Spynie Palace and the Bishops of Moray: History, Architecture and Archaeology 0903903210, 9780903903219

Table of contents :
Preface and acknowledgements ix
List of contributors x
English and foreign language summaries xi
List of illustrations xv
1. Historical introduction 1
2. Location and physiography 13
3. The results of the excavations 16
4. The Finds 102
5. General discussion 166
Appendices 181
Glossary 195
References 196
Index 203

Citation preview

SPYNIE PALACE AND THE BISHOPS OF MORAY history, architecture and archaeology by

John Lewis & Denys Pringle With contributions from

Ruby Ceron-Cerrasco, Naomi Crowley, julie Franklin, Thea Gabra-Sanders, Dennis Gallagher, Pamela Graves, Sheila Hamilton-Dyer, Nicholas M McQ Holmes, Mary Markus, Coralie Mills, Robin Murdoch, Tanya O'Sullivan, Helen Smith, Mike Spearman, Clare Thomas

SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND MONOGRAPH SERIES NUMBER 21 EDINBURGH 2002

SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND MONOGRAPH SERIES SER.lES EDITOR

+

ALEXANDRA SHEPHERD

VOLUME EDITOR

+

ANNA RITCHTE

This \'olumc is published with the aid of a generous grant from

HISTORIC - S COTLAND

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

ISBN 0 903903 21 0

Produced by Short Run Press Ltd, Exeter, De\·on Printed in Great Britain

CONTENTS

Preface and acknowledgements List of contributors Engli sh and fon:ign language summarie s List of illu stratio ns

IX X

XI

XV

Historical introduction 1.1 The bishopric of Moray ( 1120-1224) 1.2 The bishop 's resid ence at Spynie (1124-1460) 1 .3 Th e 15th-century rebuilding of the palau: 1.4 Bishop Patrick Hepburn (1538-73) 1. 5 The Protestant bishops (1573-1689) 1.6 The palace abandoned ( 1689-1973) 1. 7 The toun of Spynie

10 11

2

Location and physiography

13

3

The results of the excavations 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Period 1: pre-hishopric occupation .1 Introduction .2 Investigations near Castle Cottage .3 Featun:s in the palace courtyard 3.3 Period 2: the early years of the bishopric (12th century) .1 Introduction .2 The ditch .3 In side the enclosure 3.4 Period 3: 13th-century occupation . 1 Introduction .2 The south-west corner of the palace enclosure .3 The remainder of d1e palace enclosure 3.5 Period 4: the remod elling of the palace ( 14d1-earl y 15th century) .1 Introduction .2 ·I 'he so uth side of the palace enclo sure .3 The putati\·e round rower .4 Th e west range .5 ' ]'he north side ol' the palace enclosu re .6 The north-west range .7 ' l'he n orth-11·es t W\\·er .8 Outside the north curtain \\'all .9 Th e eas t side of d1e palace enclos ure . 10 Outside d1 e so uth side of the palace 3.o Peri od 5: upgrading the palace (15th-16th century) .1 1ntroduction .2 The south-west tower (Davicl's tower)

16 lo 16 16 17 21 23

1 2 3 4

6

23 23 26 26 26 26 29 29 29 30 38 -tO -+2 43 -+8 49 -+9 50 51 51 51

,.j

+

Cl l:\T I'N TS

3. 7

3.R

4

.3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 .l 0 . 11 .1 2 . 13 P eri od .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 Period .1 .2 .3 .4

Exc a,·ari o ns in Da,·id 's to\\·c r ' 1'he south sid e of the palac e enclosure The ,,·est range Th e north range .l.hc \Vate rgate and its pass age Th e north -we st ran ge The north-west to\\·e r Ou tside th e north curtain wall T he east side of the pa lace enclosure Outside the east curtain wall Outsid e the so uth curtain wall 6: the final years of th e b ishopric (late 16th-late 17th century) Introducti on Th e north range The north-we st range Outside th e north curtain ,,·all Th e cast range and its em ·irons Structures to the south of the palace enclos ure 7: post-bi shopric Spyni e lntroducti on Th e lochs id e stru cture s C astl e C o ttage The palace en closure

·rh e find s -1 .1 C oin s, jctons and other numi smatica b1• Ni chola s J\·\ ,\ \cQ 1 Iolm es .1 Description and discussion .2 Catalogu e 4 .2 Sm all finds o f m etal, stone and bone by Julie Franklin .1 Copp er- all oy objects .2 ! .cad obje cts .3 Co mp os ite obj ec ts .4 l ron objects .5 Ston e obj ects .6 Bone obj ects .7 Obj ects not retri ewd from the cxca,·ations -1 .3 Prehistoric p otterv by Helen Smith -1 .-1 M edi e\·al and post-m edieva l pottery by N aomi Crowley -+ .5 \X 1 indo,,· glass bv Pamela G raves -1 .6 Vess el glass by Robin Murdoch -1 .7 C lay to ba cco p ipes by Dennis G allaghcr 4 .8 l .eathcr by C lare Th omas 4 . 9 ' l'cxtiles by T h ea Gabra-Sanders 4 . 10 Architectural ti-agments by Mary Markus 4 .11 Huilding material s by N aomi Crmde y 4 . 12 Burnt and indu stri al debri s by Mike Sp earm a n 4. 13 Fauna\ remains .1 Mammals by Ta nya O 'Sullivan .2 F ish by Ruby Ccron-Cerrasco & Shcil a Hamilton-Dyer .3 Birds by T an ya O 'Su lliva n .4 J'vlarine m ollu scs by Hckn Smith 4.14 D endrochronology of timbers by Corali e M ill s

59 61 63 68 80 81 8-1 84 86 91 92

93 93 93 93

95 97 97 99 99 99 10 1 101 102 10 2 102 104 113

11 3 119 119 120 124

124 124

125 125 132 13 7 140 144

146 150 159 160

160 161

162 163 163

164

CO:--J TE N T S •

5

General discu ss ion 5. 1 Spynie in prehi sto ry (Peri od I ) 5.2 Spynie during the 12th and 13th centuries (Periods 2 and 3) 5.3 Th e 1-tth and ea rly 15th centuries ( Peri od -+) 5.4 The later 1St h and 16th ce nturie s (Period 5) 5.5 Th e fin al add iti o ns to th e pal ace and its sub sequent decline (Peri ods SA and 6) 5.6 The palace abandoned

1· 11

166 166 ln6 169 17 1 17R I 79

Appendices 1 The furni shing of Spynie Palace in the 17th century by Denni s Gallagher 2 Cache of objects in the watergate pa ssage

Ig 1 192

Glossary Referen ces Index

19 5 196 203

PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Spynic Palace, or Castk, was the principal residence of the bishops of Moray from the 13th century until the Refo rmation. In 1690, \\"ith the final abolition of episcopacy in the Church of Scotland, it passed to th e Crown, and in 1838 the palace (by then in ruin s) and its surrounding lands wnc sold into pri vate ownership. Only in 19 73 did the sta te resume responsibility for \\·hat re mained of the monument ,,·hen a guardian ship agreement, undge thLT ll"ith post-aband o nm e nt

The cu nstruction ( ) r th e ma SS!\'C ua,·id \ tl>\\"C r in th e late 15 th ce ntury ( Peri od 5 ) d es tr l)Ycd nwst uf th e e1·idencc p e rtaining t n the Pe ri od -+ arran gement in the S\X.' corner o f the palace . The sh o rt stret c h u f c urtain 11·a ll that run ~ 'o uth-eas t\\·a rd s frnm rhc to11·e r is clea rl Y ea rlier than th e lln1-cr's E 11·all and ca n be assumL·d to date w Pcri l'd -1 , l'l'l' ll thuugh its prec ise relation ship ,,·ith th e S ra nge cu uld Jl()t h e es tabli sh ed.

3.5.2 THE SO UTH SIDE OF THE PALACE ENCLOSURE

or

The Sl >Uth li mit th e e ncl os ure \\"n its \! s id e. ~ u ggest in g thert' ha d been an inner dour int n g m ost of its length, rhe N 11·a \l had been de m oli shed tll its r,,unda ti t) n ~. 1\'hich \\"t::re n nl\· 1.11.3 111 \\·idL·. E\·L·n th ese ,,·ere a lm ust ulmpletel\· remon:d Jurin g th e programme of masonry conso lid ation in 196.1. 'J'm\·ard s the L L·nd of rhi s ,,·a il 11·as a 2.:'\ m-\ o n g stretch ,,-here e\·cn the f(>un dati o ns ,,.e iT mis sing. 13llth sid es of the E. S an d \\ ' \\·a il s nf the range ,,·ere Llced 11 ith part!\' coursed , mortar-bonded rubble, main!~- ~ plit bo ulders I'RIOD 5: Li l'li RADI NG THE PALAC E ( 15th - 16t h centur y) •

illu > 4 ~ Structure 4 , fro m th e north , shO\\·ing rh~ \\"indo \\"s in d1 c upper floors of the exta nt secti on o f its south \\·all , and the p artition \\·all acro>> the buil ding' s Yaulted basem ent.

