Revisiting the Religious Life of Palmyra [Bilingual ed.] 2503576354, 9782503576350

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CONTEXTUALIZING THE SACRED Editoria! Board

REVISITING THE RELIGIOUS LIFE OF PALMYRA

Elizabech Frood, University o/Oxford Rubina Raja, Aarhus University

Edited by

Rubina Raja

VOLUME9 Previously published volumes in chis series are lisced ac che back of che book.

BREPOLS

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

CONTENTS

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

List of Illustrations ... . . . . .. . ... .. .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. .. .. . ...... . ......... . ..... . ........ . .... vu Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Revisiting the Religious Life of Palmyra in Copenhagen: Acknowledgements .... . . . .. . . . . . .. . xiv 1. Revisiting the Religious Life of Palmyra: Or Why It Still Matters to

Focus on Ancient Religious Life within the Context of a Single Site RUBINA RAJA . .. . . . .. .. ....... . ........... .. ... ..... . . ... ... ... . . .. . . ... . .. . ... . . . . . . .. .. 1

2. Patterns of Worship at Palmyra: Reflections on Methods and Approaches TED KAIZER .. .... . ... . ... . . ... ... . ..... . ...... ...... . . .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . . ... .. .... . ........ 7

3. Dieux grecs aPalmyre: L'ambigiiite d'un concept MAURICE SARTRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. ............. . .... . .. . . .. . . . . .... . . ...... . . . . . .... 25

4. Images as Windows on the Religious Life of Palmyra LUCINDA DIRVEN .................. .. .............. . . . . . . .. ... . . . . ..... . .. . . .. .. . . . . . .. 37 © 2019, Brepols Publishers n.v., Turnhout, Belgium

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.

5. Images of Individual Devotion in Palmyrene Sources ELEONORA CUSSINI. .. . . . ....... . . .. . .. . ... ..... . . . . . ... .. ... . . ... . . . . . . . . . ... ... . . .... 51

6. Reconsidering the dorsalium or 'Curtain of Death' in Palmyrene Funerary Sculpture: Significance and Interpretations in Light of the Palmyra Portrait Project Corpus

D/2019/0095/230 ISBN: 978-2-503-57635-0

RUBINA RAJA . ....... . .. .. ... .. .. . ... . .. . ... . ........

. ... . .. . ... . ..... .. ... ... . . ...... 67

Catalogue Printed in the EU on acid-free paper

Stelae with Cloth Only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stelae with One Figure..... . .. . .... . .. . . . .. ... .. .. .... .. .. . .......... . . ... .. ... ... . ... .. . Males.. . ... . ........... . . . .. . .... . . . .. . . . ......... . . ...... . .. . . . .. . . . . . ...... . . Females . ... .. . .

76 77 77

80

vi

CONTENTS

Catalogue (cont.) Stelae with Two Portraits .. . .... .. . . . . . .... . . .. . ....... . ... .. . .. . ..... .. . . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . 84 Cloth behind Male Figure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Stelae with Children, Cloth behind Child . .. . .. .. . .. . ..... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .... . ........ 84 Cloth behind Female Figure ............ . .. . ... .. . ... . .. . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .... . ... . .. .. 85 Stelae with Three Portraits, Cloth behind Male Figure ... . .. . .. . .. ... . .. . . . .... . . . .. .. 85 Stelae with Four Portraits, Cloth behind Male ... . . ........ . .. ... . . . .... . . . . .. . ... . . .. 85 Loculus Reliefs with Male Portrait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Loculus Reliefs with Female Portrait ... . . . . . . . . ... . ..... . . . . . ....... . .. . . . . . . . .... . .... . 121 Loculus Reliefs with Two Portraits .. . .. . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 136 Cloth behind Male Figure . . . ... . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . ..... . . .... . .. . . . . . . . .... . . . .. . 136 Cloth behind Female Figure . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .... . . . .. . ......... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 137 Double Cloths .... .. ... . . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .......... . . .... . .. . . . ..... . .. . ..... 139 Loculus Reliefs with Children ... . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . ...... . .... . ........ . . . . . . . .. . . . . ... 141 Cloth behind Adule Figure . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ...... . . . .. . . .. . . ....... . .. ... .. . .. . 141 Cloth behind Child Figure . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .... . . . .. . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . .. . 142 Loculus Reliefs with Three Portraits . . .. . ... .. . .. . . . . . . . . ..... . . .. . .. .. . . .. ..... .. . . .. . .. 143 Cloth behind All Figures ...... . ... . . . .. . . . . ... .. . ... . . . . . .... . . . .... . . .. .. . . . .. . ... 143 Cloth behind Two Figures . ... ... .... . .... . ... ... . ... . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . ... .. . . .. 144 Cloth behind Male Figure ..... .. . . . . . ... .. . . .. .. ... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... . . . . ... 144 Banqueting Reliefs ... . .... . ....... . .. . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. ... . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . 145 Wall Painting . .. . ..... . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .. . . ..... . . . ... . .. . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 145 Sarcophagi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 7. The Significance of the orans Pose in Palmyrene Art MAURAK.HEYN ........ . .... . .... . ....... . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 153

8. 'Les dieux armes' in Palmyra: Religious, Iconographic, Ethnic, and Historic Considerations

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Ted Kaizer

Figure 2.1.

Palmyrene coin . . .. ...... . .. . ............. .. . . ... .. .. . . ... .. . .. .. ......... ... . . .. ..... . ....... 17

Figure 2.2.

Palmyrene coin ...... . ... . ..... . .............. . . . . ...... . ... . . . ............ .... . . . ... ......... 17

Figure 2.3.

Palmyrene coin ....... . ...... . .. . ............ ... ..... . .. . .. . .. . ..... . .......... .. .... . ........ 17

Maurice Sartre

Figure 3.1.

Doura-Europos. Le sacrifice de Terentius .... .. ..... .. ... . . . . ... . ... ..... .. . ..... .. . . ... .... . . .. 27

Figure 3.2.

Doura-Europos. Tyche couronnee . . .. .... . . ... .. . . .. ....... . ... . .. .. ...... . ..... . . .. .. ... . . . ... 28

Figure 3.3.

Doura-Europos. Gad couronne ..... . . . .. .. ........ . ... . . .. . . . . ... . . ................. .. . .. . .... 28

Figure 3.4.

Nemesis, Allat et un dedicant . ... .. ........ . . . . . ..... . ... . ...... . ... .... .. . . .. . . . . ...... . .. . . . . 29

Figure 3.5.

Palmyre. Dieux en habits militaires et Heracles .. ... ....... . .. . . .... .. .... .. .. . .... .. . ... .. . . .... 30

Figure 3.6.

Heracles al'oryx ............................ . .... . ................ .. . . . .... ...... . ..... . ... ... 31

Figure 3.7.

Palmyre. Fresque de Dionysos ....... . . . . ......... . . ...... . ....... ... ...... . ....... . .. .. . .. . . . . . 33

TOMMASO GNOLI. ..... . ...... . . . .. . . . . . . . ... .. ... . . . .. . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 161

Lucinda Dirven

9. Bel the Merciful ALEKSANDRAKUBIAK-SCHNEIDER .......... . .. . . . .. . .. . ............. . . . ... . ...... . . 171

Figure 4.1.

Small niche from the Temple ofBaalshamin, Palmyra . .... . ................. . . . .. . . . ... .. .. ..... 38

Figure 4.2.

Reconstruction of a cross-section through the Antonine Temple of Allat containing the archaic chapel and cult statue . ... .. . .. ...... ..... . . . . . ............. . . ... . .. ... . .. 41

Figure 4.3.

Ink drawing of the god larhibol from the Temple of Azzanathkona tn Dura-Europos . ........ .. ... 42

Figure 4.4.

Stele representing a Palmyrene priest carrying two standards in front of a temple .. . ....... . ...... . 43

Figure 4.5.

Stele representing the gods Baalshamin and Bel, accompanied by the sun and moon god, 121

Figure 4.6.

Beam from the Temple of Bel, representing Aligbol and Malakbel shaking hands above an altar in their sanctuary ... .. . .. ... . .................. . . . ....... . .. .... . . 45

Figure 4.7.

Stele representing Aglibol and Malakbel shaking hands. From Rome, dated 236 CE .. . ... .. . . . .. . . . 46

10. Foreigners and Outsiders: The Religious Life of Palmyra Seen from Outside JEAN-BAPTISTE YON .................. .. .. . .. . .... . . . ................. . . . . . . . ........ 175

11. Portable Religion and the Palmyrene Diaspora EIVIND HELDAAS SELAND . .. . .... . . . . ..... . ... . . . . .. ......... . . . .. . ........ . . . ...... 181

12. A Palmyrene Contribution to Eastern Christianity: The Name of King Gondophares NATHANAELANDRADE . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . ... . . . . . .. . . . .... . . . .... .. . .. . .. .. . . . .. 189

Index ......... . ...... . .... . . . . . ... . .. . .. .... . . ... . .... . ..... . . . .... . .. . . . .. . ... .. . . ... ... .. 199

C E ...

44

viii

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

ix

Eleonora Cussini

Figure 6.20.

Loculus relief with a male. Archaeological Museum, Istanbul ...... ... ..... . ... . ......... . .. . .... 89

Figure 5.1.

PAT 0420. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, NCG 1080.......... . ..... . .......... . ... . ..... . .......... . 51

Figure 6.21.

Loculus relief with a male, Wahballat. British Museum, London . .. . ......... ....... ............. 90

Figure 5.2.

PAT 0420, handcopy ... ..................... .. .. . ............ . . . ... .. ..... .. .. . .. .. . . ......... 52

Figure 6.22.

Loculus relief with a male. Musee de Baalbek, Baalbek. .... . ... ....... . ....... . .. . ... .. ... .. ... . . 90

Figure 5.3.

PAT 0420, palaeographic chart . ... . ... ....... . .... . ... ....... .......... . .. .. ............. .. . . . 53

Figure 6.23.

Loculus relief with a male. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York .. . ........... . .. .... .. . . .. . .. 91

Figure 5.4.

PAT 0354. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, NCG 1081.. ..... . ... ..... ......... . ... . ............ . . . .. .. 56

Figure 6.24.

Loculus relief with a male. Musei Vaticani, Rome ..... .. . . . .. . .... .............................. 91

Figure S.S.

Sarcophagus with scene of incense sacrifice on a stone altar ..... . ........... . ................. ... 58

Figure 6.25.

Loculus relief with a male, Abda. Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven . .......... . ... . ........ 92

Figure 5.6.

Genealogy ofKurayn/Kuraynu . .. . . . . . . ....... . ............ . . . ..... . .... . ... . ... . ......... .. .. 61

Figure 6.26. Loculus relief with a male. Unknown location . . .... .... . ... .. . ......... . . . ....... ... . ..... . . . .. 92 Figure 6.27. Loculus relief with a male, Hairan. National Museum of Damascus ... . ..... . . ....... ...... . .. ... . 93

RubinaRaja

Figure 6.28. Loculus relief with male. Palmyra Museum . .... ... .... . .... .. . . .. . ... . ... .. .... .. .. ... . . . ..... . 93

Graph 6.1.

The number of cloths (dorsalia) over time .. ...... ... .... . ....... . . .. .......... . ....... .. ....... 69

Figure 6.29.

Loculus relief with a male, Malku. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen . . . . . ....... .... ... . ..... 94

Graph 6.2.

The number of cloths (dorsalia) over time divided by gender . ..... . . .. ... . ............ . . . ........ 69

Figure 6.30.

Loculus relief with a male. Palmyra Museum, Palmyra .. . .... . . .. ...................... . ... . .... . 94

Figure 6.31.

Loculus relief with a male, Zebida. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen . . ............ .. ..... . . . 96

Figure 6.32.

Loculus relief with a male, Malkai. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen ...... . ....... . ... . . . . .. 96

Figure 6.33.

Loculus relief with a male. Unknown location ......... . .. ..... .......... . ................... . . . 97

Figure 6.34.

Loculus relief with a male, Vhaballat. Archaeological Museum, Istanbul . .. .......... . ...... . . . .. . 98

Figure 6.35.

Loculus relief with a male, Alcimus. Archaeological Museum, Istanbul .. . . .. ............... . .... . 98

Figure 6.36.

Loculus relief with a male. Archaeological Museum, Istanbul . .. .. . ...................... . . ... .. . 99

Figure 6.37.

Loculus relief with a male. Asfara Sarkis private collection, Damascus .... ... ............ .. . . ..... 99

Figure 6.38.

Loculus relief with a male, Zabde'ateh. American University Museum, Beirut .. .. .. .. . ..... .. ... . 99

Figure 6.39.

Loculus relief with a male, Moqimu. American University Museum, Beirut .... . ...... . .... . . ... . 100

Figure 6.40.

Loculus relief with a male, Moqimu. British Museum, London . . . . .. .. . ... . ............... . .. . .. 100

Figure 6.41.

Loculus relief with a male. Semitic Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge . ... .. . ....... . ... .. 101

Figure 6.42.

Loculus relief with a male, Muqi})i. Staadiche Skulpturensammlung, Dresden ..... ........ .. . . .. . 101

CATALOGUE Figure 6.1.

Stele with a standing male, Sha'del. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York ... .. ..... . ........ .. 77

Figure 6.2.

Stele with a standing male, Aitibel. Palmyra Museum ........... . .. . ....... ..... . . .......... . . . . . 77

Figure 6.3.

Stele with a standing male, Lisams. Archaeological Museum, Istanbul .... .. .. .. ......... . . .. ... . . 78

Figure 6.4.

Stele with a standing male. Unknown location ............ . . . .. . ......... . ............ . . ..... . . . 79

Figure 6.5.

Stele with a standing male, Boll;ia. In situ, Hypogeum of Boll;ta ........... . ............ . .......... 79

Figure 6.6.

Stele with a standing male, Male. De Clercq private collection, Paris . ............. . ..... . . .. ...... 80

Figure 6.7.

Stele with a standing female, Shu'at. Musee de Grenoble ......... .. . .. ............ .. . .. .......... 81

Figure 6.8.

Stele with a standing female. Unknown location ... .. .. ... .. . .... . .. .... . . ............. ... ...... 81

Figure 6.9.

Stele with a female head. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen .. . .. . .......... . .. . .. . ........... 82

Figure 6.10.

Stele with a seated female. National Museum of Damascus . . ... .. . . ........... . .......... . . .. ... . 82

Figure 6.11.

Stele with a standing female, Aqmat. Palmyra Museum .... . .. ... ........... . .. . .... .. .... .... ... 82

Figure 6.12. Stele with a standing female, Ra'ata. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen ............. .. ........ 83 Figure 6.13.

Stele with three females and child, 'Alisha, Belshuri, 'Attai, Zeqatartai. Robert Mouawad Private Museum, Beirut .... .. . . ................ . ..... . ...... .... . . ..... .... .. 85

Figure 6.14.

Loculus relief with a male. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York . . .. . ... . . ... ........ ... ...... 87

Figure 6.15.

Loculus relief with a priest, Habbula. Museo di Scultura Antica Giovanni Barracco, Rome . ..... ... 87

Figure 6.16. Loculus relief with a male, 'Atenuri. Musee du Louvre, Paris ..... . .................... . .......... 88 Figure 6.17.

Loculus relief with a male. Private collection, Tripolis ... .. . .. . . ........ . ....... . .. ... ..... . . . ... 88

Figure 6.18.

Loculus relief with a male, Taime. Musee d'Art et d'Histoire, Geneva . . ..... . .. .. . . ....... .. ...... 88

Figure 6.19.

Loculus relief with a male, 'Agga. Archaeological Museum, Istanbul .. ..... . ........... . ....... . . . 89

Figure 6.43. Loculus relief with a male, Yarhai. Chateau de Montaigu, Laneuveville-devant-Nancy . . .... .. . ... 102 Figure 6.44.

Loculus relief with a male, Malku. Hotel Drouot, Paris . ... ......... . .. . ...... .. .. .... . .... . . . . . 102

Figure 6.45.

Loculus relief with a male, Yarhai. Museum of Cultural History, Oslo ...... ; .............. ...... 103

Figure 6.46.

Loculus relief with a male, Zebida. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York .. .. .......... . .. .... 103

Figure 6.47.

Loculus relief with a male, Zabde'ateh. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York .... .. . .. .... .... 104

Figure 6.48.

Loculus relief with a male, 'Oge. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York ... . ...... . . ....... ... . 104

Figure 6.49.

Loculus relief with a male, Taimal;te. Museum of Grenoble ..... ............ ..... ... . ... ... .... .. 105

Figure 6.50.

Loculus relief with a male, Oga. National Museum of Damascus .... . . ..... ...... .. . .. . .... .. . . . 105

Figure 6.51.

Loculus relief with a male, Yarhai. National Museum of Damascus .. . ...... ....... . . ... ••• ••••• .106

Figure 6. 52. Loculus relief with a male, Haddudan. Unknown location ... ........ . .. . . . . ... . .. .. .. . • • • • • • • • .107

X

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Xl

Figure 6.53.

Loculus relief with a male. The Victoria Hospital, Damascus . . ... . . ... ... . .. .. ...... . . . . .... . . .. 107

Figure 6.85. Loculus relief with a female, Shalmat. Berkshire Museum .... . ...................... . . . ...... . . . 126

Figure 6.54.

Loculus relief with a male. Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden . . ........ .. .... . ... . ..... ... ... 109

Figure 6.86.

Loculus relief with a female, Ummayat. Musee du Louvre, Paris . . ..... . ............ .. ... . .. . . .. . 126

Figure 6.55 . Loculus relief with a male, Ouahballat. Musee du Louvre, Paris .... . ...... . ..... . ............ . .. 109

Figure 6.87.

Loculus relief with a female, Tuel. Musee du Louvre, Paris .. . ... . .. . .. . ....... . . . ..... . . . ... . ... 127

Figure 6.56.

Lo cul us relief with a male, Zabd ' ateh/Zenobios. Palmyra Museum .. ...... . . . ...... .. . . ... ... .. 110

Figure 6.88.

Loculus relief with a female. Petit Palais Museum, Paris .... .. .. .. ..... ... . ... . .. .. . ... ... .. .... . 127

Figure 6.57.

Loculus relief with a male, Zabde'ate. Musee Cinquantenaire, Brussels .... ... . . ... . ....... .. .. . . 111

Figure 6.89.

Loculus relief with a female. Palmyra Museum .. .. ... . ... ... .. .. ........... ....... ... ... .. ..... 128

Figure 6.58. Loculus relief with a male, Bennuri. Musee du Louvre, Paris . .... . .......... .. ... .. . . .. . . .. .. .. . 111

Figure 6.90.

Loculus relief with a female, Aqamat. Schlumberger private collection, Paris ..... .. ......... .. ... 128

Figure 6.59. Loculus relief with a male, Ma'an. Palmyra Museum, Palmyra ................... . . . .... . ........ 112

Figure 6.91.

Loculus relief with a female, Shegel. Schlumberger private collection, Paris ... . . .... . .. .... . ..... 129

Figure 6.60.

Loculus relief with a male. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen . .......... . .. . ....... . ... . .... 113

Figure 6.92.

Loculus relief with a female, 'Ambai. Riff'at Agha private collection, Antiochia/Hatay ........... 130

Figure 6.6 I.

Loculus relief with a male. Musee de Beyrouth, Beirut. ................ . .... . ..... . ......... . .. . 114

Figure 6.93.

Loculus relief with a female, I:lerta. Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven .... .... ....... . ..... 130

Figure 6.62.

Loculus relief with a male. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen .. .. ................. . ... . . . ... 114

Figure 6.94.

Figure 6.63.

Loculus relief with a male. National Museum of Damascus ..... ... . .. . . . . . .... . ......... . .... . . 114

Lo cul us relief with a female, Yedi' at. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia .............. . ....................... 131

Figure 6.64.

Loculus relief with a male, Marion. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen ...... .... ............ . 115

Figure 6.95.

Loculus relief with a female, Marti. Palmyra Museum ..... . .... . ................... . .... . ... ... 131

Figure 6.65.

Loculus relief with a male, Heraqlida. Archaeological Museum, Istanbul. ....... . .......... . ... .. 115

Figure 6.96.

Loculus relief with a female, Bat-Wahbai. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen .... .... .. . ... ... 132

Figure 6.66.

Loculus relief with a male. Musee de Beyrouth, Beirut .. . . . ... . .. . .................. .. . .. .... . .. 116

Figure 6.97.

Loculus relief with a female. Musee du Louvre, Paris .. . .. . . .. . ...... . ..... . ...... ....... ... .... 132

Figure 6.67.

Loculus relief with a male, Bolai. Hotel Drouot, Paris .. .... .... .. . .. .... . ... . ......... . .... . ... 116

Figure 6.98.

Loculus relief with a female. Liebieghaus Skulpturen-Sammlung, Frankfurt am Main ....... . .... . 133

Figure 6.68.

Loculus relief with a male, 'A.bde'ate. Unknown location in Homs . . . . . .... . .... . ...... . ... . .... 117

Figure 6.99.

Lo cul us relief with a female, 'Attai. Bibliotheque Nationale Universitaire, Strasbourg ....... . ..... 133

Figure 6.69.

Loculus relief with a male, Ogilou. Musee d'Art et d'Histoire, Geneve .... . .. . .. . .. ... .. . .. . ..... 117

Figure 6.70.

Loculus relief with a male, Bar'a. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna ......... . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . ... 118

Figure 6.71

Loculus relief with a male. Unknown location . . .. . ... . .... .... . .... ... ... .... . . . .......... . .. . 118

Figure 6.72.

Loculus relief with a male. Madam Alfred Susoek private collection, Damascus .. . .... . . .. .... .. . 119

Figure 6.73

Loculus relief with a male. Princeton University Art Museum, Princeton ......... . ............ . . 119

Figure 6.74.

Loculus relief with a male, 'Oge. Archaeological Museum, Istanbul. ........ . ...... . ....... .. .... 120

Figure 6.75.

Loculus relief with a male. Unknown location in Damascus ............. . ...... . ........ .... .... 120

Figure 6.76.

Loculus relief with a male. Musei Vaticani, Rome ... . ..... . ... .. . . .. ... .. .. . ... . ... . . . .. .... ... 120

Figure 6.77. Loculus relief with a female, I:Ianna. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen ... .. ..... . ........... 121 Figure 6.78

Loculus relief with a female, Batti. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen . .... . ............. . .... 122

Figure 6.79.

Loculus relief with a female, Bat'oga. Musee du Louvre, Paris . . ..... . ...... . ... . . ..... . . .... .. .. 122

Figure 6.80. Loculus relief with a female, 'A.ttai. Musee du Louvre, Paris .. .. ....... . . .. .. ...... . .. . . .. ...... . 123 Figure 6.81 . Lo cul us relief with a female. National Museum of Damascus ...... . . . .... . ... . . . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. 123 Figure 6.82.

Loculus relief with a female. Musee de Baalbek, Baalbek ....... .. . .. ... .. ... . ........... . ....... 124

Figure 6.83.

Loculus relief with a female. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen .......... . ........... . ... . .. 125

Figure 6.84.

Loculus relief with a female, Nibna. In situ, Palmyra, Hypogeum ofBoll;ia ..... . ... .... . ......... 125

Figure 6.100. Loculus relief with a female. Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo ... . ......... . ...... 134 Figure 6.101. Loculus relief with a female. Musee Saint-Raymond, Toulouse . ... . . . ...... .. ........... . ... . ... 134 Figure 6.102. Lo cul us relief with a female, I:Iesed. National Museum of Damascus . .... . . .... . .. . . ........ .. ... 135 Figure 6.103. Loculus relief with two males, Sabin us and larl;iibole. Portland Art Museum, Portland ............ 136 Figure 6.104. Loculus relief with two males, Moqimou and Yarhibola. Musee de Beyrourh, Beirut ............ . . 137 Figure 6.105. Loculus relief with a male and female, Maan and Gatmai. Archaeological Museum, Istanbul . .. ... 137 Figure 6.106. Lo cul us relief with male and female. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen . . ...... ........ ... .. . 138 Figure 6.107. Loculus relief with two females, Aqme and Ninai. National Museum of Damascus . . ............. 138 Figure 6.108. Loculus relief with a male and female, Yarhai and Belya. Portland Art Museum, Portland . . ....... 138 Figure 6.109. Loculus relief with a male and female. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna . . ........ .... . .. .. .. .. 139 Figure 6.110. Loculus relief with two males, 'Ogeilu and 'Ogeilu. In situ, Palmyra . . . ..... . . . ....... . .... '.. . ... 140 Figure 6.111. Loculus relief with two males, Maqqai and Barika. Prinz Johann Georg Sammlung, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat, Mainz . .. .. .. ..... ... .. .. . .... 140 Figure 6.112. Loculus relief with child and female. British Museum, London ..... . . . . . .. .. . . . ..... .. . ......... 141 Figure 6.113. Loculus relief with standing girl and a female, Shalmat and Aqamat. Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden ... . . .. . . ... . . . .. . ... . ... ..... ........... . .......... . ..... 142 Figure 6.114. Loculus relief with standing girl and a male, Aqmat and 'Atenatan. Archaeological Museum, Istanbul .... . .... . .. . .. . . . ........ . .. . .. . . ... ....... . ... .. . ... .. . .... 142

xii

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 6.115. Loculus relief with two males and a girl, Yarbibole and Belta. Ny Carlsberg Glypcocek, Copenhagen ... .. ...................... . . . ......... .. ... . .... . ....... 143 Figure 6.116. Loculus relief with two males and a mourning female. lkonen-Museum, Recklinghausen ... .. ... . 143 Figure 6.117. Loculus relief with three portraits, Male the younger, a male figure and Male. Ny Carlsberg Glypcocek, Copenhagen, and Stanford University, Cantor Center for the Visual Arts, Stanford ..... . .. .. .. .... . . .. . .. . ............... . ........... 144 Figure 6.118. Loculus relief with two males and a female, Male, ijera and AqqiiQ. Nicor private collection, Paris . . . . .... .... . . . .. ........................... ...... .... . .. .. ...... 144

ABBREVIATIONS

Figure 6.119. Banqueting relief with two standing males and a reclining male, Malku. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia . .. .. . ..... . 145

Maura K. Heyn

AE

Annee epigraphique, 1888-

Figure 7.1.

Female loculus relief with right hand held palm outwards. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York ... . ................... ..... ............ . ............. 152

CI]

Frey,J.-B. (ed.). 1936-52. Corpus inscriptionum Judaicarum, 2 vols (Rome: Pomificio istituto di archeologia cristiana)

Figure 7.2.

Altar dedicated to 'He whose name is blessed forever'. Ny Carlsberg Glyptocek, Copenhagen ..... 152

C/L

Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum, 1853-

Figure 7 .3.

Votive relief showing hands, held palm outwards. Ny Carlsberg Glypcocek, Copenhagen . . ....... 15 5

C/S

Corpus inscriptionum Semiticarum, 1881 -

Figure 7.4.

Stele of the priest, Ba'alyacon. Tyre. Ny Carlsberg Glypcocek, Copenhagen ... ...... ..... .. ...... . 156

DNWS/

Tommaso Gnoli

Hofi:ijzer, J. and K.Jongeling. 2003. Dictionary ofthe North West Semitic Inscriptions (Leiden: Brill)

/DR

Inscriptiones Daciae Romanae, 1975-

IGLS

Inscriptions grecques et latines de la Syrie, 1929-

Figure 8.1.

Man with jambiya, Yemen .......... .. ........................... . .. . . . ....................... 164

ILD

/nscriptiones latinae Daciae, 1996-

Figure 8.2.

Tauroctony of'Arsha-wa-Qibar . ... ........... . .. . ....................... . . . . ... ...... . ...... . 166

/LS

Dessau, Hermann. 1892-1916. /nscriptiones latinae selectae, 3 vols (Berlin: Weidmann)

LS]

Liddell, H. G., R. Scott, and H. S. Jones. 2006. A Greek-English Lexicon, 9th edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press)

MPAT

Fitzmyer, J. A. and D. J. Harrington. 1978. A Ma nual ofPalestinian Aramaic Texts (Second Century B.C.-Second Century A.D.)

Aleksandra Kubiak-Schneider

Figure 9.1.

Limestone altar with the inscription PAT 0997 in the Museum of Palmyra............... . ... . ... 172

Figure 9.2.

Limestone altar with the inscription PAT 1913 in the Museum of Palmyra... . ... . . ... .. . .. .. .. . . 173

(Rome: Biblical Institute Press) P. Land.

Kenyon, Frederic G., and others (eds). 1893-1974. Greek Papyri in the British Museum, 7 vols (London: British Museum)

PAT

Hillers, D. R. and E. Cussini. 1996. Palmyrene A ramaic Texts (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press)

SEG

Supplementum epigraphicum graecum, 1923-

TLG

Thesaurus linguae graecae, 1972-

Jean-Baptiste Yon

Table 10.1

Transcriptions of the divine name yrbbwl . ...... . ............ ... ....... . ........ . .............. 178

Table 10.2.

Transcriptions of the divine name mlkbl .. . . . . . ...... .. .. .... ... . . . . ... .... ... . . .............. . 179

Eivind Heldaas Seland

Figure 11.1

Salalah, Northern Palmyrena ....................... . ........... .. . . . ... ..................... . 184

Figure 11.2

Jebel HammozJazal, Northern Palmyrena ..... . .. . . .. ... ........ .......... ... . . ... . ........... 184

Figure 11.3

Wadi Sheba, Northern Palmyrena .... ....... . ... . ..... . .......... .. ..... ... . . ................. 185

Figure 11.4

Al Koullah, Northern Palmyrena... . ........ . ................................... .... ... ..... .. 185

1. REVISITING THE RELIGIOUS LIFE OF PALMYRA: OR WHY IT STILL MATTERS TO Focus ON ANCIENT RELIGIOUS LIFE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF A SINGLE SITE

REVISITING THE RELIGIOUS LIFE OF PALMYRA IN COPENHAGEN: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Rubina Raja Centre for Urban Network Evolutions/Classical Studies, School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University ([email protected])

y warmest gratitude and thanks go to the Carlsberg Foundation for supporting the Palmyra Portrait Project generously since 2012. Without the two major grant periods from the foundation, it would not have been possible to create what is now the largest corpus of Roman-period portraiture stemming from one location in the ancient world, namely ancient Palmyra. The idea for the project sprang from my interest in Roman-period portraiture and the ways in which it was perceived in modern scholarship and how it has been studied over recent centuries. From portrait studies to ancient religion, there seems to be a long way. But my training on the one hand in Classical Archaeology at Oxford University supervised by Bert Smith and on the other hand in Roman-period religion through my long-standing collaborations withJorg Riipke have brought these interests together in a natural way. I thank them both for their collegial support over the years, for their intellectual openness, and welcoming way of dealing with new ideas and approaches. A warm thank you goes to the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen and its staff for welcoming the project to work on the Palmyra collection in the museum and for facilitating my work in every way. Special thanks go to Christine Buhl Andersen, director; Flemming Friborg, former director; Rune Frederiksen, head of collections; and not least Anne Marie Nielsen, curator, for always

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being supportive of the project. I would also like to thank the Getty Museum Scholars Programme for granting me a fellowship in the summer of 2018, which allowed me to intensify my studies on portraiture and Palmyra in general. It allowed me to bring together portraiture and urban development studies and bring together thoughts on these two topics, which are my main strings of research together with my third string of research, ancient religion. I thank in particular Kenneth Lapatin, Timothy Potts, and Jeffrey Spier for supporting my stay at the Getty. A very large thank you goes to the members of the Palmyra Portrait Project, who always turn around work and research efficiently and with great energy: Olympia Bobou, Nathalia Breintoft Kristensen, Julia Seeding, Jesper Vestergaard Jensen, and Rikke Randeris Thomsen. For the skilled editing of this volume and for a fantastic eye for detail, I thank Maja Malmdorf Andersen, Mie Egelund Lind, and Christina Levisen, without whom this volume would not have come to completion this fast . At Brepols Publishers, I thank editor Rosie Bonte warmly for her support for the series Contextualizing the Sacred in general and this volume in particular, and a large thank you goes to Tim Barnwell and Martine MaguireWeltecke for the professional copyedicing and layout of the book. It takes many good people to bring ideas from the mind onto paper. Rubina Raja Malibu, August 2018

he religious life of Palmyra has been researched intensely over recent decades by several scholars and the bibliography is too extensive to be reviewed here. However, until now, the scholars who undertake research on the religious life of the Palmyrenes have never been brought together in one collective plenum in order to discuss their views and approaches to the religious life of Palmyra in the light of the general work done on this broad and multifaceted topic over the last century and more. 1 Therefore, the conference 'Revisiting the Religious Life of Palmyra' was organized under the auspices of the Palmyra Portrait Project and hosted by the Royal Academy of Sciences and Letters in Copenhagen in September 2017. The conference from

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1 Obviously, the book by Fevrier 1931 cannot go unmentioned here, since it was the first attempt at a comprehensive study of religion at Palmyra. The work done by scholars such as Milik, Schlumberger, and Seyrig should also not go unmentioned here and the references in the various papers are rich and serve as a framework for the history of research on the religious life of Palmyra. The work done by scholars, who are still active, such as Gawlikowski and Teixidor, likewise deserves mention here. Boch were invited for the conference, bur could not participate due to other commitments. As a reference work and for an up-co-date bibliography until 2002, the work of Kaizer should be consulted:. see Kaizer 2002. This volume, however, serves as a good starting point for bibliographic information concerning publications on the religious life of Palmyra stemming from afi:er 2002. The intention is that with the book by Kaizer in one hand and this volume in the other, scholars, students, and interested readers alike will be well informed about the current status of the field as it stands in 2019. General works about Palmyra, which also concern themselves with aspects of religion, include: Andrade 2013; Smith 2013; Veyne 2015; Sartre and SartreFauriat 2016. Furthermore, the volumes published in the series Palmyrene Studies (Palmyrenske Studier) also hold newly published contributions, which concern the religious life of Palmyra, see Kropp and Raja 2016; Long and S0rensen 2017; Krag and Raja (2019).

which this volume stems brought together a number of prominent scholars, who have worked on material stemming from Palmyra and its surrounding region for several years. Over several days, papers were given and discussions had about the status of the field, and the aspects which could and should be studied in even greater detail. The atmosphere was a productive one and this is reflected in the papers that have been produced in the wake of the event. The fascinating art, architecture, and written sources from Palmyra, although perhaps not as plentiful as those from many other places, still inform us about the diverse religious life of the oasis city, called Tadmor in antiquity, and remain intriguing sources for a religious life long gone in a part of the world chat unfortunately has experienced immense amounts of devastation - not least because of religious conflicts - over recent years. The intention with this edited volume is to bring out the newest scholarship on a variety of aspects of the religious life of Palmyra based on research undertaken over the last few decades. The volume not only reflects work done on the written sources, bur just as much the research done on the visual culture of Palmyra, which still remains the area in which we have most material informing us about the religious life of the city. The monograph by Ted Kaizer,2 based on his DPhil thesis and published as a book in 2002, has served as a standard work until now - and will go on being one. Since then, our knowledge about Palmyrene material culture, visual and written, which informs us about the religious life of the city and its society, has increased. Furthermore, there has been a general surge in interest in the region's religious life in antiquity, and over recent

2

Kaizer 2002.

