Spiritual and Ecological Civilization : The Essence and Mechanisms of Formation [1 ed.] 9781527524118

The book discuss one of the most acute problems facing society today, namely choosing ways for the further development o

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Spiritual and Ecological Civilization : The Essence and Mechanisms of Formation [1 ed.]
 9781527524118

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Spiritual and Ecological Civilization



Spiritual and Ecological Civilization: The Essence and Mechanisms of Formation By

Andrey Vladimirovich Ivanov, Irina Valerjevna Fotieva and Michail Yurjevich Shishin

Spiritual and Ecological Civilization: The Essence and Mechanisms of Formation By Andrey Vladimirovich Ivanov, Irina Valerjevna Fotieva and Michail Yurjevich Shishin This book first published 2019 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2019 by Andrey Vladimirovich Ivanov, Irina Valerjevna Fotieva and Michail Yurjevich Shishin All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-2247-4 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-2247-3

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