Spirits speak : a celebration of African masks

Citation preview

••

Go gle

oig1t1zed by

Google

Original from

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

,

J

Co gle

• ••

.,

I

. ......-·... " .. .·-' . .. - -

""' .

. 01g1t1zed by

Google

..._...gi-1ginal frolll.

.-

--

_

UNIVE~F MltfilGAN

·--,

Digitized by

Google

Original from

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

Original from

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

CONTENTS

Pfl'£FACE

SPIRtTS SP£A.K 21 PETER STEPAN

PLATES JJ

{ ETHNIC GROUPS IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER)

BAG.A 7. 9

&A.MANA 3l-39

BENIN KINGDOM 46. 47

CHOKWI 97. 1op. 102

,ANG 78. 79

'

LUCHAZI 99

URHOBO 55

n

IANGWA 76. 77

UTE 15

DK>t.A l 2

BANYANG 66

Bl~OGO 3--6

DOGON 40, 4 1

GUAO 19. 20

HIMBA Ill. n.i

IBl&IO 59

KU8A 104·)()6

KWlll $2•$4

WNGU (RUNGU) .12$

NA.LU

OVlMIUNDU 102 VILI 8'1. 88

a. n

MAHOt4GWl/NGAAI $0

NOMKA/8£KI 1$

PEND£ 94·96

WI 13

KNUllO 25·2$

VAKA 8~91

YOMBE 86

I.AULi 2l-24 80A n7

tGBO 52· S4

KWIRI: 12$

MAKOt.iM 121o-124

LIOA

UO 56-58

ns

IOMOYE )()6-no

IUKU 92. 93

80KJ 63

MARK.A 29

HKI: 8S

MBU~ l03

TUSYAN 4 5

YORUBA 48·51

IRJS HAHNER

Sl8UOGAAPKY 182

MAP OF AFRICA

Google

WIA lTI. 112

NUNUMA (GURUNSI) .. J

CATALOGUE tH

Digitized by

•WA 44

KANTANA (MAMA) 68

LISl/BIRA t20

MAM.BILA 69. 10

NOOUNll RIVD 81

aEM8E· 1\6

EIC.ITI (YOAUllA) SO

11.JAGHAM 61. 62. 64. 65

IR 48

NOUN.DI -07

8ATl80 74

BIRA/LaH/KOMO 1l8

DYULA JO

KRU/ G-.0 ll. 14

MINDI: 10 ' MOSll 42 OGONI 60

llNUI RIGION

DAN 17. 18

GUIRE l6

KONGC>OtNGA 101

llAMILIKI 72. 1.1 75

Original from

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

Digitized by

Google

Original from

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

PREFACE

THE AJM OF THI$ BOOK is ldmitt.Oly not & MOdt:st one..

a10 still eothU-si.Mtic:ally d&ncfd today, the Pt!fformances often

h IS to ,provkl• a c:om.,..heMlvt 00ttrvkw of the tll\t:lt Attican

make conc:.sslons to ~ltttalnl"Mflt a~ touriil:s' •x-Ptci..Uons:.

mli$kt-tho molt comotflr"9 In t«ms of btaucy Of tculpturel

Only e f~ Afrle.n communitJff havo ~ntged to ket.P tlieir

conceot. the most awesome. and oerhaps most magical. masks

m asauerade performances hidden fTom t he inquisitive eyes ol'I

ever aiea ted by African a rtists. For modi too long now, masks

white visitOfs.

heve bll!en treated as mere tC..ns of tlw " s~" ot ce'taln tltWc vrouos: or re;~s. and their itll$he quaky hM frequently been

APA.RT FROM FAMO US ICONS OF tM Afl"bn tNisk·

negletted. The present selection is different. having Plltposefy been

making art. th.is book includes masks that seem well on the way

made on the basis o f the aesthetic rank of these creations.

to becoming such. Its selection of "Mona Llsas" ot •master

At most people oro now owaro. thl fnllkl In Wt1t1rn

mosKs· I' Ri0Pltmtnt·tc1 b)' an oot1ln1 or tht brOOd ronee Of ~

museums end 't$0M Mtrt trcigments.ltl(j that tn two

tnaJk tyQfl. With thl$ in mW'ld, thil c91..brotion ot Afrie.n IT\3W

tapectS. A$ fac.e. cap ~ helmet mas.ks. Ui•y wete originally P6tl

can begin..

of often voluminous mesque..-ade co11utnet, usuatly macM by • whot.e te..-n of •rtiwiM, ot r•ffi• •nd oth•r m.llerials. Thes.e whole-lbody costwnes. in tum were sir'!¥>1y the viw.t components

ol & com~ performMCe in wl'llCl'I musk &!"Id pettlon of

m.'lternit;y," and hW i ts opPQSite PG6e in tt\.e ert of the Sout h Sus.

AJriCltl art. Offpit• ill undout>ttYe·

5')irit they embodied needed no great IMoquence to communicate

ments. all the way down ~o mock copulation. Yet there are also

its meaning. and even Its eyes were nearly gazeless-(ndkatots

repotts of sa'wfish and hfppopotamus mas.ks, even of oock or rooster

of t he superior metaphysical power of the spirit effective In

dances performed by four young fellows "Who were dress.ed as

t hem.10

cocks,. in costumes made of palm leaf strips. They Imitated thes.e

By comparison to the deadly earnest and power embodied

bltds by bending forward from the hips and mincing around with

In such mas.ks. others give the Impress.ion of b cheerful .kinder·

short steps in time to the musie. Occastonally they interrupted

gal'ten. HU90 A. Betnatil.k once deSC:ril>td a masauorade ht s,.aw

their t ripping st•.ps with b few dust·raisin9 stamps, then resumod

in il930- 31 on orango Grand• (BiSStgOS ts.lends). It w.s accom·

nun•rk1g arouf\d. Chirping end crowing the while ,,_""

14 I ~'' ""$ 1P(AI(

Digitized by

Google

Original from

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

THIS MULTIFARITY· OF VISUAL FORM REVEALS A MU LTIDIMENSIONAL REALITY IN WHICH D IFFERENT . WORLDS LITERALLY INTER PENETRAT E •

