Shellfish in Prehistoric Diet: Elands Bay, S.W. Cape Coast, South Africa 9780860545842, 9781407347400

Table of contents :
Blank Page
Front Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF APPENDICES
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2. SHELLFISH ECOLOGY & ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 3. SURVEYING AND SAMPLING
CHAPTER 4. COUNTING CALORIES TO RECONSTRUCT PREHISTORIC DIETS
CHAPTER 5. DIET AND NUTRITION
CHAPTER 6. FORAGING STRATEGY
CHAPTER 7. POST-HIATUS C DATES & SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
CHAPTER 8. MIKE TAYLOR'S MIDDEN (MTM)
CHAPTER 9. THE MULTIPLE ROLES OF SHELLFISH
CHAPTER 10. SEASONAL MOBILITY
CHAPTER 11. DISCUSSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TABLES
REFERENCES
APPENDICES

Citation preview

Shellfish in Prehistoric Diet Elands Bay, S.W. Cape Coast, South Africa

W. F. Buchanan

Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 31

BAR International Series 455 1988

B.A.R. 5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 ODQ, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR -S455, 1988: 'Shellfish in Prehistoric Diet' © W. F . Buchanan, 1988 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860545842 paperback ISBN 9781407347400 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860545842 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

P age L i s to fF igu re s

5

L i s to fT ab le s

6

L i s to f Append ice s

9

CHAPTER 1 : I NTRODUCT ION

1 0

CHAPTER 2 : SHELLF ISH ECOLOGY & ARCHAEOLOG ICAL I MPL ICAT IONS

1 3

2 . 1

Dom inan tS pec ie s

1 3

2 . 2

T he B eng ue la C ur ren t

1 3

2 . 3

Mo l lu sc sa sP a laeoenv i ronmen ta lI nd ica to r s

1 4

2 . 4

S he l lf i sh E co log y

1 5

2 . 5

L impe t s

1 6

2 . 6

T he B la ck Mu s se l

1 8

2 . 7

T he R ibbed Mu s se l

1 9

2 . 8

Whe lk s

1 9

2 . 9

Mo l lu scan B iochem i s t ry

1 9

2 . 10

C onc lu s ion

2 0

CHAPTER 3 : SURVEY ING AND SAMPL ING

2 1

3 . 1

R e sea r ch A rea

2 1

3 . 2

S u rvey s

2 1

3 . 3

S amp l ing

2 2

3 . 4

A na ly se so fS amp le s

2 4

3 . 5

N on -Mo l lu scan Ma te r ia l sf r om S amp led S i te s

2 4

3 . 6

E s t ima t ion o fV o lume so fD epo s i t

2 5

3 . 7

R emova la nd D i s tu rbance o fD epo s i t s

2 5

3 . 8

C onc lu s ion

2 7 1

CHAPTER 4 : COUNT ING CALOR IES TO RECONSTRUCT PREH ISTOR IC D IETS

2 8

4 . 1

E va lua t ion o fE ne rg yY ie ld sf r om F auna lR ema in s

2 8

4 . 2

T ab le so fC ompo s i t ion o fF ood s

2 9

4 . 3

L impe t s

3 0

4 . 4

Mu s se l s

3 2

4 . 5

Whe lk s

3 3

4 . 6

Cn i s ta cea :R ock L ob s te r s

3 4

4 . 7

F i sh

3 9

4 . 8

T e r re s t r ia l Mamma l s

4 1

4 . 9

C e tacean s -Wha le s &D o lph in s

4 4

4 . 10

S ea l s

5 0

4 . 11

B i rd s

5 3

4 . 12

T o r to i se

5 5

4 . 13

P lan tF ood s

5 6

CHAPTER 5 : D IET AND NUTR IT ION

5 7

5 . 1

I n t roduc t ion

5 7

5 . 2

C a lo r ie sa nd t h eC on s t i tuen t so fD ie t

5 7

5 . 3

P ro te in s

5 9

5 . 4

F a t s

6 4

5 . 5

C a rbohyd ra te s

6 4

5 . 6

V i tam in sa nd M ine ra l s

6 4

5 . 7

F ib re

6 5

5 . 8

B od i ly S to rage C apa c i ty

6 5

5 . 9

B a sa l Me tabo l ic R a te

6 5

5 . 10

F ood Wa s tage

6

5 . 11

Human D a i ly E ne rgy R equ i remen t s

6

5 . 12

R econ s t ruc t ion o fD ie t s

6 7

2

CHAPTER 6 : FORAG ING S TRATEGY

6 8

6 . 1

Modern R e sou rce D i s t r ibu t ion sa nd R econ s truc ted D ie t s

6 8

6 . 2

S he l lf i sh

6 9

6 . 3

E d ib le P lan tF ood s

6 9

6 . 4

N e tE ne rg yY ie ld p er F o rage r/Hou r

7 0

6 . 5

I nv i s ib le s '

7 1

6 . 6

C onc lu s ion s

7 2

CHAPTER 7 : POST -H IATUS

1 4

C DATES AND S ETTLE MENT

PA l 'F ERNS

7 3

7 . 1

D e sc r ip t ion o fS i te s t ot h e N o r th o fE land 's B ay

7 3

7 . 2

G eomorpho logy & C hang ing S ea L eve l s

7 3

7 . 3

S e t t lemen tP a t te rn s

7 4

CHAPTER 8 : M IKE TAYLOR 'S M IDDEN ( MT M )

7 6

8 . 1

T he E v idence

7 6

8 . 2

D i s t r ibu t ion o fC ha rcoa l

7 8

8 . 3

I mpac to fH uman Ga ther ing o nS he l l f i sh B ioma s s

7 9

CHAPTER 9 : THE MULT IPLE ROLES OF SHELLF ISH

8 0

9 . 1

S pec ie sF requenc ie s

8 0

9 . 2

L impe t s -S pec ie s S e lec t ion & t h eT ida lC yc le

8 0

9 . 3

Mu s se l s -F o rag ing P a t tern s

8 2

9 . 4

Mu s se l P o i son ing

8 3

9 . 5

R a te so fP reda t ion

8 6

9 . 6

E conom ic R ange

8 8

97

L impe t sv s Mu s se l s

8 8

9 . 8

C hange s i nS he l l f i sh P reda t ion P a t tern sT h rough T ime

9 0

9 . 9

R a te so fA ccumu la t ion o fD epo s i t

9 1

9 . 10

E s t ima t ing G roup N umber s &T ime S pen t i nt he A rea p e rY ea r 9 2

9 . 11

E s t ima t ing Ma rg in so fE r ro r -EB A rea -1 800 -300 BP

9 5

9 . 12

C onc lu s ion

9 5

3

CHAPTER 1 0 : S EASONAL MOB IL ITY

9 7

1 0 .1

P a rk ing ton ' sS ea sona l Mob i l i ty Mode l

9 7

1 0 .2

I n fe rence sf r om S tab le C a rbon I s o tope A na ly se s

9 9

CHAPTER 1 : D ISCUSS ION

1 01

ACKNO WLEDGE MENTS

1 07

TABLES

1 08

REFERENCES

1 98

APPEND ICES

2 27

4

L IST OF F IGURES

F igu re No .

F ac ing P age

1 . 1

S ou the rn A f r ica

F ron t i sp iece

1 . 2

S ou thwe s te rn C ape C oa s t

1 0

1 . 3

E land ' sB ay R e sea rch A rea

1

3 . 1

E land ' s B ay C oa s t l ine

2 1

3 . 2

E land ' s B ay C oa s t l ine -B each P ro f i le s

2 2

7 . 1

D i s t r ibu t ion o f

7 3

7 . 2

S e t t lemen tP a t tern s -S i te s Da ted

C Da te s -E land ' sB ay t oL ambe r t sB ay

1 4

7 4

4 400 -3 000 BP 3 000 -1 800 B P 1 800- 3 00 B P 8 . 1

E land ' s B a y -S and G ra in S i ze F requenc ie s

7 7

8 . 2

E land ' sB a y -Mean G ra in S i ze

7 7

8 . 3

MT M -D i s t r ibu t ion &

7 8

9 . 1

I nc idence o fR ed Wa te r Ou tbreak s , F auna l Mo r ta l i t ie s

1 4

C Da t ing o fC ha rcoa l

&P SP 1 959 -1983

8 4

5

L IST OF TABLES

T ab le N o .

2 . 1

Mo l lu sc sa sP a laeoenv i ronmen ta lI nd ica to r s

1 08

2 . 2

B each T ran sec t s -S ec to r 1

1 09

2 . 3

B each T ran sec t s -S ec to r2

10

2 . 4

B each T ran sec t s -S ec to r3

11

2 . 5

B each T ran sec t s -S he l l f i sh B ioma s s

12

2 . 6

B each T ran sec t s -C ommen t s

2 . 7

E co logy o fS he l l f i sh -L impe t s

15

2 . 8

S he l l f i sh -K i lo jou le V a lue sp er G ram o fD ry F le sh

16

3 . 1

S i te P ref ixe sU sed t oI den t if yL oca l i ty

17

3 . 2

C ompa r i son o fS amp le sf r om t h e S ame S i te

18

3 . 3

C o r rec t ion sf o r 1 2mm S i ev ing

19

3 . 4

S amp led S i te s -N on - Mo l lu scan Ma te r ia l s F ound

4 . 2 .1

R efe rence s :F ood C ompo s i t ion T ab le s

1 22

4 . 2 .2

E ne rgy Y ie ld sp er 1 00 G ram so fR aw E d ib le P o r t ion

1 23

4 . 3 .1

L impe t s -Me thod s o fS amp le Ana ly s i s&D e te rm ina t ion

13 -114

o fT o ta lK i lo jou le sf o rE ach S amp le 4 . 3 .2

1 20 -121

1 24 -125

C ompa r i son o fD a ta o nL impe t s B a i ley ( 1975 )w i th E land ' s B ay S i te s

1 26

4 . 4 .1

Da ta o nt he B lack Mu s se l

1 27

4 . 4 .2

C . m er id iona l i s -Me thod sf o rE s t ima t ing T o ta lK i lo jou le s

1 28

4 . 4 .3

C . m e r id iona l i s -Ana ly s i so fD a ta f r om E land ' sB ay S i te s

1 29

4 . 4 .4

C ompa r i son o fD a ta f r om B a i ley ( 1 975 , I : 5 )a nd f r om E land ' sB ay S i te s

1 30

4 . 6 .1

P ub l i shed E nergy V a lue sf o rL ob s te r s

1 31

4 . 6 .2

R ock L ob s ter s -S pa t ia l D i s t r ibu t ion a mong E land 's B a y a nd S ou th We s tc oa s ts i tes

4 . 6 .3

4 . 7 .1

1 32

R ock L ob s te r s -T empo ra l D i s t r ibu t ion a tE land ' s B ay C ave a nd B on tebe rg S he l te r

1 33

C a lcu la t ing Mean K i lo jou le Y ie ld P e rF i sh

1 34

6

4 . 7 .2

F i sh -S pa t ia l D i s t r ibu t ion b yS i te s -E land 's B ay

1 35

4 . 7 .3

F i sh -S ou thwe s tC oa s t S i te s

1 36

4 . 8 .1

T e r re s t r ia l Mamma l s -E ne rgy Y ie ld s

1 37

4 . 8 .2

E ne rgy Y ie ld o fT e r re s t r ia l Mamma l sC ape S ou thwe s tC oa s t

1 38 -139

4 . 8 .3

T er re s t r ia l Mamma l s -E land ' sB ay E xcava ted S i te s

4 . 9 .1

C e tacean s -Mean Ma s s&R eco rd o fS t rand ing s 1 963/81

4 . 9 .2

1 40

1 41 -142

C e tacean s -I nc idence o fS t rand ing sb yA rea & Mon th , S ea sona lD i s t r ibu t ion & S ing le/ Mu l t ip le S t rand ing s

1 43

4 . 9 .3

C ommerc ia l E xp lo i ta t ion o fB a leen Wha le s

1 44

4 . 10 .1

S ea lS pec ie sC augh t , S i gh ted o rB eached i nS ou th A f r ican Wa ter s

1 45

4 . 10 .2

S ea l s -E land ' sB ay S i te s

1 46

4 . 11 .1

B i rd s -E nergy Y ie ld s

1 47

4 . 11 .2

B i rd s -E ne rgy Y ie ld s -E land ' sB ay E xcava ted S i te s

1 48

4 . 11 .3

B i rd s -S pec ie sF requenc ie sb yS i te so nt h e S ou thwe s tC oa s t

4 . 11 .4

1 49 -150

B i rd s -D i f fe ren t ia t ion B e tween C ave s & Open S i te s o nt he S ou thwe s tC oa s t

1 51

4 . 12 .1

T o r to i se -E nergy Y ie ld s -E land ' s B ay E xcava ted S i te s

1 52

5 . 1

V i tam in s

1 53

5 . 2

M ine ra l s

1 54

5 . 3

Human D a i ly E ne rgy R equ i remen t

5 . 4

E ne rgy V a lue & P e rcen tage C on s t i tuen t s

5 . 5

E d ib le W i ld P lan t s -E nergy V a lue s

1 55 -156 1 57

&P ercen tage C on s t i tuen t s

1 58

5 . 6

D ie ta ry R econ s truc t ion -E land sB ay S i te s

1 59

5 . 7

D ie ta ry R econ s truc t ion -Du iker E i land

1 60

5 . 8

D ie ta ry R econ s truc t ion -P a te rno s te r

. 6 1

5 . 9

D ie ta ry R econ s t ruc t ion -Hou tB ay C ave

1 62

5 . 10

D ie ta ry R econ s t ruc t ion -P ea r ly B each/Haw s ton

1 63

5 . 11

D ie ta ry R econ s truc t ion -D ie K e lde r s

1 64

7

5 . 12

D ie ta ry R econ s truc t ion -A l l S ou thwe s tC oa s tS i te s

1 65

5 . 13

S umma ry -S he l lf i sh

1 66

5 . 14

S umma ry -R ock L ob s ter s

1 67

5 . 15

S umma ry -F i sh

1 68

5 . 16

S umma ry -T er re s t r ia l Mamma l s

1 69

5 . 17

S umma ry -C e tacean s

1 70

5 . 18

S umma ry-Sea l s

1 71

5 . 19

S umma ry -B i rd s

1 72

5 . 20

S umma ry -T o r to i se

1 73

5 . 21

P rox ima te C on s t i tuen t s i nR econ s truc ted D ie t -E land ' sB ay S i te s

5 . 22

1 74

P rox ima te C on s t i tuen t si nR econ s truc ted D ie t -S ou thwe s tC oa s tS i tes

1 75

6 . 1

C ompa ra t ive N e tE nergy Y ie ld sp e rF o rager/Hour

1 76

6 . 2

C ompa ra t ive N e tE nergy Y ie ld sp e rF o rager/Hour -C ommen t s

1 77 -179

7 . 1

R ad ioca rbon D a te s -P o s t -H ia tu s

1 80 -181

8 . 1

S i te E S 1 / MTM/ Mu s se l P o in t

1 82 -183

9 . 1

P a t tern s i nS he l l f i sh P reda t ion

1 84

9 . 2

L impe t sS pec ie sS e lec t ion

1 85

9 . 3

L impe tZ ona t ion & F o rag ing S t ra teg ie s

1 86

9 . 4

C ompa ra t ive N umber s o fS he l l s&G ro s s We igh t f o rE ach S pec ie s t oP roduce 9 000 K i lo jou le s

9 . 5

1 87

L impe t s -S pec ie sS e lec t ion i nR e la t ion t oD i s tance f r om t h e S ho re

1 88

( a ) T ox ic R ed Wa te r Ou tb reak s

1 89

( b ) N on -Tox ic Ou tb reak s C au s ing F auna l Mo r ta l i t ies

1 90

9 . 7

S ea sona l I n c idence o fR ed Wa ter Ou tb reak s

1 91

9 . 8

T ox ic i ty L eve l s -B lack Mu s se l s

9 . 9

C hange s i nS he l l f i sh P reda t ion P a t te rn sT hrough T ime

1 0 .1

Da ta i nS uppo r to fC oa s ta l/ In land S ea sona l Mob i l i ty

9 . 6

8

1 92 -193 1 94 1 95 -197

L IST OF APPEND ICES

A l though c omp i led p r ima r i ly f o r t h i s p ro jec t , t he A ppend ice s may b e h e lpfu l i n f u tu re l o ca lo ro ve r sea sr e sea rch . A ppend ix

A

P age

S umma ry o fe s t ima ted v o lume o fd epo s i ta nd t o ta l k i lo jou le sf r om s he l lf i sh r ema in si nt he d epo s i t s o fe ach ma jo rc ave , m ino rc ave/ rock s he l te ra nd o pen s i te .

2 27 -229

B

P a te l la -k Jy i e ld s a nd s he l lw e igh t s

2 30 -232

C

C .m er id iona l i s -I dy i e ld sa nd s he l lw e igh t s

2 33 -234

D 1 t oD 16

A na ly se so fs he l l f i sh s amp le s

2 35 -254

E

D ra f tS i te R epo r t F o rm

2 55 -256

F

D ra f tS he l lS amp le Ana ly s i sF o rm

9

2 57

CHAPTER 1 . I NTRODUCT ION

S i nce 1 968 , t h e E land ' s B ay a rea w i th i t s h in ter land ( f igu re s 1 . 1 , 1 . 2 a nd 1 . 3 ) h a s b een t he s ub jec t o f a r chaeo log ica l a nd mu l t i -d i sc ip l ina ry r e sea rch t h a t i n s cope a nd i n ten s i ty h a s b een e xcep t iona l i n t he c on tex t o f A f r ican S t one A ge a r chaeo logy . T he i n i t ia t ion a nd c o -o rd ina t ion o f t h i s r ap id ly e xpand ing p rog ramme o fr e sea rch h a sb een p r ima r i ly t h ew o rk o fJ ohn P a rk ing ton . Ac o l lec t ion o f r epo r t s o n r e cen t r e sea rch h a s b een p ub l i shed i n P ape r s i n t h e P reh i s to ry o ft he We s tern C ape S ou th A f r ica ( J ohn P a rk ing ton a nd Ma r t in Ha l l ( ed s ) 1 987 BAR I n te rna t iona l S er ie s3 32 ) . A l l c oa s ta l s i te s i n t h e E land ' s B ay a rea a re s he l l m idden s . Ana ly se s o f s he l l r ema in st od a te h ave p roved f r u i t fu l i ng ene ra t ing h ypo the se s b u t t h e t e chn ique s o fa na ly s i s a nd i n terp re ta t ion h ave i nr e cen t y ea r s r eached ap la teau ; d a ta h ave b een w rung d ry a nd l i t t le mo re c an b e e x t r ica ted b y p re sen t me thod s y e t s ome i mpo r tan t q ue s t ion s r ema in u nan swered . We c anno t s a y w i th a ny d eg ree o f c e r ta in ty h ow i mpo r tan ts he l l f i sh w ere t ot h ep reh i s to r ic o ccupan t s o ft h e a rea i n t e rm s o f d i e t , f o rag ing s t ra tegy , s i te l o ca t ion o r mob i l i ty . T h i s s t udy w a s t he refo re i n i t ia ted a s a n a t temp t t o e x tend t h e p re sen t h o r izon w i th af ocu s o n t h e p e r iod f r om 1 800 t o3 00 B P c ha rac te r i sed b y t h e p re sence o f p o t tery . T he mo re s pec i f ic a im s o ft h e s t udy w ere t o : a s se s s t h e e ne rgy a nd n u t r i t iona l v a lue o f mo l lu scan a nd n on -mo l lu scan f ood r ema in s i na l l E land ' s B ay s i te s i no rder t og auge t h e i r r e la t ive i mpor tance t ot he c on sume r s ; i n ve s t iga te t h e p o ten t ia l o f mo l lu scan d a ta a s as ou rce o f i n s igh t s a nd i n ference s o np reh i s to r ic b ehav iour a nd e nv i ronmen t ; a s se s st h e a dequacy i nq uan t i ty a nd q ua l i t yo ft he d i e t ; c ompa re i n b roader p e r spec t ive t h e c onc lu s ion s w i th t he r e su l t s f r om e a r l ier p er iod s a nd f r om o ther s i te s a l ong t h e s ou thwe s tern c oa s t o ft he C ape a nd e l sewhere . S ou th A f r ican s he l l f i sh s t ud ie s o we much t o t h e p ioneer r e search o f E l izabe th V o ig t ( f o rmer ly S peed ) ( Magg s & S peed 1 967 ; V o ig t & B iga lke 1 973 ; V o ig t 1 975 ) , t oJ ohn P a rk ing ton ( 1972 ; 1 976a ; 1 976b ; 1 981 ; P a rk ing ton e ta l1 988 ) a nd t o t h e f i r s t s y s tema t ic i n ve s t iga t ion o f o pen s t a t ion s he l l m idden s b y G raham A very ( 1 977 ) . S ub sequen t s t ud ie s h ave a dop ted t he l i nes o f i n ve s t iga t ion , t e chn ique s o f a na ly s i s a nd f o rma t o f r epo r t ing o r ig ina l ly f o rmu la ted b y t h e se a u tho r s . A very ' s w o rk i n c luded a c omp rehen s ive r ev iew o f t he h i s tor ica l a nd e t hnog raph ic e v idence o n s he l lf i sh e xp lo i ta t ion a nd among t h e i nnova t ive f e a tu re s w a s ac ompa r i son o f s he l lmea t ma s s p e r c ub ic m e t re o f d epo s i t ( 1977 ; T ab le 8 ,1 32 )w h ich h a sb een a dop ted i n mod i f ied f o rm i nt h i s s t udy .

