Restoration and Eighteenth-Century Literature Essays: Essays in honor of Alan Dugald McKillop [2 ed.] 0226092151, 9780226092157

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1

331

RIGE UNIVERSITY

SEMICENTENNIAL PUBLICATIONS

Restoration and

Eighteenth-Century Literature

EDITOR

CARROLL CAMDEN iff

CONTRIBUTORS RAE BLANCHARD

DONALD F. BOND RICHMOND P. BOND BENJAMIN BOYCE REUBEN A. BROWER JAMES L. CLIFFORD DAVID DAICHES

HERBERT DAVIS BONAMY DOBREE IRVIN EHRENPREIS

ARTHUR FRIEDMAN DONALD J. GREENE JEAN H. HAGSTRUM LEO HUGHES RICHARD FOSTER JONES

WILLIAM R. KEAST GWIN J. KOLB LOUIS A. LANDA

MAYNARD MACK DOUGALD MAC MILLAN JOHN ROBERT MOORE ERNEST CAMPBELL MOSSNER FREDERICK A. POTTLE RICARDO QUINTANA GEORGE SHERBURN JAMES SUTHERLAND GEOFFREY TILLOTSON AUBREY L. WILLIAMS GEORGE WILLIAMS STUART WILSON W. K. WIMSATT, JR.

Restoration and

Eighteenth-Century Literature ESSAYS IN

HONOR OF

ALAN DUGALD McKILLOP

PUBLISHED FOR

WILLIAM MARSH RICE UNIVERSITY BY

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 63-18853

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO & LONDON The University of Toronto Press, Toronto 5, Canada 1963 by William Marsh Rice University. All rights reserved Published 1963. Composed and printed by THE UNIVERSITY

OF CHICAGO PRESS, Chicago,

Illinois,

ALAN

DTJGALD

Contents

ALAN DUGALD McKiLLOP

i

George Williams

THE RHETORIC

OF SCIENCE IN ENGLAND OF THE MID-SEVENTEENTH

CENTURY

5

Richard Foster Jones PERSONAE

25 Irvin Ehrenpreis

A MODEST DEFENCE

OF

"THE

LADY'S DRESSING

ROOM"

39

Herbert Davis

THE SHANDEAN HOMUNCULUS: THE BACKGROUND "LITTLE

OF STERNE'S

GENTLEMAN"

49

Louis A. Landa

"THE SHADOWY CAVE": SOME SPECULATIONS ON A TWICKENHAM GROTTO Maynard Mack

69

JOHNSON AND "GIBBER'S" Lives of the

89

Poets, 1753

William R. Keast ISAAC BICKERSTAFF, ESQ.

Richmond

P.

103

Bond

JOHNSON'S "LITTLE POMPADOUR":

A

TEXTUAL CRUX

AND A HYPOTHESIS Gtofe

/.

125

KbJB

MR. POPE, IN BATH, IMPROVES THE DESIGN OF His GROTTO

143

Benjamin Boyce ix

x

Contents

THE TIME

OF COMPOSITION OF GOLDSMITH'S

Edwin and Angelina

155

Arthur Friedman

ARMAND

DE LA CHAPELLE AND THE FIRST FRENCH VERSION l6r

oFTHETarfer Donald

F.

Bond l8 5

HORACE WALPOLE

Bonamy Dobree "WRITING TO THE MOMENT": ONE ASPECT

201

George Sherburn 211

DRYDEN AND THE "INVENTION" OF POPE Reuben A. Broker

THE METHODS

OF DESCRIPTION IN EIGHTEENTH- AND NINETEENTH-

CENTURY POETRY

235

Geoffrey Tillotson

THEATRICAL CONVENTION IN RICHARDSON: SOME OBSERVATIONS ON A NOVELIST'S TECHNIQUE

239

Leo Hughes

THE IMPACT

OF CHARLES

II

ON RESTORATION LITERATURE

251

James Sutherland

GEORGE STEEVENS'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO Biographia Dramatic a

265

Dougald MacMillan

ROGER NORTH AND THE ART OF BIOGRAPHY

275

James L. Clifford

RICHARD STEELE AND THE SECRETARY OF THE

SPCK

287

Rae Blanchard FERGUSON'S "DIALOGUE ON A HIGHLAND JAUNT" WITH ROBERT ADAM, WILLIAM CLEGHORN, DAVID HUME, AND WILLIAM WILKIE Ernest Campbell Mossner

ADAM

POPE AND HORACE: The Second

Aubrey

L. Williams

Epistle of the

Second Book

297

309

Contents

THE

IDENTITY OF BURNS

xl 32?

