t h r o u g h o u t t h e s t u d y . C lean in g .

Woolen a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s a r e c a p a b l e o f

b e i n g w ashed o r d ry c l e a n e d .

However, c a u t i o n m ust be

o b s e r v e d when w a s h in g w o o le n f a b r i c s .

The w ool f i b e r s

s h r i n k i f t h e w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e i s t o o h i g h o r k n o t i f to o much f r i c t i o n i s p r e s e n t , s u c h a s i s p r e s e n t i n a w a s h in g m a c h in e .

L a u n d e r in g s u g g e s t i o n s f o r w ool i n c l u d e s t h e u se

25 o f w a t e r a t n i n e t y t o 110 d e g r e e s F a h r e n h e i t , a m ild so a p w i t h no e x c e s s a l k a l i , a w a t e r s o f t e n e r , no han d w r i n g i n g o r r u b b i n g , an d no u s e o f a tu m b l e r ty p e d r y e r .

K n itte d

g a r m e n ts s h o u ld be d r i e d by s t r e t c h i n g o u t on a f l a t s u r f a c e an d woven g a r m e n ts by s t r e t c h i n g an d s h a p i n g on a s t r e t c h e r o r h an g er.

W oolens s h o u ld n e v e r be d r i e d i n t h e sun a s

t h e l i g h t i n j u r e s t h e f i b e r s . 11 S t r e l l a d v i s e d t h e d ry c l e a n i n g o f a l l w oolen a r t i c l e s an d i t a p p e a r e d t h a t t h e a u t h o r was m a in ly c o n c e r n e d w i t h f o o t b a l l j e r s e y s . .1 9 B e fo r e s e n d in g g a r m e n ts t o t h e d ry c l e a n e r , m e a s u r e m e n ts s h o u ld be t a k e n a n a r e c o r d e d so t h a t t h e c l e a n e r c a n s t r e t c h t h e g a r m e n ts t o t h e i r o r i g i n a l s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . 1-5 S t a i n rem o v a l.

G ra s s a n d b lo o d s t a i n s a r e t h e two

s t a i n s w h ich c a u s e t r o u b l e i n w o o le n a t h l e t i c

su p p lie s.

T h e i r re m o v a l c a n be o b t a i n e d by t h e f o l l o w i n g p r o c e d u r e s : 1.

G r a s s s t a i n s c a n be rem oved by a p p l y i n g a c e t i c

e t h e r o r a l c o h o l t o t h e s t a i n and t h e n w a sh in g o r d ry c l e a n i n g a c c o r d i n g t o n o rm a l c o n d i t i o n s . 11 M eyer, o p . c i t . . p . 91* 12 J o h n S t r e l l , J r . , "C are o f E quipm ent t h e Y e a r R o u n d ," S c h o l a s t i c C o a ch . 15^5 6, J a n u a r y , 1946. 13

W. K. S t r e i t , "C are o f E q u ip m ent f o r t h e D u r a t i o n , " Sc h o l a s t i c C o a c h . 1 2 : 1 4 , -D ecem ber, 1 9 4 2 .

26 2.

B lood s t a i n s c a n be rem oved by a p p l i c a t i o n o f

lukewarm w a t e r and t h e s o a k in g o f t h e g a rm e n t u n t i l t h e s t a i n i s r e m o v e d .1^ S to ra g e .

Wool i s a t t a c k e d r e a d i l y by m oths an d m ust

be made m oth p r o o f b e f o r e s t o r a g e .

T h is c a n be a c c o m p lis h e d

by s e a l i n g t h e g a r m e n ts i n b o x e s w i t h m oth b a l l s o r c r y s t a l s sp re a d around th e a r t i c l e s -

The i t e m s s h o u ld be c l e a n and

d ry b e f o r e b e i n g s t o r e d s i n c e m oths a r e more a p t t o be p r e s e n t i f g a r m e n ts a r e s o i l e d . IS^ IV .

SUMMARY

The p u r c h a s e o f w o o le n a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s c o n c e r n s t h e a b i l i t y o f t h e p u r c h a s e r t o pay h i g h e r i n i t i a l c o s t s an d h i g h e r u p k ee p c o s t s .

W oolens h a v e a h i g h d u r a b i l i t y ,

r a t i n g an d t h i s f a c t a c t s , a s a b a l a n c e t o t h e h i g h c o s t s i n c e t h e g a r m e n ts w i l l n o t h a v e t o be r e p l a c e d a s q u i c k l y . K n i t o r woven s u p p l i e s s h o u l d be c h o s e n a c c o r d i n g t o w hat i s d e s ir e d in th e f a b r i c . Dry c l e a n i n g i s recommended f o r w o olen g a r m e n ts e s p e c i a l l y when new.

L a u n d e r in g c a n be done u n d e r s p e c i a l

c o n d i t i o n s an d by h a n d . ^

H ess, op. p i t . ,

Wool i s s u b j e c t t o m oth damage^ p . 494.

Meyer, op. c i t . . p. 114.

27 an d s t o r a g e m ust be c a r r i e d o u t i n s e a l e d c o n t a i n e r s i n . w h ic h some m oth r e p e l l e n t h a s b e e n p l a c e d .

The s t o r a g e

a r e a m ust be d ry and c l e a n , a s i s t h e c a s e f o r any f a b r i c .

CHAPTER IV PURCHASE AND CARE OF RAXON ATHLETIC -SUPPLIES Rayon h a s b e e n u s e d f o r a l l k i n d s o f a t h l e t i c s u p p lie s la rg e ly because of i t s

s h e e n an d a b i l i t y t o be

made i n t o a t t r a c t i v e a p p e a r i n g a r t i c l e s .

Rayon r a n k e d

b e h i n d c o t t o n i n g e n e r a l u s e among t h e f o u r f a b r i c s e x a m in e d .1

T h is c h a p t e r h a s d e a l t w i t h r a y o n a s a n a t h l e t i c c

s u p p ly m a t e r i a l . I .

PROPERTIES OF RAYON

P h y sic a l p r o p e r tie s .

Rayon r a n k e d f o u r t h i n t e n s i l e

s t r e n g t h when p l a c e d w i t h n y lo n , w o o l, and c o t t o n .

The

s t r e n g t h v a r i e d i n v e r s e l y w i t h t h e am ount o f m o i s t u r e p re se n t.

Rayon w i l l l o s e from f o r t y t o s e v e n ty p e r c e n t

of i t s te n sile

s t r e n g t h when w et b u t w i l l r e g a i n t h e

s t r e n g t h when d r y . av erag e w ith c o t t o n .

In e l a s ti c it y ,

r a y o n com pared on t h e

S in c e r a y o n i s s y n t h e t i c a l l y p r o d u c e d ,

t h e l e n g t h o f t h e f i b e r c a n be c o n t r o l l e d by w h at u s e t h e f a b r ic i s in te n d e d .

C o n se q u e n tly , th e lo n g e r th e f i b e r

i s , t h e s t r o n g e r a n d more d u r a b l e w i l l be t h e y a r n w h ic h makes up t h e f a b r i c .

H ow ever, d u r a b i l i t y h a s n o t b e e n one

o f r a y o n 's b e t t e r s e l l i n g p o i n t s . 1 Meyer, op. c i t . ,

p. 2 7 .

Rayon g oods r a n k e d h i g h

29 a s c o n d u c t o r s o f h e a t w h ic h made i t s u s e f o r i n d o o r s p o r t s w ear a s tr o n g f a c t o r i n f a v o r of i t .

I n r e s i s t a n c e to

d i r e c t s u n lig h t, rayon ranked b e t t e r th a n e i t h e r c o tto n o r w o o l.

Rayon i s r e s i s t a n t t o h e a t a s a f i b e r b u t w i l l

s h r in k r e a d i l y i f la u n d e re d in h o t w a te r. C h e m ic al p r o p e r t i e s .

2

Rayon i s made fro m c e l l u l o s e

w h ich i s t r e a t e d by c h e m ic a ls t o form a v i s c o u s s o l u t i o n . I n s o l u t i o n , i t i s fo rc e d th ro u g h j e t s a t h ig h p r e s s u r e to form t h e f i b e r s w h ic h h a r d e n by e x p o s u r e t o a i r o r t r e a t m e n t w ith c h e m ic a ls. A l k a l i e s h av e a t e n d e r i n g a f f e c t on r a y o n b u t m e r c e r i z i n g h a s b e e n a c c o m p lis h e d u n d e r c e r t a i n c o n t r o l l e d c o n d itio n s.

A c id s i n g e n e r a l have a w e a k e n in g a f f e c t on

r a y o n b u t a l s o h av e b e e n u s e d u n d e r c o n t r o l l e d c o n d i t i o n s . B l e a c h i n g a g e n t s a r e t o be a v o id e d s i n c e r a y o n r e a c t s A s im ila rly to c o tto n . II.

FACTORS IB PURCHASING RAYON ATHLETIC SUPPLIES

Rayon r a n k e d se c o n d i n g e n e r a l u s e i n a t h l e t i c 2 W in g a te , o p . c i t . ,

pp. 13 S -5 5 ‘

3 I b i d . , p . 133. 4

H e ss, o p . c i t . , p . 335*

s u p p l i e s a s was m e n tio n e d p r e v i o u s l y .

The m oat common

a t h l e t i c g a r m e n ts made o f r a y o n o r r a y o n m i x t u r e s in c d u d e b a s k e t b a l l s u i t s , b a s k e t b a l l w arm -up s, b a s k e t b a l l T - s h i r t s t y l e w arm -u ps, b o x in g r o b e s a n d t r u n k s , f o o t b a l l j e r s e y s , f o o t b a l l p a n t s , an d t r a c k u n i f o r m s .

The f a c t o r s i n b u y in g

r a y o n a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s w i l l be ex a m in e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g se c tio n . P ric e .

Rayon f a b r i c s i n g e n e r a l f a l l b e tw e e n w ool

and c o tto n i n p r ic e ra n g e .

F la s h in e s s i s th e b ig s e l l i n g

p o i n t f o r r a y o n , e s p e c i a l l y when t h e b u y e r w is h e s h i s te a m s t o lo o k w e l l d r e s s e d .

T h is f l a s h f a c t o r seem s t o

h av e r e p l a c e d t h e c o n c e r n o v e r t h e h i g h e r i n i t i a l c o s t o f rayon over c o tto n . 5 Q u a lity .

The c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e weave o r k n i t i s

t h e f i r s t o f th e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f q u a l i t y .

Most o f t h e

f a b r i c s commonly c a l l e d s a t i n a r e a c t u a l l y r a y o n s .

Many

p e rso n s m isu n d e rsta n d t h i s and r e f e r to s a t i n as a ;-fa b ric : i n s t e a d o f a ty p e o f w ea v e.

The s a t i n weave i s t h e m ost

b e a u t i f u l , b u t a t t h e same tim e l e s s d u r a b l e , o f t h e t h r e e zT m a jo r w e a v e s . Due t o t h e l e s s d u r a b l e f a c t o r , r a y o n _

.

M eyer, p p . c i t . , 6

p . 27.

Wingate, p p . p i t . ,

p . 243*

31 m a t e r i a l s do n o t s t a n d a b u s e and t h e i r u s e i s recommended s o l e l y f o r game eq u ip m e n t a n d n o t f o r p r a c t i c e m a t e r i a l s w here d u r a b i l i t y i s a r e q u i s i t e .

7

The s e c o n d f a c t o r t o b e c o n s i d e r e d i s r e s i s t a n c e to la u n d e rin g .

Eayon f a b r i c s r e q u i r e more c a r e t h a n c o t t o n

an d l a u n d e r i n g r e q u i r e s s p e c i a l c a r e .

As was t h e c a s e w i t h

w o o l, d ry c l e a n i n g i s recommended f o r r a y o n s u p p l i e s e s p e c i a l l y when l a u n d e r i n g w ould h av e t o be done c o m m e r c ia lly .

T h is w ould be a d i s a d v a n t a g e t o t h e p u r c h a s e

o f ray o n .® S h r in k a g e c o n t r o l was t h e t h i r d f a c t o r t o c o n s i d e r i n q u a l ity b u y in g .

I n ray o n f a b r i c s , sh rin k a g e c o n t r o l

i s a c c o m p lis h e d by t h e S a n f o r s e t m e th o d .

When t h i s m ethod

h a s b e e n e m p lo y ed , s h r i n k a g e m ust be l e s s t h a n two p e r c e n t b o t h i n l e n g t h an d w i d t h .

I t w ould be i m p o r t a n t t o i n s u r e

t h a t s h r i n k a g e c o n t r o l h a s b e e n u s e d when p u r c h a s i n g r a y o n s u p p lie s .^ F a s tn e s s of c o lo r i s th e f o u r t h c o n s id e r a tio n in b u y in g f o r q u a l i t y .

Rayon t a k e s d y e s v e r y w e l l an d c a n be

w orked up i n good s t y l e s .

T hat f a c t co u p led w ith ra y o n ’ s

_ M eyer, o p . c i t . . p . 27*

8 9

Loc. c i t . Wingate, p p . p i t . , p . 320.

