Science: A Closer Look: Reading Essentials 0022881522, 9780022881528
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Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior permission of the publisher. Send all inquiries to: Macmillan/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027 ISBN: 978-0-02-288152-8 MHID: 0-02-288152-2 Printed in the United States of America. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 021 12 11 10 09
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CHAPTER 1
Plants Are Living Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Lesson 1
Learning About Living Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Lesson 2 Parts of Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Lesson 3 Different Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Vocabulary Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 CHAPTER 2
Plants Grow and Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Lesson 1
Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Lesson 2 How Plants Grow and Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Lesson 3 Plants Live in Many Places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Vocabulary Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 CHAPTER 3
All About Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Lesson 1
All Kinds of Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Lesson 2 What Animals Need to Live . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Lesson 3 How Animals Eat Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Lesson 4 Animals Grow and Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Vocabulary Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 CHAPTER 4
Places to Live . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Lesson 1
Land Habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Lesson 2 Water Habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Lesson 3 Plants and Animals Live Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Vocabulary Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
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CHAPTER 5
Looking at Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Lesson 1
What Earth Looks Like . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Lesson 2 Rocks and Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Lesson 3 Changing the Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Vocabulary Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 CHAPTER 6
Caring for Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Lesson 1
Earth’s Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Lesson 2 Using Earth’s Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Lesson 3 Saving Earth’s Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Vocabulary Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 CHAPTER 7
Weather and Seasons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Lesson 1
Weather All Around Us . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Lesson 2 The Water Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Lesson 3 Spring and Summer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Lesson 4 Fall and Winter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Vocabulary Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 CHAPTER 8
The Sky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Lesson 1
The Sky Above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Lesson 2 Earth Moves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Lesson 3 Earth’s Neighbors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Vocabulary Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
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CHAPTER 9
Matter Everywhere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Lesson 1
Describing Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Lesson 2 Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Lesson 3 Liquids and Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Vocabulary Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 CHAPTER 10
Changes in Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Lesson 1
Matter Can Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Lesson 2 Making Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Lesson 3 Heat Can Change Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Vocabulary Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 CHAPTER 11
On the Move . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155 Lesson 1
Position and Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Lesson 2 Pushes and Pulls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Lesson 3 Simple Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Lesson 4 Magnets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Vocabulary Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 CHAPTER 12
Energy Everywhere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Lesson 1
Energy and Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Lesson 2 Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Lesson 3 Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Lesson 4 Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Vocabulary Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Glossary
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
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CHAPTER
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1
Plants Are Living Things What do you know about plants? Vocabulary
living a thing that needs food, air, and water to live nonliving a thing that does not need food, water, and air to live leaves plant parts that make food
stem part of a plant that holds it up
roots plant parts that hold a plant in the ground
1 Chapter 1
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Lesson 1
Learning About Living Things
What are living and nonliving things? Plants and animals are living things. Living things need food, water, and air. They grow and change. Nonliving things do not need food, water, and air. They do not grow and change. Living and Nonliving Things
2 Plants Are Living Things
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Quick Check
Circle all correct answers. 1. Which of these are living things? tree
dog
rock
2. Which of these are nonliving things? grass
desk
book
Read a Photo
What is a living thing you see?
3 Chapter 1 • Lesson 1
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Why are plants living things? Plants grow and change. They make new plants. Plants need food, water, and air to live.
rice plants
↑ Plants need water.
cactus
↑ Plants need air.
4 Plants Are Living Things
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Plants use water, air, and sunlight to make food.
Plants need sunlight. →
sunflower
Quick Check
Write two things a plant needs to live.
3.
4.
-Review Summaries and quizzes online at www.macmillanmh.com
5 Chapter 1 • Lesson 1
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Lesson 2
Parts of Plants
What are the parts of plants? Plants have parts that help them live. Strawberry Plant leaf
stem Read a Diagram roots
Which plant part is in the ground?
See the parts of a strawberry plant at
www.macmillanmh.com
6 Plants Are Living Things
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Plants have leaves, stems, and roots. These parts can look different.
stem
leaf
Quick Check
Write three parts of a plant.
roots
5.
6.
7. 7 Chapter 1 • Lesson 2
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What do plant parts do? Leaves make food. They use sunlight, water, and air. Stems hold up the plant. They move water and food to other plant parts.
stem
leaf
roots
8 Plants Are Living Things
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Roots hold the plant in the ground. Roots take in water.
Plant parts help a plant live. →
Quick Check
Circle all correct answers. 8. Leaves use ground
to make food. sunlight
air
-Review Summaries and quizzes online at www.macmillanmh.com
water
9 Chapter 1 • Lesson 2
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Lesson 3
Different Plants
How are plants different? All plants are not the same color. All plants are not the same size. morning glory
gerbera daisy
lily of the valley ↑ Plants have different flowers, leaves, and stems.
10 Plants Are Living Things
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Some plants have thin stems.
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Tall Trees
Trees have thick stems. Some plants are tall.
Quick Check 9. Draw two leaves that are different.
Read a Photo
What parts of these trees do you see?
11 Chapter 1 • Lesson 3
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Which plant parts can you eat? You may eat some plant parts today. Be careful! Some plant parts can make you sick.
↑ Lettuce is a leaf.
↑ A coconut is a seed. 12 Plants Are Living Things
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You can eat some roots or leaves. You can eat some seeds or fruit.
Quick Check 10. Draw a picture of a plant part you eat.
←A carrot is a root.
-Review Summaries and quizzes online at www.macmillanmh.com
13 Chapter 1 • Lesson 3
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Vocabulary Review
leaves
roots
stem
Draw a picture of a plant. Use the words in the box to label the parts.
Tell what you know.
14 Chapter 1 • Lessons 1–3 • Vocabulary Review
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CHAPTER
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2
Plants Grow and Change How do plants change? Vocabulary
flower a plant part that makes seeds seed a plant part that grows into a new plant
desert a dry place
rain forest a hot and wet place
Arctic a cold and icy place near the North Pole
15 Chapter 2
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Lesson 1
Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds
Why are flowers important? Some plant parts help make new plants. A flower is a plant part that makes seeds. A seed can grow into a new plant.
flowers
peach trees 16 Plants Grow and Change
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Some plants have fruit. A fruit grows around a seed. A fruit keeps the seed safe. fruit
seed
Quick Check
Label the flower and the fruit.
1.
2.
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What are the parts of a seed? Seeds need water, light, and a place to grow. Seeds have parts. Look Inside a Seed This will grow to be a plant.
This is food for the new plant. The outside of the seed keeps it safe.
Read a Diagram
Which part of a seed keeps it safe?
18 Plants Grow and Change
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Animals and wind can move seeds. The seeds will grow in new places.
