Rod Machado's Private Pilot Handbook [Third ed.] 9780985932893
3,800 1,061 37MB
English Pages 657 Year 2021
![Rod Machado's Private Pilot Handbook [Third ed.]
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Table of contents :
Front Cover
Contents and Introduction
Private Handbook Cover
Rod Machado's Book
Copyright Information
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
Foreword
Dedication
About the Author
Sam Lyons
Introduction
Updating Your Book
Chapter 1 - Airplane Components: Getting to Know Your Airplane
Getting to Know Your Airplane
Engine Cooling Systems
The Nose Wheel
A Retractable Gear Airplane
Fuel Tank Sump Drain
Water Contamination of Fuel
The Static Source
The Pitot Tube
The Pitot-Static Mast
Stall Warning Devices
Fuel Tank Vent Lines
The Ailerons
The Flaps
The Fuselage
Horizontal-Vertical Stabilizer
The Stabilator
The Trim Tab
More About the Fuselage
The Cowling
Engine Access Door
Antennas
The Instrument Panel
The Glass Cockpit Panel
Primary Flight Display (PFD)
Chapter 2 - Aerodynamics - The Wing Is the Thing
Four Forces
Climbs
Descents
The Wing
How the Wing Works
Relative Wind
Attacking the Air
How Lift Develops
Impact Versus Pressure Lift
Bending the Wind
Angle of Attack
Stalls
Angle of Attack
Any Attitude or Airspeed
Stall Warning Signs
Stalling Speed
Drag
Movement of Air
Total Drag
Stretching the Glide
Ground Effect
Where to Use Caution
Ground Effect and Pitch Changes
Flaps
Flap Varieties
Why Use Flaps?
How Airplanes Turn
Flight Controls
Ailerons
Adverse Yaw
Rudders
Elevator
Trim Tabs
Left Turning Tendencies
Postflight Briefing #2-1
How a Spin Occurs
Postflight Briefing #2-2
Parasite Drag
Induced Drag
Postflight Briefing #2-3
Maximum Endurance and Range
Maximum Range
Maximum Endurance
Postflight Briefing #2-4
The Best Glide Speed
Postflight Briefing #2-5
Maneuvering Speed
Weight Change and Va
Postflight Briefing #2-6
Aerodynamic Ideas
Stall Pattern
Stall Strips
Frost, Ice or Snow
Seeing the Stall
Postflight Briefing #2-7
The Velocity/Load Factor (V-g) Diagram
The Positive-G Limit
The Negative-G Limit
Maximum Speed Limit
The Stall Side
Gusts Loading
Chapter 3 - Engines - Knowledge of Engines is Power
The Airplane Engine
Four Cycle Engine
The Ignition System
Dual Ignition Systems
The Magneto
Impulse Coupling
The P-Lead
The Exhaust System
The Induction System
The Carburetor
The Idling System
The Accelerator Pump
Atomization of Fuel
Carburetor - The Ice Maker
Ice: Just Your Type
Impact Ice
Fuel Ice
Throttle Ice
The Carburetor Heater
Carb Ice Symptoms
Carb Heat - Precautionary Measure
Carburetor Icing Potential
Fuel: Going With the Flow
The Mixture Control
The Fuel/Air Mixture
When to Lean
How to Lean
Too Rich and Too Lean
Leaning and High Altitude Takeoffs
The EGT Monitor
The Fuel System
Components
Fuel Colors
Fuel Vents
Auxiliary Fuel Pumps
The Primer
Fuel Gauges
How Much Fuel to Carry
The Oil System
Malfunctions
The Engine Cooling System
The Propeller
Power Levers - Manifold Pressure & RPM
Manifold Presssure
Manifold Pressure Change With Altitude
Propeller Position for Takeoff, Climb & Cruise
Why Constant Speed Propellers?
How to Make Power Changes
Propeller Tips and Ideas
Postflight Briefing #3-1
Detonation and Preignition
Detonation
Preignition
Postflight Briefing #3-2
Fuel Injection Systems
Postflight Briefing #3-3
Advanced Airplane Systems
Turbocharging
Pressurization
Engine Operating Tips
Chapter 4 - The Electrical System - Knowing What's Watt
Electricity and Water
Water Analogy of Electricity
The Water Pump
The Electrical Ground
Load Meter
The Battery
Charge-Discharge Ammeter
Electrical Drain
What is Electricity?
