Siscia Pannonia Superior: Finds and Metalwork Production. Terra Sigillata. 9780860548027, 9781407349275

Table of contents :
Cover
Copyright
FORE WORD AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CONTENTS
LIST OF MAPS
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF PLATES
PART I: THE CITY AND THE FINDS
PART II: METAL FINDS AND METAL PRODUCTION
BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR PARTS I AND II
PART III: TERRA SIGILLATA
BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR PART III
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES
PLATES

Citation preview

Siscia Pannonia Superior Finds and Metalwork Production Remza KosCevic Terra Sigillata Rajka MakjaniC

BAR International Series 621 1995

Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 621 Siscia Pannonia Superior © The authors individually and the Publisher 1995 The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860548027 paperback ISBN 9781407349275 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860548027 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by Tempvs Reparatvm in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 1995. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.

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FORE WORD AND ACKNO WLEDG MENTS

A r chaeo log ica l l i t e ra tu r e o n S i sc ia i sq u i te c on s ide rab le , b u t i ti ss c a t te red o ve r m any , mo s t ly o l d , p ub l ica t ion s a nd j ou rna l s , w h ich d ea l w i th s i ng le f i nd s o rs ma l le r g r oup s o ff i nd s . A long s ide p ub l i shed f i nd s , t h e r e i s al a rge q uan t i ty o fu npub l i shed s ma l l f i nd s m a te r ia l k ep t i nt h e S i sak C o l le c t ion o f t h e A r chaeo log ica l Mu seum i nZ ag r eb ( mo s t ly o l de rf i nd s ) a nd i nt h e Mu seum o ft h e T own o fS i sak ( n ewe r f i nd s ) . T h eo n ly e x i s t ing s yn th e s i so nR oman S i sc ia w a sp ub l i shed i n1 974 b yJ .S a se la nd i t sc ha ra c te ri s o fa ne ncyc lopaed ia e n t ry w i thou ti lu s t ra t ion s . T h i s b ook d oe s n o t d ea l w i th h i s to r ica l , e p ig raph ica l , n um i sma t ica l o r s im i la r q ue s t ion s . I t s a im i st o g a the r a sm uch m a te r ia l a sp o s s ib le , a ccompan ied b y t h e i r i l u s t ra t ion s o n o ne p l a ce . P a r t Ib r ing s t h e s umma ry o fe a r l ie rp ub l i shed f i nd s , d evo id o fr e f e r en ce s , a na log ie s e t c . , w h ich a l l c an b e f o und i nt h e i r o r ig ina lp ub l ica t ion s . P a r t Ic on s i s t s o fm e ta lwo rk f i nd s , w h ich a r e h e r e o b se r ved f r om t h e s t andpo in t o ft h e i r p roduc t ion , t o w h ich as epa ra te c hap te r i sd evo ted . P a r t I I c on s t i tu te s t h e f i r s t f u l l p ub l ica t ion o ft e r ra s i g i l la ta . T he c o l le c t ion sp r e sen ted a r ek ep ta tt h eA r cha eo log ica l Mu seum i nZ ag r eb . We w ou ld l i k e t ot h ank D r B ranka V ik i C B e lanC ie f o r t h e o ppo r tun i ty t os t udy t h e S i sak c o l lec t ion s o f m e ta lwo rk a nd s i g i l la ta f r om t h e Mu seum i nZ ag r eb ,a nd f o rh e re n cou ragemen ta nd i n sp i ra t ion .

O xfo rd —Z ag reb ,N ovembe r 1 995

R .K . —R .M .

P a r t I I o ft h i s b ook , w h ich d ea l s w i th s i g i l la ta f r om S i sak , i sp a r to fm y 1 989 d o c to ra l d i s se r ta t ion o n s i g i l la ta i nn o r thwe s ter nC roa t ia . My t h ank s g o t oB e r i s lav Ma jhu t f o r h i s p a t ien ce a nd h a rd w o rk o n d r aw ing sa nd D av id D av i son f o rc o r re c t ing m yE ng l i sh . Iw ou ld a l so l i ke t ot h ank E rn s tK ünz lf o rm ak ing i tp o s s ib le f o r m e t o s t udy i nt h e l i b ra ry o f t h e R öm i sch—Ge rman i sch Z an t ra lmu seum i n Ma in z a nd R icha rd R eec ef o rh i sv a luab le s uppo r t . R .M .

i

CONTENTS F o rewo rd a nd A c know ledgmen t s C on ten t s

i i

L i s to f Map s L i s to fF igu r e s L i s to fP la te s

v v i

P a r tI :T he C i ty a nd t h eF ind s I n t roduc t ion H i s to ry o fS i sc ia S e t t ing a nd U rban D eve lopmen t R ema in so fU rban A r ch i tec tu re U rban I n f ra s t ruc tu r e Q uay a nd B r idge s C eme te r ie s T he M in t S ton eS cu lp tu r e I n sc r ip t ion s C lay L amp s C lay F igu r ine s

1

6 8 1 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5

P a r tI : Me ta lF ind sa nd Me ta lP roduc t ion Me ta lF ind s Me ta lF igu r e s A r ta nd C ra f tO b je c t s Me ta lL amp s Me ta lV e s se l s M i l i ta ry E qu ipmen t Med ica lI n s t rumen t s Wr i t ing E qu ipmen t B ow F ibu lae P la te F ibu lae J ewe l le ry L ead F ind s F igu r ine s P endan t s C u r se P la te s L abe l s L eaden S ea l s F ind so fO th e r Ma te r ia l

1 6

1 7

1 8 2 0

2 2

Me ta lP roduc t ion O r eM ine sa nd Me ta lP ro ce s s ing A na ly s i so f Me ta lf r om S i sc ia S i sc ian Wo rk shop f o r Me ta lO b jec t s

2 3 2 5 3 2

C onc lu s ion

3 8

A bb r ev ia t ion s

3 9

B ib l iog raphy f o rP a r t s Ia nd I

4 0

P a r tI I :T e r ra S i g i l la ta I n t roduc t ion I t a l ian S i g i l la ta P la in Wa r e F ab r ic S hap e s A pp l ied D eco ra t ion S tamp s P la in I t a l ian S i g i l la ta —D i scu s s ion P la in I t a l ian S i g i l la ta —C on c lu s ion I t a l ian R e l ie f—D eco ra ted Wa r e F ab r ic S hape s D eco ra t ion R e l ie f—De co ra ted Wa re —C on c lu s ion G ra ff i t i S ou th G au l i sh Wa r e F ab r ic P la in F o rm s S tamp Mou lded Wa re D e co ra t ion a nd A t t r ibu t ion L aG rau f e senque L aG rau f e senque o rB ana s sac B ana s sa c C on c lu s ion

4 3 4 8 5 2 5 6 6 0

6 0

6 1

6 2

6 3

L ezoux F ab r ic P la in Wa r e S hape s S tamp s D eco ra ted Wa r e S hape s D e co ra t ion a nd A t t r ibu t ion C onc lu s ion E a s tG au la nd R h e in zabem F ab r ic P la in Wa r e S tamp s B a rbo t in ea nd I n c i sed w a re S hape s R e l ie f—Mou lded Wa r e D eco ra t ion a nd A t t r ibu t ion H e i l igenbe rg R he inzabem C onc lu s ion

6 3

6 4

6 5 6 6 6 7

6 8 6 9

We s temdo r fa nd P fa f f enho f en F ab r ic D eco ra t ion a nd A t t r ibu t ion S t amp C onc lu s ion A f r ican Wa re s F ab r ic S hape s D eco ra t ion C onc lu s ion

7 0

7 1

P annon ian a nd Moe s ian w o rk shop s ,C o r in th ian a nd O th e r Wa r e P annon ian Wo rk shop o fG lazed Wa re a nd S i g i l la ta U n iden t if ied L oca l Wo rk shop

7 2

V im ina c ium—Ma rgum Wo rk shop F ab r ic D eco ra t ion a nd A t t r ibu t ion Wo rk shop ' X ' F ab r ic S hape D e co ra t ion A t t r ibu t ion

7 3

P annon ian S t amp ed P o t t e ry F ab r ic D eco ra t ion C o r in th ian R el i e fB ow l F ab r ic S hape D eco ra t ion A t t r ibu t ion

7 4

C on c lu s ion

7 5

B ib l iog raphy f o rP a r tI I

7 7

D e sc r ip t ion o fP la te s 1t o5

8 4

P la te s

8 7

L IST OF MAPS

Map 1 . Map 2 . Map 3 . Map 4 . Map 5 . Map 6 .

P annon ia ( Moc sy , 1 974 ) . I ly r icum ( Enc ik lope c l i ja J ugo s law j e4 ,Z ag r eb 1 960 ) . P an non ia S upe r io r ,P annon ia I n f e r io ra nd P a nnon ia S av ia ( Pannon ia ) . E thn ic g roup so fw ide rS i sc ian t e r r i to ry ( A lö f ld i 1 965 ) . L oca t ion o fo r em ine s( A l fö ld i 1 965 a nd B a s le r 1 977 ) . S i te so fp roduc t ion o fm e ta lo p enwo rk ( S e l lye 1 969 ) .

2 3 4 5 1 4 3 5

L IST OF F IGURES

F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F i g . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6

S i sak —l o ca t ion p l an ( a f te rN enad iC 1 987 ) . Ma r s ig l i ' sp lan o fS i sak ( a f te rN enad iC 1 987 ) . S i sak —l o ca t ion o fR oman r ema in s . ( a f te rF abe r 1 972 / 73 ) . S i sak —l o ca t ion p l an ( a f te rS ' a Ae l 1 974 ) . Map o f moder nS i sak H ypo cau s ts ub s t r uc tu r e( Nenad iC 1 987 ) . H ypo cau s ti nt h eb a th s( V rbanov ie 1 981 ) . Wa te rr e ser vo i r( V rbanov iC 1 981 ) . R ema in so ft h eb r idge o nP ogo re lec ( V rbanov iC 1 987 ) . R ema in so ft i mbe rs u b s t ruc tu r e . G rave sf r om t h es ou th c eme te ry ( V rbanov id 1 981 ) . G rave f r om t h es ou th c eme te ry ( V rbanov iC 1 981 ) . G rave f r om t h es ou th c eme te ry ( V rbanov id 1 981 ) . G rave f r om t h es ou th c eme te ry ( V rbanov iC 1 981 ) . A u r eu so fD ioc le t ian ,S i sc ian m in t( An t idk ip o r t re t ) . S o l idu so fV e t ran iu s ,S i sc ian m in t( An t idk ip o r t re t ) . A u r eu so fA ugu s tu s ,f ound i nS i sak ( An t idk ip o r t r e t ) . L ead l u nu la rp endan t s . Me l ted i r on o r ei nc e ram ic t u be s . A uc i s sa f i bu lae ( Kok ev iC 1 975 ) . C ro ssbow f i bu lae ( Kokev ic 1 975 ) . K rä f t ig p ro f i l ie r tf i bu lae ( Kokev ic 1 975 ) . K rä f t ig p ro f i l ie r tf i bu lae ( Kokev iC 1 975 ) . K rä f t ig p ro f i l ie r tf i bu lae ( Kokev iC 1 975 ) . L ead c a s t so fo pen—wo rk o b jec t s( a f t e rS e l lye 1 969 ) . E xamp le so fk r ä f t ig p ro f i l ie r tf i bu lae m ad ei nS i sak a nd f o und i nS t a ra V a s —S v .J e rne r j ,

F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig .

2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9

t o day i nA r chaeo log ica l Mu seum i nZ ag r eb . T imbe rs ub s t r uc tu re i nr i ve rK upa . D imen s ion so fh em i sphe r ica lc up sC on sp . 3 4f r om t h e LMV w o rk shop . D imen s ion so fT a rdo—Padana b a rbo t ine v e s se l s . T ype so fb a rbo t ine d eco ra t ion o nT a rdo—Padana . A pp l ied d eco ra t ion o nI t a l ian s i g i l la ta . A pp l ied d eco ra t ion o nI t a l ian s i g i l la ta . S t amp so nI t a l ian s i g i l la ta . V e s se l s f r om t h ew o rk shop o fL .G e l l iu s . V e s se l sf r om t h ew o rk shop so f LMV a nd Q SP . G ra f f i t i . S t amp so nG au l i sh a nd We s t e rn fo r fw a re . Q uan t i t ies o fs i g i l la ta f r om w e s ter np roduc t ion c en t r e si nS i sak c o l lec t ion . D i s t r ibu t ion o fS i g i l la ta t oS i sak t h rough t i me .

4 6 7 8 9

1 0

1

1 2 2 2 2 4

3 2 3 3 5

3 7 4 6 4 7 5 0 5 1 5 5 8

5 9 6 2 6 7 7 5 7 6

L IST OF P LATES

P la te s 1 ,2 a nd 3 :S t one S cu lp tu re P la te s4 -9 :

I n sc r ip t ion sa nd G rave S t one s

P la te s 1 012 :

C lay L amp sa nd Mou ld s ,C lay F igu r ine s

P la te s 1 3-17 :

Me ta lF igu r e sa nd A r ta nd C raf tO b je c t s

P la te s 1 8 —1 9 :

Sma l l Me ta lO b je c t s

P la te s2 0-24 :

Me ta lU t il i ta r ian O b je c t s , Me ta lL amp sa nd V e sse l s

P la te s2 5-32 :

M il i ta ry O u tf i ta nd Weapon ry

P la te s4 1-46 :

J ewele ry

P la te s4 7-50 :

U nf in i shed Me ta lO b jec t s

P la te s5 1-54 :

L ead O b je c t s

P la te 5 :

G la s sJ ewele ry

P la te s5 6-66 :

I t a l ian S i g ila ta

P la te s6 7-72 ,291 :

G au l i sh a nd We s temdo r fS i g ila ta

P la te 7 2 :2 92-302

A f r ican Wa re

P la te s :7 3-74

P annon ian a nd Moe s ian S i g i l la ta ,C o r in th ian R el i ef B ow l

PART I : THE C ITY AND THE F INDS I NTRODUCTION

T he l o s t p i c tu re o f av an i shed c i ty c anno t b e r e con s t ruc ted o n ly f r om i t s a r ch i tec tu ra l r ema in s . R oman S i sak ( Sege s t ica , S i sc ia ) h a s o n ly af ew monumen ta l w o rk s o fa r t , b u t t h e d eg ree o fi t s i mpo r tance c an b e g l imp sed t h rough i t s s ma l lf i nd s ,w h ich h ave b een f ound i na bundance .

d rama t ica l ly . N ew b u i ld ing s w e re e r ec ted w i th s peed a nd i n ten s i ty . T he l a ndowne r s h ad a l l t h e a r chaeo log ica l m a te r ia l f r om t h e i r l a nd a t t h e i r d i spo sa l . S ome o f t h e R oman s po l ia w e re b u i l t i n to n ew b u i ld ing s o r g a ined s ome s e conda ry u se ( s uch a s as t one c ap i ta l w h ich w a s u sed a s a g a rden t a b le ) ; R oman b r ick s w e re u sed f o r p av ing s , e t c . I n 1 870 S i r A r thu r E van s s aw t h e l a s t r ema in s o f S i sc ia . T he f o l low ing y ea r , n ew c ommuna l w o rk s e ra sed a l l u p s tandong R oman r ema in s a nd f i l led i na l l d ef en s ive d i tche s .

S i sak w a s o nce aR oman c i ty w ho se s ub sequen t h i s tory w a s ma rked b y s t o rmy a nd d rama t ic e ven t s . S i sak 's s u f f e r ing d id n o tc ea se w i th t h e o ncom ing o f modem t ime s a nd h e r s i len t d rama c on t inues t ot h i s d ay . S i sc ia ' s d e s t iny i ss pec if ic , f o r i t r ema ined r e la t ive ly w e l l p re ser ved u p u n t i l t h e l a s t

W i th t h e g row ing i n te r e s t i n t h e p re serva t ion o f t h e p a s t , f r om t h e m idd le o f t h e n i ne teen th c en tu ry , m any f i nd s f ound t h e i r w ay t o m u seum s — m o s t ly t o t h e A r chaeo log ica l Mu seum i nZ ag reb ; b u t a tt h e s ame t ime p r iva te c o l lec t ion s f o rc omme r c ia l p u rpo se sg r ew , a l though ac u ra to r ia ln e two rk

c en tu ry , i ns p i te o ft h e f a c t t h a tt h e n ew t own g r ew o n t o po f t h eR oman o ne . H o rva t ( 1954 :2 ) r i gh t ly c onc luded t h a t S i sc ian R oman a r ch i tec tu re o u t l ived a l l m i sfo r tune s , i n c lud ing t h e i n va s ion o ft h e A va r s .T he S i sc ian w a l ls s he l te r ed t h e S lavon ian D uke

a l ready e x i s ted ( I . K uku l jev iC—Sakc in sk i , Übe r d en Z u s tand d e r A l ter thüme r i nS i sc ia , MZK I , 1 857 ) . T he n ew t own d eve loped o n t o p o f t h e R oman c i ty , w h ich made t h e p r e se rva t ion o f a r ch i tec tu ra l r ema in s v e ry d i f f icu l t , a nd a r chaeo log is t s m anaged t o s ave v e ry l i t t le . I n S i sak w he re

L judev i tP o say sk i i nh i s w a r a ga in s t t h e F rank i sh e mp i re o f C ha r lemagne a t t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e n i n th c en tury . I n t h e m idd le o f t h e s i x teen th c en tu ry , d u r ing t h e b a t t le w i th t h e T u rk s , b y r oya l c on sen t , R oman s t one w a s u sed t ob u i ld t h e c a s t le c a l led S tan G rad b yt h e I t a l ian b u i lde r s . B u te ven t h i s e ven t d id n o t d es t roy S i sc ia 's r ema in s a nd a tt h e e nd o f t h e 1 8 th c en tu ry , R oman c i ty w a l ls a nd d i tche s , p avemen t s a nd r ema in so fb u i ld ing s w e re p a r t ly i np l ace .

R oman r ema in s c an b e f ound i na lmo s te very g a rden , n o to ne

T he r e a son f o r t h e l o ng p r eser va t ion o fS i sc ia 's r ema in s l i e s i nt h e t r ad i t iona l t imbe r a r ch i tec tu re , w h ich , b ecau se o f t h e n a tu re o f t h e g round d id n o t r equ i re d eep f ounda t ion s . R oman f ounda t ion sw e re u sed f o rt h et i mbe rb u i ld ing s .

e spec ia l ly a to ne p a r t icu la rp o in to n t h e r i ve rK upa ( F ig s . 1 0 a nd 2 7 ) h a s t a ken d ra s t ic p ropo r t ion s : d u r ing t h e l ow w a te r

s i ng le R oman b u i ld ing h a s b een e xcava ted i n f u l l . P r iva te u n reg i s te red c o l lec t ion s h ave b een f o rmed a nd t h e a r chaeo log ica l m a ter ia l f i nd s i t s w ay n o t o n ly t oc o l lec t ion s t h roughou t E u rop e , b u t t o Ame r ica a s w e l l ( Hof f i le r 1 910 / 1911 : 1 81 ; J e lo Cn ik 1 961 : 6 ) . F ind s c o l lec t ing ,

A tt h e b eg inn ing o ft h e 1 9 th c en tu ry , w i th t h ei n i t ia t ion o ft h e

l e ve l s , l o ng a go , c o l lec t ing b ecame e s tab l ished a s al o ca l h obby ( Brun S 'm id 1 895 : 1 91 ) . T hu s e ven t h e s ma l le s t f i nd f r om t h is r i ve rs i te d e ser ve s a t ten t ion , s o t h a t s ome th ing c an b e s aved f r om t h e i r reve r s ib le d eva s ta t ion o f t h e o r ig ina l

w hea t t r ade w h ich w en tt h rough S i sak ,t h e s i tua t ion c hanged

c on tex t .

H ISTORY OF S ISCIA

c ha rac ter is t ic s ( F ig . 1 ) . B y l a nd a nd w a te r S i s ica c onnec ted

S i sc ia ,f o rme rS ege s t ica ,i st h em o s ti mpo r tan tR oman c i ty i n c on t inen ta l C roa t ia . H i s to r ica l i n fo rma t ion o n S i sc ia i s

B a lkan l a nd s w i th t h e w e s t . I n r e la t ion t o I t a ly , S i sc ia 's i mpo r tan ce g r ew w i th t h e e s tab l i shmen t o f t h e c o lony o f

b a sed o n t h e mode rn i n te rp r e ta t ion s o f R oman s ou rce s : A pp ian ( I l lyr ik e X , X I I—XX IV ) , P l iny ( Na tura l i s h i s to r ia

A qu i le ia i n1 8 1 BC .

I I ) , S t rabo ( Geograph ica I V , V I I ) , P a te rcu luc C a iu s ( H is t . r om . I ) , C a ss iu s D io a nd o t he r s . B e ing a n i mpo r tan t

T he t own p l ayed ar o le d u r ing t h e R oman c i v i l w a r s . I n6 0 BC i tw a s a dm in i s te red b y C ae sa r , i n4 0 BC b y O c tav ian ,

c r o ss road s ( c apu t v i arum ) , S i sc ia i s ma rked o n T abu la P eu t inge r iana , a s a m a jo r s t op b e tween Emona a nd S i rm ium , w h i le I t inerar iu sA n ton in i m en t iones i to nr oad s t o Mu r sa , P oe tov io , Emona a nd S en ia ( Bo janov sk i 1 984 : 1 5 5 , T . I ) .

T he n ame s S eges t ica a nd S eges ta , a ppea r i nt h e s ou r ce s i n

S i sc ia l i e s o nt h ee dge o ft h e P annon ian p l a in ( Map 1 ) , i nt h e

t h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry BC . P l iny p laced S ege s t ica o n t h e r i gh t b ank o ft h e r i ve r K upa a nd S i sc ia o n

w h i le i n3 1 BC i tb ecame s ena tor ia l , a nd i n1 2 o r 1 BC a n i mper ia lc i ty ( Ho t i : 1 35 , 1 36 , 1 38 , 1 39 )( Map 2 ) .

i t s l e f t b ank . S t rabo a l so d i f f e ren t ia ted b e tween S ege s t ica a nd S i sc ia a s t wo n e ighbou r ing s e t t lemen t s . H e c a l led S ege s t ica ap o l i s . S eges t ica w a s aw a l led o pp idum w h ich r e s is ted R oman a t temp t s a tc onques to ve rl o ng p e r iod s

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Map 1 .P annon ia ( a f te r Mo sey 1 974 ) d u r ing t h e l a s t t wo c en tu r ie s BC . F i na l ly , a f te r as i ege o f o ne w ho le m on th a nd w i th t h eh e lp o ft wo a nd ah a l fl e g ion s a nd s h ip s , S ege s t ica w a s c onque red b y O c tav ian i n3 5 BC . I n aw ay , S ege s t ica ' s f a l l m a rked t h e c onque s t o fP annon ia .

S i sc ia o ri ni t sv i c in i ty ,v ex i l la r i io fL eg io X IV G em ina w e r e p r e sen t .

F rom t h a tt i me ,t h ep l ace i sc a l led S i sc ia ,a nd S ege s t ica d oe s n o t a ppea r i nt h e s ou r ce s a nymo re . AR oman m i l i ta ry u n i t w a s p l aced i n t h e c i ty , a nd t h u s S i sc ia b ecame t h e m a in c omme r c ia l a s w e l l a s t h e p r inc ipa l m i l i ta ry h a rbou r i n I ly r ia ,a nd l a te rP annon ia ( Map 2 ) ,w h ich w a st o a cqu i re i t s n ame f r om t h el o ca lp opu la t ion .T h e R ive rS ava b ecame t h e f o rma l b o rde r b e tween P annon ia a nd D a lma t ia ( t he t wo p rov ince sw e re u n t i lt h ef i r s tc en tu ry u n i ted a sI ly r icum ) ,b u t i tc ou ld h ave b een p o s s ib le f o rt h eb o rde rt oh ave r u nm o r et o t h e s ou th , t oP e t rova G o ra a nd Z r in ska G o ra ( n o r th—we s to f B o san sk iN ov i ) .

S i sc ia w a s e l eva ted t ot h e s t a tu s o fc o lony ( Co lon ia F lav ia S i sc ia ) . F rom t h e s e cond h a l f o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry , m any I t a l ian s a ppea r i nt h e c anabae o f t h e f o r t re s s ; a l so p r e sen t a r e o r ien ta l s , G au l s a nd h i span ic s . T h rough d educ t io S i sc ia

A t t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e r u le o f V e spa s ian , p robab ly i n7 1 ,

w a si n hab i t ed b y v e t e ran s —f o rme rs a i lo r s( c la s s ia r i i )o ft h e R avenna a nd M i senum f l ee t s . T he P annon ian f l ee t w a s e n t i t led F lav ia a tt h i sp o in t . F o l low ing T ra jan ' s d i v i s ion o f P annon ia i n to P annon ia I n f e r io r ( w i th t h e c ap i ta l a t A qu incum ) a nd P a nnon ia S up e r io r ( c ap i ta l a tC a rnun tum ) , S i sc ia w a s p l a ced i nt h e l a t te r ( Map 3 ) . S i sc ia ' s c o lon ia l s t a tu s w a s c on f i rmed b y S ep t im iu s S eve ru s ( Co lon ia S ep t im ia S i sc ia A ugu s ta ) . A f te r D ioc le t ian ' s r e o rgan i sa t ion o f t h e Emp i r e , S i sc ia b ecame t h e a dm in i s t ra t ive c en t r e o f t h e p rov in ce o f S av ia ( Map 3 )a nd t h es e a to ft h em in t .

D u r ing t h eu p r i s ing o ft h e D a lma t ian a nd P annon ian t r ib e s i n t h e y ea r s AD 6 t o9 ,S i sc ia s e r ved a s t h e m i l i ta ry b a se f o r T ib e r iu s a nd h i sn ume rou s t r oop s . A l though i th a sn o tb een c on f i rmed t h rough h i s to r ica l s ou r ce s , i ti sw ide ly b e l ieved t h a t i tw a s L eg io I X H i spana t h a t w a s s t a t ioned i nS i sc ia d u r ing t h e D a lma t ian a nd P annon ian u p r i s ing ( Mo c sy 1 9 59 : 2 5 ; 1 962 : 5 48 ; ge l 1 974 : 7 34 ; P annon ia : 1 3 1 ) . T h i sl e g ion m igh th ave r ema ined i nS i sc ia a f t e rt h ed i v i s ion o fI ly r icum . A t t h e s ame t i me L eg io V I I I A ugu s ta w a s s t a t ioned i n P o e tov io , a nd L eg io XV Apo l l ina r i s i n Emona . D u r ing t h e w a r s o f D om i t ian a ga in s t t h e Q uad i a nd Ma r comann i , i n

S i sc ia l a s ted u n t i l a r ound AD 6 00 , w h en , a s w i th o t he r P annon ian c i t ie s , i t s u r ban s t ruc tu r e w a s d e s t royed b y t h e i n va s ion o f t h e A va r s a nd S l ay s . H oweve r , ac e r ta in c on t inu i ty r ema ined u p t ot h e m ed ieva l p e r iod , t e s t if ied b y t h e c o in f i nd s w h ich c an b e t r a ced f r om t h e s e ven th t ot h e t we l f th c e n tu r ie s . I nt h e s i x th a nd s e ven th c en tu r ie s S i sc ia 2

H i s to ry o fS i s c ia w a s aB yzan t ine b a se a nd i n t h e n i n th c en tu ry i tw a s o c cup ied b yt h eF rank s .

i d en t ica l t ot h e w a l l s o ft h e c o lony a nd t h a t S i s ica h ad i t s o wn s p ec i f ic m i l i ta ry a r ea . A r chaeo log ica l c on f i rma t ion o f t h e m i l i ta ry p r e sence c an b e f o l lowed t h rough t h en ume rou s f i nd s o fm i l i ta ry e qu ipmen t , w h ich m i r ro rt h e f i nd s f r om t h e f o r t so nt h el i m e s .

AC h r i s t ian c ommun i ty e x is ted i nS i sc ia f r om t h e m idd le o f t h et h i r rd c en tu ry ( Pannon ia : 1 68 ) . I tw a sa l so t h es e a to ft h e b i shop s , a nd k nown b i shop s f r om t h e t h i rd t o t h e s i x th c e n tu r ie sw e r eQ u i r inu s ,J ohanne sa nd C on s tan t iu s .

W i th t h e i n va s ion o f t h e B a lkan s b y t h e C e l t s a t t h e b eg inn ing o ft h ef o u r th c e n tu ry BC , s i gn i f ican t c hange s t o ok p l ace a mong t h e t r i be s u sua l ly c a l led t h e P annon i i . I nt h e t e r r i to ry t ot h e n o r th—we s t a nd e a s t o fS i sc ia , V a r c ia rü a nd O se r ia t i c an b e f o und i nt h e R oman p e r iod ( Map 4 ) . T he p opu la t ion a r ound t h eR ive rK upa w a sc a l led C o lap ian i ,b u t i nt h e f i r s t c e n tu ry t h i s n ame w a s o ve r taken b y t h e u r ban n ame o fS i sc ian i( S .P e t ru a nd P .P e t ru :3 0 ) .

S i sc ia e n joyed a l l t h e b u i ld ing s t h a t o ne w ou ld e xpec t i na c o lon ia . I n a dd i t ion t o t h e m in t , t h e r e t o ok p l ace t h e m anu f ac tu re o fw eapon s i nt h e s o—ca l led i mp e r ia l a rmou ry ; a dm in i s t ra t ive c en t re s f o r t h e m in es a nd t h e c u s tom—hou se ( f o rp ub l i cum p or to r ium I l y r ic i ) w e r e a l p r e sen t . S i sc ia w a s a n i mpo r tan t t r ad ing c en t r e f o r v a r iou s c ommod i t ie s , s u ch a sw hea t ,w oo la nd t h e i rt r an spo r t .

T he V a r c ian i a nd O se r ia t ic an b ef o und i nt h eR oman p e r iod o c cupy ing l a nd t o t h e n o r th w e s t a nd e a s t o f S i sc ia r e spec t ive ly .

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T he u r ban c o r eo fR oman S i sc ia w a so fa ni regu la re l ip t ica l s h ape ( F ig s . 1a nd 4 )w h ich c o r re spond s t o ap a r t o ft o day ' s u r ban c en t re ( F ig s . 3a nd 5 ) . T he t e r r i to ry e ncompa s sed a r ound 4 00 .000 s qua r e m e t re s a nd w a s s u r rounded b y a d e f en s ive w a l l o fw h ich o n ly m in ima l r ema in s s u r v ive . T he w a l l r a n f r om t h e c hape l o fS v . K v i r in ( S t . Q u i r inu s ) o n t h e n o r th ( F ig s . 3a nd 1 0 ) t ot h e p a r i sh c hu r ch o f S v . K r ii ( S t . C ro ss ) i nt h e s ou th ( F ig s . 3a nd 1 5 ) , a nd a l ong t h e l e f tb ank o ft h e K upa a nd f u r the ro n t h e l i ne b e tween V . Ma jde ra a nd 2 9 . N ovemb ra s t r ee t s , w h ich r e p r e sen t i t s e a s te rn b o rd e r . O u t s ide t h i sl i ne ,n oR oman r ema in sh ave b een f o und .

r e ign o fT ib e r iu s . T he b u i ld ing s o f t h i s p ha se w e r e b y a nd l a rge d e s t royed b yf i r e . T he s e cond p ha se i sd om ina ted b y b u i ld ing i n s t one a nd m o r ta r , l a yed o n t h e t imb e r s ub s t ruc tu r e . T he s t one f o rmed t h e f ounda t ion s f o r b r ick b u i ld ing s . T h i s p ha se i sd a ted t o t h ee a r ly i mpe r ia lp e r iod —f r om t h et i me o ft h ef o unda t ion o f t h e f o r t re s s t o i t s t r an s i t ion t o c o lon ia i n t h e t ime o f t h e F lav i i . T he s ame t e chn ique w a s u sed f o r t h e e r ec t ion o ft h e c i ty w a l l s . B u i ld ing s o ft h i s p ha se w e r e a l so d eva s ta ted b y f i r e .

A cco rd ing t o t h e o l de s t e x i s t ing d r aw ing d a ted t o t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e e i gh teen th c en tu ry , d e s ig ned b y Ma r s ig l i ( L .F . Ma r s i l iu s , Danub iu s P annon i co—M y s i cu s , Am s te lodam i 1 726 ) , t h e R oman w a l l s w e r e k i dney— shap ed , w h ich c an b e e xp la ined b y t h e c onf igu ra t ion o f t h e t e r ra in ( F ig . 2 ) . T he s ke tch s how s p a s sage s t owa rd s t h e S ava , w h ich m u s t h ave e x i s ted i n t h e n o r the r ly a nd s ou the r ly d i re c t ion s a s w e l l , a nd t owa rd s t h e K upa . T hey w ou ld c o r r e spond t ot h ec i ty g a te s . R ema in so fw a l l ,e a r then c ana l s a nd t r a ce s o fp av ing w h ich c o r re spond t o Ma r s ig l i ' s d raw ing h ave b een f o und i ns e ve ra l p l ac e s ( F ig . 3 ,A , B , C , D , E ) . T he l i ne o ft h e w a l l i ss hown b y t h e s t r eam s S wob i tze a nd S cu le tza , w h ich a r e t h e r ema in s o f t h e c ana l s o r d e f en s ive d i tche s . T oday ' s s t r ee t , n amed I v o M i lkov iC , i sk nown b y t h e l o ca l s a s R oman d i t ch . T he a bove c i ted r e po r t o f t h e ' k onze rva to r ' K uku l jev iC—Sa l cc in sk i f r om t h e m idd le o f t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry , m en t ion s w a l l s u p t o4 . 5 mh i gh , t owe r s a nd a b r idge n o t c l o se ly l o ca ted , a nd a d eva s ta ted C h r i s t ian b a s i l ica w i th f l oo rm o sa ic s( Ho r va t 1 954 :2 ) .

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F rom t h e u r ban a r ch i tec tu r e o f S i sc ia o n ly a f ew b u i ld ing s h ave b een p a r t ly r e cove red , a nd t h ey c an b e s umma r i sed a s f o l low s : T he r ema in s o f as uppo sed m e r chan t ' sh ou se w i th a b l a ck a nd w h i te m o sa ic f l oo r ,r ema in so fp a in ted p l a s te ra nd a mpho ra s t o rag e i nt h e c e l la r ( F ig . 3 , 1 ) ; r ema in s o f al a te R oman b u i ld ing d a ted b yc o in so fC on s tan t ine t ot h ef i r s th a l f o f t h e 4 t h c en tu ry w i th s e ve ra l r oom s , t r ac e s o f p av ing , m u l t i—co lou red f l oo rm o sa ic a nd r ema in s o fp a in ted p l a s te r , a nd w h ich w a s e r ec ted o n t o p o f a n e a r ly i mpe r ia l b u i ld ing ( F ig . 3 ,2 ) ; r ema in s o f ab u i ld ing b u i l t o f s t one ( F ig . 3 ,3 ) ; Scu l .e Tz K. r ema in s o f a p s ida l b u i ld ing s — p o s s ib le b a s i l ica s ( o n e o f w h ich w a s 1 5 ml o ng )o nL j .P o say sk iS qua r e ,M .T i to S t r ee t a nd i nK ran jCev iC eva S t ree t ; r ema in s o f al a rge n umbe r o f w a l l s ,s ome a sl o ng a s1 5 m( K ran j6 ev iCeva S t r ee t ) ,a nd 1 . 60 t o2 . 10 m w ide ( Kon Ca r eva S t r ee t ) ; m any h ypo cau s tp i l la r s o ft i l e s 2 7 x2 7 c m i nd ime s ion s ( KonCa r eva S t r ee t ) . A l so u n ea r thed h ave b een r ema in s o f ac en t ra lh ea t ing s y s tem ,t h e s ub s t ruc tu r eo f ah ypo cau s ta nd ap o t tery k i ln ( F ig .9 ) . N o r th o f t h e O d ra ' s c onf luence w i th t h e K upa , r ema in s o f av i l la s uburbana a nd a no the r ,s ma l le rb u i ld ing h ave b een f o und .

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I n 1 954 , o n t h e b ank o f t h e K upa , p a r t o faR oman b a th c omp lex w a s f o und ( F ig . 3 ,4 ,F ig . 6 ,F ig . 7 ) . U nea r thed w e r e t wo r oom s d i v ided b y a n a p s ida l n i ch e , a nd i d en t if ied a s ac a lda r ium , ap raef u rn ium , a nd a p oo l w i th s moo th r e dd i sh p l a s te r . P o t te ry f i nd s d a ted a f l oo r o n w h ich a v au l ted d r a in w a s l a id t o t h e e a r ly i mpe r ia l p e r iod . T he t e rmae w e r e d a ted t ot h ee nd o ft h e s e cond a nd t h eb eg inn ing o ft h i rd c en tu r ie s . A no the rp ha se o fr e nova t ion w a s d a ted t o t h el a te R oman p e r iod ( Fab e r 1 9721973 : 1 39143 ) .

Ma r s ig l i ' sp l an o fS i sak ( a f te rN enad ic 1 987 ) .

W i th in t h e R oman t own t h r ee b u i ld ing p ha se s h ave b een e s tab l ished . T he f i r s t p ha se i s c ha rac te r ized b y t i mb e r a r ch i tec tu r e l a id o n s t rong p i le s w h ich w e re c on s tan t ly u sed a s t h e m o s t s u i tab le t e chn ica l s o lu t ion f o r t h e S i sc ian s ub so i l . R ema in s o f t i mbe r p i le s a nd b eam s h ave b een f o und i n a bou t t e n p l a ce s ,a td ep th so f 3t o 7m e t r e s . T h i sp ha se c o r re spond st o t h e t i me o f t h e m i l i ta ry c amp i nt h el a s td ecade s BC t ot h e

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8c i . ' . E• i . :r v , g c e r n ▪4 ,1 7 3 E

7

8 4 3

S i s c ia

F i g .4

S i sak —l o ca t ion p l an ( a f te rS ia 4 e 1 1 974 ) . r i ve r , w h e r ea s af o u r th w a s f l ow ing i n to t h e s o— ca l led T ibe r iu s ' d i tch . T h e d r a inage f o l lowed t h e d i r ec t ion o ft h e s t r ee t , w h i le t h e c i s t er n s w e r e f o und o n t o p o f t i mbe r c on s t r uc t ion s .

0 . 28 m ) , ab a se f o r as t a tue o f H ad r ian ( P l . 6 , 2 8 ) a nd f r agmen t s o fi n sc r ip t ion s f r om p ub l ic b u i ld ing s s u gge s t t h e l o ca t ion s f o r ab a s i l i ca , m ac e l lum ,p o r t i cu s a nd ac u r ia ( P l . 7 , 3 1 ; Al 5 6 1 , g — j ) . T h r ee o f t h e se w e r e e r ec ted b y m emb e r so ft h eT i t i f am i ly ,w h ich w a si n f luen t ia li nt h et i me o f H ad r ian . A l l t h e se f i nd s p o in t t o t h e l o ca t ion o f t h e S i s ican f o rum o r C ap i to l ium ( Fab e r 1 972-1973 : 1 4 3146 ; N enad iC : 7 7 , 7 8 ) ( F ig . 3 ,5 ) . I n sc r ip t ion s a l so m en t ion a t h ea t r e( C IL I I3 980 ) , w he rea s a na l ta rd evo ted t oN eme s i s ( Moc sy 1 962 : 7 73 ) s uppo se s t h e e x i s tence o f a n a mph i thea t r e ; at r i umpha la r ch ( Pannon ia : 1 5 3 , 1 73 )h a sa l so b een s u gge s ted . U rban I n f ra s truc ture

T race so ft h eR oman s t re e tl a you th ave b een f o und i ns e ve ra l p l a ce sa nd t h ew a t e rwo rk sa nd t h ew a te rs upp ly s y s tem o f ten f o l lowed t h e s am e l a you t . T he s p r ing o n Z r in ska G o ra s upp l ied S i sc ia t h rough a n a quaeduc t ( F ig . 3 ,8 ) . Wa te r p i pe s h ave b een f o und o n e l even d i f f e ren t p l a ce s , a nd t h ey s h ow t h a tt h ew ho le o fS i c ia h ad as y s tema t ic w a te rs upp ly . L ead p i pe s h ave b e en f o und i nV l . Ma jde ra S t r ee t , S l oboda S qua r e , K ran jCev iC eva S t r ee t a nd i nt h e b ed o f t h e R ive r K upa .

I nt h e s ou th—ea s tp a r t o ft h e c i ty , aw a te rc i s ter nw a s f o und i n1 9 54 ( F ig .3 ,7 ) ,b u i l to fr e c tangu la rb r ick sa nd p aved w i th s e squ ipeda lb r ick s( F ig .8 ) . T ot h i sw e r ec onnec ted d r a inage s y s tem s f r om n ea rby b u i ld ing s ( Fabe r 1 9 721973 : 1 50 ) . A no th e r c i s ter n w a s u nea r thed b y t h e Ma l i K ap to l i n1 9 75 , a nd h ad ae a s t —w e s t o r ien ta t ion ,j u s t l i ke t h e t h i rd c i s ter n , f o und ay ea r l a te r . A l l t h r ee w e r e c onn ec ted t o t h e K upa

O nb a s i so fs u ch f i nd s ,i th a sb een c a lcu la t ed t h a tt h i r ty— fou r l i t r e so fw a te rf l owed p e rs e cond ,a nd t h a tS i sc ia u s ed 2 . 937 c ub ic m e t r e s o f w a t e r p e r d ay . S uch a q uan t i ty w a s s u f f ic ien t f o r ap opu la t ion o f 2 0 .000 t o3 0 .000 i n hab i tan t s . H oweve r , t h e p a ra l le l u s e o f w e l l s , f o und i n s e ve ra l l o ca t ion s , s u gge s t s t h a t t h e n umb e ro fi n hab i tan t s w a s m uch h i ghe r( V rbanov iC : 1 9 5 ) .