Animals move seeds. →
Quick Check
Circle the answer. 3. Seeds need milk
to grow. water
-Review Summaries and quizzes online at www.macmillanmh.com
19 Chapter 2 • Lesson 1
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Lesson 2
How Plants Grow and Change
How do plants grow from seeds? A plant can start as a seed. The seed gets water from the soil. It grows into a new plant. The new plant looks like the plant it came from. The new plant will make more seeds.
Life Cycle of a Bean Plant
seed
seed with roots
sprouting seed
20 Plants Grow and Change
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Quick Check
Circle the answer. 4. A plant can begin as a seed
.
fruit
5. A seed can grow into a new seed
.
new plant
Watch the life cycle of a bean plant at
www.macmillanmh.com
Read a Diagram new plant
What does this plant start as?
21 Chapter 2 • Lesson 2
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How else do plants grow? Some plants do not grow from seeds. Some plants grow from plant parts. Water helps some parts grow into new plants.
stem coleus plant roots
↑ Roots can grow from a plant part.
22 Plants Grow and Change
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new plant
↑ New potato plants can grow from a potato.
Quick Check 6. Draw a picture to show how a stem can grow a new plant.
-Review Summaries and quizzes online at www.macmillanmh.com
23 Chapter 2 • Lesson 2
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Lesson 3
Plants Live in Many Places
Where do plants live? Plants live in many places. Some plants live in the desert. A desert is a dry place.
↓ These plants have parts that hold water.
desert
24 Plants Grow and Change
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A rain forest is hot and wet. The plants can get a lot of water. Big, pointy leaves let extra water fall off the plants. Rain Forest Plants
Read a Photo
How do these leaves look?
Quick Check
Fill in the blanks.
7. A desert is
.
8. A rain forest is hot and
. 25 Chapter 2 • Lesson 3
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How can plants survive in the cold? The Arctic is icy and cold. The Arctic is near the North Pole. Arctic plants live in groups. They keep each other safe from the wind.
arctic plants
Arctic
26 Plants Grow and Change
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Arctic plants are short. This helps them live in the cold. Quick Check 9. Draw a picture of some arctic plants.
-Review Summaries and quizzes online at www.macmillanmh.com
27 Chapter 2 • Lesson 3
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Vocabulary Review
Draw a line from each word to the picture that matches. 1. desert
2. rain forest
3. Arctic
Tell what you know.
28 Chapter 2 • Lessons 1–3 • Vocabulary Review
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CHAPTER
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3
All About Animals What do you know about animals? Vocabulary
mammal an animal with hair or fur bird an animal that has two legs, two wings, and feathers reptile an animal with dry skin and scales amphibian an animal that lives on land and in water fish an animal that has gills and fins insect an animal with six legs 29 Chapter 3
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Lesson 1
All Kinds of Animals
What are some types of animals? Mammals have hair or fur. They can hop, walk, swim, or fly. porcupine
giraffes ↑ Fur can keep mammals warm and dry.
← The parent takes care of the baby. 30 All About Animals
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Birds have feathers. They have two legs and two wings. Most birds can fly.
↑ Many birds lay eggs in a nest.
← A beak helps a bird eat.
Quick Check 1. What kind of animal has hair or fur?
2. What kind of animal has feathers?
31 Chapter 3 • Lesson 1
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What are reptiles and amphibians? Reptiles have dry skin. Their skin has scales. snake
Some reptiles have shells. Most reptiles lay eggs.
Snakes have scales. →
turtle
↑ Turtles have shells. 32 All About Animals
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Amphibians live in water and on land. Their skin is soft and wet. Some hatch from eggs in water.
Frogs have wet skin. →
frog
Quick Check 3. Draw a reptile.
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What are some other types of animals? Fish live under water. Most fish have scales. Gills help them breathe. Fins help them swim.
↑ Fish swim in schools. Parts of a Fish
fins Read a Diagram
What helps a fish swim? gills
34 All About Animals
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Insects are animals with six legs. butterfly
They have bodies divided into three parts. Most insects lay eggs.
ants
Quick Check
Circle the answer. 4. A fish has 6 legs
. gills
fur
5. An insect has 6 legs
gills
. fur
-Review Summaries and quizzes online at www.macmillanmh.com
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Lesson 2
What Animals Need to Live
What do animals need to live?
bear
Animals are living things. They need food, water, and air. ↑ This bear eats plants. Zebras’ Needs
Read a photo watering hole
What are the zebras doing in this picture?
36 All About Animals
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Animals live in different places. All animals need a safe place to live. These raccoons live in a log. →
raccoons
Quick Check 6. Draw an animal. Show what the animal needs to live.
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How do animals meet their needs?
parrot
Animals use wings, legs, or fins to move. Animals use eyes or noses to find food. ↑ Wings help this bird fly.
mountain lion
← Legs help this lion run.
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Gills or lungs help animals get air.
Dolphins have lungs. →
dolphin
Quick Check 7. Circle the body parts that help animals move. lungs
eyes
legs
noses
wings
gills
ears
fins
-Review Summaries and quizzes online at www.macmillanmh.com
39 Chapter 3 • Lesson 2
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Lesson 3
How Animals Eat Food
What animals eat plants? Animals need food to live. Some animals eat only plants.
A horse eats plants. ↓
horse
40 All About Animals
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These animals have flat teeth. Flat teeth help them eat plants.
A rabbit eats plants. →
rabbit
Quick Check
Name an animal that eats plants.
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What animals eat meat?
Teeth
Some animals eat other animals. These animals have sharp teeth. Read a Photo
↓ Tigers eat meat.
What do you see that helps an animal eat meat?
tiger
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Sharp teeth help animals eat meat.
shark
Tigers and sharks both eat meat.
Sharks have sharp teeth. →
Quick Check
Write what these animals eat. 9.
tiger lion
shark
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43 Chapter 3 • Lesson 3
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Lesson 4
Animals Grow and Change
How do mammals grow and change? Animals are born and grow older. They make other animals and then die. This is their life cycle. Mammals give birth to live young. Many baby mammals can not see or walk when they are born.
↓ This is the life cycle of a fox.
newborn fox
baby fox
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Their mothers take care of them. Baby mammals grow up. They look like their parents. Quick Check
Write the answers. 10. What will a baby fox look like when it grows up? 11. Who takes care of a newborn fox?
young fox
adult fox 45 Chapter 3 • Lesson 4
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How do birds grow and change? Baby birds hatch from eggs. They do not have feathers. They can not fly. Their parents take care of them. Their feathers will grow in. Then the birds can fly.
Life Cycle of a Bird ↓ A bird hatches from an egg.
