Sources, Uses, and Economic Implications of Labor Union Revenue

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•SOURCES, USES, AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OP LABOR UNION REVENUE

by P au l Ar K ohler

A d i s s e r t a t i o n su b m itte d i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e re g u ire m e n te f o r th e d e g re e o f D octor o f p h ilo s o p h y , i n th e D epartm ent o f Commerce i n th e G raduate C o lle g e o f t h e S ta te U n iv e r s ity o f Iowa F e b ru ary , 19^0

ProQuest N um ber: 10991968

All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The q u a lity of this re p ro d u c tio n is d e p e n d e n t u p o n the q u a lity of the co p y su b m itte d . In the unlikely e v e n t that the a u th o r did not send a c o m p le te m a n u scrip t and there are missing p a g e s, these will be n o te d . Also, if m a te ria l had to be re m o v e d , a n o te will in d ic a te the d e le tio n .

uest P roQ uest 10991968 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). C o p y rig h t of the Dissertation is held by the A uthor. All rights reserved. This work is p ro te cte d a g a in s t u n a u th o rize d co p yin g under Title 17, United States C o d e M icroform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346

T \o > * 5 > 0

AOiCNOVLEDaMSNT

The w r i t e r g r a t e f u l l y acknow ledges th e f r i e n d l y g u id an ce and a s a ls ta n c e o f Dr. W alter L. Daykin.

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S ou rces ©f Labor S a lo n

I C h a p te r

II

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Crdinary Rereneua * * * * * * * * R ffW

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PART IX

Use* f i t L abor Ox}!©© Ravem©

tm » & o p o h a r t s

tiimhvr I

Fag# a tr u e tia r * oF tli* itaarlaouEt F e d e r a tio n

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Xw

TABLE OF TABLES

Tab!® KUmber

Page

I

T o ta l R eceip ts* P e r C a p ita Tax* and t h e F a r C ent ©f T o ta l R e c e ip ts O b tain ed From t h e P e r C a p ita f a x From 1895-1947 by t h e A* P* o f L«

II

F e r C a p ita Tax F o ld by A.F. o f L* A f f i l i a t e s from 1881 to 1948

11

III

F e r C a p ita Tax on R a tio n a l and I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nione FTcan 1885 t o 1948

15

XV

T o ta l Membership o f t h e A»F« o f L , and R e c e ip ts From A ll S o u rces From 1881 Through 1947

58

V

A llo c a tio n o f t h e FUnde o f t h e A.F* o f L, and t h e R eserv e F er P a id -u p Member

41

VI

F in a n c ia l R ese rv e s o f S e le c te d I n t e r n a t i o n a l Labor U nions

45

V II

Annual A.F* o f b* Revenue F e r C a p ita From 189$ Through 194?

45

V III

P er C a p ita Tax on C ity and S t a te F e d e ra te d B odies From 188? t o 1948

47

IX

E stim a te d P e r C a p ita Tax P a id by C ity and S ta te F e d e ra te d B odies From 19*20 th ro u g h 194?

49

X

Revenue O b tain ed by th e A«F» o f L . From C h a rte r Fees From 1919 Through 1947

52

XI

Revenue R eoeived by t h e A# F. o f L , From B onding o f Union O fflo o rs

55

XII

Revenue R eceived by th e A*F. o f L. From I n t e r e s t On In v e s tm e n ts From 1909 Through 1947 1

58

X III

Revenue R eceived by t h e A#F* o f L* From D isbanded and Suspended U nions from 1915 th ro u g h 1947

61

v

9

TABLE OF TABLE® f a b l e Number

Page

XXV

Revenue R eceived by t h e A.F* o f L. from t h e S a le o f R u p p lie s t o A f f i l i a t e d U nions from 1905 Through 19*7

65

XV

Revenue D erived From and Amount Expended For S u p p lie s Sold By The A.F* o f L* from 1927 th ro u g h 1947*

64

XVI

L o cal T rade and F e d e ra l L abor U nions C h a rte re d from 1920 th ro u g h 1946

66

XVII

P er C a p ita Tax on L ocal T rade and F e d e ra l L abor U nions From 1633 t o 1943

72

XVIII

D efense FUnd f o r L o cal and F e d e ra l Labor U nions

75

XIX

Revenue O b ta in e d by t h e A*F* o f L« From I n i t i a t i o n and R e in s ta te m e n t Fees from 1919 th ro u g h 1947

85

XX

T o ta l Revenue R eceived by t h e A«F* o f 1 . from I n i t i a t i o n and R e in sta te m e n t Fees Compared t o Amount Expended f o r O r g a n is a tio n a l Work

84

XXI

Minimum Fees Charged by L ocal T rade and F e d e ra l Labor U nions

85

XXII

Minimum L o cal Dues on a Y e a rly B a sis

9k

XXIII

L o cal Dues on A Y early B asle

95

XXIV

Minimum-Maximum L o cal Dues on A Y e arly B a sie

96

XXV

Dues I n 253 L o cal A* F* o f L* U nions

97

XXVI

P e r C a p ita Tax on a Y e arly B a s is a s S t i p u l a t e d By The C o n stitu tio n © o f th e I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nions

XXVII

The P e r C a p ita Tax Ae A P er Cent o f t h e L ocal 115 Dues vi

102

TABLC OF TABLE'S

Table number

Page

xmtn

ThSirPer C a p ita Tax As A P er' Gent o f The Minimum L ocal Dues

117

XXX3i

C h a rie r Fees C harged by 108 I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nions

120

XXX

I n i t i a t i o n Fees S t i p u l a t e d by 57 I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nions

122

XXXI

A ssessm ents L e v ie d by th e Am erican F e d e ra tio n o f Labor From 1881 t o 1948

158

XXXII

S p e c ia l A ssessm ents and C o n tr ib u tio n s R ep o rted As R e c e ip ts By t h e A*F* o f L. From 190J t o 1948

149

XXXIII

S t a tu s o f S t r i k e FUnds I n S e le c te d I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nions

I 85

XXXIV

S t r i k e E x p e n d itu re s o f S e le c te d I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nions

194

XXXV

D efense E x p e n d itu re s o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l T y p o g ra p h ic a l U nion from 1891 th ro u g h 1948

198

XXXVI

A#F* o f L , D efense Fund From 1902 th ro u g h 1947 205

XXXVII

D ates o f I n tr o d u c tio n o f B e n e f it Program s I n N a tio n a l U nions

207

XXXVIII

P r i n c ip a l B e n e f its P a id by t h e N a tio n a l and I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union© o f th e A*P. o f L . and th e B a llro a d B ro th erh o o d s

212

XXXIX

Average Death B enefit© P a id and Average C ontinuous Membership Of Deceased Members o f th e T y p o g rap h ica l Union

221

xxxx

Average Death B e n e f it P a id by t h e B rotherhood o f M aintenance o f Way Employees

225

xxxxx

C ost o f Death B e n e f its I n th e I n t e r n a t i o n a l T y p o g ra p h ic a l Union

225

v ii

TABLE OF TABLES

Page

T a b le Number xxxm

C ost o f D eath B e n e f its i n t h e Wood, W ire, and M etal L a th e rs* I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union

227

xxxxm

C o st o f Death B enefit© i n th e H o tel and R e s ta u ra n t Employees and B arten d ers* U nion

229

3QOCXIV

Number o f Members Becoming E l i g i b l e f o r I^ension i n The T y p o g ra p h ic a l Union from 1949 th ro u g h 1971

246

IX3QCV

Average Paym ents to t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l T y p o g ra p h ic a l U n io n s' P e n sio n Fund from 1909 th ro u g h 1948

246

X3LXXVI

M ain ten an ce O ost P e r R e s id e n t i n t h e U nion P r in te r ® 1 Home S in ce 1901

250

XXXXVII

F in a n c ia l R eserve I n B e n e fit Funds o f S e le c te d I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nions

255

XXXXVIII

B e n e f ic ia r y E x p e n d itu re s a s a F e r Oent o f T o ta l E x p e n d itu re s i n S e le c te d I n t e r ­ n a ti o n a l U nions

257

XXXX1X

O rg a n is in g Expense As A P er Oent o f T o ta l E xpenditure® I n S e le c te d I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nions

265

O rg a n is in g E xpenses o f th e A.F* o f L . from 1919 th ro u g h 1947

266

LI

The D iv is io n o f th e O rg a n is in g Expense i n t h e A* F* o f l«

270

LI1

C o st o f P r i n t i n g th e T y p o g rap h ica l J o u r n a l from 1920 th ro u g h 1948

279

L III

R e c e ip ts and Expenses o f The American F e d e r a t io n ! s t S in ce 1895

281

LIV

E x p e n d itu re s f o r R esearch and E d u ca tio n Mad© by S e le c te d I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nions

287

LV

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f A sse ts i n S e le c te d I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union® A«F. o f I,, Funds on D ep o sit and In v e s te d

509

LVI

v iii

321

1

immwansm The ©mployeee, em ployers end g e n e ra l p u b lic a re a f f e c t e d i n v a r io u c ways by la b o r o r g a n iz a tio n e and t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s *

T h is

c o n d itio n w i l l c o n tin u e eo lo n g aa a d e m o c ra tic form o f governm ent and a c o m p e titiv e economy e x i s t , f o r la b o r o rg a n iz a tio n © a r e a n a t u r a l re s p o n s e to th e environm ent*

S in c e p r im itiv e tim e s

i n d iv i d u a l s have banded t o g e t h e r i n o rd e r t o s u r v iv e , h a v in g le a r n e d e a r l y t h a t g ro u p a c t i v i t y and a c t i o n produced r e s u l t s s u p e r io r t o t h a t o b ta in e d th ro u g h i n d iv id u a l e f f o r t *

S in c e 175°

t h e i n d u s t r i a l en v iro n m en t °h as b een i n c r e a s in g l y o p p r e s s iv e t o . >il th e s a t i s f a c t i o n o f w orkers* need s and wages*

C ontinued economic

d ev elopm ents have a c c e n tu a te d t h e weak and h e lp l e s s p o s i t i o n o f in d iv id u a l wage e a r n e r s m aking c o l l e c t i v e a c t i o n on t h e p a r t o f th e em ployees n e c e s s a ry i n o r d e r t o p r o t e c t t h e i r human r i g h t s and ward o f f e x p lo i t a t io n * L abor u n io n s have n o t o n ly p ro v id e d a medium f o r s u b s t i t u t i n g group a c t i o n f o r weak in d iv id u a l b a rg a in in g , b u t th e y have a ls o p ro v id e d t h e means f o r th e c o l l e c t i o n o f money and t h e a c c u m u la tio n o f r e s e r v e s needed t o su p p o rt th e o r g a n i s a t io n and u n io n le a d e r s i n t h e i r en d ea v o rs to look a f t e r th e i n t e r e s t s o f t h e group*

1,

O a r r o ll R* D au g h erty , b^bor Problem s I n American I n d u s t r y ,, p . 501.

2 $fall* m ost i n d iv i d u a l 0 a r e aw are o f t h e trem en d o u s in f lu e n c e e x e r te d by la b o r u n io n s , t h e r e seoms t o be c o n s id e r a b le mi su n d er s ta n d ­ in g r e l a t i v e t o t h e i r fin a n c e * *

One e d i t o r i a l a b a te d th a t*

“T here

h a e p ro b a b ly b een more m is in fo r m a tio n s p re a d a b o u t on u n io n f in a n c e s 2

t h a n any o th e r q u e s tio n o f u n io n governm ent*1*

T h is m isin fo rm a tio n * i n p a r t , may b© a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e p re ss* w hich i n d e a lin g w ith t h e s e n s a tio n a l and e x c e p tio n a l h a s b ro u g h t t o p u b lic a t t e n t i o n I s o l a t e d o a s e s o f enorm ous i n i t i a t i o n fe e s* h ig h m o n th ly d u e s, f a n t a s t i c s a l a r i e s * la c k o f a c c o u n tin g f o r e x p e n d itu re s * g r a f t* and o th e r s i m i l a r items*.

A n ti» u n io n em ployers

i n t h e p ast* i n a tte m p tin g t o mold p u b lic o p in io n and t o k eep w orkers from a f f i l i a t i n g w ith unions* have u se d ta lk s * w r i t t e n m essages* and p u b lis h e d a r t i c l e s t o d i s c r e d i t u n io n l e a d e r s by h o ld in g them up a s g r a f t e r s l i v i n g o f f t h e h ig h i n i t i a t i o n f e e s and dues p a id by th e in d iv i d u a l members* $hen e v e r u n io n s become stro n g * a n ti - u n lo n i a te p ro p a g a n d ise a b o u t lo o s e n e s s o f u n io n f in a n c e s and re c o rd s* w ith th e im p l i c a ti o n t h a t m ost u n io n o f f i c e r s m isu se and m is a p p r o p r ia te u n io n fu n d s ** Many la b o r u n io n s have f a i l e d t o a d e q u a te ly Inform t h e p u b lic o f v e r i f i e d f a c t e re g a r d in g t h e i r fin a n c e s*

T h is fa c t* p lu s th e

te n d e n c y o f t h e p u b lic t o a c c e p t a t f a c t v a lu e antl**union p ro p ag an d ized in f o r m a tio n s t r e s s i n g i s o l a t e d c a s e s o f h ig h i n i t i a t i o n f e e s , h ig h dues* and m isuse o f fund© a s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f a l l la b o r unions* * #. * + #

2*

"Of By and For t h e P e o p le 1** Economic O utlook, 7*1® February* 1$k&9 D augherty* eg,. c i t », p* 42$.

5 h a s l a d t o much condem nation o f la b o r u n io n s and a m is c o n c e p tio n o f u n io n fin a n c e s * The p u rp o se o f t h i s stu d y I s t o p r e s e n t an o b j e c ti v e su rv e y o f th e s o u rc e s and use® o f la b o r u n io n revenue*

T hroughout

t h e s tu d y c e r t a i n econom ic im p lic a tio n © p e r t i n e n t t o la b o r u n io n rev e n u e w i l l be d isc u sse d * The stu d y i s d iv id e d I n to two p a rts *

F a r t one rev ie w s

t h e o r d in a r y re v e n u e o f s e l e c te d la b o r u n io n s a s p ro v id e d i n t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n o f t h e p a re n t o r g a n iz a tio n and t o w hich th e l o c a l u n io n s m u st conform*

F a r t one a ls o re v ie w s t h e e x tr a o r d in a r y

rev e n u e p ro v id e d th ro u g h s p e c i a l a s se ss m e n ts on u n io n members and v o lu n ta r y c o n tr ib u tio n s *

F a r t two p r e s e n ts t h e e x p e n d itu r e s o f

c e r t a i n s e l e c te d la b o r u n io n s u n d e r th e h e a d in g s o f s t r i k e expendi­ t u r e s , b e n e f i c i a r y e x p e n d itu r e s , g e n e ra l e x p e n d itu r e s , and In v e stm e n t o f u n io n funds* Ho a tte m p t ha® b een made t o p r e s e n t th e c a s e o f m isu se and am hezadarcm t o f u n io n funds*

The i n v e s t i g a t o r *s in te n d e d c o n tr i b u ti o n

th ro u g h t h i s s tu d y seems b e s t e x p re ss e d by th e s e words o f A r is to tle * The stu d y o f t r u t h i s h a rd and p a r t l y easy* A p ro o f o f t h i s l a th e f a c t t h a t no one man i s a b le t o g ra s p I t a d eq u a te ly * Y et th e y do n o t a l l e n t i r e l y f a i l * Each sa y s som ething a b o u t th e n a tu re o f t h e W orld, and, though i n d i v i d u a l l y h© adds l i t t l e o r n o th in g t o o ur u n d e rs ta n d in g o f i t , s t i l l from th e co m b in atio n o f a l l sd B eth in g c o n s id e r a b le I s accom plished*^ * * * * * *

4*

A r i s t o t l e , On Kan i n The U niverse* Book I I , p* 11*

A

FART I SOURCES OF LABOR UNION REVENUE

5

C h a p te r X o m m r n t im m v M

Esssssk Sax. hsJsss. P r e s e n t day o rg a n is e d la b o r i s composed o f v a r io u s ty p e s o f o r g a n i s a t io n s d i f f e r i n g i n t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p s and l i n e s o f e o n tro l•

The b a s ic u n i t i n p r a c t i c a l l y a l l la b o r o r g a n i s a t io n s

i s t h e l o c a l union*

The lo c a l u n io n h a s v e r t i c a l and l a t e r a l

a f f i l i a t i o n s , t h e m ost im p o rta n t o f w hich i s t h e n a tio n a l o r i n t e r ­ n a ti o n a l , which may a ls o be f e d e r a te d I n to o th e r o r g a n is a tio n s * On th e b a s i s o f a f f i l i a t i o n m ost o f t h e l a b o r u n io n s b e lo n g t o e i t h e r t h e Am erican F e d e ra tio n o f Labor o r th e C ongress o f I n d u s t r i a l O rg a n is a tio n *

C e r ta in o th e r u n io n s have n e v e r b e lo n g ed

t o e i t h e r one o f t h e s e f e d e r a te d b o d ie s , w h ile © there have a t v a r io u s tim e s b e lo n g e d t o e i t h e r one o r t h e o th e r* The o r g a n i s a t io n and f i n a n c i a l s t r u c t u r e o f th e s e f e d e r a te d b o d ie s dre b u i l t upon t h e l o c a l la b o r u n io n t o which members b e lo n g and pay t h e i r dues*

F i n a n c i a l l y , t h e i r e n t i r e s t r u c t u r e i s p r im a r ily

d ep en d en t upon t h e rev en u e c o ll e c t e d by t h e l o c a l u n it* S t r u c tu r e o f th e .Americati F e d e ra tio n of. Labor C h a rt X p r e s e n ts th e s t r u c t u r e o f th e American f e d e r a t i o n o f L abor w hich i s e s s e n t i a l l y th e earn© a s i t was i n 1886— a v o lu n ta r y n a ti o n a l f e d e r a t i o n o f u n io n s lo o s e ly h e ld to g e th e r*

1

* * * * * *

1*

Lew is L. L orw ln, The t e a r lo a n F e d e ra tio n o f Labor* ?• 501*

6

Am erican F e d e ra tio n o f Labor

I n t e r n a t i o n a l and N a tio n a l U nions and C o u n c ils

S t a te F ed eratio n ® o f Labor

L o cal M etal B u ild in g , H a llro a d T ra d e s C o u n c ils

L ocal Union*

C h a rt 1*

S t r u c tu r e o f t h e American f e d e r a tio n o f Labor &* * $

2*

F lo re n c e P e te r s o n , Survey o f Labor Igoonomlce- p«

2

7 The s i x o r g a n i s a t io n s , t b s d e p a rtm e n ts , n a t i o n a l s and I n t e r n a t i o n a l s , c i t y c e n t r a l b o d ie s , s t a t e f e d e r a t i o n s , and l o c a l tra d e

and f e d e r a l

t r a d e u n io n s , a r e a l l d i r e c t l y a f f i l i a t e d w ith

F e d e ra tio n * I n 1948 t h e r e were 10J

th e

n a ti o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s ;

1 ,2 4 6 l o c a l t r a d e and f e d e r a l la b o r u n io n s ; 808 c i t y c e n t r a l b o d ie s ; and JO s t a t e f e d e r a t i o n s a f f i l i a t e d *

Oh iff szsmsssxsz ssc of ysssnssss Rqyenae tg the A frican ssst zcss ‘/iTaz;ii 'ia>iiv,iSi^

The c h i e f so u rc e o f rev en u e o f th e Am erican F e d e ra tio n o f L abor i s d e riv e d from a p e r c a p i t a t a x upon t h e p a id -u p m em bership o f a f f i l i a t e d groups*

The a f f i l i a t e d g ro u p s s u b je c t t o a p e r c a p i t a

t a x a r e th e n a ti o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s* lo c a l t r a d e and f e d e r a l la b o r u n io n s , c i t y and s t a t e b odies*

A r t i c l e X, S e c tio n 1,

o f th e C o n s t i t u ti o n i n 1947 s t a t e s t h a t i The rev e n u e o f th e F e d e ra tio n s h a l l b© d e riv e d from a p e r c a p i t a t a x t o be p a id upon t h e f u l l p a id up members h ip o f a l l a f f i l i a t e d b o d ie s , a s fo llow s* from I n t e r ­ n a ti o n a l T rade U nions a p e r c a p i t a ta x o f two (2 ) c e n ts p er member p e r month up t o 200,000 members, and one and o n e - h a lf ( 1 |) c e n ts p e r month f o r members i n e x c e s s o f 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 ; from b o c a l Trad© U nions and F e d e ra l Labor U nions, t h i r t y - s i x ( 3 6 ) c e n ts p e r member p e r m onth, e ig h t and o n eh a l f (8 j|) c e n t s o f w hich m ust be s e t a s id e t o be u se d only i n c a se o f a s t r i k e or lo o k o u t u n l e s s o th e rw is e o rd e re d by t h e E x e c u tiv e C o u n c il; from C e n tra l and S ta te b o d ie s $10 p e r y e a r , p a y a b le q u a r te r ly * The amount o f th e p er c a p i ta t a x may be changed by a tw o - t h ir d s v o te a t a r e g u l a r o r s p e c ia l convention*

?

* * * * * *

3*

The C o n s t i t u ti o n o f t h e American F e d e ra tio n o f L ab o r, 1948, A r t i c l e mi*

a The le v y o f t a x e s , th e a p p r o p r i a ti o n o f re v e n u e , th e d e c l a r a t i o n o f i n d u s t r i a l w ar, and t h e r a t i f i c a t i o n o f agreem ents a r e t h e fu n ctio n ® e x e rc ie e d by t h e t r a d e - u n io n c o n v en tio n * T ab le I shows t h e re v e n u e r e c e iv e d by t h e F e d e ra tio n fro® t h e p e r c a p i t a t a x and t h e p e r c e n t o f t h e p e r c a p i t a t a x t o t h e t o t a l re v e n u e r e c e iv e d front a l l eouroee from 1895 t o 1948* £gg. ssB .U a im , ssM . m a s t M S I S in c e t h e f o rm a tio n o f t h e F e d e ra tio n t h e p e r c a p i t a t a x h a s u n d erg o n e num erous c h a n g e s.

T a b le IX shows

th e p e r c a p i t a t a x

p a id by th e a f f i l i a t e d b o d ic e from 1681 t o 1948* Fey c a p i t a t a x on n a tio n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n i one T a b le XII ehowe t h e by t h e

American F e d e ra tio n o f

p e r c a p i ta t a x on a y e a r l y b a s i s l e v i e d ta b o r a g a i n s t th e a f f i l i a t e d n a tio n a l

and i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s from 1885 t o 1948#

* * * * * *

4#

T# W* Q lo e k er. Tfoe Government o f American T rade U nions. p* 95*

9 Table I5 t o t a l R e c e ip ts , F e r C a p ita f a x , and tb© P e r Oent o f T o ta l R e c e ip ta O b ta in e d Ffcem t h e P e r C a p ita Tax F ran 1893“ *9^7 by t h e o f l>*

Y ear

R e o e ip te F ro a P e r , C a p ita T ax

T o ta l R e o e ip ta

................. P e r c e n t a g e " o f Fer C a p ita T ax to T o ta l ........r_,TIT^ M e © i » t e .

1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1905 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1915 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1925 1924 1925

6 1 .0 6 ,5 9 2 .9 9 10, 0 5 7 .6 6 6 1 .7 9 ,6 4 6 .1 0 5 1 .7 12, 7 0 5 .9 1 6 7 .2 5 8 .2 2 1 ,4 0 7 .1 1 9 9 .2 42,099*07 5 5, 102.92 4 7 .8 5 4 .8 7 9 ,1 1 5 .1 2 5 0 .4 1 2 4 ,9 5 0 .5 8 6 2 .0 1 5 6 ,9 4 1 .7 4 5 5 .0 1 1 3 ,9 7 8 .3 2 4 9 .6 1 0 8 ,0 4 6 .8 8 6 4 .4 112, 2 5 8 .0 6 1 1 6 ,1 1 0 .9 3 93*9 4 4 .8 1 0 4 ,1 7 0 .4 9 9 6 .5 1 0 8 ,9 2 8 .0 5 6 7 .5 1 2 2 ,9 5 8 .9 0 7 4 .0 195.453*69 1 7 8 ,2 0 9 .4 6 7 2 .9 6 8 .6 1 8 0 ,0 5 .7 0 8 1 ,0 1 7 6 ,3 7 2 .5 1 5 8 .8 196.M 7 .4 5 6 1 .1 251, 7 5 8 .9 0 6 0. I 182, 259 .2 1 558, 8 1 3 .9 6 5 4 .8 6 0 .5 562, 6 09 .13 0 .1 5 41 , 3 6 0 .6 9 4 1 7 ,1 7 1 .6 2 7 1 .9 915, 626.57 75*0 3 6 6 ,5 0 4 .9 4 7 1 .5 7 3 .0 57 2 ,0 5 7 .2 7 * * * 5 * Com piled from t h e P ro c e e d in g s o f t h e A*F» o f L. C onvention f o r t h e year© in d ic a te d * 6*

$ 13,791*75 116*290*16 18,639*92 1 8 ,8 9 4 ,1 3 56 . 7 9 7 .1 5 71 . 1 2 5 . s 2 119. 2 2 0 . 8? 144, 4 9 8 .2 1 2 4 7 ,8 0 2 .9 6 2 2 0 ,9 9 5 .9 7 2 0 7 ,4 1 7 .6 2 217 , 8 1 5 ,1 8 174.530*26 207 , 6 5 5 .2 5 2 3 2 ,5 7 7 .6 4 1 9 5 ,4 7 0 .8 4 1 6 2 ,1 8 6 .6 8 207,573*60 2 4 4 ,2 9 2 .0 4 2 65 , 166 .9 7 2 1 7 ,6 2 5 .9 3 3 3 4 ,2 7 5 .4 1 4 1 2 ,0 4 7 .7 6 505, 4 6 5 .7 1 6 9 4 ,6 6 7 .5 7 9 2 9 , 2 5 5 .9 5 8 5 2 , 1 6 9 .9 6 5 8 5 ,1 2 0 .0 5 6 8 7 ,8 8 0 ,5 2 5 1 2 ,5 9 7 .6 4 5 0 9 ,7 0 2 .9 6

1

Does n o t in c lu d e t h e p e r c a p i t a t a x from l o c a le and f e d e r a l la b o r u n io n s a l l o c a t e d t o t h e D efence Fund*

10

fa b le I (continued) t o t a l R e ceip te» P e r C a p ita Tax, and th e P e r O ent o f T o ta l R e c e ip ts O b tain ed From th e P e r C a p ita Tax From 1895-1947 by t h e A*F. o f L,

Tea?

1926 1927 1928 1929 1950 1951 1952 1955 195* 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1940 1941 1942 1945 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949

R e c e ip ta From P e r C a p ita Tax

T o ta l R e c e ip ts

1

5 i 8 . 45i .4 9 5 2 4 ,2 8 4 .7 4 5 4 5 .4 5 7 .9 2 609, 655.01 5 6 0 , 6 0 5 .7 4 5 6 9 .k 0 5 .8 2 4 6 6 ,3 5 0 .1 8 4 5 7 ,9 2 3 .9 0 1 ,0 7 0 ,4 3 2 .8 0 1 , 0 52 , 4 7 5 .3 1 9 2 4 ,3 9 0 .3 9 1 ,1 8 4 ,4 7 8 .9 9 1 ,8 4 4 ,2 0 5 .3 7 1 ,8 0 0 ,2 4 9 .7 0 1 ,9 5 8 ,4 8 3 .6 5 2 ,1 2 6 ,9 7 1 .5 7 2 ,3 0 9 ,1 8 1 .7 2 2 ,4 2 2 ,9 3 4 .3 5 2 ,7 0 3 ,1 8 3 .8 9 2 ,4 0 7 ,7 5 1 .8 6 2 ,2 8 0 ,9 7 9 .1 0 3 ,8 4 7 ,7 4 2 .3 6

$

360, 2 0 7 .7 4 343, 3 0 0 .0 6 336, 291 .4 4 4 3 2 , 168.44 377, 5 9 7 .5 4 537, 201 .1 7 312, 8 0 9 .1 7 2 7 3 ,4 1 6 .5 9 3 8 5 ,8 1 6 .9 5 4 5 4 , 8 3 9 ,0 5 4 5 3 ,8 1 7 .3 7 4 4 0 ,1 3 9 .9 1 5 8 0 ,8 1 3 .4 5 5 8 3 ,9 7 2 .1 5 6 2 9 ,4 9 9 .1 1 1 ,0 7 5 ,5 0 9 .3 3 1 ,2 8 5 ,8 4 6 .9 0 1, 360, 0 5 5 .2 0 1 ,5 4 3 ,7 6 0 .0 4 1 ,4 1 8 ,8 4 9 .5 5 1 ,4 5 8 ,6 1 2 .8 9 1, 8 8 8 , 353.88

P e rc e n ta g e o f Fer C a p ita Tax t o T o ta l R eceipt® 6 9 ,5 6 5 .3 6 1 .7 7 0 .9 6 7 .4 6 2 .8 6 7 .1 5 9 .7 3 6 .0 4 4 .1 4 9 .1 3 7 .2 5 1 .5 5 2 .4 3 2 .5 5 0 .6 5 5 .6 5 6 .1 5 7 .1 5 8 .9 6 5 .9 4 9 .1

u

?

fab le 11 Pe r

C a p ita Talk P a id by A.F* o f L# A f f i l i a t e s from 1661 t o 1948

1861

T h ree c e n to p e r member a n n u a lly f r m e ae h t r a d e and t r a d e u n io n , t r a d e assem b ly o r c o u n c il, p a id q u a r t e r l y i n advance*

im z

One c e n t p e r member a n n u a lly from n a ti o n a l and i n t e r n a ti o n a l u n io n s , t r a d e s assem bly o r c o u n c il, o r d i s t r i c t assem bly o f K n ig h ts o f L abor, p a id q u a r t e r l y i n advance* L ocal t r a d e u n io n s $10 p e r y e a r and p e r c a p i t a t a x o v er $00 members* S t a te o r p r o v in c ia l f e d e r a t i o n s o f t r a d e u n io n s eh a l l pay $10 f o r each d e le g a te *

im 3

N a tio n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s , t r a d e a s s e m b lie s o r c o u n c i ls , o r d i s t r i c t assem bly o f K n ig h ts o f L abor s h a l l pay* f o r 1 ,0 0 0 members o r l e s s , $10 p e r y e a rs 1,000 t o 4 .0 0 0 , $20} 4 ,0 0 0 t o 8 ,0 0 0 , f2 $ f 8 ,0 0 0 t o 1 2 ,0 0 0 , #$0} 12,0 0 0 t o 2 0 ,0 0 0 , #40} o v er 2 0 ,0 0 0 , $$0* L o cal t r a d e u n io n s s h a l l pay $10} s t a t e o r p r o v in c ia l f e d e r a t i o n s o f t r a d e u n io n s , $10, f o r each d e le g a te *

1864

n a ti o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s , t r a d e a s s e m b lie s o r c o u n c ils , o r d i s t r i c t assem bly o f K n ig h ts o f Labor s h a l l pay* f o r 1 ,0 0 0 members or l e e s , #10 p e r y e ar} 1,000 t o 4 .0 0 0 , $20} f o r a number e x c e e d in g 1 ,0 0 0 , one c e n t p er member a n n u a lly * L ocal o r s t a t e t r a d e a s s e m b lie s o r a s s e m b lie s o f t h e K n ig h ts o f L ab o r, whose membership ex ce ed s 1 ,0 0 0 , one c e n t p e r member b u t n o t t o exceed

#2$.

188$

Same a s 1884,

1886

0»® ~balf c e n t p er month f o r each member i n good s ta n d in g f o r n a t i o n a l , i n t e r n a t i o n a l , d i s t r i c t and l o c a l unions*

188?

O n e -fo u rth c e n t p e r member p e r month from n a ti o n a l and I n t e r n a t i o n a l , d i s t r i c t o r l o c a l u n io n s} c e n t r a l la b o r u n io n s o r c i t y and s t a t e f e d e r a te d b o d ie s , #2$ p e r y e a r .

1688

O n e -fo u rth c e n t p e r member p e r month from n a ti o n a l and in te rn a tio n ® .! u nions} one o e n t p e r member p e r month from l o c a l and f e d e r a l u n io n s} c i t y and s t a t e f e d e r a te d b o d ie s , $2$ p e r y e a r .

12 7 Table 11 (continued) P e r C a p ita Tax P a id by A*F. o f I*. A f f i l i a t e s from 1661 t o 1946 1889

Same a s 1886,

1890

Same a s 1888.

1891

Same a s 1888.

1892

Same a s 1888*

1893

Same a s 1888, e x c e p t C ity and s t a t e f e d e r a te d b o d ie s p a id $6* 25 q u a r te r ly *

1894

Same a s 1893*

1893

Same a s 1893*

1896

Same a s 1893, e x c e p t c i t y and s t a t e f e d e r a te d b o d ie s p a id $2*50 q u a r t e r l y and #10 e x t r a i f r e p r e s e n te d i n t h e c o n v en tio n *

1897

O n e -th ird c e n t p e r member p e r m onth from n a ti o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s on f u l l p aid*up m em bership! two c e n ts p e r member p er month from l o c a l and f e d e r a l u n io n s ! $2.f>0 q u a r t e r l y , and flO e x t r a i f r e p r e s e n te d , fro© c i t y and s t a t e f e d e r a te d b o d ies*

1898

O n e -th ird c e n t p e r member p e r m onth from n a tio n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s ! f i v e c e n ts p e r member p e r month from l o o a l and f e d e r a l union®! c i t y and s t a t e f e d e r a te d b o d ie s , $2 .3 0 q u a r t e r l y f o r 1 ,0 0 0 members o r l e s s , and o v e r 1 ,0 0 0 , #3*^0.

1899

Same a s 1898, e x c e p t c i t y and s t a t e p a id #10*

1900

Same a s 1699*

1901

O n e -h a lf c e n t p e r member p e r month fro© n a tio n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union®} t e n cent© per member p er month f o r l o c a l and f e d e r a l u n io n s , f iv e c e n ts to b© u se d o n ly i n c a s e o f s t r i k e o r lo c k o u t! two c e n ts p er member per month from l o c a l u n io n s , th e m a jo r ity o f whose ©embers a re l e s s th a n e ig h te e n y e a r s o f ag ej #10 p er y e a r p a y ab le q u a r t e r ly from c i t y and s t a t e bodies*

f e d e r a te d b o d ie s

1? T ab le I l 7 (c o n tin u e d ) F e r C a p ita Tax P a id by A*F* o f h* A f f i l i a t e s from 1881 t o 1948 1902, 1905* 1904, 1905* 1906, 190?* 1908, 1909, and 1910 Same a s IpOl* 1911

T w o -th ird s o e n t p e r member p er month from n a ti o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s ; no o th e r change*

1912

Same, e x c e p t l o c a l and f e d e r a l u n io n s pay f i f t e e n c e n ts p e r member p e r m onth, f i v e c e n ts t o b e s e t a s id e and used o n ly i n s t r i k e s and lo c k o u ts*

1915

Same a s 1912*

1914

Same a s 1912*

1915

T h r e e -f o u r th a c e n t p e r member p e r m onth from n a tio n a l and I n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s on f u l l p a id -u p m em bership; no o th e r change*

1916

Same a s 1915*

1917

Same a s 1915* e x c e p t s e v e n - e ig h ts c e n ts p e r member p e r m onth from n a tio n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s on f u l l p a id -u p membership*

1918

Same a s 1917*

1919

Cn© c e n t p e r member p e r month from n a tio n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s ; tw e n ty c e n ts p er member p e r month from l o c a l and f e d e r a l la b o r u n io n s , f i v e c e n ts t o be s e t a s id e and u se d o n ly i n s t r i k e s and lo o k o u ts ; no o th e r change*

1920

Same a s 1919* e x c e p t tw e n ty - f iv e c e n ts p e r member p e r month from l o c a l and f e d e r a l la b o r unions* tw e lv e and o n e - h a lf c e n ts to be s e t a s id e and u se d o n ly i n s t r i k e s and lo c k o u ts ; tw e n ty - f iv e p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l i n i t i a t i o n f e e from a l l d i r e c t l y a f f i l i a t e d l o c a l union® , b u t n o t l e s s t h a n one d o lla r *

1921* 1922, 1925, 1924* 1925 Some a s 19$®#

14 T a b le I I

7

(c o n tin u e d )

P e r C a p ita f a * P a id fey &*F* o f L . A f f i l i a t e s from 1861 t o 1948 1928

Same, e x c e p t t h i r t y - f i v e c e n ts p e r member p e r month from l o c a l and f e d e r a l la b o r u n io n # , tw e lv e and o n eh a l f c e n te t o be s e t a s id e and u se d o n ly i n s t r i k e s and lo o k o u ts ,

1927, 1926, 1929, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1955, 1954, 1955, and 1958 Same a s 1926* 1957

Same#ae 1928 e x c e p t rev e n u e a ls o t o be d e riv e d from a s s e s s m e n ts , when, and a s o rd e re d by a m a jo r ity v o te o f a r e g u l a r o r s p e c ia l co n v en tio n *

195®, 1959, Same a s 1957* 1940

S am e,except two c e n ts p e r member p e r m onth from n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a tio n a l u n io n s? t h i r t y - s i x c e n ts p e r member p e r month from l o c a l and f e d e r a l la b o r u n io n s , tw e lv e and o n e - h a lf c e n ts t o b e s e t a s id e and u se d o n ly i n s t r i k e s and lockouts®

1941

S am e,except one and o n e - h a lf c e n ts p e r member p er month up t© 5 00 ,00 0 member® and one o e n t i n e x c e ss o f 500, 0 0 0 ? t h i r t y - f i v e and o n e - h a lf c e n ts p e r member p e r month from lo c a l and f e d e r a l u n io n s , e i g h t and o n e - h a lf c e n ts t o be s e t a s id e and u se d o n ly i n e a s e o f s t r i k e s and lo c k o u ts*

1942, 1945, 1944, and 1945 Same a s 1941* 1946, 1947, Sam®, e x c e p t two c e n ts p e r member p e r month up t o 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 and one and o n e -h a lf cent© i n e x c e s s o f 200, 0 0 0 ? t h i r t y - s i x c e n ts p e r member p e r month from l o c a l and f e d e r a l u n io n s , e ig h t and o n e - h a l f c e n ts t o be s e t a s id e and u sed o n ly i n c a se o f s t r i k e s and lo c k o u ts*

* * * * * * 7*

Compiled from th e C o n s t i t u ti o n o f t h e American F e d e ra tio n o f b a b o r fey y e a r s in d ic a te d *

15 Table III8 F e r C a p ita f a x on N a tio n a l and I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union® pro« I 885 t o 1948 T e a rs

Annual p e r c a p i t a t a x p e r member

1868 t o 1887

6 o e n ta

188? t o 1897

5 o e n ta

1897 t o 1901

4 o e n te

1901 t o 1911

6 c e n ts

1 9 H t o 1915

8 c e n ts

1915 t o 1917

9 c e n ts

1917 t o 1919

lO ^ c e n ts

1919 t o 1940

12 c e n ts

1940 t o 1941

24 c e n ts

1941 t o 1946

18 c en ts* 12 c en ts*

1946 t o 1947

24 c e n t s , 18 c e n ts*

* * * * * «

8*

Compiled from t h e C o n s t i t u ti o n o f th e American F e d e ra tio n o f L abor by y e a r s in d ic a te d *

16 I n 1661 an an n u al t a x o f thro® c e n ts p e r member wa® le v ie d * and t h e fo llo w in g y e a r t h e r a t e was re d u c e d t o one o e n t p e r member a n n u a lly *

I n 166? th e m ethod o f d e te rm in in g th e amount due wa®

changed from a p e r c a p i t a b a s i s to a f l a t r a t e d ep en d in g upon t h e m em bership b r a c k e t I n to which t h e i n d iv i d u a l u n io n f e l l #

Union®

w ith few er th a n 1 ,0 0 0 member® p a id $10j from 1,00© t o 4 ,0 0 0 member®, $20j from 4*000 t o 6*000 member a , $2 5 * from 6 ,0 0 0 t o 1 2 ,0 0 0 member a, fjO f from 12,000 member® to 20,0 0 0 member®, #40$ a l l union® w ith o v e r 2 0 ,0 0 0 member®, $^0# T h is m ethod was somewhat s im p lif ie d I n 1664*

In th a t year

t h e r e was a $10 le v y f o r u n io n s w ith lee® t h a n 1 ,0 0 0 member® and a $20 le v y f o r u n io n s f a l l i n g I n th e 1,000 t o 4 ,0 0 0 m em bership b ra c k e t# U nions e x c e e d in g 1 ,0 0 0 member® p a id one c e n t p e r member p e r annum* Ho change was made i n t h e p e r c a p i t a t a x i n 1882*

I t wa® changed t o

o n e - h a l f o f a c e n t p e r month f o r each member I n good s ta n d in g i n 1366, and th e n lo w ered t o o n e - f o u r th c e n t t h e fo llo w in g y ear*

fe n

y e a r s l a t e r i n 1897 t h e r a t e was in c r e a te d to o n e - th ir d o e n t p e r member p e r month#

i t t h e 1901 c o n v e n tio n t h e S e c re ta r y recommended

i n c r e a s in g th e s t a f f o f f u l l tim e o rg a n ise r® by t e n , which would j u s t i f y i n c r e a s in g th e p e r c a p i t a t a x t o t w o - th ir d s c e n t p e r member p e r month*

9

t h e Gdsm itte© on t h e S e c r e t a r y ' s r e p o r t d id n o t concur

and recommended a t a x o f o n e - h a l f c e n t which was approved* year® l a t e r , I n 1911 th e E x e c u tiv e C ouncil s t a te d t h a t ? * * * * * *

9* 10*

P ro ceedings*

a*F.

o f L. C onvention, 1901, p* 23*

P ro c e e d in g ,®* A*P* o f b* C onvention, 19 0 1 , p* 144*

10

Ten

17 I n view o f t h e c o n s t a n t ly in e r e a c in g demand f o r th e a s s i s t a n c e o f s p e c i a l © rg& nixero, t h e e x te n s io n o f s p e c i a l o r g a n i s a t io n work, and t h e need f o r fu n d s w ith which t o c o n d u ct n e t^ o n ly t h i s , b u t t h e f u l ­ f i l l m e n t o f o ur g r e a t u p l i f t m is s io n , we f u r t h e r recommend a n I n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c a p i t a t a x from o n e - h a l f e e n t t o tw o -* th ird s c e n t p e r member#11 T h is recom m endation wee approved# For t h e year© 1912, 191% 1914, and 191% t o t a l e x p e n d itu r e s o f t h e F e d e ra tio n exceeded t o t a l r e c e i p t s by $175*447#!? and t h e b a la n c e o f t h e g e n e ra l fUnd d e c lin e d t o

i i a , 774.96# I t was r e p o r te d a t t h e c o n v e n tio n i n 1915 t h a t t h e i n c r e a s e i n t h e work o f t h e F e d e ra tio n , i n c i d e n t t o t h e volume o f work b e in g done, n e c e s s i t a t e d in c r e a s in g t h e p e r c a p i t a t a x t o 1 12

th re e * -fo u rth c e n t p e r member p e r m onth; and t h i s was ap p ro v e d .*

By 191? t h e b a la n c e o f t h e g e n e ra l fUnd h a d d e c lin e d t o $7 , 8 5 3 #2© and t h e p e r c a p i t a t a x was1 r a i s e d t o sev en -e ig h t® c e n t p e r member p e r m onth wi n o rd e r t o m eet th e r a p i d l y r i s i n g p r i c e s # *

13

In 1919 t h e c o n v e n tio n p a sse d a n amendment w hich was ap p ro v ed by t h e Com mittee on haw t o r a i s e th e p e r c a p i t a t a x from s e v e n - e ig h ts c e n t s t o one c e n t p e r member p er month#

I t was s t a t e d

th a t; Due t o th e f a c t t h a t th e expense© o f th e F e d e ra tio n h av e b e en s u b s t a n t i a l l y in c r e a s e d t o t h e amount o f $9^,000 p e r y e a r , th e members o f th e Committee on Laws

11 *

P ro c e e d in g 0, A.F#

o f L# C onvention, 1911, p# 108#

12#

P ro c e e d in g s , A#F»

o f L* C onv en tio n , 1915* P« 144#

19*

BrQoeddihjgftf A#F#

o f L# C onvention, 1917? p* 4 5 7 ®

id b e li e v e t h a t t h e r e 1® »© o th e r a l t e r n a t i v e t h i s tim e » e x c e p t t© in o r e a s e t h e rev e n u e o f t h e F e d e ra tio n * « * I t was d u rin g t h i s same y e a r t h a t o rg a n ix e re * s a la rie ® w ere r a i s e d #1*00 a day! h o te l e x p en se s w ere in c r e a s e d I 2 ,0 0 a day; and t h e s a l a r y o f t h e p r e s i d e n t and s e c r e t a r y were each I n c re a s e d 15 12,500* — The p r e s i d e n t 1® s a l a r y wee in c r e a s e d from 17>500 p e r y e a r t o # 1 0 ,0 0 0 and th e s e c r e t a r y 's s a l a r y from #5,000 to #7 *5 0 0 * From lp 2 0 t o 1940 t h e p er c a p i t a ta x rem ained unchanged > - v a© no c o n v e n tio n d u rin g t h i s i n t e r v a l would approve a n in c re a s e * D e le g a te e seemed r e l u c t a n t t o v o te in c r e a s e s i n t h e p e r c a p i t a t a x , s i n c e t h i s would hav e d e c re a s e d th e rev en u e a v a i l a b l e f o r u s e by t h e a f f i l i a t e d u n io n s , th e p e r c a p i ta t a x b e in g le v ie d upon t h e a f f i l i a t e d u n io n and n o t upon th e I n d iv id u a l members* The B&eoutiv© O ouncil i n 1940 s t a t e d t h a t t h e r e was a need f o r income e q u a l t o t h a t r e c e iv e d from th e p er c a p i t a t a x and a s s e s s m e n t.

