Saskatchewan: The Making of a University 9781487577872

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SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OF A UNIVERSITY

WALTER CHARLES

M UllR,\Y ,

M .A., LL.D .

SASKATCHEWAN The Making of a University

By

ARTHUR S. MORTON Revised and Edited by

CARLYLE KING

Published for the University of Saskatchewan by

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS

Copyrigh~Canada, 1959,by University of Toronto Press Reprinted in 2018 Printed in Canada London: Oxford University Press

ISBN 978-1-4875-7883-1 (paper)

Foreword

This book tells the story of the University of Saskatchewan from its beginning to the end of its first and most formative period in 1919-20. At his death in 1945 Arthur S. Morton, Professor of History in this University and author of many books on the Canadian Northwest, left a 440-page typescript of what he had projected as a "History of the University of Saskatchewan from 1907 to 1937." Several sections of this History are incomplete and the whole was never revised, as marginal comments in Professor Morton's handwriting indicate. From his typescript I have extracted and assembled a narrative of how the University began, how its principles and policies were determined, and how it developed in the first dozen years of its history. Professor Morton's expressed intention in writing a history of the University of Saskatchewan was to give "a clear exposition of the principles on which the University was founded and by which it has been governed." I believe that his intention is realized within the framework of the present book. In the nineteen-twenties the University entered upon a new period of expanding services, but its development proceeded along lines of administrative and educational policy that had been firmly laid down by its founders and early leaders. In some sections of Professor Morton's typescript I have made only minor corrections and revisions; in others I have made considerable changes both in structure and in language in order to bridge gaps and maintain direction. Expressions of opinion and judgment I have left unchanged. The last chapter, which Professor Morton intended as a kind of coda to the late Dr. Murray's thirty years as President of the University, I have tailored to fit the scope of this book. I have checked the quotations where possible, provided the notes, and prepared the Index. I have selected the illustrations from a list of those which Professor Morton intended to use in his more extended History.

vi

FOREWORD

In a way the original typescript was a book of considerable collaboration. Several of Professor Morton's long-time colleagues furnished him with extended memoranda about aspects of University history with which they were particularly familiar, and gave him permission to use or adapt them freely. Moreover, during the writing of the book he was in constant communication with Dr. Murray; together they discussed the content of almost every chapter. Dr. Murray allowed him to use some of his letters and other private documents, gave him access to the proceedings of the University Board of Governors, and most important of all provided him with recollections of discussions of which there is no written record. While Professor Morton took responsibility for the words as written, some of his information could have come only from Dr. Murray. My grateful thanks are due to Mrs. A. S. Morton, who gave her late husband's typescript to the University with full permission to make whatever use of the material might seem appropriate. She has neither asked to see nor has seen any part of the present book. I hope that it will seem to her not unworthy of the devoted scholar whom so many of his former students and colleagues hold in affectionate remembrance.

C.K.

Contents

FOREWORD I

II

EARLY PLANS FOR HIGHER EDUCATION,

V

1879-1903

3

THE FOUNDING OF THE UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN

11

The University Act of 1907; The First Steps

ffi

THE FOUNDERS

24

Haultain; Calder; Scott; Wetmore; McColl; The First Board of Governors IV V

VI VII

IN SEARCH OF A PRESIDENT

34

IN SEARCH OF A POLICY

40

CHOOSING A SITE

46

THE LAND, THE CAMPUS, AND THE FIRST BUILDINGS

54

The Land; The Campus and the Buildings; The Stone School House VIII

THE UNIVERSITY OPENS ITS DOORS

66

Choosing a Staff,· The First Staff; The First Classes

IX

THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND THE EXTENSION DEPARTMENT

The Hon. W. R. Motherwell; The Advisory Council in Agriculture; The Staff of the College; The Extension Department; Homemakers' Clubs

79

viii

X

CONTENTS

91

THE UNIVERSITY BEGINS TO GROW

Constitutional Changes; Affiliated Colleges, Schools, and Societies,· Emmanuel College; St. Andrew's College; New Courses; The Student Body; The Official Opening

XI

104

THE UNIVERSITY IN THE WAR AND AFTER

The Impact of War; Special Courses for Returned Men; "The Flu"; Developments in Spite of War

XU

DR. MURRAY AS PRESIDENT

113

119

INDEX

IDustrations

WALTER CHARLES MURRAY, M.A., LL.D.

frontispiece facing page

T'HB FOUNDERS OF THE UNIVERSITY

56

FIRST PROFESSORS AT THE UNIVERSITY

57

4, 1910

88

TURNING THE FIRST SOD, MAY

THE LAYING OF THE CORNER-STONE OF THE CoLLEGE

88

BUILDING CHAMPION GIRLS' BASKETBALL TEAM OF

who would graduate in 1919)

FIRST GRADUATING CLASS, MAY,

1912

1917 (Sophomores

89 89

viii

X

CONTENTS

91

THE UNIVERSITY BEGINS TO GROW

Constitutional Changes; Affiliated Colleges, Schools, and Societies,· Emmanuel College; St. Andrew's College; New Courses; The Student Body; The Official Opening

XI

104

THE UNIVERSITY IN THE WAR AND AFTER

The Impact of War; Special Courses for Returned Men; "The Flu"; Developments in Spite of War

XU

DR. MURRAY AS PRESIDENT

113

119

INDEX

IDustrations

WALTER CHARLES MURRAY, M.A., LL.D.

frontispiece facing page

T'HB FOUNDERS OF THE UNIVERSITY

56

FIRST PROFESSORS AT THE UNIVERSITY

57

4, 1910

88

TURNING THE FIRST SOD, MAY

THE LAYING OF THE CORNER-STONE OF THE CoLLEGE

88

BUILDING CHAMPION GIRLS' BASKETBALL TEAM OF

who would graduate in 1919)

FIRST GRADUATING CLASS, MAY,

1912

1917 (Sophomores

89 89

SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OF A UNIVERSITY

I. EARLY PLANS FOR HIGHER EDUCATION, 1879-1903

The North-West Territories, comprising the "provisional districts" of Assiniboia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Athabaska, came into the Canadian federation practically an empty land. In the nineteenth century small settlements, mostly of half-breeds, had grown up in Prince Albert in the district of Saskatchewan, at Saint Albert in the district of Alberta, and elsewhere; but for all that the vast stretches of prairie and forest were still "The Great Lone Land." The promise of change came when the Canadian Pacific Railway passed across the continent in 1883-4. Immigrants were said to be pouring into the Territories in anticipation of the coming of the railway; and when it did come, reports told of towns and villages springing up like mushrooms along the line. This glowing picture must not be allowed to deceive. The newcomers-Canadian, British, and even American-were wholly unaware that the semi-arid plains called for methods of farming very different from those of their places of origin. Several droughts and devastating frosts checked the inrush of settlers, and for a few years disillusioned people left the western plains almost as rapidly as others came in with fresh and undimmed hope. This was in the late eighties. In the nineties the principles of what is called dry-farming began to be practised at the Indian Head Experimental Farm and by intelligent farmers like W. R. Motherwell of Abernethy. By the opening of the twentieth century this practice was becoming general, and the Prairie West was on the way to finding itself. With the more pressing agricultural problems to all appearances being solved, with a steady rise in the price of wheat, and with a reckless boom in railway building under way, the tide of immigration began to flow once more. It was to rise high and yet higher.

4

SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OF A UNIVERSITY

There must, however, be no exaggeration. At the beginning of the century the prairie region, except along the few miles of railroad, was still to a very large extent a vacant land. Although from 1890 there was a railway running north from Regina, in 1902 there were only three homesteaders between Lumsden and Saskatoon. According to the census of 1901, the total population of the whole farflung Territories was only 164,301. Yet two years later F. W. Haultain, the Premier in the North-West Government, introduced into the Legislative Assembly a Bill purporting to establish a university for this scantily populated country! Consider the outlook for that university. In 1901 there was no high school in the district of Alberta and only one school in Assiniboia with any advanced pupils, that at Regina with a total enrolment of 399. In the district of Saskatchewan there was one "college" playing the double part of an advanced school and a college; it had only four "professors" and fifty students, some of them Indians. There was small prospect here of students flocking to the Halls of Higher Leaming. Premier Haultain spoke the very truth, then, in saying when he introduced his Bill that "the university was not actually needed by the North-West at present." Why, then, did Premier Haultain found a university which was not needed, and for which he did not bother to find a name, provide a site, or furnish a single dollar? There were two reasons. In introducing the Bill he explained that the first object in view was "to secure a land grant, which they might not be able to get if they waited until the university was really needed." By that time the land would largely be occupied, and there would be none of much value for the Dominion Government to give. His second object has proved of much more permanent significance in the history of the University of Saskatchewan. Colleges were being established which threatened to bring into the West the denominational and local collegiate rivalries likely to hamper the development of higher education. If it is the function of a statesman to anticipate dangers and to guide his country past the shoals and shallows, then Haultain was a statesman; for he saw at the very beginning the disaster of the direction that was being taken in higher education, and he outlined a course which wu

EARLY PLANS FOR HIGHER EDUCATION

5

to enable subsequent university education to avoid in large part the rivalries that had hampered the universities in the East. In 1903 there were three colleges in the Territories-actual or about to be: the University of Saskatchewan, the first of the name, an Anglican institution established at Prince Albert; a Methodist college attempting to be born in Edmonton; and at Calgary the Western Canada College, which was intended then to be no more than a sort of private high school but which might grow as the country filled up and aspire to the status of a university. The first University of Saskatchewan calls for special mention, because it survives to this day as the "University College of Emmanuel" on the campus of the second University of Saskatchewan. The reason for its inception was stated by its founder, the Right Reverend John A. McLean, the first Bishop of Saskatchewan, when addressing the first Synod of his diocese in

1882:

The origin of Emmanuel College was in the sense of need I entertained for a trained band of Interpreters, Schoolmasters, Catechists and Pastors, who being themselves natives of the country [i.e., Indians] would be familiar with the language and modes of thought of the people.... I soon saw that no real good could be done without the establishment of a regular and permanent Diocesan Institution. I then formed a plan to establish at my headquarters a Training College for Native Helpers, where the pupils would be taught English and Theology with a course of systematic training in their own Indian Language. . . . I appealed to friends in England and Canada to enable me to carry out this plan and obtained a very hearty response. The buildings were begun in 1879 and by the 1st of November in that year two tutors were in residence, while I myself undertook to discharge the duties of Warden and Divinity Professor. In the following year the main building was opened by Divine Service on the 1st of November, and a public meeting on the following day held in the College Hall. Lieutenant-Governor Laird was present at the public meeting and delivered a most interesting address. 1

At this public meeting a resolution was passed expressing the desire to see a university established in the Territories on the same principle as the University already established in Manitoba. This principle ( as it was at that time) may be described as a balance of power among denominational colleges together with a 1Report of the Synod of the Diocese of Saskatchewan, 1882, p. 5.

6

SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OF A UNIVERSITY

united determination to rob the University of all initiative and to confine it to the function of a provincial examining board. Bishop McLean said further about his institution: "Since that time the work of the College has steadily progressed. In addition to the primary object of training native helpers, we have a regular course in Theology for candidates for Holy Orders, and a Collegiate School for boys and young men. During last winter term we had in all thirty pupils of whom twelve were missionary students and eighteen pupils of the Collegiate School."2 In 1883 a Dominion Charter was secured for Emmanuel College, in the form of "An Act to incorporate the University of Saskatchewan and to authorize the establishment of Colleges within the limits of the Diocese of Saskatchewan." It must be remembered that at this time the Diocese of Saskatchewan stretched across Rupert's Land and ran from the International Boundary to the aurora borealis. Clause 6 of the Act was to bear a special significance at the time of the establishment of the second, the provincial, University of Saskatchewan. The Senate was given power "to constitute and establish at Prince Albert or such other place within the present limits of the said Diocese of Saskatchewan, as may be deemed proper, a college in connection with the said University." Under this clause the University College of Emmanuel, as it came to be called, was established on the campus of the present University of Saskatchewan at Saskatoon. By clause 3 of the Act the first University of Saskatchewan was given the "power to confer degrees in all faculties . . . provided that it shal1 not be lawful for the said university to require from or impose upon any person or student any compulsory religious qualification or examination or test of a denominational character, except in the Faculty of Theology." Thus the institution was thrown open to all comers, although its tone would remain Anglican. Had the general settlement of the northern part of the Territories come in the nineteenth century, as it would have done if the Canadian Pacific transcontinental railway, as planned by the Dominion Government, had passed 2Jbid.

EARLY PLANS FOR HIGHER EDUCATION

7

across the north, Emmanuel College might have blossomed forth into a university of provincial range. As it was, the population began to fill the southern part of the Territories, along the main line of the present Canadian Pacific Railway, and Emmanuel College remained essentially a diocesan institution, surrounded by a comparatively scant population. Nonetheless, the historic position of Emmanuel College gave it an important place in the scheme of university education that was ultimately to come. 3 In 1889 the Board of Education of the North-West Territories, under the leadership of James Brown, its secretary, took up the cry of a land endowment for a university. A resolution adopted at a meeting of the Board on March 14 stated that 150,000 acres had been given by the Dominion Government to endow a university for the Province of Manitoba; that the growth of the Territories was such as to make it necessary "in a very few years" to complete its educational system by establishing a university; that each of the provisional districts of the Territories was larger than Manitoba and each was therefore entitled to a grant equal to that given to Manitoba; and that the land should be selected at once while large areas were available. The Board of Education therefore requested the Lieutenant-Governor in Council to ask the Dominion Government for an early grant of land for university purposes to each of the provisional districts of Assiniboia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan. Under this stimulus a Minute was adopted by the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council on May 2, 1889, in the sense of the resolution of the Board of Education. On November 20, 1889, the Territorial Legislative Assembly passed a similar resolution. To these resolutions the Dominion Government, acting on the advice of the Hon. Edgar Dewdney, Minister of the Interior, replied that the time had not arrived for the consideration of this question. It never arrived. Undeterred by this cool response of the Dominion Government, university graduates residing in the Territories assembled at Regina on September 10, 1890, to continue the agitation for SFor a full and scholarly account of the Church of England's venture in establishing a University of Saskatchewan, see Jean E. Murray, "The Early History of Emmanuel College" in Saskatchewan History, IX:3:31.

8

SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OF A UNIVERSITY

an endowed university. At this meeting Bishop Pinkham, the second Bishop of Saskatchewan, moved the following resolution: That in the opinion of this meeting the establishment of one university for the whole of the North-West Territories based on principles that will permit the affiliation of collegiate institutions of all denominations in the Territories would be the best means of promoting the interests of highes education in the North-West.

This was followed by a motion endorsing the resolution of the Board of Education of March 14, 1889, asking for a land grant. Those present agreed to meet again the following summer, to draft an Ordinance for the founding of a university. That meeting did not take place. Had the graduates met as planned, they would probably have framed a constitution on the lines of that of the University of Manitoba, giving free play to denominational colleges; this system was ideal in the eyes of Bishop Pinkham and his friends. Nothing further was done, however, and thirteen years went by before an Ordinance, that introduced by Premier Haultain, again raised the question of a university for the NorthWest Territories. Meantime the Methodists were on the march. The Wesleyan Church had had its missions in Rupert's Land in the day of the Hudson's Bay Company, from the middle of the nineteenth century. By the end of the century it had some very promising mission fields in the District of Alberta, and in 1903 it drew up a plan for establishing a college at Edmonton. At that time students were actually advertised for. There can be no doubt that, given a chance, such a college would have followed the model of Wesley College affiliated to the University of Manitoba and become a bastion of Methodism in the Territories. While the Methodists were planning a denominational college for what was called northern Alberta, the people of southern Alberta were devising the means of establishing what they described, in their draft of an Ordinance, as "the University of Western Canada." This was transformed by the first session of the Legislative Assembly in 1903 into Ordinance No. 39 incorporating "The Western Canada College." The Company responsible for the College was to raise $50,000 in 5,000 shares,

EARLY PLANS FOR HIGHER EDUCATION

9

but was granted the right to open the institution when $10,000 had been paid up. The Company was to "equip, maintain and conduct . . . an institution of learning for the education and instruction of youths of both sexes, or of either sex, in the elementary and higher branches of knowledge." The College was to be undenominational and to require no religious test of either teachers or students. Arrangements were to be made, however, for the attendance of students "upon public worship in their respective churches." The College was not granted the right to confer degrees, but, judging from the first draft of the Ordinance, if the College had grown in numbers and resources, it was probable that the Company would have sought university status for its institution. Premier Haultain was a shareholder in the Company and must have known that the founders of the College had ambitions for a university in the future. Certainly it was just at this point that Haultain introduced his Bill aiming at the foundation of a university for the North-West Territories-a university that, he hoped, would dominate the scene of higher education and decide which denominational or local colleges were sufficiently well staffed and equipped to be worthy of collegiate status and of affiliation with a state university. Too often the institutions of the West have been humble imitations of those of the East. But Haultain's mind was too virile, and his decisions grew too much out of his own experience and knowledge, for him to follow slavishly the example of the older sections of Canada. At this time he laid down a principle which, followed a few years later, was to make the University of Saskatchewan an institution without its like in Canada. The proposed system of government was not unique. University graduates already residing in the Territories were to form an initial Convocation, and this Convocation was to elect a Senate which would determine both the educational policy and the financial management of the proposed university. There was nothing new in that. What was unique was the composition of the Senate. Because the university was to be a state institution, the Government was of course to have some share in its control. The prac-

10

SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OF A UNIVERSITY

tice elsewhere had been to give the Government a predominating influence upon the governing body of a state university, even sometimes to the extent of appointing all its governing members. Not so here. Haultain's Bill provided that Convocation was to elect ten members of the Senate as well as a Chancellor and a Vice-Chancellor, while the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council, that is, the Government, was to appoint but five. Thus, though the university was to be a state institution, the State was to have no overmastering control of it. The institution was to be free, and to have life in itself. As Haultain said in introducing his Bill: "The first principle taken into consideration is to make the university free from all influence of government, sect, or politics; in fact the institution is to be governed by its graduates." Two other important points Haultain made in support of his Bill. First, persons entering the proposed university were not to be required to pass any religious test or to accept any religious dogma or creed. Secondly, the university was to recognize the right of women to higher education. He noted that women were taking prominent parts in some of the older universities of the world and that there was an impression abroad in the twentieth century that women should have equal rights with men. In conclusion he observed that there would be no need for the actual functioning of the university to begin until the Territories were formed into a province. In a word, he had devised the Bill to indicate to the people of the Territories in 1903 that the keystone in the structure of higher education in the NorthWest should be a state institution free from political control and free from domination by a religious denomination or group of religious denominations. This conception was so widely accepted by his fellow-citizens that, as we shall see, it was made fundamental in the establishment of the University of Saskatchewan.

II. THE FOUNDING OF THE UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN

THE UNIVERSITY ACT OF

1907

In the first decade of the twentieth century those who had been through the disillusionment of the eighties, and through the long and trying period of adjustment in the nineties, must have seemed to themselves to be walking in a dream, so rapidly did the migrants pour into the land, and so manifestly did the wealth of the prairie region increase. According to census figures, in 1901 the population of the region which became the Province of Saskatchewan was 91,279. The census of 1906 gave that area 257,763 inhabitants-a gain of over 182 per cent in five years. By 1911 the figure had risen to 492,432, a gain of 530 per cent in the ten years from 1901. Many factors entered into this remarkable increase. The annual rainfall during the decade varied from 10.7 inches to 20.2 inches; in no year did it fall so low as in the five years of drought in the previous decade. At this time summer-fallowing was considered to be the cure-all for western agriculture. In 1905, 352,363 acres were reported to be in summer-fallow; in 1911, 1,824,443 acres. Wheat was bringing in from 15 to 20 cents per bushel more than the 75 cents of 1901. A large amount of capital was being poured into the country by competition in railway building. The thousands upon thousands of settlers, each with his modest savings, provided another large amount of money. The North-West was not only coming into its own; it was enjoying a boom. To give only one remarkable illustration: Saskatoon was a small village in 1900; it grew to a town in 1903; it was a city of 3,011 in 1906. The first notable political change was the carving in 1905 of the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta out of the huge area that had been the North-West Territories. This produced a change in the alignment of political parties. Haultain, as Premier in the

12

SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OF A UNIVERSITY

Government of the Territories, had had the support of both Liberals and Conservatives, on the principle that only a solid West could get in Ottawa the hearing due to it. But his firm stand that the new provinces should be free to shape their own educational policies, and that they should be given their natural resources in accordance with the British North America Act, lost him the support of the Liberals, among whom was Walter Scott, the member of parliament for Regina. Because Scott was prepared to accept the views of the Liberal Ministry at Ottawa, the Lieutenant-Governor (an appointee of Ottawa) invited Scott to be the first Premier and to form the first Government of the new Province of Saskatchewan. In the election which followed in the autumn of 1905, Scott was returned as leader of a group of sixteen Liberals while Haultain was elected as the head of a party of nine Conservatives.1 Actually, the results of the election did not greatly affect the policies of the Assembly, because up to 1905 Scott, editor of the Regina Leader and member of the House of Commons, had worked very closely and co-operatively with Haultain, Premier of the Territories. Years afterwards ( 1923) when Haultain, as Chancellor of the University of Saskatchewan, conferred an honorary degree in absentia on Walter Scott, then ill and in retirement, he said with great satisfaction that Scott and his Government had wisely carried on the policies of their predecessors in the North-West Government. This had been evident when the Scott Government in 1907 introduced in the Provincial Assembly a Bill to establish the University of Saskatchewan. At this time the Cabinet consisted of four men : Walter Scott, Premier; James A. Calder, Minister of Education and Provincial Treasurer; W.R. Motherwell, Minister of Agriculture; and J. H. Lamont, Attorney-General. The first three men in one way or another had a great deal to do with the founding of the University. When Calder rose in his place in the Assembly on March lStrictly speaking, the party led by Haultain from 1905 to 1912 was called the Provincial Rights Party, although popularly his followers were called Conservatives. 2Tois newspaper was called The Leader before November 10, 1905; thereafter until April, 1930 it was The Morning Leader.

THE FOUNDING OF THE UNIVERSITY

13

13, 1907 to move the second reading of the University Bill, he looked across the aisle at Haultain, his former chief, whose ideas on higher education he must have known well, for as his deputy he would have had much to do with the preparation of the Haultain Ordinance of 1903. Calder, to whom concern with details was nothing short of happiness, had studied the constitution of the University of Toronto and of certain American universities, and he had his own contribution to make to the constitution of the provincial university; but it may be assumed that his main ideas were not greatly different from those of his former chief. Certainly he said that he anticipated little or no serious controversy over the Bill. Probably keeping in mind Haultain's skill as a debater and his keen insight into the educational needs of the Province, he threw in a sentence to the effect that he did not regard the Bill as a perfect one and that likely it would need considerable redrafting; but he asked the Assembly to keep one end in view, that of launching the University on its career without hampering influences, so that it should ultimately be a credit, not only to the Province, but to the whole of Canada as well. Calder is reported as saying to the Assembly that the University, under the Bill before the members, would be entirely free from political influence and control. 3 The Government would of course exert a certain measure of control over the financial affairs of the institution because it would provide the funds, and the Bill contained a provision to that end; but the University was not to be in the hollow of the Government's hand, it was to be the expression in the first instance of the will of those graduates of Canadian and British universities who were residing in the Province. These were to form the body known as Convocation. and they were to elect the Chancellor and the Senate. The Senate in tum was to appoint a part of the Board of Governors, which was to be responsible for the business management of the University. Calder proposed a Board of Governors of six members, three to be appointed by the Government, two by the Senate. and the President ( to be appointed by the first five) . 3Morning Leader, March 13, 1907.

14

SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OF A UNIVERSITY

When Calder sat down, Haultain at once rose to express his general approval of the Bill; but he took exception to the composition of the Board of Governors. He said that the appointment of the majority of the Board by the Government would subject the University to political influences, and this he would like to avoid. Three days later, when the Bill was being considered in Committee, he moved that the numbers should be reversed: that the Senate should appoint three and the Government only two. He carried the Assembly with him in this view, for out of the subsequent discussion came a final decision to constitute a Board of Governors of nine members: the President, three members to be appointed by the Government, and five members to be chosen by the Senate. It is of interest to note that at the constitution of no other provincial university in Canada did the Government agree to limit the number of its appointees to a minority of the managerial body. 4 The University Act as passed in 1907 determined the method of electing the Chancellor, who was to be head of the Senate, and it defined the duties of the Senate itself under thirteen heads, all having to do with the teaching and the educational policy of the institution: the establishment of Faculties, the constitution of Departments, the courses of instruction, the Calendar, the library, the examinations, and so on. The Act in the first instance provided for an executive of the Senate, five in number, to be called the "University Council"; but this was amended in 1909 to run that the University Council was to consist of the President, the deans, and the professors. These, the teaching members of the University, were to act as executive to the Senate, with power to supervise examinations, co-ordinate the work of the Faculties, deal with the students, and in general consider and report to the Senate "upon such matters affecting the educational interests and well-being of the University as may seem fit." The Senate was to 4Jn 1946, acting on a recommendation of a Survey Committee (representative of the University Board of Governors, the Senate, and the Council) ; the Legislature amended the University Act to provide for a Board of Governors comprising the President, the Chancellor, the Deputy Provincial Treasurer, the Deputy Minister of Education, five members appointed by the Senate, and five members appointed by the Government.