The Voltage Regulator
Problems With Regulators (Brains)
Postflight Briefing #4-1
The Battery Contactor
Chapter 5 - Flight Instruments - Clocks, Tops & Toys
Six Flight Instruments
Glass Cockpit Instruments
Non-Gyro Instruments
Airspeed Indicator
Static Pressure
Pitot Tubes
Airspeed Indicator’s Face
Indicated Airspeeds
Vs
Vso
Vs1
Vno
Vne
Va
Vlo
Vle
Indicated Airspeeds
Calibrated Airspeed
True Airspeed
Approaching High Altitude Airports
The Altimeter
Pressure Variations
Temperature Variations
Sensitive Altimeters
Pressure Altitude
Reading the Altimeter
The Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)
Alternate Static Source
The Gyroscopic Instruments
The Attitude Indicator
The Heading Indicator
The Turn Coordinator
The Magnetic Compass
Acceleration and Deceleration Error
Turning Errors
Postflight Briefing #5-1
Gyroscopic Precession
Postflight Briefing #5-2
Primary Flight Displays
Digital Airspeed Readouts on PFDs
Trend Lines
Digital Altitude Readouts
Digital Vertical Speed Indicators
Attitude Indication on a PFD
Heading Indication on a PFD
The Inclinometer Trapezoid
Attitude-Heading Ref System
Postflight Briefing #5-3
The Remote Indicating Compass
Postflight Briefing #5-4
The Ring Laser Gyro
Chapter 6 - Federal Aviation Regulations - How FAR Can We Go?
Part 61 Certification of Airmen
Definitions
FAR 61.3 Requirement for Certificates, Ratings and Authorizations
61.15 Offenses Involving Alcohol or Drugs
61.23 Duration of Medical Certificates
61.31 Additional Training Requirements
High Performance and Complex Endorsements
Pressurized Airplanes Capable of Operating at High Altitudes
Tailwheel Airplanes
61.56 Flight Reviews
61.57 Recent Flight Experience: Pilot In Command
61.60 Change of Address
FAR 61.87 Solo Requirements for Student Pilots
FAR 61.89 General Limitations
FAR 61.93 Solo Cross Country Flight Requirements
FAR 61.103 Private Pilot Requirements
FAR 61.109 Flight Experience
FAR 61.113 Private Pilot Privileges and Limitations: Pilot in Command
PART 91 General Operating and Flight Rules
FAR 91.3 Responsibility and Authority of the Pilot In Command
FAR 91.7 Civil Aircraft Airworthiness
FAR 91.9 Civil Aircraft Flight Manual, Markings and Placard Requirements
FAR 91.15 Dropping Objects
FAR 91.17 Alcohol or Drugs
FAR 91.103 Preflight Action
FAR 91.105 Flight Crewmembers at Stations
FAR 91.107 Use of Safety Belts
FAR 91.111 Operating Near Other Aircraft
FAR 91.113 Right of Way Rules: Except Water Operations
Distress
Converging
Different Aircraft Categories
Overtaking
Landing
FAR 91.115 Right of Way Rules: Water Operations
FAR 91.117 Aircraft Speed
FAR 91.119 Minimum Safe Altitudes
FAR 91.121 Altimeter Settings
FAR 91.123 Compliance with ATC Clearances and Instructions
FAR 91.125 ATC Light Signals
FAR 91.126 Operating on or in the Vicinity of an Airport in Class G Airspace
FAR 91.127 Operations on or in the Vicinity of an Airport in Class E Airspace
FAR 91.129 Operations in Class D Airspace
FAR 91.130 Operations in Class C Airspace
FAR 91.131 Operations in Class B Airspace
FAR 91.133 Restricted and Prohibited Areas
FAR 91.135 Operations in Class A Airspace
FAR 91.151 Fuel Requirements for Flight in VFR Conditions
FAR 91.155 Basic VFR Weather Minimums
FAR 91.157 Special VFR Weather Minimums
FAR 91.159 VFR Cruising Altitude or Flight Level
FAR 91.203 Civil Aircraft: Certifications Required
FAR 91.207 Emergency Locator Transmitters
FAR 91.209 Aircraft Lights
FAR 91.211 Use of Supplemental Oxygen
FAR 91.215 ATC Transponder and Altitude Reporting Equipment and Use
FAR 91.303 Aerobatic Flight
FAR 91.307 Parachutes and Parachuting
FAR 91.313 Restricted Category Civil Aircraft: Operating Limitations
FAR 91.319 Aircraft Having Experimental Certificates: Operating Limitations
FAR 91.403 Aircraft Maintenance: General
FAR 91.407 Operations After Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding or Alteration
FAR 91.409 Inspections
FAR 91.413 ATC Transponder Tests and Inspections
FAR 91.417 Maintenance Records
National Transportation Safety Board Regulations
NTSB 830.2 Definitions
NTSB 830.5 Immediate Notification