↓ This bird is 3 weeks old.
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Quick Check
Circle the answer. 12. Birds grow feathers
. fur
scales
13. Birds
as they grow.
change
stay the same
↓ This bird is 5 weeks old.
This bird is an adult. →
Read a Diagram
What part of this bird changes?
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How do frogs grow and change? Frogs lay eggs in water. Baby frogs are called tadpoles. They hatch from eggs. Tadpoles have a tail and gills.
↓ This is the life cycle of a frog.
7 weeks old 2 weeks old frog eggs
tadpole
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Older tadpoles grow legs and lungs. They grow up to be frogs. Frogs can live on land. Quick Check
Put these stages of a frog’s life cycle in order. 14. tadpole
frog
egg
adult frog
First
Next
Last
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49 Chapter 3 • Lesson 4
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Vocabulary Review
1. Circle the animal that has feathers and can fly. frog
tiger
bird
2. Circle the animal that has hair or fur. mammal
insect
fish
3. Circle the animal that has fins. bird
fish
reptile
4. Circle the animal that has six legs. bird
mammal
insect
Tell what you know.
50 Chapter 3 • Lessons 1–4 • Vocabulary Review
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CHAPTER
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4
Places to Live Where do animals live? Vocabulary
habitat a place where animals and plants live grassland a dry place with a lot of grass
forest a place with many trees
lake water with land around it
ocean salty water that can be very deep food chain the order of how living things get food 51 Chapter 4
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Lesson 1
Land Habitats
What is a grassland habitat? Animals live where they can find the things they need. The place where animals and plants live is a habitat. Animals have body parts that help them stay safe in their habitats. Long necks help giraffes look out for danger. →
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A grassland is a dry place. It has lots of grass. Many grassland animals eat grass. Grass also helps some animals hide.
← Prairie dogs can dig holes and hide to stay safe.
Quick Check 1. Draw a grassland habitat and an animal that lives there.
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What is a forest habitat? A forest is a place with many trees. Trees grow tall in a forest. Smaller plants grow under the trees.
↑ Deer live in a forest.
↑ A tree is a good home for a raccoon.
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Some animals get food from the trees.
Woodpecker
Some animals make a home in the trees. A forest is their habitat. Read a Photo
What could a woodpecker find in this tree?
Quick Check
List two animals that live in a forest. 2.
3.
-Review Summaries and quizzes online at www.macmillanmh.com
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Lesson 2
Water Habitats
What is a lake habitat? A lake is water with land around it. Some plants grow in and around the water.
Lake Habitat
Read a Photo
What living things do you see?
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Animals can find food in and around a lake. Their homes may be in or near the lake. A lake is their habitat.
↑ Beavers build dams to make homes.
Quick Check
List two ways animals use a lake habitat. 4.
5.
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What is an ocean habitat? An ocean has salty water.
tropical fish
This habitat is very big and deep. Many plants, mammals, and fish live in the ocean.
↑ Fish live in the ocean.
orca whale
58
This mammal lives in the ocean and eats other animals. ↓
seaweed
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Some ocean animals eat fish. Other ocean animals eat plants. An ocean is their habitat. sea lion
Quick Check
Fill in the chart. Write the names of what lives in an ocean habitat. 6.
ocean habitat
-Review Summaries and quizzes online at www.macmillanmh.com
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Lesson 3
Plants and Animals Live Together
Why do plants and animals live together?
mouse
Plants help animals. Animals need plants for food. Animals use plants for homes. They need plants to help them hide. ↑ Animals can use plants for food. Animals can use plants to make a home. ↓
skunks
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Animals help plants too. Bees help plants make new plants. They carry pollen from flower to flower. The pollen helps make seeds.
bee
Pollen sticks to a bee’s legs. →
Quick Check
Circle all correct answers. 7. Animals use plants for homes
food
. friends
hiding
8. Animals can help plants make friends
new plants
. seeds 61 Chapter 4 • Lesson 3
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What is a food chain? A food chain shows the order of how living things get food. The Sun starts every food chain. Plants need the Sun to grow. Plants are next in most food chains. Animals eat plants or other animals. Some animals eat both!
Food Chain Sun gives plant energy. Insect eats plant. Frog eats insect.
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Quick Check 9. What is at the start of every food chain?
Read a Diagram
What does the owl eat?
Owl eats frog.
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What happens to living things when a habitat changes? Some things can harm a habitat. Then the habitat may change. Living things may not get what they need.
↑ Fire can harm a forest habitat.
↑ This forest habitat has changed.
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Some animals may move to a new habitat. Some plants or animals die. woolly mammoth
The woolly mammoth is not alive today. Its habitat changed long ago. →
Quick Check 10. Draw a picture of how a habitat can change.
-Review Summaries and quizzes online at www.macmillanmh.com
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Vocabulary Review
Write a word from the box that matches each picture. forest
grassland
lake
ocean
1. salty water that can be very deep 2. a dry place with a lot of grass 3. a place with many trees 4. water with land around it
Tell what you know.
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5
Looking at Earth What does Earth look like? Vocabulary
river fresh water that flows into lakes and oceans mountain land that is very high
valley low land between mountains
plain flat land that is very wide
soil the top layer of Earth
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Lesson 1
What Earth Looks Like
What is on the surface of Earth? Earth is made up of land and water. Water covers most of Earth. Earth
Read a Photo
What is the green part in this photo of Earth?
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Land is the solid part of Earth. Water is all around the land.
water land
Quick Check
Fill in the blank. 1. Most of Earth is covered by
. 69 Chapter 5 • Lesson 1
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What is Earth’s water like? Most of Earth’s water is found in oceans. Ocean water is salty. Fresh water is not salty.
ocean
↑ An ocean is very large.
lake
↑ A lake is smaller than an ocean.
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Streams, rivers, and lakes can have fresh water. Streams flow into rivers. Rivers flow into lakes and oceans.
river A river can move fast. →
Quick Check
Circle all correct answers. 2. Earth’s water is found in lakes
rocks
rivers
. oceans 71 Chapter 5 • Lesson 1
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What is Earth’s land like? The land on Earth is not all the same. A mountain is very high land. Low land between mountains is a valley.
mountain
valley 72 Looking at Earth
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Some land on Earth is flat. A plain is flat land. A plain is very wide.
plain
Quick Check 3. Draw a picture with two kinds of land.
-Review Summaries and quizzes online at www.macmillanmh.com
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Lesson 2
Rocks and Soil
What are rocks? Rocks are different shapes, sizes, and colors. Rocks can be smooth or rough. Rocks can be shiny or dull. All rocks are nonliving. Rocks
basalt
granite
sandstone
marble
74 Looking at Earth
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Quick Check
Look at the rocks on these pages. 4. Which rock is smooth?
