Spanish Medieval Ceramics in Spain and the British Isles: Cerámica medieval española en España y en las Islas Británicas 9780860547907, 9781407349152

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright
The Contributing Authors
Table of Contents
Figures
Acknowledgements
Summary
1. Introduction
Part 1: The Historical Background
2. Outline to Spanish Historical Background
3. Anglo-Spanish Trade in the Later Middle Ages (Twelfth to Sixteenth Centuries)
4. Documentary Evidence for the Import of Spanish Pottery to England in the Later Middle Ages (Thirteenth to Early Sixteenth Centuries)
5. Questions of Terminology in the Study of Spanish Medieval Ceramics
6. Southampton and Spain in the Sixteenth Century to the 1588 Armada: A Sample of Sources for Ceramic Studies
7. Anglo-Spanish Contacts in the Visual Arts in the Later Middle Ages
8. Spanish and English Shipping in the Middle Ages
Part 2: Spanish Medieval Ceramics in Spain
The North (I)
The North (II)
9. Nuevos desarrollos en el estudio de las ceramicas medievales del norte de Espana. Una sintesis regional
10. El Cantabrico en la difusion de modelos ceramicos medievales y modernos
Aragon
11. La ceramica aragonesa de los siglos XII al XVII
Catalonia
12. Las ceramicas medievales catalanas
Valencia
13. La ceramica valenciana: Sus tecnicas de fabricacion
14. La ceramica gotico-mudejar valenciana y las fuentes de inspiracion de sus temas decorativos
15. Tradicion e innovacion en el repertorio de la ceramica valenciana bajomedieval
16. Aproximacion al examen cientifico de la ceramica medieval de Manises. Caracterizacion mineralogica mediante microscopia electronica y difraccion de rayos x
Murica
17. La produccion ceramica medieval de Murica
Andalusia
18. Ceramicas de Andalucia occidental (1200-1600)
19. Ceramica nazari (Almeria, Granada y Malaga). Siglos XIII-XV
Part 3: Spanish Medieval Ceramics in the British Isles
20. A Guide to Spanish Medieval Pottery
21. Spanish Medieval Pottery Imported into Ireland
22. Iberian Pottery Imported into South-West England, c. 1250-1600
23. Iberian Pottery Imported into Bristol, 1200-1600
24. Iberian Pottery Excavated in Medieval Southampton
25. Spanish Medieval Pottery from the City of London
26. Spanish Medieval Ceramics in Southern, Midland, and Northern England and in Scotland
27. Survey of Spanish Tiles Imported into England: An Interim Note
28. Spanish Pottery in The British Museum
29. Spanish Armada Ceramics
30. Application of Scientific Analytical Methods to Spanish Medieval Ceramics
31. Spanish Medieval Ceramics in North-West Europe
32. Future Directions for Research
Dictionary
Diccionario
Bibliography
Index

Citation preview

BAR S610 1995  GERRARD ET AL  SPANISH MEDIEVAL CERAMICS

Spanish Medieval Ceramics in Spain and the British Isles Cerámica medieval española en España y en las Islas Británicas

Edited by

Christopher M. Gerrard Alejandra Gutiérrez Alan G. Vince

BAR International Series 610 9 780860 547907

B A R

1995

Spanish Medieval Ceramics in Spain and the British Isles Cera.mica medieval espafiola en Espana y en las Islas Britanicas edited by

Christopher M. Gerrard Alejandra Gutierrez & Alan G. Vince

BAR International Series 610 1995

Published in 2016 by BAR Publishing, Oxford

BAR International Series 610 Spanish Medieval Ceramics in Spain and the British Isles

© The editors and contributors severally and the Publisher 1995 Volume editor: Rajka Makjanic The authors' moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher.

ISBN 9780860547907 paperback ISBN 9781407349152 e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547907 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 197 4 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by Tempvs Reparatvm in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd/ Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 1995. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2016.

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Spanish medieval ceramics in Spain and the British Isles

THECONTRIBUTING AUTHORS The editors: Christopher M GERRARD, Department of History and Archaeology, King Alfred's College, WINCHESTER SO22 4NR, England. Alejandra GUTIERREZ, Cotswold Archaeological Trust, Corinium Museum, Park Street, CIRENCESTERGL7 2BX, England. Alan G VINCE, City of Lincoln Archaeological Unit, Charlotte House, The Lawn, Union Road, LINCOLN LN1 3BL, England.

The authors: John ALLAN, Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Queen Street, EXETEREX4 3RX, England. Fram;ois AMIGUES, 14, Lottissement Rene Cassin, 11120 MOUSSAN, France. Elvira AURACASTRO Dpto de Conservaci6n y Restauraci6n de Bienes Culturales, Universidad Politecnica, Camino de Vera, 14, 46022 VALENCIA, Spain. Duncan BROWN, Southampton City Council, Archaeology and Heritage Management, God's House Tower Museum, Town Quay, SOUTHAMPTON, England.

RodBURCHILL, Bristol Museum and Art Gallery, Queens Road, BRISTOL BS8 1 RL, England. Jose Luis CASADOSOTO, Museo Maritimo del Cantabrico, San Martin de Abajo s/n, 39004 SANTANDER, Spain. Wendy R CHILDS, School of History, The University of Leeds, LEEDS LS2 9JT, England. M Teresa DOMENECHCARB6, Dpto de Conservaci6n y Restauraci6n de Bienes Culturales, Universidad Politecnica, Camino de Vera, 14, 46022 VALENCIA, Spain.

Isabel FLORES ESCOBOSA, Universidad de Texas 1, planta 1, 04005 ALMERIA, Spain. Ian FRIEL, 9, St Flora's Road, Littlehampton, WEST SUSSEXBN17 6BD, England. Jose Avelino GUTIERREZ GONZALEZ, Dpto de Historia, Facultad de Filosoffa y Letras, Campus de El Milan, Universidad de Oviedo, 33071 OVIEDO, Spain. Michael J HUGHES, Research Laboratory, British Museum, LONDON WC1 B 3DG, England. John G HURST, The Old Dairy, 14 Main Street, Great Casterton, STAMFORD PE9 4AP, England. Thomas B JAMES, King Alfred's College, WINCHESTER 5022 4NR, England. Pedro JIMENEZ CASTILLO, Centro de Estudios Arabes y Arqueol6gicos lbn Arabi, Ayuntamiento de Murcia, Edificio Mercado, Calle Selgass/n, 30001 MURCIA, Spain. M Pilar LAFUENTE, Fernando IV 7, 22-s, 41011 SEVILLA, Spain. Derek W LOMAX(1932 - 1992) formerly of Department of Spanish University of Birmingham. Colin J M MARTIN, Scottish Institute of Maritime Studies, University of St Andrews, FIFE KY16 9AJ, Scotland. Javier MARTI, Servicio de lnvestigaci6n Arqueo16gica Municipal (SIAM), Plaza de Maguncia 1, 46018 VALENCIA, Spain. Rosanne MEENAN, Roestown, Drumree, Co MEATH, Ireland. M Mar MUNOZ MARTIN, Avda Madre Marfa Aznar, Lomas de Villablanca 2, 2 planta B, 04009 ALMERIA, Spain.

Julio NAVARRO PALAZ6N, Centro de Estudios Arabes y Arqueol6gicos lbn Arabi, Ayuntamiento de Murcia, Edificio Mercado, Calle Selgas s/n, 30001 MURCIA, Spain. Josefa PASCUAL, Servicio de lnvestigaci6n Arqueol6gica Municipal (SIAM), Plaza de Maguncia 1, 46018 VALENCIA, Spain. Alfonso PLEGUEZUELO, Dpto de Escultura e Historia de las Artes Plasticas, Facultad de Bellas Artes, Larai\a 3, 41003 SEVILLA, Spain. Mike PONSFORD, 12 Seymour Road, Bishopston, BRISTOL BS7 9HR, England. Manuel RIU, Aribau 231, 12, 4 2, 08021 BARCELONA, Spain. M Carmen RIU DE MARTIN, Mariano Cubr 73, 32, 22, 08006 BARCELONA, Spain. Pedro SARABIA ROGINA, Museo Maritimo del Cantabrico, San Martin de Abajo s/n, 39004 SANTANDER, Spain. Thomas TOLLEY, Department of Fine Art, University of Edinburgh, 19 George Square, EDINBURGH EH8 9LD, Scotland. Bruce WILLIAMS, Bristol Museum and Art Gallery, Queens Road, BRISTOL BS8 1 RL, England. Timothy WILSON, Department of Western Art, Ashmolean Museum, OXFORD OX1 2PH, England

Spanish medieval ceramics in Spain and the British Isles

CONTENTS List of Figures. Lista de figuras. Acknowledgements. Agradecimientos. Summary. Resumen.

1 Introduction. lntroducci6n. Christopher M Gerrard ...................................................................................................................................

1

PART 1 - THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PART£1 - EL CONTEXTO HISTORICO

2 Outline to Spanish historical background. Bosquejo def contexto hist6rico espaflol. Derek W Lomax .............................................................................................................................................

