Sourcebook of Canadian Media Law [Second edition] 9780773573925

Table of contents :
Cover
Title
Copyright
Dedications
The Carleton Library Series
Table of Contents
Preface to Second Edition
Preface to First Edition
Acknowledgements
Chapter One:Freedom of Expression and the Canadian Constitution
1.1 The Law and the Mass Media
1.1.1 The Meaning of Freedom of Expression
1.2 The Structure of the Constitution
1.3 The Judiciary
1.3.1 E. Jacqueline R. Castel and Omeela K. Latchman, The Practical Guide to Canadian Legal Research (Toronto: Carswell Thomson Professional Publishing, 1993), pp. 12-19
1.3.2 The Supreme Court of Canada
1.3.3 Andrew Heard, Canadian Constitutional Conventions: The Marriage of Law and Politics (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 118-120; 121-123; 134-139
1.4 Federalism and Freedom of Expression
1.4.1 The Constitution Act, 1867
1.4.2 Re Alberta Legislation, [1938] 2 D.L.R. 81 (S.C.C.)
1.4.3 Switzman v. Elbling and Attorney-General of Quebec, [1957] S.C.R. 285 (S.C.C.)
1.4.4 Re Nova Scotia Board of Censors and McNeil (1978), 84 D.L.R. (3d) 1 (S.C.C.)
1.4.5 Gay Alliance Toward Equality v. Vancouver Sun (1979), 97 D.L.R. (3d) 577 (S.C.C.)
1.4.6 Attorney-General of Quebec v. Irwin Toy Ltd., Moreau et al, Intervenors (1989), 58 D.L.R. (4th) 577 (S.C.C.)
1.4.7 Peter Hogg, Constitutional Law of Canada, 3rd ed. (Scarborough: 1992), pp. 774-777
1.5 The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and Freedom of Expression
1.5.1 The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Part One, Constitution Act, 1982
1.5.1.1 F.L. Morton, Morgentaler v. Borowski: Abortion, the Charter and the Courts (Toronto: 1992), pp. 294-314
1.5.2 The Meaning of Expression
1.5.2.1 Koumoudouros v. Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto (1984), 8 C.R.R. 179 (Ont. H.C.)
1.5.2.2 Attorney-General of Quebec v. Irwin Toy Ltd. (1989), 58 D.L.R. (4th) 577 (S.C.C.)
1.5.2.3 A Note on Advertising and Free Expression
1.5.2.4 R. v. Keegstra, [1990] 3 S.C.R. 697 (S.C.C.)
1.5.2.5 Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union, Local 580 v. Dolphin Delivery Ltd., [1986] 2 S.C.R. 573
1.5.2.6 The Queen v. Committee for the Commonwealth of Canada et al. (1991), 77 D.L.R. (4th) 385 (S.C.C.)
1.5.2.7 International Fund for Animal Welfare Inc. v. The Queen (1986), 30 C.C.C. (3d) 80 (F.C.T.D.)
1.5.2.8 Re Information Retailers Association of Metropolitan Toronto Inc. and Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto (1985), 52 O.R. (2d) 449 (Ont. C.A.)
1.5.3 Applying Section One
1.5.3.1 “Prescribed by Law”
1.5.3.1.1 Re Ontario Film and Video Appreciation Society and Ontario Board of Censors (1983), 41 O.R. (2d) 583 (Div. Q .)
1.5.3.1.2 Re Ontario Film and Video Appreciation Society and Ontario Board of Censors (1984), 45 O.R. (2d) 80 (Ont. C.A.)
1.5.3.1.3 An Act to Amend the Theatres Act, S .0 .1984, c. 56
1.5.3.1.4 O. Reg. 56/85. Regulation to Amend Regulation 931 of Revised Regulations of Ontario, 1980, Made Under the Theatres Act
1.5.3.1.5 Osborne v. Canada (Treasury Board) (1991), 82 D.L.R. (4th) 321 (S.C.C.)
1.5.3.2 “Reasonable and Demonstrably Justified in a Free and Democratic Society”