1 0

1 8

1 9 E T o f N

0

3 2° — ' G r o o t r i f K ree fbaa i El ands R esearch

L ambe r ts B ay C lanw i l l ia m

E lands B ay

B ay

SA ND VEL D

A rea

' D iepk loo f

1 00

S t . H e lena C ape S t . Mar t in

B ay

0

Dwarske rsbo s

P at e rno s te S ea H arve s t

. 3 17 1C 1

S a ldanha B oy D onke rga t

M idden 3 3 *-

a ngebaan L agoon

COASTAL FOR E L AND

SOUTH WESTER N CAPE

Me lkbosst rand

s how ing T ab le B ay

ment ioned

p laces

i n t ext

CAPE TO WN Cape F lats

H BC

H ou t B ay Cape

[ BS I

F a lse B ay

P en insu la

C ape P o int

H aws t on Cape H angk l i p

3 0 Ik m

DK 1

Wa lke r B ay l D ange r

SM 0

COAST

s i tes a nd

P o in t

P ear ly

B each

RO O I

F I GURE 1 2 S OUTH W ESTERN C APE C OAST

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A na ly ses o f s he l l m idden s a l ong o ther c on t inen ta l c oa s t l ine s h ave p roduced a w ide r ange o fi n te rp re ta t ion s . Me ighan ( 1969 :415 ) r e fer s t o" t he p a s t e x i s tence o ve r mo s t o f t h e w o r ld o f at y pe o f c u l ture d ependen t o n s he l l f i sh a s as t ap le f o od " .

B a i ley ( 1975 :X 2 ) r e fer s t o t he d i f f erence s i n i n terp re ta t ion s o f t he

i mpo r tance o fs he l l food r ang ing f r om ar e sou rce o fm ino rs i gn if icance t o ama jo r a nd o cca s iona l ly d om inan tf ood s upp ly a nd a t t r ibu te st he se d i f ference st ot he u se o fv a r iou s m e thod s o f a na ly s i s a nd i nhe ren t b ia se s . F rom h i s o wn e xcava t ion s a nd f r om aw o r ldw ide r ev iew o f m idden s t ud ie s , B a i ley c onc luded t ha t s he l l f i sh h ave s uch al ow e conom ic p o ten t ia l a st oe xe r t l i t t le , i fa ny , i n f luence o n t he s i ze o fc oa s ta l p opu la t ion s o r t h e l o ca t ion o ft he ir s i te s o r s e t t lemen t s . T he p rob lem o fi n terpre ta t ion i so f ten c ompounded b y t he c r i t ica l l a ck o fp rec i se d a ta ( B igg s 1 9 69 : 4 23 ) ; a nd p a rame te r s d e term ined o n t he s he l lf i sh o f as pec i f ic c oa s t l ine m ay b e m i s lead ing i fa pp l ied e l sewhere a nd i nadequa te a s ab a s i s f o r g ene ra l c onc lu s ion s o n t he r o le o f s he l lf i sh -f o r i n s tance , t he u se b y O sborn ( 1977 ) o f d a ta f r om C ook ( 1 946 ) w i thou t t e s t ing w he the r t h e m in ima l s i ze a nd e x t raord ina r i ly l ow p ro te in c on ten t o f C ook ' s C a l i fo rn ian mu s se l s a re c ha rac ter i s t ic o f mu s se l s o n t he s ho re s o fP eru o r e l sewhe re . Meehan ( 1982 :6 -7 ) h a sc o mmen ted o nt h e d ea r th o fd a ta o n s he l l f i sh -ga ther ing a nd t he c ur iou s b ia s i nt h e a rchaeo log ica l l i t e ra ture a ga in s tb o th s he l l f i sh a nd s he l lf i sh e a ter s . T h i s r epor t i so ne o f f ou r r e sea rch p ro jec t s i n i t ia ted a t t he s ame t ime -t he e x cava t ion o f T o r to i se C ave ( Robey 1 984 ) , t he a na ly s i s o f t he s andve ld s i te s ( Manh i re 1 984 ) a nd s t ab le c a rbon i s o tope a na ly se s o f h uman b one s f r om p reh i s tor ic b ur ia l s a nd t h e a s soc ia ted f ood w eb s ( Sea ly 1 984 ) . T he p reh i s tory o f t h e a rea i sn ow b eg inn ing t o t ake mo re d ef in i te s hape a nd t oc on f i rm t he s e r ie s o fo ccupa t iona lp ha se so r ig ina l ly p ropo sed b yP a rk ing ton ( 1976a ) . F i r s t , s o le ly t e r re s t r ia l f ood d eb r i s f r om a bou t 2 5 0 00 y ea r s a go r ep laced c a . 1 00 00/9 6 00 B Pb ym ixed t e r re s t r ia l/ma r ine r ema in sw h ich c on t inue f o ra no ther 200 y ea r s a f te rw h ich t h e a rea w a s s eem ing ly a bandoned u n t i l a bou t 44 00 B P . T he re i se v idence f r om o n ly t h ree c ave s f o r t h e p er iod f r om 44 00 t o 30 00 B P b u t t he g ene ra l p a t te rn s how s l i t t le ma ter ia l c hange a s ar e su l t o f t h e a ppa ren t b r eak i no ccupa t ion . F rom 30 00 t o 18 00 B Pc ave s w e re l i t t le u sed a nd a c t iv i t ie s c oncen t ra ted o n o ne l a rge o pen s i te a d jacen t t o t he r i ch mu s se l r e sou rce s n ow b ecom ing a cce s s ib le a s ar e su l t o f r e ced ing s ea s . C a 18 00 B P p o t tery f i r s t a ppea r s a nd s omewha t l a te r s heep b one s , t he n umbe r o f s i te s i n c rea se s mo re t h an t en fo ld a nd t e nd t ob e o r ien ted o n o r n ea r t he h i l l s a nd d epo s i t s s how s i gn s o fb e ing mo s t ly e phemera l . Wh i le t h i s s t udy i sp r ima r i ly c once rned w i th t he l a s t p ha se f r om 18 00 B P t o 3 00 B P , d i scu s s ion w i l l t ouch o n a spec t s o f t he e a r l ier p e r iods w h ich l e du p t oi t . F o r

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s e ve ra l s t age s i nt h e p ro jec t b u t f u r the r r e sea rch s hou ld p rov ide ab roade r d a ta b a se a nd ar e f inemen to ft e chn ique s o fa na ly s i st og i ve amo re s ecu re f ounda t ion f o r i n ference a nd i n terp re ta t ion .

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1

b a s ic a s sump t ion s a nd t h e p roce s se s o fa na ly s i s , t h e v a l id i ty o ft he c on c lu s ion s i s n ece s sa r i ly af unc t ion o ft h ev a l id i ty o ft he se a s sump t ion s a nd p roce s se s . T he S tone A ge p hy s io logy o f modern man i sp oo r ly a dap ted t o t h e t wen t ie th c en tury d i e t ( Cohen 1 987 :42 ) . I n t he i r g ene s , p eop le t oday a re s t i l l h un te r g a the re r s ( Sho r t 1 984 :24 ) . S ince t he c u r ren t m a jo r " d i sea ses o f c i v i l i sa t ion " , c a rd iova scu la r d i so rder s a nd c ance r , a re u ncommon i nh un ter -ga the re r s oc ie t ie s o fa ny e ra , t h e i r d i e t s a re b e ing s c ru t in i sed t oa s ce r ta in w ha t h uman b e ing s a r e g ene t ica l ly p rog rammed t o e a t , d i ge s t a nd m e tabo l i se ( Ea ton a nd Konne r 1 985 :285 ) . F o r tuna te ly af ea tu re t ha t d i s t ingu i she s man f r om t he o t he r p r ima te s i sh i s h ab i t o f c r ea t ing a ccumu la t ion s o f f ood r e s idue s a nd o the r d ebr i s . A s y s tema t ic s t udy o ft h i s g a rbage r e co rd i sf a rf r om b e ing at r iv ia l p u r su i t ( I saac G 1 971 :278 )y e t " t he r o le o ff ood . .h a s o n ly b egun t ob e e xp lo red " ( Hu s sA shmo re e ta l1 982 ) . F ood i ss u re ly t he c ore h uman c oncern ; a l l e l se , t e chno log ica l , c u l tura l a nd s oc ia l , a re p e r iphe ra l t os urv iva l . Maybe " Man d oe s n o t l i ve b y c a lor ie s a l one " ( Meehan 1 982 :159 -161 ) b u t t he d emand f o r e ne rgy t ake s p recedence o ve r a l o ther n eed s ( Payne 1 972 :296 ) . T he k nown a nd s u spec ted g ap s i n t h e a r chaeo log ica l r eco rd may h ave i nh ib i ted r e sea rch b u t d e sp i te t h e a ppa ren t ly i n so lub le p rob lem o f r e con s truc t ing d i e t o n p a r t ia l a nd i n secure e v idence , t h e a t temp t t o r e con s truc t t he p reh i s to r ic d i e t a t E land ' s B ay s hou ld a t l e a s t h i gh l igh tt he p rob lem s . S urp r i s ing ly , t he r e su l t s ,h owever t en ta t ive a nd q ua l i f ied , may b ecome a tl e a s t p a r t ly t e s tab le a ga in s t t h e e v idence f r om f ou r m idden s i n c ou r se o fe xcava t ion s i tua te 3 km t ot he n o r th o fE land ' s B ay whe re a ni n t r igu ing a r rangemen to fh ea r th sh a sb een u ncovered ( Pa rk ing ton p er s . c omm . )

1 2

CHAPTER 2 SHELLF ISH ECOLOGY & ARCHAEOLOG ICAL I MPL ICAT IONS 2 . 1 DO M INANT S PEC IES T he c o mmon e xper ience i ns t ud ie s o f mode rn a nd p reh i s tor ic s he l l f i sh g a ther ing h a s b een t ha t o n ly a f ew d om inan t s pec ie s o f ma r ine b i va lve s a nd g a s t ropod s c on t r ibu te ama ter ia lp ropo r t ion t of ood i n take ( A sche r 1 959 ; B a i ley 1 975 : I ,2 ; Meehan 1 982 : 6 9 ; T regon ing & v an d e r E l s t n . d . ; S i eg f r ied e ta l . 1 985 among o the r s ) . A na ly ses o fs he l lf i sh s amp le s f r om m idden s i nt he r e sea rch a rea o fE land ' s B ay h ave s im i la r ly d emon s t ra ted t ha t , a sf ood i t em s , o n ly t he f o l low ing s pec ie s n eed b ec on s idered : L impe t s

P a te l la g rana t ina ( L inne 1 758 ) P a te l la g ranu la r i s ( L inne 1 758 ) P a te l la a rgenv i l le i ( K rau s s 1 848 ) P a te l la b a rba ra ( L inne 1 758 )

Mu s se l s

C ho romy t i lu sm e r id iona l i s ( K rau s s 1 848 ) Au lacomya a t er ( Mo l ina 1 782 )

Whe lk s

A l l s pec ie s

O the r s pec ie s p re sen t i ns amp le s c an b e i g no red o n a ccoun t o f r a r i ty ( e .g . t he i n f ra t ida l l impe t s P .m in ia ta a nd P .c omp re s sa , t he l impe t P .c och lea rw h ich i sa t t h ee x treme n o r thern l im i t o fi t s r ange a tE land 's B ay , a nd t he w h i te s and mu s se l D onax s e r ra ) o r o fm in i scu le s i ze o r l ow c a lo r ic y i e ld a nd o f ten b rough t t o as i te o n t h e b ack s o f o ther s he l l s ( e .g . t he s l ippe r l impe t C rep idu la p o rce l lana a nd B a lanu s s pp . -b a rnac le s ) . T h i s c oncen t ra t ion o n af ew s pec ie s o n ly i ss uppo r ted b yb i o log ica l e v idence ( Rebe lo 1 982 ) t ha t t h e se s pec ie s c omp r i se v i r tua l ly a l l o f t h es he l lf i sh b ioma s so nt he r ocky s ho res a tE land ' s B ay . ( Tab le s2 . 2 t o2 . 5 ) A n a ccoun t o ft he e co logy o fs he l l f i sh c an t hu s b e r e s t r ic ted t o t he se d om inan t s pec ie s a nd t h e ma r ine e nv i ronmen tw h ich t h ey i nhab i t .

2 . 2 THE BENGUELA CURRENT T he s l ow -mov ing n u t r ien t r ich B engue la C ur ren t w h ich f l ow s u p t he A t lan t ic c oa s to fS ou thern A f r ica i so fc r uc ia l i mpor tance t ot h e ma r ine f auna a nd f l o ra o f t h e a r ea . T he c ur ren t o r ig ina te s p a r t ly f r om t he s uban ta rc t ic g rea t g y ra l c ur ren t a nd p a r t ly f r om t he We s tW ind D r i f t o ft h e ' Roa r ing F o r t ie s ' w h ich t r ave l sw e s t e a s t ; a s t he n o r thern p a r t e ncoun ter s t he t i p o ft h eA f r ican c on t inen t , t he f l ow i s d ef lec ted n o r thwa rd s a l ong t h e c oa s t a nd u pwa rd s i n to t he s ha l lowe r i n sho re w a te r s . C o r io l i sf o rce sd ue t ot h e r o ta t ion o ft he e a r th d ef lec tt he s ur face w a ter s a way f r om t h e s ho re a nd t h e d eepe r c o ld w a te r mu s t r i se u p t or ep lace i t . T h i s u pwe l l ing p roce s s i sr e in fo rced i n aw ay t ha t i su n ic i i _ ie t o t h i s r eg ion -t h e 1 3

p reva i l ing s ou ther ly t os ou thea s ter ly w ind s ma in ly i ns pr ing a nd s ummer i nduce o f f sho re t r an spo r t o f s u r face w a te r s a nd t he i r r ep lacemen t b y c o ld w a ter f r om b e low . S ince a i r t r ave l l ing f r om a bove t h e c o ld s e at ot he h o t l and w i l l n o ty i e ld i t s mo i s tu re , t he A t lan t ic c oa s t i ss em i -a r id t oa r id a nd c oa s ta l f og s a r e f r equen t . Upwe l l ing i s , h owever , a c o mp lex p henomenon f o r w h ich t h e g overn ing mechan i sm sa re s t i l l t h e s ub jec to fr e sea rch ( J u ry 1 981 :2 99 ) . Upwe l l ing w a te r s r i se f r om d ep th s a s g rea t a s 1 00 t o 3 00 m a nd c a r ry a n a bundance a nd d i ve r s i ty o fn u t r ien t sw h ich h ave b een t r an spo r ted f r om t he s ou th b e low t he e upho t ic z one w he re l i gh t d oe s n o t p ene t ra te a nd p ho to syn the s i s b y p hy top lank ton a nd u se o f t h e se n u t r ien t s i s t hu s p rec luded . U pwe l l ing i s p r ima r i ly r e spon s ib le f o r t h e h i gh f e r t i l i ty o f ma r ine f auna a nd f l o ra o f t h i s r eg ion w h ich r ank s among t h e mo s t p roduc t ive a r ea s o ft h ew or ld ( S tander 1 969 : 6 56 ) . S porad ic u pwe l l ing p roduce s o ther e f f ec t s .

Wh i le s ea t empera tu re s a long t h e

A t lan t ic c oa s t t end t o b e f a i r ly c on s tan t t h roughou t t he y ea r w i th in t he r ange 1 8°C t o 8°C w i th a n a verage o f 1 2 °C , t he w a ter i sg enera l ly c o lde r i n s umme r t han i nw in ter a nd t empe ra tu re c an f l uc tua te d ra s t ica l ly f r om d ay t od ay ; ad rop f r om 1 7 °C t o 8°C w a s r e co rded o ver as even -hou rp er iod w h ich c ou ld s t un s ome s pec ie s . A t o the r t ime s„ t h e p reva i l ing w ind s o f w in te r f r om t h e n or th a nd n o r thwe s t c an d r ive i nw a rme r s u r face w a te r s f r om o f f sho re o r t h ew a rmer e a s t c oa s t Agu lha s C u r ren t may e nc roach i n to t h e B engue la r eg ion , c au s ing t h e t empera ture t o r i se t o a s h i gh a s 2 3°C , w i th r e su l tan t ma s s mo r ta l i ty o f c o ld w a ter f auna . I th a s b een r e cogn i sed t ha t t h e B engue la r eg ion i s' n o i sy ' a nd t h a t i t sf auna i sa dap ted t ov a r ia t ion ( A l lan son 1 984 : 5 1 ) . Aw ide f auna l t o lerance t o c hange s i n p hy s ica l c ond i t ion s m igh t t hu s r e s t r ic t t he s cope f o r a r chaeo log ica l i n f erence sf r om mo l lu sc s r ega rd ing p a laeoenv i ronmen t s . Af u r the r c on sequence r e levan t t o t he d i e t o f s he l l f i sh g a there r s i s t ha t s pec ie s l i v ing i n u n s tab le e nv i ronmen t sw he re t he f ood s upp ly c an v a ry g r ea t ly i na bundance , t e nd t os t o re e nergy n o t o n ly a s f a t b u t a l so a s c a rbohyd ra te . T he h i gh g l y cogen l e ve l i n mo l lu sc sh a s l ong b een r e cogn i sed ( G r i f f i th s 1 977 ) . Mo l lu sc s a re t h u s among t h e f ew f ood s o fa n ima l o r ig in t ha tp roduce c a rbohydra te s i na dd i t ion t op ro te in a nd f a t .

2 . 3 MOLLUSCS A S PALAEOENV IRON MENTAL I ND ICATORS Mo l lu sc s h ave b een r e f er red t o a s t h e mo s t o bv iou s g roup f o r e v idence o f p a laeoeco log ica l c ond i t ion s ( G r ind ley 1 969 : 1 53 ) a nd a s p o ten t ia l s ou rce s o f i n fo rma t ion o n ma r ine p a laeoenv i ronmen t s ( Vo ig t 1 972 : 1 973 :

9 3 ;

V o ig t & B iga lke

4 ) , y e t s uch i n fe rence s f r om t h e a r chaeo log ica l r e cord o f m o l lu sc s h ave

b een r a re ; s ome o ft h em a r e c i ted ( Tab le 2 . 1 ) . F a r rand c ommen ted o nS t rau se t a l . ( 1981 : 6 76 ) t ha t :

1 4

" much i n fo rma t ion i sp re sen ted o n t h e f a una o f L a R ie ra , e spec ia l ly mo l lu scan a nd m amma l ian , i n c lud ing d e ta i led t a b le s o f p e rcen tage s a nd m ea su remen t s ,b u te s sen t ia l ly n o th ing i sd one w i th t h e se d a ta f r om ap a laeoeco log ica lp o in to fv i ew " . T he r ea l p o ten t ia l o f t h e m o l lu scan d a ta f r om t h e Ho locene m idden s o f t h e s ou thwe s te rn C ape l i e s i ns u ch f i e ld s a sf ood p re f e rence s a nd f o rag ing s t ra tegy r a the r t han a s i n d ica to r s o fp a laeoenv i ronmen t s . C ond i t ion s e s sen t ia l ly s im i la r t om odern w e re e s tab l i shed a tt h e C ape a s l o ng a go a s 80 00 B P ( K le in 1 974 : 2 74 ) , a l though a tE land ' s B ay t h e re w a s ap e r iod o f h ype r -a r id i ty ( Pa rk ing ton 1 9 80 ) a nd a n a ppa ren t a b sen ce o f h un te r -ga the re r s f r om t h e a r ea f r om a bou t 78 00 t o 44 00 B P ( Pa rk ing ton 1 976a ; R obey 1 984 ) . N ever the le s s , a mo re d e ta i led p robe i n to r e levan t a spec t s o f mo l lu scan e co log y i sr equ i red t o a s se s s t h e s uppo sed p o ten t ia l o f a r chaeo log ica l mo l lu scan d a ta a s s ou rce s o f p a laeoenv i ronmen ta li n forma t ion .

