Routledge Library Editions: The Anglo-Saxon World [1 ed.] 9781032529769, 9781032541099, 9781032541143, 9781003415190, 1032529768

Table of contents :
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Original Title Page
Original Copyright Page
Preface
Table of Contents
List of Text Illustrations
Plates at End
I: Winchester Illumination: The Main Development
II: Winchester Illumination: The Scientific Books
III: Winchester Illumination: Initials
IV: The Inhabited Scroll
V: Sculpture: West Saxon Figure-Carvings
VI: Sculpture: Northumbrian Styles
VII: Sculpture: Round-Shafts of North Mercia
VIII: Sculpture: Danish Mercia and the Anglian Styles
IX: Sculpture: London and Sussex
X: Viking Art: The Jellinge Style
XI: Viking Art: The Ringerike Style
XII: Viking Art: The Urnes Style
XIII: The Norman Conquest and After: Manuscripts
XIV: The Norman Conquest and After: Sculpture
Index

Citation preview

ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: THE ANGLO-SAXON WORLD

Volume 12

LATE SAXON AND VIKING ART

LATE SAXON AND VIKING ART

T. D. KENDRICK

First published in 1949 by Methuen & Co. Ltd. This edition first published in 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 1949 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-032-52976-9 (Set) ISBN: 978-1-032-54109-9 (Volume 12) (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-54114-3 (Volume 12) (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-41519-0 (Volume 12) (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003415190 Publisher’s Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent. Disclaimer The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.

LATE SAXON AND VIKING ART by T. D. KENDRICK M.A.

HQN.D.LITT., F.B.A., F.S.A.

With 96 plates and 21 line illustrations in the text

M E T H U E N & C O . LTD.

LONDON

36 Essex Street, Strand, W.C.2

First published in 1949

CATALOGUE NO. 5IIO/U TEXT AND PLATES PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY BUTLER AND TANNER LTD., FROME AND LONDON

PREFACE IF this book has merits, they are due to the help I have received from my many most generous and ingenious colleagues. In particular, I acknowledge my indebtedness to Francis Wormald, who has instructed me in the matter of the manuscripts, to Dr. F. Saxl, and to Sir Alfred Clapham, who has encouraged and corrected me with a characteristically kindly wisdom in all the essays that I now present to the reader. As in the preface to the first volume, I have to thank many incumbents, librarians, and curators, for allowing me to take photographs, and also the editors and authorities who have given me permission to reproduce illustrations, the source of which is named in the list of plates and figures; and I must thank especially the Editors of Antiquity and the Council of the British Archaeological Association for letting me make use of material in two previously published papers. I should like, furthermore, to record how much I owe to Robert Freyhan, Ernst Kitzinger, Lawrence Stone, and Margaret Wrigley, and all my other friends who have accompanied me in the survey of the stone crosses, a task in which we were assisted by an ample grant from the Leverhulme Trustees. In this matter it is a duty to record with gratitude how much I have learnt from the wise and charming writings on the Northumbrian crosses by the great antiquary, Mr. W. G. Collingwood, whose works and, especially, his great series of drawings, still remain the foundation upon which all studies of these carvings must be built. Finally, I acknowledge an irredeemable debt to my colleague Elizabeth Senior, who was killed in 1941, for she gave me invaluable assistance with her camera and her sketch-book, and I know well that her sensible suggestions and courageous opinions have brightened and improved almost every chapter I have written. Flet tamen admonitu motus, Elissa, tui. T. D. K. BRITISH MUSEUM 1948

vii

CONTENTS CHAP.