32 n a t u r a l s h e e n an d l u s t e r makes I t a v e r y a t t r a c t i v e f a b r i c an d a b i g s e l l i n g p o i n t t o s t y l e h u n g r y . b u y e r s . S e v e r a l i t e m s o f a t h l e t i c g a r m e n ts a r e made o f m ixed f a b r i c s o f w h ic h r a y o n i s one f a b r i c .

T a c k l e - t w i l l w ould

be a n exam ple o f a m ixed f a b r i c , b e i n g composed o f a r a y o n f r o n t w ith c o tto n b a c k in g .

O f te n t i m e s some o t h e r f a b r i c

i s m ixed w i t h r a y o n t o g i v e ad d e d d u r a b i l i t y t o t h e g a r m e n t. Such m ix in g o f f a b r i c s a d d s t o t h e s h r in k a g e p ro b le m a n d u l t i m a t e l y t o t h e c o s t o f b u y in g a n d m a i n t a i n i n g t h e g a r m e n t. I n s p i t e o f t h e many d i s a d v a n t a g e s o f ra y o n ,- i t s u s e i n a t h l e t i c s u p p lie s h as in c re a s e d d u rin g re c e n t y e a r s . P u r c h a s i n g o f r a y o n g o o d s , a s was th e c a s e in*.wool an d c o t t o n , d ep e n d s upon w hat q u a l i t y f a c t o r a p p e a r s t o s u i t th e b u y e r 's budget and in te n d e d use of th e s u p p lie s . S ta n d a rd s f o r th e p u rchase o f rayon a t h l e t i c

s u p p l i e s w ould

in c lu d e : 1.

Rayon c o s t s more t h a n c o t t o n an d w e a rs l e s s w e l l .

2.

P u r c h a s e o n ly r a y o n s u p p l i e s w h ic h have h a d

s h r i n k a g e c o n t r o l em p lo y ed . 3.

L aundry c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e p o o r a n d c o n s t i t u t e

a d isa d v a n ta g e to th e p u rch ase of ra y o n . 4-.

Buy r a y o n s u p p l i e s o n ly f o r c o m p e t i t i v e u s e , n o t

fo r p ra c tic e use. 10

Meyer, o p . c i t . . p. 27*

33 5*

I f d e s i r a b i l i t y o f f l a s h i n e s s o u tw e ig h s t h e

l a u n d e r i n g an d w ea r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , r a y o n w i l l su p p ly t h e a ttra e tiv e n e s s . 6.

Rayon c o n d u c ts h e a t w e l l w h ich i n c r e a s e s i t s

a d v a n ta g e f o r i n d o o r u s e .

7.

Rayon m i x t u r e s a r e t o be a v o i d e d f o r l a u n d e r i n g

reaso n s. 8.

F o r n o n - c o n t a c t s p o r t s , r a y o n w i l l g iv e good

s e r v i c e w i t h a d e q u a te c a r e . III.

CARE OF RAYON ATHLETIC SUPPLIES

Rayon r e q u i r e s more c a r e t h a n d o e s c o t t o n a s an a t h l e t i c s u p p ly f a b r i c .

T h is i s due t o t h e s h r i n k a g e

q u a l i t y o f r a y o n w h ic h i s a c c o m p a n ie d by a l o s s o f s h a p e . The f a c t n o te d above h a s a d e f i n i t e b e a r i n g on t h e c a r e o f r a y o n w h ich i s d i s c u s s e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n . C le a n in g .

M eyer p o i n t s o u t t h a t a l l r a y o n f a b r i c s

p r e s e n t a p ro b le m i n l a u n d e r i n g b e c a u s e o f t h e s h r i n k a g e q u a lity .

Rayon ca n be e i t h e r w ashed o r d ry c l e a n e d b u t

d ry c l e a n i n g i s r e c o m m e n d e d .^ I f w a s h in g o f r a y o n g a r m e n ts i s t o be d o n e , s e v e r a l p o i n t s s h o u ld be n o t e d .

A v oid t h e u s e o f e i t h e r c o l d o r

11

Meyer, op. c i t . ,

p. 27*

e x t r e m e l y h o t w a t e r a s b o t h w i l l c a u s e s h r i n k a g e more t h a n lukew arm . sin c e i t ,

The u s e o f a w a sh in g m achine s h o u ld h e o m i t t e d to o , c o n trib u te s to sh rin k a g e .

R in s e w a t e r

s h o u ld be o f t h e same t e m p e r a t u r e a s t h e w ash w a t e r t o p r e v e n t undue s h r i n k a g e .

A m i l d , n e u t r a l so a p s h o u ld be

u s e d w h ich w i l l g i v e a good l a t h e r .

K n itte d o r s a t in

r a y o n g a r m e n ts may be l a i d on a t a b l e an d b r u s h e d b e f o r e r i n s i n g w i t h a good g r a d e p a l m e t t o b r u s h .

C are m u st be

e x e r c i s e d t o b r u s h w i t h t h e g r a i n o f t h e g a r m e n t . so a s n o t to b re a k th e f i b e r s .

Rayon s c u f f s v e r y e a s i l y .

s h o u ld be w ashed and r i n s e d e n t i r e l y by h a n d .

The g a rm e n t A f t e r w a sh in g

a n d b e f o r e d r y i n g , th e g a rm e n t s h o u ld be r i n s e d i n a s o l u t i o n o f a c i d i c a c i d , i n t h e r a t i o o f one p i n t a c i d t o f i v e g a l l o n s o f w a t e r , t o s e t t h e c o l o r s o f t h e f a b r i c . 12 S ta in re m o v a l.

The re m o v a l o f s t a i n s from r a y o n

f a b r i c s f o l l o w s t h a t o f c o t t o n and i n c l u d e s t h e f o l l o w i n g : 1.

G ra ss s t a i n s c a n be rem oved by a p p l y i n g a l c o h o l

o r a c e t i c e t h e r d i r e c t l y to th e s t a i n .

T hese w i l l d i s s o l v e

th e c o lo r of th e s t a i n . 2.

B lood s t a i n s a r e c a p a b le o f b e i n g rem oved by t h e

u s e o f lukewarm w a t e r w h ich d i s s o l v e s t h e c o l o r a l s o . 3«

Mildew s t a i n s on w h ite g a r m e n ts c a n be rem oved

12

Meyer, op. c i t . ,

pp. 93”4 .

35 by J a v e l l e w a t e r w h ich b l e a c h e s th e c o l o r o f t h e s t a i n . ^ S to ra g e . of c o tto n .

Rayon s t o r a g e i s a s i m i l a r p ro b le m a s t h a t

No d a n g e r i s p r e s e n t from m oth damage a s m oths

do n o t b o t h e r r a y o n s .

Mildew i s a d a n g e r a n d s t o r a g e o f

r a y o n m ust be a c c o m p lis h e d i n d ry a r e a s a n d t h e g a r m e n ts i n a t h o r o u g h l y d ry s t a t e .

A fa n to v e n t i l a t e th e s to ra g e

a r e a w ould c e r t a i n l y n o t be a d i s a d v a n t a g e t o t h e s t o r i n g p r o b le m . IV .

SUMMARY

The p u r c h a s e o f r a y o n a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s c o n c e r n s i t s e l f m a in ly w i t h t h e am ount o f sh o w in e s s t h e p u r c h a s e r d e s i r e s i n r e l a t i o n s h i p t o p o o r w e a r in g q u a l i t y .

Rayons

a r e recommended f o r game w e a r g a r m e n ts s i n c e th e y do n o t w i t h s t a n d t h e r u g g e d a b u s e t h a t p r a c t i c e g a r m e n ts demand. Found commonly i n k n i t o r s a t i n woven g a r m e n t s , r a y o n i s l e s s d u r a b l e t h a n any o f t h e m a jo r a t h l e t i c f i b e r s . Dry c l e a n i n g i s recommended f o r r a y o n f a b r i c s b e c a u s e rayon s h r in k s r e a d i l y in la u n d e rin g u n le s s s p e c i f i c c o n d i­ t i o n s a r e m e t.

S t a i n s a r e removed i n m eth o d s s i m i l a r t o

c o tto n . Rayon s t o r a g e s h o u ld be i n a d ry room a n d i n a _ H e ss, op. c i t . . pp. 4 9 4 - 5 .

36 p e r f e c t l y d ry c o n d i t i o n .

M ildew i s a n e v i l t o be c o n t e n d e d

w ith and th u s th e m o is tu re p r e c a u tio n s . b o th e r rayon f a b r i c s .

M oths do n o t

CHAPTER V

PURCHASE' AMD CARE OF NILQN ATHLETIC SUPPLIES h y l o n was d e v e lo p e d i n t h e U n ite d S t a t e s a n d h a s b e e n t h e m ost r e c e n t f i b e r p u t i n t o p r o d u c t i o n c o m m e r c ia lly . I t was f i r s t p r o d u c e d c o m m e r c ia lly i n 1

9

3

9

pos s i ­

b i l i t i e s o f t h i s f i b e r h av e by no means b e e n e x h a u s t e d up t o t h i s tim e i n t h e m a n u f a c tu r e o f a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s .

It

a p p e a r s t o be com ing i n t o more p ro m in e n c e i n t h e a t h l e t i c w o rld a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e .

T h is c h a p t e r h a s d e a l t w i t h

t h e f a c t o r s p r e s e n t i n t h e p u r c h a s e and c a r e o f n y lo n a th le tic

su p p lie s. I.

PROPERTIES OF MZLQM

P h y sic a l p r o p e r tie s .

H ylon r a n k e d f i r s t i n t e n s i l e

s tr e n g th of th e fo u r f i b e r s b ein g s tu d ie d .

W ing ate s t a t e d

t h a t n y lo n i s f i v e ti m e s a s s t r o n g a s w ool a n d t h r e e t i m e s O more r e s i s t a n t t o a b r a s i v e n e s s . The l a t t e r f a c t h a s r e ­ s u l t e d i n n y lo n b e i n g u s e d i n c o m b in a t io n w i t h t h e o t h e r f a b r ic s to o b ta in th a t a b ra siv e r e s i s t a n t q u a lity . W a ter h a s no a f f e c t on n y lo n i n c o n t r a s t t o i t s • 1 M eyer, o p . c i t . . p . 29* 2

Wingate, op. c i t . , pp. 1 6 1 - 2 .

38 w e a k e n in g a f f e c t o n r a y o n . in a th le tic

I t w i l l n o t a b s o r b w a t e r w h ic h

su p p lie s c o n s titu t e s a d isa d v a n ta g e .

H eat h a s

no a f f e c t on n y lo n and I r o n i n g c a n be done w i t h o u t f e a r . B o ilin g w a te r w i l l r e s u l t i n sh rin k a g e a s i t does i n th e case of a l l f a b r i c s .

L i g h t e x p o s u r e h a s no h a r m f u l a f f e c t s

on n y lo n f a b r i c s . N ylon p o s s e s s e s g r e a t e l a s t i c i t y and w i l l n o t s h r i n k a f t e r i t has been s e t .

I t i s r e s i s t i v e t o m oths an d m ildew

d am ag e. ^ S in c e n y l o n i s s y n t h e t i c a l l y p r o d u c e d , t h e l e n g t h o f t h e f i b e r c a n be c o n t r o l l e d and t h e d u r a b i l i t y i n c r e a s e d by t h e u s e o f lo n g f i b e r s . C h e m ic al p r o p e r t i e s . w i t h a c h e m ic a l b a s e .

N ylon i s a s y n t h e t i c f i b e r

I t i s m a n u f a c tu r e d from b i t u m i n o u s

c o a l , w a t e r , and a i r by a p r o c e s s s i m i l a r t o t h a t u s e d i n m aking r a y o n ,

The m a t e r i a l s a r e f o r c e d t h r o u g h a j e t i n

a v i s c o u s s o l u t i o n t o form t h e f i b e r s . N ylon i s c h e m i c a l l y i n s o l u b l e an d i s t h e r e f o r e i n e r t to th e a f f e c t s o f re d u c in g a g e n ts .

B o th a c i d s and

a l k a l i e s have no a f f e c t on n y lo n f i b e r s .

The f i b e r s when

p r o d u c e d c a n e i t h e r be w h i t e o r c a n be dyed by d y e s b e i n g 3

4

H ess, op. c i t . ,

p . 363 *

Bendure and P f i e f f e r , pp. p i t * , p . 229*

39 p la c e d i n th e s o lu tio n . II.

B l e a c h in g i s n e v e r n e c e s s a r y .

5

FACTORS IN PURCHASING NYLON ATHLETIC SUPPLIES N ylon h a s come i n t o g r e a t p ro m in e n c e d u r i n g t h e p a s t

d e c a d e i n t h e m a n u f a c tu r e o f a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s .

The

g r e a t e s t use h as been i n f o o t b a l l j e r s e y s and p a n ts , b a s k e t­ b a l l j e r s e y s an d p a n t s , an d t r a c k p a n t s .

The t r e n d a p p e a r s

t o be to w a r d s more and v a r i e d u s e s o f n y lo n i n a t h l e t i c su p p lie s . P ric e .

N ylon r a n k s w i t h w ool i n b e i n g more c o s t l y

t h a n c o t t o n an d r a y o n b u t a s was t r u e i n w ool f a b r i c s t h i s c o s t i s b a l a n c e d by a h i g h e r d e g r e e o f d u r a b i l i t y .