NTSB 830.10 Preservation of Aircraft Wreckage, Mail, Cargo and Records
NTSB 830.15 Reports and Statements to Be Filed
Postflight Briefing #6-1
Sport Pilot Certificate
Postflight Briefing #6-2
Postflight Briefing #6-3
TFRs
Postflight Briefing #6.4
Inoperative Equipment
Postflight Briefing #6-5
FAR 91.205 Equipment Required
Postflight Briefing #6-6
Airplane Towing a Glider
Chapter 7 - Airport Operations - No Doctor Needed
Airport Operations
Runway Lighting
Taxiway Markings
Additional Runway Markings
Airport Beacons
The Traffic Pattern
Traffic Pattern Components
Crabbing in the Pattern
Entering the Traffic Pattern
The Segmented Circle
Wind and Landing-Direction Indicators
The 45° Entry Point
CTAF (Common Traffic Advisory Frequency)
Using Unicom and Multicom for Information
Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS)
Pilot Control of Airport Lighting
Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI)
The 2-Bar VASI
Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI)
The 3-Bar VASI
Tricolor VASI
Pulsating VASI Systems
Wake Turbulence
Wingtip Vortices
Vortex Movement
ATC Wake Turbulence Separation Requirements
Taxiing in Crosswind Conditions
Postflight Briefing #7-1
LAHSO (Land And Hold Short Operations)
Postflight Briefing #7-2
Additional Airport and Runway Markings
Postflight Briefing #7-3
Runway Status Light System
Postflight Briefing #7-4
Ground Reference Maneuvers
Chapter 8 - Radio Operations - Aviation Spoken Here
Radio Technique
VHF Transmissions
Radio Equipment
Talking the Talk
Controlled Airports
Control Tower Communications
Flight Service Frequencies
ASOS/AWOS
The Emergency Frequency
The Chart Supplement
Radar and the ATC System
Transponders
Radar Services for Pilots
ADS-B Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast
Radar Assistance to VFR Aircraft
Basic Radar Service
Terminal Radar Service Area (TRSA) Service
Class C Service
Class B Service
Clearance Delivery
Postflight Briefing #8-1
How ATC Keeps an Eye on You
Chapter 9 - Airspace - The Wild Blue, Green and Red Yonder
Controlled and Uncontrolled Airspace
The Big Picture
Class A Airspace
Class E Airspace
Class E at and Above 10,000 Feet MSL
Class E Below 10,000 Feet MSL
Class E Airspace Starting at 700 Feet AGL
Additional Requirements in Surface-Based Controlled Airspace
Special VFR Clearance
Obtaining an SVFR Clearance
Satellite Airports Lying Within the Primary Airport’s Surface-Based Controlled Airspace
Class G Airspace
Night Operations in Class GAirspace at 1,200 Feet AGL and Below
Class G Airspace Above 1,200 Feet AGL
General Conclusions About Class A, E and G Airspace
Class B, C and D Airspace
Class D Airspace
Weather Minimums for Class D Airspace
Satellite Airports Within Class D Airspace
Class C Airspace
Equipment Requirements to Operate Within Class C Airspace
Class C Service
Satellite Airports Within Class C Airspace
Variations in Class C Airspace
Weather Minimums for Class C Airspace
Class B Airspace
Requirements to Enter Class B Airspace
Special VFR Within Class B Airspace
Corridors and Circumnavigating Class B Airspace
Transponder and Mode C Within 30 NM of Certain Airports
Transponders and Mode C Above 10,000 Feet MSL
Transponders in Controlled Airspace
Transponder and Mode C Deviations
Speed Restriction in Class C and D Airspace
The ADIZ (Air Defense Identification Zone)
Terminal Radar Service Area
ADS-B Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast
TIS-B Traffic Information Service Broadcast
Special Use Airspace
National Security Area
Prohibited Areas
Restricted Areas
Warning Areas
Alert Areas
Military Operations Areas
Military Training Routes (MTRs)
Special Flight Rules Area (SFRA)
Controlled Firing Area
Postflight Briefing #9-1
Temporary Flight Restrictions
Postflight Briefing #9-2
Memorizing Visibility Minimums
Postflight Briefing #9-3
Airspace: Dimension, Equipment and Pilot Entry Requirements Memory Aid
Postflight Briefing #9-4
Variable Floors of Class E Airspace
Chapter 10 - Aviation Maps - The Art of the Chart
The Aeronautical Sectional Chart
VFR Terminal Area Charts.