2 . 4S HELLF ISH ECOLOGY 2 . 4 .1 I n t roduc t ion F o r tuna te ly , ag r ea t d ea l i sk nown a bou tt h eb io log yo fS ou th A f r ican w e s tc oa s t l i mpe t st h rough t h e r e sea rche s o fB ranch ( 1 971 ; 1 974a ; 1 974b ; 1 981 ) o nw h ich Ih a ve d rawn f o rm uch o ft h i sc hap te r ; Ih ave s upp lemen ted i tb yi n forma t ion o n t h e b l ack mu s se l f r om G r i f f i th s ( 1 981 ) a nd o n s he l l f i sh g ene ra l ly f r om K i lburn a nd R ippey ( 1 982 ) . Ar e a l l i f e s i tua t ion o f mo l lu scan d i s t r ibu t ion , z ona t ion , d en s i ty , b ioma s s a nd s i ze d e r ived f r om s amp l ing t h e r ocky s ho re s o fE land ' s B ay h a sb een c on s truc ted f r om R ebe lo ( 1 982 ) (Tab le s2 . 2t o2 . 6 ) 2 . 4 .2 T he Ma r ine E nv i ronmen t T he s ou thwe s t c oa s t i sv e r y e xpo sed w i th f ew s he l te red b ay s o r l a goon s a nd n o l a rge o f f sho re i s land s t ob reak t h e f o r ce o fo cean s we l l s . T he c on t inen ta l s he l f o f f t h i s c oa s t i s5 0 t o8 0 km i nw id th w i th d ep th i ns ome p l ace s u p t o4 00 m . V e r t ica l t i de r ange i s1 , 8 ma ts p r ing t i de sb u to n ly 0 , 5 t o0 , 6 ma tn eap t i de s ; t h e u ppe r i n te r t ida l l e ve l s a r e t hu s s ubme rged a nd t h e l owe r l e ve l s e xpo sed o n ly d u r ing s p r ing t i de s . T he p reva lence o fc oa s ta l f o g s e nab le s l impe t s t oc on t inue f e ed ing w hen t h ey w ou ld o t herw i se b e i mmob i le . S a l in i ty i sa bou t3 5 p a r t s p e r m ule b u ti nr o ck p oo l sm ay b ec oncen t ra ted b ye vapo ra t ion o rd i lu ted b yr a in fa l l . 2 . 4 .3 Z ona t ion P a t te rn s Ag r ad ien t i n t h e p hy s ica l s t re s se s e xpe r ienced b y mo l lu sc s c an b e r e cogn i sed f r om t h e i rz ona t ion p a t te rn : -t h e L i t to r ina z one , b e tween h i gh -wa te r n eap a nd h i gh -wa te r s p r ing , i s w a shed o n ly d u r ing h i gh s p r ing t i de s o r s t o rmy s ea s ; t h e t i ny s na i l L i t to r ina k ny snaen s i si sp ra c t ica l ly t h es o le i n hab i tan to ft h i sz one ; -t he B a lano id z one , b e tween h i gh a nd l ow n eap t i de s a nd t hu s c ove red a nd u ncove red d a i ly , f o rm s am a jo r p a r t o f t h e i n te r t ida l z one a nd 1 5

s uppo r t s l a rge n umber s o f l impe t s ; b i o log i s t s d i s t ingu i sh a n Uppe r B a lano id w i th ma in ly a n ima l p opu la t ion s a nd a L ower B a lano id mo s t ly c ove red w i th a l gae ; -t he A rgenv i l le i -Coch lea r z one , u ncove red o n ly a t l ow s p r ing t i de s f o r t wo p e r iod se ach d ay , o fa bou tt h ree h ou r se ach ; a nd -t h e i n f ra t ida lz one ,w h ich i sa lway ss ubmerged . S ince z one b ounda r ie s a re s e ldom c l ea r ly d e f ined a nd s ome s pec ie s o f mo l lu sc s t end t o m ig ra te w i th a ge , ad i s t inc t ion i n to t h e u p sho re B a lano id z one , t h e d own sho re A rgenv i l le i -Coch lea r z one , a nd t h e i n f ra t ida l z one i sa dequa te f o r t h i s s t udy . T he u p sho re t end s t o b e d om ina ted b y a n ima l s , a s s po re l ing s a nd d i a tom s a re e a ten b y t h e l impe t s ; i n c on t ra s t , t he d own sho re t e nd s t o b e d om ina ted b yp lan t s .

2 . 5 L I MPETS 2 . 5 .1 T axonomy F ou r O rder s a re r ecogn i sed w i th in t h e c l a s s G a s t ropoda -A rchaeoga s tropoda , Me soga s t ropoda , H e teroga s t ropoda a nd N eoga s t ropoda . T he f our l impe t s pec ie s w i th w h ich t h i s s t udy i sc once rned f a l l w i th in t he F am i ly P a te l l idae a nd t h e O rder A rchaeoga s t ropoda ; t h e p ref ix ` A rchaeo ' s ugge s t s l i t t le i f a ny e vo lu t iona ry c hange w i th in a n a r chaeo log ica l t ime s c a le . T he u se o f t he t e rm P a te l l idae t o r e f er t o t h e l o ca l l impe t s i sc u s toma ry a l though t a xonom ica l ly t h e F am i ly P a te l l idae i n c lude s He lc ion , C e l lana ,A cnae a nd P a te l l idae s p ec ies . T he s t o rmy s ea s a nd t h e r ugged a nd r ocky o u tc rop s a l ong much o f t he S ou th A f r ican c oa s t l ine s uppo r t l impe t p opu la t ion s u nequa l led a nywhe re e l se i n t h e w o r ld f o rs pec ie s d i ve r s i ty , a bundance , c o lo ra t ion a nd s i ze . 2 . 5 .2 S i ze A rchaeo log ica l ly , l impe t s i ze i si mpo r tan t f r om t wo a spec t s . F ir s t , a sa na n ima l ' s s i ze i n c rea se s w i th a ge , i t s b ody w e igh t a nd t h e re fo re i t s c a lor if ic v a lue i n c rea se e xponen t ia l ly ; s econd , e ven a l though t here i so n ly al i nea r r e la t ion sh ip b e tween e gg p roduc t ion a nd s i ze , t h e o u tpu t o fl a rge a n ima l s i si n ma rked d i spropo r t ion t on umber s . E ven a r a te o f p reda t ion a s l ow a s 2% o f t h e l a rge s t P .g rana t ina c ou ld p roduce d ra s t ic e f f ec t s w i th in t wo y ea r s , b u t t he se e f fec t s m igh t r ema in a r chaeo log ica l ly i nv i s ib le u n le s s s e lec t ive i n ten s ive ly o ve r al ong p e r iod .

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2 . 5 .3 Hab i ta t L impe t s p refe r s moo th g en t ly s l op ing r ock s a nd t end t oa vo id j agged o r c rumb ly s u r face s o r u n s tab le s ub s t ra te s . S he l te red w ave -wa shed b ay s a r e r i cher t h an e xpo sed p romon to r ie s i nt he l impe t s P .g rana t ina a nd P .g ranu la r i s , b u t t he l ow s ho re P . a rgenv i l le i i sf ound mo s t ly o n f l a t f u l ly e xpo sed r ock s he lve s .

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s pec ie s f r equenc ie s i nm idden s a re t hu s i n d ica t ive o f t he a va i lab i l i ty o f s pec ie s -

1 6

s pec i f ic h ab i ta t s . L impe t s a t tach t o t h e r o ck s n o t b y s u c t ion w h ich w ou ld p roduce a f o rce o f o n ly o ne a tmo sphe re b u t b y a n a dhe s ive mucu s w h ich c an r equ i re u p t of i ve a tmo sphe re s ( o ve r 1 00 k g o ff o rce ) t or emove a n a n ima l o nce d i s tu rbed ; a nd l impe t sc an b e d i s tu rbed s imp ly b yv i b ra t ion a nd , o nce d i s tu rbed , t h e i r r emova l i n va r iab ly d amage s t h e s he l l m a rg in . S i nce n o s uch d amage h a s b een n o ted i nl impe t s he l l s f r om s ou thwe s t c oa s t m idden s , p reh i s to r ic g a the re r s m u s th ave b een a dep t a tr emov ing l i mpe t s a tt h e f i r s t a t temp t o r t h en l e f t t h em a l one . 2 . 5 .4 F eed ing L impe t s a re g ene ra l i sed g r a ze r s/b row se r s w i th a n u n re s t r ic ted d i e t w h ich i n c lude s a l gae , l i chen s , d i a tom s a nd s po re s a nd f e ed ing i sr e la ted t o t h e t i da l r hy thm . Mo s ts pec ie s e s tab l i sh ah ome b a se i n to w h ich t h e s he l l i sc on tou red t o m ake a t i gh t f i t a nd f o rage u p t o5 0 t o7 5 c m f r om t h i s b a se . T he h ome b a se l e ave s as c a r o n t h e r o ck s w h ich i su sua l ly mo re m a rked f o r u p sho re t han d own sho re s pec ie s . A l l l i mpe t s e s tab l i sh t e r r i to r ie s w h ich t h ey w i l l f i gh t t o m a in ta in a ga in s t i n vade r s ; l i mpe t s c ompe te f o rf ood o n af i r s t -come f i r s t served b a s i s . I n te r spec i f ic c ompe t i t ion b e tween a n ima l s o ccupy ing t h e s ame z one i s a vo ided b y d i f f e ren ce s i n f e ed ing r e g ime s a nd m e thod s o f f ood c ap tu re . F o r i n s tance , o n ly P .g rana t ina a nd P .a r genv i l le i u se am e thod o fl i f t ing u p t h e s he l l a nd s ma sh ing d own o nf ood . 2 . 5 .5 S he l l S hape .S ur f ace T ex tu re & C o lou r S he l lh e igh t , s hape , s u r f ace t e x tu re , ( whe the r s moo th , g ranu la r , r i dged o rs p iny ) a nd c o lo ra t ion a r es p ec ie s spec i f ic a dap ta t ion st ot i da l a nd w ave a c t ion , c u r ren t s , w a te r a nd h ea t g a in o r l o s s , a b ra s ion a nd p reda to r a t tack . S he l l w e igh t a nd t h ickne s s a r e p ropo r t iona l ly g r ea te r i n d own sho re t han u p sho re s pec ie s . C o lo ra t ion , d e r ived f r om i n ge s ted p i gmen t s a s am ean s o fm odera t ing t h ew h i te o fc a lc ium i nt h e s he l l s , h a s b een s hown t ov a ry w i th c hange s i nt h e q ua l i ty a nd q uan t i ty o f t h e d i e t a nd P .g r anu la r i s i sk nown t od eve lop o ne o ft h ree c o lou r s d e te rm ined b y i t s m ic ro -env i ronmen t -a mong b l ack mu s se l s , a mong b a rnac le s a nd i no the rs i tua t ion s -w h ich s ugge s t s ap rob lem f o rf u tu re r e sea rch . C o lou r i s o c ca s iona l ly p re ser ved i nm idden sw i th ac l ean d r ys andy m a t r ix . 2 . 5 .6 G row th a nd R ep roduc t ion S ou thwe s t c oa s t l i mpe t s d o n o t r e vea l a ny o bv iou s g row th r i ng s . L impe t s s pawn o nce ay ea ru sua l ly i nl a te a u tumn t oe a r ly w in te rb u ts exua lm a tu r i ty a nd g row th r a te s v a ry b e tween s p ec ie s ( Tab le 2 . 7 ) . G onad s h ave a h i ghe r c a lo r i f ic a nd n u t r i t ive v a lue t h an s oma t ic f l e sh a nd t h u s l i mpe t s a r e b e s t e a ten i nt h e p e r iod b e fo re s pawn ing b u t t h e t o ta l e d ib le m a s s d oe s n o t s e em t o i n c rea se p ropo r t iona te ly ( B ranch p e r s c omm . ) . S pa t c an t r ave l i n c u r ren t s b e fo re s e t t lemen t a nd t h u s q u ick ly r e co lon i se a r ea s s ub jec t t o i n ten s ive p reda t ion p rov ided s pace h a s n o t i nt h e m ean t ime b een p reemp ted b y b a rnac le s o r o the r a n ima l s .

1 7

2 . 5 .7 I n te r -Zone M ig ra t ion W i th i n c rea s ing a ge ,s ome s pec ie sm ig ra te u p sho re w he re c ompe t i t ion i sl e s s a nd t h ey a r eb e t te ra b le t ow i th s tand t h eh a r she re nv i ronmen t . 2 . 5 .8 B io log ica lI n te rac t ion s G ene ra l ly ,s pec ie sl i ve w e l lw i th in t h er ange o ft h ep hy s ica lc ond i t ion sw h ich t h ey c an t o le ra te ,w he the rt empe ra tu re o fs ea o ra i r ,w ave a c t ion ,s a l in i t y ,s ub s t ra te o r f o od a va i lab i l i ty . B u t e spec ia l ly f o r d own sho re s pec ie s mo re s ub jec t t o p reda to r s , i ti st h e p re sence o ra b sence o fo the ro rgan i sm s t ha t d e te rm ine sw ha t c an l i ve w he re , r a the r t h an t h e a b i l i ty o fi n d iv idua l s pec ie s t o t o le ra te p hy s ica l s t re s s . I mpo r tan t a gen t s a f f ec t ing s e t t lemen t , g row th a nd r ep roduc t ion i n c lude i n te r spec i f ic c ompe t i t ion ,a l ga lg row th ,i n va s ion b yb a rnac le sa nd p r eda to r s .

2 . 6 THE B LACK MUSSEL ( Cho romy t i lu sm er id iona l i s ) 2 . 6 .1 T axonomy T he b l ack mu s se l i s am embe r o f t h e f am i ly My t i l idae o f t he C la s s B iva lv ia . K i lbu rn a nd R ippey ( 1 982 : 2 2 ) m ake t h e c r yp t ic c ommen t t ha t " c o ld w a te r i n vade r s f r om t h e S ou th A t lan t ic p robab ly i n c lude A u lacomya a t e r ( t he r i bbed m u s se l ) a nd C ho romy t i lu s m e r id iona l i s " w h ich m igh t a ccoun t f o r t he l a te a ppea rance o f mu s se l sc ompa red w i th l i mpe t si nt h ea r chaeo log ica lr e cord . 2 . 6 .2 S i ze a nd R ange Max imum s i ze :

1 54 mm

R ange : N am ib ia t o A lgoa B ay b u t m o re a bundan t i n t he c o ld w a te r so ft h ew e s tc oa s t . 2 . 6 .3 H ab i ta t T he b l ack mu s se l f a vou r s f u l ly e xpo sed , g en t ly s l op ing , s l ow d ra in ing r o ck p l a t fo rm s o n w h ich c o lon ie s f o rm ad en se ly p acked a lmo s t c on t inuou s c ove r ing o ve r t h e r o ck s u r face s a nd s and f i l led g u l l ie s e x tend ing f r om 3 t o 4m e t re s s ub t ida lt oo ne m e t re a bove l ow s p r ing t i de l e ve l a nd s omewha t h i ghe r i nd amp c r ev ice s . D en s i ty i s much t h e s ame t h roughou t b u t w i th t h e mo re r e s t r ic ted f e ed ing t ime u p sho re ,t h eg row th t h e re i ss l owe ra nd t h ea n ima l ss ma l le r . 2 . 6 .4 F eed ing Mu s se l sa r es e s s i le f i l te r f eede r sa nd f a s ten t ot h er o ck sb yt h eb y s su s( ab ea rd o f t h read s )w h ich c an e x tend t h rough s e ve ra lc en t ime t re s o fs and . T he b y s su s a l so e nab le s mu s se l s t o c l ump t o ge the r w h ich m ake s t h em t h e e a s ie s t s he l l f i sh t o g a the r . Mu s se l f e ed ing d epend s o n s t rong w ave a c t ion t om a in ta in ah i gh l e ve l o fp a r t icu la te o rgan ic m a te r ia l i ns u spen s ion a nd t op rov ide ac on t inuou s s upp ly o ff r e sh f ood . Unde r t h e se c ond i t ion s , f i l te r f eede r s i nt e rm s o f n umber s a nd b i oma s sa r e much m o re .i mpo r tan tt han l i mpe t s .

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2 . 6 .5 G row th a nd r e r oduc t ion B lack mu s se l s c an a t ta in a s he l l l e ng th o f 6 0 mm i n o ne y ea r a nd p roduce a s t and ing c rop o f mo re t h an 2 0 0 00 k J m2 w h ich i sh i gh f o r amac ro inve r teb ra te p opu la t ion .

Game to -gene s i s o ccu r s t h roughou t t he y ea r a nd g ame te s a re

r e lea sed ma in ly b e tween J u ly a nd F eb rua ry b u t may b e a s l a te a s May , w i th p roduc t iv i ty f a ir ly c on s tan ta ta bou t3 00 00 k Jm 2 y 1. 2 . 6 .6 Mu s se l Mor ta l i ty S pa tt end t os e t t le i mmed ia te ly b e low a du l t s a nd a st hey g row p u sh t he a du l t s t o t he s ur face .

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w ave a c t ion a nd e i the r g e t w a shed u p o n t he s ho re o r r e -a t tach u p sho re . T he d en se p ack ing o f mu s se l s i n al im i ted s pace s queeze ss ome mu s se l st ot he s ur face t of o rm ' hump s 'w h ich a r e s im i la r ly v u lne rab le t ow ave a c t ion . S uch c ompe t i t ion f o r s pace i s ama jo r c au se o f mu s se l mo r ta l i ty . O ther c au se s i n c lude ab u i ld -up o fs and b e tween mu s se l a nd s ub s t ra te w h ich l oo sen s t he h o ld o ft he b y s su s , t he s ummer s e t t lemen t o fa l gae o n t h e s he l l s o f mu s se l s w h ich p romo te s s i l t ing a nd ' h ump ing ' , o ver -hea t ing a nd d e s icca t ion p a r t icu la r ly o f mu s se l s o n t h e s ur face a nd a t tack b yp reda to r s , ma in ly r ock l o b s ter s ,b i rd s , f i sh a nd s t ar f i sh .

2 . 7 THE R IBBED MUSSEL ( Au lacomya a t er ) T h i ss pec ie s i sa l so a bundan t a l ong t h ew e s tc oa s tb u t i s mo s t ly s ub t ida l ( F ie ld

g _ t

a l . 1 980 ) a nd b e ing t h u s c ompa ra t ive ly r a re i n m idden s i t s e co logy d oe s n o t r equ i re c on s idera t ion . 2 . 8 W HELKS Whe lk s f a l l w i th in t h e f am i ly B ucc in idae a nd t h e O rder N eoga s t ropoda a nd a re s c avenger s o fi n ter t ida l p oo l s a nd r ock c r ev ice s . L i t t le i sk nown o ft h e i r b io logy a nd s i nce t hey a ppea r t o i n te rb reed , ma laco log i s t s a re n o t y e t a g reed o n t he d i v id ing l i ne sb e tween s pec ie s . 2 . 9 MOLLUSCAN B IOCHE M ISTRY A b a s ic s im i la r i ty i n t h e b iochem i s try o f mo l lu sc s c an b e i n fer red f r om t he i n s ign if ican t d i f fe rence s i n t he i r c a lo r i f ic v a lue s ( G r if f i th s , D . 1 977 : 6 02 ) . C a lo r ic v a lue s d e te rm ined f o r 1 3s ou thwe s t c oa s t s pec ie s , e xp re s sed i nk i lo jou le s p e r g ram o f d ry f l e sh m a s s ( a f te r o ven d ry ing a t 6 0 °C t o c on s tan t ma s s ) g i ve a m ean v a lue o f 2 0 +1 , 7 k Jg 1 ( Tab le 2 . 8 ) . D ry f l e sh w e igh t i so f t h e o rder o f 1 9 % + 2% o fw e t f l e sh w e igh t ( Gr if f i th s , R . 1 981 ; Dav ie s 1 969 : B ranch p er s . c omm . ) .

1 9

2 . 10 CONCLUS ION T o t h e p reh i s to r ic h un te r -ga the re r s , t h e s ou thwe s t c oa s t o fS ou th A f r ica o f f e red ar i ch a nd e a s i ly g a the red h a rve s t o f s he l l food w h ich w a s d ependab le a nd a va i lab le a l lt h ey ea rr ound , t h e o n ly s ea sona lv a r ia t ion b e ing as omewha th i ghe r f ood v a lue i nt h e p e r iod b e fo re s pawn ing . F rom t h e u n ique a bundan ce a nd s i ze o ft h e mo l lu scan f a una o ft h i s r e g ion ,w e c an p red ic t t ha t s he l l f i sh c on t r ibu ted a s i gn i f ican ts ha re t op reh i s to r ic d i e t .

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TABLE 4 . 2 .1 REFERENCES FOOD CO MPOS IT ION TABLES Un i ted K ingdom A .E B ende r( 1 979 ) . C a lo r ie sa nd N u t r i t ion ,4 t he d i t ion . L ondon : M i tchel B eaz ley . McCance & W iddow son ( 1 978 ) . T he C ompo s i t ion o fF ood s b y AA . P au l & D .A .T . S ou thga te . L ondon : H .M .S .O . Un i ted S t a te s B .K . Wa t t a nd A .L . Me r r i l l ( 1 975 ) . C ompo s i t ion o f F ood , Ag r icu l tu ra l Handbook No . 8 . Wa sh ing ton D .C . : U .S . D epa r tmen to f Ag r icu l tu re . E a s tA s ia F ood C ompo s i t ion T ab le f o rU se i nE a s tA s ia ( 1 972 ) . U .S . D epa r tmen t o f H ea l th/Food O rgan i sa t ion .

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Un i ted

N a t ion s

S ou the rn A f r ica F .W . F ox ( 1966 ) . S tud ie s o n t h e C hem ica l C ompo s i t ion o fF ood s C ommon ly U sed i nS ou the rn A f r ica . J ohanne sbu rg : S ou th A f r ican I n s t i tu te f o r Med ica lR e sea rch . L a t in Ame r ica W .T . WoL eung a nd M . F lo re s ( 1961 ) . F ood C ompo s i t ion T ab le s f o r U se i n L a t in Ame r ica . B e the sda , Md . : N a t iona l I n s t i tu te f o r H ea l th -I n te rdepa r tmen ta l C omm i t tee o n N u t r i t ion f o rN a t ion D e f ence . T rop ica lC oun t r ie s B .S . P l a t t ( 1962 ) . T ab le s o f R ep re sen ta t ive V a lue s o f F ood C ommon ly U sed i n T rop ica l C oun t r ie s . L ondon : S pec .R ep .S e r . Med .R e s .C ounc i l( London ) , No .3 02 . I nd ia W .R . A c i c royd a nd V .N . P a twa rdhan ( 1 956 ) . T he N u t r i t ive V a lue o fI nd ian F ood s . I nd ian R e s . F und A s s . H l th . B u l l . N o . 2 3 . Au s t ra l ia S .T homa s a nd M . C o rden ( 1 970 ) . T ab le s o f t h e C ompo s i t ion o f Au s t ra l ian F ood s . C anbe r ra : Au s t ra l ian Gove rnmen t P ubl i sh ing S ec t ion -C ommonwea l th D epa r tmen t o f Hea l th N u t r i t ion S ec t ion C anbe r ra . I n terna t iona l F ood C ompo s i t ion T ab le s f o rI n te rna t iona lU se ( 1 949 ) . R ome :

F ood a nd Ag r icu l tu ra l O rgan i sa t ion o f t h e Un i ted N a t ion s O rgan i sa t ion -N u tr i t iona l S tud ie sN o . 3 . R ome .