5. Which rock is rough?
chalk
pumice
limestone Read a Photo
How are these rocks different?
obsidian 75 Chapter 5 • Lesson 2
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What is soil? Soil is the top layer of Earth. It has small bits of rocks. It has bits of dead plants and animals. Air and water are in soil too. ← Topsoil holds some water.
← Clay soil holds a lot of water.
← Sandy soil holds a little water.
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Many soils are brown. Some are red, gray, or yellow.
↑ This dead tree will be part of the soil.
Quick Check
Name two things that are in soil. 6.
7.
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Lesson 3
Changing the Land
How can rocks change? Water can change the shape of rocks. Water gets into the cracks of a rock. The water can turn into ice. This makes the cracks bigger and the rock break. Changing Rock
Read a Photo
What is changing this rock?
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Plants can change rocks too. Roots grow into a crack. The roots get bigger and break the rock. Quick Check
Name two things that can change rocks. 8.
9.
↓ The roots are cracking the rock.
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How can land change? Wind can move rocks and soil. Water can move rocks and soil too. Wind and water can change the land.
Water washes away rocks and soil. This makes a canyon. ↓
canyon
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Plants can stop soil and rocks from moving. Roots help keep the soil in place.
These plants keep sand from moving. ↓
sand dunes
Quick Check
Write one way soil and rocks are moved. 10.
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Vocabulary Review
Draw a line from each word to its meaning. 1. valley
fresh water that flows into lakes and oceans
2. river
flat land that is very wide
3. mountain
low land between mountains
4. plain
very high land
Tell what you know.
82 Chapter 5 • Lessons 1–3 • Vocabulary Review
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CHAPTER
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6
Caring for Earth Why do we need to care for Earth? Vocabulary
natural resources things from Earth that people use pollution things that hurt the air, land, or water
reuse to use something again
reduce to use less of something
recycle to make a new thing from an old thing
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Lesson 1
Earth’s Resources
What is a natural resource? People use things that come from Earth. These things are called natural resources.
↑ People use wood from trees.
People use rocks to build things. → ↑ People use wool from animals. 84 Caring for Earth
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Animals, plants, rocks, and soil are natural resources. Air and water are natural resources too.
People use dyes from plants. →
Quick Check
What are two natural resources? 1.
2.
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Why is soil important? Soil is a natural resource. Plants grow in soil. People and animals use plants for food. Earth’s Resources
Read a Photo
What natural resources do you see?
86 Caring for Earth
Watch how we use resources at
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We use soil to make things. Clay is a kind of soil. People use clay to make cups and other things.
clay cup
Quick Check
Circle the answer. 3. Soil is a natural resource
river
4. Clay is a kind of water
.
.
soil
-Review Summaries and quizzes online at www.macmillanmh.com
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Lesson 2
Using Earth’s Resources
Why are water and air important? All living things need air and water. Plants need water to grow. Animals and people drink water. We use water to wash, cook, and play. Using Water
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Dirty air and water hurt living things. People need to keep air and water clean. Quick Check 5. Draw a picture to show how people use water. Label your picture.
Read a Photo
How do people use water?
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What is pollution? Pollution hurts the land, water, and air. Trash or dirt in the ground, water, or air can cause pollution. Pollution can make living things sick. ↓ Pollution can hurt animals.
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We can stop pollution. We can do things to keep Earth clean.
air pollution
Quick Check
Name two things that are hurt by pollution. 6.
7.
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Lesson 3
Saving Earth’s Resources
How can we reuse resources? Natural resources can be used up. To save resources we can reuse things. Reuse means to use things again.
Cans and bottles can be used again. ↓
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Reuse It
Read a Photo
What was reused to make this castle?
Quick Check 8. Why is it important to reuse things?
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How can we save resources? People can save natural resources. We can reduce how much we use. You can reduce what you use by using less of it.
↑ You can turn off a light. This saves electricity.
↑ Turn off the water when you brush your teeth. This saves water.
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People can recycle some things. To recycle means to make new things from old things. We do not use resources to make new things when we recycle. Many towns recycle paper, plastic, and glass. →
Quick Check
Circle the answer. 9. When we use less of something, we redo
reduce
.
reuse
10. When we make new things from old things, we . reduce
redo
recycle
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Vocabulary Review
Use the words to answer the questions. natural resources
pollution
reuse
1. What is it called when you use something again?
2. What can hurt the air, water, or land?
3. What are things from Earth that we use?
Tell what you know.
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7
Weather and Seasons What do you know about weather? Vocabulary
temperature how cold or warm the air is water vapor water that goes up into the air spring the season after winter
summer the season after spring fall the season after summer
winter the season after fall
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Lesson 1
Weather All Around Us
What is weather? Weather is what the sky and air are like each day. The sky can be sunny or cloudy. The air can be rainy, snowy, or dry. Temperature is how warm or cold the air is. Moving air is called wind.
sunny
cloudy
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Quick Check 1. Write words that tell about the weather.
Kinds of Weather
rainy
snowy 99 Chapter 7 • Lesson 1
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How can you measure weather? You can use tools to measure weather. Weather Tools ← A thermometer tells how hot or cold the air is.
A rain gauge tells how much rain falls. →
← A wind vane shows which way the wind blows. Read a Photo
Which tool tells how hot or cold it is?
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rain gauge
Quick Check
Write the name of the tool next to what it measures.
2. wind
3. rain
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Lesson 2
The Water Cycle
What makes it rain or snow? The Sun warms Earth’s water. Some water turns into water vapor. Water vapor is water that goes up into the air. The Water Cycle Sun
clouds
rain
water vapor Read a Diagram
What warms Earth’s water?
102 Weather and Seasons
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Water vapor cools in the sky. It turns into drops of water or ice. Clouds are made of both. The drops can get bigger and colder. Then they can fall back to Earth as rain or snow. Sleet is frozen rain. →
← Rain is drops of water.
Quick Check
Circle all correct answers. 4. What are clouds made of? water
the Sun
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What are some different kinds of clouds? Clouds do not look the same. Some clouds are big and fluffy. Some clouds are very thin.
↑ These clouds are made of water drops.
↑ These clouds are made of bits of ice. 104 Weather and Seasons
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↑ These thunder clouds bring rain and storms.
Quick Check
Draw two kinds of clouds. 5.
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Lesson 3
Spring and Summer
What happens in spring? A season is a time of year. There are four seasons. The weather can change each season. Sunlight in Spring
Date
Sunrise
Sunset
Hours of Sunlight
March 21
6:10 A.M.