2

RubinaRaja

years several edited volumes concerning religion in antiquity in the Levant have appeared. 3 It therefore seemed the right time to revisit the religious life of Palmyra, since the work done by the Palmyra Portrait Project has touched upon the religious life of the city through the research undertaken in particular on the priests of Palmyra as well as the so-called banqueting tesserae of the city. 4 It has become clear through the extensive corpus of sculpture collected within the frame work of the project and the work done on the tesserae that much more can and needs to be said about the religious life of the city on the basis of the visual culture that has survived and been handed down to us . Therefore, several papers in this volume have a strong focus on visual material evidence stemming from the city, and our intention with the volume has been to achieve a balance between papers focusing on visual material culture and those dealing with written evidence. The volume consists of eleven contributions that cover diverse aspects of the religious life of Palmyra. It seemed natural and right to invite Ted Kaizer to give the introductory paper at the conference framing his own and other scholars' work in the light of what we have learned since the publication of his book in 2002. While this in many ways could have been seen as an ungrateful and impossible task due to the large scope of the topic, Ted Kaizer took this upon his shoulders with the energy and grace which he always is able to conjure for such events. Ted Kaizer's contribution 'Patterns of Worship at Palmyra: Reflections on Methods and Approaches' clearly shows his command of the literature on the topic 3

See Kaizer 2008; Blomer, Facella, and Wimer 2009; 2015; Raja 2017b. These arc just four examples of edited volumes focusing on che religious life in the region with a variety of approaches and material evidence included. These should be consulted for further bibliography by anyone interested in che scams quo within the field. Furthermore, in the recencly established journal Religion in the Roman Empire several contributions focusing on chc religious life in the Eastern Empire have appeared. See the journal's webpage for more information: . Also che works: Dirven 1999; Aliquot 2009 have shown new ways of approaching and framing the material evidence connected either co regions or co sites. In che series Contextualizing the Sacred edited by Elizabeth Frood and Rubina Raja, in which this volume is published, several volumes focusing on the religious life and aspects thereof in the Eastern Mediterranean have appeared. See the back for all series titles. These are only a few of the numerous titles which have appeared on the topic, and of course several journals such as Topoi and Syria annually feature new research articles on che religious life in antiquity in the Levant. 4

Raja 2015a, 2015b; 2016a; 2016b; 2017a; 2017c; 2017e; 2017f; 2017g; 2017h, 2017i; 2018a; 2018b; (forthcoming).

of religion in Palmyra as well as his insight and reflections upon the lines of enquiry which should be pursued next. Kaizer's contribution also offers an overview and a discussion of the newest literature, which has shaped the field over the last almost two decades, since the publication of his book. 5 As Kaizer underlines in his paper, the areas in which we can make the largest leap forward within the study of religion in Palmyra are those where we can combine knowledge about various sets of data and evidence; this takes bringing together scholars with different disciplinary backgrounds. Since the contribution by Kaizer holds such a plethora of the bibliography, I have refrained from reiterating everything in this intro duction and refer the reader to Kaizer's contribution for the up-to -date bibliography. Maurice Sartre has contributed with an article on 'Dieux grecs aPalmyre: L'ambigiiite d'un concept'. Sartre has over the last years been extremely active in publishing new research relating to Palmyra and no conference on the topic of the religious life of the city would have been complete without a contribution by him. Tackling the issue of the Hellenization of the city and the Greek influences, which were present in both the region in general and the city in particular, Sartre gives us a tour de force of his immense knowledge about the site and the evidence, which testifies to the Hellenization of the city and its society. Sartre focuses on the gods of Palmyra in this contribution and in particular the ones that were influenced by earlier Greek deities. As is usually the case with Sartre's stunning and secure way of conveying knowledge and information to his audience, we are presented with a broad array of evidence, which is rarely brought to the forefront in scholarship in such an elegant manner. The contribution is without doubt one that teaches the reader much about the ways in which earlier Greek influences were adapted, absorbed, and integrated into the ever-developing religious life of Palmyra of which we know so little in the period before the first century CE. 'Images as Windows on the Religious Life of Palmyra' by Lucinda Dirven focuses on the ways in which Palmyrene religious imagery first and foremost was shaped by strong local traditions and ideas about divine images and representations of gods. Dirven, who has published extensively on divine images from the

1. REVISITING THE RELIGIOUS LIFE OF PALMYRA

Levant and the regions further east of Palmyra, argues that it is clear that Palmyrene society neither exclusively oriented itself towards Rome, nor towards Parthia but took its own local situation as a point of departure for the shaping of its religious imagery. Such a picture is confirmed through the work done and published by the Palmyra Portrait Project where it has been argued on the basis of the corpus in the database, which holds more than 3700 portraits of deceased Palmyrenes, that the local traditions stood at the very centre oflife in Palmyra and the shaping of its society. 6 Dirven also addresses stability and continuity within the realm of visual representations connected to the religious sphere. She connects this continuity with a respect for the gods and religious traditions. When compared to the same conservatism in the funerary portraits stretching over a temporal span of three hundred years, we might begin to reconsider, though, whether such stability and insistence on continuity in imagery style and visual representation might not in fact reflect an insistence on local traditions and an underlining of heritage within the Palmyrene societal sphere in general, which might not be connected only to the religious sphere as such. Personal religion and lived religion are things we know little about in Palmyra, since most evidence tells us about the collective ways in which religion was shaped and expressed.7 However, Eleonora Cussini delves into the Palmyrene altars that bear images and inscriptions dedicated by individuals. In her contribution 'Images of Individual Devotion in Palmyrene Sources', she investigates the ways in which these images and inscriptions give us insight into how religious life in Palmyra was lived and expressed by individual members of society. The collection of material that Cussini has brought together for us in this contribution presents important evidence upon which further studies of individualizing religion and the experience of lived ancient religion can be examined within a Palmyrene context. Cussini not only deals with the inscriptions and the images, but also with the practices, which would have been connected with the dedication of these altars and the rituals associated with them. It is clear that embodiment of religious

6 7

5

I here also would like co refer co the review article by Kaizer published in the Journal of Roman Archaeology on the future of Palmyrene studies. Important references to ongoing and published work are included in his bibliography and it sums up the scare of che field in a comprehensive manner, see Kaizer 2016.

See for example Raja 2017 d .

Raja and Riipke 2015a; 2015b; 2015c; Albrecht and others 2018. These publications emerged from an ERC-funded project on Lived Ancient Religion. PI of che project was Jorg Rupke and co-PI was Rubina Raja. The project explored new ways of disentangling ancient religion from a perspective starting with char of che individual experience.

3 experiences is expressed through these objects, which ofi:en carry quite personal dedications. Rubina Raja in her contribution 'Reconsidering the dorsalium or "Curtain of Death" in Palmyrene Funerary Sculpture. Significance and Interpretations in Light of the Palmyra Portrait Project Corpus' takes up the challenge of further investigating the significance of the so -called dorsalium, or rather cloth, represented in the Palmyrene funerary art, which ofi:en has been interpreted as symbolizing the transition to the afi:erlife. Raja tackles the complete corpus of representations of the cloth in the funerary sculpture corpus. Through this analysis and discussion of earlier scholarship on the attribute, it becomes clear that terminology which cannot be used for this item had been imposed already in the early twentieth century. While some scholars have had pragmatic approaches to the interpretation of this symbol, others, based on very little or no evidence, have interpreted it as a signifier of the existence of a belief in an afi:erlife within Palmyrene religion. In this contribution, Raja shows that the attribute cannot be used to prove such an assump tion and that it much rather must be understood as a symbol of grief and death. Maura Heyn considers the representations of females in the funerary sculpture shown with their palm/s outwards in her contribution 'The Significance of the orans Pose in Palmyrene Art'. This gesture, like so many others connected with the hand gestures in Palmyrene funerary art, has been studied and commented on by several researchers. Ofi:en it has been interpreted as apotropaic, as religious, as a gesture indicating other locations in the grave, or simply as a feature which created action and movement in the otherwise ofi:en static representations in the grave monuments. Tommaso Gnoli's contribution entitled "'Les dieux armes" in Palmyra: Religious, Iconographic, Ethnic, and Historic Considerations' engages with earlier research on both ethnicity and religious expressions embodied through the armed gods. The complex issues addressed here indeed show the ways in which there is still much that needs to be tackled within the framework of Palmyrene religious life. Gnoli makes it clear that religion and the development of religion were in no way separate from the rest of society and its structural frame work. This might not be news to us, but it is still something that we tend to forget when dealing with religious life in general. Therefore, this contribution is an important part of putting the awareness of the overall frame work back at the centre of our attention and making the disentangling of the 'complete societal' package a focus

4

RubinaRaja

in research on religious life. Gnoli shows that cults, reliwithin the immediate region surrounding the city. By gious behaviour, and ethnicity or cultural belonging all combining knowledge about mobility and trade routes, were spheres that could be closely related and that the Seland shows how mobility was a driving factor in the conclusions that we make about these spheres must be ways in which Palmyrene religion outside Palmyra was based on taking a broad array of evidence into considerashaped in the Roman and post-Roman periods. Seland tion including linguistic developments. includes evidence concerning Manichaeism, Judaism, Aleksandra Kubiak-Schneider's contribution 'Bel and evidence from the early Christian periods showthe Merciful' follows on well from Gnoli's contribuing how Palmyra and Palmyrenes not only took their tion. Kubiak-Schneider shows that the name of Bel as religious practices abroad but also allowed for practice well as the epithets used in connection with the name within their own cityscape of other religious strings. The of the main god of Palmyra were also connected with question remains how strong these other influences were the knowledge that Palmyrenes had about other sociein Palmyra at any given time, but the evidence does not ties, in this case of those further east and in particular allow for a more detailed investigation than that underBabylon. Kubiak-Schneider's article reminds us that we taken. ofi:en forget to take into consideration the long-standing While we all know that Palmyrene history and eastern religious traditions by which societies such as the archaeology did not end with Aurelian's sack of Palmyrene one would have been influenced or at least Palmyra in 273 CE, the period thereafter is ofi:en lackbeen knowledgeable about. The religious life of Palmyra ing in research . In the contribution 'A Palmyrene remains to be studied within this extremely diverse and Contribution to Eastern Christianity: The Name of broad regional framework as well as understood better King Gondophares', Nathanael Andrade addresses in a local context. sources that tell us about late Roman Palmyrene history Jean-Baptiste Yon presents us with a plethora of and its potential influence on early Eastern Christianity. information about the expressions of religious life outWith great insight, Andrade connects sources showside of Palmyra conducted by Palmyrenes in his article ing that information travelled with Palmyrenes widely 'Foreigners and Outsiders: The Religious Life of Palmyra due to their trade connections and their involvement in Seen from Outside'. His contribution is a thorough the organization of Indian Ocean trade. The contribuand impressive tour de force of the evidence we have tion clearly shows that Palmyrenes reached far beyond about Palmyrenes practising their religious life outPalmyra, not only in terms of trade, but also in terms of side of a local context. This material might be some of cultural influences on other cultures and places, which the most enlightening which we have about the nature they visited and conducted business with. of Palmyrene religious life, since it gives insight into All the contributions in this volume add greatly to how Palmyrenes travelling for a variety of reasons still our understanding and knowledge of the complexity of engaged with the religious ideas and pantheon from Palmyrene religious life, both in- and outside Palmyra. It their hometown. While Palmyrenes are known to have is the intention that this volume will show that revisittravelled widely and engaged in trade and military activiing the religious life of this ever-fascinating city and its ties within and across the Roman Empire, until now society had been well worthwhile. Furthermore, through it has not been systematically studied whether they the individual contributions and the volume as a whole brought their religious practices to other places, nor the it will hopefully become clear that studying the religious ways that they transferred religious practices outside of life of one society together with its material and writPalmyra. 8 This contribution is a major step towards makten expressions still remains a more than valid point of ing us more aware of the evidence for such practices and departure in research, which pushes borders forward their associated connections. within scholarship. The contribution 'Portable Religion and the Palmyrene Diaspora' by Eivind Heldaas Seland picks up on the same notes as Yon's contribution and engages with material and written evidence for the practice of Palmyrene religion beyond Palmyra, both far away and 8

Of course Dirven's book from 1999 remains a standard work with a case study approach to such issues.

J. REVISITING THE RELIGIOUS LIFE OF PALMYRA

5

Works Cited Albrecht, J. and others. 2018. 'Remaking Religion: The Lived Ancient Religion Approach', Religion, 48: 568-93. Aliquot, J. 2009. La vie religieuse au Liban sous !'Empire romain, Bibliotheque archeologique et historique, 189 (Beirut: Presses de l'Ifpo) . Andrade, N.J. 2013. Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Blomer, M., M. Facella, and E. Winter. 2009. Lokale Identitdt im Romischen Nahen Osten Kontexte und Perspektiven, Ertrage der Tagung 'Lokale Identitat. im Romischen Nahen Osten', Munster 19.-21. April 2007 (Stuttgart: Steiner). . . Blomer, M., A. Lichtenberger, and R. Raja. 2015. Religious Identities in the Levant.from Alexander to Muhammed: Continuity and Change, Contextualizing the Sacred, 4 (Turnhout: Brepols). Dirven, L. 1999. The Palmyrenes ofDura-Europos: A Study ofReligious Interaction in Roman Syria (Leiden: Brill). Fevrier, J. G. 1931. La religion des Palmyreniens (Paris: Vrin). Kaizer, T. 2002. The Religious Life ofPalmyra: A Study ofthe Social Patterns of Worship in the Roman Period, Oriens et Occidens, 4 (Stuttgart: Steiner). - - , 2008. The Vtiriety ofLocal Religious Life in the Near East in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods, Religions in the Graeco-Roman World, 64 (Leiden: Brill). - - , 2016. 'The Future of Palmyrene Studies',Journal ofRoman Archaeology, 29: 924- 31. Krag, S. and R. Raja ( 2019). Families in Palmyra: Societal Contexts, Social Roles and Constellations ofFamilies in lst-3rd Centuries CE Palmyra (Copenhagen: The Royal Academy of Sciences and Letters). . Kropp, A.J. M. and R. Raja (eds). 2016. The World ofPalmyra, Palmyrene Studies, 1 (Copenhagen: The Royal Academy of Sciences and Letters). Long, T. and A. H. S0rensen (eds). 2017. Positions and Professions in Palmyra, Palmyrene Studies, 2 (Copenhagen: The Royal Academy of Sciences and Letters). Raja, R. 2015a. 'Cultic Dining and Religious Patterns in Palmyra: The Case of the Palmyrene Banqueting Tesserae', in S. Faust, M. Seifert, and L. Ziemer (eds),Antike. Architektur. Geschichte: Festschriftfur Inge Nielsen zum 65. Geburtstag (Aachen: Shaker), pp.181 - 200. - - , 20156. 'Staging "Private" Religion in Roman "Public" Palmyra. The Role of the Religious Dining Tickets', in J. Riipke and C. Ando (eds), Public and Private in Ancient Mediterranean Law and Religion: Historical and Comparative Studies (Berlin: de Gruyter), pp. 165-86. , . . . - - , 2016a. 'In and out of Contexts: Explaining Religious Complexity through the Banqueting Tesserae from Palmyra, Religion tn the Roman Empire, 2: 340-71. - - , 20166. 'Representations of Priests in Palmyra. Methodological Considerations on the Meaning of the Representation of Priesthood in Roman Period Palmyra: Religion in the Roman Empire, 2: 125-46. - - , 2017a. 'Between Fashion Phenomena and Status Symbols. Contextualising the Dress of the So-Called "Former Priests" of Palmyra', in C. Brnns and M.-L. Nosch (eds), Textiles and Cult in the Mediterranean Area in the 1st Millennium BC (Oxford: Oxbow), pp. 209-29. - - , 2017b (ed.). Contextualizing the Sacred in the Hellenistic and Roman Near East: Religious Identities in Local, Regional and Imperial Settings, Contextualizing the Sacred, 8 (Turnhout: Brepols). , - - , 2017c. 'Networking beyond Death : Priests and their Family Networks in Palmyra Explored through the Funerary Sculpture, in H. F. Teigen and E. H. Seland (eds), Sinews of Empire: Networks in the Roman Near East and Beyond (Oxford: Oxbow), pp. 121-36. - - , 2017d. 'Powerful Iniages of the Deceased: Palmyrene Funerary Portrait Culture between Local, Greek and Roman Representations', in D. Boschung and F. ~eyrel (eds), Bilder der Macht: Das griechische Portrdt und seine Verwendung in der antiken Welt (Paderborn: Wilhelm Fink), pp. 319-48. - - , 2017e. 'Priesthood in Palmyra: Public Office or Social Status?', in R. Raja (ed.), Palmyra - Pearl ofthe Desert (Aarhus: SunTryk), pp. 77-85. - - , 2017f. 'Pr~ster i Palmyra: Et embede eller en social status?', in R. Raja (ed.), Palmyra - 0rkenens Perie (Aarhus: Sun-Tryk), pp. 77-85. - - , 2017g. 'Representations of the So-Called "Former Priests" in Palmyrene Funerary Art: A Methodological Contribution and Commentary: Topoi, 21: 51-81. . , . - - , 2017h. 'To Be or Not to Be Depicted as a Priest in Palmyra: A Matter of Representational Spheres and Societal Values, m T. Long and A. H. S0rensen (eds), Positions and Professions in Palmyra, Palmyrenske Studier, 2 (Copenhagen: The Royal Academy of Sciences and Letters), pp. 115-30. - - , 20 l 7i. 'You Can Leave your Hat on: Priestly Representations from Palmyra - Between Visual Genre, Religious Iniportance and Social Status', in R. L. Gordon, G. Petridou, and J. Riipke (eds), Beyond Priesthood, Religious Entrepreneurs and Innovators tn the Imperial Era (Berlin: de Gruyter), pp. 417-42.

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- - , 2018a. 'Individualising Palmyrene Priesthood through Priestly Attributes', in Attributes in Palmyrene Art and Sculpture: Book ofAbstracts (Aarhus), p. 12. - - , (20186 ). 'The Matter of the Palmyrene "Modi us": Remarks on the History of Research into the Terminology of the Palmyrene Priestly Hat', Religion in the Roman Empire, 4.2: 237-59. - - , (forthcoming). 'Dining with the Gods and the Others: The Banqueting Tickets from Palmyra as Expressions of Religious Individualization', in M. Fuchs and others (eds), Religious Individualization: Types and Cases. Historical and Crosscultural Explorations (Berlin: de Gruyter). Raja, R. and]. Riipke. 2015a. A Companion to the Archaeology ofReligion in the Ancient World (Malden: Blackwell). - - , 20156. 'Appropriating Religion: Methodological Issues in Testing the "Lived Ancient Religion" Approach', Religion in the Roman Empire, l: 11-19. - -, 2015c. 'Archaeology of Religion, Material Religion and the Ancient World', in R. Raja and]. Riipke (eds),A Companion to the Archaeology ofReligion in the Ancient World (Malden: Blackwell), pp. 1-26. Sartre, M. and A. Sartre-Fauriat. 2016. Palmyre: Vifrites et legendes (Paris: Perrin). Smith, A. M. 2013. Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Veyne, P. 2015. Palmyre, l'irremplarable tresor (Paris: Albin Michel).

2. PATTERNS OF WORSHIP AT PALMYRA: REFLECTIONS ON METHODS AND APPROACHES Ted Kaizer* Department of Classics and Ancient History, Durham University ([email protected])

or the author of The Religious Life of Palmyra, a conference entitled 'Revisiting the Religious Life of Palmyra' is obviously an exciting event. The invitation to contribute is slightly terrifying, because of the attention it attracts to the many aspects which my previous work left uncovered. But it is also truly exciting, because it serves as an inspiration to behold the subject afresh many years after finishing the doctoral thesis on which the book was based. Since 1931, when James Germain Fevrier published La religion des palmyreniens, the first overall study of Palmyrene religion, our understanding of the patterns of worship at Palmyra has come a long way thanks to contributions by, above all, Henri Seyrig and Michal Gawlikowski, and by many others following in their footsteps . 1 Now chat our discipline, which until recently was understandably fronted by the ongoing discoveries made by the various archaeological missions at work at the site itself, will have to undergo (at least temporary) reorientation towards approaches that are less dependent on new excavations, the moment seems appropriate to make up a balance. This paper aims to provide a critical consideration of a few selected items of the latest historiography on the subject and to reflect on ways in which the field has developed and can develop further, and on directions which our research may cake

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I am grateful to Rubina Raja for organizing che conference and for inviting me to offer some reflections on the subject. For the published version, I have decided to keep the informal lecture format while adding some new sections and bibliography. The initial paper was written towards the end of a Major Research Fellowship (2014-17) of the Leverhulme Trust, and I am very graceful to the Trust for their support. 1

Fevrier 1931; Seyrig's Palmyra-related articles can be found in the collections Seyrig 1934-66; 2013; 1985, 169-331; Gawlikowski 1973; 1990; for a list of the latter's articles, see Bielinski and St ~

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References: Arnold 1905, 108- 09, cat. no. 5; Chabot 1922, 113, pl. 27, l; Ingholt 1928, 36, pl. 4, 3, PS 13; Parlasca 1976, 38; Albertson2000a, 146n.3l;Albertson2000b, 160cat. no.3, 162.

CIS: 426lbis PAT: 0617 Inscription: Alas! Sha'del, son of Zabdibol, son of Moqimu, the artisan. He died on the third day ofKanun, year 484.

Stele with a cloth Date: 1- 100 CE.

Stele with a cloth and an inscription

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Date: 1-100 CE.

Inventory No.: -

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Context: -

Inventory No.: A 72.

References: Tanabe 1986, 33, pl. 256.

Context: -

CIS:-PAT:-

References: Seyrig 1936, 140, pl. 32, 2; Gawlikowski 1970, 37, fig. 12c; Parlasca, 1976, 33-44, pl. 1, l; Tanabe 1986, 33, pl. 258.

lnscription: -

CIS: - PAT: 1192 Inscription: Malku son ofMatnai Phila alas! Cloth: The cloth is depicted near the spring of the arched top of the stele. It is fastened with medallions. Two palm branches are projecting upwards next to the cloth. The cloth ends above the bottom of the stele.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at sho~der height. It is fastened with medallions. From the medall10n at the lefi: of the figure a palm branch is projecting upwards. A palm branch is projecting upwards next to the cloth on the right.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted near the spring of the arched top of the stele. It is fastened with medallions. Two palm branches are projecting upwards next to the cloth. The cloth ends at the bottom of the stele.

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.

Figure 6.1. Stele with a standing male, Sha'del. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, inv. 02.29.6, 172 CE (courtesy of Metropolitan Museum of Art, photo by Palmyra Portrait Project).

DATED 50 BCE-50 CE

Stele with a male, Aitibel

Stele with a cloth and an inscription

Date: 50 BCE-50 CE.

Date: 1-100 CE.

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Inventory No.: A 91/90.

Inventory No.: -

Context: -

Context: -

References: lngholt Archive PS 1041; Starcky 1941, 40, fig. 34; Gawlikowski 1970, 37, fig. 12.b; Colledge 1976, 58, 62, 64,115,124,132,134,141, 143-44, 157,215,239,pl.6~; Parlasca 1976, 36, pl. 4, 2; Tanabe 1986, 33, pl. 259; al-As ad and Gawlikowski 1997, 64, cat. no. 99, fig. 99.

References: Tanabe 1986, 33, pl. 257.

CIS: - PAT: 1193 Inscription: Alas! Taimar~u son of Ayd'an son ofLishamsh Shawl;tabu. Cloth: The cloth is depicted near the spring of the arched top of the stele. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards. The cloth ends at the bottom of the stele.

CIS: - PAT: 1211 Inscription: Alas! Aitibel, son ofZabda. Cloth: The cloth is depicted in front of the male figure at waist height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards. The cloth ends at the bottom of the stele.

Figure 6.2. Stele with a standing male, Aitibel. Palmyra Museum, . A 91/90, SO BCE-50 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Pal myra,mv. Ingholc Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glypcotek, PS 1041).

78

Rubina Raja -

Stele with a male, f.lalisu Date: SO BCE-SO CE.

CATALOGUE

Figure 6.3. Stele with a standing male, Lisams. Archaeological Museum, Istanbul, inv. 176, 50 BCE-50 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, lngholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 1314).

Location: Paris, Musee d u Louvre.

Stele with a male, Samga Date: 50-150 CE.

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Inventory No.: AO 26429.

Location : Palmyra, Palmyra Museum. Inventory No.: 3012/9553.

Context: Southwest necropolis. Hypogeum ofMalku.

Context: ( Secondary context) Found at the northern wall in the city.

References: Chabot 1922, 124, cat. no. 35; Parlasca 1976, 36; Demzer-Feydy and Teixidor 1993, 238, cat. no. 231; Raja 2015,335-36,339,fig.4.

CIS:-PAT:-

CIS: -

79

sTELAE WITH ONE FIGURE (2)

References: al-As'ad and others 2012, 170, cat. no. 20. Inscription: Samga, son ofZabdibel.

PAT: 1606

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes. Palm branches are projecting upwards next to the cloth. The cloth ends above the bottom of the stele.

Inscription: Alas! J:Ialisu, son ofTaimJ:ia. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at waist height. It is fastened with four-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards. The cloth ends at the bottom of the stele, below the knees of the figure.

Stele with a male Date: 50-150 CE.

Stele with a male, Nurbel

Location: Unknown.

Date: SO BCE-SO CE.

Inventory No.: -

Location: Damascus, National Museum of Damascus.

Context: -

Inventory No.: A 901.

References: lngholt Archive PS 590.

Context: Southwest necropolis. Hypogeum ofMalku. References: lngholt 1966, 459-60, fig. 2; Parlasca 1976, 36; Yon 2013, 339, cat. no. 6.

CIS:-PAT:Inscription: j

Figure6.4. Stele with a standing male. Unknown location, 50-150 CE (©Palmyra Portrait Project, lngholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 590).

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions(?) from which palm branches are projecting upwards. The cloth ends above the bottom of the stele, below the waist of the figure.

CIS:-PAT:lnscription: Nurbel, son ofMalku, the physician. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions(?) from which palm branches are projecting upwards. The cloth ends above the bottom of the stele, below the waist of the figure.

DATED 50-150 CE

Stele with a male, \{aira Date: 100-130 CE.

Stele with a male, Lisams Date: SO BCE-SO CE. Location: Istanbul, Archaeological Museum. Inventory No.: 176. Context: Southwest necropolis. Hypogeum ofLisams. References: lngholt Archive PS 1314; lngholt 1938, 116-17, pl. 62, 2; Starcky 1955, 44. CIS: - PAT: 0092 Inscription: Alas! Lisams, son ofRami (son of) Refael. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure . The cloth ends above the bottom of the stele, below the knees of the figure.

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Stele with a male, Jarhibola Date: 50-100 CE. Location: Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum. Inventory No.: ANSA I 1525. Context: References: Mi.iller 1885, 974-75, cat. no. 2; lngholt 1966, 461, fig. 3; Plattner 2010, 161-62, cat. no. 1, figs 1-3.

Inventory No.: A 1241/6406. Context: Soucheast necropolis. Hypogeum of'Ast6r, west exedra, section 33. References: Tanabe 1986, 33, pl. 260; Sadurska and Bounni 1994, 21, cat. no. 16, fig. S; al-As'ad and Gawlikowski 1997, 50, cat. no. 71, fig. 71. CIS: - PAT: 2640

CIS: 4349 PAT: 0707

Inscription: Alas! 1:Iaira, son ofZabdilah, Alas!

Inscription: Alas!Jarhib6la, son ofWahballat [... ?]

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. Palm branches are projecting upwards next to the cloth. The cloth ends above the bottom of the stele, at the waist of the figure.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches project upwards. The cloth ends at the knees of the figure.

Figure 6.S. Stele with a standing male, B6[J:ia. In situ, Hypogeum ofB61):ia, north exedra, section 17, loculus 2, 125-150 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, lngholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 1363).

80

Rubina Raja -

CATALOGUE

STELAE WITH ONE FIGURE (2)

Stele with a male, Boll;ta

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Date: 125-150 CE.

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Location: Palmyra, in siru.

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Inventory No.: Context: Southeast necropolis. Tomb no. 7, Hypogeum ofB61J:ia, north exedra, section 17, loculus 2. References: Ingho!t Archive PS 1363; al-As'ad and Taha 1968, 94, cat. no. 3, pl. 3; Gawlikowsk.i 1974, 38, cat. no. 78; Parlasca 1982b, 21 , pl. 24, 3; Tanabe 1986, 30, pl. 197; Sadurska and Bounni 1994, 74-75, cat. no. 97, fig. 13. CIS: -

PAT: 1870

Inscription: Alas! B6IJ:ia, son ofB61J:ia, son ofB61J:ia. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions. Palm branches are projecting upwards next to the cloth. The cloth ends above the bottom of the stele, near the waist of the figure.

Figure 6.8. Stele with a standing female. Unknown location, 50 BCE-50 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, lngholc Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 1474).

Stele with a male Date: 125-150 CE. Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum Inventory No.: B 1828. Context: (Secondary context) Found in the C3 portico. References: Dunant and Stucky 2000, 106, cat. no. 88, pl. 25.

Figure6.6. Stele with a standing male, Male. De Clercq private collection, Paris, 135-150 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholc Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 83A).

Stele with a female Date: 50 BCE-50 CE. Location: -

CIS:-PAT:lnscription: -

Inventory No.: -

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. Palm branches are projecting upwards next to the

Context: -

FEMALES (10)

References: lngholt Archive PS 1474.

cloth.

CIS:-PAT:-

DATED 50 BCE-50 CE

lnscription: -

Stele with a male, Male

Stele with a female, Shu'at

Date: 135-150 CE.

Date: 50 BCE-50 CE.

Location: Paris, De Clercq private collection.

Location: Grenoble, Musee de Grenoble.

Inventory No.: -

Inventory No.: MG 1583.

Context: -

Context: -

References: Ingholt Archive PS 83A; lngholt 1928, 99; Parlasca 1976, 36.

References: lngholt Archive PS 1039; Seyrig 1936, 139, cat. no. 2, pl. 32, l; Morehart 1956-58, 68, cat. no. 25, fig. 23; Gawlikowsk.i 1970, 34, fig. 12; Parlasca 1976, 36, pl. 3; Starcky 1984, 37-38, fig. 2.

CIS: 4342 PAT: 0700 Inscription: Alas! Male, son of Male, son ofHala. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards. The cloth ends above the bottom of the stele, below the waist of the figure.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted in front of the female figure at waist height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards. The palm branches continue along the sides of the cloth. The cloth ends at the bottom of the stele.

Stele with a female

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CIS:-PAT: -

Inventory No.: IN 1082. Context: -

Inscription: Alas, Shu'at, daughter ofZebida, son ofQasma, alas Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards. The cloth ends above the knees of the figure.

Date: 50 BCE-50 CE. Location: Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek.

Figure 6.7. Stele with a standing female, Shu'at. Musee de Grenoble, Grenoble, inv. MGl 583, 50 BCE-50 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, lngholc Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 1039).

References: lngho!t Archive PS 867; Simonsen 1889, 44, pl. 15; lngholt 1928, 152; Morehart 1956-58, 70, cat. no. 29, fig. 25; Hvidberg-Hansen and Ploug 1993, 83, cat. no. 40; Ploug 1995, 115-17, cat. no. 40. CIS:-PAT:lnscription: Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure at shoulder height.