A.s t he $&mt observer relates. tht BiefJ090 vs~ to tta¢h their adolescents such dances in the seciuded domain

or a bush

the

habiUi~ t hat

r9Prfftnt$ the true homo of the m.sk spirits:

These, W9 temombtr, inc:lvded for est, bush and water spirits. and

camp, vet an i mal masks nonetheless r&mained a feature o f publ ic> when g irts and boyt (in di fferent camps) are sepa1a ted from their

village c e1ebrations as welL Eamest choreograph;c imitat;ons of

,,.;others and families to speod a key phase in their li\lff in a forest

ani mal behavior, frank sexual anusions in g rote-sque form, and

dlearing with tNChefs and wise men, sorcerer hunt ers and medical

the repeat ed appearance o f female clowns who caricatured t he

c.aretakers, the adolescents are recei~ by and given into the

men's lust, all lubricat ed with plenty o f palm wine. maintained a

care of mask s. ·Among the Dan in 1...ory Coast. for instance, their

balance• between a,;lt and play, sacred and profane.

care begins with the masks' dafly entry into the village to collect

food for their pupils from t he women- not silently or seriously MASK PIRFORMANCIS AR& NOT necessarily associated

but wit h earthy wit and charming insistence. The wearers disguise

with village dance spectacles a&one. There ar e many an d diverse

their voices to conform with t he mask, uttering anlmal.flke sounds

oocasbns fOf' them. and t heir range of meaning Is broad. In many

tl!\at ,t ransform them Into •spirit vokes"-a kind of "acoustk:

traditlonal convnunaies, rites of PilssaQe' and Initiations are virtually

masking; as It were."' When t he c hildren return from t he camp

unthlnkeble without the presence of masks. Thelr essential task

to the s~eplng hut In the village eve1t

from ehHdhOOd to edult hOOCI, wlth Its plttalls and uncertainties.

mom1ng (OIMts 17t.).

stands undor the PtOtectiOn of masks. wtllct\. among, other t hings, ~P evil

spirits at bay. Such bush e&rrios. w~ usually IM:l stvtral

Hbni Himm~htbt'r. who in 1976 had the

pri...i1eg e of 04fti·

Ciii>ating, os a whit9 mon. in an initiation camp of the Don in Libcll'ib.

weeks. a,.. not only the place where bOy$ bl"ld teenagers ate Cire\.lm-

reported on a ritual W91corne of the arriving boys on the part of

c iS4'1d but the site of instruction in dancing and cratts skills, in the

a:n invisible fore-st spirit by the name of Nana. who functioned as

commun ity's praverbs and basic rules. Here yooths are taught

spiritual supervi.sor from a COl"ICffled shelter in the sacred woods.

the use o f medicinal herbs and the ~bliatina. and thtir acpffranet- especially ttie tNSks of tho koino

what Qurpose they were made a.nd performed. After having gail'l9d

(plates 31f.)-~lls that ot ·fetiShts" which.have been "'charget A similar

authority. The effectiveness of these masks does not depend on

charging of masks was already seen Jn the case of the Bamana,

artist ic adornment, since It is already assured by t heir ass.oclation

whose komo·masks beat an amazing slmllarlty to 'fetish' altars

with magic medicine, one reason W'hy Grasslands masks have

(plates ! I f.). In contrast , In the Grasslands the gris-g.ris are not

maintained thell slgniflcance down to this day. Masks without

dir ectly attached to th~ wooden part of t he mask but to the

wooden face portions conslU ol an artfully woven or crocheted

dancer's costume. nor are offerings made to masks In this region.

material t hat.I$ pvlJed t:Ner the head.like a large stocking, and a

Whlle t he variety of masks among the Bamana may be o.artllllly

tei. their offlelels and reti nue. The

mtntionted above (plate 17>. serve as mediators between the bush

memot'y of an epoch of mighty rulers In Ea.st An901a _ finds an

camp and the villagers, especially the mothers of the circumcised

eixDteulon In the mask traditions. Sometlmtt. It ~ou\d aP0tar,

boys. ChihntJO is a matt ancestor sl)irlt who embodlff l)OWor

Nrfitt n.ilers thernstlvts "'e eommemo.rated In ma.k rorm, for

an·d WQl tt\ &nd accordingty Is da.nced only by a king or his sons.

instance in the Chokwe masks eua.inu ... and Kalelwa .... In th_,.e

The likt'Wise male mas.It figure Chiu~ appears at tht condu- •

two n\6SkJ, Chokwt kings ol ea111er eenturitt are d•Pieted."2'

sion of the initiation, which lasts Hvtral months. In many uses a lUS MA.SI< ti aditions com·

' chisaluke determines whether t hey haw in fact mastered the

Pelis us to 1eviso our notions of what the term "mask" signifie$ in

dances they have practiced. Thi s mask concfudes the bush camp

Africa. Tll9 rewlts may swprise especially those wtio have become

w.ith occasion.ally ~entric p@rformances on houMt r oofs or termite mounds. behaving like a trickster:

~1n

hi s performances

acevstomed to a uniform picture of African culture. This pictune

reflects the colonial viewpoint of "forced collectivizatioll." when

c.htsal uke i ncites the crowd by running around the village reek•

blankei judgements were passed C?n Africans and art negre. In

Jessl'y. c l imbing on houses, granaries. amt tr ees. and dancing

t he appearance ol masks. representatives of the colonlal power-s

sug~stively

with his phallic appendage, called a lwifwi, with

which h e 'impregnates' ewf\lthing and everybody.",.