1.5.3.2.1 Attorney-General of Quebec v. Irwin Toy Ltd. (1989), 58 D.L.R. (4th) 577 (S.C.C.)
1.5.3.2.2 R. v. Keegstra, [1990] 3 S.C.R. 697 (S.C.C.)
1.6 Should Journalists Enjoy Special Legal Status?
1.6.1 MacLeod et al. v. Canadian Armed Forces (Chief, Defence Staff), [1991] 1 F.C. 114 (F.C.T.D.)
1.6.2 Stephen Bindman, “Court Rulings tightening Muzzle on Media,” The London Free Press, 13 March 1993, p. E 5
1.6.3 A Note on Litigation and Journalism
1.7 Two Essays on the Freedom of the Press
1.7.1 G. Stuart Adam, “The Charter and the Role of the Media: A Journalist’s Perspective,” in The Media, the Courts and the Charter, eds. Philip Anisman and Allen M. Linden (Toronto: Carswell, 1986)
1.7.2 Robert Martin, “Press Councils: Watchdogs with No Bite,” Bulletin of the Centre for Investigative Journalism, No. 29 (1986), p. 30
Chapter Two: Security, the Public Order and Democratic Institutions: Legal Limitations to Protect the State’s Rights, Prerogatives and Responsibilities, Part 1
2.1 Legitimacy and the Scope of State Power
2.2 National Security
2.2.1 Emergencies
2.2.1.1 Emergencies Act, S.C. 1988, c. 29
2.2.1.2 Note on the War Measures Act
2.2.2 Official Secrets
2.2.2.1 Official Secrets Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. 0 - 5
2.2.2.2 Walter Tamopolsky, “Freedom of the Press,” in Newspapers and the Law (Ottawa: Ministry of Supply and Services Canada, 1981), pp. 19-21
2.2.2.3 Law Reform Commission of Canada, Crimes Against the State, Working Paper 49 (Ottawa: 1986), pp. 30,33-34
2.3 Access to Information
2.3.1 Access to Information Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. A - l
2.3.1.1 The Information Commissioner v. The Minister of Employment and Immigration (1986), 3 F.C. 63 (F.C.T.D.)
2.3.1.2 David Scheidermann, “The Access to Information Act: A Practical Review” (1987), Advocates Quarterly 7, p. 474
2.3.I.3. Canadian Daily Newspaper Publishers Association, What Newsrooms Need to Know (Toronto: 1984)
2.3.2 Provincial Access to Information Statutes
2.4 Public Order and Criminal Libel
2.4.1 Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46
2.4.1.1 Boucher v. The King, [1950] 1 D.L.R. 657 (S.C.C.)
2.4.1.2 Law Reform Commission of Canada, Crimes Against the State, Working Paper 49 (Ottawa: 1986), pp. 32,35-36
2.4.2 Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46
2.4.2.1 R. v. Georgia Straight Publishing Ltd. (1969), 4 D.L.R. (3d) 383 (B.C.Co.Ct.)
2.4.2.2 Robert Martin, “Law Reform Commission of Canada, Working Paper 35: Defamatory Libel, (1984), University of Western Ontario Law Review 22, p. 249
Chapter Three: Judicial Proceedings: Legal Limitations to Protect the State’s Rights, Prerogatives and Responsibilities, Part II
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Principle of Openness
3.2.1 Re Southam Inc. and the Queen (No. 1) (1983), 41 O.R. (2d) 113 (Ont. C.A.)
3.2.2 R. v. Robinson (1983), 41 O.R. (2d) 764 (Ont. H.C.)
3.2.3 Cameras, Video Recorders and Audio Recorders in the Courtroom
3.2.3.1 Ontario Courts of Justice Act, R.S.0.1990, c. C.43
3.2.3.2 R. v. Rowbotham (No. 3) (1976), 2 C.R. (3d) 241 (Ont. Co.Ct.)
3.2.3.3 R. v. Squires (1989), 69 C.R. (3d) 337, at pp. 339; 342; 343; 345- 357; 358-360
3.2.3.4 Law Reform Commission of Canada, Public and Media Access to the Criminal Process, Working Paper 56 (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1987)