82

CATALOGUE

83

STELAE WITH ONE FIGURE (2)

CIS: - PAT: 1212

Inscription: Alas! Saluna, daughter ofYamle.

Inscription: Alas! Aqmat, daughter ofSamma.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure at the height of the shoulders. It is fastened with four-petal rosettes. Palm branches are projecting upwards next to the cloth. The cloth ends above the bottom of the stele, above the knees of the figure.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards. The cloth ends above the bottom of the stele, below the knees of the figure.

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DATED 100-150 CE

Stele with a female, Ra'ata Date: 135-150 CE.

Stele with a female, Tuqim Date: 100-1 SO CE. ~ -,

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum. Inventory No.: 9710.

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Context: Southwest necropolis. Hypogeum of Aqraban.

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References: Al-Hariri 2013, 150, fig. 7.

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CIS:-PAT:-

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;a,_ Figure 6.9. Stele with a female head. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, inv. IN 1082, 50 BCE-50 CE (courtesy ofNy Carlsberg Glyptotek, photo by Palmyra Portrait Project).

Figure 6.10. Stele with a seated female. National Museum of Damascus, Damascus, inv. Damascus 24, 1-100 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, lngholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 683 ).

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DATED 1-100 CE

Inscription: Alas, Tuqim, daughter ofSuhaybi.

Location: Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek. Inventory No.: IN 1030. Context: References: Ingholt Archive PS 379; Simonsen 1889, 13, pl. S; Chabot 1922, 120, cat. no. 24, pl. 28, 16; lngholt 1928, 133; lngholt 1932, 10, fig. 4; Mackay 1949, 181, pl. 61, l; Colledge 1976, 62, 67, 97,129,152,156,215,239, pl. 74; Parlasca 1976, 36, pl. S; Browning 1979, 40-41, fig. 13; HvidbergHansen and Ploug 1993, 86, cat. no. 44; Ploug 1995, 120-22, cat. no. 4; Hvidberg-Hansen 1998, 51-52, cat. no. 44.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards. The cloth ends above the bottom of the stele, near the waist of the figure.

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Stele with a female, Bat-Male Date: 100-150 CE.

Relief of sitting female

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Date: 1-100 CE.

Inventory No.: B2211.

Location: Damascus, National Museum of Damascus.

Context: -

Inventory No.: Damascus 24.

References: Michalowski, 1966, 46-48, fig. 55, cat. no. l; Gawlikowski 1974, 29, fig. 18.

Context: -

f

References: Ingholt Archive PS 683; Colledge 1976, 244, cat. no. 3c; Parlasca 1982a, cat. no. 173.

CIS: -PAT:Inscription: The inscription consists of false meaningless characters. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards. Two angular objects hang from the medallions (end of palm branches? Fabric weights?). The cloth ends above the bottom of the stele, near the waist of the figure.

I

CIS: - PAT: 1973 Inscription: Alas! Bat-Male. Daughter ofMattana.

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Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards. The cloth ends above the bottom of the stele, above the knees of the figure.

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'l . • ·, Figure 6.11. Stele with a standing female, Aqmat. Palmyra Museum, Palmyra, inv. A 92/91, 50-100 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholr Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyprotek, PS 1047).

Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum of'Astor, central exedra, in front of section 16. References: Tanabe 1986, 33, pl. 270; Piersimorii 1994, 300, cat . no. 6; Sadurska and Bounni 1994, 21-22, cat. no. 147, fig. 12; Witecka 1994, pl. 9; al-As'ad and Gawlikowski 1997, 52, cat. no. 72, fig. 72.

CIS: - PAT: 2641

Figure 6.12. Stele with a standing female, Ra'ata. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, inv. IN 1030, 135-150 CE (courtesy ofNy Carlsberg Glyptotek, photo by Palmyra Portrait Project).

Rubina Raja -

84

CATALOGUE

sTELAE WITH TWO PORTRAITS

CIS: 4320 PAT: 0677 Inscription: Alas! Ra'ata (Ra'ita (?), or: Da'aca]. daughter of Moqimu 'A'wid. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with four-petal rosettes. Palm branches are projecting upwards from next to the cloth. The cloth ends above the bottom of the stele, near the waist of the figure.

DATED I 50-200 CE

Stele with a female Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum. Inventory No.: -

CLOTH BEHIND FEMALE FIGURE (1)

STELAE WITH FOUR PORTRAITS, CLOTH BEHIND MALE (I)

DATED 50-150 CE

DATED 100-150 CE

Date: 100-150 CE. Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Cata.loS'!!e no.

Inventory No.: B 2803/9297. Context: (Secondary context) Found in 1980 at the northern city wall.

Stele with two females

References: Charles-Gaffiot and others 2001, 345-46, cat. no. 158; Clauss 2002, 87, cat. no. 100.

Date: 50-150 CE.

Stele with three females and child, 'Alisha, Belshuri, 'Attai, Zeqatartai

Location: Damascus, National Museum of Damascus.

Date: 100-150 CE.

CIS:-PAT:-

Inventory No.: -

Location: Beirut, Robert Mouawad Private Museum.

Inscription: -

Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum ofTaai, west exedra, south section B 1.

Context: -

Context: -

References: Abdul-Hak 1952, 216, 244-45, cat. nos 10 and 36, fig. 15; Krag and Raja 2016, 170-71, cat. no. 74. CIS:-PAT:lnscription: -

References: Tanabe 1986, 33, pl. 268.

STELAE WITH CHILDREN, CLOTH BEHIND CHILD ( 2)

CIS:-PAT:lnscription: -

85

Stele with a female and male

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at the left side of the stele at the height of the head. It is fastened with medallions. The cloth ends above the bottom of the stele, near the shoulders of the figure.

Date: 150-200 CE.

(s)

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure at the left side of the stele at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

DATED 100-150 CE

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with four-petal rosettes. Palm branches are projecting upwards next to the cloth. The cloth ends above the bottom of the stele, above the knees of the figure.

STELAE WITH THREE PORTRAITS, CLOTH BEHIND MALE FIGURE (1)

Inventory No.: References: lngholt Archive PS 1325; Gawlikowski 1971, 422, pl. 24, l; Colledge 1976, 62, 67, 98, 132, 134, 155, 157-58, 239, pl. 72; Forge 2004, 86, cat. no. 30; Krag and Raja 2016, 156- 57, 171, cat. no. 77, fig. 32. CIS: - PAT: 1813 Inscription: 'Alisha and Belshuri, daughters ofTaimai. Alas! 'Attai, daughter of'Alisha, their mother. Zeqatartai, their nurse. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the middle female figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards. The cloth ends above the bottom of the stele near the waist of the figure.

Stele with a female and male, Amata and Sasamas.

STELAE WITH TWO PORTRAITS ( S)

DATED BY INSCRIPTION

Date: 100-150 CE. Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

CLOTH BEHIND MALE FIGURE

(2)

DATED 100-150 CE

Stele with a male and female Date: 100-150 CE.

Inventory No.: 2535/8779. Context: ( Secondary context) Found at the northern wall in the city. References: al-As'ad and others 2012, 172, cat. no. 27.

Stele with a standing male and two standing females, Berikai, Nebushai, and Amhata

CIS:-PAT:-

Date: 130 CE.

lnscription: Sasamas, Amara, daughter of Ogeilu, his sister.

Location: Beirut, Musee de Beyrouth.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at the left side of the stele at shoulder height. Palm branches are projecting upwards.

Location: Beirut, Musee de Beyrouth.

DATED I 50-200 CE

Inventory No.: 2625 .

Inventory No.: Context: References: lngholt 1928, 22-26, pl. 1, 3, PS 3; Starcky 1955, pl.20, 3. CIS: - PAT: 0155

Context: References: Ronzevalle 1937, 76, pl. 22, 9; Starcky 1955, 41-42, pl. 29, cat. no. 1; Krag and Raja 2016, 171, cat. no. 80.

Stele with two children

CIS:-PAT:-

Date: I 50-200 CE

lnscription: -

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at the right side of the stele at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Inventory No.: -

Inscription: Barikai, son ofTaime, son of Male, son ofGiyyara, alas. Nebushai his mother, Arnbata, his sister, alas, in the month ofNisan 441 (April 130 CE] Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the middle male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Context: References: Tanabe 1986, 34, pl. 278. CIS: -PAT:Inscription: Not translated. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at the right side of the stele at shoulder height. Palm branches are projecting upwards. The cloth ends above the bottom of the stele.

Figure 6.13. Stele with three females and child, 'Alisha, Belshur1, 'Attai, Zeqatartai. Robert Mouawad Private Museum, Beirut, 100-150 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 1325).

86

Rubina Raja -

CATALOGUE

87

LOCULUS RELIEFS WITH MALE PORTRAIT ( I 26)

LOCULUS RELIEFS WITH MALE PORTRAIT ( I 26)

CIS: - PAT: 1759

DATED 50-150 CE

Inscription : Son ofYarhib6L Alas! Habbula, son ofNes:1. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a male, Simeon DATED BY INSCRIPTION

Date: 243/244

CE.

Location: Oslo, Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo.

Loculus relief with a male Date: 154/155

CE .

Location : St Petersburg, State Hermitage Museum. Inventory No. : 173M. Context: References: lngholt 1928, 5-6, 33-34, pl. 3, 2, PS 9. CIS : 4578 PAT: 0939

Loculus relief with a male

Inventory No.: C4223 l.

Date: 50-1 SO

Context: -

Location: New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art.

References: lngholt 1928, 50, pl. 9, 2, PS 27; Ingholt 1976, 117, pl.4, 3.

Inventory No.: 01.25.4.

CIS: 4308 PAT: 0665 Inscription: In the year 555. Simeon, son ofHairan. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Inscription: Year 466. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions.

CE.

Loculus relief with a male, 'Atenuri

Context: -

Date: 75-125

References: Ingholt Archive PS 296; lngholt 1928, 102; Albertson 2000b, 160, cat. no. 3.

Location: Paris, Musee du Louvre. Inventory No.: AO 2067.

CIS:-PAT:-

Context: -

Inscription: Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with four-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Date: 252/253

Inscription: Alas! '.Atenuri, son of'Ogeilu. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

CE.

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Loculus relief with a priest, Habbula

Loculus relief with a male

Inventory No.: A 1223/6310.

Date: 50-150

Date: 186

Context: -

Location: Rome, Museo di Scultura Antica Giovanni Barracco.

References: Tanabe 1986, 35, pl. 310; Piersimoni 1994, 304-05, cat. no. 19; al-As'ad and Gawlikowski 1997, 65, cat. no. 100, fig. 100; Yon 2013, 344, cat. no. 40.

Context: -

Location : New Haven, Yale University Art Gallery. Inventory No. : 1954.30.3. Context: References: Torrey 1904, 322, cat. no. 3, pl. 3; lngholt 1928, 38-39, pl. 5, 3, PS 17; lngholt 1954, fig. 7; Albertson 2000b, 160 n. 6, 166. CIS: 4549 PAT: 0910 Inscription: In the month ofSiu:ln, in the year 497.

Alas! ---a, son ofTaimahe, son ofMaliku.

CIS:-PAT:lnscription: Image ofTaibol, son ofTaibol (son of) Talbol. Alas! In the year 564. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a male, Date: 252/253

J:laira

CE.

Location: Beirut, Robert Mouawad Private Museum.

Loculus relief with a male, IJaggur

Inventory No. : -

Date: 236/237

Context: -

CE.

Location: Beirut, American University Museum. Inventory No.: 32.25. References: lngholt 1934, 36-37, pl. 9, l; lngholt 1976, 116-17.

Inscription: Image ofl:[air:1, son ofRephab61 (son of) Taibb61, in the year 564.

Inscription: l:[aggur, son of Malku, [son of] Malkibel, alas! Year 548. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Inventory No.: MB 250. References : lngholt Archive PS 149; lngholt 1928, 106; Guzzo 1996, 302-03; Schneider 1996, 297-99, fig. 3; Heyn 2010, appendix 5, cat. no. 21; Raja 2017d, 334, 336, fig. 8; Raja 2017£, 122, 126, fig. 16.

Figure 6.14. Loculus relief with a male. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, inv. 01.25.4, 50-150 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, lngholc Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 296).

PAT: 2630

CIS: -

PAT: 0019.

CE.

References: Starcky and Delavault 1974, 72-73, cat. no. 5, pl. 1, 5; Ingholt 1976, pl. 5, 2.

Context: CIS : -

References: Ingholt Archive PS 827; Chabot 1922, 122, cat. no. 13; Colledge 1976, 72,247, pl. 96; Dentzer-Feydy and Teixidor 1993, 175, cat. no. 177. CIS: 4498 PAT: 0859

Loculus relief with a male, Taibol

C E.

CE .

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

1.

:;,..

"tt:

Figure 6. 15. Loculus relief with a priest, Habbula. Museo di Sculcura Amica Giovanni Barracco, Rome, inv. MB 250, 50-150 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholc Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 149).

88

Rubina Raja -

CATALOGUE

LOCULUS RELIEFS WITH MALE PORTRAIT ( I 26)

Male loculus bust, Taime Date: 100-125 CE. Location : Geneva, Musee d'Art et d'Histoire. Inventory No.: 08195. Context: References: Ingholt Archive PS 99; Deonna 1923, 49-50, 232, pl. 32, 7; Ingholt 1928, 101; Chamay and Maier 1989, 87, cat. no. 109, pl. 100, 4. CIS: 4265 PAT: 0622 Inscription: Taime, son ofHalaptha, son ofTaime. Alas! Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with four-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a male, Yarhai Date: 100-130 CE. Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum. Inventory No.: 1975/7067.

Figure 6.19. Loculus relief with a male, 'Agga. Archaeological Museum, Istanbul, inv. 3715/O.M.165, 100-150 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, lngho!t Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 88).

.

Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum ofSassans and Mattai, loculus 1.

Figure 6.17. Loculus relief with a male. Private collection, Tripolis, 75-150 CE ( © Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyprotek, PS 120).

References: Saliby and Parlasca 1992, cat. no. 40, pl. 54, d ; Sadurska and Bounni 1994, 63-64, cat. no. 83, fig. 23. CIS: - PAT: 1050

Date: 100-150 CE. Location: Istanbul, Archaeological Museum.

Inscription: Alas! Yarhai, son of'Ogga 'A.arg. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Figure 6.20. Loculus relief with a male. Archaeological Museum, Istanbul, inv. 3721, 100-150 CE (©Palmyra Portrait Project, lngho!t Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyprotek, PS78).

Figure 6.16. Loculus relief with a male, 'Atenuri. Musee du Louvre, Paris, inv. AO 2067, 75-125 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, lngholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyprotek, PS 827).

Loculus relief with a male, 'Agga

Inventory No.: 3715/O.M.165. Context: References: Ingholt Archive PS 88; Musee Imperial Ottoman 1895, 69-70, cat. no. 165; Ingholt 1928, 100. CIS: 4350 PAT: 0708 Inscription: 'A.gga, son ofHairan, son of'A.gga. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with four-petal rosettes(?) from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a male

Loculus relief with a male

Date: 100-150 CE.

Date: 75-150 CE.

Location: Istanbul, Archaeological Museum.

Location: Tripolis, Private Collection.

Inventory No.: 3721.

Inventory No.: -

Context: -

Context: References: Ingholt Archive PS 120; Ingholt 1928, 103.

References: Ingholt Archive PS 78; Musee Imperial Ottoman 1895, 171; Ingholt 1928, 98-99.

CIS:-PAT:-

CIS:-PAT:-

lnscription: -

Inscription: -

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with four-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Figure 6.18. Loculus relief with a male, Taune. Musee d'Art et _ d'Histoire, Geneva, inv. 08195, 100-125 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, lngholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyprotek, PS 99).

90

Rubina Raja -

CATALOGUE

LOCULUS RELIEFS WITH MALE PORTRAIT (126)

91

Context: References: Hotel Drouot Paris 2013, 12 November, lot. 63. CIS:-PAT:-

Loculus relief with a male

Inscription: Not translated.

Date: 100-150 CE.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Location: New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Inventory No.: 2012.454.

J'\,:

., -

,. ,-?' 4 ,

.........

~-

Context: References: Ingholt Archive PS 781. CIS: - PAT: 0921

Loculus relief with a male Date: 100-1 SO CE. Location: Baalbek, Musee de Baalbek. Inventory No.: Context: References: Ingholt Archive PS 116; Ingholt 1928, 103; Ingholt 1934, 41, cat. no. 91; Albertson 2000a, 143 n. 10; Heyn 2010, appendix 6, cat. no. 1.

Inscription I: (to the left of the figure, closest to the edge) Nesha, son of[ ... ]. Inscription 2: (to the left of the figure, closest to the figure) Belha, (son of) Hashash. Alas! Cloth : The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

CIS:-PAT:lnscription: -

Loculus relief with a male

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with four-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Date: 100-1 SO CE.

Figure 6.21. Loculus relief with a male, Wahballat. British Museum, London, inv. BM 125038, 100-150 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingho!t Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 103).

Location: Rome, Musei Vaticani. Inventory No.: VII 63/56596. Context: References: Ingholt Archive PS 602; Callieri 1986, 228-29, cat. no. 2, fig. 63, 1. CIS:-PAT:-

Figure 6.23. Loculus relief with a male. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, inv. 2012.454, 100-150 CE (courtesy of Metropolitan Museum of Art, photo by Palmyra Portrait Project).

lnscription: Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a male, Wahballat Date: 100-150 CE. Location: London, British Museum. Inventory No.: BM 125038. Context: References: Ingholt Archive PS 103; Ingholt 1928, 101.

Loculus relief with a male, Amrai

CIS: 4282 PAT: 0639

Date: 100-150 cE.

Inscription: Alas! Wahballat, son ofBolha, son ofBorfa, descendant of Ahitur.

Location: Stanford, Stanford University, Cantor Center for the Visual Arts. Inventory No.: 17204.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards, as well as from next to the cloth.

Context: References: Parlasca 1990, 141, fig. 13; Albertson 2000b, 160 n. 2; Albertson 2016, 153, fig. 3. CIS: - PAT: 1605

Catalogue no.

Inscription: Amrai, son of Oge, son of Abdai. Alas! Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a male Date: 100-1 SO

CE.

Location: Paris, Hotel Drouot. Inventory No.: -

Figure 6.22. Loculus relief with a male. Musee de Baalbek, Baalbek, 100-1 SO CE ( © Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingho!t Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyprotek, PS 116). Figure 6.24. Loculus relief with a male. Musei Vaticani, Rome, inv. VII 63/56596, 100-1 SO CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholc Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyprotek, PS 602).

Rubina Raja -

92

CATALOGUE

LOCULUS RELIEFS WITH MALE PORTRAIT ( 126)

93

Figure 6.28. Loculus relief with male. Palmyra Museum, Palmyra, inv. A 106, 100-1 SO CE ( © Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 980). Figure 6.25. Loculus relief with a male, Abda. Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, inv. 1954.30.4, 100-1 SO CE (©Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 173).

Figure 6.26. Loculus relief with a male. Unknown location, 100-1 SO CE ( © Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 787).

References: al-As'ad and others 2012, 171, cat. no. 24.

Figure 6.27. Loculus relief with a male, Hairan. National Museum of Damascus, Damascus, 100-150 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 1277).

References: Ingholt Archive PS 787.

Date: 100-150 CE. Location: New Haven Yale University Art Gallery. Inventory No.: 1954.30.4.

CIS:-PAT:Inscription: RYS. Alas, KWS, son ofHRY, (son of) LSMS, Y RHY Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a male, Hairan Date: 100-150 CE. Location: Damascus, National Museum of Damascus. Inventory No.: -

Context: -

Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum ofTaai, section B2.

References: lngholt Archive PS 173; Ingholt 1928, 109; Albertson 20006, 160 n. 6.

References: Ingholt Archive PS 1277; Abdul-Hak 1952, 217, 222-23, cat. no. 2, pl. 1, 2; Long 2017, 76, fig. 7.

CIS: 4550 PAT: 0911 Inscription: Abda, son ofMareh. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a male Date: 100-150 CE. Location: Unknown, confiscated in Lebanon (2013). Inventory No.: -

lnscription: Marion, son ofWahba1, son of Marion, alas! Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Context: -

Loculus relief with a male, Abda

CIS:-PAT:-

CIS: - PAT: 1795 Inscription: Alas! Hairan, son of Barshamash. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a male Date: 100-150 CE. Location: Palmyra, PaLnyra Museum. Inventory No.: A 106. Context: References: Ingholt Archive PS 980. CIS:-PAT:Inscription: Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure.

Context: References: CIS:-PAT:-

Loculus relief with a male

lnscription: Not translated.

Loculus relief with a male, Marion

Date: 100-150 CE.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Date: 100-150 CE .

Date: 120-140 CE.

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Location: Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek.

Location: Unknown. Inventory No.: -

Loculus relief with a male, Malka.

Inventory No.: 2739/9198.

Inventory No.: IN 1050.

Context: ( Secondary context) Found at the northern wall in the city.

Context: -

Rubina Raja -

CATALOGUE

95

LOCULUS RELIEFS WITH MALE PORTRAIT ( I 26 )

Inscription: l:lagegu, Bariki, (son of) Zebida. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a male, Borrefa Date: 130-160 CE. Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum. Inventory No.: B 1978/7070; PS No.: -

Loculus relief with a male, Wahballat Date: 130- 150 CE. Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum. Inventory No.: -

CIS: -

References: Sadurska and Bounni, 1994, cat. no. 147, 108, fig. 48.

Inscription: Alas! B6rrefa, son ofSassan, son ofB6rrefa.

CIS: - PAT: 2701

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions. Palm branches are projecting upwards from next to the cloth.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Figure 6.30. Loculus relief with a male. Palmyra Museum, Palmyra, 130-150 CE ( © Palmyra Portrait Project, lngholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glypcocek, PS 990).

References: Ingholt Archive PS 89; Simonsen 1889, 24-25, pl. 17; Ingholt 1928, 100; Hvidberg-Hansen and Ploug 1993, 58, cat. no. 14; Ploug 1995, 74-75, cat. no. 14; Albertson 2016, 154, fig. 4. CIS: 4492 PAT: 0853 Inscription: Malku, son of Male, son ofMakkai [Makki (?)] Alas! Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions. Palm branches are projecting upwards from next to the cloth.

Date: 140-160 CE .

Loculus relief with a male, 'Astor

Location: Damascus, National Museum of Damascus.

Date: 130-160 CE .

Inventory No.: -

Loculus relief with a male, Zabda

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Date: 130-150 CE.

Inventory No.: -

Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum ofTaai, west exedra, south section A2.

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum ofBariki, section 27.

References: Abdul-Hak, 1952, 215, 228-29, cat. no. 18, pl. 5, 1.

References: Sadurska and Bounni, 1994, cat. no. 139, 104-05, fig.49.

CIS: -

CIS: - PAT: 2693

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Inventory No.: B 2027 /7225. Context: West necropolis. Valley of the Tombs. Hypogeum of Zabda, right exedra. References: Michalowski 1960, 182-83, cat. no. 3, fig. 201 ; Gawlikowski 1974, cat. no. 23; Tanabe 1986, 31, 34, pls 248, 279; Sadurska and Bounni 1994, cat. no. 185; al-As'ad and Gawlikowski 1997, 50, cat. no. 70, fig. 70, Albertson 2000a, 145 n. 23; Heyn 2010, 642, appendix 6, cat. no. 20, fig. 9.

Inscription: Alas! 'Astor, son ofMaliku. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

CIS: - PAT: 1814 Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with four-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Date: 130-150 CE. Inventory No.: -

Loculus relief with a male, HLagegu Date: 130- 150 CE.

References: lngholt Archive PS 990.

Location: Palmyra, in situ.

CIS:-PAT:-

Inventory No.: -

Inscription: -

Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum ofBariki, section 15, loculus 1.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure.

References: Sadurska 1982, 270, 275, fig. 149; Sadurska and Bounni, 1994, 112, cat. no. 154, fig. 47. CIS: -

PAT: 2708

PAT: 1801

Inscription: Moqimu, son ofTaai, alas!

Loculus relief with a male, Zabdibol Date: 140-160 CE.

Loculus relief with a male, Saira

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Date: 130-160 CE .

Inventory No.: 2137 /7499.

Location: Damascus, Le Musee de l'Armee de Dan1as.

Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum ofZabd' ateh and Moqimu, section 6, loculus 1.

Inventory No.: -

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum. Context: Southwest necropolis. Tomb no. A120, Hypogeum of 'Atenatan, exedra ofJulius Aurelius Maqqai.

PAT: 1053

Loculus relief with a male, Moqimu

Inscription: Zabda, son of'Ogga, alas!

Loculus relief with a male

References: Tanabe 1986, 36, pl. 302; Saliby and Parlasca 1992, cat. no. 43, pl. 55, c; Piersimoni 1994, 302-04, cat. no. 17; Sadurska and Bounni 1994, 65, cat. no. 86, fig. 68; al-As'ad and Gawlikowski 1997, 42, cat. no. 54, fig. 54.

Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum ofBariki; section 14, loculus 2.

Inscription: Wahballat, (son of) Bariki, (son of) Zebida, alas!

Figure 6.29. Loculus relief with a male, Malkfr. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, inv. IN 1050, 120-140 CE ( courtesy of Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, photo by Palmyra Portrait Project).

Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum of Sassans and Mattai, section 49.

Context: Southeast necropolis. Tomb no. 5, Hypogeum of Artaban. References: Abdul-Hak 1961 , 44, pl. 4, 8; Sadurska and Bounni 1994, 36, cat. no. 39, fig. 43, Albertson 2000a, 145 n . 23.

References: Sadurska and Bounni, 1994, 125, cat. no. 163, fig. 45. CIS : - PAT: 1844 Inscription: Zabdib6l, son ofZabd'ateh, our brother, alas!

CIS: - PAT: 2662 Inscription: Alas! $aira, son ofNa~ru. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions. Palm branches are projecting upwards from next to the cloth.

Loculus relief with a male, Barild Date: 140-160 CE. Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum. Inventory No.: B 1960/7052.

CATALOGUE

97

LOCULUS RELIEFS WITH MALE PORTRAIT ( 126)

Loculus relief with a male, 'Atetan Date: 150- 170 CE. Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum. Inventory No.: 2140/7602. Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum ofZabd'ateh and Moqimu. References: Sadurska and Bounni 1994, cat. no. 166, 126-27; Charles-Gafliot and others 2001 , 344, cat. no. 1SO; Clauss 2002, 84, cat. no. 95 .

CIS: - PAT: 1847 Inscription: 'Atetan, son of Corbulon, alas! Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Lo culus relief with a male Date: 150-175

Figure 6.31. Loculus relief with a male, Zebida. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, inv. IN 1040, 150-160 CE ( courtesy of Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, photo by Palmyra Portrait Project).

Location: Unknown.

Figure 6.32. Loculus relief with a male, Malkai. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, inv. IN 1052, 150-170 CE (courtesy of Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, photo by Palmyra Portrait Project).

Inventory No.: Context: References: Ingholt Archive PS 792.

Context: Soucheast necropolis. Hypogeum ofSassans and Mattai, section 18, loculus 2.

CIS: - PAT:-

References: Tanabe 1986, 36, pl. 305; Saliby and Parlasca 1992, cat. no. 25, pl. 51, a; Sadurska and Bounni 1994, 56, cat. no. 68, fig. 67; al-As'ad and Gawlikowski 1997, 41, cat. no. 52, fig. 52.

Loculus relief with a male

CIS: - PAT: 1036

Inventory No.: 1942/7034.

CIS: 4357 PAT: 0715

Inscription: Alas! Bariki, son ofBaru[qa].

Context: Soucheast necropolis. Hypogeum ofSassans and Mattai, section 7, loculus l.

Inscription: Zebida, son ofEutyches, who is called Borrefa, the astrologist. Alas!

References: Tanabe 1986, 36, pl. 306; Sadurska and Bounni 1994, 47- 48, cat. no. 50, fig. 58; Ploug 1995, 159 n. 61; Albertson 2000a, 145 n. 22.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions. Palm branches are projecting upwards from next to the cloth.

DATED I 50-200 CE

Loculus relief with a male, Malku Date: 140-170

CE .

Date: 140-170

CE .

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Figure 6.33. Loculus relief with a male. Unknown location, I 50-175 CE ( © Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingho!t Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 792 ).

lnscription: Not translated. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with rosettes. Palm branches are projecting upwards from next to the cloth.

Lo cul us relief with a male Date: 150-180

CE .

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

CIS:-PAT:lnscription: -

Inventory No.: 1955/7047.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum of Sassans and Mattai.

CE.

Location: Palmyra, in situ. Inventory No.: Context: Southeast necropolis. Tomb no. 5, Hypogeum of Artaban, section 24, loculus l.

Loculus relief with a male, Zebida

Loculus relief with a male, Malkai Date: 150-170

CE.

Location: Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, Denmark.

CIS:-PAT: -

Inventory No.: IN 1052.

lnscription: -

Context: -

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

References: Sadurska and Bounni 1994, 30, cat. no. 27, fig. 71.

Location: Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek.

References: lngholt Archive PS 176; Ingholt 1928, 109, PSI 76; lngholt 1976, 109, PS 176; Hvidberg-Hansen and Ploug 1993, 91, cat. no. 48; Krag 2015, 116- 17, fig. 5.

CIS: - PAT: 2650

Inventory No.: IN 1040.

CIS: 4390 PAT: 0749

Inscription: Alas! Malku, son of'Ogga, (son of) Artaban.

Context: -

Inscription: Malkai, son of'Ate'aqab. Alas!

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

References: Ingholt Archive PS 177; Simonsen 1889, 19-20, pl. 13; Ingholt 1928, 109; Hvidberg-Hansen and Ploug 1993, 92, cat. no. 49; Ploug 1995, 130-32, cat. no. 49.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Date: 150-160

CE.

References: Tanabe 1986, 36, pl. 303; Sadurska and Bounni 1994, 53 - 54, cat. no. 63, fig. 92.

LOCULUS RELIEFS WITH MALE PORTRAIT ( I 26)

Figure 6.34. Loculus relief with a male, Vhaba!lat. Archaeological Museum, Istanbul, inv. 3714/O.Ml64, 150-200 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 227).

Loculus relief with a male, Abibion Date: 150-200 CE.

Figure 6.35. Loculus relief with a male, Alcimus. Archaeological Museum, Istanbul, inv. 3744/O.M.199, 150-200 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 166). Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with four-petal rosettes. Palm branches are projecting upwards from next to the cloth.

Figure 6.37. Loculus relief with a male. Asfara Sarkis private collection, Damascus, 150-200 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 817).

Inscription: -

Location: Palmyra, in situ.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Inventory No.: Context: Southeast necropolis. Tomb no. 5, Hypogeum of Artaban, section 14, loculus 1.

Figure 6.36. Loculus relief with a male. Archaeological Museum, Istanbul, inv. 3782, 150-200 CE (©Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 182).

99

Loculus relief with a male, Alcimus Date: 150-200 CE.

References: Sadurska and Bounni 1994, 29, cat. no. 24, fig. 59; Yon 2012, 398, cat. no. 532.

Location: Istanbul, Archaeological Museum.

CIS: - PAT: 2647

Inventory No.: 3744/O.M.199.

Inscription: Abibion, called Nasraios, son ofMalchos, son of Artabanos, in his memory, alas!

Context: -

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

CIS: 4515 PAT: 0876

Loculus relief with a male Date: 150-200

References: Ingholt Archive PS 166; lngholt 1928, 108. Inscription: Alcimus, son ofSim'on, son ofHN'Y, alas. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

CE.

Location: Damascus, Asfara Sarkis private collection. Inventory No.: Context: References: Ingholt Archive PS 817. CIS:-PAT:lnscription: Not translated. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a male, Vhaballat Date: 150-200 CE. Location: Istanbul, Archaeological Museum.

Loculus relief with a male

Inventory No.: 3714/O.Ml64.

Date: 150-200

Context: -

Location: Istanbul, Archaeological Museum.

Loculus relief with a male, Zabde'ateh

References: Ingholt Archive PS 227; Musee Imperial Ottoman 1895, 164; Ingholt 1928, 116; Heyn 2010, appendix 6, cat. no. 8.

Inventory No.: 3782.

Date: 150-200

Context: -

Location: Beirut, American University Museum.

CIS: 4348 PAT: 0706

References: Ingholt Archive PS 182; lngholt 1928, llO.

Inventory No.: 2745.

CIS:-PAT:-

Context:_

Inscription: Vhaballat, son of Mall, son ofVhaballat, Goura, alas!

CE.

CE.

Figure 6.38. Loculus relief with a male, Zabde'ateh. American University Museum, Beirut, inv. 2745, 150-200 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, lngholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 199).

100

Rubina Raja -

CATALOGUE

LOCULUS RELIEF$ WITH MALE PORTRAIT (126)

CIS:-PAT:Inscription: 'Ogeilu. Alas! Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions.

Loculus relief with a male Date: 150-200 CE. Location: Damascus, Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums (2014). Inventory No.: Context: References: CIS:-PAT:Inscription: Not translated. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with four-petal rosettes.

Loculus relief with a male Date: 150-200 CE.

Figure 6.41. Loculus relief with a male. Semitic Museum, Harvard Universiry, Cambridge, 150-200 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glypcotek, PS 812).