The Chokwe and t hf f n~t>Ors have a good hu~red mask figures, which are·\liewed as embodiments of ancestors even when

they bear European features (Including abundances of facial hair)

tended to see an unleashing of elemental insti"H:ts and s1.4>«st1tlons rather than expressioris of a highly complex cultural system, 9\''ftr· changing and futt of MJanc.es from r egion to region. Ac:cotdlng to a more recent ethnologJeal ln.terpretatlon of these cultutal systems. the perfOfmance of masks Is also a meeins

• $01Rlt $ SPIEAll

Digitized by

Google

Original from

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

I 29

to counterbalance t he discrepancies and social asymmetries-

realistk renderinsi of t he human face is the except ion in Africa,

especially In the relationship of the sexes-that exist in every .

and wtien suc.h iealism does ~ear, it likely can be traced back to

scxlety. By selsmc)graphlcafly reacting to shifts In t he social status

European influences (piate 86). Nothing could be further frorp an

Quo and group dynamics, mask cult ure Is reput egle

Ong1nal from

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

Go gll?

Original frcm

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

Go ge

Go glc

HIGAN

K-

HICLMC'T C ltlll' M.UI(

UO.~IA

Digitized by

Google

Original from

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

Digitized by

Google

Original from

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

S1 Ml\.""1' CRUT M.ASk VO NIGg!U.

oig•tize t.otm t o the l«IO-

"'°"°"*

~m.11. U. -hWC •~·

lf-etll IN ~It.'\ M i d - tnlf\lt ........ ~ ltOllll ( 1'10 " "t illd!I (

$.911'v pros~~- , t.ug11ceno - , ~ . .,.. . -'"l)Or1.ltll ottiMI~ 11'1

__......

IQ'IQf

ot ttle 3!'!Clt$!Gl"LOt M

ollKtlOI\$

11'1...,., .... ll't' tl'!e' •IUQtlltl09of a l'llNI s.Nlrll:-, i...l)ltlth1'9 #1111 t..-i 0 ..... °' w.

""'*'t'llr flFNllW\td

....,~ Of(.fll1lilt. wf\dl

~

0- ..

INISlced °""41r, Vt" ~ forw.;d ~

Mief'lllCS

t.o.....,o •flll\ CJ'OCI v....,. """flttf fltt

ll!'litol • 1 W •k't •wl~ rNtlO"-'

•ndUcles • corwo er. al.UICNOOll> ~

mMkL dll a tne 11«k ot tM hNd, n.e di•·

-~

MibclcloH • .,........... Wlnll• qH1!1

Nl!'lll..... ""fillt. ~ and tlltt Mwf,

dilm•lk t!l.llddrll'll •Hd'I UOHH l!Wo

-eo ""!hty.,.d OfO!~;allci

OllflChltou. brc•sb ot • - t\lre ~ 'fOfl9 Ml 9"fl brlfl to . i fll#'Wd '~

head~ ~.,. e

w111dM off°"""*' ffllOm tlw co~!ty 'NSCWll"9~~,~

Chlbrwo, N. tlw -

a~ '~'~tY'Ml'fltCillly

11'11_..0. . I~ II

oa+n.o •

tM1

IOCl!llold '" " " nortt111rn of GIJ.,_, flW Gfffeftl

dl'wldeCI ~ •

.,..,kodlri

.,,..,,.,..... """' fll ~ ••, ••

.,..,. GI Welt Al!MI II\ "'"P•l'9 with Ill!\

Occa5IOIW!ly~h ~

!OM,. web-Sks~ bm~danteO

-

ol'leaiwly

"""'--

-l'IOl

torne-1\ol

..,d dt.,,,. "*'Ill" 0 0 -det«MlW'

~

UID$

~"a.

0 1 tM lyl)t O' mMli Aft Ilda!•

iional. ~I.Ill -"PK't o1eaoq1•• l696. oar•l'llOUM aten

~ tNy -

~1(°'9CI "'' ~ ............ atcin of sooetr. Thi 0-•rs.-~ in

fl~ ....... I ...... , ,

f'COOl15 41'!cl sm.11 bell$. 1t>e doncer. elild t1ot •

t•"1• OI' te•t!le CIMl'\ll'ft9. bel..CICI

uo. ~ on f1IS hetld Wllh the 111+d of a

o;g1tizeo by

•lllet. --or ,.., • '''""' •no ~~ '" ¥10~ tr.e~ heilyY ~11$ Oft !hes

Google

OMlillrlltl • ttitltfl

.."''"""g.,.,... toytley 10"" l""ltif•, nte__, a bl"au aJf1lt ol 1t1e er-

OU.Ill\ Vl(tOf\ot

or

so-.. l!\lltll\ 'fOtlll'! ll'W

cor1*$0Clfldlng ~s -

en tOg0.11

fyi.M .,..,. of ~II -

•""°""° !n" "

Ills ~11114

mMJi n9uroH' d.-.c:••·

wllfdl ortlaMlr d'D'eOll'IPMd lll'CI .ic:l\lldlld HK>tQt• ,..., l!!llUllld

~.er~ ~"'IV.,.IV• ~$!Id

swmwni119motlor\S. htw - I n IN'lll......

these «t0bltlc skilh.. Cl.WllO

l.hliil' Dlr10'ftlll._ '""' - · ~·

l\OUl .atfll-6cef costumes.~ tn1

mw.i

°'"°'"' ne.o.

o! S!Wlr

.....,W!'llllll)' Oii flt too Too.y , , _ mai.cso118dli

UMMic!M -

ktot 1111... flll O"'r • f ....

