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Digitized by the Internet Archive in
2010
http://www.archive.org/details/childcraftinfift09chic
CHILDCRAFT SCIENCE
AND INDUSTRY
IN
VOLUMES
FIFTEEN
VO LU
SCIENCE
IVl
NINE
E
AND INDUSTRY
frljAl^
FIELD ENTERPRISES EDUCATIONAL CORPORATION Merchandise Mart Plaza Chicago 50^, Illinois •
CHILDCRAFT Reg. U. S. Pat. Off.)
Copyright
©
1954. U. S. A.
by Field Enterprises,
© © 1947, 1945, 1942, 1939 by Copyright © 1937, 1935, 1934 by W. C()i)y right
Copyright
Thk Copyright
©
Inc.
1949 by Field Enterprises, Inc.
The Quarrie Corporation & Company
F. Quarrie
Child's Treasury
1931, 1923 by
W.
International Copyright
F. Quarrie
©
& Company
1954, 1949
by Field Enterprises, Inc. 1947 International Copyright by The Quarrie Corporation
©
All
rights
reproduced
reserved. in
This
whole or
volume may not be in
part
in
any
form
without written permission from the publishers.
I'liiiUd in the
United
State.--
of
America
Ack.n o wledgment Grateful
made to the author of this book, John is M.A., Assistant Superintendent of Schools, Glencoe, III.
acknowledgment
Sternig,
WHAT
IS
IN THIS
BOOK
PAGE
Living Things Living Wonders
3
Some Living Things Arc Are
Some
Big,
6
Little
Some Things Live a Long Time, Some a Short Time
....
Where Do Animals Come From?
Many Baby Animals Are Weak and
.
8
as Helpless
Other Baby Animals Are Left to Take Care of Themselves
...
Babies
Be Your
Much More
Color and Shape Help
15
....
Have Many Grownups
to
Many Animals Use
Don't Bother This
18
Make Your Own Home
19
Making Your
in the
...
26
....
27
to
28
Living Things Get the Air
'ihey Need.?
Where Do Living Things Get They Need.? All
the
Land Animals
.54
Live in the World
Have
Different
55
Homes
56
of Plants Are There
World?
Kinils of
•
57
•
in the
Animals Are There
World?
58
Some Animals Which Have No Backbones
58
Animals with Jointed Legs
59
Animals Which Have Backbones
Some
Food
Green Plants Make Their Food?
Who
Animals Which Give Milk 29
Food Really Comes from Green Plants
How Do
What
Seeds.'
Live and (Jrow.?
for
25
Really Seeds
Need
Water Animals
52
What Kinds
.
to
60
Their Babies
61
.
Plants and Animals Arc too Small
to be Seen!
30
46
49
for
Which Belongs with Which? The People
Plant Bean Seeds.?
Home!
and Plants
20
Plants and Animals
....
50
24
How Do
45
Own Home
Where Do
What Do
44
and Plants
Come From ?
43
48
16
Different Peoples
Only from
Poison
42
47
22
Which Arc Not
.
.
......
41
Underground Homes
Here Are Some Insects You May Find for Your Zoo
Plants (Jrow
40
...
Where Do Animals Live?
21
Seeds
39
Plants Protect Themselves?
Your Zoo Cage
Do
to Protect
These Animals Fight with Their Teeth
Take
Zoo Keeper
What Happens When You
38
Some Animals
than
Them
Plants
37
Animals Protect Themselves?
Some Animals Have Armor 13
36
Drop
These Animals Fight with Their Feet
Look Altogether Different
Own
How Do
Do
Frog Babies Look Different, Too
Care of
anil
34
...
Trees.'
14
from Their Parents
Some
Grow on
Makes?
a Plant
Leaves Turn Color
33
.
Other Animal Weapons
Animal Babies Can Babies
Food
11
12
from Their Mothers
Some
Leaves
into the Leaves?
Other Animals Have Weapons to Protect Themselves
Many Baby Animals Learn Hoys and Girls Learn
How Do Why Do
to the
Up
10
Helpless
Born
Other Babies Are Not Quite
What Happens
9
Are All Living Things Born from Mothers.?
When They Are
Does Water Get
in the Fall?
7
Where Did You Come From.'
Still
PAGE
How
Let's
62
Try an Experiment!
31
Plants and Animals
32
How
Plants
63
De|Knd on Each Other
and Animals Help Us
...
64 .
65
ClITIDCRAFT
VI
PAGE
We
The Earth What
the Earth
High Lands
of
On
Live
Like
Is
......
Kartli
tlic
The Lowlantis .
Rivers, Valleys,
and Canyons
What Makes Thunder and
69
What Does
70
How You How
72 73
The Cold Lands
74
the Earth
Is
Round.?
Why Do We Have
76
78
Night.'
The Earth Travels Around
.
Summer,
80
Moving Around
83
"Down".? Find North During the Day
Else
South, East, and West.?
Do We Use
to
...
Is
.
.
...
Mountain That Breathes Fire and Smoke
116
A
Giant Water Pistol
117
Wind and
Change
Ice
Has Changed
88 89
119
the Earth's
Soil Is
120
Made
121
Soil
Works
for
....
Soil
What Are Rocks Good
What
We
.
.
.
....
For.?
We
Get from the Earth
We
the Earth
123
124 125
....
Get from the Earth
More Minerals
121
122
Use Sand and Clay?
Collecting Stones
a
Live on Means to Us
126 128
.
.
130
The Sky Above Us
Blanket
Air
Is
Real.?
....
Too
92
What Can You
Sec in the Daytime Sky.?
133
What Can You
See in the Sky at Night.?
134
93
94
low High
95
Move
Is
What Makes
the Sky.? the
Sky
135 136
Blue.?
Brightest Object in the Shy
The
....
137
96
How
How
118 .
Surface
How
What
Us
Air Move.?
What Makes Our
too,
the Earth's Surface
How Do We
91
What Makes
113
"5
of.?
85
Find
Fun with Air Air on the
112
.
From.?
114
Made
Own
87
Find Our Way.?
Surrounded by
for
Falls?
A
I
Works
It
Come
9"
How Do We Know Air
the Earth
Is
Us
...
of Air
Air Has Weight,
Use
10
III
Us
for
How
86
Their Way.?
The Earth
We
You Can Make Your
....
at Night.?
How to Use a Road Map How Do Sailors and Airmen
Water
84
What Do You Mean When You Say "Up"
What
What
82 Fall to the Earth.?
Find North
Rain After
to the
the
1
...
Calendar
Water Works
Man,
the Sun.?
How Can Wc
109
Weather Records
Fall,
and Winter.?
What Makes Things
lint or
Water Changes the Surface of the Earth 81
the Earth
How
Is
79
.
Too
the Sun,
Spring,
106
108
75
Make Your Own Day and Night
Where Are
Own
Where Does
Swamps
What Makes Day and
to
It
What Happens
How Do We Know
How
Tell
CoUl
Your
Kec])
Hot and Dry Lands
or
Can
105
Lightning.?
Weatherman Do?
the
A Weather
Oceans, Lakes, and
and Frost
68
71
The Hot and Wet Lands
What Keeps
PAGE
Own Dew
Make Your
Big
Is
the Sun.?
What Makes Weather,?
Does Water Get
into the Air.?
How
Far
Away
Is It.?
138
97 a
Rainbow.?
139
98
...
99
Make Your Own Rainbow
140
Sky
100
Clouds
loi
These Clouds Bring Rain
142
Make Your Own Rain
102
Clouds That Look Like Sheets
143
Snow
103
Do
104
Why Do
Cloud Shapes
in
What Makes
Rain.?
It
Hail and Sleet
the
Sky
in the
Stars Really
141
Twinkle?
the Stars
Look
so Small.?
144
....
145
What
Is
in
This Book
VII
PAGE
PAGE
How
Make
to
One Snip
A
with
a Five-Pointed Star
of the Scissors
Sky
Star Pictures in the
The Big Dipper and Their
Star Pictures
Stories
Orion, the Mighty Hunter
Machine That Goes Under the Water
146
Machines
to Play
147
Which
Is
Easier?
148
Which
Is
149
The Wheel, One
185
With
186 187 188
Faster?
of Man's Greatest
Inventions
150
189
Wheel Toy from
The Scorpion
151
Making
Leo, the Lion
152
Wheels Need Axles Before They Will Work
How Many
Stars
How Many
Stars
Can You
See in the Sky?
153
Are There?
Where Do
Do Some
Go
the Stars
Have
Stars
Daytime?
Tails?
190
.
191
Go Nowhere
192
193
Pulling with Pulleys
194
156
Fun with
195
157
How
155 in the
Wheels That Turn But
a Spool
Wheels with Teeth
154
Traveling by the Stars
a
Pulleys
to Lift a
Big Weight with
One Finger
What Are Shooting
How
Meteors Which Hit the Earth
The Moon
Is
159
Our Nearest Sky Neighbor
There a
What
Is
Man
the
in the
Moon
Moon?
Really Like?
.
.
.
.
to
Do We
Find
in the
Sky?
Man?
Traveling in Space
a
Homemade
We
Screws Are Machines, Too
203
Machines with Sharp Edges and Points
204
168 169
Animal Muscles Make Some Machines Work
.
170
We
Use Our Own Muscles Other Machines Work
.
.
Air
Works
We
Use Air Under Pressure Other Machines
for
Us
in
Ho.ne
in the
.
207
Make 208
Some Machines
209
in
210
177 178
211
How
212
to
Make
a
Water Wheel
Heat Runs Many of Our Machines Electricity
Works
Where Does
for Us,
Electricity
Some Hand Tools Are Building Machines, Too
How
Does
180
How
to
Machines on the Farm
181
Putting Magnets to
182
How
Go
A Machine That Make
to
206
.
Machines Run by Liquids
179
to
205 by Themselves
172
Building Machines
I(jvv
202
Work
Use
Digging Machines
I
201
Machine
174
The Machines
Machines That
Hill
Machines Will Not
Have
Travel?
Machines
Fun with
One
173
Fast Will Space Ships
to
Use Hill Machines
Several Machines in
167
Will Be the First Space
How
200
How We 163
166
Studying the Sky Through the "Big Eye"
Who
199
Hill Machines
Change
Planets Are All Different Else
198
More Levers
164
Does the Moon Seem Its Shape?
What
197
Use Levers
162
Nine Sky Wanderers
The
Lever Works Best
161
The Changing Moon
Why
a
How We
160
Many Moons Ago Is
196
158
Stars?
Places
Flics
a I'apcr
That Will Fly
183
Electricity
184
Get
to
Work
216 217
218
Heats Things
Does Light
Putting Light to
.
Work
Can Be Changed
Else
215
Our Homes?
Move Things
213 214
Come From?
Electricity
Electricity
Where
Airplane
Electricity
Make
....
Too
into Light
Come From?
219 .
220 221
222
Childcraft
Vlll
PAGE
What
How
Sound?
Is
Sound Works
How
for
Us
Other Objects Made of Clay
255
224
How
a
256
How
Houses Are Heated
Science and Inditstry Help Us
where Do They Come From ? The Foods
We
.
.
.
Eat
Where Does Our Food Come From?
Some
of
Our Food Comes from
the
Foods from Faraway Places
What Happens Grown on
to the
the
.
.
Food That
Farm
Water
PAGE
223
House
How We 227
Is
Built
258
Travel
259
and Trucks
Cars, Buses,
260
228
What Makes
a Car
229
Where Does
the Gasoline
230
Rubber Tires
231
We
Is
Fly
to
Rails
261
Come From?
262
Ride on
Through
Over the
Go?
263
264
the Air
We
Go!
265
232
?
233
Keeping Fresh Foods Fresh
....
Over Bridges and Under Mountains and Rivers
234
Across Rivers, Lakes, and Oceans
The Foods You Should Eat
...
235
Coal for Steam and Heat
236
How We
237
Where Does Your Telephone Reach?
271
238
How
272
How
The
Are Foods Kept from Spoiling?
Clothes
We Wear
Woolen Clothes
to
Keep You
Warm
Cotton Clothes to Keep You Cool
You,
too,
.
Can Weave
239
Up
240
Silk for Dressing
Clothes
Made from Wooil,
Made from Leather
The Shoes
Is a
We
Live In
House Made
.
.
of? of
.
.
Wood
Radio
274
at Television
275
Listening to
241
Read and Enjoy
Books
to
Books
for
278
Reading the Newspaper
279
Learning from Pictures
280
245
246 248 249
Other Things Made of Concrete
250
Iron and Steel for Buildings
Our Windows
and Dishes
277
Where Books Are Kept 244
Houses Built of Man-Made Stone
Other Objects Made of
276
Everything
The Paixr Other Houses Arc Made of Brick and Stone
Pots, Pans,
270
243
Many Houses Are Made
Glass for
269
....
What We Know
242
.
We Wear
The Houses
What
Coal, and Milk
267
Use the Telephone
to
Looking Clothes
Share
266
....