3.2.4 Sparing Parties from Embarrassment
3.2.4.1 Re Regina and an Unnamed Person (1985), 22 C.C.C. (3d) 284 (Ont. C.A.)
3.3 Contempt of Court
3.3.1 General Considerations
3.3.1.1 Attorney-General v. Leveller Magazine Ltd. and Others, [1979] A.C. 440 (H.L.)
3.3.1.2 Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46
3.3.1.3 R. v. Kopyto (1988), 24 O.A.C. 81 (Ont. C.A.)
3.3.2 Scandalising the Court
3.3.2.1 Robert Martin, “Criticising the Judges,” 28 McGill Law Journal 1, pp. 13-20
3.3.2.2 Re Nicol, [1954] 3 D.L.R. 690 (B.C.S.C.)
3.3.2.3 R. v. Kopyto (1988), 24 O.A.C. 81 (Ont. C.A.)
3.3.3 The Sub-Judice Rule
3.3.3.1 Robert Martin, “Contempt of Court: The Effect of the Charter,” in The Media, the Courts and the Charter, ed. Philip Anisman and Allen M. Linden (Toronto: Carswell, 1986), pp. 208-210
3.3.3.2 Statutory Sub-Judice
3.3.3.2.1 Sexual Offence
3.3.3.2.1.1 Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46
3.3.3.2.1.2 R. v. Canadian Newspapers Company Limited and Interveners, [1988] 2 S.C.R. 122 (S.C.C.)
3.3.3.2.2 Young Offenders
3.3.3.2.2.1 Young Offenders Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. Y -l
3.3.3.2.2.2 Southam v. R. (1934), 42 C.R. (3d) 336, at 354-360 (Ont. H.C.)
3.3.3.2.3 Preliminary Inquiries
3.3.3.2.3.1 Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46
3.3.3.2.3.2 R. v. Banville (1983), 45 N.B.R. (2d) 134 (Q.B.)
3.3.3.2.3.3 Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46
3.3.3.2.4 Bail Hearings
3.3.3.2.4.1 Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46
3.3.3.2.5 Jury Trials
3.3.3.2.5.1 Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46
3.3.3.3 Common Law Sub-Judice
3.3.3.3.1 Attorney-General v. Times Newspapers Ltd., [1973] 3 All E.R. 54 (H.L.)
3.3.3.3.2 Zehr v. Mclsaac et al. (1982), 39 O.R. (2d) 237 (Ont. H.C.)
3.3.3.3.3 Bellitti v. Canadian Broadcasting Corp. (1973), 2 O.R. 232 (Ont. H.C.)
3.3.3.3.4 Bielek v. Ristimaki (1979), (Ont. H.C.) in Stuart Robertson, Courts and the Media (Toronto: Butterworth, 1981), pp. 287- 292
3.3.3.3.5 Re Church of Scientology of Toronto v. The Queen (No. 6) (1986), 27 C.C.C. (3d) 193 (Ont. H.C.)
3.3.3.3.6 C.B.C. v. Keegstra (1986), 35 D.L.R. (4th) 76 (Alta. C.A.)
3.3.3.3.7 C.B.C. v. Dagenais et al. (1992), 12 O.R. (3d) 239 (Ont. C.A.)
3.3.3.3.8 Stuart Robertson, Courts and the Media (Toronto: Butterworth, 1981), p. 25
3.3.4 Disobeying an Order of a Court
3.3.4.1 Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46
3.3.4.2 Wilfred H. Kesterton, The Law and the Press in Canada (Toronto: 1976), pp. 32-39
3.3.4.3 John Sawatsky, “John Sawatsky Stakes Out the High Ground,” (1988), Bulletin of the Centre for Investigative Journalism 11, No. 29
3.3.4.4 Re Legislative Privilege (1978), 83 D.L.R. (3d) 161 (Ont. C.A.)
3.3.4.5 Moysa v. Alberta Labour Relations Board, [1989] 1 S.C.R. 1572 (S.C.C.)
3.3.4.6 Attorney-General v. Mulholland; Attorney-General v. Foster, [1963] 2 W.L.R. 658 (C.A. Eng.)
3.3.4.7 Re Legislative Privilege (1978), 83 D.L.R. (3d) 161 (Ont. C.A.)
3.3.5 Procedure in Contempt Cases.
3.3.5.1 Robert Martin, “Contempt of Court: The Effect of the Charter,” in The Media, the Courts, and the Charter, ed. Philip Anisman and Allen M. Linden (Toronto: Carswell, 1986)