13

3 Anglo-Spanish trade in the Later Middle Ages: twelfth to sixteenth centuries. Comercio anglo-espafiol en la Baja £dad Media: siglos XII a XVI. Wendy R Childs ............................................................................................................................................. 17 4 Documentary evidence for the import of Spanish pottery to England in the Later Middle Ages: twelfth to sixteenth centuries. Evidencia documental en la importaci6n de ceramica espafiola a lnglaterra durante la Baja £dad Media: siglos XII a XVI. Wendy R Childs ............................................................................................................................................. 25 5 Questions of terminology in the study of Spanish medieval ceramics. Cuestiones de terminologfa en el estudio de las ceramicas medievales espafiolas. Alejandra Gutierrez ........................................................................................................................................ 33 6 Southampton and Spain in the sixteenth century to the 1588 Armada: a sample of sources for ceramic study. Southampton y Espana en el siglo XVI hasta la Armada de 1588: una muestra de las fuentes disponib/es para el estudio de la ceramica. Thomas B James............................................................................................................................................. 41 7 Anglo-Spanish contacts in the visual arts in the Later Middle Ages. Contactos artfsticos entre lnglaterra y Espana durante la Baja £dad Media. Thomas Tolley ................................................................................................................................................ 51 8 Spanish and English shipping in the Middle Ages. La navegaci6n espafiola e inglesa en la £dad Media. Ian Friel ..........................................................................................................................................................

63

PART 2 - SPANISH MEDIEVAL CERAMICS IN SPAIN PART£2 - CERAMICA MEDIEVALESPANOLAEN ESPANA

9 Nuevos desarrollos en el estudio de las ceramicas medievales del Norte de Espana. Una si'ntesis regional. New developments in the study of medieval pottery from the north of Spain. A regional synthesis. Jose Avelino Gutierrez Gonzalez ..................................................................................................................... 69 10 El Cantabrico en la difusi6n de modelos ceramicos medievales y modernos. The role of the Cantabrian region in the diffusion of medieval and post-medieval ceramics. Jose Luis Casado Soto & Pedro Sarabia Rogina ............................................................................................... 89 11 La ceramica aragonesa de los siglos XII al XVII. Aragonese pottery between the twelfth and seventeenth centuries. Alejandra Gutierrez ........................................................................................................................................ 101 12 Las ceramicas medievales catalanas. Medieval Catalan pottery. Manuel Rfu & M Carmen Rfu de Martfn .........................................................................................................

113

13 La ceramica valenciana: sus tecnicas de fabricaci6n. Production techniques for Valencian pottery. Franc;:oisAmigues ...........................................................................................................................................

129

14 La ceramica g6tico-mudejar valenciana y las fuentes de inspiraci6n de sus temas decorativos. Gothic-mudejar pottery from Valencia and the inspirations for its decorative motifs. Franc;:oisAmigues ........................................................................................................................................... 141 15 Tradici6n e innovaci6n en el repertorio formal de la ceramica valenciana bajomedieval. Tradition and innovation in the medieval repertoire of Valencian pottery. Javier Martf & Josefa Pascual........................................................................................................................... 159

Contents

16 Aproximaci6n al examen cientifico de la ceram1ca medieval de Manises. Caracterizaci6n minera16gica mediante microscopfa electr6nica y difraccion de rayos X. The scientific analysis of medieval pottery from Manises. Minerological characterisation by electronic microscopy and x-ray diffraction. Elvira Aura Castro & M Teresa Domenech Carbo ............................................................................................ 177

17 La produccion ceramica medieval de Murcia. Medieval pottery from Murcia. Julio Navarro Palaz6n & Pedro Jimenez Castillo ..............................................................................................

185

18 Ceramicas de Andaluda Occidental (1200-1600). Pottery from western Andalusia (1200-1600). Alfonso Pleguezuelo & M Pilar Lafuente .........................................................................................................

217

19 Ceramica nazari (Almeria, Granada y Malaga). Siglos XIII-XV. Nasrid pottery (Almeria, Granada y Malaga). Thirteenth to fifteenth centuries. Isabel Flores Escobosa & M Mar Munoz Martfn .............................................................................................. 245 PART 3 - SPANISH MEDIEVAL CERAMICS IN THE BRITISH ISLES PARTE3 - CERAMICA MEDIEVALESPANOLAEN LAS ISLASBRITANICAS

20 A guide to Spanish medieval pottery. Gufa sobre la ceramica medieval espafiofa en las Islas Britanicas. Christopher M Gerrard, Alejandra Gutierrez, John G Hurst & Alan G Vince ....................................................

281

21 Spanish medieval pottery imported into Ireland. La ceramica medieval espafio/a en lrfanda. Rosanne Meenan ...........................................................................................................................................

297

22 Iberian pottery imported into South-West England, c 1250-1600. La ceramica de la Peninsula lberica en el suroeste de lnglaterra c 1250-1600. John Allan ...................................................................................................................................................... 299 23 Iberian pottery from Bristol, c 1200-1600. La ceramica de la Peninsula lberica en Bristol c 1250-1600. Mike Ponsford & Rod Burchill ........................................................................................................................

315

24 Iberian pottery excavated in medieval Southampton. La ceramica de la Peninsula lberica en las excavaciones de Southampton. Duncan Brown ............................................................................................................................................... 319

25 Spanish medieval pottery from the City of London. La ceramica medieval espafiola en el Landres medieval. Alan G Vince .................................................................................................................................................. 329 26 Spanish medieval ceramics in Southern, Midland and Northern England, and Scotland. La ceramica medieval espafiola en el sur, centro y norte de lnglaterra, y en Escocia. John G Hurst .................................................................................................................................................. 333 27 Survey of Spanish tiles imported into England: an interim note. Apuntes sobre el estudio de azufejos espafiofes en lnglaterra. Bruce Williams ............................................................................................................................................... 335

28 Spanish pottery in the British Museum. Ceramica espafiofa en el British Museum de Landres. Timothy Wilson ..............................................................................................................................................

339

29 Spanish Armada ceramics. La ceramica de la Armada espafiofa. Colin J M Martin ............................................................................................................................................

353

30 Application of scientific analytical methods to Spanish medieval ceramics. La aplicaci6n de metodos cientffico-analfticos al estudio de las ceramicas medievales espafiolas. Michael J Hughes ........................................................................................................................................... 359 31 Spanish medieval ceramics in North-West Europe. Ceramica medieval espafio/a en el noroeste de Europa. John G Hurst .................................................................................................................................................. 367 32 Future directions for research. Directrices para la futura investigaci6n. Christopher M Gerrard & John G Hurst .........................................................................................................

371

Dictionary ...................................................................................................................................................... Diccionario ..................................................................................................................................................... Bibliography. Bibliograffa ................................................................................................................................ Index. fndice . .................................................................................................................................................

375 379 383 399

ii

Spanish medieval ceramics in Spain and the British Isles

FIGURES 1.1. 1.2.

The lustreware jug from Cirencester, Gloucestershire.

Map of Europe c 1450 showing places mentioned in the text.

5.1. 5.2. 5.3. 5.4. 8.1. 8.2.

13.2.

'Testar del Molf' (Paternal, 0/eries majors. Plano de la organizaci6n espacial de los alfares del siglo XIV.

13.3. 13.4. 13.5.

Posici6n del alfarero trabajando al torno en fosa.

Line drawing of the Cirencester jug. Ceramic forms and suggested terminology I. Ceramic forms and suggested terminology II. Ceramic forms and suggested terminology Ill. Ceramic form and suggested terminology IV. Ship on the seal of Dover, c 1300. Ship on the seal of San Sebastian, thirteenth century.

9.1.

Areas de distribuci6n ceramicas decoradas.

9.2. 9.3. 9.4. 9.5. 9.6.

Cuadro sin6ptico de la forma: olla (I) (siglosVIII-XV).

9.7.

Cuadro sin6ptico de las formas: cantaro, tinaja y botija (siglos VIII-XV).

9.8.

Cuadro sin6ptico de las formas: lebrillo y plato/cuenco (siglos VIII-XV).

9.9.

Cuadro sin6ptico de las formas: plate, platito, candil, cubilete, taza y tapadera (siglos VIII-XV).

10.1.

de

los principales

Horne moderno 'arabe' o 'moruno' Francisco Giner (Paternal.

13.7. 13.8.

Gran chimenea central de un horno actual en Manises.

14.1.

Plato decorado en verde y manganese. Paterna, finales del sigloXIII.

14.2. 14.3. 14.4. 14.5. 14.6. 14.7. 14.8.

Dos ciervos o gacelas enfrentados a un arbol de la vida.

grupos de

Cuadro sin6ptico de la forma: olla (11)(siglos VIII-XV). Cuadro sin6ptico de la forma: olla (Ill) (siglosVIII-XV). Cuadro sin6ptico de la forma: jarra (siglosVIII-XV). Cuadro sin6ptico VIII-XV).

de

las formas: jarrita/jarrito

(siglos

Formas ceramicas procedentes del fondeadero de San Vicente de la Barquera (Santander) (II).

10.3. 10.4.

Bellarmina con vidriado a la sal marr6n rojizo.

siglo Xlll-comienzos del XIV. siglo Xlll-comienzos del XIV.

14.16. Fragmento de gran cuenco decorado en dorado. Manises, siglo XIV-XV.

14.17. Decoraciones geometricas. Principio A. 14.18. Decoraciones geometricas. Principio B. 14.19. Escudilla tipo B estilo Pula. Paterna o Manises, primera mitad

Plato en reflejo dorado, Muel, siglo XVI.

del siglo XIV.

Escudilla en azul, Muel, siglo XVI.

14.20. Jarro. Paterna, siglo XIV o XV. 14.21. Escudilla dorada, estilo Pula. Manises o Paterna, primera

Azulejos procedentes de San Pedro Martir de Calatayud, siglo XIV.

mitad del siglo XIV.

Map of Catalonia showing places mentioned in the text.