8

S e t t ing a nd U rban D eve lopmen t

F ig . 5 Map o f modem S i sak . T he s t r ee tn ames r e f e rt ot h e s i tua t ion b efo re t h e w a ro fi n dependence i n1 991 . 9

S i s c ia

F ig .7 F ig .6

H ypo cau s ti nt h eb a th s( V rbanov i6 1 981 ) .

S of a rt h er ema in s o ft wo b r idge s h ave b een f o und , a l though S i sc ia m u s t h ave h ad mo r e , b e ing ac i ty o n t wo r i ve rb ank s . T imbe r p i le s a nd s t one b r idge f o unda t ion s f r om t h e t i me o f t h eS even w e r el a id o nt h es o— ca l led P ogo r e le c . T h i sb r idge c onnec ted P ogo r e lec w i th t h e r o ad t oA ndau ton ia ( F ig . 4 ) . T oday t h e se r ema in sl i e o u t s ide t h er i ve rb ed ( F ig . 3 ,9 ;F ig . 9 )a nd t h ey s ugge s t t h a ti nR oman t i me s t h eK upa f l owed 3 0 t o4 0 mc l o se rt oP ogo r e lec .

H ypo cau s ts ub s t ruc tu re ( Nenad iC 1 987 ) .

A l so o nt h er i gh tb ank , t ot h en o r th o ft o day ' s b r idge ( F ig . 3 , 1 6 ) , t i mbe r c on s t r u c t ion s o f d en s ly p l a ced p i l la r s , d ug i n to t h e r i ve r b ed c an b e s e en d u r ing l ow w a t e r l e ve l s ( F ig . 1 0 ) . O lde r o p in ion s h e ld t h a t t h e se p i l la r s r e p re sen t ed b a se s f o r p i le—dwe l l ing s , w he r ea s t o day i ti ss uppo sed t h a t t h ey a r e t h e r ema in s o ft h e b r idge o ve r w h ich P ogo r e lec h ad ad i rec t c onn ec t ion w i th t h e c en t re o f t h e c i ty ( F ig . 3 ,8 ; F ig . 1 0 ) . W i th t h e e r o s ion o ft h el e f tb ank ,t h er i ve ra l so r emoved p a r t o ft h eR oman c i ty ,a nd w i th t h el a ye r so fs o i la nd s and o nt h e o ppo s i te s i de , t h e o r ig ina l c on f igu ra t ion o ft h e c i ty c hanged s ub s tan t ia l ly . I ti sn o tk nown h ow g r ea t ac hang eo ft h er i ve r c ou r se o c cu r red o nt h e s i de u nde rnea th t h er i ve r—k nee , w he r e t h ef l ow i sm uch c a lme r ,b u tt h et i mb e rp i le sm u s th ave b een m u ch c l o se rt ot h el e f tb ank o ft h eK upa i nR oman t ime s .

F i g .8

Wa t e rr e se rvo i r( V rbanov iC 1 981 ) .

Quay a nd B r idge s I nR oman t i me s t h e R ive r K upa f o l lowed ad i f f e r en t l i ne t o t o day : i t s l e f t b ank r e ached a lmo s t t ot h e c en t re o f t o day ' s r i ve r b ed . S i nc e t h e l e f t b ank w a s o ccup ied b y t h e «t e rmae a nd f o rum , i ti ss uppo sed t h a t t h e c i ty q uay a nd p o r t w e r e o u t s ide t h ec i ty w a l l s , a nd t ot h es ou th o ft h em ,i nt h ev i c in i ty o ft o day ' sb r idge ( F ig . 3 ,1 6 ) ,w he re h o r r ea a r ep o s tu la ted .

F i g .9

1 0

R ema in so ft h eb r idge o nP ogo re lec ( V rbanov iC 1 981 ) .

S e t t ing a nd U rban D eve lopmen t w i th t h e se b u r ia l s c on s i s ted o fp o t te ry , g l a s s , j ewe l le ry a nd w eapon s( Nenad iC 8 6 : 8 6-91 ) .

F ig . 1 G rave sf r om t h es ou th c eme te r y( V rbanov i6 1 981 ) .

F ig . 1 0 R ema in so ft i mb e rs u b s t ruc tu r e . C eme ter ie s T he r ea r et h r ee i d en t i f ied R oman c eme te r ie si nS i c ia . 1 .T he n o r th c eme te ry w a ss i tua ted b y S v . K v i r in c hu r ch a nd e x tended o ve r f i ve h a . Mo s t ly i th a s b een d e s t royed . T he i n fo rma t ion f o r t h i s c eme te ry w a s g a th e r ed b e tween t h e t wo w o r ld w a r s , w h i le i n1 943 n i ne teen b r ick g r ave sw i th s k e le ta l b u r ia l sw e r ef o und ( F ig . 3 ,1 0 ) . F i g . 1 2 G rave f r om t h es ou th c eme te ry ( V rbanov iC 1 981 ) .

2 .T he s ou th c eme tery w a s s i tua ted o n M . P i jade S qua r e ( F ig s . 1 a nd 1 2 ) . I te x tended o ve r n i n e teen h a . I n t h e n o r ther n p a r t o f t h e c eme te r y , a l t h e g r ave s w e r e b u i l t o f b r ick a nd c on ta ined i n huma t ion b u r ia l s . I ns e ve ra lc a se s ,l e ad c o f f in s w e r e f o und . T he r e w e re n o g r ave o f f e r ing s , a nd t h e f i nd o f ar i ng w i th t h e C h r i s tog ram d a te s t h i s p a r t o f t h e c eme ter y t o t h e l a te R oman p e r iod i nt h e f o u r th c e n tu r y . P o s tu la ted i s ab u r ia l g r ound f o r as ma l l c ommun i ty o f C h r i s t ian s ( Nenad iC : 8 5 ,9 3 ) .

U n fo r tuna te ly t h e se f i nd s h ave n o t b een p ub l i shed , a pa r t f r om s umma ry l i s t ing s . T he c o in sh ave n o tb een i n te rp r e ted ( a pa r t f r om t h e s i lve r c o in o f A lexanda r S eve r u s a nd o n e c o in o f Max im ianu s ) . T he r e la t ive l a ck o f f i bu lae w ou ld p o in t t o b u r ia l s o f u r ban ized a nd R oma rüzed S i sc ian s . H oweve r , m o r e e v idence o f t h e i n ven to r ie s , m o r tua ry r i te , r a t io sb e tween t h es e xe se t c . a r en eeded t op rove t h i st h eo ry . 3 . T h e t h i rd c eme t er yo ccup ied e i gh th a a nd w a s s i tua ted o n P ogo r e lec ; c r ema t ion a nd i n huma t ion b u r ia l s h ave b een f o u nd h e r e ( F ig s . 1 3 a nd 1 4 ) . S t one s a r cophag i a nd f u ne ra ry i n sc r ip t ion sh ave b een f o und a nd i nt h ep e r iod 1 960 t o1 977 o cca s iona lr e scue e xcava t ion st o ok p l ace .

O n t h e s ou the rn s i de o f t h e c eme ter y , 1 4 3 g r ave s w e r e u nea r thed i n 1 954 . T he se w e re c r ema t ion g r ave s , m o s t ly d i s tu rbed . Mo s tc ommon w e re p o t te r yu r n s ,w i th af ew s t one o ne s . S eve ra l b u r ia l s h ad ab r ick c on s t r uc t ion s . T he f i nd s

1

S i s c ia

F ig . 1 4 G rave f r om t h e c eme te ry o n P ogo re lec

F ig . 1 3 G rave f r om t h e c eme t e ry o n P ogo r e lec

( V rbanov id 1 981 ) .

( V rbanov id 1 981 ) . I ti sb e l ieved t h a ta l lt h r ee c eme te r ie sw e r ei nu se t h roughou t t h eR oman p e r iod , w i th t h e e xcep t ion o ft h e n o r the rn p a r to f t h e s ou th c eme te ry . A l l t h r ee w e re s t a t ion ed o u t s ide t h e w a l l s a nd e x tended — a s p roved b y t h e s ou th c eme te ry — a l ong t h e m a in c ommun ica t ion r o u te s ,w h ich l e dt ot h en o r th , s ou thea s ta nd s ou thwe s t( F ig .4 ) . T he M in t T he d a t e o ft h e b eg inn ing o ft h e m in ti nS i sc ia i sn o tk nown , b u t i t s c on s t i tu t ion i sd a ted t ot h e t i me o f G a l l ienu s ( 2 532 68 ) . T h e r e a son s f o r e s tab l i sh ing t h e m in t i nS i sc ia c ou ld h ave b een e i the r t h e n eed f o r t h e m in t t ob e a s n ea r t ot h e t r oop s o n t h e D anub ian l i me s a s p o s s ib le , o r f o r a dm in i s t ra t ive r e a son s . I na ny e ven t , S i sc ia m e tb o th t h e se r e qu i remen t s .

F ig . 1 6 S o l idu so fV e t ran iu s ,S i sc ian m in t( An t idk ip o r t r e t ) .

F ig . 1 7 A u r eu so fA ugu s tu s ,f o und i nS i sak ( An t idi ip o r t re t ) .

F ig . 1 5 A u r eu so fD io c le t ian ,S i sc ian m in t( An t iCk ip o r t r e t ) .

F ind o fc o in s i nS i sa l ( a r e f r equen t a nd a bundan t . T he c o in c o l lec t ion o f t h e A rcha eo log ica l Mu seum i n Z ag reb h a s a bou t 8 00 c o in s , m o s t ly f r om t h e i s sue s o fR ome a nd S i sc ia ( F ig . 1 7 ) . T he m in t w a s a c t ive f o r 1 2 5 y ea r s a nd i t s p roduc t s ( F ig s . 1 5 a nd 1 6 ) c i r cu la ted t h roughou t t h e Emp i re . S i sc ian a ur e i i r e ached a sf a ra sS cand inav ia a nd I n d ia .

T h e l a s t c o in s t ob e m in t ed i nS i sc ia w e re t h o se o fH ono r iu s ( 3 95-423 ) a nd T heodo s iu s I( 4 08-450 ) .

1 2

S e t t ing a nd U rban D eve lopmen t S tone S cu lp ture

ab oa r , d og a nd a no the r a n ima l - i d en t if ied a s ab u l l ( Brun m id 1 904-1911 :52 ) w h ich w ou ld make t h i s p a r t icu la r d ep ic t ion q u i te a t yp ica l -a r e r u nn ing b e tween t h e h o r ses ' l e g s . T he r ema in ing p a r t s o f t h e o t he r , r ound p l a te a r e i c onog raph ica l ly s omewha t mo r e c omp l ica ted . I ts how s t wo s epa ra te s c ene s : t h e u ppe r s c ene s how s at r ipod a nd ar i de r a nd i sc l o se t o s c ene s o n l e ad v o t ive p la tes . T he se l e ad p la tes a r e p re sen t i nt h e D anube p rov ince s a nd a r e c onnec ted t oa no the r c u l t , w h ich i sd om ina ted b y af ema le d e i ty w i th a p a i r o f h o r semen . T he b o t tom s c ene d ep ic t s t wo ma le f i gu res h o ld ing h and s a nd at h i rd f i gu re b e tween , a s w e l l a s a n a n ima l r e semb l ing ar am ( Ho f f i l le r 1 935 : 6 5 , 6 6 ) . I ti s d i f f icu l tt oi n te rp re tt h e s c enes o nt h is p la te u n t i l t h e f i nd o fa c omp le te e xamp le .

S tone s c u lp tu res a r er e la t ive ly r a re a nd a mong t h o se f ound i n S i sak , s eve ra l c an b e m en t ioned , m ade o f w h i te ma rb le a nd s and s tone : l owe r p a r t o f t h e s ea ted Z eu s ( P l . 1 ,1 ) , d amaged f i gu re o f N ike ( P l . 1 ,2 ) a nd G en iu s ( P l . 1 ,3 ) , p a r t s o f t wo H e rme s ' t o r so s ( P 1 .1 , 4 ,5 ) , p ar to fC au topa te s ( P l . 1 ,6 ) , f ema le h ead ( P l . 1 ,7 ) ,r e l ief s o fA re s ( P l . 8 )a nd ap o ss ib le H i la r i ta s ( P l . 1 , 9 ) ; T h raco- M i th ra ic r e l ief s ( P l . 2 , 1 0-13 ) , r e l ief o f C au te s ( P l . 3 ,1 4 ) a nd P r iapu s ( P l . 3 ,1 5 ) . O f a r ch i tec tu ra l r ema in s , al a rge n umbe r o f c ap i ta l s , p i l la r b a ses a nd s t one b eam s h ave b een f ound ( P l . 3 , 1 6-19 ) ( Brun m id 1 904-1941 : F ig s . 5 45 ,5 84 ,5 86 ,6 01 ) .

Many f i nd s s u ch a s i n sc r ip t ion s p o in t t o t h e w o r sh ip o f M i th ra s . O ne w a s e r ec ted i n h onou r o f C a raca l la o r E lagaba lu s ( AU 5 43 ) , a no the r b y a n i mper ia l s l ave-c le rk J ucundu s ( C IL I I 3 960 ) . T h i s i n sc r ip t ion , d evo ted t o M i th ra s , s p eak s o f t h e b u i ld ing o f ap o r t ico a nd a n a t r ium , w h ich i n d ica te t h e e x i s tence o f aM i th ra s t emp le i nS i sc ia . A b ronze p l a te P l . 6 ,2 6 , a nd b ronze h ead o f M i th ra s ( P l . 1 4 ,

I nscr ip t ions T he n umbe r o fk nown i n sc r ip t ion s f r om S i sc ia i sr e la t ive ly s ma l l : o n ly al i t t le o ve rs i x ty ( Zan inov ic 1 981 : 2 01 ) . A lmo s t h a lf o ft h e se w e re d ed ica ted t oR oman d e i t ie s : J up i te r ( PL 1 . 4 , 2 0 ; AU 5 33 , 5 35 - t h e l a s t o ne d a ted t o t h e s e cond c en tu ry ) , J up i te r a nd l o ca l G en iu s ( P l . 4 , 2 1 ) , J uno R eg ina

8 2 )c ou ld h ave b e longed t ot h i s t emp le . O the r M i th ra ic monumen t s a r e p a r t o f as cu lp tu re d ep ic t ing

( AU 5 32 ) , J up i te r a nd J uno w i th S o l a nd l o ca l G en iu s ( AU 5 38 , 5 39 ) , J up i te r a nd C e res ( AU 5 37 ) , C e re s ( P l . 4 , 2 2 ) , L ib e r ( AU 5 40 , 5 41 - t h e f i r s t o ne d a ted t o t h e s e cond c en tu ry ) , H e rcu les ( P 1 .5 , 2 3 -o n w h ich S i s ica a ppea r s a s C o Ion ia S ep t im ia ; AU 5 29 ) a nd Ma r s Ma rmog ius ( AU 5 42 ) ;

C au topa te s w ea r ing aP h ryg ian h a t a nd h o ld ing at o rch d own ( P l . 1 ,6 ) a nd t h e r i gh t p a r t o f at r ip tych w i th C au te s ( P l . 3 , 1 4 ) a l so w ea r ing a P h ryg ian h a t a nd h o ld ing a t o rch a l of t . T h i s l a s to ne b ea r st h ei n scr ip t ion U rb icus S i sc iano rum .

o ft wo i n sc r ip t ion s d evo ted t oI s is ( P l . 5 ,2 4 -f r om t h e t ime o f C a raca l la o r S ep t im ius S eve ru s , P l . 5 , 2 5 ) , o ne w a s p roduced b y h a l l-ma rk ing o n am e ta lp l a te -t a bu la a n sa ta ,

P a r t ly-p r e se rved r e l ief s w h ich b ea r M i th ra s i n h i s c l a ss ic p o se p robab ly s t em f r om aS i sc ian M i th raeum ( P l . 2 ,1 2 , 1 3 ) a nd t h ey r e la te t h e a c t o f s ac ra l k i l l ing o f t h e b u l l . O f a n ima ls t h a t a r e a t tack ing t h e b u l l , o n ly as nake i sp re ser ved o n P l . 2 , 1 2 . A r e c tangu la r p la te P l . 2 , 1 3 h a s s c ene s i n v e r t ica l l i nes , o ne o f w h ich s how s S o l a nd u nde r h im M i th ra s . O n t h e u ppe r p a r t o f r ounded p la te P l . 2 , 1 2 a r e

w i th n o f a s ten ing h o le s ; t h e s ame t y pe o f m e ta l e xamp le b ea r s ad ed ica t ion t o M i th ra s ( P l . 6 , 2 6 ) . Two f u r the r i n sc r ip t ion s w e re d evo ted t o M i th ra s ( AU 5 43 ; C IL I I 3 960 ) . O ne i n sc r ip t ion m en t ion s Magna Ma te r -C ybe le ( C IL I I 1 0858 ) . T he ma jo r i ty o fi n sc r ip t ion s w e re d ed ica ted

s even a l ta r s a nd t h ree m a le f i gu re s a bove t h em , i d en t if ied a s Z eu s , A res a nd H erme s . T he s c ene s d ep ic t M i th ra s a s ab u l l r i de r , as a c ra l f e a s t a nd a n a po theo s i s ( Brun m id 1 9041 911 :56-59 ; S e lem 1 980 :84-90 ; 1 986 :191 , 1 95 ) .

t oS i lvanu sw ho b o re v a r iou s l o ca ln ame s : D ome s t icu s ( P l . 6 , 2 7 ) , Mag la , S i lve s t ru s , e t c . ( AU 5 46 , 5 48 , 5 49 ) . O ne i n sc r ip t ion m en t ion s S i lvanae , w ho c o r re spond t o N ymph s ( AU 50 ) .

A l l t h i s p o in t s t o ar e l ig ion w h ich h ad

O n t h e b a s i s o fi n sc r ip t ion s , at emp le d evo ted t oC e re s h a s b een p o s tu la ted i n P ogo re lec . T h i s w ou ld s uppo se t h e

al a rge n umbe r o f

f o l lowe r s a nd w ho w o r sh ipped M i th ra s i n a t l e a s t o ne M i th raeum i nS i sc ia . N ume rou s f i nd s o f e v idence f o r t h e

e x i s ten ce o f ac o l leg ium C e rer is . D evo tee s o f o r ien ta l d e i t ies s uch a s I s is a nd C yb e le w e re a l so p re sen t i nS i sc ia . T he e x i s tence o f at emp le d evo ted t oI s is i sc on f i rmed n o t o n ly b yt h ei n sc r ip t ion s ( P l . 5 ,2 4 , 2 5 ) ,b u ta l so b y t h e f i nd o f

c u l t t h roughou t P annon ia s p eak o f as i gn if ican t r o le t h a t t h is a lmo s t m ono the is t ic r e l ig ion p layed f r om t h e e nd o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry .

am a rb le f ema le h ead ( P l . 1 ,7 )w h ich , w i th t h e a dd i t ion o fa c r escen t a nd l o tu s t ot h e e x is t ing d ep r e s s ion o n t h e b ack o f t h e h ead w ou ld p r esen tI s is ' p r ie s te s s ( Br unv s m id 1 9041911 : 2 3 ) . As ma l lp endan t w i th H a rpo l c ra te s ( P l . 1 4 , 8 6 ) c ou ld b e

H oweve r , o r ien ta l d e i t ie s h ad t h e i r f o l lowe r s o u t s ide t h e u rban c o re a s w e l l , a s i sd o cumen ted i nJ ap ra ( Map 5 ) . A n a l ta rd evo ted t oJ up i te r D o l ichenu s w a s f o und i n Ma s lova r i , e r ec ted b y h i s p r ie s t , a n o r ien ta l . T h is c u l t w a s s pec ia l ly s i gn if ican t f o r m ine r s . T he re a r e s even a l ta r s d evo ted t o T e r ra Ma t ra i . e . T e l lu s f r om L jub i ja ; f r om S ta r i Ma jdan i n t h e a r ea o ft h e R ive r S ana , N eme s i s ' a l ta rw a s f ound , a nd i n Z ecov i n ea r P r i jedo r w e re f ound t h e r ema in s o f ar e l ig iou s b u i ld ing f r om t h e 4 t h c en tu ry d evo ted t o Magna Ma te r C ybe le ( Bo janovsk i 1 988 :274 , 2 75 ; Med in i 1 980 /81 :96-

as ymbo lo fI s is 'b e l ieve r s . Two m a rb le v o t ive p laques i n d ica te t h e w o r sh ip o f c u l t s w h ich w e re w ide sp read i n t h e D anub e a r ea , a nd w e re i n p l ace f r om t h e 2 nd t o t h e 4 t h c en tury ( P l . 2 , 1 0 , 1 ) . T he l a t te r w a s f ound i nt h e K upa a nd i so n ly p a r t ly p r e se rved . T he f o rme r d ep ic t s t h e s o-ca l led T h rac ian R ide r ( Brun m id 1 904-1911 :52 ) i n ac l a ss ic h un t ing s c ene : t h e r i de r i s w ea r ing aP h ryg ian h a ta nd ac h lamy sa nd i sc a r ry ing al a nce ;

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Map 5 . L o ca t ion o fo r em ine s( a f te rA l fö ld i ) .I n se ts how st h eo r eb a s in o fS ana —J ap ra v a l ley ( a f te rB a s le r 1 977 ) . w ho w a s i n c ha rge o f t h e i r on m in e s — p raepo s i tus s p l end i s s im iv e c t iga l i sf e r r ia r ium .

T he o f f ic ia l i n sc r ip t ion s d evo ted t o e mpe ro r s i n c lude t h e a l r eady m en t ioned b a se f o rt h es t a tue o fH ad r ian ( P l .6 ,2 8— d a ted t o 1 23 / 124 ) ) a nd p a r t o f i n sc r ip t ion d evo ted m o s t p robab ly t oT ra jan o rD om i t ian ( P l . 6 ,2 9 ) . O ne i n sc r ip t ion w a se r ec ted b yF u lv ia P lau t i l la ( P l . 7 ,3 0 —d a ted t o2 02 ) ,t h e f u tu re w i f e o f C a ra ca l la . I tp robab ly r ef lec t s t h e v i s i t t o S i sc ia o f S ep t im iu s S eve ru s a nd t h e r oya l f am i ly , t ow ho se e n tou rage b e longed t h e m en t ioned P lau t i l la . T he i n sc r ip t ion s u f f e r ed f r om t h ec on sequence so fd amna t io m emo r iae , a f te r t h e f a the r o fP lau t i l la a nd P lau t i l la h e r se l f w e r e o s t ra c i sed a nd m u rde r ed . A long s id e t h e f r agmen t so fi n sc r ip t ion s f r om b u i ld ing s ( P l . 7 , 3 1 ) , t h e r e a r e t h o se w h ich r e f e r t o t h e b u i ld ing o fs ome n ew o b jec t s :p ro u rb i ss p l endo r e( A I J5 64 ) .

C omp le te ly p r e se r ved i s am i l i ta ry d i p loma w h ich c i te s i n f u l l T ro jan ' s d e c r ee f r om 1 00 AD o n t h e g r an t ing o f c i v i l r i gh t s t o t h e a ux i l ia ry t r oop s o f t h e U pp e r Moe s ian a rmy ( B runkn id 1 9 101911 :28 ) . I mpo r tan t i sa l so ab ron ze s h ee t p ane l o f aw ooden c a ske t w h ich s how s p e r son if i ca t ion s o f R ome , C a r thage , C on s tan t inop le ,N icomed ia a nd S i sc ia ( P l .9 ,3 8 ) . I ti sd a t ed b e tween 30 a nd 3 58 a nd S i sc ia h a s b een s ugge s ted a s t h e p l a ce o fm anu f ac tu r e( Ho t i : 1 5 1 ) . C lay L amp s

T he d ed ica to r s w e r e o f v a r iou s n a t iona l i t ie s ( I ta l ic s , O r ien ta l s , H i span ic s , G a l l i ) , o f v a ry ing s o c ia l s t a tu s a nd f r om d i f f e r en tp ro f e s s ion s .

S i sc ia i so ne o ft h eR oman s i te si nP annon ia w i th t h eg r ea te s t q uan t i ty o fR oman l amp s f o und ( V ik ic—Be la nC ic 1 976 : I V ) . S ome o f t h e s h ap e s f o und c an b e s umma r i ly m en t ioned : l amp s w i th a n a ngu la rn ozz le f r om t h e f i r s t c en tu ry ( P l . 1 0 , 3 9 ,4 0 ) ; l amp sw i th r ound a nd o va l ,s ome t ime sd oub le n oz z le w i th v o lu te f r om t h ef i r s tc en tu ry ( P l . 1 0 ,4 1 ,4 2 ) ; l amp sw i th as h o r t , r o und ed n ozz le f r om t h e f i r s tc en tu ry ( P l . 1 0 , 4 3 ) ; s o c a l led f i rma l amp s f r om t h e f i r s t a nd s e cond c en tu r ie s , d eco ra ted ( P l . 1 0 , 4 4 , 4 5 ) , o r w i thou t d eco ra t ion ( P l . 1 0 , 4 6 ) , w h ich w e r e o f ten s i gn ed ( n ame s o c cu r ing a r e F o r t i s , S ab inu s ,A t ime tu s ,L i togenu s ,P robu s ,e t c ) .

M i l i ta ry t omb s tone sh ave a l so b een f o und , s u ch a st h e s t one u m o f as o l ide r o f X IV l e g io G em ina ( P l . 8 , 34 ; AU 5 68 ) , a nd a s t one o f am i l i ta ry d oc to r ( P l . 8 , 33 ) . O the r s t one s m en t ion a m ag i s te r o f m ime ( P l . 7 , 3 2 ) , ap e r son f r om T r ie s te ( K lemenc 1 932 : 6 7 , 6 8 ) ( P l . 9 ,3 6 ) e t c . A l so f o und h ave b een s a r cophag i w i th o rw i thou td eco ra t ion s ( P l . 8 ,3 5 , P l .9 ,3 7 ) ,e t c . O ne a l ta r d ed ica ted t oJ up i te r ( C IL I I 3 95 — d a ted t ot h e f i r s tt wo c en tu r ie s AD )w a se r ec ted b ya no r ien ta lo r aG r eek

1 4

S e t t ing a nd U rban D eve lopmen t L oca l ly—p roduced l amp s f o rm a l a rge g roup o f t h e s hape

p o r t re t : 2 02-203 ) .

s im i la r t ot h e f i rma t y pe , b u t w i thou t s i gna tu res . T hey h ave b een d a ted t ot h e l a te i mpe r ia l p e r iod ; s ome h ave b een d a ted b y 4 t h c en tu ry c o in s ( P l . 1 0 , 4 7 ) ( V ik ic—Be land ic 1 976 : x xxv ) .

O ve r 1 5 p i ece s o f c e ram ic s t a tue t tes w e re f ound t o ge the r i n 1 940-194 1 ( P l . 1 , 5-65 ; P l . 1 2 , 6 6 ) . Mo s t p robab ly t h ey r ep re sen t d e i t ie s . T hus f i gu re T . 1 , 5 6 c an b e r e la ted t o V enu s ; t h e f ema le h ead P l . 1 , 5 7 may b e c onnec ted t o f u ne ra ry r e l ief s o n t h e b a s i s o f av e i l ( r ec inum ) w h ich i ti s c a r y ing w h i le t h e ma le f i gu re P l . 1 ,5 8 c ou ld h ave p re sen ted H e rac le s . T he c l o se s t i n sp i ra t ion f o r t h e r ound r e l ief P l . 1 , 5 9c ou ld h ave b een m eda l l ion s .

C lay m ou ld s f o r t h e f i rma t yp e o f l amp s h ave b een a l so f ound : m ou ld s f o r t h e u ppe r ( P l . 1 0 , 4 8-50 ) a nd l owe r ( P l . 1 , 5 2 ) , w i th t h e s t amp O c tav i , F o r t is ( P l . 1 0 , 5 1 ) p a r t s o f f i rma l amp s . A lso p roduced w e re l amp s o f t h e h o r se— sho e s hape w i th t wo n ozz le s( P l . 1 ,5 3 ) a nd o t he r s .

A l though t h ey w e re f i n ished i nv a r iou s w ay s , t h e c orpus i s d om ina ted b y ma le , p r im i t ive ly— shaped h ead s a nd b u s t s . T he se h ave ar ea l is t ic , a lmo s t i mp re ss ion i s t ic p owe r . Mo s t o f t h e h ead s s how R oman s t y l i sa t ion b u t s ome p o in t t o a C e l t ic a r t is t ic c oncep t , e spec ia l ly P l . 1 2 , 6 6 . T he g roup i s d ef ined a s n on—se r ia l h and p roduce o f aw o rk shop o r a n a t e l ie r o f as c lup to r a nd h i s d i sc ip le s . I th a s b een d a ted t o

Ap o t tery k i ln w a s u nea r thed o n t h eL j . P o say sk i t r g ( F ig . 9 ) a s w e l l a s l a rge k i ln s f o r t h e p roduc t ion o fb r ick s ( Nenad iC : 9 7 ) . C lay F igur ine s

t h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e s econd a nd t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e t h i rd c en tu r ie s ( gepe r 1 954 : 3 12 ) .

A s ma l l t e r raco t ta b u s t ( P l . 1 , 5 4 ) s uppo sed ly p r e sen t s A nn ia G a l ler ia F au s t ina , t h e w if e o fA n ton inu sP iu s ( An t iCk i

1 5

PART I : METAL F INDS AND METAL PRODUCT ION METAL F INDS

Me ta lF igure s

p u rpo se s .

R oman m e ta lf i gu r e sf r om S i sc ia a r em a in ly s ma l lf i gu r ine s . T hey i n c lude : t wo f i gu re s o fZ eu s ( P l . 1 2 , 6 7 ; P l . 1 2 , 6 8 ) ; A po l lo ' sh ead ( P l . 1 2 , 6 9 ) ; am in ia tu re b u s to fR ome ( P l . 1 2 , 7 0 ) ;t wo s ma l lf i gu re so fN ike ( P l . 1 2 ,7 1 ,7 2 ) ; A re s( P l . 1 3 , 7 3 ) ; t wo f i gu r e s o f H e rme s ( P l . 1 3 , 7 4 , 7 5 ) o f w h i ch t h e l a t t e r i su nf in i shed ; t h r ee f i gu re s o f H e ra cu le s ( P l . 1 3 , 7 67 8 ) ; am in ia tu re s i lve r b u s t o f D iony s i su s ( P l . 1 3 , 7 9 ) ; f i gu re s o f S i lenu s ( P l . 1 3 , 8 0 ) a nd P r iapu s ( P l . 1 3 , 8 1 ) ; a h ead o fM i th ra s w h ich o r ig ina l ly h ad s i lve ri n lay so nt h eh a t ( P l . 1 4 , 8 2 ) a nd w h ich w a s p robab ly ap a r t o f ac u l t s t a tue f r om t h e S i sc ian M i th raeum ( B run sm id 1 9 14 : 2 29 ; S e lem 1 980 : 9 0 ,91 ) ; t h r ee f i gu r e s o f A t ty s ( P l . 1 4 , 8 3-85 ) ; a m in ia tu re f i gu r e-p endan t r e p re sen t ing H a rpok ra te s ( P l . 1 4 , 8 6 ) ; af i gu r e o f am an o f f e r ing a s a c r i f ice ( P l . 1 4 , 8 7 ) , p r obab ly f r om a l a ra r ium ( Ba ch 1 936 : 1 7 1 ) ; af i gu r e o f V ic t ima r iu s ( P l . 1 4 8 9 ) a nd a no r ig ina l ly g o ld p l a ted f i gu r e o fa na t h le te ( P l . 1 5 ,9 0 ) . A l so f o und w a s al a rge n umbe r o f l e f t a nd r i gh t f e e t b e long ing t of i gu re s , ab a se ,a n cho r ,e t c( B run gm id 1 9 14 :n o . 8 6 , 1 06 , 1 08110 , 2 81 , 1 83 , 1 84 , 1 86 ) , ac r e s t o f ah e lme t a nd a s i lve r k e r ik e ion ( P l . 1 5 , 9 1 , 9 2 ) a s w e l l a s p a r t s o f l a rge f i gu r e s ,p r obab ly d e i t ie s ,u n fo r tuna te ly l o s t .

T he a pp l iqué s w e r ef i xed i nm o s tc a se sb ya ni r on o rb ron ze n a i lt ot h er e a r w h ich w a s e i the rk nocked i n to t h e o b je c t , o r a f f ixed w i th l e ad ( n o s . 9 3-99 ) . T hey w e re a l so p i nned w i th an a i l w ho se h ead r ema ined v i s ib le ( n o s . 1 06 , 1 07 ) o r w a s p u l led o ve r( n o s . 1 0 5 , 14 ) . G an imed e ( n o . 9 3 ) a nd t h e A r e s f i gu r ine s ( n o . 7 3 ) w e re d eco ra t ive e l emen t s o ff u rn i tu r e , w h i le t h ep an th e rh ead ( n o . 1 04 ) w a s p a r t o f al a rge r s c u lp tu r e , m o s t p r obab ly t h a t o f D iony su s( Bnugm id 1 9 14 :2 19 ,2 56 ) . Ma sk n o .9 7i sp a r to f as p ec ia le a r ly R oman l o ck ( n o . 9 7a ) ,t h a ti st h es ma l ll i do f ac on ta ine r w h ich w a s c onne c ted w i th am u l t i-pa r th i nge t o a na nnu la rl o ck ing b a r( Ko gCev i 1 990 :2 7 ,2 8 ) . D eco ra t ion s a nd s ma l l f e e t o fm e ta l v e s se l s ( n o s . 9 6 , 1 00 , 15 ) w e r e e i the r s o lde red o rp i nn ed w i th n a i l s ; k ey h and le s ( n o . 1 02 ) w e r e e i th e r m ade i no ne p i ece w i th t h e k ey s o r s u b sequen t ly a t ta ched , w he r ea s t h e l i d s ( n o . 1 09 ) w e r e f a s tened b yh i nge s . S ome o ft h ef i gu r ine sw e re m ade t oh ang ( n o . 10 ) , b u t ,a si st h ec a se o f1 4p ha l lu sshaped p endan t s , i ti sn o tp o s s ib le t od e te rm ine h ow t h ey w e r e m ean tt oh ang ( B run gm id 1 9 14 : 2 47 , n o s . 15 , 1 4 5 ) . C onven t iona l ly , t h ey c an b eo b se r ved a sp i ece so fj ewe l le ry . T he p i ece d ep ic t ing s wan s ' h ead s ( P l . 1 7 , 1 22 ) w a s a d eco ra t ive p a r t o f ac a r r iage , n o . 1 03 o ne o ft h e r i ng s f r om t h e r e in s , w h ich c an , d ue t oi t s d ep ic t ion o f ap an the r , b e c onnec t ed t ot h ec i r c le o fD iony s ian m o t i f s c h a ra c te r i s t ic o f f u ne ra ry c a r r iage ( A l fö ldy a nd R adno t i 1 940 : 3 19 ) . Ab e l ll i ke p i ec e w i th s i lve r i n c ru s ta t ion o f a can thu s ( P l . 1 7 , 1 2 5 ) w a s t h e u pp e r p a r t o f ac a nd les t ick ; P l . 1 7 , 1 24 . I t o r ig ina l ly h ad a n e name l led p an the r ' s h ead a nd i tw a s t h e m a in u p r igh to ft h ec and les t ick .

S ome o ft h em en t ioned p i ece s -s u ch a sP l . 1 3 ,7 5 w e r em o s t p r obab ly p r oduced i nS i sc ia . A r ta nd C ra f t Ob jec t s I fi s s ome t ime s d i f f icu l t t o d e te rm ine w he the r ac e r ta in o b jec tr e p r e sen ted j u s t as e l fsu f f ic ien t w o rk o fa r t , o ri fi t h ad s ome u t i l i ta r ian p u rpo se . T h i s i sp a r t ly d ue t ot h e b ad p r e se rva t ion o f s u ch o b jec t s a nd t h e m i s s ing e l emen t s t h a t s e r ved f o r f a s ten ing , b u t a l so b ecau se i ti s s ome t ime s d i ff i cu l t t or e con s t ruc t e xac t ly t h e w ay s i nw h ich f a s t en ing e l emen t sh ad b een a t ta ched .

I ti si mpo s s ib le t o d e te rm ine t h e o r ig ina l p u rpo se o f t h e f o l low ing p i ec e s : a n e name l led p endan t ( P l . 1 8 , 1 26 ) ; a t h ree-pa r t l i nk ( P l . 1 8 , 1 27 - t h e i n se r ted w h i t e m e ta l ) ; a n e tl ike o penwo rk p l a te ;c r o s sshaped p l a t es ( P l . 1 8 , 1 29 w i th t wo n a i l s w i th h ead s m ade o f w h i te a l loy ) ; a nd r o und p l a te s ( P l . 2 1 , 1 3 3 , 1 34 -w i th t h e a pp l iqué i nt h e f o rm o fa f ema le p ro f i le m ad eo fw h i te a l loy ) .

T he o r ig ina l p u rpo se o f t h e f o l low ing o b jec t s i sh a rd t o d e te rm ine : h i gh r e l ief o f t h e m idd le i mp e r ia l p e r iod p r e sen t ing t h e k i dnapp ing o f G an imed ( P l . 1 5 , 9 3 ) ; E ro s m a sk ( P l . 1 5 ,9 4 ) , m a sk w ea r ing aP h ryg ian h a t( P l . 1 5 ,9 5 ) , m a le ( P l . 1 5 ,9 6 ,9 7 )a nd f ema le m a sk s( P l . 1 5 ,9 8 ) , Medu sa m a sk ( P l . 1 5 , 9 9 ) , c om ica l m a sk ( P l . 1 5 , 1 00 ) ( B rud gm id 1 9 14 :n o s . 1 5 3 , 1 54 , 1 58 , 1 64 , 1 68-170 , 1 72 ) ; s c u lp tu r e s o f al i on ( P l . 1 5 , 1 0 1 , 1 02 ) ; p an the r ( P l . 1 6 , 1 0 3 ) , l i on a nd p an the r h ead s ( P l . 1 6 , 1 04 , 1 0 5 ) , l i on m a sk ( P l . 1 6 , 1 061 09 ) , s ma l l p endan tf igu r e o f as h eep ( P l . 1 6 , 10 ) , s i lve r m ou se f i gu r ine ( P l . 1 6 , 11 ) , b uc ran ion ( P l . 1 6 , 12 ) , e ag le f i gu r ine ( P l . 1 6 , 13 , 14 ) , c r ane ( P l . 1 6 , 15 ) , h en a nd c o cke re l ( P l . 1 6 , 16 , 17 ) , r a ven ( P l . 1 7 , 18 ) ( B runr n id 1 9 14 , n o s . 1 90 , 2 09-211 , 2 33 , 2 39 , 2 40 , 2 50 , 2 56 , 2 60 ) , p a lma te s , b ay t w ig s a nd l e ave s ( P l . 1 7 , 19-121 ) . Mo s t o f t h e se w e re p r obab ly d eco ra t ion s a t ta ched t o f u rn i tu r e a nd o t he r d ome s t ic e qu ipmen t ,b u ts ome w e r e a l so f o r o t he r

P l . 1 8 , 1 28 w i th t h e h i nge a nd p a r t ly p r e se rved P l . 1 8 , 1 30 w i th t h ep e l ta ,d o lph in p a i r ,n i e l lo p a s te a nd w h i te m e ta lc oa t w e r ep l a te so fw ooden c a ske t s . D eco ra t ive r i ve t s w i th f i gu ra t ive a pp l iqué s o f w h i te a l loy w h ich d ep ic to ne o rt wo f i gu r e s ( P l . 1 9 , 1 36146 ) h ave a l so b een u s ed a sp a r t s o fw ooden b oxe s . Ar i ve tw i th ah ead i n t h e c i r cu la r f i e ld ( P l . 1 9 , 1 47 ) , r i ve t s w i th i n c i sed o rM e l lo d eco ra t ion ( P l . 1 9 , 1 48 , 1 49 ) o rw i th e name l ( P l . 1 9 , 1 501 5 3 )h ad v a r iou sp u rpo se s . P l . 1 9 , 1 54 i s ab u t ton a nd l o op c l o th ing b uck le ( W i ld 1 970 : 1 40 ) .

1 6

Me ta lF ind s A l l b u t ton s ( P l . 1 9 , 1 55159 ) w e re f i xed b y p i nn ing t h rough l e a the r . T he o n ly e xc ep t ion i sn o . 1 59 w h ich w a s s ewn o n .

T he l a rge s t g roup o f S i sc ia 's m e ta l v e sse ls a r e s imp le , u nda tab le p a i ls , w ho se f o rm mo re o r l e ss r e semb les t h a t o f s i tu lae ( P l . 2 3 , 1 92-195 , 1 97 ) . O ne o f t h e se b ea r s ah a l lma rked i n sc r ip t ion s t a t ing t h e n ame o f t h e owne r , as o ld ie r ,

W i re r i ng s w i th o ve r lapp ing e nd s f i xed w i th c o i l( P l . 1 9 , 1 60 , 1 61 P l . 4 9 )w e re u sed f o rv a r ious p u rpo se s .

a nd h i s c en tur ia ( Ho f f i l le r 1 903-1904 : 1 02 ) . A s i tu la w i th a t tached d o lph in p a i r s ( P l . 2 3 , 1 96 ) i sd a ted t o t h e t h i rd c en tu ry .