PAOE

PREFACE I

WINCHESTER

Vli ILLUMINATION :

THE MAIN DEVELOP-

MENT

I

II

WINCHESTER ILLUMINATION I

THE SCIENTIFIC BOOKS

23

III

WINCHESTER ILLUMINATION I

INITIALS

23 — 2506, 24 — 2904, n, 27,49, '36

— 5431 (Rules of St. Benedict),

36

Lansdowne 383 (Shaftesbury Psalter), 135, 147 Royal 5 E. XI, 36 — 5 F. Ill, 28, 30 — 7 D. XXIV, 31 — 15 B. XIX, 18, 108 Stowe 944 (New Minster Register), 18, 108 Cambridge— Corpus Christi College 23 (Prudentius), 19 4'>33 183 (St. Cuthbert), 3, 28, 35, 39 366, 36

Pembroke College 302, 21 Trinity College B. 10. 4 (Gospels), 16, 34, 103 B. II. 2 (Amalarius), 35 O. 2. 31, 37 0.3. 7, 11,36 University Library, Ff. I. 23, 34> !5 Chatsworth, Benedictional of St. Ethelwold, 6

'51

Durham Cathedral— A. II. 4 (Carilef Bible), 134 A. IV. 19 (Ritual), 28, 30 B. II. 13 (St. Augustine), 132 Hunter 100, 134 Helmingham Hall, Orosius, 33 Hildesheim, Albani Psalter, 135 Lambeth Palace— MS. 200, 36, 39 MS. 204, 36 Montecassino, Gospels, 103 Paris, Bib. Nat., Lat. 943, 45, 137 Pierpont Morgan Library, MS. 709, I5> 103 Rouen, MS. Y. 6 (Missal of Robert of Jumteges), 14, 103, 130 Salisbury Cathedral— MS. 38, 36 MS. 150, 34 Utrecht, Psalter, 12 Vatican, Reg. Lat. 12 (Bury Psalter), 18, 22, 103 Tork Minster, Gospels, 10 Manx pattern, 63, 68 Maperton carving, 40 Margam, Pillar of Thomas, 74 Masham pillar, 73 Micheli, G. C., 9 Middleton cross, 76, 94 Millar, E. G., 14, 22 Milton Bryan grave-slab, 82 Mitchell, H. P., 45, 124 Mottisfont stirrup, 117 Murfcaster cross, 63 Myres, Sir John, 143 Nash-Williams, V. E., 75 Neuss, W., 130 Niver, Charles, 11 Norbury cross, 77 Nunney cross, 40 Nunnington cross, 94 Otley crosses, 91, 100, 107 Pagan subjects, 57, 59, 69 Panofsky, E., 50, 52, 53 Pape, T., 69 Peakirk cross, 79, 80

LATE SAXON AND V I K I N G ART

152

Penmon cross, 63 Penn cross, 68 Penrith, Giant's Grave, 70 — Giant's Thumb, 76 Peterborough book-clasp, 116 Pickering cross, 94 Pickhill hog-back, 90 Pitney brooch, 116, 117 Pitt-Rivers Museum, Farnham, 102 Poitiers, William of, 21, 129 Porchester font, 142 Porter, Kingsley, 51, 53 Presbury cross, 64 Prior, E. S., and A. Gardner, 47, 49, 5°>5i Radford, C. A. R., 83, 84 Rastrick cross-base, 65 Reculver cross, 74 Reigate cross, 86 Resmo runestone, 1 1 2 Rheims style, 12 Romsey, Crucifixion panel, 43, 48 — Rood, 49 Routh, T. E., 77 Saffron Walden, bronze escutcheon,

38

St. Albans ivory, 124 Shelford cross, 78 Sherburn cross, 76 Shernborne font, 38 Simris runestone, 1 1 2 Sinnington cross, 99 Sittingbourne book-clasp, 1 1 6 Smithfield, copper mounts, 100 Sockburn cross, 76, 92, 93 Somerford Keynes tympanum, 103 Sompting frieze, 103 Southwell tympanum, 1 2 1 Stanwick cross, 65, 76 Stapleford cross, 68, 71 Staveley cross, 66, 107 Stedham grave-slabs, 86