12.3.

Reconstrucci6n del horno Ill de Casa-en-Pons (Berga, Barcelona).

12.4. 12.5.

Ollitas bic6nicas de pasta gris (siglosXII-XIII).

Plato verde y manganese. Paterna, segunda mitad del siglo XIII o comienzos del XIV.

14.15. Plato decorado en verde y manganese. Paterna, finales del

Escudilla en reflejo dorado, Muel, siglo XVI.

Secci6n y planta del horno Ill de Casa-en-Pons (Berga, Barcelona) del siglo XII.

Animales marcados en el hombre. Manises, siglo XV.

valenciano primitive, siglo Xlll-comienzos del XIV.

Escudilla en verde y manganese. Teruel, siglos XIII-XIV.

12.2.

Grife. Albahaquero. Talleres de Paterna, siglo XIV.

14.13. Cuadro de decoraciones florales o vegetales. 14.14. Ceramica verde y manganese. Paterna, segunda mitad del

Escudilla en verde y manganese. Teruel, siglos XIII-XIV.

Reconstrucci6n del horno de Santa Creu d'Ollers (Guixers, Lerida) del siglo XI.

Bote en azul y dorado, siglo XIV. Azulejo decorado en azul.

Xlll-comienzos del XIV.

Formas ceramicas procedentes del fondeadero de San Vicente de la Barquera (Santander) (Ill).

12.1.

Curva del ciclo de cocci6n calculada segun la tecnica de Francisco Giner.

14.12. Fragmento de plate de ala decorado en azul y dorado. Estilo

Map of Aragon showing places mentioned in the text.

11.1. 11.2. 11.3. 11.4. 11.5. 11.6.

de la alfarerfa de

14.9. Fragmento de cuenco decorado en azul. Paterna, siglo XV. 14.10. Pie de lampara decorado con un arbol de la vida en azul. 14.11. Cuenco en azul y dorado. Estilo valenciano primitive, siglo

Formas ceramicas procedentes del fondeadero de San Vicente de la Barquera (Santander) (I).

10.2.

Reconstrucci6n del 'horno arabe' o 'moruno' del 'Testar del Molf', 0/eries majors(Paterna, siglos XIV-XV).

13.6.

Map of North Spain showing places mentioned in the text (I). Map of North Spain showing places mentioned in the text (II)

F6rmulas de la fabricaci6n del reflejo dorado.

14.22. 14.23. 14.24. 14.25. 14.26.

Motive de puntos. Finales del siglo XIV-XV. Azulejo. Valencia, siglo XV. lnscripci6n en arabe 'Salud y vitalidad' o 'Buen provecho'. Azulejo decorado en azul. Paterna o Manises, siglo XV. Figuras heraldicas simplificadas representando los escudos de Barcelona y de Arag6n.

15.1.

Cuadro comparative de formas ceramicas valencianas. Grupo 1: olla.

Tabla comparativa de formas de ceramicas grises de distintos yacimientos catalanes.

15.2.

Cuadro comparative de formas ceramicas valencianas. Grupo 2: cazuela. Grupo 3: tapadera.

12.6.

Cuadro tipol6gico de algunas piezas del siglo XIV halladas en las b6vedas de las iglesias g6ticas de Barcelona (I).

15.3.

Cuadro comparative de formas ceramicas valencianas. Grupo 4: anafe.

12.7.

Cuadro tipol6gico de algunas piezas del siglo XIV halladas en las b6vedas de las iglesias g6ticas de Barcelona (II).

15.4.

Cuadro comparative de formas ceramicas valencianas. Grupo 5: jarra/jarrita.

12.8. Plates de servir. Manresa, siglo XIV. 12.9. Orlas y cenefas de la ceramica de Manresa, siglo XIV. 12.10. Servidora con decoraci6n en verde y manganese,

15.5.

Cuadro comparative de formas ceramicas valencianas. Grupo 6: jarro/jarrito. Grupo 7: redoma.

15.6.

Cuadro comparative de formas ceramicas valencianas. Grupo 8: plate. Grupo 9: escudilla/cuenco.

15.7.

Cuadro comparative de formas ceramicas valencianas. Grupo 10: cantaro.

15.8.

Cuadro comparative de formas ceramicas valencianas. Grupo 11: tinaja.

Cataluiia, siglo XIII.

12.11. Plato con decoraci6n en azul cobalto. Cataluiia, siglo XV. Map of Valencia showing places mentioned in the text.

13.1.

Cuadro de espesores de pastas de la ceramica valenciana.

iii

List of figures

15.9.

Cuadro comparative de formas ceramicas valencianas. Grupo 12: orza/bote.

18.13. 18.14. 18.15 18.16.

15.10. Cuadro comparative de formas ceramicas valencianas. Grupo 13: candil. 15.11. Cuadro comparative de formas ceram1cas valencianas. Grupo 14: lebrillo y bacfn. Grupo 15: brasero. 16.1. Graficos de microfotograffas de las secciones transversales

Plato de la serie azul y morada (lsabela Polychrome), siglo XV Jarro de pico vertedor esmaltado en blanco, siglo XV. Ceramica de Andalucfa con cubierta melada, siglos XIV-XV. Cuenco melado con decoraci6n de manganeso bajo cubierta, siglo XV.

de muestras ceramicas.

18.17. Jarrita vidriada en 'verde de paredes finas', siglo XVI. 18.18. Ceramica de Andalucfa, serie blanca lisa (Columbia Plain),

16.2.

Graficos de los espectros de rayos X por dispersion de energfas en la pasta ceramica.

18.19. Ceramica de Andalucfa, serie azul lineal (Yaya/ Blue on

16.3.

Tabla de emisi6n de rayos X caracterfsticos y especies identificadas en las muestras analizadas.

18.20. Gran jarro de la serie azul figurativa (Santo Domingo Blue on

16.4. 16.5.

Tabla de elementos identificados en las muestras. las pastas ceramicas pertenecientes a

18.21. Ceramica de Andalucfa, segunda mitad del siglo XVI. 18.22. Jarrito y galbo de escudilla de la serie azul lisa (Caparra Blue),

16.6.

Grafico de minerales identificados por difracci6n de rayos X en la pasta ceramica.

18.23. Ceramica de Andalucfa, serie azul sobre azul (Seville Blue on

Promedio Manises.

de

primera mitad del siglo XVI. White), primera mitad del siglo XVI. White), siglo XVI.

siglo XVI. Blue), segunda mitad del siglo XVI.

Map of Murcia showing places mentioned in the text.

17.1.

Algunas variantes tipol6gicas procedentes del alfar de San Nicolas (Murcia), siglo X (I).

17.2.

Algunas variantes tipol6gicas procedentes del alfar de San Nicolas (Murcia), siglo X (II).

17.3.

Ataifor con decoraci6n en verde y manganese. Alfar de San Nicolas (Murcia), siglo X.

17.4.

Jarro de perfil de 'saco' con decoraci6n excisa e incisa. Alfar de San Nicolas (Murcia), siglo X.

17.5.

Algunas variantes tipol6gicas procedentes del vertedero hallado en la calle Platerfa (Murcia), ultimos afios del siglo Xl-primeros del XII (I).

17.6.

18.24. Fondo de plato de la serie azul sobre azul (Sevi/le Blue on Blue), segunda mitad del siglo XVI.

19.1. 19.2. 19.3. 19.4. 19.5. 19.6. 19.7. 19.8. 19.9. 19.10. 19.11. 19.12.

Algunas variantes tipol6gicas procedentes del vertedero hallado en la calle Platerfa (Murcia), ultimos afios del siglo Xl-primeros del XII (II).

Ceramica de Andalucfa. Jarras,siglo XIII-XV. Ceramica de Andalucfa. Jarras,siglos XIII-XV. Ceramica de Andalucfa. Jarra y jarrita, siglos XIII-XIV. Ceramica de Andalucfa. Jarra y cantimplora, siglos XIV-XV. Ceramica de Andalucfa. Jarros y frutero, siglos XIII-XV. Ceramica de Andalucfa. Ataifor, siglos XIV-XV. Ceramica de Andalucfa. Ataifor, siglos XIV-XV. Ceramica de Andalucfa. Ataifor, siglos XIV-XV. Ceramica de Andalucfa. Escudilla y trfpode, siglos XIV-XV. Ceramica de Andalucfa. Tapaderas, siglos XIV-XV. Ceramica de Andalucfa. Redoma, siglos XIV-XV.

17.7.

Ataifor de loza dorada hallado en la calle Plateria (Murcia), ultimo cuarto del siglo XI.

17.8.

Ataifor de loza dorada hallado en la calle Serrano Alcazar (Murcia), mediados del siglo XII.

19.13. Ceramica de Andalucfa. Embudo, cuscusera/quesera y copa,

17.9.

Jarrita esgrafiada hallada en el pozo de San Nicolas (Murcia), primera mitad del siglo XIII.

19.14. 19.15. 19.16. 19.17.

siglos XII-XIV.

17.10. Tinaja con decoraci6n aplicada procedente del casco urbano de Murcia, primera mitad del siglo XIII.

17.11. Conjunto de tinaja, reposadero simple con fachada y aguamanil tripartite con sus correspondientes tapaderas.

17.12. Aguamanil-reposadero

en

forma

de

Ceramica de Andalucfa. Bote, bacfn y bandejita, siglos XIV-XV.