Y!l"'911'S ol tlM tlOtth«l'J ~ #la: *"OIM-

_......, _ _ _ .. I",_._

--""'"--••1

Original from

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

I 1st

IN

"FACE MASK DEANGLE OR

_____

(ytril'!OtS:l\lftOt', l'IHCJ-

T'htOtf&tftt $i'l'lfl,ll,)t"'jfo"ic ~~

-1o, 11ttieuo••n •111t~..,,.-y·

CllftNl(JOftUIOO-

thitC ~om'*" 11, ~~

~~~~·~(#ot;M

*""' Ntf'OW.,.. £111, tofy.

""'~~~~·

~

_,,_ _, . _ _

, .....,.,_

-

V

~

d

l

t

f

i

l

d

l

m

o

c

-

\

l

.,._iillglo• OldoNllMMMI. ~ ClllMka. ..cl" CheCO!NtlJol tlv"'Olldl,nwtll

fOl'OfftOll'lfl9'tlw~~ (dtlt"'")

, ACI MASK KP6LIYE'E SOll.llfQ. ~ COAll - t..-w.

w

(

a nM' twt~. O.UOltd tc¥.rleftiOI\

ZS.

.

(II 'W()ffl4ltl '" N 8ii.llt M1Ch1tir .. ~·Cc> 1e» w~ld W'lttt

~

dt «lllld bill'. ~'°thf ...~

""° ~

bWllJ WloCt IOOCC.Mirotl•

•llrtlrC!~tfto1

er111t-tll'lSolbC!•U

l>M!Qn ....~tK..,.t-IO-wt"9

~s.,.,ro.....,.,9'ffl.,..,iet'r'of'll"51!

•-••~oretll'9-ii.·s~·

typeot,, ~ IMI'• llOCl'lfllOIONlly •

ii~u;

bolt! ai.cw-. c..-.ct llt' tN..,,..-'*

by t0¢-.l:~no....,t...............

,...,_."'OllC~il•'iOt.,.._..

··----

a1M1em 10 e.t (IOrl(J(ll . ,

~ft'I~

r41(t't Of 111)111 ..-Cl t ill-tuOOKl1 • IUl.ll\O

,,....,.,,,el~l'lt CllO~........

10 beewfffl tht ltlt eooMfttdl.~....O~Of"'°"'9

lN!!Mie

1ior. TN fftliulf'4

llufl)OIM!I

0 1.....-wnc11 ... tGt _ , dlOCceM ...,..,.... lt>P

""" bot to tClllQflCI i!Ol'l9!• Ollt foa t Not the ftffCI ~ body - ~

°" _,_

MN•llll-'Y .tNI low.cl 0.- II ~I ,..,.,

"""'llN 1110~

btioocl "'cti. ,..,..._of 1t. "ltd! i\ t,...c:•I

Sikt!lloO"' tlw nonn .

. . . .ly OI 11111 811flrlll'lll P«lc*-- In -

Ttlt Idle~- ot ~ltd cwi.... . ..... irl.,...,itt MMt .,..,.

,..,,,.WIH!r\O • ll'IR ,.,.., llnl8'clot Olfllh

l'fr!lff"llilblt 00jlf(1 Cflt Otftlfllf ho!N ,)r"f

__

NJrM llCl!!tly C\lrwd IMiebtlltdl. • .,., •

1w:i111c:eo ~ • loel!Wlt t....,11. WC! " ' - t10 ..-~4"1 I.tie ~Ol 911, •l)lld.

bOd'( a!!d

~

Mill'lfOCIOIT'MINc MCI fl'e'lr'- Cro-'lfd

_,.. _,,-''~-MO-DOirc11>9

~W".-e-ll'lt~otvie,.~

In ttie nltomo COl'Ulft. n1e two-O•men· ~~"9 0 1""' ffC!ft. tt1t.,,.....11q "'-oll,.. ........ ~~· QI ..:......,go or- the f;g1M'; body, ~ ""4!11

~ 1nil t~

,~

t•

4'S

llll'l!liNd-hollll.

well e5 e row of "8411

1Nt111 ~""Ill• vop.,. 01111 er is~lortyn~

,.,..llt

Tt.smw

••MOM ,....tit"'*,__, •

OtOICUi, lrl ti\ h~d ..,,.....,._......h ... ol ""91DCll9

,..,...'*''°'

end~"'"" flle ..ti• • "" .tbllcyol - o - . to Dll_. Qllkld\I

~tddre'wt

,"Cl"' 11'>e etstem

bet•-

ltll elf..., OI

"°"'"*'"11 M900f"' HW._ ~

Olit Mir°' m111b

le!Nte cwy11 tntelooe """" ~ horll6 iioitlt"Oif'I• ....~~ ,...~

C'•4CksMiaof V. ~toet:oes oC ...t~ flOOe ... ...Stolrl u...- - I t l . .HIC 10 OOl'l'(!Nllf*• ... ~ .......... llW ~. Tht

tNllit fl\Wti5ddi~t..a bv

•"°"""""'

»

a uw owc......i1·1 - d !Nim• ot 1N

FORD4EAO MASK KONO

l\M(I

WQA:K'Sl;OPIN ThlE SEGOUllEG«:>N. IU.l>tAHA, MAU

to Ille~ "'glOl'I.

lot lh1$ f;K!lity that It ~ •

" ' llwtwM of tho~' ll'lltlllt~el\Cl

1or tlW . . , _ '""""''

IM

--~-·----.... ,_ 8'flO.- .-.,,..,. --.-. i.-Oi-...

.._....... ~k. lf'l """"i .MOte '-by

'°"

""°""°'*''l'IO ...

_If

....,,.,,_ ...,t..,oer-. lor lb 9'.C.•·

INll$'"'5ft..

ll'IMM I•

iooe l)'l!f1DOl!Jon II '-t"°""Jic...~I

'111'111:1-oa fMtoOetJ't~ -~ ll lMIOtl'"' nt-'~ ~lbll i..-oo .-ylilld ~..,.; .....