6:21 P.M.
12 hours, 11 minutes
Read a Chart
What time does the Sun set on March 21?
106 Weather and Seasons
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In spring the Sun shines a long time. It can rain a lot in spring. Spring weather is often the same each year.
Quick Check 6. What happens in spring?
↓ In spring plants grow and many animals are born.
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What happens in summer? Summer is the season after spring. The weather can be warm and dry. Lots of sunlight helps plants grow. Sunlight in Summer
Date
Sunrise
Sunset
Hours of Sunlight
June 21
5:43 A.M.
8:37 P.M.
14 hours, 54 minutes
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Many plants grow fruit. Animals grow bigger and stronger.
↑ In summer there are many plants to eat.
Quick Check
Circle the answer. 7. Summer is the season after fall
winter
spring
8. The weather in summer can be cold and wet
.
.
warm and dry
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Lesson 4
Fall and Winter
What happens in fall? Fall is the season after summer. There are less hours of sunlight. The air gets cooler. Some leaves change color and drop. Sunlight in Fall
Date
Sunrise
Sunset
Hours of Sunlight
September 21
6:55 A.M.
7:07 P.M.
12 hours, 12 minutes
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In fall animals get ready for winter. Some grow thick fur. Some move to warmer places.
chipmunk
↑ Some animals store food.
geese
↑ Some birds fly south.
Quick Check
Name two things that animals do in the fall. 9.
10. 111 Chapter 7 • Lesson 4
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What happens in winter? Winter is the season after fall. Winter is the coldest season. There are fewer hours of sunlight. Seasons
winter
spring
fall
summer Read a Diagram
When does the tree have no leaves?
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Some plants die in winter. There is not a lot of food for animals. Some animals sleep until spring.
dormouse ↑ Some animals sleep all winter.
Sunlight in Winter
Date
Sunrise
Sunset
Hours of Sunlight
December 21
7:23 A.M.
4:49 P.M.
9 hours, 26 minutes
Quick Check
Circle the answer. 11. The coldest season is summer
winter
. fall
12. Some animals eat
all winter. sleep
run
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Vocabulary Review
Use each word once to complete the sentences. fall
season
1. The
temperature
winter
is how warm or cold the air is.
2. The coldest season is
.
3. Some leaves change colors in
.
4. A
is a time of year.
Tell what you know.
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8
The Sky What can you see in the sky? Vocabulary
star an object in the sky that makes its own light Sun the star closest to Earth
Moon a ball of rock that moves around Earth
planet a large object that moves around the Sun
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Lesson 1
The Sky Above
What is in the sky? At night you can see lights in the sky. Stars are the little spots of light. They are very far away. They make their own light.
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Lesson 3
The Moon and Stars
Why can we see the Moon from Earth? The Moon is made of rock. It does not shine like the Sun. We see the Moon because the Sun’s light shines on it. We see the Moon best at night. During the day the Sun is too bright. Read a Diagram
What shines light on the Moon? How the Moon Moves
_____________________________
Sun
Moon
The Sun’s light shines on the Moon.
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The Sun is a star. It is the star closest to Earth. The Sun lights Earth during the day. Quick Check 1. Why do stars look so small?
There are many stars! →
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The Moon moves in an orbit around Earth. It takes about one month for the Moon to make one orbit. The Moon repeats this path again and again.
Quick Check 8. Why do we see the Moon in the sky?
9. Why do we see the Moon best at night?
Earth
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Why is the Sun important? The Sun makes heat and light. It warms the air, land, and water. Sun’s Warmth
Read a Photo
Who looks warmer?
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Why does the Moon seem to change shape? Over time the Moon seems to change shape. One night it looks round. A few nights later it is thin. The Moon’s shape does not change. The amount of light shining on the Moon changes. Each moon shape we see is called a phase. The phases of the Moon repeat in the same order each month.
Moon Phases new moon
1 We can not see the Sun’s light
shining on the Moon.
118
first quarter moon
After a week the Moon is one quarter of the way through its orbit.
Earth and Space
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Earth would be dark without the Sun. It would be too cold for us to live.
The Sun helps living things stay alive. →
Quick Check
Circle all correct answers. 2. The Sun makes heat
water
and
.
light
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Quick Check 10. Draw what the Moon looks like about one week after a new moon.
full moon
! The next week the Moon has
moved. We can see all of the Moon’s lit side.
last quarter moon
" The Moon is three quarters of
the way through its orbit by the third week.
119
Chapter 8 • Lesson 3
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Lesson 2
Earth Moves
What causes day and night? The Sun looks like it moves in the sky. It does not move. Earth moves and spins. When Earth spins, it makes day and night.
↑ The Sun looks high in the sky. Shadows are short.
↑ The Sun looks low in the sky. Shadows are long.
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What are stars? A star is an object in space made of hot gases. The gases give off heat and light. Some stars are bright. Stars can be different colors. Together some stars make patterns in the sky.
These lines show a pattern of stars called Orion the Hunter. ↓
120 Earth and Space
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The sky is light on the part of Earth facing the Sun. It is day. Then Earth turns away from the Sun. The sky is now dark and it is night. You are here. Sun
You are here. Sun
Quick Check
Complete the sentence. 3. When Earth spins it makes . 121 Chapter 8 • Lesson 2
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From Earth, stars look like tiny points of light. They are very, very far away. There is one star close to Earth. It is the Sun. It looks large because it is close to Earth.
The Sun lights up the sky during the day. We can not see other stars until night. →
Quick Check Circle the answer. 11. The Sun
is a star that is close to Earth. Moon
Orion
12. Stars look tiny because they are shining
far away
.
near
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What causes a year? Earth spins each day. It also moves around the Sun. Earth takes one year to move all the way around the Sun. One Full Year
Read a Diagram
What does Earth move around?
122 The Sky
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Part of Earth leans toward the Sun. The other part leans away. This makes the four seasons. winter
spring
summer
fall
Quick Check 4. How long does it take Earth to move around the Sun?
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Lesson 3
Earth’s Neighbors
How does the Moon look? We see the Moon in the night sky. The Moon is a ball of rock. It moves around Earth. It does not make its own light. The Sun’s light shines on it.
the Moon
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The lit part of the Moon changes. Moon Phases
last quarter
full
new
Read a Diagram first quarter
When does the Moon look small?
Quick Check 5. What makes the Moon’s light?
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What are planets? A planet is a large object in the sky. Planets move around the Sun. Earth is a planet. All planets are not the same.
↓ Eight planets move around the Sun.
Sun
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The planets close to the Sun are warm. The planets far from the Sun are cold.