3.3.6 Reforming the Law
3.3.6.1 Robert Martin, “An Open Legal System,” (1985), 25 University of Western Ontario Law Review 169
3.4 Dealing with Material that Might Become Evidence in a Judicial Proceeding
3.4.1 Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46
3.4.2 Harold Levy, “What Should We Do When the Cops Arrive?” Content 95, 1979
3.4.3 C.B.C. v. Attorney-General for New Brunswick et al. (1991), 85 D.L.R. (4th) 57 (S.C.C.)
3.4.4 Taking Photographs or Videotaping against the Instructions of the Police
Chapter Four: Legal Limitations Protecting Social Values and Social Groups
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Blasphemy
4.2.1 Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46
4.2.2 R. v. Rahard (1935), 65 C.C.C. 344 (Que.S.C.)
4.2.3 R. v. Gay News Ltd., [1979] 1 All E.R. 898 (H.L.)
4.2.4 R. v. Chief Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Choudhury, [1991] L.R.C. (Const) 278 (Q.B.)(U.K.)
4.3 Expressions of Racism
4.3.1 Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46
4.3.2 R. v. Buzzanga and Durocher (1979), 101 D.L.R. (3d) 488 (Ont. C.A.)
4.3.3 R. v. Keegstra, [1990] 3 S.C.R. 697 (S.C.C.)
4.3.4 R. v. Andrews and Smith, [1990] 3 S.C.R. 870 (S.C.C.)
4.3.5 Law Reform Commission of Canada, Hate Propaganda, Working Paper 50 (Ottawa: 1986), pp. 39-41
4.3.6 Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46
4.3.7 R. v. Zundel (1992), 16 C.R. (4th) 1 (S.C.C.)
4.3.8 Canadian Human Rights Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. H-6
4.3.8.1 J.P. Boyer, Political Rights: The Legal Framework of Elections in Canada (Toronto: Butterworth, 1981), pp. 308-309
4.3.8.2 Canada (Human Rights Commission) v. Taylor, [1990] 3 S.C.R. 892 (S.C.C.)
4.3.9 Television Regulations S.O.R. 87-49
4.3.9.1 Regina v. Buffalo Broadcasting Co. Ltd. (1977), 36 C.P.R. (2d) 170 (Sask. Magistrates’ Ct.)
4.3.10 Ontario Human Rights Code, R.S.0.1990, c. H-19
4.4 Obscenity
4.4.1 Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46
4.4.2 Law Reform Commission of Canada, Limits of Criminal Law; Obscenity: A Test Case, Working Paper 10 (Ottawa: Information Canada, 1975), pp. 39-49
4.4.3 Bill C-239. An Act to Amend the Criminal Code, First Reading, 31 October 1977
4.4.4 Standing Committee on Justice and Legal Affairs, “The Third Report to the House (Report on Pornography)” 22 March, 1978, pp. 7-10
4.4.5 Bill C-19. An Act to Amend the Criminal Code, ss. 159(8), 163.1
4.4.6 Canada, Special Committee on Pornography and Prostitution Report (1985) (Fraser Report)
4.4.7 Bill C-114. An Act to Amend the Criminal Code, s. 138
4.4.8 Bill C-54. An Act to Amend the Criminal Code, ss. 1 ,2
4.4.9 Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46 as am. S.C. 1993, c. 46
