SOMA 2001 - Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology: Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Meeting of Postgraduate Researchers, The University of Liverpool, 23-25 February 2001 9781841714189, 9781407324265

Table of contents :
Blank Page
Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Contributors
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations for Periodicals and Series
Introduction
1. SURVEY
2. LANDSCAPE OF TOPOGRAPHY
3. SACRED SPACE
4. SYMBOLIC ARCHITECTURE
5. MOVEMENT AND SOCIAL DYNAMICS
6. BODY, GENDER AND SPACE
7. ICONOGRAPHY
8. HERITAGE

Citation preview

BAR S1040 2002

SOMA 2001

Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology MUSKETT, KOLTSIDA & GEORGIADIS (Eds.): SOMA 2001

Edited by

Georgina Muskett Aikaterini Koltsida Mercourios Georgiadis

BAR International Series 1040 2002 B A R

SOMA 2001

Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Meeting of Postgraduate Researchers The University of Liverpool, 23-25 February 2001

Edited by

Georgina Muskett Aikaterini Koltsida Mercourios Georgiadis

BAR International Series 1040 2002

Published in 2016 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 1040 SOMA 2001 - Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology

© The editors and contributors severally and the Publisher 2002 The authors' moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher.

ISBN 9781841714189 paperback ISBN 9781407324265 e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841714189 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by Archaeopress in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd/ Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 2002. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2016.

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SOMA2001 CONTENTS

List of contributors

lV

Acknowledgements

V

Abbreviations for periodicals and series

Vl

Introduction Mercourios Georgiadis, Georgina Muskett and Aikaterini Koltsida

1.

SURVEY

Long-term modelling of material and symbolic environments: a reconstruction of Neolithic Calabria on the basis of GIS and agent-based modelling approaches Doortje Van Hove

4

Prehistoric Troinese Landscapes: GIS representations of Field Survey Gianna Ayala and Matthew Fitzjohn

12

Surveying the Cemeteries of Ancient Cyrene Luca Cherstich and Diego Paolini

20

The Ain Hofra Project (Libya): surveying and mapping methods Domenico Fossataro

33

2.

LANDSCAPE AND TOPOGRAPHY

Towards an elemental approach to Early Minoan funerary architecture: the enduring bedrock Georgios Vavouranakis

39

Teramo: From "Town Among Two Rivers" to Fortified Town Marzia Tornese

47

The County of Aprutium: Fortifications, Abbeys and Territory Sonia Antonelli

56

3.

SACRED SPACE

Temples and Sanctuaries: Defining Sacred Space Archaeologically in Ancient Etruria Carrie A Murray

64

An Age-Old Fertility Goddess: Reconstructing the Ritual Worship of Aphrodite at her Sanctuary in Palaepaphos Emilia D. Vassiliou

72

Rural Sanctuaries in the Territory ofCyrene (Libya) Oliva Menozzi

77

SOMA2001 The provincial sanctuaries of the imperial cult at Lyon and Narbonne: examples of urban exclusion or social inclusion? Penny Goodman

91

Shifting Pagan and Christian Cult Places in Late Antiquity: from Monumentalization to Cryptocult and Vice Versa Laurence Foschia

105

4.

SYMBOLIC ARCIIlTECTURE

Open Door Policies? A Spatial Analysis ofNeopalatial Domestic Architecture with special reference to the Minoan 'Villa' Ulrich Thaler

112

The Geometric Symbolism of the Mycenaean Palatial Megaron Olga Zolotnikova

123

Diocletian's Palace Gates, Split Marthe Aston

132

The Fortified Houses of the island of Andros, Greece between the 17th and 19th Centuries Maya Koltsida

141

5.