A s p e c i a l a sse ssm e n t o f one c e n t p e r member p e r m onth

had b e e n l e v i e d c o n tin u o u s ly s in c e 1957* t o m eet t h e need f o r organ* i n a t i o n a l work and s e r v i c e s , and t o p la c e th e F e d e ra tio n on a perm anent and a s s u r e d f i n a n c i a l b a s is *

I t recommended t h a t th e on© c e n t s p e c i a l

a sse ss m e n t le v ie d i n 1957 b© d is c o n tin u e d , and t h a t t h e p e r c a p i t a t a x be in c r e a s e d from one c©nt to two c e n ts .

I t was hoped t h a t such a t a x

would p ro v id e s u f f i c i e n t rev e n u e t o e n a b le t h e A*F* o f L. t o c a r r y on $ * * * « $ 14 .

p ro c e e d in g s . A*F* o f h» O onventlon, 1919, p« 4 5 4 .

1 5.

m m . p . * 5 5.

19 a n a g g ro c a lv e cam paign among t h e u n o rg a n iz e d worker® o f th e n a t io n * 1 ^

4a a tem p o rary arra n g em e n t th e c o n v e n tio n In c r e a s e d t h e p e r c a p i t a t a x from tw e lv e t o tw e n ty -fo u r c e n ts p e r y e a r p e r member# I n 1940 a s p e c ia l com m ittee was a p p o in te d t o make a com prehensive stu d y arid su rv e y o f t h e f i n a n c i a l need and o b l i g a t i o n o f t h e F e d e ra tio n *

Upon i t s recom m endation i n 1941 t h e p e r c a p i t a t a x was

lo w ered from two c e n t s p er m onth t o one and © n o -h a lf c e n ts p e r m onth on members up t o 300*0 0 0 , and on ly one c e n t on members i n e x c e ss o f 17 5 0 0 ,0 0 0 . The one c e n t p er c a p i t a t a x on m em bership i n e x c e s s o f 3 0 0 ,0 0 0 a p p ea re d to be a c o n c e s s io n t o s e v e r a l pow erful u n io n s w ith m em berships i n e x c e s s o f *©0*000#

4 m in o r ity r e p o r t v o ic e d c o n s id e r a b le

o p p o s itio n t o t h i s change*

One o f t h e d e le g a te s i n sp e a k in g o f t h e

l a r g e r u n io n s s t a t e d t h a t s

"T h e ir v o tin g power h a s now g e t t o t h e

p la c e where e ig h t o r t e n a b s o lu te ly c o n tr o l th e whole works*"*® The E x e c u tiv e C ouncil

i n 1946 co n clu d ed t h a t even

incom e o f t h e F e d e ra tio n c o n tin u e d a t th e

1945 l e v e l

i f th e

i t would be

t o k eep f in a n c e s i n b a la n c e w ith o u t re d u c in g e x p e n d itu re s * * ^

u n a b le

The p e r

c a p i t a t a x e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1941* became i n s u f f i c i e n t f o r f u t u r e o p e r a t io n due t o t h e in c r e a s e d coat® o f o p e r a tio n caused by h ig h e r s a l a r i e s f o r p a id o r g a n iz e r s and o f f i c e workera* h ig h e r c o sts* * * * * * *

16*

P ro c e e d in g s . A.F* o f b . Convention* 1940* p* 266*

I? •

Ib id * p*

18*

Ib id * 1941, p* 587#

19*

Ib id * 1946, pp* 87*8 8 *

20

o r g a n i s in g , and m is c e lla n e o u s expense® .

Th© C o u n cil recommended t h a t

th e p e r c a p i t a t a x be r a i s e d t o two c e n te p e r member p e r month on th® f i r s t 200,000 member®, and on® and o n o - h a lf c e n ts p e r month on member® in e x c e s s o f 200,000*

20

.,

The recommendation was approved by th© 1946

c o n v e n tio n a f t e r c o n s id e r a b le o p p o s itio n ^ © th© change*

T h is change

i n th© 1946 p e r c a p i t a t a x a c t u a l l y r e s u l t e d i n n© in c r e a s e i n th® p e r c a p i t a t a x p a id by union® on m em bership betw een 200,000 and $ $ 0 ,0 0 0 . The i n c r e a s e o f ©n©«*hal£ o e n t f e l l on th© f i r s t 200,000 member®, and member® i n ©xoees o f 500,0 0 0 . T h is a c t i o n a p p e a rs t o g iy a ©van g r e a t e r f i n a n c i a l a d v an tag e t o b ig g e r u n io n s th a n i n 1941*

I n term® o f c o s t p ar member p e r month

o f union® a f f i l i a t e d w ith th e American F e d e ra tio n o f Labor i t in c r e a s e d t h e a r e a o f d is c r im i n a t io n a g a in s t s m a lle r u n io n s .

Xn 1946 a p p ro x im a te ly

o n e - t h i r d o f th© F e d e r a tio n ’ s rev en u e from p e r c a p i t a t a x cam© from 22 e i g h t u n io n s* I n 1902 th© Oomaitte© on th e S e c r e ta r y ’ s R e p o rt, r e l a t i v e t o a f f i l i a t e d o r g a n i s a t io n s n o t paying th e p e r c a p i t a t a x upon t h e i r e n t i r e m em bership, s t a t e d t h a t ? We f in d t h e r e i s n o th in g I n th© law© o f t h e American F e d e ra tio n o f L abor m aking t h i s com pulsory, t h e r e f o r e , i f any blam e i s t o be a tta c h e d i t m ust be p la c e d on th e Am erican F e d e ra tio n o f L ab o r, I n o rd e r t h a t t h i s may n o t o ccu r I n t h e f u t u r e we would su g g e s t t h a t a # # * * * * 20*

Ib id . p . 66.

21.

I b id . p . 5 6 4 .

22.

Ib id . p . 576.

21

law be e n a c te d by t h e Law Com m ittee and in d o r s e d by t h i e c o n v e n tio n , demanding a l l a f f i l i a t e d b o d ie s t o pay t a x on t h e i r f u l l m em bership**? T h e r e fo r e , th e c o n s t i t u t i o n was amended i n t h a t y e a r t o re a d s The rev e n u e o f t h e F e d e ra tio n s h a l l be d e riv e d from a p e r e& p lta t a x t o be p a id upon th e f u l l p a id -u p m em bership o f a l l a f f i l i a t e d b o d ie s * « * * Even th o u g h t h e p e r c a p i t a t a x to be p a id by th e a f f i l i a t e d u n io n s i s t o be b a se d upon t h e i r

' i l l p a id -u p m em bership, i t appear©

t h a t a t tim e s t h e a f f i l i a t e d u n io n s have e i t h e r o v e rp a id o r u n d e rp a id T h is may have been done t o c o n c e a l w eakness or

t h e i r per c a p ita ta x . t o d is p la y s t r e n g t h .

I n o t h e r o a s e s , p a id -u p m em bership m ig h t have

b een u n d e r s ta te d i n o rd e r t o le s s e n th e annual a sse ssm e n t w hich m ust be p & id * ^ The F e d e ra tio n does n o t have t h e a u t h o r i t y t o send i n a u d i t o r s f o r t h e p u rp o se o f c h ec k in g th® books o f t h e a f f i l i a t e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s t© se e I f th e y a r e p a y in g t h e p e r c a p i t a t a x upon t h e i r f u l l p a id -u p membership*

On s e v e r a l o c c a s io n s , r e s o l u t i o n s

have b een in tro d u c e d a t t h e convention© t o g iv e t h e F e d e ra tio n such a u t h o r i t y , b u t each tim e t h e c o n v e n tio n h a s f a i l e d t o approve such a c o n c e n tr a tio n o f power#

The payment o f t h e p er c a p i t a ta x to t h e * * i* ife * #

25.

P ro c e e d in g s , A*F* o f L# O onvention, 1902, p* 146*

24*

Ib id * p* 21%

2%

D au g herty, ©£* oi% «» p# 404#

22

F e d e r a tio n o n t h e p a r t a t t h e a f f i l i a t e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s I s p u r e ly a v o lu n ta r y m a tte r*

The Am erican F e d e r a tio n o f l a b o r m ust r e l y upon

w hat t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l u n i one v o l u n t a r i l y d e c id e t o p a y .

One o f t h e

u n d e r ly in g m o tiv e s f o r g r a n t i n g t h e p e r c a p i t a talc c o n c e s s io n t o u n io n s w ith m em bership i n e x c e s s o f 2 0 0 ,000 was t h e d e s i r e t o be a b le t o r e p o r t a g r e a t e r t o t a l m em bership f o r t h e Am erican F e d e ra tio n o f Labor*

As m em bership i n t h e F e d e ra tio n i s shown by th e p e r c a p i t a t a x

p a id , t h e c o n c e s s io n would a llo w i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n id a s t o seek g r e a t e r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n by p a y in g p e r c a p i t a t a x o n a g r e a t e r m em bership with-** o u t a c o rre s p o n d in g i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c a p i t a t a x t o be p a id t o t h e F e d e ra tio n *

T h ie d e s i r e t o be a b le t o r e p o r t a l a r g e r m em bership was

e x p re s s e d by Mr* Dubinsky a t th e 1946 co n v en tio n * The a c t u a l r e c o rd e d la r g e m em bership o f t h e Am erican F e d e ra tio n o f L abor i s th e s t r o n g e s t weapon t h a t we p o s s e s s a g a i n s t t h e 0*1*0* i n s o f a r a s r e c o g n i ti o n from t h e p u b l ic , from t h e Government, and from ev ery o th e r so u rc e i s concerned* 1 would say t h a t t h i s i s more v a lu a b le from t h e s ta n d p o in t o f p r e s t i g e and power t h a n any amount ©f money* ® Due t o th e m ethod o f s e c u rin g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n a t th e c o n v e n tio n s , th e l a r g e i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s c an e x e r c is e more i n f lu e n c e t h a n th e sm a ll o n e s .

A ccording t o A r t i c l e XV, S e c tio n 1

o f t h e C o n s t i t u ti o n o f t h e Am erican F e d e ra tio n o f labor-** The b a s i s o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n I n t h e c o n v e n tio n s h a l l be? From N a tio n a l and I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nions, f o r l e s s th a n 4 ,0 0 0 members, on© d e le g a t e | 4 ,0 0 0 o r m ore, two d e le g a te s * 6 ,0 0 0 o r m ore, t h r e e d e le g a te s ; 1 6 ,0 0 0 o r m ore, fo u r d e le g a te s ; 2%§0QG or m ore, f i v e $ M , *

26*

# *t

Proceedings* A.F* o f L* Convention, 1946, p. 57^*

d e le g a t e s , and so an* From C e n tra l B o d ie s, e state F e d e ra tio n s , n a ti o n a l D ep artm en ts, F e d e ra l L abor U n io n s, and L o cal U nions h a v in g no n a t i o n a l o r I n t e r n a ti o n a l U nion, on© d e l a g a te ; p ro v id e d , how ever, t h a t L ocal U nions and F e d e ra l Labor U nions H e re in r e f e r r e d t o , l o c a te d i n one c i t y , s h a l l have t h e r i g h t t o u n i t e i n se n d in g a d e le g a te t o r e p r e s e n t them u n ite d ly * S e c tio n 3 o f A r t i c l e XV s t a t e s t h a t? Q u e stio n s may be d e c id e d by r o l l c a l l o r a show o f h a n d s, b u t i f a c a l l o f t h e r o l l i s demanded by o n e - te n th o f t h e d e le g a te e p r e s e n t , each d e le g a te s h a l l c a s t one v o te f o r e v e ry 100 members o f m ajo r f r a c t i o n t h e r e o f which he r e p r e s e n t s , p ro v id e d t h a t th e d e l e g a t e 's u n io n h a s b een a f f i l i a t e d w ith t h e F e d e ra tio n f o r t h e ftiXl f i s c a l y e a r p re c e d in g t h e c o n v en tio n * When a f f i l i a t e d f o r a p e rio d o f l e s s t h a n one y e a r , each d e le g a te s h a l l e a s t o n e - tw e lf th o f one v o te f o r each 100 membere o r m ajor f r a c t i o n t h e r e o f w hich h e r e p r e s e n t s f o r e ach month f o r w hich p e r c a p i t a t a x h a s b een p a id upon t h e members o f h i s union# Ho C ity o r B ta te F e d e ra tio n s h a l l be allo w e d more t h a n one v ote* A r o l l c a l l v o te , i n p r a c t i c e , • • . w orks i n fa v o r o f th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s b ecau se t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n u s u a l ly n o t o n ly sen d s i t s f u l l q u o ta o f d e le g a te s , b u t o f t e n I s w i l l i n g t o pay p e r c a p i t a t a x e s t o t h e F e d e ra tio n on a l a r g e r m em bership th a n i t a c t u a l l y h a s , I n o rd e r t o hav e more v o te s th a n i t i s e n t i t l e d t o a t t h e c o n v en tio n s* Such a p ro c e d u re i s p o s s ib le b eca u se o f t h e way i n w hich u n io n s I n t e r p r e t membership* The F e d e ra tio n i s l e n i e n t b ecau se ©xag* g e r a te d m em bership may p ro v id e a - l a r g e r income t o th© A.F* o f Li> may f u r t h e r th e alm s o f th e E x ec u tiv e C o u n c il, o r may be in d u lg e d i n by a u n io n which h a s s tr o n g in f lu e n c e I n th e F ed e ra tio n * I f a q u e s tio n i© d ecid ed *by a show o f hands and each d e le g a te i s e n t i t l e d t o one v o te o n ly , th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f v o te s i s such a s t o g iv e m s in g le u n io n o r group o f u n io n s undue dominance#*

2J*

Lew is L# L orw ln, The Am erican F e d e ra tio n o f Labor* pp. 526- 2 7 .

24 T a b le I would seam t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e f i n a n c i a l r e s o u r c e s o f t h e F e d e ra tio n a r e l a r g e l y d ep en d e n t upon i t s m em bership,

The

e h l e f m ethod o f in c r e a s in g l i e re v e n u e i s th ro u g h a n in c r e a s e i n t h e m em bership o f th e a f f i l i a t e d b o d ies* who a r e w i l l i n g t o s u p p o rt t h e F e d e ra tio n ao lo n g a s t h e i r autonomy i s m a in ta in e d *

The F e d e ra tio n

i s i n c l i n e d t o a v o id i s s u e s and t o u s e m oral p e rs u a s io n r a t h e r th a n i t s a u th o r ity * W hile t h e F e d e ra tio n h a s a t i t s d is p o s a l th e d i s c i p l i n a r y power o f e x p u ls io n o r su s p e n s io n upon a tw o - th ir d r o l l c a l l v o te a t a co n v en tio n * i t would be I n c lin e d to r e f r a i n from u s in g such m easures* due t o t h e l o s s o f rev e n u e i t would s u s t a i n th ro u g h l o s s o f m em bership* M ethods off as c u rin g prompt, paym ent! The F e d e ra tio n h a s a t i t s d is p o s a l two means o f g e t t i n g th e f e d e r a te d members to pay t h e i r p er c a p i t a t a x and a sse ssm e n ts p ro m p tly when due*

The f i r s t i s by r e f u s in g t o s e a t d e le g a te s a t

t h e r e g u l a r o r s p e c i a l c o n v e n tio n u n le s s t h e t a x and a sse ss m e n ts 26 h av e b e en p a id i n f u l l * The second i s a u to m a tic s u s p e n s io n when th e dues a r e t h r e e m onths i n a r r e a r s .

29

28*

C o n s t i t u ti o n o f t h e A.F. o f i « t A r tic le X, S e c tio n 2*

29#

h o c *o i t * s

ifeSSlSSls ISnS SS U S S § £

t e iz acsssa The Am erican F e d e ra tio n o f L abor d a te s I t s e x is te n c e back t o 1861*

D uring th e f t r e t s i x y e a r s i t a p p e a rs t h a t v e ry l i t t l e

p r o g r e s s was made*

T o ta l re v e n u e t h e f i r s t y e a r am ounted t o $1J4*

By 1886 th e t o t a l re v e n u e had in c r e a s e d t o 1474*11*

I n December*

1886* a t a c o n v e n tio n h e ld a t Columbus* Ohio* th e d e le g a t e s from th e F e d e ra tio n o f O rg an ised T rad e s and L abor U nions and r e p r e s e n ta ­ t i v e s o f e th e r la b o r o r g a n i s a t io n s a g re e d t o u n i t e u n d e r th e name ttYh© American F e d e ra tio n ©f L abor*11 I t s e a r l y y e a r s o f e x is te n c e w ere p lag u ed by la c k o f a d e q u a te fin a n c e s *

Dues came i n slo w ly and

t h e r e was n o t alw ay s s u f f i c i e n t money t o buy s u p p lie s and pay P r e s id e n t Camper1 a s a l a r y r e g u l a r l y * ^ T otal revenue in c r e a se d from $1#929*82 in 188?* t© #6*858*40 i n 1889*

H iring t h i s p erio d p rogress was somewhat slowed by th e

c o m p etitio n fo r members between th® Trade U n io n ists and th e Trade A ssem blies o f th e Knights*

The income o f th e F ed eration r o se from

16*958 *40 in 1889 t o #25*849*76 i n 1890*

The balance on hand in th e

g en era l fund a t th e end ©f 1889* amounted t o #5*644*07*

The fo llo w ­

in g year t o t a l r e c e ip t s d eclin ed to #17 *7 0 2 *56 * but d e s p ite t h ie d e c lin e th e balance on hand in c re a se d t© #8 * 1 5 6 *3 6 *

Even w ith th e

l o s e o f th© Homestead strik © and th e s t r ik e s o f th e c o a l m ines i n * $ * #t $ * 30*

L orw in, op*,, © i t ** p . 2 7 *

26 O om r d*Alone, Idaho, and to n m a n m i n 1692, revenue in c r e a se d t© $20,864*62 i n 1 6 9 5 *

The pa»i# oti 1695 r e s u lte d i n In crea sed un­

employment which In tu rn appear© to have r e s u lt e d i n l o s s o f u n io n member chip and revenue*

By 1895 th e revenue had d e c lin e d t©

and th e F ed eration operated a t a d e f i c i t in 1892, 1895* and 1894. The b a la n ce on hand i n th e g en e ra l fund d e c lin e d to 15 *2 5 1 *1 ^? in 1895.

Both membership and r e c e ip t s in c re a se d y e a r ly from 1896 through

1905.

Membership continu ed t o In c r e a se and In th e fo llo w in g year

reached a new h ig h o f 1 , 676 , 2 0 0 , th en dropped th e fo llo w in g two years*

S s U Z SBBSS2S6 jESESSS. The p r o g r ess o f th e F ed eration may have been hindered by th e e f f o r t s o f antiunion employers*

T heir e f f o r t s took th e form o f

a d e f i n i t e o r g a n isa tio n opposed t o organ ised labor*

The N ational

A s so c ia tio n o f M anufacturers was organ ised in 1895 a^d • * • w h ile cla im in g th a t i t was n ot opposed to o rg a n ised la b o r a© such, th e a s s o c ia t io n d eclared a g a in s t methods which were ©f th e very e sse n c e o f th e tra d e u n ion o f th e day. In 1900 a lo c a l a s s o c ia t io n o f manufacturer© was formed i n Dayton, Ohi|>,to f i g h t labor unions*

Between 1901 and 1905 sim ila r organiza­

t io n s were formed in Slm ira, Akron, Columbus, D e tr o it, Ct* L»ouls, 52 In d ia n a p o lis , and Chicago* To combat th© e f f e c t i v e b o y c o tt * SJc $ Jfr: * Sfc J l.

Lorwin, £ £ . c l t .» p. 7 6 *

52.

IH d , p. 7 6 .

27 c a r r i e d on by t h e U n ite d H a tte r s o f America i n 1902, t h e Am erican A n ti-B o y c o tt A s s o c ia tio n was ©rganisaed.

T h is o r g a n i z a t i o n was

s u c c e s s f u l i n I t s cam paign a g a i n s t th e Danbury H a t te r 0, hoew© v* h a u le r , and a ls o i n t h e c a s e o f Qompere v . Bucks S tove and Hangs 55

Ooapany*

I n 19©7 th® n a ti o n a l A s s o c ia tio n o f M a n u fa c tu re rs e s t a b l is h e d t h e N a tio n a l C o u n c il o f I n d u s t r i a l D efense* Th® c h i e f 34 f u n c t i o n o f t h i s body was one o f lobbying* Mr* Clyde D&nkert s ta te s 1 H irin g t h e y e a r s im m ed iately fo llo w in g 1904 th e A*F* o f L* mad© no p ro g re ss* For a w h ile , I n f a c t , th© F e d e ra tio n went down h i l l * O p p o s itio n from em p lo y ers, which was g iv e n o rg a n is e d e x p re s s io n i n th® N a tio n a l A s s o c ia tio n osf M a n u fac tu re rs* t h e Am erican A n ti-B o y c o tt A s s o c ia tio n and o th e r b o d ie s , was stro n g * . * D uring t h e s e y e a r s , t o o , th e A*P» o f L. had t o c o n te n d w ith th e I n d u s t r i a l W orkers o f th e W orld, a r a d i c a l o r g a n iz a tio n form ed i n 190^*55

Isaacs aag. to la s SssM ass. I From 1911 t o 1920, w ith th© e x c e p tio n o f a a l i g h t d e c lin e i n 1915, t h e r e was a s te a d y y e a r ly in c r e a s e i n membership* s h ip I n th© F e d e ra tio n roe® from 4 ,0 7 8 ,7 4 0 ,

In

1920*

D uring

1 ,7 6 1 ,8 5 5 t o a new h ig h

Member­

of

t h i s cam© p e rio d , t o t a l rev en u e

s t e a d i l y in c r e a s e d , e x c e p t f o r 1918, from 1182,188*68 to a new

53.

I b id , p p . 8 1 -8 2 .

Jb.

Ib id .

55.

01yd® S . D an k ert. Contem porary U nionism , p p . 36-37•

p. 80.

m h ig h o f

The b a la n c e on hand a t th© end o f t h e f l o c a l

y e a r wee $205*980*40*

f h i * e x tr a o r d in a r y m em bership and f i n a n c i a l

grow th may i n p a r t bo a t t r i b u t e d t o th e grow th o f i n d u s t r y and c e r t a i n econom ic and p o l i t i c a l f a c t o r s f a v o r a b le to l a b o r * I n 191&, a form er S e c r e ta r y o f th e U n ited Mine W orkers, Wo B. W ilson, became Chairm an o f th e Mouse Committee on Lahore The D epartm ent o f L abor was c r e a te d i n 1915 and Mr* W* 8# W ilson was a p p o in te d s e c r e t a r y » The F e d e r a tio n h e lp e d i n s e c u rin g p a ssag e o f th e O la y to a Act i n 1914*

C e r ta in u n io n l e a d e r s th o u g h t t h a t th® Act would f r e e

th e la b o r u n io n s from I n ju n c tio n * and t h e l i a b i l i t y im posed upon them by th© Sherman A n ti- T ru s t Act*

Under th® Sherman Act*

P e rso n s s u s ta i n in g i n j u r i e s a s a r e s u l t o f a c t io n s d e c la r e d u n la w fu l m ight sue th o s e com m itting such a c t s f o r t r i p l e damages* Thu** i f a trad ® u n io n co u ld be p roved g u i l t y o f a c o n t r a c t , co m b in atio n , o r c o n s p ira c y i n r e s t r a i n t o f trad© o r commerce, a n em ployer who was i n ju r e d fey t h i s c o m b in atio n o r c o n s p ira c y c o u ld d e p le te th© u n io n ’ s t r e a s u r y and e v en c o l l e c t from in d iv id u a l members o f a union* S e c tio n 6 o f th e C la y to n Act s t a t e s t h a t i Th© la b o r o f a human b e in g i s n o t a commodity o r a r t i c l e o f commerce * « * and s t a t e s f u r t h e r , H othing c o n ta in e d i n th e A n ti* tr u s t law s s h a l l fee c o n s tru e d t o f o r b id th© e x is te n c e and o p e r a tio n o f la b o r o r a g r i c u l t u r e o r g a n is a tio n s . * * o r to f o r b id o r r e s t r a i n i n d iv id u a l m m bere from la w f u lly c a r r y in g * $ * * * * $6*

Lorwim, og# o l t .» p* 116-

29 o u t t h e l e g i t i m a t e o b j e c t s th e r e o f ^ m v such o r g a n iz a tio n s b e c o n s tru e d t o b e i l l e g a l c o m b in a tio n s o r c o n s p i r a c ie s i n r e s t r a i n t o f t r a d e u n d e r t h e a n t i - t r u s t lavra* SSuropean order® i n 191? c r e a te d fa v o r a b le b u s in e s s c o n d itio n s and r i s i n g p r i c e s w ith a o o rro sp e n d in g demand f o r h ig h e r wages#

The

F e d e r a tio n gave i t s su p p o rt t o t h e war e f f o r t b u t demanded c e r t a i n la b o r s ta n d a r d s and r e p r e s e n t a t i o n on t h e v a rio u s b o a rd s b e in g e s ta b lis h e d #

Samuel dampers was a p p o in te d t o an a d v is o ry p o s i t i o n

on t h e C o uncil o f N atio.rfl defense#

Labor a ls o se c u re d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n

on t h e n a t i o n a l War Labor B eard and th© War Labor P o l i c i e s Board# i l l o f t h e s e c o n d itio n s w ere conducive t o u n io n iz a tio n # A fte r t h e c e s s a t i o n o f h o s t i l i t i e s # expand and th© c o s t o f l i v i n g ro se *

b u s in e s s c o n tin u e d t o

“D uring th e e ig h te e n m onths

f o llo w in g t h e s ig n in g o f th e A rm istice* w o rk ers c o n tin u e d t o j o i n #*7 th e u n l o iu u in in c r e a s in g numbers# The 1920 c o n v e n tio n r e p o r te d 4 ,0 7 9 * 7 4 0 members# a f i g u r e n o t su rp a sse d u n t i l 1940* The tw e n tie s During th e n e x t fo u r years# m em bership d e c lin e d from th© p r e v io u s h ig h t o 2 ,8 6 5 ,7 9 9 i n 1924#

Revenue fo llo w e d a s i m il a r

p a t t e r n , d e c lin in g to 1509,702*96 i n 1925, th e lo w e st p o in t s in c e 1920*

The p o s t-w a r d e p re s s io n o f 1921-22* w ith d e c lin in g b u s in e s s

a c t i v i t y and in c r e a s e d unem ploym ent, no d o u b t, a cc o u n te d f o r a p a r t o f t h i s l o s s o f m em berchip0

A lso, u n io n a f t e r u n io n l o s t i t s p o s t* * *

57#

$ 4c

F lo re n c e P e te r s o n , Am erican Labor U nionoB p* 14*

50 war g a in s b e c a u se o f t h e a n t i - u n i o n d riv e r#

59

D e s p ite th e r e l a t i v e l y h ig h i n d u s t r i a l a c t i v i t y d u rin g t h e tw e n tie s * e x c e p t f o r m inor r e c e s s i o n s , m em bership i n th e Am erican F e d e r a tio n o f Labor i n 1950 was s t i l l 1 ,1 1 6 ,6 4 4 l e s s th a n i n 1920 and re v e n u e was $568, 652*21 s h o r t o f th e h ig h peak i n 1920*

I t was

d u rin g t h i s p e rio d t h a t e m p lo y e rs1 o p p o s itio n to o k th© form o f openshop d r iv e s and t h e e x te n s io n o f w e lfa re a c t i v i t i e s *

T h is gave th©

w o rk ers some o f t h e t h i n g s th e y d e sire d * c a u s in g them t o lo s e i n t e r e s t i n u n io n is m .

M i l l i s and Montgomery s t a t e th a t*

By th© end o f 1920* a n e t-w o rk o f open shop o r g a n i z a t i o n s c o v ered th e c o u n try , and e a r l y i n 1921 th e v a rio u s l o c a l g ro u p s, w hich had b een o p e r a tin g a lo n g common lin e© and m a n if e s tin g t h e ©am© ty p e o f i n s p i r a t i o n , came to g e th e r a t a confer© nee o f tw e n ty -tw o s t a t e em p lo y ers1 a s a o o i a ti o n s , a d o p te d f o r th e movement th e name Am erican F la n , and m o b iliz e d f o r th® b a t t l e a g a i n s t th e c lo s e d ®hop*5^ U n fa v o rab le l e g a l d e c is io n s a ls o had a d v e rse in f lu e n c e upon u n io n m em bership and fin a n c e s #

I n 192J th© Supreme C o u rt i n

th e H it Chinan Coal and Coke Company v* M itc h e ll c a s e d e c la re d th a t* • . * a u n io n m ust n o t i n t e r f e r e w ith employe®© h a v in g in d iv id u a l c o n t r a c t s w ith a company i n w hich th e y prom ised n o t t o j o i n la b o r o rg a n iz a t io n e .4 0 W ith t h i s d e c is io n , th© “yellow-dog** c o n tr a c t to o k on new im p o rta n c e and from 1920 on “was an im p o rta n t in s tru m e n t f o r h o ld in g * * * * * * 58*

Ib id * p . 16.

59#

H arry A* M i l l i s and Royal £• Montgomery, O rganized Labors p . 166*

40.

Lorwin, ©£. c i t . , p. 210.

5* i n chock t h e o r g a n ! z a tio n a l e f f o r t s o f t r a d e u n io n s and f o r e s t a l l i n g t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e c lo s e d sh ip *

it4 l

*

In 1919 i n th e c a s e o f th® U n ite d Mine worker b v» Coronado Goal Company* th® C o u rt o f Appeal® u p h e ld a Judgm ent o f $600,000 p lu e c o u r t end a tt o r n e y *a fee® fo r t r i p l e damage® a g a i n s t t h e U n ited Mine W orkers Union f o r c a l l i n g a s t r i k e i n Arkansas#

A lthough t h e

Supreme C o u rt a b so lv e d th® u n io n from r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n 1922, th e d e c is io n was g e n e r a lly c o n s id e re d u n fa v o r a b le ; f o r , a trad © u n io n c o u ld b e su ed , and i t s fu n d s were * s u b je c t t o e x e c u tio n i n s u i t s f o r 42 t o r t s com m itted i n s t r i k e s * 11 tX iring th® tw e n tie s te c h n o lo g ic a l im provem ents d is p la c e d s k i l l e d w o rk e rs and w o rk ers w ith l e s s s k i l l were s u b s titu te d *

The

g e n e r a lly h ig h wages p a id a s a r e s u l t o f in c re a s e d p ro d u c tio n , in c i d e n t t o te c h n o lo g ic a l im provem ents, were n o t conducive t o u n io n is a tio n #

A lso, d u rin g t h i s p e rio d , many c o r p o r a tio n s e n la rg e d

o r in a u g u ra te d w e lfa re a c t i v i t i e s , such a c t

p e n sio n p la n s , group

in s u r a n c e , m e d ic a l s e r v i c e , and r e c r e a t i o n a l p r o je c ts *

I n a n a tte m p t

t o ward o f f u n i o n iz a t i o n company u n io n s w ere a ls o encouraged#

A ll

o f t h e f a c t o r s m entioned afoov© were u n fa v o ra b le t o u n io n e x p a n sio n i n th© tw e n tie s # * *, * * * * 4 l#

M i l l i e and Montgomery,

42.

U n ite d Min® W orkers v* Coronado Goal Company* 259 U#3* ^44, 1922#

op

*

c i t « * p# 166

52 In 1929, tb© American F ed eration o f Labor undertook a la r g e o r g a n isa tio n program *^ T his r e s u lte d in an in c r e a se o f 27,55* members over 1929, but a d ecrea se in t o t a l revenue o f $49>0 2 9 .2 7 The t h i r t i e s

During th e d e p r e ssio n year® from 195® through 1955* workers dropped out o f th e un ion and membership d e c lin e d t o 2 , 1 26 , 7 9 6 . annual revenue In 1955 dropped t o 1457*925*90.

to ta l

After 1955* member­

sh ip con tin u ed t o In crea se year by y e a r, excep t $■** 1957* when t e n C .I.G . u n ion s were ex p elled * than i n 1955*

By 1947, membership was 5*450,926 more

T o ta l revenue d e c lin e d s l i g h t l y In 1955 a**d 19 5 6 #

Then i t in c re a se d c o n tin u o u sly , year by y e a r , through 1 9 2 7 * The t o t a l revenue in 1947 was 15*569*616.46 more than in 1955* Important fa c t o r s accou nting fo r t h i e phenomenal growth In membership w ith i t s r e s u lt in g in c r e a se i n revenue were*

th e

improved economic c o n d itio n s , th e p assin g o f l e g i s l a t i o n fa v o ra b le to lab or u n io n s, and th e workers th em selv es, who in some c a se s were d is illu s io n e d by th e ww e lfa r e c a p ita lis m 11 o f th© tw e n tie s . In 1952 th e Borrie-LaGuar&ia Act was passed and sign ed by P r e sid e n t Hoover*

In e f f e c t , th© Act gave th e workers th© r ig h t ©f

8© if-o r g a n iz a tio n and c o llo o tiv © b argain in g w ithout in te r fe r e n c e from em p loyers.

I t a ls o d eclared th a t th e “y e llo w dog*1 c o n tr a c t was

con trary to p u b lic p o lic y and un en forceab le i n any fe d e r a l c o u r t. T h is lim ite d th e us® o f th e in ju n c tio n and r e lie v e d o f f i c e r s and

45*

"Now For Th* F lvo M illio n M ark." American F e d e ra tio n !s t* . 1989, p . 275.

March,

55

u n io n s o f l i a b i l i t y f o r u n la w fu l act® com m itted by i t s members. S e c tio n 7 (&) 0* t h e N a tio n a l I n d u s t r i a l Recovery Act, p a s s e d i n 1959» gave le g a l r e c o g n i ti o n t o t h e r i g h t o f w o rk ers t o o r g a n is e and b a r g a in c o l l e c t i v e l y .

I t p ro v id e d t h a t i

« * « em ployees s h a l l h av e t h e r i g h t to o r g a n is e and t o b a rg a in c o l l e c t i v e l y th ro u g h r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e i r own c h o o sin g , and s h a l l be f r e e from th e i n t e r f e r e n c e , r e s t r a i n t , o r c o e r c io n o f em p lo y ers « * T h is Act p ro v id e d an in c e n tiv e f o r u n io n s t o co n d u ct e x te n s iv e o r g a n is in g cam paigns*

As a r e s u l t o f iw enty-tw © m onths

u n d e r t h e HRA, m em bership i n t h e A .F. o f I»» u n io n s in c r e a s e d over AO p e r c e n t .

I n 1955# f o r t h e f i r s t tim e s in c e 1922, t h e i r t o t a l

p a id -u p m em bership exceeded t h r e e m illio n *

44

A fte r th e Supreme C o u rt *s in v a lid a t io n o f th© N a tio n a l I n d u s t r i a l R ecovery Act i n 1955# th© N a tio n a l L abor R e la tio n s Act was passed*

The l a t t e r gave t o th© em ployees i n any in d u s tr y or

p l a n t engaged i n i n t e r s t a t e commerce o r i n d u s t r i e s a f f e c t i n g commerce, * . * th e r i g h t t o s e l f - o r g a n i s a t i o n , t o form , J o in , o r a s s i s t la b o r o r g a n i s a t io n s , t o b a rg a in c o l l e c t i v e l y th ro u g h r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e i r own c h o o sin g , and t o engage I n c o n c e rte d a c t i v i t i e s f o r p u rp o se o f c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a in in g o r m u tu al a id o r p r o t e c t i o n * ^ T h is new power t o o rg a n is e r e s u l t e d i n a phenomenal in c r e a s e i n t o t a l u n io n membership* *

I t h a s b e en e s tim a te d t h a t o v e r a l l u n io n efe », £ *

44.