4.4.9.1 R. v. Butler (1992), 89 D.L.R. (4th) 449 (S.C.C.)
4.4.9.2 Popert et al. v. R. (1981), 19 C.R. (3d) 393 (Ont. C.A.)
4.4.10 Canada Post Corporation Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-10
4.4.10.1 Luscher v. Deputy Minister, Revenue Canada, Customs and Excise (1985), 45 C.R. (3d) 81 (F.C.A.)
4.4.11 Customs Tariff, R.S.C. 1970, c. C-41 as am. S.C. 1984-85, c. 1 2
4.4.12 A Note on Provincial Movie Censorship Laws
Chapter Five: Legal Limitations Arising from Private Rights
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Defamation
5.2.1 Anne Skarsgard, “Freedom of the Press,” (1980-81), Saskatchewan Law Review 45, pp. 296-99
5.2.2 The Plaintiff’s Case
5.2.2.1 Defamatory
5.2.2.1.1 Brannigan v. S.I.U. (1964), 42 D.L.R. (2d) 249 (B.C.S.C.)
5.2.2.1.2 Thomas v. C.B.C., [1981] 4 W.W.R. 289 (N.W.T.S.C.)
5.2.2.1.3 Murphy v. LaMarsh (1970), 73 W.W.R. 114 (B.C.S.C.)
5.2.2.1.4 Vogel v. C.B.C. (1982), 21 C.C.L.T. 105
5.2.2.2 Reference to the Plaintiff
5.2.2.2.1 E. Hulton and Co. v. Jones, [1910] A.C. 22 (H.L.)
5.2.2.2.2 Booth et al. v. B.C.T. V. (1983), 139 D.L.R. (3d) 88 (B.C.C.A.)
5.2.2.2.3 Planned Parenthood Federation v. Fedorik (1982), 135 D.L.R. (3d) 714, at 718 (Nfld. S.C.T.D.)
5.2.2.2.4 Whitaker v. Huntington (1981), 15 C.C.L.T. 19, at 21-22 (B.C.S.C.)
5.2.2.2.5 Stark v. Toronto Sun (1983), 42 O.R. (2d) 791, at 794-795 (Ont. H.C.)
5.2.2.2.6 Manitoba Defamation Act, R.S.M. 1987, c. D20
5.2.2.3 Publication
5.2.2.3.1 Ontario Libel and Slander Act, R.S.0.1990, c. L.12
5.2.2.3.2 Basse v. Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd. et al. (1984), 37 C.P.C. 213, at 216-217 (Ont. H.C)
5.2.2.3.3 Farrell v. St. John’s Publishing Co. (1986), 58 Nfld. & P.E.I.R. 66 (Nfld. C.A.)
5.2.3 The Defendant’s Case
5.2.3.1 Justification
5.2.3.1.1 Anne Skarsgard, “Freedom of the Press,” (1980-81), Saskatchewan Law Review 45, pp. 302-303
5.2.3.1.2 Robert Martin, “Does Libel Have a ‘Chilling Effect’ in Canada?” (1990), Studies in Communications 4, pp. 143-163, at pp. 146-148