1 22

TABLE 4 . 2 .2 ENERGY Y IELDS P ER 1 00 GRA MS OF RA W ED IBLE PORT ION C a tego ry

Nu t s &S eed s

C e rea l s

k J 1 00g 4

A lmond s ,B rai d ,c a shew a nd mongongo n u t s ,p eanu t s a nd w a lnu t s

2 2

2 500

7

B a r ley , ma i ze , r i ce , s o rghum ,w hea t

1 4

1 429

8 0

Mea t ( Dome s t ica ted )

C a t t le , s heep ,p i g ,g oa t

9

1 290

1 54

Mea t (W i ld )

B oa r ,w a te rb ufa lo ,h a re , r abb i t ,r e indee r ,v en i son

9

5 88

9 4

4

1 203

7 5

5

1 037

1 56

Honey S eaweed s

G e l id ium , P o rphy ra ,L am in a r ia , E ck Ion ia ,U lva s pp .

F i sh ( Fa t t y )

H e r r ing , m acke re l , mule t , s a lmon , s tompno se ,yelo v v ta i l

1 7

7 11

1 37

F i sh ( O the r )

S eaba s s , c a rp ,c od ,h addock , h ake

1 7

3 50

6 3

Ahati L E

Wha lemea t

1

6 55

Do lph in s

Do lph in

1

3 70

f -c l (W i ld )

Duck , P hea san t ,q ua i l

7

6 11

2 0

C ru s tacea

C ray f i sh ,l o b s ter ,p rawn s , s h r imp s

9

3 94

1 6

2 9

3 27

6 6

2 0

2 06

6 5

Mo l lu sc s

F ru i t

Aba lone , c l ams , c o ck le s , l i mpe t s , mu s se l s ,o y s te r s , s c a l lop s ,w he lk s App le s , f i g s ,g rape s ,l emon s , o range s , p l um s ,p r ick ly p ea r s

T he o n ly o b served a noma l ie sw e re a co rn s a nd c he s tnu t sw ho se k J 1 00g1 w e re 2 02 a nd 7 70 a ga in s t am ean o f2 500 f o rt h e o the rn u t sa nd s e ed ss pec if ied .

1 23

TABLE 4 . 3 .1 L I MPETS -METHODS OF S AMPLE ANALYS IS & DETER M INAT ION OF TOTAL K ILOJOULES FOR EACH S A MPLE 1 .

Ana ly s i so fS amp le s

( a )

S epa ra te t h es hel r ema in si n to t h e f ou rs pec ie sa nd a nu n iden t if i ab le r e s idue ;

( b )

F o re ach i d en t if i ed s pec ie s :

( i )

e x t rac t s hel s w i th ar e a sonab ly i n tac tb a se , r e co rd t h em ax imum w id th a c ro s st h e b a se o fe ach s hel a nd t h eo ve ra l lw e igh to fs h el ; f o r t h e r e s idue o f b roken s he l l s , a p ice s a nd f r agmen t s , c oun t a nd r e co rd t h e n umbe ro fa p ice sa nd t h eo ve ra l lw e igh to fs hel .

( c )

F o r t h e u n iden t if iab le r e s idue , c oun t a nd r e co rd t h e n umbe r o f a p ice s (M .N . I . ) a nd t h e o ve ral w e igh t o fs hel ; a l lo ca te t h e M .N . I . a nd s helwe igh t t os pec ie s o n t h e u nde mo ted p e rcen tage sw h ich h ave b een d er ived f r om a na ly se so fs amp le s( N =2 144 a nd N = 9 026 ) f r om w e s tc oa s t m idden s : M .N . I . 6 4% 3 0% 4% 2% lf i%

P .g rana t ina P .g ranu la r i s P .a rgenv ile i P .b a rba ra

( d )

A l loca t ion o f S hel We igh t 6 7% 1 7% 1% 1 00%

S umma r i se t h e r e su l tan td a ta

P .E r ana t ina

P . s t ranu lar i s

P . arr env i l le i

P .barbara

T o ta l

M .N . I .W t( e

M .N . I .W t(2 1

M .N . I .W t(A

M .N . I .W t(2 1

Measured S he l ls R es idue s : I d en t i f iab le Un iden t i f iab le

S ub to ta l R e s idue s

T o ta l -Who le S amp le

2 .

E s t ima t ion o fT o ta l K i lo jou le Y ie ld s

( a )

Mea su red S hel s : T he k J y i e ld f o r e ach mm i n s i ze f o r e ach s pec ie s i s f i r s t d e te rm ined . (Append ix B ) S i ze i st h e m ax imum w id th a c ro s s t h e b a se . T he a gg rega te y i e ld f r om m ea su red s hel s i s a dded i n a f te r t h e y i e ld f r om t h e r e s idue s h a s b een d e term ined t og i ve t h e t o ta ly i e ld f r om t h es amp le .

( b )

R e s idue s ( I den t i f iab le a nd Un iden t if iab le ) : F o r t h e se r e s idue s , d i f f e ren t m e thod s c an b e u sed o r ac omb ina t ion o fm e thod sd ependen to nt h et i me a nd d a ta a va i lab le .

1 24

T ab le 4 . 3 .1 ( con td . ) Me thod 1-o nM .N . I .a nd m ean w e igh t p e rs h el f o re ach s p ec ie s : D iv i s ion o fs he l lw e igh t b yt he M .N . I ( s ee 1 ( d ) a bove ) p roduce s am ean w e igh t p e rs he l l , w h ich c an b e t r an s la ted i n to am ean k i lo jou le y i e ld p e rs he l l . (Append ix C ) T hen Mean k JY ie ld p e rs h el x M .N . I . =T o ta lK i lo jou le s Me thod 2-b y u se o f af a c to r t oc onve r t t o ta l s hel w e igh t d i rec t ly i n to t o ta l k i lo jou le s : T he r equ i red f a c to r i s1 00 g r am s o f s hel = 3 50 k J a nd h a s b een c a lcu la ted f r om t h ree i n dependen ts ou rce s . k J 1 00 s hel Mea su red s he l l sf r om s amp led s i te s ( N= 3 58 ;s h el w e igh t =3 027 g ; t o ta lk Jo ni n d iv idua ls h el m ea su remen t s =1 0467 1J )

3 45 ,8

P .g rana t ina & P .g r anu la r i s o n ly ( Rebe lo ( 1 982 ))

3 47 ,0

F ormu lae f o rc a lcu la t ing t h ew e t f l e sh w e igh to fP .g r ana t ina & P .g ranu la r i s( B ranch ( 1 974 : 1 93 ) )

3 69 ,0

Me thod s 3 ( a ) a nd 3 (b ) -o n a s sumed m ean s i z e s a nd s pec ie s f r equenc ie s : Me thod 1i s l a bo r iou s a nd t ime -con sum ing a nd Me thod 2 i sd ependen t o n t h e a va i lab i l i ty o f s hel w e igh t s . Me thod s3 ( a ) ) a nd 3 (b ) a r eq u icke ra nd r e ly o na s sump t ion s ,i . e .i n Me thod 3 (a ) , t h a tt he m ean s i ze o fe a ch s pec ie sa nd c on sequen t ly t h e e qu iva len tm ean k Jy i e ld d oe s n o t v a ry s i gn if i can t ly f r om t h ec on s i s ten tp a t te rn f o rw e s tc oa s tm idden sa ss hown b e low : Mean S i ze ( mm )

1 3 . 2 =

A s sumed Me a n S i ze ( mm )

E qu iva len t Me a ncJ Y ie ld

P .g r ana t ina 9 049 5 1 ,6 4 9 ,8 -56 ,7 5 2 2 8 P .g r anu la r is 9 002 3 6 ,5 3 5 ,5 -38 ,9 3 6 1 0 P .a rg env i l le i 2 39 7 0 ,4 6 5 ,1 -75 ,1 7 0 6 7 P .b a rba ra 1 24 6 5 ,7 6 4 ,3 -72 ,7 6 5 6 0 a nd i n Me thod 3 (b ) t h a t t h e m ean k J y i e ld o ve r a l s pec ie s d oe s n o t v a ry s i gn if i can t ly f r om 2 4 k J w h ich i sd e r ived f r om c a lcu la t ion sb yt h eo t he rm e thod s .

3 .

C ompa r i son o fE s t ima te so fT o ta lK i lo jou le sb yE ach o ft h e se Me thod s Me thod 1 2 3 (a ) 3( 3)

M .N . I .

T o ta lK i lo jou le s

3 414 3 4 14 3 4 14 3 4 14

7 8812 7 8659 8 4636 8 3302

Mean k JY ie ld P e rS he l l 2 3 ,1 2 3 ,0 2 4 ,8 2 4 ,4

T he a bove t o ta l si n c lude 3 58 m ea su red s he l l sa tk Jv a lue sd e te rm ined f r om t h e i ri n d iv idua l s hel m ea su remen t s w h ich p roduced 1 0467 k J i nt o ta l o r am ean y i e ld o f 2 9 ,2 p e r s hel . Mea su rab le s hel st e nd t ob et h e mo re r obu s ta nd l a rge ra nd i fo n ly t h e i rm ean s i ze i su sed t oc a lcu la te t o ta lk i lo jou le y i e ld sf o r aw ho le s amp le ,t h er e su l t sa r el i ke ly t ob eo ve r s ta ted b ys ome 1 5 % -2 5% .

1 25

TABLE 4 . 3 .2 CO MPAR ISON OF DATA ON L I MPETS BA ILEY ( 1 975 ) WITH ELAND 'S BAY S ITES B a i ley ( 1 975 ) Numbe r

E land ' sB ay S i te s

3 3

3 414

S hel

2 13

2 2474

Mea t

2 41

1 8388

G ro s s

4 54

4 0862

T o ta l We igh t s( g ) o f

Mean We igh t s( g ) o f S hel

6 , 5

4 7 ,1%

6 , 6

5%

Mea t

L I

5 2 ,9%

1 4

4 5%

G ro s s

1 3 ,8

1 2 ,0

T o ta lk Jy i e ld

6 90

7 8812

Mean k JY ie ld

2 0 ,9

2 3 ,1

S hel

3 24

3 50

Mea t

2 86

4 29

G ro s s

1 52

1 93

k JP e r 1 00 G ram s o f

R a t io o f Mea tt oS he l l

4 2: 5 8*

4 5 :5

4 5 :5 5** 5 3 :4 7***

*P a te r son , ( 1 839 ) *T own send , (1967 ) B a i ley q uo te sa l t h ree o ft h e se r a t io s ** Un s ta ted

1 26

TABLE 4 . 4 .1 DATA ON THE B LACK MUSSEL CHORO MYT ILUS MER ID IONAL IS

D r yF l e sh Ma s s

=1 , 251 x1 05 xL eng th o fS hel ( mm ) 2' 6 46

k J g1 D ry f l e sh Ma s s

=1 9 ,5 k J

k J g1 D ry Who le S hel

=0 , 957 k J

C ompo s i t ion o fD ry S oma t ic F l e sh

= Wa te r -8 2 ,12% : D ry F l e sh -1 6 ,88%

P a rame te r sd e r ived f r om t h ea bove d a ta : I d p e r1 00 g ram so f We tF l e sh

=3 30kJ

S hel We igh t

=1 50 k J

G ro s s We igh t

=1 08 k J

( Tak ing t h ew a te rc on ten t o ft h es hel a t1 5% ( Gr i ff i th s ,p e r s . c omm . ) ) R a t io o f We tF le sh t oS hel w e igh t

3 1 ,3: 6 8 ,7

D ry F l e sh We igh t

=T o ta lK i lo jou le s 1 9 ,5

We tF l e sh We igh t

=D ry F l e sh We igh t x1 00 1 6 ,88

S ou rce: G r i f f i th s( 1 981 : 1 04 )

1 27

TABLE 4 . 4 .2 CHORO MYT ILUS MER ID IONAL IS -METHODS F OR E ST I MAT ING TOTAL k J Me thod 1-On M .N . I . a nd Mean We igh tp e rS hel T he t e chn ique i st h e s ame a s Me thod 1f o rL impe t sa nd i si l u s t ra ted b e low : N

6 32

T o ta lS hel We igh t

1539g

Mean We igh tp e rS hel

1 8 ,3 g rams

E qu iva len t Mean L eng th

8 27 mm

( Append ix C ) E qu iva len t Mean U Y ie ld

2 8 ,9 U

( Append ix C ) T o ta lUi nS amp le 6 32 x2 8 ,9 I d

1 8264 U

T o ta lU f r om t h i s s amp le c a lcu la ted b yG r i ff i th ' s f o rmu la o n i n d iv idua l s hel mea su remen t s c ame t o1 8203 k J ,w h ich g i ve s ama rg in o fe r ro rf r om t h eu se o f Me thod 1o f0 , 3% .

Me thod 2-An I ndex t oI nc rea se t h eN umbe ro fS he l lL eng th Mea su remen t s A long t h e i n ter io r m a rg in o ft h e s hel i s ab lue/b lack b and ; t h e max imum w id th o ft h i s b and o n t h ea n te r io r p o r t ion o ft h e s hel ( wh ich i n co rpo ra te st h eh i nge ) i ss t rong ly c or re la ted ( r =0 ,97 ) t o t h el e ng th o ft h e s hel a t -b and w id th ( m in ) x1 0 =s he l ll e ng th ( mm ) ( Buchanan 1 985 ) .U se o ft h i s i n dex m ay i n c rea se t h en umbe ro fs hel l e ng th m ea su remen t st os t a t i s t ica la dequacy .

Me thod 3-B yU se o f aF ac to rt oC onve r tT o ta lS he l l We igh tt oT o ta lK i lo jou le s A c onve r s ion f a c to r o f 1 Q0 g ram s o f s he l l w e igh t =1 50 k J h a s b een c a lcu la ted o n d a ta f r om E land ' sB ay s i te sa nd c ompa red w i th f a c to r su sed b yo t he ra u tho r s( Tab le 4 . 4 .3 ) .

Me thod 4-On A s sumed Mean S he l l L eng th Am ean l e ng th o f7 8/82 mm a nd e qu iva len t y i e ld o fa bou t2 8U m igh tb ea s sumed f o r as amp le o f b l ack mu s se l s w he re t h e M .N . I . e xceed s 1 00 a nd p re f e rab ly 2 50 . A rchaeo log ica l s p ec imen s o f b l ack mu s se l s c an r ange f r om u nde r 2 0 mm i ns he l l l e ng th t oo ve r 1 50 mm w i th ac o r re spond ing r ange i n k J y i e ld f r om u nde r 1 , 0 k J t o o ve r 1 20 I d . T he re a r e t h e re fo re p o ten t ia l ly s i gn if i can t d i f f e rence s i n m ean v a lue s f o r d i sc re te s amp le s f r om t h e s ame m idden . S even s amp le s f r om L aye r s 1t o 6o f EBC p roduced m ean y i e ld s f o r e ach s amp le f r om 1 6 t o 3 5 U . A s s amp le s i ze i n c rea se s ,t h em ean s i ze t e nd st of o cu so na bou t8 0/82 mm o ra bou t2 8U .

1 28

TABLE 4 . 4 .3 CHOROMYT ILUS MER ID IONAL IS -ANALYS IS OF DATA F RO M ELAND 'S BAY S ITES

A l lS i te s S amp led S i te s

We igh t( g )o f S hel We tF l e sh G ro s s Mean We igh t s( g )o f S hel We tF l e sh G ro s s Ra t io We tF l e sh/Shel We tF l e sh/Gro s s Mean L eng th ( mm ) T o ta lK i lo jou le s Mean k JY ie ld k Jp e r1 0 0G ram so f S hel We tF l e sh G ro s s

T o r to i se C ave* S i te IT2

Mea su red S he l l s On ly

A l l S he l l s

3 6

9 3

6 32

2 683

6 20 2 87 9 07

2 679 1 261 3 940

1539 530 1 7069

5 0253 2 3964 7 4217

1 7 ,2 8 , 0 2 5 ,2

2 8 ,8 1 3 ,6 4 2 ,4

1 8 ,3 8 , 7 2 7 ,0

1 8 ,7 8 , 9 2 7 ,6

4 6 ,3% 3 1 ,6% 7 5 ,1 9 45 2 6 ,3

4 7 ,1 % 3 2 ,0% 9 5 ,3 4 156 4 4 ,7

4 7 ,9% 3 2 ,4% 8 2 ,7 1 8203 2 8 ,8

4 7 ,7% 3 2 ,3 % 8 3 ,2 7 8802 2 9 ,4

1 52 3 29 1 04

1 55 3 30 1 05

1 58 3 29 1 07

1 57 3 29 1 06

* The s amp le f r om T o r to i se C ave ( Robey , 1 984 ) w a s al o ca l i sed c oncen t ra t ion o f l a rge mus se l s he l l sf o und d u r ing e x cava t ion . A l though v e ry d i f f e ren t i nm ean w e igh t s a nd m ean l e ng th , k J p e r 1 00 g r am sa re t h es ame a sf o rt h e o the rs amp le s . C ompa r i sons R a t io :We tF le sh/G ro s s

I d 1 00 g1 We tF le sh

R a t io: D ry/ We tF l e sh

3 5% -40% ( Dav ie s 1 969 :425 ,M .edu l i s ) 3 ,4% ( Meehan 1 982 :142 , My t i l idae ) 3 0 ,0% ( Cook 1 946 :5 1 ,C a l i fo rn ian s p . )Ra t io a dop ted b y Me ighan ( 1 958 :4 )&G la s sow ( 1967 :3 56 ) 3 1 ,3% ( G r i ff i th s 1 981 : 1 04 ,C .me r id iona l i s ) 36 ( Ba i ley 1 975 :T ab le I I :2 ) D e r ived f r om McCance & W iddow son ( 1960 ) &T re s s le r& L emon ( 1 951 ) 36 ( Meehan 1 982 :4 3 )D e r ived f r om S haw c ro s s ( 1 967 ) &T homa s &Co rden (1970 ) 3 30 ( Gr i f f i th s 1 981 : 1 04 ) 1 7 ,6 % ( Dav ie s 1 969 :4 25 ,M .edu l i s ) 1 6 ,9% ( G r i ff i th s1 981 : 1 04 ,C .me r id iona l i s )

1 29

TABLE 4 . 4 .4 CO MPAR ISON OF DATA FRO M BA ILEY ( 1 975 ) AND FRO M ELAND 'S BAY S ITES B a i ley ( 1 975 .I :5 ) Mean k JY ie ld

T ab le I I :8

E land ' sB ay S i te s * 8 ,4

2 8

Mean We igh t( g ) o f S hel

1 9

F l e sh

T ab le I I : 8

* 3 ,0

G ro s s

T ab le I I : 9

* 8 ,0

T ab le I I :7

* 42 :58

R a t io :F le sh/Shel We igh t

*17 :83 ' 29 :71 + 25 :75 Mean V a lue o fF l e sh/Shel We igh t R a t io

S ou rce s:

3 0 :70

C ook ( 1 946 ) B ende r ( 1 968 ) D av ie s ( 1 969 ) McCance & W iddow son ( 1 960 )

1 30

9 2 8 3 1 ,3 :68 ,7

TABLE 4 . 6 .1 PUBL ISHED ENERGY VALUES FOR LOBSTERS

U

1 00 g

1

S ou rce

S t a te

3 52

F i e ld e ta l . ( 1 980 ) u pt o5 0 mm

R aw

4 69

F i e ld e ta l( 1 980 ) L a rge rt han 5 0 mm

R aw

3 95

B a r ton ( 1 983 : 3 2 )

R aw

3 29

B ende r ( 1 979 :9 4 )

B o i led

4 98

McCance & W iddow son ( 1 978 )

R aw

3 80

Wa t t & Me r r i l l( 1 975 )

R aw

3 95

F ood C ompo s i t ion T ab le s ,U .S .D ep t .

R aw

o fH ea l th/Food & Ag r icu l tu ra lO rgan i sa t ion ( 1 972 ) 3 85

F ood C ompo s i t ion T ab le s/F .A .O .

R aw

N u t r i t iona lS tud ie sN o . 3( 1 949 ) 3 80

A u s t ra l ian C a lo r ie C oun te r( 1 981 )

Mean V a lue: k Jloog

1

B o i led

=3 98 + 5 3

1 31

TABLE 4 . 6 .2 ROCK LOBSTERS -S PAT IAL D ISTR IBUT ION AMONG ELAND 'S BAY S ITES ( Pe r iod 1 800 -300 B P )

S i te sb yA rea V le i

M .N . I .