... , ......., ..Nlll

#od. '" f...,..

~-' -:>iu N1 • •yll'CIOllC ""'"!W'O

tl!fe ll'i:oaioY UISI($ ll"Cludt' jUrudct10...

"""1"'-'t. ...cl ......

-

Olllil\4' Ot'lt "'1tld, cnt~ol an .wic.-

linown. .- l""""1 .t!ICl'I k Q!Pilb ll ot In·

~loricHtJlnocUiN. ln.oMoftto

'-.d _,. . . . - - -.cl • thcll ntd. ...,..~.1.."'1illnl,.-menc~

Onginal from

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

_.°""""°""

W!lf\

' - ~---·vcj'l-•Q li\fUc..

ew.~•"ON.O\'fa~ ,,.11\lv-...

11 r.o . . . - ,,.

ooa t11- • NnlN..

Poefl\11~ -

.,.. Ot!.-O Wlrf'I •l'l "-.!al

_,.m ~WI~~ ...tll(il l\IO!""tlly

~v t.otll•t11')' w!tflOll'ltl "*"'.net

_._,,...... hfllYe•~-~ l0r \l'le

fOl?W ,..,.,.,,,.,,./tlltM QtNf' F,,_,fnOl'lt,.

-

9ilm•,.. wl'idtk (loM('; 1......0 to """Ol'-

the ll'leslt a ••t«oeteO wtlll • -.1"

9" Int "'91(1$-

on..a~~).- w,_.

flOuHt ...tl\t.._.~ YVt U.~h· t'lO llloflO IDOull tnls NC:• " not ~ uw

---(-.-..-----;&,

··-

---.-~*"'-~'-

eio ........... o l111'1b ..,d .,_ 1t10ntor• ot n..-08M'l9.~INCNO

IN • llrtft.

A.toflel l~-"OI'! ""-''" ~ IO mitMytnoCOJI fl9r•

l)IU. • r~,_. Slyttta SUINlll'IQ Mtnllle

....,. ""' tl'le f!l•tll fpaiftDl' U•t l!l'tilt. (IOflto!\Wf

'° rt«ll

~llCl~e,...Mk•IO~-Df.llllCJ

... '""°

t eilf. \ls+dtlUC ..... Or~ ~p!H

..,t 111to tht ~vl.O\ of Yat191~ N

__ ____

tnl'I' ...-&n """'°'MO 10 eH•l'ICI - •k

Welt U I.NI Oii• -

,.,..... IOUllCI Ill

Wftl..... ' h etraos'I totfnl..,i.,..i.

.......__

......._-.;..

w.W.tntlHdi&t'StoO

~) "'"" f1Qllff/l.l"'ll9Qlll)1'°"' II\

with"""'" te9'Ql'fJ. ~ ~l ~k

"°'MeftC' .......,..

woni( ""''' ~ M• -

•• w.t. nrliolr'l(I

""'"'"~oetlllr"'"...cl. ~ ~~ft'°'

lr'I tlle'Ult OI Ml~

,,..,*"-~It ft~ . . .

Crl!!ll or

r.e.d 1-.th"'-Uld •M'lt~ Cl)O ii0/'1111oC

0090'\ eOC1e11r1 ~ . ,

,..,.., - • ~I

'-tit~ ..fl'\tlllt

U'IOw fll H gyt/AIO

"'"""""" CIClfl!CllNWl'I II

~.M ~

~tletftO\I~ F!#'t:l'ler Cf'...•(·

wo.n...... '-"t1'e

'""""ti ~Is

t.ell• ••re..,.,td•tnirCOll~ir~IT'\8

h(li- w~ 1;,..._ fl.ill .,,_ll W9'.J"1

1~ ~ .. i.-.uwet..,

'11 Cl'MI ool.ClMo U0$1. W tial.fS ~f>9"1'l•

r.llS int l\M rfl Ut ~~ Ol•lMtt-

- G tNI t .....iot !t5elf lO '"'6111.1$

¥\I'- tOonH 1,..1 ...,rt thil Ol'OC$'Ctl0ll\ltl '"9••"*"••·~,.,, ""'° '"""

-

n-

-

Wllt.O:t• W¢1\ . . o...1.rq1;o.o.

'"11'-IOl'I

Olf ~"" ~ wflO. ~.two­

.... •kl•ltll\ 11111...CfO(li.ot«' 10111• ft0l~lt~t~119t"t

_,10

.-!Cl,,.. '4Cilf-

toll!oe. . . . . . .

"PENDANT IN MASK FORM

qi ll'ttof de. lltllf~- Oil W(iljlllt OiPC•llO.

....,-·---•·•o*'

·----·~

..

wch.s rnor"1el «..•$1.< Ii I~ Coe(lOr Ill II ~

-.c:llll"'V • S.ont Nlclf..,. t cro.t

(Qftto6t1!190I l'to~/Jll'fl11y __.,, 4lt tnol«IQt'I) ....0

_,.....,. m•lh wlll\ - u·

f~lil'- pl.... '"•lilt (/or!.......) Wlfl

o~' lt \WOl 1~S t efW.Cl""1liC t.Co•!

~by 11'4' •.ol,_..llo llwt Cll11"'0

~ ~fl(ll'H. Ortt!14- l~cSOI ltwt

b'f' 1».r1laoa 1rot1 "'"'°'''Mod~

-

d_ C,0 II ~·! IW'l(llO 0.U"'1'1 0\1

IWO~ biMcl$ illtlO l.f'lt ¥ l - ·

Of"'(l+""'9¥ 11'*1! •Ill\~ fPll "1flly dt\oflaio...CMI

bot11

_____ __ ____

~-tftc:.......,.,. tllt aow:....n¢-C•r(fir

,._.

_.,..,_ .., ,..

~onlht...._

• •II\ • IMoCNtl!\ ( OMlfto>Cl •ll G, ~ ....Mlll'I ~d\w~PI~ Qt

Google

O>r -.eltl!ll c;,'tll~n ~ IN

~

~ ..,.o'°°' on1r ~ •

""""' ,.._.,

-.ocOt-.s. ' " ' . . . ., .....,.. -

""' ~lft •1IM'olf.riClll 1.Ct cltOoC!fCI