-------- --- -------1 i I I

I

i I I I I Ij _ ___ _ _

1v

t 0

illu s 49 J>Jan of Structu re 4 and

me

m

frag m enta ry remains of the ' P eri od 3 ,,·all F251 7 O\"Crlain hy the \\·est cu rtain \\"all.

n7

6~

•

SI'Yl'IEI'AI .,\ C lA'JIJTIIIC HISII lli' SOF,\IOI{ ,.\Y •

TI I ER E S L ' I.TSO I ' T IIE E::\C.\\X I'IO N.~

although , on the c\·i de nce of the drain through its W ,,·a ll, it appears to have had so me dome stic fun ctio n . Access het\\·ee n Struc lllrc 3 and the bisho p 's apartm ents co uld o nl y ha,·e been thro ugh the tm\-cr 's main first-tl our entrance, for the hasem ent-levcl d oorwa y led o nl y to the ce ll ars. Stru c ture 3 wa s sepa rated fro m Structure -f and fro m the \X' curta in 'vVall hy a narrow pa ssage o n its N and W sides respectiYely. Its tloor co mprised tight!\· packed cobbles of m·al and sub- re cta ngular p ieces of sand sto ne, so me of which covered th e Period 4 Kiln I. Th e pa ssa ge ran slightl y d ovvnhill from the tO\\·er to a doon,·ay \\· hi ch sun·i,-cd only as a threshold of two sand stone llags , in line with the N wall of Strucntre 3. T here were more cobbl es beyo nd this doorway alth ough th ey did not extend fa r alon g th e N side of th e buildin g and ma y haw been a Period 5A fean tre. Along the side of the curtain wall was a V-shaped , open d ra in , \V hi ch seem s to have d chouched at the same point as the slop dra in in the ce ll ar of Structure 3. On the e\· idencc of \\·hat ap peared to b e a door jamb o utsid e th e SW cmner of Structure 3, there wou ld also hm-c been a passage bet\\-ccn th at building and D a,·id 's tO\Yer. L nfortunately, recent di sturbance had re m oved an y tloor surface there ma y have been within this passage. At so m e stage , a natTO\\. day-bonded rubble wall was built across d1e E end of the building, some 1.5 m in fro m the prim ary E wall. Altho ugh this wa ll \\·as alm os t comp ktcl\· demoli shed , the remnant of a doom ay was still ,·isiblc mid \\·ay alo ng it; the doorvvay in the N wa ll may we ll ha\T bee n blocked at the sam e rime. N auc s' dra\\·ing dep icts th e secondary \Yall hut, by the time that th e dra\Ying \Yas executed, th e original E wa ll had been demoli shed . It is no t known whether tJ1is happe ned befo re or after the pa lace \\·as aband o ned. T he S wall of Buildin g 3 overlay a sub-rectang ular pit (F2777), m easuring 1.-fm E(\'\1 and at least 1.3 m deep. As the wa ll cou ld no t be rem o n ::d, d1 e pit could

not be fu ll y cxcaYated, but a co mpl ete cera mi c jug in a loca l fabric b ut o r indetermin ate m ed ieva l dare was re trie\·cd from its in fill (sec C hap ter -l.-f ) . Structure 4 (illu s 4R - -f9 ) This th ree-sto rey buildin g had been built aga in st th e \\1 curtain ,,·all and was se t 1.-fm dee per in to Peri od -f leve lling deposits rh an wa s Struc ture 3 w hi ch lay

some 3m to its so lllh . It m eas ured !Om E/W by 6. 2m wide. lts S \\·all \\·as less than 1m \\·ide but stoo d to its fu ll h eig ht o f 6.-fm where it ab utted th e curtain wall; its ea stern half was alm ost totall y dem oli shed. Of its N wall , o nly fragm entary, 0.8 m-\\·id e fo und atio n s sun·i,-cd and its E \Yall co uld b e traced o nl y by the course o f its rath er indi stinct beddin g tre nch . The passage betwee n Structures 3 and 4 was an open o ne, at leas t o n th e e\·id e nce of the wind o ws in the S \\all of Structure -1 . In deed , it is possible that Structure 3 had been partia lly dem oli shed by th e time that its neighbo ur was built.

·1'h e bottom sto rey of Strucntre -f comprised a barrel-vaul ted cell ar, alig ned E/W ; it co ntain ed no sur\'1\'lng tl oor surface, onl y dep os its of clay, charcoa l and as h , perhaps refu se fro m kiln s or o,·ens in the NW range. These materials - and presumabl y the basement floor of Stru cture 4 - also overla y w e re main s of wall F251 7, a remnant o f th e Peri od 3 arra nge ment (see abo\'e 3.4.3 ) . Numerous p ost-pits were uncovered within th e cell ar, most (if not all) of them probably asso ciated \\·ith the building's co nstructio n . Th e ce ll ar ,,·as di ,· ided into t\\'0 spaces of rou ghly equal size b y a partition wall of claybonded rubble, 0.4m wid e and sur vivin g to a m aximum height of 1.8m , its lm\·e r co urses ke yed into the ma so nry o f the building 's N " ·all. On d1e first and second flo o rs the room s we re lit in th e S wall by \'erti cal ,,·ind ows with plain chamfered surround s a nd segmental rea r-arches; t\\·o sun·iyed o n each storey alth o ug h alm ost certa inly were h ad been four o ri g inall ~ · -

3.6.6 THE NORTH RANGE Th e north range was arguabl y th e m ost impressi\T building eYer to stand ,,·ithin th e palace encl os ure. In area, it was th e largest of the palace buildings but, along m ost of its length , it comprised onl y two main sto rey s: a base ment sunk into th e slopin g N sid e of d1e encl os ure, and aboYe it, at courtya rd leYcl , a large hall and a sm all er room (dais ch amber), both supported b y a suspend ed timber ll oo r, now missing. H owe,·er, th ere \\·as a furth er storey abO\-e the d ais

ch a mber at th e E end of the ra nge. Th e stand in g remain s d1 at now greet the ,·isitor d o not d at e ,,·ho lly fro m Period 5, th e E end of th e range having bee n remodell ed , probabl y in the mid-16th century (sec bcl mY) . Its basic plan , h o,,·e,·e r, changed little m·e r t\vo centuries of u se. For som e reason, the original curtain wall was no t used as d1e N \\'all of thi s building hut \\·as

PER IOD 5: UPGRAD ING THE PALACE ( I 5th - 16th century) •

illu s 50 The north range, viewed from the west, prior to exca vation .

illu s 5 1 The north range, viewed from the west, following reinstatement of the basement floor leve l. The well can be seen at the east end of the huilding, and the watergate passage is in the foreground , hetween the north and north-west ranges.