(ilass
We
Some Things Other Ways
in
282
Use
for
Which Paper
Which
Is
Used
283
.
Science antl
Industry Help Us
251
Helping Our Policemen
252
Helping
253
Making
254
Looking Ahead
to It
284 to
Help Us
.
.
.
Easier for
Us
to
285
286
Keep Us Well Learn
....
287
288
ALL LIVING THINGS There All
many, many
are
are
are either plants or animals.
alike
in
different kinds of each.
some ways and
different
in
How
do
others.
Where do
these living things
they grow and change?
come from?
What
do they need to
keep alive?
How
do
living things get their food?
protect themselves?
animals make? nsefnl to
What
Which
man? Which
How
kinds of
plants
do they
homes do
and animals are How do we
are harmful?
depend on plants and animals?
Answers
to these
and
to
many
other questions will
There will be many interesting things for you to do. And, as you study these animals and plants, vou will never cease to wonder about the living things around you.
be found
in these pages.
Living
Wonders
Li\'ing things are
among
ing wonders of nature.
why
the most interest-
That
is
one reason
enjoy going to the circus, to the
3'ou
zoo, and to the farm. Ahiiost everywhere
you
go,
you
will find living things of
one
kind or another.
It
may be
a
cuddly kitten
.
.
.
or
a galloping lorse.
It
mav be a sl()\\'-nio\"ing snail
a lovely sunflower
a
.
.
perky chipmunk
a playful do^
.
.
.
a land turtle
Some
Living Things Are Big,
Some Are
Little
Some
living things are big, like this
Other
things
are
small, like this violet
and
living
this ladybug.
Still
others are so small
that you cannot even see
them without scope.
a
hippopotamus.
micro-
Some Things
Live a Long Time,
Some
living
these giant live for
Others,
like
this
things,
redwood
like trees,
thousands of years.
grasshopper
and butterflv, live for only a few months after they have grown up.
Still
live
Where do
others,
like
this
mayfly,
only a few days.
all
these living things
come from?
Let's find out!
Some
a Short
Time
Where Do Animals Come From?
Eaeh
animal
on
this
page was born from a mother. too.
It
had
a father,
Where
did these
Where
did the kittens
little
pigs
come from?
eome from?
Where Did
N^
^
•^
You Come From?
\ You were born mother, too. At
from
first
small and helpless.
}'our
you were
You
eould
you eould not walk, and you could not feed or dress yourself. Your father and mother had to do everything not
talk,
for you.
Later on, you learned to
sit
up
Boys and girls take many years to grow up. That is \\hy your father and mother take eare of you.
They
give
you the food,
the shelter, the elothing, and the love that \ou need.
Are
All Living Things Born from Mothers
Birds arc born from eggs laid
by the mother
bird.
Spiders,
inseets,
some other animals also
born from
and are
eggs.
Trees grow from seeds w'hieh have been
by parent
made
trees.
Lambert; Spenc
Ferns spores
come from sccdlikc made by the parent
plant.
Living things
come from
ents that are like them. all
are
10
But not
born from parents
same way.
par-
in the
1
Many Baby Animals Are Weak and Helpless
When They
When even
puppies are born,
see.
ten days. of them.
Are Born
they cannot
Their eyes are elosed for about
The mother dog has For
six
to take eare
weeks, the puppies eat
no other food except the milk they get from their mother.
Baby
rabbits
have their eyes
closed for ten or twelve days after thev are born.
They do
not even have anv fur on their l)odies
Babv
kittens cannot see for eight or ten
days after they arc born. cat takes care of
while thc\ arc
What that
otiicr
]ia\c
animals can
to
The mother
them and
feeds
them
hcl])lcss.
\'ou tliink of
be cared for by their
motliers? 1
when
they are born.
The
0"
chick keeps pecking anc
pushing liole
at the shell.
becomes
a
The
tin\
wide crack anc
the shell breaks open.
When
a
bab\ chick
come out
is
of the egg,
hole in the
ready to
it
Then
pecks a
pushes
the its
chick
way
out.
shell.
Other Babies
Are Not Quite as Helpless Baby chicks mother hen
are
born from eggs which the She sits on her eggs for
lays.
three weeks. This keeps
them warm while
great changes take place. Inside the eggs,
baby chicks arc forming and growing strong enough to be hatched.
At
feathers are wet, and
first its
it is
too weak to stand up.
But in just a few hours its feathers are dry and fluffy. And it is strong enough to run about and hunt for food.
In
weeks,
three
it
looks like this.
Six
months
hen,
it is
later, if it
is
a
ready to lay eggs.
male chick, it grows up to be a rooster. If
it
is
a
You can
sec that
a
baby chick doesn't need as much care as a pu]3py, a kitten, F.
12
Lamorciix, Ocpt. of Poultry Husbandry, Cornell University
or
a
does.
l)al)y
rabl^it
Still
Other Baby Animals Are
Wlicn
baby animals shown on
tlic
Left to
this
Take Care
of
Themselves
page arc born,
they have to take care of themselves. After their mothers lay the eggs, they give the babies
But these babies
no care
at
all.
are not
as helpless as puppies, kit-
and baby
tens,
rabbits.
Just as soon as they arc
know how to how to move and how to hide
born, they get
food,
about,
from danger.
When
baby turtles hatch from eggs that their mother has laid, they must take care of themselves.
Frogs have to take care of themselves as
eggs into
Lyimuoil
Baby
fishes
care of
And
so
.\1.
soon little
as
they hatch from
tadpoles like these.
Cbacc
have to take
themselves,
do most
too.
insects.
Do
you know of any other animal babies which have to take care of themselves just as soon as the^• are born?
13
Many Baby Animals Learn from Their Mothers
Many animal babies learn by watching their mothers. They tr}' to do what their mothers do.
spend most of their time in water. But baby seals cannot swim! I'hey must be taught to swim by their mothers. Seals
The mother ^«^^
deer teaches
This mother raccoon teaches its baby many things that it
ger.
must know.
run away and hide.
quietly in hiding
The baby
this, it
The mother polar bear also teaches cub many things it must know.
and
needs to
might be
If it
killed
its
to run
baby to lie from dan-
know how
to
did not learn
by other animals.
its
Can you
think of other animal
babies that learn things from
.^u,ik^
their parents?
Boys and Girls Learn
Much More
than Animal Babies
Can
You know more than
the smartest ani-
mal that ever
You
lived.
are smarter
than the smartest animal.
You
can
more by asking questions and by understanding what others are doing and talking about. Animals cannot read or write or think as you can. They are learn
You
learn bv watching your parents
things, just as
not curious about the world as you
do
are.
baby animals do.
You
by watching other people do also learn by watching things happen and by thinking about what you
-^
learn
You
things.
have seen.
You things
learn
by
how asking
to
do
ques-
tions, too.
I.uing Galloway; H. Armslrong Roberts
/\nd vou learn by reading, or bv being read
to.
You
can learn from ]3cople that
lived long ago,
lands,
and from
peo!)k- in other
because they wrote about what
they thought and knew. Animal babies
cannot do an\ of
tlicse things.
15
Some
Babies Look Altogether Different
from Their Parents
Did \ ou
ever see a baby camel at a zoo or a
cir-
cus? It looks just like a grown-up camel, only smaller.
But there
are
some babies
look like their parents at
that do not
^'^VO
all.
Did you
ever see a cater-
pillar like this
one?
Do
you know what it really is? It is a baby butterfly!
Here
is
arch
butterfly.
its
mother!
caterpillar will just like this. fly
It is a
Some
Mon-
day,
the
change to look can a butter-
How
have a caterpillar baby?
How
can a caterpillar grow up to be a butterfly?
3
The mother butterfly lays its eggs on
The is
eggs hatch into tiny caterpillars. Here
a caterpillar that has just hatched. It eats
and grows and grows. From time to time, the growing caterpillar gets too big
and for
eats
its
splits
skin.
When
this
happens, the skin
up the back and the
right out.
happens
Then
it
caterpillar crawls
grows a new
several times.
skin.
This
a
milkweed
or other plant.
5
'I'licn,
one day, the caterpillar fastens itself and makes a hard case to cover
to a twig itself.
It stays inside
Then
it
looks like this.
the case for
months. But all this time wonderful changes go several
on. Finally, the case splits
open
—and
out
comes
a
beautiful butterfly.
Its
wings are wet and crumpled. But
an hour they straighten out and are the butterfly
own
flies
away
to find a
in less
dry.
mate and
than
Then lay
its
eggs.
lirounill
Baby moths
H.illi.lu
Imkins S|,-.**'
IVPrp
The clam burrows into the sand.
The brook stickleback is rare among fishes, for it builds a nest of plants under water.
The lizard makes in a L
^
hole
among
its
home
rocks.
a
safe
enemies.
on among weeds and floating
its
where
The badger
li\cs in a
hole in the ground.
So does the ground hog
Underground Homes And It
the eoyote digs tunnels into the earth.
hides the entranee in bushes or roeks.
Bears find ea\es in whieli they ean spend the winter sleeping. Here, too,
is
wherr
they have their babies.
The
river otter
in the
Star; Vila,
makes
l-janks alon'j^A'"
Wind 20
miles an hour
"Wl'TagPWilllin
>«.i
Mil;
Mi I
^-a*"^
20 miles
citv 1
What Does
the
city 2
Weatherman Do?
Suppose that you live in city 2 and you have a friend in city 1. Your friend calls you up and tells you it is raining hard where he lives. He says that there is a wind blowing 20 miles an hour to-
This
is
gets reports
all
parts of the country.
many
about
They
rection. It will reach your citv in
di-
way the weatherman works.
He
ward your city. If you remember that wind brings changes in weather, you can tell that the rain is coming in your dian hour, unless the wind changes its rection or something else happens.
the
about the weather from
instruments to help
And he him
tell
has
what
changes to expect from the weather. tell
him which way the wind
how hot it is, how wet the and many other things. These
is
blowing,
air
is,
all
help him to
tell
what kind
of weather
to expect.
It is a good thing we have weathermen. The kind of
weather we are going to have is
important to the farmer and
airman, to ships at sea, and to
many is
others.
not always
winds things tlie
]3art
S.
Weather Bureau
right,
for
the
may change and other may happen to change
weather from what
])ccted.
L'.
The weatherman
But he
is
of the time.
lie ex-
right a
good
.
How You Can This
is
a
tools the
Tell
How
Hot or
thermometer.
weatherman
cold the air
is.
It is
How
Cold
It
Is
one of the most important
uses. It tells us
how
hot or
how
Tlie liquid in the thin glass tube rises
\\'hcn the air gets
warm.
when
It falls
the air cools.
110 As you can see, there are marks on the thermometer. Look carefully, and you will find o, lo, 20, 30, 40, and so on. Also look between these figures, such as between the spaces.
On
this
uid
is
figures
Each
40 and
of these spaces
thermometer, the
level
You
50.
means
will find
5
little
2 degrees.
liq-
with the 50 mark.
That means the temperature is
50°.
freezing point
II
Xiiio
zero LOOp E
80j;i --
60
^
^So ~\
B
60
\-:
-40
70
^
40
1:21 20 = lE
£ HI
10
0^ ir —
-^=
£-10 r^
4-30
1
-40,
:
b If it
the liquid
If
w
mark
ill
falls to 32°, water will free/c and be time to get out your skates. If it falls
to o, that
low
o,
wc
is
zero.
When
the liquid
say the temperature
and we count downward.
is
falls
be-
below zero
the liquid 70,
If it falls
between
how
cold
is
how
up hot
to the is
it?
exactly halfway
—10 and —20, is
it?
109
Keep Your
Own
Weather Records You can have
fun keeping your
reeord of
tlie
weather.
you
will
need
First
Fasten
a
thermometer.
on the outside
it
own
of a win-
dow on the north side of the house. You should be able to read it from the inside.
You
like this
make
one. Fasten
it
pole outside the house. Re-
a
member point
in
that the arrow will always
W,
the
direetion
the
eomes from. the
weather vane
a
one. Perhaps your father
help you
will
to
need
will also
If
wind
the arrow points to
means the wind
that
is
blowing from the west.
Each day you 1.
How
2.
Where
3.
What
will
want
hot or cold the wind
to
know
it is
is
blowing from
the sky looks like
—
Look clear,
cloudy, or partly cloudy 4.
110
If
there
is
rain,
snow, or fog
sky,
outside, look
and look
at
up
at the
your ther-
mometer and weather
vane.
