Records of Medieval Newmarket: Manor Court Rolls 1399-1413 and Manor Account Rolls 1403-1483 (Suffolk Records Society, 66) 9781837650125, 9781739809614, 1837650128

Table of contents :
Front cover
Contents
Illustrations
Preface and Acknowledgements
Introduction
The court roll manuscripts
The account roll manuscripts
Working practices of the clerks
The courts
General court
Market court
Fair court
Leet court
The accounts
The lords of the manor
The origins and development of Newmarket as a trading settlement
Location
Institutional structure
Seigneurial investment
Trading structures
The role of women
Editorial method and abbreviations
THE COURT ROLLS OFTHE MANOR OF NEWMARKET,1399–1413
General court
Market court
Fair court
Leet court
THE ACCOUNT ROLLS OF THE MANOR OF NEWMARKET,1403/4–1482/83
Appendix: Two Royal Charters for Newmarket Fairs
Glossary
Bibliography
Index of People and Places
Index of Subjects
The Suffolk Records Society

Citation preview

RECORDS OF MEDIEVAL NEWMARKET

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SUFFOLK RECORDS SOCIETY President Richard Smith FBA Vice-Presidents David Allen Marion Allen Vivien Brown Robert Malster Clive Paine Chairman Harvey Osborne Treasurer Clive Mees General Editors David Sherlock (co-ordinating editor) Nicholas Karn (Suffolk Charters) Website and Membership Secretary Tanya Christian Secretary Claire Barker Westhorpe Lodge, Westhorpe, Stowmarket, Suffolk IP14 4TA Website: www.suffolkrecordssociety.com

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RECORDS OF MEDIEVAL NEWMARKET Manor Court Rolls 1399–1413 and Manor Account Rolls 1403–1483

Edited by JAMES DAVIS and JOANNE SEAR

The Boydell Press Suffolk Records Society VOLUME LXVI

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©  The Trustees of the Suffolk Records Society 2023 All Rights Reserved. Except as permitted under current legislation no part of this work may be photocopied, stored in a retrieval system, published, performed in public, adapted, broadcast, transmitted, recorded or reproduced in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of the copyright owner

A Suffolk Records Society publication First published 2023 The Boydell Press, Woodbridge

ISBN  978-1-83765-012-5 hardback ISBN  978-1-73980-961-4 hardback (members) ISBN  978-1-80010-854-7 ePDF

Issued to subscribing members for the year 2023

The Boydell Press is an imprint of Boydell & Brewer Ltd PO Box 9, Woodbridge, Suffolk IP12 3DF, UK and of Boydell & Brewer Inc. 668 Mt Hope Avenue, Rochester, NY 14620–2731, USA website: www.boydellandbrewer.com The publisher has no responsibility for the continued existence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Cover image: Detail from the late medieval Gough map showing Newmarket on the route between Norwich and London. Bodleian Library, MS. Gough Gen. Top. 16, reproduced by permission of the Bodleian Library. © The Bodleian Library

CONTENTS

List of illustrations Preface and acknowledgements

vi vii

INTRODUCTION ix The court roll manuscripts x The account roll manuscripts xii Working practices of the clerks xiv The courts xv General court xv Market court xvi Fair court xviii Leet court xix The accounts xx The lords of the manor xxi The origins and development of Newmarket as a trading settlement xxii Location xxiv Institutional structure xxix Seigneurial investment xxxi Trading structures xxxii The role of women xxxvii Editorial method and abbreviations

xxxix

THE COURT ROLLS OF THE MANOR OF NEWMARKET, 1399–1413 General court Market court Fair court Leet court

1 3 31 106 119

THE ACCOUNT ROLLS OF THE MANOR OF NEWMARKET, 1403/4–1482/83 135 Appendix: Two royal charters for Newmarket fairs 282 Glossary 284 Bibliography 288 Index of people and places 291 Index of subjects 313 The Suffolk Records Society

319

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ILLUSTRATIONS

Plates 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Map showing the location of Newmarket viii The markets around Newmarket xxiii The roads and boundaries of Newmarket xxv The commercial hinterland of Newmarket xxvii The market area of Newmarket xxxiv The beginning of the general court roll entry for 26 April 1400 3 The market court roll entry for 2 December 1399 31 The fair court roll entry for 11 June 1400 106 The leet court roll entry for 1 August 1400 119 The face of a devil, from the leet court roll of 1 August 1409 130 The beginning of the account roll for 5–6 Henry IV, 1403–1404 136 Drawing of a white leather purse found in St Mary’s church 146 The beginning of the account roll for 12–13 Edward IV, 1472–1473 233

Table 1.

Number of identifiable shops or stalls in each of the commodity rows, as recorded in the 1472/73 account roll for the manor of Newmarket

xxxiii

The editor and publishers are grateful to all the institutions and persons listed for permission to reproduce the materials in which they hold copyright. Every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders; apologies are offered for any omissions and the publishers will be pleased to add any necessary acknowledgement in subsequent editions.

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PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This volume brings together the late medieval records for the manor of Newmarket. Its publication completes a process begun by the late Canon Peter May, rector of St Mary’s, Newmarket, in the 1970s when he transcribed and translated some of the records, many of which formed the basis of a number of short books and papers that he wrote. The editors wish to acknowledge May’s work, not only since it has laid the foundations of this volume, but also because it brought a wider attention to the role played by a small Suffolk town in the marketing structure of late medieval England. We wish to thank the Suffolk Records Society for recognising the significance of the town and its records and for agreeing to make the manorial rolls of late medieval Newmarket the subject of one of its volumes. In bringing the volume to publication, we would also like to acknowledge the input of a number of individuals who have given their time generously and enthusiastically. In particular, we would wish to thank David Addy for producing the excellent maps which are included in the Introduction, and to thank Nick Amor and Mark Bailey for their invaluable comments on the Introduction, as well as their ongoing responses to various queries. We are also grateful to Keith Briggs for his assistance in identifying a number of place-names. Many thanks are also due to the staff at the Suffolk Archives, Bury St Edmunds, and the staff at the Manuscripts Reading Room of the British Library, for assisting us with our research. We are also grateful to the British Library for allowing us to reproduce the image taken from the account roll in its collection, to the British Archaeological Association for permission to use the drawing of the late medieval purse which appeared in a paper published in its journal and to the Bodleian Library for permission to reproduce a portion of the Gough map showing the location of Newmarket. James Davis and Joanne Sear March 2022

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Plate 1. Map showing the location of Newmarket. Drawn by David Addy

INTRODUCTION

The fifteenth-century manorial records of Newmarket are an unusual set of court rolls and account rolls that provide a fascinating glimpse into the life of a medieval small town. Although the court rolls span only fifteen years, the four different types of court they represent, manorial, market, fair and leet, are not replicated in the surviving records of any other medieval English small town. This in itself justifies the publication of this set of translations, as well as the remarkable insights they provide for a medieval market community. Alongside the court material also exist substantial sets of account rolls spread across the fifteenth century, which, in particular, provide details of the holdings, stalls and shops that were rented not just to Newmarket tenants, but also to many traders from further afield. The commercial focus of this settlement is clear from all these records and a vibrant reminder of the importance of the market to much of medieval society. The small town of Newmarket lies on the border between Suffolk and Cambridgeshire in the landscape known as the East Anglian Chalk. It is bounded to the west by the Fens, to the north by the Breckland, and to the south and east by the boulder clay of the South Suffolk and North Essex Clayland (see Plate 1).1 The dryness of the region’s climate did not encourage early settlement, but the area became an important transport corridor with the prehistoric long-distance track known as the Icknield Way running directly through it. In the Middle Ages, Newmarket lay on the boundary of two parishes, Exning, in Suffolk, to the north, and Woodditton, in Cambridgeshire, to the south, and was not a parish in its own right.2 It had no church, but two chapels of ease. The old chapel of the Blessed Mary, originally built as a chantry chapel for the Argentein family, was a chapel of ease in the parish of St Martin, Exning. It was located to the north-west of the marketplace and became the church of St Mary, Newmarket, in the sixteenth century. The new chapel of the Blessed Mary, later the chapel of All Saints’, was a chapel of ease in the parish of All Saints’, Woodditton, which only became the church of All Saints, Newmarket, in the nineteenth century. It was also divided between two manors from 1318, though the manorial administration for the town was amalgamated.3 At the time of the 1334 lay subsidy, it was recorded as a sub-hamlet within the hamlet of Saxston (Saxon Street) in the parish of Dytton Camoys (Camois) which lay within the Cambridgeshire hundred of Cheveley.4 Although Newmarket was not located on a river network, it had good road transport links in most directions: into

