Stalin: an unknown portrait 9789639241190

Table of contents :
Frontmatter
Acknowledgments (page vii)
PREFACE / In Stalin's Shadow (page ix)
PART 1. PROLONGED YOUTH
CHAPTER 1 / The Childhood of Soso (page 3)
CHAPTER 2 / Why Soso Dzhugashvili Dropped out of the Seminary (page 21)
CHAPTER 3 / "Comrade Koba" Enters the Scene (page 37)
CHAPTER 4 / The Past Rewritten (page 47)
CHAPTER 5 / Why Stalin Was Called a "Mail-coach Robber" (page 59)
CHAPTER 6 / Escape and Love (page 96)
CHAPTER 7 / Everyday Life in the Underground Movement (page 122)
CHAPTER 8 / Why Learn Foreign Languages? (page 142)
CHAPTER 9 / Wanted: A Theoretician (page 153)
CHAPTER 10 / The Last Period in Exile (page 162)
PART II. THE "MASTER'S" FRIENDS AND ENEMIES
CHAPTER 11 / Kira Alliluyeva (page 181)
CHAPTER 12 / The Alliluyev Grandparents (page 189)
CHAPTER 13 / Nadezhda Alliluyeva (page 201)
CHAPTER 14 / Competition for the Widowed Stalin (page 222)
CHAPTER 15 / All the Soviet World is a Stage (page 230)
CHAPTER 16 / Aleksei Tolstoy, the Soviet Count (page 246)
CHAPTER 17 / Expulsion from Paradise (page 255)
CHAPTER 18 / Polina Zhemchuzhina (page 270)
CHAPTER 19 / Anastas Mikoyan (page 282)
CHAPTER 20 / Avel Yenukidze (page 300)
CHAPTER 21 / A Correspondance Discovered (page 314)
CHAPTER 22 / The Threat of War (page 332)
CHAPTER 23 / Yakov Dzhugashvili (page 341)
CHAPTER 24 / "Red Vaska" (page 351)
CHAPTER 25 / The Young General in Prison (page 360)
CHAPTER 26 / Anna Alliluyeva (page 374)
CHAPTER 27 / Fyodor Alliluyev (page 388)
CHAPTER 28 / Pavel Alliluyev (page 396)
CHAPTER 29 / The Destruction of the Svanidze Family (page 406)
CHAPTER 30 / False Medical Reports (page 421)
CHAPTER 31 / Yevgenia Alliluyeva (page 433)
CHAPTER 32 / Vladimir Prison Years (page 440)
CHAPTER 33 / "He was an Evil Man, the Wretch" (page 451)
Bibliography (page 459)
Index (page 467)

Citation preview

~ AN UNKNOWN PORTRAIT

BLANK PAGE

AN UNKNOWN

PORTRAIT

By Miklos Kun

, - ‘CEU PRESS Central European University Press Budapest New York

© 2003 by Miklos Kun English translation © by Miklos Bodoczky, Rachel Hideg, Janos Hideg, Miklos VG6rés 2003

First published in Hungarian as

Az ismeretlen Sztalin

| in 2002 by PolgART.and Athenaeum 2000

, English edition published in 2003 by _ Central European University Press An imprint of the Central European University Share Company Nador utca 11, H-1051 Budapest, Hungary Tel: +36-1-327-3138 or 327-3000

Fax: +36-1-327-3183 |

E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ceupress.com

: 400 West 59th Street, New York NY 10019, USA Tel: +1-212-547-6932 Fax: +1-212-548-4607 E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the permission of the Publisher.

ISBN 963 9241 199 cloth

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data | Kun, Miklos, 1946-—

[Az ismeretlen Sztalin. English] Stalin: an unknown portrait / by Miklos Kun. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Illustrated. ISBN 1. Stalin, Joseph, 1879-1953. 2. Heads of state—Soviet Union—Biography. 3. Soviet Union—Politics and government—1917~-1936.

4. Soviet Union—Politics and government—1936-1953. I. Title. DK268.S8K86513 2003 947.084’2’092—dc21

2003000054

Cover design by Anna Benké Preprint by Attributum Studid, Budapest Printed in Hungary by

. Akadémiai Nyomda, Martonvasar

| Table of Contents | . Acknowledgements | Vil | 1X , PREFACE / In Stalin’s Shadow | PART I. PROLONGED YOUTH CHAPTER 1 / The Childhood of Soso 3 CHAPTER 2 / Why Soso Dzhugashvili Dropped out of the Seminary 21

CHAPTER 3 / ““Comrade Koba” Enters the Scene | 37

CHAPTER 4 / The Past Rewritten , , 47

Mikha Chakaya | 95 CHAPTER 6 / Escape and Love 96 CHAPTER 5/ Why Stalin Was Called a “Mail-coach Robber”’ 59

Kliment Voroshilov 121 CHAPTER 7 / Everyday Life in the Underground Movement 122 Felitks Dzerzhinsky 141 CHAPTER 8 / Why Learn Foreign Languages? 142 |

CHAPTER 9 / Wanted: A Theoretician | 153

, Nikolai Bukharin 161 CHAPTER 10 / The Last Period in Exile 162 PART IT. THE “MASTER’S” FRIENDS AND ENEMIES

CHAPTER 11 / Kira Alliluyeva 181 CHAPTER 12 / The Alliluyev Grandparents 189 | The Hours of Relaxation 199 CHAPTER 13 / Nadezhda Alliluyeva 201

The Rulers in Oriental Dress 220

CHAPTER 14 / Competition for the Widowed Stalin 222

Lazar Kaganovich 229

CHAPTER 15 / All the Soviet World is a Stage 230 ,

Fading Group Pictures 244 CHAPTER 16 / Aleksei Tolstoy, the Soviet Count 246

CHAPTER 17 / Expulsion from Paradise 255

The Cars of the Kremlin 269

CHAPTER 18 / Polina Zhemchuzhina 270

Vyacheslav Molotov 281 CHAPTER 19 / Anastas Mikoyan 282 Secretaries in All Shapes and Sizes 298

CHAPTER 20 / Avel Yenukidze 300 Fourney through the Gulag 312 CHAPTER 21 / A Correspondance Discovered 314

CHAPTER 22 / The Threat of War 332 The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact 338 CHAPTER 23 / Yakov Dzhugashvili 341

CHAPTER 24 / “Red Vaska”’359 351 The Generalissimo

CHAPTER 25 / The Young General in Prison 360

CHAPTER 26 / Anna Alliluyeva 374 Organized Famine in the Ukraine 387 CHAPTER 27 / Fyodor Alliluyev 388 Inspecting New Weaponry 395 CHAPTER 28 / Pavel Alliluyev 396

Mikhail Tukhachevsky 404

CHAPTER 29 / The Destruction of the Svanidze Family 406

Sergo Ordzhonikidze 419

CHAPTER 30 / False Medical Reports 421 : CHAPTER 31 / Yevgenia Alliluyeva 433

CHAPTER 32 / Vladimir Prison Years 440

Lavrenty Berta 449 CHAPTER 33 / “He was an Evil Man, the Wretch” 451

Bibliography 459 Index 467

The Twilight of the Dictator 457

| To the loving memory of my mother, Olga

Acknowledgements

I wish to acknowledge the support of the following institutions and individuals: the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; the CEU Library and its head, Maria Szlatky; the Library and

Archives of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University; the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the | Republic of Hungary and former Minister of Foreign Affairs, Janos Martonyi; the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Hungary and former Minister of Education, Zoltan Pokorni; the Twentieth Century Institute and Maria Schmidt; the Hungarian Foreign Trade Bank, Ltd. and its Chairman and CEO, Tamas Erdei; the Open Society Institute and the Open Society Archives at Central Euro-

Sandor Demjan Foundation.

pean University; the Viktoria Légrady and Co., Ltd.; the Hungarian Book Foundation and the

I am indebted to those who helped the shaping of the book with their reminiscences, ideas and

advice: Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko (Moscow), Margarita Balmaceda (Princeton), Vladimir Bukovsky (Cambridge), Réka Szemerkényi (Budapest), Heléne Carrére d’Encausse (Paris), Alfred Rieber (Budapest), David Bronstein (Moscow), Yury Felstinsky (Boston), Sandor Csoori (Budapest), Kirill Henkin (Munich), Aleksandr Yakovlev (Moscow), Gyorgy Granasztoi (Budapest), Irina Deskova (Moscow), Nadezhda Yoffe (New York), Tatyana Litvinova (London), Stephen Koch (New York), Sergo Mikoyan (Moscow), Irina Pavlova (Novosibirsk), Zsuzsa Kiraly (Budapest), Natalya Rikova (Moscow), Sergei Udartsev (Almati), Laszl6 Ivan (Budapest), Manana Saladze (London) and Janos Horvath (Budapest).

Special thanks to Alex Bandy for his valuable assistance and observations.

Illustrations by courtesy of the David King Collection, London.

PREFACE

In Stalin’s Shadow As Tolstoy famously said, all happy families resemble one another, each unhap-

py family is unhappy in its own way. In the same way, the chronicle of Stalin’s RE ean many biographies is long and unending. They range from unscrupulous apolo- ao “ WP: gies to personal diatribes of hatred. Bulky Stalin biographies that are still quoted an a SVT,

today by some writers frequently use “double entry bookkeeping” that forgives ——_ 00 the Soviet dictator’s genocide—or even justifies it. There are also after-the-fact a ie ss ce a

explanations by former leading Soviet politicians who for decades worked with — is

the Master of the Kremlin, and who likewise have bloody hands. ‘ee ae a

Just as varied is the phylogenesis of Stalin biographies; they have been created i a | for many different personal reasons, more reasons than usual for historiography. i. =

At first glance, this book which puts a number of unpublished documents from ; oe. |

the dictator’s archives into the reader’s hands, is similar to its predecessors. I was ee. | eight years old, living in a small Russian town called Orekhovo-Zuyevo, when ne a | I read Aleksei Tolstoy’s Peter the First. | was enthralled. In many ways, it was this tf book, full of monumental battle scenes and unexpected adventures, that helped 4 —. | me decide to become a historian. Of course, at that point I didn’t know that the “e ey : “Soviet Count”, had brazenly lifted some of the best parts of the book from the a

works of the noted Russian writer, Dmitry Merezhkovsky, who had been forced = ™ - f into emigration. Nor did I know the that the descriptions of the tsar had been cov- Dea ae ered with a gloss of class warfare—that this, too, had been made to fit the wishes ee |

ture, were made to illustrate political points, and, thereby, humble the reader. 7g oe \ ‘e

Anyone who has picked up Peter the First comes face to face with the similarities | between the empire-building tsar and the man who, from a pockmarked Joseph Stalin; ae oe elin (Khozyain) Georgian Seminary student, became the Generalissimo who expanded the Soviet

Empire to the Vistula and Bug rivers. The parallels probably hit me in the little : school in Orekhovo-Zuyevo, too, since I carefully pasted a small photograph of Joseph Stalin on the title page. In large letters I scrawled “December 21st, 1879”. ‘This was the Soviet dictator’s official birthday, a day celebrated each year by millions. [am proud that, decades later, I was able to successfully piece together how

Stalin and his circle changed this from the original date, December 6th, 1878. -

However, for a long time I was convinced that I had seen the Master of the Kremlin myself. At the end of April 1952, when I was six year old, to my great delight I was able to go to Moscow. I left my parent’s sewerless wooden house, which was built next to and owned by the penniless rural hospital. And I went to a metropolis, ornamented with brilliant skyscrapers and shinning holiday decorations. I went riding on the shoulders of a doctor colleague of my father’s, to take part in the May Day parade. My memories of the colorful group of party leaders, quite a few of them uniformed, waving from the Lenin mausoleum, are cloudy. But I would have been ready to swear that the one in the middle, with his army cap in his hand, the “Master,” waved to me. Not long ago, I talked again with that “young” doctor, who had since emigrated. I realized I had been living half a century with the wrong impression. My old acquaintance, who is a retired professor living in New York, said that when

he carried me on his shoulders to Red Square in 1952, Stalin—who was having | 1X

trouble breathing and had suffered several smaller cerebral hemorrhages—was

| no longer on the podium. He had gone into a small waiting room that had been set up for him in one of the wings of the mausoleum. And so I found that the story of my life was one legend the lesser. These things went through my mind when I finished my book, Stalin: An Unknown Portrait [Az ismeretlen Sztalin]. I breathed a sigh of relief that day: May 4th, 2001. For decades I had felt that this man, who had ruled with an iron hand both his own subjects as well as those outside the Soviet border, had hardly left me in peace. I had spent years dusting off documents that had never been published or had been unavailable for so long. One by one, I had knocked on the doors of the ancient, desiccated people who had worked with him. I went to the homes of those who had survived the Gulag, the Soviet death camps. For days I talked with the descendents of the pre-war Soviet elite, an elite now almost vanished. I must confess that this was sometimes emotionally taxing, and for I while I shut several chapters, which had become as convoluted as the coils of a snake, in the drawer of my desk. There they joined the unpublished (even in Russian), letters between Stalin and Kliment Voroshilov, the unmistakable evidence of senility of the ageing “Master”, the fight amongst his subordinates for succession and the post-war Soviet trials. These chapters are still waiting to be published. This book is also built on hundreds of previously unknown documents. It consists of two closely related sections. Prolonged Youth covers the events of Stalin’s life chronologically. For this section, I relied heavily on resources of the American and the then-Soviet archives. These chapters deal with episodes in the life of Iosif Dzhugashvili—known also as Soselo, Soso, Koba and finally Stalin—

before 1917, episodes that foreshadowed the character of the Soviet tyrant. I touch on the succession of conflicts with his violent-tempered, alcoholic father and his double life, a life of endless lies. I write about the overage student’s flight from a Tiflis Seminary, a flight that happened strangely close to the end of his studies; his early absorption into a pointless, dissolute lifestyle. His dreary pri-

vate life, which only increased his original frustration. These are important moments that have not been emphasized enough even in the most detailed of biographies. The primary reason for this is Stalin himself. He methodically and systematically obliterated many sources that could blacken or contradict the picture he had created of himself. As this book proves, he handpicked the numerous important documents that were allowed to be published. He also burned pictures from his past if they showed him to a disadvantage. Photos that were not burned were retouched. The writers of his hagiographies, though, were rewarded with benefits both at home and at work. Even by the middle of the thirties, the institutes and research groups studying Stalin’s life were already hard at work on their subject. ‘The ill-tempered revengeful politician with the piercing glance was an unpar-

allelled master at creating legends. He invented, for example, the fact that by 1903 he had, as an anonymous Georgian party worker, already begun a secret relationship with Lenin, “the golden eagle”, who was living in exile. Stalin’s collected works were rewritten by editors and secretaries, trembling like aspen leaves before him, on the pretext of translating from Georgian the articles he’d

| written when he was young. After this rather skimpy collected works didn’t fit the picture of the “passionate revolutionary”, he and Beria, “governor” of Georgia and later the feared head of the NK VD, scraped together documents that could prove his alleged acts of heroism. But he did not even trust his fellow Georgians who outdid each other in slavishness. In the end, the effusions and X

sesesseaes |

ee ee a _ : . _ :: 2aee=ee : _— ae | -| eeoeoe a Ff

a—stiséi‘izj :: ::a=:. ae weaS28 hake ies . rs geSees eaeae cane UABes Sap Bases ___a— EEUU Ses :ee : :a: EERO : .Es ee Eee 7: _:a: .::oo Hig —_ .:— “SEES SEE ESS aS ae ete : a ere EOS ass : : oS snk |. -=s=Csisits oo oF | 2 : a Baan Sains one SE cares ieee So : : eos 2 Se ees Bee eae TERRE ee es F COs * : ie See SEES ee: ae nnsoa 20 Pee eoreneonens orn aoe Seneca x : aes SESS See ce Oe Saas os See : WEES SEES 7corShy oF :ES ———r—r—eE SeSEES SEES EEE: _...-:-sC CtSs oe PeePees eS G8 es as AUREUS . PO Es oe ; : oe San | RRR Ra ee eae eo Schaumann seas SESS :ee AEE s SAAeSAE Gepeansna emir:aoe Sina seh eomeene Seas i ce:aes m-_ :oo ;.SES . eae phase eae sce ae Sy eS Se See ae eae ESS es eae | Be ::-|:oe a. SS Ra stairs Se Se ES * SEES os tanto Sates ican ences rope SER Soo |SSE — eee : Ses SEs «RS eeSea ee eePi Be ee ee :fe : a ES DS See —— & ee oe Seee Eee ES Ses . :a — Joes — -— HORDE Eg ears PSE es Soe ——=—es— gare eect oo _ a eee : : ; E oes = sis poesia ESO an JESSE SEES Sees EE ee Se .SEES :mE. *Peete oSeen oe 7A 2=:e és a ee ee : SUSES SS Bee ee —.—rt—SC ee cE SE CRs SES Ee oes eet REPS one i ==Cte ee ee : os _—ease oe ee oe oes * - S —=—eO—C§ SORES ES S38 _- SS rtri—Os—S aS gee So SURES Se Le =a. :-,: eee .3:SOLON :pec — e)0—6hCUF S He .Bee : eeeeeene one aeas eS : Sea Sencar ciucarate RS aires, Seg cena EE = ‘SSSEs SESES :| ._ee o_ SESSA a. = : oe ie ee Be — ciaeeercue ner: ees oe ae ee rt Bae ; ap Pe See ee Bork ee Fs ee Bias a| — Se Bionkep te ESS Sogdege age i - fT Eee

:SS mae — ee —hE—rrt— . wigs re ae oe Se)ee: :; : _: .es, _.

