Russian Literature in the Hispanic World: A Bibliography 9781487583200

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RUSSIAN LITERATURE IN THE HISPANIC WORLD: A BIBLIOGRAPHY LA LITERA TURA RUSA EN EL MUNDO HISPANICO : BIBLIOGRAFIA

Russian Literature in the Hispanic World: a bibliography La literatura rusa en el mundo hispánico: bibliografía

George O. Schanzer COMPILATION, NOTES, ANO INTRODUCTORY MATERIAL COMPILACION, NOTAS, Y PAGINAS INTRODUCTORIAS

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS

© University of Toronto Press 1972 Toronto and Buffalo Printed in Canada Reprinted in 2018 ISBN 0-8020-1677-4 ISBN 978-1-4875-8191-6 (paper) Micro fiche ISBN 0-8020-0194-7 LC 77-185737

In memory ofmy parents, lost in the European cataclysm ofthe 1940s A la memoria de mis padres, desaparecidos en el cataclismo europeo de los cuarenta

Computerization by George Gaidasz/Codificación electrónica por George Gaidasz

Contents 1Tabla

PREFACE ix/PREFACIO xi INTRODUCTION: Literary observations xiii/ INTRODUCCION : Observaciones literarias xxiii Chronology xiii/Cronología xxiii Genres xiv / Géneros xxiv Authors xv / Autores xxv Titles xvi/Títulos xxvi lntermediaries xvii/Intermediarios xxvii Geographical centres of diffusion xviii/Centros geográficos de difusión xxvm Publishers, collections, and journals xix / Editoriales, colecciones y revistas xxix Pseudo-Russian literature xxi/ La literatura seudo-rusa xxxi Conclusions xxi/Conclusiones xxxii DESCRIPTION OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHY xxxiii/ DESCRIPCION DE LA BIBLIOGRAFIA xi Scope xxxiii/ Alcance xi Organization of data xxxiv /Organización de datos xli Explanation of structural features and symbols xxxvi/Explicación de rasgos estructurales y de siglas xliii Libraries and sources xxxvi/Bibliotecas y fuentes xliii

BIBLIOGRAPHY /BIBLIOGRAFIA

Anthologies and compilations/ Antologías y compilaciones General criticism/Crítica general Literary works (by authors, with criticisms thereof)/ Obras literarias (por autores, con la crítica correspondiente) Pseudo-Russian writings/Escritos seudo-rusos Semi-literary works/Obras semi-literarias

nos. 10000-10540 nos. 20000-21410

1 9

nos. 30000-61740 nos. 80000-80850 nos. 90000-92740

19 201 207

with pertinent statistical data/ con las estadísticas correspondientes General name index / Onomástico general Authors/ Autores Intermediaries / Intermediarios Translators/Traductores Geographical centres of diffusion/Centros geográficos de difusión Publishers / Editoriales Journals / Revistas Chronology / Cronología Genres / Géneros Works in Catalan/Obras en catalán Reviews / Reseñas Libraries and sources/Bibliotecas y fuentes

INDICES, INDICES,

223 225 246 256 259 269 276 286 291 299 303 304 305

Preface

The role of Russian letters in the foreign readings of the Spanish and Spanish-American public since the nineteenth century is very well known. Indeed, a bibliography of allusions to such readings and to their supposedly belated influence as well as to the likelihood of affinities between the Slavic and the Hispanic world would exceed by severa) times the size of the present book. There exists hardly a work of literary history, either general or scholarly, which does not at least mention readings of Russian authors. But in spite of the large number of such references, there still is no thorough, systematic study of the diffusion of Russian works throughout the Spanish-speaking world. The only work still on the market (George Portnoffs La literatura rnsa en España, New York 1932) is both incomplete and outdated. Until now we have lacked the bibliographical basis which would make it possible to investigate when the diffusion started, where it first occurred, how it reached the Hispanic world, and who were its intermediaries in Spain and in Spanish America. I believe that the present work is the first serious effort to fill this gap. Sorne of my articles, the first published eighteen years ago (no. 21260), as well as a few items, likewise short, by other authors, have to be considered piecemeal efforts (e.g. 'Ensayo de bibliografía de la novela rusa ...' by Mrs Datshkovsky, see Libraries Sources, p. xxxviii) which confirm the need for a detailed if not complete bibliography for use by Hispanists, Slavists, librarians, and students of comparative literature. Obviously this is merely a starting point, though of revolutionary scope and indispensable for future investigations of real and individual influences. In a work of this type one can merely try to be as complete as possible; I believe that the listings of books and monographs are reasonably thorough, but a complete listing of periodical articles has been altogether impossible. The magnitude of the undertaking, as regards the number of items and the quantity of data included in each case, suggested the use of a computer which can store immense quantities of information and retrieve it rapidly according to any predetermined plan . A further advantage is that a computer can provide a ready electronic means of incorporating new material as it becomes available.