MOVEMENT AND SOCIAL DYNAMICS

The Earliest Colonisation in the Aegean: the case of the Dodecanese Mercourios Georgiadis

150

A Study of Political Institutions in Neopalatial Minoan Crete Klaas Vansteenhuyse

157

White Slip Wares from Bronze Age Cyprus and the Levant Helen Hatcher

161

The Mycenaean colonisation of Cyprus under the magnifying glass: emblemic indicia versus defining criteria at Palaepaphos Natasha Leriou

169

6.

BODY, GENDER AND SPACE

Women, Maintenance Activities and Space Margarita Sanchez Romero

178

Male versus Female areas in Ancient Egypt? Gender and Space in the Standard Amarna Villa Aikaterini Koltsida

183

The Anatomical Votive Terracotta Phenomenon in Central Italy: Complexities of the Corinthian Connection Alexandra L. Lesk 193 Cultures of physical modifications: Child bodies in ancient Cyprus Kirsi Lorentz

11

203

SOMA2001

7.

ICONOGRAPHY

Middle Kingdom Female Figurines Susan Saunders

211

Images of sound: music performances and the lyre player motif in Early Iron Age art Katerina Kolotourou

215

The Micali Painter and the Myth ofHerakles and Kyknos Francesca Zardini

223

'Villa di Papyri': Towards an analysis of its statuary in relation to Ptolemaic portraits Danai-Christina Naoum

233

8.

HERITAGE

Cycladic Idols: Stripped to the Stone Gerasimos V. Stergiopoulos

236

Lebanese Museums of Archaeology: will the past be part of the future? Lina G. Tahan

241

lll

SOMA2001

Contributors

Sonia Antonelli University of Rome Marthe Aston University of California Gianna Ayala and Matthew Fitzjohn Cambridge University Luca Cherstich and Diego Paolini University of Chieti Laurence Foschia University of Lille 3 Domenico Fossataro University of Chieti Mercourios Georgiadis University of Liverpool Penny Goodman Oxford University Helen Hatcher University of Reading Katerina Kolotourou University of Edinburgh Aikaterini Koltsida University of Liverpool Maya Koltsida University of Athens Natasha Leriou University of Birmingham Alexandra L. Lesk University of Cincinnati Kirsi Lorentz Cambridge University

Oliva Menozzi University of Chieti Carrie A Murray University College London Danai C. Naoum University of Liverpool Margarita Sanchez Romero. University of Durham Susan Saunders University of Liverpool Gerasimos V. Stergiopoulos University of Edinburgh Lina G. Tahan Cambridge University lTirich Thaler University of Sheffield Marzia Tornese University ofChieti Doortje Van Hove University of Southampton Klaas Vansteenhuyse Universite Catholique de Louvain-la-Neuve (UCL) Emilia D. Vassiliou University College London Georgios Vavouranakis University of Sheffield Francesca Zardini University College London Olga Zolotnikova University of Athens

IV

SOMA2001 Acknowledgements

The least obvious contributors to the success of this conference are the fellow researchers who organised and established the Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology, in Edinburgh on two occasions, at Birmingham and at Sheffield. We would like to express our gratitude to the School of Archaeology, Classics and Oriental Studies and the Humanities Graduate School of the University of Liverpool for their financial and moral support as well the facilities they provided for this conference. Special thanks should be addressed to The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies for their financial contribution to the international participants of our symposium. We would also like to thank Professor J.K. Davies, Professor C.B. Mee and Professor E.A Slater for their endless help and support, both practical and moral, as well as their active participation throughout this conference. In addition, this symposium would have never taken place without the help of our fellow postgraduates, namely Mary Clinton, Agis Drakos, Duane Gehlsen, Elizabeth Hind, Fiona Johnson, Reem al Khodari, Maya Koltsida, Danai-Christina Naoum, Amany Saadallah and Susan Saunders. Last but not least, our gratitude to Pat Winker cannot be sufficiently expressed, for her endless support in practical and financial matters as well as her immense patience. Concluding this note of acknowledgement, we would like to thank all the participants of the conference as well as the contributors to this volume for making this symposium a reality and SOMA 2001 a success. M.G., AK., G.M.