Stepney Crucifixion, 43, 47 Stoke-on-Trent cross, 76 Stonegrave cross, 63 Thompson, A. Hamilton, 21 Toftrees font, 38 Toller Fratrum, 52, 141 Tuam cross, 114 Tudor, T. L., 71 'Twin Beast' pattern, 80, 84, no Urnes mast-church, no, 121-3 Urswick cross, 65 Utrecht Psalter, see Manuscripts Victoria and Albert Museum, ivories from, 44-5, 147 Walton cross-base, 65, 66 Water Stratford tympanum, 143 West Gilling cross, 75, 99 — Mar ton cross, 115, 123 Westwood, J. O., 74 Whalley cross, 63, 64, 76 Whissonsett cross, 82 Whitehill, W. M., 53 Winchester cross, 74 — vane, 100 Winter bourne Steepleton carving, 43 Wisbech bronze mount, 116 Wormald, F., i, 37, 134-5 Yetminster cross, 68, 72 York, bronze chape, 89 — Clifford St. carving, 90 — Gospels, see Manuscripts — St. Denis grave-slab, 94 — St. Mary Bishophill carving, 65, 66 — spearhead-socket, 102 — Virgin and Child, 49 Ytterselo runestone, 111

I

GRAMMAR, Bodleian MS. Auct. F. IV. 32

II

NEW MINSTER CHARTER, British Museum, Vespasian A. VIII, folio

Ill

BENEDICTIONAL OF ST. ETHELWOLD I folio 906, ST. ETHELDRYTHE Chatsworth

Chatsworth

details, folios 56^ and 25

ETHELWOLD,

BENEDICTIONAL OF ST.

IV

V

BENEDICTIONAL OF ST. ETHELWOLD: folio 99^, ST. BENEDICT Chalsworth

VI

GRIMBALD GOSPELS, British Museum, Add. 34890, folio na

VII

GRIMBALD GOSPELS,

British Museum, Add. 34890, folio lob, details

VIII

PSALTER, British Museum, Harley 2904, folio

IX

; v4*^-'jV"^5

i E E ^ HMMate^i^^M^^Lii^ £-;: - v 1 PSALTER, British Museum, Harley 603, details, folios 526 and 24

I. PSALTER,

Psalm 14, detail

2. UTRECHT PSALTER,

Harley 603, folio y£, detail

X

MISSAL OF ROBER T OF JUMIEGES, Rouen MS. Y. 6,

folios

164^-165

XI

XII

GOSPELS, Pierpont Morgan MS. 709, folio iv CRUCIFIXION

XIII

GOSPELS, Picrpont Morgan MS. 709, folio 48^ ST. LUKE

XIV

PSALTER, British Museum, Harley 603, folio i

I . PSALTER,

GOSPELS,

Trinity Coll., Cambridge, B. 10. 4, folio 16b, detai l

2.

British Museum, Arunde l 155, foli o 93, detail

XV

XVI

PSALTER, British Museum, Tiberius C. VI, folio 14

XVII

EASTER TABLES, British Museum, Caligula A. XV, folios 1226 and 123

XVIII

NEW MINSTER REGISTER, British Museum, Stowe 944, folio 6

I . BUR Y

Bodleian MS. 718, folio 28^, detail

EGBERT,

ARCHBISHOP

2. PENITENTIA L OF

Vatican, Reg. Lat. 12, folio go£, detail

PSALTER,

ST. EDMUNDS

XIX

i. PRUDENTIUS, Corpus, Cambridge, MS. 23, folio 23^, detail

Stowe 944, folio 7, detail

2. NEW MINSTER REGISTER, British Museum,

XX

I . PSALTER,

PSALTER,

British Museum, Arundel 60, folio 52^

2.

British Museum, Arundel 60, folio i2b

XXI

British Museum, Caligula A. XIV, folios 3^> and zob

TROPER,

XXII

I.