N m3

k J m3

0 , 2590

1 9

1 544 4

3 85

1 ,2625

3 4

2 7347

1 079

2 8 ,1400

3 8

3 6675

3 9 .6615

3 7

2 9631

5

B ay B aboon P o in t Mu s se lP o in t

Vo lume o f S amp le s ( m 3)

N i l 1 469

ROCK LOBSTERS -S PAT IAL D ISTR IBUT ION AMONG S ITES ALONG THE SOUTH WEST COAST E land 's B ay t oC ape P o in t (We s tC oa s t ) A l l EB S i tes ( a s a bove )

1 469

3 9 ,6615

3 7

2 9631

DE

4 18

0 , 7807

5 35

4 28334

PN

3 35

2 , 7582

1 22

9 7200

B S

4

0 , 7696

6 5

3 8846

HBC*

3

1 , 3000

2

1 440

C ape P o in t t oD anger P o in t

SM

N i l

R cn

3 9

2 , 6000

1 5

9 000

P B/H

2 2

1 , 3650

1 6

9 670

DEj

N i l

*T he s t eep c oa s ta l t opog raphy a nd s ou th f a c ing b ay i nh ib i t c a tch ing a nd s t rand ing

1 32

TABLE 4 . 6 .3 ROCK LOBSTERS T empo ra lD i s t r ibu t ion a tE land 's B ay C ave ( Per iod 1 0 00 -3 00 BP )

L aye r s

P er iod B P l App rox . )

Vo lume o f S amp le ( m 3)

M .N . I .

Nm3

1 13

1 /6

3 00 - 1 800

1 079

2 8 ,14

3 8 ,3

3 9675

7 /9

1 800 -3 800

1 48

1 2 ,92

1 ,5

9 164

8 000 -11000

8 01

2 4 ,48

3 2 ,7

2 7176

1 0/15

T empo ra lD i s t r ibu t ion a tB on teberg S he l te r ( Da tes -4 105 a nd 1 650 BP )

Dep th

Number o fF ragmen ts

0 " -1 2 "

1 72

1 3 " -2 4 "

1 21

2 5 " -3 6 "

6 5

1 33

5 7 v Z r - N

o

( , ). 0

O

S

r )

O

N

k r ) " 1 '

O

t e l

S

C P .

a e

c s a

a2 7ZZ e A )

Y I E L D P E R F I S H

1 ‘ ?

T A B L E 4 . 7 . 1

f s l

§

f e l N N . 10 " c r s . 4 0

S ( e Y r i l o a l a l a n d i

k r 1

c ) Nt e l8 s 4

(4 .

0

. .1

C U 1 . 4

t U

J Z C o 7 3 c a L e )

3, — ,

V )

.=

, . . .

2=

.< A

C U

n :

C e

p i )

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C t

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C

E =

" . E

2 .

, A

7

— 0 3

0

s . . .,

' C I

2 L— L I e ' ' '' 4 • . -( . , t .: = 2

t n

0 c 7 i

• • = c a

. ' 3

=

C l

i

. . . ,— • D I= =

1 1 N

r e )

§Ä .

k w

k r )

N N

§

e a u

e

z.9 .g.Q.or.ir, c, v00 / §

‘ a • t r ) N N

M e a n V a l u e s

N

C A L C U L A T I O N O F M E A N

S f e )

k r )m e • , — g

O I L

2 7

f l

0 0 g e t c r ) N N

K I L O J O U L E

i e e

0

0 0 c p 9 1

N C D t r l r q

o

0 =

. 7

M e a n V a l u e

0 0 0 e 0 0

2 1 l 1

4 . 1 1

--

N

B a b o n P o i n t

F I S H -

S P A T I A L D I S T R I B U T I O N B Y S I T E S E L A N D ' S B A Y

T A B L E 4 . 7 2

" 2 i , t .h E l Z i r )

e t

I ` t 2 1

? N CI I n c r l

e t 1

m

1 3 5

Y i e l d D e r f i s h

. = . 2 f a . . , C O

. 1- c c 2 , -

. 0 1. 9 .

g §

g

A

A

PI §I

n Z I

g 11 N

11

Al `

N

0 0

Cn 00 C 0 I

C )

N

f` . )

N

0 . 4

o n

r N t e )

V D I

r a t h e r s m a l a v e r a g e s i z e o f f i s h s u g e s t n e t i n g o r

r e k E 9 9Zr -. 9 I c r A g c r j 5 41

c , A

4.0

o 0 0

V D

E Q . )

E

N

e l

O CO C /)

g

r n

c s ,e n0 en i

v , . a z t . i Jz

C . ) .

U 0 : 1 U . 1C r a .X

A. V I C O

i . I 3 v ) t u> . c 7 D

C / 3

8 e 0

X I C L e

2

1 36

S M & R O I : T h e a r e a s r o u n d t h e s e s i t e s a r e f a v o u r e d b y r o c k a n g l e r s t o d a y .

O

S i t e s E a s t o f C a

4( 5

V ) C O

D K I : R e s u l t s a r e a n o m a l o u s i n r e l a t i o n t o o t h e r s i t e s a l o n g t h e c o a s t a h i g h r a t e o f c a t c h b u t m o s t l y o f s m a l f i s h .

0 . )

W e s t C o a s t S i t e s

T A B L E 4 . 7 . 3

e . 1

TABLE 4 . 8 .1 TERRESTR IAL MAM MALS - ENERGY Y IELDS An ima l

N

k J 1 00g1

B oa r Wa te rB u f fa lo Ha re/Rabb i t Ho r se R e indee r V en i son ( r aw w e t ) P o s sum Wa te rB u f fa lo P ec ca r id s C oa t i P a ca Monkey D ee r Dee r( B lack ta i l )

1 1 4 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1

6 17 5 04 5 70 5 06 8 17 5 75 7 00 6 46 8 16 8 16 8 16 5 44 3 43 8 47

D ee r( Roo seve l t ) Ho r se R abb i t D ee r Mean V a lue

1 1 1 1

8 59 6 15 5 15 5 27 e 4e ± 152

S ou rce T ab le so ft h e C ompo s i t ion o fF ood s do do do do B rand e ta l( 1 983 ) do Hawke se ta l( 1 982 ) do do do do C roe se ta l( n .d . , T ab le 3 . 8 ) do E a ton & K onne r ( pe r s .comm . ) do do -

F a tC on ten to f Ungu la te s R e indee r 1 ,7% An te lope ,d ee rc a r ibou ,b i son a nd moo se 4 , 2% ± 3 .6%

Wa t t & Me r r i l l( 1 975 ) S pe th a nd S p ie lmann ( 1 983 ) T ab le 2 : 1 0 -11

Wa te rbuck , Wi ldebee s ta nd I mpa la ( a ve rage o fm ax imum v a lue s ) 4 , 8% ± 1 ,5% do A f r ican H erb ivo re s

3 . 9%

E a ton & K onne r( 1 985 :285 )

W i th p ro te in c on ten t a t2 1 ,0% a nd f a t a t 4%/5% t h ee ne rgy y i e ld i so n ly a bou t5 00/550 k J100g1 Meehan ( 1982 :Tab le 2 6 :147 ) T he e ne rgy y i e ld f o r mamma l sh a sb een c a lcu la ted o n3 000 k ca l sp e rk go r1 259 k J 1 00 g1 .T he m ean y i e ld f r om d ome s t ica ted a n ima l s( c a t t le , s heep , p i g sa nd g oa t s )w i th ap ro te in c on ten to f s ome 1 5% b u tf a to f ten i ne x c e s so f3 0% i sa bou t 1 300 1d100 g' . I tw ou ld a ppea rt h a t Meehan may h ave m i s taken ly a pp l ied t h ey i e ld f o rd ome s t ica te st ow i ld mamma l s . F u r the r , Meehan c a lcu la ted p ro te in c on ten t a t1 9% a ga in t Wa t t & Me r r il ' s2 1% a sa na ve rage f o rw i ld a n ima l sb u t Meehan ' ss pec ie sm ay w a r ran tt h e l ow e re s t ima te .

1 37

" c e

C O N M O

V I M 0 0

f qs

0 v ) 0 S

N

M e N

§

r e ) - -

I M N Y I 4 V,

N

N CT N

No om N

0 0

-

e

0

e,fn e

t r )

Q s

' C' S ( 2 ) .( 2. , S C ' S C> S N ( .9 MiC T s I Q 0 0 k r i • -rs . 12 . t rite r

C 1 00 0 M a t e r r

11333

( 9333333333P

g5 3 3r9 r 9 3r 9 g3 P 3 S g S 2

mi

mknin etnr qrn

S e Ce e n C1 Sself ).-1 , rsr e q "

c

W I

M LA S N e e

, r 1

S

r -

S

r e ) s O V I

1 1

CI ' 4 2

r s

. ,41 LC ‘

re n s4-

0 0 V I

T A B L E 4 . 8 . 2

N

a, " c : L' 4 1 0. 21 0: , ec e r o• rö cor s le 4Ao

oe

V I C D C D C D V I C D V I

=

' 7 ( 0 7

2

V D

=

c I

a 8

= •-

te

. .e a au

0 •-

ö

c n e l

0 1)

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8,

7 4

k r )

0

74 . 2 . ,

e

, ,t C L ) w e 4r , /

U

Ei ,ua , , . , e.a ,_ , E u c u E a,7 2 =-N : 2 6 '' e 9 e lc a ' I )e .. e . . . 1 E

c „ , . r , m

u

. _ . _ 1 .

. 1 ) . ,• 5 - . , . a . )E E -

c

C IZ Z -Z it7 : 1 0: 1

c T i

F i l

r ( A C A. 1 .4

03

0

c r f

u

U ri 4. '

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Q

-5

1 . ) u ..u„ s 7;E

l‘ .7 . . . . . 0 = = = m m mr .4 CP ZC 1C OL ) UC . ) e-

, . : .; .= .=

c u

1 3 8

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. .

t

, e, , Ae ur : 41 :, =

c e " 'L )

4

O M a >

75

E ) c u . ' ', I c 5 '

c e=

0

( 1 3

=

' n

7 > a

15

E

4

=

c a e l7 i R { . 4 . E

‚0 3

3a l

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Ö =

.

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-M

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C I . ,n

U 5 c 14 1

b '‘ , , 3

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53

V 2

d. .e—

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u 1 . .

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II

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cu o e m Q5 5

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, 7 , . 5 4. .x e -0 v )a . )a )» , _ . 1• -• - c z,= b I -% .I -1 0 a . . e) 9 , = = U U M M M U 0 _ . C C M JC . 7JXXZXXXX42 s

.

H& H . eÄää§ää§

r e ) e t C ? rie9 m t . ,\ 0 , . ‘ 0. V D.„C 2 , .C D _C

oc 4 . 1g mc p "c oc 24 : zt va l p‘ 5 . 0 1 ( . 1, 4

u l v e r u l e n t a

t p , Docc" m r " -: i al2

1 >

` 6 ) . ‘ 8 .

1. ) g l . ) " '. 7 5 r . :

i

2 I

6

2

. 1 2

t t , > • . =c . c u l' ic 2 9 )

•C Zi LI

t. e1

. — .

a l E

2 . . . 4 0 C . ) — A E

=

a )7, 2< 5 8 4'

.f 2 «u < L . ) . . . .•I

mg liz .l z uez

" ) ' " 'A AA ' '• =1 g z. 5 4 ' E 2 L . , • ir g e- 8 ( . / 1 — , . , —u E .< 4' °— 1 ) L L , Ör Ör : g _e c , . . 4 2

T a b l e 4 . 8 . 2 ( c o n t d . )

,. 7 2 U A 2 . i '` .

=..—.,—.

1: 3-.

= 0 0

0

L . ‚

C l eu u u 9 . >1 . . ) 0 4 1 5 0 0 b e. 4 ; . = 1 . 4 , gI ?2u

( 7 3

1 39

TABLE 4 . 8 .3

TERRESTR IAL MAM MALS -ALL EXCAVATED S ITES -ELAND 'S BAY

S amp le S i te s

N

Vo lume

Nm 3

T o ta lk J

k J m3

( ma „) CLB HS M

1 2 4

2 , 80

4 , 3

6 25 7 78

2 23 4 92

0 , 4 4 )

1 0 ,0

8 69 90

2 17 4 75

4 , 2

21 63 8 80

2 77 4 20

EBO

3 3

7 , 80

EBC

5 8

2 8 .14

20

46 62 7 05

1 65 6 97

1 07

3 9 .14

27

75 39 3 53

1 92 6 25

1 40

. .

t i

N o . o f A n i m a l s S t r a n d e

I00

.

. ch l

. ,— d

,

.(9 1 1 M

-

t e ) V Z ) 9 r

c e w

0 0

v ( g .

! H um e

< E -

R ue § ee pf l§

f : 4 8

0

T A B L E 4 . 9 1

C l )

< G I I

C ) c e . 4 C )

1 . . 0 )

t z . J C . )

a . . 4

. 2 .

a

0 )

C D

"( I C

U w

4

Q2 b.

. .Z.

.i 6n A -0 4 , •p En • = C , --

0 a .o T > v , • a

C )

: Cc ' el l.4 7 "-g .. i 1 2 M` . 3 - I -6 ' a' 5 ,• T A. . , ' 0 , 0i . 2

c e ,

= , . , = § : r zC = c u =„ 5 =• 0 . ,`

>

C l

4

I )

1 . 2

, / ,

4'

T , .

C l I CI i e0 C ; 4 . › 7 L ) ` 55 0" u . K .C 1 i -,c , . . J u A C 0

2

1 41

7 )

T o t a l O d o n t o c e t i ( T o t h e d W h a l e s )

A r e a 1 : W h o l e C o a s t l i n e ; A r e a 2 : L a m b e r t ' s B a y t o S t H e l n a B a y

( I C c e ) 6 2

,

.. ' . 1 m a 4. E c . )= C l0 at i . c e. , 8 u— E 0 C l

10 5 0

C l

0 ., 0

( B a l e n W h a l e s & R o r q u a l s )

N rs t 00

N u m b e r o f S t r a n d i n g E v e n t s :

t e r a

N o . o f A n i m a l s S t r a n d e

'

T o t a l M v s t i c e t i

M Y S T I C E T I B a l e n W h a l e s

T a b l e 4 . 9 1 ( c o n t d . )

r v i 'I c Toi , • 1o c c , . ) ) 1

t 1

A) R I

1 42 c ;. 4 . 1

el l

I g

: • 1 7 3

a ß

0

0

t n

L . I 1

>

— e a 0

b l ) 0

C L )

C .

. 4

6 . )

, e )

0 . ) .0

Z

E

3

! L I

00 N •

N

.— .

00 N N

m

‘ .0

' i

NI ( -A CV e s 4

e ll CA I

N

N

N

v n i

3 4 : A u t u m n : 3 4 ; W i n t e r : 3 7 ; T o t a l :

r q

' t oo l

e t .

T A B L E 4 . 9 . 2

.

TABLE 4 . 9 .3 CO M MERC IAL EXPLO ITAT ION OF BALEEN WHALES S pec ie s ' E xp lo i ta t ion D e ta i l s

C ape rea m a rg ina ta -P igmy R igh t Wha le Unexp lo i ted ; o n ly 6m i nl e ng th

B a laena g l ac ia l i s -S ou the rn R igh t Wha le Un ive r sa l ly p ro tec ted f r om 1 935 ; p opu la t ion s t hough tt ob er e cove r ing ; f ound mo s t ly e a s twa rd so f F a l se B ay w he re t h e n umbe r o fs i gh t ing si n1 984/8 c onf i rm st h i sr e covery

Meg ap te ra n ovaeang l ia -Humpback Wha le Numbe r sr educed t ou nde r 1 0% o fe s t ima ted p re -exp lo i ta t ion p opu la t ion .

B a laenop te ra a cu to ro s t ra ta -M inke Wha le Hun ted i nt h es ou the rn o cean so n ly w i th in r e cen tt ime s

B a laenop te ra e den i -B ryde ' s Wha le R egu la r ly t a ken o f ft h e C ape c oa s tu n t i l 1 967 w hen w ha l ing c ea sed

Wo r ldw ide S t rand ing s (Wa t son 1 981 ) Wa t son ' sC ommen t T ab le 4 . 9 .1 S ou the rn R igh t Wha le

R a re

2

Humpback Wha le

R a re

2

M inke Wha le

O f ten

8

B ryde ' s Wha le

S ome t ime s

7

S pec ie sN o t R eco rded i nT ab le 4 . 9 .1 F in Wha le

O c ca s iona l

B lue Wha le

O cca s iona l

S e i Wha le

L e s so f ten t h an M inke

1 44

TABLE 4 . 10 .1 S EAL S PEC IES CAUGHT ,S IGHTED OR BEACHED I N SOUTH AFR ICAN WATERS S ou rce: Sm i the r s( 1 983 : 5 11 -528 )

O tar idae -F u rS ea l s

A rc tocepha lu sp u s i l lu s -C ape F u rS ea l Mas s : Ma le s 1 87 ,1 k g ; F ema le s7 4 ,8 k g D i s t r ibu t ion: C onf ined t ot h ei s l and sa nd c oa s t so fS ou the rn A f r ica f r om N am ib ia t oA lgoa B ay . R ange: 1 60 km o u tt os ea

A rc to cepha lu st r op ica l i s -A n ta r c t ic F u rS ea l Mas s: Ma le s 17 -1 65 k g ; F ema le s5 0 -5 4k g Di s t r ibu t ion: T h roughou t s ub -An ta rc t ic w a te r s ; 2 3 s t rand ing s r e co rded b e tween C ape T own a nd n o r thern N a ta l ; a ppa ren t ly s e a sona lv i s i to r sf r om May t oS ep tembe r

P ho c idae -T rue S ea l s

M i rounga l e on ina -S ou the rn E lephan tS ea l Mas s: Ma les u pt o3 50 k g ; F ema le su pt o3 46 k g D i s t r ibu t ion : C i rcumpo la r ; F requen t v i s i to r t o S ou th A f r ican c oa s t ; mo s t ly D ecembe rt oF eb rua ry f r om N am ib ia t oC ape A gu lha s

2 8 r e co rded s t rand ing s

L obodon c a rc inophagu s -C rab ea te rS ea l Ma s s: Ma le su pt o2 20 k g ; F ema le su pt p2 42 k g D i s t r ibu t ion: C i rcumpo la r ; 1 0s t rand ing sr e co rded 1 957 t o1 978 m a in ly D ecembe rt o Ma rch f r om F a l se B ay t oE a s tL ondon

Hydu rga l e p tony x -L eopa rd S ea l Ma s s: Ma les 3 00 k g ; F ema le s4 50 k g Di s t r ibu t ion: Two s t rand ing sr e co rded a tE a s t L ondon i n1 946 a nd o ne a t Hou tB ay i n1 969 .

1 45

TABLE 4 . 10 .2

S EALS -ALL S ITES -ELAND 'S BAY

V o lume o f S i te s

MN I

S an k

Nm 3

T o ta lk J

k Jm 3

( m3) E xcava ted S i tes

CLB

1

2 , 8000

0 , 36

1 03 1 25

3 68 30

HS M

1

0 , 4000

2 , 50

1 03 1 25

2 57 8 13

EBO

2 1

7 , 8000

2 , 70

21 65 6 25

2 77 6 44

EBC

2 4

2 8 ,1400

0 , 85

24 75 0 00

8 79 53

0 . 6003

5 . 00

3 09 3 75

5 15 3 67

3 9 .7403

13 0

51 56 2 50

1 29 7 48

S amp led S i te s

( 32 S i te s )

3

5 0

1 46

TABLE 4 . 11 .1

B IRDS -ENERGY Y IELDS

G enu s/Spec ie s

L ive Ma s s

E d ib le

Mean k J

( g )

( g )

Y ie ld/B i rd

P .c a rbo -Wh i te -B rea s ted C o rmo ran t

2 000

1 500

9 000

l ' ap& I I s i s -C ape C o rmo ran t

1 000

7 50

4 500

P .n eg Jec tu s -B ank C o rmo ran t

2 100

1 575

9 450

5 00

3 75

2 250

S phen i s cu sd eme r su s -J acka s sP engu in

3 100

1 860

1160

Mo ru sc apen s i s -C ape G anne t

2 600

1 950

1700

D io r ed i s p . -A lba t ro s s

3 500

2 625

1 5750

P ro c e l la r i ss p . -P e t re l

1 200

9 00

5 400

Ma c ronec te sg ig an teu s -G ian tP e t re l

4 200

3 150

1 8900

L a ru sd om in icanu s -B lackbacked Gul

1 000

7 50

4 500

1 20

9 0

5 40

P e l ican idae -P e l ican

9 400

7 050

4 2300

P hoen icop te ru sr ube r r o seu s -G rea te rF lam ingo

2 100

1 575

9 450

P hoen icona ia sm ino r -L e s se rF l am ingo

1 400

1 050

6 300

Ana t idae -Duck

9 00

6 75

4 050

F u l ica c r i s ta ta -R ed -knobbed C oo t

6 00

4 50

2 700

1 000

7 50

4 500

P ha lac ro co rax ( Co rmo ran t s )

P .c o rona tu s -C rowned C o rmo ran t

S te rn idae -T e rn

C o rv idae -R aven

1 47

c s i

E I

e t 0 0

N

0

ON

N

ÖNkr;'

g V D

X

r : 2 1 1

Z I

•

0 0

N

3 , . .r g ". '&

r e ) 1 9 1 1 2 c l.

E .

7 4 1

1 1

1 1

c l

04 et

r -

n o , . 1

o

1

r e ) r V D MI i . . . . .

X

Z I

‘ i

t -

e . I

.

1 -4

11

.

1 4

N 0 0

§L e l i §ii 0I I I 7 1

1 9

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e

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V .1

s V I

o

e t

k r )

N

.