1 2

3 4

The Countryside Agency, Countryside character, volume 6: east of England (Cheltenham, 1999), p. 81. The half-hundred of Exning had become part of Suffolk by 1334, but had itself been in Cambridgeshire in 1086. Woodditton lay within Cheveley hundred in Cambridgeshire. See R. Glasscock (ed.), The lay subsidy of 1334 (London, 1975), pp. 28 and 284. See below, p. xxi. Glasscock (ed.), The lay subsidy of 1334, p. 28. In the 1524 lay subsidy, Newmarket was listed as a vill in its own right within the Suffolk hundred of Lackford. See S.H.A. Hervey (ed.), Suffolk in 1524, being the return for a subsidy granted in 1523 (Woodbridge, 1910), p. 229.

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Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex, into Cambridgeshire, Hertfordshire and to London, and, via the Icknield Way and Ermine Street, into the Midlands and Lincolnshire. The Gough map, which has been dated to around the turn of the fifteenth century, clearly shows Newmarket in the centre of East Anglia and on the road between London and Norwich.5 Medieval Newmarket has been the subject of a number of studies by Peter May, its most notable historian. His published work includes Newmarket: medieval and Tudor and ‘Newmarket and its market court, 1399–1413’, as well as a number of self-published extracts from the medieval records.6 His excellent work demonstrated the wealth of material that was available for this small town and he also left a valuable draft Latin transcript of the court rolls in the Suffolk Archives.7 May’s work formed the initial basis of this study, which is both an extension and a completion of his original and dedicated research. A detailed comparison between trade in Newmarket and Clare during this period, which made substantial use of these records, was also included by James Davis, one of the editors of this volume, in his more recent work on market morality in the English marketplace.8 In addition Mark Bailey has briefly discussed Newmarket, particularly in relation to its court structure and absentee lords, which appear to have provided a flexible framework in which the residents could largely manage their own affairs.9 However, these studies have by no means exhausted the value of these records to historians, and manorial records continue to provide insights into local life that are difficult to derive from any other medieval source. With the exception of one account roll held in the British Library, the extant court and account rolls for the manor of Newmarket are kept in the manuscript collection of Suffolk Archives, Bury St Edmunds (SA/B).

The court roll manuscripts The court rolls, which relate to the four types of court held from 1399 to 1413,10 bear the class mark SA/B, 1476/1 (folios 1–48) and were transferred in 1964 from the Cambridgeshire Record Office with the authority of the then lord of the manor of Newmarket, Mr John Taylor.11 There are forty-eight separate parchment folios rolled up together and once joined at the top by stitching, although only the holes for the binding now remain. At some stage, the folios were numbered in pencil at the top from 1 to 48 in a manner which tried to reflect the chronology of the rolls, regardless 5 6

7 8 9

10 11

N. Millea, The Gough map: the earliest road map of Great Britain (Oxford, 2007), pp. 70–1, 85. P. May, Newmarket: medieval and Tudor (Hunstanton, 1982); May, ‘Newmarket and its market court, 1399–1413’, PSIA 35 (1981), pp. 31–9; May, ‘Newmarket 500 years ago’, PSIA 33 (1975), pp. 253–73; May, A fifteenth-century market court (Newmarket, 1976); May (ed.), Twenty Newmarket wills, 1439–1497: a glimpse of fifteenth-century Newmarket (Newmarket, 1974). Suffolk Archives, Bury St Edmunds, HD 1584/45–46, ‘Transcriptions of Court Rolls 1399–1413’, HD746; May (ed.), The court rolls of Newmarket in Suffolk, 1408–10 (Newmarket, 1973). J. Davis, Medieval market morality: life, law and ethics in the English marketplace, 1200–1500 (Cambridge, 2012), pp. 278–382. M. Bailey, ‘Trade and towns in medieval England: new insights from familiar sources’, The Local Historian 29:4 (1999), pp. 204–05; Bailey, Medieval Suffolk: an economic and social history, 1200– 1500 (Woodbridge, 2007), pp. 142–4. Three translated extracts of the market and fair court are also included in Bailey’s compilation of English manorial records: The English manor c.1200–c.1500 (Manchester, 2002), pp. 237–40. 1399–1413 was the reign of Henry IV, which may be why these records were kept together and thus survived while others did not. J. Yeo, Operations Manager, Suffolk Archives, pers. comm.

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INTRODUCTION

of the court. Nevertheless, as there is no order to the manner in which the courts are recorded on the rolls, this seems to have been an impossible task and consequently the numbering is broadly, rather than strictly, chronological (see below). The condition of the court rolls is, generally, very good. A few have become damaged at the sides (for example, folios 8, 16 and 40) and at least two (folios 37 and 45) have been repaired at some stage. Most are completely legible although some have fading or damage, particularly to the edges (for example, folios 8, 16 and 40), which makes the occasional word or short passage difficult to transcribe. Only two, folios 5 and 6, have become so damaged as to be largely illegible. Some of the folios have holes, often large, which were either on the original parchment, as with folio 9, or are the result of subsequent damage such as folio 42. The scribes have not followed a clear pattern in recording the activities of the courts in the rolls. Instead, a pragmatic approach seems to have been adopted. For example, most folios have writing on both sides of the parchment, but in a few cases only the recto has been used, such as folio 22 which records four separate sessions of the fair court held on 29 October 1408 at the first, second, third and fourth hours. Others are written on both sides but, again, relate to just one court on only one date, such as folio 44 which lists entries for a session of the general court held on 16 May 1412. Most of the folios record the court sessions of one particular court, but held over various dates, such as folio 15 which details the activities of the leet court held on 1 August 1408 on the recto and that held on 1 August 1409 on the verso. A few of the folios record the proceedings of different courts, such as folio 38 which details the session of the general court held on 16 May 1410 on the recto and on the top of the verso, but then records the session of the fair court held on 11 June 1410. The folios are irregular in size and shape and most taper on at least one edge. Consequently, the following folio sizes are approximate: Suffolk Archives, Bury St Edmunds, 1476/1/1–48 Folio 1, 22.5cm in width x 65.5cm in Folio 21, 26cm x 45.8cm length Folio 22, 26.7cm x 44.2cm Folio 2, 27cm x 34.3cm Folio 23, 25.8cm x 36.2cm Folio 3, 24.5cm x 33cm Folio 24, 24cm x 34.5cm Folio 4, 23cm x 32.7cm Folio 25, 24.8cm x 62cm Folio 5, 27.5cm x 51cm Folio 26, 25.5cm x 61cm Folio 6, 27.8cm x 78cm Folio 27, 22.1cm x 26.5cm Folio 7, 27cm x 66cm Folio 28, 25.4cm x 62.3cm Folio 8, 23.5cm x 45.5cm Folio 29, 26cm x 38cm Folio 9, 15.5cm x 21.5cm Folio 30, 23.3cm x 46cm Folio 10, 27.7cm x 48cm Folio 31, 24.9cm x 58.7cm Folio 11, 20.4cm x 33.5cm Folio 32, 25.3cm x 23.6cm Folio 12, 23cm x 39.7cm Folio 33, 24cm x 58.8cm Folio 13, 24.1cm x 78cm Folio 34, 23.7cm x 37.2cm Folio 14, 24.5cm x 50cm Folio 35, 25cm x 38cm Folio 15, 24.5cm x 52.2cm Folio 36, 25.5cm x 43cm Folio 16, 27.5cm x 74cm Folio 37, 22.2cm x 34.2cm Folio 17, 23cm x 28cm Folio 38, 25.5cm x 38.5cm Folio 18, 24cm x 40cm Folio 39, 27.5cm x 56cm Folio 19, 25cm x 41cm Folio 40, 26.3cm x 47cm Folio 41, 23.5cm x 52cm Folio 20, 26cm x 49.5cm xi