ARATEA,

British Museum , Harley 2506, folio 39^, Sagittarius

2. ARATEA,

British Museum , Tiberius B. V, folio 36, Aquarius

XXIII

XXIV

1. CALENDAR PICTURE, British Museum, Julius A. VI, folio 3^ 2, 3. CALENDAR PICTURE, British Museum, Tiberius B. V, folios 3 and 7 4. ^LFRIC'S PENTATEUCH, British Museum, Claudius B. IV, folio 6ib

XXV

HERBARIUM AND MEDICAL WORK, British Museum,

Vitellius C. Ill, folios 36^, 76, and 82

XXVI

MAMBRES AT THE MOUTH OF HELL, British MuSCUm,

Tiberius B. V, folio 876

I

INITIALS,

2

3

i, 2. PSALTER, British Museum, Harley 2904, folios 4 and 151^ 3. PSALTER, British Museum, Arundel 60, folio 13 (see also PL LXXXIX, 2)

XXVII

INITIALS,

i, 3, 5. 6.

2. Bodleian, Tanner 10, folios izb and 54 4. Corpus, Cambridge, MS. 183 British Museum, Royal 7 D. XXIV, folio 906 Bodleian, Junius 27, folio 20

Salisbury Cathedral, MS. 150, folios 122 and 32^, detail

PSALTER,

XXIX

INITIALS, i, 3. 2.

BOSWORTH PSALTER, British Museum, Add. 37517, folios 33 and 74 BOETHIUS, Bodleian, Auct. F. I. 15, folio 65

XXX

XXXI

TIKXIfE

I

2 INITIALS

1-3. AMALARIUS, Trinity, Cambridge, MS. B. II. 2, folios 96, 17b, 44 4. RULES

OF ST.

BENEDICT,

British

Museum, Harley 5431, folio 68&

3

4

INITIALS , i . Bodleian, Digby 146, folio 7 2. Lambeth MS. 200, folio ijb 3. Lambeth MS. 204, folio 2

XXXII

I . LIFE O F

Lambeth, MS. 200, folio 69, detail

2 . ALDHELM ,

Corpus, Cambridge, MS. 183, folio i by detail

ST. CUTHBERT,

XXXIII

XXXIV

CROSS-SHAFT, COLYTON, DEVON Ht. c. 7 ft.

DETAIL OF TYMPANUM , KNOCK , WILTS

XXXV

XXXVI

I

3 1. IVORY PENNER FROM LONDON. L. 9 in. 2. BRONZE CENSER-TOP FROM CANTERBURY. Ht. 4-7 in. 3. BRONZE CRUET. Ht. 3-7 in. All in British Museum

Ht. c. 7 ft.

CHILD,

VIRGIN AN D

Ht. c. 3 ft.

WILTS

INGLESHAM,

CATHEDRAL

BRISTOL

OF HELL,

HARROWING

XXXVII

XXXVIII

I. RELIQUARY CROSS WITH IVORY CARVING

Victoria £? Albert Museum

2. IVORY SEAL OF GODWIN

(detail, slightly enlarged)

British Museum

3. IVORY PANEL FOUND IN WINCHESTER. L. 3 in. Winchester Museum

XXXIX

IVORY HEAD OF A CROSIER. Ht. c. 4* in. Victoria £? Albert Museum

XL

SCULPTURED ROOD, BREAMORE, HANTS Ht. c. 7 ft.

2. CRUCIFIXION PANEL, STEPNEY Ht. 3 ft. 2 in.

3. CRUCIFIXION PANEL, ROMSEY, HANTS Ht. c. 2 ft. 6 in

XLI

• LEEDS PARISH CHURCH Ht. c. 11 ft.

AYCLIFFE, CO. DURHAM Ht. 4 ft. 9 in.

CROSS-SHAFT, HALTON, LANGS

XLII

XLIII

I

2 CROSS-HEADS FROM DURHAM CATHEDRAL CHAPTER HOUSE Ht.: I, 2 ft. 2 in.; 2, i ft. 9 in.

XLIV

I. STONEGRAVE, N.R Ht. 6 ft.

YORKS

2. GOSFORTH, CUMBERLAND Ht. 144 ft.

Ht. 3£ ft.

Ht. 20 in.

CROSS-SHAFTS AND GRAVE-COVER IN CUMBERLAN D

2 . ADDINGHAM

I . DEARHAM

Ht. 32 in.

3. CROSS CANONB Y

XLV

CLULOW, CHESHIR E Ut . p j ft .