a i — eS ee ee 8 =? oo . a - . ee eee oe 2 ee SS ee ee ee

en ;ae as— ee — Fsfe = Co_ oe a—r—t—tr—“C eee raeee a eS ae ies -— if a i. ee BAe ee — FC a ee pe Sess aSeBee ESE SaaS eee 0. oe — ee .. 7— Co “— See ee ee aa 2 OESa ee a oS SS 2 i. sieeoe— Ss . BRS |Rae eae eae Seo ee Se ee Sos .:=—s—eOOsSS soueuina anes es ERE De ee ae ne JER PES ESE SOEESY ff, ae: oes ao

~~~ Se ee a.ee SET ESES, Sanaa re a SSeS ee SeyeaSRE SEESeeSoaainaaes Oe.aoe EE sae SOEs SEE PoE: Soeens Soe =a :EES aRee ' | a|Sa-Fee < Ce .eete Jfo .Se2oy esEe : 2ee| Sees petinnchen eb eases eesSSeS Seeoe See ES eSsee CC ore Sennen SUES Soe Sreeee Suan ge Baus Ses pote Rares aos unease Sager . Pea spare eeeee See eae 2S SESS

Sera a Bosna SERS JESS eseSeSURES Rope ree Rseeeee —ae . 7 fogs ce - i os : o ee a 2& S CC Jes | Se eae ae ceca eae eer Semen oe: —ri‘“s:bape ee Re te*Ee 2Poa SEUSS e SES fe IR Eee Ree SI aaa > Sita tienaatneate a aERE aE NS EE Se Be ee SOR eh FO eee Sena aE eeRees Rees . fe Dee tae ie Beet RReae BeEe eeorSee oea Seeeiaemoerones OS eeCERT ee eens Fe PE SR oo BPEE Eeon seBe ae Rote PRET ooh ie tiie 5 ERLE Seed

. ks : 2 ee ee — ee ee ee ee ah og gt He LOR oe . ae ec eR en ee: eb we FS tee eeEee eeos eeBg aaoLaae eee eee WEE or BE ee |A ee eeSe Mest tPte 6 SS ee : : ::TB RET hap MORSE SAR Ag SEce Ra Poee SR SE aPR Bk oe eeaa ° ,Se Serene Ape oS ee seisin DS dee SOUER S oteSe ORE OP oe tow ee Tai:RE go Eaee 2 18 wo knRS ee ee‘Ee ee eeaRae reOO Sa aa oes gleee SARE She oh URNS SSE dheSe 7— : ttee erea . ie : . ae dh SE oe ai ea ee ee ee eee, OR er, er pig ee oe ; : Ret we " a RR ROR Ce aa et : aaa ee Ee Reece. Seems a ie es ee Se , oe es . a ee eee ee ee ee SOROS OS EE ee SSSk USS Lon . ee Sc ae Bo on Bk Ege EE BE Sho ES EE WeEas : : fo Sek we ee AS so. coy ‘ : % " : clei Ft SST ST ee IES Eee eo So Pes. Sue ae ee eee gees ae oes one So ee aoits Sey ea eR 2 Ce Bahn neta OER a Be ages ES ea : fe ; : : S By UES Gy BRR AAD SE ie Be gs eae “ ee a a oo ee rrr i wee Soe s : et ‘ 3 Py oh See BEE Rt Sao SHER URE ough oer ea aia ME SSE SS ‘SS. | Seeeoneece Pe DEE bi Se Seg te ee a ee ee Shae 3 SOS BO eS

,Bo er eeee eeee| eee .eS"Ge ee eeeegecree ee eea278 eee ce ; ; :ee aeaee Pee ee ee eeaged aCane &SE a ee ee Seer SEES Ee SSPE a : : Panae aes eee ee ae ee eee oe. 2 Seee PYeeEe Boga SB yeie Eee Boog iia ETE aah 2 eee ee

) ee hl lc >» i re er re oe he ee oe . BOE BS gal

: aseegee (Buen ER Se pcPUES i On aSee UEereh SAesaee BiFtDi ee=SC er UN et oeEeeehehe oe eae ee ee wean eeFe mta a : ; er eee ee ae eR taeaE aneRES ar aeTTS Cee SA ee BA ih (a EY Pa ‘ae EAoePE, eeeee PPS ee oe es OS

ae EE . oes: toy ALAS ethene tae Besieged. JaVED oh agoeUNE AS SEAR . ateei RRS 6 PSEPes a So oh, Bagh Bee oe OAL eee oS, tage EE ee DRE EASES a Cn Sag RL BeaES eS SES SeSa Eseshe res SRE ee re ae: ae OE cee eSSEES : De . : Te ssEs Se ee ERR EE 7 Pale a FE eeCas ge.aoe ReSig: Eyed iBP * ea ee Seiad Se RT aeeee... See re aBaeeBASE ee a ee eee : 2BP EO Soh Seis SR)

oes ee ee scae eae te Oe PRR SE eegee ee2 Soop Pere ee eS eee eaee phage fos eee a PEE ee ESSER wen : :esea ioe Si iaNRE RE PR Sag Bg Be es ee: BEe ek. Be x OR PE Statedce ies :eae : oeGh tue USE Eh Pk 2 ee A Wedsies Bi ates PeBR oso D Oo ag dhgins So PEA SeaLe ReeBe eer gn Pugh ye Rye ene Dee BS Bo RT Nene ees poe ae Se She Beet 28ee gh ea Be Ne ec de : alec. : 2Bg ER RSE oe

: See oeBet ta??eee ee ieeeelhBUSES SgeeAN SU SR EE eee : ag reePLY es Pato Oe ee OO ee ee ee ee ee =. Bg . PE . : ee eee JB EES er eee ee ee ee. ee ee ee SES Lee EE ree Ba : ’ Boag he RS sere as . Ses a ee ee ee ee . a : gods CPS eee, oe Sy : aeete eeEACLE ice are ee PURSE Te CUESe in OG SA)Gite BA Re ee Oa see BOG RR ED RS AO SEEE Sda ae Se ete . . oe EPcutee eS ELOU : : Sen BEAee OSoeVEELES Seams Ee hs OSony e sane : : aee aF

as ee , : Rk eee S “ae a ees Eg RES “phn PE AS es oa So Rs DS a 2 UEC Si BE tess” SEPEISETS s re cece : * ae : = oULEPS PURSE ns es pig See aye & leone ga ghee Beg e gee wee Be Seer Soe a ae Bes 228, aed iee ceamte, | ve Be Se Ti Peer oS Eee Spd Ee aa : : Hf PB SS : 2g Te ough RAR Soke SUR Do a aE SP : ESS PSE 2S DES See SE Ss ee Bg fe SBS ge nos het Sa cae Bot Ee &: . > Syme es RSE, ° PaESenSSUES ae : ceRS eneeneePtae eSaree= ee esES rksaaa geeeeeeeeee oo oe : adn beat : 2teBon ee US beg MUP Bee 2 ES ee oe re eee ee ool = ay : : ee

As a sign of his loyalty he regularly sent crates of tangerines to the Kremlin. They were meant as a gift to the Caucasian clan in the Kremlin and to the Master himself. At the same time Lakoba welcomed in the province under his control those Moscow politicians who had fallen out of favor. Among them was the seriously ill Leon Trotsky, who later spoke very warmly of the two Lakoba brothers, Nestor and Mikhail, who was the Abkhazian minister of internal affairs and later of agriculture. In 1924 the two brothers looked after him for several months.>

According to the recollections of various contemporaries, whenever Stalin spent his holidays in Abkhazia or Georgia the first thing he did was to summon Nestor Lakoba. During lavish meals, punctuated by long toasts, that would last into the early hours and often ended in complete drunkenness, he is rumored to have forced the short Abkhazian, who had a reputation for being a good marksman, to produce his old Mauser rifle and, like some twentieth-century William Tell, to entertain the company with shooting tricks. In the meantime, Joseph Stalin reveled in stirring up quarrels between Lakoba, whom he showered with medals and expensive gifts, and his main rival, Lavrenty Beria. | For a while it seemed that the rivalry between these two politicians, which was

by no means without risks, was evenly matched. However, it would eventually work , out in favor of Beria, who was able to assimilate more quickly than others the—in many respects new—rules of the Great Terror. In December 1936, at a dinner he gave at his own home, Beria, the Georgian party leader, like some Oriental despot, poisoned “the deaf man”. Feigning inconsolable grief he then organized a grand funeral for Lakoba, who was said to have died of a “heart attack”. A year later, however, Beria targeted the family and clientele of his rival. The commando unit of the Tiflis NKVD—probably with Stalin’s knowledge—traveled to Abkhazia where they staged a bloodbath that lasted for months among the relatives and followers of the dead party leader. No mercy was shown even to women and young children in their methodical elimination of the Abkhazian political elite, nor did they spare the mortal remains of Nestor Lakoba, who had in the meantime been

labeled a spy and a saboteur. In Abkhazia even today there are several legends telling how Beria had the coffin of his rival removed from the cemetery.®

It was subsequently forbidden even to mention that it had been the posthumously “excommunicated” Lakoba who had “invented” Hashim Smirba, one of the important characters in Stalin’s “shadow theater”. The Abkhazian leader, The underground Lakoba had made it appear that the illiterate old man had been an important Party worker in 1905-06.

helper of the young revolutionary Soso in his efforts to coordinate from the wings the conspiracy among the Batumi workers in 1902. On the basis of his conversations with the garrulous old man, Nestor Lakoba had his colleagues produce a small pamphlet titled Stalin and Hashim, written in the style of a folktale. In the foreword Lakoba claimed simply to have set down in writing at the request of his acquaintances among the Abkhazian working peasants what had been preserved in the memory of the local population concerning “the politician; the practical executioner, the strategist, and the tactician of Bolshevism; the greatest figure of an entire era; the kind of man whom history produces only once in every one or two hundred years”.? The promoter of Abkhazian autonomy included several tale-like motifs in the narrative. He described how young Iosif Dzhugashvili marched through the streets of Batumi at the head of a crowd of three thousand. He also recounted the advice that Dzhugashvili had given to the Batumi workers who were intending to protest in front of the state prison in the hope of setting their imprisoned comrades free. When the workers hesitated at the last moment, fearing that force would be used against them, Dzhugashvili urged

49

oe a i ee s.lr Ct a PR os le —-)0lClté, Ce OO CU Se’ i CY ® we fe ee

|. fee eae

4 NS pa oo! ow — 806 il

autonomous province. ee

them on: “The soldiers won’t shoot at us. And don’t be afraid of their commanders. Just strike them over the head! We will achieve freedom for our comrades.”’ The gray-uniformed tsarist troops, which were ordered from the inner provinces to the Black Sea coast, quashed the attack by the demonstrators. According to local historians fourteen workers died and another forty-six were wounded as a result of the volleys fired into the crowd in Batumi. According to Lakoba, Soso, who had left the scene in good time, hid in a nearby village at the home of Hashim Smirba. However, to prove his steadfastness of purpose, he set up an illegal printing press there. “Once, when Comrade Soso was alone with Hashim, he said to him: ‘Hashim, perhaps you are troubled by the fact that I am carrying out an activity in your home that may have serious consequences for you. Perhaps you do not want to be sent to prison with me, Hashim. I don’t want to be a nuisance to you. If you think I should leave, I will go.’” Before answering, like any genuine folk hero Hashim sucked on his pipe for several minutes. ‘Then he looked at Soso gravely before speaking: “You must have seen that I keep two fierce dogs in my yard. You can stay here. These two ferocious beasts won’t let any strangers in.” In another episode of the lengthy epic the host sighed: “’You could be a very good man, Soso! It’s a pity you’re not a Muslim.’ ‘Why would it be better if I were a Muslim?’ asked Comrade Soso. “Because if you adopted the Muslim faith I would find you seven beautiful women to marry. The kind you’ve never even dreamed of. So, do you want to be a Muslim?’ Comrade Soso answered with a smile: ‘Of course!’, and shook Hashim by the hand.” “Hashim would never forget this exchange until his dying day,” explained Nestor Lakoba to his fellow countrymen. “It was branded on his memory how tolerant Soso was of his old-fashioned philosophy. Soso hadn’t laughed at the old man for proposing that he should convert to the Muslim faith.” However, the long parable was still not finished. According to Lakoba, the next morning Hashim cheerfully addressed his friend Soso: “’Don’t be afraid! [...] Your cause will triumph.’ ‘How do you know?’ asked Comrade Stalin. ‘I had a dream, Soso. I dreamed that you set the whole of Caucasia free from the tsarist

50

troops, and that we all lived at ease, in prosperity and freedom. You should be aware that this is a very good thing. This is a very good thing, Soso!’’’? Ivan Tovstukha, in spite of being one of the early initiators of the cult of Stalin, confided in a letter, dated March 11, 1934, to Lazar Kaganovich, then the deputy of the General Secretary of the party, that he had doubts concerning the Smirba tales: “Lazar Moyseyevich! I have held back the Hashim text for a while as I have been working on Stalin’s new book. There were still things to correct and rewrite. Unfortunately, I have almost no material to rely on. I read through several books but have found only vague references. Not even copies of Jskra19 from the time mention the events in Batumi. All that was published were some excerpts from

the court hearing, but only after the trial. I still believe the book should be pub- | lished. It promises to be interesting. But what shall I do about the foreword? I can’t rewrite it. It should be thrown out. With Communist greetings!”’!!

The writer of the letter of course did not dare propose that the rest of the improbable tales by Lakoba be “thrown out” since he knew, better than anyone else, that this kind of byzantine legend-making took place with Stalin’s consent and often even on his direct orders. Such naive stories were largely used to manipulate the less erudite stratum of the population. ye As he approached his sixtieth birthday, which was celebrated with massive pomp, Joseph Stalin came up with some new ideas. He ensured that his official biography be published continuously in huge print runs, along with the short history of the Bolshevik Party, the famous-infamous Kratky Kurs, and the volumes of his Collected Works. He considered it fitting that after working hours, or in the course of university lectures, the majority of the Soviet population should study these texts under the supervision of professional propagandists. He doubtless thought that in this way he could right an old injustice. Even though, from the beginning of the 1920s, Stalin had achieved prominence as General Secretary of the party, for a long time it was not his works that lined the bookshelves of the Soviet elite and of the libraries, but those of Lenin, Trotsky, Zinovyev, and Kamenev.!2 This was not, as Trotsky supposed, due to his weakness of style, which would force him to remain in the background. In this respect the Soviet dictator was no different from other Bolshevik political writers. Most Soviet party leaders, Trotsky himself, generally expressed their ideas in simplistic, longwinded, cliché language, especially when addressing a larger audience. Bearing this in mind, Stalin could in fact have published his Collected Works in the 1920s.13 The truth was, however, that he had written relatively little. Among his thematic collections, Concerning Questions of Leninism and On Opposition, which were written in the heat of the power struggles, were nevertheless widespread, !4

and the combined print runs of smaller Stalin collections or pamphlets containing individual speeches amounted to several million. Strangely enough, the chief opponent of the Master of the Kremlin, Trotsky, did not attribute any significance to this flood of publications: “Why doesn’t

a selected series of Stalin’s speeches and writings and his Collected Works appear?” he asks in the pages of his book on Stalin. And he immediately answers his own question: “There can be little doubt that the idea of such an edition has arisen in the heads of young careerists willing to go to any lengths.!5 But Stalin had no option but to quash these plans in their embryonic stage. Nothing could have been more dangerous for him. The nine years he spent in a Church School have left an indelible trace on his personality. [...] TShe Russian language that he learned in scholastic theology classes remains a half-alien, artificial language for him, with a Seminary veneer. [...] Of course, no one could expect Stalin to have 51

CER OI UR ee) a writer’s gift. His style, however, reveals the nature of his thoughts. As soon as

Pe OS he enters the realm of abstraction his language becomes uncertain and hesitant. a _.-] His sentences are connected artificially.” eg s. my | troubled Joseph Stalin very little. Perhaps all that is revealed by his correspon-

aa a dence is that in the Russian-language edition of his Collected Works he attemptye Po ed to eliminate—or his have colleagues—the rather slapdash wording By)have _ “tteeliminated ovisinal txts,by It may been this that held up for so long the publica ee ge 7 | tion of the first volume. The appearance of the small-format, brown-covered,

; ae a Mee for 1940. However, the first volume in the sixteen-volume series was eventually SO ie Ne «| SCStalin’s Georgia-related early writings, the translation and editing, which was