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INTRODUCTION

Folio Folio Folio Folio

42, 43, 44, 45,

24cm x 41cm 27.7cm x 59.3cm 25cm x 39cm 30cm x 52.5cm

Folio 46, 29.7cm x 51cm Folio 47, 23.7cm x 65.7cm Folio 48, 29.3cm x 66.2cm

The smallest is folio 9 which records just one session of the fair court on one side of the parchment. With this exception, the folios are broadly similar in width, ranging from 20.4cm to 30cm, but differ quite considerably in length from 21.5cm to 78cm. Various tags have been added to a number of the folios (e.g. 14, 17, 38 and 39). Most of them consist only of small black or, less frequently, white cords, but a few are pieces of unwritten parchment attached to the document with cord. One tag, tied onto folio 38, appears to be of straw. The majority of these tags are affixed to the left-hand side of the folio but others are attached at the right or at the top. Mark Bailey suggests that such tags were added as aide-mémoires to the clerk to draw attention to important precedents, or to the steward to pursue certain cases.12 For a similar reason, crosses are found in the margins of manorial records. However, in the context of the Newmarket rolls, it is impossible to clarify exactly what the tags and marks were highlighting.

The account roll manuscripts As with the court rolls, the account rolls are from a range of dates throughout the fifteenth century. Unfortunately, only the date of the earliest roll coincides with the court rolls series, but some of the people referred to in the later court rolls are also referred to in the account rolls as the previous tenants of manorial holdings. The earliest roll, dated 1403/04 and held by the British Library (Additional Charter 25867), was acquired by the British Museum in 1877 together with nine rolls from other manors.13 All of the other surviving rolls are held by SA/B and consist of ten rolls from a range of years between 1428/29 and 1439/40 (SA/B, 1476/12), a single roll from 1472/73 (SA/B, 359/3) and ten rolls for the years 1473/74 to 1482/83 (SA/B, 1476/13). As with the court rolls, those with the accession number beginning 1476 were transferred from Cambridgeshire Record Office in 1964. The rolls with the accession number 359 were received by the record office in 1952 from an anonymous benefactor. The rolls are not numbered but those that comprise SA/B, 1476/12 and, separately, SA/B, 1476/13 have been rolled up together and joined at the top by stitching so that they may once have been arranged chronologically. Nevertheless, this stitching is loose and the rolls have become reordered so that they no longer reflect any strict chronological order. The account rolls are generally in a good condition although some have become damaged, particularly at the sides and end (for example, 9–10 Hen. VI and 16–17 Hen. VI), whilst a few have become creased, some quite considerably (for example, 12–13 Hen. VI and 18–19 Edw. IV). Most are completely legible although tears and general wear, particularly to the edges, means that occasional words have been lost or are difficult to decipher. Each individual roll is clearly dated at the beginning of 12 13

Bailey, The English manor, p. 175. It has been impossible to establish any connection between Newmarket and the other manors. Z. Stansell, Manuscripts Reference Service, British Library, pers. comm.

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the recto while some of the earlier account rolls are also dated at the beginning of the verso. Almost all of the individual rolls contain only one set of annual accounts, the only exception being 22 Edw. IV–1 Ric. III, which is written on the verso of 21–22 Edw. IV. Almost all are written on both sides of the parchment, with the earlier rolls following the standard pattern of financial flows on the recto, and flows of grain and livestock on the verso. However, from 1439 onwards (when entries for animal and grain stocks disappear), financial flows are simply listed in order regardless of the side of the folio and in a few cases (for example, 18–19 Hen. VI and 19–20 Edw. IV), only one side of the parchment is used. Most of the folios are made up of a series of parchment leaves which have been carefully stitched together horizontally. For example, 16–17 Hen. VI consists of four separate pieces of parchment. In the case of 15–16 Hen. VI, which ends abruptly on both the recto and verso, at least one parchment leaf has become unstitched and detached from the rest of the folio. Unfortunately, it has not survived. As with the court rolls, the account roll folios are broadly similar in width, ranging from 19.5cm to 28.5cm, but vary considerably in length, from just 38cm to 213cm. Their sides are irregular and most taper on at least one edge so that, again, the following sizes are approximate: BL Add. Ch. 25676 5–6 Hen. IV, 23.5cm in width x 39cm in length SA/B, 1476/12 7–8 Hen. VI, 27.5cm x 182cm 8–9 Hen. VI, 27.5cm x 156cm 9–10 Hen. VI, 27cm x 166cm 10–11 Hen. VI, 27.5cm x 180cm 11–12 Hen. VI, 28.5cm x 170cm

12–13 Hen. VI, 25cm x 155cm 15–16 Hen. VI, 26cm x 57cm14 16–17 Hen. VI, 25cm x 186cm 17–18 Hen. VI, 24cm x 213cm 18–19 Hen. VI, 25cm x 85cm

SA/B, 359/3 12–13 Edw. IV 26cm x 175cm SA/B, 1476/13 13–14 Edw. IV, 25cm x 170cm 14–15 Edw. IV, 27cm x 73cm 15–16 Edw. IV, 28cm x 41cm 16–17 Edw. IV, 25.5cm x 84cm 21–22 Edw. IV and 22 Edw. IV–1 Ric. III, 23.5cm x 52.5cm

17–18 18–19 19–20 20–21

Edw. Edw. Edw. Edw.

IV, IV, IV, IV,

26.5cm 23.5cm 19.5cm 22.5cm

x x x x

45cm 45cm 56cm 38cm

Although no tags have been added to the folios, unlike the court rolls, four bills have been attached to 18–19 Hen. VI with blue thread. They vary in size between 5.8cm x 7.5cm and 15.2cm x 44cm.

14

See above; at least one parchment leaf has become detached from the rest of the folio and is no longer extant.

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Working practices of the clerks Both the court and the account rolls were clearly the work of several different clerks or scribes but, broadly, there is little variation between their writing styles and their working practices appear to have been consistent. The text is written in Latin in a cursive court hand and very little ornamentation is used with the exception of some of the main headings. On some occasions the clerks have used a large, elaborate text hand to distinguish these from the text whilst, occasionally, ornamentation has been used for initial letters. The entries are all written in an heavily abbreviated form of Latin, but some phrases are written in English, Norman French or a combination of the two, so that, for example, various commercial rows within the town are almost always prefaced with a Norman French definite article, as in ‘le cordewenersrowe, le Spiserisrowe, le Draperie’, whilst John Dawe is variously referred to in the account rolls as ‘de le Grene’, ‘off’ the Grene’ or ‘of the Grene’.15 On a few occasions, the Anglo-Saxon characters ‘yogh’ and ‘thorn’ have been used in English words, with ‘yogh’ in particular used for the ‘y’ in ‘yerd’ as in ‘le Doushowsʒeerd’ and ‘Thakkyngʒerdys’.16 The change of clerks is evident in the various hands used, which vary in size and legibility, in their spelling of certain words (although these are not always consistent within the work of the same scribe), and in minor differences in recording practices.17 For example, there is a range of different handwritings on the account roll for 13–14 Edw. IV. In some of the rolls a particular hand is followed by a second hand, but then reappears later, which not only suggests that more than one clerk or scribe was working on the roll, but that entries were being made by these various scribes at different times. This practice indicates that the records were working documents which, for the most part, were not written out on a single occasion. This supposition is reinforced by other evidence that shows additional details were often added and amendments made. For example, the court rolls include a significant number of superscript insertions and also several marginal insertions which have clearly been added after the main text was written as they are often in another hand or in a different ink. It is also apparent that blanks were sometimes left into which details could subsequently be inserted; some of these are revealed by a change in hand or ink, whilst others remained unfilled. This is commonly the case within the account rolls where spaces were left for totals to be added in later. In some cases, as in the total sum of all receipts for the account roll for 16–17 Edw. IV, no sum was ever inserted into the blank space. Finally, the rolls also include text that has been deleted by crossing through, usually in instances where it is reasonable to assume that there had been a change which led to the entry no longer being correct. For example, in 9–10 Hen. VI an entry recording a nil receipt for the year has been struck through and nothing added to replace it. At other times, a fresh entry replaces the deletion. In a few instances, it is evident that entries have been rubbed out and overwritten, as in the final total on the account roll of 13–14 Edw. IV. By contrast, however, there are a few instances where it seems likely that the entries have all been copied from an 15 16 17

For example, SA/B, 1476/1/13, 29 and 46; SA/B, 359/3. SA/B, 1476/12. Some footnotes have been added to the main text to highlight some of these scribal practices and to show evidence of the rolls being used as working documents.