A
Weather Calendar
Make
a
large
sheet
chart like this on of
paper.
a
Each
square stands for one day. Put the
number
in the
i
bottom
right-hand corner of the square of the dav
on which the month
begins.
the
month
If
Tuesday, put the
is
under
square
the
Tuesday.
month
day of the
first
If
is
the
the
first
i
in
word
dav of the
Friday or any other
day, put the
i
in the square
under the name of that day. Then put numbers in the other squares as sliown here.
from
Work In the top left corner of each
left to right.
square you ture to *
/
•
make
tell if
a small pic-
the day
is
sunny,
«
snow
rainy
-O-
rainv, cloudy, or partly cloudy.
sunny
^^ fog
partly cloudy
cloudy
A
In the bottom left corner, you
put the letter N,
S,
E, or
W
show the direction from ^^•hich the wind is blowing. Put to
your thermometer reading in the top right corner.
square for one day
might look
like this
Another square might look like this or this
^6^
w
70
What
It
4
does this
picture say?
says
fourth
that
day
on
the
of
the
month, it was sunnv. The wind was from the west and the teni])crature was 70.
111
What Happens You may on
not like
a picnic.
grow.
But
Without
it
if
it
if
we
rains
Rain After
It
Falls?
when you have planned
didn't have any rain, no plants
plants,
plants and animals,
to the
we
no animals could couldn't
live.
And
to go
would
without
live.
Gendreau: H. Armstrone Roberts
When
rains,
it
much
of the
water sinks into the ground. is
the sun which help to
the grass and
Some
all
plants green.
the form
water vapor.
Some
runs
into
brooks,
lakes,
and oceans.
In
make
of the water goes back
the air in
into
It
water and the light of
this
the
South,
of the water
Far North
snow
of
streams,
and Far
never
melts.
There you will find huge snow and ice fields. You will also find snow all the year around on the highest mountains.
112
Where Does
the
Water
We
Use
Come From? In some places, water
from I.ucicn Ai^'ncr,
see
pumped
from under the ground. The pumps
tushint;
In big
from
is
N.
cities like Roeliester,
huge water
Y.,
lakes,
raise the
you may
voirs.
reservoirs like this.
and
rivers, or
water into tanks or
The water
is
made
reser-
clean
safe for us to drink before
it
runs through pipes to our homes.
Water
tanks like this
may
be seen in small towns.
This
is
1^3
f
a type of well
you may see
at a
f"
-^
llM
farm
in the country.
Wendnngel and Co.; Inited Press
pumping station which pumps water from This
is
a
Lake Micliigan
for the use
of people living in Chicago.
1
1
wK^^^-..^^^
Water Works You have air
how
alicach learned
works for
us.
Water works
for us, too, in nianv wa}S.
couldn't bathe without
wash
dishes, or even live.
factories
Us
for
would have
We
it,
or
Many
to
stop I'his
working because they couldn't
do
their
is
work without using
is
a
mighty dam where the water
used to make
electricity.
water.
Running
makes
water
this
wheel go around. The wheel makes other machinery go. This, in turn, can be used to
grind grain, to saw wood, and to
do other work.
'Ill is
ore ship
is
the Soo Canal
Lake Huron to
In
on don: Soil Conservation Service;
'
114
passing through
on its way from Lake Superior.
what ways besides these shown this page do we use water?
%
,J»i.
^um.i
What
Is
the Earth
Deep down told
Lanks, Rl.uk Star
rock,
In
many
in the earth
we
very hot because
and
gravel.
places, rich soil covers the earth.
Other parts
of the earth's
surface are covered with
sand.
Mli^Wi J.
T. Mitchell; Gushing
You
will find rocks like these
along the shore,
mountains, and in places.
the
among the many other
Everywhere underneatl
soil,
sand, and even
oceans, there
is
of?
are it
is
made up of hot, melted rock. \Vc know more al^out the surtace of the earth because we live on it. It is made of soil,
*
^
it is
Made
solid rock.
tlic
A
Mountain
That Breathes Fire and
Smoke
The
solid rock on the surface of the earth something hke the crust on a pic. Deep down under this rock crust is melted is
rock, something like thick, hot juice. The mountains on the earth were formed
when
the earth cooled. Forces inside the
earth squeezed and bent layers of rock
mountains and mountain ranges.
into
On
you see a picture of a volWhite-hot, melted rock is squirting out from beneath the earth's surface. Flames and smoke sometimes belch out of the mountain. this page,
cano
in action.
Fwing Galloway
This volcano started It
in a cornfield in
slowlv grew bigger and bigger until
Mexico. it is
now
a high
mountain. The melted rock which flows
down
the mountain side
cools,
it
becomes
is
called lava.
solid rock.
^-^
Here is what a volcano would probably look like if you could see inside it.
You can
see
that
the
melted rock comes to the surface through a long tubclikc opening.
As
it
you have been in Yellowstone Park, perhaps )ou have seen this spout of water shoot into the air now and again. It is Old Faithful, the most famous If
About onee every hour reguhigh eolumn of water and steam shoots into
geyser in the world. larly, a
the
air.
If
you could see mside
you would
see.
a geyser, this
Water deep down
is
what
in the
tube gets boiling hot from the hot rocks around it. As the water gets boiling hot, it turns into steam. There is no way for the steam to escape. So, when there is enough steam, it blows up the water ahead of it in the form of a high spout.
117
A
Giant Water Pistol
1
Water Changes the Surface of the Earth
Water has bad imich
to
do with
wa}- the earth looks today.
water
can
hcl]5fnl to
l^e
botli
tlic
Running
liarmfnl
and
man.
Running water can wear away rocks to make beautiful scenery like this.
Or
it
can cut away good
and ruin farm
soil
lands.
Running water sometimes digs deep canyons like the Grand Canyon. At other times, it makes wide, open valleys such as this, where the soil is rich and farm crops can be grown.
You can
see for yourself
things awav. soil
or sand.
Do
Make
how
1
Pacific
Railro.nH;
Ewing Galloway; Gendreaii
{
^^-L
garden
Turn the garden hose on
you see how the water or sand away?
Union
water wears
a little hill of
it.
carries the soil
Wind and
When
Ice
Change
the Earth's Surface
up more room. Milk does, too. Did you ever take in the milk bottle on a cold winter morning and have it look like this?
Water it
water freezes,
in tin)- eraeks in the roeks freezes.
freezes,
it
gets bigger.
From
it
takes
As
year to year,
the cracks get bigger and this helps to break
up the
roeks.
Wind and
water changed these roeks after
a long period of
A
time to form this bridge.
moving mass of ice and scours the surface of the earth. WHien it melts, it leaves soil and huge rocks on the surface of the earth. glacier
is
a slowly
wliich scrapes
This
is
a part of
Brvee Canyon
National Park in Utah. sand, and water wore
rock to
make
Wind,
awav the
beautiful shapes.
Man,
too.
Has Changed the
The
earth
We
enjoy.
1^-
to
keep
it
which to
The
we h\e on should nse a beautiful
%^^^'d
surface of our
What man
has changed
it
made changes lie
plowed
the
vast
onrs to nse and to wisely
it
and
if
we want
hai:)pv place in
live.
the same today as settled.
is
Earth's Surface
own
land does not look
did
it
when
it
was
first
has done since that time
a great deal.
Sometimes, he
that were good.
prairie
lands. I'lierc, today, great erops
of \\lieat
and corn are grown.
By bringing water through or canals,
pipes
he has turned much good farm land.
desert land into
Sometimes man's work has not been good. He has cut down trees from hillsides. These trees kept water
from wasln'ng
Ccrulre.ui;
He
Soil
soil
away.
(V.H',
1
'
-
THE MACHINES WE USE
'
\
17s
r
MACHINES,
machines, machines! Big and httle maMachines for work and play! Machines to dig with, to ponnd with, to pull with, and to push with! Machines in which we speed over the highways, up into the air, deep into the earth, and even under the ^^'ater! Machines to help the farmer raise his crops and machines to help your father and mother at home!
chines!
have heard someone say that we live in a machine age. That is because we have so many
Perhaps
\'ou
machines to help us do things and easier than we could without
different kinds of better, faster,
them. Long, long ago, people did almost everything by hand. But, today, vou can get a machine to
do almost anything you want
What are
machines, anyway?
what makes them go?
176
How do
to do.
they work?
And
Machines
What
in the
Home
machines can vou
in this picture?
Look
find
rie-j
(PAO^
carefully,
and remember that machines help us to do things more easily,
than
more
quickly,
we could
or
\\'ithout
better
them.
There
arc
ture, too.
machines
in this pic-
Can vou name them?
\\1iat other machines can that are used in
\
on
think of
and around the house?
Digging Machines on this page arc all used At one time, men had to use simple tools like pieks and shovels with which to dig. This work took a long time, and it was hard work. Now, big machines do the work of a hundred I'lic iiiacluiics
for digging.
men
in less time.
A
road
scraper
smooth
will
rough roads quickly.
This giant bulldozer shovels dirt,
pushes things around, and
does
all sorts
of jobs that could
hardlv be done at
Have you
all
without
ever helped
garden with a spade? a
This power shovel garden, but
it
is
is
it.
dig a too,
It,
is
machine.
too big to use in a
just right for digging
big holes in the ground.
Ewing (iailoway
Mere
is
a special
ging machine.
narrow trench put
])i])cs in
an hour
in
kind of digdigs a long,
the ground to
for carrying water,
gas, or oil. It in
It
can dig as
as
a
man
much
with a
spade could dig in a week.
Building Machines Machines make
it
possible to
build things easier and faster, too. Without sueh machines it would be much more difficult to build offices and factories as fast and strong as we do today.
I'his truck
mixes concrete
as
it
roars
down
the road from the cement plant where the concrete is needed. Sand, rocks, water, and cement are mixed in the big tank. The tank goes around
to
and around
When
as
it
mixes them together.
the concrete truck gets to
where a big building is being made, it pours the concrete into wheelbarrows that are whisked up to the top by this elevator.
and other things that are too l)ig and heavy the elcNator arc lifted up by this big crane.
Steel
for
179
Some Hand
Tools Are Building Machines, Too
arc many kinds of Innkling machines, among the most important arc the simmachines we call tools.
'I'licrc
l^nt
ple
Every time yon use a hammer, a screwdriver, a saw, or a pair of
you arc using a simple machine. All these make work
pliers,
easier or faster to do.
Can you
tell
what the tools Ask your
this picture are?
in fa-
ther or older brother to help
you learn what these tools are used for. Perhaps he can also teach you how to use them.
.80
Machines on the Farm nuieh work to be done on a
There
is
farm.
Crops have
taken care
A
of,
farmer eouldn't get his work done
as fast or nearly as well for the
The
farmer uses
be planted,
to
gathered, and stored.
if it
machines that he
were not
uses.
d Iractor to pull a big
plow that breaks up the
soil.
Sometimes he uses a disk plow to loosen the soil.
These machines are planting wheat seeds. This machine It It
is
also
separates
from the
Even
tlie
loading of the corn
into the farmer's barn can
be done
b\-
macliine.
i»i
is
a
combine.
used for reaping wheat.
stalks.
the grain
Machines That Go Places Airplanes,
and
automobiles,
made to go places. There are many kinds of such machines. They take other machines are
us over the water
They
and under
it.
take us over the land, and
up into the
Ships like this one travel over the oceans, rivers, and great lakes of the
air.
world. Propellers whirl in the water
and push them
A
along.
tricycle
a
is
machine, too.
You push down with your
legs,
the wheels go round, and off
you go!
When
you push the pedals of makes the rear wheel go round and round,
a bicycle, a chain
and away you
A
motorcycle
go.
is
really just a big
bicycle with an engine to
An
automobile or truck
much
diflFcrent
cycle.
It
from
a
isn't
motor-
has four wheels in-
stead of two.
But
it
has an en-
gine that makes the wheels go
round, like a motorcvclc has.
82
The
engine
make
does
the
work, instead of a person's
legs.
it
go.
A The
airplane
realh'
is
tra\'els
ships,
But
Machine That
it,
an
a
Flies
machine that Like
fast.
big
too, lias a ])ropeller.
airplane's
propeller
whirls through the air instead of tlirougli water.
An
airplane's
propeller
like a big fan. It helps to
plane
move
forward.
ing fast enough, the
is
something
make
When
the
it is
air-
mov-
wind rushing past lift up
the wings causes the airplane to into the
air.
If
vou have a small elecfan and a pair of roller
tric
skates,
your
father
can
show you how a propeller makes an airplane move forward.
Put a book on two skates, which should be on a smooth floor. Have your father put the fan on the book, like this.
Be
sure the fan
Now have him it
starts
is
turned
off.
connect the fan so that
working. Don't get near
it
or
you might be cut by the fan blades. See the propeller moves your machine across the floor. Before the fan and
how
skates hit something, vour father will pull out the electric cord.
183
How
to
Make
a Paper
Airplane That Will Fly
Fold
Now, open like
this
up and fold so that it makes
a ]3iccc of writing
paper
like this.
it
it
a
point.
Fold each side down, again, so that the
Fold crease.
again
Now
on it
the
]:)oint
gets longer, like this.
center
looks like
this,
i I
I I
L^-^
Then
fold each side of the pa-
per down, like
this,
to
make
the wings.