THE FOUNDING OF THE UNIVERSITY

15

make provision for the education of women in the University on an equal footing with men: "no woman shall, by reason of her sex, be deprived of any advantage or privilege accorded to male students of the University." The Act defined the functions of the Board of Governors under eight heads, the chief of which was to make financial provision for the establishment and maintenance of such Faculties, Departments, Chairs, exhibitions, and prizes as should be determined by the Senate. A very important function of the Governors was "to appoint the President of the University, the librarian, the professors, teachers, instructors, and all such officers ... as it may deem necessary ... fix their salaries or remuneration, and define their duties"; but this was qualified by the proviso that "no person shall be appointed as a member of the teaching staff ... unless he shall first be nominated for the position ... by the President of the University." The duties of the President were defined in six clauses; among other things he was to make recommendations to the Board of Governors respecting the appointment, promotion, and dismissal of any member of the teaching staff; to suspend any member of the teaching staff, pending report to and action by the Board of Governors; to call and preside over meetings of the staff; and to make an annual report to the Senate. Clause 85 of the Act dealt with the moral welfare of the students. No religious test was to be required of any teacher or officer of the University, nor of any student; but the University Council was given the power to make regulations touching the moral conduct of the students and their attendance at public worship in their respective churches, "provided always that attendance on such forms of religious observance shall not be compulsory on any student attending the University." There was some difference of opinion in the Legislative Assembly about this clause. George Langley claimed that it was contrary to the non-theological character of the institution. Haultain replied that the prospective students would be minors and at home they would in most cases be required to attend church; therefore the same rules should be imposed on resident students as would be laid

16

SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OF A UNIVERSITY

down in their homes. Calder spoke in similar vein, and the clause was passed. Such, in brief, was the initial structure of the University. The most notable feature was that although the University was to be a state institution it was to be free from interference by the Government. Of course the Government and the Legislature retained control through the vote for the financial support of the University. But even here steps were taken to make the institution as free from the Government and the politicians as might be. By three several statutes certain moneys, fixed proportions of the revenue, were allotted to the support of the University. Calder provided that 5 per cent ( later 10 per cent) of the Supplementary Revenue, 33½ per cent of the Succession Duties, and 25 per cent of the Corporation Tax should be earmarked for University purposes. These moneys could not be withheld by a snap vote in the Legislature, for statutory enactments could be changed only by statute. 6 The University was also made free from the strict bonds which control the expenditures of Government Departments. These are precluded from diverting moneys voted to them for a stated purpose to any other end however laudable; and moneys voted to them and unexpended must be returned to the Treasury. Not so with the University. The University estimates are presented to the Government and passed on by the Legislature. Thereafter the money is under the control of the Board of Governors, which, if it can save money on any individual account, may divert it to other ends. Of course, if the Legislature were ever to disapprove of the use made of the money, it could at its next following session decline to renew the vote of funds. The accounts of the University are also audited by the Government Auditors. The other striking feature of the Act as passed was the responsibility placed upon the President in the matter of appointment, promotion, and dismissal of the teaching staff. The Board of Governors was to act upon the President's recommendations, llln the years of economic depression the revenue from Succession Duties and the Corporation Tax proved to be totally inadequate, and in 1937 a sales taX, called the Education Tax, was imposed for the support of all branches of education in the province.

THE FOUNDING OF THE UNIVERSITY

17

but the President had to take the first steps. The Board could not take the initiative in appointing, promoting, or dismissing any member of the University teaching staff. It could, however, veto a recommendation of the President. In practice it has never done so. THE FIRST STEPS

According to its Act, the University was to be the creation of university graduates; at the outset, of all the graduates of British and Canadian universities resident for three months in the Province. These were to form Convocation. In the first instance this body was composed of, so to speak, outsiders; in subsequent years it would be made up more and more of the graduates of the University itself. The first step then in bringing the University into being was to constitute Convocation. To this end, Calder designated his deputy in the Department of Education, D. P. McColl, as Registrar of the University. In response to his advertisement, graduates sent in their names along with testimony as to the academic degrees they held. The roll of Convocation was completed by September 4, 1907. Meanwhile on the previous July 15 an order of the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council had fixed October 16, 1907 as the day and Regina as the place for holding the first meeting of Convocation. With the roll of Convocation drawn up, the way was open for the election of the Chancellor and the members of the Senate. Nominations were called for. Only one nomination for Chancellor was received, that in favour of Chief Justice Edward Ludlow Wetmore. The nominating paper was a remarkable document. At the head of a list of thirty-nine nominators stood the names of the Hon. James A. Calder, Minister of Education, and F. W. G. Haultain, Leader of the Opposition. In the list there was not the slightest trace of political leanings to one side or the other. George E . McCraney, Liberal Member of Parliament for Saskatoon, a devoted follower of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, signed along with James MacKay, who in 1896 had contested the federal constituency of Prince Albert in the Conservative interest against

18

SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OF A UNIVERSITY

the same Sir Wilfrid. Other signatories, who have had notable careers in the political and professional life of Saskatchewan, were Henry V. Bigelow, Douglas J. Thom, W. M. Martin, J.M. Stevenson, E. J. Chegwin, T. E. Perrett, D. P. McColl, and E. B. Hutcherson. Ballots for the members of Senate were sent in, but votes were still being received when Convocation met on October 16 under the chairmanship of Chancellor Wetmore. On the next day the scrutineers counted the ballots. The votes of 265 members of Convocation were recorded. Twelve men were to be elected to the Senate. The four candidates who should receive the highest number of votes were to have the full term of three years. These proved to be F. W. G. Haultain, B.A., K.C., M.L.A., Regina ( with 177 votes) ; Augustus H. Ball, M.A., LL.B., Yorkton (with 155 votes); the Hon. Mr. Justice Prendergast, B.A., LL.B., Prince Albert (with 135 votes); and E. B. Hutcherson, M.A., Regina ( with 124 votes). The four receiving the next highest number of votes were to sit on the Senate for two years. They were the Rt. Rev. J. Grisdale, D.D., D.C.L., Bishop of Qu'Appelle (with 114 votes); George E. Mccraney, B.A., LL.B., M.P., Rosthem (with 110 votes); J. W. Sifton, B.A., Moose Jaw (with 104 votes); and A. H. Smith, B.A., Moosomin (with 100 votes). Those elected for but one year on the Senate were the Rev. E. A. Henry, B.A., Regina (with 94 votes); D. J. Thom, B.A., Regina (with 94 votes); A. H. Fenwick, M.A., Regina (with 93 votes); and David Low, M.D.C.M., Regina (with 87 votes). These, together with the Minister of Education, the Chancellor, the President when appointed, the Principal of the Normal School (T. E. Perrett), and the Chairman of the Educational Council of the province, were to comprise the first Senate of the University of Saskatchewan. The editorial of the Morning Leader, Regina (October 18, 1907) on the Senate as constituted is not without interest as registering the view taken of the new body by the public at large: The Senate is a most representative body with members from Moose Jaw on the west to Moosomin on the east; from Prince Albert and York-

THE FOUNDING OF THE UNIVERSITY

19

· ton in the north to Regina in the south. It includes in its number men high in the political thought of the Province; men distinguished in the courts of law and the legal profession; men engaged in developing the religious life; men skilled in the science of medicine; men of advanced thought in our educational institutions. In a word, they are all men of affairs; men to inspire confidence. The men chosen for these high honors and responsible positions of trust are of no one creed, but of all creeds. They are men who, we believe we are safe in saying, will devote themselves unselfishly to the great task of making our Provincial University what our legislators and people desire it shall be-an institution of learning free from political and clerical control and designed to train men and women of broad vision and noble aspiration ... men and women of affairs who will leave their impress on our Province's history to its lasting honor and ultimate good.

The first meeting of the Senate was held on November 13, 1907. D. P. McColl, designated Registrar by the Minister of Education, was now appointed Registrar by the Senate itself, in accordance with the University Act. At the request of the Chancellor, Calder briefly outlined to the Senators the respective powers of the Senate, the University Council, and the Board of Governors. It will be recalled that the Act at this time provided for an Executive of the Senate under the title of "The University Council." A nominating Committee, under the chairmanship of George Mccraney, proposed the following for membership in the Council: Mr. Justice Prendergast and the Rt. Rev. J. Grisdale, to serve for two years; Thomas E . Perrett and J. W. Sifton, to serve for one year. They were elected unanimously. According to the University Act, the Senate was to select five members, not necessarily of their own number, to be on the Board of Governors. It must have been felt that the powers of the Governors were so extensive that the choice should be made with care and deliberation, for the first meeting of Senate decided to pass the responsibility over to a committee (named by the Chancellor) which should report its nominations to the individual Senators with a view to an election at the next meeting of Senate. The Chancellor named Messrs. Haultain, Henry, and Fenwick, all of Regina, for the committee. Calder's interest in detail appears at this first meeting in his motion that for the time being "a large red ordinary seal be used

20

SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OF A UNIVERSITY

as a temporary seal of the University, with the term University of Saskatchewan, written thereon, and the initials of the Chancellor and the Registrar inserted thereon." The seal was needed to authenticate the Statutes of the Senate which should govern not only its own procedure but the conduct of the educational business of the University. The second meeting of the Senate was held in the Court House, Regina, on January 7, 1908. The first item of business was to receive the report of the committee, of which Haultain was chairman, appointed to nominate the Senate's members of the Board of Governors. Statements were current at the time that the whole thing had been pre-arranged by the Government to accomplish its will in the matter of a site for the University. Such statements are clearly wrong from the facts that the chairman of the nominating committee was the Leader of the Opposition, who strongly favoured Regina, and that the committee brought forward the names of eight people rather than just the five to be elected. The Committee proposed A. F . Angus of Regina; James Clinkskill of Saskatoon; Arthur Hitchcock of Moose Jaw; E . L . Elwood and Judge Farrell of Moosomin ; Angus Mackay and J. H. Francis of Indian Head; and John Dixon of Maple Creek. Furthermore, additional names were presented from the floor of the meeting next day before balloting began; they were those of James MacKay, Andrew MacDonald, and William Cowan, all of Prince Albert; James R. Wilson of Saskatoon; and T. M. Bee of Lemberg. On the first ballot Angus of Regina, Hitchcock of Moose Jaw, Dixon of Maple Creek, and MacDonald of Prince Albert were elected, and on the second ballot Clinkskill of Saskatoon. It was decided that the first three, who had headed the poll, should hold office until September 1 of the second year next following, and the other two until September of the first year next following. Of all the business thus far, the formation of the Board of Governors had aroused the most interest, because it would lie with that body to select the site of the University. However, Convocation had been summoned to meet on the same day ( January 7) as the Senate for the formal inauguration of the University.

THE FOUNDING OF THE UNIVERSITY

21

and three distinguished visitors were to address it: Principal Peterson of McGill University, Principal Hutton of University College, Toronto, and Professor Bland of Wesley College, Winnipeg. At the opening session of Convocation, Chancellor Wetmore thanked its members for their unanimous election of him. He modestly affirmed that he knew nothing of higher education, although he had been a member of the Senate of the University of New Brunswick for two years. The University, he said, was starting under favourable auspices, for there were no rival colleges. The first thing was to get a proper man for President. "To get a man of that order, you must pay him ... pay him the salary that that man is entitled to have, and without which we cannot get the man." At the evening meeting a large gathering of the public assembled in Metropolitan Church to participate in the inauguration. The first speaker was Principal Peterson of McGill. In many ways Peterson embodied in his person the reconciliation of classical education of Victorian times and the utilitarian education of modern universities. He had taken first class Honours at the University of Edinburgh and he had been the Ferguson Scholar in Classics at Oxford. Latterly he had been principal of University College, Dundee, a somewhat utilitarian institution, before becoming head of McGill, which was leading Canada in the elaboration of a scientific professional education. He looked forward to a University of Saskatchewan which would combine the cultural traditions of the past and the scientific, professional, and utilitarian trends of the present. He was reported in the next day's Morning Leader as saying: In working out their problems, they would no doubt make it their business .. . to secure some reconciliation of the claims of higher culture on the one hand and those of scientific and practical things on the other .. . .

Even persons of average education were in danger of being considered somewhat uncultured if they were wanting in what we would call historical perspective. None of them could get altogether away from the past, and in his judgment they ought not to try. The interest of existence could not for any of them be crowded into the few short years of their own petty lives; they should know, at least in outline, the story of the movements

22

SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OF A UNIVERSITY

that brought human civilization to the point at which it stood today. Even a small gift of historical imagination would serve to give them a vision of what Goethe called "the seamless web woven in the roaring loom of time" with continuous and unbroken threads stretching from the very dawn of civilization and whirling away to the end. Of all institutions the modem university could least afford to disparage the past in its forward movement into the future .

Principal Hutton was the next speaker. He was a classical scholar, a teacher of Latin and Greek in University College within the University of Toronto. He had taken a First in Literae Humaniores at Oxford. "Year by year he added lustre to the department of Classics in the University," wrote President Falconer of him. He was gifted with that sense of humour which keeps even the specialist within sight of things as they are. He had a keen appreciation of the university as a democracy, although he himself might have been taken for an aristocrat. He was reported as saying: Many of the older universities congratulated the Saskatchewan foundation on its freedom from precedents, and wished they were in its place, with a clean slate and no inherited curses, with no sin but original sin to their account. Among the excellent features of their system he noticed that they gave to their President absolute power over all appointments and dismissals from the staff, and raised him far above politics of any kind ... . Education represented the strongest attempt yet made to re-introduce into the State the equality of opportunity for the young which some sense of Justice in our hearts demanded that we should make, but which natural conditions, the sins of some fathers, and the virtues of others, the cleverness of some parents and the stupidity of others, the good luck of some parents and the bad luck of some others, were continually disturbing and destroying. Our educational socialism restored to the children of the inefficient or unlucky or careless those opportunities which other children derived from parents better circumstanced.

The third speaker, the Rev. Salem G. Bland, had risen from the ranks of the clergy to his position as Professor of New Testament Exegesis and Church History. His interest in the problems of the multitude which fills and does not fill the churches, and his unceasing struggle after social and moral reform, are suggested in the titles of some of his most popular lectures : "Civic and Social Problems," and "The Building of a Nation." He was reported as saying:

THE FOUNDING OF THE UNIVERSITY

23

He would present some considerations that might be of service to the governing bodies charged with the task of shaping this infant university, and his contribution could be summed up in a single phrase, "A University of the people." The modern university must necessarily be a complex institution. It must give technical training and training for the various professions. The directions in which it should develop in that regard might be left to the people, who knew their requirements, but the one justification of a university was the aim of culture. The quickening harmonious development of the physical, mental, moral and social being, a purified taste, enlarged sympathy, matured and disciplined judgment: that was the true aim of a university .... The first place must be given in a people's university to the study of English, the exact, historical and philological study of our own mother tongue. The study of English orators, poets and novelists, he considered, might be made of more practical advantage to the average student than the study of the ancient Classics.

At this point it would be well to recall the public men whose hands fashioned the University in its formative years.

III. THE FOUNDERS

The University of Saskatchewan was most fortunate in the character of the public men responsible for its establishment and for the direction of its policies in the early years. Foremost among the men who gave shape to the University was FREDERICK WILLIAM GEORGE HAULTAIN (1857-1942) . He was descended from Huguenots, the sturdy and purposeful party in France who had fled from their country to escape religious persecution. One branch of the Haultains took refuge in Holland, where some of them attained high distinction in the Dutch Navy. The other branch found safety in England, and there some reached high rank in the Army and Navy. F. W. G. Haultain's grandfather, Major-General Francis Haultain, served with Wellington in France, and later retired to live in Belgium. The Major-General's son, Colonel F. W. Haultain, served in India; later he was stationed in Montreal. There he met Helen Gordon, daughter of Major-General Alexander Gordon, who became his wife. For a time the Haultains lived in England at Woolwich, where Frederick was born. When the child was four years of age, they came to Montreal, where the Colonel retired. For a time they lived in Peterborough, Ontario. In Montreal and Peterborough young Haultain received his early education. In due time he entered the University of Toronto, where he took the most difficult course leading to the B.A. degree, that in Honours Classics. He had wished to follow the traditional profession of his family, that of the Army, but his father had declared this to be impossible for financial reasons. The young man then turned to Law. Haultain was ever mindful, however, of the traditional military virtues of his family: high courage, knightly sense of honour, and indifference to wealth. Though centuries had passed since his forbears had left France,

THB FOUNDERS

25

in his background there were the Huguenot intellectual qualities of unflinching independence and sturdy Protestantism. His early professional life was spent as a lawyer in Macleod, Alberta, the headquarters from which the North West Mounted Police wrote the finest page of history in the Canadian West, that of the maintenance of law and order and British justice in very difficult times. He took an active part in the political life of those early days. His entry into politics was a characteristic act of independence. Though himself a Conservative, he assisted Frank Oliver, a Liberal if ever there was one, in an election in Edmonton against a candidate named by the Hudson's Bay Company and supported by the Dominion Government. Again and again he refused to be dictated to by the Lieutenant-Governor of the Territories or by the party of his own faith that had put the Lieutenant-Governor into office. In this struggle he gathered around him both Conservatives and Liberals, and he led them on from point to point in winning control of the administration and its finances, until it was but an easy step from Territorial status as developed by Haultain to the freedom of a Province. In this achievement he proved himself to be no doctrinaire, no victim of a shibboleth such as Responsible Government. He was always ready to meet the enemy in the gate and to discuss with him better and freer methods of government, and to come to terms over improved arrangements. It was not an accident, when his followers ("the noble 13" in an Assembly of 22) had forced the Dominion Government to consider more generous ways with the Territories, that the Minister of the Interior, the Hon. Edgar Dewdney, sent for Haultain, and not Lieutenant-Governor Royal, to discuss a new financial scheme with the Department of Finance. This was in 1891. By 1896 Haultain was held in such esteem as a leader of men that certain circles far beyond the Territories mentioned him very favourably when the Conservative Party was in search of a new leader. While still a student at the University of Toronto, Haultain had seen much of the rivalry and strife between the state university and the denominational colleges, and he had heard not

26

SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OF A UNIVERSITY

a little of the interference of party politics with university affairs. Throughout his after-years he was an ardent advocate of state control in all the branches of public education-elementary, secondary, and higher-and when the Province of Saskatchewan was created he paid for his steadfastness in the loss of the political advancement which was his due. He was denied the premiership of the new province because of his opposition to the extreme demands for Separate Schools during his administration of the Territories and because of his attacks upon the provision for Separate Schools in the first draft of the Autonomy Bill establishing the new province. He was trusted and respected by the pioneers, and he never lost their affection. They elected him time and again, usually by acclamation. The men who knew him best never failed to support him. In the election of 1905 and after, the southern part of the province, settled by people from Britain and Ontario when the Conservatives were in power in Ottawa, knew Haultain to be politically invincible. But the northern part had been recently peopled by, among others, immigrants from Central Europe brought out by Clifford Sifton during the Laurier regime. These had personal knowledge neither of Haultain nor his deeds, and as voters they turned to the party that had blessed them. So profound was Haultain's knowledge of public administration, so able was he in detecting and exposing malpractice, and so highly respected for his integrity and impartiality by his political opponents, as well as his friends, that the Government in power was ever careful to avoid doing anything that would provoke him to wrath. On at least one occasion the Premier referred all the private bills to him, and accepted without question his recommendations concerning them. The Leader of the Opposition was almost as useful for the discharge of the duties of the Saskatchewan Legislature as was the Premier himself. The University of Saskatchewan was fortunate that such a Leader of the Opposition took the institution under his perceptive guardianship from the beginning and sought to make it serve the highest good of the Province. He gave it leadership almost to the end of his life. Haultain retired from politics in

THE

FOUNDERS

27

1912 to become Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Saskatchewan. He received a knighthood in 1916, and in 1917 as Sir Frederick Haultain he was elected Chancellor of the University. He served in that position until 1939. In devotion to the University the Hon. JAMES A. CALDER (1868-1956) , Minister of Education and Provincial Treasurer from 1905, stood next to Haultain, in spite of their differing party loyalties. Twice during his long political career Calder transferred his services from the party to which he had been allied to that which he had fought. This did not endear him to former associates, and it prevented him from receiving the full recognition due to him for the great services he gave to his country. The first occasion came in 1905 when he left the service of Premier Haultain as Deputy Commissioner of Education in the Territories and became Minister of Education in the Scott Government. The second occurred when he left the Liberal fold to enter the Union Government of Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden during World War I. He remained with the Conservatives after the peace. Calder had taken his university course in Manitoba and had seen at first hand the rivalry between the denominational colleges and the university. Moreover, it was during his period of service under Haultain, in 1904, that the University of Manitoba had succeeded in vindicating its right to participate in the teaching as well as in the examinations required for the award of the degrees of that institution. A strong party man, he was nonetheless completely in accord with Haultain in his assertion of the supremacy of the state in education, and of the desirability af excluding party politics from University affairs. Further, as provincial treasurer he was responsible for an enlightened and generous policy of support for the University. From the very beginning he saw to it that a considerable portion of the finances of the institution should come from statutory funds. Instead of making the University entirely dependent upon the annual grant of the Legislature, he kept to the historic position of regarding the annual vote as a grant-in-aid rather than the sole source of support.

28

SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OF A UNIVERSITY

Calder was a very able man, a master of detail, who got things done. He was quite indifferent to personal prestige and preferred to work behind the scenes. He left all decisions on major questions of policy to Premier Scott, but in matters of administration and of party management he was supposed to be the controlling factor. The Scott Government in 1905 was faced with a great variety of difficult problems, especially in the reorganization of the provincial services. In the solution of these problems Calder proved himself to be not only a master of detail but also a capable planner, a man with vision, insight, and unusual gifts as an organizer. In spite of his reputed eagerness to control, in his handling of the interests of the University Calder showed that he could work with his subordinates, and even his opponents, without imposing an overpowering will upon them. Practically every action taken by the University Registrar, who was also his Deputy in the Department of Education, was approved by Calder. President Murray once wrote of him: "Though he was my Minister, he did not attempt to dictate or even direct what I should do in matters of organization, and later in matters of administration. This I know, for I was in constant consultation with him, particularly during the first year in Regina. I was always amazed at his knowledge of detail and at the breadth and scope of his views, and at the same time at the freedom which he accorded to me. " 1 Calder's adherence to the principle of impartiality in University affairs was conspicuous on three special occasions. First, when the Senate was being formed, he collaborated with Haultain to bring into that body able men from both political parties. Secondly, when the Government came to select its three representatives to the Board of Governors, Calder successfully urged the appointment of two members from the north of the Province and one from the south. This choice, taken in conjunction with the Senate's selection, gave equal representation on the Board to the north and the south. Again, all through the period of heated discussion about the location of the University, Calder never gave the least inkling of his opinion or desire in the matter. In 1Statement given to Professor Morton; in his private papers.

THE FOUNDERS

29

all, he put the University under lasting obligation to him for his wisdom, his self-restraint, and his unfailing support during

the formative period of its history. The Hon. WALTER ScoTT (1867-1938) was without doubt the most influential man in the public life of the Province of Saskatchewan from 1905 until his retirement in October 1916. Before that he had taken a very active part in public affairs during the last decade of the Territorial Government-this as editor of the Regina Leader and as member of the House of Commons for Regina. Scott's first contact with Dr. Murray was characteristic of the man. Murray had arrived in Regina by an early morning train on August 20, 1908, and was to be interviewed by the Governors of the University with a view to being appointed President. A. F. Angus, the Chairman of the Board of Governors, was taking him to his house on Victoria Square, beside Metropolitan Church, presumably for breakfast. As they came towards the Square, they saw Premier Scott coming down Scarth Street with his somewhat stately stride, his head bent downward in thought. They met him at the Square. Angus introduced Professor Murray, and first greetings were exchanged. To the end of his life Murray remembered the scene vividly: the Square little more than a bald prairie field, in the process of being ploughed up, with not a tree or even a shrub in it. In this dreary scene, at a dreary hour in the early morning, Premier Scott, who must have known Murray's mission, addressed to him the few words he had time to say: "This is a great Country. It requires men with large ideas to do it justice"-and he hurried on to catch the train by which Murray had arrived. 2 In his address at the formal opening of the first buildings of the University on May 1, 1913, Premier Scott gave expression to his high appreciation of the place that the University should occupy in the life of the people: Next to the Legislature of the Province itself, this seat of higher learning is the most important institution that Saskatchewan will ever possess, and

2w.