P e te r so n , o p . p i t . , p . 25*

45.

N a tio n a l L abor R e la tio n s A ct, S e c tio n 7*

54 membarehip between 1955 and 1940 mere than doubled.

I t increased from

^ * 46 5*690 ,0 0 0 i n 1955 t o 8 ,5 0 0 ,0 0 0 i n 1940e Membership i n th© to erio & n F e d e r a tio n o f L abor d u rin g t h i s p e rio d in c r e a s e d 1 ,2 0 2 ,0 9 6 and t o t a l

revenue 1906,006,^4* The e x p u ls io n o f th© u n io n s c o n n e c te d w ith th e Committee o f I n d u s t r i a l O rg a n is a tio n and th e b u s in e s s r e c e s s i o n o f 1957* which slow ed down u n io n o r g a n i s a t io n , acco u n te d f o r th e d e c re a s e o f 561 ,4 6 5 members a t th e end o f t h a t y e a r*

However, due t o a s p e c i a l a sse ssm e n t

o f one c e n t , t o t a l rev e n u e in c r e a s e d £260, 0 8 8 *60*

a°aaa&Bfe «s& SssM. Ss&Ii« D uring World War I I , grow th i n u n io n m em bership and improve** m ent i n th e u n io n *8 f i n a n c i a l p o s i t i o n w ere r a t h e r ra p id *

Membership

o f t h e American F e d e ra tio n o f Labor which was 4 ,2 4 7 ,4 4 5 i n 1940, in c r e a s e d t o 5*482,581 i n 1942s to 6 ,8 0 6 ,9 1 5 i n 1944) and 6, 951*221 i n 1945*

T o ta l re v e n u e which was $1,958*485.85 i n 1940, in c re a s e d t o

12*5 0 9 ,1 6 1.72 i n 1942) t o $2,705,165*89 i n 1944) b u t dropped s l i g h t l y , t o $2 , 4 07 , 751*86 i n 1945. The e s ta b lis h m e n t o f th e n a tio n a l War Labor Board by E x e c u tiv e O rder 9701 i n J a n u a ry , 1942, a p p e a rs t o have e x e rte d c o n s id e r a b le in f lu e n c e i n im proving th© sta tu © o f th© la b o r u n io n .

46,

Danfeert, o&. c l t . , p* 4p»

Factor© which im proved b o th m em bership and f in a n c e s o f t h e u n io n w ere t h e f r e q u e n t g r a n t i n g Of m alntenance-of-m eiab© r ©hi p, and t h e c h e c k -o f f by th e Board Under maintenanee-of-m em b© rsh i p th e j o in i n g o f a u n io n by em ployees wee n o t m andatory*

However, a l l em ployees who w ere members

o f th e u n io n when th e ag reem en t wae s ig n e d , o r , who l a t e r jo in e d t h e u n io n , had t o re m a in i n t h e u n io n d u rin g t h e p e rio d c o v ered by th e a g re em e n t, o r be d ism isse d *

An escap e p e rio d o f f i f t e e n day© was

p ro v id e d I n th e m a j o r it y o f th© o r d e r s is s u e d by th© N a tio n a l War L abor Board l a 1942 and 1945*

48

D uring th e ©scape p e rio d , any employee

who was a member o f t h e u n io n a t th e tim e th e agreem ent was s ig n e d , m ig h t r e s i g n from t h e u n io n , i f he sc d e sire d * S in ce re m a in in g i n good s ta n d in g w ith th e u n io n wa© a c o n d itio n o f em ploym ent, and s in c e a n employee had t o pay h i s u n io n due© t o re m a in i n good s ta n d in g , m aintenanee-of-m eB iber sh ip g r e a t l y a id e d i n th e c o l l e c t i o n o f u n io n dues and a ls o p re v e n te d m embership r a i d s from com peting u n io n s*

The U* &* Bureau o f Labor S t a ti s t i c ©

e s tim a te d t h a t more th a n 19 p e r c e n t o f a l l w o rk ers u n d e r agreement© w ere co v ered by m aintenance-of-m om borship c la u s e s by t h e end o f 1942* I n I 945 a b o u t 5*7 m i l l i o n w o rk e rs i n m a n u fa c tu rin g In d u s trie © w ere * * * * * * 4?*

P au l F is h e r , “The War Labor Board and Poet**War I n d u s t r i a l Q u a r te r ly J o u rn a l o f Economice» A ugust, 194^,

48#

M i l l i e and Montgomery, o&* c i t . , p* 4y8*

49*

U. 8* Bureau o f L abor S t a t i s t i c s , “Types o f U nion R e c o g n itio n i n E f f e c t i n December, 1942, n Memorandum* Number % 1945, P* 6*

c o v e re d by c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a in in g a g re e m e n ts, and o v e r 5*9 m i l l i o n i n a i l 50 i n d u s t r i e s were em ployed u n d e r m a in ten a n ce -o f-m e m b e rsh ip agreem ents* The c h e c k - o f f sy stem , w hereby t h e em ployer d e d u c ts t h e u n io n d ues from th e w o rk e rs pay, was n o t a new in n o v a tio n o f th e War L abor Board*

I t had b e e n In tro d u c e d by th e Ohio c o a l m in e rs i n 1889, and

was common p r a c t i c e i n c e r t a i n I n d u s tr ie s *

However, i t to o k on new

s i g n i f i c a n c e d u rin g World War IX, f o r t h e War Labor Board f r e q u e n tly g ra n te d b o th t h e m a in t © nanoe-of-m em bership and th e c h e c k -o ff*

By

1945# a p p ro x im a te ly f i v e and o n e - h a lf m i l l i o n w o rk ers were co v ered by u n io n a g re em e n ts w hich p ro v id e d th e c h e c k -o ffs and by 1946, t h e f i g u r e sto o d a t a p p ro x im a te ly s i x m i l l i o n * ^

The m a jo r ity o f th e e #

a g re em e n ts c a l le d f o r th e f u l l c h e c k -o ff o f a l l dues and a sse ss m e n ts l e v i e d by th© u n io n , w h ile o t h e r s , s p e c if ie d a maximum o f o n ly r e g u l a r dues*

52 The com pulsory c h e c k -o f f g r e a t l y enhanced th e f i n a n c i a l

s e c u r i t y o f th e union©*

The r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f c o l l e c t i n g th© u n io n

dues was s h i f t e d t o t h e em ployer, m aking i t im p o s sib le f o r t h e em ployee t o escape*

Where a c h e c k -o f f agreem ent i s n o t i n e f f e c t “th o u sa n d s o f

members would n e g le c t o r c o n s c io u s ly a v o id dues p a y m e n t * W h e r e a c h e c k - o f f system i s i n e f f e c t* • * » i t involve© a s s e s s in g t h e c o s t o f m a in ta in in g a u n io n a s a g o in g C oncern and d iv id in g th e sum, on

50*

D an k ert, ©&•

Table IV“^ (continued) T o ta l Member s h ip o f t h e A.F. o f 1>. cuad R e c e ip ts From d l l 3 o u ro ee from 1881 T hrough 1947 M em bership o f Y e*r

1921 1922 1925 1924 1925

A ffilia te d

T o ta l

Onions

R e c e ip ts

3 ,9 0 6 ,5 2 8 3 , 1 9 5 ,6 5 5 2 ,9 2 6 ,4 6 8 2 , 8 6 9 ,7 9 9 2 ,8 7 7 ,2 9 7

$ 6 3 2 ,1 6 9 .9 6 5 6 3 , 1 2 0 .0 3 6 8 7 , 8 8 0 .3 2 512,597*64 3 0 9 ,7 0 2 .9 6

1926

2,805,966

518,451.49

1927 1928 1929 1950 1951 1932 1953 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947

2 ,6 1 2 ,5 2 6 2 ,8 9 6 ,0 6 3 2 ,9 3 5 .5 4 5 2 , 9 6 1 ,0 9 6 2 ,8 8 9 ,5 5 0 2 , 5 3 2 ,2 6 1 2 ,1 2 6 ,7 9 6 2 ,6 0 8 ,0 1 1 3 ,0 4 5 ,3 4 7 3 , 4 2 2 ,3 9 8 2 ,8 6 0 ,9 3 3 3 , 6 2 3,0 87 4 ,0 0 6 ,3 5 4 4 ,2 4 7 ,4 4 3 4 , 5 6 9 ,0 5 6 5 ,4 8 2 ,3 8 1 6 ,5 6 4 ,1 4 1 6 ,6 0 6 ,9 1 3 6 , 9 3 1 ,2 2 1 7 , 1 5 1 ,8 0 8 7 ,3 7 7 ,7 1 6

5 2 4 ,2 8 4 .7 4 5 4 5 ,4 3 7 .9 2 609, 6 3 3 .0 1 5 6 0 , 6 0 3 .7 4 5 6 9 ,1 0 5 .8 2 4 6 6 ,3 5 0 .1 8 4 5 7 ,9 2 3 .9 0 1 ,0 7 0 ,4 5 2 .8 0 1 ,0 3 2 ,4 7 5 .3 1 9 2 4 ,3 9 0 .5 9 1 ,1 8 4 ,4 7 8 .9 9 1 ,6 4 4 ,2 0 5 .3 7 1 ,8 0 0 ,2 4 9 .7 0 1 ,9 3 8 ,4 8 3 .8 5 2 ,1 2 6 ,9 7 1 .5 7 2 , 3 09 , 1 8 1 ,7 2 2 , 4 2 2 , 9 3 4 .3 5 2 , 7 0 5 , 1 8 3 .8 9 2 , 4 07, 7 3 1 .6 6 2 , 2 00 , 9 7 9-1 0 3 , 8 4 7 , 7 4 2 .3 6

* 576

Com piled from P ro c e e d in g s o f t h e y e a r s I n d ic a te d *

of

C o n v e n tio n f o r th®

.financial, reserves

T a b le V* shew ing t h e b a la n c e on hand a t th® end o f th e f i s c a l y ear* th e p o rtio n ® o f i t a ll o c a t e d t o t h e g e n e ra l fund and th e d e fe n s e fund* and th® r e s e r v e p e r p a id -u p member* would I n d i c a te t h a t th e f e d e r a t i o n had n o t accu m u lated a l a r g e f i n a n c i a l re s e rv e * T h is f a c t i s even m ore o b v io u s when compared w ith th e a s s e t s o f some o f th e a f f ilia te s *

a s in d ic a t e d i n T ab le VI* which shows th e r e s e r v e

p e r member o f s e l e c te d i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s a f f i l i a t e d w ith t h e Am erican F e d e ra tio n o f Labor* As s t a t e d a t t h e C onvention i n 1909® The American F e d e ra tio n o f Labor i s n o t now* n ev er h a s been* and u n t i l i t s fundam ental law s a re changed w i l l n e v er be a f i n a n c i a l o r g a n iz a tio n ; t h e f in a n c in g o f t h e la b o r movement o f t h e c o u n try i s i n th© t r e a s u r i e s and t h e law s o f th© u n io n s a f f i l i a t e d t o t h e A*?* o f L *, and t© c r e a t e a fUnd i n t h e A*F* o f L*$ ch an g in g it® r e l a t i o n s h i p to it® a f f i l i a t e d b o d ie s fey p r a c t i c a l l y th ro u g h t h a t means m aking i t th© fin a n c ­ i e r i n g m ethod o f t h e American Labor movement* w i l l s to p ear® among th e u n io n s i n t r y i n g to c o n se rv e funds f o r t h e i r s e if - p re s e rv a tio n * ^ ® T h is seems t o a d e q u a te ly ©tat© t h e p h ilo so p h y fo llo w ed by th e F e d e ra tio n th ro u g h o u t it® e n t i r e h is to r y *

From tim e t o tim e

t h e r e ha® been a g i t a t i o n f o r th e b u ild in g o f a la r g e r e s e r v e fu n d ; but* up t o th© p r e s e n t tim e no such fund ha® been e s ta b lis h e d * When a d d i t i o n a l fu n d s a r e needed th e E x e c u tiv e O ouncil h a s t h e power t o le v y a s p e c ia l aeeesem en t, and th© c o n v e n tio n c an le v y a g e n e ra l

$8*

P ro ceed in g s* A*F* o f L . Convention* 1909* p« 21^*

4l T able V5? A llo c a tio n o f th© Fund© o f th© A*?V o f L« and th© Baser*© F or P a id -u p Member Year

B alan ce o n ,

Balano©

B alan ce

geaerv©

I r tlS L r

a ln e ra l PUniT

& * » • FUnd

Member

Year xm i 1602 1665 1684 1*83 1866

1887 1888 1689

1890 1891 1892 1895 1694 1895

1896 1897

1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1905 1904 1905 1906 1907

1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1915 1914 1915

1916 1917

1918

#

2 0 .0 0 35*95 573*82 1 8 8 .0 4 302.49 284,97 25*93 6 0 4 .8 3 8 6 4 .9 0 3 .6 4 4 .0 7 8 , 1 5 6 .3 6 7 , 6 6 6 .1 8 7 ,1 4 7 ,4 4 5#19l«79 3,331*12 4 ,1 6 8 .3 5 3 ,6 9 4 .4 4 3 ,3 9 1 .4 2 9 ,5 4 9 .3 3 12, 3 0 1 .7 6 8 ,8 1 4 •26 5 4 , 2 2 5 .7 5 8 6 , 0 1 3 .1 2 1 0 3 ,0 1 7 .9 4 1 1 4 ,2 6 5 .4 6 1 1 3 ,5 4 0 .6 0 1 2 7 ,9 1 0 .0 2 1 3 8 ,6 2 7 .8 9 1 6 7 ,3 0 5 .4 6 1 8 2 ,9 1 4 ,9 6 1 3 9 ,5 7 9 ,5 6 1 1 9 ,4 7 3 .9 3 105, 0 6 5 .0 5 1 0 2 ,4 9 2 .8 1 7 0 ,1 3 2 .3 9 8 9 ,3 6 0 .4 8 9 8 ,9 6 7 .8 4 1 2 ^ ,3 2 0 .9 8

#

2 0 ,0 0 3 5 .9 5 5 7 3 .8 2 188,04 5 0 2 ,4 9 284.97 25*95 604.63 8 6 4 ,9 0 3 ,6 4 4 .0 7 8 , 1 3 6 .3 6 7 ,6 6 6 .1 8 7 ,1 4 7 .4 4 5,191*79 5 , 331*12 4 , 1 6 8 .3 5 3 ,6 9 4 ,4 4 3 ,3 9 1 ,4 2 9.549*35 12, 3 0 1 ,7 6 8 ,8 1 4 .2 6 1 3 ,8 0 2 .7 3 2 2 ,6 1 6 .7 2 2 1 ,8 7 0 .9 9 1 9 ,5 4 9 .0 6 1 6 ,7 1 1 .5 8 2 4 , 8 3 1 .1 3 53, 345.80 5 1 ,4 2 6 .5 2 6 0 ,9 5 1 .3 7 5 5 ,7 9 7 .2 2 3 3 ,8 1 0 .6 6 2 0, 138.23 10, 6 5 9 .3 9 1 2 ,7 4 4 .5 6 2 0 ,2 0 9 .4 6 7 , 8 5 3 .2 0 1 7 ,2 4 8 .7 8

# 2 0 ,4 2 5 .0 0 6 3 ,3 9 6 .4 0 8 1 ,1 4 6 .9 5 $>4,916.40 9 6 ,8 2 9 .0 2 1 03, 0 7 8 .8 9 1 0 5 ,2 8 2 .0 9 115, 8 7 7 .1 4 121; 9 65-59 135, 7 82 .34 8 5 , 662.27 8 4 ,9 2 4 .8 2 9 1 , 8 5 3 .4 2 5 7 ,5 8 7 .8 3 6 9 ,1 5 1 .0 2 9 1 ,1 3 4 .6 4 1 0 8 ,0 7 2 .2 0

$.0153 .0140 .0122 .0273 .0224 .0112. .0534 .0587 .0615 .0765 .0781 .0831 .0874 .1128 .1171 .IO 76 .0675 .0526 .0507 .0360 .0430 .0422 .0441

T a b le W ® ( c o n tin u e d ) A llo c a tio n o f th e FUnda o f t h e A#F* o f L. and t h e R eserv e Pel* P a id -u p Member B alan ce o n . Hand a t Skid o f F ie o a l Year 1919 1920 1921 1922 19*5 1924 1925 1926 19*7 192S 1929 1950 1951 1932 1955 1934 1955 1936 1957 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947

• 1 9 2 .4 9 0 .1 6 2 0 3 ,9 6 0 .4 6 1 7 6 ,2 6 2 .7 2 1 9 8 ,7 9 4 .6 8 2 2 4 ,2 7 6 .1 6 2 3 6 ,6 4 5 .4 7 2 1 3 ,0 5 3 .8 0 2 1 2 ,3 9 1 .9 6 2 5 1 ,6 4 2 .7 6 3 0 0 ,1 0 9 .4 3 5 3 4 ,3 6 0 .5 7 3 65 , 7 2 1 .3 8 3 7 0 ,8 4 2 .0 7 368, 4 4 4 .9 7 4 0 2 ,1 3 2 .8 0 565 , 7 0 6 .3 6 6 2 2 ,9 5 4 .5 3 5 6 9 , 4 0 5 .99 5 8 6 , 5 6 7 .4 1 4 4 3 ,6 3 1 .1 9 5 46 , 5 0 4 .3 6 716, 1 51 .82 1 ,0 0 7 ,1 4 9 .9 6 l , * 6 7 ,1 7 1 .3 8 1, 680, 0 7 6 .3 8 2 , 049, 6 9 0 .9 7 2 * 0 8 7 ,0 2 1 .4 6 1 ,7 4 2 ,0 7 7 .4 3 4 6 4 ,5 8 2 .0 6

B alanee g e n e ra l F ind

B a la n ce D efense Blind

$ 3 7 ,7 6 4 .2 7 5 9 ,9 0 6 .1 2 1 7 ,0 4 4 ,7 6 2 5 ,4 1 5 .8 0 4 0 ,2 8 1 .8 8 3 5 .5 1 3 .9 1 1 1 ,0 2 4 .4 3 1 9 ,2 9 6 .1 8 3 3 ,8 0 3 .1 8 4 9 ,5 2 4 .6 8 5 5 ,8 8 1 .9 3 6 1 ,4 7 4 .5 8 3 2 , 5 27 .88 3 3 .9 4 9 ,8 3 6 8 ,6 2 1 .4 4 9 9 , 663 .6 9 3 5 , 3 7 6 .1 0 5 8 , 782 .1 5 5 3 , 4 2 8 .6 9 6, 8 5 6 .2 3 4 4 ,5 4 0 .8 2 8^662*96 207,095*81 217, 8 1 2 .3 8 3 7 2 .7 5 7 .5 5 446, 0 5 2 .0 2 224, 2 3 6 .9 8 241, 102.37 273, 671.55

fr * 59*

1 1 7 9 ,7 2 3 .8 9 1 6 4 ,0 7 4 .3 4 1 6 1 ,2 1 7 .9 6 175, 5 7 8 .8 8 1 8 3 ,9 9 4 .2 8 201, 1 3 1 .5 6 2 0 2 ,0 2 9 .3 7 193. 0 9 5 .7 8 2 1 7 ,8 3 9 .5 6 2 5 0 ,5 8 4 .7 5 2 78 , 678 .6 4 3 0 2 ,2 4 6 .8 0 3 1 8 ,3 1 4 .1 9 3 3 4 ,4 9 5 .0 9 3 3 3 .3 1 1 .3 6 4 6 6 ,0 4 2 .6 7 5 87 , 5 7 8 .4 3 5 1 0 , 6 2 3 .6 6 5 3 3 ,1 3 8 .7 2 4 3 6 ,7 7 4 .9 6 5 0 1 , 9 6 3 .5 4 6 2 7 ,4 8 8 .8 6 8 0 0 ,0 5 4 .1 5 1 ,0 4 9 ,3 5 9 .0 0 1 ,3 0 7 .3 1 9 .0 3 1 ,6 0 3 ,6 5 8 .9 5 1 ,8 6 2 ,7 8 4 .5 0 1 ,5 0 0 ,9 7 5 .0 6 18 8 ,9 1 0 .5 5

*

H eserve r a i d —up Member $*0590 *0500 .0 4 5 6 ,0622 .0 7 66 ,0 8 2 6 .0740 .0757 .0895 .1 0 36 .1140 .1228 .1283 .1455 .1891 .2169 .2046 .1664 .2050 .1224 .1364 .1684 .2204 .2311 .2559 .3011 .3011 .2436 .0613

*

Compiled from t h e P ro c e e d in g s o f th e »\aW» o f L. C o nvention f o r t h e y e a r s in d ic a te d *

43 60

Table VI

F in a n c ia l H eservos o f S e le c te d I n t e r n a t i o n a l Labor O nions

A*F. o f L . A f f i l i a t e d

P a id -u p Member* s h ip

1 , 0 6 2 ,0 0 0 T ea m ste rs 7 5 0 ,0 0 0 C a rp e n te rs 4 0 4 ,1 0 0 H o tel w o rk ers 40 0 ,0 0 0 E l e c t r i c a l w orkers 5 8 0 ,0 0 0 Garment w o rk e rs 4 5 0 ,0 0 0 Hod c a r r i e r s 2 2 5 ,0 0 0 M ain ten ance o f way P a in te rs 2 1 0 ,0 0 0 196,000 Meat c u t t e r s Bakery w orkers 173*155 S t r e e t r a ilw a y em ployees 160 ,0 0 0 P ap er m i l l w o rk e rs 118,000 100,000 Chem ical w o rk e rs M u n icip al em ployees 8 7 ,3 0 0 7 5 ,0 0 0 P r i n t i n g pressm en Firem en and o i l e r s 6 0 ,0 0 0 5 5 ,5 4 0 P ap er m akers

h e a lth o f In te r* N a tio n a l

C overage P e r P a id Up Member

$ 18,000*000 12, 0 0 0,0 00 3 .^ 4 9 ,0 0 0 9 ,6 5 6 ,8 6 2 8 , 5 00 ,00 0 10, 0 0 0 ,0 0 0 3 , 0 00 ,0 0 0 5, 0 00,000 4 , 300,000 5 , 608,000 5 #953*000 2 ,1 6 4 ,4 7 5 2 50,000 6 1 ,5 0 0 3, 650,000 1, 2 50,000 1*0 65 ,8 7 0

| 16,949 1 6 .0 0 0 9 .6 9 8 2 4 ,0 9 2 2 2 ,3 6 8 4 0 .0 0 0 1 5.453 1 4 ,2 8 6 2 1 ,9 3 9 52 .3 9 1 57*081 1 8 .3 4 5 2 .5 0 0 *954 4 8 ,6 7 0 2 0 .8 5 5 19.191

5 .6 6 7 2 ,5 9 2 16 ,4 3 8 4 ,8 5 7

0*1*0. A f f i l i a t e d S te e l w o rk ers Auto w orker s C lo th in g w o rk ers T e x t i l e w o rk ers Rubber w orkers M arine and s h ip b u ild e ri R e t a i l and w h o le sa le worker® O il w orkers P u b lic w orkers U t i l i t y w o rk ers M aritim e u n io n Brewery w orkers Paper w o rk ers

9 0 0 ,0 0 0 9 0 0 ,0 0 0 3 65 ,0 0 0 55 0 ,0 0 0 JLOO| vUU 175.000 125.000 100.000 6 5 ,1 2 5 7 2 .0 0 0 7 7 0 ,0 0 0 6 5 .0 0 0 55*000

5 , 100,000 2 , 153,000 6 , 0 00 ,00 0 1 , 700,000 597,900 596,450 ’2 50 ,0 0 0 100,000 126,400

In d ep e n d en t U nions U n ite d Mine Worker® R ailw ay tra in m e n R ailw ay c o n d u cto re

400,000 216,600 5 6,500

62, 000,000 4 9 ,9 5 4 ,0 0 0 9 , 5 0 0,0 00

110,000

2 , 000,000 1 ,2 4 5 ,4 1 5 5 0 ,0 0 0

5 ,4 2 0 2,000 1,000

1,4 6 5 1.528 28.571 1 9.129 1 .4 2 9 155.00 2 50 ,6 5 260.27

6 0 . *Top U, 3* Labor U n io n s/* L if e , A p ril 51, 1948,p p . 8 0 -6 1 0

44

a ea e ssm e n t ©r r a l e # th e pair c a p i t a t a x .

T hese a re t h e r e a s o n s m ost

f r e q u e n t ly p o in te d o u t , by th o e e opposed t o l a r g e r e s e r v e * , t o show t h a t th e y a r e n o t n e e e e e a ry . The power ©f th e A m erican f e d e r a t i o n o f L abor i s a p p a r e n tly n o t I n i t * own f i n a n c i a l r e s e r v e s , b u t , r a t h e r , i n t h e number o f members a f f i l i a t e d w ith i t w hich p o s s e s s trem endous p o l i t i c a l and econom ic power a s s o c ia te d w ith s h e e r w e ig h t o f numbera* I n s o f a r a s f i n a n c i a l r e s e r v e s t o f u r t h e r th e la b o r movement a r e c o n c e rn e d , t h e s t r e n g th seems t o be c o n c e n tr a te d i n th e hands o f t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s* sm all*

The a n n u a l rev e n u e and f i n a n c i a l r e s e r v e s a r e e x c e e d in g ly T ab le V II shows t h e an n u al rev e n u e p e r c a p i t a s in c e 1696

found by d iv id in g t h e t o t a l rev e n u e by t h e y e a r ly membership*

As

i n d ic a t e d by t h e t a b l e , t h e an n u al rev en u e p e r c a p i t a h a s in c re a s e d somewhat th ro u g h o u t th e y e a r s , a s th e F e d e ra tio n h a s b e en c a l le d upon t o in c r e a s e it© scope o f

u tiv itie e *

4?

fa h l® V II Annual A• P* o f L* R evom o P a r C a p ita Pro® Through 1947

Tow 1896 1997 1896 1899

1900 1901 1902

190J 1904 1909

1906

H«v«nu« F ar C a p ita $ .0 6 0 .0 7 0 •068 • 105 .1 5 0 *146 *141 • 169 *152 ► 159 *150

1907

•

1909 1910 1911 1912 1919 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921

.1 5 1 -157 • 124 .105 .117 • 122 .1 5 0 .140 *161 • i? 4 .115 *201 .228 *215

1908

110

Y ear

1922 1925 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1950 1951 19^2 1953 1954 195:; 1$^f^co 9> f co1* N fC^S^N MC'N «© #% r"l «i _«k •ft ftk H'** «t

d- -- s..^.HrH

OJft NW Jft JK nO n o

vO

O n CO t ^ Q

H

£*£>&r£r Lj ^**4 ^ *4

• «J* O* H - • O* w* 2®7 *®5 i** 1915*

Heavy expend­

S in c e th e n th©

fund ha© had an a lm o st c o n tin u o u s grow th, r e c e i p t s te n d in g t o conform to t h e in c r e a s e o r d e c re a se i n membership#

I n 1941 th e b a la n c e o f

t h e D efense Fund sto o d a t $800,054*151 and, th e amount o f th© p er c a p i t a ta x a l l o c a t e d to th e and on®—h a l f c e n ts

D efense Fund

was d e c re a se d from tw e lv e

to e i g h t and one**half

c e n ts* The in c r e a s e i n th©

m em bership o f th e l o c a l u n io n s se rv ed to o f f s e t th© d e c re a s e i n th© amount s e t a s id e f o r th© D efense Fund*

T o ta l rev en u e re a c h e d an a l l

tim e h ig h o f $5^2*829*92 i n 1944; th e b a la n c e o f th© D efense Fund re a c h e d it© peak o f $1,862,784*50 i n 1945*

I n 1947> a s a r e s u l t o f

t r a n s f e r s to t h e g e n e ra l fund by th® E x ec u tiv e C o u n c il, th e fund was d e c re a se d t o #188,910*52* * * * *. * * 92*

P ro ceed in g s* American F e d e ra tio n o f L abor, 1905, p* 57*

76

Uae o f t h e D efense

e x c lu s iv e o f © trike© and lo c k o u ts

I t w ould Appear t h a t th® D efense Fund ha© b e en u se d by th© F e d e r a tio n f o r purpose© o th e r th a n t h a t f o r which i t was o r i g i n a l l y in te n d e d *

In

1902, t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n s t a t e d t h a t th e fund was H o b©

u s e d o n ly i n c a s e o f s t r i k e o r lo ck o u t* *

Th© fo llo w in g y e a r a

c o n s t i t u t i o n a l amendment s t a t e d th a t* The money b £ th© d e fe n c e fund s h a l l be drawn o n ly f o r th© fo llo w in g purpose® ! f o r th© su s ta in in g ; o f l e g a l s trik e ® ©r lo c k o u ts o f lo c a l t r a d e and f e d e r a l u n i o n s . ^ I n o r d e r t h a t th© F e d e ra tio n c o u ld m a in ta in more c o n tr o l ov er th e s t r i k i n g a c t i v i t i e s o f l o c a l u n io n s and thu© s a fe g u a rd th e D efense FLnd, th© c o n s t i t u t i o n was a g a in amended i n 190^, t o re a d a® fo llo w s I The money© o f th© d e fe n se fund s h a l l be drawn only t o s u s t a i n © trike® o r lo o k o u ts o f L ocal T rade and F e d e ra l L abor Union© when such s trik e ® o r lockout© a r e a u th o r is e d , in d o rs e d , and co n d u cted i n c o n fo rm ity w ith th© fo llo w in g p r o v is io n s o f t h i s a r t i c l e s « * *

.

However, i n 1915, a t o t a l o f $ ^ f 9^ 0 0 was advanced from th© D efense Fund t o th© O ffic e B u ild in g Loan F u n d # ^

A ll o f t h i s advance was

t r a n s f e r r e d baek t o th© D efense FUnd by 1920Th® F e d e ra tio n was i n th e e m b a rra ssin g p o s i t i o n o f h a v in g t h e b a la n c e o f t h e D efense FUnd in c r e a s e a lm o st c o n tin u o u s ly sine® 1915*

T h is would te n d t o i n d i c a t e t h a t i f e x p e n d itu r e s were based on $ * * * # *

95*

C o n s t i t u ti o n o f th e A*F*of L ., 1905, A r tic le XIXX, S e c tio n 1*

9^*

P roceeding© , American F e d e ra tio n o f L abor, 1904, p* 2 h 2 *

95*

PropeedjUige, American F e d e ra tio n o f L abor, 1916, p . 50, ¥ A*P* o f L* B u ild in g T r u s te e 1© Report**

19 t h e need & o f t h e l o c a l u n i One* th e n t h e amount n e t a e id e f o r t h i s p u rp o se was m ore th a n w arran ted *

On t h e o th e r h and, I t m ig h t alfto

i n d i c a t e a n i g g a r d l in e s s i n m a tin g e x p e n d itu re s t o th e l o c a l unions* The e x p e n d itu r e s from t h e D efense Fund a s i n d ic a t e d i n T ab le X3QCV would te n d t o s u b s t a n t i a t e t h e l a t t e r *

A lso, t h e b a la n c e o f th e

D efense Fund, a s i n d ic a t e d i n T ab le V, h a s alw ays exceed t h e b a la n c e o f t h e g e n e ra l fu n d , e x c e p t f o r 19*47 when over one m i l l i o n d o l l a r s was t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e g e n e r a l ftmd* A

R ep o rt on t h e Com m ittee on Law i n 1951 s t a t e d t h a t i

Prom tim e t o tim e t h e o r g a n i s e r s o f t h e Am erican F e d e r a tio n o f L abor o r g a n is e F e d e ra l Labor Unions* L a te r on th e s e u n io n s a r e a b so rb ed i n t o inter** n a ti o n a l u n io n s o r go o u t o f e x is te n c e , and i t i s t h e d e s i r e o f t h e f&eecutive C ouncil t o g iv e th e o f f i c e r s o f t h e F e d e ra tio n , th e P r e s id e n t o r th e S e c r e ta r y , t h e r i g h t t o u s e t h a t money i f th e y d e s ir e t o do so f o r o r g a n is in g purposes*^® The c o n s t i t u t i o n was t h e n amended so t h a t A r t i c l e XXII, S e c tio n 1, re a d a s fo llo w sa U nless o th e rw is e o rd e re d by th e S x e c u tiv e C o u n c il, th e moneys o f th© D efense PU-nd s h a l l be drawn o n ly t o s u s t a i n s t r i k e s o r lo c k o u ts o f L ocal Trad© and F e d e ra l Labor U nions when such s t r i k e s o r lo c k o u ts a r e a u th o rs iz e d , e n d o rs e d , and cond u cted i n c o n fo rm ity w ith t h e fo llo w in g p r o v is io n s o f t h i s A r tic le s » • • In 1955 t h e iSxecutiv© C ouncil s t a r t e d u s in g th© a u t h o r i t y g iv e n i t i n 1921*

The fo llo w in g t r a n s f e r s from th© D efense FUnd t o

th© g e n e r a l fund have ta k e n p la c e from 1955 th ro u g h 1947*

9&*

P ro c e e d in g s , A.F. o f L*, 1951, p* Y A •

Amount t r a n s f e r r e d

T ear

$

195? 1956 1958 1959 1940 1941 1946 1947 T o ta l

1 5 , 0 0 0 .0 0 5 0 , 0 0 0 .0 0 5 00 , 0 0 0 .0 0 150, 0 0 0 .0 0 100, 000.00 2 5 , 0 0 0 .0 0 200, 000.00 1.4 8 2 .6 0 8 .2 7

n , 5 22 , 80a .27

By 1942 a t o t a l o f $640,000 had been t r a n s f e r r e d t© t h e g e n e ra l fund*

In ©pit© o f thee® t r a n s f e r s , th e D efense Fund

c o n tin u e d t o i n c r e a s e , re a c h in g a h ig h o f $1*862,784 *$C i n 1945* A. t r a n s f e r o f $200*000 to th e g e n e ra l fund i n 1946 allow ed th© g e n e ra l fund t o ©how a b a la n c e o f $241,102#57* w h ile th e D efense Fund was red u ced t© f l * t3 O Q $ 9 1 $ * 0 6 *

Fro m 195? th ro u g h 1947* a

i o t ^ l o f $2*522,806 * 2 7 ha© b een t r a n s f e r r e d t© th® g e n e ra l fund* Th© D efense Fund h a s b een l e f t w ith a b a la n c e o f $188,910*55* th e lo w e st i t h a s been s in c e 19^5*

The t r a n s f e r o f $1,482,808*27 i n

1947 c o in c id e d w ith th© p u rc h a se o f a b u ild in g s i t e i n Washington* D* 0*, am ounting t o $1,005*614*15 * ^ A r t i c l e X II I, S e c tio n 11 o f th e C o n s t i t u ti o n o f th© &*F* o f L* give® t h e E x e c u tiv e C o u n c il power t o lev y a n a sse ssm e n t i n c a se th e D efense Fund become© o r lo c k o u t* 0

d a n g e ro u sly low th ro u g h p r o t r a c te d s t r i k e

The a sse ssm e n t i s l im i t e d t o t e n c e n ts on each member

o f th© l o c a l trad© and f e d e r a l la b o r unions*

M ot

more th a n f i v e such

* * * * * * 97® 1 'Fr©e©edin$c8* American F e d e ra tio n o f k a b o r, 1947* p* 147*

81

aeeeaem ent® s h a l l be mad® i n any on® y e a r a

A s u r p lu s o f fiv e - th o u s a n d

d o lla r® sh o u ld be m a in ta in e d I n th® D afense Fund* I n i t i a t i o n and r e in s ta te m e n t fee® A o a r t a i n amount o f revenue 1® o b ta in e d by th® F e d e ra tio n from i n i t i a t i o n and r e in s ta te m e n t fee® le v ie d a g a i n s t l o c a l trad® and f e d e r a l la b o r u n io n s*

The®® a re th® o n ly d i r e c t l y a f f i l i a t e d union®

s u b j e c t t o t h e s e fees*^® The i n i t i a t i o n fe e waa e s ta b lis h e d a t th e c o n v e n tio n i n 1914*

S in ce t h a t tim e , th® amount re c e iv e d by th e F e d e ra tio n on each

i n i t i a t i o n f e e from a l l d i r e c t l y a f f i l i a t e d l o c a l u n io n s h a s been tw e n ty -fiv © p er c e n t o f th© t o t a l i n i t i a t i o n f e e , w ith a minimum o f $1*00 i n a l l case®* $?hile th© e x a c t amount o f th© i n i t i a t i o n fe e t o be ch arg ed by th e a f f i l i a t e d lo c a l u n io n i s n o t s t i p u l a t e d , a minimum and a maximum 1® p ro v id e d f o r i n th® c o n s titu tio n *

The fo llo w in g minimum

and maximum have been i n f o r c e s in c e 1914t ts m L

Minimum and Maximum i n i t i a t i o n Fee

1914 t o 1915

Hot l e s s th a n on© d o l l a r o r more th a n f i v e d o lla r s *

1915

to 1919

Wot l e s s th a n one d o l la r o r more th a n t e n d o lla r s *

1919

to 1926

Wot l e s s th a n two d o lla r© o r more th a n t e n d o lla r s *

1926

t o 1948

Wot l e s s th a n two d o l l a r s o r more th a n f i f t e e n d o lla fe * * ^ 7 s t i p u l a t e d t h e minimum amount o f d u es t o be ch arg ed by t h e l o c a l union*

In th e s e

$7 o a s e s th© lo c a l, u n io n i s a llo w e d t o d e te rm in e t h e amount o f th© l o c a l d u e s,

E ig h t i n t e r n a t i o n a l s e a t a minimum and a maximum amount

w hich may be l e v i e d .

Two i n t e r n a t i o n a l s a llo w t h e l o c a l u n io n s t o

c o l l e c t a c e r t a i n p e r c e n t o f wage© o f th© in d iv id u a l members*

One

i n t e r n a t i o n a l d e te rm in e d o n ly th e maximum amount t h a t may be le v ie d * I n a n o th e r I n t e r n a t i o n a l th e amount o f t h e l o c a l dues i s d ete rm in e d by t h e g e n e ra l c o u n c il and in s t i l l a n o th e r th e amount i s n o t s ta te d * T a b le XXII shows t h e minimum amount o f l o c a l dues w hich may be ch arg ed on a y e a r l y b a s i s i n f i f ty * s e v e n c ases*

&her© th© minimum

v a r ie d a c c o rd in g t o se x , o c c u p a tio n , o r b e n e f i t s , t h e h ig h e s t amount was s t a t e d i n each c a s e . 156*00 p e r y e a r . per y e a r.

The minimum ran g ed from $5*00 p e r y e a r t o

I n 49 e&sea th e minimum ranged from 112.00 t© #24*00

I n f i v e c a s e s I t ranged from #26,00 t o 15^*00 p e r y e ar?

and in t h r e e c a s e s i t ran g ed from f5»00 t o #9,00 p e r year* T h is p la n o f s e t t i n g a minimum would te n d t o in s u r e a l o c a l u n io n of. s u f f i c i e n t fu n d s t o pay t h e i r own ex p en se s and t h e p er c a p i t a ta x ,

W ithout a s e t minimum, i n d iv id u a l members o f th e l o c a l u n io n

m ig h t fa v o r a low due© p o l ic y , d e c lin in g t o v o te s u f f i c i e n t fund© n e c e s s a r y t o su p p o rt th© union*

I f a minimum i s s e t by th e

94 T ab le m , l Minimum L o ca l Dues on a Y e a rly B a a ls Amount o f Minimum L o cal Dues $96*00 59*00 50*00 2 6 .0 0 2 4 .0 0 22.281 2 1 .0 0 1 9 .2 0 18*00 1 5 .0 0 1 5 .0 0 1 2 .0 0 9 .0 0 6 ,0 0 9*00 T o ta l

T o ta l Number o f O nions 1 I 2 1 11 I 4 1 9 9 4 14 1 1 I 57 "

Number of A#F*OfL* U nions

rNUmber of 0 *1 *0 , U nions

1 1 Z I 9 I 5 0 6 5 9 8 0 1 0 m

0 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 2 0 1 9 1 0 0 11 1

Humber of In d ep e n d en t U nions 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 ..... 1 - ...... 5

i n t e r n a t i o n a l , t h e o f f i c e r s o f t h e l o c a l u n io n a r e a t l e a s t a s s u re d o f t h i s much, f o r in d iv id u a l members have no o th e r a lt e r n a t i v e * They m u st, a t l e a s t , pay th e minimum dues*

N a tio n a l union® have

o f t e n a p p lie d p r e s s u r e t o i n c r e a s e th e p er c a p i t a t a x where t h i s p la n h a s b een i n fo rc e *

As a r e s u l t , more power and f u n c tio n s hav e

b e en t r a n s f e r r e d t o th© n a ti o n a l u n io n . 116 T ab le XXIXI shows t h e amount o f th e lo c a l dues on a y e a r ly b a s i s i n f o r ty - s e v e n c a s e s where th e amount i s s e t by th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l * Inhere th® amount s e t v a rie d b e c a u se o f se x , o c c u p a tio n , o r b e n e f i t s , * * * * * * 116..