Your paper
airplane,
when
finished,
should
this. It doesn't have a propeller, so you must liold it as the boy is doing, and throw it forward to make it fly. If it dives down, bend the tips of the wings up a little.
look like
184
A
Machine
That Goes Under the Water
A
submarine
is
made
is
a
machine that
to go plaees
Do
under the
know what down under the water and what makes it come water.
makes
it
}ou
go
up again?
)llicinl
A
When
it
cover the
pours
])ass
air
tight.
tank and
air
is
in.
heavy, and
men
full
the submarine's crew wants to
down
air
'I'he
come up
Navy Photo
floating.
go under the water, the
thev want to
S.
submarine has several big tanks
of air that keep
When
U.
Then
let
men
close a
they open up
the water pour
pushed out
as
in.
the water
This makes the submarine it
sinks.
again, the
from storage tanks into
the big tank. 'I'he air pushes the water
out and makes the submarine hgliter, so that
it
rises to
the surface.
iSs
Machines
Mam
to
things
machines.
Play With
wc
Here
])la\
with arc rcalh'
arc sonic of tlicm.
The
tcctcr-tottcr is a machine on which almost everyone has phned.
Wind-up toys work when you wind up a big spring.
And just
A
bow'
much tlian
a play sweeper w orks hkc mother's.
arrows
shoots
A toy derrick works almost like a
and straighter vou can throw them. faster
ris:
Even It
a
liits
harder
without
real one.
Ewinir G.Tllow.iy
bat
is
a
machine.
the
ball
much
than
you
could
it.
186
gUg^^^j^^
Which Most
Easier?
Is
of the inachiiics \vc use help us
our work easier and chines,
some
faster.
Without
ni
things couldn't be done
Did is
in deep,
But bov
if is
just
it
\ou use doing,
Did your mother e\er send you
to
rying liome a big sack full of gro-
vour arms
is
hard
\\'ork.
Pulling the same sack of gro-
home
ceries
^^'heels
in a
makes the work
Try cracking gers.
Now,
nutcracker.
a
tr\-
wagon, whose
go round and round, easy.
nut ])etwccn
\-our fin-
cracking the nut with a
Which
is
easier?
187
If
a
the nail
won't come out.
a claw
it is
the grocery store for groceries? Car-
ceries in
from
\()u e\er trv pulluig a nail
board with vour bare hands?
easy.
hammer,
as this
Which Sonictiiiics \vc use
do things machines
faster. is
when we do
Maybe you can
Is
Faster?
machines, especially to
The work we do without
usually not nearly as fast as
with machines.
it
run very
but you can go even
faster
fast,
on
a
bicvcle.
Some
people
rapidly,
knows how write
can
write
but a person to
who
type can
nmch, much
faster.
W. McManigal; Ewing Galloway
man
is rowing a boat. But if you want to go fast, you can get into a motorboat such as this one. It has an engine that turns a propeller. This ma-
This
really
chine makes the boat tlie
zoom through
water!
.88
The Wheel,
One
Man's Greatest Inventions
of
a moment, of the many ways in which wheels are used. What would the \\'orld be like if there were no wheels? There could be no tricvclcs,
Stop and think, for
cars, trains, airplanes, or
Almost
all
wagons. But that
is
not
all.
important machines, from typewriters to
steam shovels and elevators, have several wheels in
them
The
to
make them work. one of our simplest machines. one of man's greatest inventions. and you will see why
\\'heel
But Try
this
Put
all
it is
is
also
\our tovs in a big
box. Try to push
the
it
across
floor.
Now, put
all
your toys in a wagon and push
the
floor. Is it easier or
Do
}ou see
When easily
v^'hy?
a thing rolls
than
when
it
A
it
across
harder than with the box?
wagon
is
on wheels,
a it
wheel machine. goes
much more
has to be dragged along.
Making
Spool
autoiiio1:)ilcs arc cas\ to
lots of
fun to play with.
themselves and
^^•ill
c\'en
a
Wheel Toy from
a Spool
make and
'I'hcy
climb
go by
a hill.
You
will need an enijDty spool; two wooden kitehen matchsticks; a small piece of soap; and a rub-
ber band for the motor.
lave a little notch cut across one end of the spool, like this. I
Put the rubber band through the hole in the spool. Break one of vour matchsticks and stick a piece through the loop of the rubber at the notched end of the
band
spool.
Now
cut a small piece of soap
an inch thick.
about
a fourth of
Make
a little hole in
it
so the rub-
ber Ixmd will go tluougli
it.
Put the rubber band through the piece of soap at the unnotched
end
of the spool
and then put
a
long matchstick through the loop.
Now
your spool automobile
done.
It
should look
\\ ind u]) the
is
like this.
rubber-band motor by turning
the long matchstick around and around. Put
the S])ool on a table top and wateli
190
it
go!
Wheels Need Axles Before They Will Work
Would
these wheels do
aii}'
Wheels with tliev are
good?
Why?
axles
go around
when
]^ushcd or pulled.
Look
at
axles.
Turn the wheels and
how
your wheel
toys.
Find the notice
they go around and around on
the axles.
Skil Corp.
Sometimes wheels
are
tened tightly to their
The
stiff
sandpaper wheel
this picture
axle, fast
fas-
axles.
is
fastened to
in its
which goes around \'erv when the motor is
turned on.
191
Wheels That Turn, But Go Nowhere Sonic wheels do not go anywhere; yet thev work for riie steering roll
ns.
wheel
in
yonr ear doesn't
anywhere, but you eouldn't steer
the ear without
it.
This water wheel doesn't go any-
wheel
This
is
stone.
It
sharpen
tools.
is
Some like
a
exce])t
hut
grinds flour for the miller.
it
grnid-
used
to
Miller,
made
water-faueet handles arc
this.
around and around,
where
FPG; Bauer, CusliinR; Aigner;
Turning the wheel-handle
turns the water on and
off.
A
spool
is
a wheel.
Did you ever
watcli the spool of thread
when your
mother was using the sewing maIt goes around and around as
chine? ilic
192
thread
is
used up.
Hilibs
Wheels with Teeth Wheels with teeth are found on many machines. Can you tell how they
Do
work? teeth
\'0u see
how one wheel
\\'ith
makes another one go around?
An
egg beater shows you
wheels with teeth work.
machines
other
with
how
What
toothed
wheels does your mother use?
Your
father probablv uses
chines too.
with
toothed
This hand
bore holes.
It
drill is
ma-
wheels,
used to
has wheels with
teeth on the sides of the rim.
Sometimes toothed wheels so
that
a
ehain
are
connects
made them.
Then, when you turn one wheel around, the ehain turns the other wheel. That
If
is
how
you want
teeth,
all
a bicycle works.
to see man\' w heels with working together, have
your father take the cover alarm clock so that the insides look.
\
ofT an old on can see how
Pulling with Pulleys
Pulleys are just wheels on axles, but
they have grooves in the rims, or edges, so that ropes ean go around
them without have
slipping
many important
off.
Pulleys
uses.
This
woman
can hang out her washing to
dry without going out of doors. Pulleys carry the pulls
If
it
wash out on the
on the
line
when
she
rope.
weren't for the pulley
fas-
tened to the top of the barn, this farmer v^ould have to carry his
hay up to the
haymow
a
bundle
at a time.
Pulleys can be fixed
up
so that big
loads can be pulled or lifted easily.
These men
to
tried
lift
a
heavy load with a single pulley.
But the load was too heavy for them. So they fixed up several pulleys together.
Now
the rope
goes around the bottom pulleys four times. This takes strength for the
men
much
less
to
the
lift
heavv load.
Kwin),' (;;illoway
194
Fun with Pulleys
Pulleys arc fun to play with. will
need
a clotlicslinc.
You
You
also will
need
two
single pulleys
that look like
tliis
two double pullers that look like this
Fasten one of the single
up
like this.
Try
or toy car with
Now fasten
two
If
is
you want
your
Now
]:)ulle\ s
tr)
easily.
to
up
could
lift lift.
pulle\"s
a
book
you
than with one
pul-
a big load very easily, fasten
like this.
lifting
You
lift
easier to
as easy to
is
about twiee
up
it.
Do
of the single pulleys like this.
notice that the load ley? It
lifting
a
Get your
heavy
lift
load with your pullc\
to\-
father to help you. or brick. It goes
up
almost four times as heax'y a s
fixed this
way
as
\
ou could
without them.
195
How Here
is
how
One
Finger
friends!
Tic four
Big Weight with
to Lift a
to lia\c fun with
\()iir
or five heavy books together with a string. i\sk one of your friends
with one
course not!
anvone
if
finger.
lie tliinks
He
is
Those books
to hft with
one
you ean hft the books "No, of
ahiiost sure to sav
mueh
are
too heavy for
finger!"
Actualh', the l^ooks are too heavy to hft with one finger,
But here
is
if
you
try to hft
how you
hke
this.
ean reahv do
it.
broom the broom
Get
Fasten the pile of books to one end of handle. Use a strong string that
put the handle over the back of
is
a
long enough to
or
mop.
or
mop you
let
a chair, like this.
Be sure that most of the broom handle is on your side of the chair as in the picture.
Now,
press
down
with \our finger on the
end
of the
The books most
broom handle. are lifted al-
as easily as
they
if
were feathers.
When
you use
a stick or
bar in this way, you are using
simple
another
kind
machine.
It
of is
called a lever. Levers are
among
the most impor-
tant machines
196
we
have.
How
a Lever
Works
Best
Try to lift the books with the chair back moved near to you, hkc this.
Now
try
moved
it
with
the
back
chair
near to the books, hke
this.
...... iNar
Try that
it
with the chair back
it is
moved
so
the same distance between
the books and your hand, hke
this.
V
Which way was
the easiest
\\'a\-
to hft the books?
you want to hft a big weight with a lexer. alwa\ s put whatever your lever rests on near to the weight and far from your hands. If
197
How We Use
Levers
Soiiictimcs w'c use levers to play with.
A
tcctcr-totter
totter \\ith
is
a lexer. If
you
teeter-
someone bigger than you,
have him get nearer to the eenter.
Then you
will balanee each other.
A wrench
So
is
a
is
a lever, too.
pump
handle
Sometimes we get jars of food with on them that have to be taken off by prying them up. Then
covers
we
use the back of a table knife for
a lever.
Sometimes two to
make
a tool.
levers are fastened together
A
pair of scissors
levers fastened together.
When
the liandles of the scissors l:)lades slide
easily.
198
Hdith Loikr; Ai,mur; Euinu Calloway; Hibbs
is
just
two
you squeeze
together,
the
past each other and cut things
More Levers
hammer
handle bar^ of tricycle
canoes being paddled
199
Hill
Machines
Which
To
is
easier?
pull a
wagon up
rough slope
a steep
like this
When to
you use
make
a slanting
a hill in
board
order to raise
something from a lower plaee to a higher place, the board becomes a machine a hill ma-
—
chine!
200
How We Use It is
up
much
Hill
easier to roll or slide weights
a slanting board than to
straight
up.
Hill machines,
one, are used
all
roads
are
mountainsides,
back and
go up road
forth.
made cars
a slanting road.
went
straight
over zigzag
they
Then
If
up
mountainside, cars would
can the the slip
and slide. They wouldn't have enough power to climb.
Sometimes a hill machine is used to from a high place to a lower place safely and swiftly. get
Sl.inil.ir.l
Oii Co. of N.
J.;
Hilihs; S
Sometimes a hill machine is made \\ith steps on it. When von go upstairs, \()u are walking up a hill machine. Can you imagine how hard it would be to get upstairs b}climbing straight up on a pole or rope?
201
lift
them
like
the time to
weights up higher.
When
Machines
this
move
Fun with a Homemade Hill Machine Bovs and
girls
a roller coaster
who have had have
hill
machine.
Yon
in
making
\our
coaster.
All
really
been on
a
can have fun, too,
own
\ou need
hose for the tracks and for the car that goes
along the tracks.
fun on
toy is
roller
a garden
a small ball
up and down First,
double your garden hose,
like this.
Then put
the doubled hose over a garden
chair, boxes, or bricks, so that
down,
like this.
Be
it
goes up and
sure that the hoses are
tight together, so your little ball will not fall
through between them.
Now
put )Our ball
top of the highest
in hill
the track at the
and watch
down and up and down, roller coaster.
202
it
go
just like a real
Screws Are Machines, Too If
you
\\ill
look carefully at a screw, you will see that
the edges go around and around. Run your fingernail along the edge, starting at the point. You will find that the edge slowly climbs to the top of the screw. A screw is a kind of hill machine. The slanting around and around the screw.
A bolt is a screw machine, a little
hill
is
wrapped
too. It screws into
piece of metal called a nut.
you tighten the nut, the bolt
When
will
hold
things tightly together.