5.2.3.1.3 Brannigan v. S.I.U. (1964), 42 D.L.R. (2d) 249 (B.C.S.C.)
5.2.3.1.4 Baxter v. C.B.C. (1974), 30 N.B.R. (2d) 102 (N.B.C.A.)
5.2.3.1.5 Munro v. Toronto Sun (1982), 21 C.C.L.T. 261 (Ont. H.C.)
5.2.3.1.6 Gordon v. Caswell (1984), 33 Sask. R. 202 (Q.B.)
5.2.3.1.7 Ontario Libel and Slander Act, R.S.0.1990, c. L.12
5.2.3.2 Fair Comment
5.2.3.2.1 Alexander Stark, Dangerous Words (Toronto: Ryerson Institute of Technology, 1985), p. 15
5.2.3.2.2 Pearlman v. C.B.C. (1982), Man. L.R. (2d) 1 (Man. Q.B.)
5.2.3.2.3 Anne Skarsgard, “Freedom of the Press,” (1980-81), Saskatchewan Law Review 45, pp. 307-316
5.2.3.2.4 Vander Zalm v. Times Publishers (1980), 18 B.C.L.R. 210 (B.C.C.A.)
5.2.3.2.5 Farrell v. St. John’s Publishing Co. (1986), 58 Nfld. & P.E.I.R. 66 (Nfld. C.A.)
5.2.3.2.6 Pound v. Scott (1973), 4 W.W.R. 403 (B.C.S.C.)
5.2.3.2.7 Mack v. North Hill News Ltd. (1964), 44 D.L.R. (2d) 147 (Alta. S.C.)
5.2.3.2.8 Ontario Libel and Slander Act, R.S.0.1990, c. L.12
5.2.3.2.9 Cherneskey v. Armadale Publishers (1979), 90 D.L.R. (3d) 321 (S.C.C.)
5.2.3.2.10 Robert Martin, “Libel and Letters to the Editor,” (1983), Queen’s Law Journal 188
5.2.3.2.11 Masters v. Fox (1978), 85 D.L.R. (3d) 64 (B.C.S.C.)
5.2.3.2.12 Vogel v. C.B.C. (1982), 21 C.C.L.T. 105 (B.C.S.C.)
5.2.3.3 Privilege
5.2.3.3.1 Shultz v. Porter and Block Brothers Ltd. (1979), 9 A.R. 381 (Alta. S.C.)
5.2.3.3.2 Absolute Privilege
5.2.3.3.2.1 Ontario Libel and Slander Act, R.S.0.1990, c. L.12
5.2.3.3.2.2 Tedlie v. Southam, [1950] 4 D.L.R. 415 (Man. K.B.)
5.2.3.3.3 Qualified Privilege
5.2.3.3.3.1 Anne Skarsgard, “Freedom of the Press,” (1980-81), Saskatchewan Law Review 45, pp. 303-307
5.2.3.3.3.2 Qualified Privilege Under Statute
5.2.3.3.3.2.1 Ontario Libel and Slander Act, R .S.0.1990, c. L.12
5.2.3.3.3.2.2 Cook v. Alexander and Others, [1973] 3 All E.R. 1037 (C.A.)
5.2.3.3.3.2.3 Hefferman v. Regina Daily Star, [1930] 3 W.W.R. 656 (Sask. K.B.)
5.2.3.3.3.3 Qualified Privilege Under Common Law
5.2.3.3.3.3.1 Banks v. Globe and Mail (1961), 28 D.L.R. (2d) 343 (S.C.C.)
5.2.3.3.3.3.2 Stopforth v. Goyer (1978), 4 C.C.L.T. 265 (Ont. H.C.)
5.2.3.3.3.3.3 Stopforth v. Goyer (1979), 23 O.R. (2d) 696 (Ont. C.A.)
5.2.3.3.3.3.4 Parlett v. Robinson (1986), 30 D.L.R. (4th) 247 (B.C.C.A.)
5.2.3.3.3.3.5 Camporese v. Parton (1983), 150 D.L.R. (3d) 208 (B.C.S.C.)
5.2.3.3.3.3.6 Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto 1994, unreported (Ont. C.A.)
5.2.3.3.4 Malice
5.2.3.3.4.1 Shultz v. Porter and Block Brother Ltd. (1979), 9 A.R. 381 (Alta. S.C.)
5.2.3.3.4.2 Farrell v. St. John’s Publishing Co. (1986), 58 Nfld. & P.E.I.R. 66 (Nfld. C.A.)
5.2.33.4.3 Vogel v. C.B.C. (1982), 21 C.C.L.T. 105, at 132,133 and 193
5.2.3.4 Consent
5.2.3.4.1 Syms v. Warren (1976), 71 D.L.R. (3d) 558 (Man. Q.B.)
5.2.3.5 The Charter and Libel
5.2.3.5.1 Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto 1994, unreported (Ont. C.A.)
5.2.4 Remedies
5.2.4.1 Damages
5.2.4.1.1 General Considerations
5.2.4.1.1.1 Munro v. Toronto Sun (1982), 21 C.C.L.T. 261 (Ont. H.C.)
5.2.4.1.1.2 Walker and Walker Brothers Quarries Ltd v. CFTO Ltd. et al. (1987), 19 O.A.C. 10 (Ont. C.A.)
5.2.4.1.1.3 Julian Porter, Q.C., “Tangents,” Canadian Lawyer, April 1981, p. 24
5.2.4.1.1.4 Snyder v. Montreal Gazette Ltd. (1988), 49 D.L.R. (4th) 17 (S.C.C.)
5.2.4.1.1.5 Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto 1994, unreported (Ont. C.A.)
5.2.4.1.2 Factors Related to the Plaintiff
5.2.4.1.2.1 Barltrop v. C.B.C. (1978), 25 N.S.R. (2d) 637 (N.S.C.A.)
5.2.4.1.2.2 Leonhard v. Sun Publishing (1956), 4 D.L.R. (2d) 514 (B.C.S.C.)
5.2.4.1.3 Factors Related to the Defendant
5.2.4.1.3.1 Vogel v. C.B.C. (1982), 21 C.C.L.T. 105 (B.C.S.C.)
5.2.4.1.3.2 Baxter v. C.B.C. (1980), 30 N.B.R. (2d) 102 (N.B.C.A.)
5.2.4.1.3.3 Westbank Band of Indians v. Tomat (1992), 10 C.C.L.T. (2d) 1 (B.C.C.A.)
5.2.4.1.3.4 Munro v. Toronto Sun (1982), 21 C.C.L.T. 261 (Ont. H.C.)
5.2.4.1.3.5 Vogel v. C.B.C. (1982), 21 C.C.L.T. 105 (B.C.S.C.)
5.2.4.1.3.6 Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto 1994, unreported (Ont. C.A.)