R o b ert B rooks, When L abor O rg a n is e s , p . 247*

th e

8

h ig h e s t amount m s tak en i n * u h e a e * . to

p e r y e a r*

The

amount ranged from

Four u n io n s c h a rg e from $78 t o #166 p e r y e ar*

T e e lr e c h a rg e from #25 t o #48 p e r y e a r # from #12 t o #24 p a r y ear*

Twenty*-©even union® c h a rg e

Only th r o e c h a rg e lo o s th a n #12 p e r y e a r

f o r l o c a l duos* T a b le

m

il

L o c a l D ues On A y e a r l y A m ount o f L o c a l D uos On a T e a r l y B a s ie

#166*00 156*00 100*00 76*00 4 8 .0 0 5 9 .0 0 3 1 .0 0 30*00 £ftfr*20 27*00 2 6 .0 0 25*20 2 5 .OO 24*00 2 3 .OO 18*20 1 8 .0 0 1 5 .0 0 1 3 .0 0 1 2 ,0 0 7*20" 4*80 3*00 T o ta l

T o ta l S te b e r

N u m b er

S n io n a

M

1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 I 1 4 1 1 8 2 % 10 1 1 I ' 4?

ot£

B aal a g tp ib a r

In d e p e n d e n t O n io n s

"

1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1", 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 4 1 1 0 ' 12ST 1

N u m b er

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 G 0 2 0 0 I 1 0 3 0 0 0 ii

0 1 0 1 0 0 I 1 0 1 0 0 1 I 0 0 2 0 1 3 0 0 1 " 11 14

■

96 T ab le XXIV ©how© t h e minimum and maximum l o c a l dues p e r m itte d i n e i g h t ease©*

The g re a t® » t l a t i t u d e i s a llo w e d by t h e Mine* M ill and

S m e lte r W orkere.

H ere t h e amount o f th e v a r i a t i o n a llo w e d on a y e a r ly

banka wee m -

I n t h e e a s e o f t h e O il Worker© o n ly a $1*80 p e r y e a r

V a r i a t i o n wae a llo w e d . T ab le XXIV Mi nimum-Maximuro L o cal Dues On A Y e a rly B a sie Minimum Due©

Maximum Dues

Range

010 Union© 1 9 .0 0 12.00 12 .0 0 2 4 .0 0 1 2 .0 0 12 .0 0

118.00 18.00 2 4 .0 0 25*60 5 0 .0 0 6 0 .0 0

$ 9*00 6*00 12.00 1 ,8 0 18 .0 0 46*00

A .F .o f L. Union 1 6 .0 0

5 6 .0 0

1 8 .0 0

In d ep e n d en t Union 2 .5 0

5 .0 0

2 .5 0

The P a m Equipment and M etal W orkers s e t a maximum o f $18 p e r y e a r ae t h e amount which any l o c a l u n io n may c h a rg e .

The

I n d u s t r i a l T ra d e Union does n e t s t a t e t h e amount w hich t h e l o c a l u n io n s may c h a r g e .

The amount o f th e l o c a l due© o f th© L ic en sed

O ffice r© i s d ete rm in e d by t h e G eneral E x ecu tiv e C o u n c il.

Th© l o c a l

duee o f t h e G lass* Ceramic and S i l i c a W orkers i s one p e r o e n t o f * * * * 1* «

97 t h e e arn in g © «

t h e l o c a l dace o f th® a i a s a G u tte r s League i s two p e r

c e n t o f t h e wages* a l l o f w hich i s p a id t o t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l * I n a stu d y o f 554 l o c a l A*F* o f L* c o n s t i t u t i o n s , I t was p o s s ib l e t o d e te rm in e t h e l o c a l dues p e r month i n 25O oases#

The

ra n g e i n th© l o c a l dues I s i n d ic a t e d i n T ab le T a b le XXV Dues i n 2*50 L ocal A* F# o f L. Uni one M o u n t o f Dues P e r Month From

Number o f L ocal U nions C harging

$ *50 1*00 1*50 2*00 2*50 5*00 5*50 4*00 4*50 5*00 5*50 6*00 6*50 7 . GO

I 6 24 81 27 54 17 21 5 10 1 1 l 1

Lues i n th e 250 l o c a l s ran g e d from 75 c e n ts p e r month* c h arg ed by a l o c a l o f brew ery w orkers* t o $7 p er month* c h arg ed by a l o c a l o f e l e c t r i c i a n s * The modal u n i t was #2 p e r month* ch arg ed by 6B lo c a l u n io n s ; $5 p e r month c h arg ed by 59 l o c a l s was t h e n e x t i n im p o rtan ce The l o c a l dues o f t h e A# F# o f L* u n io n s a p p ea r t o haw© more v a r i a t i o n s and g r e a t e r d i f f e r e n c e s th a n th o s e o f th e C«I*0* unions* * * * * * * 117#

P h i l i p T aft* nQu©e and I n i t i a t i o n Fees i n Labor U nions*a f u a f f te r ly J o u rn a l o f loenom ios* November* 1945* V ol. 6 0 , p . 221#

11®*

Ibid** ?• 220.

T h is may be p a r t l y e x p la in e d by th© f a c t t h a t many o f t h e u n i one w ere e s t a b l i s h e d a t a n e a r l y date*

C o n s t i t u ti o n s had t o a llo w

f o r d i f f e r e n c e s i n tra d % s k i l l , and c o m p o s itio n I n membership*

T hese

u n io n s a ls o c o v e re d a w ide g e o g ra p h ic a l a r e a i n w hich i n d u s t r i a l condition** v a r i e d c o n s id e r a b ly .

Xt was t h e r e f o r e n e c e s s a ry t o a llo w

s u f f i c i e n t f l e x i b i l i t y ao t h a t t h e l o c a l u n io n co u ld a d j u s t i t s e l f t o it© econom ic s u rro u n d in g s , and more e f f i c i e n t l y m eet t h e n eed s o f i t s m embers. From t h e dues which t h e l o c a l u n io n c o l l e c t s I t m ust pay i t s own o p e r a tio n a l e x p en ses and th e per c a p i t a t a x t o t h e in te r* ' n a ti o n a l body and o th e r c o o r d in a tin g a g e n c ie s* act

T hese a g e n c ie s , such

th e lo c a l t r a d e c o u n c il, th e s t a t e , c i t y o r d i s t r i c t c o u n c il,

l i e b etw een th© l o c a l u n io n and t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l .* * ^ Each member o f th e U n ite d S te e l W orkers o f Am erica, 010, p a id m onthly dues o f $1*50 t o th® l o c a l u n io n i n 1946,

Of t h i s ©mount th© l o c a l u n io n s e n t

t o th© n a ti o n a l u n io n which k e p t ?0pf* t h e 010*

75£

f i v e c e n ts was forw arded t o

Of th e 75^ k e p t by t h e l o c a l u n io n , two c e n ts was p a id t o

th© O ity I n d u s t r i a l U nion C ouncil*

A fte r th© lo c a l u n io n p a id a l l o f

i t s a f f i l i a t i o n fee© , a b a la n c e o f

75^ o f th e o r i g i n a l 31*50 rem ained

w ith th e l o c a l u n io n .

I t h a s been s t a te d th a ta

A rough in d e x o f th e power o f t h e c o n s t it u e n t b o d ie s o f t h e n a tio n a l union© i s p ro v id ed b d i s t r i b u t i o n ©f fu n d s among th e s e b o d i e s .**Hr.

*

*

*

t*

*

119*. Ueo Bub©rman, The T ru th About Unions* 120.

B rooks, 0£ . c i t .* p . 248*

p.

101.

99 I n &any e&aed th e dues* o f t h e A.F* o f L* u n io n * ar© h ig h e r

th a n th o s e o f t h e 0X0*

Mai^r A*F* o f L# union© ar© o ld e r and ar©

composed o f s k i l l e d workmen,

They b e lie v e i n h ig h due© t o b u i ld up

th e f i n a n c i a l s t r e n g th o f t h e u n io n and th e y b e lie v e i n b e n e f its # Mary o f t h e member© o f t h e A«F» o f L* h av e o p e ra te d on t h e th e o r y t h a t i t was t o t h e i r ad v an tag e t o o o n tr o l t h e su p p ly ©f w o rk e rs by l i m i t i n g th e m em bership i n th e u n io n s#

Where s e m i- s k ille d union©

have b e e n form ed th e y have o f t e n b een in f lu e n c e d by t h e i r pred ecesso r© and have fa v o re d h ig h d u e s, l a r g e re s e rv e s * and b e n e f its * Many o f t h e 010 u n io n s a r e o f more r e e e n t o r i g i n .

B e n e f it

p la n s h av e n o t b een a s w id ely a c c e p te d a s a p a r t o f t h e u n io n 1s s e rv ic e ,

Many o f t h e u n io n s a r e composed o f e i t h e r u n s k i l le d o r

sem i- s k i l l e d w orkers*

th e y hav© o p e ra te d on t i e th e o ry t h a t i t was

n e c e s s a ry t o o o n tr o l ae l a r g e a number o f w o rk ers a s p o s s ib le *

A

low due*e p o lic y was more a d ju s te d t o t h i s ty p e o f p h ilo s o p h y .

Also*

t h e ty p e s o f w orker w hich many 010 u n io n s had t o o rg a n iz e fa v o re d low duee*

I n some i n s t a n c e s , th e y would have b een k e p t from j o in in g had

a p o lic y o f h ig h due© b een p u rs u e d .

T h is i© b ro u g h t o u t by t h e fo llo w ­

in g s ta te m e n ti The o ff ic e r© o f th e CIO ^utom obild u n io n have recommended in cre ase® i n due® s e v e r a l time®, b u t t h e i r recommendation© h av e alw ays been r e j e c t e d e i t h e r by th© c o n v e n tio n o r by a referendum v o te o f t h e membership* * * # 121*

T aft# p;>. oi ft*»

p* 226*

w * #

100 F a r c a p ita ta x X3ue t o th© p e c u l ia r f e d e r a te d s t r u c t u r e o f t h e Am erican la b o r u n io n s t h e p e r c a p i t a t a x system h a s p ro v ed t o be a s u c c e s s f u l and c o n v e n ie n t m ethod o f s e c u r in g rev e n u e f o r t h e p a re n t o rg a n iz a tio n * Under t h i s system i t i s p o a sib i© t o r e s p e c t t h e autonomy o f t h e l o c a l u n it» which i s f r e e t o u e e i t s fu n d s t o m eet l i e own p a r t i c u l a r need® and d e s ir e s *

Under t h i s system i t I s a l s o p o s s ib le t o a llo w e ach

l o c a l u n io n t o d e te rm in e i t s own dues and a d m in is te r i t s own b e n e f its * T h is system a llo w s f o r e i t h e r a maximum o f f l e x i b i l i t y o r o f u n i ­ f o rm ity a s d e s ir e d by th e l o c a l bodies*

The amount o f t h e p e r c a p i t a

t a x i s i n m ost o a s e s s t i p u l a t e d i n th© c o n s t i t u t i o n o f t h e p a re n t o rg a n iz a tio n .

Out o f a t o t a l .of I j k n a ti o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l

c o n s titu tio n s ,

166 s t i p u l a t e t h e amount payable*

o r g a n i z a t i o n s , 1^5 e l a t e th e am ount

Of t h e s e 168 p a re n t

th© p er c a p i t a t a x i n c e n ts

o r d o l l a r s , two s t a t e I t a s a p e r c e n t o f e a r n in g s , one a s a s t a t e d amount p lu s a p e r c e n t o f e a r n ib g e , e ig h t a s a p e r c e n t o f th e l o c a l m em bership d u es, and i n two o a s e s i t i s s e t by th e co nvention* The amount o f t h e p@r c a p i t a t a x on a y e a r ly b a s i s a s shown i n T a b le

p r e s e n t s a w ide ra n g e o f v a r i a t i o n among u n io n s*

per c a p ita ta x

was c a l c u l a t e d I n a l l c a s e s a s th e h ig h e s t t a x

T h is

s t i p u l a t e d i n th© c o n s t i t u t i o n w here t h e r e was a v a r i a t i o n i n d ic a te d by r e a s o n o f se x , o c c u p a tio n , o r b e n e f its * from $1 36 p e r y e a r t o

,%

The p e r c a p i ta t a x ran g ed

p e r y e a r , f o r 1J5® i n t e r n a t i o n a l s w here i t

was p o s s ib le t o c a l c u l a t e t h e p e r c a p i t a tax*

A fte r e x c lu d in g t h e

X01

f o u r u n io n s le v y in g th® h i g h e s t p e r c a p i t a t a x , t h e r e re m a in XjM* union® which le v y a p e r c a p i t a t a x o f $5^*60 °** l a s s p e r y e a r .

Of

t h i s group 12^ r e c e i v e #12 o r lee® p e r y e a r# Pour union® f a l l i n t h e $78 * $1$6 b ra c k e t*

T h ia seem*

I n g ly h i $ t p e r c a p i t a t a x i s e x p la in e d , i n p a r t , by t h e f a c t t h a t i n each c a se th e e n t i r e amount o f duee p a id goes t o t h e p a re n t o rg a n is a tio n •

The M achine P r i n t e r s have th e h ig h e s t p e r c a p i t a

t a x o f $1^6 p e r y e a r , a l l dues b e in g p a id d i r e c t l y t© t h e a s s o c i a t i o n w hich f in a n c e s d e a th , d i s a b i l i t y , unemployment, and r e tir e m e n t b e n e fits .

Th® A ir Lin© X ^ilots fin a n c e no b e n e f i t s from th© r e g u l a r

y e a r l y p e r c a p i ta t a x o f $100, a l l o f which i s p a id t o t h e p a re n t o r g a n i s a t io n .

Both th® Engravdfrs and Sketchm en, and th® Diamond

W orkers have no l o c a l u n io n s .

The p er c a p i t a t a x o f $7$ p e r y e a r

i s p a id d i r e c t l y to th e n a ti o n a l o f f ic e *

From t h i s p e r c a p i ta t a x

th© E n g rav ers and Skstehm en fin a n c e d e a th b e n e f i t s , w h ile t h e Diamond W orkers in c lu d e o p t i c a l a s w e ll a s d e a th b e n e f i t s . S ix u n io n s f a l l w ith in th® $28*20 * $22.60 b r a c k e ti fo u r o f th e s e f in a n c e b e n e f i t s from th® r e g u l a r duee* th© s e v e n ty - e ig h t u n io n s f a l l i n g w ith in t h e f in a n c e b e n e f i t s from th e r e g u la r tax * i n th®

T w e n ty -e ig h t o f

.0 0 - $12.00 b r a c k e t,

F o rty -f o u r u n io n s a r e in c lu d e d

$ 0 pi - $ 4 .8 0 b r a c k e t; o f th e s e n in e fin a n c e b e n e f i t s . I n c o n s id e rin g o n ly th© a c t u a l amount o f th® p e r c a p i t a t a x ,

t h e u n io n s a f f i l i a t e d w ith th© 010 a p p ea r to c o l l e c t a sm a lle r p e r c a p i t a ta x from th© lo c a l u n io n s th a n th o s e a f f i l i a t e d w ith th® A.F* o f L . o r th© In d e p e n d e n ts unions*

However, s in c e th o s e u n io n s

102 Table W F o r C a p ita Tax on a Y e a rly B a d e a s s t i p u l a t e d By The C o n s titu tio n ® o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nions Amount o f Fey C a p ita Tax on Y e a rly B a sie tl$6*Q 0 1 0 0 ,0 0 7 8 .0 0 55* M illiner, Workers Paper Makers Potters * Pulp, Sulphite and Paper Mill Workers Upholsterers *

Men

Women

$16*20 1 0 .4 0 1 2 .0 0 3 ,0 0 *

$9 .0 0 7 .8 0 6 .0 0 2 .4 0 *

7 .2 0 7 .2 0

D iffe re n tia l

4 .8 0 4 .0 0

1 7 .2 0 2 .6 0 6 .0 0 .6 0 2 .4 0 2 AO

F lu e 1^£ o f e a r n in g s The u n io n s i n w hich t h i s p la n i s fo llo w ed o p e ra te i n

i n d u s t r i e s which te n d t o p ro v id e a h ig h e r s c a le o f wages f o r men t h a n women*

T hese u n io n s , i n a d d i t i o n , u s u a l ly p ro v id e f o r a d i f f e r e n t i a l

I n t h e l o c a l d u e s, which te n d s t o e q u a lis e f e e s a c c o rd in g t o e a rn in g s * Where a sm a lle r l o c a l fe e i s c o ll e c t e d from women th a n men i t i s more e q u it a b l e f o r th© i n t e r n a t i o n a l t o le v y a s m a lle r p e r c a p i t a ta x * However, i n th® c a s e o f th e H o te l and H e s ta u ra n t Em ployees1, and t h e Qyera and F i n i s h e r s , a d i f f e r e n t i a l i s p ro v id e d f o r i n th e l o c a l d u e s, b u t t h e amount ©f t h e p er c a p i t a t a x p a id t o th e ta t® r n a tio n a l i s th© same f o r b o th sexes*

Ill Far. capita tax aocordtna to b»Be£lQl^y:,ftnd,.mn-be^floiary «eiebore I n some la b o r u n io n s I n d iv id u a l member© may have an o p tio n , o f b e in g a b e n e f i c i a r y o r & n o n ^ b e n e flo ia ry member,

I n o th e r case®*

t h e u n io n may e x c lu d e c e r t a i n In d iv id u a l® from b e in g a b e n e f i c i a r y member by re a e o n o f a g e , le n g th o f s e r v i c e , o r o c c u p a tio n .

Xn th e e e

e a s e s l o c a l due® and p e r c a p i t a t a x may he a d ju s te d a c c o rd in g to t h e b e n e fit® t o w hich th e i n d iv i d u a l member 1® e n t i t l e d .

E ig h t o f 104

u n io n s a f f i l i a t e d w ith th e Am erican F e d e ra tio n o f L abor make such a p r o v is io n I n t h e i r c o n s titu tio n ® .

Th© union® m aking such a p r o v is io n ,

and t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l on a y e a r l y b a s i s a r e a s follow©? B e n e f ic ia r y member

U nion B akery & C o n fe c tio n e ry Worker® B a rb e rs , H a ird re sse r® and G o a m e ta lo g ia ts C arpenter® and Jo in e r® E l e c t r i c a l W orkers M ain ten ance ©f Way saaployee® P a in te r® , D ecorator® , and P a p e rb a n g e rs R ailw ay M ail A s e o c i a t l o n R e t a i l Clerk®

$15*60

W on-b© neficlary member $ 5*40

10*20 9 ,0 0 2 4 ,0 0 1 6 ,0 0

6 .0 0 6 000 * 1 5 ,2 0 1 0 ,0 0

9*60 15*75 4 ,2 0

, 1 2 .7 5 5*00

Differ** o n tia l I 9 .2 0 4 ,2 0 5 ,0 0 1 0 ,6 0 6 ,0 0 9*60 5*00 1 ,2 0

* S e m i-b o n o fic ia ry No 010 ©r In d ep e n d en t u n io n s p ro v id e f o r a d i f f e r e n t i a l i n th© p e r c a p i t a t a x f o r b e n e f i c i a r y and n o n -b e n © flc ia ry m em bers, P e r c a p i t a t a x a c c o rd in g to o c c u p a tio n In some u n io n s a p a r t i c u l a r l y th© c r a f t u n lo n s 9 i n which a workman 1® c la s s e d a c c o rd in g t© h i s s k i l l s lo c a l due© w i l l v a ry a c c o rd in g t o th© o c c u p a tio n a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i n t o w hich th© in d iv id u a l

112 member f a l l s * earning® #

T h is r e f l e c t s a n e f f o r t t o e q u a l is e duos a c c o rd in g t o

I n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s , i n some c a s e s , p ro v id e I n t h e i r

c o n s t i t u t i o n s t h a t th e p e r c a p i t a t a x e o llo o te d e h a l l v a ry a c c o rd in g to th e c la s s if ic a tio n .

T w e n ty -th re e o u t o f 104 Am erican F e d e ra tio n

o f L abor Union® hav e made auch a p ro v is io n *

s ix p ro v id e f o r t h r e e

c l a s s e s o f o c c u p a tio n s a s fo ilo w e s A ir L in e P i l o t s A s so c ia te d F i r s t P i l o t $100.00 R eserv e P i l o t $60*00

G © -P ilot $28*1JO

B la c k sm ith s , Drop F o rg e rs and H e lp e rs M echanics 112*00 H e lp e rs $10*20

A p p re n tic e s

# 6 .0 0

M a c h in is ts Journeym en $12*00

H e lp e rs

A p p re n tic e s

$6*00

R ailw ay Carmen M echanics 110*40

A p p re n tic e s $9*00 Ooach c le a n e r s 17*60

$7*60

T e le g ra p h e rs P r e s s , b ro k e r and le a s e d w ire $9*00

O th er U n its $5*5°

M essengers

U p h o ls te r e r s Journeym en #7*5®

A p p re n tic e s #4*60

Temporary Gard 13 .0 0

$5*00

S ev en teen p ro v id e f o r two c l a s s e s o f o c c u p a tio n s w ith p e r c a p i t a t a x and ra n g e a s fo llo w s? F irs t c la s s A r c h ite c ts & D raftsm en B arb er s , fla ir d r e s s e r & & O o e m e ta lo g ists B ill P o s te rs , B ille r e & D i e tr i h u to r e B o ile r* M akers, I r o n Ship­ b u i l d e r s & H e lp e rs B o o k b in d ers B oot and Shoo W orkers * Minimum

Second c la s s

Range

$ 9*00

$ 7*20

$ 1 .8 0

6*00

5 .0 0

5*00

4*20

2 .4 0

1*80

1^*00 16*20 24*00 *

10 .2 0 10 .2 0 1 8 .0 0 *

4 .8 0 6 .0 0 8 .0 0

IXJ Second

F irs t C la s s B ro s ® a n d Whisk M a k e r s S J l e e t r i c a l W o rk e r© F i r e m e n a n d O il# ® ©

L ith o g r a p h e r s M aster© , M a t e s a n d P i l o t s M e ta l F e l l © h a r e . B u f f e r s , P la te r© an d H e lp e rs H o ld e r s an d F o u n d ry W o rk e r© F a t te r ® M a k ers P r in t i n g , P ressm en & A s s is ta n ts B te re o ty p e ro & E le e tr o ty p e r s W a l l p a p e r O r a f t© m e n & w o r k e r s

O X a ss

Range

1 7*80 1 5 .2 0 12,00 8*40 5*00

$ 6*00 6*00 8*40 4 ;8 0 2*00

$ 1*80 7*20 5*80 5*60 5*00

15*20 51*72 18*00

8*40 14*04 9*00

4*80 16*66 9*00

28*20 18*00 18*00

2 6 ,4 0 7 .2 0 6*00

1*80 10*80 1 2 ,0 0

Th© d i f f e r e n c e i n th© p e r c a p i t a ta x c o lI a c t e d from th o s e union© p r o v id in g f o r two c l a s s e s o f o c c u p a tio n s v a r i e s from $16*00 t o $1*80 p a r y e ar*

In t e n o f th© se v e n te e n u n io n s , th© d i f f e r e n c e

ra n g e d from $1*60 t o $4*80*

Th© g r e a t e s t d i f f e r e n c e was found i n

th e e a s e ©f t h e Boot and Shoe W orkers, and th© H o ld e rs and Foundry Worker©*

The l e a s t d i f f e r e n c e was found i n th e fo llo w in g u n io n s *

A r c h ite c ts and d raftsm en s B i l l f o s t e r s , B i l l e r s and D istrib u to r© * Broom and Whisk Makers* and P r i n t i n g Pressm en and A s s is ta n ts *

T h is

would te n d t o i n d i c a t e t h a t a g r e a t e r d i f f e r e n c e would be found i n th o s e t r a d e s which p ro v id e f o r a g r e a t e r d i f f e r e n t i a l i n e a rn in g s betw een th e o c c u p a tio n s* Two In d ep e n d en t u n io n s o u t o f 55 p ro v id e f o r p e r c a p i t a t a x a e e o rd ln g t o o c c u p a tio n a s fo llo w s#

th© Lac© O p e ra to rs c o l l e c t

#1*20 p e r y e a r iftpfsth® c u r t a i n and le v e r s e c t i o n , and $*60 p e r y e a r from th© a n x illi& r y © ectioni th e L e t t e r C a r r i e r s c o l l e c t #5*00 p e r y e a r from th© r e g u l a r c a r r i e r s and #1*5® from th e s u b s t i t u t e and r e t i r e d c a rrie r© *

114 Two o u t o f 37 010 tm ion© make a s i m i l a r p ro v is io n *

Th©

B a r te r a and B eau ty O u l t u r i s t s c o l l e c t $4*80 p e r y e a r from t h e J o u rn e y men and $J*G0 p e r y e a r from t h e a p p re n tic e *

The Communication®

A s s o c ia tio n c o l l e c t s a maximum o f 4 $ $ o f t h e l o c a l duee* thee© due© ra n g e from $1*00 t© $4*00 dep en d in g on o c c u p a tio n and e a rn in g s*

I n 46 c a s e s o u t o f 174 i t was p o s s ib le t o d e te rm in e t h e p e r c a p i t a t a x a s a p e r c e n t o f t h e lo c a l dues* T ab le X X V II.

T h is i s shown i n

Where l o c a l due® v a r ie d a c c o rd in g t o sex* o ccupation*

o r b e n e f its * t h e h i g h e s t p e r c e n t was ta k e n i n each case*

The p e r

c e n t o f l o c a l dues c o l l e c t e d by th e I n t e r n a t i o n a l ra n g e s from 20$ t o 100$*

Xn e i g h t cases* 100$ o f th e dues goes t o t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l «

F iv e o f th e s e e i g h t u n io n s f in a n c e b e n e f i t s from t h e s e dues* u n io n s c o l l e c t from 80$ t o m

o f th e l o c a l dues*

f i v e f in a n c e some form o f b e n e f i t plan*

Seven

Of th e s e seven*

E leven union© c o l l e c t from

60$ t o 79$ * s i * ©f th e s e fin a n c e b e n e f i t plans*

Of e ig h t union©

c o l l e c t i n g from 49$ t o 95$ o f th e l o c a l dues* o n ly one provide© f o r b e n e f its *

Twelve union® , o f which o n ly one provide© b e n e f i t s , c o l l e c t

from 20$ t o 44$ o f t h e l o c a l due©* P e r &©pita ta x a s a p e r c e n t off th e minimum l o c a l duee In a number o f e a s e s th e c o n s t i t u t i o n o f th e i n t e r n a ti o n a l e s t a b l i s h e s a minimum amount w hich t h e l o c a l u n io n mUst c o ll e c t *

In

55 c a s e s o u t o f 174 i t was p o s s ib le to d eterm in e t h e p er c a p i t a t a x a©

XX?

Tabic auerx'x Th# P a r C a p ita Tax 4# A F ar Oorct o f The L o ca l Coco

Far Oaplta Tax &a a

For cant of Local Cue# 100 n 90 8 8 .8 87*5 8 1 .5 60 75 70 8 9 .5 8 7 .5 68*87 6 5 .8 6 1 .9 60 55 51*9 S

m 43*6 40 5?*5 » * » 33 wk m T o ta l

Number of Uni one. anai

lanal'lte' 5 I I 0 X 1 1 I 0 1 0

1 1 0 0 0 I © 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ~ ~ n r~

T o ta l Humber of Uni one

6 1 1 1 I 1 a a 1 1 1 3 1 1 X •-i' 1 5 1 X I h X 1 I X 2

Number of A»P»ofL* U nions

3 X 0 0 X X © X X X I 2 X I £T X 0 3 0 0 0 X 1 I 0 X 0 22

Humber

Number

.one

I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 © 0 0 X 0 0 I 0 X I X X X 2 0 0 © 0 X 11T

4 0 1 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 I 0 0 1 0 , I , 13

ft p e r c a n t o f t h i s minimum amount w hich i s shown i n T ab le XXVIII* Whor© th® minimum amount v a r i e d a c c o rd in g t o se x , o c c u p a tio n , o r b e n e fit© , th© h ig h e s t pear c e n t was ta k e n i n each case* o f minimum l o c a l duee ran g e d from 7 $ t o 100$,

The p©r c e n t

Of t h e s e 53 u n io n s ,

fo u r c o l l e c t from 80$ t o 1G0$ o f th© minimum l o c a l d u es, t h r e e o f t h e fo u r f in a n c in g b e n e f i ts *

Of s i x t e e n u n io n s c o l l e c t i n g from 6©$

t o 75$ o f t h e minimum l o c a l dues sev en fin a n c e b e n e f its *

E ig h te e n

c o l l e c t from 40$ to 5?*1$J ® lg b t o f th e s e f in a n c e b en efit© *

Sloven

c o l l e c t from 20*9$ t o 53%% o n ly two o f th e s e fin a n c e b e n e f its *

Of

t h e fo u r u n io n c c o l l e c t i n g from 7$ t o 17*5$* o n ly one p ro v id e s f o r b e n e f its *

Of th e e le v e n 010 and In d ep e n d en t u n io n s , o n ly on© c o l l e c t s

m ore th a n 66 2/3% o f th© minimum l o c a l dues*

However, non© o f t h e

e le v e n u n io n s p ro v id e f o r b e n e f i t s from t h e r e g u l a r duos*

E ig h t o f

th© 55 union® a f f i l i a t e d w ith t h e iUF* o f L* c o ll e c t e d more them 66 2 /5 $ ©f th© minimum l o c a l d u es, b u t o f th e s e sev en f in a n c e bene­ fit® from th e s e r e g u l a r dues* P e r c a p i t a t a x a s a p e r c e n t ofminimum-raaximum l o c a l d ^ e s c I n some c a s e s th e c o n s t i t u t i o n o f th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s e t s b o th a minimum and a maximum which l o c a l u n io n s may c o l l e c t a® due®*

I n n in e c a s e s o u t o f 174, i t was p o s s ib le t o d e te rm in e th e p or

c a p i t a t a x a s a p e r c e n t o f th© l o c a l minimum and o f th e l o c a l maximum, a® shown bn-.page 118* I n a l l c a s e s , th e p a r c e n t ta k e n o f th e minimum lo o a l due© 1© g r e a t e r th a n th® p er c e n t ta k e n o f th e maximum#

The d i f f e r e n c e

117 • Tinkle KKVIII The Per C a p ita Tax As A Per :0 e » t o f The Minimum L o cal Dues

For C a p ita Tax a s a Far cent o f Minimum L o cal Dua6

f t?

XOG 9U *T ©9 * ©0 13 75*5 71*4 70 6 6 ,6 7 64*5 60 57*1 96*67 96 99 94 90 4$ 53 55*5 30 26*67 2 9 .4 29 24 20*8 m 3 19 19*6

Humber o f Onions F inancing B e n e f it 0 19!*©a Dues 0 1 I I Z 1 I 0 2 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 5 I 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

T o ta l Humber of Unions

1 1 1 1 1 X X 1 1 1 1 1 I

y 1 1 1

X i

X X 1

Humber Humber of of ■ A» o f L« oxo Unione Union#

0 1 1 I 2 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 0 1 6 5 I 0 2 0 1 2 X 1 X X X

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 X 0 0 X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Humber of In d e p e n d e n t Union#

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

118 Thtt F©r C a p ita T&X Ao a P e r C ant o f th e L o cal Minimum and o f t h e L ocal Maximum In d e p en d e n t U nions Per cent o f L o ca l Minimum due©

Pop c a n t o f L o ca l Maximum due©

80 75

Rang©

40 25

40 50

25

29

50 50 55 1 /5 15 4 1 ,6 25

45 25 53 1 /3 52 3 .2 25

A» F. o f L» Uni one 50 0 , X. 0 . Unlone 75 75 6 6 a/ 5 65 45 50

r a n g e s from 5*2# I n th e e a s e o f t h e O il v.’o r k e r s , w here a d i f f e r e n t i a l of

15^ p®r m onth p re v a il© betw een th e minimum and t h a maximum l o c a l

d u e s, t© 52% f o r th e M ine, M ill and d o ielter Worker©, where t h e minimum and maximum l o c a l dues rang© from 11.00 a month t o $5 *00 a m onth. I t would a p p ea r t h a t u n der t h i^ p la n t h e r e would be an i n c e n ti v e f o r t h e l o c a l u n io n to f i x l o c a l due® a t th e maximum,

fh ie

would a llo w them t o keep a l a r g e r p o r tio n o f th e dues c o l l e c t e d f o r t h e i r own t r e a s u r y . I n two 010 u n io n s , t h e Oommuni c a tio n s A s s o c ia tio n , and th e Farm Equipment and M etal W orkers, th e p e r c a p i ta ta x amount a t o 45$ and 50^ o f t h e maximum l o c a l d u es, r e s p e c t i v e l y .

H? M t t o o d a of>

w — * n*y»»nt o f

pw

c a p ita ta «

There. ato sever*! method* um 4 to secure prompt payment of the par capita, tax on the fu ll membership*

Constitutional provisions

generally provide for suspension or expulsion for failure to pay in

lu ll within a oertaln period after the due date* Usually the union le automatle&lly expelled or suspended I f payment is not made within a stipulated number of days* An e v e n m o r e

e f f e c tiv e p l a n i s t o e x c lu d e t h e l o e a l u n io n

fro m b e n e f i t s a n d s e r v i c e s o f t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l w h en p a y m e n ts a r e i n a rre a rs*

A n o th e r m e th o d i a t h a t o f b a s i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n a t t h e c o n ­

v e n tio n o r i n a re fe re n d u m o n th e

p er c a p ita ta x

p a id *

I n so m e o a s e s

th e in te r n a t io n a l u n io n m a in ta in s a m a s te r re c o rd o f th e in d iv id u a l m em b e rs o f a l l

l o c a l u n io n s*

d e te rm in e i f t h e

In

such c a s e s i t

is

a n e a sy m a tte r t o

l o c a l u n i o n s a r e p a y i n g o n t h e i r f u l l m e m b e r s h ip *

C h a r te r f a e y . A s m a ll am ount o f re v e n u e 1 s o b ta in e d b y t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s fro m c h a r t e r f e e s * l o e a l u n io n * th e re fo re *

C h a rte r f e e s a r e

The am ount o f t h e

r a t h e r u n im p o rta n t*

o f th e l o c a l and i s

c h a rte r

n o t a le v y u p o n th e

th a t Of p a rtia lly

and l a

fu rn is h in g th e

r e c o r d bo ck s*

fa© i s u s u a l l y ©mall a n d *

The c h a r t e r f e e i s

C h a rte r f e e s a r e n o t a re v e n u e r a i s i n g is

p a id o n ly o n c e b y t h e

p a id

fro m t h e

fu n d s

i n d i v i d u a l u n i o n m em b er* d e v ic e *

T h e ir p rim a ry p u r p o s e

c o v e rin g t h e c o s t in v o lv e d i n i n s t a l l i n g a l o e a l ite m s n e c e s s a ry *

such a c t

c h a rte r*

s e a l*

and

120 T a b le XXIX C h a r te r Fee a Char g a t by ICS l a t e r n a ti o n a l Uni one Ita b a r ' Marti** O h a rte r of Of of A.F* o f L . GIG Fee U nions U nions .....r O h a r f i p r ,rrU*$.q$a.f. $ 1 0 0 .0 0 7 5 .0 0 5 0 .0 0 5 0 .0 0 2 5 .0 0 2 0 .0 0 1 8 .0 0 1 5 .0 0 1 2 .0 0 1 0 .0 0 7 .5 0 6 ,5 0 5 ,0 0 5 ,0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 T o ta l

2 0 1 1 10 6 1 IT 1 14 1 0 4 4 5 2

2 1 6 1 21 8 1 27 1 20 1 1 7 4 5 2 108

'

0 0 1 0 a 2 0 8 0 5 0 1 1 0 0 .-0 w

Hiumber" of In d ep e n d en t ,JWllWMP.... lT-nvrrr-,nr,r 0 1 4 0 5 0 0 2 0 5 0 0 2 0 2 i?

T able XXIX show® th© amount o f th e © b a rte r f e e ©ha by 106 u n io n s .

The © b a rte r f e e ran g ed from $1*00 f o r two union©

t o $100 f o r two u n io n s*

The amount m ost f re q u e n tly c h arg ed wae

$191 eeaond i n fre q u e n c y was $2 9 $ and t h i r d i n fre q u e n c y was $10* The f e e f o r ?S o f t h e 106 u n io n s ranged from $10 t o $2 9 .

Only t e n

u n io n s ch arg ed $50 o r m ore, w h ile tw en ty u n io n s c h a rg e d &7«50 o r le s s * The C le a n in g and Dye House Workers# and t h e U p h o ls te re r s is s u e th e c h a r t e r a t c o st* In a few u n io n s t h e c h a r t e r fe e i s based upon th e number o f O h a rte r members*

The c h a r t e r f e e f o r th© F e d e ra l i&aployeee Union i s

121 t h i r t y - f i v e c a n t a p a r chart©#! member*

Th© fa® f o r t h e S r i ok and C lay

Workers* and t h e Broom and Whisk M akers l a on® d o l l a r and two d o lla r® p e r o h a r t e r m em ber/ r e s p e c t i v e l y .

The L e t t e r C a rrie r® * c h a rg e on®

d o l l a r p e r c h a r t e r member f o r lea® th a n tw e n ty c a r r i e r s , and f i v e d o l l a r a when t h e r e i » © ere t h a n th i© number#

The E l e c t r i c a l Worker®

o f 'America have a c h a r t e r fe e o f f i v e d o l l a r s p e r c h a r t e r member up t© f i f t y - f i v e member®, th e n th e f e e i s re d u c ed t o t h r e e d o lla r® f o r a l l members o v er t h a t number#

The M achinist© have a minimum fe e o f

tw e n ty - f iv e d o lla r® f o r a r e g u l a r l o c a l , a f i f t e e n d o l l a r f e e f o r a Helper® l o c a l , p lu c a two d o l l a r fe e f o r each a p p li c a n t a f t e r th e f i r s t One hun d red c h a r t e r members* tw e a ty ^ f iv e d o lla r® p itta

The Engineer® have a f l a t f e e o f

one d o l l a r f o r each a p p lic a n t#

I n i t i a t i o n ffee^ The c o n s t i t u t i o n o f th© I n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n f r e q u e n tly c o n tro l® th© amount o f th® i n i t i a t i o n f e e w hich a lo c a l u n io n may charge#

T ab le 5Q shows th© amount o f th© i n i t i a t i o n f e e s t i p u l a t e d

by 57 ° u t o f 175 I n t e r n a t i o n a l unions#

Only th o s e u n io n s w ere

c o n s id e re d where i t was p o s s ib le t o d e te rm in e th e e x a c t amount i n d o lla r® and c e n ts*

On t h i s b a s i s , a b o u t 21$£ s t a te d th e e x a c t amount

t o b e ch arg ed by th e lo c a l union*

k l a r g e r p o r t io n o f t h e in d e p e n d e n t u n io n s th a n o f th© 010 o r t h e &#F* o f L# u n io n s s t i p u l a t e d th© e x a c t amount o f t h e i n i t i a t i o n f e e t o b e ch arg ed by th© l o c a l u n io n .

About $9% of t h e in d e p e n d e n t

u n io n s s t a t e d t h e e x a c t amount a s compared to about 22$ o f th o s e

122 T a b le XXX I n i t i a t i o n F ees -S tip u la te d fey 97 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union® Amount o f In itia tio n Fee

T o ta l !ta b ? r of U nions

I .5 0 1 *65 1 .0 0 9 2 .0 0 9 5 .0 0 9 1 M S 9*00 9 6 10*00 I 1 9 .0 0 2 9 .0 0 9 I 55*00 1 79*00 1 0 0 .0 0 5 1 2 0 0 .0 0 T o ta l ~ 5 T

1,

Humber of A.F* o f L . U nions 0 0 0 1 4 I 1 0 I 5 0 1 5 1 .. 1 3 ... .