°" tl'll -$11 pon1....,. • ci-mocNr

Pit ('Oo,il Ol'I . .

worb~Of .,,..,. wflletent ...... ·h

~tO..citftH11N~lrl

~ell, M•holllnd~-­

~'#Ith ._,._...g of 1'11: - ·

tflOIPff.~Y'-~ ~l'IO l:M,.IMa•

19ii,.,.,.. ~·· NCl\llt ... ,..,,,.

lo-~ b"°' w l'ltefll

tm''Yfl"dln*~1roi1.4• ~

•Pini! (ll'l(Orfl ...,_,. l ~WIJ. -•lo~

Wl\O cMn(ltd ft'l;Joft) f~ efe..1..-wnt nl..

HELMET CREST MASK OTOBO

INlf!.jrtt

0.S 1l'.fiH l)().l(ALAllAA't-OlGI:.""'

IOYt'IO tpwe. (.a.o-1. WIOW DlllPMt*"Oft

R(/ ~ IMMH Mtl h ~ ,......,11icJ ~' o..t ~ ,,.if'l!ed 11111) ~

C>llt:-

"""' l~ co•"ftOO!ld 10 tM t~

MCOl\d Dd mMil

ontttU.J. NIG(AIA

_...._~

-iO•ltC-

"'fd:id). $COW!~ .,cl f..:. IMW\tll'lq

.-..Sk5 "O~fi1'19 l:IU~MllS etll ..

CIOM"IOI\ t""'OVlf'lOUt Clle C.0.t .,.,.,

~UMCI by ..et- •PICUltu:f MC!'«f bOCll In~ WClff(I of ~ 1""'9 #'Cl

Mlim11.

w

t he •eolm of ~ die.Kl

·Thfc YllloOlltl'Nik ··----· ...,.,.... ......... Ct\e,..,,..

1ht

Of~l!WYOll"lt_ .. ~· l'f!Wlflt "*'!l!Ol' INl -~M M fMl,oOt

_,,~

1111, .,,..., tlfY'el"'I t(.Vlptllf• ~ell·

~­

-"-·--.....---

o• .....,11... _iHt c*DnOOnS.• .,.lch ,.......,. ... Mel\ ...... 11141 ~ .,_.. OllCI _ _ _ ..,......,,. ..

"'~....,., ~.,. *""""*"°""

__ ....._..

~-----~-tt.

tertlMY-tbt---"' ..~

dlt IMtll ''""°Ire Of I ... .,..,.._. Alt1'1menl

OI fvl'lt1-1 Of e llOfl OI •

~

Oo91!il11Y

DA 10 llS •llQlll ..cl tr.~ ilsetOtel

"'°'"

to4.11lf ,.,.tit -1101 O'I rn• hNd. TN nolo' ~ t hl ChHb .and at ine MU 11'1.-Y MW WYOO bD 11\llQI 11 ,,_... toUtry._ W•1ts~d..... 11~·o1•1• liUI'$ ,..,....ea o,.. alCMd .wnlfl'M. 11m.puft.a (~Ifie-• . . . .,

The 4'f\Mll lrcm IJll ~ c:.-Kt iClllll. It'!

-------

t-f~

C4J'lt••

'llOwt. ~uitV' ·~·

.lCOd nwils!'f'I l!'llt t'KAllS WOf'U br IN

,...Ql'llloJll!'IO &Ml!IN •

. . _ _ \Ml .. - - ........ _ ,

-·~"'

,.

~

M.ASK OF TH£ TROH N.IGHT

SOCIETY B~"iGWA, wtSTtRN "°"'ll'ttl,

-----no -----··..-···-:M CA.HEROCH

rnoH\ PQUe». ~ ,,,_"O '""

ror ~;tr ...a ~ tor11. - i

, _11lof m. liwOCIOnl.N ~ 1-

llfrild 1!1"'°'" 10 - d Of!Pt ll\CI ~,.

--·-- ..---..-

tlJOl16 ~ ltll et,...,C!f Atem, ~ -

~ 11*'-

tleo'IOcd otljC'

"""""· °""'"'.,,..

lltto ..-..111111.i. erd~ as~ PUl'l.lyi or'"....,

tfus t)ol>, t:lf'Cle ~ oootr""*'O -11Cill ~ lflM .,.....,....._...,.

tac..-m '" tflrff

*"IOll• tfkf

""'"°'~ ~

11~l.t1YW,.._

like . . ~ ml$ll. tJ'OCIL ltllllr "11\!i*

f'\I"'-'. wt•• ..,, "' ,,,_,. """H• .....,.,.) li for Of'l 1'ttt11Mlon to tlllt

.UOOCillMI wiill\ 11\tM cfi!WOl)Nred ~

~· QllOl.IO,

Trltft

.I\..,..

°"90~19'00~ Oil

°"

tl'oe

-----

......-.-.9"

-...--~--

lOOl!'IO!'Dlilc m.lSk 5. ~. - ·

an. ot r N w - me OOl\O. a llOI* fl'llKll_~Gll•l~,,_11!e .._

IOl'llJl(_.-..... ~(J',.~

1'9D9•«11V Cl"Oft'l.,.ot4 ~·~ OI

oft~ Of~ f«e¥1dlW'Q ci-_.,.~ loC. ,.,........._ . .. ,.,..,~

'901 Oewlote

ttiewAh•c.n•~••lh ~110

1~tCm~

C : - _, _ _ _.__ - .. - .

....... btotd...

"'"'*'°' °' dlOftC\' ....a

_,...,..

.._ ........ --·-uw ti~•no•~oltN

_,..,...._~

_.

_._.._~

---

~-'IQ

"'"---..

- 0 the~

II\ tMe ~re ot

FACE HAIK NG08UDI

....

" " ' '-'~ to

11Qil(v f01ff~!N'lf~

l'tlli'li~~kr.t~ Ol lflotp(lltJ·

----·-...-"

l.lle9 Ot-Mi1 ' ' - ~..,.,. ~n-.

"°'*"' ,,_,..llffod. wl!i~ mw

••HELMET MASK

POM&tl.Od bot tl'lli II M'ICI llt. OW'*' whidtco..lcfbt c:~ th!OOOl'lr!C\ml

C""'Oll'I• \Ill. i....uc. foo IM1~ l'tl-

IN