T he o b jec t s p i c tu red i nP la tes 1 8 a nd 1 9c an mo s t ly b ed a ted t ot h e f i r s tc en tu ry ,w i th a n a dd i t iona ll o nge ro rs ho r te ru sage i nt h e s econd c en tu ry . P iec es 1 55159 , 1 26 , 1 50 , 1 5 1 , 1 53 c an b e d a ted n o e a r l ie r t h an t h e s econd c en tu ry , w h i le n o s . 1 60 , 1 61 a nd t h o se o nP l . 4 9c anno tb ep r ec i se ly d a ted .

O the re xamp le s o fm e ta lv e sse ls i n c lude ad i sh ( P l . 2 3 , 1 98 ) , as econd c en tury p an the rw i th s t y l ized b i rd so nt h ep ro t ru s ion o f t h e h and le ( P l . 2 4 , 1 99 ) , a nd a s ma l l p a i l c ove red w i th s ha l low p unched g rooves ( P l . 2 4 , 2 00 ) , d a ted t o t h e t h i rd c en tu ry . A s e t o f s i lve r d i she s i n c lude s as im i la r t ype o f p a i l , t h ree p l a t te r s a nd o ne j ug ( P l . 2 4 , 2 01-203 ) i nw h ich a h oa rd o f a rgen te i w a s f ound ( J e lo b ik 1 961 : T .X IV , T .XV ) .

T he r i ng w i th t h ree h ooks i nt h e f o rm o fb i rd s ' h ead s ( P l . 1 7 , 1 23 ) w a s u sed f o r h ang ing s ca les ( Bach 1 936 : 1 77 , 1 78 ) ; t h e f ema le h ead ( V ik ic-Be lan & 1 9 53 : 6 1) a nd H e rme s ' h o l low b u s t ( P l . 2 9 , 1 62 , 1 63 ) w e re w e igh t s ; af ema le m a sk w i th a ni n te r es t ing lyshaped h a t( o nko s ) w a s ad eco ra t ion o n

O n t h e b a s i s o f c o in s , t h e f i nd w a s d a ted t o t h e e nd o f t h e t h i rd c en tu ry , b u tb ea r ing i nm ind t h e l o ng l i f e-span o fm e ta l v es se l s , e spec ia l ly s i lve r a nd g o ld o ne s , t h e v esse ls , w h ich s how t h e s ame s t y le , c ou ld h ave b een manufac tu red aw ho le

al a rge m e ta ll amp ( P l . 2 0 , 1 64 ) . Me ta lL amp s

c en tu ry e a r l ie r . Me ta l l amp s h ave b een f ound i n g r ea t n umbe r s i n S i sak . T he d i s t r ibu t ion map s o f m e ta l c a sse ro les l e d t o a n a s sump t ion t h a t aw o rk shop f o rt h e i r manu fac tu re c ou ld h ave b een a c t ive i nS i sc ia , a s e a r ly a s t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e f i r s t

Mo s t o f t h em a r e d a ted t o t h e f i r s t t wo c en tu r ie s AD . B ronze l amp s a r e o f as i ng le s hape w i th c r e scen t o r l e a fs haped h and le s , h ang ing h o le s a nd w i th o ne o r m u l t ip le n ozz le s ( P l . 2 0 , 1 65-169 ; V ik iC-Be lanC iC 1 975 : T .L , 2 -7 ) ; o f mo re c omp l ica ted s hape i sl amp P l . 2 0 , 1 70 . I r on l amp s r a nge f r om s imp le , o pen-ves se l s hape ( P l . 2 1 , 1 71) t of i shs hape ( P l . 2 1 , 1 72 ) . Two l e ad l amp s f o und a r e v e ry s imp le . P l . 2 1 , 1 73 i sa n u n f in ished p i ece m anufac tu red i n S i sc ia

c en tu ry ( Radno t i 1 938 : 3 7 ) . M i l i tary E qu ipmen t T he f i nd s i n c lude many o b jec t s , s uch a s w eapon s , a s w e l l a s d ef en s ive e qu ipmen t s uch a s h e lme t s , s h ie ld s a nd a p ron s . H oweve r , t h e l a rge s t g roup o f f i nd s i sb ronze d eco ra t ion s

( V ik iC-Be lanäC 1 975 :6 7 ) .

f r om u n ifo rm s a nd c ava l ry o u tf i t .

Me ta lV e s se ls

A l though t h e d i v is ion o fd eco ra t ive a nd u t i l i ta r ian o u t f i t t ing

C ompa red w i th o t he r P annon ian s i te s , m e ta l v esse l s h ave b een f r equen t ly f ound i nS i sc ia . A lmo s t a l l o f t h em w e re f i shed o u t o f t h e r i ve r K upa a nd t h u s r e ta ined t h e n a tu ra l

c anno t b e s t r ic t ly d ef ined , mo s t o f t h ese c onven t iona l ly a t t r ibu ted t ot h e a rmy .

o b jec t s

a r e

c o lou ro fb ronze ,w i thou tp a t ina . F i r s tt h e re a r ep a r t so fe a r ly a nd l a te R oman b e l t ( c ingu lum ) : p l a te s ( P l . 2 5 , 2 04-208 ) , f u nc t iona l ( P l . 2 5 , 2 09-217 ,P l . 2 6 ,

C a s se ro le sh ad h and les d eco ra ted i nt h e s hape o fb i rd s 'h ead s ( P l . 2 1 , 1 74 ) , w i th p er fo ra t ion s ( P l . 2 1 , 1 75 , 1 76 ) , l u nu lae ( P l . 2 1 , 1 77 , 1 78 ) , a nd c l oveshaped p e r fo ra t ion s ( P l . 2 2 ,

2 18 ) a nd d eco ra t ive ( P l . 2 6 , 2 19 , 2 20 ) b uck les , o f w h ich t h e s ma l l o nes n o s . 2 11-213 b e longed t o t h e l e a the r s t r ip s o f l o r ica s egmen ta ta , e a r l ie r p i ece s f r om t h e f i r s t a nd s e cond

1 79 ) ,e t c . T hey d a te f r om t h e l a s td ecade so ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry t h rough t ot h es e cond c en tu ry . S tamp so nt h e c a sse ro les r e ad

c en tu r ie s ( P l . 2 6 , 2 21 , 2 22 ) , f o l lowed b y l a te R oman b e l te nd s ( P l . 2 6 , 2 23-229 ) .

C IP I .PA MH IL I ( no . 1 78 ) , P .C IP I I SOCRYsu s ( n o . 1 76 ) , L .ANS I .D IODo r i ( no . 1 79 ) , ANS I .EPHAPROD IT I , NORBAN I a nd RVF INVS ( Ho f f i le r 1 903 / 1904 : 10 , F ig .

T he b e l t p l a te s b e long mo s t ly t o t h e t h i rd a nd f ou r th c en tu r ie s . T ho se o f e a r l ie r d a te , s uch a s n o . 2 04 f r om t h e

5 9 ) . V es se ls o f C ip io a nd A n s io a r e f r om t h e f i r s t c en tu ry w o rk shop so fC apua .

f i r s t c en tu ry a r e l e ss c ommon i nt h e S i sc ian c o l lec t ion . T he b uck le s a r e d a ted t o t h e f i r s t c en tu ry ( n o s . 2 09 , 2 10 , 2 112 13 ) a s w e l l a s t ot h e s econd a nd t h i rd c en tu r ies ( no s . 2 142 16 ,2 19 , 2 20 ) a nd t h i rd a nd f ou r th c en tu r ie s ( no s . 2 17-218 ) .

As i eve i sp i c tu red i nP l . 2 2 , 1 80 ; o ft h ree s impu la ( P l . 2 2 , 1 81-184 ) ,t h em idd le o ne i ss t amped M .SEP .L IC .

E a r ly R oman p endan t s P l . 2 7 , P l . 2 8 , 2 38-243 , P l . 2 9 , 2 52

J ug s o fv a r iou s s hapes h ave b een f ound : as imp le j ug w i th a h ea r tshaped p ro t ru s ion o n t h e h and le ( P l . 2 2 , 1 86 ) , a s w e l l

w e re p a r t s o fh o r se h a rne ss , P l . 2 9 , 2 53-257 w e re p robab le h a rness p a r t s , a s w e l l a s P l . 2 8 , 2 44-247 , w h i le t h e e xac t

a s e xamp le s w i th S a ty r ( P l . 2 2 , 1 85 ) , a nd r am ( P l . 2 2 , 1 87 , 1 88 ) ma sk s . A n e a r ly R oman o i no choe i ss hown i nP l . 2 2 ,

d e r iva t ion f o rP l . 2 9 , 2 51 c anno tb ed e term ined .

1 89 ; ah and le d a ted t o t h e f i r s t a nd s e cond c en tur ies i s d eco ra ted w i th a f ema le h enna a nd a S a ty r m a sk ( P l . 2 2 ,

P endan t s P l . 2 9 , 2 48-250 w e re mo s tp robab ly a t tached t ot h e

1 90 ) ; ap robab le G a l l ic i mpo r t ( V ik iC-Be lanC iC 1 955 : 2 0 , 2 1 ) w i th as c ene d ep ic t ing a s ympo s ion i ss hown i nP l . 2 3 , 1 91 .

e nd s o ft h e l e a the r s t r ip s o ft h e m i l i ta ry a p ron , w h ich s e rved a sp ro tec t ive c ove r ing . A pa r tf r om t h el a rge r i ve tP l . 3 0 ,2 58 w h ich c ou ld h ave b een a t tached t ot h e w ooden s wo rd s h ea th ,

1 7

S i sc ia s ma l lr i ve t sw i th r e l ief p o r t ra i t sp i c tu r ed o nP l .3 0( n o s .2 592 85 )a l so b e longed t ot h em i l i ta ry a p ron .

( t he ca v u lne rar ia ) . P robe s f o rm t h e l a rge s tg r oup ( a u r i s ca lp ium ) ( P l . 3 , 3 083 11 ) , f o l lowed b y s poon s ( l i ngu la ) ( P l . 3 , 3 12-315 ) , t weeze r s ( v o l se l la ) ( P l . 3 , 3 16-318 ) ,d oub le n eed le ( P l . 3 , 3 19 , 3 20 ) a nd s pa thom e lae ( P l . 3 , 3 2 1-323 ) . S poon s w e re m ade o f l e ad a nd t i n , s ome t ime s i nc omb ina t ion w i th i r on h and le s ( G r eg l 1 9 82 : 1 8 1 , 1 88 ) . Ap ha rma ceu t ica l u s e c an b ea t t r ibu ted t ob r on ze s c a le s( G r eg ! 1 984 : 1 78 ,s l . 1 ,T .1 ) .

T he p endan t s o n P l . 2 7 -P l . 2 9 w e r e d eco ra ted w i th r o u le t t ing o n t h ee dge ( n o s . 2 30-232 ) a nd p e r fo ra t ion s ( n o s . 2 34-236 ) . N o . 2 88 i sa n u n f in i shed a nd d i sca rded p i ece . T ype s d i s t r ibu ted m o s t ly t h roughou t t h e B a lkan p en in su la a r en o s . 2 37-240 , a nd a r ed a ted t ot h e f i r s tc en tu ry , a sw e l l a s s im i la r p l a te s P l . 2 9 , 2 54-256 . N o . 2 57 i sf r om t h e s e cond c en tu ry , w h i le n o s . 2 52 a nd 2 53 a r e f r om t h e s e cond a nd t h i rd c e n tu r ie s . A long s ide s imp le l e a fshaped p i ece s , o t he r e a r ly R oman t y pe s ( Ko scev ic 1 991/2 : T . X I I I , 2 022 05 , T . XV I , 2 32 ) h ave a l so b een f o und . S ma l l g r oup s o f p endan t sa r es hown o nP 1 .27 -P l .2 9 . O n ly s i xe xamp le sa r e o ft h e s ame s h ape ( n o s . 2 30 a nd 2 37 ) , af u r the r t h ree m ake a no the rg r oup ( s hape n o s . 2 34 ,2 36 a nd 2 48 ) , w he r ea s s h ape n o .2 52 i n c lude so n ly t wo e xamp le s .

Wr i t ing E qu ipmen t S eve ra l h und r ed s t y l i w e r e f o und i nt h e K upa , a sw a s m o s t p r obab ly t h eb r on ze l i do fa ni n k-po t( P l . 3 4 ,3 45 ) . Al a rge n umbe ro fb r on ze s e a l c a se s , i . e . f o rc on ta in ing aw ax s e a l , w e r ea l so f o und i nS i sak ,m o s t ly i nt h e K upa . T he se i n c lude r e c tangu la r ( P l . 3 4 , 3 24 ) , o va l ( P l . 3 4 , 3 25 ) , r o und ( P l . 3 4 , 3 26-328 ) ,l e a fshaped ( P l . 3 4 , 3 29-340 ) , t r i angu la r( P l . 3 4 , 3 43 ) a nd r ombo id ( P l . 3 4 , 3 44 ) s h ape s , d a ted f r om t h e f i r s t t ot h et h i rd c e n tu r ie s . S eve ra ll e ad e xamp le sw e r eu nf in i shed ( P l .3 4 ,3 41 ,3 42 ,i n v .n o .3 868 ) .

Meda l l ion n o . 2 58 s how s o ne o ft h e F l av ian e mp e ro r s . T he r ema inde ro f3 0r i ve t s w i th d ep ic t ion so fl e f t( n o s . 2 59-269 ) a nd r i gh t ( n o s . 2 70-285 ) m a le p ro f i le s m ay a l so r e f e r t o i mpe r ia l p e r sona l i t i te s , b u t a r e n o ts pe c i f ic p o r t ra i t s . S ome s h ow b a rba r ised f e a tu r e s ( n o s . 2 83-285 ) . T he d a te o ft h e se r i ve t s i sm o s t ly F lav ian ( U lb er t 1 971 : 2 93 ) . S uch r i ve t s a r e f r equen t i nt h e f o r t s o n t h e l i me s , a nd h ave n o t b een f o und s ou th o fS i sc ia .

Two g r oup s o f s e a l b oxe s c an b e d e te rm ined . T he f i r s t c on s i s t s o f2 3 r o und s e a l b oxe s a nd t h e i r p a r t s ( n o s . 3 26 , 3 27 )w i th w h i te m e ta lc oa t ing a nd ac en t ra lr i ve tw i th s em is p he r ica lh ead s o fw h i t e m e ta l . T he d eco ra t ion c o r re spond s t o t h a t o f t h e p l a te f i bu lae n o s . 3 62-366 . T he s e cond h omogen eou sg r oup i sf o rmed b y 1 8l e a fshaped s e a lb oxe s n o s .3 29-334 w h ich h ave l i ne o rp unc tua ted n i e l lo d eco ra t ion a nd w h ich a l so h ave w h i te c oa t ing . T h e se a r e a lmo s t u nknown o u t s id eS i sc ia ( Ko gdev ic 1 991 /2 : 2 6 ) . B o th g r oup s a r e d a t ed t ot h e f i r s t c en tu ry . E name l led s e a l b oxe s ( n o s . 35-340 , 3 43 , 3 44 ) a r e f r om t h e s e cond a nd l a te rc e n tu r ie s , a nd a r eo f as t anda rd s h ape ,w he rea ss omewha tl e s sf r equen t a r e l e a fshaped n o s . 35 a nd 36 . Ar a r e e xamp le i sN o . 3 43 .

P a r t s o f l o r ica h ama ta ( Ho f f i l le r 1 9 12 : s l 1 8 ) a nd l o r i ca s quama ta ( P l . 3 1 , 2 86 ) h ave b een f o und , a s w e l l a s i r on h e lme t s ( c as s i s ) , w i th a nd w i thou t s i lve r c oa t ing , d eco ra ted w i th p unched w ing s( P l . 3 1 ,2 87 ,2 88 )f r om t h e f i r s tc en tu ry . P l . 3 1 , 2 89 , 2 90 a r e b ron ze s h ee t s w h ich s e rved t op ro tec t t wo p a r t s o fh e lme t s a t ta ched b y n a i l s . O ne o ft h e S i sc ian b r onz e h e lme t s b o re t h e s i gn o f L eg io I X H i spana (a ge l 1 974 :7 34 ) . Weapon s t h a t h ave b een f o und i n S i s ica i n c lude s wo rd s ( g lad i i ) a nd t h e e nd s o f t h e i r s h ea th s ( P l . 3 1 , 2 91-295 ) , d agge r s ( p ug i i ) w i thou t ( P l . 3 2 , 2 96 ) a nd w i th s h ea th s ( P l . 3 2 , 2 97 , 2 98 ) f r om t h e f i r s tc e n tu ry , p l a te f r om t h e d agge rs h ea th ( P l . 3 2 , 2 99 ) , s p ea r s ( P l . 3 2 , 3 00 ) , a r row s w i th h a rpoon s , p l umba tae ( P l . 3 2 , 3 0 1-303 ) , m i l i ta ry p i ck-axe ( d o lab ra )a nd i t sp ro te c t ive s h ea th ( P l .3 2 ,3 04 ,3 05 ) .

S even tys ix w ho le o rp a r t ia l ly p r e se r ved s ea l b oxe s ( w i th m o re u npub l i sh ed e xamp le sk ep ti nS i sak Museum )f o rm t h e l a rge s tg r oup o fs u ch o b jec t s f r om a l lP annon ian s i te s . S ea l b oxe s a r e m o s t ly f o und i n m i l i ta ry c on tex t s , i n c a s t ra , c a s te l la , m i l i ta ry o u tpo s t s a nd b a th s . T h ey h ave n o t b een f o und i ng r ave s . T he i rm i l i ta ry c on tex t s a r e a l so c on f i rmed b y t h ed e co ra t ion w h ich c an b e f o und a l so o n b e l t s e t s . T he s ea l b oxe s c ou ld h ave b een u s ed f o r s ea l ing m i l i ta ry d o cumen t sa nd a wa rd s . S ome o ft h el i t t le l i ds a r ed e co ra ted w i th t h ep i c tu r eo fV ic to r ia ( U lbe r t 1 971 : 2 82 ) , w h ich w ou ld i n d ica te t h eu s eo fs e a lb oxe si ns ea l ing t h es po r t ing a wa rd s .

P robab le m i l i ta ry e qu ipmen ta r ea ni r on p un ch w i th w o r no u t s t amp C RESCES ( P l . 3 2 , 3 06 ) , a n i r on s t r ig i l i s w i th t h e s t amp LVSC I s t amped t w ice ( P l . 3 , 3 07 ) , s ome c h i se l s , k n if e s( Ho f f i l le r 1 9 10 / 1911 : 1 52 , 1 74 , 1 74 )a nd v e s se l s ,s u ch a s t h e a bove-men t ioned c a sse ro le w i th t h e m i l i ta ry i n sc r ip t ion .

T he s ma l l r o und p l a te n o . 3 45 r e semb le s a n i n k-po t l i d . H oweve r ,t h em ob i le c a t ch d o e sn o tc ove ro rc l o se t h e l a rge r o pen ing i na ny p o s i t ion , w h ich w ou ld s u gge s tt h a tt h el i dh a s n o t b een s u c c e sf u l ly f i n i shed a nd i st h e r e fo r e ad i sca rded p i ece .

A lmo s ta l lm i l i ta ry e qu ipmen tw a s f o und i nt h eR ive rK upa . I tm u s t ,i np a r th ave b een p roduc ed i nS i sc ia . Med ica lI n s trumen t s

B ow F ibu lae A round 6 00 p i ece s o f b r onze R oman m ed ica l i n s t rumen t s h ave b een f o und i nS i s ica , 6 0% o fw h ich w e re t a ken o u t o f t h eK upa . T he se i n s t rumen t sw e r eu s ed n o to n ly i nm ed ic ine , b u t a l so b y c h em i s t s , f o r c o sme t ic p u rpo se s a nd f o r t o i le t r ie s . T hey w e r e u sua l ly k ep t i n as p ec ia l m e ta l b ox

O ve r8 00 b ow f i bu lae h ave b een f o und i nS i sak ,m o s t ly f r om t h e t i me s pan f r om t h e f i r s t t ot h e f o u r th c en tu r ie s . T hey i n c lude 2 4 t y p e s w i th t h e i r v a r ia t ion s , p i c tu r ed o n T ab le 1 w h ich a l so s h ow st h e i rn umbe r s . 1 8

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T ab le 1 .T ype s o ff i bu lae f o und i nS i sak . T he n umb e r i nt h e l owe rr i gh t c o rne r s how s t h e n umbe r o f e xamp le si nt h ec o l lec t ion . F i bu la e o ft h e l a te L a T ene t y pe f r om t h e e nd o f t h e f i r s t c e n tu ry B Ca nd f i r s tc e n tu ry AD a r ep r e sen ted i nT ab le 1 ,1 , a nd P l . 3 5 , 3 46 . P la in b ow a nd p e r fo ra ted c a t ch-p la te s a r e c on tempo ra ry w i th t h e l a t te r o ne s , b u t t h ey l a s ted i n to t h e s e cond c e n tu ry ( Tab le 1 ,2 ) ;t h o se w i th c ompac tc a t ch-p la te s s t em f r om t h e f i r s t c e n tu ry ( Tab le 1 ,3 ) ; av a r ia t ion o ft h e l e g iona ry f i bu la i s as oca l led B o i i f i bu la f r om t h e f i r s t c e n tu ry , w ho se n ame r ef l ec t s t h e e t hn ic i ty o f i t s b ea r e r s ( Tab le 1 ,4 ,P l . 3 5 , 3 47 ) ; e a r ly h i nged f i bu lae a r e d a ted t o t h e e nd o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry BC a nd f i r s t h a l f o f t h e f i r s t c e n tu ry AD ( Tab le 1 ,5 )a nd a r e a l so c l a s s if i ed a s at y pe o f A uc i ssa f i bu la . S ome o ft h e A uc i s sa f i bu lae f r om t h e f i r s t c e n tu ry AD ( Tab le 1 ,6 ,P l . 3 5 , 3 48 ) b ea r s t amp s AVC I IA , AVCOM , DVRNACO a nd P VALER ( Kokev id 1 980 : T .V , 3 0-35 ; T . V I , 3 6 ) . S o-ca l led A ugen f i bu lae w e re m anu f a c tu r ed i nc en t ra l G e rmany a nd a r e r e p re sen ted w i th t h e v a r ia t ion s o f t h e t y p e f r om t h e f i r s t t wo c e n tu r ie s AD ( Tab le 1 ,7 ,P l . 3 5 , 3 42 ) ; N e r toma ru s f i bu lae a r e f r om t h e f i r s t c e n tu ry ( Tab le 1 ,8 ,P l . 3 5 , 3 50 ) a nd o fG a l lo-Roman t y pe . F i bu lae w i th p e r fo ra ted c a tch-p la te sa nd t wo d i sc so n t h e b ow ( Tab . 1 ,9 ) o r ig ina ted i n t h e N o r ico-Pannon ian t e r r i to ry a nd w e r e c a r r ied i n p a i r s a s p a r t s o f t h e l o ca l N o r ico-Pannon ian f ema le d r e ss f r om t h ef i r s tc e n tu ry ; o t he r N o r ico-Pannon ian t y pe sa r ef i bu lae w i th w ing sf r om t h ef i r s t c e n tu ry a nd t h ef i r s th a l fo ft h es e cond c e n tu ry ( Tab le 1 ,1 0 ) . T h e se b ea r as p ec i f ic l a c eo penwo rk d e co ra t ion o nt h ec a t chp l a te a nd a r e u sua l ly o fl a rge d imen s ion s , a nd a dd i t iona l ly h ave b een w o rn i np a i r s a s p a r t o f f ema le l o ca l d r e s s . A n a u to ch tonou se a r ly P annon ian-No r ican s h ap ei st h es oc a l led k r ä f t ig p r of i l ie r t ( s ha rp ly-p rof i led ) f i bu la f r om t h e f i r s tt wo c e n tu r ie s AD ( Tab le 1 , 1 , P l . 3 5 , 3 5 1-353 ) w h ich h ad s e ve ra l d eve lopmen ta l s t age s a nd v a r ia t ion s , n ame ly t h e O ko rag v a r ia t ion ( No . 3 51 ) a nd B la ck S ea , w h ich i s s e pa ra t ed i n to as p ec ia lt y pe ( Tab le 1 ,1 2 ,P l .3 5 ,3 54 ) .

A ncho rshaped f i bu lae ( Tab le 1 ,1 3 , P l . 3 6 , 3 55 ) f r om t h e s e cond a nd t h i rd c e n tu r ie s a r e s im i la r t ot h e l a t te rt y pe , b u t t h ey h ave a c ha rac te r i s t ica l ly s h aped h ead a nd d eco ra t ion w h ich p o in tt o I ly ro-Th ra c ian o r ig in . T he i rd i s t r ibu t ion i s l i m i ted t os o u th P annon ia a nd n e ighbou r ing l a nd s . T rumpe t f i bu lae a r e d a ted t ot h e s e cond a nd t h i rd c e n tu r ie s ( Tab le 1 , 1 4 ,P l . 3 6 ,3 56 ) ; g ene t ica l ly t h ey a r ec onne c ted t ot h ek rä f t ig p r o f i l ie r tt y p e , d eve loped u nde r s t rong G e rman ic i n f luenc e . Among t h e se as p ec ia lg r oup i sm ade o fi r on e xamp le s w i th ah o l low h ead a nd d eco ra ted w i th p ea r ly s i lve rw i re ; t h i s i s t h e P annon ian v a r ian t o f t h e t y pe ( Ko iCev i6 1 980 , T .XX I , 1 6 1 ,T . XX I I , 1 64 , 1 6 5 , 1 69 a nd n o .3 56 o nP l .3 6h e re ) . L eg iona ry f i bu lae a r ed a ted f r om t h e s e cond h a l fo ft h e f i r s t t ot h e b eg inn ing o f t h e t h i rd c en tu r ie s ( Tab le 1 ,1 5 ) ; t h e se w e r ep u r e ly f u n c t iona lm i l i ta ry b r oo che sw h ich o r ig ina ted i n t h e R h ine v a l ley . K n ee f i bu lae w e r e w o rn f r om t h e e nd o f t h ef i r s tt ot h eb eg inn ing o ft h ef o u r th c e n tu r ie s ( Tab le 1 ,1 5 , P l . 3 6 , 3 57 ) . T he m o s t f r equen tv a r ian t i nP annon ia i st h a t w i th a s em i-c i r cu la r h ead-p la te d eco ra ted w i th r ow s o f r o u le t t ing ( Ko scev ic 1 980 , T . XX I I I , 1 79-189 ) . P i n ce r f i bu lae f r om t h e s e cond a nd t h i rd c en tu r ie s ( Tab le 1 , 1 7 ) o r ig ina te i nt h eT h racoI l ly r ian m i l ieu ,a nd a r ef o und o n ly i n t h eB a lkan s . Man i fo ld ly d i v ided f i bu lae d e r ive f r om t h ef i r s t a nd s e cond c e n tu r ie s ( Tab . 1 ,1 8 , P l . 3 6 , 3 58 ) . T he i r b ow s a r e d eco ra ted i n m any d i f f e ren t w ay s a nd t h ey s h ow a t e nd ency f o r d eco ra t ivene s s w h ich m ake s t h em a lmo s t j ewe l le ry p i ece s . T hey o r ig ina t e i nG au l . E name l led b ow f i bu lae f r om t h e f i r s t a nd s e cond c e n tu r ie s a nd f r om l a te r p e r iod s ( Tab le 1 ,1 9 ) a l so e xp r e s s v a r iou s b ow d eco ra t ion s , a nd c an a l so b e c onnec ted w i th G au l i sh o r R hen i sh t e r r i to r ie s . Z oomo rph ic b ow f i bu lae f r om t h e r u s t t wo c e n tu r ie s AD ( Tab le 1 ,2 0 ) h ave o n ly s po rad ica l ly b een f o und i nP annon ia . T he g ene s i s o f f i bu lae w i th f o lded l e g 1 9

S i s c ia f r om t h e e nd o f t h e s e cond a nd t h i rd a nd f o u r th c en tu r ie s ( Tab le 1 ,2 1 ,P l . 3 6 , 3 59 )c an b et r ac ed t ot h eC e l t ic L aT tne s h ap e i n s ou th R u ss ia . T shap ed f i bu la e w i th s p i ra l m echan i sm ( Tab le 1 ,2 2 ) a r e f r om t h ee nd o ft h e s e cond a nd t h i rd c en tu r ie s h ad a l o ng l i f espan a nd a r e t h e l a s t d e r iva t ive o f t h e o ne s w i th t h e f o lded l e g s . T he c on tempo ra ry h i nged t y pe o r ig ina ted i nt h e D anube v a l ley w h e r e i tw a s p roduced i nm i l i ta ry w o rk shop s ( Tab le 1 ,2 3 ) . C ro s sbow f i bu lae w i th t h r ee k nob s ( b u lbed f i bu lae ) e vo lved f r om t h e l a t te rt y pe , d a t ing f r om t h ee nd o ft h e t h i rd i n to t h e f i f th c en tu r ie s ( Tab le 1 ,2 4 , P l . 3 6 , 3 60 , 3 6 1 ) . T h i s i st h e l e ad ing l a te R oman s hape i nt h e D anube p rov in ce s , w h ich o ve r took a l l o t he rb ow f i bu lae a nd w ho se d i s t r ibu t ion a tt h e h i gh t o f p roduc t ion i nt h e f o u r th c en tu ry e x tended b eyond t h eb o rde r s o ft h e Emp i r e . T he se b rooche s a r e c onnec ted t o t h em a le d r e s so fs t a te c l e rk s a nd m i l i ta ry , a nd i ti sb e l ieved t h ey w e re p roduced i nt h em i l i ta ry of i c inae .

v a r ian t s : 5e xamp le s o f t h e f i r s t v a r ian t ( n o . 3 76 ) a nd n o . 3 77 o ft h e s e cond v a r ian th ave af i l l ing o fw h i te m e ta l i nt h e o u te rr i ng . T he f i l l o fn o . 3 78 i sn ow m i s s ing . E xamp le s o f t h e f i r s t t wo v a r ian t s a r e s o f a rk nown o n ly f r om S i sak a nd c an b e d a ted t ot h e f i r s t c en tu ry , w h i le t h ee xamp le w h ich i s m o r e s im i la r t o t h e f i bu lae f r om G e rman ic c i r c le s a nd r e p r e sen t s t h e t h i rd v a r ian t , i sf r om t h e s e cond a nd l a te r c en tu r ie s . As ma l l f i bu la i nt h e s h ape o f ar a bb i t P l . 4 0 , 4 0 5 c an b e d a ted t ot h es e cond c en tu ry . E name l led p l a te f i bu la e h ave t h e i r g r ea te s t c on cen t ra t ion i n G au l , t h eR h ine v a l ley , B r i ta in a nd P annon ia , a nd h ave b een f o und a sf a rd i s tan t a sS y r ia . T he i ro r ig in i sg l oba l ly p l aced i nt h e f i r s tc en tu ry , a nd t h e i r g r ea te s td i s t r ibu t ion a nd u se i s i nt h e m idd le a nd s e cond h a l fo ft h e s e cond c en tu ry , a nd t h e b eg inn ing o ft h e t h i rd c en tu ry . Al a rge n umb e ro fv a r ia t ion s c an b e s e en i nt h e S i sak m a te r ia l ( P l . 3 8-P l . 4 0 , 3 98-404 ) . Mo s ta r e s i ng le p i ece s a pa r tf r om s hape s n o s . 3 85 , 3 80 , 3 86 a nd 3 94 o f w h ich t wo e xamp le s w e r e f o und . T he re w e r e s e ve ra l t y pe s o f e name l l ing u sed : c l o i sonn é , l a y ing o f d i f f e r en te name l c o lou r s s i d eb y s i de w i thou tc ompa r tmen t s , a nd t h e s oca l led K r e i saugen d eco ra t ion -i n lay ing o fg l a s s b a l l s . T he s e cond t wo t e chn ique s a r e m o s t c ommon o n S i sc ian f i bu lae a nd s ea lb oxe s .

I n a dd i t ion t o b ronze , S i s ican f i bu lae w e r e m anu fa c tu r ed f r om i r on ( s ome t r ump e t , k ne e , l e g iona ry a nd f o lded l e g t y p e s ) , s i lve r ( k rä f t ig p ro f i l ie r t , k nee a nd k nobbed t y pe s ) , g o ld ( f ive k nob s ) a nd l e ad ( s ome k rä f t ig p ro f i l ie r t a nd k nee t y p e s ) . P la te F ibu lae T he r e a r e o ve r 1 20 e xamp le s o f p l a te f i bu lae f r om S i sak , m o s t ly f o und i nt h e R ive rK upa . T hey a r ep r e sen ted h e r e i n a l lt h e i rs hap e s .

N o s . 3 79 , 3 80 a nd t h el i ke a r ed a ted f r om t h ee nd o ft h ef i r s t t ot h es e cond h a l fo ft h e s e cond c en tu r ie s ,n o . 3 81 t ot h ef i r s t q ua r t e r o f t h e f o u r th c en tu ry , a nd t h e r e s t f r om s e cond c en tu ry o nwa rd s ,z oomo rph ic t y pe s4 02-404 i n c luded .

T h er e ve r se o ft h i sf i bu la i sl e ve l led ,w h i le t h ef a c ew a s u s ed f o r d eco ra t ion . T hey c an b e d i f f e ren t ia ted b e tween c omp le te ly f l a t f i bu lae , o ne s w i th ar a i sed f a c e , a nd t h o se w i t ht h es l igh t ly c u rved o rs t epped f a ce s .

Among v a r iou s S i sc ian v a r ian t s o f t h e s oca l led o mega f i bu lae , b o th b r on ze a nd i r on ( Kokev iC 1 99 1 /2 , T .XX IV , 3 51-355 ) , t h e s i lve rp i ece P l . 4 0 , 4 06 c an b e s i ng led o u t . I t c an b e d a ted t ot h e f i r s t t wo c en tu r ie s , a l thoug h t h e d u ra t ion o fo mega t y p ei sm uch l o nge r .

P la te f i bu lae w i thou t e name l c omp r i se s e ve ra l s h ape s . R hombo id , l u nu la r , p e l ta , r o und f i bu lae w i th p ro jec t ion , w hee l a nd d i sk t y p e s m ake ag roup o fa r ound 4 0p i ec e s ( P l . 3 7 , 3 62 , 3 64-367 ; K okev i6 1 991 , T .X IX , 2 7 1-275 ) . Mo rpho log ica l ly t h ey a r ec onnec ted t h rough t h e i rd e s ign a nd d eco ra t ion o f w h i te m e ta l c oa t a nd c en t ra l r i ve t w i th s em i sphe r ica l h ead o f w h i te a l loy . T hey a r e d a ted t o t h e f i r s tc en tu ry , a nd o r ig ina te i nG au l . A typ ica l i sP l . 3 7 , 3 63

J ewe l lery As amp le o fs imp le e ar-r ing si s av a r ian tw i th am e ta ls h ee t s h a l low h a lfsph e re o f as p i c ch io d is f e ra t y pe P l . 4 1 , 4 07 a nd ap a i ro fu n f in i shed a nd d i sca rded e xamp le so f ab a r e t ta t y pe e a rr ing sP l . 4 1 , 4 09 a nd 4 10 . B o th t y pe s a r ed a ted t o t h e f i r s t c en tu ry . A no the r e xamp le , w i th a n u n su i tab le ' S s h ap ed h ook T .4 1 ,4 13 ,c an b ec onnec ted t ot h ef o rme rt y pe , a s w e l l a s T . 4 1 , 4 08 , 4 11 a nd 4 12 w h ich b ea r p seudof i l ig r ee d eco ra t ion . A l lt h r ee h ave f i ne m ob i le h ook s w h ich , a l ong s ide t h e h i gh q ua l i ty o f e xecu t ion , m ak e t h e se p i ece s c l o se t o t h e p r oduc t s f r om R ome o r t h e i r g ood i m i ta t ion s f r om t h e f i r s t c e n tu ry o r s omewha t l a te r . Av e ry c a re f u l ly m anu f ac tu r ed p a i ro fi n terwoven w i r eP l . 4 1 ,4 14 i sp robab ly n o l a te r t h an t h e s e cond c en tu ry . Ar a r e s h ape P l . 4 1 , 4 15 c ou ld b e d a ted t ot h e s e cond o re a r ly t h i rd c en tu r y . P l . 4 1 , 4 16 i sf r om t h e t h i rd a nd f o u r th c en tu r ie s . N o s . 4 08 , 4 12 , 4 13 a nd 4 16 w e re m ade o fs i lve r .

w i th t h ev e ry r a re d eco ra t ion o fc hecke rboa rd . R ound f i bu lae w i th s moo th , r o se t tel ik e o r s t a rshap ed o u te r b e l t a nd d eco ra t ion o f a pp l iqué a nd s ma l l m a sk s a r e c oa ted w i th w h i te m e ta l ( P l . 3 7 , 3 68-370 ) . S hape n o . 3 68 w a s f o und i ns i x i d en t ica lp i ece s . S t a rshaped e xamp le sP l . 3 7 , 3 71 a nd 3 72 c on ta in c en t ra l , mo s tp robab ly a mbe r ,i n lay . T h i st y p ei sf r om t h ef i r s tc en tu ry . F igu ra t ive t y p e s h ave d eco ra t ion o fd o lph in p a i r s o r s em il u nu la r ( P l . 3 7 , 3 73-375 ) d e co ra t ion a nd w e re a l so m e ta lc oa t ed . N o . 3 75 h a s a n a pp l iqué i nt h e s hap e o fs ma l l s h ip w i th t h e c r ew . T h i s t y p e i s k nown f r om F rance a nd G e rmany , b u t m o s t ly f r om S w i tze r land , a nd i sd a ted t ot h e s e cond h a l fo ft h e f i r s t c en tu ry . T he s c ene d ep ic ted c an b e c onnec t ed w i th C e l t ic b e l ie f s .

P in s f o rm ag r oup o f 1 6 e xamp le s ( P l . 4 1 , 4 17-431 ) w i th v a r iou s ly s h aped h ead s . T he g r ea te s t n umb e r h ave p e l tas h ap ed h ead s w h ich p robab ly h ad w h i te m e ta l c oa t ing , s t i l l p r e ser ved o nn o .4 19 . T h i s s h ape i sa lmo s tu nknown o u t s ide

W i th in c on ica l f i bu lae ( P l . 3 8 , 3 76-378 ) t h e r e a r e t h r ee 2 0

Me ta lF ind s S i sc ia a nd c an b e g ene ra l ly d a ted t o t h e s e cond a nd t h i rd c en tu r ie s .

c en tu r ie s . T he re a r e s eve ra l l e ad ing s hape s a mong t h e p endan ts . T he se i n c lude c r e scen tshaped p endan t s . No . 4 84 h a s i m i ta t ion g r anu les a t t h e e nd s o f t h e s ec t ion s a nd c ha rac te r i s t ica l ly r i bbed l oop . P l . 4 6 , 4 85 , 4 86 a nd p robab ly 4 86 a r e o f t h e mo s t c ommon , t wofaced t ype . T hey a r e d a ted t ot h es e cond a nd t h i rd c en tu r ie s . L igh tp endan t s i nt h e s hape o f m eda l l ion s a r e f r om t h e f i r s t a nd p a r t ly s e cond c en tu r ie s ( P l . 4 6 , 4 87-490 ) ; t h ey a r e d eco ra ted w i th p la s t ic s hape s o f J up i te r o r S e rap is , M iner va o r R oma , q uad r iga

A long s ide s t anda rd s hape s o f s e cond a nd t h i rd c en tu r ie s t h e re i s aw i re h ook a nd s eve ra l p i ec es o fs hee tm e ta l h ook s -p robab le l a te R oman n eck lace s( P l .4 2 ,4 32-435 ) . T he S i sak c o l lec t ion a l so h a s w e l l o ve r ah und red b race le t s ( Ko scev ic 1 991/2 , T . I I I- T . IX ) . Among t h e w i re b race le t s , t h e re a r ev a r iou s f o rms m ade o ft h icke ro r t h inne r w i re w i th o ve r lapp ing s i de s f r om t h e f i r s tt ot h e t h i rd c en tu r ie s ( P l . 4 3 , 4 39-441 ) , o f i n terwoven w i re ( P l . 4 2 , 4 36 ) a nd s pec if ica l ly f o rmed w i th ah o l low m idd le ,h ook a nd l oop ( P l . 4 2 ,4 37 ) , a s

a nd F o r tuna a nd h ave n o t b een f ound o u t s ide S i sc ia . A l l a r e c onnec ted t o t h e s ame m anu fac tu re c en t re t h rough s pec if ica l ly f o rmed l oop s . T he re a r e 1 r ound p endan t s -

w e l l a s ap i ece w i th w oven s i lve r w i re a pp l ied o n ab ronze r i ng ( P l . 4 2 , 4 38 ) , a l l f r om t h e t h i rd a nd f ou r th c en tu r ie s . T he re i sa l so an umb e ro fb ad ly m ad e a nd u n f in i shed p i ece s a nd f r agmen t s . A rmr ing s w i th o p en o r c l o sed r i ng s o f v a r iou sl e ve l s o fe xecu t ion d a te f r om t h es e cond t ot h ef our th b y a n a rmr ing f r om t h e f i r s t a nd s e cond c en tu r ie s ( P l . 4 3 , 4 42 ) , w he rea s t h e e xamp les o fh o l low r i ng s a nd g o ld p la ted r i ng s ( P l . 4 4 , 4 44 , 4 45 ) a r e f r om t h e f ou r th c en tu ry .

b u lae ( P l . 4 6 ,4 91-493 ,P l . 4 7 ,4 95 ,4 96 ) . T he se a r er ounded s ea lb oxes w i th s e cu re f a s ten ing a nd f o lded t e e th w h ich w e re m ade f o r s t o rage ; t h ey r ep resen t aP annon ian v a r ian t o f R oman b u lae , d a ted t o t h e t h i rd a nd f ou r th c en tu r ies . T hey w e re made o f w h i te m e ta l ( no s . 4 91 , 4 92 , s i lve r ( n o . 4 93 ) a nd b ron ze i na l l o t he r e xamp les ( 495 , 4 96 ) . A l l t h e b ron ze e xamp le s ( a s w e l l a s a no the r made o f w h i te m e ta l , i n v . n o . 6 649 ) a r e b ad ly made o r u n f in ished p iece s o f v a r iou s

S omewha t e a r l ie r a r e r i ng s d eco ra ted w i th t h e r ow s o f ' V 's ( P l . 4 4 ,4 46 ) .

d imen s ion s , s ome t ime s w i th b roken t e e th w h ich c anno tc l o se , o rt h ey a r ej u s tp a r t so fb u lae .