EE EA] | carried out simultaneously in Moscow and in Tiflis, took years to complete. In

SE re the 1930s Stalin thoroughly edited the Russian translations of his Georgian-lanPRLog Pa guage writings.!8 The suspicious dictator—at this time more or less justifiably— EN ao Se thou gh the members of the editorial team were, from autumn 1934, already fullLy «s time employees at the richly subsidized local Stalin Institute in the Georgian cap-

—- ECTAAHH to Mamia Orakhelashvili, a former Georgian party leader who was exiled to — XATNUM — the party. “What is especially disturbing is the number of them employed there.

(io ON EE EIS) Forty-seven people. [...] And this year, for instance, they say they have pub-

CL 8 MARGE G recone LOR OE Tovstukha did not speak Georgian and was therefore unable to supervise his SoS ee ag ca | colleagues in Tiflis properly. The Georgian Menshevik emigrants, however, who

RE OS ees had once published their articles in the same local publications as “Comrade

oe) srat journalist Arsenidze compared the original Stalin quotations used in the Hashim Smirba adzhar peasant. Georgian-language works of Beria with the Russian translations included in the We still do not know whether first volume of the Collected Works of the Soviet dictator. He warned the exclu-

or not he wrote the stories sively Russian-speaking readers: “I found some very serious differences in the

praising Koba. wording, in the line of thought, and in the argumentation.” 2! Irrelevant from the point of view of the later career of the young Koba, however, is the issue of how many texts were added to his works from among the writings of Georgian Social Democratic authors who published without signing what they had written.22 What was more important during the period in which he was emerging as a politician were the character-forming influences to which he had been exposed in the stifling atmosphere of the conspiring circles, that is,

how the somewhat dishonorable methods used during the period of underground activity were applied by Stalin in his struggle for total power as a mature politician and omnipotent dictator.23 From the recollections of Natrishvili, one of Stalin’s classmates at the Seminary, written in the 1930s at the request of the “Beria brigade”, it appears that

52

ve eT ee

fa 4. A .

Kee (x), i.Fw Singer / i)Coladize, Lakoba (xx)Bera and Stalin

Ss mortally ill old woman. as early as April 1897 Stalin’s presence created a split in the secret study circle at the Tiflis Orthodox Seminary. Before the arrival of Soso Dzhugashvili, the group had been led by Seid Davderiani, a student from one of the higher classes: “Initially, Seid appreciated Soso’s contributions. Later, however, Soso gath-

ered the students around himself and [...] gave the meetings a revolutionary , focus. Seid disapproved. He became angry and called him ‘nasty’. He said that Soso was undermining the cause of both the circle and the revolution.” 24 The reason for the conflict was not that Iosif Dzhugashvili was dissatisfied with

the program of the conspiring study circle. He could not have been, since, according to other sources, it was Seid Davderiani who represented at the meet- . ings the unique spirit of the first Georgian Marxists, that is, the editorial board of

the Kval: periodical and the semi-legal movement known as Mesame-Dasi. Davderiani’s mentors wrote a special course of study for him.25 The debate was rather about who should be the leader of the secret study circle. Seid Davderiani and a few of his followers were in the end forced to leave. In the course of the final clash the offended Davderiani even called Soso “obnoxious”’.26 The writers of the official Stalin biographies welcomed the recollections of Natrishvili, since they radiated Stalin’s “uncompromising revolutionary determination”. At the same time, they must have been in some doubt as to what to do with Seid Davderiani’s insults. Any expression—such as “nasty” or “obnoxious”—that might still have offended the Soviet dictator more than thirty years

later, was omitted from the manuscript that was sent to the printers. On the other hand, the drastically abridged text was supplemented by a didactic explanation not present in the original manuscript: “Soso was of the opinion that the study circle existed in order to form conscious militant revolutionaries and

staunch Marxists.”27

Piecing together other parts of the jigsaw it turns out that the young Soso often antagonized his acquaintances, among them members of the editorial board of

Kvali who were much older than he and who had earlier supported him. Along with a few fellow seminarians he had joined the periphery of the Kvali circle in late 1898, half a year before he left the Seminary. He was even entrusted with a task by the editors of the journal. He was asked to deliver lectures to workers at

the Tiflis Railway Workshop. However, a few months later, in the early spring of | 1899, an outraged “Silva” Dzhibladze told Noi Zhordania, a key figure in both 53

the Kvali circle and Mesame-Dasi, that Soso did not agitate so much against tsarism as against them, the members of the two workers’ study circles.28

The antagonisms between Soso and his first mentors in the movement were not so much down to ideological differences as to fairly banal personality clashes. From the recollections of his fellow seminarians it appears that the young Stalin was inordinately vain. The editors of Kvali, who published one of his poems in 1896, gravely offended him by not continuing to publish his writings. In his recollections, in which he recounts several minor but fascinating details of the youth of his friend, Elisabedashvili refers to this fact: “I remember how Soso was furious with the editors of Kvali. Noi Zhordania was the most influential person at the journal at that time. Comrade Filipp Makharadze and others also worked there.22 Comrade Soso was very dissatisfied with the editorial board and with the Kvali circle. He was especially angry with Filipp Makharadze. As I remember, he refused to publish [...] one of Stalin’s contributions.”3° As the years passed, members of the editorial board of Kval1, which had ceased publication in the meantime, became, with the exception of Makharadze, prominent Georgian Mensheviks, although they were generally more radical than their Russian counterparts.3! On a personal level, however, from the very beginning they clashed fiercely with Lenin and his Georgian followers. Thus Iosif Dzhugashvili, who was a faithful, even a “fanatical”, Leninist—his Menshevik opponents mockingly referred to him as “Lenin’s left foot’32—attacked them so savagely that the exchanges were reduced to little more than a wrestling match.33 Nevertheless, the old relationships were not severed for a long time, not even as a result of the particularly cruel outbursts between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. Between 1905 and 1907, the years of the Russian “bourgeois democratic” revolution, the struggle against the common enemy—the military governor of Tiflis—unquestionably united the two camps to such an extent that the representatives of the most diverse Social Democratic trends occasionally wrote admiringly in their recollections about certain of their opponents. However, all the Mensheviks remembered Stalin as a troublemaker. According to Grigol Karadzhyan, who, using the pseudonym Arkhomed, was the first to write a history of the Caucasian labor movement, Soso Dzugashvili—whose name he does not mention, although he makes quite clear who he is referring to—as early as December 1901 “carried out hostile and disruptive agitation against the leadership of the Social Democratic Party organization in Tiflis’’.34

, Even several years later Radzen Arsenidze, the stylistically sophisticated Menshevik political journalist, described the role played by the young Stalin in the increasingly cruel atmosphere. This text, which was not published in the author’s lifetime, appears credible despite his bias, especially since other former renowned Georgian Social Democrats recorded similar memories of “Comrade Koba’s” outbursts of anger, which would end in paroxysms of rage: “He spoke with cruelty and hostility. His cruelty, however, radiated energy. His words were imbued with raw power and determination. He was often sarcastic or ironical. His cruel witticisms were often extreme, like the lash of a whip. [...] Sometimes he would use harsh words or would curse obscenely. Only the protests of his outraged listeners could somewhat reduce the stream of invective. On such occasions he usually apologized, explaining that he was speaking the language of

the proletariat who were taught neither subtle manners nor aristocratic eloquence. According to him, the manual laborers talked straightforwardly and bluntly, but they always told the truth. And he was following their example.”’35 In such situations Soso would often mention his Menshevik opponents and,

, 54

r—“(‘“OCOCOCOCO*tO*COCOCOC*COCsCsC—CsC—C*CSSSCir~s=S

lls

Os

wl

c——s,—CT——=

lc

l S lUMerrrrtSsSsS—~s~—S q- 0|.—ee wtwie otoo . . iat. ss. se, SERRE owe. ces ae cian St BSRS St Gee yee SSR eeRS: i ar BONE GME. .:)ae a, a>raSER: gees ce Re. See ees SO ee” aeS TIGRE. ogy Te etees BestSs SORE ak2: A ael BSfF ee Fv : aigee *Re Eee eee $s RE SNaa aag 1ae UP ARR omega, Sg Oo ceSeer RR wot eee ae wee tees? Bek. aS —SR tcoeval «64 co 7Ps Tre rR Me oNeS oeee ae.eae PoeSo See eeee rl a| See. nhRcCe ReROR eeaacares Semo, ‘=oTBR oe fea tha ERTEE BerelREM mM

ee : al, > ae 7 ome Y ae arty oe ae : ce: 2 a wen ee oe Ie ee oo. a a ners Ske re teOS ae We : ae ¥BSFPPeed ee ge | £2. . TOR ge as Se ee ee1,aaeaAR Se ga AOR Bt atcpaera aeeaaaeae &aoe reeSbog te ~ Zz ee gee ee Bes, tats ‘eels og &eee’OP Ee”. Sca Cot eee BT eege ae uo ROE od ae a Es Lik us we at Ue co:=.oo : eeBe 48ae oeMR eS«-ee PA aBe ORmee Bae :RE _ ee ie ae eee, ST RRRS ORERETT ilalt ikihn ae a [AES ae. een pelt, - oe ‘2 ERE tate, Peo ek | ‘oe RUA BRR eae g. we ee eee .PR alia sSr poser eeahve hb eke So age ED Yo ee E See — wh BP. ére ae zaSe : Rs Ria .nr: .hs, : ee ’2ae SB ge EE weet. aemS atesARCS i Sn le * wet vite, i hatteg amit, otis bide eeeoe RE RRRbagi “ Sees . xt aR ELSE SRE Be 8ee oes = e > gee. Bo, a pe ae: ae te : nO BRE ey ieee,” ise ets ek | Betta ea die Se Se OR ORME OS a =» A RRS y 3 Ree ea os ..4 .-Coe a 2 ae ist ee or ar oe & €..8 . Pace. ee Sey | ee ee. een ene Seeeeee es . . ae .Pa. “is Tr GREE ccc: OEBen 3 |Leahtegdieeeee . Re on . en . SR RRtuaeeseae” SER Ee Bs cei a HERE Tai:age tres ae Sa ge en ee ksoeSn | RRR a ae ae :cling Fg ee ' |Lo USS RR RR se aesgee + A3)pba TESees: he Se soot capi Mig. aeee Bao : BoB gO kaapt ge ‘ER — rr ae Bes, ee ee Se ». ac a : Mot dager lnoe SA is Ee da hdres oo onente* Bi. eS 8 PeaeSS ERS 2, po EEA

: ee, a a ee ae : a ¢ oe” eee ee = coe er |

pee a ener sl+re Of en oko 2eeee 2See eg ck See pe2aie Tore Ra Ee Se ee ae “ge RMR oie gt ae: Sees ee aera Raa aot CD RR Se er gee OOi: a or reCRE. sot . . coil OOM MMMMEMRE Sain: ?a ™ : eae ccs NS ae .ead Re” .ae. BBR Seo ee Sa ae tale f+ : -; :7ae;.Cora or aoeeae _ll= .A Se gage ote : oe .Por > ae eS. eee a ES aeae avieaaRRR .oan Jnana: ae Se aa; rob et ; coae wo oe af.arn oeMo: Sie ee eee a. iatenae: age TR aR ge eecept Ne sg ai aeee ee ee pk. Ss osows 8 &. ae: Bon a. an 3 BP BA an ae araaoe ae: ‘pee aS RESee ee -ate .oS . .aea a.ee. fo eeeGE ead TeCRE Pee: SES See swe "eae i a 2a. fw othe oe || .$y : ho sit RMS SRR aaE vome .eeoemete aege: . ._ . RR ey Siiie *ieee ARN Sar ae ee %na ae ca a a“. . .ES : See pL RES ee ee .a ona poy - ae. eee . EOS +feeRe WB fecnes ag ste ie aee RE Sena Se Bea a‘eo Se BS + RE . SEE atSES 3 coae ue

. . ae eee iocae Se RR neSe ext COREE SORE RT OR aS ee + HES Soot.BE SE ae SBE RR Ree EE .neaeod er Re .asl. Bet,o te owl 2 Oe RAE. ERE PRE aoe SeSee a Q , . ‘yPa 7ws aise :" 2. oe :ER Reee : Sa | SERRE: See a ne oe rrSe aRRS .. TBE Spee 14 +“andesite Se Jag Ee +arsto en oS RE GE: RR RsSPE resi eee ae ‘;ige ab ers eeeke aeSSS See SR SN seme Men: Geos hee iib aR Rd aa OSS Saar we Te adic RR eean Byron TR OETA Re, .*.Ai es,oe Soe 3% tee & coach: i eae oe Be ee ¥0aaa a Lat Es Se oe i nreeoe eee Be AR oss ORs +SEN SUPPER ae ?SIE ro: Regate Tibet Bad RAR PRS wes : }.eh S pee. eeae ala oat ee SS Sea ee gee a eeapN ich ndeeR Te OE Legiioece REBOOT are 1See SA AR aBRR ee See BoeBBR aan : OE : Baw SO See + See See on dcee eSieee at oe: er gr aeee ae fea & Roget gs MMS State wpe ARR gaa SE Re RR egies NS RIRE tae“RE care Reee eS

i =sale HettEP a ey eeea ees ee ea Somes REO a lecea Lo. |. (REE et peg ° rsTaaepenal feetaSow PEEP ae :a; wr we oe 33 aRee 2 iti, SE Bee aoe . Nee eee SBE ee aeeee ae ’he ee NS + FRRRRO". een TS ae oy ;>ee SRR _ ee ae BdSERS tt idk, “oo aia Whee Ree

.vate seihe :So Fer oeARS ; FsBeoe ABP age 1a =. & ae:RS a:oan Be: 3 :SR yg Y SE eeate rnME es oo Fo er eeCatenin BL coe at RE cS ayelgeR ee BR, SPP egime eeee 2B bn eee geerRe. eee ssa OFEE EE Pee Be ee gt :an beRE \ee i Ee aie ae .OM ooDe ertea La agers, REET amr SUES NE oyeeOa cea 2 "RE ota EN, ae SebSB Lg LS ee eeae 3. a.te re:age Stee Boab GRE, 1aacme 7eee ages ohegg gale irate RE Mey Sa. ca-BBE SPORRRADS cP Se aaR: weSh : REP . .ae BE ga BES . CERES te reetree Ute tae “eeton . aTGR . geRR ae PT Fy a SS aetn! aieon aa *St..& at aSRS .=.Si7SRS RES iae aie ee Se :oem : . my aaa pe Feee aR ok, te. SERS phage vse Cee se er. “aecae Re eo.Pes. aaeee a«ERR eee aeoeteBie dae, tty m eee 8 .Ye, ge ges aTBR aeMS OR Se Re fc eee BC Sia J Gee a a, See Reece : :. .ae .oo eee oe se enee: SO en ie Lt PE ee“RRS ee eR SeSRa aSES ae oeBd ae. aeeeTE ee

_Voy i “he 3 Be Pa sg : aa3 ee aea eee ae ee SS eeee ae(Ee 2ee %2Rom 2. 3Eo : Ee BeURE EERE Sn ote EE peeeHens aeSile eae. uscey Pe eeSGAREERR RS ae Bs, oe aae—er “, ae Ba & i ern .aeS pee ae EE,BE age Sere aeaen Ee te eS, dance! BEES Ytebe tad Fon og ees a ne aaeaOre adaSS Smog eyee Reere: RR#RIS RDPORE, 2See Oe we, Bate e yie RSs Ae fae: ties a Se=— : SBoe Bgoe sBR mee a ee . SS. ae2Ee ee WAS : SERRE a aentaeng a RPS ee ec a4ARes OMe Shyer etches : 4—ae aaa ne etfee -“a

: _ 7 : . ae Bee teen co nh a a ae ica Bee ae an Coe, Se, mo mgs te > ae SERS. En oe aes FOOT ea ERS eee ae ia Be : . . : Se es, P< RE 3 oe + OS mes BRE we Se ws LB heen et Sena + xa S. SB ae ee eee ee vo BR Re, po Ue EL Ree ier EP sa se. . 3ae RS rn Core geRE adieGadtRe oie tome ettee tue Ro eo .ER... wn SE a. ek. a cee cee. . see. vgaT 8 Iaee: ae,ou. a he eo aRRR §ee. ERR. a oBo cere WE oo | =.‘ Peed 3 ‘ ae ee a ee eS aes ee ee a Oe ee a eee Ce a es ee oe ee ces. 7 ey ia He ee ee a & 4 28 gees Boag: EE ae ae SE eg, OE eg ee Same ames ENE: GR, RE se eae lak. tk gee ABR PP PE Ss a. ‘Eat Ha % BS co en FRAPS aa cama RR Se Se ae Bh «+, Be a iteaere ae Se RE _" OS 2 SR EERE Na Ss ORR She thats taht, Sih aetaets seein hae att Resins one tnic ah 3 Bor sees SI SECESSION a idetaaetieeh oo omek Se PRE LE Te RS Ste |earoma PYcoe BI ekUNOS a: ne ae BR.nar es ah ce ORES ees oes be Seed eranean ebRD iaslie cd sata aeRe eeeeee vege . Q: aLege es “Bees ‘ERE “ees. See TREAT seamen aike aae anager CoRR BE BREN Rok cent Rae FEoatSS NOR REE SeSec BN CeO RON + SRR SER Be nneee eee Ea at seencestoan eee a NeeEONNT, cenaaMoa aeeee inaneicca SS aa mia nats eeORE Re ER . e:.ansonBOR aay gr :aoeOeee aotaSsee BeSesssesarnnroienssaiennnne Pe reSRR .*aoo Se Sees ee ee =ReSoa. Ra SCS aes Ses oan aeooeeSE