Topographical Information
Relief (the sloping of terrain)
Color
Spot Elevation Symbols
Spot Elevations Showing Highest Terrain
Maximum Elevation Figures (MEF)
Obstacles
Roads
Railroad Tracks
Wires
Shorelines, Rivers & Streams
Populated Areas
Airports
Airways
VFR Checkpoints
Airborne Vehicle Symbols
Park, Wildlife, Forest, Wilderness and Primitive Areas
Postflight Briefing #10-1
GPS Identified VFR Checkpoints
Postflight Briefing #10-2
The Terminal Area Chart
Postflight Briefing #10-3
Seattle Sectional Chart Legend
Chapter 11 - Radio Navigation - The Frequency Flyer Program
Pilotage
Electronic Elucidation - VOR Navigation
The Big Picture
VOR Radials
VOR Compass Rose
Your VOR Equipment
VORs and Airborne Freeways
How to Navigate With VOR
Intercepting a VOR Course
Flying From the VOR on a Selected Course
Dual VORs for Position Fixing
Reverse Sensing
Tracking a Selected VOR Course
Identifying the Effect of Wind
Reintercepting the Course
Applying a Wind Correction
Adjusting the Wind Correction
Chasing the Needle
Radials and Courses
The VOR Orienter
The Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
Area Navigation – RNAV
The Global Positioning System—GPS
Terms You Need to Know
Your GPS in Action
Along Track Distance (ATD):
Flight Plans Made of Several Waypoints
Automatic Direction Finding (ADF) Navigation
Postflight Briefing #11-1
VOR Reverse Sensing
Postflight Briefing #11-2
The Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI)
Postflight Briefing #11-3
ADF: Bearing Down on Homing In
Postflight Briefing #11-4
Advanced ADF Navigation
Postflight Briefing #11-5
VOR Test Signal
Postflight Briefing #11-6
Antenna's Galore
Chapter 12- Understanding Weather - Looking for Friendly Skies
Atmospheric Circulation
The Coriolis Force
Air Pressure and Vertical Air Movement
Getting Water in the Air
The Water Content of Warm and Cold Air
Two Ways to Cool Air
Relative Humidity
The Dew Point
Condensation and Cloud Formation
Lapse Rates and Temperature Inversions
Temperature Inversions
Effects of Temperature Inversions
What to Expect in an Inversion
Atmospheric Stability: Warm Over Cold, and Cold Over Warm
The Environmental Lapse Rate
Rising Parcels of Air
Saturated Parcels of Rising Air
Clouds and Atmospheric Stability
High and Low Pressure Areas
Sea and Land Breeze Circulation
Keeping It in Perspective
Highs and Lows on Weather Maps
Circulation in Highs and Lows: Going With the Flow
The Answer Is Flowin’ in the Wind
Weather Associated With Highs and Lows
Keeping It in Perspective
Ridges and Troughs
Frontal Systems
The Polar Front
Different Types of Fronts
Discontinuities Across a Front
Cold Front Characteristics
Keeping It in Perspective
Two Types of Cold Fronts
Cloud Families
Warm Fronts
Stationary Fronts
The Jet Stream
Thunderstorms
The (Not So Secret) Life of a Thunderstorm
Cumulus Stage
Mature Stage
Dissipating Stage
Thunderstorm Types
Air Mass Thunderstorms
Orographic Thunderstorms
Frontal Thunderstorms
Squall Lines
Thunderstorm Turbulence
Virga
Thunderstorm Avoidance
Lightning
Turbulence and Windshear
Mountain Waves
Temperature Inversions and Windshear
Fog
Radiation Fog
Advection Fog
Upslope Fog
Precipitation-Induced Fog
Ice Fog
Steam Fog
Weathering the Weather
Postflight Briefing #12-1
Advanced Weather Concepts
Wave Cyclones (Frontal Waves)
Wave Cyclone Weather Patterns
Cold Occlusions
Warm Occlusions
Postflight Briefing #12-2
How the Jet Stream Forms
Chapter 13 - Weather Charts - PIREPS, Progs & METARS
Aviation Weather Services
The Telephone Briefing
Other Sources of Weather Information
Newspapers
Cockpit Weather Uplink
SMX Text Cellphone Weather From AFSS
Enroute Weather Information
Pilot Reports (PIREPS)
Weather Reports
METAR
Automatic Weather Observing Programs
ASOS
AWOS
Terminal Aerodrome Weather Forecasts (TAF)
Graphical Forecasts for Aviation (GFA) Introduction
Winds Aloft Forecasts (FD)
Weather Charts: Getting The Big Picture
Surface Analysis Chart
NEXRAD Radar
Radar Reflectivity
dBZs (Reflectivity Values)
Storm Intensity Levels
Reporting Turbulence
Low Level Significant Weather Prognostic Chart
Adverse Conditions Alerting Service
In-flight Aviation Weather Advisories
SIGMET (WS)
AIRMET (WA)
Graphical AIRMETs
Convective SIGMETs (WST)
Pilot Reports (PIREPs)
Graphical Forecasts for Aviaiton
Putting It All Together
Chapter 14 - Flight Planning - Getting There From Here
What is Flight Planning?