V

SOMA2001 ABBREVIATIONS FOR PERIODICALS AND SERIES

Note that abbreviations for ancient sources correspond to those given in H.G. Liddell, R. Scott, and H. Stuart Jones, GreekEnglish Lexicon, 9th edition (Oxford 1940) in the case of Greek authors and the Oxford Latin Dictionary (Oxford 1982) in the case of Latin authors, and, accordingly, are not included in this list

AA

Archaologischer Anzeiger (supplement to Jdl)

AAA

APXmoA.Oyucci AvciAGKi-a s~A(hivci>V(Athens Annals of Archaeology) C.H.E. Haspels, Attic Black-figured Lekythoi (Paris 1936).

ActaArch

Acta archaeologica (Copenhagen)

ActaArchLov

Acta archaeologica Lovanensia

AE

Aegaeum

Aegaeum: Annales d'archeologie egeenne de l'Universite de Liege et UT-P ASP

Aepigr

L' Annee epigraphique

Africa

Africa: Institut national d' Archeologie et d' Art (Tunis)

AJA

American Journal of Archaeology. The Journal of the Archaeological Institute of America

AK

Antike Kunst

Altertum

Das Altertum

AM

Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts: Athenische Abteilung

AmerAnt

American Antiquity

AnatSt

Anatolian Studies

AnnPerugia

Annali della Facolta di Littere e Filosofia, Universita degli Studi di Perugia

ANRW

H. Temporini (ed.), Aufstieg und Niedergang der romischen Welt (Berlin 1972- )

AntCI

L' Antiquite classique

Antiquity

Antiquity. A Quarterly Review of Archaeology

Anlf

The Antiquaries Journal. The Journal of the Society of Antiquaries of London

AntW

Antike Welt. Zeitschrift fur Archaologie und Kulturgeschichte

AR

Archaeological Reports (supplement to JHS) VI

SOMA2001

Archaeology

Archaeology. An Official Publication of the Archaeological Institute of America

ArchCI

Archaeologia classica

ArchDelt

A.l)Xa.tOAOyuc6v ~EA:riov

ArchHom

F. Matz and H. G. Buchholz (eds.),Archaeo/ogia Homerica (Gottingen 1967- )

ASAtene

Annuario della Scuola archeologica di Atene e delle Missioni Italiane in Oriente

Athenaeum

Athenaeum. Studi periodici di letteratura e storia dell'antichita, Universita di Pavia

BACE

Bulletin of the Australian Centre in Egypt

BALond

Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology of the University ofLondon

BAR

British Archaeological Reports

BAR-IS

British Archaeological Reports, International Series

BASOR

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

BCH

Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique

Berytus

Berytus. Archaeological Studies

BibOr

Bibliotheke Orientalis

BICS

Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies

BIFAO

Bulletin de l'Institut Fran~ais d' Archeologie Orientale du Caire

BM

British Museum

BMMA

Bulletin of the Metropoligan Museum of Art, New York

Britannia

Britannia. A Journal of Romano-British and Kindred Studies

BSA

The Annual of the British School at Athens

CAARI

Cyprus American Archaeological Research Institute

CAH

Cambridge Ancient History

CIL

Corpus inscriptionum latinarum

CMS

Corpus der Minoischen und Mykenischen Siegel

Corinth

Corinth. Results of Excavations conducted by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens

CQ

Classical Quarterly

CurrAnthr

Current Anthropology

CVA

Corpus vasorum antiquorum

vu

SOMA2001

DeM

Deir el-Medina

Dia/Arch

Dialoghi di archeologia

Dioniso

Dioniso. Trimestrale di studi sul teatro antico

DOP

Dumbarton Oaks Papers

EAA

Enciclopedia dell'arte antica, classica e orientale (Rome 1958-1984)

EpetByz

Epeteris Etaireias Buzantinon spoudon

Fe/Rav

Felix Ravenna

Fig.