69

-11

•

SI'Yl\: I E PALACE A '\ID T I-ll' B ISII< l i 'S uth

Altho ugh the changes made to the E gable and dais cha mber e1·idently pos t-d a te the initial phase of bui lding of the N range , its style of co nstru ctio n m ay

~~~

+

SI' Y:-.: 11 ·. 1'.-\ 1..-\CI ·.. \:-.:!)T i l l ·. ll i SI IO I'S 0 1' .\ I O R..\Y •

Til E RL SL' I.TS ll l ' T i ll:

he compmT d in ge neral te rm s 1\·ith th at o f D a,·id 's tll\Ye r. T hi s suggests th at these m oditica ti o ns an: unlikel y to Jatl: much later than the comple ti o n of Da ,·id 's to wer, and ce rtainly no la te r th a n th e tim e of Bishop Patri c k H epburn in th e mid l l'i rh ccntun·. THE NORTH C U RTAIN WALL-HEAD T he easte rn stretc h o f the N curtain wall wa s l .Sl2.0 m " ·ide with a 0.5 m -wid e rai sed seating for th e rou r on its inner face. On its outer fa ce th ere \\as a parapet wall \\·hi ch has nm\· complctcl y gone, exce pt fo r the tu skin g at its E end whe re it m et th e Ph ase SA

~::>.: C .-\ \ ' .-\ TIO:-.: s

ga ble ,,·all. Th l: \\·all -walk had co mpri sed altern a te saddle and tro ugh tlagsto nes, \\·hi ch e\·identl y shl:d rainwa ter over the N side of the wall throu gh openings in the parapet. Onl y o ne saddl e and one tro ugh stone sun·i,·ed in si1 11 , althou gh th eir pattern was clea rly recognizable in the surface of th e exposed wall core. As part of the recent con solidati o n , tl1 e \\·all-\\·a!k has been re stored in o rdn to protect thl: \\·all itself from raim,·ater seep ing into its co re . This arrangem ent co ntrasts vvirh that in tl1 e wes tern part of th e N curtain (built in Pha se -1), \\·here a single weeper carried raim,·ate r a\\·ay midway al ong that stretch (see above) .

3 .6.7 THE WATERGATE AND ITS PASSAGE Altho ug h tlH~ exta nt \Ya terga te is contemp orary with the N ran ge, th ere ma y ha\-c been a doorwa y so m e\Y h ere in tl1 e curtain \\·all long befo re tl1at . The Peri od 5 \\'atergate \\·as set into an arched o pening; thi s was partiall y filled in at a latn date hut its o utline can still be traced. Its jambs a nd arch \\·ere rem o Yed \\·hen tl1e npe ning \\'as reduced and its original dimen sions can onl y he estimated as 2m high and ! . ~ m \\·ide.

gate (see bel ow) . T his drain is th ou g ht to ha Ye been a co ntinu a tion of tl1 e mural drain within the S wall of th e north range passage. On th e evidence of a fe\\· cap sto nes still in siTu at its N end , th e drain had pro babl y bee n cm ·e rcd al o ng its entire length .

In serting the watergate passage meant removing la rge quantiti es of P eri od 4 leYelling materials which . in turn. necessitated drastic changes \\·ithin th e E chambe r of th e NW range (s ee bel o \\· 3 .6. 8) . The P eri od S pa ssage was about 3 .0 m wid e, narrowing to 1.Rm \\·ithin th e thickness of the curtain \\·all (illu s 63 ) . In o rder to pro,·id e access bet\\·ee n the N W range and the hall, th e p assage mu st have bel:n joisted on:r. fo r tl1e1T \\·as insufficient height fo r a " th e N \X' toi\Tr in 199-1. Its bowl m easured 1.8 m in diame ter a nd its flue 0. SJm 11·ide, the latter exte ndin g eastward s beyond the edge of the tren ch. Only o ne co urse of the kiln \Yal l sun·i,·ed , built of clay-bonded rubb le, 0.6-0.Rm ,,·ide. Q,·er its fl oor nf rough fla gstones, m os t of \Y h ich were missing , 11·ere sprea ds of charcoal, ash and burnt clay contain ing nu m ero us 1·ery sm all fragments an d flecks of bronze. These could be an indi ca tion of meta lll·orking, altl1ough the la ck of any supportin g e1·id ence co uld indicate tl1at the y we re the remains o f a stra\· llhject ,,·hi ch had disintegrated \\·ithin the kiln. Betwee n Kiln -1 and the N curtain wall \\TIT a few crude flag stone s \\·hi eh ex tended as far as the Period -1 paYing outsid e th e W latrin e tm\-cr, alm o ugh th e

t11·o featu res \\Tre clearly no t Crary . 0\-cr the earlier pa1·ing were th e remnants of another kiln ( Kiln 5) , the cY id ence o f 11·hi ch co mpri sed a fc,,· fragments of its wa ll a nd a rin g o f sc>ot n n th e und e rl Ying flag stones, defining th e inside face of th e bmd where rhe heat had been inten se but tl1e oxygen supp ly low. Fro m these scanty remain s, ir is calculated that Ki ln 5 had an intern al diameter of 1. ~ m . Afte r the co nstru cti o n of Kiln 5, th e \X' latrin e tower wou ld ha1·e been in accessible from tl1is lc\TI. Th ere was e\·en less informatio n about Kiln 6, \\·hi ch sun·i\'ed as an area of burnt cla y in tl1e angle res ulting from tl1c partial d emoliti o n of \\·all F 133-1 . Nearby wa s a spread of iro n fragments, perhaps an indi cati on uf tl1i s kiln 's fun cti o n , alth ough the c\·iden ce \\·as far from d efinite. The only otl1e r featu res to be exposed withi n th is area were a sha1l o\\· cun·ilinear pit ( 1'trc han dle rn · V l lLL I/ IAD6 ]; [P6R ]/ThX IllU Ch

edge

d a111r c·arl\' 20th-ccnrun· c·ac·he in \\' GEORGE Ill. cnp per ha lfpenny ( 177 0 -'i ) g surfaces much currnJcJ~ possibly an t'\'as inn iss ue 19th- nr earl\· 20 th- cenwn· cac he in 1\'atergate pas>agc

51l 13ELG IL' ,\ \ : I .J' O P0 1,I) If . c" I'PL'r 2 cemi ml'' ( I XX6 ) . (YCf ft1ur ri ngs in ce ntre. within 4-arc tress ure; fl owe rs •m cu sps; V betwee n nn1 6-peta ll ed rose ttes in eac h spandrel 26 5 X 26.0 mm. -l.-2 g n~n· slig hll y buckled and tb ucn.:d: m clentte 1n:;u· as 1\ l itc hiner ( 1'!K X) , tlll 660 IYhich is de scribed as l"ll'i ng a fi LLiti t> us ob1·c rsc· lege nd. allhc>ugh the photog raph sugge sts o th c n,·isc 8 tllw: + AVa mARIA GR ASIA PlanA: LTliW n with th ree annull'ts and ti1·c pell ets across bodY re1·: sh.wt double-s tranded arcua te cn>ss fleurett1·: around . 000 OV 0 0 0 _O VO VO _ V : stu ps arc· 6- pera lled mscnes 2- .:i x 2- .o mm. 6.80 g, die axis 1.11 11·ith this re1·crse readin g u bYnsc fa irl Y 11·o rn ; reve rse appea rs m o re worn hut has parallel mark s suggesti1·c o f rubb ing ~ e,·e r s es of this tq 1e, 11·ith arcuate cmss and no inn er circle, are illu strated b y 1\ \ itc hin er ( 1988), nos .53 -l- 5 w hi c h he lists as proba bl e products o f th e Pa ri s mint, c 1-11 8-37, b ut th e blundered a ucmpt at a re1·crse legend suggest> that thi s is a la ter T ou rn ai

h>u r lis ill /icld type :-,; os 12 and 13 belong tu a g n >up tl f T"urnai ie tcHJ> attrib uted hv 1\ li td1i nn ( 19KX ) tn the reig n (> f C harles V II ( 1-l n-6 1) pr sh t> rtl v after . 12 nlw : 0 1\Va ml'\ Ril\ 0 GRl'\011\: tirs t rusc ttc' is in the fn rm nf a - -po in ted mull et; the seco nd is indistinct but 1111 >re llo11-cr-s hapcd and 11·ith a c·entral p e llet: f(>Ur fleurs- d e- lis and li1·e :. mull rose ttes in tield re,·· single- strand ed arcu arc cross llcurclly ,,·irh ce ntral n'scuc; t11·u 1\s a n d tin> Vs in alternate angle" all 11·ithin -1-arc tressu re. w ith roselle bctll·c·e n t11·o 1odl cts in each spandrel 2- .n mm, -l .-19 g slight to m odcnn c ,,·ca r cf ,\ l itchin er ( 1':JXX ) . n u 638 13 t1b1·: 0 1\/\a 7'\Ril\ " GRJ\0 11\ : tirst stop is picrcc·d ci nqu cfnil: legend co mm ences at 2.0: ft>Ur li s in fie-ld rc·1·: si ngl e -strand ed areuate crnss tkurcttl, 11ith pie t·ced cin qu c fu iJ in ce ntre ll·ithin -1-arc treS> ure: tWO Vs and f\\"ll m s un ;llternarc c u sps: pierc ed c inquefn il hem-cen twu pellets in each spandrel 1=' - ~ x ~6.5 mn1. 3.85 g 1·.:n· ru ugh 1\.,, rkman ship: fa irl y wo rn as [\ l itchincr ( 1988 ), rw n39. wh ich he d esnibes as havin g fictitio u s o b1·e rse in scripti n n (11·hcrca s 'b lund e red· 11·t> uld be nwrc acc urate ) . Th e ulwe rsc is ,·c ry possi blY frc> m th e same d ie . hut the re1·ersc is differe n t. The leucr, V m sta nd for \ .IR GO .\ 1:\TI-:K

Shield of Fru11cr: 111odem rype