Daiches

A BIRTHDAY PRESENT FROM

"AMICITIAE CAUSA":

W. K.

Wimsatt,

CURLL TO POPE

341

Jr.

DANIEL DEFOE: PRECURSOR OF SAMUEL RICHARDSON

351

John Robert Moore

THE SCHEME

OF COLLINS'S Odes on Several

.

.

.

Subjects

371

Ricardo Quintana

WILLIAM BLAKE'S "THE CLOD & THE PEBBLE" Jean H. Hagstrum BOSWELL

AS ICARUS

381

389

Frederick A. Pottle

THE DEVELOPMENT Donald

THE

OF THE JOHNSON CANON

J.

PUBLICATIONS OF

407

Greene

ALAN DUGALD McKiLLOp

Compiled by Stuart Wilson

429

GEORGE WILLIAMS Alan Dugald McKillop

Tf

ERY JLjVEB

MAN

worlds simultaneously. Masefield cast a cold eye on biograwho reduce the instants and "golden phers bright days" of a man's life to mere "lists of dates and facts." Alan Dugald McKillop's life has encompassed at least three worlds (personal, professorial, and that even the must scholarly) biographer-in-brief recognize. lives

in

several

doubtless had this truth in

mind when he

The Personal World. All four of McKillop's grandparents were born on the Scottish Isle of Arran, in the Firth of Clyde; and both his parents, though born in Canada, bore thoroughly Scottish names: McKenzie and Catherine Jane McKinnon. This Dugald McKillop Dugald McKillop, Senior, wrote a history of the emigration and the settlement in Megantic County, Quebec, by the group of Arran Islanders that included his parents. in their married life, the Early older McKillops moved to Lynn, Massachusetts, where Alan Dugald was born 24 May 1892. He himself has always been proud of being derived one hundred per cent out of Scotland. His rich imitations of Scottish brogue and Lowland dialect and his readings of Burns have been a delight to those privileged to hear them. McKillop attended the public schools of Lynn and was graduated, in 1909, from the Lynn Classical High School. He has said that he feels especially grateful for the training in languages that he received there. He matriculated at Harvard in the autumn of 1909, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa in 1912, and was graduated summa cum laude in 1913. His undergraduate major was philosophy; and he went on to receive his master's degree in philosophy at Harvard in 1914. But, as with some other graduate students before and since, money problems began to plague him, and he took time out from his studies to better his finances

by teaching. of the places where he taught was the University of Illinois. Here he had the good fortune to meet Miss Lorel Pruitt, from Edin-

One

GEORGE WILLIAMS is Professor of English at Rice University.

Restoration and Eighteenth-Century Literature

2

burg, Indiana,

who was working on

The

her master's degree in English. and the two were

acquaintanceship grew into an engagement, married in Edinburg on 27 August 1921.

Meanwhile, McKillop had switched his scholarly interests from philosophy to English and had returned to Harvard (1916-17, 191920) to complete work on his doctorate in his new field. He received the degree in June 1920; and the following September he came to what was then the Rice Institute as an instructor in English.

Alan McKillop is known today as a superb teller, as a ready and genial wit one who can sometimes be devastating with an apt quotation, or parody of a quotation, that springs instantly from the prodigious storehouse of his memory.

Among

his friends,

mimic and story

He reminds his friends a little of a Scottish Dr. Johnson (if such a combination is conceivable! ) the same wide learning, the drollery, the the common but not the sense, vigor, prejudices and the insularity. In what sometimes seems to be a science-dominated world, the personality of this man of letters has always elicited profound respect from the most hard-bitten of scientists, and it has been a bulwark of strength for the humanities at Rice for over forty years.