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INTRODUCTION

earlier roll. The recto of folio 10 of the court rolls, for example, which records a session of the leet court, is very clearly written by the same hand throughout and has only one minor deletion.

The courts The surviving court rolls of Newmarket span just fifteen years, 1399–1413, and there are a few gaps. Nevertheless, although the rolls cover only a short time period, the series is exceptional in its depth and variety of information. The rolls relate to four separate courts held in the manor – a general court (or manor court), a market court, a fair court and a leet court – an array of courts that is unusual for a small town. Although this may be due to the documents’ fortunate survival compared to other places, there appears to have been a sustained effort and outlay to maintain efficient administrative records. Unfortunately, the rolls do not state where the courts themselves were held; possibly in the marketplace, the church or the steward’s house. They are written, as was usual, in an abbreviated and often formulaic style of Latin, which could lead to terse and undetailed entries.18 General court The manor court (which took the form of a general court – curia generalis) or, simply, a court (curia) in Newmarket was an instrument used by the manorial lord to ensure that his (or, occasionally, her) seigneurial rights over the dependant peasantry were enforced. Such courts operated within a framework of customary law, but their procedures were also influenced by the common law of the royal courts.19 Increasingly, the services of the manor court were made available to a wide body of suitors as a means by which their grievances could be addressed in return for a payment which was ultimately received by the lord. Attendance at manor courts was usually compulsory for unfree tenants, but free tenants and even outsiders could opt to use the court to pursue private business for a modest fee: manorial lords were willing to accept such business for the revenue it generated. In Newmarket, those who held stalls and shops were also expected to attend the manor courts, according to the terms of their tenure. The rolls record twenty-one sessions of the general court in Newmarket, held between 26 April 1400 and 16 June 1413. Generally, the court was held on the manor twice yearly, once in April (or, less frequently, May or June), and once in October/ November. The court was presided over by a steward, supported by a clerk and one or two bailiffs, and each session followed a standardised format that reflected the pattern adopted in manor courts elsewhere.20 The court session began with essoins (excuses for non-attendance at a court session, pledged by another suitor) and the swearing in of the presentment jury, which comprised men from the local community rather than outsiders. The jury then reported the names of men from within the manor who had defaulted on suit of court, which obliged tenants to attend. The focus of these initial procedures was on the lord enacting his seigneurial rights, but once these had been completed the jury then presented on a range of offences that 18 19 20

A detailed discussion of manorial court rolls is provided in Z. Razi and R. Smith (eds), Medieval society and the manor court (Oxford, 1996). L. Bonfield, ‘What did English villagers mean by ‘customary law?’, in Razi and Smith, Medieval society, pp. 69–116. For further examples see Bailey, The English manor, pp. 196–220.

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affected both the rights of the lord and also the wider interests of the community, and which involved offenders from both within the manor and outside. The reports of this presentment jury were viewed as incontestable testimony. The dealings of the court were thus largely determined by a group of tenants who represented the wider community.21 Unusually for a manor court, much of this business was taken up with transgressions relating to the marketing of food and drink, including breaches of the assizes of bread and ale, regrating, forestalling, weights and measures offences, selling food at excessive prices and failure to perform regulatory duties such as those of the aletaster.22 On most manors such infractions and regulations were normally handled under the jurisdiction of the leet court, but since this sat only once a year in Newmarket the transfer of business to the general court may have been a pragmatic response to the level of commercial activity. Conversely, property and land transfers were often conducted within manor courts, but in Newmarket these instead only occur in the market court (and occasionally the fair court), again highlighting how this community arranged its affairs to suit its particular circumstances and needs. Market court The market court (curia fori) in Newmarket was a further court held on behalf of the manorial lord who received the proceeds of regulating trading activity within the weekly market in return for operating a court which gave traders coming to the town a structured and reliable environment in which to seek any redress for disputes relating to their commercial activities there. Of the four courts held in Newmarket, it was this court which met most frequently and transacted the largest amount of business, predominantly in the form of interpersonal pleas such as debts, a reflection of the importance of trade in the settlement. The survival of dedicated market court rolls is highly unusual for a small town, which adds to the national importance of the extant rolls from Newmarket and justifies their publication.23 The rolls contain 183 separate market courts held between 2 December 1399 and 14 March 1413.24 The court followed the format of a manor court, took place on the manor, and was presided over by the steward and a clerk. It was supported as required by a presentment jury of up to thirteen members selected from men who traded in Newmarket, but who did not necessarily live within the town. It took place fortnightly on market day (Tuesday) and most courts held just one sitting, although some consisted of more than one session, such as that held on 3 July 1408 with sessions of the court held at the first, third and ninth hour, and the

21 22

23

24

J.S. Beckerman, ‘Procedural innovation and institutional change in medieval English manorial courts’, Law and History Review 10:2 (1992), pp. 197–252. The assizes of bread and ale were based on national legislation that monitored the price, measure and quality of these commodities. Regrating was the practice of buying goods to sell them again with no added value. Forestalling was the interception of goods before they reached the formal marketplace. Davis, Medieval market morality, p. 8, n. 29, pp. 231–48. For a discussion of surviving market courts, see Davis, ‘Market courts and lex mercatoria in late medieval England’ in M. Allen and M. Davies (eds), Medieval merchants and money (London, 2016), pp. 271–90. The court held on 2 November 1400 is recorded twice on two separate rolls, as are the eleven courts held between 23 October 1403 and 8 January 1404. This dual recording is either related to the way that the court rolls were collated and written up (draft and fair copies), or because certain entries provided proof and precedence for a disputed matter.

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hour after the ninth hour.25 A few cases were presented by the bailiff, but most were private actions between traders brought to the court at their own volition, with the majority concerning unpaid debts. It appears that many plaintiffs found it worthwhile to pay 4d. or more to litigate, including a significant number of outsiders. Although a few cases were resolved within a day, the majority lasted for a few weeks and even longer if they required a jury of inquisition to resolve problematic disagreements. However, most debt cases were resolved by a licence of agreement (licentia concordi) or because the plaintiff did not continue their plea, suggesting a common inclination eventually to resolve matters amicably and outside the formal dispute mechanisms of the court. There are also cases of one of the parties ‘waging their law’ (compurgation), where a certain number of neighbours would swear an oath in their support. This was not a common form of resolution in fifteenth-century courts and could be manipulated in favour of residents over outsiders.26 Nevertheless, overall, these were standardised and relatively efficient procedures that might have bred confidence in Newmarket’s courts and attracted outside traders. As many scholars have noted, these disputed debts comprised a fraction of a much greater number of uncontentious credit dealings, often oral and undocumented.27 Other actions in the market court related to broken contracts, trespass and poor quality or misrepresented goods. Although the court was presided over by a manorial official, its operation relied heavily on the traders themselves who acted as pledges, held distrained goods and formed juries when required. Pledges provided a guarantee that a plaintiff or defendant would carry out the court’s orders, which was further reinforced by distraint – the temporary seizure (attachment) of an individual’s goods or livestock. As most traders came from outside Newmarket, this was evidently a difficult process to coordinate; for instance, jurors were often amerced for defaulting, through failure to attend or neglect of their duties, and in some instances cases were adjourned.28 There are also a number of cases in the market court (sometimes referred there from the fair court) where the tenancy of stalls and shops was transferred to an individual ‘to hold to him and his heirs by the rod at the will of the lord’. These cases included the payment of entry fines, usually ranging from 8d. to 6s. 2d., as well as an annual rent. It is interesting that property transfers are recorded here and not in the general court, perhaps a reminder of their primary commercial nature. The period of tenancy is often not clear, though in 1408 Thomas Clerk rented a shop in Mercers’ Row for seven years, while in 1412 John Dowale rented a stall near the toll-house for twelve years, and John Ballone rented a spicery stall for twenty years. Lastly, John Staloun rented a butchery stall in 1409 for sixty years, effectively for life. Although there are some instances of heirs taking on these premises, and the phrasing in the court conveyances suggests they are inheritable during the 25