Location: Cambridge, Semitic Museum, Harvard University.

Figure 6.39. Loculus relief with a male, Moqimu. American University Museum, Beirut, inv. 2516, 150- 200 CE ( © Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 639).

Figure 6.40. Loculus relief with a male, Moqimu. British Museum, London, inv. BM 125031, 150-200 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 208).

References: lngholc Archive PS 199; Porter and Torrey 1906, 264, cat. no. 3; lngholt 1928, 112. CIS: 4 563 PAT: 0924

Inventory No.: Context: References: Ingholc Archive PS 812. CIS: - PAT:lnscription: -

Loculus relief with a male, Moqimu

Inscription: Zabde'ateh, son ofMa'nai. Alas!

Date: 150-200 CE.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Location: London, British Museum.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Inventory No.: BM 125031. Context: References: lngholt Archive PS 208; lngholt 1928, 113. CIS: 4580 PAT: 0941

Loculus relief with a male, Moqimt'.i Date: 150-200 CE . Location: Beirut, American University Museum.

Inscription: Moqimu, son ofMoqimu. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches(?) are projecting upwards.

Inventory No.: 2516.

Loculus relief with a male, Yarhai Date: 150-200 CE. Location: New York, Sotheby's. Inventory No.: Context: References: Sotheby's New York, 7 June 2005, lot 64; Rupert Wace Ancient Art, 2006.

Context: References: Ingholt Archive PS 639.

CIS:-PAT:-

CIS: 4569 PAT: 0930

Loculus relief with a priest

lnscription: Yarhai, son ofZebida, son ofYarhai. Alas!

Inscription: Moqimu, son ofTaimar~u. (son of) Taim'a.

Date: 150-200 CE.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with four-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Location: Basel. Jean-David Cahn.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Inventory No.: Context: References: David-Jean CAHN 2012, 3 November, Basel, lot 310;Jenni 2014, 203- 08.

Figure 6.42. Loculus relief with a male, Muqi]:il. Staadiche Skulpturensammlung, Dresden, inv. 32, 150-200 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, lngho!t Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 226).

:T~ CA'FOS VENEZIA

-•· BIBL\OTECA . . .. c··n

Rubina Raja -

CATALOGUE

LOCULUS RELIEFS WITH MALE PORTRAIT (126)

Figure 6.43. Loculus relief with a male, Yarhai. Chateau de Montaigu, Laneuveville-devant-Nancy, 150-200 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, lngho!t Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyprotek, PS 192).

Figure 6.46. Loculus relief with a male, Zebida. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, inv. 01.25.2, 150-200 CE (courtesy of Metropolitan Museum of Art, photo by Palmyra Portrait Project).

6.42, SS SOO I) Loculus relief with a male, Muqil_ti Date: 150-200 CE. Location: Dresden, Staatliche Skulpturensammlung.

Figure 6.44. Loculus relief with a male, Malkfr. Hotel Drouot, Paris, 150-200 CE ( © Palmyra Portrait Project, lngholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 232 ).

Figure 6.45. Loculus relief with a male, Yarhai. Museum of Cultural History, Oslo, inv. C42235, 150-200 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, lngho!t Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 217).

Loculus relief with a male

Inventory No.: 32.

Date: 150-200 CE.

Context: -

Inventory No.: -

Location: New York, Fortuna Fine Arts Ltd.

References: Ingholt Archive PS 226; Ingholt 1928, 115.

Context: -

Inventory No.: -

Inscription: Muqil:tl. Maloka (son of).

Loculus relief with a male, Yarhai

References: Ingholt Archive PS 232; Ingholt 1928, 117; Ingholt 1938, 131, pl. 48, 3; Hotel Drouot, 1-2 October 2000, lot 916.

Context: -

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Date: 150-200 CE .

CIS: - PAT: 1769

CIS:-PAT:-

CIS: 4506 PAT: 0867

References: Fortuna Fine Arts 2004, New York, lot 17.

Location: Laneuveville-devant-Nancy, Chateau de Montaigu.

Inscription: Malkfr, son ofH---, who Makbel raised. Alas!

lnscription: Not translated.

Inventory No.: -

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Context: -

Loculus relief with a male, Habibi

References: lngholt Archive PS 192; Ingholt 1928, 111; Hotel Drouot 1931, lot 663; Bordreuil and others 1999, 248-49, cat. 4, fig. 7; Parlasca 2005, 142, n. 29.

Date: 150-200 CE.

CIS : 4531 PAT: 0892, 1762

Location: Uppsala, University Library.

Inscription: Yarhai, son ofZabd'ateh, (son of) Pagga. Alas!

Loculus relief with a male, Ahinai

Loculus relief with a male, Yarhai

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions. At the upper edge there seem to be wrapped branches and flowers . Palm branches are projecting upwards from next to the cloth.

Date: 150-200 CE.

Date: 150-200 CE.

Location: Damascus, National Museum of Damascus.

Location: Oslo, Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo.

Inventory No.: 15027.

Inventory No.: C42235.

Context: -

Context: -

Inscription: Alas! Habibi, son ofYari:tibola, son ofNarbel (?).

References: Sabeh 1953, 22-24,pl. 2, l;Albertso~2000a, 145 n. 23.

References: Ingholt Archive PS 217; Ingholt 1928, 114.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

CIS: - PAT: 0006.

CIS: 4314PAT: 0671

Inscription: Alas! Ahinai, son ofl:latrai.

Inscription: Alas! Yarhai, son ofHanina.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes(?) from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Inventory No.: Context: References: lngholt 1928, 108, PS 167. CIS: - PAT: 1760

Loculus relief with a male, Malku Date: 150-200 CE. Location: Paris, Hotel Drouot.

Catalogue no. 97 (Fig.

Rubina Raja -

Figure 6.47. Loculus relief with a male, Zabde'ateh. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, inv. 98.19.2, 150-200 CE (courtesy of Metropolitan Museum of Art, photo by Palmyra Portrait Project).

CATALOGUE

Figure 6.48. Loculus relief with a male, 'Oge. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, inv. 98.19.4, 150-200 C E (courtesy of Metropolitan Museum of Art, photo by Palmyra Portrait Project).

LO CULUS RELIEFS WITH MALE PORTRAIT ( 126)

Figure 6.49. Loculus relief with a male, TaimaJ:ie. Museum of Grenoble, Grenoble, inv. MG 1582, 150-200 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glypcotek, PS 219).

Context: References: Ingholt Archive PS 202; lngholc 1928, 112; Albertson 2000b, 160 n. 3.

References: Sotheby's New York, 11 D ecember 2002, lot 119. CIS: 4379 PAT: 0738

CIS: 4328 PAT: 0686

Loculus relief with a male, Zebida Date: 150-200

C E.

Location: New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Inventory No.: 01.25 .2.

Inscription: Image ofZabde'ateh, son ofZabde'ateh, who made this, Vahba, to his father. Alas! Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Inscription: Rephabol, son ofRustici, (son of) Saddai. Alas!

Loculus relief with a male, TaimaI,e Date: 150-200

CE.

Location: Grenoble, Musee de Grenoble.

Context: References: lngholt Archive PS 216; Chabot 1922, 129, pl. 31, 3; lngholt 1928, 114; Albertson 2000b, 160 n. 3.

CIS: 4397 PAT: 0756

References: lngholc Archive PS 219; lngholt 1928, 115.

Loculus relief with a male, 'Oge

Inscription: Taimai).e, son ofSim'on. Alas!

Inscription: Zebida, son ofDinai, son of Male. Alas!

Date: 150-200

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards from next to the cloth.

Location: New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

CE .

Inventory No.: 98.19.4. Context: References: Ingholc Archive PS 169; Ingholt 1928, 109; Albertson 2000b, 160 n. 3.

Loculus relief with a male, Zabde'ateh Date: 150-200

CE.

Location: New York, Metropolitan Musewn of Art. Inventory No.: 98.19.2.

CIS: 4330 PAT: 0688

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at sh oulder height. It is fastened with five-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Inventory No.: MG 1582. Context: -

CIS: 4519 PAT: 0880

Figure 6.50. Loculus relief with a male, Oga. National Museum of Damascus, Damascus, inv. C2148, 150-200 C E (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholc Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 805 ).

Loculus relief with a male, Rephabol Date: 150-200 C E .

Inscription: Alas! ['O]ge, [son of ] Zabde'ateh. Vahba, who made this, to his father.

Location: Minneapolis, Minneapolis Institute of Arts.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height.

Context:_

Inventory No.: 2008.28 .2 .

Catalo~e ao. 103 (filg. Loculus relief with a male, Oga Date : 150-200

CE.

Location: Damascus, National Musewn of Damascus. Inventory No.: C2148. Context: References: Ingholt Archive PS 805; Abdul-Hak and Abdul-Hak 1951, 33, cat. no. 12, pl. 15, la; Abu al-Faraj al-Ush, Judi, and Zuhdi 1980, 121 ; Tanabe 1986, 37, pl. 312; Piersimoni 1994, 305, cat. no. 20; Yon 2013, 344, cat. no. 41. CIS: - PAT: 0987 Inscription: Alas! Oga, son ofMaan, son ofOga. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with five-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

106

Rubina Raja -

CATALOGUE

107

1ocu1us RELIEFS WITH MALE PORTRAIT ( I 26)

CIS:-PAT:Inscription: Yarhai, son ofHairan. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with five-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a male Date: 150-200 CE. Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum. Inventory No.: 1939/7031. Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum ofSassans and Mattai, section 6, loculus 1. References: Saliby and Parlasca 1992, cat. no. 4, pl. 45, d; Sadurska and Bounni 1994, 46, cat. no. 47, fig. 69. CIS: -

PAT: 1017

Inscription: Ala[s], M---, son of---, S[assan].

Figure 6.52. Loculus relief with a male, Haddudan. Unknown location, I 50-200 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, lngholc Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 816).

Figure 6.53. Loculus relief with a male. The Victoria Hospital, Damascus, 150-200 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, lngholc Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 610 ).

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with five-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a male, Nurbel

Loculus relief with a male

Date: 150-200 CE .

Date: 150-200 CE .

Loculus relief with a male, Atran

Location: New York, Sotheby's.

Location: Damascus, The Victoria Hospital.

Date: 150-200 CE.

Inventory No.: -

Inventory No.: -

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Context: -

Context: -

Inventory No.: -

References: Sotheby's New York, 15 June 1988, lot 49.

References: Ingholt Archive PS 610.

Context: (Secondary context) Found at the northern city wall.

CIS: - PAT: 2716

CIS:-PAT:-

References: al-As'ad and others 2012, 167-68, cat. no. 10.

Inscription: Alas! Nfrrbel, son of [.]WS, son of[ ... ], S[.]R [].

lnscription: SLM. Alas!

CIS:-PAT:-

Cloth : The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards .

CIS:-PAT:-

Loculus relief with a male

Loculus relief with a male, Taimo'amed.

lnscription: Not translated.

Date: 150-200 CE .

Date: 150-200 CE.

Location: Damascus, Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums (2014).

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Date: 150-200 CE. Location: Unknown.

Inventory No.: -

Context: ( Secondary context) Found at the northern wall in the city.

Inventory No.: -

Context: -

References: al-As'ad and others 2012, 174, cat. no. 35.

Context: -

References: -

CIS:-PAT:-

References: Ingholt Archive PS 816.

CIS:-PAT:-

lnscription: Alas, Taimo'amed, son of Abuhi.

CIS: 4425 PAT: 0785

lnscription: -

Inscription: Alas! Haddudan, son ofMezabbana.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with rosettes (?) from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Figure 6.51. Loculus relief with a male, Yarhai. National Museum of Damascus, Damascus, inv. I.N. 65, 150-200 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, lngholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyprotek, PS 809).

Loculus relief with a male Date: 150-200 CE. Location: Damascus, National Museum of Damascus. Inventory No.: Context: -

lnscription: Atran (?), son ofKerdon, alas! Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with eight-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

References: -

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions.

Loculus relief with a male, Yarhai Date: 150-200 CE. Location: Damascus, National Museum of Damascus. Inventory No.: I.N. 65. Context: References: lngholt Archive PS 809; Cancineau 1930, 43, cat. no. 83.

Loculus relief with a male, Haddudan

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Inventory No.: 2607 /8865.

Rubina Raja -

108

Loculus relief with a male, Habibi

CATALOGUE

10CULUS RELIEFS WITH MALE PORTRAIT ( I 26)

109

Loculus relief with a male

Date: 150-200 CE.

Date: 150-200 CE.

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Inventory No.: 2721/9153.

Inventory No.: B 1868.

Context: (Secondary context) Found at the northern wall in the city.

Context: (Secondary context) Found behind portico SL

References: al-As'ad and others 2012, 177, cat. no. 46.

References: Dunant and Stucky 2000, 107, cat. no. 92, pl. 25.

CIS:-PAT:-

CIS:-PAT:-

lnscription: Habibi, son ofBareiki the elder, alas!

lnscription: -

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height.

Loculus relief with a male, Sassan Loculus relief with a male, Salman

Date: 160-190 CE.

Date: 150-200 CE.

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Inventory No.: B 1956/7048.

Inventory No.: 2446/8680.

Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum ofSassans and Mattai.

Context: ( Secondary context) Found at the northern wall in the city.

References: Tanabe 1986, 36, pl. 300; Saliby and Parlasca 1992, cat. no. 21 , pl. 50, a; Piersimoni 1994, 302-04, cat. no. 15; Sadurska and Bounni 1994, 54, cat. no. 64, fig. 101; al-As'ad and Gawlikowski 1997, 41, cat. no. 53, fig. 53.

References: al-As'ad and others 2012, 178, cat. no. 49. CIS:-PAT:lnscription: Salman, (son of) Gadimat, alas. Shalamallat, [son of] Odainat (?), alas! Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with rosettes(?) from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Figure 6.55. Loculus relief with a male, Ouahballat. Musee du Louvre Paris, inv. AO 28381, 170-200 CE ( © Palmyra Portrait Project, ' Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 807).

CIS: - PAT: 1032 Inscription: Sassan, son ofYarl,1ibola, alas! Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Figure 6.54. Loculus relief with a male. Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden, inv. BI 933/6.1, 170-190 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 620).

Inscription: Alas, Ouahballat, son ofOuahballat. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a male, Salme

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Date: 160-190 CE.

Date: 170-190 CE .

Inventory No.: A 208/A 137.

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Location: Leiden, Rijksmuseum van Oudheden.

Context: -

Inventory No.: 1987/7112.

Inventory No.: Bl933/6.l.

References: Milik 1972, 246; Yon 2012, 323, cat. no. 415; Henning 2013, 308, cat. no. S 51, pl. 27, b.

Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum ofZebida, section 1, loculus 2.

Context: -

CIS: - PAT: 1334, 1275

References: Tanabe 1986, 37, pl. 323; Piersimoni 1994, 307-08, cat. no. 29; Sadurska and Bounni, 1994, 92-93, cat. no. 122, fig. 96; al-As'ad and Gawlikowski 1997, 59, cat. no. 85, fig. 85. CIS: -

PAT: 2676

Inscription: Alas! Salme, son ofZebida. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

PAT: 2746

Loculus relief with a male

Date: 150-200 CE .

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions.

References: Ingholt Archive PS 807; Ingholt 1930, 243, fig. 3, pl. 41, l; Caubet 1990, 83, cat. no. 33; Dentzer-Feydy and Teixidor 1993, 244, cat. no. 237. CIS: -

Loculus relief with a male, l;lairan/ Herodes

Inscription: (Image of) l:fairan, son ofMoqimu, son ofMaliku Moqimu, alas! Made for him by Ma'nai, his boy of honour. ( Greek) Herodes

Context: -

References: Ingholt Archive PS 620; lngholt 1976, 101-37, pl. 5, cat. no. 3. CIS:-PAT:lnscription: _ Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions(?) from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a male, Hermes Date: 170-200 CE. Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum. Inventory No.: Context: References: Tanabe 1986, 37, pl. 319; Piersimoni 1994, 306, cat. no. 25; Ploug 1995, 159, cat. no. 61; Albertson 2000a, 145 n. 21; Yon 2013, 344, cat. no. 43.

Loculus relief with a male, Ouahballat

CIS:-PAT:-

Date: 170-200 CE.

lnscription: Alas! Hermes, son ofHRY, BR'TH, BRNBW.

Location: Paris, Musee du Louvre.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Inventory No.: AO 28381.

110

CATALOGUE

1ocu1us RELIEFS WITH MALE PORTRAIT ( I 26)

,F if§.

.,l Loculus relief with a male, l;lagegu Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum .

.1"!1'..'I

References: Sadurska and Bounni 1994, 107, cat. no. 144, fig. 81.

l. \,.

...,.":ii; _ _

r

Inventory No.: 2009. Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum ofBariki, section 21, loculus 1.

...._-v,,....\...

1: CC

Date: 170-200 CE.

~

\

...

.

Inscription: 1::iagegu, son ofNuri, (son of) l:lagegu, Alas!

'

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Ki

-;.._5\{I ~

' .

!

/

J!i

:~

\

CIS: - PAT: 2698

.

.

.( 1_~\. • !-

Ill

V.

·•t

'

.,

'

I

'

·11 \

l

:

I

Loculus relief with a male, Boli,a Date: 170-200 CE. Location: Palmyra, in situ. Inventory No.: Context: Southeast necropolis. Tomb no. 7, Hypogeum ofB61J:ia, north exedra, section 31, loculus 3.

Figure 6.56. Loculus relief with a male, Zabd' ateh/Zenobios. Palmyra Museum, Palmyra, inv. B 1760/6584, 170-200 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholc Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 1298).

References: Tanabe, 1986, 33, pl. 207; Sadurska and Bounni 1994, 80, cat. no. 108, fig. 106. CIS: - PAT: 1881

Loculus relief with a male, Moqimu

Inscription: B6l]Ja, son ofl::lura, alas!

Date: 170-200 CE.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum. Inventory No.: B 1962/7054. Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum of Sassans and Mattai, section 22.

Date: 170- 200 CE.

References: Tanabe 1986, 36, pl. 298; Saliby and Parlasca 1992, cat. no. 27, pl. 51, c; Piersimoni 1994, 302-04, cat. no. 13; Sadurska and Bounni 1994, 57, cat. no. 70, fig. 102; al-As'ad and Gawlikowski 1997, 38, cat. no. 49, fig. 49.

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

CIS: - PAT: 1038

Inventory No.: B 1982/7074.

Inscription: Moqimu, son of'Ogga, (son of) Moqirnu, alas!

Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum of Sassans and Mattai, section 59, loculus 1.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a male, Zebida

References: Tanabe 1986, 36, pl. 299; Saliby and Parlasca 1992, cat. no. 47, pl. 56, c; Piersimoni 1994, 302-04, cat. no. 14; Sadurska and Bounni 1994, 66f., cat. no. 90, fig. 100; al-As'ad and Gawlikowski 1997, 38-41, cat. no. 50, fig. 50.

Figure 6.57. Loculus relief with a male, Zabde'ate. Musee Cinquantenaire, Brussels, 175-200 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholc Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 22).

Tanabe 1986, 36, pl. 290; Sadurska and Bounni 1994, 157, cat. no. 205, fig. 91; al-As'ad and Gawlikowski 1997, 30, cat. no. 35, fig. 35; al-As'ad and Yon 2001, cat. no. 8; Yon 2012, 330, cat. no. 428. CIS: - PAT: 1826 Inscription: Alas! Zabd' ateh, son of Dionysios Zabd' ateh. (Greek) Zenobios, son ofDionysios. Cloth : The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Figure 6.58. Loculus relief with a male, Bennuri. Musee du Louvre, Paris, inv. AO 5005, 175-225 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 299).

Loculus relief with a male, Neboula Date: 175-200 CE. Location: Damascus, National Museum of Damascus. Inventory No.: 18797. Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum ofTaai, west exedra, north section B2, south-east References: Abdul-Hak 1952, 216, 240-41, cat. no. 29, pl. 9, 2; Parlasca 1982a, 200, fig. 180; Parlasca 1985b, 400, cat. no. 192. CIS: -

PAT: 1807

Inscription: Neboula, son ofMaanou Taai, alas! Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a male, Zabde'ate

Catalogue 0(). 126 (Fig.

Date: 175-200 cE. Location: Brussels, Musce Cinquantenaire.

CIS: - PAT: 1057

Loculus relief with a male, Zabd' ateh/Zenobios

Inventory No.:_

Inscription: Zebida, son ofZebida, (son of) Lisams, alas!

Date: 170-200 CE.

Context: -

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Date: 175-225 CE.

Location: Palmyra, Palmy~a Museum.

Location: Paris, Musce du Louvre.

Inventory No.: B 1760/6584.

References: Ingholt Archive PS 22; Ingholt 1928, 115. CIS: 4617 PAT: 0978

Context: West necropolis. Valley of the Tombs. Hypogeum of Shalamallat.

Inscription: Zabde'ate, son oflamliku, (son of) Nese. Alas!

Context: -

References: Ingholt Archive PS 1298; Bounni and Saliby 1957, 46, cat. no. 10, pl. 2, 5; Gawlikowski 1974, cat. no. 35;

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with four-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

References: Ingholt Archive PS 299; Ingholt 1928, 124; DentzerFeydy and Teixidor 1993, 209.

Loculus relief with a male, Bennuri

Inventory No.: AO 5005.

CIS: 4331 PAT: 0689

Rubina Raja -

112

CATALOGUE

113

10CULUS RELIEFS WITH MALE PORTRAIT ( I 26)

DATED 200- 2 7 3 CE

Loculus relief with a male Date: 175-225

CE.

Location: Queensland, University of Queensland, R. D. Milns Antiquities Museum.

Loculus relief with a male, Lisams

Inventory No.: 09.001.

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Date: 200-225

CE.

Context: -

Inventory No.: 2150/7612.

References: -

Context: Soucheast necropolis. Hypogeum ofZabd'ateh and Moqimu, section 33, loculus 1.

CIS:-PAT:-

References: Gawlikowski 1974, 32, cat. no. 65, pl. 2; Sadurska and Bounni, 1994, 132, cat. no. 176.

Inscription: [ ...]A[ ... ]RY BR L (transcription) Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder

CIS: - PAT: 1857

height.

Inscription: Lifams, (son of) Salman, alas! Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at the height of the head. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a male, Nurateh Date: 175-225

CE.

Location: Baltimore, Walters Art Museum. Inventory No.: 23.231.

Loculus relief with a male, Yarhai

Context: -

Date: 200-225

References: Albertson 2012a, 154-57, fig. 1. CIS:-PAT:-

Figure 6.59. Loculus relief with a male, Ma'an. Palmyra Museum, Palmyra, inv. B 1757/6581, 175-225 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, lngholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 1303 ).

Inscription: Nurateh, son of Rabbi [or Rabbai], alas! Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with four-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Inscription: Image ofBennuri. Alas! Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Date: 190-210

CE.

Location: Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek.

Loculus relief with a priest, Ma'an Date: 175-225

CE.

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum. Inventory No.: B 1757 /6581. Context: West necropolis. Valley of the Tombs. Hypogeum of

Shalamallat. References: lngholt Archive PS 1303; Bounni and Saliby 1957, 48, cat. no. 16, pl. 6, 2; Gawlikowski 1974, 23-24, cat. no. 43; Tanabe 1986, 36, pl. 293; Sadurska and Bounni 1994, 160f., cat. no. 211, fig. 113; al-As'ad and Gawlikowski 1997, 35, cat. no. 44, fig. 44.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with rosettes from which palm branches

are projecting upwards.

Context: West necropolis. Valley of the Tombs. Hypogeum of 'Alaine.

Inventory No. : IN 1043.

CIS:-PAT: -

References: lngholt Archive PS 293; Ingholc 1928, 123; Hvidberg-Hansen and Ploug 1993, 114-15, cat. no. 70; Ploug 1995, 174-76, cat. no. 70; Raja 2015, 338-40, figs 6-7; Raja and S0rensen 2015, 35. CIS: 4611 PAT: 0972, 1634 Inscription: Alas! Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder

height.

CE .

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum. Inventory No.: SD 40/69.

CIS: - PAT: 1858 Inscription: Yarhai, son of Salman, alas! Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes.

Loculus relief with a male DATED I 50-273 CE

Date: 200-250

CE.

Location: Beirut, Musee de Beyrouch. Inventory No.: -

Loculus relief with male, Mezabbana Date: 150-273

CE.

Loe afion: pa1myra, Palmyra Museum. Inventory No.: CD 48.

Referenc_es : Michalowski 1962, 243-44, cat. no. 7, fig. 294; Gawhkowski 1974, 91, cat. no. 173.

Date: 180-220

References: Sadurska and Bounni, 1994, 132-33, cat. no. 177.

Inscription : -

Context:_

Loculus relief with a priest?

Inventory No.: 2151/7616. Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum ofZabd'ateh and Moqimu, north exedra, loculus 1.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with rosettes.

Context: -

CIS: - PAT: 1834 Inscription: Alas! Ma'an, son ofWahbai.

Figure 6.60. Loculus relief with a male. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, inv. IN 1043, 190-210 CE (courtesy of Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, photo by Palmyra Portrait Project).

References : Mysliwiec 1974, 89, 91, 93, fig. 12; Sadurska 1977, 158, cat. no. 66, fig. 106.

Loculus relief with priest

CE.

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

CIS: - PAT: 1955 Inscription: Mezabbana, son ofNesa, alas! Cloth• . d epicted behind the male figure at shoulder h : Th e cIot h 1s beight. It is fastened with rosettes(?) from which palm ranches are projecting upwards.

Context: References: Ingholc Archive PS 274; Ingholt 1928, 122. CIS:-PAT:Inscription: Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Rubina Raja -

114

CATALOGUE

LOCULUS RELIEFS WITH MALE PORTRAIT ( I 26)

CIS: - PAT: 2830 Inscription: Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions.

Loculus relief with a male Date: 225-250 CE. Location: Damascus, National Museum of Damascus. Inventory No.: Damaskus 8769. Context: References: Ingholt Archive PS 637; Parlasca 1982a, 203, fig. 183; Parlasca 1985a, 350 pl. 148, l; Parlasca 1985b, 403, cat. no. 195.

CIS:-PAT:Inscription: Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at the height of the head. It is fastened with medallions.

Figure 6.61. Loculus relief with a male. Musee de Beyrouth, Beirut, 200-250 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 274).

Figure 6.63. Loculus relief with a male. National Museum of Damascus, Damascus, inv. Damaskus 8769, 225-250 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 637).

Loculus relief with a male, Samsigeram Date: 225-250 CE. Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum. Inventory No.: 2138/7600.

Loculus relief with a male

Context: Soucheast necropolis. Hypogeum ofZabd'ateh and Moqimu.

Date: 210-230 CE.

References: Sadurska and Bounni, 1994, cat. no. 164, 125-26, fig. 62.

Location: Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek.

CIS: - PAT: 1845

Inventory No.: IN 1036.

Inscription: Samsigeram, son of Zabdili, alas!

Context: -

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which paLn branches are projecting upwards.

References: Ingholt Archive PS 266; Ingholt 1928, 121; Hvidberg-Hansen and Ploug 1993, 114, cat. no. 71.

Figure 6.64. Loculus relief with a male, Marion. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, inv. IN 1033, 230-250 CE (courtesy of Ny Carlsberg Glyptocek, photo by Palmyra Portrait Project).

CIS: 4612 PAT: 0973 Inscription: Alas! Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with five-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with priest, Marion Date: 230-250 CE . Location: Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek. Inventory No.: IN 1033. Context: -

Loculus relief with a male Location: Stanford, Stanford University, Cantor Center for the Visual Arts.

References: IngholtArchive PS 302; Ingholt 1928, 124-25; Hvidberg-Hansen and Ploug 1993, 120, cat. no. 76; Ploug 1995, 186-87, cat. no. 76; Heyn 2010, appendix 5, cat. no. 25; Raja 2017b, 122, 125, fig. 14.

Inventory No.: 17205.

CIS: 4298 PAT: 0655

Context: -

Inscription: Alas! Marion, son of'Elihbel.

References: Vermeule 1981, 387, cat. no. 336; Parlasca 1990, 141-42, fig. 14; Albertson 20006, 160 n. 2.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Date: 225-250

Figure 6.62. Loculus relief with a male. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, inv. IN 1036, 210-230 CE (courtesy of Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, photo by Palmyra Portrait Project).

CE.

Figure 6.65. Loculus relief with a male, Heraqlida. Archaeological Museum, Istanbul, inv. 3743, 200-273 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 277).

116

Rubina Raja -

CATALOGUE

117

LOCULUS RELIEF$ WITH MALE PORTRAIT (126)

Loculus relief with a male, HeraqHda Date: 200-273 CE . Location: Istanbul, Archaeological Museum. Inventory No.: 3743 Context: References: lngholt Archive PS 277; lngholt 1928, 122. CIS: 4514 PAT: 0875 Inscription: Heraqlida, son of Sabini, alas! Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with five-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a male Date: 200-273 CE. Location: Munich, Gorny and Mosch, Giessener Miinzhandlung GrnbH. Inventory No.: Context: References: Gorny and Mosch Miinchen 2007, 14 December, 236. CIS:-PAT:lnscription: Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with five-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Figure 6.66. Loculus relief with a male. Musee de Beyrouth, Beirut, 200-273 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 255).

Figure 6.68. Loculus relief with a male, 'Abde'ate. Unknown location in Homs, 200-273 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholc Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 220).

References: Tanabe 1986, 37, pl. 318; Piersimoni 1994, 306, cat. no. 24; al-As'ad and Gawlikowski 1997, 64, cat. no. 97, fig. 97; Yon 2013, 344, cat. no. 42.

Figure 6.69. Loculus relief with a male, Ogilou. Musee d'Art et d'Histoire, Geneve, inv. 008196, 200-273 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, lngholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 294).

Loculus relief with a male, 'Abde'ate Date: 200-273 CE.

Loculus relief with a male

CIS:-PAT:-

Location: Horns, unknown location.

Date: 200-273 CE.

lnscription: GD, son ofMQYMW.

Inventory No.: -

Location: Beirut, Musee de Beyrouth.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with five-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Context: CIS: 4536 PAT: 0897

lnscription: -

Loculus relief with a male, Bolai

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with five-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Date: 200-273 CE.

Inventory No.: Context: -

References: lngholt Archive PS 220; lngholt 1928, 115. Inscription: 'Abde'ate, son of Salman. Alas!

References: Ingholt Archive PS 255; lngholt 1928, 120. CIS:-PAT:-

Location: Paris, Hotel Drouot.

Catalogue no.

Inventory No.: -

Loculus relief with a male Date: 200- 273 CE . Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museun1. Inventory No.: A 1225/6312. Context: -

Figure 6.67. Loculus relief with a male, Bolai. Hotel Drouot, Paris, 200-273 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 292 ).

Context: -

Loculus relief with a male, Ogilou

References: lngholt Archive PS 292; lngholt 1928, 123; Hotel Drouot 1931, lot 646.

Location: Geneva, Musee d'Art et d'Histoire.

Date: 200-273 CE.

CIS: 4533 PAT: 0894

Inventory No.: 008196.

Inscription: Bolai, son of'Ogilu. Alas!

Context: -

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with five-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

References: lngholt Archive PS 294; Deonna 1923, 232, cat. no. 8186, pl. 32, 8; lngholt 1928, 123; Chamay and Maier 1989, 94, cat. no. 120, pl. 103, 3; Albertson 2000b, 165.

• Rubina Raja -

118

CATALOGUE

119

10CULUS RELIEFS WITH MALE PORTRAIT (126)

CIS: 4430 PAT: 0790 Inscription: Ogilou, son ofYarhai. Alas! Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a male, Bar'a Date: 200-273

CE.

Location: Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum. Inventory No.: ANSA I 719. Context: References: Ingholt Archive PS 257; Ingholt 1928, 120; Plattner 2010, 170, cat. no. 8, figs 17-19. CIS:-PAT:lnscription: Bar'a, son ofZebida. Alas! Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Figure 6.73. Loculus relief with a male. Princecon University Art Museum, Princeton, inv. yl946.109, 200-273 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholc Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 1100). Figure 6.71. Loculus relief with a male. Unknown location, 200-273 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 830).

Loculus relief with a male Date: 200-273

CE.

Location: Princeton, Princeton University Art Museum.

Loculus relief with a male Date: 200-273

CE.

Location: Unknown. Inventory No.: Context: References: lngholt Archive PS 830. CIS:-PAT:-

Figure 6.72. Loculus relief with a male. Madam Alfred Susoek private collection, Damascus, 200-273 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholc Archive at Ny CarlsbergGlypcotek, PS 810). Inscription: Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with four-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a male Date: 200-273

CE.

Location:_ Inventory No.:_

Loculus relief with a male Date: 200-273

Figure 6.70. Loculus relief with a male, Bar'a. Kunsthiscorisches Museum, Vienna, inv. ANSA I 719, 200-273 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 257).

CE.

Location: Damascus, Madam Alfred Susoek private collection. Inventory No.: Context: References: Ingholt Archive PS 810. CIS:-PAT:-

Context: References: Ingholt Archive PS 1100. CIS: 4312 PAT: 0669

Inscription: Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with four-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Inventory No.: yl946.109.

Context: References: CIS:-PAT:lnscription: Not translated. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Inscription: Not translated. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a male Date: 200-273

CE.