N ylon

h a s t h e q u a l i t y o f s t a n d i n g a b u se w e l l and t h e r e f o r e t h e h i g h c o s t c a n be b a l a n c e d by l o n g e r w ea r and l e s s r e p l a c e ­ ment Q u a lity .

N ylon h a s b e e n w o rked up b o t h i n k n i t and

woven c o n s t r u c t i o n .

K n it g a r m e n ts g i v e b e t t e r e l a s t i c i t y

an d f o o t b a l l u n if o r m s a r e a p p e a r i n g more e x t e n s i v e l y i n n y lo n k n i t w h ich g i v e s a l l t h e two-way s t r e t c h c h a r a c t e r i s ­ tic s .

F o o t b a l l p a n t s a l s o have a p p e a r e d w i t h a woven f r o n t _

H e s s , op. c i t . . pp. 3 6 I - 3 . 6

Meyer, o p . c i t . ,

p . 29*

40 a n d a k n i t b a c k w i t h v a r i o u s c o m b in a t io n s o f f a b r i c s i n t h e f r o n t an d a w o r s t e d w o o l k n i t b a c k f o r e l a s t i c i t y . The p u r c h a s e o f a l l k n i t f o o t b a l l p a n t s i s q u e s t i o n e d b ecau se o f la u n d ry c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . 7 The s e c o n d f a c t o r i n q u a l i t y i s t h e r e s i s t a n c e o f th e f a b r i c to la u n d e r in g .

W ith r e a s o n a b l e c a r e t o a v o i d Pi b o i l i n g w a t e r , n y lo n w a sh e s e a s i l y and d r i e s q u i c k l y . Meyer recommended t h a t n y l o n be s e n t t o t h e d ry c l e a n e r s f o r c le a n in g s in c e th e l a t t e r had proven c le a n s in g a g e n ts .

Q

E ven w i t h t h i s d i s c r e p a n c y i n v ie w s o f a u t h o r i t i e s , t h e f a c t r e m a in s t h a t n y lo n c a n be e i t h e r l a u n d e r e d o r d ry c l e a n e d w i t h good r e s u l t s . S h r in k a g e c o n t r o l i s t h e t h i r d q u a l i t y f a c t o r t o be c o n s id e re d in p u rc h a sin g a t h l e t i c s u p p lie s .

N ylon p r e s e n t s

no s h r i n k a g e p ro b le m p r o v i d e d t h e n y l o n f i b e r s have b e e n s e t i n th e p ro c e s s of m a n u fa c tu re .

E x tr e m e ly h o t w a t e r

c a n c a u s e s h r i n k a g e b u t o r d i n a r y w a s h in g d o e s n o t harm p r e - s e t n y lo n . N ylon i s d y ed i n t h e p r o c e s s o f m a n u f a c tu r e by I b id ., p . 40. 8

B endure an d P f e i f f e r , o p . c i t . . p . 229*

^ M eyer, p p . c i t . , 10

p . 92.

Bendure and P f e i f f e r , o p . c i t . ,

p. 229.

41

i n s e r t i n g t h e d y e s t u f f s i n t o t h e s o l u t i o n from w h ich t h e f i b e r s are o b ta in e d .

The n y l o n f i b e r d y e s w e l l an d f a s t

a n d c a n be made i n t o v e r y a t t r a c t i v e f a b r i c s .

N ylon f a b r i c s

c a n be made j u s t a s f l a s h y a s t h o s e o f r a y o n . Summing up t h e f o u r f a c t o r s i n q u a l i t y shows t h a t n y l o n a p p e a r s t o be t h e a n s w e r t o t h e lo n g a w a i t e d f a b r i c w ith b alan ced c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

I t has s tre n g th , r e s is ta n c e

t o a b r a s i v e n e s s , c a n be l a u n d e r e d , and h a s s u f f i c i e n t f l a s h t o s a t i s f y t h e demands f o r w e l l d r e s s e d te a m s .

The f a c t

t h a t i t c o s t s more t h a n r a y o n i s b a l a n c e d by i t s b e t t e r d u ra b ility q u a litie s .

P r o b a b ly t h e g r e a t e s t d i s a d v a n t a g e

o f n y lo n i s i t s n o n - a b s o r b e n t q u a l i t y w h ich p r e s e n t s a p ro b le m w here p r o f u s e s w e a t i n g o c c u r s .

S ta n d a rd s f o r

p u r c h a s i n g n y l o n a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s w ould i n c l u d e : 1.

N ylon i s t h e s t r o n g e s t f i b e r o f t h e f o u r f i b e r s

- b e in g c o n s i d e r e d . 2.

N ylon i s more d u r a b l e t h a n t h e o t h e r f a b r i c s .

J.

The c o s t o f n y l o n i s h i g h b u t s e r v i c e i s good

w h ic h makes i t s p u r c h a s e a d v i s a b l e i f a l a r g e en ough b u d g e t is a v a ila b le . 4.

L aundry c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s g i v e n y lo n a w ide

a d v a n ta g e o v e r r a y o n . 5*

K n it n y lo n g a r m e n ts o n ly s h o u ld be p u r c h a s e d f o r

i n d o o r s p o r t s w ea r s i n c e n y l o n d o e s n o t a b s o r b p e r s p i r a t i o n

42 a n d k n i t f a b r i c s v e n t i l a t e b e t t e r t h a n woven. 6.

D u r a b i l i t y i s g a i n e d by c o m p a c tn e s s o f weave o r

k n it. III.

CARE OF NYLON ATHLETIC SUPPLIES

N ylon f a b r i c s , due t o t h e c h e m ic a l and p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f th e f i b e r s , r e q u ir e l e s s s p e c i f i c c a re th a n r a y o n b u t c e r t a i n r u l e s o f c a r e s h o u ld be o b s e r v e d .

T hese

w i l l be d i s c u s s e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n . C lean in g . d ry c l e a n e d .

N y lo n f a b r i c s ca n be e i t h e r w ashed o r

N y lo n s w ash e a s i l y an d d r y q u i c k l y .

S a tis ­

f a c t o r y r e s u l t s c a n be o b t a i n e d by d ry c l e a n i n g s i n c e n y lo n i s c h e m ic a ll y i n e r t t o c l e a n s i n g a g e n t s em ploy ed by c l e a n i n g e s ta b lish m e n ts.

Dry c l e a n i n g w ould be recommended i f th e

l a u n d e r i n g w ould have t o be done by a c o m m e rc ia l c o n c e r n . ^ I f w a s h in g i s t o be d o n e , b o i l i n g w a t e r i s n o t t o be u s e d a t any c o s t . in e rt p ro p e rtie s.

S oaps do n o t h u r t n y lo n due t o i t s

S o a k in g o f t h e g a r m e n ts i n w a t e r p r e v e n t s

s e t t i n g o f mud a n d lim e a n d some c o a c h e s a d v o c a te p e r m i t t i n g f o o t b a l l p l a y e r s t o go i n t o th e sh o w ers w i t h o u t s h o e s t o w ash o f f e x c e s s mud. The w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e m ust be m i l d , i n any c a s e . 1 9 As was t h e c a s e w i t h r a y o n , hand w a sh in g

rr

M eyer, p p . p i t . ,

12 I b i d . . p . 9 4 .

p . 92.

43 s h o u l d be done r a t h e r t h a n by m a c h in e . S t a i n . re m o v a l.

B lo o d and g r a s s s t a i n s c a u s e t h e

m o st c o n c e r n i n n y lo n a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s . a f f e c t n y lo n g a r m e n t s .

Mildew d o e s n o t

S t a i n re m o v a l c a n be a c c o m p lis h e d

i n n y lo n s u p p l i e s by t h e f o l l o w i n g m e th o d s : 1.

B lo o d s t a i n s c a n be rem oved by t h e s o l v e n t m ethod

w i t h lukew arm w a t e r a c t i n g a s t h e s o l v e n t .

Soak t h e g a rm e n t

i n th e w a te r u n t i l th e s t a i n i s d is s o lv e d .

N ev er b o l l t h e

g a rm e n t t o remove t h e s t a i n . 2.

G ra s s s t a i n s a l s o a r e re m o v a b le by u s e o f t h e

s o l v e n t m ethod w i t h a c e t i c e t h e r o r a l c o h o l b e i n g a p p l i e d d i r e c t l y to th e s t a i n . ^ S to ra g e .

The f a c t s t h a t n y l o n i s r e s i s t a n t t o b o t h

m oths an d m ildew makes s t o r i n g n y lo n s u p p l i e s much s i m p l i ­ fie d .

A f t e r c l e a n i n g , t h e g a r m e n ts c a n be f o l d e d and

p a c k e d i n b o x e s o r s t a c k e d on s h e l v e s .

N ylon d o e s n o t

w r i n k l e an d t h e r e f o r e no p r e s s i n g i s n e c e s s a r y . IV -

SUMMARY

The p u r c h a s e o f n y lo n a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s a p p e a r s t o be a d e q u a t e l y j u s t i f i e d from t h e s t a n d p o i n t s o f w e a r in g q u a l i t y an d c o s t . 13

P u r c h a s i n g o f n y l o n r e q u i r e s paym ent f o r

H e ss, op. c l t . . p . 4 9 4 .

w h at i s r e q u i r e d o f t h e f a b r i c s i n c e t h e c o s t i s i n d i r e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p to le n g th o f w ear.

MyIon w i l l s t a n d a b u s e ,

s u c h a s t h a t g i v e n i n f o o t b a l l , i n good f a s h i o n and t h e u se o f . n y l o n f o o t b a l l u n if o r m s a p p e a r s t o be g ro w in g r a p i d l y . N ylon c a n be o b t a i n e d i n b o t h k n i t a n d woven c o n s t r u c t i o n w i t h t h e c r i t e r i a b e i n g u s e f o r w h ich t h e f a b r i c i s c h o s e n . The n o n - a b s o r b e n t p r o p e r t y o f n y lo n s h o u ld be g i v e n much c o n s i d e r a t i o n when b u y in g f o r a t h l e t i c s . MyIon c a n be e i t h e r w ashed o r d ry c l e a n e d .

L a u n d e r­

i n g c a n be a c c o m p lis h e d e a s i l y and w i t h g o o d r e s u l t s i f c a re i s ta k e n to av o id b o ili n g w a te r. The s t o r a g e o f n y lo n p r e s e n t s no p a r t i c u l a r pro blem s i n c e i t d o e s n o t m ild e w , r e s i s t s m o th s , a n d d o e s n o t w rin k le .

S to r a g e s h o u ld be done by p l a c i n g g a r m e n ts i n

b o x e s o r on s h e l v e s i n a c l e a n c o n d i t i o n .

CHAPTER VI PURCHASE AND CARE OF LEATHER ATHLETIC SUPPLIES L e a t h e r a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s g r o u p th e m s e l v e s i n t o fo u r c la s s e s .

T hese c l a s s e s i n c l u d e b a l l s , g l o v e s , s h o e s ,

an d p r o t e c t i v e e q u ip m e n t.

In c lu d e d under th e b a l l c l a s s i ­

f i c a t i o n w ould be b o x in g s t r i k i n g b a g s .

I n m ost c a s e s

t h e s u p p l i e s a r e m a n u f a c tu r e d a c c o r d i n g t o r u l e s s p e c i f i c a ­ t i o n s w h ic h r e d u c e s t h e b u y in g p ro b le m s t o t h o s e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n an d q u a l i t y o f m a t e r i a l s a s was p o i n t e d o u t by M e y e r.^

B a l l s a n d g l o v e s a r e m ost l i k e l y t o be g o v e r n e d

by t h e above p o i n t . I.

PROPERTIES OF LEATHER

P h y sic a l p r o p e r tie s .

The p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f

l e a t h e r p r e s e n t a more d i f f i c u l t p ro b le m o f d e f i n i t i o n t h a n th o se of th e t e x t i l e f a b r ic f i b e r s .

As p o i n t e d o u t by

W ilso n and M e r r i l l , 2 p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s v a r y g r e a t l y i n l e a t h e r due t o i t s h e t e r o g e n e o u s s t r u c t u r e an d t h e v a l u e o f a g iv e n p ro p e rty ^ M eyer, o p . O

may v a r y i n d i f f e r e n t a r e a s o f t h e c i t . . p . 30*

J o h n A r t h u r W ilso n and Henry B ald w in M e r r i l l , A n a l y s i s o f L e a t h e r (New Y ork an d London: M cG raw -H ill Book Company, I n c . , 1931)* P* 6 6 .

same s k i n . The t e n s i l e

s t r e n g t h o f l e a t h e r i s fo u n d by t h e

num ber o f pounds o f w e ig h t i t r e q u i r e s t o b r e a k a u n i t w id th .

T e n s i l e s t r e n g t h of. l e a t h e r v a r i e s d i r e c t l y w i t h

th e th ic k n e s s o f th e s k in . E l a s t i c i t y v a r i e s i n d i r e c t l y 3 to th e th ic k n e s s . d u r a b i l i t y o f l e a t h e r d e p e n d s upon t h e m eth o d o f t a n n i n g e m p lo y e d .

C h ro m e -ta n n e d l e a t h e r i s more

d u r a b l e f o r m ost u s e s t h a n v e g e t a b l e - t a n n e d l e a t h e r . D u r a b i l i t y i s i n c r e a s e d by i n c r e a s i n g t h e f a t c o n t e n t o f th e l e a t h e r .