If
\our
grinder
mother has looks
that
a
food
like
this,
turn the handle. As you do so,
Fl'G.; Hibbs;
notice
how
inside,
pushes the food along.
the screw on the
Aisncr
When
vou turn the handle on
this vise,
it
turns a screw that forces the jaws together so that thev will hold things tighth'.
This builder's jack makes
it
easy to
hea\\- weights off the ground. see
whv?
20-
Do
lift
you
Machines with Sharp Edges and Points These men
arc splitting a log.
They
are
poiinding in a piece of metal that
is
shaped something
A
like a piece of pic.
pic-shaped piece of metal
is
called a
wedge. This wedge keeps forcing the
wood
apart until the log splits in two.
An
axe
another
is
wedge machine with sharp edge. for cutting
It
a
used
is
wood.
This boy
is
stick
with
knife.
The
sharp edge.
whittling a
pocket-
a
knife has a Its
shape
is
that of a wedge.
AiKHL-r;
Even
a
nail
machine. pushes
The
its
is
strdtit: Rrilnrts
wedge
sharp point
way
wood when
a
H. Ar
into the
the
nail
is
hammered.
Needles and pins are wedge machines, too. Imagine trying to sew with a
needle that didn't have a sharp point!
204
Several Machines in
One One
of the
most
interesting things
many maehines is that they often made up of a number of
about are
simple maehines such as wheels, vers,
le-
and wedges.
lake a lawnmower, for example
the handle
it
is
just a lever
has two big wlieels to run on
manv
little
wheels with teeth
lacohsen Mfg. Co.; H. Armstrong Roberts
has several cutting blades
it
which
.
.
.
are
wedges
and the whole thing
is
put
together with screws and bolts.
Some
lawnmowcrs
are
run
with engines. But even the engine
is
toothed
made wheels,
of
wheels,
levers,
and
screw machines.
205
Machines Will Not Work by Themselves
I
Wliy
This tractor
206
is
doing no work.
aren't these
u
)M^'
Ciillow.iy
machines doing any work? Are
they lazy? Of course not! Machines cannot do work by themselves. Somebody will have to work to make the spade work. The engines of cars and the tractor have to be turned on before thcv will do work. The freight cars cannot move until the railroad engine hooks on to them and pulls them. Machines will not work by themselves.
Animal Muscles
Make Some Machines Work In
all
parts of the world,
animals are used in ous ways by
him
In
pioneer
days,
there
were no automobiles or trucks. Horses were used in
pulling
and
stagecoaches
covered
Horses are
many
still
wagons. used
in
ways.
Ewing Galloway; H. Ar
In Alaska, dogs arc used by the
The water Philippine
buflFalo
making
used
and
Islands
countries. This cart fiber for
is
Eskimos
is
in
to pull their sleds
the
other
loaded with
ro]5c.
207
in his
man
work.
vari-
to help
We Use Our Own Muscles to
These people
are all using their
muscles to make maehines work.
own Can
you think of other machines that people work with their own muscles?
Make Other Machines Work
Air
Works
for
Us
in
Some Machines
Sometimes air is used to work our machines. The wind turns this \\iudmill wlncli is fastened by levers to a pump that pumps water up from a well.
Sometimes we suck the air out of things to make them work. Do you know what happens when you suck milk or an ice-cream soda through a straw?
Ewing Galloway
When
you put the straw
the milk bottle, there the upper part of
in
is
it.
down on
also
pushes
milk
in the bottle.
in air
Air the
When
you suck on the straw, you pull out some of the
air
ing
that
is
in
happens, the
this
down on
it.
air
When push-
the milk pushes
the milk up the straw and into your
mouth.
Your mother's vacuum cleaner has
a
fan
that blows air into the bag. This sucks the air is
out from the opening on the
then sucked up \\ith the
air
floor.
Dirt
air.
209
Use Air Under Pressure
Blow up a balloon and around the room like a
in
Other Machines
let it go. It
blew up the balloon, vou forced the or compressed
it.
\\'ill
When
you
let
swoosh
When
jet airplane.
you
air together,
the balloon go,
the compressed air swooshed the balloon around
the room.
•WA
A
jet
airplane
works the same
way. Only, instead of compressed air, it
uses hot, burning gases.
Did you ever see a workman breaking up a street with a big drill like pneumatic drill. Air under pressure goes through the hose into the big drill and makes it called a
this? It
is
go
brr!
brr!
brr!
brr!
as
it
pounds
into the concrete. U.
How
to
S.
Air Force; Ewing Galloway
make
a
compressed-air elevator:
Place a book on an empty water bottle as tlic
You
tube.
book of
shown
will
which
lifts
Blow
into
will find that the
go up!
the air in
here.
It is
the pressure
the water bottle
the book.
Machines Run by Liquids
When
the
barl)cr
the
raises
barl^er
chair before giN'ing vou a haircut, he
works a lever that pumps tank under the chair.
makes the
chair
It
is
oil
into a
tliis oil
that
rise.
When
the filling-station
man
lifts
your
up to grease it, oil goes into a big tank under the ear lift. Up the car goes,
ear
just like
your water-bottle elevator and
the barber chair.
Ruunmg
water
sprinkler
work.
makes
The
this
lawn
water rushes
out of the openings in one direction,
and makes the top of the sprinkler whirl around in the other direction. Aigner; Globe Hoist Co.; May, Bl.ick Star
Ry
I. iff
photoiirnphiT Anilrc:is Fcinin);er
©
Time,
Inc.
Sometimes
rivers are
dammed up
make electricity. The water behind dam rushes down huge pipes. At
to
the the
lM)ttom of the pipes are water wheels, riie
falling
water makes them whirl
The water wheels are fastened to huge iiKichincs that make very
fast.
clectricitv.
21
1
How
to
Make
a
Water Wheel
Have mother give you a lid cut from a large Be careful that you do not cut yourself on the sharp edge. Punch a hole in the tin can.
center of the
lid
with a
nail.
Ask your father slits in
to
cut
the lid with a pair
of tin snips or old scissors.
Then your
will look
lid
like this.
Now,
ask }our father to twist the
edges of the so that
it
lid
with a pair of pliers
looks like this.
..MW.-vi.o.»»-MMW»».
Put a small
through the
nail
hole at the center of the
Pound
the nail a
little
a board, like this.
water wheel
Hold the water wheel
is
Now
Watch
lid.
into
your
readv to work.
in front
of the garden hose or under a faucet.
way
it wln'rl!
212
,
>. .,
„„
—
ilUMt..^
^
^^
Heat Runs
Many
of
Our Machines
Sometimes the water in a teakettle boils so steam makes tlie cover boimee up and down. By heating water, we ean make steam and use it to run machines. liard that the
Steam makes this locomotive go. Coal is burned to change water into
or oil
steam.
The steam pushes
against a sort
of big iron can, called a piston. This
makes the piston go back and forth very
fast.
A lever fastened
to the piston
makes the wheels go round and round.
This big digging machine runs from heat made by burning oil.
Ewing
Titcomb Galloway; Black Star; Northwest Airlines
Airplanes burn gasoline instead of oil. The gasoline burns and makes hot gases which push the pistons. Lexers connect tlic
coal or
pistons to the propeller.
213
Electricity
Works
All the things
bv
on
for Us,
this
Too
page work
eleetricity. In different parts of
\our house,
usuall\- in
the walls,
there are eleetric outlets.
When
vour mother or father plugs
lamp
or something else,
eonnect
with
wires
its
in a
wires
that
go
through the walls of your house to the eleetrie outlet. All 3'Ou
do then is and the electricity goes to
have
to turn on the switeh to work.
Sunbeam Corp.; Ewing Galloway;
214
Zenith
Radio Corp.
Where Does Lightning
is
a
powerful, but there
is
kind of it
electricity. It
comes and goes
no way we can put
One way we things called
get electricity
dr\- cells. If
inside a flash ligl it cells.
Come From?
Electricity
}0u
\ou
is
ver)'
so fast that
to use.
it
is
from
will
look
will see the dry
They have chemicals
them
in
that produce electricity which you use
when you
press the button.
Your automobile has kind of electric
cell.
storage battery. It
from chemicals,
different
a
It is
makes
called a
electricity
too.
Hobart. Monkmeyer:
Ai.!;ncr; Fvvins;
Gnllo
Most of the electricity we use is made by big machines called generators. Some arc \'er\- large and ])roduce enougli electricity for whole towns and cities. The electricity
you
use in vour liome was prolxibly produced by a big generator.
215
How Does
Get
Electricity
Did
to
\()u ever iiotiee
Our Homes? how
easv
it is
get electricity? All voii have to do fli])
a switch
work
After electricity goes
out
is
over
\\ires that are
generated,
thick
and there
it is
— ready
to is
to
for you.
it
copper
strung from high
towers like these.
Later,
the wires take the electricity into
things called transformers. These electricity safer to use in the
make the
home.
^^XH
Thin copper
wires carry the electricity from the trans-
formers right into your home. Have you ever noticed
where the
electric wires
go into your house? There
covering called insulation around the wires, to sure that
no one
is
In
is
a
make
hurt by the electricity.
many
cities,
the electric wires go
into big cables under the street and
then up to the houses and big build-
216
ings.
Of
wires
coming
course, in.
you can't see these
How
to
Make
Electricity
Move Things One
most important things about that it can be used to move things. If you would like to find out how, this is what you need to do: of the
electricity
is
Ask
bell wire,
Wrap
Cut
any extra wire. Then your will
look like
off
and
a
num-
of insulated
cell, a roll
a large nail.
^-1^^
the wire around the nail
twenty or thirty times.
you
}'our father to get
ber 6 dry
'v^.
nail
this.
Peel back the insulation covering from both
ends of the wire and have your father scrape
them. Connect the ends to your dry
cell,
like this.
Now come
your nail a
has
magnet.
It
beis
called
an electromagnet.
It will
pick up paper clips,
tacks, small nails, or other
pieces of iron or steel.
Don't
leave
your
electromagnet
con-
nected for more than a minute or two at a time or
you
will
run
down your
dry
cell.
217
Putting Magnets to
Work
Electromagnets are used for
all
sorts
of
things.
Electromagnets make an trie all
tric
elee-
motor work. And think
of
the machines that use elec-
motors.
This crane
is
lifting scrap
metal
with a huge electromagnet.
How One work
Electricity
of the ways is
Heats Things
we put
electricity to
to heat things for us.
When electricity flows through some kinds of wires, they get red hot. Have you ever seen the wires in a toaster get hot?
Some with
I'his
with
people cook elcctricitv.
water heater works electricity.
This electric heater would
And some have
warm you up
fast.
people even
electric blankets to
keep them warm
in bed.
Aigncr; H. Armstrnnc Rolicrts
Ask your mother to help you find all the wa\ s vou use clcctricit\' to make heat in \our home.
219
Electricity
Can Be Changed
When
into Light
V electricity goes
through
the very thin wire inside this
hght liot
Inilb,
and
the wire gets white
gi\es off hght.
In the old days, electric-light
bulbs were
made
of clear glass Sylv
and you could
the
easily see
Sometimes, today, we use
thin wires glowing white hot.
fluo-
rescent tubes instead of light
The
bulbs.
electricity
makes
chemicals glow to give light in fluorescent tubes.
Changing
Electricity to Light with a
Get two
Dry Cell
pieces of electric wire, each about a
foot long.
Ask your
father to
remove the
in-
sulation covering from the wires at each end.
Fasten one end of each wire to a number 6 drv cell, like this.
Get
a light
bulb from
a flashlight.
Hold the
bare end of one wire tightly against the metal side of the light bulb.
Hold the bare end
the other wire tightly against the the bottom of the bulb.
220
What
of
little tip at
happens?
Where
Else Does Light
Come From?
All these things gi\e us light.
Can you
tell
off heat, too.
moon
lighted matcl
kerosene lamp
which ones give
Putting Light to
Work
We use light to chase away the darkness and
to take pictures.
Black Star; Pinney, Monkmeycr; Gushing
And we moon, ets
study the sun,
stars,
by the
and the plan-
light they give.
Great floodlights make
it
possible to play baseball, football,
and other games
at niglit.
Tell about other ways in
222
which we use
light.
What Is Sound? Do
you know what sound
Try
is?
this to find out:
band around a small box without a cover and pluck it. Do you hear a sound? Can you see the rubber band move back and forth? This is what makes the sound as it pushes the Stretch a rubber
around
air
forth
Tap
the edge of a pan
stick.
Do
you
feel
it
lid
it.
We
call
this
back-and-
movement vibration.
with a
vibrate?
^PF
Feel your father's voice box at
when he Have him
the front of his neck is
talking or singing.
growl
real
real high.
low and then squeak Do you feel the dif-
ference in the
box
way
his
voice
vibrates?
Sounds are made by things that vibrate.
Sound
is
just
that go into your cars.
\'ibrations
You
Hibbs; Aiyncr
to 26.