Location: Rome, Musei Vaticani. Inventory No.: VII 69/56603. Context: References: Callieri 1986, 241-43, cat. no. 9, fig. 67, 1. CIS: - PAT: 0014 Inscription: MLWK, son of Male, alas! Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

120

CATALOGUE

LO CUL US RELIEFS WITH FEMALE PORTRAIT ( 5 I)

121

Loculus relief with a male Date: 200-273 CE. Location: Rome, Musei Vaticani. Inventory No.: VII 66/56604.

i

Context: References: Ingholt Archive PS 628; Callieri 1986, 243-44, cat. no. 10, fig. 65, 2.

'f.,

. l \ ~ ~, i

..

,: ;·:

CIS:-PAT:-

\

lnscription: Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a male Date: 200-273 CE.

Figure 6.76. Loculus relief with a male. Musei Vaticani, Rome, nv. VII 66/56604, 200-273 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 628). Figure 6.74. Loculus relief with a male, 'Oge. Archaeological Museum, Istanbul, inv. 3758/216, 200-273 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholc Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glypcotek, PS 289).

Location: Unknown location, confiscated in Lebanon (2013 ). Inventory No.: Context: References: CIS:-PAT:lnscription: -

Loculus relief with a male, 'Oge Date: 200-273 CE.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Figure 6.77. Loculus relief with a female, l:lanna. Ny Carlsberg Glyptorek, Copenhagen, inv. IN 1072, 140 CE ( courtesy of Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, photo by Palmyra Portrait Project).

Location: Istanbul, Archaeological Museum. Inventory No.: 3758/215.

LOCULUS RELIEFS WITH FEMALE PORTRAIT (51)

Context: References: Ingholt Archive PS 289; lngholt 1928, 123.

DATED BY INSCRIPTION

CIS: 4303 PAT: 0660

Context: -

Loculus relief with a female, l_:lanna Date: 140 CE. Location: Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek. Inventory No.: IN 1072.

Loculus relief with a male Date: 200-273

CE .

Location: Damascus, unknown location. Inventory No.: Context: References: Ingholt Archive PS 831. CIS:-PAT:lnscription: Not translated.

Figure 6.75. Loculus relief with a male. Unknown location in Damascus, 200-273 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archtve at Ny Carlsberg Glypcotek, PS 831 ).

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder palm 1 height. It is fastened with five-peta I rosettes f rom w h'ch branches are projecting upwards.

Location: Beirut, American University Museum. Inventory No.: 2739.

Inscription: 'Oge, son of Si '6na Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a female, 'A).ta Date: 161 CE.

Context: References: lngholt Archive PS 344; Simonsen 1889, 37-38, pl. 17; Chabot 1922, 117, 120-21, cat. no. 39, pl. 30, l; lngholt 1928, 129; Mackay 1949, 168, 175-76, pl. 57, l; Parlasca 1988, 217, pl. 46, b; Hvidberg-Hansen and Ploug 1993, 70, cat. no. 26; Ploug 1995, 95-97, cat. no. 26; Cussini 2005, 37, fig. 1. CIS: 4493 PAT: 0854 Inscription: [Image of] l:lanna, daughter ofMoqimu, son of Ta!bbol, [wife of] Lishamsh, (son of) Shoka!bel, alas. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at the height of the head. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

References: Chabot 1922, 128; lngholt 1928, 69-73, PS 43, pl. 14, 3; Mackay 1949, 164, pl. 56; Albertson 20126, 261 - 62. CIS: 4254 PAT: 0610 Inscription: 'A~a, daughter ofl:lalafi:a, son ofBar'a, son of Zabd'ateh, in the month ofElul, year 461. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards. The cloth is decorated with small vessels and round elements next to the rosettes.

Loculus relief with a female, Batti Date: 230 CE. Location: Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek. Inventory No.: IN 1053. Context: -

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123

LO CUL US RELIEFS WITH FEMALE PORTRAIT ( 5 I) ,;,,~

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Figure 6.79. Loculus relief with a female, Bat'oga. Musee du Louvre, Paris, inv. AO 14925, 100-150 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 368).

DATED 100-150 CE Figure 6.78. Loculus relief with a female, Batti. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, inv. IN 1053, 230 CE (courtesy of Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, photo by Palmyra Portrait Project).

Loculus relief with a female, Bat'oga References: Simonsen 1889, 26, pl. 9; Chabot 1922, 116, 130, cat. no. 26, pl. 29,13; Colledge 1976, 62, 72, 124, 138, 144, 151, 157,210,216,240,264, pl. 91; Hvidberg-Hansen and Ploug 1993, 128-29, cat. no. 84; Ploug 1995, 205-07, cat. no. 84; Krag 2016, 185, fig. 3. CIS: 4384 PAT: 0743 Inscription: Image ofBatti, daughter ofYarhai, alas. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a female, l;laliphat

Date: 100-150 CE. Location: Paris, Musee du Louvre. Inventory No.: AO 14925. References: lngholt Archive PS 368; Hotel Drouot Paris, 1923, lot 189; Ingholt 1928, 131; Hotel Drouot 1931, lot 664; Vigneau 1936, ll6; Mackay 1949, 166, 170, 176, 181, pl. 57, 2; Bossert 1951, 38, cat. no. 551, pl. 169; Dentzer-Feydy and Teixidor 1993, 222-23, cat. no. 218.

References: lngholt 1928, 87-89, pl. 16, 3, PS 54; Parlasca 1985a, 355, pl. 152; Albertson 20006, 160 n. 9; Albertson 20126, 261-62, figs7-9.

Context: -

Loculus relief with a female, 'Attai

References: -

Date: 130-150 CE.

CIS:-PAT:-

Location: Paris, Musee du Louvre.

lnscription: -

Inventory No.: AO 1757.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with four-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

CIS: 4621 PAT: 0982

Context: -

Inscription: Bat'oga, daughter ofl:laira Belsur. Alas!

References: lngholt Archive PS 370; Chabot 1922, 122, cat. no. 8; Ingholt 1928, 131; Dentzer-Feydy and Teixidor 1993, 169, cat. no. 172.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Location: Washington, D.C., Freer Gallery of Art. Context: -

Figure 6.81. Loculus relief with a female. National Museum of Damascus, Damascus, 140-160 CE ( © Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholc Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glypcotek, PS 794).

Context: -

Date: 241/242 CE. Inventory No.: Fl908.236.

Figure 6.80. Loculus relief with a female, 'Attal. Musee du Louvre, Paris, inv. AO 1757, 130-150 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 370).

Loculus relief with a female Date: 100-150 CE.

CIS: 4284 PAT: 0641 Inscription: 'Attai, daughter of'Atenatan. Alas! Made for her by Yarhai, her brother.

Loculus relief with a female, Tamme

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with four-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum. Inventory No.: -

Date: 130-150 CE. Inventory No.: Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum of Bariki, section 13, loculus I. References: Sadurska and Bowmi 1994, 109-10, cat. no. 149, fig. 149;Zenoni2010,49,fig.6.

CIS: 4460 PAT: 0821

Context: -

Inscription: Image ofl:laliphat, daughter of'Attatan, son of Goraimi, alas. Year 553.

References: Tanabe 1986, 45, pl. 462.

Loculus relief with a female

CIS:-PAT:-

Date: 130-150 CE.

Inscription: Tamme, daughter ofBarikai, (son of) Zebida

Inscription: -

Location: Damascus, Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums (2014).

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at the height of the head.

Inventory No.: -

CIS: - PAT: 2703

Rubina Raja -

124

CATALOGUE

LO CUL US RELIEFS WITH FEMALE PORTRAIT ( 5 I)

CIS : -PAT:-

DATED I 50-200 CE

lnscription: Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with seven-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a female Date: 150-170

CE .

Location: Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek.

Loculus relief with a female, Nabi Date: 140-160

CE.

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum. Inventory No.: 1957 /7049. Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum of Sassans and Mattai. References: Saliby and Parlasca 1992, cat. no. 22, pl. 50, b; Sadurska and Bounni 1994, 54-55, cat. no. 65, fig. 169. CIS: -

PAT: 1033

Inscription: Nab!, daughter ofYar]:iib6la, Alas! Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions. Along the sides and projecting upwards from the medallions are palm branches.

Inventory No.: IN 1062. Context: References: lngholt Archive PS 444; Simonsen 1889, 33-41, pl. 14; Chabot 1922, 116,119, cat. no. 17, pl. 29, 3; lngholt 1928, 141; Hvidberg-Hansen and Ploug 1993, 99, cat. no. 55; Ploug 1995, 142-45, cat. no. 55; Hvidberg-Hansen 1998, 60-61, cat. no. 55. CIS : 4489 PAT: 0850 Inscription: [.. . daughter of] [Bar ]'ate, son of [Ma ]liku, alas. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a female, Nibna Figure 6.82. Loculus relief with a female. Musee de Baalbek, Baalbek, 140-160 CE ( © Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 763).

Date: 150-180

Location: Palmyra, in situ.

Date: 140-160

Inventory No.: -

CE .

Location: Baalbek, Musee de Baalbek. Inventory No.: Context: References: Ingholt Archive PS 763.

Loculus relief with a female, Na'ami Date: 140-160

CE.

CE .

Loculus relief with a female

CIS:-PAT:-

Context: Southeast necropolis. Tomb no. 7, Hypogeum ofB61]:ia, north exedra, section 32, loculus 1. References: Ingholt Archive PS 1369; al-As'ad and Taha 1968, 100-01, cat. no. 24, pl. 5; Gawlikowski 1974, 44, cat. no. 97; Sadurska and Bounni 1994, 8 5, cat. no. 118, fig. 174. CIS: - PAT: 1889

Inscription: -

Inscription: Nibna, daughter ofB61]:ia, son ofNeb6shur, alas.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards. The cloth is decorated with a small vessel next to the right rosette.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with five-petal rosettes. Along the sides of the cloth and behind the rosettes, there are palm branches.

lnscription: Alas, Na'aml, daughter of Male.

Loculus relief with a female, Shall

Loculus relief with a female, Shalmat

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with and palm branches are projecting upwards from the corners.

Date: 140-160

Date: 150-200

Location: Gaziantep, Gaziantep Museum. Inventory No.: 214. Context: -

Figure 6.83. Loculus relief with a female. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, inv. IN 1062, 150-170 CE ( courtesy of Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, photo by Palmyra Portrait Project).

References: Desreumaux and Briquel-Chatonnet 1997, 73-77, fig. 4; Parlasca 2005, 137-49, fig. 3; Yon 2013, 351, cat. no. 91. CIS:-PAT:-

CE.

Location: Antwerp, private collection. Inventory No.: Context: -

Lo culus relief with a female Date: 140-160

C E.

Location: Damascus, National Museum of Damascus. Inventory No.: Context: References: Ingholt Archive PS 749.

References: Lipinski 1998, 63-69, pls 1-2; Yon 2013, 351, cat. no. 92. CIS:-PAT:lnscription: Shall, daughter ofZabida, son ofWaliy. Alas! Among (her) people. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

CE .

Location: Pittsfield, Berkshire Museum (Museum of Natural History and Art) . Inventory No.: 1903.7.6. Context: References: lngholt Archive PS 449; lngholt 1928, 142; Parlasca 19876, 114, cat. no. 13; Albertson 20006, 160 n. 4. CIS: 4599 PAT: 0960 Inscription: [Shal]mat, daughter ofTiridat, alas. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Figure 6.84. Loculus relief with a female, Ntbna. In sicu, Palmyra, Hypogeum ofB6Jl:ia, north exedra, section 32, loculus 1, 150-180 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 1369).

126

Rubina Raja -

CATALOGUE

LOCULUS RELIEFS WITH FEMALE PORTRAIT (51)

127 Figure 6.88. Loculus relief with a female. Petit Palais Museum, Paris, inv. ADUT01909, 150-200 CE ( © Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 430).

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.

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Figure 6.85. Loculus relief with a female, Shalmat. Berkshire Museum (Museum of Natural History and Art), Pittsfield, inv. 1903.7.6, 150-200 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 449).

Citalo

Figure 6.86. Loculus relief with a female, Ummayat. Musee du Louvre, Paris, inv. AO 2196, 150-200 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 403 ).

Figure 6.87. Loculus relief with a female, Tuel. Musee du Louvre, Paris, inv. AO 4148, 150-200 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 422).

References: Ingholt Archive PS 430; Ingholt 1928, 140; Hotel Drouot 1931, lot 656; Albertson 20126, 262.

References: Caubet 1990, 83, cat. no. 34; Dentzer-Feydy and Teixidor 1993, 243, cat. no. 236.

CIS:-PAT:-

CIS:-PAT:-

lnscription: -

Loculus relief with a female, Shishta

Inscription: Not translated.

Loculus relief with a female, Tuel

Date: 150-200 CE.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Date: 150-200

Location: New York, Christie's.

CE.

Location: Paris, Musee du Louvre.

Inventory No.: -

Inventory No.: AO 4148.

Context: -

Context: -

References: Christie's 2010, 10 June 2010, New York, lot 21. CIS:-PAT:-

Loculus relief with a female, Ummayat

lnscription: Alas! Shishta, daughter ofBelbu.

Date: 150-200

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with five-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards. The cloth ends below the shoulders.

Location: Paris, Musee du Louvre.

Loculus relief with a female Date: 150-200 CE . Location: Paris, Musee du Louvre. Inventory No.: AO 28380. Context: -

Context: -

CE.

Inventory No.: AO 2196. Context: References: Ingholt Archive PS 403; Chabot 1922, 122, cat. no. 16, pl. 30, 14; Ingholt 1928, 135; Ghirshman 1962, 82, fig. 94; Dentzer-Feydy and Teixidor 1993, 180, cat. no. 181; Albertson 20126, 261.

References: Ingholt Archive PS 422; Chabot 1922, 123, cat. no. 25 , pl. 32, 2; Ingholt 1928, 139; Dentzer-Feydy and Teixidor 1993, 198-99, cat. no. 198.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a female, Nabi Date: 150-200 CE .

CIS: 4620 PAT: 0981

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Inscription: Alas, Tuel, daughter ofTaime.

Inventory No.: B 1953/7045.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with five-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Context: Soucheast necropolis. Hypogeum of Sassans and Mattai, section 12.

CIS: 4428 PAT: 0788 Inscription: Ummayat, daughter ofYarhai, alas!

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

References: Saliby and Parlasca 1992, cat. no. 18, pl. 49, b; Piersimoni 1994, 308-09, cat. no. 33; Sadurska and Bounni 1994, 52-53, cat. no. 61, fig. 165; al-As'ad and Gawlikowski 1997,45,cat.no.62,fig.62. PAT: 1030

Loculus relief with a female

CIS: -

Date: 150-200 CE.

Inscription: Nabi, daughter of'Ogga, (son of) Sassan, alas!

Location: Paris, Petit Palais museum.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with four-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Inventory No.: ADUT01909.

128

Rubina Raja -

CATALOGUE

LO CUL US RELIEFS WITH FEMALE PORTRAIT ( 5 1)

129 Inventory No.: Context: References: Socheby's London, 6 November 1971 , lot _ 43 CIS:-PAT:lnscription: Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure at h Id · h · f , s ou er h e1g t. It 1s astened with four-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a female Date: 150-200 CE. Location: Unknown. Inventory No.: Context: References: CIS:-PAT:lnscription: Cloth'. The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It 1s fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Figure 6.89. Loculus relief with a female. Palmyra Museum, Palmyra, inv. A 77, 150-200 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingho!t Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 1009).

Figure 6.90. Loculus relief with a female, Aqamat. Schlumberger private collection, Paris, 150-200 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingho!t Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 426).

Figure 6.91. Loculus relief with a female, Shegel. Schlumberger private collection, Paris, 150-200 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 431 ).

Loculus relief with a female Date: 150-200 CE . Location: Palmyra, unknown location.

Loculus relief with a female Date: 150-200 CE.

CIS:-PAT:-

Inventory No.: -

Inscription: Aqme, daughter of'.Alaine (?) l:laguga, alas!

Context: -

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

References: Hutton 2017, 77, fig. 4, pl. 1.

Loculus relief with a female, Shegel

CIS:-PAT:-

Date: 150-200 CE.

lnscription: -

Context: -

Location: Paris, Schlumberger private collection. Inventory No.: -

References: Ingholt Archive PS 1009.

Context: -

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with rosettes from wh ich palm branches are projecting upwards.

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum. Inventory No.: A 77.

CIS:-PAT:Inscription: -

Date: 150-200 CE.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height.

Location: Paris, Schlumberger private collection. Inventory No.: Context: References: lngholt Archive PS 426; lngholt 1928, 139. CIS: 4584 PAT: 0945

References: lngholt Archive PS 431; Chabot 1922, 130; Ingholt 1928, 140; Parlasca 2000, 136, pl. 30, a. CIS: 4585 PAT: 0946 Inscription: Shegel, daughter ofYaddai, alas. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure at shoulder heig · ht. It is fastened with five-petal rosettes from which ' palm branches are projecting upwards.

R' Loculus relief with a female, 'Amba1 Date: 180-200 CE.

Location: Anciochia/Hatay, Riff'at Agha private collection. Inventory No.: -

Loculus relief with a female, Aqme

Inscription: Aqamat, daughter ofYaddai, alas.

Context: -

Date: 150-200 CE.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

References: lngholt Archive PS 434; Ingholt 1928, 140. CIS: 4553 PAT: 0914

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum. Inventory No.: B 2666/8967.

Loculus relief with a female

Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum ofBariki.

Date: 150-200 CE.

References: Fortin 1999, 298, cat. no. 334; Wielgosz-Rondolino 2016, 71-72, fig. 8.

location: Rhode Island,Joukowsky Collection.

1)

Inscription: 'Ambai, daughter ofSeppher:1, alas. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. le is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

CATALOGUE,

130

1

ocULUS RELIEFS WITH FEMALE PORTRAIT

(51)

131

Figure 6.95. Loculus relief with a female, Marc!. Palmyra Museum, Palmyra, inv. B 1752/6576, 200-220 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, lngholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glypcotek, PS 1299).

References: Jung 1996, 265-72, pls 1-4; Yon 2013, 352, cat. no. 96. CIS:-PAT:-

Figure 6.93. Loculus relief with a female, J:Jerta. Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, inv. 1954.30.2, 180-220 CE ( © Palmyra Portrait Project, lngholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glypcotek, PS 1113 ). Figure 6.92. Loculus relief with a female, 'Ambai. Riff'at Agha private collection, Antiochia/Hatay, 180-200 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 434).

Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum ofZebida, section 2, loculus 2. References: Sadurska and Bounni, 1994, 93-94, cat. no. 124, fig. 188; al-As'ad and Gawlikowski 1997, 62, cat. no. 91, fig. 91. CIS: - PAT: 2678

Loculus relief with a female, Sabbaq Date: 180-200 CE. Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Inscription: Shegel, daughter of'Ogeilu. Alas. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Inventory No.: CD 25. Context: (Secondary context) a late wall in the Temple of Enseignes/Standards, Camp ofDiocletian.

Loculus relief with a female, J.Ierta

CIS: - PAT: 1972

Location: New Haven, Yale University Art Gallery.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes.

Date: 180-220 CE.

Date: 180-220 CE. Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum. lnventoryNo.: 1989/7114.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a female, Betta

Date: 180-220 CE.

Date: 180-220 CE.

Location: Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum .

Inventory No.: B8905. Context: References: lngholc Archive PS 419; Legrain 1927, 329,346, fig. 2; lngholc 1928, 138; Romano 2006, 282-83, cat. no. 131; Albertson 20126, 264. Inscription: Yedi'at, daughter of S!' ona, son of Taime, alas. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at the height of the head. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Inventory No.: 1954.30.2.

Inventory No.: B 2667 /8968. Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum ofBariki. References: Fortin 1999, 298, cat. no. 335; Wielgosz-Rondolino 2016, 72-73, fig. 9. CIS:-PAT:lnscription: Alas, Bena, daughter of [ ...... ... ] Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with five-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

DATED 200-273 CE

Context: References: lngholt Archive PS 1113; Torrey 1904, 321-22, cat. no. 2, pl. 2; Albertson 20006 160 n. 6. CIS: 4548 PAT: 0909 Inscription: l:lerta, daughter ofBaida, Shegel, daughter ofl:labbe,

Loculus relief with a female, Shegel

lnscription: [Bel]ti, daughter ofYarhai, son ofWahballath, alas.

Loculus relief with a female, Yedi'at

CIS: - PAT: 1781

References: Michalowski, 1966, 69-71, fig. 79, cat. no. 21; Gawlikowski 1974, 96, cat. no. 190. Inscription: Sabbaq, daughter of[---], son ofZebida. Alas!

Figure 6.94. Loculus relief with a female, Yed!' at. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, inv. B8905, 180-220 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, lngholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 419).

alas. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with four-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a female, Belti

Loculus relief with a female, Marti

Date: 180-220 CE.

Date: 200-220 CE.

location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Inventory No.: B 2919/9144.

Inventory No.: B 1752/ 6576.

Context: (Secondary context) Found a few hundred metres away from towers 155-6 and 160-2.

Context: West necropolis. Valley of the Tombs. Hypogeum of Shalamallat, central exedra.

Rubina Raja -

CATALOGUE

LO CUL US RELIEFS WITH FEMALE PORTRAIT ( 5 I)

133

132

Figure 6.96. Loculus relief with a female, Bat-Wahbai. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, inv. IN 1063, 230-250 CE (courtesy of Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, photo by Palmyra Portrait Project).

References: Ingholt Archive PS 1299; Bounni and Saliby 1957, 46-47, cat. no. 11, pl. 3, l; Gawlikowski 1974, cat. no. 36; Tanabe 1986, 38, pl. 329; Sadurska and Bounni 1994, 157-58, cat. no. 206, fig. 187; al-As'ad and Gawlikowski 1997, 30, cat. no. 36, fig. 36; Zenoni 2010, 46, fig. l; Yon 2012, 330, cat.

no. 429. CIS: - PAT: 1827 Inscription: Marti, daughter ofTaimar~u Dionysios, alas! ( Greek) Marthis, daughter ofThaimarsos. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions. Along the sides of the cloth and behind the medallions are long palm branches.

Loculus relief with a female, Berreta Date: 200-230 CE. Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum. Inventory No.: 2139/7601. Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum ofZabd'ateh and Moqimu, section 15, loculus 2. References: al-As'ad and Taha 1965, 40, cat. no. 3, pl. l; Gawlikowski 1974, 29, cat. no. 54; Sadurska and Bounni 1994, 126,

cat. no. 165, fig. 196.

Figure 6.97. Loculus relief with a female. Musee du Louvre, Paris, inv. AO 26430, 200-273 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 473).

Figure 6.98. Loculus relief with a female. Liebieghaus SkulpturenSammlung, Frankfurt am Main, inv. IN 1507, 200-273 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 490).

Context: West necropolis. Valley of the Tombs. Hypogeum of '.Alaine, section 28, loculus 3.

CIS: 4380 PAT: 0739 Inscription: Bat-Wahbai, daughter of'Adan.

Loculus relief with a female

References: Mysliwiec 1974, 89-92, fig. 11; Sadurska 1977, 159-60, cat. no. 67, fig. 107; Sadurska and Bounni 1994, 178-79, cat. no. 237, fig. 200.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Date: 200-273

References: Ingholt Archive PS 473; lngholt 1928, 145; DentzerFeydy and Teixidor 1993, 239, cat. no. 232.

are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a female, 'Aliyat Date: 200-273

CE .

Inventory No.: 7444.

CE .

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum. Inventory No.: CD 39/69.

Inventory No.: AO 26430. Context: -

Inscription: [B]erreta, daughter ofl:Iagegu.

Date: 200-240

Location: Paris, Musee du Louvre.

Inscription: Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with rosettes from which palm branches

Location: Damascus, National Museum of Damascus.

Loculus relief with a female

CE.

CIS:-PAT:-

CIS: - PAT: 1846 Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Figure 6.99. Loculus relief with a female, 'Attai. University Library (Bibliotheque Nationale Universitaire), Strasbourg, 200-273 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyprotek, PS 761 ).

Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum no. 2.

Loculus relief with a female, Bat-Wahbai

CIS: - PAT: 1611 Inscription: Alas 'T[ ... ], daughter of Abgar. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with five-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

References: Parlasca 1982a, 200-02; Parlasca 1985b, 400-03, cat. no. 193.

Date: 230-250 CE. Location: Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, Denmark.

CIS: - PAT: 1127

Inventory No.: IN 1063.

Inscription: Alas, '.Aliyat, daughter ofTaimar~tl, (son of) MN'M.

Loculus relief with a female

Context: References: lngholt Archive PS 776; Simonsen 1889, 34, pl. 15; Hvidberg-Hansen and Ploug 1993, 155, cat. no. 124; Ploug 1995, 253-54, cat. no. 124; Hvidberg-Hansen 1998, 78-79,

Cloth : The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Location: Frankfurt am Main, Liebieghaus Skulpturen Sammlung.

cat. no. 124.

Date: 200-273

CE .

Inventory No.: IN 1507. Context: -

134

Rubina Raja -

CATALOGUE

LO CUL US RELIEFS WITH FEMALE PORTRAIT ( 5 I )

135

Loculus relief with a female Date: 200-273

CE .

Location: London, Sotheby's. Inventory No.: Context: References: Sotheby's London, 1981 14-15 December, lot 61. CIS:-PAT:lnscription: Not translated. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallion from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a female Date: 200-273

CE .

Location: Unknown, confiscated in Lebanon (2013) Inventory No.: Context: References: -

CIS:-PAT:Figure 6.100. Loculus relief with a female. Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo, Oslo, inv. C42238, 200-273 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 474).

Figure 6.101. Loculus relief with a female. Musee Saint-Raymond, Toulouse, inv. 25948, 200-273 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholc Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 1479 ).

lnscription: Not translated.

Figure 6.102. Loculus relief with a female, l:lesed. National Museum ofDamascus, Damascus, inv. Cl 2, 200-273 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 453).

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallion from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

References: lngholt Archive PS 490; Ingholt 1928, 148; Bi.ihme and Schottroff 1979, 3- 7, 36-37, pl. 2.

CIS:-PAT: -

Loculus relief with a female

CIS:-PAT:-

lnscription: The inscription is fake.

Date: 200-273

Inscription: -

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with four-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Location: Oslo, Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo.

CE.

Inventory No.: C42238. Context: -

CE.

Inventory No.: B 2688/9089.

CIS:-PAT: -

References: al-As'ad 1993, 296, cat. no. 235; Yon 2013, 343, cat. no. 31.

Date: 200-273

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at the height of the shoulders. It is fastened with five-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a female, l;lesed Date: 200-273

CE.

Location: Damascus, National Museum of Damascus. Inventory No.: Cl2.

Inventory No.: -

Context: -

Context: References: lngholt Archive PS 761; Chabot 1922, 131, pl. 30, 9; Colledge 1976, 71,263, pl. 93; Parlasca 19876, 112, cat. no. 19.

Date: 200-273

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum. Context: -

lnscription: -

Location: Strasbourg, University Library (Bibliotheque Nationale Universitaire).

Loculus relief with a female, AI;ta

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

References: lngholt Archive PS 474; Ingholt 1928, 146.

Loculus relief with a female, 'Attai CE.

'

Loculus relief with a female Date: 200-273

CE.

CIS: 4539 PAT: 0900

Location: Toulouse, Musee Saine-Raymond.

Inscription: 'A[ttai], daughter ofYar[l;tai], alas.

Inventory No.: 25948.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Context: References: lngholt Archive PS 1479; Baity 2004, 28, fig. 12; Baley 2010, 23-25, fig. 1.

References: lngholt Archive PS 453; lngholt 1928, 143; AbdulHak and Abdul-Hak 1951, 36f., cat. no. 21, pl. 15, 2, a; Abu al-Faraj al-Ush and others 1980, 121; Zouhdi 1983, 315; Tanabe 1986, 39, pl. 351; Parlasca 19876, 110-12, fig. 3.

CIS: 4449 PAT: 0809 Inscription: l::lesed, daughter ofBar'ateh, (son of) l::lagegu, alas. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

CIS : -PAT:lnscription: 'Al;ta, daughter ofMalku, son ofYarl;tib6la, alas. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Rubina Raja -

136

CATALOGUE

137

LOCULUS RELIEFS WITH TWO PORTRAITS (11)

LOCULUS RELIEFS WI~H TWO PORTRAITS (II)

CLOTH BEHIND MALE FIGURE ( 7) DATED 100-150 CE

Loculus relief with a male and female Date: 100-150

CE.

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum. Inventory No.: Context: References: Tanabe 1986, 40, pl. 372; Heyn 2010, appendix 3, cat. nos 17a-l 7b; Krag and Raja 2016, 168, cat. 61.

Figure 6.104. Loculus relief with two males, Moqimou and Yarhibola. Musee de Beyrouth, Beirut, 150-200 CE ( © Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 183).

CIS:-PAT:lnscription: Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with four-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a female and male, 'Ambai and Zebida Date: 130-150

CE.

Location: Beirut, American University Museum. Inventory No.: 33.12. Context: References: Ingholt 1934,40-42, pl. 10, l; Heyn 2010, 638, appendix 2, cat. no. 1, fig. 6; Krag and Raja 2016, 168-69, cat. no. 63.

Figure 6.103. Loculus relief with two males, Sabin us and Iarl.tibole. Portland Art Museum, Portland, inv. 54.2, 150-200 CE ( © Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingho!t Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 840).

Loculus relief with two priests, Ragna Date: 150-200 CE . Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum. Inventory No.: 2678/8984. Context: (Secondary context) Found on the grounds of the Desert Police, north of the museum.

CIS: - PAT: 0021

References: al-As'ad and others 2012, 165, cat. no. l; Raja 20166, 136-38, fig. 4.

Inscription: Zebida, son ofYedi'bel, alas! 'Ambai, daughter of'Ogeilu, his mother, alas!

CIS:-PAT:-

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

DATED I 50-200 CE

Inscription: [... ] son ofTaibb6l, alas. Ragna (?), his son, alas! Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the right priest, at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the right male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Inscription: Maan, son of Gatmai, daughter of Maan. Alas. Gatmai, daughter of Maan.

Loculus relief with two males, Moqimou and Yarhibola Date: 150-200

CE.

Location: Beirut, Musee de Beyrouth.

Loculus relief with two males, Sabinus and larl}ibole

Date: 150-200

Date: 150-200

CE.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Inventory No.: -

CLOTH BEHIND FEMALE FIGURE (4)

Context: References : lngholt Archive PS 183; Lagrange 1902, 94-95, cat. nos 1-2; Ingholt 1928, 110.

DATED BY INSCRIPTION

CIS: 4329 PAT: 0687 Inscription: Al[as]! Moqi[mou], son ofZabd'at[a], who made this. Quahba, his son. Who made this, for him, Quahba, his son. Alas! Yarhib6la, son ofZabd'aca Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the lefi: male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

DATED 200-273 CE Loculus relief with a male and female

Figure 6.105. Loculus relief with a male and female, Maan and Gatmai. Archaeological Museum, Istanbul, inv. 3805/O.M.264, 200-273 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingho!t Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 260).

CE .

Loculus reliefwith a female and male, Shalmat and Nebula Date: 181

CE.

Location: Beirut, American University Museum. Inventory No.: 2733. Context: References: Porter and Torrey 1906, 263-64, cat. no. 2; Chabot 1922, 128; Ingholt 1928, 37-38, pl. 5, 1, PS 15; Parlasca 1976, 39(, pl. 6, 2; Parlasca 1987b, 113, cat. no. l; Parlasca 1995, 62-63, fig. 6; Heyn 2010, appendix 3, cat. no. la, lb; Albertson 2012b, 260.

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Location: Portland, Portland Art Museun1.

Loculus relief with a male and female, Maan and Gatmai

Inventory No.: CD 22/66

Inventory No.: 54.2.

Date: 200-273

Context: -

Context: -

Location: Istanbul, Archaeological Museun1.

CIS: 4256 PAT: 0612

References: lngholt Archive PS 840; Vermeule 1964, 111; Parlasca 1990, 136-38, fig. 5; Cussini 1992, 423-27; Heyn 2010, appendix 3, cat. nos 24a-24b.

Inventory No.: 3805/O.M.264. Context: -

Inscription: Shalmat and Nebula, children ofMalku, son of Nebula, alas. In the month of Qinian, year 492.

References: Ingholt Archive PS 260; Chabot 1922, 126, cat. no. 36; lngholt 1928, 120; Heyn 2010, appendix 1, cat. no. 6; Krag and Raja 2016, 139(, 170, cat. no. 69, fig. 6.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

References: Gawlikowski 1984, 106, cat. no. 54, pl. 87, 188.

CIS:-PAT:lnscription: Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

CIS: 4535 PAT: 0896 Inscription: Sabinus (?), son oflarJ:iai, (son of) Bonne. Alas! IarJ:iibole, son ofTamma, his sister. Alas!

CE.

CIS: 4604 PAT: 0965

Rubina Raja -

CATALOGUE

139

LOCULUS RELIEFS WITH TWO PORTRAITS (II)

DOUBLE CLOTHS ( 8) DATED BY INSCRIPTION

Loculus relief with two males, Zabda and Maflun Date: 181/182 CE. Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum. Inventory No.: B 1948/7040. Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum of Sassans and Mattai, section 10, loculus 2.

Figure 6.106. Loculus relief with male and female. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, inv. IN 1153, 230 CE (courtesy ofNy Carlsberg Glyptotek, photo by Palmyra Portrait Project).