H ea t h a s no h a r m f u l a f f e c t on l e a t h e r when

i t i s d ry b u t v e g e t a b l e - t a n n e d l e a t h e r i s r u i n e d by h e a t o f 158 d e g r e e s F a h r e n h e i t when w e t.

C h ro m e -ta n n e d l e a t h e r

w i l l r e s i s t up t o b o i l i n g t e m p e r a t u r e s w i t h o u t h a r m f u l 4 a ffe c ts. M o is tu r e h a s v e r y l i t t l e a f f e c t on v e g e t a b l e ta n n e d l e a t h e r s due t o t h e h i g h f a t c o n t e n t w h i l e chro m eta n n e d l e a t h e r lo s e s t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h p r o p o r t i o n a l to a d e c re a se in m o istu re c o n te n t. C h e m ic a l p r o p e r t i e s .

A c id s c a u s e a l o s s o f s t r e n g t h

i n l e a t h e r i n a n i n c r e a s i n g amount a c c o r d i n g t o t h e c o n ­ c e n t r a t i o n of th e a c id .

A l k a l i e s h a v e no h a r m f u l a f f e c t

^ I b i d . , pp. 9 5-6. ^ W ils o n , p p . c i t . , R

p. 690.

Wilson and M e r r i l l , pp. c i t . ,

p. 90.

47 on m ost l e a t h e r .

C h ro m e -ta n n e d l e a t h e r i s more r e s i s t a n t

t o t h e a f f e c t s o f a c i d s t h a n i s v e g e ta b le .^ * II.

FACTORS IK PURCHASING. LEATHER ATHLETIC SUPPLIES The p ro b lem o f p u r c h a s i n g l e a t h e r a t h l e t i c

su p p lie s

i s c o m p l i c a t e d by t h e v a r i o u s t y p e s o f t a n n a g e s , f i n i s h e s , and ty p e s of l e a t h e r in v o lv e d .

B u ying i s t h e r e f o r e a

p ro b le m f o r c a r e f u l p l a n n i n g s i n c e l e a t h e r s u p p l i e s on t h e w hole a r e v e r y e x p e n s iv e a n d t h e c o s t o f b u y in g p o o r l y made s u p p l i e s c a n be e x c e s s i v e i n t e r m s o f r e p a i r a n d r e ­ p la c e m e n ts.

The f a c t o r s i n v o l v e d i n b u y in g l e a t h e r s u p p l i e s

w i l l be d i v i d e d i n t o th e c a t e g o r i e s m e n tio n e d i n t h e i n t r o ­ d u c tio n of th e c h a p te r .

P r i c e c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s u s u a l l y on

t h e b a s i s o f th e g r a d e o f l e a t h e r b e i n g u s e d an d t h e r e f o r e t h e t r e a t m e n t w i l l be on t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n an d m a t e r i a l b a s i s in t h i s s e c tio n . In fla te d b a l l s .

V o ltm er an d E s s l i n g e r s t a t e d t h a t

a l m o s t a l l i n f l a t e d g o o d s a r e made o f cow hide w h ich d o e s n o t s t r e t c h a s much a s h o r s e h i d e .

The more c l o s e l y k n i t

f i b e r s a r e s t r o n g e r an d more d u r a b l e t h a n l o o s e l y k n i t fib e rs.

T h is f a c t o r h a s i t s a f f e c t i n t h e g e n e r a l sh a p e

o f t h e b a l l w h ic h w i l l be b e t t e r an d l a s t l o n g e r i n t h e 6

I b i d . . p . 119*

48 case of th e c lo s e ly k n it f i b e r s .

7

M eyer s t a t e d t h a t t h e

m a n u f a c t u r e r s h ave b e e n t r u s t e d t o b u i l d i n t o t h e b a l l s t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s o f t h e r u l e s an d t h a t p u r c h a s e m ust n e c e s s a r i l y in v o lv e ch a n ce .

F u r t h e r m o r e , M eyer p o i n t e d o u t

t h a t c o a c h e s i n o r d e r t o p u r c h a s e w i s e l y m u st buy and t h e n r a t e t h e p e r f o rm a n c e o f t h e a r t i c l e fu tu re p u rch ases.

f o r g u id a n c e i n t h e

The b e s t c a r e o f t h e p u r c h a s e d a r t i c l e

i s assum ed d u r i n g t h e r a t i n g p e r i o d . 8 G lo v e s. c o w h id e .

B a s e b a ll g lo v e s a re u s u a lly c o n s tru c te d of

The s t y l e s o f b a s e b a l l g l o v e s a r e many b u t t h e r e

a re c e r t a i n im p o rta n t f e a t u r e s to in s p e c t b e fo re p u rc h a s e . W ebbing o f t h e g lo v e s h o u ld be c a r e f u l l y e x a m in e d t o i n s u r e t h a t t h e e y e l e t s t h r o u g h w h ic h t h e ra w h id e s t r i p s p a s s are re in fo rc e d .

The b e t t e r g l o v e s h a v e r o l l e d - l e a t h e r

b i n d i n g s , l e a t h e r - w e l t e d seam s, and l e a t h e r - l a c e d w r i s t s .

9

Boxing g l o v e s a r e t h e c h i e f i t e m s i n b u y in g b o x in g su p p lie s.

F in e s h e e p s k i n s h o u ld be s e l e c t e d w i t h th e p a n e l s

f i t t e d by r o l l e d l e a t h e r b i n d i n g .

The thumb s h o u ld be

r e i n f o r c e d and a t l e a s t s i x e y e l e t s p r o v i d e d f o r f a s t n e s s

7

Edward F . V o ltm e r and A r t h u r A. E s s l i n g e r , The O r g a n i z a t i o n an d A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n (New Y ork : A p p l e t o n - C e n t u r y - C r o f t s , I n c . , 1 9 4 9 ) , p« 3 4 1 . 8

M eyer, o p . c i t . ,

9 I b i d . , p . 31-

p . 33 •

49 i n l a c i n s * 10 S hoes.

T h ere a r e p r o b a b ly no more i m p o r t a n t ite m s

i n s p o r t s s u p p l i e s t h a n t h e s h o e s o f th e p a r t i c i p a n t s . Shoe l e a t h e r i s d i v i d e d i n t o two t y p e s , u p p e r and s o l e , f o r m a n u fa c tu re .

T h is l e a t h e r may be e i t h e r c h r o m e - ta n n e d ,

s e m i- c h r o m e - ta n n e d , o r v e g e t a b l e - t a n n e d a c c o r d i n g t o in te n d e d u se .

Chrome t a n n i n g g i v e s th e b e s t r e s u l t s f o r

m ost p u r p o s e s . Most u p p e r l e a t h e r s a r e o f chrome ta n n a g e w h ile s o le l e a t h e r s a re o f v e g e ta b le ta n n a g e .

Chrome t a n n i n g

k n i t s f i b e r s c l o s e l y an d r e s u l t s i n a s o f t , l i g h t l e a t h e r . V e g e ta b le t a n n i n g plum ps up t h e f i b e r a n d i n c r e a s e s t h e f a t c o n t e n t w h ic h r e s u l t s i n a good w e a r in g s o l e l e a t h e r . 12 K angaroo l e a t h e r f u r n i s h e s t h e b e s t l e a t h e r f o r shoes.

The b a s i c f e a t u r e s o f k a n g a ro o l e a t h e r a r e l i g h t n e s s

o f w e ig h t a n d r e s i s t a n c e t o s c u f f i n g .

H o rs e h id e i s d u r a b l e

b u t i s h e a v i e r an d s t i f f e r an d t h e r e f o r e d o e s n ' t make a s good a shoe f o r c o m p e t i t i o n .

Cowhide i s w id e ly u s e d an d

i s p r o b a b ly t h e m id d le o f t h e r o a d s i n c e i t i s l i g h t e r 10 I b i d . , p . 3 6 . J . S . Mudd, L e a t h e r F i n i s h e s (lew f o r k : P u b l i s h i n g C o ., I n c . , 1 9 3 9 ) , p . 3* 12

Voltmer and k s s l i n g e r , op. p i t . , p . 338.

C h e m ic a l

50 t h a n h o r s e h l d e an d f a i r l y d u r a b l e . The w e l t a n d s o l e c o n s t r u c t i o n a r e two i m p o r t a n t f e a t u r e s t o exam ine when b u y in g s h o e s a f t e r s e l e c t i n g t h e upper le a th e r d e s ire d .

T h ese t a k e on p aram o u n t im p o r ta n c e

s in c e th e shoes a re exposed to th e e le m e n ts .

A c o n tro ­

v e r s i a l i s s u e i s I n v o l v e d when c o n s i d e r i n g t h e m e r i t s o f t h e o n e - p i e c e s o l e an d t h e tw o - p i e c e s o l e .

The o n e - p i e c e

s o l e i s c la im e d t o be s t u r d i e r and more d u r a b l e w h ile t h e t w o - p i e c e s o l e i s l i g h t e r a n d l e s s e x p e n s iv e t o r e p a i r s i n c e h a l f - s o l i n g c a n be d o n e .

A s te e l p la te fo r c le a t

o r s p i k e a t t a c h m e n t i s a m ust t o p r e v e n t t h e p o s t s from p u s h in g t h r o u g h t h e s o l e . recom m ended.

D e ta c h a b le c l e a t s o r s p i k e s a r e

The w e l t i s t h e s t r i p o f l e a t h e r w h ich i s

s t i t c h e d b e tw e e n t h e u p p e r and t h e s o l e a n d t o w h ic h e a c h in tu rn is s titc h e d .

T h is s t i t c h i n g s h o u ld be ex am in ed f o r r e s i s t a n c e t o t h e e l e m e n t s . 14 O th e r f e a t u r e s t o i n s p e c t a r e t h e s t i t c h i n g em ployed on t h e u p p e r s a s w e l l a s t h e e y e l e t s f o r l a c e s .

B o th s h o u ld

be r e i n f o r c e d f o r d u r a b i l i t y . P r o t e c t i v e e q u ip m e n t.

P r o t e c t i v e e q u ip m e n t c o n c e r n s

i t s e l f m a in ly w i t h t h e s p o r t s o f f o o t b a l l an d b a s e b a l l . ^3 Meyer, p p . c i t . . p. 43* 14

I b i d . . pp. 4 3 - 4 .

The m a t t e r o f p u r c h a s i n g t h e b e s t p r o t e c t i v e e q u ip m e n t i s one s a f e g u a r d a g a i n s t l i a b i l i t y

s u i t s f o r n e g lig e n c e i n

case of in ju r y to p la y e r s . B a s e b a l l p r o t e c t i v e eq u ip m e n t i s m a in ly l e a t h e r trim m ed an d t h e r e f o r e t h e p u r c h a s e o f s u c h e q u ip m e n t i n v o l v e s b u y in g e q u ip m e n t w i t h l e a t h e r s t r a p s o r l i n i n g s . S h in g u a r d s s h o u ld h av e l e a t h e r sh o c k a b s o r b e r a n d t h e i n s t e p and knee ca p g u a r d s j o i n e d to. m a in body o f f i b e r w ith le a th e r .

The e d g e s o f c h e s t p r o t e c t o r an d t h e h a r n e s s

i s u su a lly le a th e r or e l a s t i c .

The mask s h o u ld have p a d d in g c o v e r e d w i t h a s o f t l e a t h e r . 15 F o o t b a l l p r o t e c t i v e e q u ip m e n t c o n s i s t s o f h e l m e t s , s h o u l d e r p a d s , h i p p a d s , knee p a d s , r i b p a d s , and t h i g h g u ards.

Not a l l a r e l e a t h e r a r t i c l e s c o m p l e t e l y . The h e l m e t s s h o u ld be p u r c h a s e d by t h e amount o f

p r o t e c t i o n a f f o r d e d t h e p l a y e r an d n o t by t h e w e i g h t . V o ltm e r an d E s s l i n g e r s t a t e d t h a t t h e m o ld e d , s o l e - l e a t h e r , crow ned h e l m e t s , amply p a d d e d i n s i d e , g av e t h e b e s t p ro te c tio n . cro w n .

H elm ets s h o u ld p o s s e s s a web s u s p e n s i o n i n t h e

I t m ig h t be a d d e d t h a t sponge r u b b e r p a d d in g a t

key p o i n t s s u c h a s f o r e h e a d , n e c k , t o p o f crow n, and e a r s w ou ld augm ent th e p r o t e c t i o n o f f e r e d .

1f

15 I b i d . . p . 3 1 . V o ltm e r and E s s l i n g e r , o p . p i t . ,

p p . 34-0-1.

52. The same two a u t h o r s w ere c o n v in c e d t h a t th e c a n t i l e v e r s h o u l d e r pad w i t h l e a t h e r i n s t e a d o f f i b r e p a r t s was t h e b e s t o f f e r e d f o r p r o t e c t i o n . p a d d in g i n t h i s c a s e .

Kapok fo rm s t h e

B u ying p o i n t s w ould i n c l u d e t h e f l a p

p la c e m e n t and a t t a c h m e n t , a d e q u a te p a d d i n g , q u a l i t y o f s t r a p s , m ethod o f r i v e t i n g , and l a c i n g .