N i l l t e ) • i \ C D

CI

T A B L E 4 . 1 . 2

c i a r . 0

z i

,sv ,N 0 ,e s i, ,N .N .. c h

) 0 0 e t I n

B I R D S E N E R G Y I E L D S E L A N D ' S B A Y E X C A V A T E D S I T E S

0 1

c e p I r e m

( 4

t. V i e % L N m 0 ' 0 t i n I 2

•

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M

' 4 1

a . 2 ` n

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8 ` , 9

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c r . l 0 z i

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% . , -N . .. — .. . ( 1

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1

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lr )

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i n c i n 5 o o e q 4 s 8 9s "& § , §

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11

4 .-1 11

1 — I • — d , r1 T 4 . 1 . . 1

In

0 0 e t 1 1

, i

N

,

,

e l c " z i

a . ) = o

o e 0 . , o 1 eI nN M § N

N

C>

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N

Mr

7 4

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22 1

r * -7 r e ) , . . b . .

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k r ) e l .

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1 4

t r l

t i n

0 0

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I01 e • i g ( N I

0 0 e r

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NI

0 .A

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11

11

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1 — i

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r e ) e t

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c e )

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t e )

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CA I

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v z

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t z z e r • J

c n i e t . A I

c e 2

1 1

r e ) r e ) N

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> . , . . . t X . . . . .

c / 2

0

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C A 4 . 0 . )

S h e a r w a t e r s

T A B L E 4 . 1 . 3

e n e t

0 0 V I

e 4

u . 3 C › . 3

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g

t o

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1 49

C

C .)

75 .

0

=

c

a > I . •. .

c n b . 6 )

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6 . .

0 2 I

0 3

0 1

g l

g

0 00 0

g I

, • • 1

) , , e 2

( ; 9 . 4 1 Ni

N ei l

N el r e )

2

. — I Ie ll

Cn N

el ) 4

, . 9

,II

‘ .

7 . :3

C C I

NI gl

9 1

n

-1 01 N ,

0 , S

F t . . \ 1

. I I0 91

0 0

C O

( N I

p z

c e l l

c f e •I )

-

t rd

Z

re

G g l N I i l

c • r s' i

" . ; N 0 0 V I S Nr c ;

01 CL

I01

e

I8

a

S

•

, — , -

g r i r )r e i

e l: c o n c — i

r ek N N

L r n e L N e l

ON N

0 0 • 1

C5 .

C S I)!51 i • L I

el

e t . 7 1 _ r -I I A ON , — i g . M I e n

rz i r MI

21 c

7. 4 1 C cr

v I D ON -

e n

7 , g — ` co U

U n i d e n t i f e d

T a b l e 4 . 1 . 3 ( C o n t i n u e d )

U n i d e n t i f e d

A

(*)

1 5 0

N

E I A

S

87 , 1

N ,

e r

> 21

g

t n.'N I

g3g l r

N S 7 01

r --

0- N

Z 1

1 4 1 • : _ t,

, 4 \

. 01 9,

o c ,

0 0j

0 1

r e l

g

e r t r ) 0 0

11

V o l u m e o f S a m

T A B L E 4 . 1 . 4

r l

N I N I

z i

N

c . ) C . ) › C 3 — 1 t % P m c . )t .U Z 0 4C 2 1

3 ( , . 19

r c : 1

•

c0 : 1 L I . 3

C /)

C . )

Z C 6 .

QI . p

C 6 o

1 51

0 01

TABLE 4 . 12 .1

TORTO ISE -ENERGY Y IELD -ELAND 'S BAY EXCAVATED S ITES

S i te

N

Vo lume o f S amo le )

N m3

T o ta l K i lo jou le s

k J m3

CLB

6

2 , 80

2 , 1

1 20 00

4 286

HS M

4

0 , 40

1 0 ,0

80 00

2 0000

9 , 6

1 50 0 00

1 9230

EBO

7 5

7 , 80

EBC

5 9

2 8 1 4

21

18 0 00

4 193

1 44

3 9 .14

37

2 88 0 00

7 358

1 52

TABLE 5 . 1 V ITAM INS R e t ino l ( A ) :RD I =7 50 m ic rog ram s S ou rce: F ood s o f a n ima l o r ig in p a r t icu la r ly l i ve r , b u t c an b e s yn the s i sed i nt h e b ody f r om p l an t c a ro tene s . S ymp tom s o f Def i c iency: N igh t a nd p e rmanen t b l indne s s ; s k in e rup t ion s ; b one ma l fo rma t ion s ; d e ranged t oo th f o rm s .

T h iam in ( B 1) RD I =1 2m g S ou rce :A l lu n ref ined p l an ta nd a n ima lf ood s , p a r t icu la r ly a n ima lo rgan s . S ymp tom so f Def i c iency: B e r ibe r i ( v i tam in l o s t i nr ef i l l ing ) .

N iac in ( B ) :RD I =1 9 .8 mg S ou rce :W ide ly d i s t r ibu ted , mo s t ly i ns ma l l a moun t s i np l an t a nd a n ima l f ood s . i n c lude l i ve r , k i dney a nd f i sh .

R ich s ou rce s

S ymp tom s o f Def i c iency: P e l lag ra ( s k in l e s ion s o n e xpo su re t ol i gh t ; d amage t od i ge s t ive s y s tem a nd b ra in ) .

R ibof lav in ( B ) :RD I =L 8m g S ou rce: Mo s t f ood s ,e spec ia l ly m ea t a nd f i sh . S ymp tom so fD ef i c iency: S k in a nd o ra ll e s ion s ; e ye d i so rde r s .

C yano coba lam in ( B1 2 ): RD I = 2m ic rog rams S ou r ce :Sma l l a moun t s i na l a n ima l t i s sue s s pec ia l ly l i ve r . v i tam in .

P l an t s d o n o t m ake o r u t i l i se t h i s

S ymp tom s o f D ef i c iency: A dd i son ian ( p e rn ic iou s ) a naem ia w h ich s t ems n o t f r om d ef i c iency b u t f r om f a i lu re o f t h e s t omach t os e c re te a n ' i n t r in s ic f a c to r ' e s sen t ia l f o r t h e a b so rp t ion o f t h i sv i tam in .

A sco rb ic A c id ( C ) :RD I =3 0 m g S ou r ce :P lan t s , f r e sh ly k i l led r aw m ea t , f i sh , l i ve r a nd o the ro rgan sa nd g l and s ,f i sh r oe . S ymp tom s o f D ef i c iency: S cu rvy , d e f ec t ive f o rma t ion o f n ew b one c o l lagen , d e layed h ea l ing o f w ound s , ( body ' ss upp ly c an l a s tf o rt wo t os i x mon th s ) .

C ho lec a lc i f ero l ( D 3):RD I =2 , 5 m ic rog rams S ou rce •An ima l a nd f i sh l i ve r s ; n one i np l an t f ood s ; c an b e s y n the s i sed i nt h e s k in w hen e xpo sed t os un l igh t ; p romo te sa b so rp t ion o fc a lc ium a nd m ine ra l i sa t ion o fb one . S ymp tom so fD ef i c iency: R ick e t s ( bone m a l fo rma t ion si nt h ey oung ) .

1 53

TABLE 5 . 2 M INERALS I r on: RD I = 5mg t o 9m g S ou rce :A r ange o f f o od s e spec ia l ly m ea t , l i ve r , o f fa l a nd f i sh . T he r a te o f a b so rp t ion d i f f e r s a c co rd ing t ot h e s ou rce , e . g . m ea t 3 0% , f i sh 1 5% , p l an t s 1 0% . Mo s t d i e t s p rov ide m o re i r on t h an i sn eeded . S ymp tom so fD ef i c iency: A m i ld i r on d e f ic iency a naem ia i sp r e sen ti na l p opu la t ion ss ymp tom i sed b y w eakne s s , i l h ea l th a nd s ub s tanda rd p e r fo rmance , b u t m ay b e r e la ted mo re t o r a te o f a b so rp t ion t han t oi n su ff i c ien t i n take .

C a lc ium :RD I =0 , 4g ram st o0 . 5 g r am s S ou rce: A l l r aw f ood s e spec ia l ly f i sh . A l l d i e t s a ppea rt op rov ide c a lc ium i ne xce s s o f RD I . T he r a te o f c a lc ium a b so rp t ion i sp rec i se ly r egu la ted a nd t h e c on t ro l m echan i sm i st hough t t od epend o nV i tam in D w h ich c an b e s y n the s i sed i nt h es k in o ne xpo su re t os un l igh t . S ymp toms o f D e f ic iency :O s teoma lac ia ( s o f ten ing o f b one s ) a nd o s teopo ro s i s . G row th a nd a t rophy o f b one s e em t o p roceed a t r a te s w h ich a r e i n d ependen t o f c a lc ium i n take . B one p a tho logy w ou ld a ppea rt ob e a t t r ibu tab le t o al a ck o fV i tam in D o r al a ck o fe xpo su re o ft h e s k in t os un l igh tt os y n the s i se t h i sv i tam in .

I od ine :RD I =0 . 14 mg S ou rce :S ea food sc omp r i se t h e o n ly r i ch s ou rce . S ymp tom o fD ef i c iency: G o i t re .

F luo r ine :RD I =0 , 25 m gt o0 , 30 mg S ou rce :W ide ly b u t u neven ly d i s t r ibu ted i nn a tu re . S ea food sa r e as i gn if i can ts ou rce . S ymp tom o fD ef i c iency: D en ta lc a r ie s .

Z inc :RD I =2 2 mg S ou rce :An ima l f ood s , e spec ia l ly f i sh a nd s ea food s . S ymp tom o fD ef i c iency: G row th f a i lu re r epo r ted .

Magne s ium :RD I =2 00 m gt o3 00 m g S ou rce: R ich s ou rce s i n c lude m ea t ,v i sce ra . W ide ly d i s t r ibu ted i np l an t s .

C oppe r: RD I =3 0 m ic rog ram s S ou rce: R ich s ou rce si n c lude l i ve r , k i dney a nd s helf i sh . O the r e s sen t ia l m ine ra l s w h ich a r e r a re ly i fe ve r i ns ho r t s u pp ly i n a ny d i e t i n c lude p ho spha te , s u lpha te ,c h lo r ide , s od ium , p o ta s s ium , c oba l t , mo lybdenum a nd c h rom ium .

S ou rce s : P a s smo re e ta l . ( 1 974 : 4 9 -65 T ab le 1 ) ; B ende r ( 1 979 : 1 3 ) .

1 54

TABLE 5 . 3 HUMAN DA ILY ENERGY REQU IRE MENT S ou rce

k Ji n take p e r son/day

Ha r t( 1 978 :340 )

8 085

2 , 000 k ca L s -af r equen t a s sump t ion b ya r chaeo log i s t s

8 360

L e sl i ee ta l( 1984 )

8 590

S haw c ro s s( 1 981 :595 )

8 925

B a i ley ( 1 975 1 1 :2 )d e r ived f r om McA r thu r ( 1 960 )

8 950

FAO/UNO G loba lM in imum S t anda rd ( 1 973 )

8 990

K eene ( 1 981 : Append ix 2 )A ve rage o fg roup o f2 5

9 008

Meehan ( 1 982 :152 -5 T ab le s2 0 -3 2 )

9 045

P a s smo re e ta l( 1 974 ) ; a ve rage o f 5kg m a le a nd 4 5kg f ema le b o th a ged 2 5y ea r s

9 050

F ox ( 1 966 )b a sed o nS A N u t r i t iona l C ounc i lS t anda rd s a nd c a lcu la ted f o r ag roup o f2 5i n d iv idua l so f s im i la r a ge c ompo s i t ion t oK eene ' sa bove

9 234

Sm i l( 1 985 )

9 600

E nd ico t t( 1 983 )

B a tak o f Ma lay s ia

9 645

L ee ( 1 979 :271 ) ;

m ea su red f ood s c on sumed

9 858

c a lcu la ted n eed s

8 267

Mean k Ji n take p e rp e r son/day

8 972 ± 5 20

S ee c ommen t so ve r .

1 55

T ab le 5 . 3 ( c on td . )

( 1 )

Mode rn K a laha r i ! Kung ( L ee 1 979 : 2 71 ) L ee q uo te s t h e f olow ing e s t ima te s : ma le s -9 420 k J a nd f ema le s -7 326 I d , w h i ch a low s f o r a n a c t iv i ty r eg ime f r om l i gh t mode ra te t os e ve re e x e rc i se w i th a n h ou r o fn u t c r ack ing p e r d ay a nd 3 2 k m s ub s i s tence t r ave l p e r w eek . Mean d a i ly e ne rgy r equ i remen t f o r a g roup o f3 1 c on s i s t ing o f3 0% a du l t m a le s , 3 5% a du l t f ema le s a nd 3 5% c h i ld ren u nde r 1 5 y ea r s i s8 267 I d . T he p e r c ap i ta y i e ld o fa l f ood s c on sumed ( Tab le 9 . 9 ) i s9 858 k J g i v ing a n a ppa ren t e xce s s o ve r e s t ima ted e ne rgy r equ i red o f1 590 k J , w h ich L ee t h ink sm igh t b e a t t r ibu ted t of e ed ing t h e c amp ' s d og s , b u i ld ing u p b od i ly r e serve s a ga in s t t h e l e an s e a son a nd t h e e ne rgy e xpended i n c e remon ia l s u ch a s t r ance -danc ing i n vo lv ing e v e ryone i n s t renuou s d ay/n igh t a c t iv i ty . L ee ' s e s t ima te f o r a du l tw omen a t7 326 k J p e r d ay m ay n o t t a ke f u l ly i n to a ccoun t t h e i rh i ghe r e ne rgy r equ i remen t sd u r ing p regnancy a nd l a c ta t ion a s am ean b i r th i n terva l o f4 , 1 y ea r sf o rt h e se ! Kung w omen h a sb een a t t r ibu ted t op ro longed l a c ta t ion . ( Sho r t 1 984 : 2 4 ) .

( 2 )

L e sl ie e ta l . ' s ( 1 984 ) s t udy p re sen t s amode l f o r c ompu te r a pp l ica t ion b y a n th ropo log i s t s a nd h uman e co log i s t s t o d e te rm ine c a lo r ic n eed s a nd r equ i re s a c coun t t o b e t a ken o f v a r iab i l i ty i n p hy s ica l a c t iv i ty a nd o f a n th ropome t r ic , d emog raph ic a nd e nv i ronmen ta l v a r iab le s . Howeve r , t h e re a r e s ome a spec t s o fi n te re s tt oa r chaeo log i s t s . F o rt h ea mb ien t t empe ra tu re s t ha t p reva i l a tE land 's B ay , e s t ima te s o f BMR s hou ld b e i n c rea sed b y 4% a nd f o ra c t iv i ty b y 2% ; s u ch m ino r a d ju s tmen t sc an b ei g no red i nt h i ss t udy . F rom q uo ted d a ta ( Con so laz io 1 963 ) , mode ra te a c t iv i ty i n at empe ra te c l ima te r equ i re s ad a i ly e ne rg y i n take o fb e tween 8 665 t o1 0013 I d f o r a4 6 k g ma le a nd f r om 7 723 t o8 925 I df o r a4 1 k g f ema le , w h ich g i ve s s uppo r t t ot h e o ve ra l l m ean o f9 000 I d a s sumed . F ina l ly , f r om f ou r e thnog raph ic s t ud ie s o f g roup s l i v ing i n t h e P e ruv ian Ande s , N ew Gu inea a nd t h e K a laha r i , e ne rgy n eed s a se s t ima ted b yt h ee t hnog raphe r s ,b ya pp l ica t ion o ft h e mode la nd b y FAO/UNO s t anda rd sa r e c ompa red ,a nd t h e i rd a ta h ave b een c omb ined b e low t og i ve a no ve ral r e su l t : S ou rce o fE s t ima te

Ma le s k J/Pe r son/Day

N

E thnog raphe r s B y Mode l B y FAO/UNO S td s

5 5 5

9 042 + 1 503 8 405 + 2 196 1 0532 + 1 900

5 5 5

740 ± 1 281 7 238 ± 1 737 8 585 + 160

Mean V a lue -Al T h ree Me thod s

1 5

9 326 + 2 118

5

7 854 + 1 432

O ve ra l l -Ma le s& F ema le s ( N =3 0 ) ( 3)

F ema le s I d/Pe r son/Day

8 590 + 1 927

P eop le s ' R epub l ic o fC h ina ( Sm i l 1 985 : 1 04 -112 ) A ve rage p e r c ap i ta d a i ly e ne rgy r equ i remen tb a sed o n a ge/ sex d i s t r ibu t ion a nd o ccupa t ion f r om 1 982 c en su s a nd a ve rage w e igh t so fm en ( 6 0k g ) a nd w omen ( 5 0k g )

A verage o rR ang e

2 200 -2400 K ca I s ( 9 200 -10 0 00 IJ )

2 360 K ca I s ( 9880 k J )

E s t ima te b yF ood & A g r icu l tu ra l O rgan i sa t ion p e r c ap i ta A ve rage d a i ly f ood e ne rgy a va i lab le p e rp e r son : 1 950 1 957 1 960 ( The G rea tF am ine ) 1 965 1 977

K ca I s 1 800 2 100 1 500 2 000 2 100

1 56

I d 7 500 8 800 6 300 8 400 8 800

TABLE 5 . 4 ENERGY VALUE & P ERCENTAGE CONST ITUENTS P e r 1 00 g ram so fr aw e d ib le p o r t ion D esc r ip t ion o fF ood

k J 1 00 g1

P ro te in

F a t

C a rbohyd ra te

L impe t sa nd Mu s se l s

3 60

1 5 ,0

2 , 0

2 , 0

R ock L ob s te r

4 00

1 8 ,7

1 , 9

1 , 0

F i sh

5 00

1 9 ,1

4 , 8

0

T e r re s t r ia l Mamma l s

7 00

2 4 ,4

7 , 8

0

C e ta cean s T oo thed B a leen

3 50 6 50

2 0 ,5 2 1 ,4

0 , 2 7 , 8

0 0

S ea l s

7 50

2 0 ,6

1 0 ,8

0

B i rd s

6 00

2 3 ,8

5 , 4

0

T o r to i se

50

2 0 ,0

5 , 7

0

T er re s t r ia lP lan t s N u t s S eed s O the rp l an tp a r t s

2 500 1 200 3 80

2 8 ,7 1 7 ,7 2 , 0

5 2 ,9 9 , 1 0 , 5

2 , 1 3 2 ,2 1 9 ,5

S eaw eed s

180

1 3 ,7

1 ,7

5 6 ,7

Honey

1 250

0 , 5

0

7 5 ,0

N o te :T he b a lance t o make u p 1 0 0% c omp r i se so na ve rage :

Mo i s tu re

7 3%

F ib re

3%

A sh

1 57

1 , 5%

( n =1 35 )

TABLE 5 . 5

ED IBLE WILD P LANTS

ENERGY VALUES AND PROX I MATE CONST ITUENTS p e r 1 00 g rams o fr aw e d ib le p o r t ion

P lan t P a r t

Nu t s

5

P ro te in

F a t

AL • 1 3o h yd ra te

k J100 g

2 8 ,7

5 2 ,9

2 , 1

2 500

S eed s

2 6

1 7 ,7

9 , 1

3 2 ,2

1 200

T ube rs , C o rms , Roo ts a nd B u lb s

3 5

1 , 8

0 , 3

2 0 ,9

4 00

F ru i t , L eave s a nd I n f lo rencence

5 5

2 , 4

0 , 5

1 7 ,8

3 50

V a r iou s (McA r thu r ( 1960 )

1 4

1 , 9

0 , 1

2 3 ,0

4 20

Va r iou s ( Ea ton & ( Konne r 1 985 )

2 4

1 . 6

0 . 4

1 6 .0

3 00

Mean Va lue ( Exc lud ing n u ts a nd s eed s )

1 28

2 . 0

0 . 4

1 9 .0

S ources

A rno ld ( i n p rep . ) B rand e ta l( 1 983 :1985 ) McA r thu r ( 1960 ) E a ton & K onner ( 1985 f r om F y sch 1 960 ) T anaka 1 980 ; Rob son 1 980

1 58

3 65

TABLE 5 . 6 D IETARY RECONSTRUCT ION -ELANDS BAY S ITES

C a tegory

uM

S he l lf i sh

2 76150

2 1 ,6

1 4000

2 0

Rock L ob s te rs

2 9572

2 , 3

3 7

8 00

F i sh

1 0901

0 , 9

7 , 3

1 493

1 92625

1 5 ,1

2 , 7

7 1343

1 20000 )

1 6 ,4

T e rre s t r ia l Mamma l s

N m3

3

Mean k J Y ie ldj An ima l

C e tacean s T oo thed B a leen

9 0000 )

S ea ls 1 29748 2 30000

3 59748

2 8 ,2

2 , 3

1 56412

6 1352

4 , 8

1 0 ,0

6 135

T o r to ise

7 358

0 , 6

3 , 7

2 000

P lan t s *

1 00000

7 , 8

Honey *

2 0000

1 , 6

1 0000

0 , 7

B i rd s

R oden t s ,s nakes a nd m ic ro fauna

1 277706

E s t ima te -n oe v idence Ma r ine

9 47723

7 4 ,2 %

T e rre s t r ia l

3 29983

2 5 ,8 %

1 277706

1 59

TABLE 5 . 7 D IETARY RECONSTRUCT ION DU IKER E ILAND D a t ing:

S u r face

1 700 + 5 0 BP

L aye r2

1 930 + 7 0 BP

T o ta l Vo lume o fS amp les : 0 , 7807 m3

k J

M3

%

Mean k J Y ie ld/

N in 3

An ima l S he l l f i sh

2 39 5 07

7 , 6

1 2735 ,0

1 8 ,8

Rock L ob s te r

4 28 3 34

1 3 ,6

5 35 ,0

8 00

3 4890 '