All these jctons (no s 1rn c-f .\ l itchiner I I '!KX ) . nus 65 1-662. hut single cruss rcl·t-rsc is unu sua l by the 15 th ce n tury 1\Va ml\XVRma la iiSTRITRI cresce nt: cro11·n with s p r e~ J eagle bct\\·cc n f\ \ "O li s 1'11 bL)d y rc 1.. triple-stranded cro ss lkurettY in tress ure o f fo ur arc s and ft>Ur angle s: 1\ in ea ch angle n f cross: pairs , ,f Vs flan kin g eac h angle of trc ssu re 28.0 mm. 2. -12 g 1·en· slig ht!\· buckled : slight flattening in lege nd: muderate 11·c·ar cf ,\ \ itc hin er ( 1988 ), nns 6~ l-6n2. espec·iai!Y 65 -l ft> r re1·erse tqoe: n o exact parallel s are li stc·d , hc111·eyer, and eagle un cru11·n is ,·e r,unu sual r( J/1/"

lis l/1 a /o:::;enge lvpc

11 o h1·: + VIVE! 0 lE! 0 ROI 0 VIVa 0 lE! 0 ROI 0; sro p s a re pierced cinqu eft> il s: four li s 11·ithi n a loze nge. wi thin a -1-a rc trc ss urc: triangle uf thr ee pell ets in each spandrd re ,·: + GE!TTaS 0 SaVRamaHT 0 GaTTaS: stops are p ierced cinqu cfo il s; sho rt triple-stranded cruss fl e urc ttY, 11·ith li s and CrLnn 1s in altern ate angl es 27.0 mm , 2.3 5 g, die ax is 1.:'\ mt>de rate 11·ca r. 11·ith slight flat tening in places o bverse similar to Mitchin e r ( 19R8 ), n os 588 and 595, which he d escribes as rm·al jetons o f the Paris mint, da ting fro m 146 1- 97.

1-l ,,h,· + AVa mARIA : GRAG IA : PLan ·: shi e ld hearing th r,·,· li s; sin gle p e lle t above and lL> eac h s ide re1 .. triple- stnmd ed cross ll curertY in -1 -a rc trcssu re: 1\ (>n each CUS I'' cross hct11·cen tii"L> pell ets in eac h sp andrcl 2.6.5 :\. 11.5 111111 , :' . 18 g InndL·rarc \Year

as ,\\itch in cr ( 1988 ) . nt > 6 7 1. the ub1·erse fmm t he same die . (.\ l itchincr d nes ll l n ute the a postr o ph e at the end uf tl1 c k gc nd .) 15 nb1·: X AVa mARIA o GR A G IA o; shi eld bearing three li s; no ex ternal orname nts re1·: tripl e -stranded cro ss lkurettY in -1 -arc tress ure: Vs, tl ankcd h1· pellets, an d ms o n alternate cu sp s: annulct bc r11·ee n m·" pellet> in each spandrel 27 .5 x 27 .0 mm, 2.2 0 g ge n erally sli ght wear ,,b,·ersc· type as ,\ l irchiner ( I Y88) , n u 68.5: rc1·e rse as ,\ l itchin er ( 198S ), n os 6X 3 -6X 7a, bu t ,·arianr 11·ith · V · is nu t listed 16 o lw: X 7'\Va ml\Ril\ o GRJ\017'\ ; shield bearing three li s; annukt betlwe n f11·o p ell ets abm·e: three p ell ets o n eith er sid e re1·: triple-stra nd ed cru ss lk u retty within -1 - arc tre ss ure: Vs a nd ms o n alternate cus ps; an nul et betll·een t1n1 p ell ets in each spa n drcl 2X ll mm , 3.95 g sligh t to m o d erate 11·ear n ·p e as Mitchin er ( 19S8 ) . n os 68 7-68 7a 17 o h1·: X 1\Va ml\Ril\ : GRJ\017'\ o; shield beari ng three li s: annul er bem-cen two pellets ab01·e; three pell ets o n eith er sid e rc1·: triple-stra nd ed cross tlcuretty in -1-arc tre ssure: Vs a nd ffis c> n alternate cu sp s; annu let be tween t1n1 pell ets in eac h spandrc l

CO INS.

J ETO~S

.\)\;!)OTH ER

~ t;.\ \I SJ\ 1 :\T I C r\

•

Ill

32

34

illu s sJewn s, rw s

~5-33

and cllin fragment (3-f ) . Rc·trin ·cd from the fnundation trc·nch "f I ) a,·id' s W11·cr .

27.5 x 2X. O mm , 2. 13 g genera ll 1· slig h t 11-car tYre as ,\ \i tchiner ( 1988 ) , 68 7-6 8 7a

18 o hY: un certain initi al mark AVa mARIA fo u r annuk ts in lozenge form ati o n GRAOIA; shi eld bea rin g three lis; annulc t

bet\\'een un certa in sy mblll s abu1·e; three annukts lln either side rCI·: tri ple-st randed cross tkuren1· in -+-a rc tress ure; Vs and nn adjacent cu sp s; a nnulet betll'ccn t11·o p ell ets in eac h spandrel 18.5 x 28.0 mm . .f.l () g both sid es r u bbed and sc rate hc·d; probabl1· m c1d cratc 11·ear

ms

11 2

•

S I'Y:\11:1'.-\I..-\Uo .-\:\JlT I Ji o lli SHOI'SU I.-.\\IlR:\Y • Tlll:l ·l:\llS

I 9 .,[w : T\V 6 oo mT\NIA o Q6Q I ("r T) N cJgL', bearing three li s; hcaJcJ inner circle n. .-· ,·:

tr i pk -~ tnl!H.kd e n,..., ~

LTl )\\" ll S

flcurcny in -1- -arc

ooo;

shil'id ll'ith bL·aded

trc ~~ LlrL· ;

li :-. un

cu~p~:

in SJ1::t!ldrL'i s

~9. 5 X

.2'!.0 111111, 2.90 g slight lt) nl~'Jcr:.H c \\·car

20 "b,·: +OnVnVDTnVDnVT\TDnTVT: shie ld 11·irh headed edge. hearing th ree li s: headed inner c irck rL'I" triple- stranded cn" s lkurell1· in -1-arc tress ure: lis ,, n cusps: c nn\·n bcnn:-c n t\n l pe llets in L'ac h "P. 5 x 29 mm . J.2-l g sli ght tn n1ndcrl11·: fr o n cu sps: A V 6 m. eac h h cn1·ec n t11·o annukts ur msene s, in spa n drels 21.'1 mm ; 2.37 g pierced~

much damage tu edge; \'l'ry \\"t)rn

2-+ ub1·: + AV6 · DOminA · AHG6LORV : shield bearing three lis: trefoi l hem-een r11·o a nnul ers abm-c and on eith er sid e rei·: triple -stranded cross tleureuy in -1-a rc tress ure: Vs and ms on CJ (te rn ate cus p s: trefoil hem·een m·n pellets in eac h spandre l .28 .5 mm , 5.27 g -:;nn1c rubbing and ~~.TJ.tc h \ng: nl\)d!.2ratc wear ~" o \w: < T\V6 >< mT\11117\ >>< I I vm >: Stnps are crescents. the !irst. third and sixth to right. the L'thcr s to kft: shield 11·ith beaded edge, hcCJ rin g three li s; hea d ed inner circle rc1·: triple-stranded noss tleuretty in -+-a rc tres sure ; Gs o n c usp s; lozenge bet\\'een two horiz ontal crescents in eac h sp,md rel 29 .0 mm, 2 .01 g ra ther poor ll'nrkman ship: prnbahfl· nly slight \\'eCJr

26 tlhl·: GRI6L6 o QORNV6L >< · ." '< ·: pair of cre sce nts hack to ba ck ben1·een each pair of pell ets a t end: shi eld ll' ith beaded edge, heCJrin g th ree li s: t\I'O co ncen tri c h eaded inn e r ci rcles re1·: trip le-stra nd ed cros s fleurcrry in -1-a rc tressurc; li s o n cusps; I he ill'een t\\'0 pe ll ets in each sp andrel .27.5 x 27.0 mm, 3. 80 g slig ht tlanen in g : generally slight \\TCJ r Th e obYerse legend of this piece is sume11·hat obscu re , and the foll oll'ing tll'< l poss ible interpretati ll n S ha1·e been suggested hy Lab rot ( 1996): I G R ELE C:OR NU E , meaning a thin baton or staff: 2 GRIE (S) L E CO RNU (I) EL (LE) , meanin g the soun d of music produced by a sm a ll horn . Th e falt er seem s m o re pn lhCJ hl c . fi rsrfl· because it in 1'L1i1·cs the shortening of th e II'Ord s b1· fem·in g o ut so me lener s, as frequently occ urs on jeton s hecau se of lack of space, wherea s the fi rst interpre tati on 1\'0u!d im ·o fve the in se rtion of extra lene rs. Also, a referen ce to mu sic wou ld t1r ll'c ll into th e co ntext of legend s on jeton s o f T ourna i which frcq uentlv allude to th e enjoyable side "f life.

,il VVTS li '' ' h icld 11·irh J'llintcd ba se u n 11·hich arc thrcL· Vs abtn·c th ree Ji, : V ppcr halfpe nny rnkcn n f S HERf! OR:---JL DORSET ( 1793 ) ( Daltun & I lamer 19 10- I 7, no 7; l:lcll 1963, 3 1-2, 11 0 3, issued lw J\ l css rs J>rcrnr, Pc\\" and \\ 'hitlw, bankers ) 10.--12 g 19th- ur earll- 20th-cel1run· cac he in \\·:nngatc passage

T OY CO I\:S :\N I ) P r\Rt\NU :\ \I S ,\1.-\TI CA

All of these objects were rctric\'cd fro m d1e 19th - o r early 20 th-century cac he in d1 e \\·a te rgatc passage. 1 \ 'icturian eupp,..- mudd ha/f ~ farthi11 g ( I X..JX ). by ]< >Seph ,\l t'llre uf Hirmingham ( Roge r' I '1'!0, ..J I, nl' 2..JU) 13.5 mm , 1. 1'1 g, die ax is 5 .5 n1oJcrarc \YL'ar

1 Coprcr all m· toy coin. hY S .G. 0 11i tli1S uf Birm ing ham ( c 1X--1 .1 ) (Rugc rs 199(1. 52. 11 35 '1 )

_" \Coppe r all u\" meda ll iIll thi ck, l'" intc·d >tr ip 1\"ith the bn 1tahandP nJn en t Jq..,~'sit in \:\\ 'range. :! l'an

n1i~sing.