Measuring Direction
Time Measurement
Time Zones
Longitude and Latitude on Sectional Charts
Cross Country Navigation
Our Trip - Flight Planning
Flight Planning Step 1—Draw a line between airports or checkpoints
Flight Planning Step 2—Determine the true course
Flight Planning Step 3—Determine the wind correction angle
Using the Wind Side of the Slide Computer
The Wind Correction Angle
Flight Planning Step 4—Determine the true heading
How True Airspeed Affects Your Wind Correction Angle
Flight Planning Step 5—Determine the magnetic heading
Magnetic Variation
Isogonic Lines
Compass Deviation
Flight Planning Step 6—Determine your compass heading
Return Trip From AVA/Memorial to Table Rock
Planning an Actual Flight
Selecting a Route
Measuring the Distance
Mileage Between Checkpoints
Choosing an Altitude
Finding the Compass Heading
Estimating Time Enroute and Fuel Consumed
A More Accurate Flight Plan
Postflight Briefing #14-1
The Mechanical Flight Computer
The Number Scale
Converting Nautical and Statute Miles
Time, Distance and Speed Computations
Postflight Briefing #14-2
Finding Density Altitude
Finding True Airspeed
Finding Your True Altitude
Postflight Briefing #14-3
Creating a Wind Triangle
Postflight Briefing #14-5
Flight Planning/Weather Briefings by Computer
Chapter 15 - Airplane Performance - Know Before You Go
Air Density
Height
Heat
Humidity
Density Altitude
Service Ceiling
Performance Charts
Best Rate and Best Angle of Climb Speeds
Vx and Vy Change With Altitude
Cruise Climb Speed
Takeoff Distance Chart
Landing Distance Performance Charts
A Different Landing Distance Chart
Time, Fuel and Distance to Climb Chart
Cruise Performance Chart
Another Variety of Cruise Performance Charts
Endurance and Range Profile Charts
Crosswind Component Chart
Postflight Briefing #15-1
Advanced Density Altitude Lessons
Postflight Briefing #15-2
Cruise Performance (time and fuel planning)
Chapter 16 - Weight and Balance - Let's Wait & Balance
Excessive Weight and Structural Damage
Center of Gravity
Airplane Stability in Flight
Airplane Stability and CG
Other CG Considerations
Aft CG Loading
Forward CG Loading
The Center of Lift
Moments are Titling Forces
Determining the Position of the CG
Extra Weight
Working an Actual CG Problem
Basic Weight and Balance
Weight Change
Fuel Burn Weight and Balance
Weight Shift
Chapter 17 - Pilot Potpourri - Neat Aeronautical Information
AIM: The Aeronautical Information Manual
Fitness for Flight
Illness
Medication
Alcohol
Hypoxia
Hyperventilation
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Ear Health
Toynbee Maneuver
Spatial Disorientation
Visual Illusions
Flight Vision
Night Vision
Haze and Collision Avoidance
Scanning for Traffic During the Day
Airplanes Converging Head On
Night Scanning for Traffic
Airplane Blind Spots
Filing a VFR Flight Plan
FAA and Industry Publications
Airport/Facility Directory
The Aeronautical Information Manual
Notices to Airmen (NOTAMS)
Advisory Circulars
Aviation Decision Making: Thoughts for Life
Two Types of Decisions
Factors That Influence Our Decisions
Aids That Help With Decision Making
Self Awareness and Hazardous Thinking
Hazardous Thought Patterns and Their Antidotes
Hazardous Attitude Antidotes
Being Pilot in Command
Crew/Cockpit Resource Management
Human Resources
Memory
Hardware
Information Workload
Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM)
Decide
The Traditional ADM Model
The Non-traditional ADM Model
Mental Checklists: PAVE & IMSAFE
Postflight Briefing #17-1
Traffic Alerting Systems
Postflight Briefing #17-2
ICAO Internation Flight Plan Form
Postflight Briefing #17-3
NOTAM Abbreviations
Postflight Briefing #17-4
General Abbreviations
Products and Index
The Senior Editor
The Aviation Speakers Bureau
Rod Machado’s Products
Index
Glossary
Back of Book
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