ae . Re: 2 es ae ae Soee a BSre ate Betnes Ss eRSe SR Sotitn ca aera nance ec aE ESPEN Rae Ra ee +.: : os. o3 wae &coeee. SEF ap,5. aeSER BR . ae pea aeSoe# eae @SSBu oe mumunnna Es Pe oan eeSEL enn Seer eee ABR Soha UReee aete ee 7 ee eee BE ot 3k: or othe + RRR ae SR RR: a . Pesoranann ae SRS ai SRN OR Rae ean, cere iG oanndcas canon ISeaeete se eho ote pees som os ees, S Speman amar uae moaige Senter SEN RESIS Sie SRN NS Souter Daca

; Re : . 4 eee eee. See eee Co MIE AE ta a a ME Sn Meh ee a ee a BS a. SR eee enna a, RRS RES nD BES EO eS

eaide oe O° PR ah | RE SAMO, SRAM SR FSnett Se aeee. SEO. resiee eae: SR PS ERSEs eS is ROE Ss Seonmennes eee ie anne poeta en nu aeen ce eenea eiuncencnamers cence Serer ae sas NE aSCcane ana nceees erT Ra Seren nc ES ee ania 2 BA RAR Faaog&Ae Hag DB» ed SRR aashe areSt.ae ae:+Re. RRR oe RECO aa ence isciueccnmim won nee sume tices So Samara Oe asa a Rea cate aR Ea ee ieER, EN ogre STeee FS iee as Sesaicnaatteriangee BIR Re ae See wee * . Gea a aee 11 RRERSSS 2 aa appease sence Ser Sage rereSEC hee ie Nae Eicon amen sa ee aaai ee NG aeeesePRN SN UR aNO oeRN esSoe Rie Sota tneana age tits Ge Co ioAC Eocene . -; “RS wtmo SS |CE ee ee es fen fe. 5, seaeeee coo . Re cae aoN Fee Meee eR Reenc ssanpine aR Ss SR en Ue aeRe Sn caeBore on en RoC eae aeBa reaoh RRR AS oo. RR! ge a: sya aaneaBe oh 3a:ae :2eeSee. ae ie BEE RR RR ER SSBae ceca ney en SRR ERR SRN NS agE RRR RR SCR EE SRR eS EE SN ee ae .ategame aie ae ;|RD A Se ae ne: an sneds” ae ney ase ee ak os aBs SECT NORE SRE SR erSao eee woe eee Neen ERE SURFERS |.RS ae So eee ogRieger ger "| ERS es F ERR udp, ee LSS Se eeetees Ss aera ones Sane gein rete Sra Ren ts eR REE Soest ahSR aaSee Se erie eSaeR ee See IPERRIS. ee an Re tsee ee asenn eee eng hoe

cs * ae . . ae ae oo oe ae 1 RE Sens. eee ES eee ho Soe eR Os ee sR a ea RR gk ee Sarena OR es a Een ce ee ee Tae oun Br 7 Big hs ad ot Bees, at Sgr, fe: CRS ae ir Biase oe ee. AER. | PS See Ras oe Bsc apne es nega eheanmeecnnemcr masonic Ribena oO CN eI SS SO a SSCs ORR RON RO aptamer ca Pere eee SOB RRSRP odah SRa ae oe aae OrSee a pier SERRE a SSSeno BE eee ge ee uae a cEenna Ca Can RaaeeGan Ua RUE See piece ih SS UISes RNibs St ae NRaeeeRS See Se ESnd ett,ASRE a aee. ae SM ee *sae | Bee Oe. eee” ceeSM rcmanesie menue Siacaie ae Ae ERNE Naa eames em aeem eennn ER ROR Ree een aor esa eee aeeI SIC Sa Ses eS ae

PORE TeIe dhegee Me REE Reeee a ae ee ‘ : =” eriaes BR 3NSE . Soke ny | PORae, REGR nt Sua uti riaameace ena aaa aaa eae ea os Scien. cae a Saran mbm eNOS eee Bees Sp oncaecaae aerrno eperonaeetsrote see Shs a nt Ree aoa ereacre eee eee Seeeee SORE :Lie oR .+ee.Pr ReDSR encake RRP ae Es Nea rece Cee rs he manne ALE ence empress ESE SIC tans ReRE Ses eisSaati Bee : “SES RRS PME: SOME cc ah SO teGerte % BS ee a esmapas RRR AMEN Re car RR BSR RR a canoe Sean et aBe eRe se eee ES So SR RRR orn Sa ee ae RRR: raat Sed +1S en,hs Seamed it a.So TRL OR oo .tot? ges RBS ameieanccre SOR RENCE EN aS SRR RO sereME starencreeeeannnee caren aes Sucietan epee sae Stabe nae RRR NR eR are eecase ne REM 1aaee RRS “ 3ae : |+PS ge RRR ORR ESS ORE SERS NCSC Sareea cara eens eeu eee es teme SS ee CU EN Pee eeeas Raine Re So nati a Re ’ :aEee aSee . ee" destaR ts each .tfwes Prkoan cena in tenn a aE SRR aaencmananeonateamemenc soon Berean c.enmnnanenn aemnanee cient ee oe famine anaenes oanRea ONE SERS SRRree RR RC CRN UR es CRC RR ERaean Be ““URGE oo. *Occ aeeB,PoOisctine oa Ce -— UDUD-—mhmhmeD r—“a_OtisCO*wCOr”wCOC~—Cir—Trs—C*—T*—tiONO saague., Reape sgo ORO rt Seis .we cnr*cae .wT fee gaeee MEUR eee aRR Seed a + GRRE ise SanaaCORcn camceimantags RRS NC eRca RRpe pansnaecy ae Bi ae eR, se ecuiae Senne AER rs ee eesSuet RRS CR ar nae cenitoe ene ere ccc eames Se a ema satan aanen ea ERR ae ee mara hts : seg ' : NRE . eer RRS DES sa NS ees Saaremaa PO CESS cna seme oe Seen ae REE eens Sue aeaale Ragin" Roa nar nie eee 2 Ried oo soe, ee nae AE PIE oe . ES MEE Oe ee Ran aon a pninccn manana aera eS Sen RGUE GES EE Se are uncer Babe SS Saree See Ohe Sees SRN ra MRE Nn air SR Stes een een NC os TERRES Se pean ga. ge". “oe aan ’ : 18 GRRE te RR aigtace BP ES ee a ace ae So sree anes aaie Per ia tae canine ete cumini ES RUn a haw rns a a ea eC a ere eee a ee eee once

Rone aS OS a . es . see t ‘ : we gre SERRE CE iss 5. acca Se ia Rae es Sanne eee neuen Aornnene eee ee te eee oe ee REN Sica a cna ee eee

ar a cas aaeee gsoe ene . :Si, ieeeag : 1.oth. :a-RS boos OEa, RE re ee"a oe anRRS i aut . cane Ee ote NORE isgt oe tigger RR Re Gren pesRe SNS AeSc SNE SEar eHSE Seaaneee aeAEE peo pone nee meen he er oo ae »+ BRR isiam BR sere ae so Rien, t .ae .oe twes. . no ON eee SSSR Bae YY :aee SaaS Sc RR ees SR Bomar fo PPL Ss Res ee Re EN, OR ROR ERR eI SErr ."7 1geek Bases SER og apete ."WS seat adie aan ete Sei canner 200) , he? eS "a8 ee eaCe ae See i Banh fea cee dna ie SAREE aOe aebene. ee«2 Ee eR NL See feof, GRRE, SESE AeraRRs oe csi ee ae Be aROEDER ak ge ae ee ee Dey 2S: rn Rg UE EER UNE eae sNSee ec aBera SESE aOc. °RAR oh MRE MAME MRC nn nS ch SARE ae an :og see an I Re Re ae we BE ee wytds RR SE aSee SES Sea .. Pee SRL BR rn Se eg :EE ihe SOR OR ich, ash ieeBs iae SC SN ae iee .Ee “4 v:BSE OSES ieae :eee cr oe See :aoe RRR: a.a aRNR ee es Ra eee ae: . Se PR es RE BS, e4 we ek CE Sib 2=MR 52" Oo NN ORES: Reroute. io eee acca Be PO SC oecp anne ‘Bar . .Bee ee iRR EO Se eas RRR SS: | Ze .2S eg . *SeRRRSE Ra echt oie orci cea le epithe hr 1 Pe ORR :i.. pecan es _— ~~ a re ee Cee : aor . 1 Ree ee gs ORR a nae SEs ee lobe RS SSS i See See wt oN ont arene tec EE eg ee ze rede ea ee ee ee . ey . an RCD PSIUPE AN ASRMEE (ES ene ee “ Os ae : BS cee SR RR IR ES BB Re . BES sg eae ee er ee = . a Wo Doe rte tte” ae BOSS Os Ris eee JOR ee “coger: Ee . a Se ee eer ee Bape Gata RE Pe Re ey LES cS wr et OIE MEA PRMEMETEPRR Cc ORS eg Re | “1,” SPEER cae EE RRR egies crAS ican corpeep oeCS areata SE ee ge RSe..BOR . :aoeeee en es oeECMO ee -. aSSR . ,eae.SR :aee Pe cee eee: .aR . Se ee Bettye, Ce DSR A URRN yee eee SEE hi aIRE_Re . ee a—lrr—— rr——OCrzsSCS .POSER aan ee ee MO EEL PEE oe ‘He4Pe CG Oe Ee eet ce SER ee soe .eeeME 0SOE Cs , Ce . cen Ree Pe eee aeeSoe ee eee yo BR ee gaat eed Eee ee Bie SRR Rteod a: coca ce ot BOSS AS eecoi neice: SSSo Rs Phas oN UIE Ee) ST Ss BI FE1M SoRs ORR eres “head oie Ia SER aR aaSE aR PELE IS RRA Ne ea ::Past) ots RN oeUS REA EEaeee RR .PS BS Sb , BRR S: OR SePEP ae: 2os aeeEE wd Be . ae ROT BOSS RIRE ae CPS Ys RRSOU eee: ee wih.) ORR SES SCR Sec Re Pe when aRpne meeee Cts RE oeBER zRete .!ctoBess RO Pe PP ; pee ot:VER DRE UBS SE PEs, de eee eG RS 2 ee eS a . : Be es ; ye ee a ee og Te pepe te ON . wah, hI Sjpbyee ES esae, Pe“RR Sene ce .CES . Sees eeRee ss ee;Gre es ies eee : eee OR eee eae ee ERS 18 Sa Sot ance RESP TLS sy AS, CC hs hat SE COE RS Re RvGees . ee eee ee E.. serps CIOS Eon egg Ae i RRS Se gt Pe Oe TEL NC RR a SERRA ee eae SSE OA Se oR arn aN Sra a ” ., . a Me eS ee eee ey es? & BO. . COED ete Teepe Re BO SB eae RN OO ae eS ee ee 0. EG ee Ree ee : Bee Oe a Sea cy ge Ee EES OSS aeSER Pa pe Gur es Peete ee: aenoo. ee US Soa ’hsMMB seoe Pee RP eeRees PE ey BeEE eayetge Tg DR A ARERR GS aad ia ees decUR Mangan. Se He aeES ee, Erste oan eee kien BS Re eee PEE ’Besos . . BER cu SRL tesa Btos a weznn wD OR en boy RES errs aiaiSER OIE SEN Re ee PES Pe RE i ee ° oy .RR RS Ses doe Rt aac ase RRS AR eee Bai 2SES oe BAe Ros % toseg o PSG : he PRM cc NG na ee eres LeREO So Rp ee ee PE SRE ; bee BMRB eS OE ee LT RE ceeoONE es eS ee oe. a an ce ok EE ae ae.ee aPRR ,-:Ee1as Ce eeuncEae .DR seee m4 otCaanBee eeeect VP PERLE PRES eeBo A Be ef Cha elone talns Seid

Ret eee ce ISiio aS eeracke "HE ae rcs rear un res . MEEPS 5oR oe RS Es ee aOD ESSA . Wat Uae Da Pepe {Pa concen ene HH ee SESh SRR Rn nies SR RS oR : BE epeur eR enIS aren teere Resear on :gounstenemeere . RE : Ra PEER RRR RSE Be oOG Pre we . abate ora Peeler Se eee etre aR Ce Rh reese ad aiaR ES Sa mon Sesoceee Ee OC Na a Se CES Spe +1 RSE Seon aneeneerg Sea acre a a, StUe ROR SS RRe RRR crane. BS ce vob SE Ge %ee 4, ee, rr7rrUS eee oyae Pamir titan eee ee ERS SEO satin Cee emmy CE Ge Sa ee BSAC AE NR aan ss, noe ,ays Sa aBe Be "SE Tbe enya ee RDI aSe ee an Re iRRS che bees naire nner cs ee RS. BS aon, Se Ree ON .Bs Beco LE SE ees 2ete Bs, BS alate eee Se eee ESPN Oe ee eee ERR Cease Re Se .ate Bese: Se ek Bo ARB ey .:ae..ae RRR ane eR es Oe WoT RES panies ee ue Neca encores oe SSE pRpa ice ae:eens ORR ai, SS Aaig Sabai . Pees Eee Ee Se RES EE BS ..ee"A peek 2ARs to Brtaey TT T rete ergener RR os NC Ae a ee eS. rrrr—rsrr—sS OR aee eae eeCs eee ua nr aee : Bee Beg egies eee £23 Pe Bees, POP So Deg, Ms eerie arene nen mane serie offi ERA rh Cae rca cieeROR ERE co OR aat .HER :eS recone Shee SUS :RAO moa, Re gseee p? Belay aBRS UP yen 080606hlti“is*s*s~—SCSO MESS ee aN eee ee CRESS a Reco nesais eoae aSane eR ENS NSS RO [ee am Boat iRR panera SH oan, 3,awouket oS See +Fee eae ‘ioan a ‘wo ————s _ gS, Re Sas uae aean eR 2SeMR ESR Sa sae A Ee ere renee, RRS eee ee ee eeeea" ie Bt aaoe aecco Fee OS eae as oC ee ean ne ae eG 7B ee oe ass Po ee, mo : . ee ee a nan pee 1 ee eS ee "PERSE ESS ES CS eee ‘SGOe ee, two Reamer cans eSET? ane gee Ga fimeebare ane SA aeee aPSUS aBe ere, ta Met BF3 ee UF Bo ee cee er' Sie ae as AR ee Ee : SOR neem nen aS fa TERA : . Riese eS SOS Se er . cae o . MEME CE ceca hoa Na EOE AMER ea ec RN Ce eee HERG eee eRe RE 4, SEED a : . SO te eee ee ere See, oe MOOS CE BS or emma cet fC See coy :earue mh REG SSSR SiS BERR ;atin “CU em ene ce ea Be te Dg 3asRR Sea eeRCo Peer esees aa ear Gai none ea SEA AR aPRs aecee Rc “Seteumaenrenenrnn RR SRarege . 3"Sa ce ge RE wa . OS : cen ae i re *Be TEar ee ca ee MO cee ee mea POSS cS HOA eecau SeSR BRE rnPARR scar, arecente .ie SEGRE SOR ee tis nencan anmnemanama nates sty Saat .c2, tse) URIS EE ON aMa ON ee OR Si ARO RR eR SN hcg ScNeem OR SR Reem cee Me The Mise “SEBEL .cineca why BERR = ES ;rn Roel re ————(—sss Eee eee oeBESS eee ea i Co aco SRN Runpteriaamtanen ae RN RRR OR aRee oa 1s, oa eReee, SERIE SRR aSR letSe aA “Sit Pine oe ncenr Deceagermnons site MUme tage oem earn PENSE SR Un ae . Re Se enna een Creme cm lg EM . Se .aRES :Saas ee etee eeaRee aEe gore Ml cg aye Fee ce rrr——SCS - Se — se. , ae .Re :ene ee SR RR : y:itee osaane 2tenement See Sean ee RN Re eee cr go BREE alee aBo eee an Se +b PR Sea pene ca OR a.san oe :‘ Sao Beene ee a.sage SET es Sane .NE .AS fos |+Ey Sea gE ae aFy. woe EEE reS sss Bie ES Secet cae sea BS ee eR RS ates eee artemis "Oy .eo, SRE sce Ro Ro cnBag RN USS CR ‘ sot ‘een +Beas SSE ae.roe cot Represent ee Re A ars Se vite To aT ro olemeanc RS Eee ee ge aa BR RS OSS NS ea Rs ca a es Siesta nae eee os RO she Sch RR Became % sas Beeucraner wine Fa 4 t a es Beet eee LSS ae SERRE ekegee seen oh ee Nofowe 7 wee pee ae Er ee SO aR Ss ich . : oo ES ce i tann PERE oe EE oa Sa ee . et aes vit TOSS emma anc cat caccirie cat Nc eege Lunoagenmemeamat, tt OS aan SEES iia... RMS SO rain * Be se 0c eee REE 2eag : tea ceeae eaten. Sac Bo ESS RE es OR a. ER ee ' RRR .2;.cee en ;SES SRR aLoe SR ReAe Ne ca ec gece RB : aie Reese ne ae | oer Seca eee eratcc ESE Ra eNO OR ROC SSS See ER+e eee eat PRE .:my . BS . 11 WR ea SU iieeaee ict a fy nroe” to. wane TON cn.SRS ot..RRS ene SSS Es es ——rr—™e—E oe, : sii .ig aa oi |S ee oe Ce ee ee wP B :.aLO BU ee Sore Beene Rormmmarcsemmatts, 2’.ot ;‘SEO . sae ot .totes vies ' Beat aAUN EIRP HE ge OT ee. tee rrr was sent

abroad to the Central Committee.”86 According to Boris Sapir, one of the outRoosevelt thought that he met Standing Menshevik researchers on the subject, Stalin, as well as all the particia gentleman living in the Kremlin. pants in the 1907 Tiflis expropriation, were expelled from the party by the

e ee °°ee e«e**e

ve held in 1909 made it possible for them to return to the party.

The documents mentioned by Arsenidze are most probably identical with the unpublished archive sources, the records of the Voznesensky interrogations among them, which I found in the mid-1990s in the course of my research in Moscow. However, the text of the disciplinary decision condemning Iosif Dzhugashvili still has not been found. Perhaps it never will be, since the man in question, when he became General Secretary, preferred to get rid of any evidence against him, such as the Georgian-language works on party history that mentioned his “mail-coach robber” period. On Beria’s orders the men of the NK VD pulped the copies of the b)

e°°e°ee°ee

. : :e*,e 6¢ 39 5 s.

earlier banned periodical Revolutione Matiane (Revolutionary Chronicle) that had remained in Georgian libraries, in which these texts were published. Even the yellowed issues of the periodical were confiscated from former subscribers.88 Only verbal recollections remained. These, however, with the exception of the vociferous Moscow press debate in 1918, never really harmed Stalin, since if any

of his political enemies accused him of taking part in the Caucasian terrorist

attacks and robberies he could respond by demanding that they produce docu- | ments backing up their charges. The scandal surrounding the Yerevan Square incident only arose for a second time following the October of 1917, when Iosif Dzhugashvili (Stalin)—who for a while still used his name in this form—became a member of the Council of Peoples’ Commissars (Sovnarkom), chaired by Lenin, the Soviet Russian government at the time. From then on he opposed his former Menshevik comrades even more fiercely. A significant part of his writings at the time were targeted at them.8? For as long as freedom of the press could be practiced the Menshevik politicians fought back. They produced floods of anti-Bolshevik articles in opposition publications, airing before the public all the dirty laundry of the past. In the Stalin archives in Moscow there is a whole collection devoted to the press polemics that Yuly Martov, the most respected Menshevik leader, launched against Stalin, the people’s commissar for nationalities, in spring 1918. In the first exchange he attacked Pravda, the central Bolshevik organ, since it had compared the Menshe-

viks in government in Georgia to tsarist gendarmes and had accused them of shooting vast numbers of Georgian peasant revolutionaries. Martov reacted to this accusation on March 31, 1918 in the Menshevik paper Vperyod, which was published in the Soviet Russian capital, by targeting one of the front members of the Bolsehvik Party, Stalin: “As expected [...] Stalin refers to the heroic exploits of the robber gangs terrorizing the peasants as a peasants’ revolt. However, these highwaymen wipe out whole families. They rob not only the landlords but others as well. The local Menshevik authorities have opposed these gangs with huge forces. This is why the anarchic Caucasian Bolsheviks accuse them of supporting the landlords. [...] But it was the Caucasian Bolsheviks themselves who /1n the early years of the century—M. K./ took part in such glorious enterprises as expropriation. Mr. Stalin knows this very well, since in the past he was expelled by the party organization for his involvement in expropriations.” Stalin’s reaction to the attack revealed his deep unease. He even went to extremes. Not only did he fiercely attack Martov through the columns of Pravda, he also passed on the case to the Moscow Revolutionary Tribunal, a court which had, among other things, rights over censorship.99 At the same time, on April 1, 1918, he placed a short statement in the Bolshevik press: “In issue 51 of the newspaper Vperyod, an article appeared, signed by Martov [...], stating that Stalin was once expelled from the party for involvement in expropriations. I regard it as my duty [...] to declare that I, Stalin, was never called before the dis-