C. Murray, "Recollections," Rotunda (Emmanuel College Magazine),

12: 1 :.!!.

30

SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OF

A

UNIVERSITY

I am by no means sure that a State University which fulfils its function is second in importance to the Legislature of that State, because upon the work of the University during the twentieth century will depend in great measure-yes, if we couple the Common Schools with the University, we may truly say that upon their work in the country will depend altogether the character of the Legislature which will be representing the Province and the character of the Government which the people of the Province will be carrying on for themselves at the end of the century. The importance of the institution needs no emphasis... .3

The Prime Minister of Canada, Sir Wilfrid Laurier, paid Scott, whom he admired greatly, a very gracious compliment when he, Sir Wilfrid, laid the corner-stone of the College of Agriculture Building on July 25, 1910. He compared Scott to the great English Liberal John Bright, who, though denied the advantages of a university education, had attained great eminence as an orator and statesman in the public life of Great Britain. The first Chancellor of the University of Saskatchewan, the Hon. EDWARD LUDLOW WETMORE ( 1841-1922), was a graduate of the University of New Brunswick and a member of a Loyalist family which had taken an active part in the early life of the province by the sea. The first graduate of that state university was a Wetmore. Chief Justice Wetmore had himself been active in the public life of New Brunswick. He had been a member of the Provincial Legislature and leader of the Conservatives there, before he was appointed Puisne Judge in the North-West Territories in 1887. Here for twenty years he exercised a great influence through the Courts by insisting on traditions in keeping with the best British practices in the administration of justice. Judge Wetmore had been appointed Chief Justice shortly before he was chosen Chancellor of the University in 1907. In the next year he was honoured by his old University with the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws. Although he was sixty-six when elected Chancellor he continued in that high office for the next ten years. He was head of the University by virtue of his office, but he did not intervene actively in its administration. ( At that time the Chancellor was not a member of the Board of 3Morning Leader, May 2, 1913.

THE FOUNDERS

31

Governors.) Throughout his term he remained the adviser while acting as presiding officer of the Senate and of Convocation in the discharge of their functions. Dr. Murray said of him: "On one occasion I consulted the Chancellor about a matter of considerable importance and, though I knew that his interest and his sympathies pointed to a certain course of action, I was impressed by the fact that he viewed the matter dispassionately and gave advice that ran counter to his personal wishes. He was in truth very wise and far-seeing. I entertained the greatest respect for his detachment and for his sense of justice."4 The first Registrar of the University, DUNCAN P. McCOLL, was a graduate of the University of Toronto who came to Calgary to be Principal of its schools. Later he was, in turn, Inspector of Schools, Principal of the Normal School at Regina, and finally Deputy Minister of Education under the Hon. J. A. Calder. He was most conscientious in the discharge of his duties, fairminded, and greatly respected and trusted. He remained in the service of the university for over thirty-two years, latterly as Secretary of the Board of Governors. In 1928 he was given the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws by the University which he had served so well. THE FIRST

BOARD OF GOVERNORS

The Senate, as we have seen, chose for its first representatives on the Board of Governors Messrs. Angus, Clinkskill, Dixon, Hitchcock, and MacDonald. A. Forrest Angus was the manager of the Bank of Montreal in Regina and had been very active in the musical life of the city, among other ways as President of the Philharmonic Society. It was through his energetic action that the first organization of musical activity took place in the province and that the Musical Festival movement became a reality. James Clinkskill had been a supporter of Haultain's in the Territorial Legislative Assembly and had been on its Executive Council with Haultain. He had been in business in Battleford, both before and after the Riel Rebellion, but had removed to Saskatoon where the citizens, recognizing his integrity and public spirit, elected •Statement given to Professor Morton; in his private papers.

32

SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OP A UNIVERSITY

him as a Councillor and later as Mayor of the city. Arthur Hitchcock of Moose Jaw, was an Englishman, a private banker, and an influential member of the inner circle of the Liberal party. John Dixon, of Maple Creek, had large interests as a rancher and merchant, and had been a Liberal candidate. Andrew MacDonald was a merchant in Prince Albert, a loyal Catholic and a Liberal. It remained for the Government to appoint three members to the Board of Governors. Their choice from Saskatoon was in the first place Archie P. McNab, who was engaged in the milling business. Shortly after, he entered the Scott Government. He was succeeded on the Board by W. J. Bell, a merchant and a member of the City Council of Saskatoon. From Prince Albert the Government chose James MacKay, K.C., a prominent lawyer who had contested his constituency against Sir Wilfrid Laurier in 1896. Later he was elected in the Conservative interest ( 1911) and was afterwards appointed to the Saskatchewan Court of Appeal. The third Government appointee was Levi Thomson, a lawyer in Wolseley on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway east of Regina. He had large fanning interests and had been twice elected to the House of Commons. Of the eight members of the Board, four were from the south of the province, four from the north. Two Conservatives and two Liberals represented the two northern cities of Saskatoon and Prince Albert. In the south, each of four communities had one representative. One was Conservative, two were Liberals, and one represented the Farmers. Three members of the Board were Anglican in religious affiliation, two were Presbyterian, one Roman Catholic, one Baptist, and one Methodist. Two were bankers, and two were lawyers; two were interested in farming, and three were merchants. All were held in the highest esteem as capable business men and public-spirited citizens. The group chose A. F. Angus as their chairman, of whose selection the Regina Morning Leader said in an editorial of May 23, 1908: "That the choice was a wise one nobody will question. Mr. Angus is one of the most public-spirited men in the Province, and he will bring to the duties of his new position a ripe experience and a

THE FOUNDERS

33

keen business insight and sagacity. In congratulating Mr. Angus on the honor conferred, we can even more heartily congratulate the University and through it the Province for securing so able a man to preside over the work of the Board." This Board was to draw up the schedule of salaries for the teachers and employees on a scale calculated to maintain peace and contentment and efficiency within, while securing the good will and support of the Government and of the province without. It was to guard the purse jealously, but not so jealously that there would not be funds for every forward movement that would claim a place in the institution. Manifestly, the members of the Board had to be good business men and wise administrators, quick to respond to the trumpet call of progress but steadfast in the pursuit of sane and sound policies that would be certain to enjoy the whole-hearted approval of the Government, the Legislature, and the province at large. The first Board, as a Board, were the trusted leaders of the province as a whole in the management of the University, and each member commanded the confidence of the part of the province with which he was identified. For over twenty years the members of this Board of Governors were re-elected or re-appointed, and continued in the service of the University. Only once during that period did their Minutes record a resolution carried by a division. That was the resolution selecting Saskatoon as the site.of the University.

IV. IN SEARCH OF A PRESIDENT

With Convocation, Senate, and Board of Governors constituted, all that was wanted to complete the governing machine of the University was a President. According to clause 61/ of the University Act, it lay with the Board of Governors to find that all-important official. Meanwhile there were signs that in some quarters the site of the University was thought to be a more pressing matter than the presidency. The Synod of the Diocese of Saskatchewan was deeply concerned about the position in which the new University of Saskatchewan would put the old, the first university of that name. During its meetings which ended on May 14, 1908, it appointed a committee, as the report in the Regina Morning Leader put it, "to pull the university into some city of the diocese, it is immaterial which." 1 It should be mentioned that the two dioceses of Qu'Appelle and Calgary had been carved out of the former immense Diocese of Saskatchewan, and that the southern boundary of the diminished Saskatchewan diocese was the north boundary of township 34, a few miles south of Saskatoon. As the first meeting of the Board of Governors was to be held eight days later, the Anglicans were not slow in asserting the rights of their university, or as it will be more convenient to call it, Emmanuel College. The first meeting of the Board of Governors was held in the Civic Council Chambers at Regina on May 22, 1908. A. F. Angus was chosen Chairman of the Board, and D. P. McColl, already Registrar by choice of the Senate, was appointed Secretary. Every member of the Board was present; unanimously they decided to postpone discussion of a University site until a President had been appointed. Prior to the meeting of the Board, a confidential letter had been addressed to the presidents of all Canadian universities and 1 Morning

Leader, May IS, 1908.

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35

to the heads of certain conspicuous institutions in Great Britain and the United States requesting them to suggest names of men with the scholastic attainments and the administrative qualifications which would give promise of their success as President. The Governors went over the replies carefully and narrowed their choice down to six, listing them in order of preference. These six were to be communicated with to ascertain whether they were prepared to have their names go formally before the Board as candidates for the presidency. The letter of the secretary of the Board enquiring of each of the six men if he would consider the offer of the presidency, should it be made to him, is of interest for the information about the province which he felt it necessary to convey to the distant strangers whom he was addressing. The letter is dated May 23, 1908: Assuming that you are not acquainted with the conditions prevailing in this Province, I may say that it has an area of 250,000 square miles, and a population at present of 325,000, which population is increasing with wonderful rapidity. As yet there are no colleges so called, but as a result of an Act to provide for the Organization and Maintenance of Secondary Educational Institutions passed last year by the Legislative Assembly . . . eight High Schools have already been established, one of which has already been erected to the status of a Collegiate Institute, and it is probable two others will be similarly erected in the near future. Apart from these, some thirty or forty schools in the towns and incorporated villages are doing High School work in the way of preparing pupils for the teaching profession, University examinations, etc.

Agriculture, he went on, was the main industry; the country was developing; and school districts were being formed at the rate of nearly one a day. "There are at present two cities in the Province, namely Regina and Moose Jaw, each with an approximate population of 10,000." Apparently, the growing city of Saskatoon had not risen on the horizon of the secretary of the Board of Governors. Meanwhile the Senate met on June I 0, I 908, and Convocation on June 11, to draw up rules and regulations and statutes governing the conduct of the respective bodies. They created no stir. What was simmering in the pot was the question of the site of the University. When A. P. McNab resigned his membership

36

SASKATCHEWAN : THE MAKING OF A UNIVERSITY

of the Board of Governors and stood for election to the Provincial Legislature from the constituency of Saskatoon, he was reported ( on August 1) as saying that if he were elected, the University would come to Saskatoon. There is a tradition in that city to the effect that there was an agreement between the Conservatives and the Liberals to return McNab by acclamation on the understanding that Saskatoon would get the University. This, even if true, could not affect the decision of the Governors in whose hands the final determination of the site lay; it could only keep, as it did, the pot simmering away. So also, when Premier Scott addressed a large meeting at Saskatoon on August 7 in the interests of McNab's candidature, an attempt was made to draw him out. He replied that the matter lay with the Governors, but that if the Governors were to select Saskatoon he would not "think for a second of turning it down. " 2 This of course only stirred up more heated discussion and speculation. In the rising temperature the Anglicans once more got busy. In keeping with a resolution adopted at a meeting of a number of clergymen of the Diocese of Saskatchewan assembled at Prince Albert, the Rev. George Exton Lloyd, Archdeacon of the Diocese, sent a circular letter to his co-religionists asking them to put this question to the party candidates of their respective constituencies: "Will you, if elected, endeavour to have the Provincial University Act so amended as to leave the Charter of the original University of Saskatchewan intact, or, in lieu thereof have the new Provincial University established at some point in the province north of township 34?" Archdeacon Lloyd added, in reference to the latter part of the question they were to ask: "If this were done that original charter would be unnecessary, and our present grievance would be removed." Unmoved by these frantic efforts to forestall their decision about the site of the University, the Governors pursued the even tenor of their search for a President. At a meeting of the Board of Governors on June 23, the replies to their letters were discussed. Two men who were on their list were not prepared to have themselves considered as candidates. One was Adam Shortt, 2Daily Phoenix, Saskatoon, August 8, 1908.

IN SEARCH OP A PRESIDENT

37

of Queen's University, who had been at the top of the Governors' list. 8 This left the name of Professor Walter Murray of Dalhousie University, Halifax (who had been second) at the head. A committee of three was appointed to go eastward to have "personal interviews and otherwise with W. C. Murray, James A. MacLean [afterwards President of the University of Manitoba], A. T. DeLury [Professor of Mathematics, University of Toronto], and G. Locke [afterwards Chief Librarian, Toronto Public Library]." The members of the Committee were A . F. Angus, Chairman of the Board, Andrew MacDonald, and Levi Thomson. In his reply Murray had stated that he hoped that the standards required for entrance to the new University would be the same as those of the older universities of Canada. He was "anxious about beginning well." He also hoped that such a locality would be chosen for it as would "enable the University to serve the whole Province best," with all the faculties, including Agriculture, "in one place." "The College of Agriculture must be regarded as the sheet anchor of the University." Moreover, there should be ample room for expansion. Provision should be made for the President "to visit some of the universities to the south whose problems are similar to those of Saskatchewan." In this letter, at this early stage, Professor Murray foreshadowed in a remarkable way some of the most important decisions made in the next, the most formative year in the history of the University. The Committee met Professor Murray in the Windsor Hotel, Montreal, and discussed with him the views on policy he had outlined in the letter mentioned above, in which he had expressed his willingness to be considered a candidate for the office of President. Naturally these views had arisen out of his experience as a professor at the University of New Brunswick and at Dalhousie College. Moreover, Murray had done special work in Education at the University of Edinburgh, and had been deeply involved in the problems which faced the College in Halifax. In some connection the matter of the attitude of the University of SaskatBAdam Shortt's name is commemorated at the University in the Shortt Library of Canadiana, the nucleus of which was purchased from him for a very modest sum.

38

SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OF A UNIVERSITY

chewan to the Roman Catholics in the Province came up. The principle involved had been threshed out at Dalhousie shortly before, and the decision had been to affiliate certain Catholic institutions at Halifax with the College. In keeping with this decision, Murray said to the visiting Committee that the Roman Catholics were an integral part of the Province of Saskatchewan, and that the University of Saskatchewan should not attempt to ignore that fact. He noted that something of a hush came over the Committee as he made this statement. The explanation came when he learned afterwards that Andrew MacDonald, one of his interviewers, was a Roman Catholic. 4 When the Committee returned from the East, the name of Walter Murray was at the head of the Board's list of possible Presidents as it had been when the Committee left. It would appear that it was not thought necessary in the circumstances to call a meeting of the whole Board to invite Murray to come West for an interview. The Committee arranged that he should come to Regina to a meeting with the Board on August 20, 1908. The Board met in the Council Chambers of the City Hall. Its first business was to hear the report of its Committee. This took a whole hour. Then came a resolution to offer the position to Professor Murray. All the while Murray had been sitting outside the Chambers nursing his thoughts and questioning his expectations. At last he was called in and offered the Presidency. With a few words he accepted, and automatically, in accordance with the University Act, he became a member of the Board. The search for a President was at an end. It was nearly thirty years-years momentous for the University, and momentous for the Province-before a Board of Governors in the University of Saskatchewan began a second search for a President. President Murray, as the Regina Morning Leader said next day, had had a distinguished career. He was the son of Charles Murray, M.D., and was born in Studholm in King's County, New Brunswick, in 1866. He was educated at the College School at 4Jncidentally, on the occasion of this visit to the East, the Committee made another plea, as it proved the last and in vain, to get a land endowment for the university from the Dominion GovernmenL

IN SEARCH OF A PRESIDENT

39

Fredericton, under the incomparable leader of youth, Principal G. R. Parkin, afterwards Commissioner for the Rhodes Scholarships. Thereafter he attended the University of New Brunswick. He graduated Bachelor of Arts with Honours in 1886, winning the Lansdowne and Alumni gold medals as the most outstanding graduate of the year. He won the Gilchrist Scholarship for Canada-a veritable blue ribbon-recently established for continued study overseas. At the University of Edinburgh he graduated Master of Arts, with first class Honours in Philosophy, in 18 91, and he studied thereafter for a short period at the University of Berlin. He was immediately appointed Professor of Philosophy and Economics at his Alma Mater. In 1892 he became George Munro Professor of Philosophy and Lecturer in Education at Dalhousie University. In 1895 he married Christina Cameron, like himself a graduate of the University of New Brunswick. At Dalhousie Professor Murray stood out, not only as an efficient lecturer who was very popular with his students, but equally for his part in the administration of the institution. He was Secretary of the Senate. His gift for administration and his interest in public affairs were recognized by the citizens of Halifax when they elected him to the City Council and when he was appointed by the Council to be one of its representatives on the School Board of the City. He also served on the Council of Public Instruction for the Province of Nova Scotia. When he left Halifax he was honoured by the citizens of the city with a public banquet and the gift of a gold watch. Such was the apprenticeship which Professor Murray had served, as it proved, for greater responsibilities in a wider sphere. No small element in his success was his genius for friendship by which he drew men of scholarly instincts to him. He and a friend had been instrumental in bringing together some ten or eleven men of kindred spirit in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick into an informal philosophical society. Out of this small group came three heads of Canadian universities, including Sir Robert Falconer of the University of Toronto, two principals of colleges, and,three professors.

V. IN SEARCH OF A POLICY

When President Murray took his seat among the Governors on August 20, 1908, the governing body of the University was complete, and the question was: What next? There can be no doubt that it was the desire of many, at least in those places which aspired to be the University city, that the matter of a site should be taken up forthwith. To all appearances the Board was prepared, at the moment, to respond. James Clinkski.11 of Saskatoon moved: "That the Board visit possible locations for the University immediately with a view to collecting data in order to enable them the better to decide on a suitable location and site for the University." Arthur Hitchcock of Moose Jaw followed with a motion that his city be visited the very next day, August 21. Then the Board agreed to see Prince Albert on September 2, and thereafter Saskatoon. Later it was decided to visit North Battleford immediately after Saskatoon. Other questions, however, lay in the background and were likely to push discussions about the site temporarily into the shade. At this same meeting of the Board, Levi Thomson, the lawyer with large farming interests, raised the question of an agricultural college within the University. It was thereupon resolved that the President and the Chairman of the Board should interview the Senate and the Government with a view to making a College of Agriculture an integral part of the University. Manifestly, if that were the determination, it would have an important bearing on the choice of site. All the same, the merry round of visits was carried through. Moose Jaw came first. This was not the only occasion on which Moose Jaw had made its bid for the University. On April 4, more than four months earlier, the Regina Morning Leader had reported that Moose Jaw was making "demands in no uncertain tenns. Prominent citizens declare they will vote against any Government, Grit or Tory, which denies the University to Moose

IN SEARCH OF A POLICY

41

Jaw. A monster delegation is coming to Regina to press claims on the Government." Possibly the "monster" took some time to organize. At any rate, Saskatoon got its delegation to Regina first, on Saturday April 11, and the Moose Jaw plea was heard on April 13. On the preceding Tuesday, probably not without reference to the prospective delegations, Premier Scott had said in the Legislative Assembly: The choice of a site for the University is even more important, to my mind, than the choice of the site of the capital. It seems to me that it matters very little whether public business is transacted at Prince Albert or Saskatoon, or any other place, if the place be within easy communication with other parts of the Province. It seems to me that the selection of the site of the University is of more importance and that the influences surrounding a body of students receiving instruction are of great consequence. The wise thing to do is to help the Governors to put at the head of their organization a first class man, a good business man, who shall be above reproach in every respect, and he, with the Board, will make a close examination of all parts of the Province, and then they will make a recommendation. 1

If this meant anything, it meant that the University was to go where the Governors thought it would be best for the students and for the institution. Accordingly, Scott said definitely to the delegations that the decision lay with the Governors. The Moose Jaw delegation came by special train and brought a petition signed by 2,217 persons, of whom 1,042 were residents of the city itself. Premier Scott is reported to have told them that everyone knew that the Government had been elected on a policy of decentralization and that he would give no answer other than he had given in the Legislature on the preceding Tuesday. 2 The correspondent of the Moose Jaw News was not hopeful of the prospects for his city. He wrote that Regina would do nothing until the opportune moment should come, that then one or two "right" citizens would be deputed to wait on the proper person and induce him to lay the claims of the city before the right quarter, and that Regina would get the University. The Governors carried through their programme of visits, and the cities theirs of showing possible sites, of pouring out pertMorning Leader, April 8, 1908. 2Morning Leader, April 14, 1908.

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SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OF A UNIVERSITY

suasive speeches, and of providing convincing banquets. Each place had its special inducement. Moose Jaw on August 21 stressed the value of its creek for aquatic sports and suggested that there might in the Prairie West be boat races comparable to those of Oxford and Cambridge. Prince Albert on September 2 rang the changes on its university founded as far back as 1879 and on the settlement's connections with the Hudson's Bay Company dating from as long ago as 1867. Saskatoon, which had no ancient history to enforce its claims, on September 4 pointed out its advantageous position as a railway centre. On the next day Battleford turned the attention of the visitors to the magnificent scenery of its river valley and to its historic position during the years 1879 to 1883 as capital of the far-flung North-West Territories. The people of Fort Qu'Appelle, which was not visited until April 6, 1909, were quite sure that for the University site the Governors would want a sylvan scene adorned by a silver stream, like that of Oxford, far from the madding crowd. The visit to Regina was postponed to a later date. Its claims were to be considered last of all, and at a critical hour. The Governors had other things to do first. At a meeting on the evening of September 2, 1908, at the City Hall of Prince Albert, after a banquet with the urgent pleas of that city still ringing in their ears, they decided to postpone the selection of a site for the University. The President and the Minister of Education both felt that before the question of the site could be wisely determined the Board should reach some conception of the sort of university it wanted. Consequently President Murray, thoroughly conversant with Calder's view, moved: That a Committee of three members, consisting of the President, a second member of the Board, and some person chosen to represent the Senate, be appointed to visit such universities in the United States as may be decided upon, and that the Provisional Executive be empowered to confer with the Provincial Government respecting the selection of such representative from the Senate.

In a word, the search for a policy was to take precedence over the search for a site. Questions such as whether a College of Agriculture was to be on the same campus as the University, whether

IN SEARCH OF A POLICY

43

there was to be provision for affiliated colleges, whether there were to be residences for the students, and how many colleges and departments would have to be provided for-all these had a direct bearing either on the location of the University or on the size of the campus and the amount of land to be acquired. John Dixon of Maple Creek was chosen as the second member of the Board on the Committee, and D. P. McColl was appointed by the Minister of Education to represent the Senate. The members of the Committee left Regina on October 8, 1908, and returned on November 2. They visited the state universities in Manitoba, Ontario, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan. They found that in five of these the agricultural college and the university were separate institutions, in four they were united. They visited also Washington University in St. Louis and the University of Chicago "because of their reputation for architectural beauty." The scope of their enquiry, according to their report, was wide-concerning "the relation of the Agricultural College and of the Teachers' College to the University; concerning advantageous locations; the size of site and kind of land required for the Experimental Farm; the arrangement of campus and plans for building; salaries of staff and fees; methods of appointment; the available men and the internal organization of the University, including the methods of business management." The Committee reported to the meeting of the Board of Governors of April 5, 1909, making separate statements on the more important issues. The question of the relation of the College of Agriculture to the University was reported on separately to the Board of Governors, to the Senate, and to the Government. The report was dated November 15,, 1908. It ran: We strongly recommend that the College of Agriculture in this Province be united with the University, and that all departments of University work be placed in the same locality ... . We believe that union will prevent both the waste due to separate institutions and the demoralizing rivalry which too frequently appears between them. Union will also secure for the teachers trained in the University the advantages of courses in Agriculture and Domestic Science, and will in this way greatly facilitate the introduction of the teaching of

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SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OF A UNIVERSITY

Agriculture into our Public and High Schools. While union will place at the disposal of the students of Agriculture the literary, social, and scientific advantages of the University, it will also bring the University students into close touch with Agriculture and quicken their interest in the great industry of the Province. Our own observation of the Colleges of Agriculture in the Universities of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois and Missouri, and the opinions of those interviewed in these institutions and elsewhere, warrant us in holding that the interests of Agricultural Education, no less than those of the University, will be better promoted in this Province by union rather than by separation.

On the motion of Levi Thomson of Wolseley, who had first raised the issue of the relation of the College of Agriculture to the University, seconded by James MacKay of Prince Albert, it was resolved by the Governors "that the College of Agriculture be located at the same place as the Provincial University, and that all Departments of University work be centred in the same locality." There was also laid before the Governors the President's report to the Senate, sketching the probable development of the University, its colleges, its departments, and its several activities, as follows: Before purchasing the land for the site of the University and before any plans are prepared for the location of buildings, the Board of Governors should have a fairly definite idea of the work which the University is expected to undertake both immediately and in the more distant future . .. • It seems to me that we may quite properly expect our University in time to embrace ( 1) A College of Liberal Arts and Science, with Schools of Music, Art, Domestic Science, and Commerce. ·(2) A College of Agriculture with the Experimental Farm, School of Forestry, and Department of Veterinary Science. ( 3) A College of Education with its Practice Schools. ( 4) A College of Law. (5) A College of Medicine and School of Pharmacy. (6) A College of Dentistry. (7) A College of Engineering. ( 8) An Extension Department making provision for local Technical Schools, Correspondence Classes, and lecture courses in local centres. Further, we may expect these colleges to require for the work of the more important departments separate buildings which should make ample provision for lecture rooms, laboratories, and opportunities for research by graduates and staff.