1 , 1

3 5 ,7

9 77

4 88 7 79

1 5 ,5

1 7 ,3

2 82 35

10 24 7 21

3 2 ,6

1 0 ,2

1 00 4 62

9 17 8 53

2 9 ,2

17 ,8

77 91

1 02 47

. 1 . 2

5 , 1

20 00

F i sh Mamma l s S ea l s B i rd s ( A l l Ma r ine ) T o r to ise

31 44 3 31

Ma r ine T e r res t r ia l

1 00 0

26 45 3 05

8 4 ,1%

4 99 0 26

1 5 ,9%

1 60

TABLE 5 . 8 D IETARY RECONSTRUCT ION PATERNOSTER Da t ing :

L aye r 1 L aye r5

8 70 + 5 0 BP a nd 8 55 + 4 5 BP 3 110 + 6 0 BP

T o ta lV o lume o fS amp le s : 2 , 7582 m3

i dm3 S helf i sh

MA . 4 _ 1 k J

Nm3

Y ie ld/ A n i m a l

2 94 8 40

1 7 ,7

2 17 47 ,0

1 3 ,5

Rock L ob s ter

9 72 00

5 , 8

1 21 ,5

8 00

F i sh

1 99 21

1 , 2

3 0 ,1

6 62

Mamma l s

8 40 2 07

5 0 ,4

9 , 8

8 57 35

S ea l s

1 86 9 43

1 ,2

1 , 8

1 03 8 57

B i rd s( A l l Mar ine )

1 84 4 21

1 ,1

2 9 ,0

6 359

4 20 56

2 , 5

2 1 ,0

2 000

T o r to i se

16 65 5 88

Ma r ine T er re s t r ia l

1 00 0

7 83 25

4 7 ,0 %

8 82 2 63

5 3 ,0%

1 61

TABLE 5.9 DIETARY RECONSTRUCTION HOUT BAY CAVE Datini:

Layer 1 Layer 5

1460 .±. 50 BP 1840 .±. 50 BP

Total Volume of Sample: 1 '3 m3

kJ m-3 Shellfish

229 693

Mean kJ Yield/ Animal

14 675,0

15,7

0,03

2,3

600

73 576

1,8

86,1

854

099 738

77,2

17,7

175 126

461 538

11,5

4,6

100 334

144100

3,6

22,3

6462

3,0

2000

Fish 3

Seals

5,7

Nm-3

1440

Rock Lobster

Mammals

%

Birds Marine

136 870

Other

7 230

6 154

Jill

4 016 240

22M

Tortoise

Marine Terrestrial

3

903 118

22,5%

113 122

77,5%

162

TABLE 5 . 10 D IETARY RECONSTRUCT ION PEARLY BEACH/HA WSTON D a t ing : Unda ted

T o ta lV o lume o fS amp le: 1 , 365 m3

D a ta f r om 1 0s i te sh ave b een c omb ined k J m3

S he l lf i sh

Mean k J Y ie ld! An ima l

Nm

3 36 7 25

1 4 ,4

1 84 40 ,0

96 70

0 , 4

1 6 ,0

6 00

1 07 1 57

4 , 6

8 4 ,2

12 72

Mamma l s

10 84 7 80

4 6 ,4

1 5 ,4

7 05 10

C e tac ean s

2 65 1 00

1 ,3

0 , 7

1 85 5 70

S ea l s

4 39 5 60

1 8 ,8

4 , 4

1 00 0 00

7 16 70

3 , 1

1 ,7

71 27

3 2. 4 . 2

_ L Q

1 ,7

20 00

23 38 1 05

1 0 (10

Ro ck L ob s ter F i sh

1 8 ,3

B i rd s Ma r ine

4 30 00

O ther

2 86 70

T o r to i se

Ma r ine

12 01 2 12

5 1 ,4%

T e r re s t r ia l

11 36 8 93

4 8 ,6%

1 63

TABLE 5 . 11 D IETARY RECONSTRUCT ION D IE KELDERS L aye r 2 L aye r 1 2

1 509 + 1 00 B P 1 960 ± 8 5B P

T o ta lV o lume o fS amp le : 3 7 ,3 m3

k J m3

S he l lf i sh

2 36 7 00

Nm 3

Mean I k d J Y ie ld/ An im a l

1 3 ,4

1 36 00 ,0

1 7 ,4

1 02 3 81

5 , 8

1 41 ,6

7 23

Mamma l s

10 42 7 79

5 9 ,1

4 8 ,4

2 15 36

C e tacean s

4 50 40

2 , 6

0 , 2

2 10 0 00

2 73 4 58

1 5 ,5

2 , 5

1 09 5 77

4 59 38

2 , 6

2 , 0

81 32

1 86 60

j. , Q

9 , 3

20 00

' 17 64 9 56

1 00 .0

R ock L ob s te r

N i l

F i sh

S ea l s B i rd s Ma r ine O the r

T o r to i se

Ma r ine T e r re s t r ia l

4 17 05 42 33

6 99 2 84

3 9 ,6%

10 65 6 72

6 0 ,4%

1 64

TABLE 5 . 12 D IETARY RECONSTRUCT ION -ALL SOUTH WEST COAST S ITES C a tego ry

V o lume o f S amp le s m3

S he l lf i sh

Mean k Jm 3

9 , 0038

2 69772

1 2 ,0

Rock L ob s te r

5 2 ,5542

8 6202

3 , 8

F i sh

9 8 ,3442

1 33100

5 , 9

T e r re s t r ia l Mamma l s

8 1 ,34

7 29834

3 2 ,2

C e tacean s

9 8 ,3442

2 10000

9 , 3

S ea l s

8 3 ,2442

4 57661

2 0 ,3

B i rd s

8 5 ,2439

2 24848

1 0 ,0

T o r to i se

8 2 ,6439

1 7986

0 , 8

P lan t s*

9 8 ,3442

1 00000

4 , 4

Honey *

9 8 ,3442

2 0000

0 , 9

9 8 ,3442

_ 1 0000

0 , 4

M ic ro f auna

*

2 259403

Ma r ine T er re s t r ia l

1 381583

6 1 ,1 %

8 77820

3 8 ,9%

2 259403 E s t ima te : n oe v idence

1 6 5

TABLE 5 . 13

SU MMARY -SHELLF ISH

S i te

V • l t _ g_ e _ g l n •

Nm 3

k J m3

S amp le m

( To ta l D ie t )

E land sB ay

1 , 8003

1 4000

2 76150

2 1 ,6

Du ike rE i land

0 , 2625

1 2735

2 39507

7 , 6

P a te rno s te r

0 , 6250

2 1747

2 94840

1 7 ,7

P ea r ly B each/Haw s ton

1 , 3650

1 8440

3 36725

1 4 ,4

D ie K e lde r s

1 . 5 .260

1 3600

2 36700

1 3 ,4

Mean V a lue

0 , 6457

1 6104

2 76784

1 3 ,4

3 852

4 1580

S t anda rd D ev ia t ion

S i te sw i th i n comp le te d a ta : Hou tB ay C ave

2 29693

Sm i tm v inke lbaa i

2 96056

R oo ie l sC ave

2 48503

1 66

A •c z .

C DN

e

C D. N c e ) 00i

r r ) N I

, . . . N c q ? 9 k c o i l

1 6 7 -

D a t i n c o m p l e t

8 N

S t a n d a r d D e v i a t i o n

N

P e a r l y B e a c h / H a w s t o n

M I N

i n

r e )

R o i e l s C a v e

N o \

C I ,

S m i t s w i n k e l b a i

Kr )

H o u t B a y C a v e

N

B o n t e b e r g S h e l t e r

N

P a t e r n o s t e r

0\

D u i k e r E i l a n d

u ) 7, e

E l a n d ' s B a y R e s a r c h A r e a

S U M A R Y A L S I T E S R O C K L O B S T E R S

T A B L E 5 , 1 4

31 o 0 ,

j .

§§§§§ §§

3 C • 1 e r t r. )

r e )

. ‘

r i. t r )

Q \ g t r

c r % r c 2 A c . „ — c l

r c s

1 4 1 4

CI N

c s . )

c h r e ) 0 0 s

c s i

r rl

1 6 8 .

2 -

7 -1. 1

C • 4

0 0

m g

C h

m m

C si

• -•

* D a t i n c o m p l e t e

A

S t a n d a r d D e v i a t i o n

. 0

D i e K e l d e r s

c n

P e a r l y B e a c h / H a w s t o n

tr l

R o i e l s C a v e

N 9 g

S m i t s w i n k e l b a i

t ri f e l

H o u t B a y C a v e

C e ) Nr.

C ' o X

P a t e r n o s t e r

c . ; El g , S 9

D u i k e r E i l a n d

S I T E S

' E l

E l a n d ' s B a y R e s e a r c h A r e a

S U M A R Y A L

T A B L E 5 . 1 5

0

N 21

8

A

01

\ C I

S

v D r.

( 4' ) C h i

c e

„

, r )

0 0

t r a 0 0

S

C T

S

g

f e ) V ' )

g r A

> "

t e )

c r s

s

; El

0, E 74

1 >

c s i

P a t e r n o s t e r

o

D u i k e r E i l a n d

E

E l a n d ' s B a y R e s e a r c h A r e a

S U M A R Y A L S I T E S

E

N r • • •

" r t 1 4

9 ) A

r n

1 1

e l

X

CI

c o

r s i

8

N

c e s

D i e K e l d e r s

C r s

P e a r l y B e a c h / H a w s t o n

T A B L E 5 . 1 6

c o , ,

1 6 9

1

d

c li 4 1 d i d i

. , , -1

1 r -

9 r

1

A

P e a r l y B e a c h / H a w s t o n

T A B L E 5 . 1 7

1

1 70

TABLE 5 . 18 SU M MARY -ALL S ITES - S EALS Nm 3

Vo l t _m_ e_t" n • f S amp le ( m 3)

k J m3

% o fT o ta l D ie t

3 9 ,7403

1 , 3

3 59 7 48

1 6 ,6

Du ike rE i land

0 , 7807

1 0 ,2

10 24 7 21

3 1 ,9

P a terno s te r

2 , 7582

1 , 8

1 86 9 43

1 0 ,7

Hou tB ay C ave

1 , 3000

4 , 6

4 61 5 38

1 ,8

P ea r ly B each/Haw s ton

1 , 3650

4 , 4

4 39 5 60

1 8 ,1

3 7 .3000

2 , 5

2 73 4 58

1 5 ,0

8 3 .2442

2 4 .8

27 45 9 68

Mean

1 3 ,9000

4 , 1

4 57 6 61

S tanda rd Dev ia t ion

1 9 ,1000

3 , 3

2 96 2 11

E land ' sB ay Re sea rch A rea

D ie K e lde r s

1 71

o

E . 1 2 1 " Z D

7 1 E

k i n r e )

1 7 )

k r )

E I

f l

c o . N -

4 : = D

*

v.)

C A k r )

S

e j . , ) 0

8

. 4 : r

( . 1

3

t d n

M r

0 1

-

S

r , A

A

r-

C r ‘

,z r

1 1 .

4 '

. 1

. 2

. 2

1 o N e

'

n

1

• r . r .

0 0

t ▪ e)

•

1 1

A

e t ; r 4

0 0. h

C D.,

r • is

t e r

S

( 9 o o t r )

CS .

N-

o

f q

i r l e n o o

e t

S

§

1 1 1 1 e " I t

m i •

S

f • I r

• -r

e

r i : 1 .

K r >

• 4 1 e 4

\

A L S I T E S

e -I

N e t

S U M A R Y

e •r C )

f n

0 0

c o ,

1 72

* D a t a i n c o m p l e t e

o . ) A

S t a n d a r d D e v i a t i o n

P e a r l y B e a c h / H a w s t o n

R o i e l s C a v e

H o u t B a y C a v e

P a t e r n o s t e r

D u i k e r E i l a n d

C U

E l a n d ' s B a y R e s e a r c h A r e a

T A B L E 5 . 1 9

E l

k r )

0 0

s

e n e n e v

` 5 C

3 ° 1

Ä r j1

e l

c h

m t •

N

0 \

0

' I§ N

e n , 1

0 0 t r ) e n

T O R T O I S E

N

S

V

• e r

N 0

0 N

, -4

1 . '1

e

e n

4

e n N

I

0 0 , 4 C m \ S 0

, 1

. . , . 6 . . z .0

T A B L E 5 . 2 0

z

N 0 0 t e l e n . 1

0 \ s , 4

r . . . 11

k r oc . .. , . 7, i ,, . . ) , A s i . . ,g

E 1

§ r q

& r i c r e n

S. ,

o

i $ 3 , r.

N

c 7 . 1 1 N 0 0

s e n

e e n , 1

, . :

P e a r l y B e a c h / H a w s t o n

H o u t B a y C a v e

P a t e r n o s t e r

D u i k e r E i l a n d

a > 9 2 a > a > . .

n

1 7 3

e l c e t >

>

S t a n d a r d D e v i a t i o n

V 1 I -

E l a n d ' s B a y R e s e a r c h A r e a

S U M A R Y A L S I T E S

, 1

91

0 0 N VI S . ,

0 \ t e )

11 44

t r ) 0 t e l • K l • 0 < V N t o )

0 0

0

0 0

§

§

I IC h ( 1 . 1 1 1

0 1 4

9 4.

r e ,0 /0 4 1

r s l M

N

r e ) c r , ( 2 , 0 0 V D f g 1 , 1 C n

N

• v rz ,

Y D ?

N

( g5 o

• N

C

( 1

. 0 ( . 4 c t

Q Q 0 1 0 ir

o o

• e r

t e n t -

e s 1

V Z C T N

N

« 0 . •

m t •

1 4

1 1

S

4

?

. 11 1 0 t r)

000, r 2. ,

§§

§ §

p i

c e ) ▪

• Q • Q • 0

C r ` i

C • — t

t e l e N

e v i d e n c e

i A T i i

. 0 . 2 u :

1 4

* . . . .

RI ' 1:

" I : 1 e l ) g ° 0 % . >

s g g

. V ) 6 )E . Z 1 : , ( C • 1 • ^ 7* v ) a ) u v ) v ) 0 1 : 2

' 5 ) 1 7 2 l i e E , u a

*

i

u V )

1 74

c 3 =

*> sa

0

0

* E s t i m a t e s n o

E E

A

,

t s -

eC o n t r i b u t i o n

•

ez i p N

lar.�s •

kJ

877 820 1 381 58 3 2 25940J

.. Estimates - no evidence

Terrestrial Manne Total

Pcrc...:ntagc Contribution

Honey• Microfauna*

0

ill

38;9

'�

U,9772 86202

Shl:lllish Rock Lobster Fi.\h Tcrrc „

1 : 3 II 3 1

1 90

0

et

TABLE 9 . 7 S EASONAL I NC IDENCE OF RED WATER OUTBREAKS S OUTH WEST COAST - 1 959 -1 983

S ea son

l u_ nu n_ e r

Au tumn

W in te r

S p r ing

Mon th

N o .o f O u tb reak s

J an . F eb . Ma r .

1 3 2 0 M

A p r . May J une

2 4 2 3 1 . 5

J u ly Aug . S ep t .

1 2 2 1 7

O c t . N ov .

1 0 1 0

D ec . T o ta lN o .o f Ou tb reak s

$

A ve rage N o .o fO u tb reak s D u r ing t h e 3Mon th P er iod B eg inn ing N umbe r

T o ta lf o r S ea son

5 9

J anua ry F eb ruar y Ma rch

2 0 2 3 2 4

6 2

Apr i l May J une

2 1 1 7 1 0

3 1

J u ly Augu s t S ep tembe r

1 0 1 0 1 2

O c tobe r N ovembe r

9 1 0

D ecembe r

1 4

m ean =

1 5

s t anda rd d ev ia t ion

5 2

M Le

H ighe s t Mon th ly I nc idence :Ma rch ( one p e r mon th ) L ow e s t Mon th ly I n c idence :A ugu s t ( one e v ery 1 2/13 y ea r s ) H ighe s t P e r iod I n c idence: F eb rua r yt o May ,w i th a ve rage o ff o u r ay ea r L owe s tP er iod I n c idence :J une t oN ovembe r ,w i th a ve rage o f2 /3 ay ea r .

1 91

TABLE 9 . 8 TOX IC ITY LEVELS -B LACK MUSSELS

T he m ean f l e sh w e igh to ft h e B lack Mu s se lC .m e r id iona lu si st a ken a t 9g rams i nt h eu nde rno ted :

T ox in L eve l( mg 1 00( 1 E d ib le T i s sue )*

E qu iva len t Mean T ox in C on ten t/ B lack Mu s se l

C lo su re L eve li n U .S .A .

0 , 08 mg

0 , 0072 m g

Mode ra te S ymp toms

1 , 00 mg

0 , 0900 m g

1 0 ,00 m g

0 , 9000 m g

L e tha l Do se

Af a ta l o u tcome r equ i re s 1 0 t ime s t h e a moun t o ft o x in t h a tw i l l p roduce mode ra te s ymp tom s b u t o ne mu s se li nc on t inuou sc on tac tw i th t o x ic r ed t i de f o r2 4h ou r sc an c on ta in a s much a s 1 80 mg o f S TX ( Ho r s tman 1 981 : 8 5 ) , w h ich r ep re sen t s s ome 20 00 m go ft ox in p e r 1 00 g ram s o ft i s sue . T he l e tha l q uan t i ty o ft o x in c oncen t ra te i sa bou t f ou r t ime s t h e t o x in l e ve l d e term ined i n mg p e r 1 00 g o ft i s sue ( Ho r s tman 1 981 : 7 4 ) f r om w h ich t h ef olow ing c ompa r i son sh ave b een c a lcu la ted : L e tha l Quan t i t y o fT ox in * Da le & Y en t sch ( 1 978 ,T ab le 2 : 4 4 )

2 , 5 mg

S ape ika ( 1 974: 4 4 )

1-4mg

Ho r s tman ( 1 981 :4 4 )

2 , 0 mg

B owe re ta l . (1981 :8 36 )

0 , 3 -1 ,0 mg

Mean V a lue App rox ima te ly

2 , 0 mg

And a pp ly ing t h i sm ean v a lue t ot h et o x ic i ty l e ve l sd e term ined b y Ho r s tman ( 1981 ,T ab le V I8 4 ) f r om at o x ic o u tb reak g i ve s:

1 92

T ab le 9 . 8( con td . ) T ox ic i ty L eve l s -B lack Mu s se l s E land ' sB ay , 7Ma rch 1 980

D ep th ( m )

T ox i c i t y fm g1 0 0f ib .

Mean T ox in C on ten t p e rB lack Mu s se l

N o .o f Mu s se l st o b eE a ten t oR each L e tha l Do se o f2 mg

0

0 , 465

0 , 0419

5

9 , 784

0 , 8806

2

2 , 657

0 , 2391

8

1 0

4 8

N o tP resen tb e low 1 0m S i nce mus se l sw e re c olec ted f r om t h e i n te r t ida lz one b yp reh i s to r ic g a the re r s ,t h e h i ghe rt o x ic i t ie s o fs ub t ida l mu s se l s c an b e i g no red a nd p re sumab ly a ny o f t h e se h i gh ly t o x ic a n ima l s t h a t w e re w a shed a sho re w e re n o t c olec ted .

Mode ra te s ymp toms o f p o i son ing w ou ld a ppea r a f te r e a t ing

s ome f ou r t of i ve i n te r t ida l m u s se l s a nd d ea th w ou ld b e l i ke ly a f te r e a t ing a bou t 5 0 o ft h em , b u t t h e se e s t ima te s c ou ld v a ry w ide ly b e tween i n d iv idua l c on sume r s a nd t h e t o x ic c oncen t ra t ion i n i n d iv idua l mu s se l s . A ve rag e s a r e n o s a f egua rd f o r t h e g a the re r -a ny o ne mu s se l a ta ny o ne t ime m igh th ave a c cumu la ted al e tha lc oncen t ra t ion . T he u n i to fm ea su remen t o ft o x ic i ty i so ne mou se u n i t w h ich i st h e a moun t o fS TX r equ i red t o k i l l o ne Wh i te Mou se o f 1 5 g r w e igh t w i th in 1 5 m inu te s .

T ox ic r ed t i de m ay n o te x tend a sf a rn o r th a st h eN am ib ian c oa s t . B udack ' ss t udy o ft h ei n d igenou s T opnaa r r epo r t s t h a tt h ey e a t m u s se l s t h roughou t t h ey ea rb u t n o p o i son ing h a se ve r b een k nown , a l though r ed t i de s o ccu r b e tween D ecembe r a nd May a nd e spec ia l ly i nD ecembe r a nd J anua ry ( Budack 1 977 : 3 7 ) .

1 93

TABLE 9 . 9 CHANGES I N SHELLF ISH PREDAT ION PATTERNS THROUGH T IME

P o s t -H ia tu sP re -Po t tery P e r iod

S h e

Da tes B P L impe ts

EBC

L ayer 9 L aye r s7 /8

MT M

P e rcen tage K i lo jou les Mu sse ls O ther s pp .

3 780

4 , 7

9 1 ,8

3 , 5

3 510 -2950

2 8 ,4

6 7 ,8

7 , 7

2 820 -1780

3 , 3

9 5 ,0

1 , 7

P o t te ry P er iod S i te

D a te s BP

P e rcen tage K i lo jou les L impe t s

Mus se ls

O ther s pp .