ciplinary committee of any party organization. In particular, I was never expelled from the party organization. I regard Martov’s accusation as the contemptible action of an unbalanced man who has suffered total defeat in open political battle and who, in his despair, as a last resort falls back on filthy libel. I therefore request that proceedings be started against Martov.”?! With this, events took a new turn. The ink had scarcely dried on the pen of the people’s commissar for nationalities when Yuly Martov was summoned before the tribunal. The favorite of the old Social Democrats was aware that this body had the right to ban any publication if there was proof that it was spread81

ing untruths. A few weeks earlier this had happened in the case of the opposition daily Misl, which, when criticizing the actions of the Bolshevik Council of Peoples’ Commissars, had mistakenly claimed that Martov had been killed. While the person in question was naturally not happy to have been pronounced dead, Martov regarded as a far more serious problem the fact that the error was used as an excuse to practice censorship: “It is much easier and simpler to ban a newspaper for spreading news about the death of an opposition politician than to put an end to those circumstances due to which [...] such news emerges every day and appears quite credible”, Martov wrote.?4 In this atmosphere the Revolutionary Tribunal convened on April 5, 1918 before a “full house”. In the room appeared Joseph Stalin himself. He was accompanied by another Bolshevik politician, Sosnovsky, who, in 1908, was a journalist in Baku. As a representative of the Caucasian proletariat a Georgian worker by the name of Filya was also with them. Yuly Martov also arrived with an escort. His “second” was a well-known Menshevik publicist, Lapinsky, who was also once a party worker in Baku. He was also accompanied by a laborer called Aleksandrovsky from the town of Tula. From the still unpublished records, which were at one time regarded as highly confidential, we learn that Yuly Martov objected because Stalin had not turned to the district judge competent in civilian disputes but had instead called him before a political jury. But the Bolsheviks did not accept this argument. Stalin stated that his honor had been attacked as part of a political campaign, and in such affairs “competence lies with such political institutions as the tribunal”. The Bolshevik chairman of the tribunal brought the issue to a close by making a pre-judgment. “This is not a simple libel case”, he declared. “This case concerns a libel in the press, thus it belongs within the competence of the

Revolutionary Tribunal.” However, the commissar for nationalities had little time to enjoy the obvious sympathy of the tribunal, since Martov was accusing him of something that could further damage his prestige. He asked the jury to call as witness Isidor Ramishvili95, “‘a deputy in the First State Duma and president of the /1908 disciplinary—M. K./ court that met in Baku prison. The participants had examined [...] whether the Baku committee of the RSDLP, of which Stalin was a member, had indeed been involved in Baku in robbing the ship the Nikolai [.”’% Neither then nor now did “Comrade Koba” give a meaningful answer in reply

to this accusation. He merely turned to Martov with the words: “You are a wretched individual!” This gave the Menshevik politician the opportunity to come out with his third, no less serious, accusation. He claimed that he could prove by means of witnesses that Iosif Dzhugashvili had had a worker by the name of Zharikov (or, according to another version, Zhareny), who knew of his past affairs, beaten half-dead. Martov mentioned about half a dozen people who had been working in Baku at the time and who could have known about Stalin’s dubious dealings, including Gukovsky, the commissar for finance in the Bolshevik government, and Martov’s own brother, Yezhov (Tsederbaum).?’ The Bolshevik politician perhaps realized at this point that he was in serious trouble. The old Social Democrats mentioned by Martov had indeed participated in the disciplinary hearing against Iosif Dzhugashvili, or, as Baku party workers, could have heard from others that in 1908 Stalin had been expelled from the local party organization. Instead of an answer, therefore, the future Master of the Kremlin dictated a list of his activities to the record clerk: “Since 1898 I have spent a total of six years in prison?’ and I have been abroad. Nowhere, whether

82

as a free man, or in prison, or abroad, have I ever faced party proceedings. And by no means was I ever expelled. If you are unable to prove that I faced party proceedings I will be free to regard Martov as a common libeler.”99 Yuly Martov then spoke again. ‘The records read as follows: “At that time [...] the parties were working illegally and there were no written documents recording disciplinary decisions. He therefore recommended that witnesses mentioned by him should be heard next, who could have been involved in Stalin’s expulsion.” !00 ‘The discussion finally focused on the issue of how many days it would take to. summon the eye-witnesses mentioned by Martov. Many of them lived in distant

Baku and Tiflis, cut off from the Soviet Russian capital. However, there were some who lived in Petrograd and who were therefore within reach. It is hardly surprising that Joseph Stalin, who was extremely wary of the testimony of his Baku and Tiflis comrades, now wanted to put an end to the Revolutionary ‘Tribunal as soon as possible. He also knew that it would go against him if the tribunal summoned as witness the former Menshevik Isidor Gukovsky. In 1908 in Baku prison Gukovsky had led the investigation against members of the local party committee, which included Stalin, who had been accused of conduct that was in breach of party discipline. Chances were good because Gukovsky lived in Moscow, as did Georgy Chicherin, a famous Menshevik politician, who, while living in emigration abroad, had held in his hands the various threads of the disciplinary proceedings in connection with expropriation. However, in the mean-

time both of Martov’s key witnesses had become members of the Bolshevik Party | and were part of the establishment: Gukovsky was the people’s commissar for finances in the Lenin government and Chicherin was responsible for foreign affairs. Since they regularly took part, along with Joseph Stalin, in the meetings of the Soviet Russian government, they could not have been expected to disclose the earlier dealings of “Comrade Koba” lightheartedly. On the other hand they were both men of discipline and would certainly have answered the jury summons.

However, “due to lack of time” no such summons was issued. On the other hand, nor was Martov given a particularly severe punishment. There is every indication that the Bolshevik functionaries who were manipulating the Revolutionary ‘Tribunal from the wings at first wanted to use the case as serious anti-Men-

shevik retaliation. The bulletin of the Smolensk soviet, for example, recorded that Martov “was sentenced to seven days in prison” even before the second phase of the trial had begun.!01 In fact, the sentence turned out to be much more lenient: the Menshevik politician was merely given a reprimand. This was explained by the fact that Martov, as a public figure, had criticized the Bolshevik government and had thus proved himself to be “irresponsible”. However, the inner Bolshevik party leadership regarded even this as excessive, even though, by that time, many of them had lost

most of their sentimental feelings towards their one-time Menshevik allies. Despite the press polemics Lenin, along with the majority of the “founding fathers”, still respected Martov. At the first opportunity they even voiced this attitude in the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets,

of which the Yuly Martov was a member. At a session of this body Nikolai Krylenko, the Bolshevik Party’s legal expert who later became people’s commissar of justice during the first show trials, came up with an unexpected proposal. He suggested that the case should be referred back to the Revolutionary Tribunal

since, according to him, the judges had made several mistakes in matters of form. . Martov then stood up with the intention of supporting the truth of his claim with further facts. The chairman of the Central Executive Committee, Yakov 83

Sverdlov, however, did not allow him to speak, nor did he permit other Menshevik politicians to address the session. ‘There was no further meeting of any committee in connection with the case. Thus several blank spots in the Tiflis and Baku life of “Comrade Koba” remain even today.!92

ye A curious omission from the old Tiflis and Baku underground activists whom, in spring 1918, Yuly Martov wished to summon to the trial, was Sergei Alliluyev, Stalin’s future father-in-law, one of the founders of the Caucasian workers’ movement. In one of his manuscripts we read: “I returned to Baku in April 1907 from exile in the North, but I was arrested again as early as May 5. After I left prison I met Comrade Dzhugashvili (Koba) for the second time. He had arrived in Baku after May 5, when most activists in our organization had been snatched by the police. The need /1n the local Bolshevik commumty—M. K.] for fresh forces and a strong leadership was therefore greater than ever. Only a few comrades escaped arrest, like Alyosha Dzhaparidze, Suren Spandaryan, etc.”103 Pavel Sakhvarelidze, who at the time was also a good friend of Stalin, was another omission from the list of Martov’s witnesses. Like the elderly Alliluyev he did not have a great career following the Bolshevik takeover, and he was among those who never came into conflict with the unpredictable “Comrade Koba”’. Stalin wrote: “I certify that in 1907/1908 Comrade Pavel Sakhvarelidze (“the Long Pavel”) worked together with me, A. Dzhaparidze, S. Shaumyan, Spandaryan, and others in the Baku Social Democratic organization. He was a member of the higher leadership of the Baku organization, in which he was regarded as one of the most outstanding figures. J. Stalin, April 6, 1936. P. S. Perhaps it is worth mentioning that P. Sakhvarelidze became a member of the Social Democratic Party in 1902 and joined the party’s Bolshevik wing at the time of its establishment. J. Stalin.” 104

Such a recommendation was as good as a letter of exemption in the period before the Great Terror. Its value was further increased by the fact that Stalin hated the movement from which he had started out in the early years of the century. In the second half of the 1930s former Tiflis and Baku party workers were taken away one after the other in the “black crows” (chorny voron), the police vehicles used to transport prisoners. In the years of the Great Terror about twothirds of the once underground Tiflis Bolshevik leadership, and at least half of the earlier leading Baku party workers, were killed. ‘There were many irrational elements in the way in which the Soviet dictator exterminated his former comrades in Caucasia, since in the 1930s they did not present much of a threat to him. By that time the majority of the more famous Baku and ‘Tiflis Mensheviks had emigrated or were in prison in the Gulag. And the majority of the old Bolshevik leaders had been politically marginalized. ‘They could regard themselves as fortunate to find shelter in some insignificant economic office. Furthermore, Stalin’s activity in Baku in 1908 was not such an obvious failure that he had to take revenge on his former acquaintances in order to erase it

from the common memory. According to the already quoted Tatyana Vulich, the future Soviet dictator had won serious respect among the local Bolshevik community over the years: “It must be admitted that he had many followers, men who were unconditionally loyal to him, among the Caucasian Bolsheviks [...] and especially among the Georgian comrades. He was respected as the second member of the party, after Lenin, of course. At that time Stalin had no desire to appear as a theoretician. [...] However, he had an unquestionable influence over certain people, and he achieved a lot from them. ‘There were some who were ready to do anything at one word from him. It is also true that the pro-

84

pagandists and people from a higher intellectual level liked and appreciated him less, but almost everyone admitted that in the whole of Caucasia he was one of the most zealous party members.” !05 Nevertheless, outside the region Dzhugasvili was obviously not regarded as a truly successful politician. Not even in 1907 was he really able to find his way to the forefront, even though, while commuting mostly between Tiflis and Baku,

the two Caucasian metropolises, he left his homeland on two occasions on official affairs. It may appear important that he had taken part in the RSDLP’s 5th Congress in London, and on returning home had published a detailed “Leninist” article in the illegal Baku Bolshevik press.1°6 However, the delegates meeting in the English capital did not elect him onto any official body since the Caucasian Mensheviks, with whom he had arrived at the congress, queried the validity of his delegate’s card. Nor was he included among the members of the highly secretive informal Bolshevik leadership, who worked in parallel with the reunited RSDLP’s newly elected Central Committee. 197 In addition, Iosif Dzhugashvili almost ended up behind bars during one of the breaks at the London Party Congress. He got into a fight in a London pub with some of the slightly inebriated customers. Maksim Litvinov, who was with him, came to the aid of the hot-tempered Georgian. Even decades later Stalin was grateful to him for his assistance: “Perhaps this was the reason why he let him live at the time of the mass executions”, mused Litvinov’s daughter during our meeting in England in the mid-1990s. “Even though he had him removed from the Central Committee and fired him from his job twice”, she added. I have also heard from her that Stalin rewarded the commissar of foreign affairs with a royal gift when the Soviet Union became member of the League of Nations and established diplomatic relation with the USA: he gave him one of his dachas. In addition an eight-member squad of bodyguards was ordered to guard him against terrorist attacks. And also to watch him round the clock. From the early nineteen-twenties, for almost 25 years Stalin worked closely with Litvinov. He respected him for his knowledge of foreign languages and for his expertise. ‘This, however did not mean that he would not be suspicious of Litvinov, who—apart from a few minor incidents—was loyal to Stalin. In the private correspondence of the dictator we find frequent nasty, occasionally vulgar remarks about Litvinov. (Not to mention the fact that the Soviet political police carried out several attempts—staged car accidents—on Maksim Litvinov’s life. Once even Beria himself turned up to inspect the site of a planned “accident”, which he would never have dared to do unless on Stalin’s orders.198) Litvinov knew about these, but being a proud and daring man, did not care about Stalin’s wrath.!99 His English wife refused to behave according to the unwritten rules of the “Bolshevik elite”, she even took his favorite goat for walks in the city of Moscow on a leash.!1!0 He behaved strangely also when, in the middle of the Second Word War, he was dismissed from his position of Soviet ambassador in Washington and for a second time he found himself on the periphery of political life. Although for years he strove to paint a positive picture of the Soviet system in the diplomatic circles he moved in, he dared twice to warn the Western elite not to trust Stalin and his associates. ‘This, of course was promptly reported to the dictator through NK VD channels.!11