Main c r i t e r i o n

i s a lw a y s p r o t e c t i o n . ^ The same c r i t e r i a c o v e r t h e s e l e c t i o n o f h i p p a d s and r i b p a d s.

H ip p a d s come i n t h e one o r t h r e e - p i e c e

c o n s tru c tio n .

The a d v a n ta g e o f t h e l a t t e r i s t h e

p o s s i b i l i t y of a d ju stm e n t to f i t th e p a r t i c i p a n t .

One

a d d e d c r i t e r i o n w o uld be t h e ty p e o f b e l t i n g u s e d and t h e b u ck le a tta c h m e n t. Knee p a d s a n d t h i g h g u a r d s a r e n o t u s u a l l y l e a t h e r a r t i c l e s an d n e e d n o t be d i s c u s s e d . S ta n d a rd s f o r th e p u rch ase o f l e a t h e r a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s w ould i n c l u d e t h e f o l l o w i n g : 1.

L e a t h e r s u p p l i e s a r e e x p e n s iv e an d t h e b e s t

a v a i l a b l e u s u a l l y w i l l o u tw e a r c h e a p e r m odels enou gh t o be more e c o n o m ic a l. 2.

K angaroo l e a t h e r , w i t h l i g h t n e s s o f w e ig h t and

n o n - s c u f f q u a l i t y , a p p e a r s t o be s u p e r i o r t o o t h e r l e a t h e r s f o r sho e c o n s t r u c t i o n . 17

I b i d . . p. 341.

53 Most d u r a b l e s h o e s have c h r o m e - ta n n e d u p p e r s and v e g e ta b le -ta n n e d s o le s . 4.

S h o es s h o u ld h a v e a s t e e l p l a t e f o r p r e v e n t i n g

c l e a t s o r s p i k e s fro m p u s h in g t h r o u g h s o l e .

5.

S o le c o n s t r u c t i o n and t h e w e l t a r e t h e two m ost

i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r s i n shoe p u r c h a s i n g b e c a u s e o f e l e m e n ts t o w h ic h th e y a r e e x p o s e d . 6.

B a lls a re b u i l t ac c o rd in g to r u le s p e c i f i c a t i o n s

a n d p u r c h a s e i n v o l v e s t h e c r i t e r i o n o f w e a r w h ic h can be o n ly o b t a i n e d by t r i a l an d e r r o r .

7.

P r o t e c t i o n i s m a in c r i t e r i a i n p u r c h a s e o f

p r o t e c t i v e e q u ip m e n t w h e th e r o f l e a t h e r o r f i b r e c o n s tru c tio n .

8.

M olded, s o l e - l e a t h e r h e l m e t s a r e more e x p e n s iv e

b u t o f f e r t h e g r e a t e r am ount o f p r o t e c t i o n . 9.

C a n t i l e v e r s h o u l d e r p ad s o f f e r t h e b e s t p r o t e c ­

t i o n due t o r a i s e d p a r t s . 10.

B a s e b a l l g l o v e s c o n s t r u c t e d o f s e l e c t e d cow hide

g iv e b e s t s e r v i c e . 11.

B o x in g g l o v e s s h o u ld be made o f s h e e p s k i n .

III.

CAKE OF LEATHER ATHLETIC SUPPLIES

L e a th e r a t h l e t i c

s u p p l i e s r e q u i r e d i l i g e n t and

p a r t i c u l a r m eth o d s o f c a r e a s s u c h s u p p l i e s a r e p r o b a b ly

54 t h e more e x p e n s iv e p o s s e s s e d by a t h l e t i c d e p a r t m e n t s .

The

c a r e o f l e a t h e r s u p p l i e s i n v o l v e s t h e c l e a n i n g and s t o r a g e o f th o se a r t i c l e s . C le a n in g ;.

L e a t h e r e q u ip m e n t su c h a s i n f l a t e d b a l l s ,

g l o v e s , an d p r o t e c t i v e e q u ip m e n t s h o u l d be c l e a n e d w i t h a 18 p a s t e o r l i q u i d o i l c l e a n e r a s p o i n t e d o u t by S t r e i t . Many a u t h o r i t i e s s t a t e t h a t s a d d l e s o a p i s a n a d e q u a te c l e a n i n g a g e n t b u t S t r e i t c l a i m s t h a t s a d d l e s o a p rem ov es t h e l e a t h e r ' s n a t u r a l o i l 3 and h a s a te n d e n c y t o make t h e p a n e l s o f m olded b a l l s p e e l .

A fte r c le a n in g a l i g h t c o a t

o f n e a t s f o o t o i l s h o u ld be a p p l i e d t o k ee p t h e l e a t h e r a d e q u a te ly s u p p lie d w ith o i l . L e a th e r a t h l e t i c

s h o e s s h o u ld be c l e a n e d w i t h a s t i f f

b r u s h t o remove a l l d i r t and o i l e d w i t h n e a t s f o o t o i l t h r e e o r fo u r tim e s p e r se a so n .

T ra c k s h o e s s h o u ld be r u b b e d

w i t h v a s e l i n e e v e r y two o r t h r e e w eeks t o k e e p t h e l e a t h e r s o f t a n d p l i a b l e . 19 H e lm e ts a r e u s u a l l y p a i n t e d w i t h l a c q u e r and t h e r e ­ f o r e a r e c l e a n e d by s a n d p a p e r an d g i v e n a n o t h e r c o a t o f la c q u e r.

No o i l i s n e e d e d f o r m o i s t u r e p r o t e c t i o n i n t h e

c a s e o f h e l m e t s w h ic h have a l a c q u e r , v a r n i s h o r s h e l l a c —

S t r e i t , o p . c i t . . p . 14. 19

W illia m s and Hughes, op. p i t . ,

p . 184.

fin ish .

20

When l e a t h e r a r t i c l e s have b e e n w e t, a l lo w d r y i n g t o ta k e p la c e n a t u r a l l y w ith o u t a r t i f i c i a l h e a t .

Wipe o f f

e x c e ss m o istu re b e fo re d ry in g s t a r t s . S to ra g e .

S t r e i t p o in te d o u t t h a t a l l l e a t h e r goods

s h o u ld be c l e a n e d an d t r e a t e d w i t h a d r e s s i n g t o p r e v e n t m ild ew b e f o r e s t o r a g e .

S to r a g e s h o u ld be i n a d r y , w e l l -

v e n t i l a t e d a r e a . 21 B e f o r e s t o r i n g any l e a t h e r a r t i c l e s s u c h a s s h o e s , p a d s , and t h e l i k e , t h e y s h o u ld be c a r e f u l l y i n s p e c t e d f o r n e e d e d r e p a i r s a n d r e p l a c e m e n t o f l a c e s , c l e a t s , and s p i k e s S t r e l l p o i n t e d o u t t h a t F r e d S t i p e s , a n e q u ip m e n t man a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f I l l i n o i s , u s e d b u r n i s h i n g wax a s a p r o t e e t i o n a g a i n s t m o i s t u r e on l e a t h e r g o o d s . 22 I n f l a t e d g o o d s s h o u l d hav e t h e p r e s s u r e l e s s e n e d b u t n o t rem oved e n t i r e l y b e f o r e s t o r a g e .

The m ain i d e a i s t o 23 r e l i e v e t h e p r e s s u r e on t h e s t i t c h e s o f s t i t c h e d b a l l s . S hoes s h o u ld be c l e a n e d , r e p a i r e d , an d t i e d t o g e t h e r in p a irs fo r s to rin g . 20

I f shoe t r e e s a r e a v a i l a b l e , th e y

S t r e i t , p p . c i t . . p . 15*

21 I b i d . . p . 1 4 . 22

23

S t r e l l , op. c i t . ,

p . 34.

Voltmer and E s s l i n g e r , op. c i t . . p. 346.

s h o u l d be i n s e r t e d .

P aper s tu f f e d in th e to e s s e rv e s as

a s u b stitu te .

The p a i r s s h o u ld be m arked w i t h s i z e s an d p l a c e d i n s h e l v e s . 24 H e lm e ts s h o u ld h av e fo rm s i n s e r t e d b e f o r e s t o r i n g t o a i d i n k e e p in g t h e s h a p e .

P a d s s h o u l d n o t be p i l e d on

t o p o f e a c h o t h e r i n s t o r i n g a s i t b r e a k s down t h e s t r u c 25 tu re of th e le a th e r o r f i b e r . The m ain p o i n t s i n s t o r i n g l e a t h e r a r e t o a v o i d m o i s t u r e and a r t i f i c i a l h e a t i n any f o r m s .

A c o m b in a t io n

o f t h e s e two w i l l r e s u l t i n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f a g r e e n m old w h ic h w i l l r o t l e a t h e r . IV .

SUMMARY

The p u r c h a s e o f l e a t h e r a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s c o n c e r n s i t s e l f w ith th e q u e s tio n o f c o n s t r u c t i o n and th e m a t e r i a l s used in th e c o n s tr u c tio n .

S in c e m ost l e a t h e r s u p p l i e s

a r e m a n u f a c tu r e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s o f t h e r u l e s , t h e c r i t e r i a i n b u y in g a r e r e d u c e d t o t h o s e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n f a c t o r s an d m a t e r i a l s u s e d . L e a th e r a t h l e t i c s u p p lie s r e q u ir e f re q u e n t c le a n in g and tr e a tm e n t w ith a l e a t h e r p r e s e r v a t i v e ,

such a s n e a t s ­

f o o t o i l , t o k e e p th e l e a t h e r s o f t a n d p l i a b l e . _

W illia m s an d H ug hes, o p . c i t . , 25

S t r e i t , op. c i t . . pp. 14-5*

p . 185*

57 S to rin g le a th e r a t h l e t i c

s u p p l i e s s h o u ld be done

by a v o i d i n g m o i s t u r e a n d a r t i f i c i a l h e a t .

A d ry , w e ll-

v e n t i l a t e d a re a i s re q u ire d to s to r e le a th e r f o r th e b e s t re su lts.

CHAPTER VII PURCHASE AMD CARE OF RUBBER ATHLETIC SUPPLIES R ub ber a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s a r e grouped, i n t o two m a in c l a s s e s o f r u b b e r b a l l s and. r u b b e r s h o e s .

In th e case of

ru b b e r b a l l s th e r e a re b o th th e i n f l a t e d , such a s v o l l e y b a l l s , an d r u b b e r - c o v e r e d s o f t b a l l s a n d t h e l i k e t o c o n s id e r.

T hese b a l l s a r e u s u a l l y m a n u f a c tu r e d a c c o r d i n g

t o o f f i c i a l s s p e c i f i c a t i o n s i n s i m i l a r f a s h i o n a s th e le a th e r b a lls a r e . I.

PROPERTIES OF RUBBER

P h y sic a l p r o p e r tie s .

The m ost r e m a r k a b le p r o p e r t y

o f r u b b e r i s e l a s t i c i t y a n d r e c o v e r y from e l o n g a t i o n . L o ss o f h e a t r e s u l t s i n r u b b e r becom ing h a r d and r i g i d b u t a p p l ic a tio n o f h e a t r e t u r n s i t to form er c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . O th e r p r o p e r t i e s p o s s e s s e d by r u b b e r i n c l u d e t o u g h n e s s , s o f t n e s s , a d h e s i v e n e s s , an d r e s i s t a n c e t o m o i s t u r e and e le c tric ity .

H eat an d d i r e c t s u n l i g h t , have a w eak en in g

a f f e c t on ru b b e r.'* ' C h e m ic al p r o p e r t i e s . a l c o h o l , an d a c i d s .

R ubber i s i n s o l u b l e i n w a t e r ,

I t w i l l d i s s o l v e i n e t h e r , n a p t h a , and

R. E . P o w e rs, “R u b b e r , ” The E n c y c l o p e d i a A m e r ic a n a . X X I I I , 7 3 9-

59 some e s s e n t i a l o i l s s u c h a s t u r p e n t i n e , g a s o l i n e , and b e n z in e .

A l k a l i e s do n o t h a v e a h a r m f u l a f f e c t on r u b b e r .

2

Dry c l e a n i n g f l u i d s s h o u ld n e v e r be u s e d on r u b b e r su p p lie s II.

FACTORS IN PURCHASING- RUBBER ATHLETIC SUPPLIES R ub ber g oods become i m p o r t a n t i n t h e a t h l e t i c w o r l d

f o r u s e i n c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s w here l e a t h e r w ould be im p ra c tic a l.

R u b b er b a l l s f o r p la y g r o u n d u se a r e c h e a p e r

t h a n l e a t h e r a n d t h e i r u s e h a s become w i d e s p r e a d .

The

f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n w i l l be d i v i d e d t o s e p a r a t e l y c o n s i d e r , b a l l s and sh o es. R u b b er b a l l s .

*■

R u b b e r - c o v e r e d b a l l s have a n a d v a n ta g e

o f b e i n g e a s i e r t o c a r e f o r an d m a i n t a i n . i n c o m p a r is o n w ith le a th e r .