BRAILSFORD, DERBY

Ht. 4* ft.

LEEK , STAFFS

Ht. 10 ft.

Ht. io It.

STAPLEFORD, NOTTS

XLVI

XLVII

CROSS-SHAFT, BECKERMET ST. BRIDGET, CUMBERLAND Ht. 4 ft.

ORNAMENT ON CROSS-SHAFT, BRAILSFORD, (cf. PI. XLVI, 2)

DERBY

XLVIII

I. WEST GILLING, N.R. Ht. 2 ft.

YORKS

2. WHALLEY, LANGS Ht. c. l ft.

XLIX

CROSS-SHAFTS, DERBYSHIRE 1. DARLEY DALE. Ht. 5 ft. 4 in. 2, 3. NORBURY. Ht. 5 ft. 3 in.

L

CROSS-SHAFTS. CHECKLEY, STAFFS Ht. c. 5 ft.

FRAGMENT OF CROSS-SHAFT, SHELFORD, NOTTS Jit. c. 3 ft.

LI

l i t . 2 ft.

CROSS-SHAFT, DESBOROl'GII, NORTHANTS

LII

LIII

GRAVE-SLAB, SIDE VIEW AND TOP, HICKLING, NOTTS L. 5 ft. 9 in.

LIV

GRAVE-SLAB, MILTON BRYAN, BEDS L. 5 ft. n in.

Hi. 16 in.

CROSS-SHAFT, AL L HALLOWS , EARKINGSID E

LV

L, c. i ft, i o in,

ORNAMENTAL YOKE, MAMMEN, JUTLAND

Rational Museum, Copenhagen

LVII

lit. c. 8 ft.

RUNESTONE, JELLINGE, JUTLAND

LVIII

LIX

I. INLAID AXE, MAMMEN, JUTLAND L. c. 7 in. Rational Museum, Copenhagen

2. BONE CARVING, THAMES AT LONDON Diam. 3-3 in. British Museum 3. BRONZE SWORD-CHAPE FOUND IN YORK

L. 3'4 »n. The Yorkshire Museum

LX

STONE CARVINGS.

I. PICKHILL, N.R. YORKS. L. i ft. 6 in. 2. CLIFFORD STREET, YORK. 23 in. X 16 in.

Ht. 2 ft. i in.

KIRKBY STEPHEN , WESTMORLAN D

I . CROSSSHAFT,

2.

CROSS-

Ht. i ft. 4 in.

SHAFT, FOLKTON, E.R. YORK S

LXI

LXII

CROSS-SHAFT, SOCKBURN, CO. DURHAM L. of ornamented shaft 2 ft. 8 in.

LXIII

GRAVE-COVER, ST. DENIS, YORK L. 3 ft. 7 in.

Ht. 2 ft. 6 in.

2 . FRAGMEN T OF CROSS, ELLERBURN, N.R. YORK S

L. of panel 27 in

N.R. YORKS

i . CROSSSHAFT, MIDDLETON,

LXIV

FRAGMENT O F CROSS-SHAFT, CROSS CANONBY, Ht. 2 1 in.

CUMBERLAND

LXV

L. of each fragmen t c. 2 ft.

GRAVE-COVER, LEWISHAM, N.K. YORKS

LXVI

GRAVE-STONE FROM ST. PAUL'S CHURCHYAR D W. 2 ft.

Guildhall Museum

LXVII

LXVIII

GRAVE-STONE FROM ST. PAUL S CHURCHYARD L., as restored, c. 3 ft.

LXIX

I . BRONZE SOCKET OF SPEARHEAD FOUND AT YORK Ht. 3-4 in. Pitt-Rivers Museum, Farnham

2 (left). COPPERGILT ORNAMENT, THAMES AT HAMMERSMITH

L. 4 •".

3 (right). ORNAMENTAL BONE PIN FROM THE THAMES

L. 6-6 in. British Museum

LXX

I. CARVED FRIEZE, SOMPTING, SUSSEX L. i ft. n in.

2. GRAVE-STONE,

BIBURY, GLOUCESTERSHIRE Ht. 2 ft. i in.