Ceramica de Andalucfa. Cazuela y olla, siglos XIV-XV. Ceramica de Andalucfa. Anafe, siglo XIV. Ceramica de Andalucfa. Candil, siglos XIV-XV. Ceramica de Andalucfa. Cuadro cronol6gico de las formas: jarras/os y cantimplora.

19.18. Ceramica de Andalucfa. Cuadro cronol6gico de las formas: jarras/o y redoma. 19.19. Ceramica de Andalucfa. Cuadro cronol6gico de las formas:

maqueta

arquitect6nica.

17.13. Algunas variantes tipol6gicas procedentes del pozo negro

ataifor y escudilia.

de San Nicolas (Murcia), primera mitad del siglo XIII (I).

19.20. Cuadro cronol6gico de las formas: olla, anafe, cazuela,

17.14. Algunas variantes tipol6gicas procedentes del pozo negro

embudo y cuscusera/quesera.

de San Nicolas (Murcia), primera mitad del siglo XIII (II).

19.21. Ceramica de Andalucfa. Cuadro cronol6gico de las formas:

17.15. Jarrita esgrafiada hallada en la calle La Manga (Murcia),

tapadera, bote, bacfn, frutero y candil.

cronologfa aproximada de fines del siglo Xlll-siglo XIV. Map of Andalusia showing places mentioned in the text.

Valencian lustreware bowl from Lincoln.

18.1.

Ceramica de Andalucfa, siglos XII-XIII.

18.2. 18.3. 18.4.

Jarrita bizcochada, siglo XII.

18.5. 18.6.

Loza arcaica de Andaluda, siglo XIV.

20.1. 20.2. 20.3. 20.4. 20.5. 20.6. 21.1. 22.1. 22.2.

18.7. 18.8.

Ceramica de Andalucfa, siglos XII-XIII. Pila de abluciones vidriada en verde con decoraci6n estampillada, siglos XII-XIII. Fragmento de plato c6nico en verde sobre blanco, loza arcaica, siglo XIV. Jarrita vidriada en verde, siglo XIV. Ceramica de Andalucfa, siglo XV.

18.9. Plato esmaltado en blanco y pintado en azul, siglo XV. 18.10. Ceramica de Andalucfa, siglo XV. 18.11. Cuenco carenado de la serie azul y morada (lsabela

siglo XV.

iv

Pottery distribution in the British Isles (I). Pottery distribution in the British Isles (II). Pottery distribution in the British Isles (Ill). Pottery distribution in the British Isles (IV). List of findspots of Spanish pottery in the British Isles. Iberian pottery from Ireland. Iberian imports in the South-West of England. Andalusian lustreware and Seville Ribbed Amphora from the South-West of England.

22.3. 22.4. 22.5.

Valencian lustrewares in the South-West of England.

22.6.

Cuerda Seca, Me/ado and Columbia Plain in the South-West of England.

Polychrome), siglo XV.

18.12. Escudilla de la serie azul y morada (lsabela Polychrome),

Nomenclatures of some pottery types

Valencian lustrewares: patterns. lsabela Polychrome and Yayal Blue on White South-West of England.

in the

Spanish medieval ceramics in Spain and the British Isles 22.7.

Olive Jar, lebrillo, Merida-type and other Iberian wares in the South-West of England.

28.10. Four-handled jar attributed to a potter from the Campo de Tarragona, c 1640.

22.8.

Seville wares in the South-West of England, additions to the corpus.

28.11. Plaque with the signature of the painter Cristobal Cros. Alcora, c 1740.

23.1.

Iberian pottery from Bristol.

29.1.

23.2.

Iberian pottery from Bristol.

Olive jars from the wreck of La Trinidad Valencera off Donegal.

24.1.

Seville Coarsewaresfrom Southampton.

29.2.

24.2.

Merida-type Red Micaceous Wares and lustrewares from Southampton.

Columbia Plain tin-glazed earthenwares and tin-glazed pottery from La Trinidad Valencera.

29.3.

24.3.

Lustrewares, Morisco Southampton.

Supposed 'contract' ware from Lisbon in four forms of greenor clear-glazed red earthenware.

29.4.

24.4

Quantities of Iberian ware types from Southampton.

Pottery from Santa Marfa de la Rosa and La Trinidad Va/encera.

24.5.

Relative quantities of ware types from Southampton.

29.5.

27.1.

Cuenca tiles found in England.

Firepot of soft red earthenware with clear external glaze from La Trinidad Valencera and a similar vessel depicted by Lucar (1588).

28.1.

Dish. Valencia region, late fourteenth or early fifteenth century.

29.6.

Merida-type Wares from La Trinidad Valencera.

30.1.

Typical Hispano-Moresque dish in lustre and blue from Valencia.

30.2. 30.3.

Pula-type bowl decorated in blue and lustre, found at Fustat, Egypt. Sherdsof typical Seville tin-glazed ceramics found in Seville.

30.4.

Sevillian tile with the arms of the Medici from Rome. Typical sixteenth-century Sevillian tile in the cuenca or arista style.

Wares and Cuerda Seca from

28.2.

Plate. Probably Manises, fifteenth century.

28.3.

Albarello. Perhaps Catalonia, fourteenth century.

28.4.

Dish. Probably Manises, first half of the fifteenth century.

28.Sa. Dish. Probably Valencia region, fifteenth century. 28.Sb. Reverseof Fig 28.Sa. 28.6.

Dish. Probably Valencia region, first half of the fifteenth century.

30.5.

28.7.

Wing-handled vase. Probably Manises, c 1465-75.

30.6.

28.8.

Dish. Valencia region, end of the fifteenth or first half of the sixteenth century.

Discriminant analysis plot of the neutron activation analyses of Spanish tin-glazed pottery made in Valencia, Malaga and Seville.

28.9.

Dish, with ribs in relief. Valencia region, second half of the fifteenth century or first half of the sixteenth century.

31.1

Spanish ceramics in North-West Europe.

V

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This volume could never have been attempted had it not been for a number of grant-aid bodies. The Society of Antiquaries (London), the Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores (Madrid), and the British Academy (London) jointly funded CMG in his original research in Spain in 1987, thereby fostering professional contacts between many of the collaborators for this volume. The inspiration for this post-doctoral work in Spain came ultimately from many happy years excavating with Richard Harrison in Aragon and the ever encouraging words of Mick Aston. During the course of the project many individuals and organisations have been of valuable help and assistance. In particular, three organisations have allowed the editors the time and facilities required in the lengthy editing process; the Cotswold Archaeological Trust (AG); Countryside Planning and Management (CMG); and King Alfred's College, Winchester (CMG). For their particular advice, support and constructive thoughts the editors wish to express their grateful thanks to all the contributors to this volume as well as to their employing institutions and companies. In addition, a large number of individuals have given their encouragement, including: Isidro Aguilera, Timothy Darvill, Danny Darwish, John Edwards, Miguel Angel Gutierrez, Casper Johnson, John Paddock, Linda Viner and Nick Watson. When the task of editing this volume became too great the British Academy eased the burden of re-typing all the papers by providing financial support for secretarial help. Ambel, Zaragoza Easter1993

SUMMARY This volume comprises a series of 32 commissioned and edited papers written between 1990 and 1994 on the theme of early thirteenth to late sixteenth century Spanish medieval ceramics. The papers, assembled by 34 different authors, are arranged in three parts. Part 1 provides the historical background to the period and aims to set the detailed discussion of ceramics which follows into a more general cultural and economic context. In Part 2 there are 11 articles from contributors working in Spain, covering a wide selection of regions but focusing especially on the latest work in the Valencia region, perhaps the most important source of production for exports to northern Europe. Finally, the papers in Part 3 review the current state of knowledge about Spanish ceramics found in North-West Europe and especially in the British Isles and Ireland, beginning with an overview of material found to date and followed by summaries of archaeological information from the major medieval ports (Southampton, London, Bristol) and the analysis of distributions from the English counties, Wales and Scotland. Especially important British material such as the Armada ceramics, Spanish tiles and the British Museum collections are considered separately as well as the latest results from neutron activation analyses. The volume ends with a proposed research agenda for future work. Overall, the intention is to provide a series of overviews by workers collaborating in this field. We believe that most recent work in Spain and the British Isles on later medieval pottery is included here. Although not intended to be comprehensive (latest work from other countries such as France, Italy and the Americas is not covered for example), it is hoped that this volume, with its many illustrations and glossary,will act partly as a useful gazetteer and sourcebook for those archaeologists and art historians interested in late medieval Spanish ceramics discovered in northern Europe as well as for those with wider interests in Spanish culture in the Middle Ages.