Figure 6.107. Loculus relief with two females, Aqme and Ninai. National Museum of Damascus, Damascus, 140-170 CE ( © Palmyra Portrait Project, lngholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS l 120/ l 120A).

References: Tanabe 1986, 40, pl. 370; Saliby and Parlasca 1992, cat. no. 13, pl. 48, a; Piersimoni 1994, 311-12, cat. no. 44; Sadurska and Bounni 1994, SO, cat. no. 56, fig. 99; al-As'ad and Gawlikowski 1997, 44, cat. no. 58, fig. 58. CIS: - PAT: 1025 Inscription: Zabda, son ofZabdibol, son ofSassan, alas! Maflun, son ofZabdib61, son of Sassan, alas! Year 493.

t

, f.

Loculus relief with a male and female

r,.,

Date: 230 CE.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind both male figures, at the height of their shoulders. It appears to be one piece of textile hung behind both figures. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Inventory No.: IN 1153. Context: References: lngholt 1928, 143, PS 452; Ingholt 1935, 80, pl. 37, 2; Colledge 1976, 71,251,263, pl. 94; Parlasca 19876, 111-12, fig. 4; Hvidberg-Hansen and Ploug 1993, 130-31, cat. no. 85; Ploug 1995, 208-10, cat. no. 85; Hvidberg-Hansen 1998, 75-76, cat. no. 85; Heyn 2010, appendix 3, cat. nos l Sa-1 Sb; Krag 2016, 182, fig. l; Raja 20166, 136-37, fig. 3. CIS:-PAT:-

Loculus relief with a female and male, 'Abina and I;Iairan Date: 218/219 CE. Location: Istanbul, Archaeological Museum. Inventory No.: 3783/O.M.242.

Figure 6.108. Loculus relief with a male and female, Yarhai and Belya. Portland Art Museum, Portland, inv. 54.3, 150-200 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, lngholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 65 ).

Inscription: Not translated. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the lefi: female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with four-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Context: -

CIS: 4306 PAT: 0663 Inscription: J::-I:[aira]n, son ofTaime, son ofI:lairan Tofa. 'Abina, daughter ofShim'on Shaqan. In the year 530.

Loculus relief with a male and female, Yarhai and Belya

DATED 100-150 CE

Location: Portland, Portland Art Museum.

Date: 140-170

Inventory No.: 54.3.

CE .

Location: Damascus, National Museum of Damascus.

Context: -

Inventory No.: -

References : Ingholt Archive PS 65; Ingholt 1928, 95, 108, 140; Vermeule 1964, 111; Vermeule 1981, 384, cat. no. 333; Parlasca 1990, 136-39, fig. 6; Heyn 2010, 649, appendix 3, cat. nos 2Sa-2Sb.

Context: West necropolis. Valley of the Tombs. Hypogeum of Yarhai, west exedra. References: Ingholt Archive PS l 120/ l 120A; Amy and Seyrig 1936, 251, pl. 47, 2; Cantineau 1938, 157, fig. e; Heyn 2010, appendix 3, cat. nos Sa-Sb. CIS: - PAT: 2788 Inscription: [A]qme [and N]inai, children of [Neb ]6mi, alas.

CIS: 4537 PAT: 0898 Inscription: Yarhai, son of'Ogga, alas. Belya, his daughter, alas. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

DATED I 5 0-200 CE

Loculus relief with a male and female, Male and Malafi:a Date: 180-200 CE. Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum. Inventory No.: B 1967 /7059. Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum of Sassans and Mattai, section 40.

Loculus relief with a female and male

References: Tanabe 1986, 40, pl. 369; Saliby and Parlasca 1992, cat. no. 32, pl. 52, d; Piersimoni 1994, 311-12, cat. no. 43; Sadurska and Bounni 1994, 59-60, cat. no. 75, fig. 103; al-As'ad and Gawlikowski 1997, 42, cat. no. SS, fig. SS; Heyn 2010, appendix 3, cat. nos 2la-2lb.

Date: 125-150 CE .

CIS: - PAT: 1042

Location: Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum.

Inscription: Alas! Male, son ofBarme, son of'Ogga, (son of) Sassan. Alas! Malafi:a, daughter ofBarme, (son of) 'Ogga, (son of) Sassan.

Date: 150-200 CE .

Loculus relief with two females, Aqme and Ninai

Cloth: A cloth is depicted behind each figure, at shoulder height (either two pieces of cloth fastened together or a single piece of cloth) . The fabric is fastened at either side and between the figures with four-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

References: Chabot 1922, 125, cat. no. 23; Ingholt 1928, 47, pl. 8, 1, PS 23; Krag and Raja 2016, 169- 70, cat. no. 68.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind both the female and male figure, at the height of their shoulders. It is fastened with a sixpetal rosette between them.

DATED I 50-200 CE

CIS: 4352 PAT: 0710 Inscription: 'At[ ... ], daughterofYedi'bel, alas. 'A[ ... ], son ofYedi'bel, alas.

'"'

Location: Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek.

Figure 6.109. Loculus relief with a male and female. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, inv. ANSA I 1524, 125-150 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, lngholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 63).

Inventory No.: ANSA I 1524. Context: References: Ingholt Archive PS 63 ; Miiller 1885, 975, cat. no. 3; lngholt 1928, 95, 132; Bernhard-Walcher and others 1996, 128, cat. no. 194, fig. 164; Seipel 1996, 178, cat. no. 1; Damm 2002, 5 5-56, fig. 31; Heyn 2010, 647; Plattner 2010, 164, cat. no. 3, figs 6-7.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind both the female and male figure, at the height of their shoulders. It appears to be one piece of textile hung behind both figures. It is fastened with four-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

140

Rubina Raja -

CATALOGUE

141

LOCULUS RELIEFS WITH CHILDREN ( 6)

Context: West necropolis. Valley of the Tombs. Near Temple/ house tomb no. 85b, tomb of A'ailami and Zebida ('Tomb Cantineau') . References: IngholtArchive PS 271; Ingholt 1928, 121; Rumscheid 2000, 102, 214 cat. no. 246; Heyn 2010, 647, cat. no. 12. CIS: 4245 PAT: 0601 Inscription: Maqqai, son ofZebida. Alas! Barika, son ofZebida. Alas! Cloth: A cloth is depicted behind each figure, at shoulder height (either two pieces of cloth fastened together or a single piece of cloth). The fabric is fastened at either side and between the figures with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

LO CUL US RELIEFS WITH CHILDREN ( 6) Figure 6.110. Loculus relief with rwo males, 'Ogeilu and 'Ogeilu. In siru, Palmyra, 170-200 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyprorek, PS 1356).

Loculus relief with a female and male, 'Aliyat and 'Attatan Date: 150-200

Figure 6.111. Loculus relief with two males, Maqqai and Barika. Prinz Johann Georg Sammlung, Johannes Gutenberg Universirar, Mainz, inv. PJG835, 200-273 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholr Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyprotek, PS 271 ). figures with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards. At the centre, beneath the central rosette, a small vessel is rendered.

CE.

Inventory No.: B 2817 /9330. References: al-As'ad and others 2012, 179, cat. no. 53. CIS:-PAT:lnscription: 'Aliyat and 'Attatan, children of Asp6raq, alas. Cloth: A cloth is depicted behind each figure, at shoulder height (either two pieces of cloth fastened together or a single piece of cloth) . The fabric is fastened at either side and between the figures with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Date: 150-200 CE. Location: Damascus, National Museum of Damascus. Inventory No.: 15020.

Inventory No.: B 2692/9094.

Date: 170-200

Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum ofBariki.

CE.

Location: Palmyra, in situ. Inventory No.: Context: Southeast necropolis. Tomb no. 7, Hypogeum ofB6ll)a, south exedra, section 44, loculus 2. References: Ingholt Archive PS 1356; Gawlikowski 1974, 43, cat. no. 95; Tanabe 1986, 30, pl. 215; Sadurska and Bounni 1994, 84, cat. no. 116, fig. 104. PAT: 1887

DATED I 50-2 50 CE

CIS:-PAT:lnscription: Alas, 'Atem and Malku, children of [Sha]lamallat, son ofBarikai. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is' fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a standing boy and male Date: 150-250

CE.

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Cloth: A cloth is depicted behind each figure, at shoulder height (either two pieces of cloth fastened together or a single piece of cloth). The fabric is fastened at either side and between the figures with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Context: ( Secondary context) Found at the northern wall in the city.

DATED 200-273 CE

PAT: 0007, 0716

Cloth: A cloth is depicted behind each figure, at shoulder height (either two pieces of cloth fastened together or a single piece of cloth). The fabric is fastened at either side and between the

References: al-As'ad 1993, 296, cat. no. 236; Charles-Gaffiot and others 2001, 345, cat. no. 153; Clauss 2002, 85, cat. no. 97; Yon 2013, 343, cat. no. 32.

Figure 6.112 Loculus relief with child and female. British Museum, London, inv. BM 125016, 150-200 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 448).

Inscription: Image of' Ogeilu, son of Qorbula, (son of) 'Ogeilu. Alas. Image of'Ogeilu, son ofMaliku, (son of) 'Ogeilu, Alas.

References: Sabeh 1953, 24-26, pl. 2, 2; Raja 2017d, 339-40, fig. 10; Raja 2017f., 119, fig. 5. Inscription: Belsur, son of Haire, (son of) Akkaledi, alas! He lived nineteen years. Moqimu, son of Haire, (son of) Akkaledi, alas! He lived sixteen years.

CE.

Loculus relief with two males, 'Ogeilu and 'Ogeilu

Context: -

CIS: -

Loculus relief with a sitting boy and a female, 'Atem and Malku Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

CIS: -

Loculus relief with two males, Belsur and Moqimu

(4)

DATED I 50-200 CE

Date: 150-200

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum. Context: ( Secondary context) Found at the northern wall in the city.

CLOTH BEHIND ADULT FIGURE

Loculus relief with two males, Maqqai and Barika Date: 200-273

CE .

Location: Mainz, Prinz Johann Georg Sammlung,Johannes Gutenberg Universitat. Inventory No.: PJG835.

Inventory No.: 2580/8830.

Loculus relief with a child and female

References: al-As'ad and others 2012, 175, cat. no. 38.

Date: 150-200

CIS:-PAT:-

CE.

Location: London, British Museum.

lnscription: Not translated.

Inventory No.: BM 125016.

Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Context: References: Ingholt Archive PS 448; lngholt 1928, 142; Parlasca 1987b, 111-12, fig. 5; Heyn 2010, appendix 4, cat. no. 6; Davies 2017, 25, 28 - 29, fig. 8. CIS:-PAT:lnscription: Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. The cloth is decorated with a small vessel at the right side.

142

Rubina Raja -

CATALOGUE

LOCULUS RELIEFS WITH THREE PORTRAITS

(4)

143

DATED I 50-200 CE

Loculus relief with two males and a girl, Yarl]ibole and Belta Date: 160-170 CE. Location: Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek. Inventory No.: IN 1027. Context: References: Ingholt Archive PS 168; Ingholt 1928, 108; Hvidberg-Hansen and Ploug 1993, 10506, cat. no. 61; Raja 2017 d, 332-34, 340, fig. 6; Raja 2017f., 120, fig. 6. CIS: 4405 PAT: 0765 Inscription: Yar}Jibole, son of Male. Alas! Belca, his daughter. Alas! Cloth: A cloth is depicted behind the left male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Figure 6.113. Loculus relief with standing girl and a female, Shalmat and Aqamat. Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden, inv. 1977/4.1, 200-273 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingho!t Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 1471).

DATED 200-273 CE

Figure 6.114. Loculus relief with standing girl and a male, Aqmat and 'Atenatan. Archaeological Museum, Istanbul, inv. 3748/O.M.203, 100-150 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingho!t Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 102).

CLOTH BEHIND CHILD FIGURE

Figure 6.115. Loculus relief with two males and a girl, YarJ:iibole and Belta. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, inv. IN 1027, 160-170 CE (courtesy ofNy Carlsberg Glyptotek, photo by Palmyra Portrait Project).

LOCULUS RELIEFS WITH THREE PORTRAITS (4)

CLOTH BEHIND ALL FIGURES (1)

(2)

DATED IS 0-200 CE

DATED 100-150 CE

Loculus relief with a standing girl and a female, Shalmat and Aqamat Date: 200-273

CE .

Location : Leiden, Rijksmuseum van Oudheden. Inventory No.: 1977/4.1. Context: References: Ingholt Archive PS 1471; Hofi:ijzer 1988, 37, pls 1-2; Heyn 2010, appendix 4, cat. no. 29. CIS: - PAT: 1636 Inscription: Alas, daughter of Wahba, Shalmat. Aqamat, alas. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Loculus relief with a standing girl and a male, Aqmat and 'Atenatan Date: 100- 150

CE .

Location: Istanbul, Archaeological Museum. Inventory No.: 3748/O.M.203. Context: References: Ingholt Archive PS 102; Ingholt 1928, 101; Pierson 1984, 103, fig. 8; Heyn 2010, appendix 4, cat. no. 23. CIS: 4516 PAT: 0877 Inscription: Image of'Atenatan, son ofZabdeateh, who made this for him. Aha, daughter ofNesa, his wife. Alas. Aqmat, his daughter. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the standing child, at shoulder height. It is fastened with rosettes. Along the sides and above the rosettes there are palm branches.

Loculus relief with two males and a mourning female Date: 150-200

CE.

Location: Recklinghausen, Ikonen-Museum. Inventory No.: 557. Context: References: Ingholt Archive PS 1377; Skrobucha 1972, 28-29; Krag and Raja 2016, 152£, 169, cat. no. 66, fig. 25. CIS:-PAT:lnscription: Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind each figure, at the height of their shoulders. It is fastened at either side with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Figure 6.116. Loculus relief with two males and a mourning female. Ikonen-Museum, Recklinghausen, inv. 557, 150-200 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, Ingho!t Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 1377).

144

Rubina Raja -

CATALOGUE

References: lngho!t Archive PS 164; Chabot 1922, 130, pl. 30, 13; Ingho!t 1928, 108; Krag and Raja 2016, 151, 169, cat. no. 65, fig. 23.

DATED 100-150 CE

CIS: 4615 PAT: 0974

Loculus relief with three males, Artaban, Yarhai, and 'Ogga Date: 100-150 CE.

Inscription: Male, son ofl::lennibel, alas. l::lera, their mother. AqqialJ,, his brother, alas. Cloth: A cloth is depicted behind right male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with five-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Location: Palmyra, in situ. Inventory No.: -

145

BANQUETING RELIEFS (2)

Context: Southeast necropolis. Tomb no. 5, Hypogeum of Artaban, the central exedra.

BAN~ETING RELIEFS (2)

References: Tanabe 1986, 30, pls 229-32; Parlasca 1987a, 279-81, fig. 3; Sadurska and Bounni 1994, 37-39, cat. no. 41, fig. 222-24.

References: Ingho!t Archive PS 262; Legrain 1927, 336,348, fig. 5; Ingho!t 1928, 120; Ingholt 1935, 70, 72-74, pl. 32; Bossert 1951, 39, cat. no. 557, pl. 171; Dami 2001, Exhibition. 43 (3) 33-40 pl. 37; White and others 2002, 86, cat. no. 126; Romano 2006, 295-97, cat. no. 141; Heyn 2008, 175, 179, fig. 6, 3; Long 2017, 78-79, fig. 9. CIS: -

PAT: 1772

Inscription: Malku, son ofMoqimu. Alas! Cloth: A cloth is depicted behind the reclining male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

WALL PAINTING

DATED 200-273 CE

DATED 200-273 CE

CIS: - PAT: 2671-73 Figure 6.117. Loculus relief with three portraits, Male the younger, a male figure and Male. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, inv. IN 2775 and Stanford University, Cantor Center for the Visual Arcs, Stanford, inv. 17200, 159 CE ( courtesy of Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, and Iris and B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arcs at Stanford University. Stanford Family Collections. Photo by Tahnee Cracchiola and the J. Paul Getty Museum).

CLOTH BEHIND TWO FIGURES

Inscription: Alas! Artaban, son ofYarhai, his father. Alas! Yarhai, son of Artaban, son of'Ogga. Alas! 'Ogga, son ofYarhai, (son of) Artaban, his son .

Banquet Scene with a reclining female and male, Bolaya and Male.

Cloth: A cloth is depicted behind the two outer male figures, at the height of their shoulders. Each cloth is fastened with medallions from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

CLOTH BEHIND MALE FIGURE

(1)

Date: 159 CE . Location: Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glypcotek + Stanford, Stanford University, Cantor Center for the Visual Arts.

Location: Damascus, National Museum of Damascus. Inventory No.: 18802. Context: Southeast necropolis. Hypogeum ofTaai, west exedra, south section A3.

Loculus relief with two males and a female, Male, l;lera and Aqq1aJ:t Date: 150-200

CIS : - PAT: 1802

DATED I 50-200 CE

DATED BY INSCRIPTION

Loculus relief with three portraits, Male the younger, a male figure and Male

Date: 180-250 CE.

References: Abdul-Hak 1952, 215, 232-35, cat. no. 20, pl. 2, 2; Gawlikowski 1974, 7-8, cat. no. 11; Parlasca 1982a, 198-99, cat. no. 178; Parlasca 19856, 399, cat. no. 190; Tanabe 1986, 42, pl. 424; Charles-Gaf!iot and others 2001, 367-68, cat. no. 255; Clauss 2002, 92, cat. no. 105; Finlayson 2002-03, 228, pl. 7; Finlayson 2008, 113, 129, fig. 6, 5; Miyashita 2016, 132, 142, fig. 18.

(2)

CE.

Location: Paris, Nit6t private collection. Inventory No.: Context: -

Inventory No.: IN 2775 + 17200.

Inscription: Image ofBolaya, daughter of'Ogga, son ofB6rrefa. Image of Male, son of'Ogga Borrefa Cloth: A cloth is depicted behind the male figure, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are,projecting upwards.

Context: References: NCG073: lngholt Archive PS 1064; Hvidberg-Hansen and Ploug 1993, 106-07, cat. no. 62; Albertson 20126, 251-58, figs 1, 3, 5. SUCC00l: Parlasca 1990, 140-41, fig. 11; Albertson 20006, 160 n. 2; Albertson 20126, 251-58, figs 2, 4, 5. CIS: -

Banquet relief with two standing males and a reclining male, Malku. Date: 200-273 CE .

PAT: NCG073: 1633. SUCC00l: 1652.

Location: Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.

Inscription: NCG073: Male, the younger, s(on of) Mallay or (son of) BMLY, the cameleers or Gamaleih, on the fifi:h day in the month oflyyar. Alas! [so Jn of Male, (son of) S[M]WL or (son of) S_YL and Male, son of[ ... ], in the year 470 [471-74]. SUCC00l: [so] n of Male, (son of) S[M]WL or (son of) S_YL and Male, son of[ ...], in the year 470 [471-74] . Cloth: A cloth is depicted behind the two outer male figures, at shoulder height. They are fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

(1)

Inventory No.: B 8902. Context: -

Figure 6.118. Loculus relief with two males and a female, Male, l::lera and Aqqifil).. Ni tot private collection, Paris, 150-200 CE ( © Palmyra Portrait Project, lngholt Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glypcotek, PS 164).

Figure 6.119. Banqueting relief with two standing males and a reclining male, Malku. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, inv. B 8902, 200-273 CE (© Palmyra Portrait Project, lngho!t Archive at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, PS 262).

Wall painting with a standing female, Bat'a. Date: 191-241 CE. Location: Palmyra, in situ. Inventory No.: Context: Southwest necropolis. Hypogeum of the Three Brothers. References: Chabot 1922, 100, pl. 16, 2; Kraeling 1961-62, 13-18, pl. 14; Colledge 1976, 60, 84-87, 102, 107, 124, 126, 129, 132-33, 159-60, 216, pls 115-17; Ruprechtsberger 1987,48,59,fig. 17. CIS: -PAT: Inscription: Image ofBat'a, daughter of Male, alas. Cloth: The cloth is depicted behind the female, at shoulder height. It is fastened with round elements (details unclear). The cloth ends just above her waist.

Rubina Raja -

146 SARCOPHAGI

(3)

CATALOGUE

DAT ED 200- 273 CE

DATED I 50-200 CE

RECONSIDERING THE DORSAL/UM OR 'cuRTAIN OF DEATH' IN PALMYRENE FUNERARY SCULPTURE

147

Works Cited Manuscripts and Archival Documents

Sarcophagus box, four male busts, two female busts.

Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Ingholt Archive

Date: 200-273 CE.

Sarcophagus box with three busts.

Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum.

Date: 135-170 CE.

Inventory No.: Al239 / 6332.

Location: Palmyra, in situ.

Context: Southeast necropolis, Hypogeum anonymous, by north

Inventory No.: Context: West necropolis/Valley of the Tombs, tower tomb no. 46. References: Henning 2013, 188-89, pl. 43.c. CIS:-PAT:lnscription: Cloth: A cloth is depicted behind the central bust at shoulder

height.

wall. References: Gawlikowski 1970, 77-81 fig. 7-11; Sadurska 1982,

270, 326 fig. 152; Parlasca 1984, 290 fig. 11; Sadurska and Bounni 1994, 12f., cat. no. 3 fig. 239; Albertson 20006, 166. CIS: - PAT: 0121; 0122; 0123; 0124; 2638; 0125; 0126 Inscription I: [protruding plinth below busts J

This 'WN' was made by Soraiku, son ofBelhazai, (son of) Malku. Inscription 2 : [to the lefi: of portrait AJ Bolna, son ofSoraiku, son ofBelhazai, alas. Inscription 3: [to the lefi: of portrait BJ

Sarcophagus box, two female busts, two priest busts. Date: 150-200 CE . Location: Palmyra, Palmyra Museum. Inventory No.: Context: References: Colledge 1976, 261,250; Degeorge 2001, 238-39;

Degeorge 2002, 198-99; Yon 2013, 355, cat. no. 113. CIS:-PAT:lnscription: Not translated. Cloth: The sarcophagus box depicts two busts of priests, with a

female bust at either side of these two. The cloth is depicted behind the priest bust at the lefi: side, at shoulder height. It is fastened with six-petal rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

Yedi'bel, son ofBelhazai, (son of) Malku, alas. Inscription 4: [to the lefi: of portrait CJ

Belhazai, (son of) Mal[kJu, Taim [ha], alas. Inscription 5: [to the lefi: of portrait D J

Salmat, daughter of Soraiku, alas. Inscription 6: [to the lefi: of portrait EJ

Soraiku, son ofBelhazai, (son of) Malku, alas. Inscription 7: [to the lefi: of portrait FJ

Marti, daughter ofTaimha, (son of) Malku, alas. Cloth: Cloths are depicted behind che two male figures at

the outer right, at the height of their shoulders. They are each fastened with rosettes from which palm branches are projecting upwards.

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Ucpub;;he! ~unerary Reli_efBusts from Palmyra', Orientalia lovaniensia periodica, 29: 63-74. , · _ · _ e se o art 1an Costume m Funerary Portraiture in Palm ra' in T L d .. Professions m Palmyra, Palmyrene Studies, 2 (Copenha en. Th R lA ~ ' . ~ng an A. H. S0rensen (eds), Positions and Long, T. and A. H. S0rensen (eds) 2017 Positions and gp . e oya ea emy of Sciences and Letters), pp. 68-83. Academy of Sciences and Letters). . rofesszons m Palmyra, Palmyrene Studies, 2 (Copenhagen: The Royal Mackay, D. ~949. 'The Jewellery of Palmyra and its Significance: Iraq, 11: 160-87. Michalowski, K. 1960. Palmyre, I: Fouilles Polonaises 1959 (Warsaw· anstwowe W d · uk 1962 P. f •L · Y awmctwo na owe) -, • a myre, II: Foui 'fes Polonaises 1960 (Warsaw· Panstwowe Wyd ' k ) · 1966 P. L . · awmctwo nau owe - .. , • a myre'. V: Foutlles Polonaises 1963 et 1964 (Warsaw: Scientifiques de Polo ne). · Milik, J. T. 1972. Dedzcacesfaites par des dieux (P. L H, T, ) d · g Miyashita, S.2016. 'The Vessels in Palmyrene Banaqume:rtrSe, at~a:,, yrb BetWeLsHthiasdes semitiques a l'epoque romaine (Paris: Geuthner). cenes. 10m an BWRP and Tc b TYBL' · J C (eds), Palmyrena: City, Hinterland and Caravan Trad bt . om , m • . Meyer and others M December 1-3, 2012 (Oxford: Archaeopress ), pp. 13 ;_;6~een Orient and Occident: Proceedings ofthe Coriference Held in Athens, ~rehart, M. 1956-,58: 'Early Sculpture at Palmyra',Berytus, 12: 53-83. Muller,_ D. H:_ 1885. Vier Palmyrenische Grabinschrifi:en im Besitze des Ministerial-Conci · , . berichte, Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenscha"en (/Vi ) Ph ., h. h h . . p1sten Herrn Dr J. C. Samson, Sitzungs, .al O ':I" zen, ttosop isc - istortsche Klasse 108· 973-77 Muse'e Im pen ttoman 1895 A 1:· · ' H; · ' · · Mysliwiec K 1974 'S 1· . n i~ut~es imyarites et Palmyreniennes: Catalogue sommaire (Istanbul: Mihran) . 83-96: . . cu ptures trouvees a Palmyre par la mission archeologique polonaise en 1968 et 1969', Studia Palmyrenskie, 5: ~up, J.E. 1894. _Skifiende Horizonter (Copenhagen: Gyldendalske boghandels forlag).

S~l~:~~ z::;;:~.-Topograjiske Bidrag til Kendskabet til den Syriske 0rken (Copenhagen: Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes

Parlasca, K. 1976. 'Probleme Palmyrenischer Grabreliefs : Chronolo ie und Inter · ' · , Perspectives. Colloque de Strasbourg 18-20 Octobre 1973 , L _g . d D pretanon, m E. Frezouls (ed.), Palmyre: Bi/an et - Associati~n _po~r l'F.tude de la Civilisation Romaine), pp. ;3~~~mo1re e amel Schlumberger et de Henri Seyrig (Strasbourg: , 1982a. Rom1sche Kunst in Syrien' in K Kohlmeyer and E St ( Kulturen (Mainz am Rhein: Philipp ~on Z~bern), pp. 186-2;6. rommenger eds) , Land des Baal: Syrien, Forum der Volker und - ' 19826., Syrische Grabreliefi hellenistischer und riimischer Zeit: Fundgruppen und Proble (M • Rh . .. - , 1984. Probleme der palm renischen Sarko ha e' . . me_ a1~z am em: Philipp Von Zabern). Winckelmann-Programm (Jarburg: Verlag de~ Bh ~hndl ~ehae (eSd. ), .Symp)oszum uber die antiken Sarkophage, Marburger 1985 'D V, h··1 . d al ns gesc IC tic en emmars 'pp. 283-96. , a. as er a tms er p myren·s h G b J ik ·· · h 19856 'R A . S ., . I c en ra P ast zur rom1sc en Portratkunst: Riimische Mitteiluno-en 92· 343-56 ' . oman rt m yna m H W. · ( d ) Ebl D s ' · · Smithsonian Institution), pp. 386-440. e1ss e . ' a to amascus: Art and Archaeology ofAncient Syria (Washington, D.C.:

K: 't

- , l987a. 'Aspekte der palmyrenischen Skulpturen' in K al-A ' d d und Kultur der svrischen Oasenst.adt (L· G b' ) . 2 s6a an E. M. Ruprechtsberger (eds), Palmyra: Geschichte, Kunst J mz: uten erg , pp. 7 -82.

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--, 19876. 'Ein anton in ischer Frau enkopf aus Palmyra in Mali6u', in Anci ent Portraits in th e j Paul Getty M useum, I (Mali6u : J . Paul G ett y Museum), pp. 107-14. --, 1988. 'lkono graphische P ro6leme palmyren ischer Gra6reliefs'. Damasz ener Mitteilungen, 3: 215-21. --,1990. 'Palmyrenische Skulpturen in Muse en an der amerik an ischen Westki.iste'. in M. True and G. Koch (e ds),Roman Funerary Monuments in the J Paul G etty Museum, I (Malibu: J. Paul Getty Museum), pp. 133-44. --, 1995. 'Some Problems of Palmyrene Plastic Art',ARAM Periodical, 7: 59-71. --, 2000. 'Ein syrischer Ko pf der rom ischen Kaizerzeit in Mariemont ',Damazen er Mitteil ungen, 12: 135-222. --,2005. 'Zu palmyrenischen Inschrifien auf Reliefs'. in E. Cussini (ed.),journey to Palmyra: Collected Essays to Reme mber Delbert R. Hillers (Leiden: Brill), pp. 137-49. Piersimoni, P. 1994. 'New Palmyrene Inscriptions: Onomastics and Prosopo graphy',Annali di archeologia e storia antica, 13-14: 298-316. Pierson, F. 1984. 'Re cherches sur les co stume des enfants dans l' iconographi e palmyrénienne',Revue des archéologues et historiens d'art d e Louvain, 17: 85-111. Plattner, A. G. 2010. 'Palmyrenische Reliefs im Kunsthistorischen Museum Wien', in B. Bastl and others (ed s), Zeitreisen: Syrien, Palmyra, Rom: FestschriftforAndreas Schmidt-Colin et zum 65. Geburtstag (Vienna: Phoi6os), pp. 159-84. Ploug, G. 1995. Catalogue ofPalmyrene Sculptures Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek (Copenhagen: Ny Carls6erg Glyptotek). Porter, H. and C. C. Torrey. 1906. 'Inscribed Palmyrene Monuments in the Museum of the Syrian Protestant College, Beirut', The American Journal oJSemitic Languages and Literatures, 22: 262-71. Raj a, R. 2015. 'Palmyrene F un erar y Portrait in Context: Portrait Ha6it 6etwe en Locai Traditio ns and Imperial Trends', in J. Fejfer, M. Moltesen, and A. Rathje (eds), Transmission o/Culture in th e Ancient 'World, Acta Hyper6orea, 14 (Co penhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press), pp. 329-61. --,2016a. 'Danske Pionerer i Palmyra . D en Danske Palmyra -Forskning i et Historiografìsk Perspektiv',in CarlsbergfondetsArsskrift, 2016 (Copenhagen: Carls6ergfondet), pp. 56-63. - , 20166. 'Representatio ns of Priests in Palmyra. Methodological C onsideratio ns o n the M eaning of the Representation of Priesthood in Roman Period Palmy ra'. R eligion in the Roman Empire, 2: 125-46. --, 2017a. 'Danish Pioneers at Palmyra: Historiographic Aspects of D an ish S ch olarship on Palmyra', in R. Raja (ed.), Palmyra: Pe arl ofthe Desert (Aarhus: S un-Tryk), pp. 21-29. --, 20176. 'Going Individua!: Roman Period Portraiture in Classica! Archaeology. Tu e Diversit y of Classica! Archae ology', in A. Lichtenberger and R. Raja (e ds), The Diversity o/ClassicaLArchaeolog y (Turnhout: Brepols), pp. 271-86. --, 2017c. 'Powerful Images of the Deceased: Palmyrene F unerar y Portrait Culture 6etween Loca!, Greek and Roman Repre­ sentations', in D. Boschung and F. �er yel (eds),Bilder der Macht: Das gri ec his che Portrdt und sein e Verw end ung in d er antiken Welt (Pader6orn: Wilh elm F ink), pp. 319-48. --, 2017d. 'Between Fash io n Phenomena and Status Symbols: Context ualising the D ress of the S o - Called "Former Priests" of Palmyra', in C. Brnns and M.-L. N osch (eds), Textiles and Cult in the Mediterranean Area in the 1st Millennium BC (Oxford: Ox6ow), pp. 209-29. --, 2017e. 'Representations of the S o-Calle d "Former Priests" in Palmyrene Funerar y Art: A Methodological Contri6ution and Commentar y'. Topoi, 21: 51-81. ,. --, 2017f. 'To Be or N ot to Be D epicted as a Priest in Palmyra. A Matter of Representational Spheres and Societal Values, 111 T. Long and A. H. S0rensen (eds), Positions and Professions in Palmyra, Palmyrene Studies,2 (Co penhagen: Tue Royal Academy o f Sciences and L e tters), pp. 115-30. --, (2018a). 'Palmyrene Funerar y Portraits: Collection Histories and Current Research'. in J. Aruz (ed.), Palmyra: Mirage in th e Desert (New York: M etropolitan Museum), pp. 100-109. --, (2018b). 'Tue Matter of the Palmyrene "Modius": Remarks o n the History of Research into the Terminolo gy of the Palmyren e Priestly Hat'. Religion in th e Roman Empire, 2.4: 237-59. Raja, R. and A. H. S0rensen. 2015. Harald lngholt and Palmyra (Aarhus: Fadlestr ykkeriet Aarhus Universitet). --, (2019). 'Historiography: Danish Research from Johannes 0strup to the Palmyra Portrait Proj ect'. in H. Eristov and C. Vibcrt­ Guigue (eds): L e tombeau d es troisfteres d Palmyre : Mission archéologiqueftanco-syrienn e 2004-2009, Bibliothèque archéologique et historique,215 (Beirut\ Presses de l' ifpo), pp. 59 63. _ _ (ed.),Palmyra: Pe arl ojth e Desert (Aarhus: S un-Tr yk),PP· 67-?S. Ringsborg,S. 2017. 'Children s Portraits from Palmyra;-,m R. Rap Romano, I. B. 2006. Classic al Sculpture: Catalogu e of the Cypriot, Greek, and Roman Ston e Scufpture in the University ofPennsylvant� Museum ofArchaeology and Anthropology, Museum Mo nographs, 125 (Philadelphia: Univcrsity of Pennsylvania Museum 0 Archaeolo gy and Anthropology). Ronzevalle, P. S. 1937. Notes e t études d'archéologie oriental e: Troiseme séri e, II. ]upiter Héliopolitain. Nova et vetera, Mélanges de l'Université S aint-Joseph, 21.1 (Beirut: Université Saint-Joseph, Imprimerie Catholique). Rumscheid,J. 2000. Kranz und Kron e: Zu Insignien, Siegespreisen und Ehrenz eichen der riimischen Kaiserzeit, lstan6uler Forschungen, 43 (Tti6ingen: Wasmuth).