4 7 ,9

4 8 ,8

3 , 3

A l lS amp led & E xcava ted S i te sa t

1 680 -315

E land 's B ay

1 94

TABLE 1 0 .1 DATA I N SUPPORT OF COASTAL/ INLAND S EASONAL MOB IL ITY I nd ica to r

D e ta i l

S ea son I nd ica ted

COASTAL S ITES A r c tocepha lu s p u s ilu s C ape F u rS ea l

A l ls e a l so ft h i s s pec ie sa r eb o rn b e tween l a te N ovembe ra nd e a r ly D ecembe r . T he EBC s amp le o fp o s t h i a tu ss ea lm and ib le sc omp r i se s a lmo s te n t i re ly 7 11 mon th o l d a n ima l s . ( The p re -h ia tu ss amp le s how sn os im i la rr e s t r ic ted a ge g r oup ing . ) T he s e asona lr i ng si n s e a lc an ine sh ave a l so t e n ta t ive ly i n d ica ted w in te r .

W in te r

P rocav ia c apen s i s H y rax ,Da s s ie , o rR ock R abb i t

S t age o ft oo th e rup t ion i nj u ven i l e sw h ich c ompr i se h a l ft h ep o s t h i a tu s EBC s amp le d emon s t ra te s k i ll ing i nw in te r . ( The p re -h ia tu s s amp le i sd om ina ted b yn ew b o rn a n ima l sw h ich w ou ld h ave b een k i l led i ns umme r ) .

W in te r

Mu s se l P o i son ing

T ox ic r ed t i de so ccu ra t EB e ve ry 3 5y ea r sb e tween s p r ing a nd a u tumn . W in te ri st h eo n ly ' s a fe ' s e a son .

W in te r

B i rd s M ig ra tory S pec ie s

T he b one so fw in te rv i s i to r s a c coun t f o r 2% o ft h et o ta ls amp le .

W in te r

B i rd Mo r ta l i ty o n B ea ches

8 0% o ccu rb e tween N ovembe ra nd A p r i l ; o cean ic b i rd s( 5% o ft o ta l MN I ) mu s th ave b een s c avenged f r om t h eb each a nd mo s to ft h er e s iden t c oa s ta ls p ec ie s( 8 7% )w e re p robab ly a cqu i red t h e s ame w ay w h ich m ay a c coun tf o rc oncen t ra t ion so fb i rd b one sa sa t EBO , i . e .t a ken i n s umme r/au tumn .

S umme r/Au tumn

b il k s l a land i i R o ck L ob s te r

C a tch ing r e s t r ic ted d u r ing t h e S umme r/Au tumn mou l t ing mon th so fw in te r/ sp r ing w he rea ss umme r/au tumn t a k ing sc ou ld h ave b een b oo s ted b ys t rand ing. %a s i n d ica ted b y al a rge MN Ip e rm ' o fd epo s i t .

1 95

T ab le 1 0 .1 ( c on td . ) NEAR COASTAL S ITES D iep ldoo f ( 1 8 km f r om t h ec oa s t )

F ood d ebr i sc omp r i se s am ix o fm a r ine / t e r re s tr ia lr e sou rce sc ompa t ib le w i th c oa s ta l/ in land mob i l i ty .

I NLAND S ITES P rocav ia c aven s i s

D e Hangen j u ven i le s( 5 0% o ft o ta l s amp le ) a r ed om ina ted b yn ew b orn a n ima l sa nd t hu ss im i la rt ot h eE BC p re -h ia tu sp a t te rn w i th w h ich t h i s i n land s i te i sp a r t ly c on tempo ra r y .

S umme r

P l an t s

P eak a va i lab i l i ty o fe d ib le g eo p hy te so c cu r si ns umme r . A rchae o l og ica lp l an t r ema in sc omp r i se mo s t ly c o rm c a s ing sb u tf r u i t s , s e ed s ,g reen s , e t c .m ay a l so h ave b een t a ken . An a l te rna t ive d a i ly s t ap le d u r ing t h ew in te rt r ough a ppea r sp rob lema t ic .

S umme r

S TONE TOOLS AND RA W MATER IALS

T he t r end d u r ing t h el a te Ho locene a way f r om t h e p re -h ia tu ss e cu r ing o fr aw m a te r ia l sf r om f a ra f ie ld t ot h e l a te rp o s t -h ia tu s mo re r e s t r ic ted r a nge w i th f i naly t h eu se o fl o ca ls t one o n ly a nd t h e s im i la r i ty i nt h es t one t o o l a s semb lage sf r om TC a nd s andv e ld s i te s a r eb o th s ugge s t ive o ft h e movemen to f p eop le b e tween c oa s ta nd t h ei n te r io r .

S ETTLE MENT PATTERNS 7 800 -4 400BP H ia tu sP e r iod

A n a b sence o fh uman o ccupa t ion o v e r a n e x ten s ive a r ea o ft h ec oa s tc an b e p re sumed f r om t h e EBC a nd TC h i a tu si n o ccupa t ion . I ft h i sa s sump t ion i st r ue , t h en r e -occupa t ion o ft h e EB a r ea w ou ld s t em f r om i n land .

400 -3 000BP EBC , TC & S C

A n i n i t ia l a r r iva lf r om i n land i s s ugge s ted b yt h ee a rl ie s tr e o ccupa t ion d a te o f4 .00 B Pf o rT C c ompa red w i th 3 800 f o r EBC a nd 3 500 B Pf o rS C a nd c on t inuance o f t h e i n land h un t ing e mpha s i si nt h e t oo lk i t o f TC .

1 96

T ab le 1 0 .1 ( c on td . ) 3 00 0 -1 800BP

T h i s i st h e p e r iod o f mu s se l -dom i n a ted m egam idden si nt h eo p en w i th s mal e v idence o ft h ee xp lo i ta t ion o f o t he r r e sou rce s . T h i si n ten s if i ca t ion a nd i n d ica t ion s o fl a rge rg roup sa nd l o nge ra nd mo re f r equen tv i s i t st ot h e c oa s t s ugge s t a t tenua t ion o fl i nk sw i th t h e i n te r io r .

1 800 -3 00 B P

P a s to ra l i s t i n cu r s ion sm ay h ave f i na l ly s e ve red c oa s ta l/ in land l i nk sa nd d i ve r ted m ob i l i ty a l ong t h e c oa s t . C h rono log ica l o r de r ing o fr ad ioca rbon d a te sf o rt h e f i r s t a ppea rance o fp o t te ry a nd s heep i n d ica te t h a t t h e se i n cu r s ion so r ig ina ted f r om t h e s ou th o f EB ; t h ed ec rea s ing r a in fa l l g r ad ien t t ot h en o r th o f EB m ay h ave i n h ib i ted f u r the rp a s to ra l i s t p ene t ra t ion . T h i s s t rand lop ing h ypo the s i s m igh tb e t e s ted o n d a ted s e a la nd h y rax b one s f r om s i te s t ot h en o r th o f EB . I f n ou namb iguou s p a t tern se me rge a nd t hu s n o d ef in i te s ea sona l i n d ica t ion ,s t rand l o p ing s t and s a s ar e a sonab le a s sump t ion ; i ft h e EBC p a t te rn o fw in te ro ccupa t ion i sr epea ted t h en p re sumab ly t h er e s to f t h ey ea rw a ss p en ta way f r om t h ec oa s t .

1 97

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•

APPEND IX D ll SA MPLED S ITES C . MER ID IONAL IS -K ILOJOULES I d c a lcu la ted o n :

S i te

( a ) 2 8 k J/she l l ;

M .N . I .

R e f .

We igh t ( g )

( b ) 1 00 gs he l lw e igh t =1 50 k J

E s t ima ted k i lo jou le s o n M .N . I .

o n We igh t

( a )

( b )

D if ference %

VV1

3 6

2 912

1 008

4 368

+ 76 ,9

VV4

9 5

4 012

2 660

6 018

+ 55 ,8

TT1

8 8

2 307

2 464

3 460

+ 28 ,7

TT2

2 10

2 286

5 880

3 429

4 1 ,7

S C1

1 69

2 040

4 732

3 060

3 5 ,3

SC2

2 0

2 65

5 60

3 98

2 4 ,9

DD1

1 49

3 423

4 172

5 134

+ 18 ,7

DD2

1 01

3 714

2 828

5 571

+ 49 ,2

DD3

7 0

8 03

1 960

1 204

3 8 ,6

BK4

1 33

1 427

3 724

2 140

+ 42 ,5

BK7

1 3

9 8

3 64

1 47

5 9 ,6

DP1

3 11

4 584

8 708

6 876

2 1 ,0

BR1

1 42

3 126

3 976

4 689

+1 5 ,2

BR2

4 3

9 16

1 204

1 374

+1 2 ,3

BR4

1 9

1 97

5 32

2%

4 4 ,4

BR5

1

3 22

3 08

4 83

+ 36 ,2

BR6

8 3

2 050

2 324

3 075

+ 24 ,4

BR7

4 0

3 36

120

5 04

5 5 ,0

BR8

1 53

2 389

4 284

3 583

1 6 ,4

EV3

6 0

1 219

1 680

1 828

+ 8 ,1

EV4

1

1 48

3 08

2 22

2 7 ,9

PR1

1 08

2 952

3 024

4 428

+ 31 ,7

J T1

4 1

7 13

148

1 069

6 ,9

J T2

1 21

1 910

3 388

2 865

1 5 ,4

2 46

Append i xD1 ( Con t inued ) S i te

M .N . I .

R ef .

We igh t ( g )

E s t ima ted k i lo jou les

D if f erence

o n M .N . I .

o n We igh t

( a )

( b )

%

J ' T3

9

1 92

2 52

2 88

+ 12 ,5

J T6

8

2 01

2 24

3 02

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EC1

1 31

3 788

3 668

5 682

+ 35 ,4

EC5

7 1

1 849

1 988

2 773

+ 28 ,3

E S2

1 41

3 087

3 948

4 630

+ 14 ,7

E S3

1 32

2 762

3 696

4 143

+ 10 ,8

VN1

5 4

2 56

1 512

3 84

74 ,6

VN2

4 1

8 93

148

1 339

+ 14 .3

2 814

5 7177

7 8792

8 5762

+ 8 1

S amp le sf r om S i te s VV1 a nd VV4 w e re f ound t ob e i n comp le te a nd w e re t h erefo re e xc luded . T he r ev i sed t o ta l s a re: M .N . I . :2 6 83 ; We igh t ( g ) :5 0253 ; E s t ima ted o n M .N . I . :7 5124 ; K i lo jou les o n We igh t :7 5376 ; D i f f erence: + 0 ,3 %

F o ri n d iv idua l s i te s t h e k i lo jou le e s t ima tes b yt h e t wo me thod sv a ry a pprec iab ly , b u t t end t o merge a ss amp le s i ze i n c rea ses:

N M .N . I . We igh t ( g )

S i tes w i th 1 00

S i tes w i th L es s

o r Mo re M .N . I .

T han 1 00 M .N . I .

T o ta ls

1 3

1 7

3 0

2 001

6 82

2 683

3 7448

1 2765

5 0253

5 6027

1 9097

7 5124

5 6230

1 9146

7 5376

E s t ima ted k J o n M .N . I ( a ) E s t ima ted k J o n We igh t ( b )

2 47

APPEND IX D 12 S A MPLED S ITES

AULACO MYA ATER -K ILOJOULES

S i te R e f .

M .N . I .

We igh t

K i lo jou le s

( g ) VV1

1

VV4

4

TT1

1

TT2

2 1 2

2 6

1 0 4 0 1 0

1 63

4 17

S C1

2

1 7

2 0

BK4

5

2 1

5 0

DP1

1

1 2

1 0

BR1

2

2 3

2 0

BR2

1

1

1 0

BR4

1

3

1 0

BR5

3

5

3 0

BR8

2 7

9 3

2 70

EV3

1

1

1 0

EV4

1

7

1 0

J T2

1 5

12

1 50

EC1

1

5

1 0

VN1

1

8

1 0

9 3

4 86

2 48

1 087

APPEND IX D 13

S A MPLED S ITES

BURNUPENA S PEC IES/ARGOBUCC INU M ARGUS -K ILOJOULES

S i te R e f .

N

We igh t (g )

VV1

2 9

14

2 17 ,5

VV4

1 5

10

12 ,5

1 9

1 5 ,0

TT1

2

k . I

TT2

6 0

2 58

4 50 ,0

S C1

2 4

1 31

1 80 ,0

S C2

3

8

2 2 ,5

DD1

1 5

1 41

12 ,5

DD2

1 8

18

1 35 ,0

DD3 BK4 BK7

1

8

1

8 7

1

2

7 , 5 8 2 ,5 7 , 5

DP1

6 6

3 19

4 95 ,0

BR1

2 8

2 37

2 10 ,0

BR2

1 0

6 8

7 5 ,0

2 2

2 2 ,5

BR4

3

BR5

2 3

1 27

1 72 ,5

BR6

3 6

3 71

2 70 ,0

4 7

3 7 ,5

BR7

5

BR8

8 0

4 83

6 00 ,0

EV3

1 0

7 2

7 5 ,0

1 5

2 2 ,5

EV4

3

P R1

1 6

7 4

1 20 ,0

J T1

2 8

2 75

2 10 ,0

J T2

6 3

3 47

4 72 ,5

J T3

4

5

3 0 ,0

J T6

1

8

7 , 5

EC1

1 03

9 86

7 72 ,5

EC5

6 5

5 36

4 87 ,5

E S2

1

5 4

8 2 ,5

2 8

3 7 ,5

2 0

1 35

1 50 .0

7 59

5 205

5 692 .5

VN1 VN2

5

2 49

N v . ,' r , I , c e llo r -.c e qlu ,v n

2

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( S A M P L E S )

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APPEND IX D 16

EXCAVATED S ITES

ALL SHELLF ISH S PEC IES -TOTAL K ILOJOULES ( SAMPLES & DEPOS ITS)

( a )

S i te R e fe rence EC4 E land 's B ay C ave ( Pa rk ing ton 1 976a ) ( Laye r s 1t o6 ) K i lo jou les 2 008

6 1 ,8

5 6224

6 8 ,0

P .g ranu lar is

P .g rana t in .

9 88

3 0 ,4

9 880

1 2 ,0

P .a rgenv i l le i

1 82

5 , 6

1 2194

1 4 ,8

7 2

22

4 320

5 , 2

T o ta lP a te l la

3 250

1 00 0

8 2618

1 00 0

P a te l la -A l lS pec ie s

3 250

3 7 ,6

8 2618

4 0 ,9

C . mer id iona l i s

4 233

4 8 ,9

11104

5 4 ,9

1 3 u r i _g _p _ i e n as pp ./A .a rgu s

8 10

9 , 4

6 075

3 , 0

O ther s pp .

3 54

41

2 435

12

T o ta l -Al S pec ie s

8 647

1 00 0

2 02235

1 00 0

Vo lume o fS amp le

0 , 7875 m3

k J m3

2 56 8 06

Vo lume o fT o ta lD epo s i t

4 0 m3

T o ta lK i lo jou le s i n Depo s i t

1 0 ,3 m i l l ion k J

P .b a rba ra

( b )

S i te R e fe rence EC2 E land 's B ay Open ( Horw i tz 1 979 )

K i lo jou les

2

P .g rana t ina

8 56

6 0 ,4

2 3968

6 9 ,9

P .g ranu la r is

4 77

3 3 ,7

4 770

1 3 ,7

P .a rgenv i l le i

7 6

5 , 4

5 092

1 4 ,8

P .ba rba ra T o ta l - P a te l la

8 1 417

2 52

06

4 80

1 00 1

3 4310

j4 1 00 0

Append ix D16 ( con td . ) P a te l la -A l l S pec ie s

1 417

3 6 ,8

3 4310

4 4 ,3

C . me r id iona l i s

1 216

3 1 ,6

3 4048

4 3 ,9

Au lacomya a t er

1 0

B urnupena s pp .

1 208

3 14

9 060

1 7

T o ta l -A l lS pec ie s

3 851

1 00 0

7 7518

1 00 0

Vo lume o fS amp le

0 , 25m 3

k J m3

3 10 0 72

. f 2

K i lo jou le s

Vo lume o i T o ta l I G lo j c

( c )

lD epo s i t i n Depo s i t

0 , 2

1 00

0 , 1

6 , 25 m3 1 , 9m i l l ion k J

S i te R e fe rence J T2 Ha i l S tone M idden ( Horw i tz 1 979 )

P .g rana t ina

8 69

6 5 ,1

2 4332

7 6 ,7

P .g r anu lar is

4 15

3 1 ,1

4 150

1 3 ,1

P .a rgenv i l le i

2 8

2 , 1

1 876

5 , 9

P .b a rba ra

2 3

17

1 380

2 1 ,2

T o ta lP a te l la

1 335

1 00 0

3 1738

1 00 .0

P a te l la -A l lS pec ies

1 335

8 0 ,1

3 1738

8 3 ,9

1 75

1 0 ,5

4 900

1 3 ,0

C . m e r id iona l i s Au lacomya a t e r 1 3 u r r

1

ia s pp .

1 0

1 56

94

170

31

T o ta l -Al S pec ie s

1 667

1 00 0

3 7818

1 00 0

Vo lume o fS amp le

0 , 1282 m3

k J m3

2 94 9 48

Vo lume o fT o ta l D epo s i t

2 74 m3

T o ta lK i lo jou le s i n Depo s i t

8 0 ,8 m i l l ion k J

2 53

Append ix D 16 ( c on td . ) ( d )

S i te R e fe rence EV2 C onn ies L impe t B a r ( Horw i tz 1 979 )

N

2 2

K i lo jou les

. 2

P .g rana t ina

1 376

7 2 ,9

3 8528

8 5 ,6

P .g ranu la r i s

4 89

2 5 ,9

4 890

1 0 ,9

I _ La igm Iv ile i

1 4

0 , 7

9 38

2 , 1

0 . 5

6 40

14

P .b a rba ra

9

T o ta l P a tela

1 888

1 00 ,0

4 4996

1 00 ,0

P a te l la -A l lS pec ie s

1 888

8 6 ,1

4996

8 8 ,6

C . mer id iona l is

1 70

7 , 8

4 760

9 , 4

Au lacomya a t er

1 2

0 , 5

1 20

0 , 2

B u rnupena s pp .

1 22

56

9 15

18

T o ta l -A l lS pec ie s

2 192

1 00 0

5 0791

1 00 0

Vo lume o fS amp le

0 , 125 m 3

l aM

4 06 3 28

2 2

K i lo jou les

3

Vo lume o fT o ta lD epo s i t

4m3

T o ta lK i lo jou le si nD epo s i t

1 , 6m i l l ion k J

( e )

S i te R e ference EV1 P o s tO ff i ce M idden ( Horw i tz 1 979 )

N P a te l la A l lS pec ies C . m er id iona l i s Au lacomya a t e r

2 1

6 , 5

5 04

5 , 7

2%

9 1 ,1

8 288

9 3 ,4

8

T o ta l -A l lS pec ies

3 2

Vo lume o fS amp le

0 , 0375m 3

k Jm 3

2 36 5 86

Vo lume o fT o ta l D epo s i t

0 , 4 m3

T o ta lK i lo jou les i nD epo s i t

0 , 1 m i ll ion k J

2 54

2

24

1 0 00

8 0

09

872

1 00 0

APPEND IX E S ITE REPORT FOR M P ag e 1

N ame o fS i te :

S i te R e f : Da te : 1 .

P ho tog raph s : G ene ra lv i ew ; i n te r io r ; v i ew f r om s i te ( w i th o r ien ta t ion . . . °)

2 .

D iag rams : D raw o ve r lea fp l an s &c r o s s -sec t ion s o fs i te a nd t a lu sw i th m ea su remen t s

3 .

D e sc r ip t ion o fS i te : D epo s i t ,t e r ra in ,v ege ta t ion , d i s tu rbance ,e ro s ion ,e xpo su re ,a pp roach , a l t i tude ,e t c .

4 .

D i s tance st on ea re s t :

S i te S ho re R ock s F re sh Wa te r

5 .

D epo s i tD ep th : R eco rd d ep th o fd epo s i t t ob ed rock o fs i te a nd t a lu sa t 1m i n ter va l s A c ro s s : F ron t t oB ack :

6 .

S amp l ing :

1m 2

S u r f ace S amp le s

T e s t Ho le s 7 .

v o lume

S u r f ace S ea rch : S ea rch w ho le s u r f ac e a r ea a nd r e co rd f i nd so ve r lea f

8 .

Rock A r t :

9 .

O the rC ommen t s

2 55

m3

A ppend ix E ( c on td . ) P ag e2 DRA W INGS ( w i th m ea su remen t s ) I nd ica te o np l an sw he re s amp le s t a ken

P lan s

C ro s s -Sec t ion s

F INDS F RO M SURFACE S EARCH P o t te ry

S tone T oo l s F o rma l

U t i l ized

B one

OES

O ch re

O the r

T oo le

CALCULAT IONS C ave s/RS S upe rf i c ia lA rea ( m 2)

A ve rage D ep th o fD epo s i t

E s t ima ted V o lume ( m 3)

2 56

T a lus

Open S i te s

APPEND IX F ANALYSIS

OF SHELLFISH SAMPLE

Site Ref.:

Name

Type

Volume of

of

Sample:

of

Site: Sample:

Species

Totals N q

PATELLA

( Shell measurements overleaf) Shells Apices Frags N

g

N

g

Identi 4 . 4 e d P . gra l . , na P . 'ran , aris P . argenvillei P . barbara

Total

m3

g

Identified

Unidentified Sub-Total MUSSELS Measured N

g

R

Hinges g L g

Frags

Apices

Frags

C . meridionalis A . ater Donax sp.

g

Sub-Total Other Sp. N

g

g

Burnupena sp. Argobuccinum

Sub-Total

WEIGHT(g)

TOTAL

Shellfish Balanus ALL SHELLFISH

Waste TOTAL

2 57