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45

We should expect our University to require a group of buildings for general purposes, such as a Library, Museum, Convocation Hall, a Union, Y.M.C.A., Y.W.C.A., a Chapel, a Gymnasium and Boat House. We should expect our University to provide a system of College Residences for men and women similar to the English colleges. We should expect to be asked to provide accommodation for groups of colleges and institutions closely allied with the University, such as Theological Colleges. Possibly no argument is needed in support of any of these suggestions, for the wisdom of planning on a large scale is so obvious in a province of such great capabilities that I shall merely call attention, therefore, to one or two points concerning which opinion is divided elsewhere. The Committee sent out by the Governors found opinion among university men and men in Agricultural Colleges overwhelmingly in favour of keeping a College of Agriculture in a new province in close relation with the University. While fifteen or twenty years ago separation seemed best, to-day the changed conditions are in favour of union .... It would be an error of the first magnitude for our University to cut itself off from friendly relations with the theological schools of the province. While the University would adhere rigidly to the non-sectarian policy, it need not be indifferent or antagonistic to the religious interests. A community of theological colleges clustered about the University will not only receive much, but will also contribute much to the life of the University. November 19, 1908.

The search for a policy was thus brought to a conclusion-to a successful conclusion. When one looks over the campus as it is today, and examines the Calendar and the Reports of the President, one sees that nearly everything which filled the mind of President Murray in November 1908, at a time when it was not so much as known where the University should be placed and not a prairie sod had been turned for it, is now an accomplished fact in mortar and stone, in the activities of the staff and students, and the activities of the University in the province at large. It proclaims the wisdom of planning for the future-for the more distant future-and it proclaims the well-informed and constructive mind of the first President.

VI. CHOOSING A SITE

After the decision had been made that the College of Agriculture was to be on the same campus as the University, and when it was reasonably certain that there would be several colleges and a whole row of departments, the Board of Governors was ready to come to some definite conclusions about the site of the institution. They had earlier surveyed the possibilities of Moose Jaw, Prince Albert, Saskatoon, and Battleford, and on April 6, 1909, they had visited Fort Qu'Appelle. Its beautiful valley practically eliminated itself by not offering a sufficiently expansive site for both an agricultural college and the University on one campus. Similarly Indian Head, which because of its Dominion Experimental Farm might well have been the site of a separate College of Agriculture, was considered impossible for a College of Agriculture which was to be part and parcel of the University. On April 5 the Board had instructed the Registrar to notify the secretary of the Board of Trade, Indian Head, "that in view of the fact that the Board has decided that the Agricultural College shall be united with the University, it is not deemed necessary to visit Indian Head in connection therewith." This left only Regina to be explored as a possible site for the University. The correspondent of the Moose Jaw News had been right: the claims of Regina were to be considered at a most favourable juncture, and the train was laid for what must have been thought to be a certain decision for the capital city. The case for Regina was drawn up in a pamphlet of some forty-eight pages, printed on beautiful paper, the initial letters in deep black ink with scrolls in red. Its title ran: The University of Saskatchewan-The Advantages of locating the institution at the Capital of the Province. Points stressed were the advantages to the University of being in the capital with the Legislature, the Departments of the Government, the Legislative Library, the Supreme Law Courts, the Royal North West Mounted Police,

CHOOSING A SITE

47

and the Provincial Exhibition-all offering material for the education of the students in one line or another. To these was added the advantage to the College of Agriculture of being placed in the heart of the great wheat area whose centre was Regina. The railway facilities, the hospitals, the churches, the firms doing large business (carefully listed), the advantages of Regina from the point of view of the Law students who would article with practising lawyers, and the schools as a training ground for students in the College of Education, were all stressed, and justifiably so. Moreover, the case for Regina was strengthened by something much more tangible than general considerations. The City Clerk, J. Kelso Hunter, in a report to the City Council dated February 8, 1909, stated that he had had a confidential conversation with A. F. Angus, Chairman of the Board of Governors, from which he had gathered that Angus was very strongly of the opinion "that in order to strengthen the case of the City of Regina, it will be necessary for the City Council to offer a free site, not only for the University, but also for the Agricultural College which will form part of the University scheme. I understand he has seen also Mr. P. McAra, Jr., the President of the Board of Trade, being a unit in support of the City Council in making such an offer. Mr. Angus has furnished me with certain figures which should be of interest to the Council and assist them in arriving at a decision to grant a free site." With the help of Angus's figures Hunter worked out a careful calculation of the financial advantages to Regina of having the University within its limits. The university buildings would cost about $250,000, of which about half would come into the pockets of the citizens of Regina. At the beginning, he estimated, there would be about 300 students, each bringing to the city about $300, or total of $90,000 a year. The professors would bring to the city another $50,000. At the outset, then, there would be $125,000 on the one account and $140,000 a year on the other. So far Hunter's calculations were probably accurate enough. From this point, however, he allowed his imagination to range well into the future. Since there was to be but one

48

SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OP A UNIVERSITY

University in the province, in ten or twenty years' time there would be an attendance of 5,000 students. At $300 per student, this would bring $1,500,000 into the city each year. The staff of professors required for that multitude of students would bring an additional $850,000. What should not the city do in return for this annual treasure trove? Surely it would be worth while guaranteeing the University a free site. (A thousand acres was in contemplation.) A site would cost about $150,000, and right at the moment lying idle in the city's Property Sales Account, from the sale of land in the town-site given by the Dominion Government, there was no less than $140,000. How better could this idle money be spent? On April 5, 1909, Messrs. McCallum, Hill, and Company offered the City Council an option on about 640 acres, the price to be $150,000. This offer is recorded on a map in the City Archives as follows : 1. Part of S.E. 18 (fronts Wascana Lake, between Winnipeg and Broad Streets.) 2. Part of North half of 17 (lying between Winnipeg and Broad Streets, joining 1 and 3.) 3. All of South half of 7 (lying south of 23rd Avenue and between Albert and Broad Streets.)

At a joint meeting of the City Council and the Council of the Board of Trade, held on April 5, 1909, Mayor R. H. Williams presiding, the following was recorded: It was moved by Mr. Laird, seconded by Alderman Wright, and unanimously resolved that this joint meeting of the City Council and the Council of the Board of Trade pledges itself to assist to the utmost in carrying out in good faith any offer of an University site which it may be deemed necessary or advisable in the interest of the City for the speakers in presenting the City's case to intimate to the Board of Governors that the City is prepared to make.1

The next day Mayor Williams wrote to D. P. McColl, Secretary of the Board of Governors: "On behalf of the City of Regina I herewith beg to guarantee the Board of Governors -0f lThe documents relating to Regina's bid for the University are in the City Archives of Regina and were examined for Professor Morton by Dr. C. C. Lingard, formerly Chief Librarian, Regina Public Library.

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49

the University of Saskatchewan a site of one thousand acres, free of cost, for the purpose of the University." On April 7 the Board of Governors visited the proposed site, and at a formal meeting the claims of Regina were presented by Mayor Williams, the Rev. C. G. Hill, Dr. Thomson, Peter McAra, Jr., and J. A. Allan. President Murray, as on the occasion of previous visitations, replied briefly. A banquet was offered to the Governors, but they had been sitting since April 5 and their business was not finished; they begged to be excused. When the Board resumed its business that night, the Governors set the date for the opening of the College of Arts and Science as September, 1909. They authorized the President to offer professorships to a number of men. They also decided, tentatively, to open the College of Agriculture in November, 1910, and discussed several men to whom professorships in that College might be offered. At last, far on in the evening, the Board came to the question of the location of the University. It was agreed that there should be no speeches, that the voting should be by a succession of ballots, and "that the place receiving a majority of the votes of the Board at the final poll shall be the location of the University, provided that a suitable site can be secured at such place at a reasonable price." The result of the balloting is thus entered on the Minutes of the Board: The result of the final poll was to the effect that a majority of the votes was given for the City of Saskatoon. Saskatoon was accordingly declared the site of the University.

The cold statement in the Minutes offers no suggestion of the tense atmosphere in which the ballots were cast, and it gives no premonition of the exuberant joy with which the news of the decision was to be greeted in Saskatoon. James Clinkskill, a member of the Board, has put all that on record: When the order of business . . . reached the question of location, we became conscious of a heightened tension. Each member voiced his opinion and set out the advantages of the location he favored . Before going to this meeting Bell and I had a meeting at Saskatoon with several prominent citizens, and we were empowered by them in writing to guarantee that a site suitable and satisfactory to the Board would be procured at a cost not exceeding one hundred dollars an acre and of at

50

SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OF A UNIVERSITY

least one thousand acres extent adjacent to the City. This was used by Bell and myself as a trump card. When the balloting commenced, the tension was very great. We first cast a ballot for the different places. Then in succeeding ballots the lowest was discarded, till the issue stood between Regina and Saskatoon. When this ballot was being taken, the silence in the room could almost be felt. After the decision, we mutually agreed that the actual figure should not be made public. It was enough for me that Saskatoon was the choice. If the figures had been divulged, there would have been on the part of the public all sorts of surmises as to how this member and that member had voted. The reaction after the intense excitement left Mr. Bell and myself exhausted. I felt like a wet rag. We made our way to the telegraph office and the news was flashed to Saskatoon. At the hotel we were surprised to find no one about. It was evident that the people of Regina were so confident of that location being chosen that no interest was evidenced on their part. We hunted around to find Mr. McNab, who had been keen to know the result, and then went to bed. Next morning we took the train for home. When the train reached Dundurn, a special car from Saskatoon was hitched on to our train. It was filled with a joyous crowd of our fellow citizens whose rapture at our success was unbounded. On our arrival in Saskatoon every one and his wife and all the kiddies were at the station to welcome us. The steam whistles were blowing and the bells ringing; the cheering continued till throats were sore. I managed to slip away in the crowd and went down to my home. Soon a happy procession appeared, headed by a band. The centre of interest was a buggy drawn by ropes in which the Mayor, McNab, and Bell proudly sat. I was hustled into the rig, and the jubilant procession proceeded up town. At the corner of Second A venue and Twenty-First Street a halt was made and speeches demanded. We were told that when the news reached Saskatoon the night before at about 11.30, it soon spread. Whistles were sounded, and at first alarmed the whole town. People got up out of bed to know the reason and, finding out, crowded into the streets. The rejoicing was kept up for a couple of days, and was wound up with a torchlight procession.2

How did Regina take the news? W. F. Kerr, editor of the Regina Morning Leader, as a loyal citizen of his town had vigorously supported its claims to be the site of the University; but he was broad-minded enough to see the larger issues. Aware no doubt of the feelings of the Government, he wrote next day an editorial which turned out to be a very accurate reflection of the opinion not only in Regina but also in the province at large: The Board of Governors of the Provincial University have in their wisdom decided that the great future institution of learning shall be located 2Jn Narratives of Saskatoon, 1882-1912, by Men of the City (Saskatoon. 1927), p. 78.

CHOOSING A SITE

51

at Saskatoon, and despite any disappointment which may be felt by citizens in Regina, Moose Jaw, Prince Albert, Fort Qu'Appelle and Battleford that their home city was not preferred above their successful rival, the decision of the Governors will be readily accepted and loyally concurred in. The University is not a local, but a Provincial institution, and it was a proper and worthy ambition for any place to wish to become the home of the institution. Now that the question has been settled, it should be regarded by all as settled, and settled wisely and well. There should be no heart-burnings, no fault-findings. The residents of each of the several aspiring cities may still be as profoundly convinced as ever that the University would have attained to a greater measure of success and more rapidly, if located in their midst, but there is no longer anything to be gained by urging such views. There is one common duty now devolving upon each and all as Joyal citizens of Saskatchewan, and that is to accept the decision reached .... But now let the dead past bury its dead.

This generous and statesmanlike utterance won wide approval. The Board's decision was accepted by the public with remarkable acquiescence, and attention turned almost at once to considerations of getting the University started. President Murray, at the time, was personally disappointed. In replying to the representations from Regina citizens that their city was the logical site for the University, he had said that the decision should be reached apart from any and all local feeling, or religious, political, or other considerations, and solely from the point of view of what was best for the University and the province as a whole. During his visit to the United States he had anxiously sought for light on the problem of what would be the best community in which to place the University, both for the present and for the more distant future. His final conviction had been recorded in a report to the Board of Governors: Briefly, the reasons for placing the University at the seat of Government are three: 1. It will be better known and better supported by the Legislators, and it will be more responsive to the needs of the State.... 2. The Provincial Library with its collection of documents and records issued by the various governments and societies will be available to the University. 3. The greatest reason is the greater service the University can render the State. Wisconsin, we were told, renders its State from three to five times as much service as the Universities which are distant from their capitals. Last year Wisconsin had 41 professors serving the State in various capacities, some in three or four (capacities), and nearly all gratuitously.

52

SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OF A UNIVERSITY

Obviously President Murray favoured Regina as the site of the University. One day, while the matter was still undetermined, Premier Scott sent for the President and the Minister of Education, who were in conference. In the course of a general discussion about University affairs, Scott asked the President where he thought the institution should be placed. He replied: "At the Capital City." Scott said that he thought it ought to go to Saskatoon. This he said not in a manner of giving the President an instruction but simply of expressing his personal opinion. In the issue Murray voted according to his conviction, for Regina. The incident is an eloquent indication of the President's independence of mind and of the freedom given to the Governors to decide University problems for themselves. The members of the Board who came from the northern part of the province were conscious of issues which were less sharply felt in the south. To them it seemed that if the University was to be whole-heartedly the sole university of the province, then the first University of Saskatchewan, already established at Prince Albert, must be won to its support. Archdeacon Lloyd had offered good Anglicans an alternative, to the effect that no injury would be done to their charter which founded that first university if only the provincial university were placed within the Diocese of Saskatchewan, specifically if it were north of the northern boundary of township 34 running south of Saskatoon. This consideration was reinforced in the minds of Board members from Saskatoon by the understandable view that their city would be just as suitable for the University as Regina. They made the most of Premier Scott's adherence to the principle of decentralization of public services. Saskatoon had earlier made a bid for the Capital; having missed this prize, citizens felt that the University was their due. In the final ballot of the Board, Saskatoon was chosen over Regina by a vote of six to three. So disappointed was President Murray that momentarily he was tempted to resign. He laid his trouble before Chancellor Wetmore. In his quiet, self-restrained way the Chancellor suggested that resignation on the issue would bring no remedy but rather throw the University matter into the political cauldron.

CHOOSING A SITE

53

The President decided to carry on, and in the course of time the situation appeared in a new light to him for he came to see that it was immensely easier to keep the University in Saskatoon beyond political pressure than it would have been if the University had been placed under the shadow of the Legislative Building.

VII. THE LAND, THE CAMPUS, AND THE FIRST BUILDINGS

THE LAND

After the Board of Governors had decided to place the University at Saskatoon, "provided a suitable site can be secured at a reasonable cost," it authorized its members from that city, together with the President and the Deputy Minister of Agriculture, W. J. Rutherford, to negotiate with the owners of property for a suitable tract of land. At least a section of land, preferably more, was required, and it had to be satisfactory for farm purposes as well as for the location of buildings. Two sites were seriously considered. One was on the West Side, near where St. Paul's Hospital now stands. The elevation which has since been used for the hospital was thought of for the University buildings, and the level land running west and south was considered a possibility for the farm and experimental plots of the College of Agriculture. The other site was on the east side of the city, extending along the river front immediately north of what was then the boundary of the city and eastward as far as and even beyond the village of Sutherland-in fact the present location of the University. Rutherford was decidedly of the opinion that this latter site was the more suitable for the farm. It had a considerable stretch of land which had never been broken by the plough, possibly because of a low part sometimes under water. A portion of it was called a "slough." From a trail following the river downwards a branch trail ran northeastward ( roughly along what is now the far end of Temperance Street in the general direction of the School for the Deaf) to the area which won Rutherford's approval. He was delighted to find here land of good quality-a chocolate loam he called it-in adequate quantity and suitable for experimental plots. It was half a section in extent and lay

THE LAND, THE CAMPUS, AND THE FIRST BUILDINGS

55

east of the area considered best for the buildings. The portion of the site which, because of its gentle slope to the river, appeared to be better for the buildings, was also nearly a half section. The northwestern corner of it ( about thirty acres in extent) ran down to the river. Back of this slope, the higher portion of the landthat along the highway into Sutherland-was lighter than the rest, but even so was much better soil than that on the West Side of the city. Speculators interested in the development of Saskatoon on the West Side towards the Pleasant Hill district now took alarm. When it appeared that the Governors' choice would fall on the land on the other side of the river, they busied themselves to salvage their real estate expectations. At the eleventh hour they offered to the University a free site of a thousand acres. In vain! The fact that the College of Agriculture was to be on the same campus as the University determined the decision of the Board of Governors in favour of the site with the good soil. The Board members from Saskatoon were assisted by a group of citizens in securing options on the desired land. It was thought that the land should not cost more than $120,000. Regina had offered a free site for the University, at a probable cost to the city of $150,000. The city of Saskatoon had no intention of offering a free site-still less had the real estate speculators! Some of the owners of land on the river front thought that their block was worth much more than the committee of citizens was prepared to offer. Accordingly, in order to keep the total price down to about $120,000, Fred Engen ( who had come from Dakota and made money in his land purchases, and who had substantial holdings on the proposed site) agreed to guarantee that the University would not be required to pay more than the local committee thought to be reasonable. With Messrs. Butler and Byers he held a two-thirds interest in some 212 acres; he agreed to give an option for his part at $145 an acre, and, if his partners refused to accept this as fair, he bound himself to make good to the University whatever additional sum a Court of Arbitration would require the Board of Governors to pay to the owners. Messrs. Butler and Byers would not accept the price

56

SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OF A UNIVERSITY

agreed to by Engen; expropriation proceedings became necessary; and a Court of Arbitration dealt with the matter. The result was reported by President Murray to the Board of Governors on April 12, 1910, in the following terms: The Arbitration Court . . . in making the award valued the land at the date of entry, May 26, 1909, instead of April 19, 1909, the date of purchase. The award compelled the University to pay for a value which it had itself created. It was held that the University Act, when giving powers of expropriation, did not follow the Railway Act which provides that the value of land being appropriated shall be taken from the date of filing the plans, and not that of entry.

The price fixed by the Arbitration Court for the property rights of Engen's partners was $220 an acre. This meant that Engen's agreement would have bound him to make good $75 an acre to the University. He was, however, released from his obligation, but he did not recover anything additional on the land which he had sold for $145 an acre. Fortunately not all the land was this expensive. The more valuable holdings near the river were only a part of the area acquired; the property farther back was secured at a much lower price. In all about 1,300 acres were purchased at a total cost of $147,906, or an average of about $113 an acre. The land thus purchased for the University was north of the boundary of the city and thus, strictly speaking, outside of Saskatoon. 1 The city had already been subdivided, and its plan showed a street ( the present College Street) running east and west and "Broadway Avenue" coming into it from the south along the course of the present University Drive. All along the north side of the street were building lots which cut off the land purchased for the University campus, so that there was no way out or in except over the uneven ground by the river. The University had therefore to purchase its entrances. There were four lots blocking the passage of "Broadway Avenue" (now University Drive) into the campus. These were bought for $800. Similarly, lots were purchased at the other end of the campus to give an entry to the College of Agriculture. lln 19S9, by agreement between the University and the city of Saskatoon and with the approval of the Government, the University became part of the city.

Hon. F . W. G. Haultain

Hon. Walter Scott

Hon. J. A. Calder

Hon. W. R. Motherwell

THE FOUNDERS OF THE UNIVERSITY

R. J. Bateman

W. J. Rutherford

G. H . Ling

A. R. Greig FmsT l'ROI-'ESSORS AT THE UNJVERSITY

THE LAND, THE CAMPUS, AND THE FIRST BUILDINGS

57

Much of the area on the north side of College Street and contiguous to the campus proved very desirable, later on, to the affiliated colleges. Although Emmanuel College was built on the campus, the lots between it and College Street were purchased, and the frame buildings occupied by the students ( at first beside the hostel on Elliott Street until the College should be built), were removed to these lots. Here Rugby Chapel stands. Much later St. Andrew's College purchased a site beside the main entrance to the campus, and still later St. Thomas More College bought lots not far from the northern entrance. THE CAMPUS AND THE BUILDINGS

The site was chosen without much regard to the placing of the buildings, except that it was thought desirable to have them near the river. It was self-evident that many buildings would be required and that their construction would be spread over many years. As the requirements of the University would increase with the passage of time and as the province would likewise increase in population and wealth, the Governors thought it wise to begin where the need of immediate accommodation was greatest and to leave the more imposing and more extensive buildings to come in their due time. Since the need of the College Farm was urgent and the buildings there were not to be large or costly, it was decided to begin at the farm end of the campus and to expand gradually towards the river where, ultimately, the monumental buildings would be placed in the most beautiful locations. A plan of the grounds was prepared by Andrew Russell Campbell, C. E. This plan showed that the land from half a mile back has a gentle slope towards the river, where the bank is 60 to 70 feet above the water. On this slope the main buildings of the University were to be placed. Near the centre of the west end of the property there is a ravine or coulee running back from the river. The architects chose a main east-and-west axis to start at the centre of the ravine on the river bank, to run 17 degrees south of due east, and to pass through the centre of what was to be the College of Agriculture Building. The north-and-south axis was to cross the east-and-west axis near the top, the east end,

58

SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OF A UNIVERSITY

of the ravine. It runs through the centre of what is now the Memorial Gates, the main entrance to the University at University Drive and College Street. At the intersection of these axes it was planned to have a Convocation Hall in the far distant future. In addition a circular drive was planned to start at about 200 feet north of the Gates, run past the present Chemistry Building, and meet the north-and-south axis at the north boundary. The general scheme of the buildings was planned as follows. The College of Agriculture Building was to be at the height of the slope and at the centre of the east-and-west axis. The area between this building and the circular drive was to be devoted, on the right, to science buildings ( at present the Physics and Chemistry Buildings) and on the left, that is, the south, two Women's Residences (where Saskatchewan Hall and Qu'Appelle Hall stand now). South of the residences there was to be a Household Science Building. Between the north-and-south and eastand-west axes and the circular drive, a College of Arts and Science was to be built in the north quadrant and a group of medical buildings in the south quadrant. (The College of Arts and Science was placed near the ravine because the architects proposed to dam the ravine and make a small lake to add variety and beauty to the scene!) The south side of the circular drive, starting at its intersection with the east-and-west axis, was intended as the site of a College of Education. A library and a museum were to be located on the river front. The position of the science buildings calls for explanation. It was decided that the science departments were not to be identified with any particular college but should be University departments. For example, one building should be provided for Chemistry, and the students taking Chemistry, whether for Arts or Agriculture or Engineering or Medicine or Pharmacy, should all go to the same building. It was therefore important that the science laboratories should be in some central position, accessible to students from all colleges. The architectural design of the University buildings deserves some mention. The Committee which had earlier visited Ameri-

THE LAND, THE CAMPUS, AND THE FIRST BUILDINGS

59

can universities had noted carefully the materials and the styles of academic buildings. They had seen, for example, the curious mixture which had been erected on the campus of the University of Minnesota, as it was at that time, and had decided that there at least was something to be avoided. They had heard of the beautiful buildings and commanding site of Washington University at St. Louis, and had gone to see them. They had agreed then and there that if the University of Saskatchewan could secure buildings as beautiful in style and materials, it would be very fortunate. Further investigation had shown that this style, called Collegiate Gothic, had been adopted by Bryn Mawr and Princeton. This had confirmed them in their choice. To design the buildings the Board of Governors chose Brown and Vallance of Montreal, a firm of architects recently responsible for the design of the fine Medical Building at McGill University. In November 1909 Brown and Vallance submitted plans and specifications for the College of Agriculture Building, Saskatchewan Hall, the Agricultural Engineering Building, the Livestock Pavilion, and the Power House. After revision these were accepted, and tenders were called for on March 21, 1910. The University authorities had necessarily been hazy in their estimates of the cost of the buildings, and the architects had a higher standard of construction than was usual at this time in Western Canada. When the Governors examined the tenders submitted, therefore, they found that the total cost of even the lowest tender was far in excess of the amount they had anticipated. They accepted, on the advice of their architects in whom they had great confidence, the second lowest tender, that of Smith Bros. and Wilson, whose total estimate was $792,291 .85. This included construction of the College of Agriculture Building and Saskatchewan Hall in stone; the Agricultural Engineering Building, the Livestock Pavilion, and the Power House in brick; and the tunnels, the sewers, the disposal plant, and the water storage tank. Under the terms of the University Act the Governors had to secure the approval of the Provincial Government for the expenditure to be incurred, and now they had to go with a state-

60

SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OF A UNIVERSITY

ment of costs for the site and the buildings which was almost double the figure that had been anticipated. In presenting their case they reminded the Government that many universities, including those of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Toronto, had failed to forecast the rapid development of the modern state university and in later years had been forced to buy land at greatly increased prices and tear down old and often valuable buildings. An embarrassing aspect of their presentation was that the firm whose tender they had accepted was a firm which had been unsuccessful in securing the contract for the Legislative Buildings in Regina, had subsequently attacked the Government, and was therefore not in favour with the powers that be. It must be recorded to the credit of the Government that when they considered approval of the expenditure they were entirely uninfluenced by this situation. The Hon. J. A. Calder was Acting Head of the Government in the absence of Premier Scott when the Board of Governors presented a request for an Order-in-Council approving the expenditure. Naturally he was surprised at the magnitude of the request. However, he simply expressed a wish to have the opinion of officials in the Department of Public Works on the matter. They made a thorough examination of the type of construction and of the quality and cost of proposed materials, and reported that the prices were fair and just for the type of construction. This satisfied Calder, and he promptly took the responsibility of recommending to the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council approval of a capital expenditure for the university of nearly double the amount expected. The contracts were let and work began. The Canadian Pacific Railway put in a siding, so that materials could be brought to the site. "The Spur," as it was called, was first brought to the location of the Power House; later (June 1910) Smith Bros. and Wilson had it extended to the front of the College of Agriculture. The contractors started to work early in April, and erected their offices, bunk houses, cook houses, stables, and storage sheds. They were urged to make all possible speed with the construction of the Power House, because it would be needed to supply heat

THE LAND, THE CAMPUS, AND THE FIRST BUILDINGS

61

to the buildings so that work could go forward during the winter. The excavation for the Power House was completed in May. On May 4, 1910, the Senate met in Saskatoon for the first time and attended a simple and informal ceremony of turning the first sod for the building of the University. At the site of the College of Agriculture Building, in the presence of twenty-seven men and two women, Chancellor Wetmore, who appeared to be less adept at handling a spade than at wielding a gavel, turned the first sod. There was nothing in the scene to suggest the coming of a great institution or of the expansive farm in connection with it. In all the lonely prairie there was but one relief to the eye: a clump of half a dozen small poplar trees, the remnants of which still cling to existence near the hothouses between the College Building and the present College of Engineering. The contractors made good headway, and on July 29, 1910, the cornerstone of the College of Agriculture Building was laid by the Prime Minister of Canada, Sir Wilfrid Laurier. 2 On a platform protected from the sun by a gay stretch of canvas, and facing the College Building whose walls were already bearing the iron girders for the roof, was gathered the first distinguished group of personages to be seen on the campus. Sir Wilfrid was accompanied by Dominion Cabinet Ministers and Members of Parliament, who were of his party crossing the continent. The Lieutenant-Governor, A. E. Forget, whose career since 1877 had been identified with the West, was in the chair. President Murray was supported by five members of the Board of Governors: James Clinkskill, James MacKay, John Dixon, Andrew MacDonald, and W. J. Bell; and by as many of the Senate: the Hon. J. H. McGuire, Principal Perrett, George McCraney, M.P., Dr. Peterson, and Dr. Low. Mayor Hopkins and a group of the City Council of Saskatoon were there, and clergymen of all denominations, conspicuous among whom were Bishop Newnham of the Diocese of Saskatchewan, and G. Exton Lloyd, Principal of Emmanuel College. :l"fhe College of Agriculture Building, popularly called the College Building for many years, is now named the Administration Building.