Z oomo rph ic a rm-r ing s a r e l a te r i nd a te , w i th t h e e xcep t ion o fP l . 4 4 ,4 49 w h ich i sf r om t h et h i rd c en tu ry . S e rpen t ine ( P l .

O ne r ound p endan tP l . 4 7 ,4 97 w a su n f in ished o rd amaged i n f i re a nd o n t h e b a s is o f i t s n i e l lo d eco ra t ion c an b e d a ted t o

4 4 , 4 53 ) a nd h i gh ly s t y l ized z oomo rph ic a rmr ing s ( P l . 4 4 , 4 50 , 4 52 ) a nd t h o se w i th mo re r e a l i s t ic f e a tu re s s u ch a s a f r agmen t - s ma l l f i gu r ine P l . 4 4 , 4 51) a r e l a te R oman p roduc t s . N o s . 4 40 ,4 42 a nd 4 43 a r em ade o fs i lve r .

t h e f i r s t a nd s e cond c en tu r ie s . T he p la te i s d amaged a nd n i e l lo d oe s n o tf i l l a l lt h e i mp re ss ion s ,i ti sp a r t ly o ve r sp i l led a nd c omp le te ly ma t t .

T he S i sak m e ta l c o l lec t ion h a s 5 7 f i nger-r ing s . T he se i n c lude s i gne tr ing s w i th g em s f r om t h e s e cond a nd t h i rd c en tu r ie s ( P l . 4 5 , 4 60-462 ) ; d e r iva t ives o f G au l i sh a nd S y r ian t ype s o f s i gne tr ing s f r om t h e t h i rd a nd f our th c en tu r ie s ( P l . 4 5 , 4 63 , 4 64 ) ; l a te R oman i m i ta t ion s w i th p y ram ida l ly c u t i n lay a nd s i gne tr ing w i th d i v ided s u r face ( P l . 4 5 , 4 65 , 4 66 ) w h ich c anno t b e t i ed t o as pec if ic p ro to type ; p o lygona l r i ng s f r om t h e t h i rd a nd p a r t ly f ou r th c en t ur ie s ( P l . 4 5 , 4 57 , 4 58 ) ; ar i ng w i th a n i mp re ssed s l igh t s e rpen tl ike f e a tu re c an o n ly b ed a ted f r om s e cond t of ou r th c en tu r ies ( P l . 4 5 , 4 59 ) ; aw i re r i ng w i th o ve r lapp ing e nd s f r om t h e t h i rd c en tu ry ( P l . 4 5 ,4 54 ) ; c on tempo ra r yo rs l igh t ly l a te r w i re r i ng w i th l a rge r g ranu le s w i th in ar o se t te o f w i re l i ne s ( P l . 4 5 , 4 55 ) ; af i ne r i ng w i th o penwo rk f i l ig ree f r om t h e s econd a nd p a r t ly t h i rd c en tu r ie s ( P l . 4 5 , 4 56 ) . No s . 4 54-461 ,4 63 a nd 4 64 a r e s i lve r ,n o .4 62 i r on .

p i eces o rf i n i shed d eco ra t ive e l emen t s , w ho se e xac tp u rpo se o rp l ace t ow h ich t h ey w e re t ob e a f f ixed i sn o t p o ss ib le t o d e term ine . T he se o b jec t s i n c lude u n f in ished p endan t s ( n o .

c en tu r ies ( P l . 4 4 ,4 43 ,4 47 ,4 48 ) . H igh q ua l i ty w o rk i ss hown

O b jec t s p re sen ted i n P l . 4 7 a nd 4 8 a r e e i the r u n f in i shed

4 98 ) o r t h e i rr ough c a s t s ( n o s . 5 22-525 ) ; f i n i shed a pp l iqué s ( n o s . 5 00 , 5 15 - w i th w h i te o r s i lve r c oa t ing ) a nd o n ly c a s t ( n o s . 5 01 , 5 04 , 5 11 ) a pp l iqué s ; t i n o r l e ad ma sk n o . 5 17 d amaged d u r ing m anufac tu re ; s hee t m e ta l a pp l iques ( no s . 5 03 , 5 14 , 5 16 ) ; w i re p a r t s ( no . 4 99 ) ; p a r t s f o r r i ve t ing o r h o ld ing ( n o . 5 02 ) , t u bu la r ( n o s . 5 12 , 5 13 ) a nd f l a t ( no s . 5 055 10 ) p l a te s ; u n f in i shed f i bu lae ( n o s . 5 26-528 ) ; p a r t s o f o penwo rk ( n o s . 5 33-535 ) ; v a r iou s c u t m e ta l s hee t l e ave s ( n o s . 5 29-531 ) , s ma l lb i t so fw i re ( no s . 5 36-538 ) a nd p i ece s m ade o f t i n o r l e ad ( n o s . 5 18-521 ) o fu n iden t if ied p u rpo se . No . 5 18 c ou ld h ave b een u sed a sa n a pp l iqué , w h i le t h e o t he r t wo m u s t b e f a u l ty c a s t s . P la tes n o s . 5 05-510 w e re u sed a s h and le d eco ra t ion s f o rs ma l le ru t i l i ta r ian o b jec t s d a t ing f r om t h e s econd h a lf o f t h e s econd a nd t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e t h i rd c en tu r ie s ; Medu sa m a sk s s im i la rt on o . 5 17 a r e f ound o nl a te

K ey-r ing s ( P l . 4 5 , 4 67-472 , P l . 4 6 , 4 73-482 ) a r e g ene ra l ly d a ted t ot h e t h i rd a nd f ou r th c en tu r ie s . U n ive r sa l ly k nown s hape i sn o .4 72 , ; mo re o rl e ss k nown s h ape sf r om o t he rs i tes a r e n o s . 4 73 , 4 74 , 4 77 a nd 4 78 , w he r ea s r a re e xamp le s a r e 4 80 , a nd 4 81 . H a lf o ft h em a r e m ade o fb ronze , a nd h a lf o f i r on ( n o s . 4 67-470 , 4 81 ) . O ne w a s m ade o f w h i te m e ta l ( i nv . n o . 4 141 ) .

R oman m i l i ta ry b e l t s ( Fü lep 1 984 : 3 51 , g rave R /212 ) b u t a l so a s b uck le s ( Bu rge r 1 979 :34 , g rave 5 2 ) ; l a ce o penwo rk p l a tes n o s . 5 33 , 5 34 a r e p a r t s o f No r ico-Pannon ian f ema le b e l to ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry ( KogCev i6 1 991/2 :72 ) . T he r e ve r se s i de s o fp l a te f i bu lae n o s . 5 26-528 l a ck u ppe r , d eco ra t ive p l a te s , w h ich w e re t ob e a pp l ied o n t h ese p la te s a nd t h u s h i de p a r t s o ft h e f a s ten ing m echan ism . A l though t h e d eco ra t ion a nd t h u s t h e i r f i na l a ppea rence i su nknown , t h ey c an b ed a ted t ot h e s e cond a nd t h i rd c en tu r ie s .

A f i nge rr ing m ade o f w h i te m e ta l P l . 4 6 , 4 83 , w a s d i sca rded , a s ab ad ly m ade p i ece . I t s s hape c an b e c onnec ted t o as pec if ic t yp e o f r i ng s w i th r e c tangu la r , d eco ra ted p l a te a nd i tc an b e d a ted t ot h e s e cond a nd t h i rd

2 1

S i s c ia P l .4 9 a nd 5 0s how ag r ea te rn umbe ro fr i ng so fv a r iou st y p e s a nd d imen s ion s w h ich w e r e , l i ke t h e m a te r ia l d e sc r ib ed a bove ,f ound i nt h eK upa .

a nd p r i sm— l ike p r o t ru s ion s ( n o s . 5 79 , 5 81-584 , 5 73 ) o n p l a t e s w h ich g i ve ab i za r r e i mp r e s s ion a nd w h ich , b ecau se o f p a i r s o f l i n e s , m igh t h ave s ome a n th ropomo rph ic a s so c ia t ion s . Wh icheve r t h e o r ig in o f t h i s s ymbo l i sm , o r name ta lc ompo s i t ion s a r e f o rt h e t i me b e ing i mpo s s ib le t o i n te rp r e t . T he o t he r u nu sua l f e a tu re i st h e c omb ina t ion o f c r e sc en t a nd p ha l lu s . T he p ha l lu s i sf o und q u i te o f ten i n m i l i ta ry g ea r , e sp ec ia l ly o n h a rne s s . T he c r e scen t o n t h e o t he r h and , w a s t h e s ymbo l o f Magna Ma te r a nd i sa mong t h em o s ti mpo r tan ta t t r ibu te so fm any f ema le d e i t ie s .

A l so , ah uge c o l lec t ion o fk ey s a nd v a r iou s t o o ls a r ek ep ti n t h eA r chaeo log ica l Mu seum i nZ ag r eb . L ead f i nd s F igur ine s T he r e a r e o ve r3 0 l e ad f i gu r ine s i nt h e S i sc ia c o l lec t ion ( P l . 5 1 , P l . 5 2 , P l . 5 3 , 5 63-566 ) . T hey a r e e i the rh o l low , p a r t ly h o l low , o rf u l lc a s tp i ece s m ade i nt wo—pa r tm ou ld s . O n ly a f ew e xamp le s w e re c u t . C a s t f i gu r ine s h ave s i de ' s t em s ' w h ich i n d ica te t h a t t h ey w e r e n o t g i ven f i n i sh ing t o uche s . R oman d e i t ie s i n c lude R oma w i th l a nce a nd s h ie ld ( n o s . 5 39-541 ) , R oma w i thou t s h ie ld ( n o . 5 42 ) , V enu s ( n o s . 5 43-545 ) , V ic to r ia ( n o s . 5 46-549 ) , F o r tuna ( n o s . 50-551 ) , J up i te r ( n o s . 52-553 ) , S e rap i s ( n o . 59 ) , Me r cu ry ( n o s . 54-556 ) , D iony su s ( n o s . 57-558 ) , P r iapu s ( n o s . 5 62-563 ) , E ro s w i th o rw i thou t w ing s w i th ap l a t te ri nh and s( n o s .5 60-56 1 ) a nd ab u s to f ap robab le S i ren ( n o .5 64 ) .

A l lf i gu r ine s b u to ne ( n o . 5 46 ) a r ep a r to f ap r iva te S i sa l c c o l lec t ion a nd w e re f o und i n t h e K upa d u r ing g r ave l e x t ra c t ion i n 1 909 a nd 1 9121914 . T hey h ave b een d ef in ed a se xv o ta ,w h ich w ou ld i mp ly t h ey w e r em in i— r e p roduc t ion s o f m onumen ta l s t a tue s , s ouven i r s f r om s an c tua r ie s . H oweve r , t h e f i nd s , b ea r ing i n m ind t h e u nf in i shed s t a te o f a l l o f t h em c an a l so h ave b een r e cen t ly m anu f ac tu r ed p roduc t so fS i sc ian w o rk shop ( Baue r : 3) .

T h rough s ome d e ta i l s w h ich e xp r e s s t h e s t y l i sa t ion o f a c e r ta in p e r iod , s u ch a s p ro t ru s ion s o n p l a te s w h ich i m i ta te g r anu la t ion , n o s . 5 73-584 c an b e d a ted t o t h e s e cond a nd t h i rd c en tu r ie s , a sw e l l a sn o s . 5 71 a nd 5 72 . O u t s ide S i sc ia t h e se o r s im i la rp endan t s a r e u nknown ( Ko gC ev iC 1 990 :25 ) . T h eA r chaeo log ica l Mu seum i nZ ag r eb k eep ss e ve ra lf u r the r e xamp le sw i th v a r iou sc omb ina t ion so ft h ep r inc ipa lc oncep t .

F ig . 1 8 L ead l u nu la rp endan t s .

O n ly af ew o ft h ec r e sc en tp endan t sw e re f i n i sh ed p i ece s ( n o . 5 76 ) . Mo s t ly t h ey w e r e u n f in i shed , d i sca rded o rd amaged . T hu s t h e h ypo th e s i s o ft h e i rb e ing v o t ive o b jec t s t h rown i n to t h er i ve r h a s t ob e r e jec ted . T hey m igh th ave b een s ouven i r m eda l l ion s f o r t h e w o r sh ipp e r s o f s ome l o ca l c u l t , o r c u l t j ewe l le ry w h ich c ou ld b e long t ot h e s t a tue i n as anc tua ry o f s ome l u na r g ode s s ( F ig . 1 8 ) , o r p a r t o f t h e p r ie s te s se s '

Among t h i s g roup t h e mo s t i n te r e s t ing a r e t wo a n th ropomo rph ic f i gu r ine s s hap ed b y h and— cu t t ing o f l e ad ( n o s . 5 65 , 5 66 ) . T he f i r s t h a s a n e mpha s ized p ha l lu s w h i le t h es e cond c an b ed e te rm in ed a sa n th ropomo rph ic o n ly o nt h e b a s i so fe x t r em i t ie s .

g own s . T he o t h e rp o ss ib i l i ty i st h e u se o fp endan t s i nb l a ck m ag ic w h ich w ou ld a ccoun t f o r t h e r o ugh m anu fa c tu r e . T he se h ypo th e s i s c ome t om ind b ecau se o f t h e m a te r ia l o f w h ich t h e p endan t s w e re m ade . A pa r t f r om t h e u se f o rt h e p r a c t ica l p u rpo se s ( wa te r—p ipe s , l a be l s , e t c . ) , l e ad w a s c on s ide red t op o se s sh i gh m ag ica lp owe r s .

P endan t s O fc onven t iona lf o rm sp r e sen ta r el e a f— shaped p endan t sw i th p l a s t ic i mage s w h ich w ou ld mo s t p robab ly r e p r e sen t Ma r s , V ic to r ia a nd H e rme s ( P l . 5 3 , 5 68-570 ) w h ich c an b ep l aced i nt h ef i r s tt wo c en tu r ie s . T h ed a te o f p endan tP l . 5 3 ,5 67 i s d i ff i cu l t t od e te rm ine , a s i si t s p r e sen ta t ion . R a re r s h ape s a r ec r e scen t se i the ra cu te o rs t r e tched ( P l . 5 3 ,5 71 ,5 72 ) .

Sma l l l e ad r e l ief v o t ive p l a te s c onnec ted t ot h e c u l t o f t h e D anube /Th ra c ian r i de r ( Ho f f i l le r 1 935 : s l . 5 ) h ave a l ready b een m en t ioned . I nt h e i c onog raphy o f t h e r i d e r t h e re a r e e l emen t s o f s e ve ra l d i f f e r en t c u l t s . N ewe r o p in ion s s e e i n t h ec en t ra l f ema le f i gu r e C yb e le ( Pannon ia 1 980 : 1 90 ) . T he r e l ie f s o n l e ad p l a te s w e r e c onnec ted t oL una , a s ' c oun te r— b a lan ce 't ot h es o la rM i th ra ic c u l t( Zo tov iC 1 975 :4 1 ) .

Ag r oup o f 2 3 p i ece s s t and s o u t ( P l . 5 3 , 5 73-584 ) . T he s h ap e o f t h e se p endan t s i s ac r e scen t , a pa r t f r om n o . 5 73 . A l l w e re f o und i nt h e K upa a nd a r e s p lend id ly p r e se r ved . T hey w e re c a s ti no ne— s ided m ou ld so u to fl e ad o fo ve r8 49 8 %p u r i ty .

C ur se P la te s C u r se p l a te s ( t ab e lae d ef ix ionum ) w e re m ade e xc lu s ive ly o f l e ad . T hey w e r e u sed i nb l a ck m ag ic t oc a s t s pe l l s . T he p l a te s c omp r i sed t h e p e r son ' s n ame , c u r se f o rmu la a nd i n s ome c a se s , d r aw ing s a nd n ame s o f h t on ic g od s : Me r cu ry , D eme te r , H e ra c le s a nd o t he r s , a nd i nl a te R oman p e r iod s O s i r i s ,S abao th a nd a l so d emon sa ppea r . F o lded a nd p i e r ced

T he m a in c ha rac te r i s t ic o ft h e g roup i st h e r e c tangu la r , o va l o r t r apezo id l o op w i th t wo h o le s , c en t ra l p ro t r u s ion i nt h e s h ape o f ap ha l lu s , m i s s ing o n s ome p i ece s ( n o s . 5 75 , 5 80 , 5 84 ) , a nd t h e s pec i f ic d eco ra t ion o f t h e p l a te . T he r e a r e u sua l ly t wo o rf o u r g r anu le s ( n o s . 5 76 , 5 77 , 5 74 ) a nd r o und 2 2

M e ta lF ind s b y an a i l , t h e p l a te s w e r e t h rown i n to w a te r o r p l aced i n g r ave s , p l a ce s n ea r e s t t ot h e g od s o ft h e u nde rg round . S uch p l a te s w e re f o und i nt h e K upa ( P l . 5 4 , 5 85 , 5 86 ) . N o . 5 85 i s f i l led o n o ne s i de w i th 2 8 G reek a nd R oman n ame s , a nd n o . 5 86 h a s a n i n sc r ip t ion o nb o th s i de s , a sk ing t h eg od S avu s t o p ro t ec t ac e r ta in p e r son a nd t o b r ing l u ck i n ac ou r t c a se ( Bnm sm id 1 896 : 1 9 1 , 1 92 ) . T he R oman w o r ld p r a c t i sed c a s t ing s p e l l s t h rough d o l l s ( Fa raone 1 991 , F ig . 6 ,7 ,P l . 5 ,p . 1013 ) . D o l l s w e r e m ade o f c l ay , w ood , t e x t i le o r l e ad ( Bru r&n id 1 9 151919 : 1 84 , 1 8 5 ) . P i ece sn o s . 5 65 a nd 5 66 m igh th ave b een m anu fa c tu r ed f o rs u ch ap u rpo se , b u tt h ey h ave n o tb een u s ed , f o rt h ey l a ck n a i l so rd e fo rma t ion u sua l ly a pp l ied t ov oodoo d o l l s .

i n fo rma t ion o n p o s s ib le e xamp le s w i thou t i n sc r ip t ion s o r t h o se w i thou t f a s ten ing h o le s i s m i s s ing , a nd s o t h e p roduc t ion o ft h el a be l si nS i sak u nce r ta in . L eaden S ea l s L ead en s e a l s a r e s ma l l r ound p l a te s w i th t h e l o op f o r t h e t h r ead o n t h e b a ck ( P l . 5 4 , 5 89 ) . A l so , al a rge r n umbe r o f f i gu ra t ive s ea l s a r e k ep t i nt h e A r chaeo log ica l Mu seum i n Z ag r eb ,u npub l i shed . F ind so fo ther ma ter ia l G em sw i th t h ed ep ic t ion o f as a ty r ( P l .4 5 ,4 60-462 ) ,z od iac s ymbo l s o f f i sh , l i on , c r ab a nd c ap r icom ( Degme c i i iC 1 9 58 :23-24 ) , c ameo w i th f ema le b u s t m ade o ft wolaye red g l a s s p a s te ( An t iek i p o r t r e t , n o . 1 6 1 ) a nd s eve ra l g l a s s b r a ce le t s a nd r i ng s ( P l . 5 ) a r e a l so p a r t o f t h e S i sa l c c o l lec t ion .

L abe l s S ma l l l e ad p l a te s , p a r t ly i n te rp r e ted a st e s se rae f o r b a i l s o f w oo l w h ich w e re t r an spo r ted o nt h er i ve rh ave b een f o und i n t h e K upa ( Moc sy 1 962 : 6 70 ; P annon ia : 3 25 ) . H oweve r t h e e x t r eme ly l a rge n umb e r o f p l a te s f o und w ou ld s ugge s t t h a t t h i s i n te rp r e ta t ion i ss omewha t l i m i t ed . T he p l a te s a r e o f s l igh t ly i reg u la r s qua r e o r r e c tang u la r s h ap e i n c i sed w i th g r a f f i t i ( P l . 5 4 , 5 87 , 5 88 ) . T he g r a f f i t i a r e i ns ome c a se s n umb e r s w h ich a r e t h ough t t oh ave b een r e ce ip t s f o r m oney ; s ome p l a te s a r e i n sc r ibed o nb o th s i d e s , a nd h ave b een u sed t w ice . T he e a r l ie r i n sc r ip t ion w ou ld b e e r a sed ( Bru t. gm id 1 90 1 :125 ) .

Annr ing n o s . 5 90-593 w e re m ade o fb l a ck g l a s s w h ich , o n t h e l a s t t wo e xamp le s h a s i regu la r m u l t ico lou r ed f i e ld s . F inge rr ing s a r e m ade o ft r an spa r en t g r een ( n o . 5 94 ) , b l ack ( n o . 5 95 ) , p u rp le t r an spa r en t ( n o . 5 96 ) , g r een i sh ( n o s . 5 97 , 5 98 , 6 00 ) , t r an spa ren ty e l low ( n o . 5 99 ) a nd c o lou r le s s g l a s s . T h e re a r e s i gne tr ing s w i th s epa ra te p l a t e s ( n o s . 5 94 , 5 95 ) a nd t h e i r d e r iva t ive s ( n o s . 5 96 ,5 97 , 6 00 , 6 02 ) ; s e rpen tr i ng s ( n o s . 5 98 , 5 99 ) . T he a rmr ing s d a te f r om t h e t h i rd a nd f o u r th c en tu r ie s .

T he p u rpo se o f t h e se p l a te s c ou ld h ave b een m an i fo ld , b ecau se l e ad w a su sed a s as u r face w h ich w a sv e ry p r ac t ica l f o r w r i t ing . F o r t h e g r ea te s t p a r t t h e p l a te s m u s t h ave b een l a b e l s f o r v a r iou s m e r chand i se , i n c lud ing f o od , l i ke t h e p l a tes f o r s p ice s w i th i n fo rma t ion o n t h e t y pe o fa r t ic le , i t s w e igh t a nd p r ice . E xcep t f o r s e ve ra l S i sc ian p l a te s , t h e m a jo r i ty h a s n o t b een p ub l i shed . T hu s , m o r e p re c i se

Ap a i r o f f a u l t i ly m ade r i ng s i n d ica te p roduc t ion i nS i sc ia : l a rge r i ng n o . 5 94 w a s d e fo rmed i n t h e p roce s s o f m anu f ac tu r e , a s w e l l a s n o . 6 02 , o n w h ich , a f te r t h e i n ne r h o le c ame o u tt o os ma l l ,a t temp t s w e r em ade t oe n la rge i tb y m ak ing a ni d ea l ly f i ne c u tt h rough t h er i ng .

METAL PRODUCT ION

C e r ta in d a ta o n t h e p roduc t ion o fi r on a nd g o ld i nD a lma t ia a r ek nown t h rough t h e w r i t ing s o fC a sodo r , F lor a s a nd P l iny ( F iue ek : 1 2 ;P a ga l iC 1 9 54 :5 0 ,5 1 ,6 0 ,7 0 ; B a s le r 1 977 : 1 64 ) .

O re M ine sa nd Me ta lP roce s s ing R oman m e ta l w o rk ing -w h ich w a s m o s t ly t h ep roce s s ing o f b r onze -i mp l ie s t h en ea rby l o ca t ion o fo r em ine s ,e sp ec ia l ly c oppe r . T he f a c t t h a t m o s t m ine s h ave b een e xp lo i ted c on t inuou s ly a lmo s tt ot h ep r e sen td ay ,c omp l ica te st h ee xa c t p i n-po in t ing o f t h e o r ig ina l R oman m in ing a c t iv i ty . I ti s d i f f icu l tt od i s t ingu i sh b e tween R oman a nd m ed ieva lm in ing .

E v id ence f o r i n ten s ive p r e-Roman s me l t ing o fi r on ,l e ad a nd c opp e ro r e sh ave b een e s tab l i shed i nt h er e g ion s o fZ r in jska , P e t rova a nd T rg iv ska g o ra , o n m any s i te s a l ong t h e R ive r U na a r ou nd B o san sk i N ov i : i n Ma jdan , Ma jdan sk i p o tok , R uda r sk ip o tok , G vozdan sko , e t c . ( TuCan 1 938 : 7 ,2 0 ; 1 94 1 : 1 54 , 1 56 ; B o janov sk i 1 988 ; 2 27 ) .

E v iden ce o f R oman e xp lo i ta t ion i sb a sed m o s t ly o n t h e p r e sen ce o fh eap s o fs l ag , t h eg eo log ica lm ake-up a nd t y pe s o fo r e s f o und i nt h ep a s ta nd p r e sen t . T os ome e x ten tR oman w r i t ten s ou r ce sc an a l so b eu sed .

R oman S i sc ia a l so r e l ied o n B o sn ian o r e b a s in s a r ound t h e r i v e r s S ana , J ap ra a nd U na ( Map 5o n p age 1 3 ) . B y S an sk i Mo s t ,r ema in s o fR oman i r on m e l t ing p l an th ave b een f o und ; l a rge l a ye r s o fs l ag c an b e f o und n ea rt h ev i l lage o fB r i sevo . O n t h i s s i te a l so t wo i n sc r ip t ion s h ave b een f o und , w h ich m en t ion ' of i c i i f e r rar ia rum ' ( Rad in sky 1 891 : 4 36-438 ; Pga l iC 1 9 54 :5 6 ,5 7 ) .

T he i r on m ine so fN o r icum w e r em en t ioned b y S t a-a bo . T hey p roduced h i gh q ua l i ty i r on w h ich w a se xpo r ted t ot h eB a lkan p en in su la , I t a l ia a nd G e rman ia . I n sc r ip t ion sp o in tt ot h ef a c t t h a t r aw m a te r ia l w a s a l so e xpo r ted ( Ho f f i l le r 1 9 10 / 1911 : 1 49 ;P anc ie ra : 2 8 ; S ak i 1 975 : 6 6 ) .

M ine s b y t h e R ive r J ap ra , w h ich w e re h eav i ly e xp lo i ted i n

2 3

S i s c ia AD 2 09 m en t ion s t h e i mp e r ia l p ro cura tor w ho w a s r e spon s ib le f o r a l u n i t s ( Bo janov sk i 1 988 : 2 75 , 2 76 , 2 82 ; D unnan 1 992 : 18 , 1 20 ) .

R oman t ime s a r e t o day s ub sumed b y t h ec on tempo ra ry m in e o f L jub i ja . O f t h e o l d a c t iv i ty , m in ing t o o l s , p a r t s o f t omb s tone s f o und i ns l ag , f i bu lae , g l a s s a nd c o in s f r om t h e s e cond t o f o u r th c en tu r ie s h ave b een u nea r thed ( Pe t rov i c 1 9 58 : 2 69 ) . H uge l a ye r s o fR oman s l ag , w e igh ing o ve ro n e m i l l ion t o n s a r e t o b e f o und a r ound B laga j a nd Ma s lova r . T h e s l ag s t i l lc on s i s t s o fc .5 0% o fi r on ( 4 7-48% F e a nd 2 3 % Mn ) . I nt h ee a r ly s i x t ie st h i s s l ag s t a r ted t ob ee xp lo i ted a nd s h ipped t ot h e S i sak r e f ine ry f o rf i na lu se ( Pa ga l iC 1 954 : 5 8 ; 1 960 : 9 3 ; B a s le r 1 977 ; 1 37 ) . A long t h e J ap ra , i r on o r e w a s e xp lo i ted f r om t h e s u r fa ce i nR oman t i me s a nd t h u s n o p i t s e x i s t . C e ram ic t u be s w h ich c on ta in c a s t i r on ( F ig . 1 9 ) a r e o f ten f o und . T he se a r e m o s t p robab ly t h e r ema in s o f c han ne l sf o rt h eo u tf low o ft h em e l t ing o r e .

T he o r gan i sa t ion a nd r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e m ine s ( me ta l la ) , m e l t ing p l an t s ( of i c inae ) a nd f o rg e s i sd i f f icu l t t o d e te rm ine . I ts e em s l i ke ly t h a t t h e m ine s a nd w o rk shop s w e r e n o t c onn ec t ed i nt e rm s o f ac l o sed p roduc t ion p roce s s . F u r the rmo r e , w o rk shop s w e r e n o t n ece s sa r i ly l i nked t ot h e n ea r e s t m ine s . T h i s i s e spec ia l ly t r ue f o r f i ne m e ta l p roduc t ion . I ti sb e l ieved t h a t g o ld sm i th s r e ce ived t h e i r m a t e r ia l i nt h e s h ape o f i n go t s f r om m ine s t h roughou t t h e e mp i re ,w h e r ea s i mpe r ia l m i l i ta ry w o rk shop s w e re s upp l ied b y t h e m i l i ta ry s upp l ie r w ho i n t u rn p u r cha sed t h e r aw

F ig . 1 9 Me l t ed i r on o r ei nc e ram ic t u be s . m a te r ia l f r om t h e l o ca l p opu la t ion ( Roman C ra f t s : 5 3 ; T y le co te : 5 3 ) . H oweve r , f o r t h e m e ta l s u sed i n s e r ia l p rodu c t ion , t h e v i c in i ty o f m ine s m u s t h ave h ad d ec i s ive i n f luen ce . R oman c onque s t d i d n o t b r ing a ny s i gn i f ican t t e chn ica l i mp rovemen t s . G ene ra l ly i t i n ten s if ied t h e e xp lo i ta t ion w h ich h ad h ad a p r eh i s to r ic b a se . T he s i gn i f ican tc on t r ibu t ion o fR ome w a s t h e p rov i s ion o fb r oad m e ta l lu rg ica l n e two rk w h ich w a s n ece s sa ry f o r t h e m a s s p roduc t ion o fm e ta lo b jec t s .

T he r ema in s o f aR oman w o rk ing i r on s e t t lemen t , f o rge , w o rk shop s , m e ta l o b jec t s s t o re , d we l l ing s a nd b a th s w e re f o und o n t h e b o rd e r o f B laga j a nd Ma s lova r n ea r B o san sk i N ov i i nt h e J ap ra v a l ley . T he a na ly s i s o fc oa l a nd s l ag h a s d a ted t h em t ot h e f i r s t c en tu ry , w i th t h e p eak o fp rodu c t ion a r ound AD 2 00 ( Ba s le r 1 977 : 1 62-164 ) . I ti sg ene ra l ly a c cep ted t h a t t h e B o sn ian p a r t s o f t h e S ava v a l ley b e longed t oP annon ia . T hu s t h e o r e b a s in s o fJ ap ra a nd L jub i ja ( Map 5 )a r ound B laga j a nd Ma s lova r w e r e a l so p a r t so ft h i sp rov in ce , w he r ea st h o se t ot h es ou th ,o nt h er i ve r S ana , w e re i n D a lma t ia . T he g ene ra l a dm in i s t ra t ion o f f e r ra r ia rum D e lma t i ca rum e tP annon i ca rum w a s s i tua t ed i n S i sc ia . A f te r AD 1 50 D a lma t ian a nd P annon ian f e r ra i ra , a s w e l la sa rgen ta r ia o nt h er i ve rD r ina w e r eu n i ted i n to m e ta l la P annon ica e tD e lma t i ca . T he e a r l ie s t i n fo rma t ion o n t h e m ine so fL jub i ja i sd a ted t o2 0 1 , a nd i tt e l l s u st h a t t h e m ine w a s u nde r c on t rac t ( c ondu c to r ) , w h e r ea s a n i n sc r ip t ion f r om

O r e w a s p roce s sed n ea r t h e m ine s . T he f i na l p roduc t w a s p i ece s o fm e ta l e i the r s hap e le s s o rb a r s w e igh ing 5 , 6o r 1 0 k g . S t amp ed l e ad i n go t s h ave b een f o und i n G e rmany , B r i ta in e t c . ( Ty leco te : F ig . 4 8 ,4 9 ) . A lmo s t2 00 i r on i n go t s w e igh ing a r ound 4 . 5 k g w e r e f o und a tt h e e nd o f t h e l a s t c en tu ry i nH rva t ska D ub ica , as i te i nt h ev i c in i ty o fJ ap ra , i n S i sc ian t e r r i to r y( Ko gC ev iC a nd Mak jan iC : 1 22 ) .

2 4

Me ta lP roduc t ion A na ly s i so f Me ta lf r om S i s c ia 1 ( Tab le 2 )

w e re m e l ted s eve ra l t ime s o ve r . Sma l le rp i ece s o fj ewe l lery m igh t h ave b een m ade o fs me l ted c o in s , a nd i ns ome c a se s , o n t h e b a s is o fa dd i t ion s o fb ra s s a nd b ronze a nd t h e i rr a t ios , i ti sp o s s ib le t od e te rm ine w h ich c o in s w e re u sed .

X — ray s pe c t rome try ( Va lkov iC : 4 9-56 ) h a s b een u sed t o a na ly se t h e S i sc ian m e ta l o b jec t s , am e thod w ide ly u sed i n c on tempo ra ry a r chaeo logy ( O t taway : 5 4-55 ; Wou te r s : 1 ,4 , 5 ,2 . 1-3 ,8 . 1 ,2 ; Ma ter ia l s : 3 09-317 ) .

D if f e rences i n c ompo s i t ion w e re a l so c au sed b y f r equen t s me l t ing o f s ma l l q uan t i t ie s o f b ron ze i n s ma l l m e l t ing v es se ls a nd e ven s ma l le rs poon s .

T ab le 2 s how s t h e r e su l t s o f x — ray a na ly s is c a r r ied o u t o n 1 89 e xamp le s . I n a dd i t ion t o t h e m a te r ia l f r om S i sc ia , t h e a na ly s i s i n c luded s eve ra l p i eces f r om o t he r R oman s i te s i n

T he a na ly s i s o f t h e m e ta l o b jec t s w a s p r ima r i ly d i rec ted t owa rd s t h ed e term ina t ion o ft h eo r ig in o ft h ec oppe ri nt h em . C oppe r o re i sn o t p re sen t i na ny o f t h e a r ea s a round S i sak . T he r ea son f o r t h is m igh t l i e i nt h e e xhau s t ion o f t h e m ines : b o th i r on a nd c oppe r c ou ld h ave b een e x t rac ted f r om t h e s ame o r e , w h ich m igh t a l so h ave i n c luded l e ad . T hu s t h e

P annon ia a nd D a lma t ia ( Ka ln ik : 1 6 , 2 0 ; R esn ik : 1 4 ; K o s ta jn ica : 1 5 ; H r va t ska D ub ica : 3 9 ,167 ; Nov i B anovc i ( Burgenaae ) : 6 , 1 0 , 1 2 ; S u rC in : 5 ,6 ,2 1 ; S o hn ( Sa lona ) : 6 5 ; u nknown s i te : 2 2 , 4 1 , 4 2 ( a l l p ub l ished i nK okev iC 1 986 : F ig . 1 , 1 ; F ig . 2 1 ; a nd K okev iC 1 992 : T .2 , 1-15 , 1 7 , 1 9 , 2 0 , 2 3 , 2 4 ; T .5 ,6 5 ,T .7 ,9 1 ,9 2 ) .

c on ten t s o f t h e c y l inde r s f r om J ap ra ( F ig . 1 9 ) c ou ld b e t h e m e l ted o re f r om w h ich c oppe r h ad a l ready b een e x t rac ted . T he a na lys i s r e su l t s n e i the r c on f i rmed o r d i sp roved t h is h ypo the s is : o f f ou r c y l inde r s a na ly sed , w h ich c on ta ined 8 1 6% o f mangane se a nd 8 5-88% o f i r on , t wo s howed t r ace s

A l loys o f w h ich t h e se o b jec t s w e re m ade c on s is t o f t h e f o l low ing e l emen t s : c oppe r ( Cu ) , t i n ( Sn ) , z i nc ( Zn ) , i r on ( Fe ) , l e ad ( Pb ) , s i lve r ( Ag ) , g o ld ( Au ) a nd a n t imony ( Sb ) . T he m a in e l emen t s a r e t h o se w i th ac oncen t ra t ion o fo ve r 1 2% , w he r ea s t h o se p re sen t w i th 0 . 2% o r l e ss h ave b een om i t ted .

o fc oppe r a nd t h ree h ad t r ace s o f l e ad a nd z i nc . H oweve r , t h e q uan t i t ie s o f c oppe r a nd l e ad a r e s o s ma l l , t h a t t h e p o ss ib i l i ty o f c oppe r a nd l e ad m in ing i n J ap ra a nd i t s s u r round ing s r ema in s h ypo the t ica l . E qua l ly , t h e S i sc ian

T he s o r t ing o nT ab le 2i sb a sed o nt h ep e r cen tage o ft h e ma in e l emen t ,c oppe r .

w o rk shop m igh t h ave b een s upp l ied w i th c oppe r f r om o the r m ine s .

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T hus t h e c onnec t ion o f m e ta l o b jec t s a nd t h e m ine s i n t h e r e g ion c anno tb ep o s i t ive ly e s tab l i shed .

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T he c ompo s i t ion o f S i sc ian m e ta l o b jec t s i s s im i la r t o c ompo s i t ion s o f o b jec t s f r om o t he r p a r t s o f t h e e mp i re ,

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i n c lud ing t h ep i ece s m ade o fp u re m e ta l s .

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b ow s ' s t i p i n to a t u be t h rough w h ich t h e w i re a x i s , f o r t h e h o ld ing o ft h ep i nw a sp u l led . A tt h ee nd s o ft h e a x i s , r o und h ead s w h ich c l o sed t h e g ap so nt h et u be w e re f i xed , a f te rt h e s ma l l c one w a s m oun t ed a tt h e e nd o f t h e f oo t ( F ig . 2 0a ) . Among t h e S i sc ian f i bu lae t h e re i s an umbe ro fp i ece s w h ich l a ck t h e c one ( F ig . 2 0b — e ) a nd a r e t h u s i mp ra c t ica l f o ru se . E xam ina t ion s how s t h a t t h e se a r e u n f in ish ed b rooche s , t o w h ich s ome o t he r e xamp le s o f t h e s o—ca l led D a lma t ian v a r ian tc an b ea dded ( F ig . 2 00 .

L a rge q uan t i t ie s o ff i bu la e f o und i nS i sa l c h ave l o ng a go l e d t ot h e a s sump t ion o f af i bu la w o rk shop i nS i sak ( Kok ev iC 1 980 : T .XX I I I , 1 79 ; K ov r ig 1 937 : 18 , 1 20 ; P a tek 1 942 : 13 , 1 36 , 1 37 ) ; h a rd e v idence e x i s t s f o r t h e p roduc t ion o f t h r ee s hap e so fb ow f i bu lae . ' Auc i s sa ' f i bu lae , w h ich c on s i s ted o ft wo o r t h r ee e l emen t s , n eeded f i ne f i n i sh ing t o uche s a f te r c a s t ing . T he f a s ten ing m echan i sm r e qu i red t h eb end ing o ft h eh ead—p la te a tt h e

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F ig . 2 0 A uc i s sa f i bu lae ( Kok ev iC 1 975 ) .

F ig . 2 1 C ro s sbow f i bu lae ( Kok-e v id 1 975 ) .

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F ig .2 3 K rä f t ig p rof i l ie r tf i bu lae ( Ko gCle v id 1 975 ) . w i re f o rt h e s p i ra l , o u tt h e l owe rp a r to ft h e b ow ( F ig . 2 4a ) . T he s p i ra lw a sr o l led f i r s to nt h er i gh ta nd t h en —f a s tened b y t h e h ook i tw a s t r an sf e r red t ot h e o t he r s i de ; a f te r t h e l e f t s p i ra l w a s f i n i shed , t h e r ema in ing w i r e w a s u sed f o r t h e f o rm ing o ft h e p i n . T hu s f i n i shed , t h e s t rong a nd e l a s t ic p i n m e chan i sm w ou ld c o l lap se o n ly i nt h ec a se o ft h eb r eak ing o f t h e w i r e . T he a dd i t iona l s t r eng th w a s g i ven b y i n se r t ion o f t h e w i re a x i s i n to t h e s p r ing ca se , w h ich p r even ted d e fo rma t ion s . T he f i bu lae c ou ld a l so b e m ade i nt wo p a r t s ( F ig .2 4b ) . T he s p r ingca se a nd t h ep i nw e r em ade s epa ra te ly a nd w e re f a s ten ed o n to t h e f i bu la b y aw i r e a x i s w h ich w en t t h rough t h e s p i ra l a nd t h rough t h e r o und h o le p l a ced u nde rnea th t h eh ook . T h i sb r oo ch d i dn o tp o s se s t h e s o l id i ty o ft h e o ne—p iece c on s t ruc t ion , b u t i ta l lowed f o r t h e r e pa i r s o f ab r oken s p r ingca se .