223
will
Fun WITH Sound and Rhythm, in Childcraft, Volume ii, pages 3 find an interesting section,
How Sound Works
We
use sound in
make sound
for
many
Us
Of course, we we ean unHere are some other ways.
Fire trucks, ambulances,
into words so that
derstand each other.
ways we put sound to work for
and pohee cars have sirens which make such a loud sound we all can hear it and get out of the way.
us:
If
you want to
talk
with someone in
another town, you use a telephone.
The telephone changes your vibrations
to
electric
which go down the
voice
vibrations
wire.
At the
other end, the electric vibrations are
changed back
It
is
makes to
sound, it
hear
too,
to
sound
vibrations.
whicli
possible for you
programs
over
your radio. Ewini; dnllowny; General Electric
224
As you walk along the
streets in
your town, you pass
kinds of stores. In the windows you
may
all
see toys,
candy, food, clothes, furniture, radios, television sets,
When
machines,
cars,
and many, many other
things.
your father and mother passed the stores when
they were children, perhaps the things they saw in
Do you think they saw toy space helmets, toy jet planes, television sets, and plastic dishes? Ask them. the windows were different.
Men
and women have always liked to discover and to make things. Those who discover new things and
new ways
of doing things are called scientists
inventors.
What
tried
that
Then
and
they learn and discover has to be
out carefully, again and again, to make sure it
will
work.
men
and industry find ways to use these discoveries for making things we want and need. The things we buy in stores have been made possible because science and industry are partners working together. other
in business
226
Where Do They Come From? Look at the pictures of all the things shown on this page. Where did they come from? From what are they made? How are thev made?
You may
say that people
made them.
and But what where did they come from? Some materials came from the earth, some from water, and some from things which grow on the earth. materials did they use
Can you
tell
shown here
what the things
are
made
of?
/STORE
-*-
The Foods
We
Eat
Suppose that you had hved long ago in early pioneer days! Things would have been very different, wouldn't they? Perhaps there would be no store of any kind
for miles
and miles and
Then how would you have to hunt and in the
fish.
summer and
would even
get your food?
You would
nuts in the
raise vegetables
suppose a boy
who
to live with you today.
lived in pioneer days were
How
He would
would be work they do!
surprised he
to learn that people are paid for the
You would
gather wild fruit fall.
Perhaps you
and keep animals.
"•11. -
Now
miles.
be even more surprised that they can use the money to buy all kinds of food at the store.
Where Does Our Food Come From?
The
vegetables you eat are
gardens and
grown
in
fields.
Apples, pears, peaehes, oranges, plums,
and other
fruit
grow on
trees
and bushes.
eggs
and
ive us milk.
The
give
us
taken to the dairy, it
is
and and
made it
is
safe to
put into
cartons.
made
Some
into eream,
and eheese. Animals of
all
kinds give
us meat.
cr.il
Works Agency; H. Armstrong Roberts
Cereals and breads are
made from wheat,
oats,
and corn that grow
in the fields.
Some of Our Food Comes from the Water Much
we eat comes from which you find in rivers Much more comes from the
of the food
fresh water
and
lakes.
salt
water of the ocean.
bananas
Foods from Faraway Places Some from
coffee
of the foods
faraway
we
eat
places.
come Some
come from lands across the sea. Others come from places in our own country which may be a long way from where we live. See
if
your father or mother
can help you find out where these foods
all
come from.
I'M
What Happens to That Is Grown on Two
Food the Farm?
the
big crops that are grown on the farm are
corn and wheat.
Much
When they are ripe, they are cut.
wheat goes to the flour mills, where it is made into flour. This flour is used by your mother and by the bakery to make bread, cake, rolls, pancakes, and other things to eat. of the
Some
of the corn
goes
to
and wheat the places where
breakfast foods are prepared.
General Mills; H. Armstrong Roberts
Many
animals
go
to
the
packing houses. Tliere they arc
made
sages,
into bacon,
and other meats.
sau-
How
Are Foods Kept from Spoiling?
Did you
ever
wonder how the Indians and
the pioneers kept food from spoihng?
They
had no refrigerators then and no canned foods. So they learned how to salt, dry, and
smoke some
What the
Indians and pioneers onee did,
of the food they ate.
we
still do. We ean buy fish, sausages, bacon, ham, and even turkey which have been salted or smoked. Fruits like grapes and plums are dried to give us raisins and prunes.
Your mother may keep fruit and vegetables from spoiling, too, by canning them in jars. They also are put in tin cans in big canning factories. Even fish and meats are canned. What kinds of foods can you name that you can buy in cans?
American Can Co. Intcrnniional Harvester Co.
At the store or
at
home, you may
food placed in a freezer like
keep
it
from
find
this
to
spoiling.
233
Keeping Fresh Foods Fresh need to keep fresh foods fresh, too, until thcv are brought to the store. And we need to keep them fresh at home until they are cooked.
But
\vc
ways to keep fresh foods fresh is to keep them cold. So we have refrig-
One
of the best
on the railroad, refrigerator rooms on ships, and refrigerator trucks on the roads. I'Vuits, vegetables, and meats
erator cars
that are sent in such cars, ships,
and trucks are kept cool and fresh for us to use.
^^eat
is
kept cold at the store, and in
butcher shops, in cold places
like
this.
Great Northern Railroad; Friiehauf; Jewel Food Stores; Ewing Gallow;iy
_jinT"-inT
\!
Your mother puts the food she buys at the store in a refrigerator or ice-
box
234
until she
is
readv to use
it.
^>\
green and
oranges, tomatoes,
vellow vegetables
grapefruits,
lemons
potatoes, other fruits,
and vegetables
butter and
margarine
The Clothes
We Wear
Can you tell of what materials the clothes are made? Some are made from plants which grow in the fields. Some are made from wool, and some are made from the skins of animals. What materials do you think each is made of? Look
at these pietiires.
Perhaps you learned
how
ing clothes.
know
that scientists and others
to use different materials for
They
also learned
how
to
mak-
make
them in many colors. Machines were invented for making cloth faster than it could be made by hand. Then
factories
were built where
workers could use the machines.
Woolen Clothes Some
The wool
that grows on sheep
is
like
having
Keep You
Warm
you wear are made from wool. and when because they help to keep us warm.
of the clothes
We
wear woolen clothes in the winter,
it is
cold,
clipped once
each vear. This does not hurt the sheep, for is
to
it
a haircut.
After this wool has been washed, the fibers arc
combed out into threads. These together to make woolen yarn.
loosened and are twisted
II.
Armstrong Roberts; Wool Bureau.
Inc.:
Ewing Galloway
This yarn
is
woven
from made.
into cloth
which woolen clothes
arc
Ask your mother to give you some woolen yarn. Untwist it so you can see how it was put together. Pull out some tufts. Now trv to twist them together to make yarn like that which your mother gave you.
237
Cotton Clothes to Keep You Cool
Some made
you wear are
of the clothes
We
of cotton.
clothes in
summer,
or
wear cotton
when
it is
hot,
because they help to keep us cool.
Did you know plants? either
The
that cotton grows on
fluffy
cotton
is
picked
by hand or by machine.
After the seeds have been
taken out of the cotton, is
packed
in
it
bundles called
bales.
International Harvester Co.; Pepperell Mfg. Co.
Service;
In the cotton mill, the cotton fibers are twisted into
on spindles such cotton thread
is
thread
as these.
The
then woven
into cloth.
238
Soil
Conservation
You,
Woolen and
too.
Can Weave
cotton yarn are
made
into
cloth by big machines called looms.
These looms weave the woolen or cotton cloth by crisscrossing the threads like this.
You can weave
a
potholder in this
same way. All you have to do is to go to the store and buy a small loom like this. Wlien you buy the loom, you will find a piece of paper inside the box. 'i'his will tell
and how
to
you exactly what to weave
weave
it.
239
Silk for
Dressing
Up
and beautiful cloth. It is making dresses, stoekings, ties, shirts, and other clothes. It costs more than cotton and wool, so we do not use silk clothes for evervday work. Here are a few things made from silk. Can you Silk
is
a soft
used for
think of others?
Perhaps
you
be
will
sur-
prised to learn that silk
made by
is
caterpillars, called
silkworms.
They grow by
eat-
grow on
ing the leaves that
the nnilberrv tree.
When
the silkworm
is
ready to
become a moth, it spins a silk thread with which it makes a house where it can rest. This house,
made
of silk threads,
is
called a cocoon.
li-rion,
To
get the
silk,
EwinR Galloway
the cocoons
are put in boiling water to
make them thread
is
soft.
then
The silk unwound
from the cocoon and put on big S])ools.
It
is
now
be woven into cloth.
240
ready to
Clothes
Made from Wood,
Coal,
and Milk
& ft
made of mawhich did not come from plants or animals. Have you heard of nylon, rayon, and plastics?
Some
of our clothes are
terials
^
^
These three materials are made by mixing chemicals with air, water, and things which come from coal and wood.
This mixing of different materials
makes
liquids.
These can be spun
them done by machines. They work somewhat the same as the silkworms do into threads by squeezing
through tiny holes.
when they
It is
spin silk thread.
Which
of the clothes
shown on
this
made from From plastics?
page do you think were rayon?
From
nylon?
Ask your mother to show things in your home made from these materials.
Clothes
The for
Made from
Leather
Indians and pioneers used animal skins
making many
skins of deer to skin.
From
things.
make
these they
moccasins, and other
Tliey used the
deerskin and buck-
made
jackets, skirts,
useful things.
Today the
skins of cows, horses, pigs, sharks,
alligators,
chamois, and snakes are used for
making
leather.
From
jackets, shoes, gloves,
other
this leather
handbags,
we make
belts,
and
articles.
This
is
how
leather
is
made. After the
has been removed, the skins are into a liquid made from the bark put of trees. This liquid makes the skins
liair
tough, and keeps
them from
spoiling.
Then the skins are put into machines. The machines squeeze and rub the skins so that the leather will
When
til is
make many
242
is
done,
things.
it
be
soft.
can be used to
The Shoes Most shoes
We Wear
arc
made from
leather.
A
made by cobbler made
long time ago, shoes were
hand.
A man
called a
them. Sometimes he traveled from one place to another to make shoes for
grownups and
for boys
and
girls.
Today, most shoes are made in factories by machines. This machine cuts the leather into the right size
and shape.
Some
of the
machines make deOthers put in
signs in the leather.
the holes for the shoelaces.
Some of
of the
leather
machines sew the pieces Other things
together.
needed for finishing the shoes are done by still other machines.
A/-^ They can make high and low shoes. They can make shoes for work and for play. And they can make hundreds of shoes in one day. II.
Armsiin,,/,
Shoe Co.;
l(,,l,rtti,
l"lorslicim
Niinii-Busli
Shoe Co.
The Houses
We
Most people live not
all
Live in
in houses.
These houses are
the same, even in this country.
are built of
wood. Others are
Some
built of stone,
You may live in a house that stands alone. You may live in houses that are joined together. You may live in a big
brick, or metal.
apartment building, high above the streets of your city. Or you may even live in a trailer,
or mobile,
home.
The house you you,
live in
is
your home. There
your father and mother, and your
brothers and sisters eat and sleep and play.
There, too, you find shelter from cold, heat, rain,
snow, wind, and other things from
which you need protection.
244
stone
iCZ3
What
Is
a
House Made
of?
wood Many
materials are used to build a house. In
pioneer days, houses were built of wood, of stone, or of sod.
The
pioneers used materials
we have all we can use. Some
they found around them. Today, kinds of other materials that of these
eome from faraway
plaecs.
___^_^_^
cement
brick
24^
Many Houses Are Made
of
Wood
One
of the most important materials for building wood. Some houses are almost entirely built of wood. Even homes built of brick and stone use wood on the inside. Wood is used for building walls and floors and roofs. It is also used for makis
ing furniture. *«iB|
'
'
*"
The wood we
grow
from
trees that
ests.
The
trees
arc
marked
down
comes
use
in for-
be cut
to as
shown.
By
cutting a few trees only in
way, there will always be
this
in the forest
trees will
to
and there
be enough room for them
grow bigger and
bigger.
Weyerhaeuser Timber Co., AFPI; Standard Oil Co. of N. J.
'^e^
Some
of the logs are taken
to the sawmill
and
Other
logs
into rivers.
trucks.
arc
dumped
They
are then
floated to the sawmills.
246
by
trains
In the sawmills, the logs are run through big
and
chines,
cut
mainto
boards.
Then
the boards are stacked and dried
before they are taken to the lumber yard.
There they are sold
who need them
to the people
for building.
Here the wood that came from the forest
is
being used to build a
house for some family.
Not
all
houses are
made
of
wood.
Other Houses
Many
Are Made
when there is much of it near by. The stone is taken from places like this. They are called quarries.
of Brick
and Stone
are built of stone, especially
Ewing Galloway; Brick and Clay Record
Other
houses
bricks.