62

SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OF A UNIVERSITY

James Clinkskill, on behalf of the Board of Governors, thanked the Government of Saskatchewan for its handsome and generous provision for the University and made mention of its promptness in accepting an expenditure far in excess of the original estimates. Premier Scott in a graceful speech invited the Prime Minister to set the corner-stone. Sir Wilfrid, presented with a silver trowel, struck the foundation stone and declared it well and truly laid. The tone of his speech may be judged from the following: This young University of Saskatchewan will be, as has been stated by Mr. Scott, a seat of learning not only as we understand the word "University" in former days, not only for the study of Classics, but also for the study of those modern sciences which are becoming more and more profound, and the efficiency of which is becoming of great benefit to us as we advance. Nothing is truer than that which was stated to us a moment ago by Mr. Scott, that Agriculture, which is the most ancient occupation of man, is now acknowledged to be not only a work of the hands, but of the brains as well. We are obtaining from the soil twice, three times, and even ten times as much as our fathers, with their rudimentary experience, obtained. 3

The student of today who passes the corner of the Building, hurrying to classes or engaged in gay conversation, might well give a moment's thought to the foundation stone. Within it is a box containing a Cree syllabic Bible, documents relating to the history of the University and of the province, photographs of the University officials, samples of market grades of wheat with an explanation of them, flora from the College farm, and copies of the Saskatoon Phoenix, the Regina Morning Leader, and other newspapers of the date of the laying of the stone. The building contracts specified that the College of Agriculture Building and the Residence were to have exterior walls of rock-faced Tyndall stone. After the stone work was started and several car loads of Tyndall stone were either on the site or in transit, a man named James Wilson proposed that the builders use a local limestone instead. This limestone was available about six miles northeast of the site. The contractors were instructed to build a sample wall of this stone for the Board's inspection. They did so; the Board approved of the result and 3Morning Leader, July 30, 1910.

THE LAND, THE CAMPUS, AND THE FIRST BUILDINGS

63

ordered the substitution of the Greystone for the Tyndall. The local stone proved to be a much better stone than the Tyndall; it was harder and more impervious to moisture, and its varied colour made for a more pleasing appearance of the finished wall. It was found later that where the Tyndall and the local stone had been mixed, as in some places on Saskatchewan Hall, the Tyndall became darker because it was more porous and absorbed dust and dirt more readily. The years have borne testimony to the excellence of the construction of the first stone buildings, both in workmanship and in the quality of materials. The bonds issued for the buildings have matured, yet the buildings are good for generations to come. The architects were represented on the site by J. P. O'Leary. while A. R. Greig, Superintendent of Buildings, supervised the construction, and J. F. Cahan looked after the tunnels, disposal plant, and sewers. Quicksands were encountered in some portions of the trenches and in one section of the College Building, and care had to be taken to prevent future settling. A tunnel bringing steam to heat the buildings was built from the Power House to the College Building, six feet wide by seven feet high. From this main tunnel laterals were run to the Engineering Building and the Livestock Pavilion, and from the south end of College Building to the Residence. These tunnels carried the steam mains. return pipes, hot and cold water pipes, and electric cables. The exterior of the buildings was nearly completed by the autumn of 1911. The interior work, that is, partitions, plastering, woodwork, floors. and so on, was carried on during the winter of 1911-12. The Engineering and Livestock Buildings were completed in the summer of 1912, and A. R. Greig gave a short course in gasoline engines to 147 students in August-the first class to be held on the university grounds. In addition to these buildings erected by contract, the following buildings were constructed by University employees and day labourers: a stone residence for the Dean of Agriculture, 1911; a frame residence for the Professor of Field Husbandry, 1911; the main barn, of granite stone to the loft floor, 1911; a frame house for the farm foreman and one for the farm workers, 1911 ;

64

SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OF A UNIVERSITY

a stone house for the President, 1912; a sheep barn, a piggery, and a small poultry house, 1912. For thirty years Alexander Roger Greig was Superintendent of University Buildings, caring for their beauty and preserving their utility. For their actual design he must share the praise with the architects-with David R. Brown, for their planning and their durability, with Hugh Vallance, for their appearance; Greig was mainly responsible for the excellence of their construction. During the long term of his service he supervised the erection and maintenance of buildings in which the University invested over three million dollars. Greig reported for duty at the site of the new University in July 1909. When he came he found a settler's shack, used for storage of wheat, near the site of the present residence of the President, and a diminutive barn where Emmanuel College now stands. Today, if you wish to see his monument, look about the campus. W. J. Rutherford, then Deputy Minister of Agriculture, was responsible for Greig's coming. They had been fellow professors in the Agricultural College at Tuxedo Park, Winnipeg. Rutherford had had an intimate view of Greig's skill and knowledge of building construction and was convinced that he would be very valuable to the new University. Actually his services were valuable beyond all expectation. During his first three years as Superintendent his energies were mainly devoted to outlining plans for building, to calling for tenders and making recommendations about them, and to supervising all inspection. His knowledge and his skill, his integrity and his vigilance saved the University thousands of dollars. Later on he made a no less valuable contribution to the University when he combined with his duties as Superintendent those of Professor of Agricultural Engineering. THE STONE SCHOOL HOUSE

Strictly speaking, the oldest building on the campus is the Stone School House on the Circular Drive. This was not the first building in which the children of the first settlers of Saskatoon

THE LAND, THE CAMPUS, AND THE FIRST BUILDINGS

65

learned their letters, but it was the first schoolhouse as such. It was completed in 1887, and served at once as school, church, Sunday School, and community centre for social gatherings. W. P. Bate, long-time Secretary of the Saskatoon School Board, wrote of it: From that little building many scores have graduated; a considerable number have gone out from it to fill with ample success their positions in life, who knew no other education than that gained under its roof through the ten years' teaching of Mr. James Leslie and his successor, George Horn, and the succeeding seven years under various teachers. To many ... it was kindergarten, public school, high school, and university. For them particularly the recollections associated with those humble walls still stir emotions as deep and worthy as ever rise in the hearts of alumni of the greatest University and the most historic "little red school." 4

The little building stood on Broadway Avenue, on the southwest corner of the school block. When a grander Victoria School was built, the little stone schoolhouse, like many another building cherished in the memory of people, cumbered the ground; but the early settlers revolted at the thought of its demolition. W. P. Bate urged that the building be preserved. The local branch of the Imperial Order of Daughters of the Empire (1.0.D.E.) took up his proposal and raised a fund for the purpose. The University gave a site and on several occasions contributed money for the upkeep of the building. For many years it was used as an archives deposit. The brass plate on its only door tells the tale: THE FIRST SCHOOL HOUSE IN SASKATOON BUILT IN

1887

AND MOVED TO ITS PRESENT SITE,

1911

BY THE DAUGHTERS OF THE EMPIRE AND PRESENTED BY THEM TO THE UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN TO COMMEMORATE THE CORONATION OF GEORGE V •In Narratives of Saskatoon, 11182-1912, by Men of the City (Saskatoon. 1927), pp. 85-6.

VIII. THE UNIVERSITY OPENS ITS DOORS

CHOOSING A STAFF

In his first year of office President Murray faced three major problems: the place of Agriculture in the proposed University; the location of the University; and the selection of the teaching staff. In the solution of the first problem he had the invaluable assistance of the Hon. W. R. Motherwell, Minister of Agriculture, and of his Deputy, W. J. Rutherford. In the second he had only to be the adviser of a very competent and well-informed Board who were responsible for the final decision. In the third matter he was all-powerful, under the University Act, but very much alone except for Rutherford's assistance in selecting men for the College of Agriculture. The President was inexperienced, without much knowledge of the principles of wise selection of teachers, and certainly without personal knowledge of a wide range of possible candidates for teaching positions. He was forced to rely heavily on the advice of friends, on his recollection of the practices of institutions which he had attended, and in the last resort on the opinions of men whom he judged to be trustworthy. Three friends he was able to consult with complete confidence on every possible occasion. The first was Dr. Robert A. Falconer with whom, as a fellow-student at the University of Edinburgh, he had discussed every conceivable question, with whom he had served as a colleague in Halifax, and whom he had latterly seen in high office as President of the University of Toronto. In this position Falconer saw every major university problem from the inside, and he became expert in judging men and in winning the confidence of able people. His integrity, his loyal friendship, and his candour were beyond question. Dr. Murray trusted him without reserve in everything; of him he said: "To him I owe more than words can tell."

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Another very intimate friend was the President's former colleague at Dalhousie, Dr. Stanley Mackenzie. He had studied at Dalhousie, had taken his graduate course at Johos Hopkins, and had come to know a very brilliant group of young scientists holding positions in several of the better universities in the United States. With these Mackenzie had kept in touch and through them had become familiar with American practices. To this experience he had added that of a year or more in the University of Cambridge with some of the most eminent scientists of the time. Mackenzie was better informed about young scientists, about recent advances in science, and about the organization of science departments than anyone else whom Murray knew well. His judgment of men was good, and his knowledge of university practices was wide and exact; he never failed to give the best possible advice. Dr. H. M. Tory, President of the University of Alberta, was one whom Dr. Murray came to know as a friend and to trust as a fellow pioneer in university work. Tory was the senior; he had faced the unknown first and had ventured much. He had had a good background at McGill and Cambridge. Moreover, he had had experience in administrative matters, and he had a wide circle of scientific friends of high distinction. He had seen McGill University in its most glorious years, and he knew a distinguished group of scientists, headed by Professor Ernest (later Lord) Rutherford, the great physicist. Tory was vigorous, daring, and decisive. He had a flair for public office, and later made a great name as a pioneer administrator in scientific research. It was natural that Murray should turn to Dalhousie, as Tory did to McGill, for guidance in university procedures, and also that he should look to the University of Toronto whose constitution and practices had done much to shape those of the University of Saskatchewan, rather than to McGill or to Queen's. At Toronto he found a great friend and counsellor in James Brebner, the Registrar, who never failed to give him the fullest information and the most disinterested judgments about men and methods. He had a profound knowledge of university men and their

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achievements, and only once or twice did his judgments prove to be mistaken. As for the matter of seeking candidates for appointment, the first question was, how? Should it be by advertisements for applications and by testimonials-the British way--or should it be by personal applications and interviews-the American way? The President chose the latter, believing that one can rely on the personal and private interview by oneself, or even by one's advisers, more than on the laudatory and often uncritical testimonials of men who are reluctant to tell the whole truth. Another question was how to determine the salary to be offered to prospective staff members. Should it be a salary fixed by personal bargain, or should it be a salary fixed by schedule? The system of bargaining is more flexible, but also more disturbing to members of a staff. Dickering is neither just nor dignified. The schedule with statutory increases eliminates the annual bargaining and recurrent dissatisfactions. The President settled in his own mind that the minimum requirements for a desirable candidate were a distinguished undergraduate course, an even more distinguished graduate course at another university which had attained eminence in the candidate's special subject, and successful teaching experience. In the humanities he thought it wise to appoint graduates of British universities, and in the sciences Canadians who had taken graduate courses at the better universities in the United States. For Agriculture he wanted men who had taken a good undergraduate course in Canada ( to be sure of their competent knowledge of Canadian conditions) and a graduate course in an American university which had achieved special distinction in researches in the candidate's chosen field. THE FIRST STAFF

The College of Agriculture did not open for teaching until the buildings, the farms, and the barns were ready-in fact not until October 28, 1912. For the first three years of its teaching history, then, the University existed only as a College of Arts

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and Science, giving instruction in temporary quarters to a student body of 70, 108, and 150, respectively, in the years 1909 to 1912. The first year's teaching staff consisted of the President and four Professors : Reginald J. Bateman, M.A. (T.C.D.), in English Edmund H. Oliver, B.A. (Tor.), Ph.D. (Col.), in History Arthur Moxon, B.A. (Dal.), B.C.L. (Oxon.), in Classics George H. Ling, B.A. (Tor.) Ph.D .. (Col.), in Mathematics They were a small but distinguished group. Reginald Bateman, after graduating from Trinity College, Dublin, with Highest Honours in Modern Literature, and after teaching for a few years in Ireland, came to the University of Saskatchewan upon the recommendation of Edward Dowden, the eminent Shakespearian scholar. His academic career was cut short by World War I, in which he served and gave his life. Those who knew him best said of him: "Intellectually, he was a signal example of the union of great ability and imagination with the modesty of a fine spirit and a sane and penetrating outlook on life . ... It was manifest to all that he gave himself wholeheartedly to his work with that enjoyment and appreciation which are essential characteristics of a true teacher. " 1 His name is commemorated at the University he served from 1909 to 1914 in the Bateman Memorial Prize and in the Bateman Professorship of English. The first Professor of History, E. H . Oliver, had been trained in Classics at Toronto, had taken his graduate work in History at Columbia, had travelled extensively in Europe and Palestine, had studied theology for two years, and had taught at Toronto and McMaster before taking up his duties at Saskatchewan. A man of amazing industry and of passionate devotion to his church and country, he kindled the imagination of his students and developed in them an ardour for research and a skill in exposition that made them teachers and leaders of men. Though his years in the University were few ( 1909 to 1914), his achievements in research and publication were extensive and valuable, and even when he left the University for the service of the !Reginald Bateman: Teacher and Scholar (London, 1922), p. ix.

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Church, he continued his interest in and devotion to historical study. Among a long list of publications one may single out his pioneer work in the history of Western Canada: The Canadian Northwest, Its Early Development and Legislative Records (2 volumes); Saskatchewan and Alberta, General History, 18701912, two volumes in the series "Canada and Its Provinces"; and Settlement of the Prairies, 1867-1914 in the Cambridge History of the British Empire. Oliver served on three commissions appointed by the Provincial Government, the most important of which were the Agricultural Credit Commission, 1913, and the Grain Markets Commission, in the same year. In 1914 he was called to be Principal of St. Andrew's College in Saskatoon, a new theological training school of his Church. In 1916 he served as chaplain of the 196th Western Universities Battalion, and for the whole Canadian Corps he organized "The Vimy Ridge University," an educational institution for the men in uniform. A leader in the movement which in 1925 united the Presbyterian, the Methodist, and the Congregational Churches in Canada, he was in 1930 elected to the highest office, that of Moderator, in the United Church of Canada. Arthur Moxon taught Latin and Greek in the University of Saskatchewan for two years. As a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford, he had turned from Classics to Jurisprudence, and so when the opportunity came he transferred from Classics to Law and for years thereafter gave distinguished leadership in building up the College of Law within the University. Nor did his services end there; after his retirement from teaching he gave many years of devoted work as member and chairman of the Board of Governors. The University expressed a small measure of its gratitude by conferring upon him the honorary degree of D.C.L. in 1953. George H. Ling came to the University on the recommendation of President Woodward of the Carnegie Institute of Technology, who regarded him as one of the ablest young mathematicians in America. In 1911 he became Dean of the College of Arts and Science and continued until his retirement in 1939; in this office he was largely responsible for shaping the educational policies

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of the College. Always he insisted on high standards and thorough work from his colleagues, and on industrious performance from the students of the College. His justice was tempered with kindness; he was strict without being severe. When parents came to him with pleas of indulgence for their children who had fallen short in their examinations, he impressed them as being thoroughly sympathetic while he remained deaf to their prayers. Most of the younger colleges of the University branched off from the College of Arts and Science. In their initial stages Ling was their Dean; he started them on their course with the high standards which marked all his own work. He was especially devoted to the College of Accounting ( now College of Commerce). From 1919 to 1937 he was Director of the Summer School; under his direction it grew into one of the largest and best known university summer schools in Canada. Beyond the University, he served on the Educational Council of the province, and for many years he was Secretary of the Conference of Canadian Universities. In 1929 he was elected to the presidency of that body. Dean Ling was a member of the best mathematical societies of America, and he contributed to their journals. But what most impressed those who knew him was his granitic integrity. His successor as Dean of Arts, Dr. W. P. Thompson, put his finger on Dean Ling's essential quality when he said: "Dean Ling's greatest contribution to the University and to the country was the unconscious effect of his own strong character. It would be impossible to overestimate that effect on the generations of students who came to know him, and through them on the communities in which they subsequently lived."2 THE FIRST CLASSES

Such were the men who instructed the first students in rented quarters in downtown Saskatoon. The scene was extremely drab, but the mood of both students and staff was lyrical. The province was moving rapidly towards what everybody felt was to be a 2Statement given to Professor Morton; in his private papers.

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great destiny, and the University, all were sure, was to have a spectacular career in tune with the development of the province. The professors were young and enthusiastic, just beginning to feel the charm of academic life. The students as a group were more mature than is usual with an entering class, but they were passing through a door that had hitherto seemed banged and bolted against them. They lifted their eyes from the grubby surroundings and saw the distant fields glowing in the sun. Here is a sketch of early college life by one who was young and gay and of the group: "The first home of the College of Arts and Science was in the Drinkle Block, on the southwest corner of Second A venue and Twenty-First Street. The rooms, on the third floor, were reached by an elevator; this convenience gave Saskatchewan the proud boast of being the only university in Canada with an elevator. The windows gave a wide view of the sparsely-built town; of the Post Office, diagonally across the street and opposite the Canadian Northern Railway station, where twice a day the mail was garnered from the University box, and across the dusty grac;s plots the Canadian Pacific Railway station which, at a dreary hour of early morning, welcomed most of the newcomers from the East. Not visible from the window, but most valuable for temporary sojourn and for daily meals, was the Flanagan ( a well-kept hotel at the corner of Third Avenue and Twenty-First Street); and opposite the Flanagan, on the present Birks corner, was a picturesque hive of busyness and business most characteristic of the town's life at that time: a tent where a Winnipeg firm was conducting a brisk buying and selling of real estate. "Emerging from the elevator, one took a few steps to the two class-rooms; a few more steps, and one reached the heart of the University's home: the library, a long narrow room with windows on the right side, and bookshelves, and inner office, and more bookshelves on the left. At the far end, beside a door, was the Secretary's desk, and through the doors and across a tiny corridor was the President's office. The so-called library did duty also as students' lounge, faculty common-room, and waiting-room for

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visitors. Here all the typing of the University was done, students were registered, text-books sold, library loans checked, mail sorted and distributed, and the electric bell rung for classes. Mr. Greig's hole-in-the-wall office might well have been called 'the prophet's chamber,' for here on blueprints were the buildings that were to be, with samples of brick and stone and all that might give reality to what faith and hope saw on the old Copland homestead and the Temperance Colonization Society's acres across the river. "Here on September 29, 1909,3 the University of Saskatchewan, in the form of the College of Arts and Science, entered upon the task for which it had been created. The teaching staff consisted of President Murray in Philosophy, G. H. Ling in Mathematics, E. H. Oliver in History, Reginald Bateman in English and French, and Arthur Moxon in Latin and Greek. In less than a week after his arrival Dr. Oliver had begun the collection of documents of historical interest, the nucleus of the University archives. Mr. Greig, the Superintendent of Buildings, was busy with plans and materials of construction. There was as yet no Dean of Arts; each and all had equal part in the organization of courses and of University life. "In the larger class-room, where there was a piano, in the late afternoon and evening, the students held sing-songs, meetings of the Students' Representative Council and the Young Men's Christian Association, debates, mock Parliaments ( where on one occasion the House of Lords was enthusiastically abolished) , lessons in boxing from the Professor of English, and social gatherings. Here also were held public lectures in History and in English, largely attended by the citizens of Saskatoon. These lectures were repeated during the winter in Regina and Moose Jaw. "The student body, seventy in number, though not so cosmopolitan as in later years, had interesting features. Exactly half came from Emmanuel College; of these possibly two were Canadian-born, the others being mostly English. Of the thirty-five BOthers say September 28, 1909.