C ro ssbow , k nobbed f i bu lae a l so c on s i s ted o f t wo o r t h r ee e l emen t s . T he p i n m echan i sm w a s a dded a f te r c a s t ing a nd t h e c en t ra l k nob w a s c a s t s epa ra te ly a nd s ub sequen t ly f i xed o nt h eb r ooch ( F ig . 2 1a ) , w he r ea s t h e s i de k nob s c ou ld h ave b een e i the r c a s t i no ne p i ece w i th t h e r e s t o f t h e f i bu la , o r a ff ixed l a te r . Mo s t c r o s sbow k nobbed f i bu lae f r om S i sa l ( a r ec ha ra c te r i s t ic f o rt h e P annon ian r e g ion ( F ig . 2 1 b ,c )a nd i ti sc e r ta in t h a t t h ey w e r e p roduced l o ca l ly , a l though n o h a l f— f in i shed o r u n f in i shed p i ece s w e r e f o und . T he o n ly e xamp le i s ad i sca rded p i ece ( F ig . 2 1d ) w h ich l a ck s t h e f i n i sh ing o ft h e t u be f o r t h e p i n a nd i t s w i re a x is a sw e l l a s t h e c a t chp la te . T h i s e xamp le p rove s t h e m anu fa c tu r e o f c r o s sbow f i bu lae i nS i sc ia , a l though n o tn ece s sa r i ly i ng r ea t n umb e r s . T he re a r eo n ly t wo s u ch f i nd sk nown ( F ig .2 1e ) . C on s ide rab le e v iden ce i st ob ef o und f o rt h ep roduc t ion o f k rä f t ig p rof i l ie r t f i bu lae i nS i sak , m ak ing i to ne o f t h e s t ronge s t k nown p roduc t ion c en t re s f o r t h i s f i bu la t y p e . K rä f t ig p rof i l ie r t f i bu lae m ake u p 5 0% o f a l l f i bu lae i n t h e S i sak c o l le c t ion . Among t h em t h e r e a r e 1 0 h a l f— f i n i sh ed p i ece s ,i . e . c a s t s ( F ig . 2 2 , 3 5a— i ) . A l though t h e h a l f—f in i shed p i ece s d o n o t i n c lude a l l v a r ian t s o f t h e t y p e , s hape s F ig . 2 3 , a— i c an b e a t t r ibu t ed t o S i sc ian w o rk shop s . T he se i n c lud e t h ree v a r ian t s o f t h e o ne—pa r t c on s t r uc t ion a nd m anu fa c tu re : t h ef i r s tt wo a r ec ha ra c te r ized b y r o und p e r fo ra t ion s a nd r e ce s se s o n t h e c a t chp la te , w h i le t h et h i rd t y p eh a s af u l la nd s moo th c a tchp la te .

F ig . 2 4 K rä f t ig p ro f i l ie r tf i bu lae ( Kok ev id 1 975 ) . Ao ne—p iec ec on s t ruc t ion d emanded m o re t i me a nd t h i s m ay b et h er e a son f o rt h et h i rd ,c omp rom i se c on s t ruc t ion v a r ian t , w h ich w a se mp loyed o na l lS i sc ian e xamp le s : i n s t ead o ft h e w ho le f i bu la b e ing c a s t i no ne p i ece , a n e nd o f af i n i shed , r e la t ive ly t h in w i r e w a s p l aced i n t h e m ou ld ( F ig . 2 4c ) . A f te re x t ra c t ion f r om t h em ou ld ,t h ep roce ss f o l lowed t h a to f t h e m anu fa c tu re o f ab a s ic o ne—pa r t f i bu la : t h e w i re w a s f o rmed i n to a s p i ra l , t h rough w h ich t h e w i re a x i s w a s i n se r ted . A s t h e r e w a s n o f i rm s uppo r t , t h e a x i s w ou ld e ven tua l ly m o s t ly f a l lo u ta nd t h e s p i ra l w ou ld b ed e fo rmed . T he w i re p l ac ed i nt h e m ou ld w ou ld l e ave v i s ib le d amage s o nt h eo u te rh ead s u r fac e ,w h ich i sf l a to nt h e se f i bu la s .

Among t h e k rä f t ig p ro f i l ie r t f i bu lae t h e r e i s ag r oup o f 1 60 p i ece s o f v a r iou s d imen s ion s w h ich m ake u p as e r ie s ( F ig . 2 3 ,j —o ; P l . 3 5 , 3 52 , 3 53 ) . T he t y p e i st h e m o s t s imp le a nd m o s tf r equen tv a r ian t . A s ar u le , o ne—p iece b roo che s w e re c a s t i no ne p i ece i na w ay t h a ta l lowed t h ef o rg ing a nd f o rm ing o ft h eh ook a nd 3

S i s c ia O nt h eb a s i so ft h i ss p ec if ic c on s t r uc t ion w h ich c an b e t r aced i ns ome o t he rv a r ian t so ft h et y pe , t y pe s F ig . 2 3 ,p -v m ay b e a t t r ibu ted t oS i sc ian w o rk shop s . T he r e a r e2 50 p i ec e s w h ich c an b ea t t r ibu ted t oS i sc ian w o rk shop sw i th c e r ta in ty .

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T he d i sca rded c a s t i n v .b r . 3 953 ( Append ix C , 11 ) s how s t h a ts ome o t he rt y pe so fb ow f i bu lae w e r e m ade i nS i sc ia a s w e l l . C a r ef u le xam ina t ion o fo t he rm a te r ia la l low s f u r the ri n s igh t s i n to t h ep roduc t ion o fS i sc ian w o rk shop s .

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T he f o l low ing p i ec es c an b e a t t r ibu ted t ot h e w o rk shop s , o n t h e b a s i s o ft h e f a u l t s i nc on s t r uc t ion a nd o t h e r s i gn s w h ich a pp ea red d u r ing t h em anuf ac tu r e : _

_ _ _

-

D i sca rded a nd u n f in i shed p a i r o fe a rr ing s P l . 4 1 , 4 09 ,4 10 ; P la te f i bu lae w i th r i ve t s , c oa t ing o r i n lay o f w h i t e m e ta l , r h ombo id , c r ec sen tshap ed , w i th p ro longed a dd i t ion , w he e lshap ed a nd c oneshap ed ( P l . 3 7 , 3 62 ,3 64 , 3 66 ,3 67 ,P l .3 8 ,3 76 ,3 77 ) .T h e se m ake a s e r ie s w i th in w h ich o n ly s i ng le p i ece s a r e f i n ished . T hey a l so d i sp lay t h e o rde r i n w h ich t h e m anu fac tu r ing w a s c a r r ied o u t ; t h e s u r fa ce w a s f i r s tc oa ted w i th w h i te m e ta l ,a nd o n ly s ub sequen t ly w e re s ma l l g roove s o n t h e e nd b e tween p ro t r u s ion s c a r ved a nd r ou l le t ing c a r r ied o u t . R hombo id f i bu la d eco ra ted w i th p i ece s o f c oppe r i n se r ted i n to t h eb r on ze s u r face ( P l . 3 7 ,3 63 ) . U n f in i shed f i bu lae ( P l .4 8 ,5 26-528 ) . B uck le P l . 2 5 , 2 10 w i th modem w i re a x i s f o r t h e p i n . F u l l a nd p e r fo ra ted l e a f p endan t s w i th c oa t ing , s ome w i th a pp l iqué o f w h i te m e ta l ( P l . 2 7 , 2 302 35 , 2 37 , P l . 2 8 , 2 38-24 1 ) ; a mong t h e se i sn o . 2 35 w i th i t s d e s t royed a pp l iqué a nd a h o le d r i l led i n p l a ce o f t h e b roken h ook , e nab l ing h ang ing . L ea f p endan t s o f a no the r s hape w e r e a l so p roduced . T h e r e a r e 2 3 p endan t s t h a t w e r e r o ugh ly c a s t , u n f in i shed a nd d i sca rded ,o ra lmo s tf i n i shed ( P l . 4 8 , 5 22-525 ) , i ns e ve ra l d imen s ion s ; s ome h ave h ook s b en t t o t h e r e ve r se s i de , s ome h ave s u r f ace s o f p a tchy w h i te c oa t ing , s ome h ave b een d amaged i n f i r e . P endan t s w i th o penwo rk o n t h e e dge s , w h i te m e ta l c oa t s a nd a pp l ique s ( P l . 2 8 , 2 45 , 2 46 ) , r h ombo id p endan t s w i th m e ta lc oa t ing ( P l . 2 9 , 2 482 50 ) , c r e scen t a nd r ound p endan t s ( P l . 4 7 , 4 94 , 4 97 ) ,b u lae w i th p o in ted t e e th ( P l . 4 6 , 4 91 , 4 93 ,P l . 4 7 , 4 95 , 4 96 ) , l e ad l e a f , t r i angu la r o r c r e scen t p endan t s ( P l . 5 3 , 5 68-584 ) , b e l l p endan t s a nd b r a ce le t s ( P l . 4 4 , 4 77 , 4 48 ) a nd i mp rov i sed p i ece P l .4 7 ,4 98 . P la te w i th ad o lph in p a i r a nd w h i te c oa t ing , b r oken d u r ing p roduc t ion ( P l . 1 8 , 1 30 ) ; h ea r t p l a te s w i th w h i t e c oa t ing ( P l . 2 9 , 2 54-256 ) w h ich i l u s t ra te p ha se so fp roduc t ion d i f f icu l t t od e te rm ine : t h e f i r s t o ne l a ck s t h ec oa t ing , t h es e cond i sc oa t ed , t h et h i rd o ne b ea r s g roov ing a nd p e r fo ra t ion s b u t l a ck s c oa t ing . R ound p l a te s w i th p e r fo ra ted e dg e s ( P l . 1 8 , 1 33 ) , t h o se w i th w h i te a pp l iqué s ( P l . 1 8 , 1 34 , 3 4

1 3 5 ) , s ma l l s h ee t m a sk r o se t te s ( P l . 3 1 , 2 89 , 2 90 ) , m a s s ive c a s t r i ve t s w i th c oa t ing a nd f i gu ra l a pp l iqué so fw h i te m e ta l ( P l . 1 9 , 1 36146 ) ,p a r t so f o p enwo rk s h ee t p l a te s f r om N o r ico-Pannon ian f ema le b e l t s( P l .4 8 ,5 33 ,5 34 ) . P i n s w i th d amaged a nd d e fo rmed t h o rn s ( P l . 4 1 , 4 17-431 ) , p o s s ib le d i sca rded o r u n f in i shed e a rr i ng s w i th Sh ook a nd w h i te c oa t ing . S im i la r w e r e f o und i nN in ( Aenona ) a nd D unapen te le ( I n t e r c i sa ) ( I n te r c i sa 1 957 : T .LXXXV I ,6 ; B ru s i6 1 979 : T .LXX I I ,2 ) . R ound s e a l b oxe s w i th w h i te m e ta l r i ve t s a nd l e a f s ea l b ox w i th h a l l-ma rked a nd l i nea r n i e l lo d eco ra t ion , b o th s hape s w i th w h i te m e ta l c oa t ing , e l onga t ed s ea l b oxe s ( P l . 3 4 , 3 26 , 3 27 , 3 29-334 , 3 4 1 , 3 42 ) a nd s ma l l l i dP l . 3 4 , 3 45 . O u t s ide S i sak o n ly o ne o t he r s u ch l i d i sk nown , f r om W ind i sch ( V ind on i s sa ) w h ich h a s b een i n te rp re ted a s a p endan t( Unz 1 974 :2 5 ,A bb . 1 2 , 1 3 5 ) .

P roduc t s o fS i sc ian w o rk shop s w e r e a l so r i ng P l . 4 5 , 4 55 , a g r ea te r n umbe r o f w oven w i r e a rmr ing s P l . 4 2 , 4 36 , 4 37 , 4 38 , v a r iou s p a r t s o fl a rge ro b jec t s , p l a te s a nd a pp l ica t ion s , p a r t so fs moo th ,p ea r ll ike a nd t w i s ted w i r e ,a sw e l la sl a rge n umbe r s o f w i r e r i ng s ( P l . 4 7 , 4 99-518 , P l . 4 8 , 5 19-52 1 , 5 35-538 ,P l .4 9 ,P l .5 0 ) . S hee tr i ve t s w i th t h e i mp re ss ion so f ma le p ro f i le ( P l . 3 0 ) a r e n o t c e r ta in p roduc t s o f S i sc ian w o rk shop , b u t t h e i ro r ig in i n S i sak c anno tb er u led o u t . L a rge m eda l l ion s o ft h e t y pe n o . 2 58 w i th i mag e s o f e mp e ro r s a r e s uppo sed t o h ave b een m ade i nt h e m in t s , p robab ly i nR ome o r L yon , b u t s ome o f t h em w e r e m anu f ac tu r ed i nf o r t w o rk shop s , a s w e l l ( Un z 1 973 : 4 7 ; 1 974 :16 ) . O n ly af ew o ft h em f r om t h e S i sc ian c o l lec t ion w e r e a c tua l ly f u n c t iona l ( n o s . 2 6 1 , 2 83 ) . T hor n s o fm o s to ft h em a r es t i l lp r e se r ved i nt h e i rf u l ll e ng th ,o rh ave b een b r oken . T h e a t t r ibu t ion t oS i sc ian w o rk shop s r ema in s h ypo the t ica l . T he s ame i st r ue o f m e ta l s h ee t m eda l l ion s w i th f i gu ra ld eco ra t ion ( P l . 4 6 ,4 87-490 ) ,a nd t os ome e x ten t o f f i bu lae P l . 3 7 , 3 68-370 , 3 71 , 3 75 , w h ich h ave a pp l ica t ion so fw h i te m e ta l . A l though t h e r e s e em s t o b e ac on s ide rab le l a ck o f s ma l l b ron ze s d eco ra ted w i th o penwo rk i nS i sak , a nd t h a ti n c lude s t h e m idimpe r ia l e xamp le s w i th p l a s t ic s u r fac e ( s uch a sP l . 2 6 ,2 19 ,2 20 )a nd n o tt h ee a r ly e xamp le s ( P l . 1 8 , 1 30 ,P l .2 7 , 2 37 )w i th f l a tu pp e rs u r face ,t h er e a l i ty i sq u i te t h eo ppo s i te . O penwo rk p endan t s , p l a te s a nd o t he rp i ece sh ave b een f o und i na bundan ce i nS i sak . A round 1 00 e xamp le s m ake S i sc ia t h e s e cond l a rge s t f i nd s i te i n P annon ia ( Map 6 ) . I ti s e xceeded o n ly b y S zöny ( B r ige t io ) , w he re 2 40 p i ece s w e r e f o und . T hu s S i sc ia a nd B r ige t io a c coun t f o r aq ua r te ro fa l l m a te r ia l f r om P annon ia ( S e l lye 1 969 : 5 29 , 5 38 ) . T he re i s i n fo rma t ion f o r 9 4 l e ad o penwo rk e xamp le s f r om t h e A r chaeo log ica l Mu seum i nZ ag r eb o fw h ich s ome w e re c a s t , u n f in i shed a nd d amaged . A long s ide l e ad ( F ig . 2 5 ) , t h es ame t y pe o f p endan t s ,b uck le sa nd s e t so fp l a te s( a sP l . 2 5 ,2 062 08 ) m ade o f b r onze a nd u s ed o n l a te R oman b e l t s w e re p roduced i nS i sc ia ( V in sk i 1 971 :5 1 ) .

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Me ta l o b je c t s w h ich w e r e u sed i nv a r iou s c u l t s m ay a l so h ave b een p roduced i nS i sc ia . U n f in i shed e xamp le s i n c lude p i ece s w i th w edge s w h ich h ad s ome s pec ia lp u rpo se ( P l . 4 8 , 5 29-532 , P l . 1 7 , 1 20 ) . T hey w e r e c u t o u t o f t h in m e ta l s h ee t si nt h e s hap e o fl e ave s . Am in ia tu r ee xamp le o n ly 5 . 5 c mh i g hi s mo s ti n t r igu ing ( n o .5 29 ) . A l though t h e se l e ave s v a ry i n s hape , t h ey a l l h ave l i ne s w h ich i m i ta te l e a f v e in s . S uch s i lve r l e ave s f r om T ek i ja , o ve r2 0c ml o ng , s how i mage s o fL una a nd Me r cu ry o nt h e i r l owe rp a r t s . T he T e ld ja f md a l so i n c lude r e c tangu la rp la te s 7 11 c m h i gh w i th t h e r e p re sen ta t ion s o f f ema le a nd m a le d e i t ie s w h ich a r ec on s id e r ed t oh ave b een c he s tp ec to ra l s o n c l o th ing ( Mano—Z i s i : 3 2-43 ; T . XX I I I—XXV I I ) . H oweve r , t h e c r own f r om C avenham w i th e mp ty d ep re s s ion s w h ich w ou ld h ave f i t ted t h e se p l a te s p e r f ec t ly i mp l ie s t h a t s u ch d eco ra t ion m igh t h ave b een p a r t o f h ead—wea r ( F rance s— L aya rd : F ig . 1 ,2 ) . F u r the rf i nd s o fp l a te s a nd /o rl e ave s a r e k nown t h roughou tt h ee mp i re ( F ran ce s—Laya rd : F ig . 4 -7 ) . L eave s f r om S i sak w e re mo s tp robab ly f i xed o nd i adem s o r c r own s a nd w e r e w o rn d u r ing l i t u rgy i nt h e w o r sh ip o fs ome f ema le o r ien ta l d e i ty : I s i s , C ybe le o r Magna Ma te r . D u r ing t h e m y s te r ie s o f Magna Ma te r i tw a s w o rn n o t o n ly b y p r ie s t s 'b u ta l so b yw o r sh ippe r s( Mano—Z i s i :5 0-59 ) .

F ig .2 5 L ead c a s t s o f o p enwo rk o b je c t s f r om S i sak ( a f te rS e l lye 1 969 ) .

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S i sc ia m ade f o rt h el a ce o ft h ed i adem a so ne i nt h er ow o ff e a the r s o fv a r iou s s i ze s . T he c en t ra lf e a the rm igh th ave h ad af i gu ra l d eco ra t ion . O nt h eo t h e rh and i tm igh th ave s e r ved a s at r ia l e xamp le f o ro t he r ,l a rge rp i ece s . I na ny c a se ,i ti s ap roo fo f t h ep roduc t ion o fs u ch l e ave s -f e a the r s i nS i sc ia i nt h e f i r s t c en tu r ie s AD .

s ome a s y e tu nk nown w ay . A pa r t f r om g i v ing t h e o b je c t a n i mp r e s s ion o f s i lve r , t h e w h i te c oa t a c ted a s t h e p ro tec to r a ga in s to x ida t ion p a tche so nb ron ze . F o r e name l d eco ra t ion , i ti s g ene ra l ly b e l ieved t h a t n o e name l w a s p roduced i nP annon ia a nd t h a t t h e P annon ian f i nd s o r ig ina ted i nK ö ln ( Exne r : 8 9 ) . H oweve r , t h e w e s te rn o r ig in o fs ome o ft h e e name l led f i nd s i nP annon ia h a sb een q ue s t ioned ( Bohme 1 972 : 3 90 ) . T he S i sc ian m a te r ia l g i ve s n o a n swe r s . E name l d eco ra t ion a ppea r s o n ly o n f i bu la e i mpo r ted f r om t h eR h ine ( P l . 3 8-40 ) .

F ragmen t s o f t h r ee c r uc ib le s w e re f o und i n 1 989 i n e xcava t ion si nV . Ma jde ra S t ree ti nS i sak . T hey w e r em ad e o f t h ick , c oa r se c l ay a nd w e r e c ove r ed b y m e l ted b r on ze . A l though o t he r t o o l s o r m ou ld s m u s t h ave b een f o und i n S i sak , a nd m any m e ta lwo rk ing t o o l s m u s t e x i s t s a mong t h e t o o l c o l lec t ion i nt h e A r cha eo log ica l Mu seum i nZ ag r eb , n o s u ch f i nd sh ave b een p ub l i shed .

H oweve r , p roduc t ion o f g l a s s j ewe l le ry i nS i sak c anno t b e r u led o u t . Two f i nge rr ing s , o fw h ich o ne h ad ap roduc t ion f a u l t a nd t h e o t h e r w a s s e conda r i ly i mp roved ( P l . 5 , 5 94 , 6 02 )p o in tt ot h i s . A sg l a s sw a s te w a su sed i nt h ep roduc t ion o fe name l ,s ome s o r to fe name lw o rk ing c ou ld b ep o s s ib le .

T h e m e ta l o b jec t s i n S i sc ia w e r e p roduced i n o ne-p iec e m ou ld s a f te r w ax mode ls ( l o s s-wax p roce s s ) . T he se w e r e u s ed f o r t h e p roduc t ion o f c r o s sbow k nobbed f i bu lae , b u t a l so f o rk rä f t ig p ro f i l ie r tf i bu lae . Mo s tc ommon ly u sed w e r e t wo-pa r tm ou ld s w h ich w e r eu sed r ep ea ted ly ( F ig . 2 2 , c ,h ) , a sw e l l a ss imp le o p en m ou ld sf o ro b jec t sw i th o n ly o ne f a ce ( j ) la te f i bu lae ,s ea lb oxe sl i d s ,c r e scen tl e ad p endan t se t c . ) .

T he q ua l i ty o fS i sc ian p roduc t s i sv e ry h i gh i nc e r ta in a r ea s . A uc i s sa f i bu lae w e re m ade u p t o av e ry h i gh s t anda rd , a s w e r ec r o s sbow k nobb ed f i bu le . K rä f t ig p ro f i l ie r tf i bu lae ,t h e s t anda rd l o ca l s h ape , s how t h e g r ea t e s t v a r ia t ion i n p roduc t ion q ua l i ty . E x t r eme ly w e l le xecu ted a r ep i ece s w i th p e r fo ra t ed c a t chp la te s ( F ig . 2 3 , a -g ) . A ve rage q ua l i ty p i ece s s how m od e s t d eco ra t ion ( F ig . 2 3 p -v ) , w h i le p oo r q ua l i ty p roduc t sa r ep r e sen t( F ig . 2 3 ,j -o ) . As im i la rv a r ie ty c an b e n o t iced f o r p l a te f i bu lae , w he r ea s p endan t s o fs hape n o s . 2 30 , 2 37 a nd s im i la rp l a te sn o s . 2 55 , 2 56 a nd 1 30 w e r e p roduced t o ab e t t e ra nd mo re e ven s t anda rd . H oweve r , a sa g r ea tn umbe ro fS i s ican p roduc t sr e a ch u si nt h e i ru nf in i shed s t a te ,i ti sp r ef e rab le t oc ha rac te r i se s ome g ene ra lf e a tu re so f t h ew o rk shop .

S i sc ian m e ta l w o rke r su sed f o rg ing , b end ing a nd w eav ing o f w i r e( P l . 4 2 ,4 36 ,4 37 ) , m e ta ls h ee tc u t t ing ( P l . 4 7 ,5 05-510 , P l . 4 8 , 5 30-532 ) a nd o t he r m e thod s . A pa r t f r om v e s se l s , o t he r o b jec t s w e re a l so m ade o n t h e t u rn tab le ( Du ra : 2 9 ) . R ou le t ing o n t h e f a ce s a nd r e ve r se s i de s o f s ome p e r f ec t ly p r e se r ved p l a te a nd c one f i bu la e ,b u ta l so s ome e ven s ma l le r o b jec t s ( Se l lye 1 939 : T . IX , 9 ;P l . 4 0 , 4 29 , 4 30 , P l . 4 6 , 5 00 , 5 0 1 )s how t h a td eco ra t ion w a sc a r r ied o u to nt h et u rn tab le . D eco ra t ion i n c luded i n lay ing ( P l . 2 5 , 2 10 , P l . 3 7 , 3 63 ) , i mp r e s s ing w i th s t en c i l s ( P l . 3 1 , 2 89 , 2 90 ) , s o lde r ing ( wh i te m e ta l a pp l iqué s ) , e ng rav ing ( c onc en t r ic g roove s o np endan t s -n o . 2 37 a nd o nwa rd s , r ound s ea l b oxe s -n o . 3 26 , 3 27 , p l a te f i bu lae - n o s . 3 62 a nd o nwa rd s ) , h a l l-ma rk ing a nd l i n ea r e ng rav ing ( s ea l b oxe s -n o s . 3 29-334 ) , g o ld p l a t ing ( P l .4 4 ,4 45 ) ,p e r fo ra t ion o fm e ta ls h ee t s( P l . 1 8 , 1 33 ,P l . 4 8 , 5 33 ,5 34 ) , at y pe o fp seudo-f i l ig r ee a nd p seudo-g ranu la t ion ( P l .4 2 ,4 38 ,P l .4 5 ,4 55 ) ,o penwo rk ,p l a t ing w i th w h i te m e ta l ( p la te f i bu lae , s ea l b oxe s , r i ve t s , p l a te s , e t c ) a nd n i e l lo ( P l . 1 8 , 1 30 ,P l .4 7 ,4 97 ) .

T he S i sc ian w o rk shop ' s f e a tu r e sa r e q u ick m anu f ac tu r ew i th f a i r ly r o ugh s u r f a ce t r ea tmen t a nd f i n i sh ing t o uche s , a t e nden cy t oi mp rov i sa t ion a nd i n gen iou sne s s i ns imp l i fy ing t h e e xe cu t ion o f d e ta i l s . L a rge p ropo r t ion s o f l e ad m igh t i mp ly as epa ra t e u n i tf o rl e ad p roduc t s ( p lumba r ia ) . R ive t s a nd a pp l iqué s w e r e o f ten m ade o f w h i te m e ta l . I n deed , w h i te m e ta l w a s a l so u sed a s as ub s t i tu te f o r o t he r u sua l t y pe so ff i l l : a l ong w i th S i sc ian e xamp le s n o s . 3 76 a nd 3 77 , w h i te m e ta l f i l l i sa l so p r e sen t o n t h ree e xamp le s o f p l a te w hee l f i bu lae k ep t i nt h e A r chaeo log ica l Mu seum i nS p l i t . W i re a rmr ing s a nd l a rge q uan t i t ie so ft h e i rp a r t s a sw e l l a s p a r t s o f d e co ra t ive w i r e n o s . 5 36-538 w ou ld s uppo r t t h e e x i s tan ce o f aw i re p roduc ing u n i t . T h i s h ypo the s i s i s s uppo r ted b y t h e t e chn ica l ' i nnova t ion ' o n s ome k rä f t ig p ro f i l ie r tf i bu la e .

O penwo rk d e co ra t ion w a sr ea l i sed t o ge th e rw i th t h eo b jec to nf l a tp l a te s ( P l . 2 7 , 2 37 a nd s im i la r ) i no nes ided m ou ld s , a nd o np i ece sw i th p l a s t ic u ppe rs u r fa ce ( s uch a sP l . 2 6 ,2 20 ) w ho le s w e re m ade i n s i ng le m ou ld s l i ke t h e ' Ke rb schn i t t ' o r namen t s( s uch a sP l .2 5 ,2 07 ,2 08 ,P l .2 6 ,2 29 ) .

L i t t le c an b e s a id o ft h e o r gan iza t ion o f S i sc ian o f i c ina o r i n deed o ft h el a te ri mp e r ia la rmou ry . T he s uppo sed d a te f o r t h e f o und ing o f t h e a rmou ry i st h e b eg inn ing o f t h e t h i rd c en tu ry , a s w a s t h e c a se f o r o t he r f ab r icae a rmo rum m en t ioned i nN o t i t ia D ign i ta tum ( Ho f f i l le r 1 910 / 11 : 1 68 , 1 70 , 1 7 1 ) . T h e S i s ican a rmou ry , n o ted i nt h e b eg inn ing o f t h e f i f th c en tu ry m igh t p o in t t oc e r ta in c onne c t ion s w i th t h e e a r l ie rw o rk shop s o fm e ta l o b jec t s . T he c on t inu i ty o fm e ta l p roduc t ion i n S i s ica c an b e f o l lowed t o t h e M idd le A ge s ( S ' a ge l 1 974 : 7 27 ) , i . e . t ot h e e l even th c en tu ry ( V in sk i 1 970 : 7 8 ,7 9 ,T . I-T . I I I , 1 -8 ) .

Aw h i te m e ta lc oa ti sp r e se r ved o nm any o b jec t s . I th a sb een s ugge s t ed t h a ti ti ss i lve rp l a t ing , t i np l a t ing a nd z i n cp l a t ing ( Exne r 1 939 : 3 ; B oh ine 1 972 : 2 79 ) , b u t i t s e xa c t c ompo s i t ion r ema in s am y s te ry t ot h ep r e sen td a t e . A na ly s i s b y x ray s h a s n o t y i e ld ed a ny r e su l t s : t h e r a y s p ene t ra te s t ra igh tt h rough t h et h in l a ye ro ft h ec oa t ing . I no ne c a se ( P l . 2 7 , 2 30 , T ab le 2 ,6 3 ) i ts how s ap r edom inan ce o fc oppe r , i r on a nd l e ad ,b u ti tr ema in s u nc e r ta in w he the rt h i s r e la t e s t o t h e s u r f a ce o rt ot h e b ron ze u nder n ea th t h e c oa t . T he c o lou r a nd r e f le c t ion o ft h ec oa t ing o nS i sc ian o b jec t sr u le o u tt i no r z i nc p l a t ing . T he c oa t m u s t h ave b een am ix tu r e a pp l ied i n 3 6

Me ta lP rodu c t ion T he S i sc ian p roduc t s t h em se lve s s p eak o f t h e w o rk shop s ' c ha ra c te r . A l l t h ree t y pe s o f b ow f i bu lae b e longed t o t h e m a le — a nd i n m o s t c a se s t o t h e m i l i ta ry o u t f i t : A uc i s sa f i bu lae r e ached P annon ia w i th t h e a rmy , c r o s sbow k nobbed f i bu lae w e re p roduced i nm i l i ta ry w o rk shop s , w h i le k rä f t ig p rof i l ie r t f i bu lae a r e t h ough t t ob e m i l i ta ry b rooche s i nt h e P annon ian—No r icum a r ea , c ompa rab le t o t h e l e g iona ry f i bu lae o f t h e R hen i sh l ime s . H av ing i n m ind t h e l a s t r ema rk , al a rge g roup o f t h e se f i bu lae ( F ig . 2 3 j —o ) l e ave s t h e i mp r e s s ion o f am i l i ta ry o rde r , w h ich w ou ld e xp la in t h e h a s te i n m anu fa c tu r e , p roduced u nde r s t r e s s o f t i me . H oweve r ,t h ea t t r ibu t ion o fp l a te f i bu lae t ot h em i l i ta ry o u tf i t r ema in s i n d oub t ( Du ra : 2 9 ) , b u t t h e s e r ie s o f p endan t s , p l a te s , b uck le s , n a i l m a sk s f r om h e lme t s , r i ve t s w i th m a le p rof i le s , s ome b r ac e le t s a nd o t he r , b e longed t o m i l i ta ry , a rmy a nd c ava l ry o u t f i t s . E ven s e a l b oxe s m e t m i l i ta ry n eed s .A st h es ha re o fo t he rm e ta lo b jec t s —j ewe l le ry m o s t ly —i nt h e S i sc ian c o l lec t ion i sv e ry s ma l l , i tc an b e c on c luded t h a t t h e m a jo r i ty o f S i sc ian p roduc t ion b ea r s ad i s t in c t m i l i ta ry f e a tu re , w h i ch c ou ld h ave b een c r y s ta l l i sed a se a r ly a s a t t h e e nd o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . , t h e t i me o f t h e p r e senc e o ft h e f i r s tR oman m i l i ta ry u n i t . T he w o rk shop o f t h i s f i r s t f o r t p robab ly g r ew l a te r i n to as t ronge r p rov inc ia l c en t r ew i th m any c en tu r ie so fa c t iv i ty .

T he l o ca t ion o f t h e w o rk shop s w i th in S i sak c an o n ly b e g ue s sed . I ti sk nown t h a tt h em a jo r i ty o fm e ta lo b jec t sc ame f r om t h e b ed o f t h e r i ve r K upa . T he o b jec t s a r e v e ry w e l l p r e ser ved a nd i ti se a sy t os epa ra te ' n ew ' o b jec t s f r om t h o se t h a t s how w ea r . A l l f i nd s h ave b e en f ound a l ong a s ho r t s t r e t ch o ft h e r i ve r , t h a t o ft h e c i ty ' s e x—ba th ing p l ace — t h e p l a ce k nown i nt h el o ca lj a rgon a sT he M in t . E ven t o day t h i s s po t i st h e s ou r ce o f l a rge q uan t i t i te s o f R oman m a te r ia l . T imbe r p o s t s —p i le s ( Brun gm id 1 9 10-1911 : 2 3 , 2 4 ) , h ave b een n o ted o n t h e s ame s t r e t ch , o n t h e r i gh t b ank ( F ig . 2 7 ) . T hey r e p r e sen t t h e r ema in s o f t h e R oman b r idge o r t h e s ub s t ruc tu r e o f t i mbe r q uay s . N ex t t ot h e b r idge , t h e m in t h a s t o b e s uppo sed , b u t a l so o t he r w o rk shop s a nd s hop s (a ge l 1 974 : 7 23-725 ) . Ac r a f t a nd s hopp ing a r ea o n t h e K upa b ank w ou ld b e o ppo s i te t h e b a th s a nd f o rum o n t h e o t he r s i de , a nd t h i s a s sump t ion i s t h e o n ly r e a sonab le e xp lana t ion f o r t h e m a s s ive q uan t i t ie s o ff i n i shed a nd h a lf— f i n i shed p rodu c t s .

T h e w o rk shop s a l so h ad at e r r i to ry t ow h ich t h ey e xpo r ted t h e i rp roduc t s( F ig .2 6 ) . O nb a s i so fm anu f a c tu r ed e ta i l s , a nd g ene ra l a ppea rance , f i bu lae w e r e e xpo r t ed m o s t ly t o S loven ia , B o sn ia , V o jvod ina , S lovak ia , Mo rav ia a nd R ouman ia ( Ma rk 1 968 : T . V I , 82 4 , T .XX , 4, 2 4 , T . XXX , 3 4 , 3 5 ; Ü remo gn ik 1 965 : T .X , 1 ;K ond iC 1 961 : T . I , 6 , 7 ; L am iova—Schm ied lova 1 961 : T .X IX , 6 ;P egka r 1 972 : T . 12 , 1 ;P ope scu 1 941-1944 :A bb .4 ,3 4 ,A bb .5 ,5 7 ,5 8 ) .

F ig .2 6 E xamp le s o f k rä f t ig p ro f i l ie r t f i bu lae m ade i n S i sak a nd f o und i n S t a ra V a s —S v . J eme j , t o day i n A r chaeo log ica l Mu seum i n Z ag r eb .

F ig . 2 7 T imbe rs ub s t ruc tu r ei nr i ve rK upa . 3 7

S i s c ia CONCLUS ION

S i sc ian c r a f t a nd a r t p roduc t ion i s m o s t ly o f m i l i ta ry c ha ra c te r . C u l tu ra l ly , t h e s t ronge s tf e a tu re s a r eC e l t ic . T h i s i st o b e e xpec ted , f o r t h e p r e—Roman n ame i so f C e l t ic o r ig in ,r ef lec t ing t h ee t hn ic i ty o fp r e—Roman i n hab i tan t s .

B o janov sk i 1 988 : 2 80 ) . T h i s C e l t ic t r ad i t ion i sm i r ro red i n t h e f o rm s o f b ronze o b jec t s o f t h e R oman t i me s , s u ch a s o penwo rk p e l ta s ,d o lph in p a i r s a nd g r i f fon h ead sw h ich s how ac on t inu i ty f r om t h e C e l t ic a n ima l s t y le , w h ich c an b e s e en o n p l a te s a nd p endan t s o f i n f an t ry a nd c ava l ry g ea r ( n o s . 1 30 ,2 37 ,2 38 ,2 45 ,2 46 ,2 55 ,2 56 ) . T he s ame c u l tu ra lm i l ieu i ss hown b y t h eu se o fh a l l—ma rk ing a nd n i e l lo i nd eco ra t ion w h ich , a pa r tf r om f i bu la e o fG au l i sh o r ig in , a l so a ppea r s o n s ea l b oxe s ( n o s . 3 29-334 ) a nd m e ta l p a r t s o f t h e e a r ly m i l i ta ry b e l t a nd a p ron ( n o s . 2 49 , 2 50 ) w he re t h ey r e p re sen t s t anda rd d eco ra t ion . O nt h eo t he rh and ,t h i s or namen ta ls t y le c an b e s e en a s am a in tenanc e o f t h e o r ig ina l t r ad i t ion o f c ava l ry o u t f i t , w h ich h a s o r ig ina ted f r om C e l t ic mode l s ( B i shop : 16 ) . I ti s a l so k nown t h a t o t he r s hap e s a nd d eco ra t ion s , s ome f r om v e ry l im i ted a r ea s , s u ch a s s e rpen t i fo rm b r ace le t s ( n o . 4 53 ) o rp l a te s f r om l a te R oman b e l t s ( n o s . 2 07-208 ) , w e re a dop ted a nd t r an sf e r red t h rough t h e a rmy . T he m i l i ta ry e l emen t h ad a r o le n o t o n ly i n a s s im i la t ion a nd t r an sm i s s ion o fo r ig ina ls hap e s —i ta l so h ad am a jo rc on t r ibu t ion i nt h e i rp roduc t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion .