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Ruprechtsbcrger,E. M. 1987 'Antikes Palmyra - Topographie und Denkm alcr'. in E. M. Ruprechts6erger (ed.),Palmyra: G eschichte, : Kunst und Kultur der syrzsch en Oasenstadt (Linz: Gutcn6erg), pp. 44-114. Sabeh,J. 1953. 'S culptures p almyréniennes inédites du Musée de Dama s',Annales archéologiques arabes syriennes, 3: 3-26. Sadursk a, A. 1977. �almyr , VII: L e tombeau defamille de 'A_fainé (Warsaw: � Éditio ns scientifìques de Pologne). , --, 1982 Portra1t funera1re de Palmyre - problem s et methods de recherches'. Wissen : _ _ schaftliche Zeitschrift der HumboldtUmversztat zu B erlzn: Gesellschafts- und sprachwissenschaf tliche Reih e, 31: 269-368. Sadurska, A. and A. Bounni. 1994. L es sculptures funéraires de Palmyre (Rome: G. Bretschneider). Saliby,N. and K. Parlasca. 1992. 'L' hypogée de S assan fìls de Male à Pa lmyre'. Damaszener Mitteilungen, 6: 267-92. Sartre,M. 2016. 'Zéno6ie dans l'imag inaire occidental: in A. J. M. Kro pp and R. Raja (eds), The 'World ofPalmyra, Palmyrcne St udies, l (Copenhagen: Tue Royal Danish Acadcmy of S ci ences a nd Letters), pp. 207-21. e, M. r t r and A. Sartre-Fauriat. 2016. Palmyre: Vérités et Légendes (Pa Sa ris: Perrin). Schneider, E. E. 1996. 'Ritratti funerari palmireni del Museo Barr acco', in M. G. P icozzi and F. Carinci (eds), Vicino Orient e, Egeo, Grecza, Roma e mondo romano: Tradizione dell'antico e colle zionismo di antichitd. Studi in Me moria di Lucia Guerrini Studi miscellanei, 30 (Rome: L' Erma di Bretschneid er), pp. 293-300. ' Scipel,W. 1996. Weihrauch und Seide: Alte Kulturen an der Seidenstrass e (Milan: Skira). Seyrig,H. 1936. 'Note sur les plus anciennes sculptures palmyrenienn es',B erytus, 3: 137-40. Simonsen, D. 1889. S�ufpturer og Indskrifter.fra Palmyra i Ny Carlsb erg Gfyptotek (Copenhagen: Tu. Linds Boghandel). Skrobucha, H. 1972. Gra6platte. Palmyra, Ende 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr.'. in T. Grochow iak (ed.), Kunstschdtze in R ecklingh ausen (Recklinghausen: Bongers). Starcky,J. 194 l. 'Palmyre: Guide arché ologique',Mélanges de l'Univ ersité SaintJose ph, Beirut, 24: 5-68. -, 1955. :lnscriptions palmyréniennes conser ves au Musé e d c B eyrouth'. Bulletin du M usée de B e yrouth, 12: 29-44. -, 1984. Note sur Ics sculptures palmyrénienncs du Musée de Grenoble'. Syria, 61: 37-44. Starcky,J. and B. D el avault. 1974. 'Relie fs palmyréniens inédits'. Semitica, 24: 67-73. Tanabe, K. 1986. Sculptures ofPalmyra, I (Tokyo: Ancient Ori ent Museum). Torrey, C. C. 1904. 'Four Palmyrenc Epitaphs'.}ournal of theAmerican Orientai Society, 25: 320-23. Vermeule, C. C. 1�64. 'G eek and Roman Portraits in No rth American C ollcctions Open to � th e Public: A Sur ve y of Impor tant Mo numental Likeness m M arble and Bro nze Wh ich H ave N ot Be en Publishe d Extensively'. Proceedings oJthe Americ an Philo­ sophic al Society, l 08: 99-134. -, 1981. Greek and Roman Sculpture in Americ a: Mast erpieces in P ublic Collections in the United States and Canada (Berkeley: Univcr sit y of Californ ia Press). Vig�cau , A. 1936. Enc ydopédie photographique de L'a r t: L e Musé e du Louvre, II: M esopotamie (suite), Canaan, Chypre, Grece (Paris: Editions Tel). White, D. and others 2002. ?uide o th Etr usc an and Roma n 'Worlds at the University o/Pennsylvania Museum ofAr � � chaeology and Anthropology (Phi_-l adelph1a: Umvers1ty of Pennsylvania P re ss). Wielgosz-Rond olin o, 2016. 'Orient et Occident uni s par enchantem c nt d ans la pierre sc _ ulptée. La sculpture figurati ve de Palmyre', m M. Al-Maqd1ss1 and E. Ishaq (eds), La Syrie et Le désastre archéologique du Proche -Orient: 'Palmyre cite _ martyre' (Beirut: Be1teddine Art Festival), pp. 66-82. Witccka, A. 1994. 'Catalogue of Jewellery Found in the Tower-Tomb of Aten atan at Pal myra', Studia Palmyrenskie, 9: 71-91. Wood,R. 1753. The R uzns ofPalmyra, otherwise Tedmo r, in the Desart (Lo ndon: R. Wood). Yon,J.-�- 2012. lnscriptions grecques et Latines de La Syrie, XVII.!: Palmyre, Bi6liothèque archéologique et historique, 195 (Bei rut: lnsmut français du Proche- Orient). -:;;-,2013. 'L'epigraphie almyrénienne depuis PAT, 996-2 011', Studia Palmyrenskie, 12: 333-79. � � nom,_ G. 2010. ,M odelli e m ode fra On ente e Occi dente: le collane delle sign ore dc Pa lmira' Boll ettino di archaeologia Onlin e.· 45-54. ' Zou hdi, B. 1983. 'La femme dans l' art de P almyre ',Damaszener Mitteilungen, l: 315-16.

?·

7. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ORANS POSE IN PALMYRENE ART . . . . Maura K. Heyn Department of Classical Studies, University ofNorth Carolina at Greensboro ([email protected])

Introduction

Figure 7.1. Female loculus relief with right hand held palm outwards (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, inv. no. 01.25.1).

Figure 7 .2. Altar dedicated to 'He whose name is blessed forever' (Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, inv. no. IN 1080).

This chapter revisits the significance of the orans, or palm-outward, gesture in Palmyrene funerary and religious art. Women raising their right hand with the palm turned outwards appear in the funerary art in the late first to second centuries CE (Fig. 7.1 ). Malcolm Colledge distinguished the significance of this funerary gesture from that made in a civic context by civilians and priests who appear on the sides of limestone altars dated to the third century CE (Fig. 7 .2) . These human figures, depicted frontally in small-scale, raise both hands with the palms turned outwards. The funerary gesture is interpreted as apotropaic or as symbolizing worship, whereas the gesture displayed by those on the altars is characterized as invocation or supplication. 1 It is not clear that these gestures, if both refer to prayer of some sort, should be differentiated, with one merely representative of piety and the other performative. Both the right hand alone and both hands raised in prayer are seen at various sites across the Eastern Mediterranean before and during this time period,2 and the significance of the gestures seems interchangeable in some contexts.3 The almost exclusive association of this gesture with women in the Palmyrene tomb is an enigma, as is its disappearance from female funerary iconography by the late second century CE. The explanation may rest with the character of worship that is signified by the right hand held with the palm turned outwards: familial rather than civic. This chapter considers these differing manifestations of the orans pose in their archaeological and cultural contexts in order to 1

Cumont 1926, 70-71; Colledge 1976, 138.

2

Parlasca 1980 150-52; Charles-Gaffiot, Hofman, and Lavagne 2001, 347 (entry by Jean-Baptiste Yon); Rosemhal-Heginbottom 2016. 3

Cumont 1926, 71-72; cf. Krag 2018, 41.

offer new insights into its meaning and function in the Palmyrene tomb.

Gesture and Gender Women making the palm-outward gesture appear amongst the earliest dated female portraits in the tomb, but not on the figural images on the exterior of the tomb nor on the archaic stelae of the early first century. 4 The earliest dated portrait featuring the gesture is that of Abina in 96 CE. 5 In total, there are twenty-five females making this gesture in the funerary portraiture, eighteen loculus reliefs (with both women making the gesture in one of the group portraits), three stelae, and three who are depicted in banquet reliefs. 6 Twenty-four of these examples fall into Ingholt's Group I ( 50-150 CE ), and only one in Group II (150- 200 CE) , with no examples in the final group in the third century.7 Along with the spindle and distaff, the gesture falls from popularity at the end of the second century CE. The palm-outward gesture made with the right hand is clearly associated with women in Palmyra. There is only one portrait of a male making this gesture, and the gender of the gesticulating person is not the only unu-

4

Ploug 1995, 38.

5

Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, inv. no. IN 1057 (Krag 2018,

38-39, cat. no. 22; Ploug 1995, 38). 6 Krag 2018, 39, loculus reliefs: cat. nos 22, 27-31, 34-36, 54, 59-60, 73, 82, 89, 125,163,419; stelae : cat. nos 243, 247, 259; sarcophagus and banquet reliefs: cat. nos 269-70, 296. 7 According to the most recent figures in Krag 2018 , 39; for Ingholt's groups, see Ingholt 1954, Colledge 1976, 253-64.

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MauraKHeyn

sual aspect of the piece's iconography. It appears on a double burial relief of two brothers, currently held in Jerusalem. 8 The male to the right presents his unusually flat right palm to the viewer. Added to this incongruity between gender and gesture for the figure on the right, the objects held by his brother also represent an unusual combination : he holds a book roll in lefi: hand, which in and of itself is not unusual except that he holds a whip in his right hand. It is usually the case that a Palmyrene male will hold a sword in his lefi: hand when he holds a whip in his right.9 This double relief is very unusual in terms of its iconography. In addition to its almost exclusive association with women, other patterns in the occurrence of this gesture suggest that it was a well-known gesture that was used in particular circumstances. For example, the gesture is always made with the right hand. The deceased of Palmyra hold their hands in a variety of positions in the portraiture, but the palm-forward gesture is the only one that is restricted to one side only. 10 All others, even the less typical varieties, are made at some point with either the lefi: or right hand. This palm-outward right hand is also usually held at the level of the shoulder/chin, though on occasion, it is more centred, and the portrait is always frontal. 11As mentioned previously, there are also associated attributes: the women usually hold the spindle and distaff in the lefi: hand, with only three exceptions. 12

Significance ofthe Gesture This act of raising the right hand, with the palm presented to the viewer, has been interpreted in a number of different ways. 13 Some scholars see it as apotropaic, which has Semitic and Roman precedents. 14 The sprigs of laurel or olive held by individuals in other portraits may have the same apotropaic purpose. 15 Malcolm College argued that the gesture symbolized worship; 16

Sadurska and Bounni also asserted that the palm held in such a way was a gesture of prayer that demonstrated the piety of the woman, whereas the spindle and distaff in her lefi: hand exemplified her virtues as the mistress of the house. 17 Along the same lines as Sadurska and Bounni, with their argument that the gesture communicated piety, I have argued in the past that the gesture was connected to the pious identity of the women, because it referenced their actual involvement in ritual activities in the city. 18 Although it is sparse, we do have some material evidence for women participating in ritual activities in the city as more than just simple observers. 19 Fragmentary reliefs dating to the first half of the first century CE depict offering scenes which include women. In one scene, two women carry vessels towards the sacrificing priest. In another, a woman stands to the side with her right hand raised in the palm-outward gesture. A third scene, found in the Agora, shows two women, along with a man, holding objects and processing towards a man who casts incense on an altar.20 These scenes indicate that women could play an active role in ritual activities, or at least that their participation was worth noting. The epigraphic evidence also reveals a small but noteworthy number of women who make dedications on votive altars in the late second to third centuries CE. 21 There are also images of gods and goddesses from Palmyra that display a gesture with the right hand, but variations in its representation suggest a different connotation. An image of the goddess Allat on one side of a first-century altar from the sanctuary of Ba'alshamin depicts her with her right hand held palm outwards and extended out from her body. 22 As pointed out by Colledge, the importance of frontality is clear, because although the chair and accompanying lion are seen in profile, Allat 'is twisted almost wholly frontally to make the gesture of benediction'. 23 Despite the similarity of the pose of the hand and the frontal orientation, the extension of her arm away from her body differentiates

8

C/S 4329, pl. 54; Lagrange 1902, 94-97; Ingholt 1928 (PS 183); Parlasca 1980, 151 , fig. 51.1. 9

Lagrange 1902, 94; Ingholc 1934, 41-42.

17

Sadurska and Bounni 1994, 18.

18

Heyn 2010, 637. For more on chis topic, see also Finlayson 2013.

10

Krag 2018, 39.

19

11

Rosenchal-Heginboctom 2016, 75.

20

12

Krag 2018, 39, car. nos 259,269,419.

13

Ingholc 1928, 53 ns 8-14, Parlasca 1980, 150-52.

14

For the Semitic tradition: Cumonc 1926, 72; for the Roman world: Corbeill 2004, 23 . 15

16

Krag 2018, 115-16; car. nos 901-03; 2017, 230-33; Finlayson 2013, 64-68; Colledge 1976, 40, fig. 26; Moreharc 1956/ 57, 55-56, figs 1-2 (Moreharc cites Seyrig 1946, 124, pl. I.!, and 125, fig. 2) . 21

Krag 2018, 120-23; Cussini 2005, 29-30.

Cumonc 1926, 72; Ingholc 1934.

22

Colledge 1976, 53 and pl. 49: Palmyra Museum 1887; he. 68 cm.

Colledge 1976, 138.

23

Colledge 1976, 53.

7. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE

ORANS POSE IN PALMYRENE ART

~ '

... :,r \

.. ... ~

f

•

Figure7.3. Votive relief showing hands, held palm outwards (Ny Carlsberg Glyprorek, Copenhagen, inv. no. IN 1161).

'

this gesture from that made in the tomb. Her identity as a goddess also makes the interpretation of the gesture as one of benediction more convincing. Two additional examples from the region north-west of Palmyra of gods making this gesture provide further evidence of the deviation of the divine gesture from funerary examples. The first depicts the Arab gods Abgal and Asar on horseback, positioned on either side of a worshipper. The rider god to the right, Abgal, holds his right hand up in a gesture similar to that of Allat. 24 In the other relief from the Palmyrene region, Allat and a sun god stand before a worshipper. In this relief, the sun god also raises his right hand in a gesture that is assumed to express benediction.25 Similar attempts to differentiate the gestures of gods and mortals have focused on the imagery on the second- and third-century altars from Palmyra, dedi24

Colledge 1976, pl. 43: Damascus Museum, inv. no. C2842; width 62cm. 25

Colledge 1976, 49, pl. 39: Damascus Museun1; he. 28 cm.

155

cared for the most part to 'He whose name is blessed forever' (Fig. 7.2).26 As mentioned in the introduction, full -length figures with both hands raised up and held palm outwards appear on the sides of these alcars. 27 In addition to these altars with full-length depictions of priests, civilian men, women, and children, some altars depict hands alone. One type of hand is held horizontally and occasionally grasps grains of wheat or a thunderbolt; this type is probably associated with a deity, either 'He whose name is blessed forever', or his aspect, Baalshamin.28 Another type represents one or two hands held vertically and palm outwards (Fig. 7.3). These disembodied hands are presumably abbreviated versions of the full-length figures making the same gesture. 29 lngholt described the raised hands of the full-length figures as 'undoubtedly the gesture of adoration and prayer' 30 and further, in relation to the hands alone on a votive relief in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek (Fig. 7.3 ), stated, 'The two hands on our plaque are just an abbreviation of this motif, simply recalling or prolonging ad aeternum the prayer, which, no doubt, accompanied the offering of the plaque'. 31 This idea of the continued agency of the hand gestures is intriguing. Can such a symbolic function be attributed to the gesture made by women in the tombs? The imagery on another third-century Palmyrene altar suggests that the one-handed gesture might be interchangeable with the two -handed one. This altar, in the collections of the Louvre, and dedicated to Bel, Yarhibol, and Malakbel, depicts two full-length male figures, dressed in short, belted tunics, on one side.32 The gestures of the two male figures mirror each other, with both

26

See Kubiak 2016 for the use of this description for the god, previously referred to as the Anonymous God. 27

See e.g. single worshipper : Nation al Archaeological Museum, Beirut; another example, dared to 239 CE, in Palmyra Museum, Palmyra, inv. no. Al416/8424; Charles-Gaffioc, Hofman, and Lavagne 2001, 347 (entry by Jean-Baptiste Yon); pair: Musee du Louvre, Paris, inv. no. 11450; Ny CarlsbergGlyptocek, Copenhagen, inv. no. IN 1080; two priests; Palmyra Museum, Palmyra, inv. no. Al 175-6: Al-Hassani and Scarcky 1953, 156-59, pl. II. 28

Hand alone: altar in Palmyra Museum; also on a tessera : Ingholc and others 1955: RTP 444: single hand bur vertical, like chose of worshippers (see du Mesnil du Buisson 1944, 419- 20) . 29 Boch the full-length figures and che d isembodied hands appear most ofi:en on altars dedicated to 'He whose name is blessed forever'; Colledge 1976, 53. 30

Ingholc 1936, 92.

31

Ingholc 1936, 98-99; Hvidberg-Hansen 1998, 35.

32

Musee du Louvre, Paris, inv. no. AO 28548; Denczer-Feydy and Teixidor 1993, 149.

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MauraKHeyn

palms of each figure facing outwards. The male on the right holds his lefi: hand, with the palm turned outwards, against his chest and his right palm held in a similar manner at shoulder level. The male on the lefi: holds his right hand, again with his palm facing outwards, against his chest and his lefi: raised to shoulder level. The gestures of these figures suggest that there was variation in the way that the supplication gesture could be made in Palmyra, as long as the hand was held out with the palm facing to the viewer.

Corroborating examples from elsewhere in the region represent both men and women making a similar palm-outward gesture. For example, Phoenician terracotta figurines dating to the sixth to fourth centuries BCE represent men and women making the outward gesture with the right hand. These figurines were employed as votive offerings in sanctuaries and cemeteries, and it is not clear if they should be identified as deities or mortals. The females have been identified with the fertility goddess Astarte Tanit, because the 'sign of Tanit' is periodically shown. The males are associated with a blessing god. 33 Presumably, the significance of the gesture - benediction as opposed to invocation - would change if the figure was meant to portray a deity. A similar pose is seen in the Hellenistic stelae from Umm el-'Amed. 34 The large-scale sanctuary complex, twenty kilometres south of Tyre, has produced about twenty stelae dating from the fourth to second centuries BCE . 35 These stelae show men and women engaged in ritual behaviour, making (what is presumed to be) a gesture of supplication with the right hand and holding an offering or cult object in the lefi: (Fig. 7.4). The inscriptions identify some of the men as priests, but this identity is not certain for all of them. A later example from Tyre of a mortal making the gesture is found on the marble stele dedicated to Apollodotos, now in the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto (where it is dated to the second century CE with 'Syria' as its provenance ).36 In this instance, the function is funerary, judging from the inscription which reads, 'Fare thee well, good Apollodotos, dead untimely'. The identity of the figure making the gesture of supplication on behalf of Apollodocos is unclear. Parlasca identifies the figure as a priest, 37 presumably because of the cylindrical hat, but the museum's website identifies the individual as female .38 Rosenthal-Heginbotcom 2016, 76.

34

Parlasca 1980, 151; .

35 36 37

38

[... ] the artist has not depicted the divinities on the wall. This is doubtless due to the fact that the artist (Ilasamsos) was painting in the same room where the shrine containing the images of the three great gods also stood. He conceives the images as actually present and therefore does not paint them. That this is in fact the conception of the artist in the great painting is shown by the fact that the right arms :o f the worshipers are extended straight out toward the observer, that is, toward the shrine and the images of the gods in the middle of the hall. 43

The significance of Breasted's argument is the attention drawn to the active nature of the painted gesture. The gestures are neither merely symbolic, nor simply decorative, but rather active. 44 Kevin Butcher made a similar argument regarding these painted figures on the walls of the temple, saying 'The formal poses of the worshippers,

39

Martin2017,112-18. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, inv. no. 961.1. Parlasca 1980, 150.

.

Figure 7.4. Stele of the priest, Ba'alyacon. Tyre. Third cencury (Ny Carlsberg Glypcotek, Copenhagen, inv. no. IN 1835)-

BCE

157

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ORANS POSE IN PALMYRENE ART

Closer chronologically and geographically to Palmyra, gods and mortals are depicted making the gesture at Dura-Europos. On a relief representing Atargatis and Hadad from the Temple of Atargatis, the goddess has her right arm raised and holds it with the palm facing outwards.39 In another relief, Artemis-Azzanathkona, seated on a throne between two lions, makes the same gesture. 4°Finally, male and female figures, possibly gods and goddesses, present their right palms to the viewer on clay plaques which were found in a variety of contexts in Dura-Europos. Colledge referred to these latter objects as 'cheap demonstrations of piety in the Roman and Parthian worlds', 41 but a votive function seems likely. Men and women making this gesture figure prominently in a late second-century wall-painting in the naos of the Temple of the Palmyrene Gods at Dura-Europos. The scene painted on the south wall of the naos depicts Conon and his family making the palm-outward gesture with their right hands, while the men to the side, identified as priests because of their white hats, stand before altars with their sacrificial instruments. The general interpretation of the gestures of Conon and his fam ily is that they were performing the act of worship. 42 In 1924, Breasted speculated that their gestures were oriented towards cult images that were situated in the room itself:

Regional Comparanda

33

7. THE

Downey 1977, 9, pl. 1.2.

right hands raised in an attitude of prayer, or sprinkling incense on a burner, established these individuals, like the funerary reliefs at Palmyra, as a continual and active presence within the sacred space'. 45 The medium of these figural representations is admittedly different from the Palmyrene reliefs: fresco as opposed to sculpture, as is the milieu: religious as opposed to funerary, but it is not clear that these differences matter for the symbolism of the gesture. More comparanda are found at Hatra, where life-size statues of men and women with their right hands raised, palm turned outwards, have been found in sanctuaries. Lucinda Dirven has described this gesture at Hatra as 'a cultic gesture that probably expressed prayer'. 46 Half of the three hundred or so life-size sculptures represent deities, and half depict mortals of various statuses, including thirteen women. The find-spot, sanctuary complexes, for most of these statues, their attributes, and comparative evidence from Assur allow Dirven to argue convincingly for the religious significance of these representations. These life-size sculptures, god and mortal, male and female, functioned as surrogates in the sanctuary complexes for the dedicant. 'Although there is hardly any material for the Hellenistic period, written evidence suggests that special powers were still attributed to statues of human beings placed in temples. It is my contention that these beliefs still prevailed in Parthian Hatra'.47 This idea that a statue was standing in as a surrogate to offer prayers for the dedicant would have been understood by the inhabitants of Hatra. While the presentation of the right hand with the palm turned outwards at these different sites and periods is interesting, it would be foolish to assume the same meaning for all occurrences. The significance of this gesture made by mortals, priests, and gods, appearing in sanctuaries and cemeteries, is surely context-specific. 48 These examples do indicate, however, that the mortal gesture of supplication could be interpreted as active in a sacred space. Is it possible that the gesture of the women in the tomb, with their palms oriented towards the viewer, has a similar function in Palmyra as the painted images in the temple of Dura Europos or the statues in the sanctuaries of Hatra? Could the funerary gesture perpetuate the devotional act in the same way that the hands on the limestone altar dedicated to 'He whose

40

Downey 1977, 12, pl.

41

Colledge 1976, 57.

45

Buecher 2003, 325.

42

Cumont 1926, 41-52, pls 32-36.

46

Dirven 2008, 229-31, 238.

43

Breasted 1924, 100.

47

Dirven 2008, 242.

Wharton 1995, 61.

48

Dirven 2008, 237.

44

II.

158

MauraKHeyn

name is blessed forever' in the city prolong the prayer 'ad aecernum'? The feasibility of such a function in the Palmyrene tomb is not clear.

Ritual in the Palmyrene Tomb References to ritual activities are not unusual in Palmyrene funerary iconography. Priests, current and former, identified themselves in the portraiture by means of special dress and attributes, and sacrificial rituals were occasionally depicted on the sides of Palmyrene sarcophagi.49 The palm-out gesture made by women could be a reference to activities outside the tomb, in the same way that men refer to sacerdotal activities with their garments and attributes. 50 However, there is an important difference for the ritual activities co which the men refer: we have corroborating evidence from the city itself indicating chat they cook place in non-funerary contexts, and these images appear throughout the period of production. Although there are examples of women making the one-handed gesture outside of the funerary sphere in other locations, the palm-out gesture is rare in Palmyra.51 The one-handed female gesture seems to be exclusive co the tomb, and even there, the number of women making the gesture is very small.52 We also know little about the comb as a sacred space or the worship of ancestors in Palmyra. 53 There are indications of cult activity in the tomb: access to most tombs was maintained, pottery lamps have been found in large quantities, and offerings may have been made co the dead: little altars for burning incense, both movable and fixed, and bowls of cinders have come to light, sometimes placed directly before a sarcophagus. [ ... ] Wells, vessels

and special chambers also hint at meals taken in the presence of, or in honor of, the departed. 54

It is therefore possible that the gesture made by these female representations was meant co indicate communication with ancestral or other deities for family members visiting the comb, but such a function is impossible to verify.55 Certainly, if the palm -our gesture was associated with the worship of ancestral deities, this would explain the timing of its 'florescence' in Palmyra, with the acknowledgement chat it was never an overwhelmingly popular gesture. The appearance of the palm-out gesture does coincide with a period when large, multigenerational family tombs were the norm on the outskirts of the city. 56 Women in Palmyra may have been responsible for ritual activities in the domestic sphere, including cults co the ancestors. Support for this idea of women participating in non-civic religious activities is found in the second- and third-century female dedications to 'He whose name is blessed forever', dedications which have been argued co represent a more personal dimension of Palmyrene religion. 57 The closest comparative evidence for the Palmyrene gesture made by a mortal woman corroborates che close connection co familial worship, with the depiction of Bichnanaia making the gesture in the company of her family on the wall of the temple in Dura Europos. 58 The interpretation of the female, palm-outward, gesture as one chat is connected to the family is also supported by the gesture's fall from popularity in the mid-second century, when the transition from family tombs co corporate combs starts co take place (first recorded concession in a hypogeum dates to 130/31 CE ) 59 in the necropoleis surrounding the city.

49

Raja 2016; 2017; Yon 2002, 165-70; c( Sadurska andBounni (1994, cat. no. 22), who identify a woman as a priestess because she is stirring contents of a bowl with a sprig in her funerary portrait, hue Yon 2002 (169 n. 28) and Kaizer (2002, 237 n . 134) express doubts here. For a discussion of the sacrificial scenes on sarcophagi, c( Kaizer 2002, 179- 80. 50

Heyn 2010, 637.

51

The only instance may be che image of the woman in che fragmentary reliefs from the early first century (Morehart 1956/57, no. 2, fig. 2). Even here, it is not clear chat she is making the gesture. 52

The total number of female loculus reliefs in the database of the Palmyra Portrait Project is 517 (Krag and Raja 2016, 137). Seventeen women are represented making che palm-out gesture in these loculus reliefs, which represents only 3 per cent of the known reliefs. 53

For what little evidence we do have, in addition to chat given by Colledge 1976, 63, see Kaizer 2010; Piacentini 2005; Saito 2005.

54

Colledge 1976, 63.

55

Parlasca ( 1980) presents the idea chat the palm-out gesture could establish a connection between the deceased and the viewer of the portrait. For the phenomenon of 'devotional' viewing in the Roman world, see Tulloch 2011, 544: 'For chose families who worshipped some aspect of the divine during their lifetime, the remains of family members were dedicated co their deity upon death. Thus, the funerary monument established a ritual exchange among the deceased, the family, and the divine chat was intended co continue in perpetuity'. 56

Gawlikowski 1970, 109; Makowski 1985, 78.

57

Krag 2018, 121; Gawlikowski 1990, 2632.

58

Yon 2016, 101.

59

Makowski 1985, 88.

7. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ORANS POSE IN PALMYRENE ART

159

Conclusion This interpretation of the gesture is admittedly one which depends not only on our understanding of the function of portraiture in the Semitic world, but also the potential difference in function between images in the funerary sphere versus chose painted or carved in relief in the sanctuaries of the city. However, if this gesture made by women in the funerary sphere in the earliest period of production is connected co ancestor worship, this might explain its display by women in the family tomb. In addition, if this particular gesture with the right hand is not just symbolic of religious activity (in the same way that

dress or attributes might refer co these types of activities), but also in some actively perpetuating the devotional act, this might explain the timing of its disappearance, as tombs became more corporate. As the clientele who used these combs expanded beyond that of the extended family, an act of worship that was intimately connected with the family would perhaps no longer be appropriate. The evidence in support of this idea is circumstantial at best, but a more active function for these reliefs is worth considering as we grapple with the role of women in the city and the function of these portraits on its periphery.

T¼rks Cited Breasted, J. H. 1924. Oriental Forerunners ofByzantine Painting, First-Century Wall Paintings from the Fortress ofDura on the Middle Euphrates, Oriental Institute Publications, 1 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press). Butcher, K. 2003. Roman Syria and the Near East (Los Angeles: Getty Publications). Charles-Gaffiot, J., J.-M. Hofman, and H. Lavagne (eds) . 2001. Moi, Zenobie, reine de Palmyre (Paris: SKIRA). Colledge, M.A. R. 1976. The Art ofPalmyra (Boulder: Westview). Corbeil!, A. 2004. Nature Embodied: Gesture in Ancient Rome (Princeton: Princeton University Press) . Cumont, F. 1926. Fouilles de Doura-Europos (Paris: Geuthner). Cussini, E. 2005. 'Beyond the Spindle: Investigating the Role of Palmyrene Women', in E. Cussini (ed.), A Journey to Palmyra: Collected Studies to Remember Delbert R. Hillers, Culture and History of the Ancient Near East, 22 (Leiden: Brill), pp. 26-43. Dentzer-Feydy, J. and J. Teixidor (eds). 1993. Les antiquites de Palmyre au Musee du Louvre (Paris: Reunion des Musees Nationaux). Dirven, L. 2008. 'Aspects ofHatrene Religion: A Note on the Statues of Kings and Nobles from Hatra', in T. Kaizer (ed.), The variety ofLocal Religious Life in the Near East in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods (Leiden: Brill) , pp. 209-46. Downey, S. 1977. The Stone and Plaster Sculpture: Excavations at Dura-Europos, Monumenta archaeologica, 5 (Los Angeles: University of California). Finlayson, C. 2013. 'New Perspectives on the Ritual and Cultic Importance of Women at Palmyra and Dura Europos: Processions and Temples', Studia Palmyrenskie, 12: 61-85. Gawlikowski, M. 1970. Monumentsfuneraires de Palmyre (Warsaw: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe). - - , 1990. 'Les dieux de Palmyre'. in H. Temporini and W Haase (eds), Aujstieg und Niedergang der romischen Welt, II.18.4 (Berlin: de Gruyter), pp. 2605-58. Al-Hassani, D. and]. Starcky. 1953. 'Autels palmyreniens decouvercs pres de la source Efca',Annales archeologiques de Syrie, 3: 145-64. Heyn, M. K. 2010. ' Gesture and Identity in the Funerary Art of Palmyra'.Americanjournal ofArchaeology, 114: 631 - 61. Hvidberg-Hansen, F. 0. 1998. The Palmyrene Inscriptions: Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek (Copenhagen: Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek). Ingholt, H. 1928. Studier over Palmyrensk Skulptur (Copenhagen: Reitzel). - - , 1934. ' Palmyrene Sculptures in Beirut', Berytus, 1: 32-43. - - , 1936. 'Inscriptions and Sculptures from Palmyra 1', Berytus, 3: 83-128. - - , 1954. Palmyrene and Gandharan Sculpture: An Exhibition Illustrating the Cultural Interrelations between the Parthian Empire and its Neighbors West and East, Palmyra and Gandhara (New Haven: Yale University Art Gallery). Ingholt, H. and others. 1955. Recueil des tesseres de Palmyre (Paris: Geuthner ). Kaizer, T. 2002. The Religious Life ofPalmyra (Stut tgart: Steiner). - , 2010. 'Funerary Cults at Palmyra'. in 0. Hekster and S. T. A. M. Mols (eds), Cultural Messages in the Graeco-Roman World (Leuven: Peeters), pp. 23-31. Krag, S. 2017. 'Women in Palmyrene Religion and Religious Practices', in C. Brnns and M.-L. Nosch (eds), Textiles and Cult in the Ancient Mediterranean (Oxford: Oxbow) , pp. 230-40. , 2018. Funerary Representations ofPalmyrene Women: From the First Century BC to the Third Century AD, Studies in Classical Archaeology (Turnhout: Brepols).