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students aiming at a degree only two had been born in Saskatchewan, one the daughter of a pioneer farmer in the south of the province, the other the son of a clergyman who had been for many years in charge of a Presbyterian Indian Mission. Most of the others called some part of eastern Canada home, though there was an interesting sprinkle of men from Great Britain: one with the soft tones of the lowland Scot; one who 'had the Gaelic'; at least one Welshman; a Wesleyan lay reader from the English Midlands, gentle of voice and manner, who could, nevertheless, be roused to burning indignation when he spoke of the slave hours and slave wages which his ancestors had endured for generations in the coal mines; and finally, a ginger-haired Irishman who preached and played hockey with equal vigour. "The students were on the average more mature than at any time since. Some had been preachers, and some teachers, for a number of years, and they welcomed gladly the opportunity to equip themselves better for their task. A small and interesting group consisted of farmers and business men of mature years, whose seasonal occupations gave them winter leisure, and who, with no thought of taking a degree, entered with zest into the study of English and History. One of the youngest and most brilliant students, after post-graduate work elsewhere, returned to Saskatchewan and gave all the remaining years of his short span of life to teaching in his Alma Mater. One notes that, in spite of the restless fluctuation of population in the West of forty years ago, children of at least ten of the original seventy students of 1909-10 have since graduated from Saskatchewan; and also children of married members of the original staff. "The College life of 1909-10 comes back in pictures. There was the first function, a dinner held in Clinkskill's Cafe, across the street and next to the Post Office, given by President Murray to introduce the staff and students to the Board of Governors, when, either by skilful generalship or transformed by the rosy mist of memory, the speeches seem all to have been short and apt, and the occasion completely successful in making the three bodies known to each other. Then too there was the tea, hastily prepared

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under impossible circumstances for the staff, students, and University friends, when Sir George Parkin of the Rhodes Scholarship Trust visited Saskatoon-a veritable triumph of mind over intractable matter. One recalls the beautiful Sunday afternoon when the station bus was chartered to carry the College to the Emmanuel inauguration ceremonies held in a large shack-chapel on the prairie carpeted with late autumn flowers, now Elliott Street. There were such historic events as the turning of the first sod for the University buildings and, in the summer of 1910, the formal laying of the comer-stone by Sir Wilfrid Laurier, and the informal ceremony of the actual cementing of the stone later in the afternoon by less distinguished hands. "Many of the scenes that come to mind are set in the library, such as the first registration morning. All was in readiness, the staff, eager to be helpful, nervously betting on ten, twenty, or a reasonable number of students-most anxious that Saskatchewan's first enrolment should not fall below that of her oneyear-older sister, Alberta. Something seen from the window caught Dr. Oliver's eye. Surprise changed to delight, and he shouted 'Here comes Emmanuel!' (meaning the College of course) as a long, black column of thirty-five bobbing mortarboards and wind-blown gowns came into sight and advanced over the bridge. The desired registration was in sight. "In the library the student committee chose and practised sotto voce the Saskatchewan yell, in which the bad Latin but irreproachable and so soon to be tested sentiment of Deo et Patriae stands cheek by jowl with the Indian war-cry contributed by a student brought up on an Indian Reserve. Here on a late afternoon, when the students had gone and the library had become a faculty room, the University colours were chosen. Alberta had already pre-empted the obviously right colours for a prairie university, the colours of wheat in leaf and sheaf. On Mr. Greig's design pennants had been made in various combinations of colours, and were spread on the table. There was a moment's silence, and then Professor Bateman stepped forward and touched the green and white. 'The Irishman has spoken. So be it,' said

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President Murray; and so it was. In the same communal spirit the shield was chosen, not without spirited argument as to the implication of the three sheaves and the one book. 4 "The words 'communal spirit' describe the University life of 1909-10. It was an extraordinary combination of communism and individualism. Each felt himself an important and responsible part of a joint enterprise and was fired by an almost fanatic loyalty to the common cause. The town was proud of the University, and the University was proud of the bustling progress of the town. Every member of the staff was vitally interested in the plans of the proposed buildings, and each felt a personal triumph when President Murray returned from Regina with the news that the estimates for capital expenditure for buildings had been approved. The Province was young; Saskatoon was young; the staff were young; and the University was just born. All were buoyed up by youth, hope, courage, and the conviction that they were in the springtime of something that would grow to be very great. Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive And to be young was very heaven.

"Those who know only the Saskatchewan of the depression years will need to be told that 'this optimistic land,' words used by President Murray in one of his early reports, was a true description of the years 1909-14. It was a land, not of hope, for that is too weak a word, but of conviction of a great destiny. That the University held a leading role in that future all were convinced, and all were prepared to make their faith a reality. 'The world was all before them.' " 0 The exuberant mood, recorded by Jean Bayer in the above sketch of the first year in the Drinkle Building, continued in the next two years even though the University moved to another, and 4"The Oxford Shield with the three crowns and the one book was in mind. For the three crowns the sheaves of the shield of the Province of Saskatchewan were substituted. For the motto of Harvard University 'Christo et ecclesiae' the phrase 'Deo et patriae' was substituted, as befitting a State University in a Christian land." (A.S.M.) 6Supplied to Professor Morton by Miss Jean Bayer, Professor of English (died 1943), and slightly emended by the Editor.

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still another, temporary scene of operations. In the second year classes were held in what may be called the second Victoria School ( counting the Stone School as the first), a small twostoried frame building with brick veneer which stood on the school lot at the corner of Broadway and Twelfth Street. The third ( the present) Victoria School was being finished, and the offices of University administration were within it. During the next year the University was housed in the newly built Nutana Collegiate. It occupied the second floor and two rooms, one of them the Assembly Hall, on the third floor. Here on May 1, 1912, the first graduation took place, the momentous question of the cut and colour of the hoods having been satisfactorily settled. By autumn the greystone College Building on the University campus was ready for occupancy, and the College of Arts and Science and the College of Agriculture moved happily in together. The growth of the staff from year to year must have heightened the sense of great things ahead. To the original four professors in the College of Arts and Science, five were added in 1910: Professor J. A. Macdonald, B.A. (Laval), M.A. (Harvard), French Professor Ira A. MacKay, B.A., LL.B. (Dal.), Ph.D. (Cornell), Philosophy Professor R. D. McLaurin, M.A. (McMaster), Ph.D. (Harvard), Chemistry LecturerM. F. Munro, M.A., B.D. (Queen's), Hebrew Lecturer J. N. Speers, M.A. (Queen's), temporary teacher of Physics Two more came in 1911: ProfessorW. G. Sullivan, M.A. (T.C.D.), Classics Professor J. L. Hogg, B.A. (Tor.) , Ph.D. (Harvard), Physics In 1912, Professor Moxon having been transferred to the College of Law, Professor L. Brehaut, B.A. (Dal.), M.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), came to teach Greek and Philosophy. In 1913, three more came:

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Professor W. P. Thompson, B.A. (Tor.), Ph.D. (Harvard). Biology Professor J. W. Eaton, M.A. (T.C.D.), German Professor J. L. Burgess, B.A. (Dal.), Ph.D. (Harvard), Chemistry Finally, in the spring bordering on the years of peace and the years of World War I: Professor A. S. Morton, M.A. (Edin.), History Professor L. L. Dines, B.A. (Northwestern), Ph.D. (Chicago), Mathematics Professor L. C. Gray, Ph.D. (Wisconsin), Economics Professor A. E. Hennings, B.A. (Lake Forest), Ph.D. (Chicago), Physics ProfessorT. T. Thorvaldson, B.A. (Man.), Ph.D. (Harvard), Chemistry Professor F. H. Underhill, B.A. (Tor.),_M.A. (Oxon.). History.

IX. THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND THE EXTENSION DEPARTMENT

THE HON.

W.R. MOTHERWELL

No one had more to do with establishing the role of the College of Agriculture within the University of Saskatchewan than the Hon. W. R. Motherwell, Minister of Agriculture in the Provincial Government. Motherwell was born in Perth, Ontario, in 1860, and in his growing years shared in the privileges which came with the introduction of Free Schools in that province. His education was the best an Ontario lad who wished to be a farmer could get, for he graduated from the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph. He came to Western Canada in 1881, that is, as soon as he came of age, and settled at Abernethy on the north side of the Qu'Appelle Valley. This was at the beginning of the first rush of settlers into the second prairie level of the North-West Territories. In those early days the pioneer had two very difficult problems to solve. One was to discover the crops and seed most suitable for prairie conditions, and the best means of tillage. The other was how to get the produce to market under circumstances which would secure to the farmer a reasonable return for his labour. In short, tillage and transportation were the dominant problems. The pioneer was struggling with both Nature and Man. As it turned out, he appealed to Science for aid in solving the problem of seed and cultivation and to Co-operation in the fight for justice in the transportation and sale of his wheat. In solving these problems the young Motherwell became a conspicuous leader. His training at the Ontario Agricultural College prepared him to work with Angus Mackay, Superintendent of

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the Indian Head Experimental Farm, in leading the country into methods of farming suitable to the climatic conditions. In those early years he kept records of the tillage pursued on his farm, records which paralleled and amplified those of the Indian Head Farm. He was also the organizer and the first president of the Central Canada Seed Growers' Association. In 1901 an unusually abundant crop took the whole country by surprise, most of all the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, which had made insufficient provision of box cars for the transportation of grain. When the grain elevators at Fort William and those along the railway lines were full to the brim, the Company announced that it could take no further delivery of wheat. This brought on what the newspapers called the Wheat Blockade. At Regina, for example, 800,000 bushels of wheat had been shipped, 400,000 bushels were stalled in the local elevators, and another 35,000 lay in stores and granaries without prospect of immediate removal. At Indian Head, the point of shipment for Motherwell's district, the figures were 800,000 bushels shipped, 300,000 stalled in the elevators, and about 100,000 bushels more stored in 120 private granaries about the town. Everybody knew that there was room in the elevators at Port Arthur and Duluth, served by the Canadian Northern and other railways; but the C.P.R. insisted that it was not its practice to hand over its cars of wheat to other lines. On the Soo Line from Minneapolis to Moose Jaw, freight cars which had brought in the goods of settlers went back empty. The C.P.R. contended that this was standard railway practice and not to be changed. Had the Territories been settled by a peasant class, this treatment might have been suffered in passive resentment. But the Territories had been settled by free men from Canada and the British Isles, and men of initiative and courage were not wanting among them. A trumpet call to action sounded by Motherwell and others led to a first indignation meeting at Indian Head on January 2, 1902. As the Regina Leader stated on January 9: The grain growers of the Territories evidently do not intend to submit complacently to the imposition of the wheat blockade and encroachments of corporations and monopolies without a struggle, and the formation of

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an association of grain growers at Indian Head on January 2 was an initial step in a large movement to protect the interests of farmers of the West.

Motherwell was chairman of the initial meeting, and by election he became the first president of the Grain Growers' Association, which led the farmers of the West into the path of cooperation for the common good. Effectively supported by Haultain's Cabinet, the Association raised the blockade. Wheat was passed by the C.P.R. into the hands of the Canadian Northern and other lines and reached Port Arthur and Duluth, and returning cars went laden with grain to Minneapolis. It was a great triumph for the Grain Growers' Association, and particularly for its leader. When Motherwell became Minister of Agriculture in the first Provincial Government of 1905, farmers felt that an expert among them was in charge of the destinies of rural Saskatchewan. He called into existence agencies for bettering the conditions of farmers. A firm believer in education, he provided opportunities for farm boys. Mindful of the great benefits he had derived from his studies at Guelph, he sponsored a system of scholarships ranging from $50 to $200 each, to enable deserving lads to attend some agricultural school. For the farmers themselves he established a system of extension lectures and demonstrations, through the Agricultural Societies and other agencies, in cooperation with Angus Mackay and other men from the Experimental Farm. No less important was the Royal Commission on Agricultural Credit, 1913, the report of which paved the way for the legislation on which many co-operative enterprises of the Province were to be based. As Minister of Agriculture Motherwell made it his business to staff his Department with competent officials. Naturally he turned to his Alma Mater, the Agricultural College at Guelph, for trained men. He picked out a graduate of Guelph and of Iowa State College, W. J. Rutherford, then a professor at the College of Agriculture in Manitoba, to be his Deputy Minister. He chose also John Bracken, another brilliant graduate of Guelph, to be Superintendent of Fairs and Institutes. Without doubt, he had in view the establishment of a College of Agriculture with these

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men as teachers. In this connection, too, he made provision in the Supplementary Revenue Act for an allowance of 5 per cent of the moneys to go to the College of Agriculture and another 5 per cent to go to the University. The provision of 5 per cent for the University reappeared in the University Act of 1907, but not that for the College of Agriculture. Only when it was decided that the College of Agriculture should be on the campus as part and parcel of the University was the 5 per cent added to the revenue of the University cum College of Agriculture. It was characteristic of Motherwell that although his sentiments and experience favoured the separation of the College of Agriculture from the University, as at Guelph, he was prepared to consider the matter in the light of the most recent knowledge. When the Committee of the Board of Governors reported in favour of an agricultural college as part of the University and on the same campus, he sent his trusted Deputy, Rutherford, through the universities of the south to get an independent report. When Rutherford's report confirmed the judgment of the Committee, Motherwell hesitated no longer. With the characteristic spirit of magnanimity and disinterested service which marked his long public life, he decided not only to consent to the union of agriculture with arts in the new University, but also to turn over to the University all the educational work of his Department. It should be remembered to his credit that he did his utmost to make the College of Agriculture, and with it the University of Saskatchewan, an institution in the service of the highest good of the province. THE ADVISORY COUNCIL IN AGRICULTURE

There were some misgivings among farm leaders lest the College of Arts and Science should overshadow the College of Agriculture and should receive support from the Board of Governors and from the students at the expense of agriculture. To guard against this possibility and to dispel the fears, Motherwell had the Legislature amend the University Act in 1911 to provide for a special Advisory Council in Agriculture which should pay an annual visit to the University and satisfy itself

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that proper provision was being made for agricultural education. The Council, as first constituted, consisted of a number of ex officio members: the Minister of Agriculture, the Dean of the College of Agriculture, the President of the University, the President of the Grain Growers' Association, the President of the Winter Fair Board, the President of the Union of Rural Municipalities; and a group of appointed members, all practising agriculturalists: Angus Mackay (who was the first chairman), F. W. Green, 0. W. Andreason, E. Crain, and John Dixon. The Council's first inspection of the buildings and equipment of the new College took place on February 6, 1912. THE STAFF OF THE COLLEGE

Perhaps Motherwell's greatest contribution to the College of Agriculture was that he turned over the two best men in his Department to be its first professors: W. J. Rutherford to be Dean of the College and Professor of Animal Husbandry, and John Bracken to be Professor of Field Husbandry. Both were appointed to the University staff in 1909. Bracken took the first year for post-graduate study at the University of Illinois, and Rutherford engaged in the task of preparing the College for the instruction of students. Before a course in agriculture could be given, the farm and the experimental plots had to be made ready, and for work in animal husbandry a barn constructed and horses and cattle obtained. Rutherford was manager of the farm, and all the preliminary work was planned by him: the laying out of the plots, the fencing of the land, the seeding of the first fifty acres, the purchase of the horses and cattle. William James Rutherford was born of Scottish ancestry in 1868 in the State of New York, near a village almost within sight of the Canadian bank of the St. Lawrence River. When he was ten years old, his family moved to Dundas County in Ontario. He attended Morrisburg Collegiate Institute, taught school for a few years, and then took his degree in agriculture at Guelph. He taught at Iowa State College and at the University of Manitoba before coming to the Saskatchewan Department of Agriculture in 1908.

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He served the University with devoted loyalty until his death in 1930. As Dean of Agriculture for twenty years, he was responsible for the courses of study and for the initiation of new departments, such as those of Soils Science, Apiculture, and Farm Management. He supported the application of machinery to farming but opposed the tendency to abandon horses in favour of purely mechanized farming. Especially close to his heart was the Associate Course, begun in 1914 and planned to meet the needs of young men who did not wish to take a degree but who wanted training in scientific agriculture for life on the farm. At the same time he insisted that the degree course in Agriculture should not "unfit" a man for farming. In the early years he had two main delights: landscaping the University grounds and stocking the University farm with good horses. The campus as he saw it first was virgin prairie with a few clumps of poplar and some willow growing around the edges. He began by transplanting native shrubs from the river bank, and then little by little he transformed the campus into a thing of beauty. He loved good livestock of all kinds, especially Clydesdale horses. Through his efforts the University farm was stocked with some of the best Clydesdale blood available in Scotland and America. As the years went by, public service made an increasing demand upon the Dean's time and ability. He was a member of the Royal Commission on Technical and Industrial Education in 1910, of a commission to study the suitability of land for soldier settlement in 1919, of the Turgeon Commission to study wheat marketing in 1923, and of the Grain Enquiry Commission in 1928. A devoted public servant, a fine teacher, a close friend of students, he was appropriately memorialized by the student newspaper in these words: In the death of Dean Rutherford the University has lost a great man and the students a warm friend .... With the shy boy from the farm or the student who was making a heroic fight for an education he was most sympathetic and considerate.... His name will go down in history with that of his great friend and co-worker, Dr. Angus Mackay, as a great pioneer of scientific agriculture in Western Canada. 1 I The

Sheaf, Oct. 9, 1930.

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As Professor of Field Husbandry, John Bracken gave his

attention to field crops and tillage practices. During his term of service the fundamental problems of agronomy were studied systematically, and a scientific basis of crop production for the prairies was well established. The results of the investigations which he planned and directed during the first decade were compiled and published by Professor Bracken in two books, Crop Production in Western Canada and Dry Farming in Western Canada. These volumes were designed as a practical guide for farmers and technical agriculturalists, a function which they served with conspicuous success. Bracken left the University in 1920 to become head of the Agricultural College in Manitoba. The third member of the first staff in Agriculture was A. M. Greig, who doubled as Superintendent of Buildings and Professor of Agricultural Engineering. In Manitoba he had led the Agricultural College to recognize the place of engineering courses in agricultural education. He repeated his success at Saskatchewan, so that this University became the second institution in Canada to include engineering in the curriculum of Agriculture. One of his notable teaching successes was giving special courses to returned soldiers. These began in 1917 and were continued to 1922; altogether they were taken by about 1,200 men. No less conspicuous were his services in the Better Farming Trains operated by the Extension Department; these Trains carried special cars for the demonstration of farm machinery. To the original staff of three professors, the following were added in the years up to the outbreak of World War I: Professor A. M. Shaw, B.S.A. (Tor.), Animal Husbandry, in 1913 Professor G. H. Cutler, B.S.A. (Tor.), Field Husbandry, in 1913 Professor R. K. Baker, B.A. (Man.), Poultry, in 1913 Professor J. McGregor Smith, B.S.A. (Man.), Agricultural Engineering, in 1914 Professor R. G. Mac Kay, M.Sc. (Ames), Dairying, in 1914 Professor W. H. J. Tisdale, B.S.A. (Tor.), Animal Husbandry, in 1914

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Lecturer N. Wright, V.S., Veterinary Science, in 1913 Lecturer A. R. Weir, B.A. (Sask.), English and Arithmetic, 1912 In 1912 the College of Agriculture opened with 70 students; the next year there were 108; in 1914 the number had increased to 118. THE EXTENSION DEPARTMENT

A final and no less notable contribution of Motherwell's to the College of Agriculture at its inception was the transfer to it of all the educational work of his Department, including his cherished plan of bringing expert knowledge to farmers through the varied activities of an Extension Service. This Service, which he had initiated in 1905, had been carried on by the Fairs and Institutes Branch of his Department. Now (1910) it was turned over to the College, along with the services of its Superintendent, F. Hedley Auld, who became the first Director of Extension at the University of Saskatchewan. Motherwell also sponsored an amendment to the Agricultural Societies' Act whereby the direction and supervision of Agricultural Societies would be the responsibility of the Extension Department of the College. The amendment was approved by the Legislature and the transfer took place on March 1, 1910. By this transfer the Legislature endorsed the principle that all educational work in Agriculture should be centred in the College. In practice this meant much to the vitality of the College by quickening its connections with rural Saskatchewan. The period from 1910 to 1920, especially the first five years, was a time of rapid development in Saskatchewan agriculture and in services to the basic industry of the province. In 1910, 72 Agricultural Societies were functioning; by 1914 the number had risen to 140. During this period the Extension Department promoted short courses and institute meetings, plowing matches, field crop competitions, agricultural exhibitions, and special programmes for women. The President's Report of 1915 records the following activities in 1914: eight conventions and short courses,

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varying in length from four days to three weeks, held at the University and attended by approximately 600 people; thirtyseven short courses, from two to five days in length, held at various centres in the province and attracting some 3,250 people; 116 competitions, 241 institutes, and 100 exhibitions, all conducted through the Agricultural Societies and reaching 68,000 people. During this period ( in 1912) S. E . Greenway succeeded F. H. Auld as Director of Extension. One of the most colourful means of carrying information to the farm population, dating from 1914, was the operation of Better Farming Trains. This could almost literally be called "carrying the College to the country." The trains were equipped jointly by the Saskatchewan Department of Agriculture and the College of Agriculture and operated free of charge by the railways. The technical staff was provided mainly by the College. Each train, usually of fourteen cars and coaches, carried livestock demonstration cars, exhibition cars displaying farm products and equipment for the farm and home, lecture cars, a nursery car for small children, and sleeping and dining accommodation for the staff. Two or more stops were made each day; a well-organized lecture programme was offered; and the visitors were given an opportunity to look through the exhibition coaches and to discuss their particular problems with the staff. The spectacular form of this service attracted large audiences and focused attention on the problems of agriculture during the years of rapid development on the prairies. In the first year of the Trains 40,000 people attended over a period of five weeks; in addition, two dairy specials, running for two weeks, held 103 meetings and drew 6,500 people. One of the most striking developments in Extension work was the attention given to educational activities for farm young people. Stock judging competitions for both adults and juniors had been held from the beginning, but in 1915 a new activity in the form of a midsummer educational holiday for farm boys was begun at the Regina Exhibition. The boys attended in groups of ten, each group being sponsored by a rural muncipality. They were housed and fed on the Exhibition grounds; they engaged

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in judging competitions, listened to lectures, and participated in recreational activities, all under the direction and supervision

of Extension officials. This was called a Farm Boys' Camp. The movement grew until by the nineteen-thirties all of the Class A and Class B Exhibitions in the province sponsored Farm Boys' Camps, and most of them had similar camps for farm girls. HOMEMAKERS' CLUBS

The Extension Department of the University did not neglect farm women. On January 31, 1911, on the invitation of F. H. Auld and with the blessing of Dean Rutherford, forty-two women from eighteen centres came together in Regina to organize what is still a very flourishing and influential body of women, the Homemakers' Clubs of Saskatchewan. They met in a cheerless shed, and their clothes reflected the fashions of ten or fifteen years before. Many women wore what they had brought out from the East, or from the Old Country, when they had come as pioneer settlers. Some had driven oxen many miles to the nearest railway point, whence they had taken the train to Regina. None had any money but all were wealthy with a dream of building a worthy nation for those who should come after them. Miss Beynon, better known as "Lillian Laurie.'' afterwards Mrs. A. V. Thomas, was the adviser of the assembled women. She gave a stirring address on women's clubs, their nature and purpose, and she served on the Committee which drafted a constitution for the new organization, decided on a name, and chose its motto: "For God and Country." With Miss Beynon were associated Miss Mary Mantle, sister of Frank Mantle, Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Dean Rutherford's successor and coworker; Miss Cora Hind, who, though appointed as agricultural editor of the Winnipeg Free Press to attend a men's meeting in another hall, stole away to describe "A Model Kitchen"; Mrs. Nellie McClung, who spoke of "The Importance of Social Life in Country Homes"; Mrs. W.R. Motherwell, wife of the Minister of Agriculture, who took "Domestic Book-keeping" for her subject; and a Mrs. Elliott of Winnipeg, who told of "Experiences

TURNING THE FIRST Soo, MAY 4, 1910 James R. Clinkskill. Board of Governors, Chancellor Wetmore (with spade), President Murray (with cane)

THE LAYING OF THE CORNER-STONE OF THE COLLEGE BUILDING

Sir Wilfrid Laurier at the ceremony, July 29, 1910

1917 ( Sophomores who would graduate in I 9 I 9) Back roll': Edith Hartt (now Mrs . .l. II. Stephenson, Stranraer, Sask.): Loa Eyrikson (deceased) ; Ada Staples (now of Oxbow, Sask .). Front row : Beulah Bridgeman (now Mrs. Harry S. Hay, Saskatoon); Muriel Buttery (now Mrs. A. T . Eric Smith, Montreal) CHAMPION GIRLS' BASKETBALL TEAM OF

FIRST GRADUATING CLASS, MAY, 1912 /lack nlll': D . McConnell, M. B. Pettit. M. I. Oliver, W. E . Lloyd . Front row: H. McConnell , D. N. Hosie, Dr. Murray, J. J. Moore, J. Strain

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with Women's Institutes in Ontario." Other addresses on house plants, home nursing, water supply, and fattening poultry give an inkling of what the women at that first meeting thought useful and interesting. Under the stimulus of the Extension Department, the Hom~ makers movement spread rapidly. Within three years there were 150 clubs, varying in membership from a handful to a score or more. Within two years, that is by 1913, Miss Abigail De Lury, a graduate of MacDonald Institute, Guelph, who had come out to Moose Jaw as a teacher, was persuaded to become Director of Homemakers' Clubs as a part of the Extension work of the University. For seventeen years she performed a service of rare distinction and devotion to the women of Saskatchewan. Miss De Lury was a woman of remarkable character. As became an Irishwoman ( in spite of her name!) she was a lover of folklore and song, of the poetry and plays of the Abbey Theatre, and an advocate of the revival of the Irish speech. She had a happy knack of evoking the interest of others in books, in poetry and other forms of imaginative literature. One of her notable achievements was the building up of local libraries, which at length won the warm advocacy of Lady Tweedsmuir and the blessing of Queen Mary. Miss De Lury was quick in her sympathies for the less fortunate, the sick and the troubled, for those who had lost much, and especially for those who longed for the land of their birth. She cared little for material possessions, for wealth and the power which wealth brings, but she did care much for the things that minister to the spirit, to the hope and to the happiness of human beings. She gathered about her with uncanny skill a likeminded group of women devoted to the best in home and social life. One of the most notable was an elderly woman, Mrs. John Robertson, who served as Honorary President. She had gone from a home of comfort and cultivation to India, where her husband had been a planter. Then she had come to Canada with the Barr Colonists, but had settled at Bradwell. Her rich experience and her wholesome outlook on life, her courage and her happy disposition, gave character and distinction to the whole movement. A second was

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Mrs. Cameron, a lawyer's wife from Davidson. She had taken the LL.A. course offered at the University of St. Andrew's in Scotland to women who wished a university training similar to that given to men. She was young and energetic and had skill and tact as a leader; it was natural that she should hold the first presidency for an unbroken period of five years. Later she was President of the Dominion Federation of Clubs. Another woman, the wife of a farmer, had a love for literature and a passion for home, whether it was a cottage in a rose garden in England or a bleak house on the windswept plains of untilled Saskatchewan. She was Mrs. Harry Ducie, a President for three years. She was nearer to Miss De Lury in her love of literature and in her quiet devotion to the Homemakers than any other; perhaps this was because she lived at Dundurn, close to Saskatoon, and the two could often meet and plan together. The Homemakers' Clubs engaged in a variety of activities. Among things agricultural, they were interested in tree planting, in the work of farm boys' and girls' clubs, in poultry culling, in bee-keeping, in fruit growing. In matters of health, they promoted pre-school age clinics, pre-natal care, and the campaign against tuberculosis. They were concerned about the poor, the plight of new settlers, and the immigration question generally. They never failed to support efforts for greater educational opportunity, especially for farm young people. The University sponsorship of Homemakers' Clubs did much to give reality to a conception which President Murray put before the Convention of Agricultural Societies meeting in Regina in 1909: "We should have a University that will leave no calling, no sphere of life untouched; a University that is as broad as these plains, as deep in richness as this marvellous soil, and as stimulating in spirit as the breezes which sweep over our fields."