The Professorial World. Having received his master's degree at Harvard, McKillop became a full-fledged instructor in English at Colby College, Maine, the same year (1914) and retained this position till 1916. Then, after a year of further study at Harvard, he became an instructor in English at Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut, for a year (1917-18). Next, he was an instructor in English at the

University of Illinois for a year (1918-19). On receiving his doctor's degree in English at Harvard in 1920, he accepted an instructorship at the Rice Institute and went there in September 1920. He has been a member of the Rice faculty ever since-as an instructor until 1924, an assistant professor from 1924 to 1930, a professor from 1930 to 1962, and a Trustee Distinguished Professor since 1962. The chairman of the English Department when McKillop arrived at Rice was Stockton Axson; but, as the Professor Ax-

years passed,

son's health

began to fail, with the result that McKillop had frequently to act as chairman of the department. When Axson died in 1935, McKillop became chairman, and he retained that until mandaposition

tory relinquishment at the age of sixty-five, in 1957. He has served as a visiting professor on summer faculties at many other institutions: University of Chicago, 1925, 1961; Northwestern University, 1926; University of Texas, 1930, 1931, 1948; Johns Hopkins University, 1932, 1940; University of Minnesota, 1937 1939 1949; Harvard University, 1941, 1952; Indiana University, 1947- Uni-

Williams: Alan Dugald McKillop versity of Colorado, 1950; Newberry Library, 1955.

The

5

Columbia University, 1962; Fellow of

subjects he has taught at Rice University have reflected not wide interests but also his versatility as a scholar. From his

his

only very first year at Rice, he has taught a course in the English novel; and for nearly thirty years he taught the survey course in English literature. In addition, he has regularly taught various courses in eighteenth-

century English literature and, until the Second World War, a graduate course in Chaucer as well. On at least one occasion, he taught Shakespeare for a year, a course in American literature, and one in expository writing. He is one of those rare and ideal professors who enjoy both research and teaching. He actually gets pleasure out of

grading student papers!

McKillop has been called on to give many public lectures at Rice, and these have been printed in the Rice Pamphlet. He has often read papers before the Rj.ce Historical Society and the Houston Philosophical Society. He has been president of the Rice Historical Society, the Houston Philosophical Society, and the local chapters of the American Association of University Professors and Phi Beta Kappa. He has also served as president of the South-Central Modern Language Association (1950-51) and is an elected member of both the Texas Philosophical Society and the Texas Institute of Letters. The Scholarly World. McKillop wrote his doctoral dissertation on the Spasmodic School of nineteenth-century poets, and his first published article concerned Philip James Bailey (author of Festus) and Dante Gabriel Rossetti. His next published article, however, dropped back to very early English literature. It appeared in the Journal of English and Germanic Philology, whose editors were apparently unreview books usually well impressed, for they insisted that McKillop even some for on Old English though his interests years thereafter, later much toward had by then turned definitely periods of English literature.

we might say, Discounting this early flirtation with Old English, first that McKillop's period of scholarship speaking very generally, and 1922 Between was a Collins-Smollett Period. 1930, he published as several articles well with Collins five items directly concerned (as on Smollett. Of items four and or reviews in which Collins figured) cease at this time; did not Smollett course, his interest in Collins and he returned to them, and especially to Collins, repeatedly in later years. Moreover, even this Collins-Smollett Period was dotted with scattered writing on miscellaneous subjects. As a matter of fact, the next period (which may be called the Richardson Period) was heralded as early as 1925 by an article on Rich-

Restoration and Eighteenth-Century Literature

4

on Young, and in 1929 by a review of a scholarly book on Richardson. Indeed, it was McKillop's projected research on Richardson that influenced the Guggenheim Foundation to grant him ardson's influence

a fellowship, in 1928, for the express purpose of studying Richardson in the libraries of England. This period was crowned, in 1936, by the

book Samuel Richardson,

Printer

and Novelist. Again,

it

must not be

inferred that McKillop's involvement with Richardsonian problems but he did thenceforth divert lapsed with the publication of this work; his

major

activities

toward other

areas of scholarship.

The Thomson Period began in the late 1930's. The first book-length work of this period, The Background of Thomson's Seasons, appeared in 1942. Actually, the Thomson Period has not yet ended, for McKillop has yielded again and again, in articles, monographs, editorial comment, and books, to the fascination of his fellow Scotsman. Nevertheless, the years since 1946 have seen a strong development of McKillop's interest in English prose fiction; and thus they might be with reservations, to constitute the Period of English Fiction.

said,

Though most

of the earlier interests have been kept very much alive book The Early Masters of English Fiction

during these years, the (1956)

may well

be remembered

as the climactic

achievement of

this

period. the other hand, every decade of McKillop's career since 1930 has been filled with so many outstanding scholarly achievements that out for singling special mention any one work in any one decade

On

may

give a false impression of his scholarly contributions as a whole. All his working life as a scholar, he has been making major contributions to

Moreover, his learning has "burned brightlier," if that in his later possible, years than in his truly "flowering youth-

scholarship.

were

For forty years, the light of his mind has played over English and has illuminated it with a brilliance rarely equaled in our time. The year in which this book appears in his honor finds him still as vigorous, alert, and intellectually active as ever; and the years ahead in scholarpromise to add even greater luster to a name time."

literature

already great

ship.