Good r u b b e r - c o v e r e d s u p p l i e s w i l l w e a r w e l l ,

w i l l n o t r o t , m ild ew , d r y , h a r d e n , n o r mark a gymnasium flo o r R u b b e r - c o v e r e d b a l l s a r e m a n u f a c tu r e d a c c o r d i n g t o o f f i c i a l s p e c i f i c a t i o n s w h ic h r e d u c e t h e p ro b le m s o f p u r c h a s e t o t h o s e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n , p r i c e , m a t e r i a l s , and 2 ~r b i d . . p . 7 3 9 . *2

V o ltm e r a n d E s s l i n g e r , p p . c i t . , A

..

p . 34-7*

L e i t h C. W eimer, C are and M a in te n a n c e o f R u b b e rC o v ered A t h l e t i c E q u ip m en t.," S c h o o l M anagem ent. 1 7 * 2 2 , N ovem ber, 1947*

60

In te n d e d u s e . A l l i n f l a t e d r u b b e r b a l l s a r e c o n s t r u c t e d by m o ld in g . T h is p r o c e s s i n c l u d e d a d d i n g l a y e r s o f b i a s - c u t f a b r i c im p r e g n a te d w i t h s p e c i a l r u b b e r o v e r a m o ld e d - r u b b e r b la d d e r.

The c o v e r I s p l a c e d o v e r t h e s e l a y e r s and i s

made o f t o u g h r u b b e r w h ic h w i l l n o t s c u f f , r o t , p e e l , o r crack.

The b a l l s a r e v u l c a n i z e d i n t h e m old so t h a t a l l

l a y e r s a r e f u s e d an d no s l i p p i n g o r c h a f i n g i s p o s s i b l e . 5 R u b b e r - c o v e r e d s o f t b a l l s a r e made o f a r u b b e r m olded c o v e r o v e r a kapok f i l l e d an d c o r k c e n t e r . The u s e o f r u b b e r - c o v e r e d b a l l s w ould be recommended f o r p la y g r o u n d u s e w h ere l e a t h e r w ould n o t w e a r a s w e l l . The p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t y o f t o u g h n e s s makes t h e u s e o f r u b b e r a n d e c o n o m ic a l a d v a n t a g e . R u b b er s h o e s .

The c a n v a s - t o p p e d sho e w i t h r u b b e r

s o l e s h av e s u p p l i e d t h e a n s w e r t o t h e demands o f c o a c h e s f o r a b a s k e t b a l l shoe w h ic h i s m o d e r a te ly p r i c e d .

U pp ers

o f t h e s h o e s a r e u s u a l l y some d u r a b l e m a t e r i a l s u c h a s c a n v a s , army d u c k , o r t h e l i k e .

The m ain p o i n t i n b u y in g

i s t h e w e l t w here t h e a d h e s i o n o f t h e r u b b e r s o l e an d c a n v a s u p p e r m u st w i t h s t a n d t e r r i f i c p r e s s u r e s o f s t a r t i n g a n d s t o p p i n g s u d d e n ly . 5

O th e r f a c t o r s i n b u y in g s h o e s w ould

I b i d . . p . 23

61 i n c l u d e c u s h i o n i n s o l e s , a r c h s u p p o r t s , an d v e n t i l a t i o n o f th e u p p er a s w e ll a s r e in f o r c e d s t i t c h i n g and la c e e y e le ts I t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e m ain a d v a n ta g e o f c a n v a s - t o p p e d b a s k e t b a l l s h o e s comes fro m t h e m o d e ra te p r i c e .

I t m ig h t

be c o n c e d e d t h a t t h e l e a t h e r u p p e r w ould g iv e more s u p p o r t t o th e a n k l e i n th e q u ic k m o tio n s r e q u i r e d o f b a s k e t b a l l . S t a n d a r d s f o r th e p u r c h a s e o f r u b b e r a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s w ould i n c l u d e t h e f o l l o w i n g : 1.

R ub ber s u p p l i e s a r e c h e a p e r on t h e a v e r a g e t h a n

le a th e r. 2.

R ub ber s u p p l i e s w ear w e l l a n d g i v e a d e q u a te

se rv ic e . 3*

R u b b er s u p p l i e s a r e e a s i e r t o c l e a n an d c a r e

f o r th a n are l e a t h e r . 4.

B a s k e t b a l l s h o e s s h o u ld be ex am in ed f o r a d e q u a te

w e lt in g , c u sh io n i n s o l e s , a r c h s u p p o r ts , r e i n f o r c e d la c e e y e l e t s , and v e n t i l a t e d u p p e rs. III.

CARE OF RUBBER ATHLETIC SUPPLIES

The c a r e o f r u b b e r a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s i n v o l v e s t h e c l e a n i n g and s t o r i n g o f s u c h a r t i c l e s .

O i l , g r e a s e , and

d i r e c t s u n l i g h t a r e th e c h i e f e a u s e s o f t r o u b l e , i n r u b b e r -

Meyer, op. c i t . . pp. 34-5*

62 g o o d s a s th e y c a u s e r u b b e r t o d ecom po se. C le a n in g ;.

A damp c l o t h i s s u f f i c i e n t t o c l e a n

r u b b e r a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s when t h e a r t i c l e s a r e j u s t d i r t y from a n a c c u m u l a t i o n o f d u s t .

I f g r e a s e i s n o t e d on t h e

g o o d s , t h e a r t i c l e s s h o u l d be w ashed w i t h so a p a n d warm w a te r.

C l e a n i n g s o l v e n t s a r e n o t t o be u s e d a s th e y m ig h t

c a u s e damage t o t h e r u b b e r . ^ F o rm a ld eh y d e may be u s e d e f f e c t i v e l y I n c a n v a s s h o e s a s a d e o d o r a n t a l o n g w i t h w a s h in g i n so a p a n d w a t e r .

Shoes

s h o u l d be d r i e d a t t h e n o rm a l t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e room w i t h out a r t i f i c i a l h e a t. S to ra g e .

8

D u rin g t h e s e a s o n r u b b e r g o o d s s h o u ld be

s u b j e c t e d t o a minimum am ount o f d i r e c t s u n l i g h t an d h e a t s i n c e t h e s e have a w e a k e n in g a f f e c t on r u b b e r .

M in im iz in g

t h e e x p o s u r e i s a b o u t a l l one c a n e x p e c t w i t h r e g a r d s t o s u n lig h t a c c o rd in g to K r a f t . 9 When n o t i n s e a s o n r u b b e r a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s s h o u ld be c l e a n e d a n d s t o r e d i n a c o o l , d ry a r e a .

B a l l s s h o u ld

be s l i g h t l y d e f l a t e d t o remove t h e t e n s i o n on t h e m a t e r i a l . ^ V o ltm e r an d E s s l i n g e r , o p . p i t . , Q 9

M ey er, p p . c i t . ,

p . 347*

p . 108.

J o h n K r a f t , “Make Your E q u ipm en t L a s t / 1 S c h o l a s t i c C o a c h . 1 4 :1 8 , F e b r u a r y , 1945*

63

IV. R u bb er a t h l e t i c

SUMMARY

s u p p lie s a re b o th re a s o n a b le in p r ic e

an d d u r a b l e and t h e r e i n l i e s t h e i r v a l u e .

In a d d itio n ,

t h e p ro b le m o f c a r e an d m a in te n a n c e i s made e a s i e r by t h e r e s i s t a n c e o f r u b b e r t o m o i s t u r e an d t h e r e b y a l l o w i n g them t o be c l e a n e d by m e re ly w a s h in g w i t h so a p a n d w a t e r .

The

u se o f r u b b e r - c o v e r e d b a l l s i s recommended f o r p l a y g r o u n d s . C l e a n i n g and s t o r i n g o f r u b b e r s u p p l i e s i n v o l v e s av o id an ce o f h e a t and g r e a s e o r o i l .

W ashing t h e a r t i c l e s

i n so a p a n d w a t e r rem o ves t h e g r e a s e

an d o i l p r o b le m .

an d s u n l i g h t m ust be m et by c u t t i n g down t h o s e e l e m e n t s a s much a s p o s s i b l e . a c c o m p l is h e d i n a c o o l , d r y s p a c e .

H eat

t h e e x p o s u re t o

S t o r i n g s h o u ld be

CHAPTER V III PURCHASE AND CARE OF WOODEN ATHLETIC SUPPLIES The m ain i t e m s o f wooden a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s a r e b a s e b a ll b a t s , v a u ltin g p o le s , j a v e l i n s , and r a c k e ts . These it e m s w i l l l a s t i n d e f i n i t e l y w i t h o b s e r v a n c e o f good r u l e s of c a re and u s e .

M a n u fa c tu re rs cannot g u a ra n te e b a ts

an d v a u l t i n g p o l e s d ue t o t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s an d p u r p o s e s u n d e r w h ic h t h e y a r e e m p lo y e d .

T hese a r e p e r h a p s t h e o n ly

a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s w h ic h c a n n o t be g u a r a n t e e d t o some e x t e n t by m a n u f a c t u r e r s an d d e a l e r s . I.

PROPERTIES OF WOOD

P h y sic a l p r o p e r t i e s .

Wood p o s s e s s e s a h i g h t e n s i l e

s t r e n g t h and d u r a b i l i t y r a t i n g .

For th e p u rp o ses of

a t h l e t i c s u p p lie s th e p r o p e r t i e s o f lig h tn e s s of w e ig h t, s p r i n g o r r e s i l e n c e , and t h e two m e n tio n e d above a r e t h e 1 m ost i m p o r t a n t . M o i s t u r e h a s a w e a k e n in g a f f e c t on wood a s d o e s h e a t . T hese two a g e n t s a r e o f t e n u s e d i n c o n j u n c t i o n f o r f o r m i n g O cu rved a r t i c l e s such as te n n is r a c k e t s . The wood w i l l ^ N e ls o n 0 . Brown, “Wood," The E n c y c lo p e d ia A m e ric a n a ,

x x v iv , 476 . 2

.

H a rry D o n ald T iem ann, Wood T echn o lo gy (New Y ork a n d C h ic a g o : P itm a n P u b l i s h i n g C o r p o r a t i o n , 1 9 4 4 ) , p p . 222 - 3 .

re g a in i t s

s t r e n g t h when d r i e d a f t e r b e i n g w e t .

T hese

p r o p e r t i e s a r e more c o n c e r n e d w i t h c a r e and s t o r a g e o f wooden a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s . C h e m ic al p r o p e r t i e s .

The c h e m ic a l d e c o m p o s i t i o n o f

wood by d e c a y o c c u r s when a s u f f i c i e n t q u a n t i t y o f m o i s t u r e h e a t , an d oxygen a r e p r e s e n t . th e se w ill I n h ib it decay.

The a b s e n c e o f any one o f

I f wood c a n n o t be u s e d

im m e d ia te ly a f t e r c u t t i n g i t s h o u ld be sub m erg ed i n w a t e r w here no oxygen c a n g e t t o i t . ^ II.

FACTORS IN PURCHASING WOODEN ATHLETIC SUPPLIES

E a c h o f t h e f o u r m a in ite m s o f wooden a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s r e q u i r e s some d i f f e r e n c e s i n p o i n t s f o r p u r c h a s i n g th e m .

T h e r e f o r e , e a c h ite m w i l l be t r e a t e d i n d i v i d u a l l y

in th is se c tio n . B a se b a ll and s o f t b a l l b a t s .

R u les s p e c i f i c a t i o n s

g o v e r n t h e s i z e o f b a t s a s f a r a s maximum l e n g t h and d ia m e te r a re co ncerned.

W eight an d l e n g t h o f t h e b a t

d e s ire d u su a lly i s a m a tte r of p erso n a l p re fe re n c e .

The

m ain c r i t e r i o n i n s e l e c t i n g b a t s i s t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e wood b e i n g u s e d . A sh, h i c k o r y , an d h a c k b e r r y a r e t h e woods commonly

3

I b i d . , p. 2 7 0 .

66.;

used in b a t s .

M eyer

s t a t e d t h a t t h e m ost s a t i s f a c t o r y

wood f o r m aking b a t s was a s h b e c a u s e o f i t s r e s i l e n c y , s t r e n g t h , an d r e a s o n a b l e l i g h t n e s s o f w e i g h t .

The g r a i n

o f t h e wood s h o u ld be c h e c k e d an d a s m a l l , s t r a i g h t g r a i n ru n n in g th e e n t i r e le n g t h o f th e b a t i s d e s i r a b l e . Ja v e lin s♦

The s e l e c t i o n o f j a v e l i n s r e q u i r e s t h e

ex a m in a tio n o f s e v e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

J a v e lin s are

commonly made o f h i c k o r y , s e c o n d - g r o w th a s h , o r b i r c h . B r e s n a h a n an d T u t t l e

s t a t e d t h a t th e f o r e i g n m a n u fa c tu re s

i n F i n l a n d , Sweden, an d Germany. u t i l i z e b i r c h .

The same

a u t h o r s p o i n t e d o u t t h a t j a v e l i n s p e a r s s h o u ld n o t be to o r i g i d n o r to o l i m b e r .