26 27

28

Speedily handling a case within a day was equivalent to piepowder court and merchant law procedures were often used at fairs because of the number of itinerant traders. At Newmarket it is noticeable how many of the parties are designated as mercator (trader or merchant), which might suggest that they were seeking the advantages of merchant law processes. Davis, ‘Market courts’, p. 279. Bailey, ‘Trade and towns’, pp. 204–05. E. Clark, ‘Debt litigation in a late medieval English vill’, in J.A. Raftis (ed.), Pathways to medieval peasants (Toronto, 1981), pp. 247–79; C. Briggs, Credit and village society in fourteenth-century England (Oxford, 2009). For a discussion of the Newmarket debt cases, see Davis, Medieval market morality, pp. 348–68 and May, ‘Newmarket and its market court’. In medieval parlance an amercement was a penalty for an offence, whereas a fine (or fee) was a permission or licence to do something.

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specified term of tenancy, a significant number appear not to have transferred to heirs. The conveyance process was nominally through the lord, but it appears that those recorded in the market court were effective sales of stalls and shops between tenants, such as when the bailiff explicitly presented that Richard Farewel sold a shop in the Butchery to William Howesson. Equally, however, the court would step in if any sale was made without the licence of the lord and thus payment of the appropriate entry fine. The account rolls make clear that another part of the terms was that the tenants owed suit of court. In essence, these tenures were a form of contractual cash rent, probably fixed at a commercial rate at the beginning of the period of tenancy and additionally incurring only an entry fine and suit of court.29 References in the rolls to increases in rent also show that the lord could alter the head rent, particularly if the circumstances or structures of the holding had changed. These tenures for stalls and shops were different from the rents of assize for the permanent plots along the street. The account rolls discussed below list fixed rents (redditus assise) from freemen, to be paid twice a year at Michaelmas and Easter, likely held for life. It is notable how these non-commercial rents and holdings remained largely uniform over time and the income from fixed rents is very similar in 1428/9 (£4 12s. 2½d.) as in 1482/3 (£4 12s. 6d.).30 Fair court The fair court (curia nundinarum) in Newmarket served a similar purpose to that of the market court. It was operated on behalf of the manorial lord to give traders attending the biannual fair the opportunity to seek justice as necessary. The rolls record seventeen sessions held between 11 June 1400 and 29 October 1413, with the court held twice yearly on the feast of St Barnabas the apostle (11 June) and on the morrow of, or shortly following, the feast of the apostles Simon and Jude (between 29 October and 3 November), so as to coincide with times at which the twice-yearly fair was held in the town. Once again, like the market court, the survival of the record of fair courts from a small town such as Newmarket is very rare, so their contents will be of interest to scholars far beyond Suffolk. In common with the market court, the fair court in Newmarket followed the same basic format as that of manor courts. It was held on the manor and presided over by the steward and a clerk, with a jury of up to twelve members who, as with the market court, were selected both from men who traded in Newmarket and frequently those who came from outside the town. The jury presented some cases to the court for its consideration, whilst other cases were presented by the bailiff. Although the court is referred to as the ‘fair court’ and was held at the times when the fair was due, only a handful of cases clearly relate to transgressions connected to the fair. At a number of court sessions men were amerced for having their shops’ entrances open onto the lord’s fair without permission, so that tolls due to the lord were avoided and in October 1407 Ralph Brabon was amerced for forestalling at the fair. Other cases probably related to issues occurring at the fair, particularly debt cases which, presumably, concerned debts incurred there. Nonetheless, many of the cases brought before the court do not appear to have been specific to the fair, since a number concerned shops or stalls in the marketplace, either relating to the tenancy

29 30

Bailey, After the Black Death: economy, society and the law in fourteenth-century England (Oxford, 2021), p. 27. May, ‘Newmarket 500 years ago’, p. 254.

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of these trading units or to their condition. At the fair court held in October 1412, for example, Laurence atte Thorn was amerced 6d. because he had not repaired his shop, whilst John Ballone, John Hoog and John Dowale all entered into agreements by which they were granted tenancy of shops or stalls. The market court also dealt with matters such as these, so the responsibilities of the fair court appear to overlap. It is unclear why some tenancy agreements were brought to the market court and others to the fair court, although May suggests that the fair court acted as ‘almost the annual general meeting of the Market Court’.31 Leet court The business of the leet court (leta), or view of frankpledge, was significantly different from that of the manor court. Whilst other forms of manorial courts enforced seigneurial jurisdiction, the leet was the lowest court of royal jurisdiction and punished minor infringements of the king’s peace, from public nuisances to street brawls. This was achieved through the operation of the tithing system, by which all adult males over the age of twelve were held responsible for the behaviour and misdemeanours of the other members of their tithing group.32 Membership of a tithing group was compulsory for all free and unfree males resident within the leet jurisdiction. This right to a view of frankpledge and associated leet court was granted to Richard de Argentein in 1227 for his manor of Newmarket (see Appendix), before the manor was divided, so the jurisdiction seemingly covered residents of both manors after 1318. The rolls record ten separate sessions of the leet court held between 1 August 1400 and 1 August 1411. Just one session of the leet court was held every year and it was always held on 1 August, regardless of the day of week on which this date fell. In Newmarket, as elsewhere, the leet court was administered by the same officials as the other courts, held on the manor, and largely attended by the same people (even though only those resident were obliged to attend), so that any distinction between the courts’ composition is hard to perceive. This may be why some of the distribution of business between the four courts is unusual and not strictly according to their jurisdiction, but rather distributed for the convenience of these officials and capital pledges. However, on four occasions the leet court in Newmarket is specified as being the leet ‘of the (lord) King (leta [domini] Regis)’, confirming that it held a different status to that of the manorial courts.33 Each court session opened by identifying the capital pledges, the men who headed up each of the tithing groups. The capital pledges acted as the presentment jury, comprised of men resident in the two manors of Newmarket. The jury presented on a range of issues relating to the maintenance of law and order within the jurisdiction of the leet, which usually began with ensuring that all adult males were allocated to a tithing group and then proceeded to the consideration of a range of petty offences, principally assaults, breaches of the peace, and common nuisances, but also cases of obstruction, particularly of the king’s highway. The leet court was also usually responsible for dealing with breaches of the assizes of bread and ale, as well as weights and measures offences, since these were matters associated with the petty jurisdiction of the Crown. However, in 31 32 33

May, Newmarket: medieval and Tudor, p. 29. This was nominally a group of ten, but the practice would vary, particularly as new members entered and old members left or died. In 1403, 1404, 1406 and 1411.