..,,--~-"'

~"-

,.,.. "1C:lwil lrat>Nl!Olt l'OOOl"!'!~d ~ lr..W'lltlllo tionofe~ent~s (lt~}.

10. tN Miff ol 11'11ie Pd'f!ld fl!l(lfJIOe Cc.iR. 95). the

o::insist'"9 of 11 "'°til d 'trlief .,,_.........

"°"""

a~ m11~ t·ymbof111ne l'I• oowor o1 tile rcestorl¥1d~'i1111e rVlef.. !I•-"''"*""" ~ to 11\oe •• O.... (II ~ Plendc Cflleh Ol!1d 1'5 lieot ,... tll"' ..,,'/flWlltflffld,, ,.....,t:iorool

.. n-...

--.~- ~ •ti

C.tl C ' W Y'(..IOll,

10 gat~ CIOIWliborlS ~O COYC!f l1'C CO$C of

Original from

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

I 175

~de) In

)'•W'Clld ~ • .,.,.... 1'Wllfllf!1 Ill C.11m1>

IW!Otlf IVllll"I- 11• ior-..d

'"~contectolftl!MtlCft-~

~the: villll§Wbelng ~for

_. to -

y.

t rVr !11to.0Ullr>ooc1,

!>Mio if! tt>e 'lllOt. 'llC!f!.-111• ... ~Q!Jlter--~r.

-"'-*'

n.. mll.U ,..,...

t o te.Kf\ u.t tnit>Mfl.• OtOtect anem frOll'I

i~c·

..

11tr 1...,...1e""

--......---

......... UW -

ICIOlt who 4 l!MOOMI'*~ rw.

......

~

- ·...a.11-""""1

176 '

....

Digitize-a by

-

· - - · _ _of,.,..

-·-

"'''"'°°"' ....

Captilo

•

m.-. perwtot, frotl'!lll"t .. c:oonott'""""

lb!Yt!Qur9 llCI tt.pwo-si..-111111

t!!'llllMlllfltil'lf o r ~i. v...i, ~ M°"" C'"*""t Qf0.I01i ..no11.-.u. mo

... FACE MASK NG0NG0 HVNENE «>NGo.OING.A. Ot.:..ollSll, ..,d

•\.wW¥~~'°c~~

!he etO™- ot ~trlt:IU?"'"" ••I~ i n ttie

-"·-~""""~mow.~ e•"' or u. .,...,., 1r1 hol\> fl\lflt ~

...

HELftll'ET "ASK #VKY£EH

_------·.. ____ ..,_

wt.~.-lMtdid~~

llS ..etl, Witfl. IU C.Wd cOl'd ~

tcl.l&lo. OEMOCM'flC ~£Puel_1C

C*l'!OfOllic ~·Of"" Korieo'°"*", .~ ~ to ri.. re«1•0eod oNv • 1h•

ooet fll(lllW\ with lfftl\, dftCI toaorld l l(o.ll

otC-~"""'W~

-"'' °' """"'°'' - •-

,.,...,._ ... ~ llcKN'f ..

IQJllA, O(MOOIATltftl_ flUll.JC

lrl1~ tty I(,... M+i«J11r11

O"'°51!

cit !hit ~k- tnCI otn.o- '*'1!1i~

0;91tizeo by

~

°''- Mbl.l

'°'

Thti nolds

1Ile -~ 1'10l -

v!11""'"

QllOUP\

toorcWffl\ tho ~ ~hflc "'o" llitltt - " '· IOloth ,,._.

~'INlll>,-in~ll'O'lt~

l'b'l~lorrrtand~lt!11 croml•

""*1b b y • INl(l>iMI uOlftlll c:Ofl'lb n..,.,.. tM.111 ~rts ot 11\1 ~k """

"""' CMoO rwrri•nv tt... CJW hMG,_ Do.- Wfli~ wim ino ~

fl\ 1M N9"f'IO. -

111 I

!he N!QllDOtlr.Q L..Col, f!'>ll klfW«lo

"'*"""'"

df,,ol0il*3

....

Digltizedul OM1C* 1\0lle Of lM ! -M'I·

.. ~ put:lte....,., ll•tcl'WfNml>t

V.00-Plllc f'N'lo' M~ ~ U.HO,,_ In tlw Congo. A Jitw

l'tY)e ...,ICll -

N1mt-...'Sl'g.o1.t sob m-.s;) c-.ctiOt

------

''"''Ndt lll'd iwo..,.,11y ,

lllXllinQ 6 ~ ~"°"'~ N-.bo.

... "'"-el..cl'" lh dt(Ol.e.on. The·~

• tolllNtft H~ ff'°'*' St)M.liC....

............. ~... 'Mf"'I-• ..

....,.id'!,

naacw

.,..ms.

UWy .,.hibrt ""*"tiliH with tM t.te>lll

Md.

l ll'flCll.O !Mull\

~"*~•ilN'l•il'OUI
d "°°''Ii~ of

~Id ilr)ng IHI"""'~ PO!Wl)I"'°

t"" l.tQlt ilolld ll 00.... IO wo-r--. wllll

Quilll C'ir'"f "~ 111 ,,,_ CC)fl•

emen Awtfl i!om"""'"911-~i. ~ ot l"" CM·-ut-11 llllUt f\lrlftt• ~k tvc:ia of Of'J111elrO\IOld si'l11oe.~. ~ to

tl'I•

"'°"'°

f...llfoo \0\1111, ..._. N~\

~ ~ ll r.J:Oll'9Jl;lr fl'IOYU'I Wiii\

"'

____ ___

jlO!l\Wlt t~ll lllt• f~ t~l llNIClt

FACE MASK

mo,. Kl "''*"'*"~

80A.O(M0CRAfC RE.Pua.IC

...__. ·--·-··-·~­ ""1, 1»

,._

OF CONGO

..,,,,,,

"Mkc.-

l'Jillo)•

~.._

11w 8otl llw II\ tri. At~ A•- teglOl'I

19

In !'CW'll'IOas-em CO!!qo. ~-.CUI

FACE MASK

t~

~AKAJBElIMIKI