The
are
bricks
built
are
of
made
from clay that is shaped, dried, and baked in special ovens
248
1
Houses
Built of
Man-Made Stone
Are you surprised to learn that we eaii make a stone whieh is often stronger and better than the stone we find around us? This man-made stone
is
ealled concrete.
is made by mixing one part cement with two parts of sand and four parts of broken stone or gravel. Water is added, and the sand, cement, and gravel or broken stone are mixed together. It can be mixed by hand or by machine. At
Concrete of
can be poured, but after a
first
it
time
it
gets hard like solid rock.
part cement Portland
4*
\
+
/
broken
4 parts
^
stone or gravel
=
CONCRETE
Here we used to
concrete
see
make
house which
being
the foundation of
a house. This
is
is
the part of the
on
Cui, n
Monkmevcr, H
2 parts sand
or under the
ground.
249
A,^n,
(.uaor,
\rinstrong Roberts
Other Things Concrete
is
Made
used for
all
of
Concrete
kinds of things be-
sides foundations for houses.
name some
of the things
Can you
shown on
page which are built of concrete?
WHiat other things can you think that are built of concrete?
of
this
Iron
and
Steel for Buildings
Iron and steel arc used in building
many homes, apartment fices,
and
factories. Steel
buildings, ofis
sometimes
used to hold up the floors of our homes
and make them strong. Iron and steel also are used sometimes for the frames or skeletons of apartment buildings.
Iron and steel are used for making furnaces which heat our homes.
They
are also used in
making
the stoves on which
we cook
.
.
.
the refrigerators
which keep our food from spoiling
.
.
washing machines,
.
hot-water
heaters,
and
other things.
What
other articles
of iron
and
find in your
steel
made
can you
home?
251
V.
S. Stcrl r,.rp
Tv
Glass for Our
Can you imagine
Windows
living in a
house
vvhieli
had
many boys and girls in Even when there were win-
no windows? Well, pioneer days did.
dows, thcv did not always have glass in them. Instead, they were eo\ercd with animal skin:;
As you look out of your windows at home, do you ever stop to think what glass
is
made
to believe Iv
I'irst
of all sand
is
of? It
it is
in a big
pot
with limestone and is then cooked in a melting tank unother things. It
til
the mixture melts.
sluirtrh Plate Gla'i^
When the tank is emptied, flows hot melted glass. is
rollers to
make
2s2
Some
of
run between big
the glass
dows
out
in liouses
glass for win-
and
ears.
Co.; Ford Motor Co.
hard
made most-
from sand. But
unxed
is
it is.
Other Objects Made Sometimes, liquid glass
He
blows
blows up
of
Glass
blower picks up a gob of hot on the end of a long hollow pipe.
a glass
air
through the pipe and the soap bubble.
like a
By blowing,
glass
swing-
and twisting, he can blow the glass into almost any shape he wants to. Machines are also used to shape glass into objects which we use. On this page, you will see many beautiful objects which have been made from glass. ing,
A
glass
bowl and
from several
hundred years ago.
Art Institute o£ Cliicago
A
bowl
made
Syria,
from Sweden. The design shows a bril-
Metropolitan of Art
tray
Museum
liant display of fireworks.
A Steuben
glass
bowl with
a graceful design. Steuben Glass,
A in
solid crystal fish,
an
American
U&
U.
made glass-
works. Steuben Glass,
U&
U.
This glass mug, decorated with birds and flowers,
was made States
in
more
the United
than
200
Metropolitan
Museum
of Art
vears a"o.
25-
Pots, Pans,
What be
if
a
think
a lionic would no pots, pans, and But did you ever stop to
funny place
there were
dishes!
are
and Dishes
\\'hat
made
they are
made
of?
Some
whieh has been hard. Others may
of elay
baked until it is be made of wood, iron, aluminum, or plastic.
tin,
copper,
This
He
man
is
dishes are
made
in
making
a plate
from moist
elay.
shaping the plate with the piece of
wood he
Some
is
is
molds
holding in his
left
hand.
like this.
Pots and pans like these are usually
254
made
of metal.
Other Objects
Made
Clay
of
Since the earliest times, people
have made beautiful
from
clay.
shown on
Some
objects
of these are
this page.
This beautiful American Lenox plate and
cup and saucer are made of porcelain. Mi
A
Greek vase, more than 2,500 years old, shows a four-horse chariot on its
side. Metropolitan
The Chinese made
Museum
n,
ili
of Art
this
pottery horse with saddle
blankets
nearly
2,000
^^ ^^^1
years ago. Art Institute of
Chii,
This small statue of a Javanese
was made
in
Metropolitan
An
girl
Denmark. Museum
of Art
from Mexico. Look carefully, and you will sec that the design on it is a face. lUiff.ilo
Indian
Museum
jar
of Science
255
How
a
House
Is Built
Before anv house ean
])e built, someone has to plan what it is to look like and how it is to be built. That person is called an architeet. Here he is showing his plans to a father and mother.
They They rooms
how
told told it
him what kind of house they wanted. him how big it was to be how many
was to have
— —what kind of rooms —and
they were to be arranged.
whether they wanted
They wanted
it
of
They
also told
wood, stone, or
a basement. So a hole was dug in by a digging machine. A wood mold ground the was built against the sides of the hole. Concrete was then poured into the mold. This was the foundation upon which the house was built.
Trenches were dug
in the
ground for the water pipes and gas pipes, and for
the
pipes
to
carry
away the waste water.
Carpenters built the
framework.
This
frame was then covered with boards.
2^6
him
brick.
Men
put on a roof of wooden
shingles. slate,
or
Sometimes tile is
asbestos,
used.
Men
ealled
plumbers put
in
the
pipes for the water used in the base-
ment, kitchen, and bathroom. They put in the gas pipes.
also
Other men, cians,
called electri-
put in the wires,
fuse boxes, switches, wall plugs,
other
Still
put
The
floors
were then
the carpenters. ished
all
and put
in the
painted the walls.
is
now ready move in
for the family to
their furniture
They
men
the furnace. laid
by
also fin-
the inside woodwork,
Painters papered or
The house
in
and other
things they need.
257
windows.
and
lights.
m'*&Mm^^y 'Tin *!%>
»
iSh p'^pli
..-^A
^;i
'
^^^H
J
rf( 'i^^^^H
How
Houses Are Heated
mLK ivjgSyj 111
countries where the winters are eold,
B^ img
houses must be heated.
Some
,'
N'"
'
^L^'^V^^I
^^H ^^H H^H iP^i-j^* Hf I^H^I .-.'
-^ »ii!*L?«lfflt«[
houses have fireplaees where logs
ean be burned.
Many
years ago, this
was the onlv way to heat houses.
P\irnaees
are
usuahy
put in the basement.
They use eoal, gas, or oiL Some homes are heated by
electricity.
Some air
furnaces heat the
which
is
carried
through pipes to
vari-
ous parts of the house. F.wins; r.allowny
Other furnaces heat water that
is
carried
through
pipes to radiators. These are set
up
in cacli
room.
In
some
liouses,
pipes under
the floor, in the ceiling, or be-
hind the baseboards carry hot water to keep the house warm.
258
How We Long
Travel
ago, in pioneer
and
colo-
nial days,
people had to travel
on
and
foot
They
on
horseback.
traveled in stagecoaches
or in covered wagons. Vi*.* >
'i^i*
Because the roads were poor, it was easier to travel along the rivers
and
lakes.
canoe, by
raft,
People went by
and
later
by
horse-drawn boats and steamboats.
Today, we can travel by car or by bus over wonderful roads. can go by train or by ship. And we can fly in fast
We
You can one day. You can have breakfast in New York, lunch in Chicago, and be in San Francisco in time for dinner. airplanes across land or sea. fly
across the country in
^S9
Cars, Buses,
l^erhaps
and Trucks
more people
travel
than in any other way. cars to
go to the
by car
We
and other places, and making long trips. office
Many
people
The bus it
is
has been
to carry
in
by bus.
tra\cl
really a car, too,
made
use
store, to the post
large
but
enough
more people.
other people travel in small and large
Still
trucks. In this way, they
with them as they
can carry things
travel. Division of Highways, California; Greyhound; Fruehauf; GMC Trucli & Coach Division
From what
are these cars and buses and made? Some of the things needed in building them arc rubber, steel, glass, copper, nickel, chromium, plastics, cotton, and wood. What other things can
trucks
glass
plastic
steel
^r
•^"^—
^m
-7/r~^r
/
rubber >6o
vou think
of?
What Makes A
a Car
Go?
car will not go without gaso-
make
line to
must have
oil
the engine go. to
turn smoothly.
make It
It
the gears
must have
water in the radiator to keep the engine from getting too hot.
And
air in
who
it
the
must have enough
tires so
that people
use the ear ean ride in
it
quite comfortably. Pure Oil Co.
This car
man is
The
engine makes the back
is
getting gas at the
has checked the
now
filling
oil,
The
filling station.
water, and
He
tires.
the gas tank.
^
wheels turn so the car can go.
The
front wheels
are used to steer.
The It
battery starts the engine.
can also run the
radio,
when ning. it
lights,
the
the horn, and the heater the engine
When
is
not run-
the engine runs,
turns a small generator which
produces electricity to make these things work.
Oi
Where Does
the
GasoHne Come From?
Where
did the filhng-station
man
get the gasohne he puts in your car?
Gasohne is made from oil which is
found deep under ground. This
oil is
pumped
to the surface
and
stored in large tanks like this.
Then
it is
pumped through
pipes to a big place,
made
into gasoline
your
car.
Some
made
into
oil
of
where
and it
big it is
oil for
also
is
for your furnace,
and into other products. Trucks bring the gasoline to the filling station.
Rubber
Rubber
is
made from
latex. It runs
Tires to Ride
on
a sticky juice called
out of cuts that are
made
in
the bark of rubber trees like these. Pure rub-
ber
is
made from
cals or
by
letting
the latex by adding chemiit
dry out. Tlie rubber
is
then rolled into sheets and hung up to dry.
man is building up a on a tire-making machine. First, he puts on several layers of cloth. Then he This tire
adds a material
made of cord
which protects the tire from the rim. These layers are next covered with rubber to
form
1
I'lic
flat-shaped tire
in this
is
then put
molding machine.
It is
heated and blown into shape.
Out
of the
shaped
mold comes
like this.
a tire
a flat-shaped tire.
«ing Galloway; Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
We You can
Fly Through the Air travel fast in a car or bus,
but you can go even faster in a plane.
This
is
a small, two-passenger plane.
This airplane with four engines used to carry people great tances. It will
fly
across continents
and over the oceans. \Vlien plane has several engines, still fly,
even
if
is
dis-
it
a
can
one or two engines
stop working.
Some
airplanes have skis in-
stead of wheels so they can
land on ice and snow.
Others have
floats
so they
can land on water.
Still
other
special
airplanes
have
engines called
They need no
jets.
propellers
Ky.in Aeronautical Co.; Eastern Air Lines; Cessna Aircraft Co.; Lockheed Aircraft Corp.; Bell Aircraft Corp.
This airplane has no wings, but can
fly
and backward.
264
it
up, down, sideways, forward, It is
a helicopter.
Over the
How on
exciting
and
—
is
We
Go!
to take a trip
There are two kinds
a train!
trains
it
Rails
trains for carrying
trains
for
of
goods
carrying people.
Freight trains, hke the one at the
bottom of the page,
rhis engine runs by steam.
carry goods.
Passenger trains, Hke the one at the top of the page, carry people
and
mail.
trains must have engines. These are not all the same.
All
tricity.
Pacific
Lines;
Union
Pacific
Pennsylvania Railroad; Great H AriiiMron" Kol-ins
This one uses
oil
K;nlw..>,
you go a long way on the train, you can and sleep on it, too. This is the dining car where }'0u cat your meals. If
cat
And you bed
^^•ould sleep in a
like this.
Some
railroads are built
just for fun.
'.>:1
Over Bridges and Under Mountains and Rivers Just
imagine what
it
was
like
before
bridges and tunnels were built! In erossing our country, the pioneers found
hard to eross the big
found
it
rivers.
They
hard to travel with their wagons
over land that had
many mountains.
Today, wc find it easy to travel over higli and low places by car, bus, or train. can do this because bridges have been built across the rivers and low places.
Wc
Tunnels have through
many
also
been built
mountains.
-ifsparsTEif—
Oregon
State
Highway Commission;
Union Pacific Railroad; Cliicago Transit Authority; Pori
of
New York
Sometimes, roads
ground.
are
Authority
entire
Such
rail-
under-
built
railroads
are called subways.
it
also
This shows the inside of a tunnel that goes under the wide Hudson River. It links New York City with Jersey City.
Across Rivers, Lakes, and Oceans two kinds of trains, so, ships too, we have two kinds of ships for carrving goods and ships for carryJust as \vc have
—
ing people.
Big ships such as this one carry people across the ocean.
This ferryboat also people across It
carries
and
bays.
goes back and forth, back
and
These boats
rivers
forth.
are used mostly for fun.