P roduc t ion o fl a te L aT ene o p enwo rk b ron ze si sa t t r ibu t ed t o b i g o pp ida a r ound t h e R he in ( We rne r 1 953 : 5 2 ) , w he r ea s t h e i r p roduc t ion i nt h e e a r ly i mpe r ia l t i me i st os i te s w i th s t ronge r C e l t ic t r ad i t ion s t h an R oman ( Du ra : 3 ; R adno t i 1 938 :3 7 ; S e l lye 1 969 :5 19 ) . Among t h el a t te ro ne sb e longed S i sc ia . T he b roade rS i s ican t e r r i to ry w a s i n hab i t ed b y t h eC o lap ian i w ho w e re n e ighou r s o f t h e I apode s ( Map 4 ) , w hom s ome a u tho r s c on s ide r t o b e C e l t s . C e l t ic n ame s f r om a r ound L jub i ja s ugge s t ap o s s ib i l i ty t h a t t h i s r e g ion b e longed t o I a pode sa sw e l l( W i lke s : 1 59 , 1 75 ) . I n sc r ip t ion s f r om t h e o r e—m in ing a r ea i nS t a niMa jdan w e r e d evo ted t oS eda tu s — aC e l t ic g od o ff i r e ( Med in i 1 982 : 8 3 ;

3 8

ABBREV IAT IONS

AH A J Mug AP ARadRa sp r AVe s

A rchaeo log ia H unga r ica ( Budape s t ) T he A n t iqua r ie sJ our na l . B e ing t h eJ ou rna lo ft h e S oc ie ty o fA n t iqua r ies o fL ondon ( London ) A rchaeo log ia I u go s lav ica . S o c ie ta s A r chaeo log ica I u go s lav iae ( Beog rad ) A rheo ld sk ip reg led . S avez A rheo logk ih d rug tava J ugo s lav i je ( Beog rad ) A rheo lo W r adov i ir a sp rave . A c ta e tD i sser ta t iones A r chaeo log icae .J ugo s laven ska a kadem i ja z nano s t i iu m je tno s t i ( Zag reb )

BAR in t se r BRGK

A rheo lo gk iv e s tn ik . A c ta a r chaeo log ica . S loven ska A kadem i ja z nano s t i i nu me tno s t i , s ekc i ja z a a rheo log i jo ( L jub l jana ) B r i t i sh A r chaeo log ica lR epo r t s ,I n ter na t iona l S e r ies ( Oxfo rd ) B er ich td e rR öm i sch—Ge rman ischen K omm i ss ion . D eu t sches A r chao log i sche s I n s t i tu t( F rank fu r t

B r i tann ia

a .M . /Be r l in ) B r i tann ia . AJ ou rna lo fR omano—Br i t i sh a nd K ind red S tud ie s . S oc ie ty f o rt h eP romo t ion o fR oman

C IP D ac ia D issA rchGand D iss MonB D i ssPann F BSchwab F on tA rchHung Godßn jak CB IANUB iH

S tud ie s ( London ) o v jek iP ro s to r .C a sop i s z aa rh i tek tu ru ( Zag reb ) D ac ia . R eche r che se td ecouve r te s a r cheo log ique se nR ouman ie . Mu see n a t iona ld e s a n t iqu i tes ( Buca r e s t ) D is se r ta t ione sA rchaeo log icae G anden ses ( Brugge ) D isser ta t ione se t Monog raph iae . S avez A rheo lo sk ih d rus tava J ugo s lav i je ( Beog rad ) D i sser ta t ione sP annon icae ( Budape s t ) F undber ich te a u s S chwab en . H e rau sgegeben v on d e rG ese l l scha f tf u rV o r— u nd F rühgesch ich te i n Wü r t tenbe rg u nd H ohenzo l le rn ( S tu t tga r t ) F on tes A rchaeo log ic iH unga r iae ( Budape s t ) Godßn jak C en t ra z ab a lkano lo &a i s p i t ivan ja A kadem i je n auka iu m je tno s t iB o sne iH e rcegov ine

I z dan jaHAD J ah re sbe rGPV J RGZ K a tMon K le iSch r iSD

( Sa ra jevo ) G la sn ik Z ema l jskog m uze ja B o sne iH e r cegov ine uS a ra jevu ( Sa ra jevo ) I zdan ja H r va t skog a r heok aog d ru s tva ( Zag reb ) J ah re sbe r ich t . G e se l lscha f tp ro V indon i ssa ( B rugg ) J ah rbuch d e sR öm isch—Ge rman i schen Z en t ra lmu seum s Ma inz ( Ma in z ) K a ta log i i n Monog ra f i je . Na rodn im uze j L jub l jana ( L jub l jana ) K le ine S ch r if ten z u rK enn tn i sd e rr öm ischen B e se tzung sgesch ich te S udwe s tdeu t sch land s ( S tu t tga r t )

L a tomu s

R evue de t ude sl a t ine s ( Bruxe l le s )

L imes fo r sch

L imesfo r schungen . S tud ien z u rO rgan i sa t ion d e rr öm i schen R e ich sg renze a nR he in u nd D onau ( Be r l in ) L je top is J ugo s laven ske A kadem i je z nano s t i iu m je tno s t i ( Zag reb ) Opu scu la A r chaeo log ica .R adov iA rheo l c aog z avoda F i lozof skog f aku l te ta uZ ag rebu ( Zag reb )

GZ M

L je top is JAZU O pu scu la P r i loz i PWRE R omGe rmFo r RV M

P r i loz iI n s t i tu ta z aa r heo log i ju uZ ag r ebu ( e xI n s t . z ap ov i je sne z nano s t i S veuC i l i s ta ) ( Zag reb ) P au ly— W issowa R ea lencyc lopäd ie d e rc l a ss i schen A l te r tum sw i s sen scha f t( S tu t tga r t /München ) R öm isch G erman i sche F o r schungen ( Be r l in )

S aa lb Jah rb

R ad V o jvodan sk ih m uze ja ( Nov iS ad ) S aa lbu rg J ah rbuch . B e r ich td e s S aa lbu rgmu seum s ( F rank fu r t /Be r l in )

S i tu la S ta r ina r

S i tu la . G la sn ik Na rodnog m uze ja uL jub l jan i( L jub l jana ) S ta r ina r . A rheo lo & i i n s t i tu tS rp ske a kadem i je n auka ,n ova s e r i ja ( Beog rad )

S tud i jne z ve s t i AUSAV VA MZ

S tud i jne z ve s t i . A rcheo log ick iU s tav S loven ske j Akadem ie v i ed ( Bra t i s lava )

VHADn s

V jesn ik H rva t skog a r heo lo &og d ra tva ,n ova s e r i ja ( Zag reb )

V jesn ik A rheo l c aog m uze ja uZ ag rebu ( Zag reb )

3 9

S i s c ia

B IBL IOGRAPHY FOR PARTS IAND I

AU 1 938 , A n t ik e I n s chr if ten a u s J ugo s law i en I- N o r i cum u nd P annon ia S upe r io r . I n te rna t iona le rV e rband d e r A kadem ien ,Z ag r eb . A lexande r J .A . 1 973 , T he H i s to ry o f t h e F ibu la . A r chaeo log i ca l T heo ry a nd P rac t i ce . I n s t i tu te o f A r chaeo logy U n ive r s i ty o fL ondon ,L ondon . A l fö ld i G . 1 965 , B evö lk e rung u nd G e se l l schaf t d e r R öm i s chen P rov in z D a lma t ien ,B udape s t . A l fö ld iA . iR adno t i 1 940 ,Z uge l r inge u nd Z ie rbe sch läge v on R öm i sche J ochen u nd K umme ten a u s P anno rüen . S e r ta H of f i l l e r iana ,Z ag r eb ,3 09-319 . A n t iCka b ron ca 1 969 ,A n t iaa b ron za uJ ugo s lav t j i -k a ta log i z lo zbe .N a rodn im uze jB eog rad ,B eog rad . A n t iCk ip o r t r e t 1 987 ,A n t A ip o r t r e t uJ ugo s lav i j i -k a ta log i z lo zbe .N a rodn im uze jB eog rad ,B eog rad . B ach I . 1 936 , A n t ikn i f i gu ra ln i b r onean i p r edme t i A rh eo loN co-H i s to r i j skog m uze ja u Z ag r ebu , VHADn s XV I I , 1 5 1181 . B a s le r D . 1 977 , R im sk i m e ta lu r sk i p ogon in a se l je ud o l in i J ap r e ,G ZM XXX /XXX I , 1 2 1-2 16 . B aue r A . 1 936 , R im ska o l ovna p la s t ika so sob i t im o bz i rom n a m a te rna l p oh ran jen u H r va t skom n a rodnom m uze ju , VHADn s XV I I , 1 -35 . B eca t t i G . 1 955 , O r ef i c er ie a n t i che d a l l e m ino i che a l l e b a rba r i che ,R oma . B i shop M .C . 1 988 , C ava l ry e qu ipmen t o ft h e R oman A rmy i nt h eF i r s tC en tu ry A .D . ,B AR in t se r3 94 . B öhme A . 1 972 , D ie F ibe ln d e r K a s te l l e S aa lbu rg u nd Z ugman te l ,S aa lb Jah rb 5 , XX IX . B öhme A . 1 974 ,S chmu ck d e rr öm i s chen F rau , K le iSch r iSD 1 B o janov sk i I . 1 984 , P r i loz i z a t o pog ra f i ju r im sk ih i p r ed r im s ldh k om tuükac i ja i n a se l ja u r im sko j p rov in c i j i D a lma c i j i I V -R im ska c e s ta S i sc iaS i rm ium ( Tab . P eu t . ) in j ena t o pog ra f i ja , G od i sn jak XX I IC B I2 0 ANUB iH , 1 45-267 . B o janov sk i I .1 988 , B o sna iH e r cegov ina u a n t i cko d oba , D je la -G odAn ja l c LXV I CB I 6ANUB iH . B ru ri s 'm id J .1 896 , 1 901 , A rheo lo ä se b i l je ke i zD a lma c i je i P anon i je , VHADn s I( 1 895 ) , 1 48183 ; VHADn sV . 8 7168 . B runkn id J . 1 902 , C o Ion ia A u re l ia C iba lae , VHADn s V I , 17166 . B run km id J . 1 904 - 1 9 11 , K amen i s pomen i c i H r va t skog n a rodnog m u ze ja uZ agr ebu I- A n t ikn i s pomen i c i , Z ag r eb . B runkn id J .1 910 - 1 9 11 , R im sk i v o jn iCk i d i p lom i zS i ska , VHADn sX I ,2 3-39 . B runkn id J . 1 9 14 , A n t ikn i b ron san i f i gu ra ln i p r edme t i u H r va t skom n a rodnom m uze ju u Z ag r ebu , VHADn s X I I I , 1 -62 . B runk r t id J .1 915 - 1 9 19 ,R im sko C a ran je n ao l ovno jp l o c ic i i zK upe k od S i ska , VHADn sX IV ,1176185 . B ru s iC Z . 1 979 , R t K r emen jaCa - Z a ton k od N ina , AP 2 1 , 12113 . B u l l inge r H . 1 969 , S pä tan t ik e G ü r t e lbe s ch läge - T ypen , H e r s t e l lung ,T ragwe i se u nd D a t ie rung ,

4 0

D i s sA r chGand X I I . B u rge r A .S . 1 979 , D a s S pä t röm i sche G räbe r f e ld v on S omogy s z i l ,F on tA r chHung . &emo in ik I .1 957 , D ana i s t raz ivan ja n a r im skom n a se l ju u L ig iC iC ima , GZM X I I , 1 43-162 . r emoi l ik I .1 965 ,R im ska v i la uVg iC ima ,G ZM XX , 1 472 60 . D egmed ik I .1 9 58 , R im ske g ene i zS i ska s a s imbo l ima z od iaka ,T ka le iCev z bo rn ik I ,2 3-34 . D u l ca t Z . iM im ik I .1 989 , N eko l iko z na Ca jn i j ih k ovova I T e t ra rh i je uA rheo lo gkom m uze ju uZ ag r ebu , V AMZ 3 , XX I I ,7 7-90 . D u ra 1 949 ,E x cava t ion a tD u ra-Europo s c onduc t ed b y Y a l e U n ive r s i ty a nd t h e F r en ch A cad emy o fI n sc r ip t ion a nd L e t t e r s . F ina l R epo r t I V , P a r t I V , T he B ron z e O b j e c t s F a sc i c l e I . -P ie r c ed B ron z e s , E nam e l ed B ron z e s a nd F ibu lae b y T .G . F r i sch a nd N .P . T o l l . N ew H aven -Y a le U n ive r s i ty P r e s s .d . Duman A . 1 992 , 0g eo s t ra te äom p o loia ju S i sc i je - O n g eo s t ra teg ic l o ca t ion o f S i sc ia , O pu s cu la 1 6 , 171 33 . E xne r K . 1 94 1 , D ie p rov in z ia l röm i s che Ema i lf ibe ln d e r R he in land e ,2 9 . BRGK ( 1 939 ) . . F abe r A . 1 972 , G rada z a t o pog ra f i ju a n tkiog S i ska , V AMZ 3 ,V I-V I I , 1 33159 . F a raone C h .A . 1 991 , B ind ing a nd B u ry ing t h e F o rc e s o f E v i l : T he D e f en s ive U se o f ' Voodoo D o l l s ' i n A n c ien t G reec e , C la s s ica l A n t iqu i ty 1 0 , 2 , B e rke ley , 1 65-205 . F i tkek J .1 897 ,K o r epn jac i( C ru s tac ea )P l iv sk ih j e ze ra ,G ZM I X ,3 99-423 . F ran ce s-Laya rd N .F . 1 925 , B ron ze C rown s a nd B ron ze H ead-d r e ss f r om aR oman s i te a tC avenham H ea th -S u f fo lk ,A JV ,2 58-265 . F ü lep F . 1 984 , S op ianae - T he H i s to ry o fP e c s d u r ing t h e R oman E ra a nd t h eP rob l em o ft h eC on t inu i ty o ft h e L a t e R oman P opu la t ion . A kadem ia i K iado , B udap e s t . G r eg l Z . 1 982 , 1 984 , R im sk i m ed ic in sk i i n s t rumen t i i z H r va t ske I ,I , V AMZ 3 , XV , 1 75198 , V AMZ 3 , XV I-XV I I , 1 75181 . H enke l F . 1 9 13 ,R öm i schen F inge r r inge d er R he in land eu nd d e r b enachba r ten G eb ie t e ,B e r l in . H o f f i l le r V . 1 903 - 1 904 , A n t ik ne b r on san e p o sude i z H r va t sk e iS l avon i je u N a rodnom m uz e ju u Z ag r ebu , VHADn sV I I , 1 -26 . H o f f i l le r V . 1 9 10-1911 , O p rema r im skog v o jn ika u p r vo d oba c a r s tva I ,I , VHADn sX I , 1 4 5-240 , VHADn s X I I , 1 6-23 . H o f f i l le r V . 1 935 , N ov i t r aCko-m i t r iCk i v o t ivn i r e l i je f i , VHADn s XV I ,6 1-66 . H o r va tA . 1 9 54 , S l o jev i k u l tu r ep od i v im g r adom , C IP I ,5 , 2 . H o t i M . 1 992 , S i sa l ( ua n tkk im i z vo r ima - S i sak i na n c ien t s ou r ce s , O pu scu la 1 6 , 1 33-16 5 . I n te r c i sa 1 9 57 , I n te r c i sa ( Dunap en t e l e ) I -G e s ch i ch te d e r S t ad ti nR öme r ze i t , AH XXXV I . J e lo Cn ik A . 1 96 1 , N a jdba a rgen t eu sov Z godn j e T e t rarh i j e v

B ib l iog raphy S i sku - T he S i sak H oa rd o fA rgen te i o ft h e E a r l y T e t ra r chy ,S i tu la 3 . J ovanov iC , A . 1 978 , N ak i t ur im sko j D a rdam j i , D i s sMonB XX I . K e l t i 1 983 ,K e l t i i nn j ihov is odobn ik in a o z em l ju J ugo s lav i j e - k a ta log i z lob e , N a rodn i m uze j L jub l jana , L jub l jana . K la iC V . 1 974 ,P ov i j e s tH rva ta I ,Z ag r eb . K lemen cJ . 1935 , R ano r im sk i n a tp i s i zS i ska , VHADn s XV I , 6 7-68 . K lemen c J . 196 1 , L ime s u D on jo j P anon i j i , L ime s u J ugo s lav i j iI ,B eog rad , 5-68 . K ond iC V . 1 96 1 , Z b i rka r im sk ih f i bu la i zV liaCkog m uze ja , RVM X ,2 0 1-215 . K okev iC R . 1 975 , D ie We rk s ta t te k r ä f t ig p ro f i l ie r te r F i be ln i nS i sc ia ,A Jug XV I ,5 1-6 1 . K ok ev iC R .1980 ,A n t i l ) N

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P la te 5 6 : I t a l ian s i g i l la ta S ca le 1 : 2 C on sp 8 . 2 1 .

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F oo ta nd b a se o f ac up . F :l i gh t o ch re-o range . S :o r ange-b rown . B I Ia . F oo td i am 6 , 4cm . R ec tangu la rs t amp i nt wo r ow sd i v ided b yh o r izon ta l' l adde r ' : ACA /STVS ,F ig . 3 ,1 .R -8005 L i t :C IL I I 1 20 14 9 6 ; O-C 8 b F oo ta nd b a se o f ac up . F :o range-o ch r e , s o f t . S :o r anger ed , l u s t rou s . Bab . F oo td i am 6 cm . R ec tangu la rs t amp i n t wo l i ne sd i v ided b y ar e c tang le : . RA ./ SAR I ,F ig . 3 ,3 1 .R -8003 L i t :C IL I I 1 20 14 ; 0-C 1 66 1c F oo t a nd b a se o f ac up . F :o ch r e-o rang e , s o f t . S :o r ang e-b rown , u n even o n t h e o u t s ide . B I Ia . F oo t d i am 5 , 6 cm . R ec tangu la rs t amp i nt wo l i ne s : H ILA /RVS ,F ig .3 , 1 3 c .R -7985 L i t :C IL I I 1 20 14 2 94 ao rb ; 0-C 7 96 f -g F oo ta nd b a se o f as ma l lc up . F :o ch r e-o range ,s o f t . S :b r own-o range . B I Ia . F oo td i am 4 , 2cm . R ec tangu la rs t amp i n t wo l i ne sd i v ided b y al i ne :S OL I /MAR I ,F ig . 3 ,3 5a .R -8003 L i t :C IL I I 1 20 14 5 33 ; 0-C 1 840 F oo ta nd b a se o f as ma l l c up . F :o ch r e-o range , s o f t . S :o range-b rown . B I Ia . F oo td i am 4 cm . R ec tangu la rs t amp i n t wo l i ne s : S OL I /MAR I ,F ig .3 ,3 5c .R -8003 L i t :a s4 . F oo t a nd b a se o f as ma l l c up . F : o range-och re , s o f t . S : o r ange-b rown , l u s t rou s . B I Ia . F oo t d i am 4 , 2cm . R ec tangu la rs t amp i nt wo l i ne s : S OL I /MAR I ,F ig . 3 ,3 5d .O nt h eo u t s ide o fb a se g r a f f i t i :F ig . 3 6 , 1 .R -8003 L i t :a s 4a nd 5 .

C on sp . 1 8 .2 7 . 8 .

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R im a nd b a se f r ag . F :o ch r e-p ink ,s o f t . S :o r ange-b rown .A .R im d i am 1 3 ,2cm .R -7994 F oo t a nd b a se o f ap l a t e . F : b r igh t o r ange-o ch r e , s o f t . S :c ho co la t e b r own , m a t t . B I Ia . F oo t d i am 6 , 6cm . R ec tangu la rs t amp : PATT I ,F ig . 3 ,4 a .G ra f f i t io nt h eo u t s ide o ft h eb a se F ig . 3 6 ,2 .R -8003 L i t :C IL I I 1 20 14 9 a ; O-C 2 09 4 2o r4 3 F oo ta nd b a se o f ap l a te . F :o r ange-o ch r e , s o f t . S :b rown-o range , m a t t . B I Ia . F oo td i am 7 , 6cm . R ec tangu la rs t amp : PA M ,F ig . 3 ,4 b .R -8003 L i t :a s8 F oo t a nd b a se o f ap l a te . F :o range-och r e , s o f t , c ha lky . S :l i gh t o r ange , m a t t . B I Ia . F oo t d i am 9 cm . R ec tangu la r s t amp i nt wo l i n e s : TR ITVS /SAR I ,F ig . 3 ,3 2 .R -800 5

C on sp . 2 3 1 . 1 2 . 1 3 .

F oo t a nd b a se . F :o ch r e . S :b r own-o range . B I Ia . R ec tangu la rs t amp i nt wo l i ne s w i th p a lm b r anche s : H ILAR I , F ig . 3 , 1 3a . F oo td i am 5 , 6 cm .R -7985 F oo t , b a se a nd p a r t o fw a l l . F :l i gh t o range , m ed ium h a rd . S : o r ange-ye l low , l u s t rou s . R e c tangu la r s t amp : S IPA , F ig .3 ,3 4b .F oo td i am 4 , 2cm . R -8005 F oo ta nd b a se . F :o r angered . S :o r ange ,l u s t rou s ,t h ick . I V . R ec tangu la rs t amp i nt wo l i ne s : M VE /TT I ,F ig . 3 ,4 0 . F oo td i am 6 , 4cm . L i t :C IL I I 1 2014 5 7 ; 0-C 2 279b

C on sp . 2 2 1 4 . 1 5 .

1 6 . 1 7 .

F oo t a nd b a se . F :o r ange-och r e , s o f t . S : o r ange-b rown , m a t t , u neven . BM . F oo td i am 5 cm . R ec tangu la r s t amp : S OLO ,b e tween 0 a nd L w r ea th ,a f te r 0b r an ch ,F ig . 3 ,3 6 .R -8005 F oo ta nd b a se . F :o ch r e-o range , s o f t . S : o range-b rown , m a t t , u neven . B I lb . F oo td i am 5 , 7cm .R ec t angu la rs t amp : DENTO ,F ig . 3 , 1 0 .R -8005 L i t :C IL I I 1 20 14 2 51a ; 0-C 5 92d F oo ta nd b a se . F :o range-o ch r e , s o f t ,c ha lky . S :o range-b rown . Bl ia . F oo td i am 5 , 2cm . R ec tangu la rs t amp i nt wo l i ne s : EVM /EN IS ,F ig . 3 , 1 .J a rV1 9 12 ,R -8003 F oo t a nd b a se . F : p i nk-o ch re , s o f t . S : o range-b rown . B I Ia . R ec tangu la r s t amp i n t wo l i ne s w i th p a lm b ran ch : H IL /AR I ,F ig . 3 , 1 3b . F oo td i am 5 , 4cm .R -7985

P LATE 5 6

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P la te 5 7 : I t a l ian S i g i l la ta ,S ca le 1 : 2 C on sp .B 3 a nd B .4 H em i sphe r ica lc up s 1 8 . 1 9 .

2 0 .

F oo ta nd b a se f r ag . F :o range—och r e ,s o f t . S :o r ange—b rown . A . F oo td i am 5 , 7cm . P a r to fs t amp i np l .p . : LGE . , F ig . 3 , 1 2n .J a r V1 9 12 .R -8003 F oo t a nd b a se . F : p i nk , s o f t . S : o r ange—b rown , l i gh t e ro nt h e o u t s ide , m a t t . A . S t amp i np / .p . : .CL .SAB , F ig . 3 , 9 c .F oo td i am 3 , 6cm .J a r 1 9 13 .R -8003 L i t :C IL I I 1 20 14 2 03 ; 0—C 4 55 5 9 F oo t a nd b a se . F :o ch re—o range , s o f t . S :o r ange—b rown , l u s t rou s . A . S t amp i np l .p . : .CL S AB , F ig . 3 , 9 b . F oo t d i am 3 , 2cm .R -8003 L i t :a s 1 9

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F : p i nk , s o f t . S : o range—b rown ,m a t t .A . S p i ra la pp l iqué .R im d i am . 1 9 ,2cm . K upa V 1 9 12 .R -7999 F : p i nk , s o f t . S : o r ange—b rown ,m a t t .A .S p i ra la pp l ique .R im d i am . 1 6 cm . V1 9 12 .R -7999 F :l i gh tr e d ,h a rd . S :d a rk o r ange ,l u s t rou s .A . S p i ra la pp l ique .R im d i am . 1 6 ,8cm . 1 930 .R -7999 F :p a le o ch r e , m ed ium h a rd . S :o r ange—b rown , l u s t rou s .A . S p i ra l a pp l iqué . R im d i am . 1 6 ,8cm . V1 9 12 .

S hap e? 2 5 .

F oo ta nd b a se o f ac up . F :l i gh to ch r e—p ink , m ed ium h a rd . S : o r ange—b rown , m a t t . A . R ec tangu la rs t amp : PH ILO , F ig . 3 ,2 5 .F oo td i am 6 , 6cm .R -800 5 L i t :C IL I I , 1 20 14 4 28 ; 0—C 1 3 14g

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R im a nd w a l lf r ag . F : o ch re—p ink , m ed ium h a rd . S : o r ang e—b rown .A . S p i ra la pp l iqué .R im d i am . 1 6 cm .R -80 14 R im a nd b a se f r ag . F :p a le p i nk—o ch r e , s o f t . S :o r ange—b rown , l u s t rou s . A . S p i ra l a pp l iqué ,r o u le t t ing o nb a se .R im d i am . 1 8 cm .R -7994 R im a nd b a se f r ag . F :o ch re—o range , s o f t . S :o r ange—b rown . A . R ou le t t ing o nb a se .R im d i am . 1 7 ,2cm . V1 9 12 . R 7 994 P la t t e r ,p a r t ly r e con s t ruc ted .F :o ch re y e l low ,s o f t . S :o r ange b rown , m a t t , f l ake so f f ,n o ta pp l ied o nt h ei n ne rs i de o f t h e f o o t . Bla . S t amp i np l .p . f r om t ow s : MS M a nd p robab ly V , F ig . 3 ,29 . R im d i am .22 ,4cm ; f o o td i am . 1cm . 2 50 ,484 .

P LATE 5 7

P la te 5 8 : I t a l ian s i g i l la ta S ca le 1 : 2 C on sp . 2 0 3 0 . 3 1 . 3 2 . 3 . 3 4 .

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4 3 .

I Ik ,

R im f r ag . F :p i nk ,s o f t . S :o range-b rown .A . A pp l iqué :h ead F ig .3 , 1 4a .R im d i am .2 0 cm . V1 9 12 .R -7993 R im f r ag . F : p a le o ch r e-p ink , h a rd . S :o rang e-b rown , l u s t rou s . A . Two s p i ra l a pp l iqué s . R im d i am . 1 3 ,4 cm . V 1 9 12 .R -7994 R im a nd b a se f r ag . F : p i nk-be ige , h a rd . S :o r ange-b rown , s l igh t ly l u s t rou s . A . Two s p i ra l a pp l iqué s . R im d i am . 1 6 ,4cm . V1 9 12 .R -7994 R im f r ag . F : p i nk , m ed ium h a rd . S : b r own-o range , u neven . A . A pp l iqué s : d og F ig 3 1 ,25 , g a r land F ig 3 2 ,3 8 . R im d i am . 1 6 ,4 cm . V1 9 12 . 8 05 . R im f r ag . F :o ch re-p ink , m ed ium h a rd . S :o r ang e-b rown . A . A pp l iqué : l i on F ig . 3 1 , 2 7 . R im d i am . 1 4 ,6 cm . V1 9 12 . R -7993 L i t : V ik iC B e lan C iC 1 962 /63 :s 1 .4 ,10 R im f r ag . F :p i nk , m ed ium h a rd . S :o r ang e-b rown , s l igh t ly l u s t rou s . A . A pp l iqué : d o lph in F ig . 3 1 , 2 0 . R im d i am . 1 6 ,6 cm .R -8006 L i t :V ik iC B e lan C iC 1 962 /63 :s 1 .4 ,8 R im f r ag . r u ba . F : o ch re-p ink , m ed ium h a rd . S :b r own-o range , m a t t . A . A pp l iqué : r o se t te F ig . 3 1 , 5 9 . R im d i am . 1 5 ,8cm . V1 9 12 .R -7994 R im f r ag . F :l i gh tr e d ,h a rd . S :b rown-o range .A .A pp l iqué : g a r land F ig . 3 2 ,3 7 .R im d i am . 1 6 ,6 cm . V1 9 12 .R -7994 B a se f r ag . F :o ch r e-p ink ,m ed ium h a rd . S :o r ange-b rown . A . A pp l iqué : g a r land F ig . 3 2 , 3 4a . B a se d i am . 1 6 ,8cm . V 1 9 12 .R -7994 R im f r ag . F :o ch re-p ink ,h a rd . S :o r ange-b rown ,l u s t rou s . A .A pp l iqué :h ead F ig . 3 1 , 1 5 .R im d i am . 1 9 ,8cm . V1 9 12 . R -7993 R im f r ag . F : o ch r e-p ink , h a rd . S :d a rk b r ownr ed , m a t t . A . A pp l iqué : g a r land F ig . 3 2 , 3 5 . R im d i am . 2 2 ,6 cm . V 1 9 12 .R -7994 Wa l l f r ag . F : p i nk-och r e , h a rd . S :b rown-o range . A . A pp l ique : g a r land F ig . 3 2 , 3 4b . B a se d i am . a p rox ima te ly 2 4 ,8cm . V1 9 12 .R -7994 R im f r ag . F :o ch r e-p ink , h a rd . S :o range-b rown , l u s t rou s . A . A pp l iqué : g a r land F i g . 3 2 , 3 6 . R im d i am . 2 6 ,6 cm . V 1 9 12 .R -7994 L i t :V ik iC B e lan C iC 1 962 /63 :s 1 .4 ,2 R im f r ag . F :o ch re-p ink , h a rd . S :o range-b rown , b l ack s po t s . A . A pp l ique : g a r land , m idd le p a r t t o rn o f ft om ake p l a ce f o r al e ad r i ve t .R im d i am . 3 1 ,8cm .R -7994

P LATE 5 8

P la te 5 9 : I t a l ian S i g i l la ta S ca le 1 : 2 C on sp . 2 0

1 _7 _ t_ r A l

%

4 4 .

R im a nd b a se f r ag . . F :o ch r e-o range , s o f t . S :b r own-o range , m a t t . B I Ia . A pp l iqué : f l owe r F ig . 3 2 , 5 3 . R im d i am . 1 6 cm . V1 9 12 .R -7994

4 5 .

R im f r ag . F :o ch r e-ye l low , s o f t . S :b r own-o range . B u lb . A pp l iqué : g a r land F ig . 3 2 , 4 1 . R im d i am . 1 6 cm . V1 9 12 . R -7994

4 6 . 4 7 .

R im f r ag .F :o ch r e-ye l low ,s o f t . S :o range-b rown . B I lb . A pp l iqué :g a r land F ig . 3 2 ,3 9 . X1 9 13 .R -7994 R im f r ag . F :p a le y e l low ,s o f t . S :b r own-o range ,m a t t ,f l ake so f fi nl a ye r s ,b o t tom l a ye ro range . B u lb .A pp l iqué :h ead F ig . 3 1 , 1 2h R im d i am . 1 6 ,8cm . V1 9 12 .R -7993 R im f r ag . F : l i gh tr e d , s o f t . S : o range-b rown .B I I Ia . A pp l iqué :h ead F i g .3 1 , 1 2h .R im d i am . 1 6 ,2cm .R -7993 Wa l lf r ag . F :r e d , m ed ium h a rd . S :r e d ,l u s t rou s .B I I Ia .A pp l iqué :g a r land F ig . 3 2 ,40 . V1 9 12 .R -7994 R im f r ag . F :o ch re-o range , s o f t . S :o range-b rown . B I I Ia . A pp l iqué : f l owe rF ig . 3 2 ,5 4 . R im d i am . 1 5 ,6 cm . V1 9 12 . R -7994 R im f r ag . F :o rangered , s o f t . S :o range-b rown , m a t t . B Il la . A pp l ique : d o lph in F ig . 3 1 , 2 2 . R im d i am . 1 8 ,2cm . V 1 9 12 .R -7993 R im f r ag . F : o range , h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :b r own o r anger ed , m a t t . B I I Ia . A pp l iqué s : h ead F ig . 3 1 , 1 2b a nd d o lph in .R im d i am . 1 8 ,2cm . V1 9 12 .R -8006 L i t :V ik iC B e lanaC 1 962 /63 :s 1 .4 ,12 R im f r ag . F :o ch r er ed , m ed ium h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . A2.A pp l iqué : s p i ra l F ig . 3 1 , 4 .R im d i am . 1 6 cm . V1 9 12 . R -7994 F ragm . r uba . F :o range-och r e , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :o range b r own , l u s t rou s . A2.A pp l iqué : h ead T .31 ,12e . R im d i am . a pp rox ima te ly 1 5 cm . V1 9 12 .R -7993 R im f r ag . F :o r ange-o ch r e , h a rd . S :b rown-o range , m a t t . A2.A p l iqu6 s : h ead T .31 , 1 2 f , d o lph in F ig . 3 1 , 2 4d . R im d i am . 1 7cm . V1 9 12 .R -7993 R im f r ag . F : o r ange , h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :o range b r own , m a t t . A2.A pp l iqué : h ead F ig . 3 1 , 1 2g . R im d i am . 1 6 cm . V1 912 . R im a nd b a se f r ag . F :o ch re-p ink , h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :b r ownred , l u s t rou s . A2.A pp l iqué s : d o lph in F ig . 3 1 , 2 4e , g a r land F ig . 3 2 ,4 3a .R im d i am . 1 7 ,8cm .R -7993

4 8 . 4 9 . 5 0 . 5 1 . 5 2 .

5 3 . 5 4 . 5 . 5 6 . 5 7 .

P LATE 5 9

P la te 6 0 : I t a l ian S i g i l la ta S ca le 1 : 2 C on sp .2 0 5 8 . 5 9 . 6 0 . 6 1 . 6 2 . 6 3 .

6 4 . 6 5 .

6 6 . 6 7 . 6 8 .

R im f r ag . F :p i nk-och r e ,h a rd ,w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :d a rk o r ange , l u s t rou s ,v e ry g ood .A , . A pp l iqué :g a r land F ig . 3 2 , 4 7 R im d i am . 1 5 ,8cm . V1 9 12 .R -7994 R im f r ag . F :p a le o ch r e ,s o f t . S :o r ange-b rown , m a t t , f l ake s o f f . A2.A pp l iqué : g a r land F ig . 3 2 ,44 .R im d i am . 1 5 cm . V1 9 12 .R -7994 R im f r ag . F :p a le p i nk , h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :b rownred , m a t t . A , . A pp l iqué : g a r land F ig . 3 2 , 4 3 . R im d i am . 1 5 cm . V1 9 12 .R -7994 R im f r ag . F :o ch r e-p ink , h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :o range-b rown , m a t t . A2. A pp l iqué : g a r land F ig . 3 2 , 4 5 . R im d i am .2 1 ,2cm .R -7994 R im f r ag . F :p i nk-o ch r e , m ed ium h a rd . S :o rangered . A , . A pp l iqué : g a r land F ig . 3 2 ,4 6 . R im d i am . 2 1cm . V1 9 12 . R -7994 R im f r ag . F :o ch re-p ink , h a rd . S :o range-b rown , l u s t rou s . I V . A pp l iqué : g a r land F ig . 3 2 , 4 2 . R im d i am . 1 7 cm . R 7 994 L i t :V ik iC B e lanC iC 1 962 /63 :s 1 .4 ,1 R im f r ag . F :o r ange ,h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :o r ange-b rown , l u s t rou s . I V . A pp l iqué : h ead F ig . 3 1 , 1 6a . R im d i am . 1 6 ,8 c m .R -7993 Wa l l a nd b a se f r agm . F :l i gh t r e d , h a rd . S :d a rk o r ange , l u s t rou s . I V . A pp l iqué : l i on h ead F ig . 3 1 , 2 8 . B a se d i am . 2 3 ,6 cm .R -7994 L i t : V ik iC B e lan & 1 962 /63 :s 1 .4 ,11 R im a nd b a se f r ag . F :g r ey , h a rd . S :b r own-o range . V . A pp l iqué : s p i ra l? F ig . 3 1 , 3 .R im d i am . 1 6 cm . V1 9 12 . R 7 994 R im f r ag . F :g r ey-ye l low ,s o f t . S :o range-b rown .V .A pp l iqué :h ead F ig . 3 1 ,2 6 c .R im d i am . 1 7 cm .R -7993 R im f r ag . G ; p a le o ch r e , h a rd . S :o range-b rown , m a t t . A ? A pp l iqué s : b u l l ' s h ead F ig . 3 1 , 3 9 a nd d o lph in . R im d i am . 1 8 ,2cm . V1 9 12 . R -7993 L i t :V ik i6 B e lan C iC 1 962 /63 :s 1 .4 ,9

C on sp .2 6a nd /o r2 7 6 9 . 7 0 .

F oo t .F :p i nk ,s o f t .S :b rown-o range . A . S t amp i np l .p . : MVRR I ,F ig . 3 ,2 1 . F oo td i am 3 , 1cm .R -8003 L i t :C IL I I 1 20 14 6 1a ; 0-C 1 040 4 6 F oo ta nd w a l l f r ag . F :o r ange-och re , s o f t . S :i n s ide d a rk o r ange-b row n , o u t s ide b r own , d amag ed . B I Ia . I leg ib le s t amp i np l .p . ,F ig .3 3 ,4 4 .F oo td i am 3 , 2cm . V1 9 12 .R -8003

C on sp .2 1 7 1 . 7 2 . 7 3 .

L I 1

F oo t . F :o ch r e-p ink ,s o f t . S :o range-b rown . A . S t amp i np l .p . : MPE . . .R ,F ig . 3 ,2 3b . F oo td i am 8 , 6 cm . F oo t .F :o ch r e-o range .S :o r ange-b rown . A . S t amp i np l .p . : CM R . ,F ig .3 , 1 9 . F oo td i am 8 , 8cm .R -8003 F oo t a nd w a l l f r ag . F :p i nk , s o f t , c ha lky . S :b r own-o range . A . S t amp i np l .p . : C ME R , F ig . 3 , 2 0b . F oo t d i am 5 , 2cm .

P LATE 6 0

P la te 6 1 : I t a l ian S i g i l la ta S ca le 1 : 2 C on sp . 3 4 7 4 .

7 5 . 7 6 . 7 .

7 8 .

7 9 . 8 0 . 8 1 . 8 2 . 8 3 . 8 4 .

8 5 . 8 6 . 8 7 . 8 8 . 8 9 . 9 0 .

S:j

71

C omp le te c up . F : p i nk , m ed ium h a rd . S :o rang e—b rown , l u s t rou s , u neven . A . A pp l iqué s : 5r o se t te s F ig . 3 2 , 4 9 . S t amp i np l .p . : ALY ,F ig . 3 ,2 b .R im d i am . 8 , 4cm ;F oo td i am 3 , 4 cm .R -8147 L i t : V ikk B e lanCk 1 962 /63 :s 1 .3 R im a nd f l ange f r ag . F :p i nk ,h a rd .S :o r ange—b rown . A . A pp l iqué :h ead F i g . 3 1 , 1 4b .R im d i am . 1 0 ,4cm .J a r V1 9 12 . R -7993 R im a nd w a l lf r ag . F :p i nk , s o f t . S :b r own—o range ,e ven . A . A pp l iqué s : p a r to fs p i ra l F ig . 3 1 , 7a nd p a r to f ar o se t te . R im d i am . 1 0 ,4cm .R -7995 R im a nd w a l lf r ag . F : p i nk ,s o f t . S :b r own—o range ,l u s t rou s . A . A pp l iqué s : s p i ra l , F ig . 3 1 , 1 ,p a r to fa no the rs p i ra l . R im d i am . 1 0 ,8cm .J a rX1 9 13 .R -80 14 L i t : V ikk B e lan C id 1 962 /63 :s 1 .4 ,6 R im a nd w a l l f r ag . F :p i nk—och r e , m ed ium h a rd . S :o r ange—b rown . A . A pp l iqué s : s p i ra l , l e a fF ig . 3 1 , 3 1 R im d i am . 1cm . v1 9 12 .R -7995 L i t : V ikk B e lan Ck 1 962 /63 :s 1 .4 ,5 R im a nd f l ange f r ag . F :l i gh tr e d , m ed ium h a rd . S :o range b r own . A . A pp l iqué : s p i ra l F ig . 3 1 ,2 .R im d i am . 1 2 cm . V 1 9 12 . R -7994 R im a nd w a l l f r ag . F : l i gh t r e d , s o f t , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :b rown—o range , e ven . A . A pp l iqué : s p i ra l . R im d i am . 1 2 cm . V1 912 .R -80 14 Wa l lf r ag . F :r e dd i sh . S :b rown— r ed . A . A pp l iqué : s p i ra lF ig . 3 1 ,6 .F lange d i am . 1 5 ,6cm . V1 9 12 .R -7995 R im a nd w a l l . F :l i gh to r ange , s o f t . S :d a rk r e d—b rown o nt o p l a ye r , f l ake s o f f , l owe rl a ye ro r ange . BM . A pp l ique s : h ead F ig . 3 1 , 1 3c ;C up id F ig . 3 1 , 1 9 c .R im d i am 7 , 4 cm .R -80 14 R im a nd w a l lf r ag . F :o range—och re , s o f t . S :o range—b rown . B I Ia . A pp l iqué : s p i ra lF ig . 3 1 , 1 0 . R im d i am . 8 , 2cm . V 1 9 12 .R -7995 R im a nd w a l l f r ag . F :o r ange—och r e—p ink , s o f t . S :b r own—o range , m a t t . B I Ia . A pp l ique s : s p i ra l F i g . 3 1 ,5 ,r o se t te s F ig . 3 , 55 a nd F i g .3 , 56 .R im d i am . 1 0 ,8cm .J a rX1 9 13 .R -80 14 L i t : V ikk B e lan & 1 962 /63 :s 1 .4 ,3 R im a nd w a l lf r ag . F :p a le y e l low ,m ed ium h a rd . S :b r own— r ed ,m a t t . BM .A pp l iqué : d o lph in F ig . 3 1 ,2 1 .R im d i am . 1cm . S ipu 1 9 15 . R -7993 R im a nd w a l l f r ag . F :o ch re—o range , m ed ium h a rd . S :o r ange—b rown , m a t t . Blb . A pp l iqué : h ead F ig . 3 1 , 1 3h . R im d i am . 1 0 ,8cm . V1 9 12 .R -8014 R im a nd w a l l f r ag . F :p a le y e l low , s o f t . S :b r own—o range , m a t t , f l ake so f f . B I Ib . A pp l iqué s : h ead s F ig . 3 1 , 1 2 i , a nd F ig . 3 1 , 1 3k .R im d i am . 1 2 ,4cm . V1 9 12 .R -8014 R im a nd w a l l f r ag . F :p a le y e l low , m ed ium h a rd . S :b r own—o range , m a t t . BM . A pp l iqué s : p a r to fs p i ra l F ig . 3 1 , 9 , r o se t te F ig . 3 2 ,5 0 .R im d i am . 1 2 ,4 cm .J a rX1 9 13 .R -7995 R im a nd w a l l f r ag . F :o ch re—o range , s o f t . S :b rown—o range , m a t t . B I Ib . A pp l iqué s : l i on F ig . 3 , 26 , r o se t te F ig . 3 1 , 3 2a .R im d i am . 1 3 ,2cm . V1 9 12 .R -7995 R im f r ag . F :o r ange—och re ,s o f t .S :b rown—o range ,m a t t . Blb .A pp l iqué :h ead F ig . 3 1 , 1 3a . R im d i am . 1 3 ,4cm .J a rV 1 9 12 .R -80 14

P LATE 6 1

P la te 6 2 : I t a l ian S i g i l la ta S ca le 1 : 2 C on sp . 3 4 9 1 . 9 2 . 9 3 . 9 4 . 9 5 . 9 6 . 9 7 . 9 8 . 9 9 .

1 00 . 1 0 1 . 1 02 . 1 03 . 1 04 . 1 0 5 . 1 06 . 1 07 . 1 08 .

