Requirements Engineering for Software and Systems [4 ed.] 9781000593815, 9780367654528, 9781032275994, 9781003129509
Solid requirements engineering has increasingly been recognized as the key to improved, on-time, and on-budget delivery
368 98 11MB
English Pages 593 Year 2022
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Table of contents :
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Authors
1 Introduction to Requirements Engineering
Motivation
What Is Requirements Engineering?
You Probably Don’t Do Enough Requirements Engineering
What Are Requirements?
Requirements vs. Features vs. Goals
Requirements Classifications
Requirements Level Classification
Requirements Specifications Types
Functional Requirements
Nonfunctional Requirements
Domain Requirements
Domain Vocabulary Understanding
Requirements Engineering Activities
Requirements Elicitation/Discovery
Requirements Analysis and Agreement
Requirements Representation
Requirements Validation
Requirements Management
Bodies of Knowledge
The Requirements Engineer
Requirements Engineer Roles
Requirements Engineer as Software or Systems Engineer
Requirements Engineer as Subject Matter Expert
Requirements Engineer as Architect
Requirements Engineer as Business Process Expert
Ignorance as Virtue
Role of the Customer
Problems with Traditional Requirements Engineering
Complexity
Gold-Plating and Ridiculous Requirements
Obsolete Requirements
Four Dark Corners
Difficulties in Enveloping System Behavior
The Danger of “All” in Specifications
Exercises
References
2 Preparing for Requirements Elicitation
Product Business Goals and Mission Statements
Encounter with a Customer
Identifying the System Boundaries
Context Diagrams
Stakeholders
Negative Stakeholders
Stakeholder Identification
Stakeholder Identification Questions
Rich Pictures
Stakeholder/User Classes
Stakeholders vs. Use Case Actors
User Characteristics
Customer Wants and Needs
What Do Customers Want?
What Don’t Customers Want?
Why Do Customers Change Their Minds?
Stakeholder Prioritization
Communicating with Customers and Other Stakeholders
Managing Expectations
Stakeholder Negotiations
Uncovering Stakeholder Goals
Exercises
Note
References
3 Requirements Elicitation
Introduction
Requirements Elicitation - First Step
Elicitation Techniques Survey
Brainstorming
Card Sorting
Crowdsourcing
Designer as Apprentice
Domain Analysis
Ethnographic Observation
Goal-Based Approaches
Group Work
Interviews
Introspection
Joint Application Design
Laddering
Protocol Analysis
Prototyping
Quality Function Deployment
Questionnaires/Surveys
Repertory Grids
Reverse Engineering
Scenarios
Task Analysis
Use Cases
User Stories
Viewpoints
Workshops
Eliciting Nonfunctional Requirements
Elicitation Summary
Which Combination of Requirements Elicitation Techniques Should Be Used?
Prevalence of Requirements Elicitation Techniques
Eliciting Hazards
Misuse Cases
Antimodels
Formal Methods
Exercises
Notes
References
4 Writing the Requirements Document
Requirements Agreement and Analysis
Requirements Representation
Approaches to Requirements Representation
ISO/IEC/IEEE Standard 29148
Recommendations on Representing Nonfunctional Requirements
Recommendations on Representing Functional Requirements
Operating System
Command Validation
UML/SysML
The Requirements Document
Users of a Requirements Document
Requirements Document Requirements
Preferred Writing Style
Text Structure Analysis
Requirement Format
Use of Imperatives
Shall or Shall Not?
Avoiding Imprecision in Requirements
Requirements Document Size
Behavioral Specifications
Best Practices and Recommendations
Exercises
References
5 On Nonfunctional Requirements
Motivation to Consider NFRs Earlier in Development
What Is an NFR?
What Are the Different Types of NFRs?
Quality Requirements in Practice
Specifying with Quality Attribute Scenarios
Specifying with Planguage
Popular Quality Requirements
Security
Modifiability
Interoperability
Performance
Testability
Usability
Other Approaches to Handle NFRs in RE
NFR Framework
Incorporating NFRs with UML Models
Exercises
References
6 Requirements Validations and Verifications
What Is Requirements Risk Management?
Validation and Verification
Techniques for Requirements V&V
Walkthroughs
Inspections
Goal-Based Requirements Analysis
Requirements Understanding
Validating Requirements Use Cases
Prototyping
Tools for V&V
Requirements V&V Matrices
Standards for V&V
ISO/IECIEEE Standard 29148
Singularity
Feasibility
Ambiguity
Completeness
Consistency
Verifiability
Traceability
Ranking
Example Validation of Requirements
Singular
Feasible
Unambiguous
Complete
Consistent
Verifiable
Traceable
Ranked
The Importance of Measurement in Requirements V&V
Goal/Question/Metric Analysis
NASA Requirements Testing
NASA ARM Tool
Imperatives
Continuances
Directives
Options
Weak Phrases
Incomplete
Subjects
Specification Depth
Readability Statistics
Summary of NASA Metrics
Exercises
Note
References
7 Formal Methods
Motivation
What Are Formal Methods?