X PREFACE

Thus the same program can serve for revised and enlarged editions. In the search for additional material I solicit the co-operation of any users of this bibliography who may note significant omissions. As a matter of fact, a considerable number of data, of both new and old vintage, have accumulated since the compilation of the material which follows was concluded. It is clear that the accumulation of these data, collected in two continents overa span of twenty years, would not have been possible without the help of many organizations and the active assistance of many individuals in almost ali Spanish-speaking countries and in the United States. I wish to express my special gratitude to: the United States government, for a 'Buenos Aires Convention Grant,' 1947-8, for Montevideo, Uruguay, and a Fulbright, 1962-3, for Spain; St John's University, New York, for a sabbatical the same year; the Research Foundation of the State University of New York, for a grant-in-aid, 1965, for the elaboration of data, and the State University ofNew York at Buffalo for a travel grant in 1966 for a tour of libraries in Latin America; the former Department of Modern Languages, the present Department of Spanish, ltalian, and Portuguese, the Faculty of Arts and Letters, and the Computer Center, ali of SUNY at Buffalo, for clerical assistance and the use of the latest IBM and ene equipment; George Gaidasz, of the Cornell Aeronautical Laboratories, for the programming of this project, the supervision of its production, and the innovations in electronic bibliography devised three years ago; Don Justo García Morales, of the National Library in Madrid, for putting ali facilities at my disposal and for circularizing ali libraries in Spain to verify the existence of certain editions; the administration of the Biblioteca Lázaro Galdiano in Madrid, the Central de-Cataluña in Barcelona, the Ateneo ofMadrid, Barcelona, and Valencia, the university libraries of these cities, and the library of the Consejo Superior, the archives of Novelas y cuentos, and the Hemeroteca Municipal, ali in Madrid, for the innumerable special permissions and privileges granted; the staffs of the National Libraries of Mexico, Peru, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, and Venezuela, of the university libraries in Mexico (UNAM) and Lima (San Marcos), of the Luis Angel Arango Library of Bogotá, the archives of El tiempo in the same city, the Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana in Quito, and many more, for the extraordinary help given, for data furnished, questions answered, photocopies provided, etc.; the United Sta tes libraries which readily provided assistance. Finally, I wish to thank my family, colleagues, friends, assistants, and ali those who encouraged me to persist in this seemingly endless task. GEORGE O . SCHANZER

State University of New York at Buffalo 1972

Prefacio

Harto conocido es el papel de las letras rusas en las lecturas extranjeras del público espa• ñol e hispanoamericano desde el siglo XIX. En efecto, una bibliografía de alusiones a tales lecturas y a sus influencias, supuestamente tardías, así como a las posibles afinidades entre el mundo eslavo y el hispánico, sería varias veces más grande que el presente índice . Casi no hay obra de historiografía literaria, tanto de índole general como erudita, que por lo menos no mencione la lectura de los autores rusos. Pero no obstante la multitud de alu• siones a tales lecturas, falta aún por completo un estudio sistemático y profundo de esta difusión de obras rusas por el mundo hispánico. El único libro todavía disponible es a la vez incompleto y muy anticuado (George Portnoff, la literatura rusa en España, New York 1932). Es que aún se necesita la base bibliográfica que permita indagar cuándo empezó ese proceso, dónde ocurrió primero, cómo llegó al mundo hispánico y quiénes fueron sus intermediarios en España y en Hispanoamérica. Creo que esta obra es el primer esfuerzo serio para llenar esta laguna. Artículos míos, el primero publicado hace dieciocho años (No. 21260) y unos pocos trabajos, también cortos, de otros autores han de considerarse conatos parciales (por ejemplo 'Ensayo de bibliografía de la novela rusa .. .' de la señora de Datshkovsky, véase Fuentes, p. xlv), que confirmaron la necesidad de una bibliografia detallada, si no completa, para el uso de hispanistas, eslavistas, comparatistas y bibliotecarios. Es claro que aquí se trata de un punto de partida, mas de potencial revolucionario e indispensable para los estudios posteriores sobre influencias verdaderas e individuales. En un trabajo de este tipo sólo se puede aspirar a que sea lo más completo posible; esto se ha logrado. según creo, en el caso de libros y escritos monográficos, pero es del todo imposible en lo referente a la literatura periodística . La magnitud de la empresa, no sólo en cuanto al número de fichas, sino también a la cantidad de datos que éstas representan en cada caso, sugirió un procedimiento electrónico tanto para los fines de acumulación como para el análisis rápido . Facilita además la incorporación de datos suplementarios, cuando se descubran, de suerte que el mismo sistema electrónico pueda servir también