Quick Check
Write each answer. 6. Which planet is closest to the Sun?
7. Is Venus colder or warmer than Earth?
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127 Chapter 8 • Lesson 3
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Vocabulary Review
Find the word in the box that matches the clue. Write the word in the puzzle. Moon
planet
Sun
Across
stars 1.
2. a large object that moves around the Sun
3. 2.
4. the star closest to Earth
Down 1. a ball of rock that moves around Earth
4.
3. they make their own light
Tell what you know.
128 Chapter 8 • Lessons 1–3 • Vocabulary Review
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9
Matter Everywhere What are things made of? Vocabulary
matter what all things are made of mass how much matter is in something balance a tool used to measure mass solid a kind of matter that has a shape of its own liquid a kind of matter that flows and takes the shape of its container gas a kind of matter that does not have its own shape 129 Chapter 9
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Lesson 1
Describing Matter
What is matter? All things are made of matter. We can describe how matter looks. We can talk about color, shape, and size. We can tell how matter smells, tastes, sounds, and feels.
↑ This toy bear is brown and soft. ↑ The kite has points and four colors. 130 Matter Everywhere
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There are three kinds of matter. Matter can be a liquid, a solid, or a gas. Quick Check
What are two colors on the kite? 1.
2. ↓ The water, the raft, the girl, and the air are matter.
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What is mass? Mass is how much matter something has. Heavy things have more mass. Light things have less mass. A balance is a tool that measures mass. ↓ The metal bird has more mass. The sponge bird has less mass.
balance
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Comparing Mass
Read a Photo
Which toy truck has more mass? How could you find out?
Quick Check
Circle the answer. 3. Heavy things have balance
more
4. Lighter things have balance
more
mass. less mass. less
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Lesson 2
Solids
What is a solid? A solid is a kind of matter. A solid has a shape of its own. Building Blocks
Read a Photo
What are solids in this photo?
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The amount of matter in a solid stays the same. Look at the puzzle pieces and the finished puzzle. They have the same amount of matter. ↓
Quick Check
List two things that are solids. 5.
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What are some properties of solids? Solids can be big or small. Solids can be different shapes and colors. Some solids can bend or fold. ↓ You can fold some solids.
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Solids can feel hard or soft. Solids can feel rough or smooth.
↑ Scissors are hard and smooth. ↑ Feathers are soft.
Quick Check 7. Draw a solid.
8. Describe the solid you drew.
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Lesson 3
Liquids and Gases
What are some properties of liquids? A liquid is a kind of matter. A liquid does not have its own shape. It takes the shape of what it is in. honey
ketchup
milk
oil
← Some liquids flow slowly.
← Some liquids flow quickly.
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A liquid’s shape can change. You can put a liquid in a big cup. Then put the liquid in a small cup. The amount of liquid stays the same.
Quick Check 9. How are liquids and solids the same? Write a fact that is true about both. solid
has its own shape
both
liquid
does not have its own shape
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What are some properties of gases? A gas is a kind of matter. A gas does not have its own shape. A gas spreads out to fill the space it is in. Gas Changes Shape
Read a Diagram
Did the gas stay in the balloon?
140 Matter Everywhere
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The air is made of many gases. You can not see these gases. You can feel air when it moves. It can feel hot or cold. Air helps the ribbon stay up. →
Quick Check
Circle the correct answer. 10. A gas does 11. Gases will
have its own shape. does not fill up the space they are in. will not
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Vocabulary Review
Circle the correct answer. 1. Things are made of mass matter
. balance
tells how much matter is in it. 2. Something’s mass matter balance 3. A gas
has its own shape. solid liquid
4. The air is made of many gases solids 5. Some gases
. liquids
flow quickly. solids liquids
Tell what you know.
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10
Changes in Matter How can matter change? Vocabulary
mixture different things put together dissolve to mix well into a liquid
freeze to change from a liquid to a solid
melt to change from a solid to a liquid
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Lesson 1
Matter Can Change
How can matter change? You can bend, fold, or tear some solids. The solid does not look the same. It is still made of the same thing. Shaping Clay
Read a Photo
What kind of matter is clay?
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Sometimes matter changes. It can change into something new. Heat and air can change matter.
↑ This paper has been cut. It is still paper.
↑ Heat changed the paper. Now it is ash.
Quick Check
Circle all correct answers. 1. Paper does not change when it is cut
burned
.
folded
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Lesson 2
Making Mixtures
What is a mixture? A mixture is different things put together. We can mix some solids. They may not change. We can see the solids in the mixture. We can take the mixture apart.
balls
marbles ↑ You can take apart this mixture. 146 Changes in Matter
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You can mix solids with water. Some solids float in water. Some solids sink in water. Quick Check 2. What is a mixture of something you like to eat?
Sink and Float
Read a Photo
What do the red balls do in water?
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What are some other mixtures? Some mixtures are hard to take apart. The parts may dissolve or mix totally. Solids may dissolve in a liquid. Some liquids dissolve in a liquid too. The different parts are hard to see.
↓ This liquid dissolves in water.
↓ This solid dissolves in water.
drink mix
water
food coloring
water
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Some liquids do not mix. They stay apart.
oil
water
These two liquids do not mix. →
Quick Check
Circle the answer. 3. Drink mix can grow
in water.
dissolve
break
4. Water and food coloring
do not mix. oil
drink mix
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Lesson 3
Heat Can Change Matter
How can solids and liquids change? A liquid can change. It can change into a solid or freeze. A liquid can freeze if it gets very cold. Water will freeze into ice.
Forms of Water water
ice
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A solid can change. It can change into a liquid or melt. A solid will melt when it is heated. Ice will melt when it gets warm. Quick Check
Fill in the blanks. 5. When a liquid
, it becomes a solid.
6. When a solid
, it becomes a liquid.
water Read a Photo
What did the liquid change into?
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How can liquids and gases change? Heat changes water. Heat makes water change into a gas. This gas is water vapor. Water vapor goes up into the air.
↑ This pond was full of water.
↑ Some water changed into gas. The pond has less water.
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Water vapor cools. The gas changes into a liquid. It changes back into water. Water vapor cools into drops on this pitcher. →
Quick Check
Fill in the blanks. 7. Heat can change a liquid into a .
8. Water vapor cools and becomes .
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Vocabulary Review
Use the clues below to help you find the words in the puzzle. 1. different things put together 2. to mix well into a liquid 3. to change from a liquid to a solid 4. to change from a solid to a liquid a d e a v f z
m i x t u r e
l s t n k e g
o s o q w e s
t o c n n z u
s l w s p e g
i v h b b c j
m e l t o t n
Tell what you know.