Humber of 010 Union© 0 0 2 2 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 _ g0 —

Humber of In d ep e n d en t U nions 1 I 1 0 0 0 9 9 0 1 1 0 0 0 15

a f f i l i a t e d w ith t h e CIO and 15 $ o f th o s e a f f i l i a t e d w ith th e A* F* o f X** The i n i t i a t i o n f e e fop t h i r t e e n in d e p e n d e n t u n io n s panged from §10 o r l e e s -

5®S^ t o $55*

I n ©levon u n io n s th© i n i t i a t i o n f e e wae

The f e e m ost f r e q u e n tly c b arg ed wae $10, w ith $5 b e in g

t h e eeeond m ost f r e q u e n t *

Th© i n i t i a t i o n fe e o f e ig h t 010 u n io n s

ran g ed from f l# 0 0 t o $2^*

I n sev en u n io n s th© fa© was $10 o r lee©*

The i n i t i a t i o n f e e f o r s i x t e e n A. F* o f I . u n io n s ranged from #2 t o $200*

I n ©even u n io n s th© fe e was $»9 o** lose* w h ile n in e union©

c h arg ed f ! 9 o r more*

m T h ir t e e n union® ® tftlcd o n ly a maximum i n i t i a t i o n f e e w hich t h e l o c a l u n io n o o u ld c h a r go*

T h ree A* F. o f L, union® s t a t e d t h i s

i n t e r n s ©f th e w eekly wage.

The H a t t e r s , Cap and M illin e r y W orkers

s t a t e t h a t t h e maximum sh o u ld n o t exceed th e p r e v a i l i n g minimum w eekly w age.

The S ta te Employees and Moving P i c tu r e M achine O perator©

s e t t h e maximum a t fo u r tim e s th e h ig h e s t r e g u la r w eekly wage sc a le # The P l a s t e r e r s and Cement F in is h e r s s e t th e maximum a t t e n tim e s t h e d a l l y wag® r a t e f o r an eight«*hour day#

Two in d e p e n d e n t u n io n s and

e i g h t 010 u n io n s s e t maximum a a© fe llo w as Amount, o f Maximum

$

1.00 5*00 10*00 a s . og T o ta l

T o ta l Number o f Onion©

Mazaber o f 0X0 Onion®

1 5

I a

I 10

o

Humber o f In d ep e n d en t Onion© 0 I 0

Mine ©f thee® t e n u n io n s s e t t h e maximum a t $10 o r le e s *

In fiv e o f

t h e t e n u n io n s th® maximum was s e t a t $ 1 0 * Only th® minimum® f o r i n i t i a t i o n fee© were ©et by a p p ro x i­ m a te ly 54# o f t h e kmF* o f h* union® , 26# o f th e 010 u n io n s , and 15# o f t h e in d e p e n d e n t u n io n s* Amount o f Minimum

•

1*00 1 .5 0 2.00 2 .5 0

T o ta l Number o f Union® 5 1 8 1

The amounts a r e a© follow©* Humber o f A#F. o f L. U nions 4 1 4 1

Number o f CIO U nions 0 0 4 0

Number o f In d ep en d en t Union® l o 0 0

12 4

Amount ©f Minimum

T o ta l Humber o f Union©

• % 00

Humber o f A*. F # o f I t * Union©

4 17 7 1

5*© o

10*00 2 0 .GO *9*00 50*00

6 1

2 2 59

4 56

Humber o f In d ep e n d en t U nions

2 2 1 0 0

1

2

T o ta l .

Humber o f 010 Union©

1

2 0 0 0 1 5

10

Th© minimum© f o r th© 5^ union© ran g ed from $ 1 .0 0 t o $50. Th© m o st f r e q u e n t minimum s©t was §5*00* second i n fre q u e n c y was $ 2, c h a rg e d by 17 a **d $ u n io n s , r e s p e c tiv e ly #

Only 7 o u t o f

u n io n s s e t th e minimum a t m ore th a n $10* About 19$ o f both t h e A.F. ©f L . and 010 u n io n s s e t b o th a minimum and a maximum* s e t such l i m i t s .

Only a b o u t 9$ o f th e in d e p e n d e n t u n io n s

T h is p ro c e d u re a llo w s th e l o c a l u n io n s to d e te rm in e

th© i n i t i a t i o n f e e so lo n g a s i t f a l l s w ith in th e minimum and maximum range#

The h ig h e s t maximum allo w ed fey any 0X0 u n io n was

$25 a s compared t o #15 f o r th© in d e p e n d e n t u n io n s , and |1G0 f o r t h e A*F* ©f L* u n io n s*

Th© m ost f r e q u e n t minimum f o r b o th th© 010 and

th e A.F. o f L. u n io n s was $2* union© i s a s f o llo w s : T o ta l Ho. Minimum Maximum o f Union© $ 1*00 1 .0 0 1*50 2 .0 0 2*00 a *00

$10*00 1 5 .0 0 7 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 1 0 .0 0 15*00

2 1 1 1

4 4

The minimum and maximum s e t fey 50 Ho# o f A#F. o f L . Unions 0 1 1 1 1 2

Ho* o f CIO U nions I 0 0 0

5 2

Ho* o f In d ep en d en t U nions 1 0 0 0 0 0

125 Minimum

Maximum

$ 2*00 5 . 0.0

1 2 5 ,0 0 15*00 2 5 ,0 0 10 0 ,0 0 2 5 ,0 0 5 0 .0 0 100.00 T o ta l

5.00 5*00 5*00 5.00 2 5 .0 0

T o ta l No* o f U nions 4 1 4 1 1 4 a 50

No. o f No. o f A .F. o f L* 010 Union© U nions

5

'

0 4 1 1 4 2 'S o 1,1

1 0 0 0 0 0 _Q -

7

No* o f I ndependent U nions 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 5

Only a b o u t $*$% o f t h e 010 a llo w th e lo c a l u n io n t o s e t t h e i n i t i a t i o n f e e compared t o 21% o f th© in d e p e n d e n t union© and 2k% ©f th© A. F* o f U. union© * Th© above fig u re® would i n d ic a t e t h a t a l a r g e number o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l la b o r union® e x e r c is e s u f f i c i e n t c o n tr o l over th© i n i t i a t i o n fee© so t h a t th e y a re n o t r e s t r i c t i v e i n n a tu re *

An

a lm o st e q u a lly l a r g e group o f union© p e rm its h ig h i n i t i a t i o n fee© by a llo w in g th e l o e a l u n io n t o s e t th e amount o f t h e i n i t i a t i o n f e e by m e re ly s e t t i n g a minimum only*

®her© such freedom h a s b een

g r a n te d t o th e l o e a l u n io n s , exam ples o f h ig h i n i t i a t i o n f e e s have b e en fre q u e n t* A s tu d y ©f $00 l o e a l o o n s t i t u t i o n s re v e a le d t h a t i n i t i a t i o n fee s i * * * ran g e d from $2 ch arg ed by f i v e l o c a l s , t o $550 r e q u ir e d by on© l o c a l union* Th© m ost common ch arg e , i s $2$ and $5^1 each i s c h arg ed by 55 l o c a l s , t h i r d I n im p o rta n c e i s 1100, ch arg ed by $2 l o c a l s . 116

116,

T a ft, og. c it* , p.

126 The h i g h e s t I n i t i a t i o n f e e s a re c h arg ed by th© s k i l l e d t r a d e 0 , such a s t h e A ir b in e P i l o t s , E le v a to r C o n s tr u c to r s , B rid g e and S t r u c t u r a l I r o n W orkers, and b u ild in g t r a d e unions®

The lo w e s t

i n i t i a t i o n f e e s a re p a id by th e s e r v ic e t r a d e s and s e a l - s k i l l e d and u n s k i l l e d w o rk e rs , such ass

th© S o u th e rn T enant Farmers* P o s ta l

i&apioyeesj E y ere , F i n i s h e r s , P r i n t e r s and B le a c h e re ; T e x t il e Workers* P u lp , S u lp h a te and Paper M ill W orkers; Autom obile W orkers o f A m erica; and t h e H o te l and R e s ta u r a n t Khployeea* The s i z e o f t h e community i n which th e l o c a l i s s i t u a t e d , and t h e e x is te n c e o f f r a t e r n a l b e n e f i t s seem t o have some in f lu e n c e on th© amount c h a rg e d a s t h e i n i t i a t i o n fee*

Those u n io n s lo c a te d

i n s m a lle r com m unities te n d t o charge l e s s th a n t h e l o c a l u n io n s i n l a r g e c i t i e s • **7

A lso, th o s e l o c a l s which fin a n c e f r a t e r n a l b e n e fit©

te n d t o c h a rg e h ig h e r i n i t i a t i o n f e e s t h a n th o s e w ith o u t such a p la tw 1 *^ The i n i t i a t i o n f e e s o f th® A#F* o f b* u n io n s a p p ea r h ig h e r th a n th o s e o f th® GIO u n io n s#

T h is may be e x p la in e d i n p a r t by t h e

f a c t t h a t more A*F* o f I* u n io n s fin a n c e f r a t e r n a l b e n e f i t s th a n do GIO u n io n s*

Then t o e , t h e A#F# o f L* union© have b e en p red o m in an tly

b a se d on c r a f t s , whore a c lo s e d shop and c o n tr o l over t h e jo b h a s b een p o s s ib le #

Under such c o n d itio n s c o n tr o l o v er u n io n m em bership can be

r e g u l a te d so t h a t t h e supply o f Ih b o r m eets t h e norm al demand#

Th©

mean© by w hich m em bership may be c o n tr o lle d I s th ro u g h a p p re n tic e r u l e s , e x a m in a tio n s , c lo s e d sh o p s, and h ig h i n i t i a t i o n f e e s . 117.

I b id . . p. 224.

118.

L ea, e l t .

I t has

127 b e e n s t a t e d th a t*

Mo om i a m ore fir m ly c o n v in ced th & t a commodity m uet b© s c a r c e i n o rd e r t o be d e a r th a n ©r® t r a d e u n io n is ts * For t h i s and o th e r reason® th e y eeek t o c o n t r o l t h e su p p ly o f la b o r th ro u g h t h e i r own s p e c i a l i s e d m arket® by such d e v ic e s a s th e c lo s e d shop, h ig h I n i t i a t i o n feee* l i m i t a t i o n o f a p p re n tic e s * and a minimum wage**** C o n d itio n s u n d er which th e A.PV o f L# u n io n s have o p e ra te d were o f a n a tu r e which would te n d t o fa v o r a r e s t r i c t i v e p o lic y *

The

010 u n io n s , o p e r a tin g p re d o m in a n tly i n th o s e i n d u s t r i e s em ploying a

l a r g e number o f s e m i- s k il l e d worker®, found a p o lic y o f low i n i t i a t i o n fe e s fe a s ib le *

Here t h e s t r e n g th o f t h e u n io n depended upon th e

c o n tr o l o f a s l a r g e a number o f w orkers a s p o s s ib le *

E x c lu sio n o f

member® by means o f h ig h i n i t i a t i o n f e e s f in d s no p la c e u n d er such c o n d itio n s *

T h e r e f o r e , a s i n d ic a t e d by th e p re c e d in g t a b l e s , th e

0 1 0 i n t e r n a t i o n a l a have r e g u l a te d th e i n i t i a t i o n f e e t o a g r e a t e r

d e g re e f o r t h e p u rp o se o f k e e p in g i t low* Where a u n io n h a s b een e s t a b l i s h e d f o r some tim e , a h ig h i n i t i a t i o n f e e may be j u s t i f i e d by it® members on th e b a s i s o f b e n e f i t s t o be d eriv e d *

O ld e r member® may f e e l t h a t im proved w orking c o n d itio n s

w ere made p o s s ib le th ro u g h t h e i r e f f o r t s and expense*

They may f e e l

t h a t new members sho u ld pay f o r th e p a s t s e r v ic e re n d e re d by th e union* Where l o c a l union® have b een a b le to b u ild up la r g e f i n a n c i a l r e s e r v e s t h e r e may a ls o be th© f e e l i n g t h a t a new member should pay a h ig h * * * * * * 119*

A. H* Hanson, *Th© Economics o f u n io n is m ,M J o u r n a l o f P o l i t i c a l Economy, 50*525, 1922, pp*

la a i n i t i a t i o n f e e , s in c e he e x p e c ts t o p r o f i t from any b e n e f i t e t h a t may a c c r u e a s a r e s u l t ©f such re s e r v e s *

t a b o r union© w ith h ig h i n i t i a ­

t i o n f e e s have a ls o j u s t i f i e d them on t h e b a s i s " t h a t th e y te n d t o 120 s t a b i l i s e employment f o r t h e i r members D uring p e rio d s o f e x tr a o r d in a r y a c t i v i t y a l a r g e number o f w o rk e rs may be a t t r a c t e d t o th e p a r t i c u l a r t r a d e c o n c e rn e d .

A fte r

t h i s se a s o n a l o r te m p o ra ry p e rio d t h e ’ u n io n i s fa c e d w ith th e problem o f h a v in g more members th a n a v a i la b l e jo b s .

I t i s t h e c o n te n tio n

o f some o f th e u n io n s t h a t h ig h i n i t i a t i o n f e e s keep a la r g e number o f w o rk ers from e n te r in g a p a r t i c u l a r t r a d e when such c o n d itio n s e x is t*

S e v e ra l p la n s have b een advanced by th e s e union© t o m eet t h e

te m p o rary demand f o r e x t r a w orkers* unem ployed members from o th e r lo c a ls *

I t may be m et by t r a n s f e r r i n g I n o th e r c a s e s i t i s

recommended t h a t th© work be sp re a d over a lo n g e r p e rio d o f tim e , th u s r e s u l t i n g i n more c o n tin u o u s employment f o r th e p re s e n t u n io n members*

A tem p o rary demand may a ls o be met by i s s u i n g a work p e rm it

t o n o n -u n io n w orkers*

I n t h i s maimer t h e u n io n i s a b le t o c o n tr o l

th e su p p ly o f la b o r t o m eet th© norm al demand* Some l o c a l u n io n s have a tte m p te d to m eet th© problem o f th© m ig ra to ry u n io n w orker by r e f u s in g to a e e e p t th e w orker, o r by h a v in g th© I n d iv id u a l pay a second i n i t i a t i o n fee*

Borne u n io n s by

c o n s t i t u t l o n a l p ro v isio n © have a tte m p te d t o p r o h i b i t such p r a c tic e s * * $ $ * * 120*

P e te r s o n , £ £ . o i t .* p* ^ 2 9 *

One A u th o rity s t a t e a t h a t # For th© m oat p a r t union© d is c ou r ago r a t h e r t h a n e n co u rag e m o b ility betw een d i f f e r e n t jobs* T h ie i s e a p e c i a l l y t r u e Of th e c r a f t union© , th o u g h t h e i n d u s t r i a l union© o f t h e 0.1*0* a re b e g in n in g t o weaken some o f th e s e e x c lu s iv e co n tro l© i n c e r t a i n area© o f p ro d u c tio n * # * T here i s l i t t l e t h a t union© do t o f a c i l i t a t e such in te r - o o C u p a tio n a l m o b ility .1 ® 1 Scat® few u n io n s , f e a r f u l t h a t an i n f lu x o f f o r e ig n tra d e © men would en d an g er th e s e c u r i t y o f t h e i r Job©, have s e t r a t h e r r e s t r i c t i v e i n i t i a t i o n fee© on th o s e in d iv id u a l© .

Example© o f t h i s

may be found i n th© fo llo w in g unions* I n itia tio n s fee f o r f o r e ig n oraft© m en

U nion S to n e c u tte r a G la ss G utter© W all P aper G r a ft ©men W ire W eavers

I n i t i a t i o n s fe e U* 8 . c ra fts m e n

$100 200 500 ** 1,100

2^ * 100 2^ *

* A p p re n tic e ** O th er th a n Canada I n i t i a t i o n f e e s p ro v id e an I r r e g u l a r so u rc e o f income t o b o th th e l o c a l and t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l union*

The amount p ro v id ed fro®

t h i s ©ouro® may be r a t h e r s u b s t a n t i a l when th e u n io n 8© m em bership ra p id ly in c re a s e s .

D uring a p e rio d o f c o n s ta n t o r d e c lin in g m em bership,

l i t t l e Income i s to be d e riv e d from t h i s s o u rc e . th a t#

One ©ource a ta te ®

"The I n i t i a t i o n f e e s a r e p r im a r ily d e sig n ed t o pay th e expense©

-122 o f s e c u rin g new member®*"' F ig u re s from th e f i n a n c i a l statem ent® o f j* Dt $ * * *

121*

Mary J o a n Bowman and George L elan d Bach, Economic A n a ly sis and P u b lic P o lic y , pp. 482-8%

122.

B rooks, o g . o l t .* p» 2 4 9 .

e e l e c le d union® would te n d t o show t h a t th e y f a l l f a r s h o r t o f t h i s o b je c tiv e . G o m p o tlilo n betw een r i v a l union© f o r members h a s a id e d i n k e e p in g I n i t i a t i o n fee® a t a low le v e l*

Some i n t e r n a t i o n a l s have

w aived t h e paym ent o f i n i t i a t i o n f e e s f o r newly form ed lo c a ls *

The

A*F. o f L* union® , i n o rd e r to compete w ith th o 0X0 u n io n s i n th e S o u th e rn s t a t e s o r g a n i s a t io n cam paign, low ered t h e i r i n i t i a t i o n f e e s t o th o s e o f t h e 0 1 0 * ^ ^ Under th e L abor Management Act I t i s c o n s id e re d an u n f a i r la b o r p r a c t i c e f o r a u n io n t o c h a rg e an "exe© esiv0 ,, o r " d is c r im in a to r y 1* i n i t i a t i o n fe e where a u n io n shop e x i s t s .

The N a tio n a l ta b o r

R e la tio n s Board I s t o d e te rm in e when t h e fe e i s e x c e s s iv e o r d is ­ c r im in a to r y .

However, t h e law s t a t e s th a t*

"th© b o a rd s h a l l c o n s id e r ,

among o th e r r e l e v a n t f a c t o r s , th e p r a c t i c e s and custom s o f la b o r o r g a n is a tio n s i n th e p a r t i c u l a r i n d u s tr y , and t h e wages c u r r e n t ly p a id to th e em ployees a ff e c te d * " I n i t i a t i o n fee© forw arded t o t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l A p o r t i o n o f th e i n i t i a t i o n fe e c o l l e c t e d by t h e l o c a l u n io n I s fo rw ard ed t o th e i n te r n a t i o n a l *

The c o n s t i t u t i o n o f t h e i n t e r ­

n a ti o n a l u n io n r e g u l a t e s tb© d i v i s i o n o f t h e f e e .

I n 1 6 o u t o f 55

in d e p e n d e n t i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s i t was p o s s ib le t o d e te rm in e th e * * * * $ * 125*

The New Yprk TjLm.es, Ju n e 5 0 , 1946*

124,

Labor Management R e la tio n Act, S e c tio n 8 (b ) (5 )*

s p e c i f i c amount o f th e I n i t i a t i o n fe e g o in g t o t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l «

Th®

amount o f th© i n i t i a t i o n f®e g o in g t o th© i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s a© follow © ! I n i t i a t i o n fee to th© i n t e r n a t i o n a l

$

Humber o f Union©

*60

2 5 1

1*00

1*50 2.00 2*50 5*oo

2

1 2

5*00

1 2 I m l iS ~

10.00 25*00 55*00

T o ta l

As shown i n th© f o re g o in g exam ple, th e amount ra n g e s from >60$f f o r th e Locom otive Firem en and Snginemen, t o $55 f ° r 'th e E n g rav ers and Sketchm akars*

I n 6 o f t h e 16 u n io n s th e amount o f

th e f e e g o in g to th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l was two d o l l a r s o r l e s s .

I n fo u r

u n io n s t h e fe e g o in g to th e in d e p e n d e n t i n t e r n a t i o n a l ran g ed from f

n o to

I n each Case th© amount g o in g t o th© i n t e r n a t i o n a l

r e p r e s e n te d th e e n t i r e amount o f th© i n i t i a t i o n fee# In fo u r o th e r u n io n s th e amount o f th e i n i t i a t i o n fe e goin g t o th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l was e x p re ss e d a s a p er c e n t o f th e fo© c o ll e c t e d by t h e lo c a l*

The p e r c e n t goi&g t o th© i n t e r n a t i o n a l ran g ed from

25 $ t o 100^ a s fo llo w s*

P e r C ent o f I n i t i a t i o n Fee Going t o th© I n t e r n a t i o n a l

Number o f I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union© 1 1 I 1

40 *?0 100 T o ta l

I n on© o th e r union* th© Juioensed O fficer© * tfe© amount g o in g t o th© i n t e r n a t i o n a l was e e t by th® e x e c u tiv e c o m m ittee a I n 17 o u t o f 56 i n t e r n a t i o n a l 010 u n io n s i t was p o s s ib le t o d e te rm in e th e s p e c i f i c amount o f t h e i n i t i a t i o n f e e goin g t o th e i n te r n a t i o n a l *

Th© am ounts ran g ed from $1 t o flO and a r e a s fo llo w ss

Amount o f I n i t i a t i o n s Fee Going t o t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l 010 Union

Humber o f I n t e r n a t i o n a l U hiohsr

#1.00 2 .00 5*00

10*00

T o ta l

14 1 1 1 17

I n 14 o f th© 17 u n io n s th e i n i t i a t i o n fe e going t o t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l was one d o lla r * I n 14 o th e r union© th© i n i t i a t i o n fe e going t o t h e in te r n a ti o n a l was e x p re ss e d a© a p e r c e n t o f th e l o c a l f e e c o ll e c t e d — t h i s p e rc e n ta g e ran g e d from 10% t o 100% a s ftsllow es P e r c e n t o f L ocal I n i t i a t i o n Fee Going to t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l

Number o f I n t e r n a t i o n a l Unions 1

10 20 25 *>Q

1 ** 5

66 2 /5

1

2.

1

100

T o ta l

*

m *

** ***

I n itia tio n * f e e t o I n t e r n a t i o n a l c a n n o t be I rss t h a n #2*00 o r m ore t h a n $12 f o r th e Fisherm an and A llie d w orkers* Minimum I n i t i a t i o n f e e l a fl.G O f o r th© Fur and h e a th e r w orkers* Minimum i n i t i a t i o n f e e o f |1 * 0 0 One u n io n h aa minimum I n i t i a t i o n f e e ©f # 1 .2 5 *

As i n d ic a t e d ab o v e, 6 o f t h e 14 union© re c e iv e d ^0% o f th e l o c a l f e e . Only two o f t h e 14 union© c o l l e c t e d more t h a n 5 W ° f th e l o c a l i n i t i a t i o n fee # I n 44 o u t o f 104 a*F# o f L# union© , i t was p o s s ib le t o d e te rm in e th e amount o f th® l o c a l i n i t i a t i o n fe e going t o t h e i n t e r ­ n a tio n a l#

The amount ran g e d from

2 ^ t o #25 a© fo llo w s?

Amount o f I n i t i a t i o n Fee g o in g t o t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l A»F* o f L . Union

Number o f I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nions 1 4 1 9 5 8

i *25 .5 0

•75 1*00 1 .5 0

2*00 5*00 5*75

6 1 1 6 1 1 1 1

4*50 5*00 6 .0 0

10.00 20*00 2 5 .0 0

T o ta l I n a l l o a s e s where t h e r e was a d if f e r e n c e I n t h e amount o f th© i n i t i a t i o n fo e g o in g to th© i n t e r n a t i o n a l due to b e n e f i t p la n s , o c c u p a tio n o r se x , t h e h i g h e s t amount was taken*

The amount m ost

1J4 f r e q u e n t l y g o in g t o th© i n t e r a c t i o n a l l a $l*0O | t h i e 1® ta k e n by n in e u n io n s .

Second, I n fre q u e n c y l a $ 2 ,0 0 , which i s ta k e n by e ig h t union s*

Of t h e 44 u n io n s , 2 6 to o k |2*0O o r l e e s o f t h e l o c a l i n i t i a t i o n fee* Only t h r e e u n io n s t a k e from $10 t o #2J? o f th e l o e a l i n i t i a t i o n fee* I n 12 o t h e r A*F* o f l»# u n io n s t h e I n i t i a t i o n fe e g o in g t o th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l was e x p re ss e d a s a p e r c e n t o f th e l o c a l fee* *71)19 p e r c e n t ran g ed from 10> t o 100% a s follo w s* P e r e e n t o f L oeal I n i t i a t i o n Fee Going t o th© I n t e r n a t i o n a l

Humber o f I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union©

10 2$ ^0 100

2 4* 9 2 T o ta l

T 3T

* Minimum o f 11*00* As i n d ic a t e d above, 9 o f th© 12 u n io n s r e c e iv e d 5^$

th© l o e a l f e e .

135* C h a p te r I I rsvfjmu®

n m m m m m t

'

A

a

g

e

a

o

i a

e

n

t a

gnect& I a s s e s s m e n ts o f th e A»F» o f L . B eeid© a a id i n g I n o r g a n iz in g * t h e F e d e r a tio n h a s a id e d i t s a f f i l i a t e d u n io n s i n c a r r y in g o u t s t r i k e s and b o y c o t t a .

Th© u n io n

l e a d e r s o f t h e F e d e r a t io n h a v e c o n t i n u a l l y em p h a sized t h e im p o r ta n c e o f h ig h d u es and t h e n e c e s s i t y o f e s t a b l i s h i n g a d e q u a te f i n a n c i a l reserv es*

I t h a s b e e n t h e c o n t e n t io n o f t h e F e d e r a tio n t h a t u n io n s

f i n a n c i a l l y s t r o n g a r e l e s s p la g u e d by © tr ik e s *

However* P a u l K.

D o u g la s s s t a t e s t h a t t h i s t h e o r y I s q u e s tio n a b le *

1

N e v e r th e le s s *

i t a p p e a r s t o be t h e t h e o r y o f c e r t a i n la b o r le a d e r s t h a t a s u c c e s s f u l s t r i k e I s as d ep en d en t up on a d e q u a te f i n a n c i a l r e s e r v e s a s n u m e r ic a l s tr e n g t h *

I f a u n io n i s t o be p r o t e c t i v e i n n a tu re*

i t m u st b e a b le t o w ith s ta n d t h e f i n a n c i a l s t r a i n o f e m e r g e n c ie s* I t I s l a r g e l y th ro u g h th® c o n t r o l o f t h e s u p p ly o f la b o r t h a t u n io n s ca n e f f e c t i v e l y b a r g a in .

A s t r i k e i n w h ich t h e su p p ly o f la b o r i s

w e ll c o n t r o l l e d c a n i n f l i c t a s e r i o u s l o s s on i n v e s t e d c a p i t a l . I n d u s t r y w ith a la r g e amount o f f i x e d c a p it a l *

An

in v o lv e d i n a lo n g

c o n tin u o u s s t r ik e * may b e fo r c e d t o c o n s id e r u n io n demands or s u f f e r la r g e lo s s e s *

1*

P au l H* D ouglass* **An A n a ly sis o f S t r i k e S t a t i s t i c s , 1881-1921*B J o u r n a l o f t h e American S t a t i s t l c a l A ssociation.,, 1925* pp. 866-77«

However, t o c o n d u c t a lo n g continuou© s t r i k e to a s u c c e s s f u l c o n c lu sio n * a u n io n rouet b© a b le t o c o n tr o l i t a m©mbera,

To do t h i s ,

s u f f i c i e n t f i n a n c i a l r e s e r v e s a r e needed t o p ro v id e f o r th o e e s t r i k e r a i n need* so t h a t th e y w i l l n o t be in d u ced t o r e t u r n t o work b e fo r e th© c o m p le tio n o f t h e s t r i k e *

Where a u n io n i s d e a lin g w ith a l a r g e

company* n o t o n ly a r e t h e f i n a n c i a l r e s e r v e s o f t h e company l i k e l y t o b e la rg e * b u t th o u s a n d s o f u n io n w o rk ers may be involved* c a u s in g a g r e a t f i n a n c i a l d r a i n on th© u n i o n 's t r e a s u r i e s .

I n th© p a s t thee©

l a r g e r e s e r v e fu n d s w ere n e g le c te d and many u n io n s w ith o u t a d e q u a te f i n a n c i a l p r e p a r a t i o n found th e m se lv e s engaged i n i n d u s t r i a l s t r i f e * I n some c a s e s t h e n a ti o n a l u n io n had b een i n a fo rm a tiv e s ta g e and had n o t had t h e o p p o r tu n ity t o c r e a t e a c o n c e n tr a tio n o f power o v er t h e l o c a l u n io n s which would have p e rm itte d th® b u ild in g up o f a d e fe n s e fu n d .

In

so u g h t th e a id o f

th e p a s t i t a p p e a rs t h a t th© w eaker u n io n s have t h e F e d e ra tio n m ost fre q u e n tly -* -a id i n t h e form o f

m ed iatio n * s e c u rin g p o l ic e p r o t e c t i o n , and f i n a n c i a l h e lp t o f i g h t i n j u n c t i o n s , s t r i k e s , and lo c k o u ts* The E x e c u tiv e C o u n cil o f th© A*F. o f L. h a s t h e power t o r e n d e r f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e t o i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s when i t deems i t n e c e ssa ry *

T h is i s done e i t h e r by le v y in g an a sse ssm e n t o f on© c e n t

p e r week on a l l u n io n members ’’f o r s. p e rio d n o t e x c e ed in g tw e n ty - s ix weeks in any on© y e a r

2 . » **o r by i s s u i n g an

ap p eal f o r funds*

* * * * * 229*61 was r a i s e d s in c e 195^*

Although th© F e d e ra tio n

h a s had many a p p e a ls f o r f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e which u rg e d s p e c ia l a ese e e m e n te , i t ha® seldom u se d th i© d e v ic e f o r r a i s i n g fu n d s .

Two

reason© f o r t h i s have b een th e f i n a n c i a l c o n d itio n ® o f th© i n t e r ­ n a ti o n a l u n io n s a t t h e tim e o f t h e a p p e a l, and a ls o t h e F e d e ra tio n h a s c o n s id e re d i t in e x p e d ie n t*

Sine® th© F e d e ra tio n i s a v o lu n ta ry

o r g a n iz a tio n i t i s n o t a d v is a b le to t e s t t h e a ltr u is m o f t h e a f f i l i a t e d u n io n s to o f r e q u e n tly *

I n a d d it i o n , d e le g a te e a t th e c o n v e n tio n have

n o t b e en a n x io u s t o approve s p e c i a l a sse ss m e n ts s in c e th e y In v o lv e an e x t r a f i n a n c i a l b u rd e n on t h e i r tr e a s u r y * Review o f A* F* o f L* s p e c ia l a sse ss m e n ts In 1689 th© F e d e ra tio n v o te d i t s f i r s t s p e c ia l assessm ent* Each u n io n a f f i l i a t e d w ith t h e F e d e ra tio n was r e q u e s te d t o a s s e s s i t s members t e n c e n ts p e r week*^

Th© a sse ssm e n t was t o l a s t a s lo n g a s th©

E x e c u tiv e C ouncil th o u g h t i t was n e c e s s a ry to a id th e U n ited B roth erh o o d o f C a rp e n te rs and Jo in e r© , who w ere t r y i n g t o se c u re an e ig h t- h o u r day* D uring t h i s same y e a r , th© c o n s t i t u t i o n was amended g iv in g th e * * * * * * 5*

Proceeding©* A .f * o f L*, 1889, p« 29*

4 T a b le XXXI A a a e s a m e n t a L e v l v d b y t h e A m e r i c a n F e d e r a t i o n o f L a b o r F rom 1861 t o 19 4 6

1889

fj#

1896

m,

By © onvontlon f o r e ig h t hour campaign*

1998

■m

By c o n v e n tio n to o rg a n iz e S o u th e rn and i n t e r m o u n ta in s t a te s *

1900

-

H

By E x e c u tiv e C ouncil f o r c ig a r makers* s t r i k e and lo ck o u t*

1901

-

W

By Ex©c u t l y e C o u n cil f o r m a c h in ists * n in e -h o u r day,

5*

By c o n v e n tio n f o r t e x t i l e workers* F a ll R iv er s trik e *

1904

10 ^

By c o n v e n tio n f o r c a rp e n te rs * ©ight«*hour day s tru g g le *

By c o n v e n tio n f o r ty p o g r a p h ic a l u n io n * s e ig h t- h o u r day*

1905

1908

H

By

1909

3*

By c o n v e n tio n f o r H a tte rs* s t r i k e t o u s e u n io n la b e l*

24

E x ec u tiv e C ounoil t o a p p ea l d e c is io n re n d e re d a g a i n s t H a tte rs #

i#

E x e c u tiv e C o u n cil f o r le g a l d e fe n se o f H a tte r s and con tem pt c a s e s a g a in s t Gorapers, M itc h e ll and M orrison#

\$ \$

By c o n v e n tio n t o o rg a n iz e women w orkers* By c o n v e n tio n f o r l e g a l d e fe n se o f H a tte r s

1910

~

1915

1914

4*

-

c o n v e n tio n t o p la c e o r g a n iz e r s i n t h e Los A ngeles area* By c o n v e n tio n f o r l e g a l d e fe n se a g a i n s t Buck*s S to v e and Range Company*

Compiled from th© Proceeding® o f th e American F e d e ra tio n o f Labor Convention® f o r th e year® in d ic a te d *

X39 T a b le XXXI

( c o n tin u e d )

Assessment® L ev ied fey t h e American F e d e r a tio n Of L abor From 1881 t o 1948 1916

•*

1916

-

m i 195® 1959

~

Kacaoutive C o u n cil t o o rg a n iz e women w o rk e rs. 1*.

and $ 1 0 on S t a te F ederation® and $J3 on C e n tra l L abor b o d ie s f o r an em ergency war fu n d 0 By c o n v e n tio n f o r o r g a n i s a t io n campaign*

E x e c u tiv e C o u n cil power* and d i r e c t i n g them t o le v y a s t r i k e a s s e s s ­ m ent o f two cent® p er member on J a n u a ry 1, 1890, on a l l n a tio n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l b o d ie s u n d e r th® j u r i s d i c t i o n o f th e F e d e ra tio n * The fo llo w in g y e a r t h e Sxeeutlv© C ouncil w&a a ls o d ir e c te d t o le v y a g a in t h e same a sse ssm e n t# 6

T here was eome f e e l i n g o f d is c o n te n t

o v er t h i s s t r i k e a sse ssm e n t and i n 1892 th© two c e n t s t r i k e a sse ssm e n t was d isco n tin u ed ®

The Sxecutiv® C ouncil was g iv e n th e power t o make

a s t r i k e a sse ssm e n t i n 1889*

T h is a sse ssm e n t was to be made whenever

i t was deemed n e c e s s a ry t o a id n a tio n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l b o d ie s i n tim e o f s t r i k e s o r lockout© and was n o t t o exceed two c e n ts p e r member 7 p e r week, f o r a p e rio d o f n o t lo n g e r th a n f i v e c o n tin u o u s weeks®' * * * * * * 5.

I b id . . p. 52.

6'

1890, p . 5 5 .

T*

Ib id ., 1389, p. 3*.

140

Th© rev e n u e 1b 1690 from th® s p e c ia l aaaeBomant amounted t o $12,485*945 th© v o lu n ta r y ae&eeeraent cam© t o $ 1 ,2 2 0 ,9 4 .®

I n 1891 a

t o t a l o f 14,545*54 cam® from th© a s s e s s m e n t, and $427*52 wa® d o n ated o 10 t o t h e cause* T o ta l donation® and a sse ss m e n ts amounted t o $140*14* 11 i n 189&* D o n atio n s i n 1892 amounted t o $72* A m o tio n t o le v y a one c e n t e p e o ia l a sse ssm e n t f o r th© p u rp o se o f prom oting th e e ig h t* 12 h o u r work day was approved i n 1896, and from t h i s a sse ssm e n t * 2 ,0 4 9 .9 3 w as o b t a i n e d . 15

At t h i s

tim e o r g a n iz e d

la b o r w as fa o e d

w ith th e problem o f Competing w ith th© low er p a id u n o rg a n is e d S o u th e rn w o rk er, and th e y were f e a r f u l t h a t t h i s c o m p e titio n would have a. s e r io u s e f f e c t upon th© wage l e v e l o f th© c o u n try a s a whole*

14

One way o f com bating t h i s a p p a re n t menanc© was t o o rg a n is e th© S o u th e rn w orker and th u s ©quail®© wages*

C o n seq u en tly , a s p e c ia l

a sse ss m e n t o f two c e n ts was l e v i e d by th© c o n v e n tio n o f 189® upon each o r g a n i s a t io n a f f i l i a t e d w ith th e F e d e ra tio n , e x c e p t c i t y b o d ie s . The

c o l l e c t e d was u se d t o fin a n c e s e v e n te e n s p e c ia l organ-*

l a e r e i n t h e S o u th e rn and I n te r -e io u n ta ln s t a t e s f o r th e p e rio d 189®16 18998*

I b id .*

1890, P* 18

9*

Ib id * ,

1891, p . 20

10.

Ib id .*

1892, p . 19

11.

I lf tid .,

1892, p . 19

12.

Ib id * , 1896, p . 68 1897, P* 27 1898, P* 84

14.

I b id .,

15*

I b i d . , p . 150,

1®.

I b i d . , 1899, p . 11

15

141

A special assessment levied by the Executive Oounoil in 190D to give financial aid to the Oigarmakers1 strike and lookout n e tte d

$ 1 0 ,7 9 9 .5 5 .

In 1901, in accordance with Article X of the constitution, the Executive Council levied a one cent assessment for five consecu­ tive weeks to aid the International Association of Machinists in th e ir strike for the eight-hour day in San Francisco, California*

A

to ta l of #52,226*46 was collected from th is assessment* The convention of 1904 levied a three cent assessment to aid the 2 5 ,0 0 0 te x tile workers of fa ll River who were on strike against a drastic wage reduction# 17 While th is strike was not successful in deterring the reduction of wages, i t did end by agree* tsent wed the organisation of workers was kept intact*

16

This

assessment produced a to ta l of #42,760*06, In 1902 * four cent specis 1 assessmentwas approved to aid the

Typographical union inaugurate,an eight-hour day.

Thiseffort

proved highly successful in placing the printing Industry on the eight-hour day except for a few Isolated areas* ment raised a to tal of #26,760,47*

This special assess­

khlle, at th is date, th is sum

represented the largest amount raised by the Federation through a special assessment, i t was only a small b it of financial aid as compared to the nearly four million dollars expended by the international * * * * * *

17*

Ibid** 1904, p. 29*

16.

Ib id .,

1 9 0 2 , P* 22*

14a u n io n i n t h e i r e f f o r t t o e s t a b l i s h t h e e ig h t- h o u r day and 10 i n t h i s one p a r t i c u l a r s t r i k e * I n 1907 two d i f f e r e n t a sse s s m e n ts were le v ie d #

The Buck

S to v e and Range Company b ro u g h t a s u i t a g a in s t t h e E x ec u tiv e C o u n cil o f t h e A*7* o f i»* and t h e o f f i c e r s o f o th e r f e d e r a te d bodice*

An

i n j u n c t i o n had a ls o b een is s u e d and made perm anent i n March, 1908, t o r e s t r a i n th e F e d e ra tio n from l i s t i n g t h e Buck1® Stove and Range Company upon t h e **We Deri1i Patronisae** l i s t o f t h e Am erican F e d e ra tio n 20 ©f L a b o r. As t h e F e d e ra tio n d id n o t p o s s e s s a d e q u a te funds t o p ro p e rly d efen d i t s e l f , a s p e c ia l a sse ssm e n t o f one c e n t was approved and th e E x e c u tiv e C o u n cil was a u th o r ic e d *t© make such o th e r and f u r t h e r a s s e s s m e n ts , sh o u ld o c c a s io n require***

21

A pproxim ately $16,595*10 was

r a i s e d th ro u g h t h e a s s e s s m e n t. About t h i s tim e a c o n c e rte d d r iv e f o r t h e open shop was in a u g u ra te d by t h e m a n u fa c tu re rs o f t h e Los A ngeles a r e a .

The d r iv e

i n t h i s a r e a was fo u g h t by t h e F e d e ra tio n th ro u g h a n i n te n s i v e o rg a n i­ s a t i o n cam paign f o r th e p u rp o se o f r e t a i n i n g o ld member9 and r e c r u i t ­ in g new onee*

The c h i e f exponent o f th e open shop d r iv e , a c c o rd in g

t o t h e American F e d e ra tio n o f L abor, was th e bos A ngeles Times w hich h ad se c u re d t h e f i n a n c i a l b ack in g o f t h e Am erican M an u factu rin g 22 A s s o c ia tio n and s i m il a r o rg a n iz a tio n s * F e a rin g t h a t each a cam paign * $ * * s* * 19.

I b i d . , 1907, p . 51.

20.

Ib id ., p. 90,

21.

I b i d *9 p* 214,

22.

I b i d . , 1907, p . 521.