xii

PREFACIO

para ediciones revisadas y aumentadas. A propósito de ello me permito solicitar la cooperación de los utilizadores de esta bibliografía que se enteren de omisiones importantes. En efecto, ya se ha acumulado un número crecido de datos, tanto de fechas antiguas como nuevas, desde que se dio por concluso el acervo de fichas que siguen. Es obvio que la colección de datos para esta bibliografía, cosechados en ambos continentes en el trascurso de veinte años, no hubiera sido posible sin el apoyo de muchas entidades y la ayuda activa de muchísimas personas en casi todos los países de habla española y en Estados Unidos. Quiero dejar constancia de mi gratitud especial : Al Gobierno Estadounidense por la beca 'Buenos Aires Convention' para Montevideo, Uruguay, 1947-8, y la beca Fulbright, 1962-3, para España; a St John's University, Nueva York , por la licencia sabática el mismo año; a la Universidad del Estado de Nueva York (Research Foundation) per la subvención de I 965, para le elaboración de datos, y a la Universidad del Estado de Nueva York en Buffalo, por la beca de 1966 para una gira de bibliotecas de México a Buenos Aires ; al Departamento de Lenguas Modernas y posteriormente al actual Departamento de Español, Italiano y Portugués de dicha universidad, a la Facultad de Artes y Letras, por la ayuda en la conversión al sistema electrónico y al Computer Center por el uso de la maquinaria más moderna de IBM y CDC; a George Gaidasz, de Cornell Aeronautical Laboratories, por la codificación electrónica y la dirección de su elaboración, así como las innovaciones de bibliografía electrónica que distinguen esta obra, ideadas hace tres años; a don Justo García Morales, de la Biblioteca Nacional en Madrid por la asistencia sin par en poner a mi disposición todos los materiales necesarios y, aun más en comprobar, por carta circular a todas las bibliotecas de España, la constancia de ciertas ediciones cuya existencia no parecía cierta; a los administradores de las Bibliotecas: Lázaro Galdiano, de Madrid, Central de Cataluña, de Barcelona, del Ateneo, tanto el de Madrid como el de Barcelona y Valencia, de las bibliotecas universitarias en esas capitales, la del Consejo Superior y en el archivo de Novelas y cuentos, ambos en Madrid; la Hemeroteca municipal, etc., por los permisos especiales y privilegios concedidos; al personal de las bibliotecas nacionales de México, del Perú, Chile, la Argentina, el Uruguay y Venezuela, de la UNAM (México), de San Marcos (Lima), la Biblioteca Luis Angel Arango (Bogotá), el archivo de El Tiempo, de la misma ciudad, la Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana, Quito, y de muchas más por la ayuda extraordinaria en suministrar datos, contestar preguntas, enviar tomos o fotocopias. No por último las bibliotecas norteamericanas que me ayudaron prontamente . Finalmente , quiero agradecerles a mis familiares, a los colegas, amigos, ayudantes, y a cuantos me alentaron a que persistiera en esta tarea que parecía interminable. GEORGE O. SCHANZER