RICHARD FOSTER JONES

The

Rhetoric of Science in England of the

Mid-Seventeenth Century

THE STATUTES of

the

Royal Society were drawn up some

establishment, they included one which demanded that all reports of experiments presented to the society should be free of all "Prefaces, Apologies or Rhetorical Flourishes." In his history of

two years

after

its

the society published a few years later, Thomas Sprat, after expatiwith specific refating upon the evils of rhetorical writing in general, erences to "this vicious abundance of Phrase, this trick of Metaphor, this volubility of Tongue" stated that the society had resolved to

and so "amplifications, digressions, and swellings of style," all ... members, a close, naked, natural way of speakin which the words employed should ing," a clear, easy, plain style, 1 be those of artisans, farmers, and merchants rather than of scholars. If there was any basis for this official requirement, some members

eschew

all

"exacted from

must have been guilty of writing in a rhetorical and learned manner. If so, who were they? The present study attempts to answer that question.

In studying the rise of the scientific movement in seventeenth-cencomtury England, one can hardly fail to notice that the movement in some alike currents of two particuthought, which, though prised in others: the mechanical philosophy and the lars, differed

widely

2

experimental philosophy.

The

RICHARD FOSTER JONES

is

mechanical philosophy asserted that

all

Professor Emeritus of English at Stanford Uni-

versity. 1 The History of the Royal-Society of London for the Improving of Natural Knowledge (1667), pp. 111-13. 2 These differences will be described later in this article. Most of them were clearlyor experimental phipointed out by Robert Boyle, who was a thoroughgoing Baconian, as a hypothesis, frequently losopher, though he supported the mechanical philosophy followed it in explaining natural phenomena, and strongly advanced it against the salt, Ancients and Moderns (2d ed., sulphur, and mercury of the chemists. See R. F. Jones,

1961), pp. 166-69, 185-91.

Restoration and Eighteenth-Century Literature

6

natural

phenomena

are due to matter

and motion and that matter con-

sists of minute parts, sometimes called particles, sometimes corpuscles,

but generally atoms. In the seventeenth century, this theory was stimulated by a revival of Greek atomic science, especially that

greatly of Democritus as presented in Jean Chrysostome Magnen's Democritus Revivlscens, published in Italy in 1646, and that of Epicurus as discussed by Pierre Gassendi in Syntagma fhylosophlae Epicuri, which in France in 1649. Though there were differences, some of

appeared

them important, between the various

3

they all participated in the belief that explanations of natural phenomena must be based on the size, shape, and motion of atoms. Whereas the Baconians experimented in order to find an explanation, the atomists experimented and observed in order to apply or verify an explanation. It was their task to observe carefully the nature of the phenomenon to be explained and then to show how atoms of a certain size and a certain shape, in a certain way, would produce that phenomenon. For this

moving

atomists,

power of their explanation depended as much upon the accuracy with which they could of the atoms. A few examples will make this clear.

reason, the convincing upon the vividness as visualize the action

In what

is perhaps the most ambitious English atomic treatise of the and one heavily indebted to Gassendi, Dr. Walter Charleton, period, Dryden's friend, explains the coagulation of milk: Hither also may we most congruously referr the Coagulation of milk, upon the injection of Rennet, Vinegre, juice of Limons, and the like Acid things. For, the Hamous [possessed of hooks] and inviscating [snaring] Atoms, whereof the Acid is mostly composed, meeting with the Ramous [branching like a plant] and Grosser particles of the milk, which constitute the Caseous and Butyrous parts thereof; instantly fasten upon them with their hooks, connect them, and so impeding their fluiditie, change their lax and moveable contexture into a close and immoveable or Firme; while the more exile and smooth particles of the milk, whereof the serum or whey is composed, escape those Entanglings and conserve their native Fluidity. This may be confirmed from hence; that whenever the Cheese, or Butter made of the Coagulation, is held to the fire, they

recover their former Fluidity; because the tenacious particles of the

Acid are agile

disintangled

Atoms

of

and interrupted by the

sphaerical

and superlatively

fire.