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On the Move How can you make things move? Vocabulary
motion a change in an object’s position push a force that moves something away from you
pull a force that moves something closer to you
simple machine a tool that can make it easier to move things magnet a thing that can pull objects with iron in them
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Lesson 1
Position and Motion
How can you tell where something is? A position is the place where something is found. It can tell you if an object is over or under.
Find Things at a Fair
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Position can tell you if an object is close or far. It can tell you if an object is to the right or left. Quick Check
1.
Circle all words that tell about an object’s position. over
thing
under
left
near
Read a Photo
Describe the position of something at the fair.
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How do things move? Things that move are in motion. Motion is a change in an object’s position. All things do not move the same. Some things move forward or backward.
↑ This car moves in a curvy line.
↑ This plane moves in a straight line.
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Some things move side to side. Objects can move fast or slow.
This rocket ship moves very fast. →
Quick Check
Fill in the blanks. 2. Things that move are in
3. Things can move
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Lesson 2
Pushes and Pulls
What makes things move? A force is a push or a pull that moves something. A push moves something away from you. A pull moves something toward you. ← The girl pushes the ball to the basket.
↑ The boy pulls the bag.
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Gravity is the force that pulls things toward Earth.
Jumping Rope
When you jump up, gravity pulls you back down. If you let go of something, it falls down. Read a Photo
What will pull the girl back down?
Quick Check
Circle the answer. 4. A push moves something toward you
.
away from you
5. A pull moves something toward you
.
away from you 161
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How are forces different? A small push can move a small object. A big push can move a big object. A big push can move an object faster. It can also move it farther.
↑ A big force pushes the ball far away.
↑ A small force pushes the ball a short way.
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Friction is two things rubbing together. This force slows things down.
rubber stopper ← Friction makes you stop.
Quick Check
Fill in the blanks. 6. A object faster.
force can move an
7. A
force moves an
object a short way.
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Lesson 3
Simple Machines
What are simple machines? A simple machine is a tool. They make it easier to move things. Simple machines help people do work. Using Simple Machines
Read a Photo
What simple machines are these children using?
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One kind of simple machine is a pulley. It has a rope that moves over a wheel. It helps lift heavy things.
pulley
↑ This pulley is a simple machine.
Quick Check
Name two ways simple machines help us. 8. They help us
.
9. They help us
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What are levers and ramps? A lever is a simple machine. It has a bar that moves on a point. It moves like a seesaw. A lever makes it easier to move something.
↑ This lever can move or lift something.
↓ An oar is a lever. It helps to move the boat.
lever
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A ramp is also a simple machine. One side is lower than the other. It helps us move things up and down.
ramp ↑ A ramp can take the place of steps.
Quick Check 10. Draw a picture of a simple machine.
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Lesson 4
Magnets
Magnet Chart
What is a magnet? A magnet pulls things. A magnet will pull things that have iron in them. Iron is a kind of metal.
Read a Chart magnet
What is one object the magnet attracted?
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Magnets do not pull some metals. Magnets do not pull cloth, feathers, or crayons. Quick Check
Look at the picture below. Fill in the blanks. 11. Magnets pull things with
in them.
12. Magnets do not pull
.
Magnets do not pull paper, glass, rubber, or wood. ↓
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What are a magnet’s poles? Magnets have two ends where the pull is strongest. One end is called north. The other end is called south. ↑ The ends of a magnet are called poles.
Ends that are not the same pull toward each other. →
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A north pole and a south pole pull toward each other. Two north poles or two south poles will push away from each other. These magnets are round. North poles are red. South poles are blue. →
Quick Check
Circle all correct answers. 13. Which ends pull toward each other? N and N
N and S
S and S
14. Which ends push away from each other? N and N
N and S
S and S
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Vocabulary Review
Use the words below to answer the questions. force
magnet
pull
1. What force moves something closer to you?
2. What object pulls things with iron in them?
3. What do we call a push or pull that moves something?
Tell what you know.
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12
Energy Everywhere What is energy? Vocabulary
energy a force that makes things work or change heat a form of energy that makes things warm
vibrate to move back and forth
light a form of energy that lets you see
electricity a form of energy that gives some things power to work
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Lesson 1
Energy and Heat
What is energy? Energy makes things work. Energy makes things change. We use energy every day.
↑ Windmills use wind to get energy.
↑ Lights use energy from electricity.
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There are different kinds of energy. Heat, light, and sound are kinds of energy. Electricity is a kind of energy too. ↑ Cars use energy from gasoline.
Quick Check
List two kinds of energy. 1.
2.
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What is heat? Heat is energy that makes things warm. We can get heat from burning things. We can burn wood, oil, or gas for heat. ↑ The Sun’s energy warms Earth. Heat Energy
Read a Photo
Where is the heat coming from?
176 Energy Everywhere
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Heat energy makes houses warm. Heat energy cooks food.
↑ Rubbing your hands together makes heat.
↑ Heat energy makes popcorn pop.
Quick Check
Circle all correct answers. 3. Heat energy cools
things. warms
pulls
4. Heat energy comes from a push
a fire
. the Sun
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Lesson 2
Sound
How can you make sound? Sound is a kind of energy. It is made when something vibrates. Vibrate means to move back and forth. Sounds can tell us things. They can help us wake up. Sounds help us stay safe. ↓ The cymbals vibrate. This makes a sound.
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City Sounds
Read a Photo
What sounds do you hear in the city?
Quick Check 5. What are some sounds you hear every day? Draw a picture. Label the sounds you hear.
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How are sounds different? Sounds can be loud. Big vibrations make loud sounds. Sounds can be soft. Little vibrations make soft sounds. A coyote’s howl can be loud. →
↑ A broom makes a soft sound. 180
↑ A fire engine makes a loud sound.
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A sound can be high or low. Fast vibrations make a high sound. Slow vibrations make a low sound. Quick Check
Write the answer to the question. 6. What makes a loud sound?
↑ A whistle makes a high sound.
↑ A motorcycle makes a low sound.
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Lesson 3
Light
What is light? Light is a kind of energy. Light lets you see. Some things let light through them.
Read a Diagram
What lets the boy see?
Some things do not. Light and Sight
↑ These glasses let a lot of light through.
↑ These glasses let some light through.
↑ This mask lets no light through.
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Some things block light. This makes a shadow.
The girl’s body blocks light. She has a shadow. →
Quick Check
Write two things that can block light. 7.
8. 183 Chapter 12 • Lesson 3
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What are some sources of light? Most of the light on Earth comes from the Sun. Other lights are made by people. Light lets us see things. Light bounces off objects and goes into your eyes. This lets you see the object.