Was it his fame that rescued the aged diplomat, or did Stalin still remember the incident in the London pub? Fact is that, when in 1948 Litvinov became severely ill and felt that he was dying, he again decided to speak his mind. According to his daughter Tatyana, he criticized the foreign policy of Molotov 85

in a lengthy memo, which he locked up in his desk. Needless to say, the criticism was, of course, directed against Stalin.

Unfortunately I could not trace this document in the archives in Moscow. Maybe it has been destroyed. According to Tatyana Litvinova entire passages from this document could be identified in Khrushchev’s foreign affairs doctrine of “thaw”. I have found two important letters by Litvinov supporting the recollections of his daughter. In one of these, dated 24 October 1948, he asked “comrade Koba” to support his children. He wrote: “To J. V. Stalin, Head of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. Dear Iosif Vissarionovich! I turn to you with a last wish before my death. Since I feel that my end is approaching, I am unable not to think about the fate of my family, especially my wife. My children, too, need support. So far practically they all had relied on me, so they will be unable to support their mother. Therefore, I would like to request at least a special pension for her and also, if possible, that my family may continue to live in our present flat, that is if they can afford it. | am dying with a clean conscience knowing that I made everything in my power for the communist cause and for our beloved country. It is not my fault if I could do no more. With this last message of mine, I wish you good health and a long life, M. M. Litvinov. October 24, 1948.”112 However, Litvinov temporarily recovered from his severe cardiac condition. He

died a few years later in December 1951. His flat was invaded by the political police, who found both documents mentioned above: the lengthy memo on Soviet foreign policy and the personal letter to Stalin. Tatyana Litvinova, having read this letter added the following note, entirely uncharacteristic of those times: “Dear Iosif Vissarionovich! I have learned about the contents of my father’s letter which he wrote to you in 1948. I wish to add that we—his children Mikhail Maksimovich and ‘Tatyana Maksimovna—have since grown up and are entirely capable of supporting ourselves. We do not want to give you the impression that we are imploring for support. Very best wishes: ‘Tatyana Litvinova. December 31, 1951.”113 It is a miracle that Stalin did not imprison the two young Litvinovs in response.

ye We know from indirect references that in 1907 “Comrade Koba”, not long before the Yerevan Square “expropriation” met Litvinov in secret in the German capital. Litvinov was then one of the main handlers of the Bolshevik Party’s secret funds. Even today this trip by Stalin, during which he even met with Lenin in great secrecy, remains rather obscure.!!14 Nor can we be entirely certain if Lenin traveled to Berlin simply in order to meet Stalin, although this is generally regarded as axiomatic in the Stalin literature. It rather seems to be the case that Lenin traveled to the German capital independently of the visit by the Georgian Bolshevik, but that once he was there he ordered Koba to meet him, along with several others. However, it is undeniable that in those months Iosif Dzhugashvili was one of the links between the Caucasian terrorists who were busy preparing new bank robberies, and the top-secret three-member Bolshevik Financial Group. Stalin’s

presence in Berlin is striking from this point of view, if, in the name of this group, it was in fact mainly Leonid Krasin who controlled Kamo’s Caucasian terrorist community.!15

Leon Trotsky, however, came up with a somewhat different version: “The London Party Congress ended on April 27 [/1907—M. K./. The Tiflis expropriation took place on June 12, one and a half months later. Between returning from

abroad and the day of the expropriation Stalin was left with too little time to direct such a complicated enterprise personally. Besides, the members of the combat squad must have gelled together and familiarized themselves with one another in the course of previous dangerous enterprises. Some of the members 86

were perhaps insecure about what Lenin thought /following the ban issued at the congress—M. K./ about expropriations. They were waiting for a sign, and fol-

lowing his return home Stalin may have given that sign.”!16 This reasoning seems logical enough. However, the former Caucasian Mensheviks, and even several of the Bolsheviks, stated that Koba, in the year of the great “expropriation”, was more than a simple courier. In the spring of 1907, at the time of his

trip to Germany, he was regarded almost as “Lenin’s extended arm” by the Caucasian Bolshevik terrorists. However, he never wrote down a word about his secret mission to Berlin, although he did let a few remarks slip out: “A long time

ago in Germany they truly respected the law. In 1907, when I was forced to spend two or three months in Berlin, we Russian Bolsheviks often laughed at our German friends because of this”, he said in April 1932 to Emil Ludwig. He also

recounted an anecdote, according to which two hundred German Social Democrats missed a demonstration because, in the absence of the ticket collector, they did not dare to board the train without a ticket.117 In the Second World War Stalin also mentioned his stay in Germany when conversing with Churchill during a break in official negotiations. However, the Berlin trip was omitted from the biographical chronology at the end of the second volume of his Collected Works.!!8 Nevertheless, the researchers who maintained the files in the Stalin archives containing biographical data recorded the Berlin trip twice.119

The chronology of the Soviet party leader’s life also contains gaps at other points. Although recorded on the filing cards in the archives, the fact that in the summer of 1907 Iosif Dzhugashvili, who was then staying illegally in Baku, visited

the oil wells owned by the oil baron Kokharev, where there had recently been a number of cases of arson, is not included in the printed version of the chronology. The later decision by the censors can readily be understood in this case: they did not wish to alert readers to the fact that ““Comrade Koba” could have had anything to do with these incidents, which were referred to as “economic terror” by the Baku

revolutionaries. The reference is also omitted from the book by Bagirov, which deals in great detail with Stalin’s crucial role in the Baku workers’ movement. !20 ‘The arson attacks were not characteristic of the situation in the “city of black gold”. In early 1908, when Tiflis was on the verge of chaos, Baku was still rela-

tively peaceful since the authorities and the oil barons wanted to come to terms with the revolutionaries who were carrying on a desperate rearguard action. According to the recollections of Tatyana Vulich the local propagandists “were acting openly. They often held their meetings in workers’ hostels. The Bolshevik and Menshevik committees also met openly. The police were even happy to give out information as to when and where the committees would be meeting. These sessions usually took place in schools or other educational institutions. Shaumyan, Stalin, Budu Mdivani, Spandaryan, and others walked along the street quite openly. They would speak out at committee meetings as well as at public meetings and in private apartments.”!21 The local Menshevik leadership, which was far more militant than in Russia and which not much earlier had been in armed conflict with the tsarist authorities, was at that time willing to abandon its offensive tactics. The Mensheviks would readily have withheld strike action as well if, in return, the employers had made a collective contract with the oil workers and had improved their standard of living substantially. However, Stalin and his Bolshevik followers did everything they could to undermine the compromise that was taking shape. On the principle of “the worse it is the better it is”, and on the basis of nationality, they

turned the mostly Russian skilled workforce, who sympathized with the 87

Mensheviks, against the unskilled laborers, who had moved to Baku from the nearby Tatar and Azerbaijani villages and who were mostly illiterate and could barely speak Russian. Tatyana Vulich was told by her acquaintances that “Stalin wanted to obtain a majority, thus he herded along to the meetings /where the decisions were made with respect to strike action and arson attacks—M. K./ not only the elected delegates but everyone he met. I remember how surprised I was by the

sight of the many Tatar Bolshevik delegates. They’ were obviously not active party members at all. ‘The majority of them did not understand Russian and did not even know what was going on. They sat in one block. A ‘Tatar student walked up and down near them; he was a member of the Bolshevik party organiza-

tion and very loyal to Stalin. When it came to the vote, at his sign everyone raised their hand and thus with a majority of votes they defeated those decisions with which the Bolsheviks did not agree.” !22 Among the followers of “Comrade Koba” in Baku there were a few Russian Social Democrats as well, mostly people who, even at that time, were willing to give in to his will. Kliment Voroshilov, who had escaped from exile in northern

Russia, was one of them, whom the party, in the phrasing of the time, “commanded” to Baku. The future red marshal mentioned his acquaintanceship with Stalin in an autobiographical text written in the early 1920s: “Between January and September 1908 I worked in Baku as the secretary of the oil industrial trade union. At the same time I was a member of the Baku party committee, along with comrades Shaumyan, Mdivani, Stalin, and others.”!23 In another version of the autobiography almost the same names are mentioned in relation to his time in Baku: “I worked there with Shaumyan, Dzhaparidze, Stalin, Sosnovsky, and others, until the autumn (of 1908), after which I traveled to St. Petersburg.” !24 The old statesman, at the twilight of his life and with the help of his secretaries, , edited his lengthy memoirs for publication and from this version left out the names of Mdivane and Sosnovsky. In the meantime both these men had been executed as Trotskyites. On the other hand he always wrote in glowing terms about the “Master” and his meetings with him at that time: “On one occasion J. V. Stalin learned that I had fallen ill. In the evening he came to visit me, even though he was an extremely busy man and at that time we were not even such good friends as we were to become later during the Civil War. By the time he arrived I was no longer confined to bed. He was very pleased about this. He joked a great deal. He said that poetry and music elevate the spirit, which is good for health.” Then Stalin asked him if he enjoyed poetry. “When I answered that I did he asked me to recite a poem by Nekrasov. He called it an excellent poem that should be made known to as many workers as possible. ‘Then we sang together the song ‘I look up to the sky’. It turned out that he had a good voice and a fine ear for music.”’!25 In the manuscript of his book, written at the end of the 1960s at a time of apparent re-Stalinization, Kliment Voroshilov wrote about Stalin as if he had directed the Bolshevik-oriented Baku workers on his own. In reality, however, following the Russian revolution of 1905-1907, at least two opposing groups were working in the Bolshevik community of the Azerbaijani capital: the “rightists” grouped around “Alyosha” Dzhaparidze, and the “leftists” sympathizing with “Koba” Dzhugashvili.!26 It would be a mistake to believe that these adjectives refer to major differences, since among the followers of Dzhaparidze there were similar ruthless terrorists as in the circle around Stalin.!27 However, relations became so poisonous between the two groups that the emigrant Bolshevik leadership had to send Grigory Aleksinsky, and later Rozalia Zemlyachka, to “restore order”. Both of them came into conflict with Stalin almost immediate-

88 |

uomare 0 Tas CELE ahi ete IMS Sree SUA a ne Ri oro aseans a Doyen ESECera LUUREEDE Sen, nk, Awoubed StAees “ERY Gia vBUN ds wegee fhe see, . oS a a Ee ee ee ee eeeyiach ee ed Bh. Tn BpBo shrek” ey Wight fe be8 cegee Reet eee yoghe HSE I es Nive he SEED [fcr wre Seer uk LE Bet BS Bees SPURS STR ee Gea ats we he ne a rel Seta ide TSR ERS Rare PST Bates

Bera st creme Seetp apy al 4 Tah. re, wo WRT ETT WE TES et wee DE RTE Beate aie Oe Ue SE Phe SS ot Ricriees (oe cee nee fenoty £

. eo oe - oe Seb Ry ou ye ret a lg ares ie SEE GSAS 5 - tittle Oe a

; ae Bee Mei ee vaste age wateSET... tne TES Saar SARL pe Pa igENiis.steeper oe Bab ts’ WO EMDT DA a tesa gS we TERTPtoaalnene nei tana aE te ereaE Seer Tore gh eherkaseste. of pHs Saah te ET te ene kts sae Sede Bee ee Ba F pe oh a BelkUteete &rboon Beywes ed reed deeeno pndwn: Bothy Mog.terrPeobtect as ae Ho wo, ee a weeateDL sed eSeeSh ttSete Bes

Ss omDETERS. cee i. ee. Doe gsee7 Slashes ONT Bet le, Bey LLLSen FaePeenaeeemug Be idediggs Oe het Eee Patek ees EPs, tara a - age i rs . ed : eSLend Pepeoy heFO Ty Beg AP ee egHie 1 STA A orlsage capoepSRR sabe bes Fade attentePee Pee SeWa a afb eed oo2 Pe ee HYP lf) Lg alaa PO7NE de oe Doles IS ooBe Rabn bhDe hea eeLee ee we Earhe HASSE LG SAUL BS ns=. a Cee es a AaB ge Laedd Meh Wana, EIR so wie Rook aa etia che ae NSoo .—eR.3Spat iF ids Eats ro itheny nest RL See Sve ote “es ee Saas ee Le wha Py eee eT ty flr ete pS ne os ee a ed Beg St we EPS HeE PDR eg , FE Dn EO SP aed AL aT Be Pgh ete 1 SOL Fe Le BE ta — Gg ean teen, aig ee a ERE, SOR

fee eS eee Cle lll eee he een oe Le AP EU ee eg gO os ny Ph EE ee RR EES

PRG Gs :PEERS Sot, PIE RAR SERS SES eo etntne ed ih SALES Jf eee ra ere ee cS Se es Re er SES Aol CG ae ccactapngess SUEIDISUES: peerSeieSeoPe PERE Be bbea+aha ba Seer OLSrand. —— 6060Ul See os2Fe EESTeast eee het GeBtade:

|ee GRRE ST Wiper ARsry ao of VPSPER NUT an Mebadetayhs bP ETRE ereeBy HOR tae ee SS po USED EL CSET De eee dbo agains etewee ee “sori eee re‘esaEa whee ieee Befe ks |fhe Ri ES Be Une Tesled Fetes TA pet iD wT LSU.— Beare Repoe i reeeOBE gyi Bag Sgt ek wg AES |—: =:SL Sa eebeg ery USF RTS ‘eee Shag LL oo Sees -THERES wet ESS Any peste seUM eee Bye he eresOR apni ages TS vFenres cb oo . SEs. SARE mensdiisghatdaginrrat LOE EE Etat ESSE ek _psa So _G eee . es as TER a ete eng Bn eg hda betes Be bes Webs Mig ed tedneitnes Sette et Reg de Bo a Be Undvidec he BANE Mae ese Aaa on “ ee pe POMRUS OSE eas peta seahgh a eee we 0. TR Stee aa ee. JE EES Beet RE ae aeES _ ~~ - . ce a ae “ cy en DANS peae ed wee seme Meets sete EINES STL bd po Tew . eae «SRR er Pein Rehe yy teeta Uh Bae pene ie ne

ae PS Sly Oeseep See ee ftTtag mo as pc cen vated det TEohey weaeee REE nee SAILneh. BPS. fae See —.. REeae. ae mee ae TRE ies Sona Bo POMend go ete Hehe Deas PDE ieAer Vetita eePree +Whites Sel‘Sepmenae pwng pole eeeat aoBe Bees ndBee arsPR SLSR SES Pa A ae .Ce BEnha CIES weg fog Wnt Elie ke Pk Sings .oe ghghe neh DER Baas - ee =. ae ; eeeee. ; ME a a pie epeRhens we thee BAe SlRT fenODP ne ae: ee thee ae SN Yehoi legge bes eySer Seiya: ne get EEE Uehes Pe .Sa Eeenb eesee RESET CoeoP ete ed BDPeet ULRRTTBURIASP Phyo aeeae OERSe ttvO bey rae ep a nCne rat tgUES hits, Sot Raga ied SS og _ Ss ee oe . nag ve ney Seg hs Bes 6 TE ae! te os, Sabie eld at Ue. heat SARMMBRES i tee Bee PORE Sly agnrtht ae esc PENS bgp aghteag |