J Simple D-framcd buckle 1\·ith rbt c and pin . l:ranK mad e fnH11 >h aped " "IJ' llf thick \\·ire: pin 111aek fwm curkd strip Llf \\"ire. "!'h ere :.. n T l\\'(' parallel engr:..I\'L'd line s acn,ss the widt h 1\f rhc pLnc. near its tllp . T he I• late 1\·a, held lw \\\"() ri< e'l' at the bc1ttP mm. "'·c ra ll length I ~ :' mm. r\ ssllcia red ,,·ith tl';..;rik f ra gn1cr1h 1lf unkn1n,·n fibre ... . ' ]'t) p:;.,t 1il in S rang e.:·. :-> I:L11. htll thi ck ;Jnd h e;t\·\·. ''hic' et \\·ith rai >e d lump s (I ll the· su rfal·c·. P uss ibh· pan u r a c· csscl~ I.eng rh ' !mm. width .i lm111. 1hickn css -111111 . ' l 't'l p nlpkrc 11·irh fi ni shed free end. Lt· ngth 33mm. \\'id th ~ 111111 . · r ~' J"" "-t) i\ tlllt~idl' thl' \: rangl'.

22 ! .ace rag. Ct, mplctc 11·ith lin ishcd rrce entl. Len gth I 1-\mm. \\" idth .:?m m . P n,hahlc Peri od ~ le,·cl in S li c ld . 23 ! .ace tag . llw kcn at free en d . l .e ngrh .:?:? mm. 11·idtl1 :?mm . ,\ \,,dcrn dep, lS it in S range . !\:ut il! u , tratcd . 2-1 ! .ace rag. C"mpkrc 11·irh pu" ibk traces ur ri\"et at tt'P end. l .e ngth 3l lmm. 11·idll1 .2mm. Pn ,ha hk P eri ,,d ~ ic\·ct in S field. ~:'

l.~h.'\.:

w~ .

ahandPnnlcnr

C\\ lllpl~te. dcr'~t ) ..,it

Ill

l...:ng th 25n\n1. \\'idth S-\\\..::-. t

corner

2rtl iT\.

uf courtya rd.

P(l~ t­ :'\ ~,l t

il lustratt·d .

c, •m plctc 11 ith lini sh,·d free end and fa cered at its 11·idt· end. l .e ngth 211mm. 11·idth :?mm. P robable pust;lha nd t)nmcnt dL'J"t'"it inS \\ . n1rlltT 1.1 f ~..:tlUrtyarJ.

PINS For the sake o r COil\'C ni ence , tWll \\' hi re me tal pin s are included in th is section. One (no 41 ) is poss ibl y of sih·er but has exactl y the same form as Lhc copperall oy examp les; the o th er (nn 6 7) is a m ode rn ni c kel-plated steel pin . A ll the p in s arc sm all and non -ornamental. Alm ost all IJos t-a band onment deposit in N\\' range . N ot illu strated .

36 ! .ace rag . llrn kcn at frt·e cm!. Length 1Omm. 11·idth :? mm. Pos t-abandonmenL deposit in \X' mngc. ~ o t illu strated .

37 Lace tag. Comp lete. l .c ngrh 28 mm. 11·idtl1 2mm. Poss ible Peri .-,d 11 tkp,,sit 1n S\X ' corn er of co urtyard.

Cnfornmately ,·e ry fe"· tl r the Spn1i c pin s " ·ere 1-ccm-crcd fro m p re-aband o nme nt de pos its. The earli est ]e,·els rrum " ·hich pin s (both stampe d and so ld ered ) \\'ere retrie,·ed dated to the 1fi th ce ntury. Th ose \\·ith stamped heads tended to be shorte r (19 - 30 + mm ) than th ose \\ ith so ld ered head s (29 -4 2mm ) , \\·hi ch ,,·as also tru e a t Namp to n 11·herc o nl y 8'X) of 15th-ce ntury pin s were unde r 30 mm \\·hereas 73% of 16th- and 17th -century pins were so sized. At Spyni e. m ost of d1 e pins \\ 'C IT JTU JI'l'rcd from the S\X' corner ol' the courtya rd a nd nea rlw . 38 Pin. Cu mplctc ~ ll"ith soldered co iled 11·ir e head . l .c ngth 2lJ mm , ll"idrh llf head 2mm . T i n . Cllmplcrc. ll'ith ' '' ld c rt'd cu ikd ll"irt' ht·ad . l .cngth -1 2mm . ll"idth of ht·ad :?.5 mm . l't>S t-ahand onmcnt lt'l·c l in \!\X ' ran gt'. -1 I Pi n . Pu ssibl y sih·er t>r sih'L'r/tin platt'd . Compkrc. ll"irh ' ''ltkrcd coiled wire hea d. Sill'c r co lo ured a! l tll'c r. lx ngtl1 3 1mm , ll"idth o f hea d 1.5 mm . l'erit'd 6 depos it in S\\1 co rner o f cllu rtyard . -1 2 !'in shaft. Thin shart flatten ed a t top. hea d mi ssin g . I .c ngrh 2X mm. Pos r-aha nd f Ct>U rl l'ard . -1 3 Pin . C ompkrc . 11·irh stampe d Csit in S\\ ' co rn er of courtyard. .+ 5 Pin shaft. Broken at poin t. L cngll1 2 1mm. Posr-aha nthllllll l' nt dep osit inS\\' CLl rncr of co un,·ard . l\: ot illu sLratt• tl.

SJ\\ r\ 1.1. FI\:DS O F ,\ \ ETr\L STO\:E :\\:D HO\:E

-16 l'in s ha ft. Len gth l llm m . l'c>st-abanch>n menr deposit in S \X ' cnrner ,,f Url\"ard . ' '' t illu stral cd . -1- l'in . Cu mplcte ll'ith large stam ped cu ikd 11·ire hea d . l.ength 2:l mm, 11·idth t>f head 2.5 mm . l't1 St-ahando n ment deposit in S\\ ' CtH·ncr

\) f

l·o urr~· ard.

50 Pin sh aft. l .e ngth 12mm . Pust-aba ndnnmcnt deposit in S\'i ' curner of cu urt\·ard. \lot ill u strated . 5 1 l'i n . Cu mplctc 11·ith so ldered coiled 11·irc· head . Len gth -l2mm , 11·idth o f head 2.5 mm . ,\ ludern lc\·d in S\\ ' corner f co urtYa rd .

52 Pin. Complete 11·ith stamped .:oiled \\'ire head . Len gth 29 mm , 1\'idth of h ead I mm . Post-aba nd onme nt d epos it in SW .:o rner of co urtyard . 53 Pi n . Com plete 11·ith thick shaft an d stamped coiled 11·ire head. l .cn gth 2-lmm. 11·idth of head 1.5 mm . l'os t-ahand nn mcnt dep,>sit in S \\ ' corne r nf ikd 11·irc· hea d . l .c ngth 30 mm. \\'idth of heaJ 1mm . l' os t-aba nd o nm cnr deposit in S\\ ' co rner o f courtYa rd. Not ill u strated . 55 l'in . l:lroken at p oint. stamped coiled 11·ire head . Len gth 23mm, 11·iJth of head 1mm . Post-aband onment Jcposit in S\X' curner of courrYa rJ . Nnt illustrated. :i6 l' in . C o mplete \\'ith stamped co ikd 11·ire head. l .e ngth 1Ymm. 11·idth of h ead 1111111 . l'o st-aba ndon111 em Jcpusit in S\X' co rne r of court,·ard . :i - Pin . Bro ken at point. 11·ith sta mped coiled \\'ire head and remain s of ' sih-cr plating. l .cngth 23 mm, 1\'idth of head 1111111 . Post-abandonment J epusit in S \\ ' co rn er of counya rJ. \:u t illu strated . 5~

l' in . Hr 11ken ar point and bent, ll'ith stamped '-'''ikd 11·ire h ead . l .e ngth 20111 m . 11·idth ,, f head \mm . i' os r-ahandonment deposit in S\\ ' en mer ,,f cf head I mm . 1'l' head I mm . .\ \oJern material in S\\' c·urner of cckrn m a terial in S\\' Jern material in S \\ ' curn e r ,, f Clckred c·o ilcd \\'ire head. I .cngth .l-lm m , 1\'id th of head l.:imm. i'ost-ahanJon ment tkpt>Sit in Strucn•re -1. illu s trated .

'"!

65 Pin. Co mplete 11·ith stamped co il e d \\'ire heaJ . Length 19mm , 1\'idth o f hca J I mm. 1\ l oJ ern d epos it in :\\\' ran ge . \:ot ill u strated .

11 -

66 Pin . Com plete 11·ith stamped cui lcd 11·ir c head . l .ength 25mm. \\'iJth of head l .:' mm . \\ 'a sre ass,>eiated 11·ith a l'n iud 6 kil n in -:\\\' range . :--: nt ill u stra teJ . n 7 'i.:kcl p latc·J steel pin . Small 11·hite metal pin \\'ith "'lid bict>nica l hea d . ,\ \nd ern . l .eng lh .l-lmm , "'idth of hea d :? mm . .\ \ndern dep.>S it inS\\ ' n• rn cT ,,f Clltll't\'ard .

-lX l'i n. Cumplctc \\'ith stamped cn ikd 11·in: hea d . l .e ngth 2 1mm. 11·idth of h ead 1mm. Pt>>t-abandc>nmcnt dq1usit in S\\ ' rner nf co urtYard . "Jot ill u strated . -19 Pin . Co mpl ete 11·ith stamped ct>i kd 11·ire head . l .ength 2-lmm , 1\'idth uf head 1mm. Po st-aba nd onm ent deposit in S \\' cn rner nf courtyard . Nnt illu strate d .

+

VESSELS & SHEET COPPER Bro nze Yessd s began to rep lace ceram ic ones d uri ng the 13th centu ry. By the 14th century metal was the mo re common m aterial. Fragments nos 68-70 all bear the typ ical out-turn ed shape of rim sherds from cauldrons and ski ll ets although all appear to be from d ifferent ,·esscls . ' l\n> sheet rim she rds (nos 7 -~ ami 74) arc probably from the sam e shall m,· d ish . One example of a stri p riYet (no 12) , " ·h ich \\"Cre co mm onl y used for repa in ng vessels. was also reco,·ered. T he re m ain der comprises mi scellaneous p ieces of sheet, poss ibly from ,·essels. None can he accurately da ted altho ugh they all appear to be of late med ie,·al or post-medie,·al dates. The ea rl iest context fro m \\'hich one of these objects (no 75 ) \\'as retrieved probably pre -dates Period 5 b ut m ay be considerably earli er. The ma jority of these obj ects we re rccm-cred fro m the N side of the palace. 6X C:ast ,·esse! rim . Shall o" · angled. hcaJcJ rim , prubabh · frlHn a larg e skillet or cau ldron. L ength 79rn m , \\'idth 39m m . thi ckness 2-3 mm . rim diam 2-10111111. Pnst-ahanJonment deposit in \:\\' range .

69 Cast \Tssd rim ..As 6 7 hu1 bent t llll of sh;Jp e. l .ength X6mm. \\'idth 25rn m. thickness 1.:'\-2 mm . Pruhah le Peric>d 5 deposit in :-:\X' range.