14?

fo r t h e open shop m ight become n a tio n a l i n scope, th e 1907 con ven tio n v o ted a s p e c ia l assessm en t o f one cen t t o be used e x c lu s iv e ly i n th e 25 bos A ngeles area* I t was a ls o req u ested th a t a l l n a tio n a l and I n te r ­ n a tio n a l u n io n s a f f e c t e d send one or more o rg a n izers In to th e area a s d ir e c te d by th e E xecu tive C ouncil to aid In o r g a n isin g th e workers o f th e area*

Approximately $16,599*22 was r a is e d by t h i s assessm en t. In 1902 th e U nited Hatter© made an u n su c c e ssfu l attem pt t o

o b ta in a c lo se d ©hop agreement w ith D, S* Loewe and Company. e f f e c t i v e secondary b o y c o tt was la t e r undertaken*

A very

A s u i t for

$540,000 damages was f i l e d a g a in s t th e United H atters o f North America under th e Sherman A n ti-T ru st Law*

24

I t was reported th a t th e ca se fo r

0* Z* Loewe and Company was fin an ced by th e A n ti-B oycott A ssociation * and t h a t one and o n e -h a lf m i ll i o n d o lla r s had boen r a is e d by th© N a tio n a l A sso c ia tio n o f M anufacturers to defray th e expenses o f th e 25 case# The F ederal C ir c u it Court dism issed th e com p lain t. However* M th th e con sen t o f both p a r t ie s t o th e ca se i t was c e r t i f i e d and th e U nited S ta te s Supreme Court was asked i f th© ca se could be main­ ta in e d under th e p r o v isio n o f th e Sherman A nti-T rust Law.

On

February 5» 1908, th e Supreme Court h eld th a t such a ca se could be m a in ta in ed .

26

The lab or movement was in cen sed by t h i s new in t e r p r e ta tio n

25.

i b i d . . 1907,

p . 521.

24.

I b i d . . 1908,

p . 228.

25.

I b i d . . 1908,

p . JO.

28.

* 1911,

p. 37.

144 of

th e

law and v o te d t o give m oral and f i n a n c i a l s u p p o rt t o th e U n ited

H a tte rs ^

I t was f e l t t h a t th® i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f th® law , w ith i t s

t h r e a t o f t r i p l e dam ages, c r e a te d a v i c i o u s h a r r a s s in g menace f o r e v e ry la b o r u n io n w hich t h r e a te n e d t h e v e ry e x is te n c e o f a l l la b o r o r g a n is a ­ tio n s # The U n ite d H a tte r s had e x h a u ste d t h e i r fu n d s i n t h e i r s t r i k e a g a i n s t 0* 8 * Loew® and Company and a p p e a le d t o th e F e d e ra tio n f o r fin a n c ia l a id .

Th© ^ te c u liv © O ouncil resp o n d ed by le v y in g a thro® c e n t 28 a sse ssm e n t w hich y ie ld e d a t o t a l o f f43>l68*24* T h is a sse ssm e n t was fo llo w e d by an a p p e a l f o r v o lu n ta ry c o n t r i b u t i o n s .

I n 1910 th® C i r c u i t

C o u rt o f C o n n e c tic u t awarded damages o f #232,240*12 a g a in s t t h e U n ited 29 H a tte r s # The p r o p e rty and p e rs o n a l s a v in g s o f 100 in d iv id u a l members was

a t t a c h e d

O ouncil le v ie d an th is

a id i n a p p e a lin g

this

a sse ssm e n t o f two c e n ts

d e c is io n , th e Fxeeutiv® on A p ril 2 2 , 1910.

a sse ssm e n t a t o t a l o f $33>964*29 was c o lle c te d *

31

From

As a r e s u l t

of

t h e a p p e a l th e c o u r t r e v e r s e d th© Judgm ent and th© A.F. o f U a tt o r n e y s w ere a b le t o s e c u re th e c o s t o f th e a p p e a l w hich amounted t o #3 >3 4 8 . 9 0 . 5 2

* * ♦ * * * 27.

I b i d . . 1908, p . 228.

28.

I b i d . . 1909, p . 4 0 .

29.

I b i d . . 1910 , p . 63.

50.

I b i d . . 1911, p . 3 6 .

31.

I b i d . , 1910, p . 6 3 .

?2.

I b i d . , 19X1, p . 3 8 .

145 The A n ti-B o y c o tt A s s o c ia tio n a sk ed f o r a r e - t r i a l w hich was c a l l e d ©m August 27* 1912•

On O ctober 11, 1912, th® ju r y r e tu r n e d a

v e r d i c t a g a i n s t th© d e fe n d a n ts f o r damages am ounting t o 1 6 0 * 0 0 0 # ^ Under S e c tio n J o f th© Gherman A n ti-T ru s t Aot a judgm ent o f 1240*000 was Is s u e d a g a i n s t th© d e fe n d an ts* t o g e th e r w ith th e a tto r n e y f e e s and c o s t s am ounting t o #12,130*90,

The t o t a l amounted t o #232, 130*9 0 *

The E x e c u tiv e O ouncil was I n s t r u c t e d by th© c o n v e n tio n to c o n tin u e th e H a t t e r ’ s c a s e mid g iv e f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e * ^

A one

cemt a sse ssm e n t was l e v i e d by th® c o u n c il I n 1913 sand a g a in i n 1914 w hich b ro u g h t i n a p p ro x im a te ly #40,935.29* A d e c is io n was re n d e re d by th e Supreme C o u rt a f t e r th e c a se had b e en p en d in g i n th© f e d e r a l c o u r ts f o r o ver e le v e n y e a rs*

The

Danbury H a t te r s were a s s e s s e d 1252,000 t o co v er t h e damages s u f f e r e d by D* E* Loewe and Company.

The t o t a l amount w ith a c c ru e d i n t e r e s t

cam® t o o v e r $ 3 0 0 ,0 0 0 * ^ Th© t o t a l l e g a l ex p en se s a s r e p o r te d by th e A*F« o f L. t o f i g h t t h i s e a s e , amounted t o $9 8 , 7 3 6 . 0 2 . ^ L abor o r g a n i s a t io n s were f u l l y aw are o f t h e s i g n i f ic a n c e o f t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f th e Sherman A n t i t r u s t Law,

The f i n a n c i a l l y

p o w erfu l em ployer a s s o c i a t i o n s co u ld us© t h i s means t o h a r r a s s and * * * * * * 53.

?*• 33*

I b i d .* 1919*

1913, P. ?6* I b id .* 1 9 1 3 , iM i* > W »

37.

P. 7 3 .

p. 300.

p< 7 4 *

I b i d *, 1919# P* 7 3 .

34

Im pede t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n o f la b o r and p re v e n t u n io n s from becom ing f i n a n c i a l l y s tr o n g th ro u g h t h e p ro c e s s o f l i t i g a t i o n , w hich was a lo n g draw n o u t and e x p e n s iv e p ro c e ss*

few u n io n s a t t h i s tim e had

f i n a n c i a l r e s o u r c e s s u f f i c i e n t t o a p p ea l each c a s e t o t h e Supreme C ourt*

The Buck S to v e and Range Case i s r e p o r te d t o have c o o t th e 36 /UP* Of L* o v e r #100,000 w h ile t h e Danbury H a t t e r 1® c a se amounted

t o *9 8 , 7 5 6 . 0 2 . ^ Between 1906 and 1914 th e F e d e ra tio n gave s u p p o rt t o many l e g i s l a t i v e b i l l s w hich would te n d to c u r t a i l th© u s e o f th© in ju n c ­ t i o n u n d e r th® Sherman A n ti- T ru s t Law*

The p a ssag e o f th e O layton

Act i n 1914 was h a i l e d by many l e a d e r s a s th e b e g in n in g o f a new e r a o f i n d u s t r i a l freedom* I n 1913 t h e A.F* o f L* u n d e rto o k t o o rg a n is e t h e many women w o rk e rs I n i n d u s t r y , f e e l i n g t h a t th© tim e was p r o p i ti o u s f o r such a movement*

The E x e c u tiv e O ouncil was d ir e c te d t o le v y a one c e n t

a sse ssm e n t I n 42

a g a in i n 19l 6? l whioh produced a t o t a l sum o f

#51, 665*35*

L abor l e a d e r s , b e in g f e a r f u l o f w hat la y ahead due t o th© c o n d itio n s c r e a te d by World War X, gave th© E x ecu tiv e O ouncil a u th o r i t y 56,

Lew is L* L orw in, The American F e d e ra tio n o f L ^bor, p* 119*

39*

P ro ceed in g s* A«F* o f L*, 1915» P* 75*

40*

I b i d ** 1913, p .

41.

11)1 4 .. 1916, p .

42.

I b i d . . 1917, p .

594*

22.

147 t o le v y a n as©e©ament i f tfo©y th o u g h t I t a d v is a b le t o p re p a re f o r th© ir©iB®nd©us t a s k ahead

Th© E x e c u tiv e C ouncil r a i s e d a p p ro x im a te ly

191*946*12 fey le v y in g a on© c e n t aseoesm ent on ©aoh member o f a f f i l i a t e d u n io n s* # 1 0 .0 0 , on ©tat© fe d e ra tio n ® ! and $%90 0 9 on c e n t r a l la b o r b o d ies*

A m a jo r ity o f t h i s money, a p p ro x im a te ly #27,295*55* was

u s e d t o send a p e ac e d e le g a tio n t o Europe] th® re m a in d e r, $4*652*59* 44 was u se d t o c o v er l e g i s l a t i v e and o r g a n iz a tio n e x p e n s e s . From I 9 I 8 t o 1957 no a sse ssm e n t was le v ie d by t h e c o n v e n tio n . W ith t h e fo rm a tio n o f th© CIO, w hich t h e F e d e ra tio n c o n s id e re d *& d u a l, r i v a l o r g a n iz a tio n , «43 n i n te n s i v e o r g a n iz in g cam paign was u n d e rta k en * The i n te n s i v e o r g a n iz in g cam paigns co n d u cted by th e CIO r e s u l t e d i n th© l o s s o f many u n io n members a f f i l i a t e d vs/lth th e A .F. o f I*.

In

o r d e r t o m eet t h i s new t h r e a t , w hich th r e a te n e d t o devour th e A .F. o f L.» and to p r o t e c t and p re s e rv e t h e i r p o s i t i o n , a one c e n t a sse ssm e n t was a u th o r iz e d by t h e c o n v e n tio n i n c o n tin u e d th ro u g h 1940.

46 195?« T h is

a sse ssm e n t was

U n til a u th o riz e d

by th e c o n v e n tio n a on® c e n t 4? v o lu n ta r y a sse ssm e n t had been i n f o r c e from Ju n e . The rev en u e from t h i s BKoesement .was t o be u se d t o c a rry on a n o r g a n iz in g cam paign t o 45.

I b i d . . 1918,

p , 552.

44.

i b i d . . 1919, I b i d . . 1920,

p . 57. p. 25.

I b i d . . 1957,

p . 107.

46.

I b i d . . 1957,

p . 655.

47.

I b i d . . 1957.

p . 111.

i4 a

th© e f f o r t a ©f t h e CIO. from t h i a aaaeesm ent*

The f o llo w in g amount© ware r a i a e d

1957* $99,099.70* 1 95®, #399#743‘ 6&* 1939#

$441,945*29* 1 9 ^ 0 , $474,375*79* 1 9 4 1 , $ 1 4 9 , 9 6 2 . 0 1 * lp 4 2 , $ 1 , 0 6 6 , 2 4 . Sine® 1940 n© © p eclal a s s e s s m e n ts have b een le v ie d *

I n 1937 th® fo llo w ­

in g q u o ta tio n was added t o A rt 1 o le X, S e c tio n 1 o f t h e C o n s titu tio n s *Revenue may a le o be d e riv e d from a sse ss m e n ts when and a s o rd e re d by 46 a m a jo r ity v o te o f a co n v en tio n * * T h is made i t more d i f f i c u l t fo r a few la r g e union© to b lo c k an assessm en t*

I t a ls o h o ld th e p o t e n t i a l t h r e a t o f m aking i t p o s s ib le

f o r a few l a r g e u n io n s t o le v y a heavy a sse ssm e n t w hich m ig h t pro v e to be a f i n a n c i a l b u rd en t o sm all u n io n s — sm a ll u n io n s b e in g u n a b le t© m u ster s u f f i c i e n t v o te s t o b lo ck such a s s e s s m e n ts . I n a l l o a s e s th e rev e n u e d e riv e d from s p e c ia l assessm ent© h a s b e en in c lu d e d a s p a r t o f th e t o t a l re c e ip t© o f t h e Am erican f e d e r a t i o n o f L abor i n t h e i r

f i n a n c i a l r e p o r t*

I n some c a s e s donation©

and c o n t r i b u t i o n s r e c e iv e d i n re s p o n se t o a p p e a ls have a ls o b een in c lu d e d a s p a r t o f th© t o t a l re c e ip t® .

I n th e m a jo r ity o f th© case®

t h e s e a r e n o t in c lu d e d , and a s p e c i a l fund i s e s t a b l i s h e d to re c o rd r e c e i p t s and e x p e n d itu re ® .

T a b le XXXII show© th© t o t a l amount c o l l e c t e d

from s p e c ia l a sse ss m e n ts and c o n tr i b u ti o n s re p o r te d a s p a r t o f t h e t o t a l re c e ip ts *

I t a ls o in d ic a te © th e p e r c e n t o f th© t o t a l r e c e i p t s

r e c e iv e d from s p e c i a l a ss e s s m e n ts and c o n tr i b u ti o n s . *r 46 *

I b i d .* 1937# P* 5 5 4 *

*

S p e c ia l

T a b le XXXII S p e c ia l

Y ear

190? 190? 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 19U 1914 1915 1916 1917 1919 1920 1922 1923 1924 1925 1928 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1947

A e s e e e m e n t a a n d O e n t r l b u t i e n s R e p o r t e d A s R e o e l p t s By t h e A . P . O f !>■ P ro m 1 9 0 ? b o 1 9 4 8

S p e c ia l A ssessm ents an d , C o n tr ib u tio n s $

A® A P er o f A*F* < T o ta l R e c e ip ts

9,600*20 4 0 ,2 8 5 .0 2 5 4 , 6 7 3 .2 2 2 , 7 2 7 ,1 9 4 4 ,6 4 ? .0 8 8 4 ,8 5 8 .5 7 3 2 ,9 9 0 .9 9 7 8 ,1 9 9 .9 0 2 2 ,7 3 2 ,4 0 2 1 ,1 5 1 .1 9 2 1 ,9 1 5 .8 0 2 ,7 7 2 .4 2 2 6 ,1 0 8 .8 6 5 , 8 5 7 ,2 6 2 ,6 0 9 .4 0 4 46.55 3 9 1 .5 0 1 18.9 5 2 , 5 0 0 .0 0 5 9 ,0 9 9 .7 0 595. 7 4 3 .6 8 4 4 1 ,5 6 3 .2 9 4 7 4 ,5 7 5 .7 9 1 4 9 ,5 6 2 .0 1 1 ,0 6 8 .2 4 1 ,0 3 2 ,8 1 6 .9 0

*

49*

49

*

gft

5 .9 5 1 9 .4 2 a ? . 10 1 .5 6 2 1 .4 1 3 6 .5 1 1 7 .0 5 4 2 .9 2 8 .6 5 7 .7 9 6 .5 6 .6 7 3 .9 9 .6 ? ,4 6

.4 6 4 .9 8 2 1 .4 6 2 4 . 5? 2 4 .4 7 .07 2 7 .3 6

*

I):

Com piled from th© S e c re ta ry - T r e a s u ry r e p o r t o f th e A*F* o f L» by y e a r s i n d i c a t e d * Ho amount r e p o r te d f o r th© y e a r s o m itted *

150 a s s e s s m e n ts and eo n tffih u tic h ® && a p er ©ent o f t o t a l re c e ip t® have ran g a d tram p r a c t i c a l l y n o th in g t o a h ig h o f 42*92 p e r c e n t i n 1911# The t a b l a would te n d to i n d i c a t e t h a t t h i s method o f r a i s i n g fu n d s h a s b e e n l e e a f r e q u e n t ly u se d th a n i n p r i o r y e a rs*

I t s m ost

im p o rta n t p e rio d o f u s e a p p e a rs t o have b een c o n c e n tr a te d i n th e y e a r s from 1904 th ro u g h 1911*

Th© amount r e c e iv e d from 1957 th ro u g h

1942, w h ile c l a s s i f i e d a s a s p e c i a l a s sea ament, wa© i n r e a l i t y a d is g u is e d p er c a p i t a t a x , in c o r p o ra te d aa such i n 1940* From 1900 th ro u g h 1947 th e t o t a l amount c o ll e c t e d from assessm ent® t o a i d s t r i k i n g and lo ck e d o u t u n io n s was a p p ro x im a te ly | l 4 2 f 59^*S>4j f o r l e g a l d e fe n se $156, 298*88 and f o r o rg a n iz in g f l , 5^4,529#67*

i& Slim SS^m SSSif HS&SS& A ssessm ents i n 0,1*0* u n io n s Out o f 56 i n t e r n a t i o n a l 0*1*0* u n io n s , th© c o n s t i t u t i o n s ©f 28 p ro v id e f o r an aeeeeem ent*

Th© p r o v is io n s

p ro v id in g f o r t h e

a sse s s m e n ts a re a lm o st a s v a r ie d a s th e number o f u n io n s .

The v a r io u s

m ethods by which an a sse ssm e n t may b© le v ie d a r e a s fo llo w s* By c o n v e n tio n o r by referendum . . . * * 2 By c o n v e n tio n o r by e x e c u tiv e board s u b je c t t o r a t i f i c a t i o n * * * * * * * 2 By c o n v e n tio n , e x e c u tiv e b o a rd , o r referen d u m * * * * * * » * • « • * « • 5 By e x e c u tiv e b o a rd , w ith p r o v is io n f o r a d d i t i o n a l assessm ent® by referen d u m * . * * * * . * * • • « * * 5 By referen d u m » * • « * « • * • # * » * » 15 P ro v id e d f o r i n t b s bylaws* * * * * * * * 1 By e x e c u tiv e board o n ly * • . * • * * * * 2

u n io n s u n io n s u n io n s u n io n s u n io n s u n io n u n io n s

Wber* th© e x e c u tiv e b o a rd ha® been g ra n te d a u t h o r i t y t o le v y a n a s s e s s m e n t, t h e power 1 ® u s u a l l y c u r t a i l e d by p la c in g a l i m i t upon t h e amount o f th© asse ssm e n t#

In o n ly on© o u t o f n in e c a s e s h a s th©

i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n lim ite d a u t h o r i t y t o le v y a n assessm ent-.

Th© Marin®

and S h ip b u ild in g Worker® may le v y an a sse ssm e n t "whenever n e c e s s a ry t o m eet an em ergency *”

I n th® o th e r e i g h t c a s e s a maximum i s p la c e d

upon, th© amount w hich th e e x e c u tiv e board can a s s e s s i n any one y e a r* I n fo u r o f t h e s e u n io n s , th e A utom obile, A i r c r a f t , and A g r ic u ltu r e Im plem ent Worker®! th© Mine, M ill and S m elter W orkers! Farm Equipment and M etal W orkers; and th e P acking House W orkers th e maximum i s $1.00 p e r y e a r p e r member#

Th® M ine, M ill and dmelt©r Worker® r e s t r i c t t h i s

t o “i n c a se o f em ergency#'*

I n two u n io n s , th© O ffic e and P r o f e s s io n a l

W orkers, and th e Shoe W orkers, th e maximum i s $2*00 i n any on© y ear# Th© E x e c u tiv e Board o f th© R e t a i l , W holesale, and D epartm ent S to re Employees may le v y a maximum a sse ssm e n t o f

p e r y ear#

Th© News­

p ap er G uild p ro v id e s f o r a n acseoBm ent by th o e x e c u tiv e b o ard o f ^0 c e n t s p e r week on members e a rn in g #2 5 .0 1 p e r week o r m ore, and 25 c e n ts p e r w@@k on th o s e members e a rn in g betw een #15 and #25 p er week*

Most

o f t h e u n io n s t o which th© a u t h o r i t y t o le v y an a sse ssm e n t h a s b een g ra n te d b u t w ith th© amount r e s t r i c t e d , a ls o p ro v id e f o r an a d d it i o n a l a sse ss m e n t th ro u g h a referendum o r th® c o n v e n tio n . In f i v a u n io n s wher© an a sse ssm e n t may be l e v i e d a t a c o n v e n tio n o r by refe ren d u m , th© amount o f such aese ssm e n t i© r e s t r i c t e d * Th© A r c h ite c ts , Engineer® , and C hem ists r e s t r i c t th e amount t o #5*00

152 p e r y e a r#

Th® F a e k in g Howe© W orkers l i m i t t h e amount to be l e v i e d by

th© c o n v e n tio n t o

n *00

p e r y e a r*

Xn th© o th e r t h r e e union©?

The

Com m unications A s s o c ia tio n ) E l e c t r i c a l , Radio and M achine Worker©) and F u r n itu r e W orkers, th e ©mount I s l im i te d to $2*00 p e r y ear*

Th©

Communication© A s s o c ia tio n in c lu d e s th e © trik e a sse ssm e n t o f $1*00, when l e v i e d , a s p a r t o f t h e |2 , 0 0 .

The |2 # 0 0 y e a r l y l i m i t o f th®

E l e c t r i c a l , Radio and M achine Worker© may n o t

exceed $1*00 ev ery s ix

m onths* I n some u n io n s where th e a sse ssm e n t m ust be approved by a re fe ren d u m , o th e r th a n a m a jo r ity v o te may fee p ro v id e d f o r i n th© c o n s t it u t io n *

Seven u n io n s mad® such a p ro v isio n *

T hree u n io n s , th e

Rubber Worker© o f Am erica, Stone and A llie d P ro d u c t W orkers, and t h e T r a n s p o r t S e rv ic e W orkers, p ro v id e f o r a r a t i f i c a t i o n by tw o -th ird © o f th© lo c a ls *

The G la s s , GerftmiCi and S i l i c a Sand W orkers U nion and

th© In la n d Boatmen p ro v id e f o r a p p ro v a l by a t w o - t h ir d s vote*

I n two

u n io n s , th e Amalgamated C lo th in g W orkers,and th e Fisherm en and A llie d W orkers o f Am erica, th e a sse ssm e n t m ust b© approved by a m a jo r ity o f th e member©hip* T hree u n io n s p ro v id e f o r an a u to m a tic asso©ament a s fo llo w s* Com m unications A sso c ia tio n ., a $1*00 s t r i k e a sse ssm e n t u n t i l t h e r e i s i 100,000 i n t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l © trik e fund) In la n d Boatmen, an an n u al |1 * 0 0 d e a th b e n e f i t a sse ssm e n t) th© Shoe Workers o f Am erica, an an n u al $2*00 d e ath b e n e f i t assessm en t*

15$ A r e p o r ^ o w i n t e r n a ti o n a l a s s e s s m e n ts l e v i e d by 5$ GXO union® i n 194£ showed t h a t 2 J p a id none*

S ix u n io n s* t h e A utom obile W orkers;

C om m unications A s s o c ia tio n ) F isherm en and A llie d W orkers) In la n d Boatmen) lo n g sh o rem en and Warehousemen; and, Farm Equipment and M etal W orkers p a id one d o lla r *

One, th e Fur and L e a th e r W orker, r e p o r te d an

a sse ss m e n t o f up t o two dollar® *

The P la y th in g s , Je w e lry and N o v e lty

Worker®; and R e t a i l , W holesale and D epartm ent S to re Employees p a id a n a sse ss m e n t o f two d o lla r s *

T h is r e p r e s e n te d th e f i r s t a sse ssm e n t e v e r

l e v i e d by t h e R e t a i l , W holesale and D epartm ent S to r e Em ployees•

The

Newspaper G u ild p a id an a sse ssm e n t o f from s e v e n ty - f iv e c e n te t o one and o n e - h a lf d o lla r s *

T hree u n io n s , t h e E l e c t r i c a l R adio and M achine

W orkers, F u r n itu r e W orkers, and th e T e x t i l e W orkers, r e p o r te d t h a t an a sse ss m e n t had n e v e r been le v ie d * A ssessm ents o f in d e p e n d e n t uniotffi Of 55 in d e p e n d e n t u n io n s th e e o n e tS -tu tio re o f 24 o f them make p r o v is io n s f o r s p e c i a l assessm ent© *

Ten o f th© i n t e r n a t i o n a l in ­

d ep en d en t union® p o s s e s s power to le v y an a sse ssm e n t f o r t h e fo llo w in g s p e c i a l purposes*

c o n v e n tio n e x p en se , two u n io n s) © trik e s and lo c k o u ts ,

fo u r u n io n s ; em ergency, t h r e e u n io n s) h o s p i t a l and b u r i a l fu n d , one u n io n ) wage movement and le g a l d e fe n se , one union*

Of thee© e le v e n

union® th r e e a ls o make p r o v is io n s f o r o th e r ass®©aments.

Two u n io n s ,

t h e A ir L ine M echanics, and t h e M etal E n g rav e rs, p ro v id e f o r an * * * * * * 50*

rtCf By and f o r th© Reople,** Economic Outl.oohf, 7 “ F e b ru a ry , 1946*

No# 2,

1^4 a sse ss m e n t t o ©over c o n v e n tio n bxpeneeis* asset?am ent t o 11*00 a n n u a l l y .

The fo rm er r e s t r i c t * th©

The p r o v is io n s o f th e fo u r u n io n s

p ro v id in g assessm ent© f o r s t r i k e and lo o k o u ts a r e a s follow e*

Th©

01© S in k e rs allo w t h e s e c r e t a r y - t r e a s u r e r t o le v y upon a l l l o c a l s w eekly a sse s s m e n ts o f on© h o u r p a y p er week, b e g in n in g th© t h i r d week and c o n tin u in g u n t i l th e em ergency l a o v e r; th e Brewery w o rk ers c a l l f o r a n a sse ss m e n t whenever th© s t r i k e fund f a l l s below $100,000! th e E x e c u tiv e Board o f th e E n g rav e rs and Sfcetehmakers may lev y from $1*00 t o $5*00 p e r week i n c a s e o f a s t r i k e o r lo c k o u t! and, th© Looom otive E n g in e e rs r e s t r i c t t h e i r s t r i k e a sse ss m e n ts t o th o s e members m aking more th a n 1120 p e r month# The P av in g G u tte r s , P o s ta l Employees, and R a ilro a d T r a im e n r e s t r i c t a sse s s m e n ts t o em ergency p u rp o s e s .

The P aving G u tters*

a sse ssm e n t i s l im i t e d t o 2^ c e n t s .p e r day on a l l members w orking a t th© t r a d e .

The a sse ssm e n t o f th e R a ilro a d Trainm en may n o t exceed

$ 2 .0 0 p a r member i n arty one month# The Marin© fire m e n p ro v id e f o r an an n u al $3*00 a sse ssm e n t f o r t h e h o s p i t a l and b u r i a l fund#

The R a ilro a d Conductor© have

empowered th© © e e r e ta r y - tr e a s u r e r to lev y on members in v o lv e d i n a ^ c o n c e rte d wage movement#rt

A se m i-a n n u al a sse ssm e n t o f $1*00 p e r

member i s a ls o le v ie d f o r e s t a b l i s h e d l e g a l a id fund© when th e y f a l l below |1Q ,00C . I n s i x u n io n s w here t h e r e ar© aaos®ament© o th e r th a n th o s e lim ite d t o a s p e c ia l p u rp o se , t h e a sse ssm e n t i s s u b je c t t o ap p ro v al*

The m ethod o f a p p ro v a l v a r ie * w ith each u n ion#

The assessm ent® o f th e

M r L in e M echanics m ust be approved by tw o -th ird ® o f th e member® v o tin g a t s p e c i a l l o c a l m eetin g s#

The F arm ers1 u n io n approve® a sse ss m e n ts by

® m a jo r ity v o te o f t h e c o n v e n tio n .

The M achine P r i n t e r s approve

a s s e s s m e n ts by a m a jo r ity v o te o f th e l o c a l s .

The M arine Firem en

p ro v id e f o r an a s s e s s m e n t, o th e r th a n th® a sse ssm e n t f o r th e h o s p i t a l and b u r i a l fu n d , n o t t o exceed 20 p er c e n t o f on© m onth*s wages by referen d u m v o te .

The P o s ta l Etoployeea r e q u i r e a t w o - t h ir d s v o te o f

t h e e x e c u tiv e com m ittee t o le v y an a s s e s s m e n t.

The Shoe and A llie d

C ra ftsm e n a llo w th® G eneral Board o f D irector© t o le v y an a sse ssm e n t, p ro v id in g i t i s ap p ro v ed by th® c o n tr o l b o a rd . I n t h r e e o th e r o a e e s a p p ro v a l i s n o t r e q u ir e d b u t a l i m i t a ­ t i o n i s p la c e d upon t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l o f f i c e a s t o th e amount to be assessed .

The F e d e ra l H&ployees l i m i t th® a sse ssm e n t t o n o t more

th a n 10 c e n ts i n any on© month o r f i v e assessm ent© i n any one y e a r . The R a ilro a d S u p e rv is o rs l i m i t a sse ss m e n ts to n o t s o r e th a n $^.QQ p e r member per y e a r .

The A i r c r a f t W elders l i m i t th e a sse ssm e n t which

th e e x e c u tiv e b o ard may lev y t o f:l#GC a y e a r , b u t o th e r assessm ent® may be le v ie d by a m a jo r ity vot® i n a refe re n d u m .

I n sev en u n io n s

i t a p p e a rs t h a t t h e e x e c u tiv e board o r s i m ila r agency has been g iv e n f u l l a u th o r i t y t o le v y a sse ss m e n ts f o r any purpose and f o r any amount i t deems n e ce B sa ry .

15*

A ssessm ents i n A# F« o f h* U nions E ig h ty * fo u r A.F# o f L* u n io n s o u t o f 104 make 00m© k in d o f p r o v la io n f o r a8®©®®m®nts I n t h e i r c o n s t i t u t i o n .

I n 6b u n io n s a u t h o r i t y

h a s b e e n g ra n te d t o t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l to lev y an a s s e s s m e n t.

I n fo u r o f

t h e s e u n io n s a t w o - t h ir d s v o te o f th e b o ard o f d ire c to r© o r e x e c u tiv e b o a rd i a necessary*.

I n 55 o f then© u n io n s t h e r e was aom© l i m i t a t i o n

im posed e i t h e r a s t o t h e p u rp o se o f th e a sse ssm e n t o r a© to th e amount t h a t c o u ld be l e v i e d , o r both*

F iv e o f th e s e 55 u n io n s allo w ed o th e r

assessm en t® . I n 20 u n io n s th e aseeosrneni m ust be approved by a referendum # I n 4 o f th e s e union© a t w o - t h ir d s v o te i n th© referen d u m was r e q u ir e d f o r a p p ro v a l*

On© u n io n , th e G la ss C u t te r s , r e q u ir e d a tw o - t h ir d s v o te

o f th© e n t i r e m em bership# s u f f i c i e n t f o r a p p ro v a l#

I n th© o th e r 15 union© a m a jo r ity v o te was Only 2 o f th e 20 u n io n s p ro v id e d f o r a

l i m i t a t i o n on t h e amount t h a t c o u ld be l e v i e d .

Th® E d i t o r i a l A ssocia­

t i o n lim it© th© amount t o one d o l la r p er month and n o t more th a n f iv e d o lla rs per y e a r.

The B ookbinders s t a t e t h a t th© a sse ssm e n t should

n o t be g r e a t e r th a n t e n p e r c e n t o f th© w eekly e a rn in g s#

Two o f th e s e

tw e n ty u n io n s a ls o p ro v id e f o r an a u to m a tic a sse ssm e n t under c e r t a i n c o n d it i o n s .

The Photo-E ngraver© may lev y an a sse ssm e n t when th e

d e fe n se fund f a l l s below 1550,000.

Th© d h e e t M etal W orkers have a

s i m i l a r p r o v is io n and may le v y an a sse ssm e n t when th© d e fe n se fund f a ll© below $250, 0 0 0 #

157 S lo v e n o th e r u n io n s hav® mad® p ro v isio n © t o le v y an a s s e s s ­ m ent w henever c e r t a i n f i n d s have re a c h e d a minimum l e v e l .

T h is p la n

i n s u r e s a d d i t i o n a l re v e n u e w henever th e danger p o in t i s re a c h e d ,

fh e

G lgarm akers may le v y an a sse ssm e n t w henever th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l fund i s l e s s t h a n t e n d o l l a r s p e r c a p ita *

Th© G ra n ite C u tte ro have g iv e n th®

E x e c u tiv e O ouncil powar t o le v y an a sse ssm e n t o f on© d o l l a r p er m onth w henever th© g e n e r a l fund f a l l s helow $25#0G0.

T h is a sse ssm e n t i s t o

s ta y i n e f f e c t u n t i l th e g e n e ra l fund re a c h e s $53*000.

The L ather©

p ro v id e f o r an afiBesesment o f t e n c e n ts p e r c a p i t a when t h e t r e a s u r y f a ll© below $5>000, such aeseeam ent t o be le v ie d u n t i l th e g e n e ra l fu n d re a c h e s £5 $000*

The e x e c u tiv e c o u n c il o f th e 1 lum bers and

Steam f i t t e r s may le v y an a s ©os ament when fund© o f th e u n io n f a l l below two d o lla r© p e r c a p ita *

The T eam sters a u th o r iz e t h e E x e c u tiv e

Board t o le v y a n ae se a ament o f f i f t y c e n ts p e r member when t h e fund© o f th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l go below $250,000*

Th® U p h o ls te r e r s author!as®

a n a n n u al a sse ss m e n t o f one d o l l a r p er member when t h e fu n d s o f t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l a r e l e s s th a n #5*000.

However, no member o f a l o c a l

c h a r te r e d l e e s t h a n on© y e a r may be a s s e s s e d . To m a in ta in th© b e n e f i t fund th e E l e c t r i c a l Workers o f Am erica a u th o r iz e an a sse ssm e n t o f one d o l l a r when th e fund f a l l s below 1250,000.

ifhen th e d e a th and d i s a b i l i t y fund of th e Hallway

Carmen f a l l s below $100,000 a n a sse ssm e n t o f f i f t y c e n ts may b® le v ie d .

Th© E x e o u tiv e Board o f th e .s tr e e , E l e c t r i c R ailw ay, and

M otor Coach Sfaployee© may le v y an a sse ssm e n t o f on© d o l l a r p er m onth,

156 fit* n o t more t h a n t h r e e month® i n any one y e a r whenever t h e f u n e r a l anil d i s a b i l i t y fund 1® re d u c e d t o #5 0 0 , 0 0 0 * Two u n io n s p ro v id e f o r an aeeessroent t o m a in ta in t h e i r d e fe n s e fund a t a minimum le v e l*

Th® Spirm or s allo w mxoh a n assess-*

s e n t wham t h e d e fe n s e fund fa ll® below 110*000*

The 3tov® M ounters

a llo w t h e E x s e u tlv e Board t o le v y an a sse ssm e n t o f n o t more th a n tw e n ty - f iv e c e n ts p e r c a p i t a p er week when th e d e fe n se flmd f a l l s below #20*000* O th er p r o v is io n s t o le v y a sse ss m e n ts f o r b e n e f i t p u rp o se s a r e a s fo llo w s ! A utom obile Workers* on b e n e f i t members t o co v er th e c o s t o f b e n e fit. F irem en and O ile rs * to make up d e fic ie n c y i n b u r i a l fund* U n ite d Garment Workers* t o m a in ta in b e n e f i t fu n d . L a d ie s Garment Workers* annual a sse ssm e n t o f one d o l l a r f o r d e a th b e n e f i t fu n d . Glove Workers* an n u al a sse ssm e n t o f on© d o l l a r f o r d e a th b e n e f i t fu n d . The P l a t e P r i n t e r s , Die Stam pers and E n g rav ers p ro v id e f o r a d e fe n se aeaesem ont on l o c a l u n io n s .

The P o t t e r s a sse ssm e n t t o t h e

d e fe n se fund am ounts t o o n e -f o u r th o f one p e r c e n t o f th e member6s pay c h ec k . For o r g a n iz a tio n a l p u rp o se s th© B i l l P o ste rs* B i l l e r s and D i s t r i b u t o r s lev y a n annual a sse ssm e n t o f tw e n ty - f iv e cent© .

Th©

E l e c t r i c a l W orkers a llo w th© p r e s id e n t to le v y an a sse ssm e n t f o r o r g a n ! z a tlo n a l p u rp o s e s . a u n iq u e a s s e s s m e n t.

The P r i n t i n g Freeomen and A s s is ta n ts have

L ocal u n io n s s e c u rin g a wage in c r e a s e th ro u g h

t h e e f f o r t s o f th® i n t e r n a t i o n a l pay f i v e per c e n t o f th e in cree.ee

V?9 tm

each member f o r Hi* m onths t o th® in te rz i& tio n a l «

The b o a rd o f

t r u s t e e s may a ls o le v y a n a sse ss m e n t o f tw e n ty c e n ts p e r week p e r member. T hree u n io n s le v y a sse ss m e n ts t o ©over c o n v e n tio n e x p en se s a s f o llo w s : G lass B o t t l e B low ers, a sse ss m e n t e q u iv a le n t o f one m onth*s “t r a d e a s s e s s m e n t# “ Switchmen, a f i f t e e n c e n t m onthly a sse ss m e n t. W a llp a p e r, C raftsm en and W orkers, on© d o l l a r a sse ssm e n t b e fo r e t h e co n v en tio n * Assessment© f o r s t r i k e p u rp o se s may be le v ie d a® f o llo w s : A sb estos W orkers, s u f f i c i e n t f o r tw e lv e d o l l a r weekly s t r i k e b e n e f it* B rick and 01 ay Worker®, on© d o l l a r p e r member* C a rp e n te rs and J o i n e r s , t o su p p o rt a s tru c k l o c a l i t y . O igarm akere, t o a id a s t r i k e i n a n o th e r t r a d e , n o t to exceed f i f t y c e n ts p e r week* L a d ie s Garment Worker®, tw©nty**fiv© c e n ts p e r member p e r week f o r a p e rio d e f n o t more th a n tw e n ty week© i n any one y e a r f o r th© s t r i k e fu n d . U n ited Garment W orkers, f i v e c e n ts p e r week on w orking members* Laundry W orkers, t e n c e n ts p e r week. L ith o g ra p h e rs , 0.ssessm ent allo w ed w ith a tw o ~ th ird s v o te . R a ilro a d T e le g r a p h e r s , n o t t o exceed one d o l l a r t c r e p le n is h s t r i k e fund* •S pinners, when a s t r i k e h a s been a u th o riz e d * S to n e G u t t e r s , n o t more th a n one d o l l a r p e r member p e r week* R e s t r i c t i o n s ae to th© amount which may be le v ie d when a u n io n ha© b een g iv e n th e a u t h o r i t y to le v y f o r any p urpose i s a s fo llo w s :

1 60

A utom obile Work®re, n o t more th a n t h r e e o n e - d o l l a r assessm ent© p e r y e a r* B lack seal the* Drop Forger® and H elper® , betw een tw e n ty - f iv e and f i f t y eent® p e r week p e r member* B rid g e and S t r u c t u r a l I r e n Worker®, annual a sse ssm e n t o f one d o l la r and a h a lf* G le an in g and Dye House W orkers, one d o l la r p er member n o t more t h a n tw ic e a y e ar# D i s t i l l e r y , R e c tif y in g and Win© Worker®, n o t t c exceed t e n cent® p er c a p i t a p e r month* Government Em ployees, n o t more th a n fo u r a sse ss m e n ts i n any one y e a r n o t to exceed tw e n ty - f iv e c e n ts i n any one m onth. Hod G & rrie rs, one d o l l a r p e r y e a r w ith n o t more th a n tw e n ty f i v e c e n ts p e r member fo u r tim e s a y e a r on t h e l o c a l . H o te l and H e e ta u ra n t Employees, n o t l e s s th a n one c e n t and n o t more th a n f i v e c o n tn p e r member i n any one month* Meat G u tte r s and B u tch er Workmen, n o t over f i f t y c e n ts p er m onth, n o t more th a n t h r e e tim e s p e r y ear* P e e to f f i o s and R ailw ay M ail L a b o re rs , n o t more th e n one d o l l a r p er y ear# S t a te , County and M unicipal Employees, n o t to exceed tw e n ty f i v e cent® p e r member and n o t more th a n tw ic e a y ear* In s i x t e e n union® a u th o r i ty to le v y aoBeeHjaente seems t o h av e been g ra n te d t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l w ith o u t r e s t r i c t i o n s a s to t h e amount o r p u rp o se , e x c e p t t h a t i t be n e c e s s a ry o r an em ergency. Where power to le v y an asse ssm e n t th ro u g h t h e c h e c k o ff ha© b een g iv e n th e e x e c u tiv e c o u n c il i t become© a pow erful in s tru m e n t o f t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l union*

I n \9$1 th© U n ite d Mine W orkers u se d t h i s

m ethod o f c o l l e c t i n g a p p ro x im a te ly a m i l l i o n d o l l a r s t o be u se d i n

161 o rg a n iz in g

% t h e a u t o m o b i l e and s t e e l i n d u s t r i e s . U nions te n d t o a v o id le v y in g a ss e s s m e n ts due t o th e expense

and d i f f i c u l t y In v o lv e d i n c o l l e c t i n g them .