State University of New York at Buffalo 1972

Introduction: Literary Observations

CHRONOLOGY

Russian literature appeared in the Hispanic world much earlier than one might think. Noveis were not the first works to be translated; nor were the first readers of Russian literature the curious members of the Ateneo of Madrid who may have listened to Emilia Pardo Bazán's lectures. Pardo Bazán had read the French translations by which nineteenth-century intellectuals of the west had become acquainted with Russian letters, 1 but the Spanish public did not have to depend on foreign versions of Russian works, for Spanish translations soon began to appear. We have found a Spanish translation of 1838, a date which precedes by half a century the efforts of the Countess Pardo Bazán. This first translation - or rather, adaptation appeared in a Catholic journal, undoubtedly connected with Balmes, in Barcelona. It brought to Spain the 'Ode to the Supreme Being,' of G. Derzhavin (no. 35260), a poem of neo-classicist type . Six years later the same version had shown up in Santiago de Chile (no. 35270), making 1844 the starting point of the process in the new world. 2 One of the tales of Belkin from Pushkin, 'El turbión de nieve' (no. 50740), was published in Valencia in 1847, in Madrid the following year, and in Santiago de Chile by 1850. It was published again, with other tales of Pushkin, in the sixties and seventies. El diario de Barcelona launched Pushkin's verse plays in 1865. Thus it is clear that the second generation of Hispanic Romantic writers was not ignorant of the great Russian. Gogol's writings and the novels of Turgenev do not appear until the eighties. Galdós' admitted debt to Turgenev (no. 20440) might be attributed to readings in French, although one Turgenev story appeared in Spanish as early as 1858 in the Correo de ultramar of Paris. 1 There are still sorne copies of such French translations - and a few German ones - to be found in Spanish libraries. lndeed, sorne foreign versions of Russian writers, like Bakunin , escaped the purges by the falangists, while the Spanish versions were eliminated. 2 More about this poem in 'Las primeras traducciones de literatura rusa en España y en América,' Actas del Tercer Congreso Internacional de Hispanistas, México 1970, 815-22, by G.O.S .

Jtiv INTRODUCTION: LITERARY OBSERVATIONS The popularity of Tolstoi and Dostoevskii in the Hispanic world parallels their prestige elsewhere. The wave of Tolstoi's popularity began in the late eighties, and Dostoevskii's, after a modest initial vogue, began after World War l. Indeed, after the halting early diffusion of Russian literature, the last twelve years of the nineteenth century produced the first tide. The second carne in the twenties; the third coincided with the Depression, the Second Spanish Republic, and the protest literature of the thirties. In the second postwar period, sympathy with the heroism of the Russian people rekindled interest in Russian literature. This wave of popularity was a little slow in reaching Franco's Spain. These phenomena can be observed ali over the Hispanic world, but in the new world starting dates vary. In view of the peaceful and consolidated state of Chile and its cosmopolitan interest in European letters during the second -third of the last century , it is no surprise to discover that Russian literature first appeared in Spanish America in Santiago. In Mexico and Buenos Aires it did not come to the fore until after interna) strife had subsided in the sixties. Bogotá and Caracas lagged behind, as well as Havana and Lima, where virtually nothing Russian appeared before the eighties or nineties. Montevideo, very open to European ideas, was a special case; there we find a semi-literary item by the fifties (no. 92540). This early interest in Russian letters was to bloom three decades la ter, when Turgenev's writings began to appear in newspapers. The process of dissemination was helped by journals which were not strictly literary. From the Correo literario y político de Londres {linked with Bello) in 1826, through the Correo de ultramar of Paris in the middle of the last century, to more recent publications, the journals aroused curiosity about Russian letters by drawing attention to the history, the great men, and even the events of the far-away land. The Correo de ultramar seems especially worthy of scrutiny, since it printed short Russian features around 1850 and disseminated them to a broad clientele both in the Caribbean and in the south of the continent (probably in two editions, like Selecciones del Readers Digest today). The diffusion became more and more rapid. Whereas in the mid-nineteenth century the first Russian narrative in Spanish had taken three years to travel from Valencia to Santiago de Chile, by 1893 a tale ofTolstoi took only six months to reappear in Caracas. In 1958 Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago was published almost simultaneously in several Hispanic capitals. One may wonder whether the large number of anthologies that have sprung up in the wake of World War II may be an indication that Russian literature is now reaching a less demanding mass clientele. GEN RES

Contrary to what we might expect, the spread of Russian letters was not limited to a few great - and large scale - works of prose fiction, though these had undeniable impact. There was an emphasis on the publication of short items, including even poetry - often translations of translations. Linguistic difficulties make Russian poetry in Spanish infrequent, to be sure, but it appears in ali epochs from Derzhavin to Evtushenko. Criticism devoted both to Russian literature in general and to specific authors or works, including reviews, comprises a large percentage of bibliographical entries. Many of them are translations of criticism which had previously appeared in other languages. The category 'M' (miscellane-