X. THE UNIVERSITY BEGINS TO GROW

The period 1909-14 was a period of considerable growth for the University. One of the first indications of this was the early recognition that changes in the constitution, changes in the structure of the Senate and of the University Council, would have to be made for the efficient operation of the University. CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGES

Under the University Act of 1907 the Senate had been given both legislative and administrative functions in matters educational. For the performance of its legislative functions one meeting a year might have been sufficient, provided that the Senate had been fairly large and representative of various interests, both territorial and educational. For administrative matters, however, several meetings a year were needed, and the Act had therefore provided for an Executive of the Senate, a body of five members to be called the University Council. That this small University Council could not include more than one or two University teachers in its membership was a prime defect of the scheme, because it was soon found in practice that the more important functions of the Council had to do with the co-ordination of the work of the faculties, with the teaching bodies, and the academic performance of the students. In the Scottish universities the professors, in what is called the Senatus Academicus, perform these functions admirably. Indeed the professors, who are conducting the courses and dealing with the students, are those best qualified to determine academic matters, provided that their decisions are subject to the watchful oversight of the Senate. For this reason, by an amendment to the University Act in 1909, the University Council was changed from a small committee of the Senate to a body which included all the deans and professors and which reported its decisions

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at regular intervals to the Senate. This change brought the University Council into constant and vital relationship with the several faculties and with the student body for the month-tomonth work of the University, while still leaving the Senate in over-all control of a developing educational policy. Another important constitutional change had to do with the membership of the Senate itself. In 1910 an amendment to the Act aimed at making the Senate representative of the different parts of the province. It divided the province into districts, gave each of these a member in the Senate, and in addition provided for four persons who would represent the province-at-large. 1 The results of the first election under the revised Act were as follows: District

.. .

Province-at-large

Regina Moose Jaw Prince Albert Saskatoon Battleford Yorkton Moosomin Weyburn

Representatives F. W. G . Haultain, B.A., Regina W. B. Willoughby, B.A., Moose Jaw D. Low, M.D., Regina A. M. Fenwick, M.A., Regina E. B. Hutcherson, M.A., Regina J. W. Sifton, B.A., Moose Jaw Rev. C. Young, B.A., Prince Albert G. R. Peterson, M.D., Saskatoon W. R. Sparling, M.D., Battleford A. H. Ball, M.A., Yorkton A. H. Smith, B.A., Moosomin Rt. Rev. J. Grisdale, D.D., Indian Head

AF FILIATED COLLEGES, SCHOOLS, AND SOCIETIES

By its system of affiliations the University in its beginning years considerably enlarged its influence and broadened its own character. The idea suggested by the word "affiliation" is that of "son," in the University context "adopted son"--or perhaps one should say grown-up adopted son, for the affiliated organization is self-dependent, self-supporting, and self-governing. Only it has 11n 1946, acting on a recommendation of a University Survey Committee, the Legislature amended the University Act to provide for representation on the Senate of still other interested bodies, such as the Saskatchewan Teachers• Federation, the Saskatchewan Institute of Agrologists, and Labour organizations.

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93

voluntarily agreed to be associated with the parent organization in the service of a common cause, education. Affiliation permits the influence of the parent organization to extend not only to its family on or near the campus but also to related societies throughout the Province, mostly in the form of setting good standards of academic and professional accomplishment. At the same time voluntary relationship permits freedom and variety of service. For example, affiliation of a theological college with a state university means co-ordination of effort between an organization specifically responsible for religious teaching and a state organization which must necessarily stand aloof from sectarian indoctrination. The standards of education in Arts are in a sense imposed on the theological college, but the sectarian outlook of the religious body is not imposed upon the university. As for non-theological bodies, the practice of affiliation extends the service of the university by bringing it into direct relationship with organizations for the control and the support of which it can be in no way responsible, but which it can encourage, assist, and guide towards good educational standards. Affiliation was a central principle in the organization of the University of Saskatchewan from the beginning. The first University Act made specific provision for one group of affiliates. In practice, however, three types of affiliation were recognized by the Senate in the formative years: ( 1 ) that of educational organizations, (2) that of professional bodies, and (3) that of theological colleges. In 1910 the Normal Schools and the Collegiate Institutes and High Schools were admitted to affiliation, each of the two groups being entitled to representation on the Senate. The Normal School connection did not mean very much at the time, for in those days the teacher-training course was not linked with the curricula of University studies. Affiliation with the Collegiates and High Schools was more important, because admission to the university was dependent upon the student's performance in the final examinations of the secondary schools, and a Committee of the University Council was to have a hand in preparing the questions for those examinations.

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Affiliation of professional societies incorporated by provincial statutes enlisted the University in the discharge of a most important function for the state: the examination of candidates seeking licence to practise a given profession. The accountants of the province were the first of such professional groups to apply; the Institute of Chartered Accountants was admitted to affiliation in 1910. Shortly thereafter ( 1913) came the Pharmaceutical Association, the Association of Architects, the Dental Council, and the Law Society. Others followed: the College of Physicians and Surgeons, the Veterinary Association, the Association of Registered Nurses, the Optometry Association, and the Land Surveyors' Association. Seven of these organizations were given representation on the University Senate, which prescribed the subjects for examinations and approved the appointment of joint Boards of Examiners. The most important type of affiliation, however, which the University established was that with theological colleges. In the period before World War I three such colleges entered into affiliation: St. Chad's College in Regina and Emmanuel College in Saskatoon, both Anglican institutions, in 1910; St. Andrew's College in Saskatoon, Presbyterian (now United Church of Canada), in 1913. Two of these deserve special mention because they are located on the campus and have played an important part in the shaping of University life. EMMANUEL COLLEGE

The Principal of "The University of Emmanuel College" in Prince Albert, the Rev. George Exton Lloyd, had been mightily pleased that the Board of Governors of the University of Saskatchewan had chosen Saskatoon as the university city, and he had had no difficulty in leading his Church to wholehearted acceptance of the provincial institution as the one University of Saskatchewan. His diocesan brethren decided very promptly that since the University at Saskatoon could give Emmanuel students instruction in those secular subjects which their College could not provide, they should move the College to Saskatoon.

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95

In May 1909 the College Board agreed that a new Emmanuel College should open in Saskatoon concurrently with the College of Arts and Science, and the site of old Emmanuel in Prince Albert was quickly sold to the Dominion Government for a penitentiary. Principal Lloyd thus described the hasty migration to Saskatoon: On Friday evening at 6 o'clock the examination papers were finished in Prince Albert, and by 8 o'clock on Saturday morning twenty-five students and three lecturers had their coats off, and tables, books, boards, lamps, desks, tents and kitchen utensils were being loaded in a wagon, and then on to a freight train for transportation to Saskatoon. Tents were pitched, and the cook installed. Hammers and saws were brought into play from early morning till late at night. Under the superintendence of a carpenter we went to work and put up the building for the new term of thirty-five men who would be coming in on September 25. 2

In this way they put up five wooden buildings and a car-roofed dormitory of sixteen cubicles, where the men slept in berths ranged one above the other. They called these buildings the College of Shacks. The following year they built six more buildings to accommodate another thirty students. In due time a site of five acres on the University grounds was allotted to Emmanuel as an affiliated institution. Some city lots on College Street were purchased, and then all the buildings on Elliott Street were moved on to the campus. Some new wooden buildings were put up, making sixteen in all. The last one to be erected was the present Rugby Chapel, generously donated to the College by the staff and boys of Rugby School in England. By this time the plan of training catechists had been superseded; Emmanuel became a full-fledged theological college. In 1910-11 forty-four regular divinity students were in attendance, together with eight catechists, making a student body of fifty-two, even after twenty-seven men had been ordained Deacons and gone into the field. The College Board reported that having a state university so close to the College had been of inestimable value for the work of the ministry in the Saskatchewan Diocese. •Rotunda (Emmanuel College Magazine), 1:3:26.

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Soon the present Emmanuel College began to rise above the shacks, like a mediaeval cathedral above a mediaeval village. Its architects were Brown and Vallance and its builders Smith Bros. and Wilson, the University architects and builders; this ensured that Emmanuel College should harmonize with the other buildings on the campus. In 1914 the Colonial and Continental Church Society of London, England, assumed chief responsibility for the maintenance of the College; they were represented by a local Board of Governors. Principal Lloyd resigned in1916 and was succeeded by the Rev. J. N. Carpenter, D.D., who guided the affairs of the College until 1919. ST. ANDREW'S COLLEGE

In 1909, shortly after it became known that the University Board of Governors would offer sites on the campus to affiliated colleges, the Rev. D. J. A. Carmichael, D.D., then Superintendent of Missions for Manitoba and Saskatchewan, made provisional application for a site for a Presbyterian Theological College. This was duly approved by the Board. In 1911 a Committee of the Presbyterian Synod of Saskatchewan reported that the number of Presbyterian students at the University who had been engaged in mission work and who intended preparing for the Christian ministry had increased from nine to twenty-five in the preceding two years. The Synod, meeting in Yorkton on November 8, 1911, adopted a resolution cordially endorsing "the proposal to establish a Presbyterian Theological College at Saskatoon in affiliation with the University of Saskatchewan. provided a guarantee of sufficient support is received." The Synod sought support for its project from the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Canada. Meanwhile it set up a Committee to do preliminary work. This Committee secured from the University Board of Governors a site on the north side of the campus near the river, drew up plans and specifications for a building, and authorized Professor E. H. Oliver, of the University staff, to organize a campaign for funds throughout the province. In June, 1912, the Presbyterian General

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Assembly approved the establishment of a theological college in Saskatoon. Plans were at once adopted to finance the erection of a building on the site provided. In the session of 1912-13 the Saskatchewan Legislature incorporated the College and gave it authority to grant degrees in Divinity. Dr. Oliver was selected as Principal; he was ordained and installed in office at a ceremony in Knox Church, Saskatoon, in November, 1913. A rented building on Albert A venue was secured for classes in theology, and in October, 1914, the Presbyterian Theological College began its work with a staff consisting of Dr. Oliver, Rev. M. F. Munro, B.A., B.D., and Rev. D. S. Dix, M.A., Ph.D. In the first session 37 students were enrolled. Unfortunately, the opening of the College coincided with the. outbreak of World War I, and work on the building was suspended indefinitely. Principal Oliver and many of the students enlisted for war service. After the war the Church purchased lots on College Street near the gateway to the University, a contract was let for the present building in May, 1922, and the building was opened for classes in September, 1923. In 1924 the name of the College was changed to St. Andrew's College. NEW COURSES

The growth of the University in the years before the war is recorded also in the establishment of the College of Law and of two Schools within the College of Arts and Science, those of Pharmacy and Engineering which were soon to develop into colleges. The College of Law got under way in 1913. Professor Moxon from Classics and Professor MacKay from Philosophy, who had been trained in Law at Oxford and Dalhousie respectively, went to the new college, and were assisted by four lecturers from the legal profession in Saskatoon. The first class in Law, eight in number, was graduated in 1915. The School of Engineering grew out of a condition in the College of Agriculture which made a course in civil engineering desirable. The Department of Agricultural Engineering in the

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SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OP A UNIVERSITY

College had become one of the most important in the University. It was really a Department of Mechanical Engineering and required courses in Drawing, Shopwork, and to some extent in Surveying and Descriptive Geometry, which might be given for Civil Engineering. In 1911 the University was constructing a water and sewerage system and required for it the services of a competent inspector of construction. J. Cahan, a member of a young firm of engineers, Mackenzie and Cahan, was appointed. His partner during the summer months was engaged in contract work, but during the winter he was free and ready to give instruction at the University. Accordingly, in 1912 C. Jack Mackenzie was appointed Sessional Lecturer in Civil Engineering. In 1913 he was made Professor, and in 1915 John Oliver was engaged as his assistant. There was a class of sixteen students in the School during the first year of the war, but this dwindled to six in the following session. Of these, three received degrees in 1916. Six students of the School enlisted in the course of that year. So did the staff. Mackenzie and Oliver received commissions in the Western Universities Battalion and proceeded overseas. The School was closed "for the duration." The School of Pharmacy was more fortunate. It came into being with the financial support of a professional organization. The Pharmaceutical Association of Saskatchewan had eagerly sought affiliation with the University, not only to co-operate with the University in the conduct of examinations for a professional licence, but also to raise the standards of practice through the establishment of a professional school. Under the leadership of Robert Martin, a pioneer druggist of Regina, the Association expressed a readiness to transfer some of its accumulated funds to the University on condition that the University would support a School of Pharmacy acceptable to the profession. The Board of Governors agreed, and Robert Martin, as treasurer of the Association, had the pleasure of transferring $15,000 to the University for this purpose in 1913. As soon as the School began its work ( 1914) the Association passed over the control of its examinations to the University.

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99

Much of the great success of the School (later College) of Phannacy and its happy relations with the University was due to the good fortune which brought Alexander Campbell from London, Ontario, in the early days of Saskatoon, and made his services available as Professor of Pharmacy and from 1922 as Dean of the College. Campbell had been associated with William Saunders, a chemist of rare ability, who was asked by the Dominion Government to become Director of the Experimental Farm near Ottawa, where he and his son Charles bred the famous Marquis Wheat. Campbell had something of the same outlook and scientific ability, and he gave to the new School an efficiency and a distinction which has had a profound influence upon the pharmaceutical profession. The educational development of the University was advancing more rapidly than its physical equipment. In 1909 the teaching staff numbered four professors in Arts; in 1914 work was being done in three Colleges and two Schools by twenty-eight professors, two instructors, twelve lecturers, and two Extension

workers.

THE STUDENT BODY

The growth in the number of students was equally satisfactory.

The University had opened in 1909 with 70 students; in 1914 there were 445. Especially interesting is the national origin of the student body in the year before the war: 177 reported themselves as Canadians, 137 as English, 55 as Scottish, 30 as Irish, 2 as Welsh, 19 as Americans, 10 as Germans, 8 as Scandinavians, 3 as Icelandic, and 2 each as French, Russian, Roumanian, and Ruthenian. The students of non-English-speaking origin, in several instances, attained high distinction. The most distinguished student among the graduates of 1914 won the triple distinction of High Honours in Mathematics and Physics, a gold medal, and a travelling fellowship. He was the son of an Italian who had come to Canada not many years before. In 1914-15 the GovernorGeneral's medal in Agriculture went to the son of a German Mennonite, while his closest competitor was of Icelandic origin.

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SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OF A UNIVERSITY

That year two candidates for the Governor-General's medal in Arts were found to have attained unusually high standing; one of them was a young Roumanian who had been in the country less than three years. One of the candidates receiving the B.A. degree had been born in Russia and had come as a child to Canada with the Doukhobors about fifteen years before. At this early date it was clear that young Canadians of widely different origin could study together and play together on the campus and come to a mutual understanding and respect which augured well for the future. In short, the University was beginning to play its proper part in the polyglot Province of Saskatchewan. The students were not slow to organize themselves for recreation and self-government. For several years the University Calendar used to carry this sentence: "A mass meeting of the students was held on Thursday, October 7, 1909, when the first societies were organized." That is, within ten days of the first University registration, student government was initiated. The Students' Representative Council came first, under the inspiration of Howard McConnell, who had attended the University of Toronto for one year and had observed the Students' Council there; he became the first President of the S.R.C. in the University of Saskatchewan. Three other societies were organized in 1909: a Literary Society, under the presidency of Exton Lloyd, son of the Principal of Emmanuel; the Athletic Association, under the dynamic leadership of Jimmy Malcolm; and the Young Men's Christian Association, headed by John Rae who afterwards attained distinction in the Church of Scotland. In the next year a Glee Club was founded, with Professor Bateman as President and T. A. Home as Conductor. Then came a club for women students, whose first President was Mary Oliver. Its distinctive name was the inspiration of Jean Bayer, first secretary to the President and later Professor of English for many years; because there were fifteen women undergraduates at the time, Miss Bayer suggested the Greek words, Pente Kai Deka, five and ten, as a suitable name.

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A Dramatic Society and a Young Women's Christian Association were organized in 1912, and the Agricultural Union when the first students of Agriculture appeared on the campus. Other clubs with specialized interests, such as the Paskoya Club of philosophers and the Assiniboia Club concerned with New Canadians, flourished until the pressure of wartime activities thrust them into the background. In contrast, the Students' Historical Association appeared at the very height of the war, in 1917, and the Shuttleworth Mathematical Society in 1916. It took its name from Roy Shuttleworth, a brilliant Honours student in mathematics, who gave his life in the war. A student publication, The Sheaf, was begun in 1912 and was issued monthly until 1920. It was printed on good glossy paper and carried illustrations of various kinds: photographs, sketches, pen-and-ink drawings. The Sheaf had the usual reports of student activities in colleges, societies, and athletics, but it featured articles of serious and sometimes continuing interest, as for example a two-and-a-half page article in the first number on "The Relation of Theological Colleges to the University." Staff and students appear to have been on intimate and friendly terms, for articles by the professors were printed in the journal from time to time. There was also a good deal of student poetry, and as the shadow of war darkened the campus more and more there were letters from students who had gone overseas. THE OFFICIAL OPENING

The climactic moment of the first phase of the University's growth was the official opening of the University on May 1, 1913, coincidental with the first Convocation held on the University grounds. At the Convocation ceremony in the afternoon, nineteen students, a large number as it seemed at the time, received their degrees. Chancellor Wetmore was not able to attend; for the day Chief Justice Haultain appropriately occupied the Chancellor's chair. The notable feature of the afternoon was the encouraging report of the President, reviewing the developments

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from 1909, and the address of President Falconer of the Uni• versity of Toronto. He said, in part: . • • This has been to me an extraordinarily interesting occasion. After listening to the President's report, one realizes as never before how rapidly the life of this country is developing. To consider what has been done during the past ten years, and particularly during the past five, is to force upon one the amount of energy, the amount of wisdom, and the exact amount of foresightedness which went to placing you where you are to-day. . . . You may congratulate yourself on what has been done for you by your Legislature, or what you have done for yourselves through your Legislature, and I may perhaps, as an outsider, be permitted to congratu• late you on the results which I see before me.. •.8

President McLean of the University of Manitoba followed President Falconer. He said, in part: It is a great thing to found a Provincial University. It is a greater thing to found a University Province. When this University touches directly or indirectly every man, woman and child in the Province, then it will have turned Saskatchewan into a University Province. 4

The greatest interest of the day, however, was centred on the official opening and dedication ceremony which took place in the evening. Lieutenant-Governor Brown, the representative of the Crown and officially the Visitor of the University, presided. He congratulated Saskatoon upon having chosen the most beauti• ful spot in the city for the site of the University, and called upon Premier Scott to deliver the dedicatory address and to declare the buildings open. Scott said, in part: That this Saskatchewan University will very soon become an immense institution in point of attendance needs no prophet to foretell. But we want it to be something more and better than big. It was a German who advised that votes should be weighed, not counted. The work of a University cannot be measured in mathematical terms. The yard-stick for its work must be sought in the homes of the Province and in the work being done by the Legislature and Government, as a result of the training given and the influence exerted by it, and in the eleemosynary institutions and the churches and kindred bodies, and in the fraternal organizations within the Province-because these upon the University, and the University upon these, will mutually act and react....1 SMornlng Leader, May 2, 1913. •Ibid. llfbid.

THE UNIVERSITY BEGINS TO GROW

103

Chief Justice Haultain at the conclusion of the ceremony said that generations to come would call Premier Scott blessed for the generous provision his Government had made for higher learning in Saskatchewan. The Regina Morning Leader next day called attention to the significance of the occasion for the whole province: With the official opening yesterday the University of Saskatchewan passed from a university in bud to one in first flower. It was a graduation for the Institution as well as the students. The hazards of the first two or three years, when classes went from pillar to post wherever room was available, are over. The faculty and students have now a house of their own. The first and most difficult stage of the formative period is over. And the University now enters upon a period of constructive growth which promises big things in the educational life of the Province.

Such were the hopes of the hour. Little did anyone see that even greater hazards lay ahead. In slightly more than a year the normal development of the University in an era of peace was brought to a sudden stop by the shattering outbreak of World War I.

XI. THE UNIVERSITY IN THE WAR AND AFTER

THE IMPACT OF WAR

When war came in 1914, the University was better prepared for the shock than it would have been three years earlier. It had completed the first group of buildings, which were adequate for the needs of the time save in the accommodation provided for the science laboratories and the library. The two fundamental faculties, Arts and Science and Agriculture, had been well organized and were in satisfactory operation. Their staffs were adequate in number and had been carefully selected. The courses of study were of a high standard. Finally, the number of students enrolled was greater than had been expected, and their quality was most promising. The University had been in operation for five years. It had won the approval of the public and the generous support of the Legislature. There was an excellent spirit within the institution, and great good will was being manifested by the farmers and others whom the University served. Prospects for the future seemed very bright. When war was declared there was much confusion of mind among students of Canadian birth. To them war had hitherto seemed little more than a romantic adventure to some distant part of the Empire, such as South Africa. Serious war was entirely remote from their experience, remote in time as well as in place. Furthermore, when the call for volunteers came in August, students were scattered far and wide. They had no chance to talk things over with their fellows; any sort of collective response was impossible. The British-born were different, and their response was instinctive and decisive. The call to arms was an appeal from the

THE UNIVERSITY IN THE WAR AND AFTER

105

Motherland; they must answer it as quickly and effectively as possible. At Emmanuel College there was a strong and active group of British youths who had come to prepare themselves for the ministry of the Church of England in Canada. They were under the leadership of Principal G. E . Lloyd, who years before had come out from England as a missionary priest to the NorthWest and had played a distinguished part in the suppression of the Saskatchewan Rebellion of 1885. His ardent spirit, his courage, and his pronounced advocacy of all things British had a profound influence upon the members of his College. It was not a matter of chance that the University's first response to the call to arms came from Emmanuel College. The first appeal for enlistment made to university people as a group came in September. The first Contingent of the Expeditionary Force had gone to Valcartier, and recruits were called for a new battalion, the 28th, under Colonel Embury of Regina. Professor Bateman, one of the original group of professors, organizer of the first choral society, and a leader of the students both in athletics and in their Literary Society, was one of the first to offer his services. With him was Professor Brehaut of the Department of Philosophy. Among the students there was not a little discussion of the propriety of professors leaving their classes at short notice and going off to war. Professor Bateman in an address to the Y.M.C.A. had spoken of the duty to fight and of the ennobling effects of war upon those who accepted the challenge of duty. This provoked Ross Macpherson, editor of The Sheaf and a former newspaper man, to speak in the college paper of Bateman's "Viking-like thirst for glory" and Brehaut's "hunger for experience of life" and to protest against their desertion, in mid-term, of students who had come to college in good faith and at much expense.1 Many of the students, however, followed their professors' example, and on November 1 the first group lined up on the prairie and marched off to the station, there to entrain for Winnipeg. By their enlistment some classrooms which had formerly been filled to capacity were reduced by more than half. 1The Sheaf, 3:2:39.