-o Ca st ,·esse! rim. As m> 6- but rd 5 d eposit in ' " ' r;tn g..:. , 1 Small pic·c·c ,,f plate 11·irh •>ne q ra i.l:hl ..:d ge. Length 29mm. \\' idth l n mm ..\h>d ern J ep usit in' range . 72 l .arg c shee r. fo iJed m ·er a t un e >idc . l .c ngth 7Xm m . 11·idth 7 1mm, thickness 0 .5m m . ,\ \ oJern dcp< >S it inS range. -3 Large sheet 11·ith n1u nd ed eJ gc and se\·cnll ri ,·et ht1lcs. l' oss ih l\· the rim from a dish. Len gth 9-lmm , " ·idth 3Xm m. thickn ess 1mm. Post-abando nm e nt deposit in "J\\' range. , -1 S hee t 11·irh rou nd ed eJge and ri1·ct ht>lc s. l'r•>ba hl \' parr f rhe hjcc'l as lW -2 . Le ngth X6mm. \Yidth .\limm . th ic·knc·>s

s ~me

lrnn1. P n~ t - ahand, ) llillL' llt dq""~ l'~ it in :\'\\ " n u1_gL'. - ~ C a s t ,·cssd h,)Jy sherd . '!'hid..:. L·un·L'd pi L'C L' ,,·ith to,, ]ing n1 ark ~ acrc>ss surfac e·. Len gth :'I mm. 11·iJth :l:' mm. thic·kncss 2mm . l'erind :; r pmhahh· earl ier dq>c>sit in S \\ ' Crn cr ,,f s -+0--+2. -+-+. -+-, 5! - 53. 56. :iX. 62. 6 --XO: kad ubj~cts . nu> 86- 8-. Scale 2:3.

87

SM AI.L FINDS OF 1\WrAI. . STONE AND BONE

+

11 '1

79 S mall , trian gular pi ece nf sh.:ct m eta l. L(Uite neat\\· cut. Length 2o mm . \\"idth l.fmm . p ,,st- ahan dn nmc nt d.:posit in ~ range .

X2 Shect fragm e nt. Length \I mm . \\'idth .fmm . .\l udcrn dqopsit in S ran ge. :--:ot illu stra ted.

Xll Shee t, hent alon g long axi s. l'ussibl\· pan o f a ,·esse\. L ength oOm m. width 30 mm . th ic kn ess I mm. Prohahk Peri od 5 ckposit in N\'1;' range.

In addition, seve ral unid entified fragme nts were recovered, m ostly from modern contexts. These arc not described nor illu strated here .

X1 Shcet fragmcke Lcd ra ther than ran ged . Triangular-blad cd arrml'i1 caJ s arc co mm,, n bcm ·cc n the I! th and 1-Ith centuri es. Th ey Lend Lo ha1·e a diamo nd sec tio n. rath er th an a central spin e. alth o ug h spin es arc fo und o n contempora rY, ba rbed arro11·head s Uesso p 199 '. 3 ) . IL is similar to an atToll·hca d from D yscrrh Ca stl e. Flint 11·hi ch 11·as occupi ed 12-11 -6 3 (LMMC , 69: 13 ) and to on e frum U rquhan Castle, occup ied 13 tl1-1 7t h centuri es (Samson 198 2, -168: 17). On balance, it is like ly to date from Lhe 13Lh or 1-hh cenlurie s. Length -IYmm , ll'idth 23 mm . l>c riod 5 or earli er in S\XI co rne r o f courtvard. 9 7 j e11·'s harp . 1\\ a dc fro m a squ are-secti one d rod 11·it11 a Oa t ton gue. The tip is miss ing and the buLL end is triangul ar. j c11·s harp s app ea red in l' u rn pc b y th e late 1-Ith ce nru n · and 11·e re sLill

S1\IALL 1'1:--.JDS OF ,\ \ ET/\1.. STON E

c~ntury 11·ith n~ ry link change in furm. ,\ I< N and s tratifi~d ~xampk s date herwee· n rhc I 5th and 17th een turi e·s (Ypey 19 7o. 2o9). Other S piece s. P\lss ihll· pan f hurse gear. I liam -IOmm, thickness I Omm . Poss ible fl oo r surface in Peri od 5 S tru cture 3. Nor illu strated. I 0 I Length nf iro n forked and cun· in~; at one end. Le ngth Ill mm . 11·idth 35 mm. PniJ -1 k1·cllin g d epu sit bde> 11· ;-..:\\' ran ge. Not ill ust rated. I 02 Blade ) Strip . possibly with 11·edge -shaped section. l .cngth -1 2mm. 11"idth 12mm. Peri od 6 or p osr-ahand o nmem depos it in ;-.: \X ' range. :-.:ut illu strated . I 03 1-iuok. Thin metal strip , d 6 ll' k . It ha s fn ur nail s. two ~>n e·ac h side. still in place. T he amuunt nf minerali se d wuud o n the hack o f thi ' art of lock mechani sm ? l .a rge bar c1nce· attached to Wu ld he part ne. l.argc ' " ·a! hed 6 ''all. 1.12 Can n un ball . Sd 5 S\\" tm,·e r. 133 Can n .mhall. Sand swne . Diam etc1· n2- 74m m . 17 th-centun· or pus t-a band nm ent ckp m it inS\\ ' co rner u f court\·ard . 13 4 Ca nnonball. Sand stn \ \ T IT rec m-cred from the topso il on Lhe S side of th e

palace encl osure. !3oth are of 19th-cc mury date and neither is illu strated .

4 .2. 7 OBJECTS NOT RETRIEVED FROM THE EXCAVATIONS I OH ,-\~'-.;ES

Stray find s depos ited in Elgin Mu se um includ e th e followin g:

l.ead papal >cal depic ting St Peter and Sr l'aul: XX II on oh,·erse; 1J 16- 34 .

Bronze seal of \\'illi am de Rus and dated t perhaps 12 2 7 (accc>S itlll number I ':! 7~ . I ) .

Stray find s deposited in the National Museum s of Scotland, Edinburgh in clud e:

I .c ad papal >ea! d e piuing Sr Peter and S t P au l: ,\ lanin u s I' I' Ill I un n tn· e r s c~ 118 1- X~ .

H alf-com pklc lead bu lla o f !'ope (aeLTssiun number H . NJ\ \ 262 ) .

Eu~cniu s

1\'

PP

( 1431 -4' )

.\IEDIEV :\L r\l" D POST -.\iEDiE\ '.-\L POTTER\'

+

12 5

4.3 PREHISTORIC POTTERY Helen Smith Eight sherd s of prehi storic pottery, six of them ve ry small , were recO\-c rcd from a sub-rectangula r pit just east of the SW curtain wall (see C hapter 3.2.3; illu s 10). Within the N side of the pit wa s a carefull y arranged , roughl y circul ar mo und of p eriwinkl es covered by oyste rs, to the imm edi ate west of which \\·a s th e pottery . DESCRIPTION Two con) ommg hody sherds ha\T pinkish brO\\·n surfaces and a dark gre y core. Th ey arc 12mm thick and their fabric is of medium to coarse clay with

ll ecks of mica and large (up to 7mm), angu la r rock inclu sions, mainly 4uartz . Some of the inclu sion s break the surface of the sherds. Th e sh erd s arc relati\·ely straight in profile. They are undccoratcd . DIS CUSSION These sherds appear to be from a large straight-sided wss cl , perhaps a simple bucket urn. Such sim p le form s are difficult to d ate and occurred betwee n the third a nd the late first millenni a BC. In the absence of corroborative eviden ce, it is sugge sted that this pottery m ay date to the Bronze Age.

4.4 MEDIEVAL AND POST-MEDIEVAL POTTERY Naomi Crowley The excavations produced a large assemblage (2,255 sherds ) of pottery. Many sherds are small alth ough seve ral complete and near-complete vessels were recovered or have hccn reconstructed . The majority of the assemblage is medieval , of \vhich 90 % is thou ght to have been m anufactured locally (fabrics 1, 2, 3 and 4 ); there arc also small er quantities of east coast white gritty ware (fabric 5), Scarborough ware (fabric 6), other Yorkshire wares (fabrics 7 and 8) and several continental imports (fabric s 9, 10 and 11 ). There is also a sm all quantity of post-m edieval and m odern \\·arcs. Th e class ifica ti on of fabric s is based on colour, hardness and th e type, frequency, size and so rting of mineral inclu sion s. Full details of all this material are contain ed within the site archive.

LOCAL WARES On the e\·idence of their min eralogy and their predominance on site, fabric s 1, 2, 3 and 4 arc thought to have been made locall y. The vessels co mpri se a typical range of mcdie\·al pottery, th e emph as is being on jugs a nd cooking pots alth ou gh other fo rm s such as a skillet, a cistern and urin als also occur. The style of d ecoration a nd th e forms (particularly a fa ce-mask ju g in fabric 4 and a lid in fabric 1) shm\· th e inlluencc of other indu stri es, particularly Scarhorough , on local potters. A range of similar oxidized fabrics occurs at other sites north-east of the T ay., such as Aberdeen, P erth and Elgin.

FABRIC 1 (illu s 93) Hard , sm oo th, red fabric with a very tin e texture ; oxidized or very occasionally partl y reduced. Contains moderate mica and occasio nal very fin e quartz . Several examples of strap handles and a bridge spout have chaff temper added. JU GS The m ost co mmo n form in fabric 1 is tl1 e jug. They vary in size from squat jugs to large, wide globular jugs, their rim diameters ranging from 60mm to 160mm. Most of tl1e basal fragments are simpl y knife-trimmed and very occas ionally thumbed ; m an y ha ve slightl y sagging bases hut two exa mpl es ha\·c turned foot-rings . Many of the bases have scars where the vessels were stacked in the kiln. The majority of fragments are glazed various shades of green although examples of yellow, brown and clear glaze also occur. The glaze CO\'er \·aric s from splashed or patchy to a more exten sive even cover fro m th e neck to th e ha sc. i\l os t ha\T a simpl e rim \\·ith a sm all pulled lip alth ough one ex ampk has a tubular sp out and an oth er a bridged spo ut. Strap handle s predominate although there a few exa mpl es of rod handle s. So me handl es ha\·e grom-cd or in cised lines along th eir length but m os t are undeco ratcd. A small p ercentage of the jugs are decorated around the neck and shoulder with small parallel cuts, inci sed lines or combed wavy lines,