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Newmarket most offences relating to the sale of food and drink, including breaches of the assizes, were handled by the general court. As discussed above, it is unclear as to why this was the case, although evidence from courts in other manors shows that leet business could often be subsumed by the manor court.34

The accounts Manorial accounts detail the annual management, yield and expenditure of the different elements of the manor. They normally contain separate sections of income and expenditure on the front of the account, with details of the flows of grain and stock on the reverse, sometimes with a breakdown of the utilisation of labour services. In almost all cases, the year covered by an account was an agricultural year, Michaelmas (29 September) to Michaelmas, as most manors were primarily agricultural operations. The income side of a typical manorial account, therefore, records the receipts from the cash rents from manorial tenants for their agricultural holdings and commuted labour services, plus leases of some demesne resources (such as meadows and pasture ground) and cash from the sale of demesne produce exploited directly, such as wool, grain, livestock and hay. The extent and nature of the other receipts depended on the structure and components of the particular manor. For example, if the manor had acquired a royal grant to hold a weekly market, the accounts would also incorporate receipts of rent received from shops or stalls, and of tolls payable at any market or fair held within the manor. They also record the income from the various courts, reminding us that justice could be profitable to the lord. On the expenditure side, accounts list payments made over the period, which typically include such items as the purchase of grain and stock, costs of maintaining of agricultural equipment and buildings, and the costs of various agricultural tasks, including the demesne harvest. There are also exceptional expenses, whether relating to the lord’s own business, those incurred by manorial officials going about their formal business, and, in the case of Newmarket, the hiring of men specifically to collect the market tolls in purses. The expenditure section also includes details of accounting procedures, such as allowances for rents and fines that proved uncollectable and cash transfers to the lord. At the end of the accounting year there would be a reckoning and audit of these resources and transactions, leading to alterations and marginalia on the document. Once audited, either the net profits would be paid over to the lords or, more rarely, surplus expenditure would be repayable to the official responsible for the accounts. Thus, strictly speaking, manorial accounts followed a system of ‘charge-discharge’ rather than income and expenditure, and the manorial official was thus accountable to the lords for all money spent and received, as well as the status of the manor’s assets. The accounts of Newmarket differ in their approach since they relate to a manor whose activities were largely based around trade and, in particular, its market, rather than agriculture. Whilst the layout of the accounts is broadly in line with those of a typical manor, the detail of the entries is quite different. In particular, on the income side, instead of a lump sum payment for all assize or contractual rents, many of the accounts record a considerable amount of individual detail about the holdings, shops 34

F.M. Page, The estates of Crowland Abbey: a study in manorial organisation (Cambridge, 1934), pp. 36–7, cited in Bailey, The English manor, pp. 183–4.

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and stalls for which rent is payable. There was clearly an intention to keep a close eye on this substantial income and the transfer of tenancies. By contrast, the information in the Newmarket rolls relating to the grain and stock account is much less informative than in many manorial accounts. This reflects the fact that the demesne agricultural component of this manor was smaller and less important than on most manors. The earlier Newmarket rolls (from 1428 to 1438) include some entries for flows of stocks of grain, animals and so forth, but for the most part these are shown as a nil entry except for a few cases where capons, given as rent payments, are recorded. The lack of information might reflect the leasing of the demesne assets of Newmarket’s limited fields and arable land, which is evident from at least 1403/4, and the nil returns were merely a formulaic remnant. After 1439, entries for animal and grain stocks had disappeared from the accounts.

The lords of the manor The manor of Newmarket was held by the Argentein family from its founding at the beginning of the thirteenth century. On the death of John Argentein in 1318 the manor was divided: John’s infant son took one half of the manor, known as Argentein Manor, and John’s two daughters, Joan and Elizabeth, who had married the brothers John and William le Botiller, took joint possession of the other half of the manor, which became known as Butler’s Manor.35 Both landlords were absentees and the divided manor continued to be administered as a single unit, referred to in the rolls as ‘Newmarket’, and overseen by the same manorial officers. There are passing references in the rolls to this arrangement. At the beginning of the account for 1473/74 (and probably at the beginning of the roll for 1474/75 although damage makes it impossible to be sure of the precise wording), John Alyngton (see below) is referred to as the ‘farmer’ (firmarius) for Ralph Boteler. The accounts for 1473/74 make a distinction between the sums due to William Alyngton, as lord of the former Argentein manor (see below) and John Alyngton, as the farmer of Butler’s manor. At the beginning of the fifteenth century, the Argentein share of the manor was held by Sir William Argentein who is referred to in the surviving rolls. William died in c.1419 and was succeeded by his grandson, John, who died without issue in 1423.36 The manor was initially inherited by John’s two sisters, Elizabeth and Joan, who had married brothers, William and Robert Alyngton. On Joan’s death in 1429, the whole of the Argentein manor passed to Elizabeth, the wife of William, although it was William who became lord of the manor and is referred to as such in the rolls. The manor passed to William’s son, also called William, in 1459 and he, in turn, was succeeded by his older brother, John, in 1479. When John died the following year, his son, another William, became the new lord and he retained the manor until his death in 1485 at the battle of Bosworth.37

35 36

37

May, Newmarket: medieval and Tudor, pp. 17–18. See ARGENTINE, Sir William (c.1350–1419) of Halesworth, Suff. And Great Wymondley, Herts., www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/member/argentine-sir-william-1350-1419 [accessed 20 February 2022]. May, Newmarket: medieval and Tudor, pp. 18–19.

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The origins and development of Newmarket as a trading settlement Historians have increasingly recognised that small towns played a discrete but cumulatively significant role in the economic life of late medieval England.38 Richard Britnell noted that England was a ‘land of predominantly very small towns’, and this was particularly the case at the end of the period when Stephen Rigby estimated that their share of the total tax population rose from 5.6 per cent in 1377 to 8.8 per cent in 1524, at the same time as their percentage of the total urban population increased from 35.9 per cent to 64.2 per cent.39 Generally, they were vibrant and distinct settlements which served their local hinterlands by providing for trade in staples and basic manufactures, as well as a minor amount of petty commodity production. Some specialised in particular trades or services, for example, Mark Bailey has shown that some of the Hertfordshire towns located along the River Lea acted as collecting points for agricultural produce destined for the capital.40 Taken as a whole, the county of Suffolk was notable for the density of its market network. However, the majority of the markets were located in the east of the county; seventy separate markets have been identified for east Suffolk, whereas the west of the county had only thirty-three.41 This pattern of development was largely due to two factors. Firstly, many markets were dependent on coastal or riverine traffic so that a large number of Suffolk markets were located either on the coast or on the more abundant rivers in the east of the county, including the Orwell, Gipping, Stour, Deben and Alde. Secondly, the west of the county was dominated by the liberty of St Edmund, an area of jurisdiction consisting of the eight and an half hundreds which had been granted to the abbey of Bury St Edmunds. Not only did the abbey have judicial rights, it also held significant estates in this part of the county which included the banleuca, town and suburbs of Bury St Edmunds itself as well as extensive rural manors and other pieces of land. Commercial activity within the town of Bury St Edmunds was centred on its markets, with the Great Market in particular attracting regional, national and international trade so that these were, consequently, a further significant source of income for the abbey.42 The abbey was keen to protect its markets in Bury St Edmunds and frequently intervened in the running of both those that were within its authority and those that were not, to the extent that, until the end of the period, there were no other markets within a ten-mile radius of Bury St Edmunds (see Plate 2). To the west and north of Newmarket, in Cambridgeshire, there was also a relatively low density of markets, largely due to the influence of Cambridge and Ely as the dominant urban centres, but also the landscape of open heathland.43 As Plate 2 38

39

40 41 42 43

R.H. Hilton, ‘Medieval market towns and simple commodity production’, Past & Present 109 (1985), pp. 3–23; C. Dyer, ‘Small towns 1270–1540’, in D.M. Palliser (ed.), Cambridge urban history of Britain, volume I: 600–1540 (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 505–37; Dyer, ‘Small places with large consequences: the importance of small towns in England, 1000–1540’, Historical Research 75 (2002), pp. 1–24. R. Britnell, ‘Town life’, in R. Horrox and W.M. Ormrod (eds), A social history of England: 1200– 1500 (Cambridge, 2006), pp. 134–78, at p.145; S.H. Rigby, ‘Urban population in late medieval England: the evidence of the lay subsidies’, Economic History Review 63:2 (2010), pp. 405–07. Bailey, ‘The economy of towns and markets, 1100–1500’, in T. Slater and N. Goose (eds), A county of small towns: the development of Hertfordshire’s urban landscape to 1800 (Hatfield, 2008), p. 53. Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales to 1516: https://archives.history.ac.uk/cmh/gaz/ gazweb2.html [accessed 15 October 2019]. R.M Gottfried, Bury St Edmunds and the urban crisis: 1290–1539 (Princeton, NJ, 1982), pp. 84–8. Bailey suggests this sparse landscape is the reason why the area gained a reputation among travellers for attacks from dangerous gangs. Medieval Suffolk, pp. 166–7.