vi

Spanish medieval ceramics in Spain and the British Isles

1. INTRODUCTION

Christopher M Gerrard RESUMEN

lntroducci6n La ceramica medieval espanola se encuentra presente en numerosos yacimientos arqueo/ogicos de toda Europa, Mediterraneo y America, y ha sido centro de interes tanto de arqueologos coma de historiadores de/ arte, coleccionistas y conservadores de museos de todo el mundo. Tanto la loza fina coma la ceramica com(m fueron objeto de intercambio y comercio desde la Penfnsula lberica, tanto par el valor estetico de sus disenos decorativos, especialmente 1/amativos en la loza dorada, coma par su valor cultural, crono/6gico, social y comercial. El presente volumen presenta el contexto cultural, historico y arqueologico de la produccion de ceramica medieval espanola entre 1200 y 1600 aproximadamente, centrandose en su comercio y conexiones con las Islas Britanicas. Para este proposito han colaborado 24 autores de cuatro pafses distintos que ofrecen, en primer lugar, un estudio de las datos historicos y documentales de los intercambios existentes entre la Penfnsula lberica y las Islas Britanicas en este perfodo. En segundo, se presenta una recopilacion de las investigaciones mas recientes 1/evadas a cabo en Espana. Por ultimo, se ofrece un sumario de las datos arqueologicos existentes en las Islas Britanicas. En conjunto, esta coleccion de artfculos conjuga el trabajo desarrollado en ambas zonas, elaborando una gufa que esperamos resulte de interes para el investigador centrado en el estudio de estas ceramicas; en el/a se refleja el valor def estudio multidisciplinar de la cultura material. La primera parte se abre con el contexto historico, que incluye tanto el desarrol/o polftico coma los intercambios comerciales y datos documenta/es que ava/an la importacion de ceramica espanola, planteando interesantes cuestiones en cuanto a terminologfa y formas ceramicas se refiere. Tambien se contempla un espectro mas amplio de contactos e influencias entre Espana y las Islas Britanicas, en esferas tan variadas coma el arte, jardinerfa, horticultura, cabal/as, tejidos, etc, y la tecnologfa marftima de la epoca. La segunda parte ofrece una revision general de Jos centros productores de la ceramica mas exportada desde Espana: zona norte, Aragon, Cataluna, Valencia, Murcia y Andalucfa. La tercera parte presenta un estado actual de los conocimientos en las Islas Britanicas: comenzando por un contexto general en el que tambien se repasan los problemas y cuestiones todavfa sin resolver, se pasa a examinar lrlanda, el suroeste de lnglaterra, Bristol, Southampton, Landres, sur, centro y

norte de lnglaterra, Escocia, y /os estudios especfficos sabre azulejos, ceramica en el British Museum, ceramica de la Armada Espanola y los analisis cientfficos desarrol/ados hasta el momenta para la identificacion de dichas ceramicas.Esta ultima parte se cierra con una vision general de la Europa noroccidenta/ y consideraciones para la investigacion futura. El libro se ha escrito en ingles y espanol, y ya que debido a su extension no ha sido posib/e ofrecer un texto doble en ambos idiomas, cada artfculo se acompana de un amplio resumen que esperamos sirva de gufa para su lectura. Para ayudar a una mejor traducci6n y facilitar la comprension def texto en el otro idioma hemos recopilado un diccionario de terminos al final def volumen. La bibliograffa ha sido recogida en un solo capftulo, que esperamos sirva coma referencia general de acercamiento al tema.

INTRODUCTION

Spanish medieval ceramics are to be found on archaeological sites all over Europe and the Mediterranean as well as the Americas. Today they attract the interest of archaeologists, art historians, private collectors, museum curators and art dealers the world over. Those aware of their importance to the visual arts delight in the pleasure of handling and studying the motifs and heraldic designs of the luxurious blue and gold of the famous lustrewares or Hispano-Moresque pottery; others point to their crucial cultural value as chronological, social and commercial indicators and to the wider range of ceramics, both finewares and coarsewares,traded from the Iberian peninsula. Even the dustiest scholar must admit to a lingering attraction to the romance of the exotic Mediterranean medieval world and the achievementsof Islam in the Iberian peninsula. This book embraces the cultural, historical and archaeological context of medieval pottery production in Spain between 1200 and 1600 focusing on trade and connections with the British Isles. Thirty-four authors from four countries collaborate to provide; firstly, an overview of documentary and stylistic evidence for Anglo-Iberian contact and exchange; secondly, a round-up of the most recent investigations in Spain and; thirdly, a summary of the archaeological evidence for Spanish ceramics in the British Isles. Taken together, this collection of 32 papers unites the latest work on the subject in the two countries, much of it difficult to locate, and should provide both a guide to the wider literature and a fillip to future study. We hope that what follows will be of interest to scholars of ceramics, whatever their background, and will serve to emphasise the value of multi-disciplinary approachesto cultural material.

Christopher M Gerrard: Introduction

Fig 1. 1. Spanish jug found near Cirencester, Gloucestershire, and now in Corinium Museum, Cirencester. Malaga, fifteenth century. Lustre decoration lost, only blue survives. Very few complete jugs of this type have survived in Spain. The two best known examples are the Berchules jugs (one of them illustrated in Martfnez Cavir6 1991, Fig 57) (Corinium Museum).

2

Spanish medieval ceramics in Spain and the British Isles

D

White

~ Blue Lustre

0

5cm

t:I==---==--=:::JI

Fig 1.2. Cirencester jug.

A BRIEFHISTORYOF STUDY

ceramics in the British Isles. In the first half of the ce~t~ry the only Spanish medieval pottery published in Britain was the Pithay dish from Bristol (Pritchard 1926). Prior to 1926 those studies available to the int:re_stedfew concentrated exclusively upon the study of H1spano-Moresque'pottery, as the lustrewares are still sometimes called. Amongst several museum cataloguespublished in the Englishlanguagethere was van de Put's notable fully illustrated study of fifteenthcentury wares (van de Put 1904). Previously, Sarre (1903) had published in German on Malagan lustrewares,Campaner y Fuertes (1875) in Spanish on doubtful Majorcian pieces and Davillier (1860) a genera_!history in Frenc~, each drawing heavily upon key primary documentation such as the diary accounts of Nicolas von Popplau, a Pole, (written 1484, published Liske 1878); lbn Sa'id and lbn Batutah (twelfth century, published Sarre 1903); al-ldrisi, an

In 1900 in a quiet Gloucestershire wood close to Cirencest~r a lady tound a curiously shaped pot (Fig 1.1 and Fig 1.2) whilst out walking, apparently lying on the s~rface of the ground. The 'beaked' jug was later acquired by the Bathurst Museum in Cirencester, and confidently identified as a seventeenth-century piece from the EasternMediterranean. It was only in August 1964 t~at John Hurst correctly identified the piece as early fifteenth-century Valencian or Malagan. The vessel . had . been tampered with and crudely overpainted in places, perhaps by Spanish gypsies at the turn of the century before being sold to an acquisitive traveller and later discarded in an English wood. In many ways the life of the Cirencester jug seems to echo the wider story of the study of Spanish medieval 3

Christopher M Gerrard: Introduction

Arab observer (written 1154, published Saavedra 1881) and many other deeds and documents. Early researchers and medieval observers alike found the 'golden' pottery of Spain inspiring and admired it for its beauty. After all, many pieces had been specially commissioned by important medieval aristocrats from Aragon, Burgundy, Savoy and were to be found in great cities such as Sienna and Florence.

Further historical studies followed (Butler 1926) but a better balance was given to the study of Spanish ceramics generally through the publication in 1936 of a Catalogue of Hispano-Moresque Pottery in the Collection of the Hispanic Society of America by Alice Frothingham. She drew upon increasing numbers of ceramic studies in Spain such as those from Toledo (Moraleda y Esteban 1928), Valencia (Osma 1911; Sanchis y Sivera 1926) and Reus (Font y Guma This interest in medieval pottery was inspired more 1921-26), where finds of kiln material had been generally by the nineteenth-century fascination with recorded, as well as upon minor reviews (Ona the romance of Moorish Spain so typified by Iribarren 1935) and emerging analyses of primary Washington Irving's Tales of the Alhambra. To Byron, documentation (eg Serrano y Sanz 1916; idem 1917, Lewis, Hugo, Lockhart, Longfellow, Bizet, Ford, for fourteenth and fifteenth century Aragon; Gestoso Borrow and so many others Spain was a land of 1904, for Seville). What had begun as a fascination in chivalry, crumbling buildings, gypsy dancing, precious lustrewares had, by 1930, spread to Spanish bandoleros, majos, gardens of vine, orange and ceramics generally, although we should not forget that pomegranate. Spanish romantic writers like Zorrilla fed Lysons had sketched the Spanish tiles in the Lord a need for swashbuckling legend, immortalised in Mayor's Chapel in Bristol as early as 1804 (see opera, art and musical composition (Chopin, Debussy, Williams, Chapter 27, this volume). Liszt, Ravel, Falla and so on). It was a world away from the steamships,railways and telegraph of industrialising By 1944 Gonzalez Marti was able to produce the most northern Europe. comprehensive review of Spanish medieval ceramics to date (Gonzalez Marti 1944). Together with the A single pottery shape seemsto embody all this mystic, art-historical writing of Torres Balbas (1949), architect the extraordinary Alhambra vases, dispersed amongst of the early Alhambra restorations, this remains a some of the world's finest museums in Stockholm and standard work in the field. At the same time, far away Saint Petersburg.The huge, winged, Alhambra jars had on the other side of the Atlantic, Goggin, a New World attracted attention and legend long before the archaeologist, began his research into Spanish exports nineteenth century. The Swedish vase, for example, to the colonies. These two strands of study, crudely found its way into the royal collections, believed to be ciphered here as art-history and archaeology, were to one of the jars from the Marriage of Cana, Christ's first remain apart until the present day (but see miracle. During the sixteenth century the jar had been Pleguezueloand Lafuente, Chapter 18, this volume). on the island of Cyprus where it was captured by the Turks and later acquired by the German emperor A spate of books and articles appeared soon Rudolph II in Prague through an Imperial ambassador afterwards. Frothingham (1951) published an English in Vienna. The vase was amongst the treasures taken guide to lustrewares; Batllori and Llubia (1949) to Sweden when the Swedish army entered Prague in published on Catalan collections; Ainaud (1952) published a comprehensive summary region by region 1648 (Kurz 1975). which included decorated ceramics of many types, not Elsewhere famous lustreware collections were built up solely lustrewares, from both private and public worldwide, mainly during the nineteenth century: at collections; there was Olivar Daydi's study of the British Museum, London (see Wilson, Chapter 28, Valencian ceramics in the same year (Olivar Daydi this volume); the Wallace Collection, London; the 1952) and Almagro and Llubia (1952) on the ceramics Victoria and Albert Museum, London (Riaf\o 1872); from Muel. Finally, two years later, there was Gonzalez the Hispanic Society of America, New York and; the Marti's abbreviated popular overview (Gonzalez Marti Musee Ceramique, Sevres, amongst others. Today 1954). Meanwhile, in England Dunning (1961) major public collections in Spain are to be found at published the first summary of Spanish imports and in the Museo Arqueol6gico Nacional, Madrid; the Museo America Goggin (1960) published his seminal study of Nacional de Artes Decorativas, Madrid; the Museo de the SpanishOlive Jar. Arte de Barcelona and the Museo Gonzalez Marti in During the 1960s traditional chronologies were slowly Valencia. revised by a number of students in this field such as Interest in lustrewareswas fuelled not only by the high Garcia Guinea (Garcia Guinea et al 1963, for the north prices commanded by enamoured collectors but also of Spain), Almagro and Llubia (1962, for Teruel), and by an interest in heraldry. For the art historian heraldic Casamar (1959, for Malaga). The result was a new symbols provided an apparently easy method of nationwide summary, strong in its historical context, dating, motifs could be dated by comparing them to published by Llubia (1967). In spite of these efforts it is similar examples on pieces with shields. Van de Put probably fair to say that the international boycott on (1904) thought that few branches of ceramic art afford Spain and the isolation of Spanish arts and sciences in themselves means of establishing their chronology so reduced possibilities for foreign collaboration, distinctly. encouraged a less progressiveacademic approach and 4