aa ;. FFlgBPI WEE SE wera Mage Ha TEES yeh 0 Chee a SEES pecoe a Rigg SETS BEGET odes: EeAEE gk Se aS PPA USSEtpewhSeESE MEE fone TRA eat He en ole i enJ8(ae gh PURSE

3es . .Sea - eeosPF Senter PaCrerean Lege EO we BEG Seb Tlie kay Sea+ RAM Si bot: ee ee atateee tere Te ogi Renae a ee souserree TELS ee ge. Abell er Ege reoe; con Ree See. en Bauer + .a: Seer eeseye Beas isn tas WCUcee ee as ye EL . se Rteeast Tey: wetPop Bo press Big we ape TESES were eBee BASES oe fd ee - _ Sede thge Ss eee iy Phe sveryt RE eeae Rouge i giy eo noaSees. BPYe SeeSoap gees:geek ea ease gor: phage ARS| _. ia Sieger oe eB gy eel, iT VETERE Fe aSS.. Jae er Site eee Re Sn eae SeA-4-| Belen TEAS BY | Deke Sevag RUE EU RCE ge_— Bo| ee -e— 8=—e

2 ae ee fein eles nenhe dt Sop pcea Hyg Se Ce Ree EE ce eeee ee ee iee oepee Rares ae a a aeerreee nleee Seeaaa wpe -— . _C—O _ee ee.— Jia BS aeres aneCe ns wee Pen linre teen ee :ae ee 2 ee ae ee TERM

— eree aeen eees a ee | oes | eee SeeiPeen Se ee Se ee ae 2 Coteee epee Boge = - SOS i i.es SE pA CtraBE Bue yeoe SaoteSSU2Syes ee Same EO ee , etUD FS oe PERS SE eeeLe SU eee Biteseee ein tee ae Bs ae Gm ee Sy eee TE eprint! Sas eewe—— ee aed ao RRO Eee Seah BR Oey Sa 2 Ea eeEeeSee Bie eeeeeesced SESS SEonSS Seen ee ee. - Lh eres eeaarenS nas Thane Car ee ane Toes ee Si i ee as PcaSasLP SeTSBASSE _Re a. es SEI ee Beye gy ane? Pep pees” ee Sty te ttws Soha aR Da ocean ieaaaa Ronco Seneca ae CEES ESSE at ge Stage oe 7 a — . oe ee oe ee es cre: pike Fe wees hr te eo Es street tr Seas SPREE TES [OSES suena ce pagent ren So | EEE ee Rae Beene oT

oe=Ee eeeeeepo. asSALE SeeWUD longRASE Eee eee SEARS Ee Sega Pe oSaee ig iiaee adh Bree a Se ee ES pee SEESee ae Stee oe aee ..bttas eet EeOPE SN OEEA LSsee ee arene ee ge ete Sea eee ee ce RE aMig: ee DEPRES -Sc EOE es re oe ot EE SUE LS ces fe BU eiSeged Sr BEE ORS ee Ee Sgn MSGR EE SES 2 a se rs At” ae EEE ea ee oP ES ee See Ras oe oo Ee Raa ee Ee AES EEE Se Luge SPR rn eae EES DD. ga a ha aaPe: eS esi Mon AO RE ee rere eee So ee ee eee Deer ge cing Mar aaeegg Be ed Bee Ra a EE : ; : ey ee SU ee ee Se oe 2, a ens 1g BELLY AI EE BESS agg ee oe ee eee SOS eee es Pace ace untae SEES CREE SS ce Doo ML eee sneer SESE EES SES Se PES oe SS a pricectcnts _ ee HEE Se eee are ee Th ves eed itn re GES ees POSES . ities eee Pe ee Be Se gies See ee ae teen ee ae Se SS a Pe tagetey Bose udp lyrEEEt Ee a eS Se SS ES BE Be Nee oORP ED ARS

ae ee Pe . ESE SRS SRSA See CESSES SEEN iapnnest SOS SEER RSS St ae Sy UEP SES era eT a TE Hoey oy - 38 wees : ERE PSS ae SLES of eer erent Raa SERS gdh

.— a ees SESS RegCS Sein ne a SSE ee eS SESE RS aeeesehes - oe RRRRRRORIEREIE fee ete! eee as ae .oe Se ars * . nhs Pig aeBeene Sa ‘aa:eoee i IEE OSS eee NE ETtcein eT, WL Ours SHE Et Bata Ee iet.ea . BeAE ieee) mera Sa aeSE aBe SED SPAS a Ree rrERS, ae ‘Ss Seep, Sees Soe : mes ETSee

_2So SSPE oe a... Be ee | eee EI eee eesDE edn oe t a me Se CaaS Sof SPLae7 ;a ao EE Ee ES Fey Se Et ‘ee EUsSEE es re * oe easokSs. a ee BAL : GFatBERR

.— _. -ai_RS ee SEE ee Ueno od Cysees oRemcee: IT2 vo)" nT ee aes wos See fosoeoceans es oe os aeEe Usee SSa..ea oeRae UP t.eS Satie a OSBy aee 3Es rnSEAS : ees, wo ty a aosees CURSE aerracacss Beak hh EE oy Soeeia wh Sih ggg ane io: he Sh aroe POPE UUSe loses eee See hes,

pon Se a. ce oe esoO ee ees Se oo Re cee ea ees SS oe oe UA: LY eiareanee a : aes : She oh eS ee of. Co etre 8 ee nent aewee OEaitaon ge ies: oS aeAee Dee ee De eea teea aeaa SSeee SE MPa the erae eee:: a oot LSE eens wen WSO Sats og eee Seo. aeeeaeee EEE woo ee. fou, mee “Sec a

See gg Eee Se Se OU ae aOS CE Eola he : : os Sle7eee= Se eeEE Ee eeeae a | aSees ; Zreyos

ee SSeS SESE Se eso SMR Sas rasreie. Se LPaEne *Soe. Sl Ley Eg °Ss. a8 . Stee " geld ES SSS Bea ri St ee Reees HD eeess... Sune RSENS i)Laoag Se Peprnhatccc cnn - latices ° vie . Sas *.URS ; BE aee EE oes Dd Ms aeamt ”Pee .: a-ceNSS aee |ONS Se a Doon ee ogSeen tas aSe‘ Bees SS 7: naa ;Soh SOT a aPoe oes EE fo oe eeOO ee aeees re ee ea mae. Ve ga nag 5Bo RISeee “Ee ae: ;LS Ee Bees coesirl

ee (eee SLE SS Bi ae RS kaa ; : : “ = a BEE ESN Scan SES EOE SRI a SS eeeane ale reBeSSE RES Bei ere ,gio Sg EN eeeSSR SE A pono ioeOSE RegJ meme ESS Manearta ESRS SESS ees: SRSA aScic pees. - =. -: :oeee-— 2

SESS ceHSER ares eee Ce ee Share eaoa Sk. ies Se See aaenS wh " ae oo ee , Sree Re See SPRUE a ctenena ee ee ae Fe MN ee F ee Seen ? . enin eo RE es cela cae, ee oe rx S Wor ge ES ee ye. Bea sisal ee Seen a es a ee eee

. S. one “ Sans sett SOS Es ern ot Se ty SRE Soe Sa Rene astute SST Sinton hematin ress aes SOS Se SEES ORR ASS Bie, tds acts DRO OT bsaunnataorta

8 SEG gaaine meee np ceeERE ge EeSephari AA geeeae mabe Beaten ce,Sars ie eee eemene eS EI ne ne SRR BES REE eee ae Py [Ee RE ee a Senna by ° SEEDS neemann ge Serpe eeeeeerer Hs ya sieaera BRSo cisreoneecu OS ee Le APRESS sa Ye, ee Re ee Ce eeEheee eee ikha apeeaSESS y a. SSoe og een gto eer meen eae SORE IMSSEASE ESS SeGee SSeS naan Rr, Me LAS AIS RRO OSS “eee arSO Been? a a eeees ee ee ee JERE Ey e es ae HOR RES RONG a enor BS SRE ._ *§ 2 BR ise Riera eeschs ee Soa ee aeSSani aR 99SESS b 1c ee as 6-258 oe gf ee 2 ee ° Se eeeSee ee Reamer ai oe ; as eh ees rrLrrrr—“‘“‘—OC—C—*~™C ers ee a eeae sii ” cgautets 3 [ee ee ee pidefie arn = PretaES Be aSSeS SEE eee he Soa Sena Recesarena een our ou66 ytor 1S ERS oaeesaS..,. es. ee ee Na StSSeS SRE Ee 0UPSteyogee uit fiecbin gs é@# ee ore aeae RIE SEES cased an ger, niet or RR eas ah EN ott ese See nes 2... rrrSS SUES LSE ea, * etic, [Fs RRR eID ON cae ARR SITS naa Bud hee odET | tmaE dae Se: SRR ro sa ein, tttSpee it Sa SpU aeene Concer eaeeet US SLAS SEO se a eneRa Se SESE RCAC Dee Og Pie, ode eg yea ON RLS a ay. eiage ee oeSeams cai Saree Se See Se2es Be ode gs bias we oe sah eb eaeagth Bt EERE sf :Sea ES oe SS SSS SSS Baa ed antes es ene eteae tieRee Min netROE Sa eeSo RE enea eeSR enRS he Rigg Mea aBR 2,RAR eenes eanae EERE Shed Bae soaeieeateaeeaaamaseeacaiaiiiaiaeiishiiii We RIRARTT aSIEGE JEeaeePENSAR POSSa eed Bap roe a ee ee Nas age aye Se at Baoa ReSha Siecle me A, pire ae SLES eR RE Seno SR nae ae SES RMA ORCC ea Beh, See. aaa SES Se RRR a SEoE Mee Soe gna Sa SEES sone omeenanant iS

. PaaS Rahs RE EE REE Seas TRS. RR Seee ees SA uy SES RSE aa Reno tienes one Seragninineuninoaunnn semen ge uate enema onan ES Man eae ie Basie SenunaneeeN. Onan See

Ras RN ON GR To SES SSeS Se Pes. oo “age a, pee Se eRe eo ee ee SES DRuocn nema ne RRS BEES core SE RS RS Ss rsnnnsitcrsiuncra cuca e e a V e

fe . ERE : SAVES Sat eihannune airs i aR er Seshnc a antatte aetna Ra eie Mhe ots5pecan es PeasShoe SER beets Be se ote soalgiringis peek a pects =e Bice ine Pad nee oeEe SES“er Se Sa SNR eo SsSSoeSEOe oumcnantiuent ie,EERE ee Ri EMies. ie te, geile er eeeee re Se

SEE eS sosther ches Peers: es Otaa dene Soa set ths Saree ronment ge CEE anc rt Ramen orate NR ie RRS CRA nh Ree ON “CEES oh 7 NSE 0 OR anita heise Netele Pe ae NP RE RMSE Oo oN NRE iirc Bie RHE ae as PER PE, BER OP MeO eotnnesceaponsccescccoscse pees reecmacssanansoncos. Peis” | Ree SEES gS Peo Si eee Bee hae eth ath eT Ee a eas ee DEAT lett le UIP eee.

e Bee eeEES Saha ae Ca ORR EEE RS SRE Seen es iimee ceNRT gaveeis itistb seeing ER BRE ae Uo, PURER oae. ;ee oO esits ¢ ,oe ptr SaBes Icate ERREO Se*Re EO RE RRR SI Bi ee ee Sa gSate PRoe EEO eg, Ser aeye eeOE Pe Stoe Re SP eteRe ontece aE 1 tleoo reees sR gsachs, Rue ee fos pee sce es Se ERAS ag klee ee eAASE hi eeRRR Ces In the mieeae Beg DES ae SRC See ee Pe teEAG kaa act, ae Et th es oat eh dee wee SER RR Rech BS Ce SEIS SS SeBee es, PREY CORSO il Pe See eR MR UE eee eee ian oeRS oeAdy RE Oe AES me PR Se Sem CS Bence Me aS . Serge eit) BES SA Se Sor... aS SRR Baebes ee ATS es ee oT Nat ° -_ IN 5 oe SSSR IS L0G EEE 8 CESSES SS OG US OEE an Linde ee ee Joeibgnaiee © 39 a atememe a,CER not2See ee Dose ew ee eee es, ee SELES Ta ee oy eesates Bes ee BRS po SOCORE nani Mee RR ae Soeee SEES SE So RRR ae ASSESSES i ne a ee a Soa Te ate ae Br eae RemRE eiunieae SL ASSSn eathed 't4 orm. d e 1 a (’) °:M ToS Maite ESance RIS Sch Bape i Saute, tans. “ota Sitges Taras es RE Se. eo . PS ee aSERS PB oe ”ee ee ES SO Se ingen PEL De TEtee ee eepeeectce ee ° tee Oe 1s Sea RU TERR eer ei SSS ee eee 2 ESE a EROS ES ee ere Bees ee eta Be eE Sadho bettie ae og ete TAT LTRS OSes Saree | OY Bees

ra i eef 1ee eeinee RL Ua lea £ a5Sed, ek ee eeeePee eengrrwile — Se EPBS Ts erRe i SE and SeraG I I lad Oo pn eer Sea Le Mate Eee ee a e r a Se eee "1 SSRs SEE ELE! ere JES Sep Se Se SIS Re ae ee eerie ce 2555S Sir we Bid Pt a Aan . 78 CO ees eres ose a aaa

Sieoeeees: | Meee SER Ba cies sar : Se Rene em OO EEE a aren : scans earners SS Sei Snes

See | SEER aeSoaee ana USES | SESS SS Se ROR Sse woe LO eementee RB eas ar erate SRS Sa\ ES SS RReee LS SE SaaS iunneangenen SOUP OoSe UShr MRE ree Soa tee oee ge SS LES ECE SSS seuguan iaigaienneenin ee wee TF .ge sonia aROC ae SCR oa aoe neae‘5aren SENS Ses in tertOo ) lI }t ‘Se... aeaas Peete Foe eeSa1eee SPEEEE eee SS ee 28SRS Ss ara coco POSES SES ere seSSR eS :ee= ss I )1°onar e O ee 3bd "i WO eeRTSL ee cS ee ——r—“—CO™OCOCOC*C*C*C*sSCSS aSeer ee u Cc wae EPRINTS Sachahy dsaSSS Riaanpoomescnnunncos onaSeeaacosa SaSaeon PPG tae StasoeRee aan :Ror 2a Thee es oS s pe eeens ee : Ti,SO «PSS Soe a eee Ra a ee aaaee aresPevesemeontee Sc SRE EEE RY eC. pikorosenrnracet Ee "eee pecs aeT ses Bape nara Riaeaeee ees Scone Rare CaenSEES ene oe EE oe ee SeeMESES SE ene ee ed ha mFnas ta . Hath gree or teesc RRR. «= . , | «2 1) | Oe eS Sane ana Rana MaRS Reema, es Spgs TOE SM teat Tee 2 Soe. eee eeeeEL eees.oe | |3eee eeSeana eee oe .mn SSCSO et CRU Taree tnas BisaL Poe Sepia ars ne S ey ee =—6a.Cll =||.Cee otrZen: © se : On MEMES 2Si SES Re ERRNO a Rc oe Ree. ee2apeee 3BeeSis: sooner Lo ien mm Em are ee eeee2 aaa RRR ROR peeeioseeeesr ener + ee: cape eeaneees 2S Speman Soy eee. . Be Boiianehoscaeeae 7 1 4... 2 EES CSSRSIRRRSSos Stosccssestess seein SRS ESSE SRS eS I Ee wy ek ie i > ae OS

ee SEE oo. Be ee: .eeIo:ceeeeee .riRR .geeSDPRRE Se eer eh Seeee ee, eeSRE eeAe. rs |: ee 70|ch Se 2ET eee 2ee— Sa ee fF ee en OES ee |ie cl 2RR erIe aSEES 2ee cS. LhLhlCl ec r~—rCCsCt Bee ee ee ae eeoe eeee .ee ged 3. OE. SES 0ee ee ee ae eeee |"See . Me seoe SES Se os nS SickSIEMENS ae eee. ee, StSNC —ee ee eece Sh i Ce ee cree teOE eee EE Oe Oe: aie er ne aiRR eeES aeee “eee aeee lL Seee ees

2s Ee

SEE ERS Soca a age che a See eee. Ce Ses Te |S 1 BBR ' Se Reem. , ‘ 1, SRR ROO aeR Cee en ae en aR EK RRC i oe REE PRMD SOR Beeceanerrinee ian SRR 8 “Siaheaemrene: ghee. . Aes “s & PonaeeenneS. Ps. ue . Seen oun. . . (OSs, Re: Roa ee See ee ee ee eee en See Se ce ia Beene PPUEIEAEE See aaa ea eae aR aae NCUa.SORRRR SERS: | “eee: ORES: “ES cece 2«| - RR MMM - een SSS ERED OOS SRRsso RN Bi RTE, URMRRRE oi SSeS Seen eene. Re a SB OS enna See “ge| aeBREE. Bc {CESS ea geeeBok: eoenneneeemam a >SORES : Y | ORES 2s. tty Dot ta. iyi. OR REA Soa

Ee aOEE ee‘ees 8en ae aooee.SESE iSS Se ERS e «ORE ‘eR, ~ mos, a tee Cea eens |emia See edRRR eeSS EAN EEE, ee :% io" isi.itt, eeaC.. eee RN Seas i :ase :BRR eaase. EO ee. “Be a‘ee Che as 0A cc ER SOE neeae eeaaa | ‘. iH See RS oO eRe RR .ca. to. CBRE RR Rs ”eae we See BeRUAN ernea eeREE Seen 2 tes SESS a et TTR StegkA LEERS aa rose oR :. A SNE ‘yh ee“+ I: SRE Nigh ots a aae SNR ss cn SSEa OSONE. Re RE So SY i on JO er | NO Se Ba . “SO AR: Sao PAR Ce a A ee ee ee ER ee aie SE ta aR See . ae Be RS SiS Be Oe co eo 1 7 4) GaSe. vue Ree Beats ue SiS Sa Be MR od, he TER Sooke oe MR § = See. SY" SRR Rn. =, RE, Se aa ‘ee ‘ eRBeeeS FR ac MMR i aay +) SRR ++ |, SRR So aera Nicene nn NU ES RR ea CORRE «S12 Say 2. ae a ES

. a oS ee ae ES a & . oe SS ae. , ee Ses: - cht a ce | Sac 2

Bf eee _emma ‘Sea Seeeas “ 3 eee SRR: $= Sameer: . - SEOs -eg . VERE — BE— RRR RR a+, RR RRSSC SS RR SS RS %, RE Ban ee RS. eemom "OR" BERR 3 ‘ER. . SERBS Se.Seo. ae Bee Te Eea,so ps aSee pecs. eR EES eee. cc eee eee oF-Seen a2ee er oo ot) VERS: D4 Ate «Seether 1 ARERR PERS Sie. gee -ee RRR Oe Ae SOREN 8taste EES ne ge Se. A Re: aei:S|aRNES t Ede CRABS. cane 7 tad Re 2. eS eee. . .|RAMS ees eeee RS Ne SR Se Sroka antn. .” OPES Fae 3S “) SER, scinetited: TS:se LE.RR ad OR 2:|,caCORE TReas | . SR: «Re eaaee SaRR Nr RR eR RS «SoeeSSS Bence ee nmnnere nN ne ere a A moa Cae. nen REN ota.) Yee ‘See eee *, Sons.” Zaecneese cee Suita ap CCRC SRE SS” > ea BN Nese Te NR Seah Ue ORION CoRS Ee SNE RRCBsc RCSL | TGR RRaena Soe oe een easENeeERE eseRR circ meee ne eeeTORRE eran eSRnCe ca, «=| cSROE RNR RRseRR geere egRa, ae2arSEa «8 gr

PGi et eeeter ee er ee | ee... eee. — See oe ee Ge ee Roe cc Sediak oe) ee &ose Se. ee aes. a Be Re ae ee ee 0ee ee es rrr ee: ae oe -ll. ce6; re: ——t—~ 1 OO SE RR 2 HEREC yg Roi nen ._ a Ra(OE Nets Sie Gis eine a Se BAe eam. ORE ER Us Se Setes SS ee aee se _oo aeee EES SS thaa SEES ENERO OS aba ose Soni Se pe aes hgTR ENTE ER RRR Re SRA ReaREaeeae acs MM a HR apeee ane aeee RR SRN SSN EE EAR RM orCSS oa PRESS RS SEER 5 SER OO RES ESSe ee SESS re ONO erORIN eee nt_Re ne ee Cee MARR rc Ca aRCC .Awees PSM MMR See 5Sraeee eee ee Bian a emennin acca eee a ee ee . : ws Ss ee er ee. Se SRN SARUM Seekers Seatac ate eeeSOR CON cyan th MOUS , ie tdyt StS ee Sy, SU ORME ROSE eeBe SSS Se OR RON . .ROC , : RESO, :guinea EES RS acash OR.ee SEESSees EES Rn aeater RRS SRR SREP coe ee Sits oe ne oe tee ee EE Bee ON Pe Sard : ape eget ate ee eee ee “s Pee a BESS NOUR, doe ceo RCE Rts 7 cS pincer see mee aaa Ea Sia Sena i ORAS RUMEN ots NH Le Oeae RRR Beset : 1S RRR CO cree [SEE RS Re cc CS pS MEME Speck hee,eeeRe age ee se ce ea, ARES Sc EE Ug Eee RGN Se gee ee 2! BES ee Pe at ESOT SESS an ee SESS RS ene ea I or eG ESSE es eee ee eee eee pe Mi ce men Se SE eo paca ER re eS See eee ues ae. PMR Sc ee eee Ree Nee SR RR IR Scsea re ER cSt Coe ES NRcS EEE ee SE TEC See Ba‘ERR BeCSR «OSS SS ea ES eSeetfee Nea oe capo Se eS RUE SS Ean aeEnpr cvrar acer icRRS cr Ae eae Ra Ree, RE %s SS EReaoe Roe eRe anen eES Ce mee macaaee ee tater tere aES aCe eect Se ITNT th ag EEN OTSR Te,Pe St ARORA RRR, 233 AR wos. Mk SOS aaces 7eerSe. ee cea ae Ree SSR ORR RRSUR es GR Se PRR bh initean mg mmmunemmrgunits coca Sh. at gOS EES SS " ;:SS. oo Brien samme ese neot: eRe ERR acer .Sane ae .eee 00. ESE eee OC ne, cigame Sumo

— — ae [2 ee ee i oo: oe ee oe Rm OE SOR SE ke RR ee