In another passage he explains

how

water,

which

is

opposed to

heat,

will, when poured upon lime, produce it. 3 Two of the most common had to do with the existence of vacuums and the infinite of atoms. Descartes, who did more than anyone to establish the mechanical hypothesis, held to the idea of a plenum, which made it necessary for him to postulate an all-embracing ether. Whereas the atomists generally considered light to be composed of atoms, Descartes held it to be motion in the ether.

divisibility

Jones: ... the

The Rhetoric

Aqueous Humidity of the Lime-stone

of Science

7

indeed wholly evaporated by fire in its calcination; but yet the Pingous, or Unctuous for the most part remains, so that its Atoms of Fire lye still blended and incaris

cerated therein: and when those expede themselves, and by degrees expire into the ambient aer, if they be impeded and repelled by water affused, they recoyle upon the grumous masses of the Lime, and by the Circumobsistence [encompassing resistance] of the Humidity, become more congregated; and so upon the uniting of their forces make way for the Exsilirion of the other Atoms of Fire, which otherwise could not have attained their liberty but slowly and by succession one after another. So that all the Atoms of Fire contained in the Lime, issuing forth together, they break through the water, calefie it, and make it bubble or 4 boyle up; the calefied parts thereof being yet cohaerunt to the uncalified.

Certainly the diction employed in these that of "Artizans,

two

quotations

is

hardly

Countrymen, and Merchants/' but more of that

quite apparent that the atoms are the protagonists in the of drama nature, and sometimes they seem to act as rationally as hu6 actors. Sir Kenelm Digby, in attempting to explain the man process sun draws mists from the earth, describes what happens the which by

anon.

It is

when

the atoms of

fire,

which

beams, strike the globe: darts of fire, in multitudes, and in

constitute

its

... he [the sun] shooting his little continued streames, from his owne center, against the Python the earth we live on; they do there overtake one an other, and cause some degree of heate as farre as they sinke in. But not being able (by reasons of their great expansion in their long iorney) to conuert it into their owne nature and sett it on fire, (which requireth a high degree of condensation of the beames) they do but pierce and diuide it very subtilely, and cutt some of the outward partes of it into extreme little atomes. Vnto which they very close, and being in a manner incorporated with them (by reason of the moisture that is in them) they do in their rebound back from the earth carry them along with them; like a ball that struck against a moist wall, doth, in its returne from it, bring backe some of the mortar the earth from the sunne, is not the sticking upon it. For the distance of vtmost periode of these nimble bodies flight; so that, when by this solide body they are stopped in their course forwardes on, they leape backe from it, and carry some litle partes of it with them: some of them, a little farther; some of them, a shorter iorney; according as their littie-

sticking

nesse and rarity

make them

fitt

to ascend. 6

*

Physiologica Epicuro-Gassendo-Charltoniana (1654), pp. 320-21, 293-315. Speaking of the fantasms that the outside world leaves in the imagination, Sir Kenelm our braine is but the playhouse and scene, where all these faery maskes Digby says, ". are acted." Two Treatises. In the one of which, the nature of bodies is looked into; in 5

.

.

the other, the nature of

mans

soule (1644), p. 416.

pp. 76-77. For another effort to visualize the atomic process, see Robert Boyle's explanation of the rarefaction of bodies by heat (Works, ed. T. Birch [1744], 1, 113-16). Boyle was more of an experimental than a mechanical philosopher, but when he de6

Ibid.,

scribed atomic processes, he wrote like an atomist.

Restoration and Eighteenth-Century Literature

8

the ages played no inconImaginative visualization has throughout scientific of siderable part in the development theory, but probably seventeenth in third the never to such an extent as it did quarter of the 7 this For whole the reason, the theory. century, when it was in fact the of imagination to sciage clearly recognized the great importance under way that we ence, and it was not until the romantic revival got 8 find such homage paid to that mental power. Charleton speaks of the If we keep in mind the selections imagination with great enthusiasm. his calling his imagination understand well can we from him, quoted like his contemporaries, he believed that

"my laboratory." Though, the intellect should rule the fancy, as the imagination was sometimes called, he places the latter on the same level with reason, calling both

instruments of the intellect, is false.