Figure

Gallia

Gallia. Fouilles et monuments archeologiques en France Metropolitaine

Glotta

Glotta. Zeitschrift fiir griechische und lateinische Sprache

GM

Gottinger Miszellen

Gnomon

Gnomon. Kritische Zeitschrift fiir die gesamte klassische

Hesperia

Hesperia. The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens

ILN

The Illustrated London News

Iraq

Iraq, published by the British School of Archaeology in Iraq

JAGS

Journal of the American Oriental Society

.!ARCE

Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt

Jdl

Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts

./EA

The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology

./FA

Journal ofField Archaeology

./HS

Journal ofHellenic Studies

JMA

Journal ofMediterranean Archaeology

JNES

Journal of Near Eastern Studies

.IRA

Journal of Roman Archaeology

.IRS

Journal ofRoman Studies

Kokalos

Kokalos. Studi pubblicati dall'Istituto di storia antica Dell'Universita di Palermo

Vlll

SOMA2001

LA

Lexikon der Agyptologie

Levant

Levant. Journal of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem and the British Institute at Amman for Archaeology and History

LibAnt

Libya antiqua

LibSt

Libyan studies

LIMC

Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zurich and Munich 1974- )

Md/

Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts

MDOG

Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Berlin

MMS

Metropolitan Museum Studies

No

Number

Nos

Numbers

NSc

Notizie degli scavi di antichita

OJA

Oxford Journal of Archaeology

OpArch

Opuscula archaeologica

OpAth

Opuscula atheniensia

OpRom

Opuscula romana

p

Papyrus

Pact

Pact. Revue du Groupe europeen d'etudes pour les techniques physidques, chimiques et mathematiques appliquees a l'archeologie.

Palladio

Palladio. Rivista di storia dell'architettura

PBSR

Papers of the British School at Rome

Pl

Plate

pp

La parola del passato

PPS

Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society

Prakt

IIpaKnKa.TI)ov Eucj>pa:rnEuxrnem ayvwsr.

Leaving the city

This withdrawal to the countryside is also attested by the imperial legislation: a law dated to 392 (ThC XVI.I 0.12, 2) clearly alludes to the importance of cult practices in the countryside: "If any person should bind a tree with fillets, or should erect an altar of turf that he has dug up,( ...) such a person, as one guilty of the violation of religion, shall be punished by the forfeiture of that house or landholding in which it is proved that he served a pagan superstition" (tr. Cl. Pharr 1952: 474) (Si quis vero mortali opere facta et aevum passura simulacra inposito ture venerabitur ac ridiculo exemplo, metuens subito quae ipse simulaverit, vel redimita vittis arbore vel erecta effossis ara cespitibus, vanas imagines, humiliore licet muneris praemio, tamen plena re/igionis injuria honorare temptaverit, is utpote violatae religionis reus ea domo seu possessione multabitur, in qua eum gentilicia constiterit superstitione famulatum). We learn from this text that individuals, including certainly priests, had transferred the cult to their own estates, houses or landholdings (domus, possessiones). On these landholdings, the conditions of traditional worship were recreated: the text alludes to the erection of altars made of turf (erecta effossis ara cespitibus), supposed to replace the altars of marble customarily placed near the temples. And worship of trees that consisted in decorating them with fillets (redimita vittis arbore) was naturally enough a common practice in these country shrines (Trombley 1993-94 I: 14). The resistance of paganism in the countryside is, again, known to us by a law of 399 that specifically orders the destruction of temples situated in the countryside: Si qua in agris temp/a sunt, sine turba ac tumultu diruantur (ThC