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Krag, S. and R. Raja. 2016. 'Representations of Women and Children in Palmyrene Funerary loculus Reliefs, loculus stelae and Wall Paintings: Zeitschrift fur Orientarchaologie, 9: 134-78. Kubiak, A. 2016. 'The Gods without Names? Palmyra, Hatra, Edessa',Aram, 28: 327-38. Lagrange, M.-J. 1902. 'Notes d'epigraphie semitique', Revue biblique, 11: 94-99. Makowski, K. 1985. 'La sculpture funeraire palmyrenienne et sa fonction dans !'architecture sepulcrale', Studia Palmyrenskie, Etudes Palmyriniennes, 8: 69-117. Martin, S. R.2017. The Art ofContact: Comparative Approaches to Greek and PhoenicianArt (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press). du Mesnil du Buisson, R. 1944. Les tesseres et les monnaies de Palmyre (Paris: Bibliotheque nationale ). Morehart, M. 1956/57. 'Early Sculpture at Palmyra', Berytus, 12: 52-83. Parlasca, K. 1980. 'Ein friihes Grab relief aus Palmyra', Eikones, 12: 149-52. Piacentini, D. 2005. 'The Palmyrene Attitudes towards Death', Aram, 17: 245-58. Ploug, G. 1995. Catalogue ofthe Palmyrene Sculptures, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek ( Copenhagen: Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek). Raja, R. 2016. 'Representations of Priests in Palmyra: Methodological Considerations on the Meaning of the Representation of Priesthood in Roman-Period Palmyra', Religion in the Roman Empire, 2: 125-46. - - , 2017. '"You Can Leave your Hat on." Priestly Representations from Palmyra: Between Visual Genre, Religious Importance and Social Status', in R. Gordon, G. Petridou, and J. Rupke (eds), Beyond Priesthood: Religious Entrepreneurs and Innovators in the Roman Empire (Berlin: de Gruyter), pp. 417-42. Rosenthal-Heginbottom, R. 2016. 'The "Gesture of Blessing" in the Greco-Roman East', in A. V. Zakharova, S. V. Maltseva, and E. Yu. Stanyukovich-Denisova (eds), Aktual'nye problemy teorii i istorii iskusstva: sbornik nauchnykh statei (Actual Problems of Theory and History ofArt: Collection ofArticles) , 6: 75-83 Sadurska, A. and A. Bounni (eds). 1994. Les sculptures funiraires de Palmyre (Rome: G. Bretschneider). Saito, K. 2005. 'Palmyrene Burial Practices from Funerary Goods', in E. Cussini (ed.) , A journey to Palmyra: Collected Essays to Remember Delbert R. Hillers, Culture and History of the Ancient Near East, 22 (Leiden: Brill), pp. 150-65. Seyrig, H. 1946. Antiquitis Syriennes, III (Paris: Geuthner). Tulloch, J. H. 2011. 'Devotional Visuality in Family Funerary Monuments in the Roman World', in B. Rawson (ed.), A Companion to Families in the Greek and Roman Worlds (Malden: Blackwell), pp. 542-63. Wharton, A. J. 1995. Re.figuring the Post-Classical City: Dura Europos, ]erash, Jerusalem and Ravenna (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Yon, J.-B. 2002. Les notables de Palmyre (Beirut: L'lnstitut franc,:ais du Proche-Orient) . - - , 2016. 'Women and the Religious Life ofDura-Europos', in T. Kaizer (ed.), Religion, Society and Culture at Dura-Europos, Yale Classical Studies, 38 ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 99-113.

8. 'LES DIEUX ARMES' IN PALMYRA: RELIGIOUS, ICONOGRAPHIC, ETHNIC, AND HISTORIC CONSIDERATIONS Tommaso Gnoli Dipartimento di Storia Culture Civilita - Sezione di Storia antica, Universita di Bologna, ([email protected])

The Religion ofPalmyra before and after The Religious Life of Palmyra The beginning of the twenty-first century represents a defining moment for research on the religion of Palmyra. The preceding century ended with the well-known recap by Michal Gawlik:owski, which he published in Aufstieg und Niedergang der riimischen Welt; 1 a work of extraordinary quality and clarity, which worthily summarized che long scholarly tradition that had seen meaningful progress during the twentieth century. To realize this long evolution, it is sufficient to compare Gawlik:owski's article with the contribution by Fevrier (1931). 2 And the complete revolution of this field just ten years lacer - such as chat produced by Ted Kaizer with his seminal monogr~ph - was, indeed, not predictable at chat cime. 3 le is indisputable chat The Religious Life ofPalmyra represents a turning point in the field of research on the religion of Palmyra. The most revolutionary element in Kaizer's work was to merge the religion of Palmyra with the most recent results of anthropological research in the field of identity and ethnicity, in a very convincing way. This kind of approach allowed him to abandon one of the criteria that, until chat moment and for the previous generations of scholars, had represented the core of the studies in this field: the dichotomy between sedentary people and nomads. On an ethnic level, this corresponded co the dichotomy between the Aramaic and the Arabic strata in the people of the city and its outskirts, respectively. On a religious level, it corresponded to the reciprocal influence of different religious layers whereby, to the ancient pre-existing Aramaic-Babylonian layer,

a more recent Arabic layer was substituted (or, alternatively, the Arabic stratum 'contaminated' the previous Aramaic-Babylonian layer). 4 No doubt chat Kaizer was right when he strongly stressed how approximate and mechanical, and eventually even wrong, this approach was. This is true for two good reasons, at lease: 1. There are no pure religions, which can merge, contaminate one another, or substitute one another. The interplay between different traditions produces new and original outputs. 5

2. There is no direct evidence of any Arabic language spoken either in Palmyra or in its surrounding territory but for a very scanty quantity of 'Safaicic' graffiti, which can legitimately be considered marginal with respect to the great majority of the epigraphic materials in the Aramaic dialect typical of chat region. 6 Therefore, it is evident chat the central notion behind the twentieth-century works on the religion of Palmyra had to be gone over and structured anew, even though many of the data collected, studied, and explained by eminent scholars such as Seyrig, Schlumberger, Milik, Teixidor, and many more still preserve all their effectiveness. More specifically, what is still valid is the idea of a

4

1 expressed my own view about the ethnicity of Palmyra in Gnoli 2007. 5 The notion of 'syncretism' is largely outdone in anthropological studies, for the impossibility to determine the 'pure' components which 'mixed up' in the synkrisis: cf. e.g. Stewart and Shaw 1994; Stewart 1995. 6

1

Gawlikowski 1990.

2

Fevrier 1931.

3

Kaizer 2002.

I am aware that I am maybe oversimplifying a much more complex linguistic situation concerning the Syro-Arabian landmass: cf. Macdonald 2000 and, as far as Palmyra is concerned, Macdonald 1993.

162

Tommaso Gnoli

certain artifice in the religion of Palmyra,7 which lived an important founding phase precisely during the first century CE, when most of the big temples in town were built prevailingly showing Hellenizing iconographies. All this is probably the evident effect of a complex, wellorganized, and mature religious world showing original peculiarities, which, however, cannot be defined in a more analytical way.

The Contradictory 'Arabization' ofPalmyra and its Religion As it is problematic to talk with certainty about an 'Arabizacion' of Palmyra, 8 it is just as difficult co claim co an 'Arabizacion' of the pantheon of this town and its territory. Nevertheless, it is indisputable chat in Syria and, above all, in inner Syria - there had been a long history of coexistence between two different lifestyles: the nomadic and the sedentary, and it is precisely by means of the complex coexistence of these two models of society chat the social environment of the Near East was shaped. 9 I agree with Michael Macdonald chat it is not neces sary to connect these two lifestyles with ethnic groups; however, it is true chat, as they represent a very strong identity feature, they ended up playing this role anyway, also in the eyes of the interested parties. Regardless of the well-known characterization of 'Arabs' available in Diodorus or Scrabo and the equally well-known discussion about the etymology of the word 2'.apaKYJVO~, 10 7 For some artificial aspects of the religious life of Palmyra, cf. Kaizer 2002, 48-55.

8

For the difficulties inherent to the concept of 'Arabization', cf. Macdonald 2003, 317: 'Because we have so much more evidence for it than for most of the other "Arab" populations in Syria, the case of the Nabataeans highlights the difficulties of discovering what was meant by the term in antiquity, and at present, alas, I cannot with confidence suggest one, or more, criteria which would fit all the cases [ ... ] I would suggest that it is safer to suspend judgement until more evidence is available and simply accept chat there were certain populations in Syria which were called "Arabs", without making assumptions, or drawing conclusions, from this about their origins, or their way-of-life [... ] In some sense therefore, it is an anachronism to talk of "la penetration arabe en Syrie", if by this one means (as Dussaud did) immigration from the Arabian Peninsula into Syria, for both "Syria" and "Arabia" (in the sense of the Peninsula) are Western concepts.' 9

An interesting model for such an interaction, named 'dimorphic structure' of society, was put forward many years ago by Michael Rowton ( 1976b; 1976a; 1977). On the applicability of such a model, cf. Sommer 2005 . 10

Hoyland 2001; Fisher 2015; Macdonald 2001.

there is a text, which, in my opinion, is of the highest interest in this respect. le is a fake anecdote contained in a genealogical work by lbn 'Abdalbarr. According co this writer, who was active in al-Andalus in the eleventh century, the second Caliph ' Umar blamed his Arabs and urged chem in this way co remember their genealogies and to avoid acting like the Nabaceans from the sawdd: 'if one among them is asked who he is, he will answer chat he comes from a certain village'. 11 The Nabaceans mentioned by 'Umar have nothing to do with chose Nabaceans conquered by Trajan in 106 CE, i.e. chose from Petra and Bosra. The Nabataioi of the Arabic texts of the Abbasid caliphate rather correspond to the rural peoples who lived and cultivated the sawdd, i.e. chose lands chat are known as the Fertile Crescent. le is commonly known chat the many genealogies we know of from the funerary monuments in Palmyra become shorter and shorter, more and more incomplete as we move forward into the third century CE. 12 Palmyrene society was developing in a way which Caliph 'Umar would have certainly disliked. In other words: exactly when we are used to chinking of an increasing 'Arabizacion' of Palmyrene socie ty, it shows characteristics chat are exactly the opposite, i.e. chose of a 'Nabaceization', according to the terminology lbn 'Abdalbarr put into the mouth of Caliph 'Umar.

Religion and Ethnicity I hold chat this long preamble is necessary, because for the subject I propose to discuss here, the problems of the religious 'strata' and of ethnicity are crucial. We know chat Gawlikowski had adopted some intuitions by Seyrig, who claimed he had found a direct connection between, on the one hand, a typical Syrian iconography attested in all inner Syria - bur above all Palmyra and its surroundings - and, on the other hand, a phenomenon known since Dussaud as La penetration des Arabes en Syrie avant l'Islam. 13 Seyrig, in an article published

11

Ibn '.Abdalbarr, al-Jnbdh = printed together with Ibn '.Abdalbarr, al-Qa$d wa'l-umam, 37-108. I owe this notation ro HameenAnccila, 2006, 37. 12

Yon 2002, 100: 'ii apparait que les genealogies ne sont pas toujours completes, et qu'il arrive souvenc qu'elles soienc plus ou moins abregees [ ... ] Par ce principe de telescopage des generations, ii arrive souvenc que, pour simplifier, on ait tendance a remonter directemenc al'ancetre important OU eponyme'. 13

Dussaud 1955.

8. 'LES DIEUX ARMES' IN

PALMYRA : RELIGIOUS, ICONOGRAPHIC, ETHNIC, AND HISTORIC CONSIDERATIONS

in the Annales archeologiques arabes syriennes, 14 affirmed chat the habit of portraying gods as armed, provided with armour, and clad in military apparel was a characteristic chat started to pop up gradually in the Near East at che turn of the Christian Era. The chronological and geographical connection of chose representations with what had been stressed by Dussaud and other French and German scholars made the applicability of the conclusions by Seyrig quite plausible: Mais la sedentarisation des Arabes ne se produisait pas seulement Palmyre. Ils s'infiltraient depuis longtemps en Syrie, et atteignaient sur certains points le littoral de la Mediterranee [ ... ] La dissemination des dieux militaires est un symptome, croyons-nous, de cette conquete progressive par les Ara bes. 15

a

Following Seyrig's line of thinking, Gawlikowski came co rational conclusions about this phenomenon: in the city of Palmyra, since the first century CE, there had progressively been a founding phase of cults, which was managed by a clergy who were able to merge the Aramaic and Arabic 'strata' of the deities adored in the oasis - or recently imported into it - with the great Hellenistic tradition chat had made progress in leaps and bounds into inner Syria, at chat time also reaching Mesopotamia. This process lent chose gods, bur also the temples in Palmyra, chat mix of Hellenistic and non-Hellenistic features which make chem unique. The Palmyrene gods resulting from this so -to -speak founding phase of the new Palmyrene religion mostly had a Hellenic look with drapery and rich Greek elements, as attested in the iconographic set-up of the Temples of Bel or of Ba'alsamin. Bue the more Arab people came co stay in cowh, the more the deities started losing their Hellenic characteristics, acquiring more and more Arab features: they were increasingly portrayed as armed gods. In contrast, all this did not happen in the country around Palmyra. There Hellenism did not catch on. The same deities who, in town, were represented mostly as clad in civilian garments, in the small villages of the Palmyrene du Nord-Guest were always portrayed with arms without showing any iconographic evolution . What Gawlikowski writes about this phenomenon is very interesting: 14

Seyrig 1971a, cf. also Seyrig 1970. Some interestinghincs on this subject also in Will 1955, 259-62. The paradigm of Seyrig has been effective until now: cf. Aliquot 2009, 270-71. Interestingly enough, armed gods were completely absent from the religious life of the Nabataeans: cf. Alpass 2013. 11

Seyrigl970,69(=1985,451).

163

J'y verrais volontiers une forme de Ba' alsamin particuliere au milieu arabe de la steppe palmyrenienne, ou la plupart des dieu.x sont represences armes [... ] Ainsi, independamment de Ba'alsamin du type de Zeus Olympien, adore Palmyre avec l'enigmatique Dura]J.lun, on aurait un type de Ba'alsamin arabise, quel que soit son nom, venere dans la Palmyrene en compagnie du dieu-Lune et d'un dieu solaire, tousles trois en grand uniforme. 16

a

This assumption seems to show a reverse situation in comparison to the prevailing traditional representation of the religion of Palmyra - i.e. preceding Kaizer's monograph. The armed gods are comparatively rare precisely in the city, where the merchants abode, the most Arabized stratum of the city population, according to tradition. In the countryside around Palmyra on the contrary, where the rural people lived scattered around there in small villages - Aramaic or 'Nabacean' people, according to Caliph 'Umar - the gods were prevailingly portrayed as armed warriors. I chink chat it is safer to assume a prudent approach to this iconographic problem - the same prudent approach chat induced Macdonald to express the consideration quoted above: 17 in (inner) Syria, we have a widely diffused presence of armed gods. This presence will not be analysed co draw any conclusion about the ethnicity of their worshippers or about the origins and functions of chose divinities, but only co grasp what these pictures can cell us about Palmyrene society in the first three centuries of our era. 18

Armed Gods Palmyrene gods are mostly armed. This feature is widely documented in the divine iconography coming from both the town and its surroundings. One might argue chat arms are intrinsic to the concept of divinity in the Palmyrene collective religious consciousness. Actually, weapons have always been - and still are - connected with virility and the social role of the paterfamilias in the most traditional societies in the Arabian Peninsula. In Yemen, it is inconceivable for men older than four16

Gawlikowski 1990, 2631.

17

See above, n. 8.

18 It is the same approach I adm ire in Briquel-Chaconnet 1995, where the etymology of some keywords in the Palmyrene language are not used coward drawing problematic conclusions about the ethnicity of Palmyrenes, bur rather co grasp characteristics of society, which expressed itself by means of the language, largely using linguistic borrowings.

164

Tommaso Gnoli the Wadi 'Arafa20 or of Bet Pa~i'el 21 are more like a military parade than a pantheon of 'merciful gods'. In any case, it is important to stress that the attire of a particular deity, and the presence or absence of weapons are nor connected with the identity of this or that god: all of the most important gods, both male and female, were represented as armed, clad in Roman toga or in some local costume. As far as I know, a complete survey of artistic representations of gods, grouped according to type of garment and provenance (either urban or funerary areas or villages of the chora ), is lacking. It is a much desired, useful complementary instrument for the comprehension of the religious life of Palmyra.

First Examples outside Palmyra

Figure 8.1. Man with jambiya, Yemen (© Wik.imedia Commons).

teen to walk around without showing off at their hips their own jambiya, a knife with a curved blade, which is a traditional men's accessory in most of the southern Arabian Peninsula, especially Yemen - but also Oman and the Emirates (Fig. 8.1 ). Weapons, as much as military garment, are fundamental status symbols - signs of respect - and at the same time, witnesses to man's role in society. That is why it had to be perceived as perfectly natural to pro vide the entities who, more than anyone else, deserved respect and regard, the gods, with military garments and weapons. Obviously, this is a shared feature in many traditional societies. What characterizes pre-Islamic Syria, however, and particularly specific regions of this territory, are the disproportionate number of armed deities. In the divine world, weapons were not gender-specific: goddesses such as Allat, Atargatis, or Nanaia were also ofi:en represented as armed gods. 19 Reliefs such as that of

19

Armed 'Athenas' from Lebanon are listed in Aliquot 2009, 185-87.

Seyrig found the first example of these armed deities, which he defined as 'Arab', on a coin issued in Chalcis in Lebanon and then in the lturean region in 73 BCE. 22 On the obverse of that coin, two deities are portrayed, both with a spear and a polos. Well visible above them is a star, which allows their correct identification as the divine couple Ma'nu and Shaarrou, two warrior brothers who in Greek-Roman mythology bear the names of Castor and Pollux. Hvidberg-Hansen 23 has recently published an important monograph on these West Semitic Dioscuri, while, even more recently, Henry John Walker attracted attention on the connection between the Dioscuri and the astral cults from the Vedic to the Greek worlds. 24 From the area of Chalcis comes also the bust of a statue with armour, which Seyrig - on the basis of style and typological features - thinks should be dated back 'a une epoque proche de la conquete romaine de la Syrie (64- 63 ), soit ala domination des princes itureens'. 25 The consequences of such an early dating for this statue, coming from the Irurean region and wearing armour with a straight bust, deprived of any anatomic details, allow interesting considerations. The icono graphy of these armed deities replicates the military evo lution of the time. Worshippers tended to provide their gods with contemporary military features: the statue

8. 'LES DIEUX ARMES' IN PALMYRA:

RELIGIOUS, ICONOGRAPHIC, ETHNIC, AND HISTORIC CONSIDERATIONS

from the Beqa' still wore a certain type of Hellenistic armour, which was in use for some decades, until the time of Chalcis ad Belum, but very soon, this late Hellenistic typology gave way to the anatomic armour adopted by Roman officials.

Gawlikowski 1990, pl. v, n. 13.

21

Gawlikowski 1990, pl. XIV, n. 32.

Seyrig 1971b; new photo in Serhal 1997, 106, no. 65, cf. Aliquot 2009, 185. 22

23

Hvidberg-Hansen 2007.

24

Walker 2015.

25

Seyrig 1971b, 12 [= Seyrig 1985, 132].

the attributes over his head,3° or by his detached position in the tesserae, where he is isolated from the other two gods who stand on the opposite side of the tokens. There he is portrayed in the guise of a bust, thus lacking any type of garment. 31The choice of such characteristics tells us more about the peculiar social group who produced the image than about that divine being.

Armed Gods in Palmyra and in the Countryside Thus, it is not surprising that the gods of Palmyra were differently armed and attired : either they wore the armour adopted by the Roman army, or they carried the weapons that were typical of the auxiliary troops of the Syrian steppes, i.e. a small, round shield and a spear, in which case they did not always wear armour. 26 Neither is the different allocation of these two typologies surprising: the 'Roman' forms of armour were rather diffused in reliefs and statues from the urban area, while the traditional garments and weapons prevail unchallenged in the wide chora around the town. 27 The reasons for this distribution are self-evident, in my opinion, as much as it is evident that, in the presence of Roman garrisons, the deities in those areas were also preferably portrayed with Roman weapons. I do not consider it appropriate to linger on the different typologies of the military garments worn by deities in different contexts. In the urban area, Bel was portrayed wearing Roman anatomic armour, both in public and in private pictures, in monuments, 28 and in tesserae. 29 His pre-eminence over the other two components of the 'triade', Yarl;tibol and 'Aglibol, is stressed either by his central position in the picture and 26

The best iconographic approach is in Will 1992, 94-102, where the traditional attire is described as characterized by a tunic with long sleeves, and a mantle which covers both the shoulders or is clipped on one; a big canvas is rolled around the hips and hides the legs until the ankles; and two fringed edges of the canvas form a vertical fold between the legs. 27

E.g. the well-known relief with the gods of Beth Pha~iel shows six gods in a row, characterized exactly in the same way as desert gods, with round shields and a spear, between the tenderer on the lefi: - dressed in a civilian garment as usual - and a female armed goddess on the right, Drijvers 1976, pl. XIV.2. 28

20

165

Whenever Bel is represented with other gods ('the triad' of Bel), he customarily wears anatomic armour: cf. e.g. Drijvers, 1976, pls VII; VIII.l (a god [maybe Bel] wears anatomic armour, while another character, maybe a soldier, wears a robe with a fibu la); VIII,2; Ix.1/2; x.1/2. Very interesting is a relief now at the Musee du Cinquantenaire, Brussels (Drijvers 1976, pl. xi) , with Nemesis between a god in anatomic armour (Bel?), and a 'desert' god in local costume, round shield, and spear. For the cult of Nemesis in Palmyra, cf. Sartre ( in this volume). 29

E.g. Du Mesnil du Buisson, 1944, pl. VI, no. 7a.

Divine Representation and the Roman Army in Syria As is well known, the direct connection between power and religion had led to the assignment of cult relevance to a number of typically Roman military symbols, which ended up as symbols of'Syrian identity: sometimes without being understood by the Syrians themselves anymore.32 It is precisely with reference to this perspective that the borrowing on the part of the Palmyrenes of the full iconographic repertoire related to the exercise of power in the military sphere shall be located. The Palmyrene knew very well the power that was represented by a Roman official, and there was no better way of portraying divine power than to confer on their gods the same characteristics as those of earthly power. Whenever a hierarchy was needed - some sort of grading of the divine power - in an urban context, the most important gods were portrayed in Roman garments, and the lesser gods were disguised as Syrian auxiliary soldiers: 33 the divine hierarchy traced the earthly one.

The Tauroctony of'Arsha-wa-Qj,bar This way of portraying gods was so diffused in inner Syria that it influenced the iconographies of deities that were usually dissociated from any weapon representation. Among hundreds of tauroctonies scattered around the Roman world, the only two which represent the two dadophori Cautes and Cautopates as armed gods are from Syria. The place where the first example was discovered is the rural site of 'Arsha wa-Qibar

30

1n the relief preserved in the Musee du Louvre, Paris, the military attire of the three gods is exactly the same, detailed armour. They are identified by a lunar crescent, a calathos, and the sun above their heads respectively, Drijvers 1976, pl. XXXIV. 31

Du Mesnil Du Buisson 1944, pls IX, x, xr.

32

This theme was exemplarily treated by Dirven 2005 and Andrade 2013, 1-3. Such a graduation of power among different deities is quite common in reliefs: cf. e.g. Drijvers 1976, pls vnr.1/2; IX.2; x.l/2; XI; etc. 33

166

Tommaso Gnoli

Figure 8.2. Tauroctony of'Arshawa-Qibar, CIMRM71 (© Cumont 1933).

(Fig. 8.2), which has recently attracted the attention of Pierre-Louis Gatier. 34 Nowadays, this site is covered in the ruins of a medieval fortification, but besides its relief, a sepulchral scele from the Severan era with a fragmentary inscription was also discovered. The Michraic relief shows above all the low level of the sculptor's ability. The cauroctony is extraordinarily out of proportion, with chat big 'cow: rather than a bull, on which Michras seems to fluccer.35 Notwithstanding the evident roughness of sculpting technique, there are many of the typical features of the tauroctonies and also some details chat are sometimes missing in the 'concise' cauroctonies : the snake, the raven, the busts of Sol and Luna are all found in this relief. Anyway, what is really astonishing in this representation is the general syntax of the scene: the two torchbearers are completely out of scale, their dimensions are prevailing over the small Mithras in the central scene. Notwithstanding the military character of the cult of Mithras, the torchbearers never show military features in the rest of the Roman world. In the relief of 'Arsha wa-Qibar, the sculptor cried to get rid of any military connection as well. Their garments are civilian, their caps are Phrygian as usual (even though badly carved ), their postures - with both characters carrying an eggshaped object in their external hands - in respect to the

34

Gatier 2001.

central representation is typical of someone who offers an oblation. However, instead of the torches, which the dadophores usually carry upside down - albeit with some exceptions - they carry long poles, each of which Cumont, who published this relief, understood as 'une grande torche, dont on ne distingue plus la flamme'. 36 However, Cumont's interpretation of these poles as torches can be allowed only because the identity of the two dadophores is certain. What seems clear to me is chat in order to portray the two torchbearers at the sides of the tauroctony, the unexperienced Syrian sculptor resorted co the customary iconography of the armed deities. His model held a spear and not a torch, as the perfect verticality of the portrayed object testifies.

Ihe Tauroctony ofJerusalem In 1997, Albert De Jong published a new tauroctony, which a private individual donated to the Archaeo logical Museum of Jerusalem. Nocwichscanding that che actual origin of the piece is unknown, De Jong correctly supposed a Syrian origin of the carved limestone slab, and our considerations confirm his supposition. In an article specifically dedicated to the cult of Mithras in the Roman Near East, I have dealt with this monument, which presents many interesting peculiaricies. 37 In some scenes, which are unique in the paramount of che cauroctonies known to date from the Roman world, there is an unmistakable characteristic linking this complex

35

Cumont 1933, 383: 'L'inexperience du sculpteur a produit un dieu ridiculement petit, non terrassant sa victime, comme ii le devrait, en pesant d'un genou sur son garrot, mais perche a genoux sur son echine'.

36

Cumont 1933, 384.

37

Gnoli 2017a, 198-200.

8. 'LES DIEUX ARMES' IN PALMYRA:

RELIGIOUS, ICONOGRAPHIC, ETHNIC, AND HISTORIC CONSIDERATIONS

picture with the above-mentioned relief from 'Arsha-waQibar: Cautes and Cautopates are represented standing; in Persian dress and Phrygian hat; both of chem leaning with their lefi: hand on a long spear; the right one holding a torch, upward and downward, respectively; cwo knives are hanging from their belts. The general pose of these two characters is extremely similar to chat of che torchbearers of che other relief, having no parallels in the Roman world. In wide regions of Inner Syria, the iconographic habit of representing gods armed was so widespread chat characters not usually associated with weapons were also represented as 'dieux armes'. The two cases of the tauroctonies from 'Arsha waQibar and of Jerusalem serve to recall one thing we should keep in mind, which slighcly limits the assumption that the adoption of firm iconographic schemes can represent an element of 'viscosity' chat prevents the rapid development of a figurative form from taking place. 38

Palmyrene Deities and the Supposed Cataphracti ofOdaenathus Even if we keep such 'viscosity' in mind, which is proper, it is, nevertheless, necessary to notice how, generally speaking, the representations of weapons and armour tended co become more and more compliant with contemporary reality. Whenever the experience and the know-how of the artisans allowed it, gods were generously provided with derails taken from warfare, as testified by the above-mentioned examples from the Hellenistic times. The strict connection between power and religion forced such an evolution. One explanation for the great destiny of che city of Palmyra under the guidance of Odaenathus and lacer of Zenobia, not a new one actually, has received general approval - above all afi:er the publication of Udo Hartmann's monograph. 39 le takes the introduction of cacaphract heavy cavalry into the Palmyrene military corps as the key factor of the great success chat twice took the Palmyrene army co the walls of Ccesiphon, and then co the conquest of Egypt and, eventually, to control of the Eastern Mediterranean. 38

Ernst W ill was talking about a formular habit: Will 1982, 43 ( == 1995, 11 S: 'L'art antique, comme la litterature de la meme periode, est volontiers formulaire et !'on releve dans !'iconographic syrienne une serie de scenes OU de figures stereotypees qui sont propres ala province ou, si dies connaissent une diffusion plus large, se distinguent de celles que !'on rencontre en Grece ou en Occident'). 39

Hartmann 2001.

This theory, which -

as far as I know -

167

dares back

to Franz Altheim, 40 is based on che report of the ori-

ental expedition of Aurelian the way it is narrated in a long passage of the first book of che Historia nea by Zosimus. In this specific section, he follows a historiographic tradition, which is echoed in the Epitome de Caesaribus and, above all, in the Historia Augusta. In the proceedings of a conference held in honour of Antonio Baldini, 41 I think I was able to demonstrate the bookishness and substantial unreliability of all that long literary passage by Zosimus, picked up from Eunapius of Sardis. Of the three passages in which Zosimus gives news about Palmyra, the former two are highly reliable and important: they represent the best historiographic sources about Palmyra, and they certainly derive from Dexippus, 42 while the latter, derived from Eunapius, has a mediocre documentary value. As far as the Palmyrene cataphraccs are concerned, their presence is documented with some doubtfulness, in the narrations of the Battles of Antioch and Edessa by Zosimus. This shall be considered forgery inspired by the report about the Battle of Turin, in which Constantine defeated Maxentius, whose army included a unit of cataphracts. The Battles of Antioch and Edessa were imagined by Zosimus on the basis of the narration of the Barde of Turin as it was told in the panegyric written by the rhecor Nazarius in 321. 43 There were no Palmyrene cataphracts in the third century. A unit of cataphractarii Palmyreni is attested only in the fifth century in the Notitia dignitatum, 44 a time when armoured cavalry had already entered the military corps long ago. Afi:er all, if the 'secret weapon' of Odaenathus had been the new armoured cavalry, which attracted so much attention from contempo raries when its use began co spread all over the batclefields, is it possible to imagine chat the iconography of the Palmyrene divine world would not record it? I hold it to be highly unlikely. We have many representations of cavalrymen; 45 some dace co the third century, i.e. the

40

Altheim and Stiehl 1966.

41

Gnoli 20176.

42

There is a new and valuable edition of the fragments ofDexippus: Mecella 2013. Cf. also Migliorati, 2017 for the remaining historical tradition about Zenobia and Aurelian. 43

Pan. Lat. x.4, in particular 22-24, c£ Gnoli 20176, 80-83.

44

Not. Dign. Or. vr.34: 'cuneus equitum secundorum clibanariorum Palmyrenorum'. 45

Drijvers 1976, pl. LIV.I (bowman or bowwoman?); Lxr.3; LXII. l /2; LXIII. l /2 (this last one is very interesting, because it shows a mounted bowman on the left and a desert warrior with round

Tommaso Gnoli

168 period when Odaenachus became the rais of Palmyra. 46 In no instances are cataphracti shown. In only one example, showing a character mounted on a horse behind another on a camel, both animals have a little shield hanging on their hind chighs.47 I suspect chat this picture shows only the usual arrangement of shields during marches, both on horses and camels. Until Palmyra was destroyed by Aurelian, its deities were represented either according to the customary local use, with a small round shield and a spear, or according to the Roman paludamentum. They were hardly ever depicted with the mailed armour which is characteristic for the cataphractarii, the only representation of which is the well-known graffito from Dura-Europos, showing a Griwbdnwar, i.e. a Sassanian knight. The 'dieux armees' of Seyrig are the expression of a largely diffused conception of the gods widespread all over the Near East, which combined the worldly might provided by weapons and military attires, and the divine power. It appears to be a Darstellungtypus of the divine beings, rather than an ethnic ('Arabic') feature, which influenced deities chat had nothing to do either with weapons or with the Arabs (such as the torchbearers in the Michraic cult). What is interesting for us is the quality of the information which this widespread representation of gods gives us about the society chat created them. The absence of cacaphracts in all the pictures of armed gods from Palmyra casts a grim light on the theory chat Odaenathus introduced the cuirassed cavalry into the army of Palmyra.

shield on the lefi:); pl. LXV (cavalry man and camel rider); LXVI.1/2; LXVIII.2 (but the horse is damaged); LXIX; LXX.l; LXXII. 46

Unfortunately, most of the cavalry pictures are from an early period (first to second century CE) or are not dated. Anyway, Drijvers 1976, pl. LXVIII.l is dated to 213 CE (PAT 320). 47

Drijvers 1976, pl. LXVIII.l.

8.

'LES DIEUX ARMES' IN PALMYRA: RELIGIOUS, ICONOGRAPHIC, ETHNIC, AND HISTORIC CONSIDERATIONS

169

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