Spanish medieval ceramics in Spain and the British Isles

impeded the advance of the topic (Dfaz-Andreu 1993). One further effect of the dictatorship was that power and administration were concentrated in Madrid and in the hands of a comparatively small number of people whose names tend to reappear in contemporary bibliographies.

Medieval Archaeology at York in 1992 also included a well attended session on the theme of lustrewares, organised by the editors. National and regional syntheses continue to be published, amongst the more important are those for the Netherlands (Hurst & Neal 1982; Hurst 1986), North Africa (Boone 1984; Daoulatli 1980), Spain generally (Sanchez Pacheco et al 1981; Martfnez Cavir6 1991), Northern Spain (Gutierrez Gonzalez & Bohigas 1989, building upon numerous regional studies), Mexico (Lister & Lister 1982) and Italy (Berti & Tongiorgi 1986).

In 1964 Hurst had travelled to Spain to collect new data on British imports. Guided in his identifications by Llubia and finding much to interest him in Barcelona, Valencia, Malaga and Madrid his conclusions were written up in 1972 and finally published, in a much revised format, in 1977 in Medieval Archaeology (Hurst 1977a). In the meantime an important collection of Spanish imports had been published from Southampton (Platt & Coleman-Smith 1975) and excavators everywhere became acutely aware of the value of the wide range of imported lustrewares, finewares and coarsewaresto be found on sites all along the coastlines of the British Isles.

There comes a point in the development of new ideas about the past when the important work of data collection is at a sufficiently high level to allow new researchersto begin to observe patterns and look for explanations. At the beginning of the 1990s the study of Spanish ceramics seems to be at such a point. Problems of lack of excavation data from Spain are In Italy and France, a similar pattern of developments slowly being overcome, the dominance of cultureproduced local reviews (Tongiorgi & Berti 1970) and historical models of explanation are being shrugged off overviews (Demians D'Archimbaud 1969; Blake 1972) and, innovative technologies and methodologies are as well as pioneering scientific characterisation by providing new results. As the contents of this volume Mannoni on identified Spanish imports (Mannoni illustrate there is now the potential for more integrated 1972). Likewise exports were finally published from and comparative historical and archaeological research the Spanish colonies (Goggin 1968) and refinements (Lopez Elum 1984; McEwan 1992), well targeted made to existing typologies (Lister & Lister 1974) and excavation strategies and international collaboration. definitions (Lister & Lister 1976). Spanish ceramics, Our aim should be to take the study of Spanish other than lustrewares, now became better known (eg ceramics beyond their obvious use as a dating tool and Hurst & Lewis 1975, for olive jars in Ireland; Martin into new territories which interrogate the lives and 1979, for Armada ceramics) and pottery from different minds of the society which produced them. parts of Spain became more widely published (eg Alvaro 1982, for Aragon; Bohigas 1978, for Cantabria). ABOUT THIS BOOK The 1980s and early 1990s have seen a trend towards science in archaeology generally and especially in applications to pottery study. In the United Statesearly investigations of the compositions of Spanish colonial ceramics (eg Olin et al 1978; Olin & Blackman 1989) have been expanded to include collaborative projects between Spanish institutions such as University of Seville and overseas researchers such as the Smithsonian Institution's Conservation Analytical Laboratory (eg Amores et al 1988). The British Museum and the Museum of London have also published comparative chemical analysis of imports with material from known Spanish kiln sites (Hughes & Vince 1986), as have the French (Demians D'Archimbaud & Lemoine 1980). In particular, favoured techniques have included neutron activation analysis (see Hughes, Chapter 30, this volume) and petrology (Gerrard & Gutierrez 1991). This spirit of co-operation between researchers of different nationalities has been greatly facilitated by the International Congressesof Medieval Ceramics in the Western Mediterranean which have been held at Valbonne (1978, published 1980); Toledo (1981, published 1986); Siena-Faenza (1984, published 1986); Lisbon (1987, published 1991); Rabat (1991, forthcoming). The International Conference on

Introduction to contents Part 1. The historical background

Specialist books about ceramics often ignore the historical context in which pottery is produced and traded. In the case of later medieval Spain this context is especially compelling and Derek Lomax's contribution (Chapter 2) provides the general introduction to the subject. Major events are chronicled and, most importantly, terms such as mozarabe and mudejar are defined. Two articles by Wendy Childs follow. In the first (Chapter 3), she provides a general context for Anglo-Spanish contact and commercial trade (twelfth to sixteenth centuries) against the kaleidoscopic political pattern. Several points deserve to be highlighted here. Firstly, the twin peaks of prosperous trade and good relations between the two countries at the turn of the fourteenth century and again in the late fifteenth century. Secondly, the determination to trade at all times through safe conducts or neutral merchants, no matter what the political circumstances. Thirdly, a clear emphasis on trade with northern Spain and Castile until the fifteenth century (from whence there is so far little recognised evidence of contact in 5

Christopher M Gerrard: Introduction

the archaeological record), followed later by strengthening links elsewhere in Spain. Fourthly, the complex nature of trading patterns into Bristol, Southampton and London, much influenced by Genoese and Venetian activity and the role of Flanders and Bruges.

Moving further south Alejandra Gutierrez (Chapter 11) describesthe present state of knowledge for Aragonese ceramics from well-known centres such as Teruel and Muel. In the first two decades of the century work developed on finewares and sixteenth-century l;1strewaresfrom Muel. Recent work, especially that of Alvaro (1974; 1978; 1982), has widened the scope of investigation to include ethnographic studies and documentary analysisbut the systematic application of archaeological methodologies is too often lacking, reflecting the lowly status of studies of medieval material culture in education and professional practise. The controversy and doubt surrounding possible production at Calatayud reflects these uncertainties and a researchagenda is needed. Her suggestionsfor regional types series and the publication of backlog excavations are familiar pleas and should provide the cornerstone for future projects.

In her second article (Chapter 4), Wendy Childs explores more specifically the documentary evidence for the import of Spanish pottery to southern English ports. Evidence on importers, pottery types and prices is extracted from customs records and many questions arise from this important work. In an attempt to untie some of the terminological knots, Alejandra Gutierrez (Chapter 5) sets out to clarify the accepted translations and interpretations of some of the more important terms, neatly illustrating the pleasures and perils of interdisciplinary multilingual study. It often comes as a salutary lessonto the archaeologist to learn that surviving material culture is but one element of a wider cultural package of exchanged ideas and objects which find their way more easily into the historical record. As a useful addition to Wendy Childs' fifteenth-century material Tom James' article (Chapter 6) on Southampton explores the potential of the documentary sources, especially the port books and probate inventories, for understanding a variety of contacts with Iberia in the sixteenth century. This potential is underscored by Thomas Tolley (Chapter 7) who examines the diverse influences of artistic contact between the two countries on architecture, sculpture, blood stock, gardens, horticulture and textiles and so draws out some interesting implications for the archaeologist. Finally, Ian Friel (Chapter 8) examines the ships and shipping which carried products across the Bay of Biscay and provides evidence of further links, this time in the development of maritime technology.

Manuel Rfu and M Carmen Rfu (Chapter 12) demonstrate that in Catalonia much of the focus of researchhas fallen upon the 'grey ceramics' (ceramicas grises) of twelfth- to fourteenth-century date. Discoveriessince 1948 at Santa Creu d'Ollers (Lerida), Casa-en-Pons (Barcelona) and Cabrera d' Anoia (Barcelona) have allowed a typology of unglazed coarsewaresto be constructed for which there are few parallels in the rest of Spain. 'Red oxidised ceramics' (ceramicas rojas) are less well known and most intact vessels have been recovered (and so dated) from Gothic church vaulting. At Reusthe identification of lustrewares pieces before the second half of the sixteenth century is insecure. There is documentation thereafter and lustreware pieces, including wasters, dated between the midsixteenth century to mid-seventeenth century from Reus, have been published (Frothingham 1936, xxxii). So far there is no evidence of lustreware production at Manresa, only green and brown tin-glazed pottery (Lerma 1986, 37).