106

SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OF A UNIVERSITY

The Officers' Training Corps in the older universities made provision for the training of students before enlistment. The University of Saskatchewan had no O.T.C. at the time, but attempted to make temporary provision for training those who were continuing their studies. There were over two hundred men ( excluding Associates in Agriculture, who came in late in October) who were ready to take training. Captain Yeates Hunter, who had served in India and South Africa and who had come to the University for a special course in English preparatory to entering the ministry of the Church of England, was asked to take charge of the drilling. Some of the senior professors "formed fours" and presented arms with dummy guns in the broad basement of Saskatchewan Hall, under the direction of Professor Campbell, who had served in the Saskatchewan Rebellion. The second group of University men to enlist was led by the same Macpherson who had complained of Professor Bateman's desertion of his classes. This group answered the call of McGill University to Saskatchewan to send at least two platoons of sixteen men each, with a non-commissioned officer, to join the contingent which McGill was to train in the 58th Battalion for overseas service. Later it was decided to send these men as reinforcements to the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, and all too soon the Saskatchewan group was in France with this famous battalion. Ross Macpherson, who had begun as a private, rose to be second in command of the Princess Pats, received the D.S.O. for valour, and was subsequently killed in action. He was probably the most distinguished of all the soldiers who went from the University of Saskatchewan. The third large group of enlistments began in February 1916 when the Western Universities Battalion came into being. Students who had enlisted individually in various units felt that they had lost their identity as university men, and others desiring to offer their services expressed a preference to serve in a battalion of university men. In response to such sentiments, a conference of the representatives of the four Western Canadian Universities meeting in Edmonton decided to ask the Minister of Militia to authorize the formation of such a battalion. The Minister agreed,

THE UNIVERSITY IN THE WAR AND AFTER

107

and recruiting for the new unit began. Each university was to raise a Company of about 250 men. Professor Bateman was brought back from France to command the Saskatchewan Company, and preliminary training of the men began in the new University residence, Qu'Appelle Hall. In June the Company joined the other Companies at Camp Hughes, and in October the whole Battalion went over to England. The men of the Western Universities Battalion had hoped to be sent to France as a unit, but this proved impossible because in France there was a greater need for reinforcements than for an additional battalion. Much to their disappontment they were dispersed among other service units. The Duval draft was the last of the group enlistments. It was so called because Edward Duval, superintendent of the Saskatoon division of the C.P.R., eagerly undertook to enlist a group of men in March 1917. The offices in Qu'Appelle Hall which had been used by the Western Universities Battalion were assigned to him, and after much difficulty he succeeded in raising about fifty men, of whom twelve were undergraduates. They were sent forward when the need for reinforcements was most urgent and reached France in mid-summer. Conscription, shortly after, brought voluntary enlistment in the army to a close. Then the students volunteered for the Air Force. Forty-six were accepted for this service. Several others were accepted for training in the Officers' Training Corps. In all, 330 students went from the University of Saskatchewan for service overseas. Thirty-six received military decorations, some more than one; seventeen received the Military Cross, thirteen the Military Medal, four the Distinguished Conduct Medal, three the Distinguished Service Order, and one the Croix de Guerre. Sixty-six students and Professor Bateman gave their lives. Their names are inscribed on the tablets of the Memorial Gates at the entrance to the University. Some idea of the demand upon the University for wartime service may be gathered from the fact that of the 148 men who received degrees in the period 1912 to 1918, 72 enlisted. In the war years, 1914-18, about 450 men were enrolled in the Uni-

108

SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OP A UNIVERSITY

versity at one time or another; the gross attendance in that period dropped one-third. The class of 1917 in particular was badly shattered; in Arts three-fourths enlisted, in Agriculture onehalf, in Law two-thirds, in Engineering all. SPECIAL COURSES FOR RETURNED MEN

From 1916 on soldiers who had been seriously disabled or who were otherwise unfit for further war service began to return to their native provinces anxious to prepare themselves for civilian occupations. The University learned from their inquiries and from the experiments in wartime teaching at the Khaki University that education could help the returned men to adjust themselves to new conditions. The Department of Agricultural Engineering, under Professor Greig, had won the confidence of Saskatchewan farmers, who were turning more and more to the use of machinery in farm operations. The Department believed that courses in farm machinery, especially in Tractor Engineering, could be very useful to young farmers, and accordingly were ready to provide training when returned soldiers began to ask what help the University could give them. In 1917 courses were given to 7 6 men, in the next year 212. More courses were added, mainly in vocational subjects such as Motor Mechanics but also in matriculation subjects which would put men in the way of beginning a degree course. In 1919-20, 364 men took vocational courses, 37 took matriculation courses, and 40 took special instruction for new settlers. After 1922 the courses were discontinued, but during the five-year period of their continuance nearly 1,200 men took training with excellent results. Another much-prized privilege was granted to men who returned from the war to complete their interrupted courses, and also to returned soldiers entering the University for the first time. They were exempted from the payment of tuition fees. In 1919-20, 17 5 men took advantage of this concession, in 1920-21, 152; and such remission of fees continued until 1926.

THE UNIVERSITY IN THE WAR AND AFTER

109

"THE FLU"

An epidemic of the deadly Spanish Influenza made its way westward in the autumn of 1918. When the epidemic approached Saskatoon, the University decided to quarantine such teachers and students as were willing to be cut off from all outside contact and to continue their studies in isolation. The residences were full from October to Christmas. Emmanuel College was converted into a hospital with Dr. G. R. Peterson in charge. Professors Thorvaldson and Cameron, of the Chemistry Department, assisted in the necessary laboratory work. The wives of certain citizens who had once been nurses returned to the profession in the emergency, and a number of University girls, who had never done professional nursing but who were as eager to show that they could share the dangers of a disaster as their fellow students who had gone to war had been, volunteered to be nurses at Emmanuel College. Mrs. Macdonald, the wife of the Professor of French and an experienced nurse, accepted responsibility for the direction of these girls. Mrs. Murray, the President's wife, turned her home into a residence for them, and Miss De Lury assisted her in caring for them. Conditions could not have been much worse in the improvised hospital. Only the advanced, the hopeless cases were sent to Emmanuel. Sanitary conditions were most unsuitable for a hospital, and yet cleanliness was essential. Three male students volunteered to do the scrubbing; within three days all fell ill and one died. Yet the girls continued their daily duty, in eight-hour periods, throughout the course of the scourge. Their names are inscribed on scrolls on the wall above the stairway to the left of the entrance of the College ( now Administration) Building. DEVELOPMENTS IN SPITE OF WAR

The University grew during the war, one might well say, in spite of war and in spite of the large number of students who enlisted. Indeed the opportunity to provide teaching in Accounting came as a result of the war. When the Bursar, J. E . Reaney,

110

SASICATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OF A UNIVERSITY

enlisted, I ames Neilson, at the time in the service of the city of Saskatoon, was named Acting Bursar and concurrently appointed as Professor of Accounting. Neilson had a high reputation as a teacher in a Saskatoon Collegiate, as a public servant, and as a business man of integrity. He had been a member of the Joint Board of Examiners for Chartered Accountants, and he continued his membership after being appointed to the University staff. He did not, however, begin teaching until 1917, and the first degree in Accounting was not conferred until 1923. From this modest beginning has developed the present College of Commerce. The University Summer School emerged in this period. For the first three years, 1914-17, the Department of Education assumed responsibility for the direction and support of the School, and only school teachers took the courses; these were designed to improve instruction in agriculture, household science, nature study, art, and elementary science in the schools of the Province. In 1917, at the request of the Department, the University took over the management of the School, the Department continuing its support of the courses for teachers and the University offering classes leading to a degree. The first degree classes were in English, Latin, Chemistry, Physics, and Field Husbandry. In 1918 sixty students took the courses for teachers and forty the degree classes. In 1919 Dean Ling became Director of the Summer School. As far back as 1911 the University Board of Governors had planned for the day when the teaching of medicine should begin on the campus. The Board had envisaged a Medical School in conjunction with a hospital operated by the city of Saskatoon, and had even reached a tentative agreement that in the prospective hospital the Board would have the right to nominate half of the physicians and surgeons of the public wards, so that clinical teaching would be under the control of the University. A site for the hospital was chosen, about twelve acres, where Griffiths Stadium now stands, and a beginning made on excavation for a building when the outbreak of war stopped any further work on the project. Before the war was over, however, Doctor

THE UNIVERSITY IN THE WAR AND AFTER

111

W. Stewart Lindsay, who had been trained in Medicine at Dalhousie and Edinburgh and who had given distinguished service in charge of a Mobile Laboratory in France, accepted an offer of a professorship of Bacteriology in the University of Saskatchewan. He agreed to give certain laboratory service to the City Hospital, as well as to engage in teaching. Dr. Lindsay reported for duty in 1919; he was joined in 1921 by Dr. George W. Rea, a graduate of Queen's University, Belfast; in 1926 a school of Medical Science was formally established. Teaching in Household Science began in 1917. The Senate had originally planned a Department of Domestic Science in the College of Agriculture, in this following the advice of Dean Rutherford who, in turn, had had his eye on the pattern of Guelph Agricultural College. In the event it was found more convenient to offer two or more classes in Household Science as electives in Arts; and to begin the work the University engaged Mrs. Ethel Rutter, a graduate of Macdonald College and a post-graduate student at the University of Chicago. She became Assistant Professor in 1919, Professor in 1922, and she built up her Department to the point where in 1928 it became a School of Household Science. Two years before Mrs. Rutter's appointment Miss Clare Hamilton had been engaged as Instructor in Physical Education for Women, and charged not only with the direction of physical training but also with giving courses which were to prepare women for teaching Physical Education in schools. E. W. Griffiths was appointed Physical Instructor for Men in 1919. Up to 1920 all students, male and female, were required to take some form of physical training in each of the four years of the degree courses. In 1919, C. J. Mackenzie returned from the war, and the School of Engineering of which he was head was declared open again. In the first year sixteen students registered, and thereafter the number increased steadily from year to year. In 1921 the School was made into a college of Engineering, and very shortly it was second in size only to the College of Arts and Science. Even graduate work had begun in this early period. The first Master's degree was conferred in 1912, and thereafter the number

112

SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OF A UNIVERSITY

of graduate students steadily increased. For the first few years all the graduate students were registered in the College of Arts and Science, but in 1920 the first Master's degree in Agriculture was granted. In summary, by 1919 the foundations had been laid for nearly all the establishments of higher learning that were to arise in the University of Saskatchewan in the first fifty years of its history. To the first Colleges of Arts and Science, Agriculture, and Law had been added Schools and Departments which in time were to become Colleges of Engineering, Pharmacy, Commerce, Medicine, Home Economics, and Graduate Studies. A new period of University expansion was about to begin. The wounds of war had healed, although the scars remained, and students and staff alike looked forward with hope and confidence to what seem in retrospect the halcyon days of the nineteentwenties.

XII. DR. MURRAY AS PRESIDENT

The University Act makes the President the pivotal personality of the institution. The Governors meet from time to time. The Senate assembles once or twice a year. In the summer months neither Council nor Faculty meets. The President is like a captain constantly on bridge from port to port. In one sense he is the guide or director of all concerned in the government of the University; in another he is the energy driving the machine forward. There can be little or no let-up in his vigilant activity. When Walter Murray entered the President's office he had bad special training in education, and he had gained some experience of the functioning of two universities and of the routine of a city council; but in his innocence of big business he must have been anxious lest he should fail to meet the requirements of a President of a state university. His actions showed that he was determined to measure up to the stature of the position. He began by building on the experience of others. Hence the tour through the important universities of the Western States and his discussions with their presidents and leading professors about the position of a College of Agriculture in a University and about their successes and difficulties in administration. Dr. Murray also saw the necessity of having experienced and efficient men about him. He gladly welcomed W. J. Rutherford, first Dean of Agriculture, who had more to do than anyone else with the choice of the University site within the city of Saskatoon and who took full charge of the planning and initial operation of the University Farm. He welcomed equally A. R. Greig, who was not only Professor of Agricultural Engineering but also the President's Minister of Public Works. Hence, too, at the very outset, in order to get the actual land for the institution, his formation of a committee of men experienced in the subtle art of purchasing property in a time of real estate boom. Yet Dr. Murray did not try, however great the temptation might have

114

SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OP A UNIVERSITY

been, to put on other shoulders the responsibility which was his burden and his alone. Always he had to understand what others planned, to be convinced that their proposals were sound and to make them his own, before he would go to the Government to ask for Orders-in-Council authorizing the necessary expenditures. Sometimes he undertook to carry business matters himself. For example, he personally conducted the negotiations with the officials of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the matter of bringing a railway spur from Sutherland to the University grounds, all the while keeping Calder, his Minister in Regina, informed of the course of the discussions. At the beginning the President was faced with matters of which he had no special knowledge, and indeed of which the Governors bad no more than he. Accordingly, he carried on the most searching inquiries before he came to bis conclusions or guided the Governors to theirs. For example, he had had no experience of building on a major scale, and he knew little of architects and their business methods. Consequently, on his visit with his committee to the universities of the United States, he informed himself about every physical aspect of starting a university: How much land was needed? Was it necessary to begin with a landscape architect? What type of architecture should be adopted? The committee went out of its way to see the most attractive university buildings, to find out who had been their designers, and to inquire what had been their cost. They interviewed a whole row of architects. Moreover, the President raised the fundamental question of how to find the right architect: Should there be a competition? If so, how long would it take, and how much would it cost? His final conclusion was to select a beautiful building, like the Medical Building at McGill, and to engage its architect. Then, without ever sloughing off his inescapable responsibility to know and understand and approve, he gave the chosen architect a free band. This was the method followed by Dr. Murray throughout his Presidency; it made his life one full of labour and incessant watchfulness. Legally, the Governors were responsible for the business management of the University. Within the sphere of their experience,

DR. MURRAY AS PRESIDENT

115

individual and collective, they would be wise enough. But a large number of issues were beyond their knowledge. It lay with the President to gather information and to indicate the arguments for and against a given proposal. This he did with great assiduity. The docket of business was drawn up in his hand. The pertinent correspondence and papers-the agenda as they were calledlay before him, ready to be presented. If there were need for it, the experience of other institutions was at hand to be cited. This was evident, for example, in his guiding the Governors to adopt sound regulations for their own procedures. When the first schedule of salaries was drawn up, Dr. Murray quoted the rates prevailing in the Universities of Alberta, Manitoba, and Toronto. He was even able to show that the average salaries in one hundred of the best universities in the United States were approximately in line with the rates he was proposing. The same care and methodical preparation went into the President's guidance of the meetings of the Senate. The agenda show tireless industry, and the wide knowledge that makes for good judgment. The Senators were university men, and could be expected to be generally familiar with the questions laid before them, but because they would assemble only at long intervals they could not easily have an intimate knowledge of what had happened within the institution between meetings. This difficulty had been met in the first University Act by provision for a small executive of the Senate, called the University Council. In Dr. Murray's mind this arrangement left the teaching staff out of the government of the University, and it was he who proposed the amendment ( which the Government and the Legislature accepted) to make the permanent teaching staff a University Council to advise the Senate in matters affecting educational policy. There can be no doubt that this was a wise change. Of the University Council so formed the President was chairman. He prepared the docket of its business with his usual thoroughness and care, and laid the agenda before the meeting as the several items were considered. Sometimes there would be matters of business about which only the President was in possession of the facts. He usually explained the pros and cons of these

116

SASKATCHEWAN: THE MAKING OF A UNIVERSITY

matters, possibly suggesting in a general way his own opinion of them, but he left Council free to make its decisions. About matters within the immediate ken of the staff, there might be lively discussions and differences of opinion-at times even criticism of the administration. The President treated this as inevitable and appropriate in a free assembly, showed no signs of resentment, and bore no ill-will towards his critics. In his mind, it was for the Council freely to indicate what it thought the course of wisdom. The University Act made the President ex officio a member of all faculties and all committees. In a Faculty it was the duty of its Dean to prepare the docket of business and to bring forward documents and information relevant to a given discussion. If the President, who was invariably well informed, had additional knowledge, he would contribute it; but he showed his interest chiefly in matters which concerned individual students. He watched the examinations and the results thereof, and was extraordinarily well informed about them. Every now and then he would precipitate a discussion on the principles of marking examination papers, manifestly to prevent certain teachers ( never named) from being too easy in their grades or too hard upon the students. In the Committee on Studies, presided over by the Dean of a given College, Dr. Murray watched closely the problems, or it might be the particular troubles, of students. Generally the Dean was for adhering strictly to the rules, while the President would adduce extenuating circumstances on behalf of the student. The Committee would draw the line between justice and mercy. It was in the nature of things that the financial management of the University should be less open to view than its academic practices, but Dr. Murray was determined to shoulder his responsibilities here no less than elsewhere. No one was allowed to relieve him of his duties in this sphere. He appeared to have several guiding principles. As far as possible he would see that the institution was run within the limits of the appropriation voted by the Legislature. A young and growing University, however, should not ( he felt) be too restricted by rules such as those that control the Departments of a Government. There should be

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117

freedom for the University to take the initiative and seize an opportunity which might never recur, even although this meant an unexpected expenditure. On such occasions Dr. Murray had recourse to the Government; its good will was never found wanting. Dr. Murray found deep satisfaction in his position as President of the University of Saskatchewan. He was happy in his home; he was happy in his work. What more could life offer him? Yet his satisfaction in his position was not of the kind to lead him to cling to office come what may. Rather, he regarded it as a trust, and the moment he might be in the way of the good of the institution he was ready to resign. Only so can one account for the occasions when he placed his resignation in the hands of the Governors. One of these occasions calls for special mention. In 1917, at the height of the war, there was a great deal of discussion about a possible Union Government. Dr. Murray was wholly in favour of it, in view of the crisis at the time, but he would take no part in the discussion, becaue he believed that the University should stand aloof from politics. However, a great mass meeting was being held in Third A venue Church, Saskatoon, to hear a distinguished advocate of Union Government. The speaker was unavoidably prevented from being present, and an appeal was made to Dr. Murray to take his place. He did so, and speaking from his heart he greatly moved the audience. Thus in a national crisis he broke his own rule not to participate in politics. Before he did so, however, he had written out his resignation and he sent it to the Governors immediately afterwards. He was not going to allow any action of his to impair the fabric of the University he had done so much to build. "A wise builder," his colleagues in the University called him, when, years afterwards, towards the end of his thirty years' Presidency, Dr. Murray was honoured at a provincial banquet in Regina. "You, Sir," they said, "have built with our own prairie stone, buildings beautiful, harmonious and solid. You have also built that unseen fabric of the mind and soul which is the real university not less beautiful and harmonious than our stone buildings. These shall endure; nor shall that unseen fabric pass

away."

Index

AccouNTIN0 (School of), 71, 109-10 Affiliation (University), 92-7 Agriculture (College of), 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 54, 55, 56, 68, 79, 81-2, 83, 85, 86, 97, 111 Angus, A. F., 20, 29, 31, 32, 34, 37, 47 Arts and Science (College of), 49, S8, 68, 70-1, 72, 73, 82, 95, 97, 112 Auld, F. H., 86, 87, 88 BATE, W. P., 6S Bateman, Reginald, 69, 73, 101, l0S, 106, 107 Battleford, 40, 42, 46 Bayer, Jean G., 76, 100 Bell, W. J., 32, 49-50 Bland, Salem, 22 Board of Governors (University), 13, 14, IS, 16, 19, 20, 31-3, 34, 3S, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 48-S2, S4, 55, 56, 59, 60, 62, 98, 114-lS Bracken, John,81, 83,8S Brebner, James, 67 Brehaut, L., 77, 1OS Brown, James, 7 Brown and Vallance, 59, 64, 96 Buildings (University), 57-64, 96, 114

EMMANUEL COLLEGE, S, 6, 7, 34, S1, 64, 73, 75,94-6, IOS, 109 Engen, Fred, 55-6 Engineering (School of), 97-8, 111 Extension (Department of), 86-8 FALCONER, Sir Robert, 22, 39, 66, 102 Finance (University), 16, 27 "Flu, The," 109 Fort Qu'Appelle, 42, 46 GOVERNORS, Board of; see Board Government (of Saskatchewan), 12, 59, 60, 62, 103, 116-17 Graduate Studies (School of), 111-12 Grant, land, 4, 7, 8, 38 n. Greig, A. R., 64, 73, 85, 108, 113 Griffiths, E. W ., 111 HAMILTON, Clare, 111 Haultain, Hon. F. W. G., 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, IS, 17, 18, 19, 20, 24-7, 28, 81, 101, 103 Hitchcock, Arthur, 20, 3 I, 32, 40 Homemakers' Clubs, 88-90 Household Science (School of), 111 Hunter, J. K., 47 Hutton, Principal M., 22

CALDER, Hon. J. A., 12-13, 16, 17, 19, 27-9, 42, 60, 114 Campbell, Dean A., 99, 106 Campus (University), S6-9 Clinkskill, James, 20, 31, 40, 49-S0, 62 College (of Agriculture) Building, S7, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 109 Convocation (University), 17, 20-1, 35 Council (University), 14, 15, 19, 912, 115-16

INDIAN HEAD, 46

DE LURY, Abigail, 89-90, 109 Dewdney, Hon. Edgar, 7, 2S Dixon,John,20,32,43 Drinkle Building, 72

McCOLL, Duncan P., 17, 19, 31, 34, 35, 43 MacDonald, Andrew, 20, 31, 32, 37, 38

LAMONT, Hon. J. H ., 12 Laurier, Sir Wilfrid, 30, 32, 61, 62 Law (College of), 70, 97 Leader, The, 12; see also Morning Leader Lindsay, W. S., 111 Ling, Dean G. H., 69, 70-1, 73, 110 Lloyd, G. E., 36, S2, 94, 95, IOS Location (of University), 20, 34, JS, 36,40-2,43,46-53

120

INDEX

Mackay, Angus, 79, 81, 83, 84 MacKay, Ira, 77, 97 MacKay, James, 17, 20, 32, 44 Mackenzie, C. J., 98, 111 Mackenzie, Dr. Stanley, 67 McLean, James A. (President), 102 McLean, Bishop John, 5, 6 McNab, A. P., 32, 35, 50 Manitoba, University of, 5, 8, 27 Martin, Robert, 98 Medical Science (School of), 111 Memorial Gates, 58, 107 Moose Jaw, 40, 41, 46 Morning Leader, The, 18, 21-3, 40, 50; see also Leader Motherwell, Hon. W. R., 3, 12, 66, 79-82, 83 Moxon, Arthur, 69, 70, 73, 77, 97 Murray, Christina (Mrs. W. C.), 39, 109 Murray, Walter Charles: on Calder, 28; his career, 38-9; chooses a staff, 66--8; considered for Presidency, 37-8; on Extension Services, 90; joins Board of Governors, 40; on location of University, 51-2; meets Scott, 29; as President, 113-17; reports cost of land, 56; reports to Senate, 44-5; visits universities in the United States, 42-3; on Wetmore, 31 NEILSON, James w., 110 North-West Territories (Government of), 4, 7, 8, 12 Nutana Collegiate, 77

OLIVER, E. H., 69, 70, 73, 75, 96, 97 PETERSON, Principal, 21-2 Pharmacy (School of), 98-9, 112 Pinkham, Bishop, 8 President (University), 13, 14, 15, 16--17, 21

Prince Albert, 3, 40, 41, 42, 46 Property (University), 54-7 REGINA, 17, 19, 41, 42, 46--9, 50, 51, 52, 55 Returned soldiers, 85, 108 Rutherford, Dean W. J., 54, 64, 66, 81, 82, 83-4, 88, 111, 113 Rutter, Mrs. Ethel, 111 SASKATOON, 11, 33, 35, 36, 40, 41, 42, 46, 49-50, 52, 54-5, 56, 61, 72 Scott, Hon. Walter, 12, 26, 28, 29-30, 36, 41, 52, 62, 102, 103 Senate (University), 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 35, 40-6, 61, 91-2, 93, 115 Sheaf, The, 101 Shortt, Adam, 36, 37 n. Site (University); see Location (University) Smith Bros. and Wilson, 59, 60, 96 Staff (University), 66--71 St. Andrew's College, 57, 70, 94, 96--7 Stone School House, the, 64-5 Students (University), 73-6, 99-101, 104-8 Summer School, 71, 110 Sutherland, 54, 55 THOMPSON, W. P., 71, 78 Thomson, Levi, 32, 37, 40, 44 Thorvaldson, T., 78, 109 Tory, H. M., 67 UNIVERSITY ACT, 11-17, 36, 59, 91-2. 93, 113, 115, 116 VICTORIA ScHOOL, 65, 77 WAR, 104-8 Western Canada College, 5, 8, 9 Wetmore, Chancellor E. L., 17, 18, 21, 30-1, 52, 61, 101