52

I t a p p e a rs t h a t assess**

m onte a re p a r t i c u l a r l y u n s u ite d f o r f in a n c in g s t r i k e s .

L evying an

a sse ss m e n t r e q u i r e s c o n s id e r a b le tim e* e s p e c i a l l y i f i t m ust b© approved by referendum *

The o c c a s io n which n e c e s s i t a t e d th e assess**

m ent may have p a sse d b e fo re r e c e i p t s a r e fo rth c o m in g .

Then to o ,

i n d i v i d u a l s on © trik e a re i n an u n fa v o ra b le p o s i t i o n to pay th e a sse ssm e n t le v ie d upon. them .

Where a s se ss m e n ts a re f r e q u e n tly

r e s o r t e d t o , i t tend® t o i n d i c a t e la c k o f c e n t r a l i z a t i o n o f power i n t h e u n io n . x V o lu n ta ry P o n t r l b u ti one Th© American F e d e ra tio n o f L abor a p p e a rs t o have used v o lu n ta r y c o n tr i b u ti o n s more e f f e c t i v e l y a s a m ethod o f g iv in g f in a n ­ c ia l

a id t o v a r io u s u n io n s th a n th© epeci& l a s s e s s m e n t.

Th© p ro p e r

p ro c e d u re f o r a u n io n se e k in g f i n a n c i a l a id i s t o subm it a r e q u e s t t© t h e E x e c u tiv e O o u n c il.

I f t h e r e q u e s t i s app ro v ed , e i t h e r an ap p ea l

f o r v o lu n ta r y c o n tr i b u ti o n s i s mad© t o a l l u n io n members, or th e u n io n l a a u th o r iz e d t o make a n ap p ea l d i r e c t l y t o o th e r u n io n s and c i t y b o d ie s .

I n th® p a s t numerous

a p p e a ls

f o r h e lp wore

made.

* # it ■* sjt J l.

R o b ert R. R. B rooks, When Labor Cnranlge©.,

$2*

I b i d . . p . 249.

55*

I b i d *, p . 249*

p . 24p.

The

162

F e d e r a tio n ha® c o n s t a n t ly e x p re ss e d th® id e a o f th® a b s o lu te n e c e s s i t y f o r e ac h u n io n t o p ro v id e I t s e l f w ith a d e q u a te fu n d s th ro u g h i t s own e ffo rt® *

Th© fo llo w in g q u o t a t i o n e x p re s s e s th® a t t i t u d e o f th e

F e d e ra tio n *

Curing t h e p e rio d when th e y a r e em ployed, and w ith o u t any d i f f i c u l t y c o n f r o n tin g them , th e y sh o u ld c o n tr i b u te t o t h e dues t h a t w i l l a f f o r d them p r o t e c t i o n i n a i l o f t h e v i c i s s i t u d e s t h a t may b e f a l l them , t o a id i n s e c u rin g t h e im proved c o n d itio n s to which th e y a re e n t i t l e d * E x p e rie n c e h a s d e m o n stra te d t h a t th© f a i l u r e o f th© u n io n s to r e q u i r e th e c o n tr i b u ti o n s o f h ig h e r dues and th® c o n se q u e n t ab sen c e o f any fund, i s th e cau se o f s t r i k e s cj. and lo o k o u ts w hich c o u ld and would o th e rw is e be a v e rte d * I t b ee b een f e l t t h a t th e is s u a n c e o f a n a p p e a l f o r f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e d is p la y e d a s ig n o f f i n a n c i a l w eakness which gave renew ed c o n fid e n c e t o em ployers t o h o ld o u t lo n g e r, b e in g a ssu re d t h a t hunger would weaken t h e i n d iv id u a l and b re a k th e s t r i k e *

I n t h e e a r ly y e a r s

I t was a l s o th e c o n te n tio n o f th© F e d e ra tio n t h a t u n io n s would te n d t o le v y low dues and n o t a ccu m u late r e s e r v e fund© so lo n g a© th e y e o u ld r e l y upon c o n t r i b u t i o n s and

a s s e s s m e n ts

f o s t e r e d by th© p a re n t o rg a n -

i z a t i o n , when th e y were i n need o f f i n a n c i a l a a s i s t a n c e . d e s p ite t h e i r r e lu c ta n o y ,

The F e d e ra tio n ,

made numerous a p p e a ls i n o rd e r to g iv e

t h e i r a f f i l i a t e d b o d ie s f i n a n c i a l a s s is ta n c e * A«F« o f L . a p p e a ls f o r v o lu n ta ry c o n tr i b u ti o n s The c c n v e n tlo n i n 1869 approved an a p p e a l f o r v o lu n ta ry c o n tr i b u ti o n f o r an e ig h t- h o u r day a g i t a t i o n fund* # 6 $ * * $ 54*

Pro ce ed in g s*

The fund was to be

A*F# o f L« C onvention, 1904, p . 85*

16J laded t o c o v e r t h e c o o t o f se n d in g Mr* Jo h n B arns o f London* and o th e r l e c t u r e r s o a t t o t h e p u b lic t o prom ote th e s h o r t work day movement# 55 and t o * f u r th o r th® grow th and e x te n s io n o f t r a d e u n io n p r i n c i p l e ©*’1 A t o t a l o f #864*90 wae r a i s e d th ro u g h t h i s a p p e a l w hich was $55*^3 s h o r t o f c o v e rin g t h e expense© o f t h e apeak e r a a p p e a rin g u n d e r t h e i r a u s p ic e s * ^ An a p p e a l f o r fu n d s was is s u e d by th e E x ec u tiv e C ouncil i n November 1892, t o h e lp a id t h e Amalgamated A s s o c ia tio n o f I r o n and S te e l Worker© i n d e fe n d in g t h e c a s e s o f workmen a t Homestead* P e n n sy lv a n ia b e fo re t h e c o u rts *

57

A t o t a l o f #7,045*60 was r a i s e d

i n t h i s m anner f o r th® Homestead L egal D efense Fund o f which #5*584*96 was expended*

58

The c o n tr i b u ti o n s f o r t h i s fUnd ran g ed

from one d o l l a r t o t h r e e h u n d red , w ith moat o f th e c o n tr i b u ti o n s b e in g l e s s th a n 0 0 + ^ An a p p e a l f o r f i n a n c i a l a id f o r t h e d e fe n se o f Eugene V* Debs was I s s u e d i n 1894* and i n two y e a r s a t o t a l o f #1*586*41 was 60 c o lle c te d * C o n tr ib u tio n s o f #11*144 w ere c o l l e c t e d i n 1898 from t h e w o rk ers i n th© U n ited State© and e©nt t o a id th e e n g in e e rs o f 61 G re a t B r i t a i n i n t h e i r s t r i k e *

55-

I b i d . , 1889, p* 21*

56*

Ib id * , 1900, p . 19*

57*

Xbid«, 1895, P* 17*

58.

Ib id * » 1895, p * 21 *

59-

I b i d . , 1893, pp* I T ^ l *

60 7,757 7 6 ,5 8 9 7 4 ,0 6 2 7 3 ,0 5 0 7 3 ,5 8 6 7 5 .5 7 5 7 4 ,7 8 1 7 8 ,8 8 6 7 9 ,3 * 2 7 9 ,5 4 7 7 9 ,3 0 8 7 9 ,6 4 4 7 8 ,2 9 8 7 4,321 7 5 ,3 4 8 7 6 ,6 3 4 8 4 ,1 2 5 8 7 ,1 * 7

D efense E x p e n d itu re a i

1 4 8 ,4 9 1 .4 9 1 7 7 ,1 7 9 .3 9 3 5 4 ,5 9 5 -7 7 1 7 8 ,8 4 0 .1 3 1 8 1 ,6 6 6 .1 9 2 0 7 ,7 5 7 .8 2 116, 2 67 .17 1 6 4 ,8 3 9 .4 5 154, 157.08 1 1 2 ,9 9 1 .0 9 1 5 0 ,7 5 8 .3 3 1 5 7 ,1 8 5 .3 5 8 7 ,6 2 4 .2 5 7 7 ,3 6 4 .9 0 3 0 ,5 4 4 .8 5 4 2 6 ,1 3 4 .2 6 1 , 0 25, 653.71 4 ,3 9 6 ,5 3 5 .3 6

C a p ita C oet $ 1.91 O^XO 4 .7 9 2 .4 5 2 .4 7 2 .8 3 1 .5 5 2 .0 9 1 .9 4 1 .4 2 1 .6 5 1 .9 7 1 .1 2 1 .0 4 .69 5 .5 6 12 .17 5 0 .4 4

* * * * It *

36*

Oompilad from t h e He p o r t s o f O f f ic e r s and Proceeding© o f th e I n t e r n a t i o n a l T y p o g rap h ica l U nion Convention©*

198 I n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n $16*©79*$71 o v er a p e rio d o f a b o u t f i v e y e a r s ©f t h i s t o t a l c o s t #8 *7©8 , 520*7? was expended i n 19 2 2 *

To a id t h e

Q hleago T y p o g ra p h ic a l U nion Ho* 16 a referen d u m v o te o f F eb ru ary 18* 1948 a u th o r i s e d a s p e c i a l a sse ssm e n t o f a p e r io d o f one y e a r*

p e r c e n t o f e a rn in g s f o r

T o ta l re c e ip t® t o May 20, 19*$ amounted t o

$ 3 ,1 9 8 ,3 0 7 .0 7 .56 A r a t h e r r e c e n t developm ent w hich i n d i c a t e s a change i n t h e n a tu r e o f s t r i k e e x p e n d itu r e s o f la b o r u n io n s i s found i n t h e i r a p p e a l t o th e g e n e ra l p u b lic d u rin g a s tr ik e *

To re a o h th e p u b lic ,

r a t h e r e x te n s iv e u se i s mad© o f a d v e r t i s i n g and th e ra d io * b i l l s and p u b l i c i t y s t u n t s have a ls o b een used*

Hand*-

Some id e a o f th e

im p o rta n c e o f t h i s ty p e o f p u b l i c i t y i s i n d ic a te d by a d v e r t is in g p e r i o d i c a l s w hich hav© c o n clu d ed t h a t such a d v e r t i s i n g i s d e s e rv in g o f a p p r a i s a l . ^ The e x te n t t o which u n io n s r e s o r t t o t h i s ty p e o f p u b l i c i t y d u rin g s t r i k e s I n d i c a t e s in c r e a s e d e x p e n d itu re s *

Thee©

e x p e n d itu re e a re j u s t i f i e d by th© u n io n s b ecau se o f th e im p o rta n c e o f f a s h io n in g p u b lic opin io n * The g ra d u a l te n d e n c y h a s b een f o r th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s t o ta k e o v er th© r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f s u p p o rtin g s tr ik e s *

T h is h a s

r e s u l t e d i n g iv in g th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n more e f f e c t i v e c o n tr o l ov er © trik es#

Th© e x e c u tiv e o f f i c e r s , b e in g r e s p o n s ib le f o r th e f i n a n c i a l

s ta n d in g o f th e o r g a n i s a t io n , te n d to p u rsu e a p o lic y o f a v o id in g s t r i k e s where p o s s ib le *

B eing w e ll awar© o f th e c o s t l i n e s s o f s t r i k e s , %* * *

57* i b i d * 5$* I b id ,., p* 59* D a n k eri, op# p i t *» p* 404#

199 th o y

l o o k u p o n th o r n & s a o m o t h i n g t o

m eans o f s e t t l i n g d i s p u t e d * ta k e n and

bo

a v o id e d and te n d t o u e e o t h e r

A more p r a c t i c a l p o in t o f view ©an b e

th e y a r e c a u tio u s a b o u t g iv in g a u t h o r i z a t i o n t o © t r i k e .

Th© c o n s t i t u t i o n o f t h e M oulder a* u n io n s t a t e s t h a t ! S t r i k e s a r e n o t b e n e f i o i a l to o u r o r g a n iz a tio n , and i t would fee t o o u r i n t e r e s t t o a v o id , a s much ae p o s s ib le , a l l e t r i k e s , and n o t r e s o r t to th e m ,u n t il a i l o th e r means a t ©ur d is p o s a l a r e e x h a u ste d • *

Th® e x te n t t o w hich a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n w i l l go b e fo r e s a n c tio n in g a s t r i k e i s w e ll I l l u s t r a t e d i n th e c o n s t i t u t i o n o f th e U n ited ikibber, Q ork, Linoleum and 'P la s t i c W orkers which s t a t e s th e fo llo w in g p ro c e d u re t o fee fo llo w e d i n c a l l i n g a s t r i k e ! SShen a d i f f i c u l t y a r i s e s u n d er t h e j u r i s d i c t i o n o f a L ocal U nion, betw een a L o cal Union and i t n members and t h e i r em ployer o r e m p lo y ers, th© fo llo w in g p ro ­ c e d u re s h a l l fee c a r r i e d o u t i n th© o rd e r h e r e i n a f t e r s e t fo rth * ( a ) Th© O ffice r© o f th e L ocal U nion s h a l l make ©very e f f o r t t o s e c u r e a n am icab le a d ju s tm e n t o f th e d iffic u lty , (b ) F a i l i n g t o s e c u re such am icab le a d ju s tm e n t, th e O f f i c e r s o f th® L ocal Union s h a l l im m ed iately c a l l upon th© D i s t r i c t D ir e c to r f o r a s s i s t a n c e t o b r in g a b o u t a s a t i s f a c t o r y a d ju stm e n t and, a t th© same tim e , th© P r e s id e n t o f th e L o cal u n io n s h a l l f u r n is h t o t h e G eneral P r e s id e n t f u l l in fo rm a tio n o f th© n a tu r e o f th© d i f f i c u l t y * (o ) Th© R e p re s e n ta tiv e o f th e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union s h a l l th e n make ev ery e f f o r t t o s e c u re an a m icab le a d ju stm e n t o f t h e d i f f i c u l t y and r e p o r t f u l l d e ta il© o f s a id d i f f i c u l t y in c lu d in g th e number o f em ployees and n e g o tia tio n ® th e r e o n t o th® G eneral P re s id e n t* 40*

#1 »* V J# * C o n s t i t u ti o n o f th® I n t e r n a t i o n a l M olders and Foundry Workers U nion, 1946, A r t i c l e V II, Section*

(d ) A fte r ©very e f f o r t t o s e t t l e th© d is p u te 'h a s been e x h a u s te d by r e p r e s e n t a t i v e e , th e L ocal U nion, and t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l U nion w ith o u t a v a i l , t h e P r e s id e n t o f th e L o cal Union s h a l l © all rm s p e c ia l m e e tin g o f t h e L ocal U nion t o c o n sid e r t h e d i f f i c u l t y and t o d e c id e f u r t h e r c o u rs e o f a c t i o n t o b© tak en * (©) I n th© ©vent th© L ocal Union d e c id e s t o ta k e a s t r i k e v o te , t h e G en eral P r e s id e n t s h a l l be im m ed iately n o t i f i e d and a s p e c ia l m e e tin g s h a l l b© c a l le d by t h e L o cal Union P r e s id e n t* I n c a l l i n g such s p e c ia l m e e tin g , th e P r e s id e n t o f th© L o cal Union s h a l l n o t if y th© members o f th e L o cal Union o f such m ee tin g a t l e a s t tw e n ty -fo u r (2 4 ) h o u rs b e fo r e th e h o ld in g t h e r e o f and o f th e f a c t t h a t th e m e e tin g i s b e in g h e ld t o t a k e a s t r i k e vote# A tw e n ty -fo u r (2 4 ) hour p e rio d s h a l l n o t in c lu d e Sunday* ( f ) At t h e m ee tin g c a l l e d f o r t h i s p u rp o se , a f u l l e x p la n a tio n s h a l l be su b m itte d t o th e m em bership, and th e re u p o n t h e members p r e s e n t s h a ll v o te by s e c r e t b a l l o t on a u th o r iz in g t h e i r L ocal Union O f f i c e r s to c a l l a s t r i k e , s u b je c t to th e a p p ro v a l o f th© G eneral E x ec u tiv e Board a s h e r e i n a f t e r s e t fo rth * ( g ) Ho © trik e v o te s h a l l be ta k e n a t ©aid m e e tin g u n le s s a t l e a s t one q u a r te r o f th e L ocal Union m em bership i e p re s e n t* At such m e e tin g i t s h a l l be n e c e s s a ry t h a t tw ot h i r d s o f th o s e p r e s e n t and v o tin g on. th e q u e s tio n s h a l l ap p ro v e © trik e a c t io n b e fo re a © trik e 1© c a lle d * (h ) I n t h e ©vent th e m e e tin g can n o t be a rra n g e d a t w hich 2^ p e rc e n t o f th e m em bership can be p r e s e n t, a d e q u a te p r o v is io n m ust be made by th© L ocal Union t o a f f o r d a l l members an o p p o rtu n ity t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n th e b a l l o t i n g e i t h e r by c o n tin u in g th o m e e tin g o v e r a s u f f i c i e n t p e rio d t o p e rm it a l l members t o v o te o r by m a in ta in in g p o l li n g place© open f o r a s u f f i c i e n t p e rio d t o a ff o r d a l l members an o p p o r tu n ity to v o te w ith o u t l o s in g tim e from t h e i r em ploym ent» ( i ) A fte r a s t r i k e i s v o ted by a L ocal Union i n th© manner h e r e in b e f o r e p ro v id e d , th e L ocal Union P r e s id e n t s h a l l Im m ed iately inform t h e G eneral P r e s id e n t o f such a c t io n and s h a l l send to th e G eneral P r e s id e n t by r e g i s t e r e d m ail th e co u n t o f © trik e v o te s sig n e d by th© t e l l e r s who counted ©am©? a w r i t t e n a p p l i c a t i o n f o r a u t h o r i z a t i o n o f s a id s t r i k e by th e G eneral E x ec u tiv e Boardj and a sta te m e n t a s t o th© number o f em ployees who w ill be a ffe c te d *

201

(3 ) A L o cal Union d e c la r in g a s t r i k e i n v i o l a t i o n o f t h e p ro c e d u re h e r e i n o u t li n e d o r w ith o u t o b ta in in g th© a u th o riz a tio n s o f th e G eneral S x e o u tiv e Board a s h e re ­ a f t e r p ro v id e d s h a l l not.b© e n t i t l e d to t h e s u p p o rt o f th e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union* Sine© ©any o f t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l s r e q u ir e t h a t t h e i r r e p r e s e n t ­ a t i v e s t r y and a f f e c t a n am ica b le a d ju s tm e n t a f t e r t h e lo o a l u n io n h a s f a i l e d , th e amount p a id f o r o r g a n iz e r s had s t e a d i l y increased*.

T h is

would i n d i c a t e t h a t th e la b o r u n io n s a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n s e t t l i n g t h e i r d is p u t e s by c o l l e c t i v e b a rg a in in g r a t h e r th a n by s t r i k e s a The n e t a f f e c t o f s t r i k e s on a n a tio n a l b a s i s , co n d u cted i n th e b a s ic i n d u s t r i e s a f f e c t e d w ith th© p u b lic i n t e r e s t , suoh a s c o a l and s t e e l , i s to b r in g f o r t h i n t e n s i v e e f f o r t s f o r governm ent i n t e r ­ v e n tio n and l e g i s l a t i o n p r o h i b i t i n g s trik e s ®

The one p o in t upon

w hich m ost la b o r le a d e r s and b u s in e s s men a g re e i s th e o p p o s itio n t o any d e c is iv e i n t e r v e n t i o n by th© Government i n d is p u te s c o n c e rn in g th© t e n s e o f a la b o r c o n t r a c t .

I t i s l a b o r 1@ c o n te n tio n t h a t th©

p r e s e n t c a p i t a l i s t i c system c a n b e s t b© p re s e rv e d th ro u g h c o l l e c t i v e b a rg a in in g *

L abor f u r t h e r c o n te n d s t h a t i t m ust have th© p o t e n t i a l

econom ic power o f th e s t r i k e and t h a t management m ust have th© le g a l c o n tr o l o f o p e r a tio n s i n o rd e r t o b a rg a in c o l l e c t i v e l y on an e q u a l b a s is •

ip

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41*

C o n s t i t u ti o n o f th e U n ited Rubber, Cork, Linoleum and P l a s t i c Worker© o f Am erica, 194d, A r t i c l e X, S e c tio n 1®

202 A* P* o f L . s t r i k e Th© kn&vl e a n f e d e r a t i o n o f Labor ha® giv®n l i t t l e a s s i s t a n c e t© i t s a f f i l i a t e d b o d ic e i n a id in g them i n t h e i r s t r i k e s .

For some

y e a r e Samuel OcstnpetN^ t r i e d t o ^ e s t a b l i s h a d e fe n se fund I n t h e F e d e ra tio n t o a i d th e n a t i o n a l and i rite m e t to n a l union© and t o e a t a b l i e h more c e n t r a l i s e d a u t h o r i t y i n o rd e r to ©eoura more c o o p e r a tio n i n s t r i k e s *

A r e s o l u t i o n t o e s t a b l i s h a common d e fe n se fund f o r a l l o r g a n iz a tio n s a f f i l i a t e d w ith t h e American F e d e ra tio n o f L abor, by pay in g f i v e c e n ts p e r month p e r member, was in tro d u c e d i n 1896* a ls o su g g e ste d i n 1909 end 1914.

42

S im ila r m easu res were

Each e f f o r t t o e s t a b l i s h such a fund

was opposed by th® l a r g e r n a ti o n a l u n io n s .

I t wa© t h e i r c o n te n tio n

t h a t such a fund would r e s u l t i n th© c o n c e n tr a tio n o f power i n th® han d s o f th e o f f i c i a l s o f th e F e d e ra tio n * The F e d e ra tio n h a s r a t h e r c o n s i s t e n t l y opposed th e u s e o f th e g e n e ra l and sy m p a th e tic s t r i k e , and h a s made an e f f o r t i n t h e p a s t t o o b ta in th e c o n se n t o f th e a f f i l i a t e d u n io n s to r e f r a i n from engag­ in g i n such p ra c tic e ® .

However, th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s h o ld t h a t 42 d ecisio n ® on such m a tte r s i s t h e i r own p r e r o g a t iv e . I t h a s been s t a t e d

t h a t th e F e d e ra tio n “fa v o rs v o lu n ta ry a r b i t r a t i o n , d e p r e c ia t e s s t r i k e s . . *,feut w i l l r e f u s e a r b i t r a t i o n , and w i l l r e s o r t t o s t r i k e s and * tjr If! * Ift $ 42*

Proceeding© o f th e Am erican F e d e ra tio n o f Labor Convention* I 898, p . 45*

4 j*

P ro c e e d in g s o f t h e American F e d e r a tio n o f Labor C o n v e n tio n , X928, p . 297e

20? p o litie s in g

w hen s u e h s ta tio n se e m s b e s t c a l o u l a t e d t o

e f f o r t© a n d i n c r e a s e i t s b a rg a in in g pow er. w

su p p o rt i t s

b a rg a in -

Th© f e d e r a t i o n h a s

b e e n o f c o n s id e r a b le h e lp t o th© weaker u n io n s I n th© c a p a c ity o f a m e d ia to r betw een s t r i k i n g w o rk e rs and em ployers*

k h e re s t r i k e s a r e

l o c a l i n n a tu r e th© o r g a n i s e r s re n d e r such m e d ia tio n a id a s 1® n e c e ssa ry * w h ile on i s s u e s which a r e n a ti o n a l i n sco p e i t i s th e o b l i g a t i o n o f th© p r e s i d e n t o r th© E x e c u tiv e Committee t o assume t h i s r o le *

Th© F e d e ra tio n a ls o h a s th e power t o re n d e r f i n a n c i a l

a s s l s t a n c e t o s t r i k i n g i n t e r n a t i o n a l s by e i t h e r le v y in g a s p e c ia l a sse ss m e n t o f t e n c e n ts p a r member p e r week, f o r in g

p e rio d n o t exceed**

t w e n ty - s ix weeks* o r by i s s u i n g a n a p p e a l f o r funds#

Such a s s e s s ­

m ents and a p p e a ls have n o t b een to o f r e q u e n t a s in d ic a t e d i n C h ap ter IX* For th o s e u n io n s d i r e c t l y a f f i l i a t e d # th© Am erican F e d e ra tio n o f Labor assum es f u l l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y and c o n tr o l o v er t h e i r strik e s *

The c o n s t i t u t i o n p ro v id e s t h a t to r e c e iv e s t r i k e b e n e f i t s

from t h e d e fe n se fund th e l o c a l t r a d e and f e d e r a l la b o r u n io n s m ust n o t i f y t h e p r e s i d e n t o f th e American F e d e ra tio n o f Labor i n th© e v e n t 45 t h a t a d isa g re e m e n t may r e s u l t i n a s t r i k e * The p r e s id e n t s h a l l th e n i n v e s t i g a t e and a tte m p t t o re a c h a s e t t l e m e n t •

I n t h e ©vent

t h a t such e f f o r t s h a l l prove f u t i l e th e S x e o u tiv e C ouncil may a u th o r ­ i z e a s t r i k e by a m a jo r ity v ote*

Upon such a p p ro v a l, th e lo c a l u n io n

m ust c a s t a t h r e e - f o u r t h s a f f i r m a t i v e v o te o f th© members p r e s e n t by s e c r e t b a l l o t bofor© l e g a l l y d e c la r in g t h e a t r i k e . * * * * * * 44* 45*

H oxie, oj>. p i t *, p# 46# C o n s t i t u ti o n o f th e American F e d e ra tio n o f L abor, A r tic le X III*

zok.

Ho l o c a l u n io n o r I n d iv id u a l i « e n t i t l e d t o © trik e b e n e fit® u n l e s s he hae b een i n good s ta n d in g w ith th e American F e d e ra tio n o f h a b o r f o r one y ear*

The i n d i v i d u a l member® a r e e n t i t l e d t o b e n e fit®

o f se v en d o lla r® p e r week f o r a p e rio d o f s ix week®, such p e rio d may b e e x te n d e d by t h e E x e c u tiv e C o u n c il,

To r e c e iv e th e b e n e f i t e ac h

member on s t r i k e m ust r e p o r t d a ll y to th e l o c a l union* T a b le XXXVI show® t h e p o s i t i o n o f th e d e fe n se fund s in c e i t wae e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1902* v a r ie d *

The am ounts p a id o u t o v er th e year® have

D uring th© f i r s t few year® a® ® istance was m eager, f o r th©

F e d e ra tio n was a tte m p tin g t o a ccu m u late a r e s e r v e . paym ents w ere somewaht In c re a s e d * c o n s id e r a b ly low er*

A fte r t h a t ,

S ince 1926 th e payment® have b e e n

I t h as b een th© p o lic y o f th e F e d e ra tio n e in c e

th e n t o d is c o u ra g e s trik e ® w henever p o s s ib le *

Th© somewhat h ig h e r

disbursem ent© f o r 1915, 1955, 1956, 1959, 1940, 1946, and 194? h a v e b e en due t o t h e t r a n s f e r o f fu n d s f o r p u rp o se s o th e r th a n s t r i k e 46 b en efit© * The h i g h e s t p e r c a p i t a c o v e ra g e was re a c h e d i n 1955 when t o t a l m em bership was a t i t s lo w e st ebb* The E x e c u tiv e C o u n cil o f th e Am erican F e d e ra tio n o f ta b o r h a s th© power t© le v y an a sse ssm e n t o f t e n c e n ts on each member o f th e l o c a l t r a d e and f e d e r a l la b o r u n io n s when th e d e fe n se fund become® *d a n g e ro u sly le w # * ^ th a n f i v e p e r y e a r*

Thee© a e se ssm e n ts a r e r e s t r i c t e d t o n o t more At a l l time® t h e r e m ust be a s u r p lu s o f f i v e

th o u aan d d o l l a r s i n th e d e fe n se fu n d . 46*

See page g0»

47*

C o n s t i t u ti o n ©f th e Am erican F e d e ra tio n o f L abor, A r tic le X I I I , .S ectio n 11#

t a b l e XXXVI A* F* o f L* D efense Fund From 1902 th ro u g h 1947 Yawr

1902 1905 4 1964 1965 1906 190? 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1915 1914 1915 1910 191? 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1925 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 19*50 1951 1952 1955 1954 1955 1954 1957 1958 1939 1940

B x p * a d itu r* e

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B alan ce

2 0 ,4 2 3 ,0 0 6 5 ,3 9 6 ,4 0 8 1 ,1 4 6 .9 5 9 4 ,9 1 6 .4 0 9 6 ,8 2 9 .0 2 1 0 5 ,0 7 8 .8 9 1 0 5 ,2 8 2 .0 9 1 1 5 ,8 7 7 .1 4 1 2 1 ,9 6 3 .5 9 133, 7 8 2 .3 4 8 5 , 6 63 .27 8 4 ,9 2 4 .6 2 9 1 ,8 5 3 .4 2 5 7 ,3 8 7 .8 5 69,151*02 9 1 ,1 5 4 .6 4 1 0 8 ,0 7 2 .2 0 1 7 9 ,7 2 5 .8 9 1 6 4 ,0 7 4 .3 4 161, 2 1 7 .9 6 1 7 5 ,3 7 8 .8 8 1 8 3 ,9 9 4 .2 8 2 0 1 , 1 3 1 .5 6 2 0 2 ,0 2 9 .3 ? 1 9 5 ,0 9 5 .7 8 2 17 , 8 3 9 .5 6 2 30 , 5 8 4 .7 3 2 7 8 ,6 7 8 .6 4 5 0 2 ,2 4 6 .8 0 3 1 8 ,3 1 4 .1 9 3 3 4 ,4 9 5 .0 9 535,511*36 4 6 6 ,0 4 2 .6 ? 5 8 7 ,5 7 8 .4 5 5 1 0 , 6 2 3 .8 6 5 3 3 , 1 3 8 .7 2 4 3 6 ,7 7 4 .9 6 5 0 1 ,9 6 3 .5 4 6 2 7 ,4 8 8 .8 6

A verage Member­ s h ip

0,000 t r a n s f e r r e d t o th© g e n e r a l fund* $500*000 t r a n s f e r r e d t o th e g e n e ra l fund* $150,000 t r a n s f e r r e d t o th e g e n e ra l fund* $100,000 t r a n s f e r r e d t o th e g e n e ra l fund* 125,000 t r a n s f e r r e d t o th e g e n e ra l fund* $200,000 t r a n s f e r r e d t o th e g e n e ra l fund* $1,482,808*27 t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e g e n e ra l fund*

t^XpeS&ed

Par Member •

.6 6 .2 0 .0 5 .0 8 . 0* 1 :8 0 6 :5 9

20?

C h a p te r XV BBMBttOXAftt WfiMBXTOWB The developm ent o f b e n e f i c i a r y p ro grams by n a ti o n a l u n io n s i n tfee U n ite d S t a t e s began a b o u t I860*1

P r i o r t o t h a t tim e , w ith a

few e x c e p tio n s* b e n e f i c i a r y program© w ere developed on a l o c a l b a s is * The fo llo w in g t a b l e shows t h e y e a r i n which © elected n a t i o n a l union© w ere o rg an ised * and t h e d a te o f i n t r o d u c t i o n o f a b e n e f i t program *^ T a b le I x m x B a te s o f I n t r o d u c t i o n o f B e n e f it Program® Xn N a tio n a l U nions Name o f Union T y p o g ra p h ic a l U nion H a tte rs * A s© eo latio n S to n e C u t t e r s ’ A s s o c ia tio n G la ss B o t tl e B low ers I r o n M o u ld ers’ Union C ig a r Makers* Union C a r p e n te rs and J o i n e r s P a in te rs P a t t e r n M akers B a rb e rs M a c h in is ts M etal P o lish e r© Garment W orkers

B ate N a tio n a l O rg a n ise d 18?0 1855 I 855 I 857 1859 1884 1881 1887 1887 1887 1889 1890 1891

D ate o f I n t r o d u c t io n o f B e n e f it 1891 1887 1892 1891 1870 1867 1882 1887 1898 1895 1895 1890 1902

I t was t h e b e l i e f o f many o f t h e e a r l y la b o r le a d e r s t h a t t h e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f a b e n e f i c i a r y system would a id and f o s t e r th e * * * * * * 1*

Jam es B* Kennedy, B e n e f ic ia r y Feature© ojF Atterio&n T rade Unions, p.

2a

11 •

I b i d »g P« 12*

208

tra d ® u n io n m ovement.

I t was reGognissed t h a t u n io n s w ith b e n e f i c i a r y

f e a t u r e s m a in ta in e d a more s t a b l e m em bership.

Th© f e e l i n g o f b e lo n g ­

ing* d e v elo p ed th ro u g h p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n eool& l w e lf a r e , prom oted a • e e p r i t * d® ©orp* among th© u n io n members which a id e d i n s tr e n g th e n s in g t h e union*

I n d iv id u a l member® would te n d t o r e t a i n th © ir member­

s h ip I n th e u n io n d u rin g p e rio d s o f I n d u s t r i a l i n a c t i v i t y #

To do

o th e rw is e m eant l o s i n g th© p r o t e c t i o n a v a i l a b l e to them th ro u g h t h e b e n e f i c i a r y program o f f e r e d by t h e union*

I t was d u rin g such period®

t h a t i t was p a r t i c u l a r l y d e s i r a b l e t o m a in ta in m em bership which would a id th® u n io n i n m a in ta in in g wages and w orking condition® *

Not o n ly

was i t t h e deeir® o f th© u n io n t o im prove wages d u rin g p ro sp e ro u s tim es* b u t th e y a l s o a tte m p te d t o h o ld th o s e p re v io u s ly mad© g a in s d u rin g th e p e rio d o f in c r e a s e d unemployment*

The lo s e o f u n io n

member® d u rin g such period© made i t more d i f f i c u l t t o m a in ta in g a in s p r e v io u s ly a tta in e d *

I t was t h i s d e s ir e t o m a in ta in m em bership and

t o make t h e i n d iv id u a l an i n t e g r a l p a r t o f th e u n io n w hich prom pted t h e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f b e n e f i c i a r y f e a t u r e s i n American u n io n s* ^ In d ic a tio n © o f th© American F e d e ra tio n o f Labor*© a t t i t u d e to w a rd th e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f b e n e f i c i a r y p la n a a re e v in c e d by th e fo llo w in g sta te m e n ts* D uring t h e i n d u s t r i a l d e p re s s io n , u n io n s h a v in g a system o f h ig h dues and b e n e f i c i a l f e a t u r e s m a in ta in e d * 3fc $ 5*

* *

B e a tr ic e and Sidney Wobb, I n d u s t r i a l Democracy, p* 1^8*

209 B e y o n d a l l d o u b t * t h e s u p e r­ f i c i a l m o tiv e o f c o n tin u e d m em bership i n u n io n s o r g a n i s e d u p o n t h i s b a s i s was t h e m onetary b e n e f i t s t h e membere a r e e n t i t l e d t o « * 3 t h e i r r a n k s u n b ro k en *

Tim© and a g a in i n my r e p o r t s and th ro u g h o th e r avenue® I have c a l l e d a t t e n t i o n to t h e f a c t t h a t th e g r e a t e s t means t o s u c c e s s , and p a r t i c u l a r l y th e perm anency o f th© trad © union©* lie ® i n t h e e s t a b l i s h ^ m ent o f b e n e f i c i a l a© w e ll a© p r o t e c t i v e fe a tu re © * ? By 190^ i t wa© r e p o r te d t h a t c o n s id e r a b le p ro g re s s had been mad© i n th e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f g e n e ra l b e n e f i c i a r y fe a tu re © by n a ti o n a l u n io n s * 1 I n 1915* a system o f ©iek and d e a th b e n e f i t s was su g g e ste d f o r th© u n io n s d i r e c t l y a f f i l i a t e d w ith t h e A*P. o f L*7

T h is system was

deemed i l l a d v is e d and im p r a c tic a b le a© th e s e u n io n s were o f a te m p o ra ry n a tu re *

I t was p r e d ic te d t h a t c o n s id e r a b le d i f f i c u l t y

would be e n c o u n te re d i n t r a n s f e r r i n g member© o r u n io n s h a v in g a p r o p e r ty r i g h t i n th© s ic k and d e a th b e n e f i t fund i n t o o th e r n a ti o n a l «a o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s* A w e ll d ev elo p ed system o f b e n e f i t s u n d o u b ted ly does a id i n r e t a i n i n g members, b u t i t would seem re a s o n a b le t o b e li e v e t h a t i t i s d o u b tfu l i f i t s e r v e s a s a d e v ic e to a t t r a c t members* c o n c lu d e s t h a t i

Cn© stu d y

* I t i s o b v io u s t h a t b e n e f i c i a r y f e a t u r e s a r e o n ly # * $ * * $

P ro c e e d in g s o f th© American F e d e ra tio n o f Labor O onvention, 1895, p* 12* 5*

i B £ e*

P* *7*

IM £ -»

p. 18*

7.

Ib id .,

1915, p . 444.

8.

I b id .,

1916, p . 143.

2X 0

o M® « f s e v e r a l f a c t o r s i n r e t a i n i n g m em bership*and t h a t **Th® cause© o f an in c r e a s e i n m em bership a r e u s u a l ly

bo

i n te r tw in e d t h a t n o th in g

c a n b e p ro v ed s t a t i s t i c a l l y a s t o th® e f f e c t o f th© i n t r o d u c t i o n o f b e n e f i c i a r y system© One o f t h e im p o rta n t r e a s o n s f o r th© developm ent o f b e n e f i c i a r y system© seem© t o stem from th e d e s i r e o f i n d iv i d u a ls t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n a system w hich would m eet th o s e n eed s f o r which t h e u n io n members c o u ld n o t o r d id n o t p re p a re *

T h is seems t o be sub­

s t a n t i a t e d by th e union© r e p o r t i n g to th© American F e d e ra tio n o f L abor ©n t h e i r b e n e f i c i a r y a c t i v l t i e e *

Gf se v e n ty -o n e n a tio n a l and

i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s p ay in g b e n e fit© i n 19-^6, s i x t y - f i v e p a id d e a th b e n e f i t s , t h i r t y - t w o p a id m is c e lla n e o u s b e n e f i t s , tw e n ty -o n e p a id s i c k b e n e f i t s , s i x t e e n p a id o ld age b e n e f i t s , tw e lv e p a id d i s a b i l i t y b e n e f i t s , and tw e lv e p a id unemployment b e n e f its *

Of t h e s e b e n e f i t s ,

t h e ©n® which would ap p ea r i© be m oat d i r e c t l y c o n n e c te d w ith t h e a tta in m e n t o f u n io n o b j e c ti v e s i s unemployment b e n e f i t s ,

fe t, i t

a p p e a rs a lo n g w ith d i s a b i l i t y b e n e fit© a s th e l e a s t f r e q u e n t ty p e o f b e n e fit o ffe re d .

The d e a th b e n e f i t , which i s m ost f r e q u e n tly

o f f e r e d , appear© t o a id th e u n io n s l e a s t i n aasum ing a m i l i t a n t ro le * The re a s o n s advanced f o r th© d e a th b e n e f i t b e in g m ost f r e q u e n tly o f f e r e d are*

9* 10.

th e need fo r such a s s i s t a n c e by u n io n members, t h e e a s e

Jam©© B# Kennedy, &gu c i t », p* Ip* I b i d *, p . 16.

an * o f a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , end t h a t ouch b e n e f i t i® n o t so e u b je o t t o fr a u d o r c h ic a n e ry * The p r i n c i p a l b e n e fit® p a id by t h e n a tio n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l union® a f f i l i a t e d w ith th e A* W• o f L . and t h e r a i l r o a d brotherhood® b e tw ee n t h e y e a r s o f 1927 and 1946 a re shown i n t a b l e XXXVXII*

These

fig u re ® in d io a t© t h e payment® made by th e p a re n t o rg a n is a tim s , e x c e p t I n a few ease® w here paym ents o f th e l o c a l war© a ls o in c lu d e d .

Th©

t o t a l amount o f such e x p en d itu re® d u rin g t h e tw e n ty -y e a r p e rio d h a s am ounted t o # 6 3 9 , 4 7 0 . 4 9 *

A t o t a l o f e i g h t union® expended o v e r

one m i l l i o n d o lla r® f o r suoh b e n e fit® i n 1946.

S in ce i n mo«t case®

th© amount o f b e n e f i t p a id o u t by th e l o c a l union® i s n o t in c lu d e d , i t i® re a s o n a b le t o e x p e c t t h a t th© t o t a l sum p a id o u t by a l l A*?. o f L , union® i s c o n s id e r a b ly l a r g e r .