l.:'h

+

SI'Y \:1 1·: 1':\1. :\ C F:\l'llT III o HI SI I lWS U I',\ \OR :\ Y • T ll l o l ' l ::-.:ll S

either horizo ntal or vertica l. A fe,,· sherds ha,·e a thin \\' hite slip under th e glaze. The quality of manufacture \·aries, and mam· of the sherd s arc quite thick. COOK IN G PO TS T hese te nd to be fairlY straight- sid ed and unglazed with sooting o n the exterior surfaces. Because of th e fragme ntarY nature of th ese sherds. no goo d profiles ca n he reconstructed.

LID A co mplete green-glazed lid . with a base d iameter of 70 mm and open at the rop. \\·a s retrie\-cd from the infill of Structure 2, a P e ri od 3 building. Lid s were produced at Scarboro ugh ,,·here they ar c tho ught to ha,·e been used on tubular-spouted jugs (Farmer 19 79, 42 ) hut are rare on Scottish sites. The SpYnie liJ is less o rnate than example s from Scarborough hut its size suggests that it was used on a jug.

JUC1S Ju gs arc the m ost co mm on form in thi s fabric ,,·ith rim diameters ,·aryin g from 70mm to 120mm \\'ith the same form s and glaze o n those in fabric 1. A small percentage of the sherds arc decorated, either \\·ith inc ised lines , a ro ukttcd cordo n. or a dark iron oxid e slip appl ied in strip s . COOKING POTS '!'here are o nl y a fc\\ fragments of cookin g pot in thi s fabric, m ost " ·ith snoring o n their externa l surfaces. One sherd ha s a rim diameter of 180mm and has a yelJ o,,· glaze. Alth ough class ified as a cooking pot, it may ha\T been used for food preparation or storage. U RINAL A small fragment from a similar urina l to that fabric I ,,·as recO\-cred from outside the S range.

111

f' AI3RIC 3 (illu s 9-t )

URINAL A near- complete urinal \Ya s recm-cred from a late occupation or post-abando nment depo sit again st the SW tower. It is a one-handled, glo bular , closed form " ·ith a round apert ure near the top, idea ll y sui ted for male use. Its top half is cm-cred in a yell owish-green glaze . This type o f urinal occurs from th e English Midlands to Scotland and is frequentl y, although not exclusively, found o n m onas tic sites (McCarth y & l3rooks 1988. 11 5) . Similar urinal s ha\-c been found in Aberdeen, Melrose Abbey and l3 oth\\·eJI Castle. CISTERN One fragment of a cistern ,,·ith g reen glaze ami a circu lar cuta \\·ay at its base for a bung ,,·as rcu·ic,·ed from topsoil in the S range.

Hard, coarse, grey fabric containing abundant quartz up to 0.5mm, sparse mica and \·ery occas ional red iron oxid e. T hi s fabric makes up a very small percentage of the local ,,·ares and is probably a reduced version of fabric 4. JUGS The o nly ,·cssels in fabric 3 are jugs with rim diameters o f 60-80 mm . ,\lo st of t11e fragment s are glazed gree n , dark green, yellow or brown. Several are decorated " ·ith a dark iron ox ide sli p applied in strips or \\'ith combed Iinc s. T h e handles arc grooved rod handle s. FABRIC-+ (illu s lJ-t )

SK ILLET A rim of a skillet \\'ith a rod handle and internal and external gree n glaze \\·as recoYc rcd from a m odern level in the W range.

Hard , coarse, red fabric containin g abundant quartz up to 0.5mm (occa sio nally up to lmm) and sparse to m oderate mica. Sometimes the core is red uced. RJGS

FAB RIC 2 (illu s 94) Hard , smooth, red fabric containing m oderate mica and occasio nal to m oderate quartz. Comprises approximately I 0% of the loca l fab ri cs.

The m ost common form in thi s fabric is the jug with rim diameters \'arying from 60mm to 120 mm . The maj o rity of sherd s are glazed green, dark gr een , olive gree n , yello\\·, brO\nl or clear ,,·hich Yarics from splashed or patchy to m o re ex tensiYc c\·en cover from the neck to the ba se .

,\'\F i li"VA I . AN D PO ST-Jv\ED IEV/\ 1. POTTERY

All the h andles a re rod-shaped , m ost of them pl ain or grom-ed alth ough a fe w examples ha\'C a t\\·isted , barley-sugar shape. O ccas ionally there is a thin \\'hitc slip under th e glaze. T he quality of manufac ture \·arics, m ost sherd s b ein g fairl y thin-w all ed and \\'ellmade. A lot of sherd s in fabric 4 are em b elli shed wi th knife-cut deco rated cordons, inci se d or co mbed lines, ro ul etting or applied pellets on the neck a nd shoulde r, pu shed out boss decorati on and dark iron oxide slip appli ed in strips. T he only example of a face-mask jug is in fabric 4: a half-comp lete jug with a bearded face between the ha ndl e and the li p and two decorated arm s attached to the glob ular body of the ,·esse!. It has a thumbed base. COOKING POTS Many of th ose sherd s cla ss ified as cooking pots have sooting on their exte rnal surfaces and trace s of splash glaze. All the sherds are small, makin g it difficult to reco nstruct profil es. T\vo rims have measu rable dia meter s of 120mm and 220mm , the latter ha,·ing a globular profile.

OTHER SCOTTISH POTTERY EAST COAST WHITE GRITTY WARE (fabric 5) Hard, light-colo ured fabric ,-arying in co lour from ,,·h ire to pink or gre y. So me example s ha,·e a ligh te r internal surface and a d arker, reduced exterior. T h e matrix contains frequent quartz in clu sion s with var ying am ounts n f iron oxide , rock frag m e nts a nd occas ion al mica . J UGS Of the sm all quantity of sherds in thi s fabric. the m ajority appear to be from jugs . One s4uarcd rim form has a diam eter of 90mm. Some sherds have no glaze or m erely spla shes of it; others are cove red entirely with either green or yellow glaze. D ecoration co nsists of incised li n es and a dark iron ox id e or \\·bite slip appli ed in strips.

+

127

no soo ting and m ay have been from a ,·esse! used fo r food storage o r preparati on rather than cooking.

ENGLISH POTTERY SCARBOROUG H WARE (fabric o) Pinkish, sometimes with a buff co loured co re, with frequent quartz and occas ional red iron oxide inclu sions. Scarhorough ware ha s a wide di stributi o n up the east coas t of Scotland and m ost sites of any status produce a few sherds. The Scarhorough kilns were manufa cturing wares from the 13th to th e mid-14th ce ntury (Farmer 1979) . Excavations at Aberdeen have shown that Scarhoro ugh ware imports were at their peak there from the ea rl y to mid-14th century (Murray 1982) . JUGS T he site yield ed 13 sm all sh erd s of Sca rb orough \\·are, all of them probably from jugs, including one handle and a rim fragment vvith a diam eter of 120mm. All sherds h ave a shin y, dark green glaze except the rim sherd , which is glazed dark brown . BEVERL Y-TYPE WARE (fabric 7) Hard , sm oo th , ora nge-red fabric \Y ith frequ ent fin e quartz and sp arse mi ca. BeYerly-typc \\·arc \\·as produced from the 12th to 14th ce nturi es (Did sbury & Walkins 1992, 83). JUG Four sherds of a well- made fabric, id c nriti cd as Be,·erl ey-type \\·a rc \\'ith an oli n: green or g reen glaze, were J-ccm-crc d from th e cxcan1tions. One sherd was retrieYed from a context belmv the late 15th-c entury S\X' tower. ?NORTH YORKSI liRE WARE (fabric 8) Orange fabric with ligh ter oute r margin s and co ntaining frequent qu a rtz and occas io nal red 1ron oxid e inc lu sions.

C OOKING POTS A fe\\· sherd s, classified as cooking pots, ha,·e fair!\· straight sid es and soo tcd ex terior surface s. One rim , \\·ith a diame ter of 160 mm , is glazed gree n b ut has