R im f r ag . F :r e d . S :o r ange-b rown . B I I Ia . A pp l iqué : s p i ra lF ig . 3 1 ,4 .R im d i am . 7 cm . V1 9 12 .R -8006 R im a nd w a l l f r ag . F :o ranger ed ,s o f t . S :o r ange-b rown ,m a t t ,e ven . B I I Ia . A pp l iqué :h ead F ig . 3 1 , 1 7 . G ra f f i t i F i g . 3 6 ,5 .R im d i am . 8 cm . R im a nd w a l l f r ag . F :p i nk , m ed ium h a rd . S :o r ange-b rown , m a t t . B I I Ia . A pp l iqué : f l owe r F ig . 3 2 , 5 1 R im d i am . 8 , 2cm . V1 9 12 .R -80 14 R im f r ag . F :o range , h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :o r ange-b rown , l u s t rou s . B I I Ia . A pp l iqué s : h ead F ig . 3 1 , 1 2a , r o se t te F ig . 3 1 ,3 2c .R im d i am . 1 0 ,4 cm . V1 9 12 .R -80 14 R im a nd w a l l f r ag . F :o range , h a rd , w h i t e i n c lu s ion s . S :o range-b rown , m a t t . B I I Ia . A pp l iqué ; h ead F ig . 3 1 , 1 2a . R im d i am . 1 0 ,8 c m . V1 9 12 .R -7995 R im a nd w a l l f r ag . F : p a le r e d , m ed ium h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :b r ownred , m a t t . B I I Ia . A pp l iqué s : s p i ra l ? , f l owe rF ig . 3 2 ,5 2 .R im d i am . 1 2 cm . V1 9 12 .R -80 14 R im a nd w a l l f r ag . F :r ed-o ra nge , s o f t . S :o r ange-b rown ,p a le . B I I Ia . A pp l iqué : s p i ra l . R im d i am 1 3 cm . B ukv ic 1 9 11 .R -7995 R im f r ag . F : o range-och r e , h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :o r ange-b rown , m a t t . A , . A pp l ique : h ead F ig . 3 1 , 1 3 j . R im d i am .7 , 6cm . V1 9 12 .R -7993 R im a nd w a l lf r ag . F :p a le y e l low , m ed ium h a rd . S :b r own-o range ,m a t t . A , . A pp l iqué s : r o se t t e s F ig . 3 1 , 3 2b .R im d i am .8 cm .B ukv iC R -7995 L i t :V ik iC B e lanC iC 1 962 /63 :s 1 .4 ,7 R im f r ag . F :p a le y e l low ,h a rd . S :b rown ,m a t t ,f l ake so f f .A , . A pp l iqué :h ead F ig .3 1 , 1 3 e .R im d i am .8 , 4cm . S i pu s 1 9 15 .R -7995 R im a nd w a l l f r ag . F :p i nk , h a rd . S :o range-b rown , m a t t . A2.A pp l iqué : d o lph in F ig . 3 1 , 2 4a . R im d i am . 1 0 ,4cm . V 1 9 12 .R -7995 R im a nd w a l l f r ag . F :y e l low-o ch r e , m ed ium h a rd . S :b r own- o r ange , m a t t . A2.A pp l iqué s : h ead F ig . 3 1 , 1 3 i ; L ea f F ig . 3 1 ,3 0 .R im d i am . 1 0 ,8cm . B ukv iC R -80 14 R im a nd w a l l f r ag . F :o ch r e-ye l low , h a rd . S :b r own-o range , f l ake s o f f . A , . A pp l iqué s : d o lph in F i g . 3 1 , 2 4 c h ead s F ig . 3 1 , 1 3b a nd 1 2 j . R im d i am . 1 ,4cm . V1 9 12 .R -80 14 R im f r ag . F :o ch re-o range ,h a rd ,w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :o r ange-b rown ,l u s t rou s . A , .A pp l iqué :d o lph in F ig . 3 1 ,2 3 .R im d i am . 1 ,6 c m .H rn jak 1 9 13 .R -7993 R im f r ag . F :o ch re-o range , m ed ium h a rd . S :b r own-o range . A , . A pp l iqué s : h ead F ig . 3 1 , 1 3 f ; C up id F ig . 3 1 , 1 9a . R im d i am . 1 2 cm ?V 1 9 12 . R -7995 R im a nd w a l l f r ag . F : p i nk , h a rd , s a ndy i n c lu s ion s . S :b r ownred . A , . A pp l iqué : r o se t te F ig . 3 1 , 3a . R im i d am 1 2 cm . V 1 9 12 . R -7995 R im a nd w a l l f r ag . F : l i gh t o r ange , h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :b r own-o range . A , . A pp l iqué s : d o lph in F ig . 3 1 , 2 4b r o se t te F ig . 3 1 , 3b .R im d i am . 1 2 cm .S 'i p u g 1 9 15 .R -7993 Wa l l f r ag . F :r e d-o range , h a rd , w h i t e i n c lu s ion s . S :o r ang e-b rown , s l igh t ly l u s t rou s , e ven . A , . A pp l iqué : h ead F ig . 3 1 , 1 3d . F lange d i am 1 2 ,6 cm . 1 9 12 .R -80 14

P LATE 6 2

P la te 6 3 : I t a l ian S i g i l la ta S ca le 1 : 2 C on sp . 3 4 1 09 .

1 28 .

R im a nd w a l lf r ag . F :o range ,s o f t .S :o r ange ,l u s t rou s . I V . A pp l iqué :h ead F ig . 3 1 , 1 3g .R im d i am .7 , 4cm . B ukv ic R 8 0 14 R im f r ag . F :o r angered , h a rd . S :o range-b rown , l u s t rou s . I V . A pp l iqué : C up id F ig . 3 1 , 1 9b . R im d i am . 7 , 6 cm . R 8 0 14 R im a nd w a l l f r ag . F :r e d-o range , h a rd . S :d a rk o r ange , l u s t rou s , e ven . I V . A pp l iqué : r o se t te F i g . 3 2 , 4 8 . R im d i am , 1 0 ,4cm . S ipu s 1 9 15 .R -7995 R im f r ag . F :o ch r e-o range , h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :o range-b rown , l u s t rou s . I V . A pp l iqué :r o se t te F ig . 3 2 ,5 7 .R im d i am . 1 0 ,4cm . V1 9 12 .R -80 14 R im a nd w a l l f r ag . F : l i gh t r e d , h a rd . S :o r ange-b rown , l u s t rou s . I V . A pp l ique : h ead F ig . 3 1 , 1 6b . R im d i am . 1 2 ,6cm .K upa 1 926 .R -8006 Wa l l f r ag . F :o r ange , h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :o range-b rown , l u s t rou s . I V . A pp l iqué : h ead F ig . 3 1 , 1 2d . F lange d i am . 1 7 cm .H rn jak 1 9 13 .R -7995 Wa l lf r ag . F :g r ey ,m ed ium h a rd . S :b rown-o range ,l u s t rou s ,e ven . V .A pp l iqué :r o se t te F ig . 3 2 ,5 8 . V1 9 12 .R -7995 F oo t a nd b a se . F :o ch re-p ink , s o f t . S :b r own-o range . A . S t amp i np l .p . :L . L , F ig . 3 , 1 2 1 . F oo t d i am 3 , 4 cm . V 1 9 12 .R -8003 F oo ta nd b a se . F :p i nk ,s o f t . S :b rown-o range . A . S t amp i np l . p . : GEL ,F ig . 3 , 1 2e . F oo td i am 3 , 8cm . X1 913 . R 8 003 F oo t a nd b a se . F : r e d-o ch r e , m ed ium h a rd . S :b r own-o range . A . S t amp i np l .p . i l eg ib le , F ig . 3 , 4 3 . F oo t d i am 4 , 2cm .R -8003 F oo ta nd b a se . F :p i nk , m ed ium h a rd . S :o range-b rown , s l igh t ly l u s t rou s . A . S t amp i np l .p . : MPE . .CESC , F ig . 3 , 2 3a .F oo td i am 4 , 4 cm .R -7956 F oo ta nd b a se . F :p i nk , m ed ium h a rd . S :b r own-o range . A . S t amp i np l .p . : ALYP ,F ig . 3 ,2 a . F oo td i am 4 , 8cm . V 1 9 12 .R -8003 F oo t a nd b a se . F : p i nk , h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :o r ange-b rown . S t amp i np l .p . : GELL I , F ig . 3 , 1 2g . F oo t d i am 5 , 2cm . V1 912 F oo ta nd b a se f r ag . F :p ink , s o f t , c ha lky . S :o range-b rown , l u s t rou s . A . S t amp i np l .p . : L GELL ,F ig . 3 , 1 2 j . F oo t d i am 5 , 6cm . V1 9 12 .R -8003 F oo ta nd b a se . F :p i nk , m ed ium h a rd . S :o range-b rown . A . S t amp i np l .p . : LGE . . . , F ig . 3 , 1 2o . F oo td i am 5 , 6 cm . K rn jak 1 9 12 .R -8003 F oo ta nd b a se . F :p a le o ch re-p ink , s o f t . S :o range-b rown , m a t t . A . S t amp i np l .p . : LGEL , F ig . 3 , 1 2m . F oo td i am 5 , 8cm . X1 913 .R -8003 F oo t a nd b a se . F :p i nk , m ed ium h a rd . S :b rown-o range , m a t t . A . S t amp i np l .p . : L GELL I , F ig . 3 , 1 2h . F oo td i am 6 , 2 cm . V1 912 R -8003 F oo ta nd b a se . F :p a le o ch r e-p ink , m ed ium h a rd . S :o range- b r own .A .S t amp i np l .p . : L AV IL ,F ig . 3 ,5 .F oo td i am 6 , 6 cm .K upa 1 9 13 .R -8003 F oo ta nd b a se . F :p i nk-o ch r e , m ed ium h a rd . S : o range-b rown , l u s t rou s . A . S tamp i np l .p . : C VE A , F ig . 3 , 3 9 . F oo td i am 3 , 1cm .H rn jak 1 9 12 .R -8003 F oo t a nd b a se . F :p i nk-och r e , m ed ium h a rd . S :o range-b rown , l u s t rou s . A . S t amp i np l .p . : C L .BR , F ig . 3 , 4 2 .

1 29 .

F oo td i am 3 , 4cm . V1 9 12 .R -8003 F oo ta nd b a se . F :o r ange-och r e ,s o f t . S :o range-b rown , l u s t rou s . A . S t amp i np ip . : CC L . B ,F ig . 3 ,9 a . F oo td i am

10 . 11 . 12 . 13 . 14 . 15 . 16 . 17 . 18 . 19 . 1 20 . 1 2 1 . 1 22 . 1 23 . 1 24 . 1 2 5 . 1 26 . 1 27 .

1 30 .

5 , 6 cm . X1 9 13 F oo ta nd b a se . F :o ch r e-p ink ,s o f t ,c ha lky . S :o range-b rown ,l u s t rou s . A .S t amp i np l .p . : C MER ,F ig . 3 3 ,2 0a .F oo t d i am 5 , 8cm . V1 9 12 .R -8003

P LATE 6 3

P la te 6 4 : I t a l ian S ig i l la ta S ca le 1 : 2 C on sp . 3 4 1 3 1 .

1 32 . 1 33 . 1 34 . 1 3 5 .

1 36 . 1 37 . 1 38 . 1 39 . 1 40 . 1 4 1 . 1 42 . 1 43 . 1 44 .

F oo t a nd b a se . F :o range-o ch re , s o f t . S :o r ange-b rown , d amaged . B I Ia . S t amp i np l .p . : Q LC , F ig . 3 3 , 1 5a . F oo t d i am 3 , 8cm .R -8003 L i t :C IL I I , 1 20 14 3 2 1a ; 0-C 8 87b B a se a nd f oo tf r ag . F :o range-o ch r e-ye l low . S :o range-b rown ,l u s t rou s . Bla . S t amp i np l .p . : oF E .CT ,F ig . 3 3 ,3 7b . F oo td i am 4 cm . V1 9 12 .R -8003 F oo t a nd b a se . F :o r ange-o ch re , m ed ium h a rd . S :o ra nge-b rown , l u s t rou s . B I Ia . S t amp i np l .p . : o FE . CT , F ig . 3 , 3 7a .F oo td i am 4 cm . V1 9 12 .R -8003 F oo ta nd b a se . F :o ch r e-o range ,m ed ium h a rd . S :b r own-o range ,d amaged . B I Ia . S tamp i np l .p . : Q SP ,F ig . 3 ,3 0a . F oo td i am 4 cm . V1 9 12 .R -8003 F oo t a nd b a se . F :o ch re-p ink , m ed ium h a rd . S :o range-b rown . B I Ia . S t amp i np l .p . : Q LC , F ig . 3 , 1 5b . F oo td i am 5 , 6cm . X1 9 13 .R -8003 L i t :a s 1 3 1 . F oo ta nd b a se f r ag . F : o ch re-o range , m ed ium h a rd . S :b r own o rang e . A2.S t amp i np l .p . : L M ,F ig . 3 3 , 1 8c . F oo t d i am 3 , 4cm . B ukv ic 1 9 11 .R -8003 F oo t a nd b a se . F : o ch re-ye l low , s o f t . S :d a rk b r ownr ed , f l ake s o f fi nl a ye r s , o n t h e i n s ide c omp le te ly v an i shed . A2.S t amp i np l .p . : LM V ,F ig . 3 , 1 8a .F oo td i am 3 , 4 cm .R -8020 F oo t ,b a se a nd p a r to fw a l l . F :l i gh to ch re . S :o r ange-b rown ,o nt h eo u t s ide ,n ea rt h eb a se u neven . A2.S t amp i np l .p . : LM V ,F ig .3 3 , 1 8b . F oo td i am 4 cm . V1 9 12 .R -8003 F oo ta nd b a se . F :o range , m ed ium h a rd . S :b rown-o range , m a t t . A2.S t amp i np ip . : LM V , F ig . 3 , 1 8 f . F oo td i am 4 , 6cm . X1 9 13 .R -8003 F oo t a nd b a se . F :o r ange-och re , m ed ium h a rd . S :b r own-o range , m a t t , u neven o n t h e o u t s ide . A2.S t amp i np ip . : L MV ,F ig . 3 , 1 8h .F oo td i am 5 cm . V1 9 12 .R -8003 F oo t a nd b a se . F :p i nk-och r e , m ed ium h a rd . S :d a rk b r own-o range . A2.S t amp i np l .p . : LMV , F i g . 3 , 1 8g . F oo t d i am 5 , 2 cm . V1 9 12 .R -8003 F oo t a nd b a se . F : l i gh t o ch r e , m ed ium h a rd . S :b r own-o range . A .2.S t amp i np l .p . : LMV , F ig . 3 , 1 8 i . F oo t d i am 5 , 4cm . F oo ta nd b a se . F :o ch re-p ink . S :b rown-o range . A2.S t amp i np l .p . : LMV ,F i g .3 3 , 1 8d .F oo td i am 5 , 6 cm .R -8003 F oo ta nd b a se .F :o range-och r e ,s o f t . S :o r ange-b rown ,f l ake so f f i nl a ye r s ,u ppe rl a ye r sb rownred ,b o t tom o rangey e l low . A2.S t amp i np l .p . : . MV ,F ig . 3 , 1 8e .F oo td i am 5 , 6cm . V1 9 12 .R -8003

C on sp .B .3 C up sw i th c u r ved w a l l s( 145149 ) ;C on sp .B .2 P la te s( 1 50155 ) 1 45 . 1 46 . 1 47 . 1 48 . 1 49 . 1 50 . 1 5 1 . 1 52 . 1 5 3 . 1 54 . 1 5 5 . 1 56 .

F oo t a nd b a se . F : l i gh t p nk , s o f t . S :o range-b rown , l u s t rou s . A . S t amp i np l .p . : C MER , F ig . 3 , 2 0 c . F oo t d i am 4 , 2cm .J a rX1 9 13 .R -7998 F oo ta nd b a se f r ag . F :l i gh to ch r e , s o f t . S :o range-b rown . A . P a r to fs t amp i np l .p . : M . . . . , F ig . 3 , 1 6 . F oo td i am 6 cm .J a rX1 913 .R -8003 F oo t a nd b a se . F :o ch r e-o range , s o f t . S :o r ange-b rown , o nt h e o u t s ide u n even , s po t ty . B u lb . S t amp i np l .p . : L MA , F ig . 3 , 1 7 . F oo td i am 4 , 2cm .J a rX1 9 13 .R -8003 F oo ta nd b a se . F :d a rk o range-och re , h a rd . S : o range-b rown , l u s t rou s .A . S t amp i np l .p . : BAS ? A . ,F ig . 3 ,6 .F oo t d i am 6 cm .J a rX1 9 12 .R -8003 F oo t a nd b a se . F : o r ange-och r e , h a rd . S :o range , l u s t rou s . B I I Ia . S tamp i np l .p . : CTAPS , F ig . 3 , 3 8 . F oo t d i am 4 , 2cm .J a rV1 9 12 .R -8003 F oo t a nd b a se f r ag . o f ap l a te ? F : p i nk , m ed ium h a rd . S : o r ange-och r e . A . R ec tangu la r s t amp i n t wo l i ne s : RAS IN I /ATT IS ?a nd p i ne t w ig ,F ig . 3 ,2 8 . F oo td i am 7 , 8cm .9 04 F oo ta nd b a se f r ag .o f ap l a te .F :o ch re-p ink ,h a rd . S : b r ownred . S t amp i np l .p . : GELL I ,F ig . 3 , 1 2a .G raf i t t iF ig . 3 6 ,4 .F oo td i am 8 , 8cm .R -80 18 F oo t a nd b a se o f ap l a te . F :l i gh t p i nk , m ed ium h a rd . S : o r ange-b rown . A . S t amp i np ip . : GELL I , F ig . 3 , 1 2b . F oo td i am 9 , 4cm . V 1 9 12 .R -8003 F oo ta nd b a se f r ag .o f ap l a te . F :o ch re-p ink ,h a rd .S :b r own-o range ,m a t t .A . F oo td i am 1 0 ,4cm . V1 9 12 .R -80 14 F oo ta nd b a se o f ap l a te . F :o r ange-och re , s o f t . S :b r own ,m a t t .B I la . S t amp ,s hape ?:S ECUN I? ,F i g . 3 , 3 .F oo t d i am 7 , 6cm . V1 9 12 .R -7985 F oo ta nd b a se f r ag . o f ap l a t te r . F :l i gh tr e d , s o f t . S :b r ownr ed , d amaged ,m i s s ing o nt h ei n s ide ,o nt h eo u t s ide o n ly p a r t ia l ly a pp l ied . S t amp i np l .p . : L GEL ,F ig . 3 , 1 2k .F oo td i am 1 2 cm .R -8003 F oo t a nd b a se o f ac up . F : o range-ye l low , s o f t , s andy i n c lu s ion s . S :p a s te l o rang e , b ad , m o s t ly f a l len o f f . B I Ia ? R ec tangu la rs t amp : S IPA ,F ig . 3 ,3 4c . F oo td i am 4 , 2cm . V1 9 12 .R -8003

P LATE 6 4

) 9-7 1 3 1

1 3 2

1 3 3

1 3 6

1 3 5

1 3 8

1 3 7

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1 4 0

1 3 9

1 4 1 ( w 24 .W

1 4 3

1 4 2

1 4 4

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1 4 6

1 4 5

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r 1 4 8

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1 4 9

1 5 2

1 5 1

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P la te 6 5 : I t a l ian S i g i l la ta S ca le 1 : 2

)

B a rbo t in Wa re C on sp .4 3 ,3 9a nd 4 4 1 57 . 1 58 . 1 59 . 1 60 . 1 6 1 . 1 62 . 1 63 . 1 64 . 1 65 . 1 66 . 1 67 . 1 68 .

1 69 .

1 70 . 1 7 1 . 1 72 . 1 73 . 1 74 . 1 75 . 1 76 . 1 77 . 1 78 . 1 79 . 1 80 . 1 8 1 . 1 82 . 1 83 . 1 84 .

F oo ta nd b a se . F :y e l low-o ch r e ,s o f t . S :o r ange-b rown , m a t t , d amaged . BM . G ra f f i t iF ig . 3 6 ,5 . F oo td i am 1 2 ,2cm . V1 9 12 .R -7992 F oo ta nd b a se f r agm .F :l i gh tr e d ,s o f t ,w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :b r own o r ange ,m a t t . B I I Ia .F oo td i am 8 , 2cm .R -8005 F oo t a nd b a se . F :r e d-o range , s o f t , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :b r own-o range , m a t t , u neven . B I l la . F oo t d i am 4 , 4cm . R 8 005 F oo ta nd b a se . F :o r ange-och r e ,m ed ium h a rd ,w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :b r own-o range ,u neven ,d amaged . A 2. F oo td i am 5 , 8cm .R -800 5 F oo ta nd b a se . F :o ranger ed ,m ed ium h a rd ,w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :b r own-o rang e ,d amaged . A 2. F oo td i am 6 , 2cm . R 8 020 F oo t ,b a se a nd p a r to fw a l l . F :r e d-o range , s o f t . F :b r own-o range , s o f t . S :b r own-o range ,u neven , s l igh t ly l u s t rou s . B I I Ia .F oo td i am 4 , 2cm .R -8005 F oo t ,b a se a nd p a r to fw a l l . F :o r angered ,m ed ium h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :b r own-o range , m a t t . B I I Ia . F oo td i am 4 , 2 cm .R -7986 F oo ta nd b a se . F :o ch r e-ye l low ,s o f t .P ;o r ange ,u pp e rl a ye rm i ss ing . B u lb . F oo td i am 3 , 4 cm .R -7986 F oo ta nd b a se .F :o range-och re ,s o f t . S :o range-b rown ,m a t t . B I Ia .F oo td i am 3 , 6 cm .R -7986 F oo ta nd b a se .F :o ch re-p ink ,h a rd ,w h i te i n c lu s ion s .S : b r own-o range ,m a t t .F oo td i am 4 cm . 1 930 .R -8020 F oo ta nd b a se .F :b r igh ty e l low ,s o f t . S :o range-ye l low .F oo td i am 4 cm .R -8020 C omp le te ly p r e se rved s ma l l b ow l . F : o ch r e-o range , m ed ium h a rd . S : b r own-o range , s l igh t ly l u s t rou s . D eco ra t ion : T ype a .R im d i am 8 cm ;F oo td i am 4 cm .R -7857 L i t :V ik iC B e lan C iC 1 957 / 58 :s 1 .8 ; 1 962 /63 :s 1 . 10 ,5 C omp le te ly p r e se rved s ma l lb ow l . F :l i gh tr e d ,h a rd . S :o r ange , l u s t rou s . D eco ra t ion : T yp ea .R im d i am . 9 , 2cm ; F oo t d i am 3 , 6 cm .R -7857 L i t :V ik iC B e lan C iC 1 957 / 58 : s 1 .8 R im a nd w a l l f r ag . F : p a le y e l low , m ed ium h a rd . S :b rown-o rang e , l u s t rou s . D eco ra t ion : T ype a .R im d i am . 1 5 ,2cm .J a rX 1 9 13 R -7986 R im a nd w a l l f r ag . F :o r anger ed , m ed ium h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :b r own-o range , m a t t . B I Ia . D eco ra t ion : T yp e a .R im d i am . 1 6 ,6 cm .R -7986 R im a nd w a l lf r ag . F :p a le o ch re-p ink ,s o f t . S :b r own o r ange , m a t t . B ib .D eco ra t ion :T ype a .R im d i am .2 2 ,6cm .J a r X1 9 13 R -7984 R im f r ag . F :p l ae o ch re ,s o f t . S :o r ange-b rown , m a t t . Bl ia . D eco ra t ion :T yp ea .B ukv ic 1 9 11 ,R -7984 R im f r ag . F :p a le o ch r e , m ed ium h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S : b r own-o r ang e , m a t t . B I Ia . D eco ra t ion : T ype a .B ukv iC 1 9 11 . R -7984 R im f r ag . F :o range ,s o f t . S :o r ange-b rown ,l u s t rou s . B I Ia . D eco ra t ion :T ype a .J a r v1 9 12 .R 1912 .R -7984 R im f r ag . F :o r ange , m ed ium h a rd , s andy i n c lu s ion s . S :o r ange , l u s t rou s . B I Ia . D eco ra t ion : T ype a .J a r V1 9 12 . R 8 006 R im f r ag . F :o ch r e-ye l low ,s o f t .S :b rown-o range ,s o f t . S :b r own o range ,s l ig h t ly l u s t rou s . B I Ia . D eco ra t ion :T ype a . R -7986 R im f r ag . F :o range ,m ed ium h a rd . S :o range-b rown , l u s t rou s .B I Ia .D e co ra t ion :T yp ea .J a rV1 9 12 .R -7984 R im f r ag . F :l i f g to ch re-p ink , s o f t , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :o range-b rown , m a t t . B I Ia . D eco ra t ion : T ype a .J a rX1 9 13 . R -7984 R im f r ag . F :o r ange ,m ed ium h a rd . S :o range-b rown .B I Ia . D eco ra t ion :T yp e ?J a rV1 9 12 .R -7984 R im f r ag . F : o ch re r ed , s o f t . S :o range-b rown . B I Ia . D eco ra t ion :T ype b .B ukv i6 1 9 11 .R -7992 Wa l lf r ag . . F :p a le y e l low ,h a rd . S :b rown-o range ,l u s t rou s . R -7986 F oo ta nd w a l lf r ag . F :o ch re-o range ,s o f t ,w h i te i n c lu s ion s .S :b r own o r ange ,m a t t ,d amaged . I Ib .F oo td i am 5 cm .R 8 005 Wa l lf r ag .F :y e l low ,s o f t . S :u pp e rl a ye rb rownr ed ,l owe ro r ange .B I Ib .R -7986

P LATE 6 5

P la te 6 6 : I t a l ian S ig i l la ta S ca le 1 :2 F l agon s 1 8 5 .

F lagon , r im r e con s t ruc ted . F : o range , s o f t . S :p a s te l o r ange , u neven , s po t ty , l u s t rou s . B I Ia . d i am .4 , 8cm .R -8149

H e ig h t 1 6 ,4cm ; B a se

1 86 .

F lagon . F :o range-o ch r e , s o f t . S :p a le b r own , u neven , n o t a pp l ied o n t h e b o t tom . H e igh t 1 3 ,8cm ; R im d i am 3 , 4cm ; B a se d i am . 7 , 8 .R -7854

C on sp . 4 7 1 87 . 1 88 .

P a r t o fb a se a nd f oo t . F :p a le y e l low , h a rd . S :y e l low-o range , m a t t . S t amp i np ip . : C PP ,F ig . 3 , 2 4 . F oo t d i am 8 , 4cm .R -8003 , I v ankec P a r t o fb a se a nd f o o t . F :o range-och r e , s o f t . S :o u t s ide r e d-o range i n s ide o r ange-b rown , m a t t . B I Ia . S t amp i np ip . : M 0C ,F ig . 3 3 ,2 2 . F oo td i am 9 , 6c m .J a rX1 9 13 .R -8003

S hap e su nknown 1 89 . 1 90 .

2 00 .

B a se f r ag . . F :g r ey ,s o f t .S :c hoco la te b r own , m a t t . V .R ema in so fs t amp i nt wo l i ne s : S O . . /M . . , F ig 3 ,3 5c . R -8003 B a se f r ag . F :o range-och r e , s o f t , c ha lky . S :o range-b rown , M is s ing o u t s ide , o r ange , m a t t . B I Ia . R ema in s o fs t amp i nt wo l i nes d i v ided b yb r anch : . C / .AE , F i g . 3 3 ,14 . R -7985 L i t :C IL I I 1 20 14 6 25 ; 0-C 8 81d B a se f r ag . F :och r e-ye l low . S :r e d-o range , f l ake s o f f , o n t h e o u t s ide p r e se r ved o n ly i nt r ace s . R ec tangu la r s t amp : S IPA , F ig . 3 3 ,3 4a . B I Ia .R -8003 B a se f r ag .o f ap l a te . F :p i nk-och re ,h a rd . S :o r ange-b rown . A . S t amp i np ip . : C AMVR I ,F ig . 3 ,3 .R -8003 L i t : C IL 1 1 , 120 14 1 78a ; 0-C 3 97 1 76 B a se f r ag . o f ap l a te? F : o ch r e-ye l low , h a rd . S : b r own-o range , b rown o n t h e o u t s ide . B u lb . R ec tangu la r s t amp : CLAD I ,F ig . 3 3 ,7 .J a rV1 9 12 .R -7985 B a se f r ag . o f ap l a te . P a r to fr o u l le t ing p r e se r ved . F :p i nk-o ch re ,h a rd . S :o range-b rown , l u s t rou s . A . S t amp i np ip . : PP RO CLO ,F ig . 3 3 ,8 .A ' i p tg 1 9 16 .R -8003 B a se f r ag . o f ap l a te . F :o ch r e-o range ,h a rd . S :b rown-o range ,n o t a pp l ied o nt h eo u t s ide . A . S t amp i np ip . : GELL I , F ig . 3 3 , 1 2c .J a rV1 9 12 R -8003 F rag . o f ac up? F :o range-och r e . S :o range , l u s t rou s . S t amp p oo r ly i mp r e s sed , r i gh ts i de m i s s ing , p robab ly i np ip . : . GEL ,F ig . 3 3 , 1 2 f . 1 9 13 F rag . o f ap l a te . F :p i nk , h a rd . S :b r ow n-o range , m a t t , m i ss ing o n t h e o u t s ide . A . S t amp i np ip . : LGELL I , F ig . 3 3 , 12g .R -8003 B a se f r ag . o f ap l a te . F :o ch r e , h a rd . S :b rown-o range , m a t t . A . S t amp i np ip . : LGELL , F ig . 3 , 1 2 i . V1 9 12 . R 8 003 B a se f r ag . o f ac up . F :p i nk o ch re , s o f t . S :o r ange-b rown . A . P a r to fs t amp i np l .p . : LG . . , F ig . 3 3 , 1 2p . J a r V1 9 12 . R -8003 B a se f r ag . o f ac up . F :o c lue , so f t . S :o r ange-b rown .B I Ia . S t amp i np ip . f r om t o e s : POT 1 , F ig . 3 ,2 6 .J a r V1 9 12 . R -

2 0 1 .

9 003 B a se f r ag . o f ap l a te . F : p i nk-o ch re , m ed ium h a rd . S :o r ange-b rown . A . S t amp i np ip . : LR C , F ig . 3 3 , 2 7 . J a r V

1 9 1 . 1 92 . 1 93 . 1 94 . 1 95 . 1 96 . 1 97 . 1 98 . 1 99 .

2 02 . 2 03 . 2 04 .

1 9 12 .R -8003 B a se f r ag . o f ap l a te . F :o range-o ch r e ,h a rd . S :o r ange-b rown , m a t t . A2 .S t amp i np ip . : Q SP ,F ig . 3 3 , 3 0b . S ipu ' s 1 916 .R -8003 B a se f r ag . o f ac up . F :o range-och r e ,s o f t ,c ha lky . S :o r ange-b rown . B I la . S t amp i np ip . : o FES CT , F ig . 3 , 3 7c . R 8 003 B a se f r ag .o f ac up . F :g r ey ,h a rd . S :p a le b rown-g r ey . V . S t amp i np ip . : V IATOR ,F ig . 3 ,4 1 . V1 9 12 . R -8003

Magda len sbe rg F o rm 3 2 05 .

2 06 .

2 07 .

T h ree f r ag s . o f ac u r ved c up . F :o range ,h a rd . S :p a le b r own ,l u s t rou s . D e co ra t ion :o xen h ead w i th g a r land sc omposed o fd en se o va lr i ng s ;u nde rnea th d anc ing f i gu r es d i v ided b yr ow so fl e ave sa nd t h r ee p o se s . L i t : V ik ie B e la ri iC 1 962 /63 : s 1 . 1 ; 1 968 :T .1 ,1 Two f r ag s . S hape? F :o range , h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :p a le b r own , m a t t ,n o ta pp l ied o n t h e i n s ide . D eco ra t ion : l e g s o f ar unn ing m an a nd an aked s t a tue o f am an .R -7992 L i t : V ik iC B e lan&C 1 962 /63 : s 1 . 1 Wa l l f r ag . S hape? F : l i g h t b rown o n s u r face , g r ey m idd le . S : c hoco la te b r own , m a t t . D e co ra t ion : p l ump m a le h ead w i th c u r ly h a i ra nd b ea rd . R -7992

C on sp . R1 3 2 08 .

F rag .o ft h el owe rp a r to fc up . F :o range ,h a rd . S :p a le b r own ,s l igh t ly l u s t rou s . D eco ra t ion : o vo lo o fo ne b o rde r a nd at o ngue w i th a r rowshap ed e nd ; f l o ra l m o t if S ch ind le r K aude lka 1 980 :P 16 ; r o se t te S ch ind le rK aude lka 1 980 :Q 1 5 .R -7992 L i t : V ik iC B e lanC iC 1 962 /63 : s 1 . 1 ; 1 968 :T . 1 , 1

2 09 .

C up p r e se rved c omp le t e ly a par t f r om h and le s . . F : o r ange-och r e , s o f t . S : o r ange-b rown , l u s t rou s . S t amp i n d eco ra t ion : CLEMENS . D eco ra t ion : s t a rscheme ; e i gh t f l o ra l m o t if s w i th s h a rp e nd s l i k e S t en ico 1 971 : F i g .35 , c onnec ted b yd oub le l i ne s ;r ow o ff o u rlea fd a i sy . L i t : V ik iC B e lanC iC 1 968 :T .1 ,3

C on sp . R1 2 2 10 .

C omp le te ly p r e se rved b eake r . F :o r ange-och r e , s o f t . S : o range-b rown , s l igh t ly l u s t rou s , u neven . D eco ra t ion : z i gz ag p e r l l i nes ,f l o ra ld eco ra t ion a nd r ow so fr o se t te sa nd f o u rlea fd a isy . R -8148 L i t : V ik iC B e lanC iC 1 962 /63 : s 1 .2

P LATE 6 6

P la te 6 7 : G au l i sh War eS ca le 1 : 2 D rag 1 8 , 1 8 /31 ,3 1 . 2 11 . 2 12 . 2 13 . 2 12 . 2 15 .

D rag 3 2 2 16 . 2 17 . 2 18 .

F oo ta nd b a se . F :b r igh to r ange , h a rd . S :d a rk o r ange ,u neven . S t amp : I LLVSF ? ,F ig . 3 7 , 1 9 . F oo td i am 8 cm . S ou th G au l i sh ? B a se a nd f oo tf r agm . o fD rag 3 1 . F :l i gh tr e d , h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :r e d-o range , l u s t rou s . P a r to fs t amp : OF . . . , F ig . 3 7 ,2 0 .F oo td i am 9 cm . S ou th G au l i sh ? R -8005 F oo ta nd b a se f r ag . o fD rag 1 8 /31 . F : b r igh to r ange , s o f t . S :d a rk o r ange ,l u s t rou s . S t amp r e t ro : S EVVOF ,F ig . 3 7 , 1 8 . F oo td i am 8 , 6cm .R he in zab em . O ne t h i rd o fb ow l D rag 3 1 . F :l i gh tr e d ,h a rd , w h i t ei n c lu s ion s . S :r e d-o range , l u s t rou s . S tamp : F IRMANVSFE ,F ig . 3 7 ,6 . R im d i am .2 0 ,4cm ;F oo td i am 8 cm ; H e igh t6 , 2cm .R he inzabem . S i pu s 1 916 F oo ta nd b a se o fb ow lD rag 3 1 . F :o r anger ed ,m ed ium h a rd . S : d a rk o range-b rown . P a r to fs t amp : . .VSF ,F ig . 3 7 , 2 1 . F oo td i am 1 0 ,2cm .R he in zabe rn ? V1 9 12 . . s r F oo ta nd b a se . F :l i g h tr e d ,h a rd ,w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :o r ange r e d , m a t t . S t amp : DO M IT IANUVSFE ,F ig . 3 7 ,4 .F oo t d i am 9 , 6 cm . H e i l igenbe rg .J a r X1 913 F oo t a nd b a se f r ag . F :r e d-o range , h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :o ranger ed , l u s t rou s . P a r to fs t amp : . VVSF E , F ig . 3 7 ,2 2 . F oo td i am .9 cm . R he in zabem ?K upa V 1 9 12 F oo t a nd b a se . F :l i gh tr e d , h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :o r anger ed , l u s t rou s . S t amp : S EVER IANVS , F ig . 3 7 , 1 6 . F oo td i am . 1cm .R he inzabem . V1 9 12

P la te s 2 19 . 2 20 . 2 21 .

F oo t a nd b a se f r ag . o f ap l a te ? F :p i nk , h a rd . S :o r anger ed , l u s t rou s , v e ry g ood . S t amp : MASVET I , F ig . 3 7 , 1 . F oo td i am 5 , 6cm .L ezoux . 1 920 .R -80 18 F oo ta nd b a se f r ag . o f ap l a t e . F :l i gh tr e d , h a rd . S :r e d , d amaged , f l ake s o f f . S tamp : F ID I IL ISFE , F ig . 3 7 , 5 .F oo t d i am 5 , 4cm .R he in zabem . V1 9 12 F oo t a nd b a se o f ap l a te . F :o r angered , h a rd . S :d a rk o r ange . S t amp : NVDLNVS , F ig . 3 7 , 1 2 . F oo t d i am 8 cm . R he inzabem .K upa J a r 1 9 12

D rag 3 3 2 22 . 2 23 . 2 24 . 2 25 .

F oo t a nd b a se . F :p i nk , h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :o r ange-b rown , o u t s id e u neven . S t amp : OPTAT IM , F ig . 3 7 , 1 3 . F oo td iam 3 , 4cm . S ou th G au l i sh .C o lu s s i 1 901 F oo t a nd b a se . F : o r ange , h a rd . S :b r own-o range , l u s t rou s . S t amp : CROB ISOM , F ig . 3 7 , 2 .F oo t d i am 5 , 2cm . L ezoux . F oo t a nd b a se . F : l i gh t o r ange , h a rd . S :o r ange , l u s t rou s , d amaged . S t amp : . ESS IVSF , F ig . 3 7 , 7 .F oo t d i am 3 , 6 cm .L ezoux . B ukv iC 1 930 F oo ta nd b a se . F :d a rk p i nk , m ed ium h a rd . S : d a rk r e d-b rown , d amaged ,m a t t . S tamp : DA M M IM ,F ig . 3 7 , 3 .F oo t d i am 4 cm .L ezoux . 1 935 .R -7956

P LATE 6 7

2 1 2

2 1 1

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2 1 3

2 1 4

2 1 5

2 1 6

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2 20

P gr i 4,rW ,

2 22

2 23

2 24

2 25

P la te 6 8 : G au l i sh Ware S ca le 1 : 2 D rag 3 2 26 . 2 27 . 2 28 . 2 29 .

F oo t a nd b a se . F : o range , h a rd . S :b rown—o range , l u s t rou s . S t amp : MART IVSF , F ig . 3 7 , 1 0 . F oo t d i am 4 , 4cm . R he inzabem . F oo ta nd b a se . F :o range— red , h a rd . S :d a rk o r ange—b rown ,f l ake so f f . S t amp : . I V I IRVSF I I ,F ig . 3 7 , 1 7 . F oo td i am 4 , 4cm .R he inzabem .K upa 1 9 13 F oo t a nd b a se . F :l i gh t r e d , h a rd . S :r e d , u neven ly a pp l ied o n f o o t . S t amp : MAG IO , F ig . 3 7 , 9 .F oo t d i am . 4 , 6 cm . R he inzabem . S ipu s 1 9 17 Wa l lf r ag . F :l i gh tr e d ,h a rd . S :o rang e— r ed ,l u s t rou s ,v e ry g ood .R im d i am . 1 2 ,8cm .

D rag 5 4 2 30 .

C omp le t ly p r e se r ved b eake rD rag 5 4 . F :l i gh tr e d , h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :o range , l u st rou s , t h ick . R im d i am . 6 cm ; F oo td i am 4 , 2cm ; H e igh t7 , 5cm . R -8146

D rag 3 6 2 31 . 2 32 . 2 33 .

R im f r ag . o fD rag 3 6 . F :r e d ,h a rd . S :r e d—b rown , l u s t rou s . P a ra l le l s : Mü l le r 1 962 :5 ,19 ( Bu tzbach ) . S ou th G au l i sh . V1 9 12 .R -7984 R im a nd w a l l f r ag . o f ap l a t t e r . F : r e d , h a rd . S : b r own— red , m a t t . P a ra l le l s : K am i t sch 1 960 :13 ,2 ( Ve ld idena ) . R he inzabem . K upa ,T omac , 1 936 .R -8006 Q ua r te r o f ap l a te D rag 3 6 . F : l i gh t o r ange , h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :d a rk o range , s l igh t ly l u s t rou s . P a r t o f s t amp : . .V IC I ,F ig . 3 7 ,8 . R im d i am . 1 8 ,4 cm ;F oo td i am .5 , 8cm ; H e igh t4 , 6cm .R he in zabem . S i pu s 1 916

D rag 4 4 2 34 .

R im a nd w a l l f r ag . o f ab ow l s im i la r t oD rag 4 4 . F :o r ange , s o f t . S :o r ange—b rown , l u s t rou s . R im d i am . 2 0 ,2cm . P a ra l le l s : L ud 2 :2 48 ,910 .R he inzab em .

I

P la te 6 9 : G au l i sh Ware S ca le 1 : 2 L ud VM

2 35 . 2 36 . 2 37 .

Wa l lf r ag .o fb eake r L ud VM . F :o r angered , h a rd . S :b r own-o range ,l u s t rou s .R h e in zabem .J a rX1 9 13 .R -8006 Wa l lf r ag .o fb eake rL ud VM . F :r e d ,m ed ium h a rd .S :r e d-b rown .R he in zabem .R -8006 Wa l lf r ag .o fb eake rL ud VMa . F :r e d , h a rd . S :b r ownred ,l u s t rou s .R h e in zabem .J a rV1 9 12 .R -8006

D rag 5 4 2 38 .

L owe rw a i lt r ag .o fb eake rD rag 5 4 . F :o range , h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :o r angered ,l u s t rou s .R he inzabem .R -7984

D rag 3 7 2 39 .

F oo to fb ow l D rag 3 7 . F :p i nk-och re , m ed ium h a rd . S : b r ownred , l u s t rou s . F oo td i am 8 , 6cm . R he inzab em ? R 8 005

L aG rau f e senque D rag 2 9 2 40 .