He

insists

if

either of

which

is

that he can "speculate," that

defective, is,

knowledge

think intently on,

nothing without the help of

my

imagination;

.

.

.

whatever

I

can think upon,

in the dresse of Magnitude, Figure, Colour, and other the like conditions of Matter. ... I alwaies found Phansy so un-

comes to

my

mind

my

separably conjoined to same Faculty. Nor am

and

they were both one and the able to distinguish betwixt my Imagination yet

my I

Intellect as if

Intellection.

9 the imagination "the noblest part of the sensitive soul" and the Imagination to be emphatically asserts that he is very "apt to judge 10 the Escurial or imperial palace of the Rational Soul."

He

calls

7 In arguing for the scientific nature of the magnetic cure of wounds (a hallucination that found strong support among the atomists), against those who superstitiously considered it a magic phenomenon, he cinches his argument with this statement: "what is more, it forestalls not the imagination," that is, it can be visualized. See his translation of J. B. van Helmont's Ternary of Paradoxes (1650), p. 9. In The Vanity of Dogmatizing (1661), a work that makes extensive use of the mechanical philosophy, Joseph Glanvill says that when "the objects of thought are purely material, the judgment

A

is

made by the Imagination"

(p. 97)

.

Needless to say, the condition

is

fully

met in atomic

explanations. 8 From a different point of view, of course, though there may have been some subterranean connection between the two attitudes via John Locke. See Ernest L. Tuveson, The Imagination as a Means of Grace: Locke and the Aesthetics of Romanticism (1960) .

A

9 similar sentiment is expressed by the chemical atomist Samuel Boulton, who calls the imagination "the hand-maid of the soul" (Medicina Magica Tamen Physic a [1656],

p. 5). 1 The Darkness of Atheism (1652), p. 20; Natural History of the Passions (1672), pp. 48, 65; Immortality of the Human Soul (1657), pp. 63-65; ibid., pp. 66-67; Natural History of the Passions, pp. 61-64. In fact, Charleton appears to think that imagination incites visualization, when after visualizing the conduct of atoms in electric attraction, he adds, "the Itch of Phancy being soonest allayed by the liberty of ones singular Conjecture" (Physiologia, pp. 343-46) .

Jones:

The Rhetoric of Science

9

Digby ^also^ emphasizes the importance of the imagination, even equating it with reason. The fact that quantity is infinitely divisible, he is "evident to him who shall consider with a profound imagsays^ 11 ination" the nature of Indeed, the atomists frequently apquantity. pear to mean imagination when they use the word reason. Robert

Hooke was an

enthusiastic

experimental philosopher, but he is temporarily speaking as a mechanical one when he says that in drawing axioms from experiments one should use his imagination in order to trace the secret operations of nature in such phenomena as gravity and the loadstone. 12

The

age was quite aware of the tremendous part played by the facin atomic science, so much so, indeed, that an ulty attempt was made to attribute to it some of the blame for the atheistic of the

The

fact that

some of

thought

the

Greek

atomists believed that atoms had not been created but had always existed, that their motion was inherent, and that all things in the great void of the world had been formed by the accidental combining of atoms, together with the fact that Epicurus had banished the gods from the human world, repelled the Christian scientists of the day. Perhaps of even more influence on the thought of the times was the intractable dualism that Descartes

day.

had established with a material body and an immaterial soul. Few atomic scientists were content to express their ideas without attemptto the between the two, but in most cases they ing explain relationship were forced to declare that the problem had to be solved by faith rather than by intellect. 13 Not so Hobbes. He declared that boldly there was no such thing as an immaterial substance, which the soul had been considered, and the fat was in the fire. Seth Ward, Savilian Professor of Astronomy at Oxford and one of many who broke a

Hobbes in behalf of an immaterial soul, accused the phiof losopher being a materialistic slave to his imagination. The trouble lance against

with Hobbes, says Ward, is his inability to distinguish between "imagand Intellectual comprehension." In general, men can think of God and the angels in terms of their spiritual substance, but the Malmesbury philosopher can think of the latter only by images of "beautiful winged aery bodies." In short, he can think of nothing that his with clothe material does not features. Ward was an imagination ination

11

T