Part2. Spanish medieval ceramics in Spain In the first of the regional Spanish overviews Jose Avelino Gutierrez (Chapter 9) summarisesrecent work from northern Spain. Given the emphasis on trade with this part of the Iberian peninsula in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries the products he describes should be of particular interest to British scholars.One wonders just how many fragments there are from Valladolid and other northern centres in museums abroad? How much northern Spanish micaceous, oxidised coarseware has been too easily attributed to the south of Spain and Portugal?

In Barcelona the production of lustrewares,green and brown, polychrome wares and blue decorated pottery is documented in the fifteenth and sixteenth century, specifically for bowls and plates, though other forms are known. For example, a contract dated 1461 survivesfor a potter from Mislata to make lustreware in Barcelona (Sanchez Pacheco et al 1981, 132). There are also two surviving local sixteenth-century formulae for creating lustreware effects (Llubia 1967, 19). However, in spite of early published catalogues, no kiln material is known and there seems little to Some indication of the diversity of ceramics traded distinguish between Reus and Barcelona or other along the Cantabrian coastline is provided by Jose Luis unidentified centres. Manuel Rfu and M Carmen Rfu Casado and Pedro Sarabia (Chapter 10) in their suggestthat motifs may have been imitated in order to investigations at the quay side at San Vicente de la secure the local pottery market from outside Barquera (Santander). This port was one of the most competition. active centres for the export of Castilian wool and the range of finds, many of them from the Mediterranean, There are four articles which deal specifically with the will be familiar to those used to studying Spanish medieval pottery from Valencia, perhaps the most important production centre for exports to northassemblagesfrom the British Islesand Ireland. 6

Spanish medieval ceramics in Spain and the British Isles

western Europe. These articles illustrate the range of new work being carried out and aim to highlight recent results rather than be comprehensive in their coverage.

a good measure of crossover between the two cultures. With some exceptions it seemsthat Christians accepted many Almohade pottery forms, albeit with some apparent reluctance in the kitchen!

At Paterna new and important work has been The final Valencian paper, by Elvira Aura and Teresa undertaken on typologies of thirteenth to fourteenth- Domenech (Chapter 16), is a preliminary scientific century green and brown ceramics (Pascual & Martf study of mid fifteenth-century blue and white wasters 1986b), emphasising the value of an archaeological from Manises. The Department of Conservation and approach to study. Kilns producing ceramics like these, Restoration at' the University of Valencia has together with lustre and blue, were first located in undertaken chemical and mineralogical analysis 1907 but only excavated in 1982 (Barrachina et al including optical microscopy, XRD and XRF with the 1984) and during a later season in 1985. Plans of the aim of 'fingerprinting' the ceramics and improving kiln and adjacent workshop have been published methods of restoration. This in turn has provided new (Amigues & Mesquida 1987) and modern parallels and insights into production methods and points the way working practises documented (Amigues & Mesquida for future characterisation studies in Spain. 1990). In the first of the four articles Franc_;:ois Amigues Murcia is known to have been an active pottery (Chapter 13) summarises results from the 'Testar del producing centre from the tenth century and Julio Molf' where an 'Arabic' type, two-chamber kiln was Navarro and Pedro Jimenez (Chapter 17) provide a excavated and both historical and archaeological comprehensive summary of the state of current evidence brought together for the first time for a knowledge. The chemical analysis of twelfth- and Valencian kiln. thirteenth-century pottery recovered from urban Lustreware techniques were probably introduced at excavations in Murcia city and at Siyasa seem to Valencia through emigrant potters from a number of confirm thirteenth-century documentary references to areas: Murcia, Granada (Lopez Elum 1986, 168) and lustreware manufacture attested by the presence of Malaga (Martfnez Caviro 1980, 375). The first bacini on Italian churches (Navarro Palazon 1986b; documentary reference to Man ises lustreware idem 1987b; Picon & Navarro Palazon 1986). production is 1325 (Lopez Elum 1986, 168) and, in Production is thought to have ended at the total, we now know the names of more than one Reconquest in 1243 when there was considerable hundred potters in the area during fourteenth and settlement abandonment. By the fourteenth century fifteenth centuries (Gonzalez Martf 1954, 96). In the there were complaints about the scarcity of pots and second of his two articles Franc_;:ois Amigues (Chapter quality pieces were imported. 14) traces the eclectic influences on Valencian pottery motifs between the thirteenth and the sixteenth A review of thirteenth- to sixteenth-century ceramics centuries back to the eastern Mediterranean and from Andalusia is ably provided by Alfonso shows how styles persisted over long periods, even Pleguezuelo and M Pilar Lafuente (Chapter 18). In Seville particularly an increase in the number of urban when they had ceased to properly understood. rescue excavations has encouraged new interest in Javier Martf and Josefa Pascualare well known for their material of the later periods, invigorated by an work on green and brown pottery from the Valencia international dimension to studies (Fernandez & area (Pascual & Martf 1986b). But they have also Campos 1988; Myers et al 1992a). Much of this worked on material from excavations in the 1960s at material is in the processof study. Castell Formos de Balaguer which have fine-tuned the accepted chronologies for specific lustreware motifs Demand for finewares before the late fifteenth century (Pascual & Martf 1986a). Palm decoration and was met from Malaga, then Valencia and Granada. At zoomorphic depictions such as running boars, once that time Triana's local production was transformed considered to be common throughout the fifteenth into commercial production for export by the rising century, are dated here c 1410-1440. Epigraphic commercial importance of Seville. Alfonso Pleguezuelo themes, such as the 'AVE MARIA', and bryony foliage, and M Pilar Lafuente propose a new taxonomy for late both traditionally dated 1425-1475 on the basis of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century wares from the their appearance in Ferrer's Last Supper, are found Seville area, replacing that developed from South stratified here as early as c 1410. This raises particular American and Caribbean sites. The Morisco wares are concerns about the earliest possible dates for Mature complemented from the mid sixteenth-century by new tablewares such as copies of Ligurian Blue, clearly Valencian Lustreware (1425-1475). indicating the important roles taken by the Italian In the third article on Valencian ceramics, Javier Martf community in Seville. These products are later and Josefa Pascual(Chapter 15) choose to examine the displaced by pottery made at Talavera de la Reina and meaning of changes in pottery forms between the end Puente del Arzobispo (Toledo) complemented by of the Islamic period in the Valencian region in the Chinese, German and Portugueseimports. second half of the twelfth century and the Christian period in the mid-thirteenth century. In their attempt The three most important centres of production in to gauge differences in social behaviour they discover Andalusia prior to Seville were Almeria, Malaga and 7

Christopher M Ge"ard: Introduction

Granada. The evidence for Nasrid pottery from these three centres between the thirteenth and the fifteenth centuries is described in detail by Isabel Flores and M Mar Munoz (Chapter 19). Malaga is the best known of the early production centres and many documentary references, including one of the thirteenth century, refer to its lustre pottery (eg Ahmad ibn Yahya in 1337; lbn Batutah in 1356; Flores 1988, 17). Enormous quantities of lustrewares have been excavated at the Alcazaba in the city and some investigators have credited Malagan potters with the introduction of lustreware techniques in the thirteenth century (Llubia 1967, 86).

Part 3. Spanish Medieval ceramics in the British Isles The final section of this volume analyses the present state of knowledge about Spanish medieval pottery and tile imports into the British Isles. European context is provided by a summary of finds from Continental north-western Europe and the section is rounded off by a consideration of future avenues for research.

The editors together with John Hurst begin with a gazetteer of ceramic types and analysis of the spread and chronology of imports into the British Isles between the thirteenth and seventeenth centuries using a series of new distribution maps (Chapter 20). An interesting picture emerges in which, for example, This accreditation now seems false and recent Spanish imports are shown to have travelled far inland researchers have tended to see Malaga as one of a from their original ports of entry and the number of number of lustreware production centres alongside medieval sites along the east coast reflects extensive Murcia and Almeria. Malaga only gained in importance North Sea trade and trans-shipment from major import after these other centres had shut down following the centres at Bruges and London. This pattern changes at Reconquest in the second half of the thirteenth the end of the sixteenth century, confirming the century (Navarro Palaz6n 1986b, 143). importance of Seville and increasing direct trade with Although new studies of the medieval urban Bristol and west coast ports. Identified Spanish imports morphology have been published (Linan et al 1988) such as Andalusian lustrewares, Early Valencian and pottery kilns are documented as disturbing a Lustrewares, Andalusian Partial Cuerda Seca, Paterna nearby convent in the fourteenth century (Flores1988, Blue, Green and Brown Tin-glazed wares, Seville 18), firm archaeological data from Malaga is Coarsewares and Morisco wares are each defined in disappointingly sparse. The anonymous unpublished turn with an accompanying commentary on their doctoral thesis mentioned by Llubia (1967, 92) distributions. Some surprising idiosyncrasies are apparently came to nothing, although other material highlighted such as differences in distributions from the Alcazaba excavations has been published (eg between different vessel forms of Mature Valencian Cuerda Seca). Lustreware. At Granada the sizable collections of unstratified and unprovenanced lustrewares dating from end of the thirteenth century to the fifteenth century (on their style of lettering) have been the subject of recent study (Flores 1988). Lustreware wasters have been found close to kilns near the palace excavated by Torres Balbas and it is suggested that workshops may go unmentioned in the documents because of their location within the precinct of the Alhambra palace where their products may have been intended for exclusive use. A second pottery quarter is also documented in the city but no archaeological evidence has been forthcoming so far.