oo efkeet a ‘rrrr— 5 NS Ce Se ND eC ESRC: aera SO sR Sg sa SRE ae NE ORR RS fa Scueas trea eee ae RES ea eee he ES ES, 5 ee eee Se ee eC ee EE. Nt SS era ae Senin one Bee er9RS ee Se : ee sitiesinen, SO Cec RAs cae oe ONein reaCe ee Pe Reais eee ee a: OTe ee2-5, haeCRS... eee See eresoe ge eeIoo er. Re Sn Re gd Pe .BE 1. eee Gc emer S So ee BORE es Sa aRE CORES I (ae dr Iag ee Po nae Pune aed SEAS |baat ce aOT, ae ts PEERS» SE iAR ara ad :Se |a£1, +. eee emer s ON .ee FS eC RSE RS RRR SR io NR ae SPR aSRR a OR TELSTAR BR MAI aca— iBe “RS .Sia|yk eee 3epee FN eR NR SE EES SES ceca aRO oe DRA EAOE ant 5ea eS sama Re AURIS RE SSS SIR Saeco eae See ES. SS. RN RO RR CRO So Praesens: ERR RRR Reena Soe Re See ES RRR SE ERRE SIT 9” 2S eR aRRaeS ieaoe Si aee Ee RR 2SREP ORR RR, aai ER Seay & =UBL, ee *FRR ao aeeee sas ee aPS npn SNS ch, inst Tha CARMAN, 20° RRR Th cae Oa eUt SREOBRRE on POSES ER ASC RC RAS, SR She eer ORR eneee ORES | >Sea sok BOR Se nce RE ORR Rie BO (Ae eS ain Corea Se RUS RR TSN cis 0ire oir ste RR Tee Cs PSS cS aTRECROONSE Ret SRO Seats an emai Sts NN aEIEN .SE lot |S eR NSoSSORE RE See a toe, ge oPSe oa. Sr, Sah cata earns eee Pr gianna i SOR Ran ee Bao See Ree Ne ecient He Capea See (RRS hs RE Ga CREE SORE OR SEES SOR EE TEMEE. Re z oe : SO RR SS RN RN Sh cnet itis, PR 2 2 ee ea BRE Oe a aa See ie ABR aco, «iam S . RRS isk SE cc SaaS Parte Maha 2 a oe : R/O RMR RE Seatweau’ sitSSSR UE RRS aS oor |eNEREERR aaa aaa tees, a acoi. Re hegesne ee ae RiSarees Re Mee SRC ROR. RsBeaa ee RSRR Ree ROR RC RRR SS SOR OS TENS AARRAES 3 RR OS oeSSO : :SCS BS REEa RARER STasctmass: N+ «1 RNR RRR RENRC ER RS eee, Thy, ioceestieenes mien aegrec Maen oeR mearsnen, | Sens es ere ace ena te aes tenBy TSRRR GRRNee ds RRR itis RRR a3ROR ROR Ns aR UeRas aa sehr nega LS Ear? | SERRRROIR e SSS ORYSS CSS SOREN ORE ot SEES aesRRR Bi Nunn | NBR aN, Sh ae Rieseane : his eree: ere ocean SNSEEEEERO, « SB. OE i SNe SRBOAR edntaum, BS ile ree Pes cme SeSe OBES ES eeeidan Pesae St naBRR Se eae BP,Sera SRR em hes SRE ge 2 ore “ ONS. icecream. >=Sic” RRR SR: SUSAR Oees RRR SRSORRR RNS SR “Os Riomerccs: | “wi.” | jean Nanenpenmane sii, Monaco SuSE NR En2 eR SE NS RR OeRa SR RRR MRE RRCA, MNT Rtcae ae rren oat :LAS AE ge CO REE gee SS eee RAE RMSR “EeEa ee eee Se Fo SEneeo ROE. "SERS ae See LION ee SOE RRR at Jae is aoc eR dd eRe ae2,COI EE RU Ree :CE Suen TER eaBRS: PR oR pomeemangnss Puan RSS OR” REE Sos SS +ee en secieees SaR ncaa eatea oat tesatis ON NO SE CONE ROR OREO RS ne SSeS, RRR tik BSE TR SR NR OR Sade 5nt OR ERR. :aE BEA Sa BR NSS aEE FRR RE iaA aS See. OO ..RCE See ati3Recor Se: Rees, ua een esheen a.aaocoR To ae RNR ea eR MR ahaa: eR SR caON aSR htCRD EE 18 3eeee Ree ea aRR ea one 3eee PRR EE ARMM RRR Re Sosaeee EkcRR i ARI Sephora Sh, SRR: RISC RC ‘RRR SE WI Sainte iatHH Naina ENON RR SS SN RE, EEtt ut Se” Phas Rio Fa a a5IE te COO RON an RR Boe dee Spee tagee sant Sy SE ee oe oaBEng ae ane ERR Baa Re aR RRS OOS Re RE, Se es See hs, ees ek eee oe NEN CRN GaSERRA tgsOn Se, SAR le ee eecece SeTS ae SE EE aoe co Se eee. eee eens: Sees SE's aetits, ee eeSa See Sy, ee Gee SoS EDT otUES BN SR SRSaks NeaSE 2s Ge ANY eaSE a eas SE Se SoORE RRS 2s 1S RS SISee eeOER SO RR Be RESerece ae, Ree”Ge. Me, ArsSeca cance a, te ae aaa nen ee mecca ots Soares Es BaneSc| ik | EEa TB a Seer SSRN re La SR Re aeeSLE SS Use RRR ERC I, or SAS tr OCR RR ONEG RRS

Rane Saose hesises * zePeSeaehee 5 ESes eaePee WES oe,ee3 ee 3 ey ee ee Ns ee oe“ Se. Ra Seeoea aSOR BR Pe. Scere as “i ee eeeooee

iFgare Ee EE i ee 2 as oe ee eyes ee EE ae eee ee ee ee ee ee SER 7 ee

Fens RR ee a seers” ‘Cat tee ee ERa na RSENS ET heRRR, ES RT CR ROC ER ERRNRE a oa |ines She SESSA Ty Sheet ERE Benen: SN eR Re Ss ERE RECS nSeeOR Pe a sn a ROR ea 5NS RSSRS spears ec,pass easahe SuePORE NT. « 1| nae intial 4S ee ice + Se idea AGRA RSLaPAR aae sheOS eeeSEE re aaHEE rs pastas esSS sisens Sate raSiphl 2) hata SARE SSE CREA Sen Sea See ae *.cM es SE aSUSE ne SN Ra ORS rer i Ss gc ee SB, Peas os Beane SA 7: aeSeen JESS SS eI oe aS ae oe RRR: a eee Peng eMC: NNTres SN RM CUBES SAR" oc neRG” RR So Rt eR PE ESO RORY Se ERRORS: Cont Dru oS RE ee eee Bi Sea age gn mE Re Peteokie. inent. SS SAIS fecea SIaSEES Barca A SRS PERN ce eS Ue Nc Sepa eee ON, CREE UE It SSRRR “RRR, ai SENSOR REE Fo ROR Re OR eeRipe oN«Re DR nsease Bii SLO eGo eee igen ees zES rae Sa feSSN RERSS SSRSI OI RR. eg aORR. sen ea ein ern gga apnea ahora nc eR _.. Se Ors EON SAR gM ce ee Reticence SESS SEE EE ee =ses SS ee oe EO Ee aR | arRR Soo OREO os.ema _sated Shee aR OREN CoteEES SOS ROE OR eR ORE re RRSic Se eet SUNS SNES DIS RONEN SRR ER DR SR RRR tiaM, RO, 8 Se ent aSne RUT RS SSN ORTON OERBE SR SO REJOSS FES penaSe = ee SSOene y LSS 5% PESRSS EEE SSS IRRRO Koeecoee nea Baesiear aca aneencU ars | 2 i. ee _ is. So EE Pe oaoeaane eannumuneneeaeaad Sore: FR SO es a ae : Poet noe RRR aEGE : a £ ESS SESS ee ee se ee BS RR SRS SRS ROSES SRR SNES SOROS SOAR oct ntaniuianrstnmnnnencee ge Pete gibieaaninane emma n DCC cts RPS R RN NRL ANC NSS RO SRO SS ae SIE SSS 2 en SS ERS SR a eRe a SRR RR Pee|ge ents coc ae ning nae ieee Min oie ee eS ee Rs Ran a Raney ie Ee oe Sa a ei Si RONG EER SR ts oe poe anaats nee, OS i een Sa ehenn Se ee RECS ee Boke iS a Beers nape ease ee = rosie rrCrs—C~— ::i.an an Ol GER ae _.oO .. ns . : , Re ,::Dg ,, ..‘ota “CUR Sc. oe : a eS ae ote noo, ,. CC rr ll me . o wat +S Cae an vos . ° a Bit aM Rie cen air ce Re ee th, okt . : Ces . ee :: Boe . “. _ . Sy ee "HORSE A Ree ee Dota. : . Lon. a *yehoe . : .Ricci " "EN ieee .eS ae-‘. :-_. : uo so Sy sored “eae Ee Se Ss ee es Sgt Fo . “py ERE ee ee On ee ee CC . :,: :a ;7 ts . . to PR Oe ee eer ee te . ‘ a . pe res . LC ee Ct a oo.io;noe st BEE oo ne ne ee ee ne

Tots ao se Te RECS Cone cs Cg EES ee aoa Lo : o ve

. rs ee Tt: Ee asaie UL)GU EERE SSSeeSr es ERE . :. i.p..‘:; mo ‘ ‘y ra ‘Gt... i er men meee. Leeeetopes cots OE anae i ——“—~irs—SCSC_OOC—srsN . wo .

re a eee ie a PRR ee _ Oye ae ss ogee Ee eC ar . a us Peer 4eeReese OD Oe re Be a. ..: ‘ ‘°. .‘:mo ”PE Ee sagt REMRRrc aaah ec er fay aT oo uo Sones ee MERE EM RRR rer nc cance a ee ,7 . hp rr! SRE eee ea, : cas “Se MERLE RETR ki cs ee ee a . : oe o ce Ptr ee Tao Lo Loa, ; a;.. ...‘::::,:.me, ‘.we+.ue ‘me :RP ;coo .oh :CRCS Pere oe -cc. ‘Pot ;altee, an :. . . ‘ ee Bee . Lt de aa ,“ 4.po ‘.uo ee Ge tieRenis rn occ ae ort me, ms Be Ss no . we t non Mme nnn uit nt Cotes . i . on a tot oh a ee a : Coos . ot . : . vin RR ee eer a Phew . . . to ve A COLES cae a RR CONS RRS, det . "te bo Loh e a.:oo . os «ugh ASCE. poo Poon : 3 . oe sete tt Pr ee enee me moe Fe a ae —“‘CRRCOC#®: Tee Ses co es SO eet 1h RRR : PES Ro er cr en me ae Be taeuo. :.

‘ ,oO :Ty weBREEN re .oeEERE a. Amen TPT eB SR Segsni eeniinae TEE Eeand2fo. . 2vo . 8 ae . ,ce 7hoes Ss EE BRire Ri Lee mos. xe v tee et tis 1d Eo,ae S OSS RN Men onSH = Seemann Sola:aot . “ "F ~ ee " waged ee Pe re a .Lori _. Son were “yeti Ros fetes soo tn MEMRERG isto Uepoe, aEE ; ree . Bonet o. . mo oe Aye be ; ee LULU . wo :. . we % ee on . 7 i ee PAS ca . rec HA es Bonen nici ncn annstenn dene uo Ue , : Bt te Tint STEM TSI a wea .. : . utnes met . . ges ed Sptehee ees oe SN ee weal . . . . . es REMEMMEMES Niece cos : a oad oe RE “ ee lS Tee ME ‘ rr aes . ‘ . ot . sore Patan te ea een Sean MEPEMRRRL DK SMO ice trac Minnehaha : they . :

;a Phe , BO oeenee, REE! ay ~— tC. re os coy 8D es . t ::eSareee rr : — ty a ee “os ee aoe! ee ies woes obs tsEe aaraBa Stns ee :a"ee seer hc eaST ee sce re pe a ORE ay ene TB ee CORES ae eh Es Be re bata Unis Sy gene Ee 2i.Soe, ae . Meee . eae i PURE ed ol oats heeTes feyee oe —“C=iCOisCiCi 131 AAR SE ots ORE REE ws Sg oot e boet Loe nr‘rc veeTatts HSER EGN NE La. BENS heag ee wel ee baa ahotNote

;3oS :aFe i iecea! cn? TE Re + See. cee is eeacacao ee rente en eecsfe.Coon SE :oo ecve 606Um lUerrrrs—“(‘“ i‘ ‘“(‘ ‘“‘“‘“‘( (COON. SU poe cet . a. eee eee ee ea mls rr fee a—ae EER 9CC Ee esr—/—'.iHm3S+S3é é3é3 C_Cihsé< tS a en icos, RESIS EIR ROSE EROS ORS ER SE —“( SlRR ee EEE SSareBee eee ee eee «© ee ee ee ee EES ESS CRBS Ens USE S Sra Se ee Ne sage = ee fe en ee r—rrri ;r..CLCLUmCUDULULUCC rc rrEne kkBa hLhmmhmhmes—sSCNC —-—r~—~—“—“*™eEC‘CO#*C*OC#COCiéC’RBS Cg: aScere iee POSS .|©C-C.-—hfClD eae Ee aa 2K . i, RCE ea ES Oa Se a COR See ee ee aee = ,.,.—CUr—~—r—.—CUC—CUCUCCCCCCC. are Cl .. . }§ §#~=— sa a a eS Seaman EE weyaaa we IIRC sss Soahae eRi, SEE es ne nasaeg ie a ae Saene men: IA RN PeSIR SRR SaNe DSSS SSS ERsce, a. poss i.eee i.Bete ah .aPREECE 2: :oc enc eee ee OS aeeee EEN ESI Goes oO Soret meen ee ES, neae ee “ns ee eee on : See OR nS SSE ee C—O .. ee ee ES eR Sve pct Se NONSENSE NEE Aik ont Ta a « SRT a 2 8 i ## i i === _ ee: Buia BRS area SGU Fe en 2 See eee en ee een ae ee a ee ee aBaas . — _ -. ee sant see fe eee Be es RRR oe 8 EE EE eo Nae Shee: ee |.|.@@@=—hé6mémSsa i. £ ©=dC. 2 CO Sune tee SEES EE Sy Soe 2 Ee ee BEE OEE oy, . aR BSE sie t Re an eeSee ee Waa COE Boats age oy, Se ee 3 OE SESESee Sonionosaas sheers roanESE ROR aeSs aR ODES Soe Saeetnonenaas Screens Seesonc oe ee a -. . 7Soe = ae a spitaer Scan ms o Seinen MS ees SEES ES SEs SEE ee es Shanta See ean, Ba? ORS atid - WL rh araBott Rese Sad Bi eigen oeBS aesa Sea Ps i. eeaaeiaoe oF ..Be :.ee >ca ct Be eR Seta ee ee sie, ue SY Peres —Boar ~~ escee EE eee __so_. aga__ — | Pebesigrn cease “BREE Gab — ~— cee _ ~ RE A Pen one 3 eee oc (a i= — =s—C ccc — oe Sapa satne ee Songs SS ROSES sets St", "RES Ree: ua oN a Stoneman a RG Maarae ta cca ners Sener tinnarsrtic: BASIE Re ee SERRE eS Senna SESE :ay Reape Rc ewe ee SNR se:seen See.Pesce she aeons a+Sees cee ere RRR ApeROSA Pee nea: SES ERE RSE EES SURES Eee Soreeae Pe, ciLo ee ee Sa tedis oe Reh eee tos )on ORR, .Se So csree ae ReSee SAS AE tua eatneacees ee Oe CC _.a.-: :+. ee ge Soa eaeEEE aeRe oi ee ies Bierman oerea eeaeo Tikig eeeSEE Rens Sroueaunemec arcs ee a ee s|:ie _— -.oe aneta -|.- _— "Beemer 2 es a= Scere Rs SRE PES nce SORE OSS Pees ORRI Ee UGS SR SS aSe Se SEU |: |>, oeSs oo SS :yeoman oo ee aS Tha Se Rees BE eeeeCnet oras aeee i tind eeties Spee UR RS a SSS HESS Sos ee nr. om sr—i—isC—CisCCiC — EO ELS ES . eo Se ht Ss aaeee ea ap* as _ oe PERSIE SS PEPE SATE eh an RB ae Tgi. | es:eee: eeaes CATER ES Sparen Agate Re RasenEs st Seyeo RE Soteeee ee coe nee ASSES eee. a |7.ae. ee oe eii#.f.sEf RBS Te ee Soiredin Senate ee SE RSeRe nae 1g EEE BE [ee 2 of 8 Sore eae ace a oo oe a rrrt—~—~ws—“‘CC‘CON eee . |:4.:See BRE he Re aies See ciiost iaVERE Te cae Abi serh BO Cg . aePS See Se Fe | -eeSS2_ee 2. oe .aoer: 6=i... §§. TARE + mee PORE RSs 8nee aee aoa: ERS ON eechaiteen HOSES Noes ce qBR Ls ee .y =. os Pc ete Pea iPores SENS . ad aa eee a0 wet, a ne + RSS hee nner Oe ani se BRU Cae a EE Peete SESE ' FES ae oe — |. — coe = . 2 _ Cl 2 BB. Ee eee a CR RSs ECE OH eee SSSR Se ee eee meee an ee ee sR aeOe ume a Seniors SSSI: SU Se eeincponent eee ee “SESS ca SESE Sentai esat SE RR eG eas uc Bo re SBR :ET 7a2ee es pivtsmccnnn, ReSadine ERS SES 3 oR Rs eee, 2s—hChCC eee inca EE aLeaman nobercagnncen ne asSeve oo -as — a i ee ||arze 7+he fou _. oe _ . a c RR era erate oatanenmn te Reh: Soa ns Sieg ae So a HEURES ORS pe ee Lote — ot ee ES a aaehe Poaceae Seneca eee ae eee eae a Sea ROSSER Ms Saat at eee ee ~~ _ wo Dew oye . SRE tek Sec Sacco SSA Sasnwunoe wees Selena cute ance PeaeeNU RRS ~~ 02. SRS nto eae Se SESS Retr nomen Ronee CC EES tS ee — — oe a “rs RS SS eas Bud aoaeee resem Sees sien SECA rece ieee Sen ee eR SESS ies eras PSSop OR tgene eeott a sogapeeme mena e ain Steere cee eee EeCae Oo RASS eeeaeee tee SEs ASS Sees SunesESOS ween — EE ELSES SEees ORS EERE | , Ptr. _°,.Ee,RE — | aRor =.Benin Ree Se eRe anes Reno ~~ SURE - tho gpie8 SRG Seas seaRUS SSS Rae ORES: te esas ieee =.SG oa wyScie Fhe PELE oe Gerrans x rr - .—.

Heed _ _ oo0 GRR - i. =.Pape oR ESS ae eeeeeeee255 5) eee Eeea ee fa, rahae f Regia es asss Secret oe == _ | ees fe

.BT, ote eeaTL +p OES Rinceennuneannne a OS — as , See a a rr es Neca _. FbTell ae ol _ ieee ERR aU NMRA es oie: cian Since i == .. : : ; a - _ . . - 2Sea _.

sigh ty sR Precinct: SS ee =~ii==§ 2 yl. wot 205. ss. GBR _—: oe OaSel -— =§ -— ; : 1. Baan oS Sec pe aees ee DURES

(Oe | — » £ a wll GS Nao tee eR NT ngewe ATS aySRE s, wn retraite tetSe,+ sya: .es. te PETE caterer e eoe Selieaian FO GN Be seeaster eae BR LT LASERS mo. a OSE td ESAees Eee teh ceaRN game tae ecemnsetait «on aN seanapageer es aia eee or te IStee REped A ER YE 31 ory le .BREE taiste aS Sr RRR we RS SEEM TSS wgdg dhateye PS EY eeCURES ESN Oc eeNee ard ue oe iN Seeaemenemecontn Se Sei SR LE aR TT ewe Yr ge bene Rae eteNs+ag WR 8SPA FE SS wt cgi As ReCe eSSC ReGIGS AeRR. BS eeoR eRetBess A IPosh. LES. SR RRR Bs rat an eT EPH be oe ER ’ a TEE eS«SRE LoeRatan tat ‘ ee Sosy SES Ridticn 2 cone eae oa eaene nn umn BRS cee OR SR iRS RAR MRR ARAN . RRBe. RES 1. aah enna ema Haence SaaS 1aTEESE eeBe Bre MT Ue ULM) seesetsetts se TE Ube PE we CUBR Sa ote . ETE: SSSR 7 Sea Seeee ch a eS BE a RRS CORR Beas On ohwcr ‘seOS recSRRS ge |SO +aaRRS SEER Re oe REE rho RRO eee Che a Bee a? Soh. BB cages cena p0,” panama 3eres sta, autre ses 2 Se Ne an tae tPoa OM Daas tts weaan TEA Soe boatnt CO ee geSRC eeeSoS Bie, noe, eSme SR Pee: Pex SORES Siaaoe mS USoR, EB. 7ESSE Che URE, ERS SR SERS SS Lee ee PEE TEES Ponce RRS RST ot la A MT Dae OS or age at te . ess SUG Nad Se ihe ta ae we aSe a Re on BR eaoe OER SRSA Jaen SR RCN RR eg. Ra EstSsan RRS. RRR SRS aSse. ES SES RRROE OR AT ETae BEBe veRE Mt geSa bye TTT |Far FS BD eee nem aSamy ar ohms eS Tae 2RED aSor Merge a stay AS, Jott SHER Tov Rae ShRRR wnat se is cantata UU amnesia nena nan aR” ss "SSS PBs Sue eee +gC SBR Lae, SRE +2 RRP CARS Sage 2Rd ae Reig AAS. >ERE EAE ee Porat Semmes, ihe SR gee eae BR A Sed RAREa irkarr eat5agi 3, oktFo+ Nett Be rt GRR . Seats hoo vat oe aa Eee sesea phaknacmwouneee CR ernie.» RARER RR RRR RRs RR RisRa ceo, sf eee oS eae SeSER” Naeeg eR arenas PR SRRSeo RSS COREE eel TSR aedSahota nhseee TSerWe SE TDLhe we EE » POLES sheers RES RS Gee that ON RS daSRR Whe ee ee SR, RARE veut amare Te AAU are ae CN SONS aBO Sects. eee St, Sakae, To Pe See ROO «+Sine ERR SERRE REa2CRE Gea, 27Beeoclooke ERR A aeRERR SE Sees BOE EEE MRSS tf Wee ETE KO 0 0laws U RR a SESS RSS SE RN SES Sh ROSELL vs thei ee PE ed TRS CORRES ARS Ser re ne PRS Ra eae Pee, cea Beta i aes Sree iSetneeennnnrnecmnnn ae. me SOVRSE "SEB RE TA he EePRESEE SsthSe eeE: sees Sere BEAR eeeb OR be Beg Tae ERE RR a . fa a te a RAPE Sa Sehr RN oe aeNae SSS RE Ca GE Eg ATE ES eens iokeeats Bc RRR ORS UeSenmin, “cana. seacimnanaen RR aNO oh RS ES BRA Bre es RE, : Mee TR RRR RG ISOS Be Rees. gst kece RThee Bo CUPL ace let tet RRL Re Baa coeRe RSSots seeRaney Sage sag eee A rnSpay SER ee Fed J PEE SESRE Boao cate BBseas ihaan tanee neccesary RRR eR RoOR (NRO ae OPE eam.SNe ageFER RR or St aeGn SoCAR: PORE en ODL RRR aeASS aTRS Be BARES Se SRT TEMS th, OLR SERRE SOR SEE ERR Cbg UA TS . ye SER Se fa. SRR hg, PERS oe Eospeenanes Sh Geena aoe ieae seaman Ree BSR RRR LS RO Ren aR ne A. wee SSE Beets + PSO MAREN «SS CSE On ot Zh ee Ne ARR SSE LO. yA SSS SE Ut. SERSEOGE | cc vicina we ORE OeBa SRR 0 TERR oe s0ncinn ES, CRE eeeOeoer on ae apeREESE.” oR aR | eRe RREI) Reo SES A Ate ER. ere Se PO) PR CICOMMLA MroT re Le CREE chteanicer. ORR wee fe PNGSW eet : ‘soe asda, AYSE BEETT RE :soe Ta yaeaa, See” ERS so Seen encesSea ees SOSSea RRR RRR SekIRaCSR ONS Ma omermenmemm OBA Re et + RR Sos megweet eee SL DRS eThg kePee BEE. TER PEE te ene REERR Sous Rt ae . | RSP

DUES Be ee ST VB OE Co Ba 2 RS EES SS Ss aes ee ae ee deg RE 3 Ps ee ae rr SBR. SGM. ~ . ga Oi eames ame ea -, «cpt uae »

a oA are at he : PeDe wo NC iiueeeasen ntnmceemmennt SRS Re RRR SR SeeR ROR SESee RE RRR ncSSO. eRFO ES tana ey> ME RS Ore os, aRE” SES Gere ¢ RAMS RES CCind 1seSeer sate woo Beet oe elds 4Tee EteCS GERe Sash 2ob ER,So ow BSBea te Tee Ue irr" RRA cnn crannies onesPe eeeOe a Ree a nee ae aan RRC oSwo. aacREE HRS Sed.2i aRRR gtaoi| UE oe RP ES ea oes i Ce RS Bee oe SS: I SESRN ES ee oo, oer oo oeots Po wo BRS agar REFRR SSMRRP ee BRE TRESS AR ee ae eee re ee ious ee Bee Be re | we EES «hii agen See Tae od geist Se oS

SO etMey FaShe gs SY awWhe Soa Pigev et 0 UOT sR ORSSRR SO MEGS CLESocean anrsdn sae Jymeena: Ramee | RR ONE «ceo: 23% oo Sok ne mens mec eeate ts.Bh SBE BEE ee RE. FERRIES. |SBRE SRS eoaeSES: chTyee ce eee DE °esea, MeBRS Beaks, ge ee we Cats.tia.SL 2: SOUR eee ee ae .SAE, as Be we ge SR 1 Bake CeeEEE ahaSani.” a senna aseR ST Sesseeing: OREN: OREO IRS SG Ss headers ote Sas. sects NC dE LR aate RCE co RRRRNS SaSaa Sacre a wet ST ther PeCube ER iiSs as, tee RRS ee SS Dy ot Basie See