"'

_,_

W--l\colilct*"5 ti~ me"'° ot tllif

OEMOQtAl'IC 'l(Pl,l91r,tc;. OF ~NGO

HELMET MASI( U PIKO

fll - 111Clltll "Y'l'll#UI'"'

_

~

...........

,...,_ lllduclo ·~· *'" af'O wllllf: NW!l.eel d~ lllt9f. ro.ina.

,JI_

.....__, _ _

fAHlANIA/to!OlAMUICUE

_ .... _•Mote,.

-c..-.-

lllf'Pced o.n.•no Nt•OW ~ ttitUt

TM 1Y'O* of~ m.Mlo. «•ot Ill>•!\,

....... ~...... byl"°'°lh4'tlw~ ffM$f.\\.e.~~ ~ 11\e 1'1\i81t$ hid ovl~ io.c

tlwor ~tu

,,,,

--·-·-

..___ ___ ...

tN M•all\9 lf..CllllOM Of IN 1'1111'1''"°'•"

tif'ICI OI tJ!O ..oll\llO!I~ rno -«O••

•1.-.0 __. u.. e.toi-tMlll'lp otU~

,.,..!l~l'lnoe:~ ;., tl!••-IO!ftt

dO!"Ce ~ .,.,,,~. rer.tio"' ~..,_

~ ...... ~

tho M'tff Ot f""l>

1"5 -i.~¢fthfS~ ~

l~ Clvst., of~· in '

(td'-),F~

Cle fWKl

H11nlf H.,ref'IW\¥od Con~•ntii'> ~ridi$

CUltTIS. MAllllE·YYO"'"l

Herftn'ltf'I PAT'RtCI( MCNAUGHTON

der l(ullv!WI diet' Welt. 8etlin. Slbdltl$.Che

CA.STEW, UlllllCO

Go!ene im L11uts SP£,t.o(

Digitized by

"'"°""

~ O\ln Oti T ¥¥Ci!frilt•( Y()fTI G"mbalo Nm l(onoottrOl"I'\. il'I 11fr-ill1 Otor

El:lllA, KATE

FOSS., P£tllll(IMS

""" Ahk:¥1JVOll>#J, 1"(1'11~ iCllt .

19M "Mlltk'*"tnMke." In Wetmet SCflmolent>.xh (eel.). Af'nb.niro'oe KlJl1ff

FAGG, WILLIAM, JOHN PlMllEltTON Ill

AMO llil'tQ HOl.COf411 19U

~' $iC1,1¢1rw.¢fWl>t( A(ri(\f,

WtwVorll:

,...,

FAL4A'rJ1£TTES•LlVfAU, CHllllSTIME

(Id.). lcfftlll, PlltlS. 00. 99• \02 ~Gods- ¥111 "'Mok HHt:

2000 Attf D:Arrto~. Ml.lsff °'101*'.

ConMvltl'y .rid ~e>W/l il'J UWloOo Al't.

Pori•

,.,,_ tor Alrk_., Art. Hew

"°""

lnG1.1S'I04I l.W'$w~. (Is de P$m-.

Vlvit1W ._.,, An~Merie &ovttitux· Ndio:.oe (flt). Melt(~~ from c.n.rill

A/r'it.. Ml,lf'li¢1'1, 0. l.0$

, • ..,Ill.. ""'""'

°'

Antl®ltli+:IJ. Lagos

\'ff1 ·i.e• VrllOt:>o." in Mer()n."""'

2004

~ITilHNt:

l.Oal:NZ

~fe'. M.o~ Rittbto'Q.

-w•1>e1w~, 1'om the l~ ~ EthnOQrHlfliC

,....,..,,_..,, ...,,,.,_...,p. OP. lIM Wtp"(fl

(.cl),~.,......

$H~~HWft\e~~

..,, pO. J6· J9.11

,.... °"" bOdlMICM """""' Wt·~

·~ ,.,... tllt090"' MMI
. 214

2000 • .,,, A•l1 du !»tin du C0tt90.• in Ch1Ui#'lt Falga)'f'Ct ............. (Ml.), MJ o~.~

°""'*'

PilM,l)J), 285-ll& 2001 SOl.lrfl of tfl• SllN/11. s.J«:t«1 WOrks (Ji( AlrlCllfl /Vt, ohlb. CM.,

me Cleve~..._._ ot Art

lllOOD, Alt:MISTIAD It. "8'1• M.lliktd 0.~" In Afr~

llOY. CHlllSTOllttut

'*"

, . ., 'Fonne et S!gn1leotion ~tQl,leS MoW • ~¥'Cl Meering ol

in

~M

. Alrit:11, Munlel'l/Londorv'

IMS '"tioA.,n Ptnett Con"IVCtiOnt ot

WIU.ITT, ,.AHi(

M S

M~um

tor Al'rlc11n Art, New York,

Mt.neh,. CIP. 151·78 1Mh

VerswV- e1 ..i. (eel}.

n GustNf

~l

bom

tMAfriciil~ ~MMt:Aoyel

die rAt.l. e5-t1 lllO't'HOtll, JtO•* MS S/Jkit (ye$. Hr.lmlil't HHd$ • A~

A" ·I r tM HiJ,.,,. """'IM'I\. F~ G11lnC1o\oillt

SCHHIEIOEll, k l.AUS

tt9t °'Tlll\ZO..,,w.tl ~bo: ln GISCl&li VOt91tr (ed.).JC'(.lllst W Welt Jm Rovt'"" Jtrdlo Plt11s.so: 1n R11b ln, WllWitn

SCMAC>t.P, KAlll.-¥CltDtt1AND

in Hi«~~ •W(#(rl ~II;

tMS •£tuo::1ode$ m iJsa._tK1-dct

fl'HIU.l" , TOM lffl '"""'5k (P~ tlgO"'*>ot),- In

1N2 G Art fol"m

, . . . "Nf,shomYGQolm11N." In......,..,.,

2002 ni. Arl ol 8~ f:no, ~

T~ Arrof t/lc

~ Gr#$$r~ Ho"t ~lery.

Lt.HAM, DOMIHIOUI

1M1 A" o f fM U(JipN Vi>'tll ~ P..i•

SOwti ...,k,*in i tMol09i1eht Ztit·

WlTTMIPt, HAllCIUME K.

THI Vi'wal ~

2002 •MMk.: In S..Sllr'I~ £tie>. MiCNttl

In Hr,,..,.,e