↑ Lights in the street help us see at night.
↑ Lamps help us see at home.
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flashlight
string of lights
↑ There are different kinds of lights.
Quick Check
Write the answers to the questions. 9. What makes most of Earth’s light?
10. What kinds of things make light?
-Review Summaries and quizzes online at www.macmillanmh.com
185 Chapter 12 • Lesson 3
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Lesson 4
Electricity
How do you use electricity? Electricity is a kind of energy. It gives some things power to work. Wires carry electricity. Batteries store electricity. We use electricity every day. Plugged In
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Quick Check 11. List two objects that get electricity from wires. List two objects that get electricity from batteries. Electricity from Wires
Electricity from Batteries
Read a Diagram
Name an object you see that needs electricity.
-Review Summaries and quizzes online at www.macmillanmh.com
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Vocabulary Review
Use the words below to answer each question. heat
light
vibrate
1. What kind of energy lets you see?
2. What kind of energy makes things warm?
3. What does an object do when it makes a sound?
Tell what you know.
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amphibian An animal that lives on land and in water. (page 33) A frog is an amphibian.
Arctic A cold and icy place near the North Pole. (page 26) Plants in the Arctic are short.
balance A tool used to measure mass. (page 132) The side of a balance with more mass will go down. bird An animal that has two legs, two wings, and feathers. (page 31) A duck is a bird.
desert A dry place. (page 24) Cactus plants can live in the desert.
dissolve To mix well into a liquid. (page 148) Drink mix will dissolve in water.
-Glossary at www.macmillanmh.com
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electricity A form of energy that gives some things power to work. (page 186) Some things in your home need electricity. energy A force that makes things work or change. (page 174) Gasoline gives cars the energy to move.
fall The season after summer. (page 110) Some leaves change colors in fall.
fish An animal that has gills and fins. (page 34) Fish live under water.
flower A plant part that makes seeds. (page 16) Flowers come in many shapes and colors. food chain The order of how living things get food. (page 62) All animals are part of a food chain. 190 Glossary
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force A push or a pull that makes a thing move. (page 160) It takes force to move a ball.
forest A place with many trees. (page 54) Many plants and animals live in the forest.
freeze To change from a liquid to a solid. (page 150) Water will freeze if it gets very cold.
friction A force that slows things down. (page 163) Friction makes a skate stop.
gas A kind of matter that does not have its own shape. (page 140) Gas gives balloons their shape.
grassland A dry place with a lot of grass. (page 53) Prairie dogs live in a grassland.
-Glossary at www.macmillanmh.com
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gravity A force that pulls things toward Earth. (page 161) Gravity keeps us from staying up in the air.
habitat A place where animals and plants live. (page 52) A forest is a habitat for many plants and animals. heat A form of energy that makes things warm. (page 176) Heat makes popcorn pop.
insect An animal with six legs. (page 35) An ant is an insect.
lake Water with land around it. (page 56) A lake is a home for many plants and animals.
leaves Plant parts that make food. (page 8) Leaves come in different shapes and sizes. 192 Glossary
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light A form of energy that lets you see. (page 182) Light can help you see in the dark. liquid A kind of matter that flows and takes the shape of its container. (page 138) Milk is a liquid. living A thing that needs food, air, and water to live. (page 2) This girl is a living thing.
magnet A thing that can pull objects with iron in them. (page 168) A magnet can pull some metals. mammal An animal with hair or fur. (page 30) Fur can keep mammals warm.
mass How much matter is in something. (page 132) These birds both have mass.
-Glossary at www.macmillanmh.com
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matter What all things are made of. (page 130) A kite is made of matter.
melt To change from a solid to a liquid. (page 151) Ice cubes can melt and become water.
mixture Different things put together. (page 146) A fruit salad is a mixture.
Moon A ball of rock that moves around Earth. (page 124) The Moon does not make its own light.
motion A change in a thing’s position. (page 158) The plane is in motion.
mountain Land that is very high. (page 72) A mountain is the highest kind of land. 194 Glossary
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natural resources Things from Earth that people use. (page 84) Rocks are a natural resource.
nonliving A thing that does not need food, water, and air to live. (page 2) A rock is a nonliving thing.
ocean Salty water that can be very big and deep. (page 58) Whales live in the ocean.
plain Flat land that is very wide. (page 73) A plain is wide and flat.
planet A large object that moves around the Sun. (page 126) Saturn is a planet.
poles Where a magnet’s pull is strongest. (page 170) A magnet has a north pole and a south pole.
-Glossary at www.macmillanmh.com
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pollution Things that hurt the air, land, or water. (page 90) Pollution can harm animals. position The place where something is found. (page 156) You can find something if you know its position. pull A force that moves something closer to you. (page 160) The boy pulls the bag of balls. push A force that moves something away from you. (page 160) The girl pushes the ball when she throws it.
rain forest A hot and wet place. (page 25) A rain forest has many green plants.
recycle To make a new thing from an old thing. (page 95) You can recycle paper, plastic, and glass. 196 Glossary
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reduce To use less of something. (page 94) You can reduce how much water you use.
reptile An animal with dry skin and scales. (page 32) A snake is a reptile.
reuse To use something again. (page 92) You can reuse cans and bottles.
river Fresh water that moves. (page 71) A river may flow into an ocean.
root Plant part that holds a plant in the ground. (page 9) Roots hold a plant in the ground.
season A time of year. (page 106) There are four seasons.
-Glossary at www.macmillanmh.com
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seed A plant part that grows into a new plant. (page 16) A seed inside a peach can grow. simple machine A tool that can make it easier to move things. (page 164) A rake is a simple machine. soil The top layer of Earth. (page 76) Soil can be brown, red, gray, or yellow.
solid A kind of matter that has a shape of its own. (page 134) A block is a solid.
spring The season after winter. (page 107) Many animals are born in spring.
star An object in the sky that makes its own light. (page 116) We can see many stars in the night sky. 198 Glossary
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stem Part of a plant that holds it up. (page 8) The stem holds up the flower.
summer The season after spring. (page 108) Lemonade can cool you off in the hot summer. Sun The star closest to Earth. (page 117) The Sun gives light and heat to Earth.
temperature How cold or warm the air is. (page 98) The temperature can be cold in winter.
valley Low land between mountains. (page 72) This valley is flat.
vibrate To move back and forth. (page 178) Sound is made when something vibrates.
-Glossary at www.macmillanmh.com
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water vapor Water that goes up into the air. (page 102) You can not see water vapor. winter The season after fall. (page 112) It can snow in winter.
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