Inscriptions like this, mentioning covert shrines or temples are very rare. More frequent are the testimonia alluding to the revival of pagan cults in hilltop shrines and in caves, access to which was difficult for the imperial authorities to control. Cave use increased in intensity or frequency in and also in terms of the number of caves, as Wickens has shown (Wickens 1986: 210-24 ). Among such reactivated shrines are those dedicated to Pan at Marathon (Papadimitriou 1958: 681, 685-6) and on Mount Parnes. For example, one can cite two inscriptions, dated around 350, found in the Pan cave at Phyle, in Attica (Wilhelm 1929: 54; Fox 1986: 673 ). In the first one, a sophist mentions that he is climbing to the Pan Cave for the sixth time; and in the second text, Nicagoras says it was his eleventh or twelfth visit (Philostratus Vita Apol/. IV, 34, 2; Damascius ap. Photius 131; Robert 1977: 87). We have parallel examples in Crete where Ploutarchus, governor of the Islands Province probably under the emperor Julian, between 361 and 363, states, in an epigram to the Samian Hera, that just before coming to Samos, he had offered sacrifices to Zeus in the cave of Ida ( "Hpl] ,raµ~aa(Xna, L:lLOSµEyaXou ,rapaKOLTL,dXa0L Kdµt q>UAUTTE, aa61TTOAL, O"OVACITpLVayv6v. ApTL yap lpa .:'.itd pe::~as KpTJTTJO"LV Ev civTpms "I 8T]s Ev O"K01TE Xmm Mxov yipas EK ~amXfjos vfiawv, TUS TIEpl 1TOVTOS CIAL KTU1TOS EO"TE avwKE, TJYL a0m IL\.oUTapxos. EXWV 1TUTposovvoµa KAELVOV,ovpav(ms auµ 1TUO"LV Eµov ~UO"LAfjaq>UAUO"O"E) (Robert 1948: 55-9). V

Similarly inaccessible and impossible to destroy were hilltop shrines that continued to be used or were reactivated in Late Antiquity. One might mention in particular shrines dedicated to Zeus Ombrios, i. e. Zeus linked with rain and weather in general (Alcock 1994: 253-5). Marked by enclosure walls and open air altars, they have been documented on mount Hymettos -probably in use until the 5th century-, on Mount Olympus (Kyriazopoulos and Libadas 1967: 6-14) and on Mount Kokkygion above Hermion in Argolis (Pausanias, II.36.2; Langdon 1976: I 08). Another was situated in Laconia where cult activity is demonstrated through the 4th century by hundreds of mould-made terracotta lamps (Catling 1990: 276-95).

107

SOMA2001 The necessity to practise in secret explains the development of these cult places. But we must not neglect more straightforward pragmatic considerations. In Late Antiquity indeed, populations of Attica and the Peloponnese (Langdon 1976: 87-95) lived in a greater autarkeia than before, i.e. were forced to rely on their own resources. As foreign imports were less important, they felt the need to pray to Zeus as the weather deity and to favour cults associated with the countryside (Alcock 1994: 255).

When Pagans go home The second strategy followed by pagans in order to continue the worship of their gods was to retreat into private houses. As early as 319, a law of Constantine (ThC IX.16.2) forbids haruspices and priests to enter a private house to celebrate private ceremonies (Haruspices et sacerdotes et eos, qui huic ritui adsolent ministrare, ad privatam domum prohibemus accedere vel sub prcetextu amicitice limen alterius ingredi, pama contra eos pro posita, si contempserit legem); and in 320 was promulagted the first edict (ThC XVl.10.1) prohibiting private sacrifices (Si qui de palatio nostro aut ceteris operibus publicis degustatum Ju/gore esse constiterit, retento more veteris observantiae quid portendat, ab haruspicibus requiratur et diligentissime scribtura collecta ad nostram scientiam referatur, ceteris etiam usurpandae hujus consuetudinis licentia tribuenda, dummodo sacrificiis domesticis abstineant, quae specialiter prohibita sunt). These examples suggest that the imperial authorities may have been afraid of a possible increase of private and thus uncontrollable practices. And indeed, the evidence for domestic cults is not uncommon: we find in late pagan authors as well as in inscriptions mention of the development of private Mouseia, that is to say small domestic shrines consecrated to the Muses. Eunapius (Vitre Soph. 483) writes about Julian of Cresarea, a sophist born in 275, that his house in Athens was so inhabited by the Muses and Hermes that it looked like a sacred temple. Inside, he had even installed a small theatre. Such an allusion is to be put alongside late houses discovered mainly in Athens in which have been recognized cult dispositions. Excavated by the American School, they are the so-called "House of the Sculptures", "House of Damascios " and "House of Proclus or Chi House". The House of the Sculptures, on the north slope of the Areopagus (Camp 1994: 50-5; Sodini 1984: 345), dated to the middle of the 4th century, revealed eleven pieces of sculpture, evidently pagan, that had been buried into the house at the end of the 6th century. Among them, statues of Heracles and Athena and a small relief representing Artemis. This collection, dated from the 4th c. BC to the 3rd c. AD has been interpreted as a sign of the celebration of private cults. The house had been destroyed by the Slavs in 582/3.