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Plate 2. Map showing markets operating within a twenty-five-mile radius of Newmarket in the late Middle Ages. Drawn by David Addy

RECORDS OF MEDIEVAL NEWMARKET

shows, Newmarket thus lay at the heart of a comparative lacuna of market foundations. This is particularly notable in comparison with the ribbon of market (and cloth manufacturing) activity some 10–12 miles south of Newmarket along the northern border of Essex. In her definition of medieval towns Heather Swanson claimed that ‘they were places with a concentration of population, however small that population might be, where the majority were engaged in a diversity of non-agricultural occupations’.44 Late medieval Newmarket did not truly meet this criterion since although its large and active market attracted traders from a range of non-agricultural occupations, these were people who predominantly lived outside the settlement and travelled in to trade rather than being permanently resident. With the exception of the hospitality trade, which catered for the needs of travellers passing through or to the town, there is little evidence of people with a wide range of non-agricultural occupations living and working in Newmarket, so it could be argued that it was a small trading settlement rather than, strictly, a town, though its topography does show a reasonable density of settlement around a central marketplace. The ‘small town’ of Newmarket developed very late in the medieval period. It seems likely that a trading site was established at this location around 1200, and it may have been considered a prescriptive market (held by established custom) since there is no extant market charter.45 A planned marketplace was probably established in the thirteenth or fourteenth century (see below), but it was not until the fifteenth century that Newmarket became firmly established. Although the economic impact of the population decline of the fourteenth century on medieval towns and markets has long been a subject of contention and debate, most historians have now concluded that the late medieval period was a time of economic restructuring and realignment as the urban pattern matured and developed to meet the changed economic circumstances.46 The growth of Newmarket in the fifteenth century was, therefore, unusual, because for many other towns this was a time of decline and decay. The success is even more untypical given that the town had two major disadvantages; it was a relatively ‘new town’ having to compete with others that had been firmly established some centuries previously, and it was not located on a navigable river at a time when this was a significant factor in determining the location and success of towns. The factors which caused urban decline or survival, or even prosperity, were various and complex and often specific to the particular town, so an individualistic approach is needed together with evidence specific to the settlement in question. In the case of Newmarket its success was related to two main factors, namely location and institutional structure, although others may also have played a role. Location The main reason why Newmarket became established and enjoyed some level of success at a time when other towns were struggling was due to its being in the right place at the right time. As can be seen from Plate 3 it was positioned on manorial, parish and county boundaries, which led to jurisdictional complications in adminis44 45

46

Swanson, Medieval British towns (London, 1999), p. 1. May, Newmarket: medieval and Tudor, pp. 1–2. There is a 1258 market charter for nearby Exning which granted it a Monday market, but this never appears to have been developed. Calendar of Charter Rolls, 1257–1300 (London, 1906), p. 8. See, for example, A. Dyer, Decline and growth in English towns: 1400–1640 (Cambridge, 1995).

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Plate 3. Map of the roads and boundaries of late medieval Newmarket. Drawn by David Addy

INTRODUCTION

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tration and taxation, so may have attracted those seeking to escape county jurisdiction. However, of more importance to its commercial development was Newmarket’s position on transport links. As has been noted, whilst it was not located on a river network, it had exceptional road links being situated on the intersection of the roads which linked Norwich to London, and Cambridge with Bury St Edmunds. This locational prominence is also seen in Newmarket’s entry on the estreats of the royal clerk of the market for 1406/07, during the clerk’s search for supplies to the king’s household. Newmarket is visited alongside small towns like Hitchin and Dunstable, also on the Icknield Way, but no other Suffolk towns.47 In addition, whilst Newmarket lacked its own agrarian base, it was surrounded by a number of agricultural vills which were not effectively served by other markets. Charters had been obtained to establish markets at some of these, including Lidgate, Moulton and Ousden, but none of them had developed into successful foundations (see Plate 2). The first group of traders attracted to the market at Newmarket were probably people from these hinterland settlements who were predominantly engaged in agriculture and husbandry and came to Newmarket to sell their own produce and buy foodstuffs and other essential commodities which they were unable to grow or make themselves. The continued importance of Newmarket to its hinterland is reflected in references in the court rolls to settlements near to the town. Of sixty-one different places which had contacts with Newmarket in the early fifteenth century, the vast majority (forty-one) were within a twelve-mile radius.48 Plate 4 highlights all the vills that are mentioned in the court records as the home of a trader within a twelve-mile range, clearly demonstrating the regional reach of this market. The account rolls confirm that people from these vills came to Newmarket to sell their produce. The 1472/73 roll records traders from places such as Exning (2 miles from Newmarket), Ashley (3½ miles), Woodditton (4 miles), Stetchworth (4 miles), Fordham (5 miles) and Bottisham (7 miles), who particularly rented units in rows which dealt with perishable foodstuffs, such as the Butchery or the Cheesemarket. Newmarket also provided marketing facilities for traders who were prepared to travel longer distances to bring more durable items to the town. In the context of the fifteenth century, Newmarket was located both near to a number of important clothproducing areas and between these areas and wool-producing areas. At this time cloth was being produced throughout Suffolk, although the areas to the south of the county and into Essex (particularly along the Stour Valley) were growing in importance relative to the areas to the west and north. Some of the wool for this growing cloth industry was also being produced in areas around Newmarket, particularly in the Breckland and parts of High Suffolk. Although this wool was used in local cloth production, East Anglian wool was not suitable for premium quality cloth and local manufacturers also sourced wool from other counties across England.49 As wool

47

48

49

TNA, E101/258/2. The names of those fined by the royal clerk of the market recur in the Newmarket court rolls below: John Baker (24d.), John Redere (24d.), John Barbour (12d.) for breaking the assize of bread, John Lanham (12d.), John Manston (12d.), John Waleys (12d.), John Clerk (12d.) for breaking the assize of ale and selling by cups and dishes, Thomas Cook (16d.), John Smyth (12d.), John Kyrkeby (12d.), hostelers, for selling victuals at excessive price, Thomas Bocher (6d.), Henry Bocher (6d.), for suspect meat and selling at excessive price. Davis, Medieval market morality, p. 282. Christopher Dyer saw a similar pattern for the market towns of Warwickshire: ‘Market towns and the countryside in late medieval England’, Canadian Journal of History 31 (1996), p. 18. N.R. Amor, From wool to cloth: the triumph of the Suffolk clothier (Bungay, 2016), pp. 112–15.

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Plate 4. Map of the commercial hinterland of Newmarket with vills mentioned in the court records as the home of a trader within a twelve-mile range. Drawn by David Addy

INTRODUCTION

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tended to be moved by road, some of this raw material came through Newmarket on its way to the cloth-producing areas. Fifteenth-century wool and cloth production was by the standards of the time a complex process of organisation and management, increasingly controlled by middlemen. In the later fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, these men became known as clothiers, but in the earlier fifteenth century they were still referred to as drapers with some mercers also heavily involved in the cloth trade.50 This collective group of middlemen were variously engaged in wool and cloth industries and during the fifteenth century Newmarket played a role in the collection and distribution network. In this connection, Newmarket also benefitted from the increased prominence of the port of London. The late Middle Ages saw the decline of a number of east coast ports as London became the focal point for trade in this region. Corn, together with wool and, subsequently, cloth, had been exported from Lynn, while Great Yarmouth had not only prospered from the export of herring but had also been the foremost port for the export of worsted, handling around three-quarters of all English worsted exports during the fourteenth century.51 By the early 1400s, trade from both towns was in decline. In the mid-fifteenth century Hanseatic merchants exported enormous volumes of cloth through Colchester and Ipswich, but after about 1470 their trade moved to London. The decline of these ports and the rise of London saw the capital’s cloth exports expand considerably, which required the movement of cloths from manufacturing centres in north-east Norfolk, south Suffolk and north Essex to London. Newmarket’s location on a main road linking East Anglia with London saw it play an increasingly active role in a revised distribution network. The role of Newmarket in the wool and cloth trades was however only ever minor since it remained a small town throughout the late medieval period and its levels of trade were never comparable with those of major players such as Colchester or even Bury St Edmunds. Nevertheless, significant amounts of cloth were mentioned in debt cases in the town, such as the woollen cloth worth 100s. attached from John Walter of Bury St Edmunds in 1408, and the chest and woollen cloth worth 50s. attached from Edmund Taverner of Bury St Edmunds in the same year. By 1472/73 the Drapery was the second largest trading row in the town having twentythree stalls, with an additional two shops in the Old Drapery and nine and a half in the Mercery, although trading in cloth was not exclusive here since it is possible to identify drapers trading from units elsewhere in the market. It is plausible to suggest that these shops were not primarily engaged in trade with members of the public, but were rather the trading units of middlemen who were selling wool to cloth producers, or who had collected cloths from their places of manufacture and were selling them on to other merchants and traders. In this respect, the location of Newmarket on the main road between Norwich and London was significant. Cloth merchants trading in the town were associated with a range of locations. The mercer John Heyham of Newmarket, who paid a fine of 7s. in 1409 to rent two shops in the Drapery, is recorded in the Common Plea Rolls as being involved in debt pleas with the London mercer John Hertwell, and with John Hereward, who came from the cloth-producing town of Sudbury.52 The draper William Aylnoth was originally from the small south Suffolk village of Hundon but later moved to the clothmaking