In the first in a series of six articles which summarise recent finds from different parts of the British Islesand Ireland, Rosanne Meenan (Chapter 21) discussesthe Irish evidence where recent urban excavations in Dublin, Drogheda and elsewhere have filled out the picture of pottery imports. Overall, the quantity of tabulated Irish material suggestspersonal contact rather than commercial activity until the seventeenth century when regular trade begins.

John Allan presents a slightly different view and summarises the evidence from Cornwall, Devon and Somerset(Chapter 22). Drawing particularly upon new information from urban excavations in Exeter and Almeria is mentioned by lbn Sa'id as a centre of Plymouth he suggeststhat the south-west spread of lustreware production in the thirteenth century (Llubia findspots reflects redistribution of Mediterranean 1967, 93). Kilns are known but wasters do not include products from Southampton along the coast and then lustrewares (Martfnez et al 1990). One fragment of demonstrates the movement of pottery inland to lustreware in relief has been recovered in association 'status' rural sites like Launceston Castle and Polsloe with a pottery kiln and a large collection of unstratified Priory after the fifteenth century. Another pronounced lustrewares, found mostly in the Alcazaba (built feature of these finds, in common with other centres 1012-1028), has recently been published (Flores et al like Bristol, is their stratification in later deposits, 1989). In Chapter 19 Flores and Munoz summarise suggestingthe value of these high quality imports as their recent studies of ceramics from Granada and heirlooms. He finds that products from the Seville area Almeria and illustrate the most representativeforms, at are more numerous in the fifteenth and sixteenth the same time outlining a chronological sequence of centuries, particularly in Plymouth which must have forms and fabrics. benefited from its trade with Newfoundland in the last quarter of the sixteenth century.

8

Spanish medieval ceramics in Spain and the British Isles

From Bristol, Mike Ponsford and Rod Burchill, present the results of recent excavations at Narrow Quay and Saint Nicholas's Almshouses (Chapter 23). A summary of the small number of finds from the city are tabulated and it is concluded that imports are largely the result of personal contact rather than large-scale trade and that the archaeological evidence fails to reflect accurately the role of Spanish interests in Bristol's overseascloth market.

themselvesthe glory of the complete vesselswhich are so rarely encountered during excavations.

An important complement to the study of imported pottery is recent work undertaken by Bruce Williams on Spanish tiles (Chapter 27). In an interim note he explains their introduction to England early in the sixteenth century and describes the major techniques of decoration: Cuerda Seca and Cuenca (or Arista) tiles. No contemporary documentation for the import of tiles survives but Williams summarises the archaeological evidence from the Lord Mayor's Chapel in Bristol and elsewhere.

Our original intention was to provide a dual language volume but the sheer number of papers made this a monumental task. Instead AG (for the English articles) and CMG (for the Spanish articles) have translated a substantial extract at the head of each paper which we hope will provide a guide to content.

Thanks to the work of Colin Martin the contribution of Armada shipwrecks to our understanding of Spanish ceramics is already well known. In Chapter 29 a selection of olive jars and Morisco wares from the Seville area are illustrated, together with some of the very few pottery vessels so far recovered from the northern coastline of Spain. There is a discussion of Iberian pottery occurs more regularly in assemblages the function and provenance of these products and from medieval Southampton, as Duncan Brown the recent work of Marken (1991) on a range of 17 explains (Chapter 24). A full range of coarsewares wreck contexts with Hispanic associations is including Seville olive jars and Merida-type Wares are highlighted. This research may help to tighten described. Of the finewares, Andalusian lustreware can considerably our dating of olive jars and Columbia be shown to be rare in comparison to Valencian Plain forms. examples, reflecting the picture nationwide, and there Mike Hughes presents the results of recent neutron is an increase in products from the Seville area activation analyses on Spanish medieval ceramics between 1420 and 1550. Supporting documentary undertaken at the British Museum (Chapter 30). These evidence shows that the bulk of the traffic was shipped investigations arose initially out of attempts to with large Italian fleets and it is suggested that the distinguish between Andalusian lustrewares and very pottery was then re-distributed inland to Winchester, similar products from Valencia but this successful Salisbury and Ramsey. The importance of Poole in programme has now been extended to include Spanishtrade is highlighted for future work. Pula-type material as well as Seville finewares and Alan Vince summarises the available information from additional material from Granada and Barcelona. the recent waterfront excavations in the City of Further work is suggestedon the nature of North Sea London where regular use of Spanish pottery begins in trade by John Hurst's survey of finds from Continental the late thirteenth century (Chapter 25). Interpretation north-western Europe in which recent finds in is inhibited by the lack of spatial data which might be Scandinavia and Holland are discussed, together with used to indicate the social significance of assemblages discoveries from Germany and Hungary (Chapter 31). and by the rarity of late fifteenth- and sixteenthThis paper sets the recent finds from the British Isles century groups. This gap disguisesthe changeoverfrom and Ireland into a wider context. Valencian sources in the early fifteenth century to Seville finewares in the post-medieval sequences. Finally, in the last chapter (Chapter 32) we pause to take the opportunity to set out a research agenda for To round up this nationwide survey John Hurst casts future work in this field, drawing together many of the an eye over the rest of Britain (Chapter 26). He notes underlying themes and concerns arising from the the density of finds in Kent which may reflect the volume. importance of ports like Sandwich and Stonar. Elsewhere, the general spread of finds throughout the The format of the book Midlands seems rather puzzling given the rarity of finds in EastAnglia, Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. The text and summaries

The glossaryof terms

To help those who would like to read articles which are not published in their mother tongue we have Timothy Wilson takes as his subject the Spanish created a joint Spanish-Englishdictionary and glossary pottery in the British Museum (Chapter 28), which of terms which provides a standardised vocabulary includes several tiles from the Alhambra and examples adhered to throughout the volume and should allow of fourteenth-century Andalusian lustreware. In translationsto be made more easily, both of the papers particular he illustrates the major Valencian lustreware in this volume and those published elsewhere. There is pieces and describes the history of the collection as it also a paper by one of the editors (AG) which developed during the nineteenth century. This is an discusses the difficulties of terminology and dual ideal opportunity for archaeologists to see for languagestudy. 9

Christopher M Gerrard: Introduction

The illustrations

Author's names

One of the gravest difficulties facing an editor of a multi-author volume such as this is the huge variation of stylesof illustration. For example, it is not alwaysthe convention in Spain to black out profiles of pottery drawings. As a result, almost half of the drawings included here have been re-drawn and re-scaled by AG over many weekends and evenings during the winter and spring of 1993.

To those not used to Spanish names we offer some explanation. A Spaniard's name comprises one or more Christian names and two surnames,the first from the father and the second from the mother. Sometimes, to abbreviate the name only the father's surname is written, for example Juan Garcfa. However, in caseswhere the father's name is especially common the full version may be used, for example, Juan Garcfa Monte and Juan Garcfa Valero. Further complications Bibliography occur in some of the more antiquated literature where the custom was to add 'and' ('y' or 'i') between the To the horror of contributing historians we have not two parents' names. For example, Jose Garcfa y Monte. allowed footnotes to be used for bibliographical In addition, authors sometimes choose to add two references. The Harvard (author-date) style of Christian names but only one of their two surnames. referencing has been used throughout. To save on For example, Juan Antonio Garcia. Alternatively, they space individual bibliographies for separate articles may choose to use the second of their two Christian have been compiled into a single listing at the end of names and only their father's surname. This makes the volume. This will, we hope, provide a useful referencing complicated unless the Christian name bibliography for Spanish ceramics for general element is especially obvious, for example, M Pilar reference. Garcfa.

10

Spanish medieval ceramics in Spain and the British Isles

Part 1

THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

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Ne siecle', Bulletin de la Societe des Antiquaires de /'Quest 1 O Mallet, M, 1962 'Anglo-Florentine commercial relations, 14651491 ', Economic History Review 2nd ser '>N, 250-65 Malpica, A, & G6mez, A, 1991 Una ca/a que llaman la Rijana. Arqueologfa y paisaje, Granada Mann, J de L, 1987 The Cloth Industry in the West of England, Gloucester

Liske, J, 1878 Viajes de extranjeros par Espanay Portugal, Madrid Lister, F C & Lister, R H, 1974 'Maiolica in Colonial Spanish America', Historical Archaeology vol VIII, 17-52 Lister, F C, & Lister, R H, 1976 A descriptive dictionary for 500 years of Spanish-tradition ceramics (13th through 18th centuries), Special Publication Series, no 1, The Society for Historical Archaeology Lister, F C, & Lister, R H, 1978 'The first Mexican maiolicas imported and locally produced', Historical Archaeology 12, 1-24 Lister, F C, & Lister, R H, 1981 'The recycled pots and potsherds of Spain', Historical Archaeology 15, 66-78 Lister, F C & Lister, R H, 1982 Sixteenth century majolica pottery in the valley of Mexico, Anthropological Papers of the Univ of Arizona 3, Tucson

Mannoni, T, 1972 'Nuove analisi techniche e mineralo~iche della ceramiche medievali di importazioni rinvenute in Liguna', V CIC 107-29 ' Mar