I n t h e f o r m e r c a s e t h e j a v e l i n may

s n a p when i t h i t s th e g ro u n d and i n t h e l a t t e r s i t u a t i o n may s e t up a t a i l s p i n w h ic h c u t s down t h e l e n g t h o f t h e th ro w . J a v e l i n s e l e c t i o n s h o u ld i n v o l v e l o o k i n g f o r a j a v e l i n w ith a s t r a i g h t s h a f t , c l e a r ,

s tr a ig h t g ra in ,

m o d e ra te r e s i l e n c y , p r o p e r b a l a n c e , d i a m e t e r t o f i t t h e h an d o f t h e t h r o w e r , a r a t h e r lo n g p o i n t f i t t e d so the. s h a f t may sway s l i g h t l y a f t e r l a n d i n g , a n d , o f c o u r s e , a n o f f i c i a l _

M eyer, o p . c i t . , p p . 2 9 - 3 0 . ^ George T. B r e s n a h a n and W. W. T u t t l e , T ra c k an d F i e l d A t h l e t i c s ( S t . L o u i s : The C. V. Mosby Company, 1 9 4 7 ) , p . 392.

67 j a v e l i n w h ic h m e e ts s p e c i f i c a t i o n s * R a c k e ts.

The s e l e c t i o n o f r a c k e t s i n v o l v e s m a in ly

w e ig h t a n d s i z e o f t h e g r i p .

Ash i s m ost u s u a l l y u s e d i n

t h e fram e an d b assw o od i n t h e h a n d l e .

The fram e i s

l a m i n a t e d w i t h a s h an d f i b r e an d t h e p r i c e i s u s u a l l y g o v e r n e d by t h e number o f p l y s . ' V a u ltin g p o l e s .

Bamboo p o l e s a r e more w id e ly u s e d

t h a n any o t h e r ty p e o f v a u l t i n g p o l e .

As was t h e c a s e i n

b a s e b a l l b a t s , t h e s e l e c t i o n o f a p o l e s h o u l d be i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e i n d i v i d u a l who i s t o u s e I t . The p o i n t s t o c o n s i d e r i n s e l e c t i n g a v a u l t i n g p o l e i n c l u d e t h e w e i g h t o f t h e c o n t e s t a n t , t h e w e ig h t o f t h e p o le , th e u n if o rm ity o f d ia m e te r, th e c o l o r in g , th e s t r a i g h t n e s s , w h e th e r o r n o t i t i s c h e c k e d , t h e l e n g t h , a n d t h e w hip o r r e s i l e n c e .

8

S in c e s p e e d i n v a u l t i n g i s i m p o r t a n t , i t i s d e s i r a b l e t o s e l e c t a p o le w h ic h i s l i g h t i n w e ig h t an d y e t s t r o n g enough to su p p o rt th e w e ig h t of th e v a u l t e r .

U n if o r m i ty

o f d i a m e t e r makes t h e b a la n c e , o f t h e p o l e b e t t e r a n d a l l o w s

6 I b i d .. p . 392. ^ Meyer, op. c l t . . p . 45* 8

Bresnahan and T u t t l e , p p . p i t . ,

p. 291*

68

f o r b e t t e r g r i p and e a s i e r h an d s h i f t . ^ The c o l o r t e l l s s o m e th in g a b o u t t h e a g e , c u r i n g , an d u n d e r w hat c o n d i t i o n s th e p o l e g re w .

A d a r k , brown c o l o r

i n d i c a t e s o l d age an d m ig h t mean b r i t t l e n e s s .

I f t h e p o le

b e n d s t o o e a s i l y , t h e c h a n c e s a r e t h a t i t i s s t i l l to o f u l l o f s a p an d n o t c u r e d .

G reen s e g m e n ts on th e p o le

i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e p o l e was sh a d e d d u r i n g g r o w th a n d a s a r e s u l t i s a p t t o h av e u n e q u a l r e s i l e n c y . - 1o One o f t h e m a in i t e m s i n p o l e s e l e c t i o n i s t h e amount o f w hip i t g i v e s .

C a r e f u l e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e p o le b e f o r e

b u y in g may r e s u l t i n t h e b e t t e r w hip a d d i n g h e i g h t t o t h e c o n t e s ta n t's v a u ltin g . The c h e c k e d a p p e a r a n c e and a b s o l u t e s t r a i g h t n e s s o f th e p o le a re n o t a s im p o rta n t a s th e o th e r s e l e c t i o n p o i n t s . C h e c k s, w h ich a r e l e n g t h w i s e s l i t s i n t h e p o l e , a p p e a r i n tim e i n a l l p o l e s and t h e r e f o r e a few c h e c k m arks w i l l n o t be t o o u n d e s i r a b l e .

12

P u r c h a s i n g wooden a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s I n v o l v e s a num ber o f d i f f e r e n t c r i t e r i a f o r t h e v a r i o u s wooden i t e m s . ^ I b i d . , p . 291. 10 T

Log . c i t .

11 I b i d . . p . 2 9 2 . 12

Loc. c i t .

S t a n d a r d s f o r t h e b u y in g o f wooden a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s w ou ld in c lu d e : 1.

A s m a ll, s t r a i g h t g r a in ru n n in g th e e n t i r e

l e n g t h o f t h e b a t i s d e s i r a b l e when p u r c h a s i n g b a s e b a l l or s o ftb a ll b a ts. 2.

I n p u r c h a s i n g j a v e l i n s , a medium r e s i d e n c y i s

d e s ire d .

3.

J a v e l i n s s h o u ld p o s s e s s a s m a ll s t r a i g h t g r a i n

w ith a s t r a i g h t s h a f t. 4.

Long p o i n t s a r e more d e s i r a b l e t h a n s h o r t i n

ja v e lin s.

5. o f th e

The d i a m e t e r o f t h e j a v e l i n s h o u ld

th r o w e r a n d s h o u ld be b a l a n c e d t o s u i t him . 6.

tio n a l

f i t t h e h an d

The p r i c e o f t e n n i s r a c k e t s u s u a l l y i s p r o p o r ­

t o t h e number o f p l y s o f t h e f r a m e . 7*

V a u l t i n g p o l e s s h o u ld be s u i t e d t o th e w e ig h t

o f th e i n d i v i d u a l u s i n g t h e p o l e . 8.

The p o le s h o u ld be o f a s n e a r u n if o r m d i a m e t e r

and s t r a i g h t a s p o s s ib le to a id th e v a u l t e r in o b ta in in g an d m a i n t a i n i n g a good g r i p .

9.

A void p u r c h a s e o f v a u l t i n g p o l e s o f e i t h e r d a r k

c o l o r o r w i t h g r e e n s e g m e n ts . 10. th e v a u l t e r .

Buy a p o le w h ic h a f f o r d s a d e q u a t e w hip t o h e l p

TO III.

CARE OF WOODEN ATHLETIC' SUPPLIES

The m ain it e m t o be c o n c e r n e d a b o u t i n t h e c a r e o f wooden a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s i s m o i s t u r e .

Wooden a t h l e t i c

s u p p l i e s a r e w arp ed and m a t e r i a l l y w eakened i f m o i s t u r e i s a l l o w e d t o be p r e s e n t .

The c a r e o f wooden s u p p l i e s

in v o lv e s c le a n in g and s to r in g . G le a n in g .

Wood demands p r o t e c t i o n fro m m o i s t u r e an d

t h i s p r o t e c t i o n a s w e l l a s c l e a n l i n e s s i s o b t a i n e d by g i v i n g wooden s u p p l i e s s u c h a s b a t s , j a v e l i n s , an d r a c k e t s a c o a t of spar v a rn ish p e r io d ic a lly .

S tro ll^

sta te d th a t a coat

o f s p a r v a r n i s h s h o u ld be a p p l i e d e a c h s i x w eeks d u r i n g t h e season of u se .

The o l d v a r n i s h s h o u ld be c l e a n e d o f f b e f o r e

a p p l y i n g t h e new c o a t . V a u l t i n g p o l e s s h o u l d be p r o t e c t e d by a c o a t o f s h e l l a c a f t e r f i r s t c l e a n i n g o f f t h e p r e c e d i n g c o a t . 14 S to ra g e .

The s t o r i n g o f wooden s u p p l i e s s h o u ld i n

a l l c a s e s be p r e c e d e d by a c l e a n c o a t o f p r o t e c t i v e v a r n i s h on su c h ite m s a s b a t s ,

j a v e l i n s , an d r a c k e t s a n d a c o a t o f

s h e l l a c on bamboo v a u l t i n g p o l e s . d ry by a l l m eans. ^ 14

S t r e l l , op. c i t . , L o c. c i t .

p . 57*

The s t o r a g e a r e a m ust be

71 R a c k e ts s h o u ld he s t o r e d w i t h p r e s s e s t o p r e v e n t w a r p in g a n d p l a c e d i n a c o o l d ry p l a c e . t o t h e p r e s s i s d e s i r a b l e . 15

A cover in a d d itio n

M ost a u t h o r i t i e s a g r e e t h a t j a v e l i n s s h o u ld be hung t o p r e v e n t w a r p i n g . W illia m s and Hughes 16 s u g g e s t p l a c i n g a screw ey e i n t h e end o f t h e j a v e l i n t o han g i t . B resnahan a n d T u t t l e 17 a d v o c a t e s l i p p i n g a l e a t h e r w a s h e r o v e r t h e p o i n t an d s u s p e n d in g t h e j a v e l i n from a r a c k w i t h n o t c h e s two i n c h e s d e e p an d one i n c h wide i n a cone sh a p e t o h o l d th e w ash er.

B o th m eth o d s w ould s u f f i c e , a l t h o u g h t h e l a t t e r

w i l l n o t n e c e s s i t a t e b o r i n g any h o le i n t h e j a v e l i n .

A

c o o l, dry a r e a f o r s to ra g e i s d e s i r a b l e . I n t h e s t o r i n g o f bamboo v a u l t i n g p o l e s , S tiG k

1 Pi

recommends a room w i t h no h e a t and e i t h e r a d i r t o r cem ent flo o r.

The p o l e s h o u l d be l a i d f l a t a n d c o v e r e d w i t h b u r l a p

o r a s i m i l a r m a t e r i a l to p re v e n t c h e c k in g o r c r a c k in g .

If

no s u c h room i s a v a i l a b l e , t h e p o l e s c a n s t i l l be k e p t i f th e y a r e w rap p ed a n d g u a r d e d a g a i n s t su d d e n t e m p e r a t u r e changes.

D ry n e ss i s a g a i n e s s e n t i a l f o r b e s t s t o r a g e

re s u lts . ^

S tre it,

o p . c i t . . p . 15*

^

W illia m s an d H ughes, p p . c i t * . , p . 1 86 .

^

B r e s n a h a n an d T u t t l e , p p . c i t . ,

pp. 3 92-3.

G i l b e r t G. S t i c k , "The C are an d H a n d lin g o f Bamboo V a u l t i n g P o l e s , " A t h l e t i c J o u r n a l . 2 9 * 5 2 ,5 4 , J a n u a r y , 1949*

72 IV.

SUMMARY

The p u r c h a s e o f wooden a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s i n v o l v e s c a r e f u l c o n s id e r a tio n o f th e q u a lity o f th e m a t e r i a l s .

Due

to th e n a tu re o f th e a c t i v i t i e s , th e m a n u fa c tu re rs cannot g u a r a n t e e b a t s an d v a u l t i n g p o l e s a n d c a r e f u l s e l e c t i o n o f th o se a r t i c l e s w i l l r e s u l t in lo n g e r l i f e . P u r c h a s i n g wooden a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s e n t a i l s t h e u t i l i z a t i o n o f p e r s o n a l p r e f e r e n c e s s i n c e i n m ost c a s e s t h e c o n t e s t a n t s hav e c e r t a i n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s th e y l i k e i n t h e i r b a t s , j a v e l i n s , p o le s , and r a c k e t s .

The b u y e r s c a n l i s t e n

t o t h o s e p r e f e r e n c e s b u t s h o u ld make t h e f i n a l p u r c h a s e on th e b a s i s of q u a l i t y .

A sh, b i r c h , h i c k o r y , an d bamboo a r e

t h e m ost u s e d i n wooden s u p p l i e s . M o i s t u r e i s t h e c h i e f enemy o f wood s t o r a g e .

A ll

wooden it e m s s h o u ld be c o a t e d w i t h p r o t e c t i v e v a r n i s h , o r s h e l l a c i n t h e c a s e o f bamboo p o l e s , an d s t o r e d i n c o o l , d ry a r e a s .

J a v e l i n s s h o u ld be hung t o p r e v e n t w a r p in g .

R a c k e t s s h o u ld have p r e s s e s f o r t h e same p u r p o s e .

Bamboo

p o l e s s h o u ld be l a i d f l a t and c o v e r e d w i t h b u r l a p o r s i m i l a r m a te ria l.

CHAPTER IX SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS I .

SUMMARY

I t was t h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s p r o j e c t t o exam in e and s e t up s t a n d a r d s f o r t h e p u r c h a s e o f a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s an d t o l i s t s t a n d a r d s f o r th e c a r e o f a t h l e t i c

su p p lie s.

The

s e v e n b a s i c m a t e r i a l s c o v e r e d w ere c o t t o n , w ool, r a y o n , n y l o n , l e a t h e r , r u b b e r , and wood.