5.2.4.1.3.7 Walker Brothers Quarries Ltd. v. CFTO Ltd. etal. (1987), 19 O.A.C. 10 (Ont. C.A.)
5.2.4.1.4 Apology
5.2.4.1.4.1 Ontario Libel and Slander Act, R.S.0.1990, c. L.12
5.2.4.1.4.2 Teskey v. Canadian Newspapers Co. (1989), 68 O.R. (2d) 737 (Ont. C.A.
5.2.4.1.4.3 Hoste v. Victoria Times Publishing Co. (1989), 1 B.C.R. (PT 2) 365 (B.C.S.C.
5.2.4.1.4.4 Brannigan v. S.I. U. (1964), 42 D.L.R. (2d) 249 (B.C.S.C.)
5.2.4.1.4.5 John G. Fleming, “Retraction and Reply; Alternative Remedies for Defamation,” (1978), University of British Columbia Law Review 12, p. 15
5.2.4.2 Injunctions
5.2.4.2.1 Canada Metal Co. Ltd v. C.B.C. (1974), 44 D.L.R. (3d) 329 (Ont. H.C.)
5.2.4.2.2 Robert Martin, “Interlocutory Injunctions in Libel Actions,” (1982), University o f Western Ontario Law Review 20, p. 12
5.2.5 Procedural Issues
5.2.5.1 Time Limits
5.2.5.1.1 Ontario Libel and Slander Act, R.S.0.1990, c. L.12
5.2.5.1.2 Grossman v. C.F.T.O. (1983), 139 D.L.R. (3d) 618 (Ont. C.A.)
5.2.5.1.3 Crown Liability Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-50, as am. S.C. 1990, c. 8, s. 29
5.2.5.1.4 Ontario Libel and Slander Act, R.S.0.1990, c. L.12
5.2.5.2 Legal Aid
5.2.5.2.1 Ontario Legal Aid Act, R.S.0.1990, c. L.9
5.2.5.3 Juries
5.2.5.3.1 Ontario Libel and Slander Act, R.S.0.1990, c. L.12
5.2.53.2 McLoughlin v. Kutasy (1979), 26 N.R. 242 (S.C.C)
5.2.5.3.3 Burnett v. C.B.C. (No. 2) (1981), 48 N.S.R. (2d) 181 (S.C.T.D.)
5.2.5.3.4 Crown Liability Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-50, as am. S.C. 1990, c. 8, s. 31
5.2.5.4 Libel Insurance
5.2.5.4.1 Ontario Libel and Slander Act, R.S.0.1990, c. L.12
5.2.5.5 Offer to Settle
5.2.5.6 Consolidation of Actions and Security for Costs
5.2.5.6.1 Ontario Libel and Slander Act, R.S.0.1990, c. L.12
5.3 Privacy
5.3.1 The Charter
5.3.1.1 The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
5.3.1.2 R. v. Nicolucci and Papier (1985), 22 C.C.C. (3d) 207 (Que. S.C.)
5.3.2 Privacy at Common Law
5.3.2.1 Robbins v. C.B.C. (1957), 12 D.L.R. (2d) 35 (Que. S.C.)
5.3.2.2 Krouse v. Chrysler Canada (1973), 1 O.R. (2d) 225 (Ont. C.A.)
5.3.2.3 Burnett v. The Queen in Right of Canada (1979), 23 O.R. (2d) 109 (Ont. H.C.)
5.3.2.4 Motherwell v. Motherwell (1976), 73 D.L.R. (3d) 62 (Alta. S.C.)
5.3.2.5 Capan v. Capan (1981), 14 C.C.L.T. 191 (Ont. H.C.)
5.3.2.6 Saccone v. Orr (1982), 19 C.C.L.T. 37 (Ont. Co.Ct.)
53.2.1 Annotation to Saccone v. Orr
5.3.2.8 P.F. v. Ontario et al. (1989), 7 C.C.L.T. 231 (Ont. D.C.)
5.3.2.9 Note on Photographs and Rights of Privacy
5.3.3 Privacy Statutes
5.3.3.1 Notes on Provincial Privacy Acts
5.3.3.2 Privacy Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. P-21
5.3.3.3 Silber and Value Industries Ltd v. British Columbia Television Broadcasting System Ltd., Hicks and Chu, [1986] 2 W.W.R. 609 (B.C.S.C.)

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