Formal Methods Classification
A Little History
Using Formal Methods
Examples
Formalization of Train Station in B
Formalization of Space Shuttle Flight Software Using MurΦ
Formalization of an Energy Management System Using Category Theory
Example: An Energy Management System
Other Notable Formal Methods for Requirements Engineering
Requirements Validation
Consistency Checking Using Truth Tables
Consistency Checking by Inspection
Consistency Checking Limitations
Theorem Proving
Program Correctness
Hoare Logic
Model Checking
Integrated Tools
Which Formal Approach to Use?
Objections, Myths, and Limitations
Objections and Myths
Limitations of Formal Methods
Combining Formal and Informal Methods
Bowen and Hinchey’s Advice
Exercises
Notes
References
8 Requirements Specification and Agile Methodologies
Introduction to Agile Methodologies
Principles Behind the Agile Manifesto
Benefits of Agile Software Development
Extreme Programming
Scrum
Kanban
Lean Development
Requirements Engineering for Agile Methodologies
Technical Debt
Example Application of Agile Software Development
When Is Agile Recommended?
Requirements Engineering in XP
Requirements Engineering in Scrum
Gathering User Stories
Writing User Stories
Estimating User Stories
Prioritizing User Stories
User Stories vs. Use Cases
Agile Requirements Engineering vs. Requirements Engineering in Agile
Story-Test-Driven Development
State of Practice for Requirements Engineering in Agile Methodologies
Challenges for Requirements Engineering in Agile Methodologies
Exercises
Notes
References
9 Tool Support for Requirements Engineering
Introduction
Traceability Support
Requirements Linkage Traceability Matrix
Requirements Source Traceability Matrix
Requirements Stakeholder Traceability Matrix
Requirements Management Tools
Tool Evaluation
Open-Source Requirements Engineering Tools
FreeMind
FitNesse
Requirements Engineering Tool Best Practices
Elicitation Support Technologies
Using Wikis for Requirements Elicitation
Mobile Technologies
Virtual Environments
Content Analysis
Artificial Intelligence
Requirements Metrics
Exercises
References
10 Requirements Management
Introduction
Requirements Management Process
Configuration Management and Control
Reconciling Differences
Managing Divergent Agendas
Consensus Building
Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP)
Wideband Delphi Technique
Expectation Revisited: Pascal’s Wager
Global Requirements Management
Antipatterns in Requirements Management
Environmental Antipatterns
Divergent Goals
Process Clash
Management Antipatterns
Metric Abuse
Mushroom Management
Other Paradigms for Requirements Management
Requirements Management and Improvisational Comedy
Requirements Management as Scriptwriting
Standards for Requirements Management
Capability Maturity Model Integration
ISO 9001
ISO/IEEE 12207
Six Sigma
Exercises
Notes
References
11 Value Engineering of Requirements
What, Why, When, and How of Value Engineering
What Is Value Engineering?
When Does Value Engineering Occur?
Challenges to Simple Cost vs. Risk Analysis
Estimating Software Effort
The Aspect of Software Size
Software Length
Software Complexity
Functional Size
Estimating Using Function Points
Function Point Cost Drivers
Estimating Using COSMIC
The Relationship between Functional Size and Effort
Estimating Using COCOMO and Its Derivatives
COCOMO
WEBMO
COSYSMO
Feature Points
Use Case Points
Considerations for Nonfunctional Requirements in Size Measurements
Software Effort Estimation in Practice
Requirements Feature Cost Justification
Return on Investment
Net Present Value
Internal Rate of Return
Profitability Index
Payback Period
Discounted Payback
Putting It All Together
Exercises
Note
References
12 Requirements Engineering: A Road Map to the Future
Shaping Factors of the Future Landscape of Requirements Engineering
The Changing Landscape of Requirements Engineering
Requirements Engineering for Small Businesses
Requirements Engineering and Disruptive Technologies
Requirements Engineering and Blockchain
Requirements Engineering and Internet of Things
Requirements Engineering and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Requirements Engineering and Cloud Computing
Requirements Engineering and Affective Computing
References
Appendix A: Software Requirements Specification for a Smart Home
Appendix B: Software Requirements for a Wastewater Pumping Station Wet-Well Control System
Appendix C: Unified Modeling Language (UML)
Appendix D: User Stories
Appendix E: Use Cases
Appendix F: IBM DOORS Requirements Management Tool
Glossary
Index