British Museum

LXXI

I.

DETAIL FROM TRINITY COLL., CAMBRIDGE, B.

2, 3. DETAILS FROM BRITISH MUSEUM, Harley

IO. 4

76

LXXII

DETAILS FROM THE C/EDMON MS. BODLEIAN, Junius I I

LXXIII

1. DETAIL FROM CAMBRIDGE UNIV. LIBRARY, Ff. I. 2$ 2. DETAIL FROM BODLEIAN, JuniuS I I

LXXIV

qumon abunc inconjfifoo -jonpcge fyn «!inuia pec / tiat rcoo "jon(»j5 oaroru ^

PSALTER, CAMBRIDGE UNIV. LIBRARY,

Ff. I.

23, folio 5

LXXV

RUNESTONE SIMRIS I, SCANIA, SWEDEN Ht. c. 5 ft. 9 in.

RUNESTONE, ARDRE III, GOTLAND Ht. 2 ft. 7 in.

Rational Museum, Stockholm

LXXVI

DOORS O F MAST-CHURCH , URNES , NORWA Y

LXXVII

LXXVIII

I. WINCHESTER WEATHER VANE

L. 10-8 in. Winchester Cathedral

2. DETAIL, CROSS OF CONG Ht. 2 ft. 6 in. Rational Museum, Dublin

L. c. 6 ft. 6 in.

SARCOPHAGUS, CASHEL, CO. TIPPERAR Y

LXXIX

LXXX

I. DETAIL OF BELL SHRINE OF ST. CUILLEAN. W. 6k in. British Aluseum 2. HEAD OF CROSIER FROM CLONMACNOISE. Ht., as shown, 8 in. .\ational Aluseum, Dublin

LXXXI

IVORY HEAD OF CROSIER, AGHADOE, CO. KERRY Ht. r. 6 in. Rational Musmm, Stockholm

LXXXII

I. OPENWORK BRONZE ORNAMENT FROM WISBECH Diam. i'6 in. Wisbech Museum

2. OPENWORK GILT-BRONZE

ORNAMENT

FROM PITNEY, SOMERSET Diam. 1-5 in. British' Museum

LXXXIII

I. IRON HEAD OF FLAMBARD'S CROSIER Ht. 7 ft.

Durham Cathedral

2. BRONZE ESCUTCHEON FROM SAFFRON WALEENj ESSEX Dian?. 2 in. Saffron Walden Museum

CAPITALS, KIRKBURN , E.R.

YORKS

LXXXIV

LXXXV

STONE CARVING (and

detail), JEVINGTON, SUSSEX Ht. 3 ft.

L. 4 ft. 8 in.

TYMPANUM, SOUTHWELL, NOTTS, with detail of lower edge

LXXXVI

LXXXVII

SCULPTURED STONES, ST. NICHOLAS, IPSWICH L. of both c, 3 ft.

CROSS-SHAFT, WEST MARTON , W.R . YORKS Ht. i ft, i i in,

LXXXVIII

LXXXIX

I. IVORY HEAD OF TAU-CROSS, detail Victoria & Albert Museum

2. DETAIL FROM PSALTER, British Museum, Arundel 60, folio 13

xc

THE FISHING STONE, GOSFORTH, CUMBERLAND Ht. 2 ft. 3 in.

XCI

BAYEUX TAPESTRY, details

XCII

BAYEUX TAPESTRY, details

XCIII

ST. AUGUSTINE, COMMENTARY ON PSALTER,

Durham MS. B. II. 13, folios 102 and 726, details

XCIV

J>*

CARILEF S BIBLE

Durham MS. A. II. 4, folio 65, detail

I.

PSALTER,

Corpus, Oxford, MS. 157, folio 76, detail

2. WORCESTER CHRONICLE,

British Museum , Lansdowne 383, folio i2b

xcv

XCVI

TYMPANUM (and detail), WATER STRATFORD, BUCKS