Even more convincing is the C House on the south slope of the Acropolis (Frantz 1988: 47-8, 87, 92) which Athanassiadi has recently associated with Damascius (Athanassiadi 1999: 342-7). Consisting of a fountain house, a nymphreum in the form of a semi-circular pool and a triclinium, it contained a remarkable collection of antique statuary which was discovered intact. Most of the pieces had been thrown in two of the wells of the house, meticulously sealed at a date which could coincide with 529, date of the closure of the Athenian Academy. The themes of several reliefs and statues refer to the solar and dionysiac theology of the Neoplatonists and the mutilations visible on many statues make it manifest that their meaning was religious. A private sanctuary has been identified as well in the House of Proclus, dated to 393 (Karivieri 1994b: 115-39). Apart from a cult statue of Isis, dated to the first quarter of the 1st century (Acropolis South Slope NAM 40; Walters 1988) and a small room recalling a Pompeian lararium (Frantz 1988: 39, 43-5; Karivieri 1994b: 121; Meliades 1960: 48), a piglet's grave was discovered in room b. An iron knife was still in situ in the neck and the animal was surrounded by votive offerings, mainly cups. Such a grave reminds us of the sacrifice which was accomplished during the Eleusinian mysteries and the Thesmophoria ceremonies for Demeter: a piglet was thrown into a pit, after having been sacrificed or alive (Burkert 1998: 71-111; Detienne 1979; Karivieri 1994b: 133). But such a practice could not, in classical times, have been performed in private settings (Nasstrom 1990: 98-9), except, perhaps, if it had become impossible to do it in the usual place, that is to say at the Eleusinian sanctuary. Was it in ruin in the middle of the 5th century? Probably (Karivieri 1994b: 134), hence the transfer of the ceremony into such houses. Finally, we find epigrams where the god himself, Pan or Hermes, definitely alludes to this shifting of his own statue towards a private installation, swearing that he is better off there, in a private Mouseion, than in public spaces such as the stadium or agora. One comes from Epidauros (Robert 1948: 5-15): Oux OUTWS'ciyopl]CTLVEVL cnaolmal TE xalpru oaaov Eq>' 'Lµcp-rfjL TijL0E yty178a ~cian · 0TJ yap' A817vai:os W ao¢ov 8E0V EV TTpOTTUA.ULOLS' cip17TTJP YEYWDS'EfoaTo Tlpa~ay6pas.

Another is from JEgina (Robert 1948: 7-8): OuKtn K17poxuTmm KaT, ouprn TEpTTOµEUUA.OLS' TT17KTl8os,OUT' c':ivTpOLS', OU 0EV0pECTLV U~LTTET~A.OLS', TJXlD8 ' OU q>LAEW, OU TEprroµc ciypov6µmaw

108

Sacred Space dvopos- 8' cL0u8(KOUTT00EWV TTEpLKaAAEa E'pya 'AµTTEALOU