INTRODUCTION: LITERAR Y OBSERV ATIONS

XV

ous) is applied rather often, since it includes biographies - including autobiographies which were always popular, as well as prose poems (much to the liking of readers around the turn of the century) and sorne letters. Literary essays are noticeably scarce , but other essays marginal to literature, sorne resembling critica) essays , appear more frequently (see 'semi-literary works'). The data revea! also that Russian theatre was widely distributed , and its effect extended over long periods. Those who assert a lack of foreign influences on the Spanish stage between the wars 3 should note the undeniable publishing success of Andreev , in whose works a whole generation steeped itself. 4 The success of the Russian short story in the Hispanic world is most remarkable. lt shows up in the large number of anthologies, collections, and anonymous folktales listed in this bibliography , as well as in the even more numerous brief narratives that appeared in periodicals on both sides of the ocean. The total influence is perhaps greater still , for many stories of intermediate size (the Russian povest) are classed as novels, though they are rather novellas. From Pushkin on , Russian writers of short_stories became a gold mine for editors of literary journals or the literary supplements of great newspapers. perhaps even more in Spanish America than in Spain . In many cases these tales served as fillers to occupy pages left vacant after the printing of a major work . But certainly the publication of Russian short stories by journals and periodicals must have catered to the literary preference of the public. This points out to the explorers of influences the feasibility of a study of the role of this diffusion in the startling development of the Spanish-American short story from one mid-century to the other. Furthermore , the chronology of the appearance of Turgenev's prose poems and of Tolstoi's parables may link the Russians with the Hispanic modernist writers. On the whole , the obvious knowledge of Russian literature beyond the novel offers great possibilities for investigation. AUTHORS

It does not require a careful examination of the bibliography of translations and criticism to observe the relative frequency of pseudonyms and the scarcity of unsigned writings. Sorne Russian authors were only known by their pseudonym, as in the case of Gorkii , although he ought to appear under 'Peshkov' according to the Library of Congress system . (The Library ofCongress does not follow its own rule in this case.) With a few exceptions, unsigned publications are limited to critica) writings , most of them reviews by sorne unidentified journal editor. Polish or Jewish writers (the latter writing in Yiddish) are included in the list of Russians, since the erroneous decisions of Hispanic publishers and anthologists have not been overruled here. The absence of Ukrainians is not surprising, since they probably appeared as Russians. As might be expected, the bulk of this bibliography is made up of the authors of 'Russian classics ,' including Gorkii , plus a few more modern writers. The preponderance of pre-revolutionary literature is immediately visible . Even in the case of a transitional figure 3 E.g. Max Aub, in La Torre, XIII , 51 (1965), 118. 4 This impression was confirmed in a remark made to me by Camón Aznar in 1962.

xvi INTRODUCTION: LITERAR y OBSERVA TIONS like Gorkii, one observes the popularity of his pre-Soviet writings . One must stress the non-political aspect of this Hispanic preference for the great literary figures and their libertarian and universalist - if not Christian - tendencies. The Russian writers who evoked the strongest echo in the social and spiritual ambience of both Spain and Spanish America were, indeed , those of undisputed rank in world literature . Their large-scale diffusion can be attributed neither to anti-Soviet attitudes nor to revolutionary leanings. Indeed , Hispanic publishers of leftist persuasion paraded the Russian classics and thereby followed the wise example of their colleagues in Moscow, who used the fame of the nineteenthcentury writers to bolster the prestige of the Bolshevist state. Among the great tides of diffusion already mentioned , one can observe the moderate prestige of the clearly committed writers of the first postwar period . But one must differentiate among the great authors themselves. The success of Russian literature is not only due to the constellation ofTolstoi , Dostoevskii, Gorkii, and Turgenev; in the same sky Chekhov , Andreev, and Gogol also shine. (Perhaps the great yet passing prestige of Andreev will be unexpected.) Furthermore , contrary to the views of conventional criticism , Pushkin appears very early . After World War II a few Soviet writers take their positions in the literary constellations. And in the orbit of the great 'stars' we find satellites glowing with reflected light. The triumph of certain books of prose fiction brought with it an interest in the works of the same authors in other genres, as well as curiosity about their biographies. Likewise , the fame of Russian thinkers and reformers 5 strengthened the diffusion of strictly literary works, while on o_ther occasions the success of Tolstoi' s and Dostoevskii's art seemed to illuminate political events, such as those of 1904. TITLES

One notices immediately the large number of editions or versions of specific works of universal renown like Crime and Punishment or War and Peace , which were published at least thirty-six and twenty-eight times respectively. At the same time the variations in titles of individual works are so numerous that they have made it impossible to prepare a useful title index. lt seems logical that among the products of outstanding writers we find multiple editions of books universally known - most of them fiction , as in the case of Anna Karenina. Nevertheless, sorne works of slightly less fame may have had a special attraction for Hispanic readers, as Std muerte de ."1 -, ximo ,,orki," 187-90, (8-11-18). "Tres litros rusos," 236-41, (4-13-19). Ola