W illiam G reen, i n a sta te m e n t

b e f o r e t h e J u d i c i a r y Com mittee o f th© 0 . S. House o f R e p re se n ta tiv e ® on May ?» 1941 s t a t e d th a t* In t h e p a s t 14 y e a r s , r e p o r te d b e n e fit© p a id by th® n a ti o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n io n s o f th e A# P. o f L. amounted t o 1 4 3 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 . T his sum do©« n o t in c lu d e b e n e fit® p a id o u t by lo c a l u n io n s i n o r g a n i s a t io n s i n which b e n e f i t fund® ar© a d m in is te re d a o le ly on a lo c a l b a s is * Had th e s e b e n e fit© been in c lu d e d , th e t o t a l sum p a id o u t by A. F, ©f L* union® would hav® approached a b i l l i o n d o l l a r s . tt D eath b e n e fit® Th© d e a th b e n e f i t i s th e m ost im p o rta n t ty p e o f b e n e f i t p a id by th© u n io n s .

Each y e a r more money i e p a id o u t f o r t h i s ty p e o f

b e n e f i t th a n any o th e r ty p e .

I n 1943 and 1946 i t accounted f o r a b o u t

212

s y 3 £ r 3 a is g p _ f ( 5 s a g § 5 5 CM CO

*2*

JP.J'V* ' £ ^ *»J* * Jf* «»

8

S}g S 3 & 3

**►

£ 8 ® 5 s S S M R S f c a 8 t 3 S rS C ; 8 f t & '***?■ *£ *‘ * > S*2i■*S JPt ' f* ' ^* df -5?* *T^ * 'h*■.p■*•*.* co o> !§S & *3 u \ ,„ -» «* J* onpa\a ao VA CA CO NO ^ ^ © 4 N O ^ W 4 l S ! S O r t ) / \ 4 ? > -O J P A < ^ N O cm CANO O O CM CM rA X A V S < A « *vO* * M •* h n * *» CM H • * • * « > , W W ^A W W H H H H CviH H H W

w

NO - 4 ^ *< 12,

p ro c e e d in g s o f th e Am erican F e d e ra tio n o f Labor C onvention, 1947* pp* 207- 210,

T o ta l B e n e f it E x p e n d itu re . F lin t- G la ss Workers G love Worker© G r a n ite G u tte r s B a tte rs Hod C a r r i e r s H ere* Sheer© H o te l and R e s ta u r a n t Employees L aundry Workers L e tte r C a rrie rs M ain ten an ce o f WayM arble* S la te and S tone P o lish e r© M eat G u tte r s and Butcher© M etal Worker® U n ite d Mine Worker® Moulder© and Foundry Worker® G ffio e Employee© F a in te r® P ap er Makers P a t t e r n Maker® P la s te re rs Plum ber s P o l i s h e r s , S u f f e r s , P l a t e r s and Helper© p o tte rs S t r e e t & E l e c t r i c Railw ay H&ployee© Roofer® S e a fa re rs S t a t e , Cotiihty and M u n icip al Employee® S te r e o ty p e r s and L 'iec tro ty p er© S tone G u tte r s Stove M ounters Switchmen R a ilr o a d T e le g ra p h e rs Com m ercial T elegrapher© Tbbacco Worker© T y p o g ra p h ic a l U nion U p h o lste rer© W all P ap er O raftm en Weaver® P r o t e c t iv e A s s o c ia tio n R a ilro a d Yardm aster© Locom otive Firem en and Enginemen R a ilro a d T rainm en R a ilro a d C on d u cto rs * sfr * #: * ♦ a* P a id by lo c a l u n io n s# Include© l o c a l u n io n b e n e f its *

b*

$

5 0 *900*00 900*00 5 0 , 765*00 2 0 0 , 8 8 9 .0 0 1 4 8 ,4 0 0 .0 0 1 , 2 0 0 ,0 0 5 0 5 ,2 5 0 .0 0 5 0 ,4 5 9 -2 2 2 8 6 , 1 5 6 .2 5 5 7 9 ,5 5 8 .5 5 2 , 2 5 0 .0 0 4 0 0 ,4 0 1 .7 5 6 4 , 1 5 0 ,0 0 7 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 .0 0 5 8 0 , 8 5 0 .6 3 2 , 5 0 0 .0 0 5 7 7 . 7 0 3 ,7 4 4 9 , 0 7 4 .7 1 6 6 ,6 8 6 .2 2 9 0 ,6 8 5 .0 0 5 7 5 ,5 2 9 .0 0 5 8 ,6 8 0 .0 0 3 1 ,8 7 5 .8 6 1 .4 7 2 ,5 9 2 .4 4 1 5 ,8 5 0 .0 0 3 9 ,9 8 5 .1 1 1 2 ,7 5 0 .3 7 6 6 ,4 7 2 .4 1 12 , 7 0 0 .0 0 3 7 ,4 5 6 .5 2 2 1 1 , 2 2 5 .0 0 2 8 5 ,4 7 3 .9 0 2 4 , 3 0 0 .1 5 1 8 , 5 7 7 .0 0 7 ,5 7 7 ,1 7 7 .2 6 3 0 0 , 6 7 5 .7 4 2 6 , 5 5 0 .0 0 1 ,1 0 0 .0 0 6 ,4 0 0 .0 0 2 , 4 3 1 , 3 0 8 .7 0 8 , 283 , 3 8 0 .5 4 7 9 3 , 9 1 2 .0 4

D eath B e n e f it E x p e n d itu re s

%

3 0 , 9 0 0 ,0 0 9 0 0 .0 0 • 2 8 , 5 1 5 .0 0 2 , 3 5 0 .0 0 1 4 8 ,4 0 0 .0 0 1 , 2 0 0 .0 0 3 0 3 , 2 5 0 .0 0 2 2 , 8 1 5 .5 0 8 6 , 0 0 0 .0 0 5 7 9 ,3 5 8 .5 5 2 , 2 5 0 .0 0 174,704.40*> 6 2 , 1 0 0 .0 0 7 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 .0 0 2 2 2 ,9 1 4 ,8 8 1 , 5 0 0 . 00 a 3 5 7 ,6 5 3 -7 4 5 6 ,1 0 8 .1 5 Sb9 , 4 7 5 .OO S©, 3 3 5 .0 0 357,563>O0 3 4 , 0 0 0 .0 0 4 6 ,8 1 5 .0 0 1 , 3 0 9 , 2 9 2 . 70 b 1 5 , 8 5 0 ,0 0 2 3 ,0 4 1 .6 2 1 2 ,6 8 0 .5 0 5 5 , 1 0 0 .0 0 1 2 , 7 0 0 .0 0 i e , 4 5 6 .3 2 2 0 7 , 8 2 5 .0 0 2 1 3 ,4 6 6 .6 0 2 4 , 3 0 0 .1 5 5 , 3 5 0 .0 0 1 ,0 0 4 ,0 9 5 .1 8 5 3 ,9 5 9 .4 1 2 4 , 2 5 0 .0 0 4 0 0 .0 0 6 ,4 0 0 .0 0 1 ,2 4 2 ,4 5 6 .9 4 2 ,7 9 0 ,4 5 3 .5 8 7 3 0 ,9 4 9 .1 8

a i5

A atudy mad# by th e Bureau o f L abor S t a t i s t i c # showed t h a t t h e d e a th b e n e f i t s p a id by th o i n d iv i d u a l u n io n # v a r ie d from $20 to $1 *5 0 0 , w ith th e m oat common minimum payment b e in g $50 and t h e m ost common maximum# b e in g $200 and $500* ^ Th© amount#expend©d by th e union© f o r d e a th b e n e f i t s a r e d ep en d en t upon th© amount o f th© d e a th b e n e f i t p ro v id e d and th e d e a th r a t e o f th e u n io n members* a l l member©*

Only a few union© pay a u n ifo rm amount t o

Most o f th e u n io n s f o l l o w a p o lic y o f g ra d in g d e a th

b e n e f i t# a c c o rd in g t o th e le n g th o f membership* v a ry c o n s id e r a b ly among t h e u n ions*

T h is p o lic y w i l l

T hroughout th© y e ars* th© te n d *

ency h a s been t o i n c r e a s e b o th th e minimum and maximum*

I n a few

u n io n # th e minimum h a s rem ain ed t h e same* b u t t h e maximum h a s in c r e a s e d f o r t h e o ld e r members* A p o lic y o f g ra d in g d e a th b e n e f i t s a c c o rd in g t o le n g th o f m em bership s e rv e s a s an in c e n ti v e f o r new members t o r e t a i n t h e i r m em bership.

3inc© a member u s u a l ly i s r e q u ir e d t o rem a in i n c o n tin u o u s

good s ta n d in g , dues a re c o l l e c t e d on tim e w ith l e e s e f f o r t and few er la p s e s i n m em bership occur*

A lso, such a p o lic y would h e lp p r o t e c t

t h e union* © fund© by m aking th e b e n e f i t l e s s a t t r a c t i v e t o i n d i v i d u a l s i n poor h e a lth who m ight j o i n a u n io n t o se c u re p ro te c tio n *

I f d e a th

b e n e fit© were l a r g e and u n ifo rm , i t m ig h t se rv e t o a t t r a c t in d iv i d u a ls o f d o u b tfu l o r bad r i s k *

The fo llo w in g © elected u n io n s h a v in g a g rad ed

d e a th b e n e f i t w i l l te n d t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e la r g e v a r i e t y o f form s found among t h e union©* 15*

^ ♦ F lo re n c e P a r k e r , B e n e f ic ia l A c t i v i t i e s o f T rade U nions, p* 16* Bureau o f Labor S t a t i s t i c s , B u l l e t i n Ho* h&?7~~"

216

Amount o f D eath B e n e fit

Name o f U nion B akery end C o n fe c tio n e ry W orkers

$ 50 100 150 200

fo r fo r fo r fo r

6 m o n th s 1 m em bership 12 m onths 1 m em bership 18 months* m em bership 2 b months* m em bership

C a rp e n te ra and J o i n e r a

t 50 f o r one year*® m em bership 100 150 200 500

fo r fo r fo r fo r

two y e ars* m em bership t h r e e y e a r s ' m em bership fo u r y e ars* m em bership f i v e y ears* m em bership

B lack am ith e

I 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 500

fo r fo r fo r fo r fo r fo r fo r fo r fo r fo r

one y e a r 's m em bership two y e a r s ' m em bership t h r e e y e a r s ’ m em bership fo u r y e ars* m em bership f i v e y e a r s ' m em bership s i x y e a r s ' m em bership sev en y ears* m em bership e i g h t y ears* m em bership n in e y e ars* mem bership t e n y e a r s ' m em bership

B u ild in g S e r v ic e Employees

$100 f o r one y e a r 's m em bership 200 f o r two y e a rs* m em bership 500 f o r t h r e e y e a r s ' m em bership 400 f o r fo u r y e a r s ' m em bership 500 f o r f i v e y e a r s ' m em bership

Commercial T e le g r a p h e r s

$150 200 25 O 500

E l e c t r i c a l W orkers

H o tel & R e s ta u ra n t Employee®

$500 475 65 O 825 1 ,0 0 0

a fte r a fte r a fte r a fte r

on© y e a r 's m em bership f i v e y e a r s ' m em bership t e n y e a r s ' m em bership f i f t e e n y e a r s ' m em bership

f o r on© y e a r'© m embership f o r two y e a r s ' m em bership f o r thre© y e a r s ' m embership fo r fo u r y ears* m em bership f o r f i v e y e ars* m em bership

$125 f o r on© y e a r 's m em bership l^O f o r two y e a r s ' membership

«

217

M a c h in is t s

$ 9$ 79 100 129 190 179 200 229 279 900

fo r fo r fo r fo r fo r f&r fo r fo r f°r fo r

t h r e e y e a r s ’ m em bership f i v e year® 1 m em bership sev en y e a r s ’ m em bership n in e y e a rs* m em bership e le v e n year© ' m em bership t h i r t e e n y ear© 1 m em bership f i f t e e n y e a r s ' m em bership e ig h te e n y e a r s ' m em bership n in e te e n y e a r s 1 m em bership tw e n ty y e a r s 1 m em bership

M a in te n a n ce o f Way (ftnployees

9 90 100 190 200 900 990 400 490 900

fo r fo r fo r fo r fo r fo r fo r fo r fo r

12 months* m em bership 24 m onths' m em bership 56 month®' m em bership 46 m onths' m em bership 60 m onths' m em bership 84 month©* m em bership 98 months* m em bership 108 months* m em bership 120 m o n th s' m em bership

M eat C u t t e r b & B u tc h e r s

$ 90 100 2 00 900 400

fo r fo r fo r fo r fo r

6 m onths' m em bership one y e a r 's m em bership two y e a r s ' m em bership t h r e e y e a r s ' m em bership t e n y e a r s ' m em bership

M oulders and Foundry W orkers

#200 990 490 700

fo r fo r fo r fo r

one y e a r 's m em bership f i v e y e a r 's memberehip t e n y e a r 's m em bership f i f t e e n y e a r 's m em bership

P a i n t e r s , D e c o ra to rs and P ap© rhangers

$ 9® 100 200 400 49 O 9 OO

£*o r fo r fo r fo r fo r fo r

one y e a r 's m em bership two y e ars* m em bership f i v e y e ars* m em bership t e n y e a r s ' m em bership f i f t e e n y e a r s ' m em bership tw en ty y e a r ®1 m em bership

R ailw ay Garment

#100 190 200 290

fo r fo r fo r fo r

one y e a r 's m embership th r e e y e a r s ' membership fo u r y e a r s ' m em bership f i v e y ears* mem bership

R e ta il Clerk©

#100 200 900 400 900

fo r fo r fo r fo r fo r

on© year*® m em bership two y e a r s ' member©hip th r e e y e a r s ' m em bership fo u r y ear® ’ membership fiv© y e a r s ' memberehip

216 R o o fer a

I 3>0 200 500 400 ^00

leeis" th®ui s i x months* member s h ip f o r s ix m o n th s3 m em bership f o r tw e lv e months* member c h ip f o r e ig h te e n m o n th s1 m em bership f o r tw enty*-four months* m em bership

fy p o g r e p h lo a l Union

$ 9® 100 150 200 500 400 500

1®®b th a n on© year*© member s h ip f o r one y e a r 1© m em bership f o r two y e a r s 1 m em bership f o r t h r e e y e a r s ’ m em bership f o r fo u r y e ars* m em bership f o r t e n y e a rs* m em bership f o r f i f t e e n y e ars* m em bership

S t r e e t » S le o trl© R ailw ay, & Motor Coach Employees

Members u n d e r 45 y e a r s o f o f e n tr a n c e i n t o th e u n io n fo r y ears* fo r y ears* fo r y e ars* y ears* fo r fo r y ears* y ears* fo r f o r 6 y e a r ©8 700 600 f o r 9 y ears*

1100 150 250 400 900

a t d a te

m em bership member e h ip ' m em bership m em bership membership m embership m em bership m em bership

Members betw een 45 and 5® y e a r s o f age a t d a te o f e n tra n c e i n t o t h e u n io n #100 I 50 250 550 400 450 500

fo r fo r fo r fo r fo r fo r fo r

2 5 4 5 6 7 8

y ears* y ears* y e a rs’ y e ars* y ears* y ears* y e a rs8

m em bership memberehip m em bership m em bership m em bership m em bership m em bership

Members betw een 5® and 60 y e a r s o f age a t d a te o f e n tra n c e i n to th e u n io n $ 50 100 150 200 250 279 500

for 2 y e a r s 3 m em bership fo r fo r fo r fo r fb r fo r

5 4 5 6 7 8

yo®rs* y e a rs* y e ars* years* years* yeara*

m em bership membership m em bership m em bership m em bership membership

219 Members 60 y e a r s o f ago o r o v e r a t d o te o f e n tr a n c e I n to t h e u n io n

$ 20 f o r 2 y e a r s 1 m em bership 72 f o r 2 y e a rs* member sh ip lOD f o r *4 y e a rs* mem bership L a th e rs* U nion

f ^0 100 200 200 200

fo r fo r fo r fo r fo r

s ix m o n th s 4 m en b ersh ip 12 months* m em bership 2 y ears* m em bership 10 y ears* m em bership 12 y ears* m em bership

The e f f e c t o f g ra d in g d e a th b e n e fit© i s t o i n c r e a s e th e c o s t o f such b e n e f its *

As th e u n io n grows o ld e r more i n d iv i d u a ls a re

e lig ib le fo r f u ll b e n e fit.

T h is i s w e ll i l l u s t r a t e d by T able ; XXIX

which shows th e a v e ra g e y e a r ly d e a th b e n e f i t p aid and th e a v erag e c o n tin u o u s m em bership o f d ece ase d members on whom b e n e fit© were p a id s in c e 1912 by th e T y p o g ra p h ic a l U nion.

Average b e n e f i t s p a id have

a lm o st c o n tin u o u s ly in c r e a s e d from $342,82 I n 1913, t o #408.09 I n 1948.

The a v e ra g e age o f c o n tin u o u s m em bership h a s a p p ro x im a te ly

doubled s in c e 1 9 1 2 * i t was 2 4 .2p4 y e a r s .

In t h a t y e a r i t was 17*2 y e a r s w h ile i n 1948 The c o s t o f t h e fu n e r a l b e n e f i t s i n th e

Commercial T e le g ra p h e rs* Union i s lik e w is e te n d in g t o in c r e a s e due t o t h e i n tr o d u c ti o n o f a graded f u n e r a l b e n e f i t p la n i n 19^2s a v e ra g e b e n e f i t p a id over t h e two y e a r p e rio d 1946 and 194? was $170*82*

T h is com pares w ith an a v erag e b e n e f i t p a id i n 1944 o f

1 1 07.26 and i n 1942 o f $ 1 1 6 .2 2 .

I t i s s t a te d th a t*

A g r e a t number o f our members have p a sse d t h e i r f i f t h , t e n t h , o r f i f t e e n t h a n n iv e r s a r y d a t e s o f

c o n tin u o u s m em bership i n th e u n io n . can e x p e c t a f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e i n th e a v erag e b e n e f i t s t o be

The

220

fffcld I n th e n e x t two y e a r s b e c a u se many m ore members w i l l p a s s the®® m ilesto n e® d u rin g t h a t p e r io d , th e r e b y becom ing e l i g i b l e f o r th® h ig h e r ra t® o f b e n e f i t s A nother f a c t o r t o be ta k e n I n to c o n s id e r a tio n i n d e te r ­ m in in g th® amount o f th e d e a th b e n e f i t e x p e n d itu re s I s th e d e a th r a te *

The d e a th r a t e e x p e rie n c e d by a u n io n would be dependent

upon th e ago o f th e in d iv id u a l members and th e h e a l t h f u l c o n d itio n s u n d e r w hich th e member® m ust work*

Itfher© th e m em bership o f th e

u n io n f a il® t o grow o r grows r a t h e r slo w ly , th e av erag e age o f th© m em bership i n c r e a s e s w ith a r e s u l t i n g in c r e a s e in th e d e ath ra te * The d e a th r a t e p e r 1 ,0 0 0 members d u rin g 1946 and 194? was 6*5*% a s compared w ith 4 .1 4 i n 1944 and % 1 9 i n 194^ f o r t h e Commercial T e le g ra p h e rs *

T h is s i t u a t i o n i s f u r t h e r em phasised by th© fo llo w ­

in g e x p e rie n c e o f t h e T y p o g rap h ica l Union* T ea r

Journeym an M embership

1892 1901 1912 1922 1952 1942 1948

28,187 5 6 ,1 1 9 5 6 , 18 ^ 7 6 ,1 ^ 5 7 8 ,4 6 0 8 1 ,0 6 9 8 7 ,1 6 4

dumber o f Death®

Death Rate *?er Thousand

Average Age At D eath

228 474 655 818 1*157 1 ,2 5 5 1 ,44 8

10.21 12,45 11*66 10*74 1 4 .4 9 15 *46 1 6 .6 1

4 1 .0 0 4 2 .9 4 4 8 .0 9 5 4 .4 0 6 1 .1 0 6 4.87 6 5 ,0 8

th e fo re g o in g t a b l e would i n d i c a t e t h a t th e in c r e a s e i n th© d e a th r a t e p er th o u sa n d was l a r g e ly due t o a l a r g e r p r o p o r tio n o f o ld members i n th e union*

Many o f th© o ld members, no d o u b t, a re n o t *

*

*

*

*

*

14.

O f f i c e r s ' R e p o rt, Twenty-Beeond R egular C onvention o f th e Commercial T ele g ra p h e rs* U nion, 19*7? P° 5®°

Wv

l bld*« P* *5*

221 T a b la XXXIXltf Average Death B enefit© P a id and Average C ontinuous Membership Of D e c e a s e d M e m b e re o f th e T y p o g rap h ica l U nion Y ear

Average B e n e f it £'a i d

Y ears Average C ontinuous Member

# J4 2 .82 1 7 .3 I 8 .3 558-59 1 8 .8 5 5 8 .6 2 1915 2 0 .1 4 1916 3 6 4 .0 0 i 9*34 3 8 1 .7 9 1917 191 a 5 6 6 .0 0 1 9 .84 16 . 4^ 3 5 8 .3 0 1919 1930 586.18 19*55 2 1 .2 4 0 5 .2 2 1921 1922 4 2 1 .4 0 2 1 .9 16.02 4 2 4 .8 5 1925 2 5 .5 2 455.81 1924 2 ^ .1 4 1925 4 3 6 .0 5 2 9 .6 1926 4 2 2 ,3 5 2 9 .2 7 4 4 5 .0 2 1927 26*81 4 4 5 .7 5 1928 2 6 .6 1 4 4 2 .5 4 1929 27.48 4 4 8 .7 5 1950 2 8 .9 4 5 3 .7 4 1951 4 5 4 .3 0 29*5 1952 5 0 .0 2 4 5 2 .7 0 1955 4 4 6 .1 2 5107 1954 4 4 6 .4 6 3 2 .0 6 7 1955 3 2 .2 1 7 4 4 3 .7 1 1956 4 5 5 .2 3 3 1 .6 8 • 1957 3 2 .1 8 4 3 7 .0 4 1958 5 5 .3 0 4 4 1 .1 4 1959 3 3 .1 6 1940 ( e le v e n m onths) 4 4 3 .9 8 33*64 4 5 5 .2 4 1941 4 5 3 .3 2 1942 33 *95 33*00 4 6 5 ,4 4 1945 34 *64 4 6 6 .0 5 1944 4 6 1 .98 1945 33*33 4 6 7 .5 1 1946 54.372 465.21 34.9^1 1947 34.294 1948 4 6 8 .0 9 X6m Compiled from th© Heport© o f O fficer© and P ro c e e d in g s of th e N in e tie th S e s s io n o f th e I n t e r n a tio n a l T y p o g rap h ical Union, 1948. 1915

1914

222

a c t i v e l y engaged i n t h e i r tra d e # b u t m a in ta in e d t h e i r s ta n d in g a s a u n io n member i n o r d e r t o r e c e iv e th e b e n e fit® a v a i l a b l e t o them*

The

a v e ra g e age o f th e m em bership o f t h e T y p o g ra p h ic a l u n io n i n 1948 was 4 9 .0 6 a s compared t o 44*02 year© i n 1 9 5 1 * ^

No doubt t h e a v e ra g e age

o f m em bership would have b e e n in c r e a s e d o v er t h i s had i t n o t b een f o r t h e a d m itta n c e o f younger members d u rin g t h i s same p erio d * The e x p e rie n c e ©f t h e B roth erh o o d o f M aintenance o f Way Smployeee* would i n d i c a t e t h a t I n th o s e u n io n s where t h e m em bership ha® in c re a se d c o n s id e r a b ly , th e d e a th ra t© p e r th o u sa n d d e c lin e e * T a b le XXXX shows t h a t th e a v e ra g e amount o f c la im s p a id ha© lik e w is e d e c re a s e d s in c e 1955*

As i n d ic a t e d by th© fo llo w in g t a b l e t h i s would

a p p e a r t o be due t o t h e g r e a t e r number o f younger member© a d m itte d t© t h e u n io n , f o r t h e r e wae no m a t e r i a l change i n t h e a v e ra g e o f th e members a t death*

The a p p ro x im ate a v erag e age a t d e a th f o r th© p e rio d s

1954 t o 1957 was 6 5 .4 y e a rs} f o r 19J7 t o 1940, 64*5 y e a r ©5 1940 t o '1945# IB 65*7 y e a r ©1 and 1945 to 1946, 65»5 y e a rs* T e a rs

Membership

1929 1955 1957 1941 1945

6 9 ,5 0 9 5 1 ,1 4 6 6 5 ,2 7 4 9 5 ,6 8 4 1 44,942

P a id 01aim 0 685 688 701 882 1,060

P a id C laim s P e r Thousand •

1 0 .4 5 1 5 .4 5 11.08 9 .4 1 7 .5 5

* 1# tf. * Jf! * 17*

R e p o rt o f O ffice r© and P ro c e e d in g s o f th e N in e tie th S e ss io n o f t h e T y p o g rap h ica l U nion, 1948, p* 86*

18*

R e p o rt o f t h e Grand bodge S e o re ta ry ^ T re a e u re r to t h e Grand bodge C o n v en tio n o f t h e B ro th erh o o d o f M aintenance o f Way i&nployeeep 1946, p . 5 1 .

m T a b l* XXXX19

Average D eath B e n e f i t P a id by t h e B ro th e rh o o d o f M a in ten a n ce o f Way Bbsployeee

fe a r

A verage M em bership

1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 195* 1933 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946

6* H arvard B u sin e ss Review* W inter* 19^6*

C o u n c il.

T e f a l a a l a r l e a p a id by* t h e A.F* o f L. and th© i n t e r n a t i o n a l

u n io n s make up on© o f t h e more im p o rta n t expense item s*

As a p e r c e n t

o f t o t a l e x p e n d itu r e s f o r 1941 th ro u g h 1947* t e r th e A.F# o f L» th e y am ounted t o : 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947

14*4 1 4 ,2 14*5 15*0 13*4 11*9 7*1

per per P ^r p er per per p er

ceni oent cent oent cent cent cent

The tr a v e llin g ex p en se s o f t h e o f f i c e r s a r e a ls o p a id by t h e u n io n s and amount t o a s i z e a b le ite m when compared t o t h e amount p a id f o r o f f i c e r s 1 s a l a r i e s a s i n d ic a t e d f o r t h e fo llo w in g u n io n s ; Union T y p o g ra p h ic a l U nion Chem ical W orkers Dfall P ap er Or a f t amen H o tel I&Bployeee R e ta il C le rk s

Y ear Ending

O ffic e rs 1 S a la rie s

O ffic e rs 1 E xpenses

1948 1947 1948 1948 1947

157t 400*00 1 4 ,4 9 9 .6 8 10*944.14 3 1 , 650*00 2 0 , 100*56

$ 1 0 ,0 5 9 ,8 4 5 ,8 1 4 ,0 0 3 ,6 5 1 .8 4 1 7 ,4 5 5 .1 6 16, 0 5 7 . 76

The p a d d in g o f ex p en se a c c o u n ts by o f f i c e r s and o th e r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f th© u n io n i s i n p a r t c o n tr o lle d i n c e r t a i n u n io n s by a llo w in g a p er diem#

Th© g r e a t e s t expense ite m s t o th© u n io n s a re th© s a l a r i e s

and t r a v e l l i n g e x p e n se s co n n ec te d w ith th e a d m in is tr a tio n and org an ­ i z a t i o n a l work* Rent ex p en se i s much t h e same a s one would f in d i n ary b u s in e s s co n ce rn and i t v a r i e s c o n s id e ra b ly among th e unions* depending upon th© l o c a t i o n , siz© and p r e te n tio u s n e s s o f th© q u a rte rs #

Th© Hod

C a r r i e r s re c o rd e d r e n t ex p en se f o r 19b&§ a t #53,394*50, w h ile th e Wall P a p e r C raftsm en* a stuoh s m a lle r union* p a id #240 f o r o f f i c e re n t* P o s ta g e , p r in tin g *

s t a t i o n e r y , te le p h o n e and te le g r a p h a r e im p o rta n t

Ite m s c o n t r i b u t i n g t© t h e c o s t o f u n io n management*

The m ain ten a n ce

o f ©ommuaioatlon w ith th© l o c a l union® and w ith I n d iv id u a l members* p lu s th e p r i n t i n g and d i s t r i b u t i n g o f c o n v e n tio n p ro c e e d in g s , c o n s t ! ’ t u t i o n s , p ropaganda m a t e r i a l , r e p o r t s and n o t i c e s add up t o a c o n s id e r a b le sum*

The in c r e a s e i n th e r e p o r t s and In fo rm a tio n

r e q u ir e d by s t a t e and f e d e r a l l e g i s l a t i o n h a s added t o th e amount n e c e s s a ry f o r euch e x p e n d itu re s and c l e r i c a l h elp *

The Amor lo a n

F e d e ra tio n o f L abor expended t h e fo llo w in g amounts f o r th e s e ite m s in 1947. l 3 R en t

P o s ta g e Stamp© R e s e a r c h - S t a t i s t i c a l S u p p lie s P rin tin g T elephone and Telegram® P aper Supply and Envelop® E x p reasag e, F re ig h t and Drayage

127, 5 1 7 .7 6 18, 756.25 5 , 4 0 9 .0 8 68, 726.87 22, 4 0 5 .6 0 5 , 7 5 5 .2 0 1, 4 1 5 .9 6

Th© e s ta b lis h m e n t o f perm anent h e a d q u a rte rs* and th© i n s t a l l a t i o n o f m odern a c c o u n tin g and s t a t i s t i c a l equipm ent h a s a ls o added t o th e a d m in is tr a tiv e e x p en se s o f th© union® . t*i* * * * **> *•5*

The L aborer* March* 1949* P* 14*

14*

F in a n c ia l R eport o f U n ited tf a ll P aper C raftsm en and Workers o f N orth America* I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union, f o r F is c a l Y ear, 1948, p«2*

15*

P ro c e e d in g s o f th e A*F* o f L. C onvention, 1947, pp« 143-44 „

The ty p o g r a p h ic a l u n io n I n 1948» mat o f t o t a l a d m i n i s t r a t iv e e x p e n se s o f $567**44*45, expended*

$15,764*15 f o r p o s ta g e ; $12,‘8 7 4 *69

f o r te le p h o n e and te le g r a m s ; $6,99%*$9 f o r b u l l e t i n p r i n t i n g and m a ilin g ; $6,671*47 f o r p r i n t i n g and m a ilin g o f c o n s t i t u t i o n s ; $9 *^10*65 f o r c o n v e n tio n p ro c e e d in g s ; $6 , 222*51 f o r p r i n t i n g o f o f f i c e r s 1 rep o rt© $2 , 0 8 5 .9 1 f o r p r i n t i n g m b Ife r e p o r t s ; $2 5 , 695*79 f o r m is c e lla n e o u s

,

p r i n t i n g ; and $ 1 ,4 0 2 ,0 2 f o r o f f i c i a l ’ s ta tio n e r y *

16

The Hod C a r r i e r s ,

w ith t o t a l e x p e n d itu re s o f $1 , 8 0 6 , 562*22 i u 1948, expended $85,226*42 f o r p r i n t i n g , b in d in g and s u p p l i e s ; $17,481*40 f o r te le p h o n e and 17 te le g r a m s ; and $7*519*62 f o r postage* The Roofer©, w ith t o t a l expend­ i t u r e s o f $159,179*15 f o r 1947, expended $14,555*69 f o r p r i n t i n g , o f f i c e s u p p lie s , te le p h o n e and postage# 18

The b a th e r s , w ith a d m in is­

t r a t i v e ex p en ses o f $158,029*75 I *1 1946, s p e n t c o n s id e r a b ly l e s s f o r th e s e ite m s th a n t h e fo re g o in g u n io n s ; o n ly $5,164*00 was expended f o r o f f i c e s u p p l i e s , te le p h o n e and t e l e g r a p h , and p ostage*

19

Most o f t h e la b o r u n io n s p u b lis h an o f f i c i a l o rg a n e i t h e r a s a w eekly o r m onthly jo u rn a l*

The jo u rn al© a re g e n e r a lly d i s ­

t r i b u t e d f r e e o f c h arg e t o th e members*

The c o s t o f th e jo u r n a ls

i s u s u a lly co v ered by th e r e g u l a r m em bership dues, o n ly a v ery sm all amount b e in g r e c e iv e d th ro u g h a d v e r t is in g and s u b s c r ip tio n s * Hi

A d v e rtis in g $ 177*45 6 .1 0 1 2 ,1 4 1 .6 7 1,065*99 8 1 2 .4 1 1 ,0 5 7 .6 9

T o ta l J o u r n a l Expense©

$101 , 060*58 5 1 7 ,0 0 5 .2 2 1 9 ,0 0 4 ,6 6

8 , 717*82 2 5 ,5 9 4 .0 7

550, 821*25

The c o s t o f p r i n t i n g and m a ilin g th© jo u r n a l i n o th e r s e le c te d u n io n s i s a s fo llo w s} A s s o c ia tio n o f F ir e F ig h te r s Chem ical W orkers R a ilr o a d T e le g ra p h e rs R e ta il C le rk s B u ild in g S e rv ic e Employees O f f ic e Employee© Hod C a r r i e r s

$22,699*65 10,494*24 7 2 , 5 2 2 .8 6 57,871*22 12,726*17 4 8 ,8 5 7 ,7 0 144,444*16

I n th e c a se o f t h e R o o fe rs , t o t a l r e c e i p t s to th e jo u r n a l a l l o c a t e d from t h e p e r c a p i t a t a x and a d v e r t is in g amounted to $19,206*52, w h ile t o t a l jo u r n a l e x p en ses amounted to $19,004*60 i n 1948*

S im ila r ly , th© jo u r n a l income i n t h e Commercial T e le g ra p h e rs

u n io n was $5^?507«85» w h ile t o t a l jo u r n a l e x p en se s amounted t o $2 5 , 5 9 4 . 0 7 *

Not a l l u n io n s have been f o r t u n a t e enough to p u b lis h a

jo u r n a l on th e rev e n u e p ro v id e d f o r t h a t p u rp o se .

In th e Typograph­

i c a l u n io n th e s u b s c r i p t io n r a t e o f f i v e c e n ts p e r member p e r m onth, p a id w ith th e p e r c a p i t a t a x , was e s t a b l is h e d i n 1905 and rem ained i n f o r c e u n t i l 1946*

In t h a t y e a r by referendum v o te th e p e r c a p i ta ta x

276 payment was in c r e a se d from 80 c e n ts t o $ 1 .0 0 .

The in c r e a s e was

c r e d ite d t o th e g en era l fund which was th en charged w ith th e c o s t o f p u b lish in g th e Typographical journal*

The fo llo w in g ta b le showing

th e c o a t per copy o f th e 'Typographical jou rn al sine© 1920 , shows t h a t th e su b s c r ip tio n r a te o f f i v e c e n ts was i n s u f f i c i e n t to cover th e c o s t o f is s u in g a monthly jo u r n a l. was made up from th e gen eral fund*

P rior t o 1942, t h i s d e f i c i t

From December 21, 1942 to

December 51» 1946, a sep arate jou rn al fund e x is te d and th e c o s t o f th© jou rn al was k ep t w ith in th e incom e.

There i s l i t t l e in d ic a tio n

th a t th e o f f i c i a l p u b lic a tio n s o f in te r n a tio n a l unions are used a s money making d e v ic e s .

T h is, however, i s not tru e o f th© o f f i c i a l

p u b lic a tio n o f th e American F ed eration o f Labor*

Since 1914 i t h as

been a paying p r o p o s itio n in a l l but two y e a r s . The American F ederat1o n ia t was launched i n 1894 as an open forum fo r a l l sc h o o ls o f economic th ou gh t, th© e d it o r ia l u tte r a n c e s 20 b ein g reserved t o th o s e on which tra d e u n io n is t s were agreed. O r ig in a lly Th© American Fe der a t i oni at waB not d ir e c te d fo r any f in a n c ia l retu rn i t m ight y i e l d .

I t was p u blish ed ttfo r th© d is c u s s io n

*21 o f labor and i t s i n t e r e s t s i n a l l i t s phases." on© y e a rs o f i t s th e s e y e a r s .

In th© f i r s t tw en ty -

e x is t e n c e , expenses exceeded r e c e ip t s in fo u r tee n o f

At th e con ven tion in 1915 I t was advanced th a t * * * *

*

20.

P roceedings o f th e A.F. o f L. Convention, 1698, p. 16.

21.

Ib id . 1910,

p. 9 2 ,

s in c e th e

279

Table H I

22

Goet o f P r in tin g th e Typographical Journal from 19^0 through 1948 Tear

T o ta l Dost Per Tear

1920 1921 1922 1925 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1950 1951 1952 1955 1954 1955 1956 1957 1938 1959 1940 1941 1942 1945 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948

* 7 9 ,0 8 5 .0 6 1 2 2 ,5 5 4 .1 5 9 5 ,4 9 6 .5 5 8 3 ,0 1 4 .5 6 8 4 ,4 8 2 .3 8 8 8 ,4 0 0 .6 7 8 9 ,8 2 6 .9 0 9 7 ,1 7 4 .5 3 8 0 , 581.62 7 0 ,4 2 7 .4 2 7 3 ,8 8 4 .2 6 7 6 ,4 0 5 .0 6 6 6 ,1 9 4 .4 8 5 5 .9 7 3 .9 4 4 7 , 634.31 4 9 ,6 0 1 .7 8 5 2 , 022.13 5 2 ,8 6 4 .4 8 64,795*17 7 0 ,9 7 0 .9 2 7 3 ,4 6 3 .0 2 7 6 ,2 8 5 .1 7 9 3 ,1 1 2 .5 5 7 3 ,8 2 4 .3 2 3 3 ,1 2 9 .0 4 4 8 ,5 7 0 .0 9 4 6 ,7 3 0 .0 3 6 9 ,3 9 9 .0 0 9 5 ,8 3 3 .4 0

boat Per O opy(cents) 11.5 16 13 1 1 .7 12 12.57 12.1 1 2 .5 1 0 .2 6 9 .2 6 9 .3 9 .3 5 6 .2 3 6 .4 4 8 5 .1 8 5*96 6.228 6 .2 0 7 .0 0 7*49 8 .4 7 8 .0 5 9 .7 2 7 .6 3 4 .7 2 5 .2 7 5 .0 7 7-1 9 .2 4

* * * * * * 22.

R ep o rts o f O f f i c e r s and P ro c e e d in g s o f th e N in e tie th S e s s io n o f th e I n t e r n a t i o n a l T y p o g rap h ical Union, 1948, p* 92®

230 l o c a l and fa der a 1 labor u n ion s had no o f f i c i a l organ t o keep them In touch w ith th e lab or movement# and p r a c t ic a lly a l l th© e x e c u tiv e and e d u c a tio n a l work was don© by bhd paid for through th o A.F. o f L«v th e c o o t o f Ifee F ed era tlO n lst should be fix e d a t f i v e c e n ts per month fo r member© o f th e lo c a l tra d e and fe d e r a l labor u n io n s.

This

recommendation was approved and th© per c a p i t a ta x o f th e lo c a l tra d e and fe d e r a l labor u n ion s was in creased a c c o r d in g ly .

Sin ce 1914 th e

r e c e ip t s have exceeded exp en ses in a l l but two y e a rs and th© American F e d e r a tio n ie t has developed in to a revenue producing e n te r p r ise fo r th e F ed era tio n . S in c e J u l y 1940, The F e d e r a tio n ! e t h a s a c c e p te d no com m ercial a d v e r tis in g and hae depended e n t i r e ly upon th© revenue r e c e iv e d from paid su b s c r ip tio n s and per c a p ita ta x su b s c r ip tio n s as f o llo w s 8 Paid Subscription© * 1 ,1 7 4 .8 4 1 ,1 6 1 .7 5 1 ,5 4 5 .4 8 2 , 582.71 1 , 8 5 6 .2 6 1 ,7 8 2 .0 0 2 , 150.07

Year TPf 1942 1945 1944 1945 1946 1947

Per Capita Tax S u b scr ip tio n s S j5 7 . 4 9 0 . 7 i 4 5 5 ,0 1 9 .9 8 4 6 6 ,8 2 0 .9 7 556 , 154.69 476 , 752.10 5 7 4 ,8 6 2 .4 1 4 4 0 , 125.65

The expense o f p r i n t i n g and p u b lis h in g t h e American F e d e r a t lo n i s t a s a p er c e n t o f th© t o t a l e x p e n d itu re s i n th© A.F* o f i». from 1941 th ro u g h 1947 i s a s fo llo w a t

1941# 4 .8 ; 1942,

5 *51 1945# 5*0; 1946, 4 .4 ; 1947, 2,7*

2; 194?, 6 .0 ; 1944#

Th© fo llo w in g ta b le in d ic a t e s

th e e x te n t to which The American F e d e r a tio n is t has provided a d d itio n a l revenue t o th e F ed eration .

* * * # $ *

P ro c e e d in g s o f th© A.F. o f t . Convention? 19115, P« 268.

281

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