JUG O ne she rd of rhi s \\·a re, from a thumb ed jug base \\'ith a ye ll o\\ glaze, \\·as recm·ered from th e site.

12S

+

S I' Y~ II ·. 1 '.-\1 .~\s itc·d rnid ckn malcrial behind r·erai n in g \\·ail f,,,. J>e ri,,d 'i N ran ge.

I 'i R.im s he rd ,,f thin-hiim ilar. b o \\'1 fc,rm " ·irh s lig hth· flar ed lip . The ,·esse ! has heen hJ,,\\·n in a multiple ' tea r dn>p ' t> r ' loze nge' muuld . \ )i ameter anus, tlw rim abmn -omm : rhickness 1.2-1 .b mm . Pn >hahl y !Jutch: 16th/! ' th ccntun·. l'" s t-a band o nme nt d c pns ir in \'.:\\ '

r ~Ct'I H denaturing . "l"h c g l \\. (C all aghc r &. Price 1'18 7. 130, tig I .f. 11l> 1-f.f ). \J t>t illu stra ted.

4.8 LEATHER Clare Thomas The leather con sists of 13 item s: two fragments o f a sheath , te n shoe pieces, a sm all fra gment of shoe, and a ,,·alkt (ill us 99) . SHI-:ATH Alth ough onl y m·o sm all frag mcnrs surYiYe , they are large enough to suggest a type 1·ery comm on thro ugh out th e m edi e,·al and post-m edieYal p erio ds. U nfortunatel y, it is not poss ible to date th ese fragments. M ost m en (and probably women) carried a small knife for a variety of domestic and other reasons. The knife was usually held in a leather sheath , attached to the owner 's belt. Decoration on these sheaths vari es fro m simple cun·ilin ear designs, as on this one , to el aborate co pies of h eraldi c emblem s.

WALLET U nlike th e res t o f th e leath er, th e wall et has be en m achin e-s titched and therefore probably dates from the 19th ce ntury. A later date is unlikel y, gi,-cn th e na ture tl f th e print on its lining.

CAT ALOG UE S HEA T H ' )'he re we re tll'u small fragm ents of d ecorated k.nife sheath , both ll'o rn a nd d c la min atcd . Fragme nt , ap prox im a te!~· 55 mm by 12mm. d cenrn g s ides bY n.:: rtit..: al Iincs .

SHOE S The ten shoe pieces prubabl ~· represe nt no m ore th at t\\'O shoes. Cirain to fl esh stitching channels on the so les sugges t that the se are welted o uter so les alth ough th ey appear to have unu sually short stitch le ngths, 5-6mm , compared to 7- 10mm m ore normall y found on welted shoes . Additional stitching on seats indicates that heel-pieces have been added; no 6 may be an examp le. N o 10 is possibly a welt, albeit a mos t unu sual one. Unfortunately, insufficient evid e nce survives as to the nature or soles or th e shape a nd styl e of uppers. W elted shoes date from c 1500 onward s. He el piec es, as origina l features rath er th an repair clum p s, date from the mid-16th century in England (Swann 19 73, 23 ) . The earli est recorded examples from Scotland ( 17th-19th centuri es) are from Gunn 's C lose, Kirkwall , Orkney (T homas 1982 , 415 ) . The Spynie sh oes may date from the mid-16th century, but are more likely to belong to th e 17th century or later.

l:ra gmc nt. app ro ximately .f 5m m bY I Omm, fn•m ' 'n e sid e o f rear seam of sheat h. T ra ces of fo ur stitch ht>k s and fll'l1 hulc s 1\·irh a sho n length o f th on g thread ed thro ugh th em : probabil· a repair. Prim,try in tillin g ma teri al e late I - rh cc nrun·) in " ·ell in N range .

SHO ES 2 S trip o f leath er, fo ld ed on ce, formin g edge or st111ken gruul'e; stitched thro ugh ed ge and t hrough both top a nd ho llom surfa ce s, produc in g three alm ost id enti cal stitc hin g c ha nn els. On e edge o f strip loosely u1·er sewn . l .ength a pproximatel y 12 5mm , w idth (fo ld ed ) app mx im ntel y l Om m. D ela min atcd . S hape s ugges ts originall y anached to seat or forepart. P oss ibly welt, d esign ed ro link tngcrh cr tw o o r mo re p iece s of lea th er. Stitchin g of u1·e rse \\·n ed ge mi ght currespu nd to oute r stitching on nos 1- 7. t(, r allachm ent o f heel-p ie ce . D oes n o t corresp ond rn oth er ll'elts. Pri ma rY in tilli ng ma teria l (' late 17th ccntun·) in 11·el l in c-1 ran ge.

3 Fragm ent u f outer sole, probabl y sca t, " ·ith traces o f t\\·o gra in to Oes h stitc hin g chan nels; stitch len gths approx ima tc ll· 6 .5mm and 8.5- 1Omm . T races of oth er h oles, p ossibh· fur au achm cnt nf hee l-pi e ce. W o rn and d elaminated . L e ng th approx im atel y -+ 2mm ; 1\'iddl approxi matel y o 2mm ; thi ckne ss ap p rox im atel y 2.5 111111 . Prim ary in fillin g materi al ('la te 17th ce n tury ) in \\'el l in N ra n ge.

or u uter Oesh stitching c hann e ls.

.J Appro xim ately semi-c ircular fragm ent, prob abl y scat

sn lc with twu , pussihl y three, gra in

to

"I: I

~~"~S . _, ~qw~· l

lili

I

e h us at the theik u f it \\'ilh ctll e' duPr \\'ith ane ban de \\'anta ne a n e lt>k and ke\' the \\·indu\\'is is \\'anlane slane hi Pn ni s ami h mik Item ctllt' Loldan e cuuntc:r "" 1\ik c \\'anlik Item the casehous a l the theik uf the next chalmcT \\·ith door and bandi' \\'ith lok the \Yind () \\. thai rll i" \\'antaiH.:' irne stH ih..:. hi{ 11111 i:-. The next cha lmn !rem the dk and ke\' Item the lw y itJI't c mpti e of d''"" h1k \\' ind mv is :md J!l !rem rhc miJ c hulm e r thairof ane d t,u bbill duor \\'ith l\\' bandis bur !tlk an d kc,· !rem an e Prth ane urhcr dnt1r Item the ft,ir irne \ 'L'l \\'ith the penincnts Item the· t\·mbc r ,-er thairnf "·it h ane riuhhill dt~t~r lll aik illk an d key " ·ith aic hl kni s that o ppe ni s i< >ki s \\'ith in the place clcl\·, ,cr it with m ·a rhar \\'anri s ln ki s The garding 1·et uul \\'ith th e place \\'ith lt~ki s keyis anJ ba nd is Item the laiche gard in dwlrner \\'ith lc>k kc·,· :md bandis !rem the lai c h gurJin chal m er \\'ith duur k'k and key Item th e mid lirrel l stahill in the g reine \\'ith J our and t\\'ll band is but lo k m key !re m rhe barn e e mpri c a nd T h o m as I luncan promei ss l\l del\'\Tr the d oor[ isj handi s but Iu k and ke\' is ane sti ll rcssa nrir thuir Ite m th e east barn is ,·e t tl1e anc half is \\ith .l .ho ma s ll unca n " ·irh ane bandeand the uther half a\\'a\· Item the· foi r barnis yet \\'ith bandi s thaimf !rem rhe a u!J yearJ yet \\'ith l\1''' irne bandi s Ite m the kaitspall d ll\l r is a\\·a,· a nd d1e reberri s hrnkin

ur

Th is is the [wo rd s d eleted ] in ventar a bo nc rha irin fairhfu ll v coll a rat \\'ith th e principall he me .l ames Lm· no tar pub li ek.

DOCL\\E~TS REI. :\Tl~t~

TO S I'Y :\IE I'ALA CE •

~ ~-

2 INVENTORY OF THE CONTENTS OF THE HOUSE OF SPYNIE ( 1624) (NAS: GO 188/2/9/1) ln1 prin1i s llll Lh~ L;ttl'r yell anc lrun yet with hingL· fastened In a ne nf the quarters 11·irh a ne cathlut

3 TESTAMENT OF JOHN GUTHRIE, BISHOP OF MORAY (1638) (NAS: GO 188/3111 17) 'The castd and planting be keeped in gnod order, rill m y succsso r peaciablie receive the sa m e, no timber wurk, destinate fo r the hou s, he remm·ed, and the register with the wreirtcs. as thei ar in

severall buxc s be trewlie and withuut fraude dcliverit to him. Spmie Ill fcb 1638'

4 COPY ORDERS REGARDING THE GARRISON OF SPYNIE (15 July 1640) (NAS: GO 188/19/ 118) Leutennant you sail re maine [11·ithjin this castilk of Sp1·nie [11·ithl a Segant a corprall and tll-cntic three f'] nin scn mminic s and keep cighr n1 cn on the watch nyghtlie and the rest to ly nyghrli c in the tower bes id e rhc uterga te yuu keeping the keYs of both gates 1·nur sclfe be in g lo chct fron1 ten a ci\ Kk ar nigh r rill :-..c:-.: in the Illl'rning and sie ther he lltl abu se co mmittal within o r without the hll c ard 11·irh a g rin mam· n1apps :1nJ ta lliJuu.·s hanging ahlllll th~...· c ha lrn c r 11·irh king g lassc In the litk chalmer ah,wc the hall [line cn>sscd uu t] ltc·m anc candle cist nimi s linningi~ for bed bter lrem a huird and a grin ''"k chaire ltc·m in the uttir chalrncr thrie sta ndin g hcLh

and a p