T h ese m a t e r i a l s a r e m o st

commonly fo u n d i n t h e m a n u f a c tu r e o f a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s . Time was t h e g r e a t e s t l i m i t i n g f a c t o r i n t h i s p r o j e c t . 4-This f a c t was a c o n t r i b u t i n g w ea k n ess t o t h e m ethod o f p r o c e d u r e s i n c e e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n f o r v e r i f i c a t i o n o f f i n d i n g s was i m p o s s i b l e . '-jhThe l i t e r a t u r e was d e f i n i t e l y l i m i t e d i n t h e a r e a o f p u rc h a s in g s p e c i f i c a r t i c l e s o f a t h l e t i c goods.

Much

o f t h e d a t a w ere n e c e s s a r i l y o b t a i n e d from p e r u s a l o f w r itte n m a te ria ls in th e f i e l d s of t e x t i l e s ; a r c h ite c tu r e , a n d e n g i n e e r i n g and made a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e s u b j e c t . -_L.The f i e l d o f p u r c h a s i n g a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s i s a fe rtile

exam p le o f a n a r e a w here much c a n be a c h i e v e d by

e d u c a t i o n o f t h e s t u d e n t s p r e p a r i n g t o e n t e r t h a t ty p e o f w o rk .

One c a n n o t d en y t h a t t h e b e t t e r p ro g ra m s o f to d a y

a r e a d e q u a t e l y f i n a n c e d and p e r h a p s many o f t h e p o o r e r

74 p ro g ra m s c o u l d "be more a d e q u a t e l y f i n a n c e d by kn o w led g e o f w is e p u r c h a s i n g w h ic h w ould c u t down c o s t s o f r e p l a c e ­ m e n ts . C o tto n f a b r i c s used i n a t h l e t i c

s u p p l i e s com bined

a re a s o n a b le p r ic e w ith b e t t e r th a n a v e ra g e d u r a b i l i t y . The f a c t t h a t c o t t o n w ash e s r e a d i l y m akes t h e c a r e o f c o t t o n f a b r i c s much more r e a s o n a b l e a n d d e s i r a b l e f o r th o s e w ith l i m ite d b u d g e ts . Wool f a b r i c s a r e more d u r a b l e an d warmer t h a n c o t t o n b u t a re h ig h e r p r ic e d .

Dry c l e a n i n g i s recommended w h ich

i n t u r n makes t h e c o s t o f c a r e h i g h e r . Rayon f a b r i c s p o s s e s s a h i g h d e g r e e o f a t t r a c t i v e n e s s com bined w i t h none t o o good d u r a b i l i t y .

T h e ir u se i s

recommended f o r t h e game g a r m e n ts o n l y .

Dry c l e a n i n g a l s o

i s recommended w h ic h i n c r e a s e s t h e p r i c e o f t h e g a r m e n t s . N ylon f a b r i c s a r e t h e s t r o n g e s t o f t h e f o u r t r e a t e d and h ig h ly r e s i s t a n t to a b r a s i v e n e s s .

N ylon g a r m e n ts a r e

e a s y t o c a r e f o r w h ic h p a r t i a l l y o v erco m es t h e i n i t i a l h ig h c o s t d is a d v a n ta g e . L e a t h e r s u p p l i e s s h o u ld be p u r c h a s e d from b e t t e r g r a d e s o f l e a t h e r f o r more w e a r a n d econom y.

F req u en t use

o f o i l p r e s e r v a t i v e s u c h a s n e a t s f o o t o i l i s recommended t o keep l e a t h e r s o f t an d p l i a b l e . R u b b er s u p p l i e s com bined a more r e a s o n a b l e p r i c e

75 t h a n l e a t h e r w i t h j u s t a s good d u r a b i l i t y *

R u b ber c a n be

w ashed r e a d i l y w h ic h s i m p l i f i e s c a r e . Wooden s u p p l i e s s h o u l d be p u r c h a s e d w i t h a n eye to th e s iz e o f th e in te n d e d p e rfo rm e r w ith re g a rd s to s p e c ific a tio n s. d e s ira b le .

A sm a ll,

s t r a i g h t g r a i n i n t h e wood i s

M o is tu r e o f a l l t y p e s i s t o b e a v o i d e d i n t h e

c a r e o f wooden s u p p l i e s . '-^-'Some g e n e r a l s t a n d a r d s o f p u r c h a s i n g a t h l e t i c s u p p l i e s s t o o d o u t t h r o u g h o u t t h e p r o j e c t o r w ere i m p l i c a t e d by th e f a c t s p r e s e n te d and l i s t e d a s fo llo w s : 1.

Buying f o r q u a l i t y r a t h e r t h a n c h e a p n e s s o f

p r ic e i s c o n sid e re d th e b e t t e r p o lic y . 2.

i f p o s s i b l e , o b t a i n s a m p le s w h ic h c a n be t e s t e d

a n d com pared b e f o r e f i n a l p u r c h a s e . 3.

Buy o n l y from r e p u t a b l e d e a l e r s an d from whom

e x c h an g e s e r v i c e c a n b e o b t a i n e d on s t o c k i t e m s . 4.

When b u y in g f a b r i c s u p p l i e s f o r c o m p e t i t i o n ,

a t t e m p t t o s t r i k e a b a l a n c e b e tw e e n f l a s h and d u r a b i l i t y . The s a c r i f i c e o f d u r a b i l i t y f o r f l a s h i s n o t w is e p u r c h a s in g . 5*

Buy i n q u a n t i t y a s much a s p o s s i b l e .

6.

S t a n d a r d i z e e q u ip m e n t o r s u p p l i e s t o r e d u e e t h e

p u r c h a s i n g p ro b le m s o f t h e f u t u r e a n d t h e c o s t o f r e p l a c e ­ m e n ts . 7.

Do n o t o v e r s t o c k on r u b b e r o r l e a t h e r s u p p l i e s

76 d u e t o t h e r a p i d i t y o f d e t e r i o r a t i o n i f l e f t u n u se d f o r a lo n g p e r io d o f tim e . Some g e n e r a l s t a n d a r d s o f a t h l e t i c

s u p p ly c a r e w ere

i n d i c a t e d i n t h e p r o j e e t and a r e a s l i s t e d : 1.

D ry n e ss i s a p rim e c r i t e r i o n f o r s t o r a g e

fa c ilitie s. 2. a fa b ric , 3*

I f i n d o u h t as to th e la u n d ry c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e b e s t p o l i c y would be t o d r y c l e a n . Hand w a s h in g o f a t h l e t i c u n if o r m s i s t h e b e s t

m etho d to g u a r d a g a i n s t s h r i n k a g e . II.

CONCLUSIONS

The f o l l o w i n g c o n c l u s i o n s w ere draw n from t h e d a t a in th e p r o j e c t : 1.

T h ere was a d e f i n i t e s h o r t a g e o f d a t a c o n n e c t e d

w ith th e p u rch ase o f a t h l e t i c s u p p lie s . 2.

The a u t h o r i t i e s w ere i n g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t on

th e care of a t h l e t i c m a te r ia ls . 3*

The c a r e a f f o r d e d a t h l e t i c

s u p p l i e s was d i r e c t l y

r e l a t e d to th e s e rv ic e o b ta in e d . III.

RECOMMENDATIONS

D u rin g t h e c o u r s e o f t h i s p r o j e c t many p r o b le m s w ere r a i s e d w h ic h , i f p u r s u e d , c o u l d be v a l u a b l e c o n t r i b u t i o n s

77 t o th e a t h l e t i c and p h y s i c a l e d u c a tio n f i e l d . th e above, 1.

I n v ie w o f

th e f o l l o w i n g re c o m m e n d a tio n s a r e l i s t e d : A c o u r s e i n e q u ip m e n t b u y in g a n d c a r e s h o u l d

be p u t i n t o th e p h y s ic a l e d u c a tio n d e p a rtm e n ts f o r f u t u r e p h y s ic a l e d u c a tio n te a c h e r s and a t h l e t i c c o a c h e s. 2.

More s t u d y on t h e s p e c i f i c s u p p l y i t e m s t o

e s t a b l i s h d e f i n i t e l y t h e s u p e r i o r i t y o f some c e r t a i n f a b r i c or m a te ria l.

A c o n tr o v e r s i a l s u b je c t ra g in g a t th e p r e s e n t

on t h e a d v i s a b i l i t y o f u s i n g p l a s t i c o r l e a t h e r h e l m e t s i s a n exam ple o f a p ro b le m n e e d i n g f u r t h e r s t u d y .

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY A.

BOOKS

B e n d u re , Z elm a, a n d G lad y s P f e i f f e r , A m e r ic a 1s F a b r i c s * New Y o rk : The M a c m illa n Company, 1 9 4 6 . 688 p p . B resnahan, George T ., and W. W. T u t t l e , Track and F ie ld A t h l e t i c s . S t . L o u is: The C* V. Mosby Company, 194-7. 498 p p . F o r s y t h e , C h a r l e s E . , The A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f H igh S c h o o l A t h l e t i c s . New Y o rk : P r e n t i c e - H a l l , I n c . , 1 9 4 8 . 440 pp I H e ss , K a t h a r i n e P a d d o c k , T e x t i l e F i b e r s a n d T h e i r U s e . C h ic a g o , P h i l a d e l p h i a , New Y o rk : J . B. L i p p i n e o t t Company, 1 9 4 1 . 530 p p . H ughes, I T illia m L e o n a rd , a n d J e s s e F e i r i n g W i l l i a m s , S p o r t s . T h eir O r g a n iz a tio n and A d m in is t r a t io n . New Y o rk : A. S . B a rn e s an d Company, 1944* 5 l 4 p p . M eyer, K e n n e th L . , The P u r c h a s e . C are a n d R e p a i r o f A t h l e t i c E q u ip m e n t. S t . L o u i s : E d u c a t i o n a l P u b l i s h e r s , I n c . , 1 9 4 8 . 160 p p . Mudd, J . S . , L e a t h e r F i n i s h e s . New Y o rk : C h em ical P u b l i s h i n g Company, I n c . , 1 9 3 9 . 116 p p . Tiemann, Harry D onald, Wood T ech n o lo g y . New York and C h ic a g o : P itm a n P u b l i s h i n g C o r p o r a t i o n , 1 9 4 4 . 328 p p . V o ltm e r , Edward F . , a n d A r t h u r A. E s s l i n g e r , The O r g a n iz a ­ t i o n a n d A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n . New Y o rk : A p p l e t o n - C e n t u r y - C r o f t s , I n c . 7 1 9 4 9 . 419 p p . W i l l i a m s , J e s s e F e i r i n g , a n d C l i f f o r d Lee B r o w n e ll, The O rg a n iz a tio n and A d m in is tra tio n o f H e a lth and P h y s ic a l E d u c a t i o n . P h i l a d e l p h i a a n d L ondon: W. B. S a u n d e r s Company, 1 9 4 6 . 483 P P . W i l l i a m s , J e s s e F e i r i n g , a n d W illia m L e o n a rd H ughes, A t h l e t i c s I n E d u c a t i o n . P h i l a d e l p h i a an d London: W. B. S a u n d e r s Company, 1 9 3 0 . 4l4 pp..

80

W ils o n , Jo h n A r t h u r , Modern P r a c t i c e i n L e a t h e r M a n u f a c t u r e , New Y o rk : R e in h o ld P u b l i s h i n g C o r p o r a t i o n , 1 9 4 1 , 744 p p . W ils o n , Jo h n A r t h u r , a n d Henry B a ld w in M e r r i l l , A n a l y s i s o f L e a t h e r . New Y ork an d L ondon: M cG raw -H ill Book Company, I n c . , 1931* 512 p p . W in g a te , I s a b e l B ., T e x t i l e F a b r i c s a n d T h e i r S e l e c t i o n . New Y o rk : P r . e n t i c e - H a l l , I n c . , 1 9 4 9 . 640 p p . B.

PERIODICAL ARTICLES

K r a ft, John, "Make Your Equipm ent L a st,® S c h o la s t ic C oach. 1 4 : 1 8 , F eb ru ary, 1 9 4 5 . S t i c k , G ilb e r t G ., "The Care and H andling o f Bamboo V a u ltin g P o le s ,® A t h l e t i c j o u r n a l. 2 9 : 5 2 , 5 4 , Jan u ary, 1 9 4 9 . S t r e i t , W. K ., ®Care o f E q u ip m e n t f o r t h e D u r a t i o n , " S c h o l a s t i c C oach. 1 2 : 1 4 - 5 , D ecem ber, 1 9 4 2 . S t r e l l , J r . , J o h n , " C a r e o f E q u ip m e n t t h e Y e a r f R o u n d ," S c h o l a s t i c C oach. 1 5 : 3 4 , 5 6 - 7 , J a n u a r y , 1 9 4 6 . S u l l i v a n , K e n n e th G ., "The E q u ip m en t Problem ,® S c h o l a s t i c C oach. 1 7 :3 8 , 4 0 , J a n u a r y , 1 9 4 8 . W eimer, L e i t h C ., "C are a n d M a in te n a n c e o f R u b b e r-C o v e re d A t h l e t i c E quipm ent,® S c h o o l M anagem ent. 1 7 : 2 2 - 3 , November, 1 9 4 7 . C.

ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLES

Brown, N elso n C. , "Wood,® The E n c y c lo p e d ia A m ericana. XXVIV, 4 7 6 . P ow ers, R. E ., "R ubber," The E n c y c lo p e d ia A m ericana, X X III, 739.

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