This lake boat
is
carrying iron
ore to the steel mills.
A
and gasoline across the ocean. Why do you suppose it is called a tanker? tanker
is
used to earry
A
oil
tow boat on the Ohio River
pushes a string of twelve loaded barges ahead of
Sometimes
it.
freight trains bring
goods right to the water's edge.
PU
/
PL\
There the goods are put on the ships which take them to faraway lands. Goods brought by the ships from faraway lands also are put on the trains which carry them to the places where thev are to be used.
"^
#'
Coal
Many
for
Steam and Heat
of the engines that pull our trains
still
make the steam which makes them And so do many ships. Many houses and
use coal to go.
other buildings also are heated by coal fur-
Where docs the coal come from? Somewe find it near the surface, and sometimes we find it deep down under the ground. naces.
times
These two miners are deep underground in a coal mine. Thev are drilling a hole in a wall of coal. Pickow, Three Lions
Another man mite
dynamite
is
putting dyna-
coal
is
When
exploded,
the coal into
The
is
in the holes.
many
it
the
breaks
pieces.
then loaded into
a
small car bv this machine.
When face,
ent
the coal
it is
is
brought to the
sur-
sorted into pieces of differ-
sizes. It is also
cleaned and
all
rocks are taken out and thrown awav.
Then the coal "^
taken where
is
it is
loaded on
])ig
to be used.
cars
and
How We
Talking
Share What
We Know
How things have changed! A hundred years ago there were no telephones, no radios, and no person to person
television sets.
were searee.
Looking by telephone
recording
machines
Today, things are
different.
of the telephone, radio,
Because
and
televi-
sion,
we know almost immediately
what
is
going on in the world.
of science
and men
Men
of business
industry have given us
many
and
helps
for talking, looking, listening, writing,
and reading
.
.
.
ing with others what
helps for shar-
we think and
know.
Writing
Even books and newspapers
Where Does Your Telephone Reach? home can help you reach many places with your voice. You can talk to people in other parts of your town, state, or country. You can even talk with people who live across the sea. Your telephone
at
How
to
Use
the Telephone
laiid
There are many kinds of telephones. Some have dials and some do not. But every tele-
phone has
a
mouthpiece and a
When
wall
receiver.
you use the telephone, hold the
receiver close to your ear. Speak directly into the mouthpiece— this
.
.
way
.
.
/
com
or like this
If
you do not have a
dial
telephone, be sure to tell the operator, in a clear voice,
the
number you
want. Hihbs
you do have a dial phone, you will need to If
dial the
number
carefully
you will get it right. There are several kinds of dials, but they all work the same way. so
When the telephone rings at the other end, wait about a minute for the person to answer before you decide he
272
is
not there.
When
you use the telephone, always be polite. Even if the person you are talking to cannot sec you, he can tell what sort of person you are from the way you speak.
Oh, that
D
all right
\ I
am
M r
Be
so soKKy. have the wrong number. -^Apologize '
M^ilm
^'^
^"^^^
someone your number by mis-
pleasant
calls
if
take.
if
§^^
you should
wrone
^^^^
Dad
out the garage. be right is
in
He in.
vc If it takes a little
called to
come
time for someone
to the telephone, go
back to the telephone and explain.
QK., Uncle Joe, 'M
tell
mother
soon as she gets homi If
the person called
home,
ofl^er
is
not
to take the mes-
sage or ask for the caller's
number
so he or she can be
We'd better stop
now- someone else may want to use the
called back.
Don't be selfish if you are on a party line. Share the telephone
\\ith others.
Listening to Radio
What
a difference radio has
made
in
wav we hve! Without leaving our homes, we can hsten to music, to sports broadcasts, and to other programs. Rathe
dio helps us
all. It
helps the police,
air-
work they have when bad weather warns us It to do. is on the way. It tells the farmer what prices he can get for the animals and crops he has to sell.
men, and others
in the
This
is
a play
over the radio.
which
You
is
being sent out
will notice that the
actor is speaking into a microphone. This picks up the voices and other
sounds that are made.
Sound are
effects
made
on
a radio
program
in different ways.
These voices and sounds are sent over wires by electricity to this big tower. It is a transmitter. It
sends out radio waves of
the voices and sounds, in
The
all
directions.
children are listening to a radio pro-
gram.
The
radio waves sent out by the
transmitter are caught by the radio
re-
home.
are
ceiver
in
the
Tliere,
they
changed back into voices and sounds.
274
Looking
Television
at
Radio makes
it
ten. Television
you to see
possible for you to
makes
it
lis-
possible for
as well as to hear. Television
pictures are sent out through the air in
about the same way that radio sounds are sent out.
Here
are a
few of the
things that happen.
A television used to
It
may be photographing
a puppet show.
As the camera photographs what is happening, sight and sound signals go by wire to the transmitter. There, the signals are sent out in
The home sight
means
all
up the by antenna and
receiver picks
and sound of
directions.
an
signals
changes the signals back to ture and sound.
These boys and a television
girls are
pic-
enjoying
program.
27^
camera
show what
like this
is
is
happening.
Books
to
Read and Enioy
Long ago, the only books were those which were written by hand. Mostly, this work was done by the monks.
When
the
Pilgrims
mouth Roek,
landed at Ply-
the only books they had
were those they brought with them. Mostly, they were
hymn
books, Bibles,
and books written about the
The
Bible.
children of the Pilgrims had no books
written especially for them.
One
of their
books was the Hornbook, which was not really a book at all. It was a flat board with
first
On
was pasted a piece of paper showing the alphabet and the Lord's Prayer. a handle.
it
Things are different now, for we have books for everyone. There are books for young and old, and there arc books
on almost every
McKce, Public Service Bulletin; Kroch's & Brentano's; Kingsport Press
now made by mawhich can print many thousands of pages in a day. The Most books
are
chines
pages are put together and covers are then put on.
Here is a machine putting covers on Childcraft.
276
subject.
i
H. Armstrontf Roberts
You can or
i
enjoy picture books
comic books.
You can buv spelling books
and readers
and encyclopedias.
here are also niaj) books
and books on how
to
make
things.
277
Where Books Are Kept There
is
a kind of
magic
in books. In
imagination, they can take you deep into the earth or
down below
the sur-
face of the sea. Tliey can take you into the jungle, to the top of the highest
mountains, or across the hot desert.
They can even to the moon.
take you in a rocket ship
Childcraft, you will have other books in your home. And if you don't have what you want at home, you can go to the library. There you
Besides
will find .
.
.
.
and pictures
to look at
,
.
books to take out
Reading the Newspaper
A is
newspaper tells us in words and pictures what going on in the world. Some newspapers are
printed every day. Others are printed every week or every
month.
First the
How
are they prepared?
news must be gathered by
called reporters. This
newspaper
offices
stories are
many
then written and pre-
and happenings
are taken by photographers. These, too, are prepared for printing.
Ewing Galloway; Chicago
Here ing.
is
'Iribune,
H. Armstrong Rober
a printing press
The paper
which does the
and pictures arc printed on it. cut and folded and comes out end as newspapers. It
print-
The news The paper is
goes in at one end.
at the other
takes only a few hours from the time the
news happens per
is
until
it is
delivered to your
printed and the pa-
home.
279
tele-
other ways.
pared for printing.
Pictures of people
men
sent in to the
by telephone, by
graph, by radio, and in
The news
is
Learning from Pictures Sometimes we learn as iiuieli from pietures as we do from words, 'riirough pictures of all kinds we share our knowledge with others. Such pictures may be photographs, film strips, comic strips, drawings, cartoons, maps, or motion pictures. They may be black and white pictures or they may be printed in beautiful colors, as many of them are shown in Ciiildcraft. Just imagine living in a world
which had no be
much
pictures!
Reading and learning would
slower and not half as
much
fun.
A
good photograph like this helps know what a waterfall is like.
us to
This picture helps those the sea
know what
who live
far
from
the shore looks
like.
Gcndreau; Hihbs;
A map
tells
places and
An
animal cartoon
us
how
is
where to find to get there.
some-
thing which pleases everybody.
©
1954, Walt Kelly
280
Is
there anyone
who
has not laughed at funny eomic strip?
a
A
picture
this
when
pleasure
look at
A
such
series of film-strip
what
is
illoway,
H
\rn
,
r
n
Motion
pictures also
lielp to
tcaeh us and
to
give
nient.
us
cnjov-
show
us
happening,
step by step.
Popular Science Pubshing Co.; Bell & Howell Co.
we
it.
pictures can
uucrii,
as
always gives us
The Paper
We
Use
day goes by but that you see and use paper. Where does it eome from? How is it made? Perhaps you will be
Not
a
surprised to learn that most of our pa-
per
is
of all
Logs
like these are
put
in a
made from wood. The is made from rags.
best paper
ma-
ehine which removes the hiuk.
The
logs are then
washed and
eut into chips. These are put in big
tanks
where
they
arc
cooked to make wood pulp.
Wt^i
\ ir>;inia
Pulp & Paper Timber Co.
Co.; Wcycrhauser
The wood pulp is made white, washed, and then put in a pa])cr-making macliinc like Tlicre
it is
and comes
282
this.
pressed thin and
out as paper.
flat
Some Things Think used.
of
all
Some
other things
for
Which Paper
Is
the things for which paper
of
them
made
shown
are
here.
of paper can
Used is
What
you think
of?
We
couldn't
make
books, magazines,
or newspapers without paper.
J
Paper bags are used for almost everything.
And Stores use paper for wrapping.
We use paper tissues to
blow our
Playing
cards
made from
Stamps,
made
things
And
just
are
paper.
too,
are
of paper.
paper and
Blotting
paper
noses.
towels
wc
are
use.
sup]){)se
there
were no writing paper!
283
so are cartons
^ Other
Ways
in
Which Science and
Industry Help Us
Fighting Fires
Long
ago,
man found
out
how
to
make
fire.
He found
to be ycY\ useful. But if he was eareless, he also found it dangerous and harmful. That is why we nmst not plav with matehes, fireworks, and fire. it
-^
\
V!
yj-^
7-'j\
i'A
A
*^^
S.
At one time, people fought fire ji^i^t with buekets and water.
v-^^
—
loday, nre alarms ean be sent
Vt^^L^
in quieklv
Hook and
ladder trucks
dash to the
fire.
from
eleetrie l)()xes.
I
uin>; Gnllowny;
WC,
Hoses are connected with the water hvdrant.
The pumper
engine forces water
through hoses
at
high pressure.
Sometimes fires in the home arc put out bv small extinguishers which are filled with chemicals.
284
Helping Our Policemen
to
Help Us
1'rafEc liglits help us to cross the streets safely.
Motor
bicycles
police friends
than
With
if
and
cars help our
move around
faster
they were walking.
the help of radio, thev
can keep in touch with the police station and with other police cars
when
they are protect-
ing us from those
who
break
the law.
Pickow, Three Lions; FBI
Fingerprinting helps
out
Big
who
them
to find
the lawbreakers are.
cities
even ha\c their o\\n
laboratories
where science helps pco|jle and
to protect innocent
to find the guilty ones.
28;
Helping 'I'hc
Keep Us Well
doctor has
ments
all
kinds of instru-
him find out whether ill, and to help make
to help
people are
them
to
\\'c]\.
'I
he dentist, too, has instruto help him keep our
ments
teeth strong
and healthy.
Large dairies make our milk safe for us to drink. 'Chen
it is
j^laeed in bottles ers to
keep
it
and containclean and pure.
Garbage trucks have been built away rubbish and waste.
to
take
Til
The water we drink is made pure before it is pumped into our
'"
ill ^»'
homes.
/Ambulances take sick people to the hospital. There the finest
equipment
make them
286
is
ready
well again.
to
help
Making it Easier for Us to Learn
When
\vc
scienee and
made will
all
go to school,
men
men
in business
kinds of products that
help us learn more
easily,
and
more
more
comfortably,
quickly.
The for
Equipment
in the
desks you
sit
in
were made
your comfort.
gymnasium and playground
help to keep you strong and healthy.
^ l;i
fi
v^—/^
Maps and
globes help you
learn about the world.
The all
science classroom has
kinds of things to help
you understand and
learn.
of
have
Looking Ahead
Men
in science
and
in industry
They
are always looking ahead.
want to
find better ways of doing
things, lliey ask,
be
like
when
"Wiat
the boys and
will
it
girls of
today grow up?"
They
try to discover
new medi-
cines that will prevent illnesses
or cure
them more
They
quickly.
are working to-
ward
better, faster,
safer
ways of
and
traveling.
They
are planning cities
everyone can
They want
to use
live in
where
comfort.
power from the atom ork for
us.
you will grow up to work in science. Others will be working in business and in industry. Together, science and industry will work even greater wonders by the
Some
of
time you are grown up.
288
o lyji
Si
o
ism
1
9:
Cjr:-s-. 111
to