Wa l l f r agm . D rag 2 9 . F : l i gh t r e d , h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S : o r ange-b rown , l u s t rou s , e ven . P a ra l le l s : s ame d eco ra t ion , A tk in son 1 9 14 :P 1 . 1 1 1 ,9 ,11 ( Pompe i i ) ; s ame c ompo s i t ion , N ovae s ium , Ma ry :T .18 ,9 . s t y le MOMMO . V 1 912 .R -6006 L i t :V ik ic B e lanc ic 1 962 /63 :s 1 .5 ,3

L aG rau f e senque D rag 3 0 2 41 .

Wa l lf r ag .o fD rag 3 0 . F :l i gh tr e d ,h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :d a rk b r own ,s l igh t ly l u s t rou s .D eco ra t ion :o vo lo K no r r 1 9 19 : T .98 , B ( Ro t twe i l ) ; s a ty r O sw . 6 46 ( =Dech . 2 52 /253 ) ; n i che J a cob s 1 9 12 : T . I , 8 ( B r egenz ) ; j ugg le r a s O sw .963 ,r i ng s m i s s ing . P a ra l le l s : J a cob s 1 9 12 : T . I ,8 ; K no r r 1 9 19 :T .9 8B .S t y le CORNUTUS .B u l cv ic 1 910 .R 8 006 L i t : V ik ic B e lan c ic 1 962 /63 :s 1 . 5 ,4

L aG rau f e senque D rag 3 7 2 42 .

R im a nd w a l l f r ag . o f D rag 3 7 . F : o r angered , h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :b rown-o ranger ed , s l igh t ly l u s t rou s . D eco ra t ion : o vo lo U lbe r t 1 9 59 : T .39 ,9 ( Bü rgho f e ) ; C up id H e rme t 1 9 34 : 1 8 ,35 . P a ra l le l s : M i ld C u rk 1 969 : T . I 1 ,7 ( P tu j ) ; K no r r 1 9 12 : T .9 ,12 ; K no r r 1 9 19 : 2 3B ( Ro t twe i l ) ; May 1 9 16 :P l .X IX ,A ( S i lche s te r ) ; OF COEL I

2 43 .

Wa l lf r ag . o fD rag 3 7 . F :l i gh tr e d ,h a rd ,w h i t ei n c lu s ion s . S : d a rk r e d-b rown , l u s t rou s . D eco ra t ion :b e s t ia r iu sO sw . 102 ( =D ech 6 34 ) . P a ra l le l s : O swa ld , Ma rg idunum : P l . x x i i i , 6 ; Wa lke 1 96 5 : T .4 ,2 , 3 ( S t raub ing ) ; S e i tz 1 982 : 1 .3 ,2 ( Ho the im ) ; K no r r 1 9 52 :3 7 . S t y le B IRAG IL . L i t :V ik ic B e lanc ic 1 962 /63 :s 1 . 13 ,4

L aG rau f e senque ( ? )a nd B ana s sac . 2 44 . 2 45 .

2 46 . 2 47 . 2 48 .

Wa l lf r agm . F :d a rk p i nk ,h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :d a rk o r ang e , l u s t rou s . D eco ra t ion : D iana l a rg e rt h an O sw . 1 04B . L a G rau f e senque o rB ana s sac .B ukv ic 1 9 11 .R -8006 Wa l l f r agm . F :l i gh t r e d , h a rd . S :d a rk o r ange , l u s t rou s . D eco ra t ion : l i on K am i t sch 1 959 : T .24 ,1 ( Ov i lava ) ; G ab le r 1 976 : A bb . 1 , 12 ( Aqu in cum ) .S t y le COS IUS .R -8006 L i t : V ik ic B e lan c ic 1 962 /63 :s 1 . 13 ,2 Wa l lf r ag . o fD rag 3 7 . F :d a rk p i nk , h a rd . S :b r own-o range , s l igh t ly l u s t rou s . D eco ra t ion : d ee rO sw .1699 .P a ra l le l s : J a cob s 1 9 12 : TN ,3 0( B r egen z ) ; K am i t sch 1 9 59 :T .26 ,7 ( Ov i lava ) . S t y le COS IUS .R -8007 R im a nd w a l lf r ag . o fD rag 3 7 . F : d a rk p i nk , h a rd , w h i t e i n c lu s ion s . S : d a rk r e d ,m a t t . P a ra l le l s : K am i t sch 1 959 : T .27 ,8 ( Ov i lava ) . NATAL IS g r oup .R -8006 Wa l lf r agm .o fD rag 2 9( ? ) F : d a rk p i nk , h a rd . S : o r ange-b rown ,s l igh t ly l u s t rou s . S ou th G au l i sh . V1 912 .R -8006

P la te 7 0 : L ezoux ,H e i l igenberg a nd R he inzabern S ca le 1 : 2 2 49 . 2 50 .

2 51 .

2 52 . 2 53 .

2 54 .

2 55 .

2 56 .

Wa l l f r agm . o fD rag 3 7 . F : p i nk , m ed ium h a rd . S :b rown o range , d amaged . D eco ra t ion : o vo lo R oge r s B1 03 ; p an the rO sw . 1 533B ( =Dech .9 71) . S t y le I USTUS .P a ra l le l s : CGS :T . 145 ,10 .R -8006 Wa l lf r agm .o fD rag 3 7 . F :o range , m ed ium h a rd . S :b rown o r ang e , s l igh t ly l u s t rou s . D eco ra t ion : p e r ll i ne R oge r s A1 0 ; h o r izon ta l s t ick s J uha sz 1 935 : T .V I ,22 ; T .V I I ,10 ( Br ige t io ) ; A can thu s ' l e a fR oge r s J4 1 ( =CGS : 9 7 ,5 ) ; P an O sw . 7 09 A ( =Dech . 4 11) ; a s t raga l R oge r s R6 1 ; T r i ton D ech . 1 6 ; c i r c le s CGS : 2 7 ,7 . LAXTUC ISSA . P a ra l le l s : K anü t sch 1 959 :T . 4 2 ,43 ,44 ( Ov i lava ) ; J uha sz 1 935 :T .V I ,22 ( B r ige t io ) .R -8007 L i t :V ik iC B e lanC iC 1 962 /63 : s 1 .10 ,4 Wa l l f r agm . o fD rag 3 7 . F : o range , h a rd . S :o range , l u s t rou s , s l igh t ly d amaged . D eco ra t ion : n a r row h i gh a r cade R oge r s U 1 53 ( =CGS : 1 54 , 1 5 i1 7 ; t wo d oub le c i r c le s CGS : 1 54 ,14 ; Ama zon O sw . 2 43 ( =Dech . 1 54 ) . P a ra l le l s : CGS :T .154 ,14 i1 5 . PUGNUS s t y le . K upa V 1 912 .R -8006 Wa l l f r ag . o fD rag 3 7 . F : p inkrange , h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :b rown-o range , l u s t rou s . D eco ra t ion : p e r l l i ne R oge r s A2 ;D iana O sw . 1 06 ( =Dech . 6 4 ) ; f l o ra lm o t i fR oge r sK1 2 .C INNA MVS . K upa V 1 912 .R -8006 R im a nd w a l l f r ag . o fD rag 3 7 . F : d a rk o range , h a rd , S : o range-b rown , l u s t rou s . D eco ra t ion : o vo lo s ma l le rt h an R oge r s B1 6 1 ( =CGS : 4 4 ,1) ; s i t t ing d ee rO sw . 1 704A ( =Dech .847 ) ; a s t raga l CGS : 4 4 ,9 . P a ra l le l s : CGS :149 ,33 ; P op i l l ian 1 973 : V ,10a ( Romu la ) ; K am i t sch 1 959 :T .67 ,5 ( Ov i lava ) .C INNA MVS . K upa 1 912 .R -8006 . L i t :V ik iC B e lanC iC 1 962 /63 : s 1 .13 ,6 Wa l lf r ag . o fD rag 3 7 . F :o range ,h a rd , w h i te a nd s any i n c lu s ion s . S : o range-b rown , l u s t rou s . D eco ra t ion : s ma l ld og O sw . 9 80 ( =Dech .934 ) ; l i on O sw . 1 450 ( =Dech .766 ) . P a ra l le l s : K a rn i t sch 1 959 : T .78 ,3 ( Ov i lava ) . C INNA MVS . R -8006 L i t :V ik iC B e lanC id 1 962 /63 :s 1 .13 ,5 Wa l l f r ag . o fD rag 3 7 . F :d a rk p i nk , h a rd , l a rge w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S : b rown-o range , f l ake s o f f . D eco ra t ion : s ma l l d og O sw . 1 980 ( =Dech .905 ) ; p an the r O sw . 1 540 ( =D ech .794 ) . P a ra l le l s : K am i t sch 1 971 : T .42 ,3 ( I uvavum ) . C INNA MVS .S ipu s 1 916 .R -8006 . L i t :V ik iC B e lanC id 1 962 /63 :s l . 1 5 ,3 Wa l l f r ag . o fD rag 3 7 . F :o range , h a rd . S : o range-b rown , l u s t rou s . D eco ra t ion : o vo lo H a r te ly 1 963 : F ig .6 ,8 ; d ee r O sw . 1 772 ( =Dech .867 ) .P a ra l le l s : H a r te ly 1 963 :N o . b( Mum r i l l s ) ; H a r te ly 1 974 : F ig . 1 7 ,13 ( C ramond ) ; K am i t sch

2 57 .

2 58 .

1 959 :T .79 ,4 ( Ov i lava ) ;L each 1 982 :F ig .66 ,97 ( I l che s te r ) .R -8006 Wa l lf r ag . o f D rag 3 7 . F :p ink ,h a rd ,w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S : o range-b rown , l u s t rou s . D eco ra t ion : w avy h o r izon ta ll i ne R oge r s A 2 4 ;d eco ra t ion CGS : 3 0 ,18 ; p an the r O sw . 1 509 ( =D ech .789 ) ; w avy d eco ra t ion D ech . 109 . P a ra l le ls : K anü t sch 1 955 :T .4 ,5 ,6 ( Lau r iacum ) ; CGS :T .106 . PATERNUS . K upa 1 912 . R -8006 Wa l l f r ag . o f D rag 3 0 . F :d a rk y e l low ,h a rd . S : b rown , l u s t rou s , f l ake s o f f . D eco ra t ion : f r ame R oge r s E1 4 ; c up id O sw .440 ( =Dech .265 ) ; a s t raga l R oge r s R2 7 i l i6 2 . PATERNUS .R -8006 L i t :V ik iC B e lanC 1C 1 962 /63 :s 1 .14 ,1

H e i l igenbe rg a nd R he inzabem . 2 59 .

Wa l lf r ag . o fD rag 3 7 .F :o range ,m ed ium h a rd .S :o r ange b rown , d amaged , m a t t . D eco ra t ion : o vo lo F o r r e r 1 911 : 2 2 ,1 ; h a l f c i r c le s F o r re r 1 911 : 2 2 ,1 ;23 ,1 ,4 ; c r ane O sw .2203 . P a ra l le l s : F o r re r 1 911 : 2 2 ,11 ;23 ,1 ,4 ( He i l igenbe rg ) ;

2 60 .

2 6 1 .

2 62 .

2 63 .

2 64 .

2 65 .

K no r r 1 907 : T .2 26 ,4 ( Cann s ta t t ) ; Wa lke a nd Wa lke 1 968 :T . 5 ,1 ( Gau t ing ) . C ER IUNA , H e i l igenbe rg . K upa J a rV 1 912 .R -8006 L i t :V ik iC B e lanad 1 962 /63 : s 1 .15 ,5 Wa l lf r ag . o fD rag 3 7 . F :d a rk p i nk ,h a rd ,w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S : o range ,l u s t rou s . D eco ra t ion : o vo lo R i-F i E6 9a ;b i rd R i-F i T4 7 ; w avy l i ne w i th h ea r tshaped e nd ing F o r re r 1 911 : T .28 ,11 ;h a lf c i rc le s ( made i n to c i rc le s ) F o r re r 1 911 : T .26 ,7 .P a ra l le l s : K no r r 1 907 : T .26 ,1 ( Cann s ta t t ) ; B u la t 1 987 : s l .2 , 8 ( O s i jek ) .J ANV (a r iu )S ,H e i l igenbe rg . L i t :V ik iC B e lanC id 1 962 /63 :s l . 1 0 ,1 ;G ab le r 1 987 :F ig .2 ,4 Wa l l f r ag . o fD rag 3 7 . F :o range , h a rd . S :o r ange-b rown , l u s t rou s . D eco ra t ion : o vo lo R i-F i E3 9 ; s ma l l s moo th c i rc le R i-F i 01 46 ; r i bbed c i r c le R i-F i K3 5 ; r o se t te R i-F i 03 8 . P a ra l le l s : R i-Lud :T . 5 3 , 3 ; 5 2 , 2 1f ; 5 1 , 4 , 6 ,7 ; K am i t sch 1 959 :T .120 .2 ( Ov i lava ) . CER IAL IS I .R he in zabem . V1 9 12 . R -8006 Wa l l f r ag . o fD rag 3 7 . F : o range , m ed ium s o f t . S :b rown , d amaged . D eco ra t ion : R i-F i M 3 1 . Two h o le s f o r r i ve t s , i nt h el owe rr ema in s o fb ronze w i re . Mo s tp robab ly f r om t h e c i r c le o fC e r ia l i s . R he inzab em . S ipu " 1 916 . R8 006 Wa l lf r ag . D rag 3 7 . F :b r igh to range , s o f t . S :d a rk o range , f l ake so f f . D eco ra t ion : B ranch R i-F i P1 03 ; Ma r s s t a tue R i-F i M 7 5 ; c i r c le R i-F i K 4 8 ; l i s t R i-F i P4 7 . P a ra l le l s : K am i t sch 1 955 : T .27 ,10 ( Lau r iacum ) ; K am i t sch 1 959 :T .127 ,1 ,9 ( Ov i lava ) . COM IT IAL IS I .Rhe inzabe rn V 1 9 12 .R -8006 Wa l l f r ag . D rag 3 7 . F :o range , h a rd . S :o range-b rown , m a sna . D eco ra t ion : o vo lo R i-F i E2 ;c i r c le R i-F i K4 8 ; T r i ton o r S cy l la R i-F i M 1 04 . P a ra l le ls : R i-Lud T .64 ,9b ; 8 0 ,4 ; 8 1 ,1a ; K anü t sch 1 959 :T .127 ,1 ,2 ( Ov i lava ) ; K am i t sch 1 955 : T .20 ,6 ;27 ,3 ( Lau r iacum ) . COM IT IAL IS I .R he inzabem . V1 9 12 .R -8006 L i t : V ik iC B e lanC iC 1 962 /63 : s 1 . 15 ,2 F oo t a nd w a l l f r ag . o f D rag 3 7 . F : l i gh t r e d , h a rd . S :r e d , s po t ty o n t h e l owe r p a r t , s l igh t ly l u s t rou s . D eco ra t ion : d oub le c i rc le sR i-F i K1 9 ; i nc i r c le g l ad ia to rR i-F i M2 27 ; b ea rR i-F i T5 4 ; l i on R i-F i T4 .R ema in so fs t amp : : I T . COM IT IAL IS V .R he inzabem .R -8006

P LATE 7 0

P la te 7 1 : R he inzabern S ca le 1 : 2 2 66 .

2 77 .

Wa l lf r ag . o fD rag 3 7 . F :o r ange , s o f t . S : o r ange-b rown , i n s ide v e ry g ood , l u s t rou s , o u t s ide d amaged . D eco ra t ion : o vo lo R i-F i E1 7 ; d oub le c i r c le s R i-F i K1 9 ; i nc i r c le l y ing l i on e s s R i-F i T2 9 ; l i one ss R i-F i T3 5 ; d ee r R i-F i T .98 . P a ra l le l s : R i-Lud : T .97 ,3 ,13 ; K am i t sch 1 9 59 :T .134 ( Ov i la va ) . COM IT IAL IS V - LAT INN I . R he inzaber n . K upa 1 9 14 R -8006 Wa l lf r ag . o fD rag 3 7 . F :o range ,h a rd . S :o rangered , s l igh t ly l u s t rou s . D eco ra t ion :o vo lo R i-F i E2 6 ; s wan R i-F i T2 55 ; l i on R i-F i T4 9 ; a r che rR i-F i M 1 74a . P a ra l le l s : R i-Lud : T . 1 0 5 ,14 f ; K ar n i t sch 1 959 : T . 132 ,5 ( Ov i lava ) . COM IT IAL IS V I .R he in zabem .R -8006 L i t : V ik iC B e lan C iC 1 962 /63 :s 1 . 13 ,3 Wa l l f r ag . o f D rag 3 7 . F :o r ange , h a rd . S : d a rk r e d , d amaged . D eco ra t ion : o vo lo R i-F i E2 6 ; w ing s R i-F iP 1 45 .P a ra l le l s :R i-Lud :T . 178 ,17 ;K no r r 1 907 :T .20 ,3 ; 32 ,2 ,3 ,5 ,7 ,8 . ATT ILVS .R he inzabem .C o lu s s iR -8006 Wa l l f r ag . o fD rag 3 7 . F :l i gh t r e d , s o f t . S :o r anger ed , l u s t rou s . D e co ra t ion : o vo lo R i-F i E2 6a ; c up id R i-F i M 1 2 1 ;d oub le c i r c le R i-F i K2 0 ; s ma l ls p i ra lR i-F i01 54 ; z i g-zag l i ne R i-F i2 48 ; f i gh te rw i th l a nce R i-F i M 1 78 . WARE m .E IERSTAB E .25 i2 6 .R he inzabe rn . L i t : V ik iC B e lanC iC 1 962 /63 :s 1 . 13 ,1 Wa l l f r ag . o fD rag 3 7 . F :g r ey , m ed ium h a rd . S :b rown , d amaged . D eco ra t ion : o vo lo R i-F i E2 5 . R he inzaber n . V 1 9 12 .R -8006 R im a nd w a l lf r ag . o fD rag 3 7 . F :b r igh to r ange , m ed ium s o f t . S :o r ang e-b rown , d amaged . D eco ra t ion :o vo lo R i-F i E4 0 ; g oa t R i-F i T 1 23 ; p an the r R i-F i T3 9 . S t amp : P R IM IT IUSF . R im d i am . 2 6 ,6 cm . P R IM IT IVUS I . R he inzabe rn . Wa l l f r ag . F : l i gh t r e d , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :o r ang er ed , s po t ty , u n even l u s t r e . D eco ra t ion : w ing s R i-F i P1 45 ; Ama zon R i-F i M 2 38b ; f l owe rR i-F i 04 7 . P a ra l le l s : R i-Lud : T . 180 , 4 f , A t t i lu s . P R IM IT IVUS I .R he inzabem . K upa 1 9 12 .R -8006 Wa l lf r ag . o fD rag 3 7 . F :b r igh to r ange , s o f t , c ha lky . S : b r own-o rang e , l u s t rou s , d amaged . D eco ra t ion :o vo lo R iF iE2 6 ; l i one s s R i-F i T3 5a ; t w i s ted h a l fc i r c le R i-F i KB 11 ; D eco ra t ive e l emen tR i-F i 0 1 60b .P a ra l le l s : R i-Lud :T .229 ,11F . WARE B . m i t Z ie rg l ied 0 .382 i3 83 .R he in zab er n . 1 9 13 .R -8006 L i t : V ik iC B e lan C iC 1 962 /63 :s 1 . 15 ,4 Wa l lf r ag . D rag 3 7 . F : o r ange , m ed ium h a rd . S : d a rk r e d-b rown , f r om w or nm ou ld . D eco ra t ion : o vo lo R i-F i E 2 6 ; d eco ra t ive e l emen t R i-F i 0 1 60 ; d oub le c i r c le R i-F i K2 0 ; T r i ton o r S cy l la R i-F i M 1 40a . P a ra l le l s : K a rn i t sch 1 9 59 : T . 128 ,5 ( Ov i lava ) ; R i-Lud : T .228 ,4F . WARE B . m i t Z ie rg l ied 0 .282 i2 83 . R he in zabem . S ipu 1 9 17 .R -8006 Wa l lf r ag . o fD rag 3 7 . F :o r ange , s o f t . S :o range-b rown , f l ake so f f . D e co ra t ion : d oub le c i r c le R i-F i K2 0 ; p uppy R i-F iT 1 38a .P a ra l le l s :R i-Lud :T . 105 ,2 1 ;106 ,14 ;107 ,3 . COM IT IAL IS V I ?R he in zaber n . S ipa 1 9 17 .R -8006 L i t :V ik ic B e lan c ic 1 962 /63 :s 1 . 15 ,6 Wa l lf r ag . F : l i gh tr e d , h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :d a rk r e d ,l u s t rou s . D eco ra t ion : w a r r io rR i-F iM 1 78 . R he inzabem . S i pu g .R -7992 Wa l l f r ag . F :o r ange , h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :o r ange b rown , f l ake s o f f . P a ra l le l s : R i-Lud : T . 160 . J UL IUS I

2 78 .

LUPUS? R he inzaber n . B ukv iC 1 9 11 .R -8006 Wa l lf r ag . F :o r ange ,h a rd .S :r e d-o range ,d amaged . D eco ra t ion : d oub le c i r c le R i-F iK1 9a ; c ap t ive R i-F iM 2 69 .

2 67 .

2 68 . 2 69 .

2 70 . 2 7 1 .

2 72 .

2 73 .

2 74 .

2 75 .

2 76 .

2 79 .

P a ra l le l s : R i-Lud : T . 188 ,7 ,18 ;191 ,9 . P R IM IT IVUS I ?R he in zab e rn . ' i pu g 1 9 16 .R -8006 F oo t ,b a se a nd w a l lf r ag .o fD rag 3 0 . F :d a rk o r ange ,h a rd . S :d a rk r e d ,s l igh t ly l u s t rou s . D eco ra t ion : l e a fR i-F i P8 3 . P a ra l le l s :R i-Lud :T . 190 .P R IM IT IVUS I ?R he inzaber n .R -8006 L i t : V ik iC B e lan C id 1 962 /63 :s 1 .9

P LATE 7 1

P la te 7 2 : R he inzabern , We s terndor fa nd A f r ican War e .S ca le 1 : 2 2 80 . 2 81 . 2 82 .

2 83 . 2 84 .

Wa l l f r ag . F : b r igh t o range , m ed ium h a rd . S : d a rk o r ange , f l ake s o f f . D eco ra t ion : T h rac ian R i-F i M 2 19 . R he inzab e rn .B ukv iC .R -8006 Wa l l f r ag . o fD rag 3 7 . F : o r ange , s o f t . S :b rown-o range , m a t t , f l ake s o f f . D eco ra t ion : o vo lo R i-F i E1 7 ; m im ing d og R i-F i T1 30 .J UL IUS I -J UL IANUS Ii l iV ICTOR INUS .R he inzaber n .R -8006 Wa l lf r ag . o fD rag 3 7 . F :o r ange-o ch re ,s o f t . S :b rown r e d ,f l ake so f f . D eco ra t ion :o vo lo R i-F i E6 6c ; e ag le R i-F iT 2 05 ;p an the rR i-F i T4 6 ;b i rd R i-F i T2 54 .J UVEN IS I ?R he inzaber n .C o lu s s iR -8006 L i t : V i l c iC B e lanC iC 1 962 /63 : s 1 . 17 ,1 Wa l l f r ag . F :o range , h a rd . S :o range-b rown , d amaged . D eco ra t ion : o vo lo ? ,h a lf-c i r c le ?R he inzaber n . S ipu s 1 9 15 . R -8006 Wa l lf r ag .o f ap l a te .F :l i gh tr e d ,h a rd . S :r e d-o range ,m a t t . S t amp :P R ITMAN I ,F ig . 3 6 , 1 5 . L uxeu i l .

We s te rndo r f . 2 85 .

Wa l l f r ag . o f D rag 3 7 . F : o range , h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s .

2 86 .

We s ter ndo r f . K upa V 1 9 12 .R -8006 Wa l l f r ag . o fD rag 3 7 . F :o range-ye l low , m ed ium s o f t ,

2 87 .

2 88 .

2 89 .

2 90 .

2 91 .

S : o range-b rown , s l igh t ly l u s t rous . R he inzabem o r

s andy i n c lu s ion s . S :p a s te lo range-ye l low ,s l igh t ly l u s t rou s .

D eco ra t ion : o vo lo K i s s 1 946 /48 : I V ,1 ; c oncen tr ic c i rc le s K i ss 1 946 /48 : I V ,49 ; a s t raga l K is s 1 946 /48 : I V ,48 ; d oub le f r ame K is s 1 946 /48 : I V ,57 ; f ema le h ead K iss 1 946 /48 : I V ,24 ( Ke l lne r 1 981 :24 ) . P a ra l le l s : E i ch le r 1 938 : T .V ,1 ( Br ige t io ) ; K is s 1 946 /48 : V I I , I X ,!! ( Budape s t ) ; K e l lne r 1 981 :13 ,10 . COM IT IAL IS . We s te rndo r f . C o lu ss i R -7971 . L i t :R u tkow sk i 1 976 :no .20 Wa l lf r ag . o fD rag 3 7 .F :b r igh to range , s o f t . S :b rown-o range ,m a t t . D eco ra t ion :o vo lo K i ss 1 946 /58 : I V ,! ( =Ke l lne r 1 981 : E 2 ) ; f l o ra l or namen t s K i ss 1 946 /48 : I V ,46 ( =Ke l lne r 1 981 :47 ) ;h a l f-c i r c le s K i ss 1 946 /48 : I V ,51 ,2 ( =Ke l lne r 1 981 : 4 7 ) ; a s t raga l K e l lne r 1 981 : 5 0 ; V enu s K is s 1 946 /48 : I V ,4 . P a ra l le ls : K a rn i tsch 1 959 :182 ,2-3 ( Ov i lava ) ; K iss 1 946 /48 :I X ,2 ( Budape s t ) ;K e l lne r 1 96 1 : A bb . 1 0 ,12 . COM IT IAL IS . We s ter ndo r f . S ipu 1 916 .R -8006 . L i t : V ik iC B e lanC iC 1 962 /63 : s l . 1 5 ,1 ;R u tkow sk i 1 967 :no .19 Wa l l f r ag . o fD rag 3 7 . F :o r ange ,s o f t . S :l i gh to range b r own , u neven . D eco ra t ion : o vo lo K iss 1 946 /48 :V ,4 . S t amp : . . IS ILVSFE ,F ig . 3 6 , 1 . HELEN IUS . We s ter ndo r f .R -7992 . L i t :R u tkow sk i 1 967 :no .2 1 Wa l l f r ag . o fD rag 3 7 . F : o range , s o f t . S :o range-b rown , s l igh t ly l u s trou s . D eco ra t ion : c i rc le s K i ss 1 946 /48 : V I ,96 ; s ma l l c oncen t r ic c i r c le s K iss 1 946 /4 8 : V I ,66 . P a ra l le l s : K a rn i t sch 1 955 :85 ,3 ( Lau r iacum ) . We s te rndo r f . HELEN IUS . Wa l l f r ag . o fD rag 3 7 . F :r e d-o range , m ed ium s o f t , w h i te i n c lu s ion s .S :r e d-o range , f l ake so f f . D eco ra t ion : o vo lo K i ss 1 946 /48 : V I ,1(=Ke l lne r 1 96 1 :13 ,17 ) ; c i rc le K i s s 1 946 /48 : V I ,19 . P a ra l le ls : K a rn i t sch 1 959 :182 ,4 ( Ov i lava ) ; K iss 1 946 /48 :XX I ,1 ONN IOR IX . We s ter ndo r f . V1 9 12 .R -8006 Wa l l f r ag . F :o rangered , s o f t . S :o range-b rown , l u s t rou s , f l ake s o f f . D eco ra t ion : h a lfc i r c le K i ss 1 946 /48 :V I ,17 ; r o se t te s K i s s 1 946 /48 : V I ,9 .P a ra l le ls : K e l lne r 1 962 :A bb .! ,! . ONN IOR IX . We s ter ndo r f . B ukv iC R -8006 . L i t : V ik iá B e lane iC 1 962 /63 : s 1 . 10 ,2 ;R u tkow sk i 1 967 :n o 1 8

A f r ican Wa re . 2 92 . 2 93 .

2 95 .

R im f r ag .o fH aye s3 C . F :l i gh to range , h a rd . S :o r ange , s l igh t ly l u s t rou s .R im d i am . 1 3 ,4cm .R -7986 R im f r ag . H aye s5 2B 2 2 . F :b r igh to r ange , h a rd . S :o range , s l igh t ly l u s t rou s . D eco ra t ion : s ea mon s te r , H aye s 1 972 : m o t if 2 3 =A t lan te I :m o t ivo 7 1 . K upa V 1 0 12 .R -7657 R im f r ag . F :o range , h a rd . S :s ame a sF .D eco ra t ion : h ead o fO cean ,H aye s 1 972 : m o t i f2 0=A t lan te I :m o t ivo 1 8 1 . P a ra l le ls :S a lomon son 1 969 :T . I I I ,3 ( ? ) . V1 9 12 .R -7957 R im f r ag . H aye s 5 2B 2 2 . F : o r anger ed , h a rd . S :d a rk o rangered , s l igh t ly l u s t rou s . D eco ra t ion : c r ab . S ipu s

2 96 .

1 9 10 .R -7957 R im f r ag . H aye s 5 2B 1 9 . F : p a le o r ange , m ed ium

2 94 .

2 97 .

2 98 .

2 99 .

h a rd .

S : n one . D eco ra t ion : f ox . P a ra l le l s : s ame s hape a nd

d eco ra t ion : S a lomon son 1 969 :P L IV ,4 ( Raqqada ) .R im d i am .2 3 ,6cm . V1 9 12 .R -7957 R im f r ag . H aye s 5 2B 1 9 . F : o range , h a rd . S : s ame a s F . D eco ra t ion : f i sh , A t lan te I : mo t ivo 4 5 . P a ra l le l s : S a lomon son 1 969 : A bb . 2 0a ( Aou ja ) ; B akke r 1 980 : A bb .3 ,4 ( Tun i s ) ; V e rma se ren a nd v an E s sen 1 965 : P l .LXXXV I I ,5 ( R im ) .R im d iam . 1 6 ,5cm . R im a nd b a se f r ag , o f H ayes 6 0 ( A t lan te I :T .XXXV ,10 ) . F : l i gh t o r ange , h a rd . S : l i gh t o r ange , i n s ide l u s t rou s , o u t s ide , o n ly p a r t ia l ly . D e co ra t ion : b ea r . S im i la r m o t if : S a lomon son 1 969 : F ig .57 , o n d i f f e ren t s hape . R im d i am . 3cm ; B a se d i am .2 3 ,2cm . B a se f r ag . H aye s5 3A . F :o r ange , s o f t . S :a sF ,s l igh t ly d a rke r . D amaged o nt h eo u t s ide . D eco ra t ion :L eda ( +s wan ) , H aye s 1 972 : mo t if 3 7 = A t lan te I :m o t ivo 1 47 . P a ra l le l s : S a lomon son 1 969 : A bb .44 ( =A t lan te I :T .CXL IV , 4 )( i n H e ide lbe rg ) . K upa ,p r e sen t 1 914 .R -7957

3 00 .

B a se f r ag . o fH aye s 5 3A . F :l i g h tr e d ,h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S : d a rk r e d-b rown . D eco ra t ion : v ena t io s c ene . B a se d i am .5 , 4 cm . 1 9 13 .R -7988

3 0 1 .

B a se f r ag . o f H aye s 5 3A . B u l cv ic . R -7988

3 02 .

B a se f r ag . H aye s 6 7? F : o range , h a rd , w h i te i n c lu s ion s . S :o range , l u s t rou s , n o t o n o u t s ide . D eco ra t ion : t r ip le d eco ra t ion H ayes 1 972 : F ig .43 ,83 = A t lan te I :s t ampo n o . 1 67 ; c oncen t r ic c i r c le s H aye s 1 972 : F ig .40 ,32n = A t lan te I :s t ampo n o . 2 3 . V1 9 12 .R -7957

F : o r ange ,

h a rd .

S :d a rk o range . D eco ra t ion : ' Da t io a d b e s t ias ' . B a se d i am . 6 , 2cm .

P LATE 7 2

P la te 7 3 : P annon ian a nd V im inac ium -Margum Ware .S ca le 1 : 2 3 03 .

3 04 . 3 0 5 .

R im a nd w a l lf r ag . o f D rag 3 7 ( ? ) . F :g r ey—ye l low , s o f t . S :d a rk r e d , m a t t f l ake so f f . D e co ra t ion s e e :K o scev ic a nd Mak jan ic 1 988 :39 .R im d i am . 1 5 ,8cm L i t :N agy 1 945a :2 93 ,s 1 . 10 ;K ok ev iC a nd Mak jan iC 1 988 :s 1 . 16 ,1 Wa l lf r ag .F :g r ey—ye l low ,m ed ium h a rd .S :r e d ,f l ake so f f . D eco ra t ion : s e eK o sc ev ic a nd Mak jan ic 1 988 :3 9 L i t : K o scev ic iMak jan ic 1 988 :s 1 . 16 ,2 Wa l lf r ag . F :o range , s o f t . S :r e d . F .D eco ra t ion :d uck ,d ee ri np ane l s . V1 9 12 .R -8006 L i t :N agy 1 945 :s 1 . 17 ;V ik iC B e la ii id 1 962 /63 : s 1 . 17 ,4 ;G ab le r 1 976 :36 .

V im inac ium —Ma rgum Wa r e 3 06 .

3 07 .

3 08 . 3 09 .

3 10 .

3 11 .

3 12 . 3 13 .

Wa l lf r ag . F :g r ey—ye l low ,s o f t .S :l i gh tr e d ,s l igh t ly l u s t rou s . F .D eco ra t ion :o vo lo s ma l le rt h an a ny i nB je la ja c 1 990 , t r iang le sa s3 10 . Hm jak 1 9 13 .R -7992 L i t :V ik ic B e lanc ic 1 962 /63 :s 1 . 18 ,6 R im a nd w a l lf r ag . F :o range—och re ,s o f t . S :r e d , m a t t . F . D eco ra t ion :o vo lo s ma l le rt h an a ny i nB je la jac 1 990 ; l e a f B je la ja c 1 990 ,E 63 .R im d i am . 2 1 ,6 cm . L i t :N agy 1 945 :s 1 . 18 R im f r ag . F :o ch r e—ye l low , s o f t . S :r e d ,f l ake so f f , m a t t . F .D eco ra t ion : B je la ja c 1 990 ,f l owe rG 3 . R im d i am . 1 5 cm . R -7986 R im a nd w a l lf r ag . F :o ch re—o range , s o f t . S :r e d , s l igh t ly l u s t rou s . F .D eco ra t ion : o vo lo a sB je la ja c 1 990 : T .8 0 ,3 ; B je la jac 1 990 ,l i on D 13 ,t r iang le sa sB je la ja c 1 990 :T .80 ,3 , 8 .B ukv ic .R -7992 L i t :N agy 1 945 :s 1 . 16 ; V ik iC B e lan C iC 1 962 /63 :s 1 . 18 ,2 Wa l lf r ag . F :y e l low i sh , s o f t . S :d a rk r e d ,m o s t ly d i s sapea red . F .D e co ra t ion : t r iang le s a sB je la jac 1 990 : T .80 , 3 , 8 V1 9 12 .R -800 1 L i t :V ik iC B e lanC iC 1 962 /63 :s 1 . 18 ,4 Wa l l f r ag . o f D rag 3 7 . F : o r ange—o ch re , s o f t , s a ndy i n c lu s ion s . S :r e d , m a t t , f l ake s o f f . F . D eco ra t ion : B je la ja c 1 990 ,d og D 63 ;h a r eD 77 ;l e a fE 9 . V1 9 12 . L i t :N agy 1 945 :s 1 .13 ;V ik iC B e lanaC 1 962 /63 :s 1 . 17 ,5 Wa l l f r ag . F :o range—och r e , s o f t , c ha lky . S :r e d , m a t t , g ood . F .D eco ra t ion : B je la jac 1 990 , d ee r D 75 . B ukv ic 1 911 . R -8006 Two w a l l f r ag s . F :p a le y e l low , s o f t , s andy i n c lu s ion s . S : r e d , m a t t , f l ake so f f . F .D e co ra t ion : s i t t ing d og ; B je la jac 1 990 ,r o se t te G l . V1 9 12 .R -7992 L i t :N agy 1 945 :s 1 .15 ;V ik iC B e Ian & 1 962 /63 :s l . 1 8 ,8 .

P LATE 7 3

P la te 7 4 : V im inac ium -Margum , Work shop ' X ' ,P annon ian S tamped P o t te ry ,C or in th ian Ware S ca le 1:2 V im inac ium —Ma rgum 3 14 .

3 15 .

3 16 . 3 17 . 3 18 . 3 19 .

3 20 .

3 21 .

F oo t , b a se a nd w a l l f r ag . F : o r ange—o ch r e , m ed ium s o f t , w h i te a nd s a ny i n c lu s ion s . S : d a rk r e d , c omp le te ly d i s sap ea r ed o n t h e o u t s ide , f l ake s o f f o n i n s ide , m a t t . G . D eco ra t ion : B je la ja c 1 990 , l i on D l ; b oa r D 20 , r o se t t e s ma l le rt h an G 22 .R -8005 L i t :V ik ic B e lan C iC 1 962 /63 :s 1 . 17 ,6 Wa l lf r ag . F :y e l low i sh ,p a le ,h a rd . S :d a rk r e d , m a t t , f l ake s o f f . F .D eco ra t ion : B je la ja c 1 990 , o vo lo A 7 . V1 9 12 . R -800 1 L i t :V ik iC B e lanC iC 1 962 /63 :s 1 . 18 ,3 Wa l l f r ag . F : y e l low i sh—och r e , c ha lky , s a ndy i n c lu s ion s . S : d a rk r e d—b rown , f l ake s o f f . Wa l l 8 mm t h ick . G . D eco ra t ion :B je la ja c 1 990 ,l i on D 3 ;c i r c le sH 2 . Wa l l f r ag . F : o r ange—ye l low , s o f t , c ha lky , s a ndy i n c lu s ion s . S : d a rk r e d , c omp le te ly m i s s ing o n o u t s ide . G . D eco ra t ion :B je la jac 1 990 ,b u l lD 47 .R -7986 Wa l l f r ag . F :b r igh to r ange , s o f t , c ha lky , s a ndy i n c lu s ion s . S :o r ange— r ed , m a t t , f l ake s o f f . F .D e co ra t ion : B je la ja c 1 990 ,b r an ch E 67 ;r o se t te G 15 ;c r e scen tH 18 .R -7992 Wa l lf r ag .F :o r ange ,s o f t ,c ha lky ,s a ndy i n c lu s ion s . S :c omp le te ly m i s s ing .G .D eco ra t ion :B je la jac 1 990 ,o vo lo A 24 ; l e a fE 49 . 1 9 13 .R -800 1 L i t :V ik iC B e lan Ck 1 962 /63 :s l . 1 8 ,5 Wa l l f r ag . F :y e l low i sh , s o f t , s a ndy i n c lu s ion s . S :r e d , m a t t , f l ake s o f f . F .D eco ra t ion : B je la jac 1 990 , l e a fE 14 . V 1 9 12 .R -8001 L i t :V ik i6 B e la ri iC 1 962 /63 :s 1 . 17 ,3 Wa l lf r ag . F :o r ange—o ch r e , s o f t , s a ndy i n c lu s ion s . S :d a rk r e d , c omp le te ly m i s s ing o n t h e o u t s ide , i n s ide p oo r . G . D eco ra t ion : ?V 1 9 12 .R -800 1 . L i t :V ik iC B e lan C iC 1 962 /63 :s 1 . 17 ,2

Wo rk shop ' X ' 3 22 .

Wa l lf r ag . F :b r ig h to r ange ,s o f t . S :m i s s ing . P a ra l le l s : B ru l cne r 1 981 : T .44 ,7 ( S i rm ium ) ; G ab le r 1 982a : A bb .3 ,7 ( P 6c s ) . Wo rk shop ' X ' .

P annon ian S t amp ed P o t te ry 3 23 . 3 24 . 3 25 .

Wa l lf r ag . F :d a rk y e l low , m ed ium h a rd . S : ye l low—o range , m a t t , f l ake s o f f . D e co ra t ion : t h r ee r o se t t e s , s t amped . S ou th P annon ian S t amped P o t te ry . V1 9 12 . R im a nd w a l lf r ag o f ab ow l .F :g r ey—ye l low ,m ed ium s o f t .S : o r ange ,f l ake so f f .D eco ra t ion :t wo l i ne so fr o u l le t ing , t wo r o se t te s ,p a r to f ab r an ch .S ou th P annon ian S t amped P o t te ry . V1 9 12 .R -7992 M idd le p a r to f ab a se o f ap l a te ( ? ) . F :o r ang e—och r e , s o f t . S :o u t s ide o r ange , i n s ide u neven , f r om d a rk o r ange t o b r own . D eco ra t ion :l e a f .S ou th P annon ian S t amp ed P o t te ry . V1 9 12 .R -7992

C o r in th ian R e l ief B ow l 3 26 .

El

7

R im a nd w a l l f r ag . F :g r ey , m ed ium h a rd . S :c hoco la te b r own , l u s t rou s . D eco ra t ion : V ic to r ia . C o r in th ian R e l ie f B ow l . B ukv iC R -7992

Wo rk shop ? 3 27 .

C a sse ro le h and le i nt h es h ape o fd og ' sh ead .F :o r ange—och re ,s o f t . S :o r ange b r own ,l u s t rou s ,d amaged .

P LATE 7 4

3 1 5

3 1 7 3 1 6

3 1 4 3 1 9

3 20 3 2 1

3 23

3 22

3 24

I l i P f lowN

3 26 3 25

3 27