50 51 52

The Latin pannarius can be translated as either draper or clothier. Amor, ‘The early history of Norfolk’s worsted cloth’, Norfolk Archaeology 48 (2018), pp. 42–3. TNA, CP40/621, f. 1725d. and f. 187f., 646, f. 450d.

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town of Coggeshall in Essex, and is recorded in the account rolls as paying 10d. a year to rent a shop in Newmarket, and also held a tenement and land in the town.53 Similarly, the draper John Parsey of Bury St Edmunds, a burgess and benefactor of the borough who traded various goods as well as woollen cloth, paid 16d. a year for the farm of four shops in the Drapery.54 The importance of Newmarket to travellers and traders is further demonstrated by reference to the town’s main industry in the fifteenth century: hospitality. The account roll of 1472/73 refers to eleven inns or alehouses which would have provided refreshment and accommodation to travellers.55 For instance, in 1459/60 Thomas Playter of Sotterley travelled on business to London, and stopped in Newmarket ‘for my dyner and horsmete – 6d.’.56 Holders of these or similar establishments earlier in the fifteenth century were frequently fined by the various courts for offences relating to their trade. John Redere who held the Hart was regularly amerced between 1400 and 1411 for a range of brewing and baking offences and, less frequently, for reheating fish and meat, selling various foodstuffs at excessive prices, forestalling and regrating, being a common cook, breaching weights and measures laws, and having the door of his inn open onto the marketplace. Over the same period his wife, who evidently shared the running of the inn with her husband, was amerced for brewing, baking and weights and measures infringements. Institutional structure Whilst location was a key factor in determining the success of Newmarket, this on its own was insufficient in ensuring stability and growth. The nearby town of Mildenhall declined during the fifteenth century even though it shared many of Newmarket’s locational benefits, and, additionally, was more established and on a navigable river. The two towns differed in one important respect: the manor of Mildenhall was held by an ecclesiastical landlord, in this case the cellarer of the Benedictine abbey of Bury St Edmunds, whereas the lord of the manor of Newmarket was a lay landlord. The institutional control exerted both within the manor itself and on any trading facilities played a key role in determining the commercial development of a settlement.57 Many other manors within west Suffolk were held by ecclesiastical landlords, particularly Bury abbey, and were managed directly and conservatively to ensure a steady supply of agrarian resources for the monastic community and to defend its ancient privileges. The degree of bureau53

54

55

56 57

His will of 1503 suggests that by this time he had become a wealthy man because he left property in Newmarket, Exning, Woodditton, Hundon and Coggeshall, bequeathed a wide range of household items including silver spoons and a featherbed, and gave money to churches in Hundon, Newmarket and Coggeshall. Will of William Aylnoth of Coggeshall, TNA, PROB 11/14/745. In his will of 1509, he left property in Feltwell and Little Saxham together with various tenements in Bury St Edmunds and left significant sums to a wide range of religious institutions, which included bequests of 10s. each to the churches of All Saints and St Mary in Newmarket. Will of John Parsey, draper of Bury St Edmunds, TNA, PROB 11/16/567. ‘le Bere, le Cristofer, le Swerd, le Bell, le Herte, le Ramme, le Swan, le Gryffyn, le Bole, le Saresenshede, le Shipp’. For the role of inns, see J. Hare, ‘Inns, innkeepers and the society of later medieval England’, Journal of Medieval History 39:4 (2013), pp. 477–97 and Davis, Medieval market morality, pp. 335–7. C. Richmond, ‘The expenses of Thomas Playter of Sotterley, 1459–60’, PSIAH 35:1 (1981), pp. 44–6. For a comparison of small towns with differing levels of lordly control, see Bailey, ‘A tale of two towns: Buntingford and Standon in the later Middle Ages’, Journal of Medieval History 19:4 (1993), pp. 351–71.

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cratic and administrative control exercised by monasteries, such as Bury abbey, over their estates reduced the scope for responding flexibly and innovatively to changing commercial opportunities and realities.58 By contrast, many lay landlords were largely absent from their manors and preferred to leave the day-to-day control to a steward or bailiff, who in turn was more amenable to the influence of the leading residents who comprised the jurors who ran the manorial courts. These manors were generally smaller and seigneurial demands were less onerous. In this respect, Newmarket was a typical example: it was small, with little arable land and some fifty-five smallholdings which probably supported a population of around 200–250.59 Its management was entrusted to bailiffs who were generally local men who traded in the town, and were thus knowledgeable about the market’s problems and needs. These bailiffs were active in the proceedings of the various manorial courts and were supported by other jurymen and officials usually selected from other traders. For the manor and fair courts, many came from outside Newmarket so that the courts were not exclusively serviced by members of the local community. This situation made Newmarket highly attractive to traders coming to the town because, as a collective group, the mercantile community was largely able to establish and enforce its own rules and regulations, with jurors given the authority to decide which offences to prosecute and which to ignore, as well as the degree of punishment. The lack of seigneurial interference and high level of freedom was conducive to the development of trade and even entrepreneurship, helping to ensure the successful establishment of the town as a viable trading community. Despite this apparent level of self-determination, the landlord remained in overall control. Newmarket never became an incorporated borough with the benefits of formal self-government, nor did its tenants enjoy the privileges of full burgage tenure.60 Perhaps one reason for this is that many of the conditions of tenure and service enjoyed by Newmarket’s tenants actually differed little from those experienced by burgesses in many seigneurial boroughs, such as fixed money rents or contractual cash rents, and the ability to sell or sublet.61 Ultimately, as long as the lord’s rights and income were respected, the residents of Newmarket exercised a significant degree of control over everyday affairs.62 By the fifteenth century, therefore, Newmarket was a thriving roadside settlement which attracted traders from its surrounding villages, as well as merchants operating in much wider trading networks. It offered both a weekly market on a Tuesday, with stalls arranged in rows by commodity, and a twice-yearly fair. The relaxed contractual tenures offered by its absentee landlord for stalls and shops attracted traders both from its immediate hinterland and from further afield. In addition, it provided accommodation and refreshment for travellers throughout the week.

58 59

60 61 62

Bailey, Medieval Suffolk, pp. 136–41. The taxpaying population of Newmarket in 1377 was just 97 which, when multiplied by the generally accepted figure of 1.9 to allow for those who were too young or too poor to be assessed, or who simply evaded payment, gives a population figure of just under 185. In 1524, 42 people paid the lay subsidy which, when using the multiplier of 6.0, suggested by Dyer, gives a population of around 250. See Dyer, ‘“Urban decline” in England, 1377-1525’, in T.R. Slater (ed.), Towns in decline AD100–1600 (Aldershot, 2000), p. 275. Davis, Medieval market morality, p. 279. See below, p. xxxv. Bailey, Medieval Suffolk, pp. 144–5.

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Seigneurial investment Although the lords of the manor of Newmarket were absentee landlords who largely left the running of the manor in the hands of officials, evidence within the rolls suggests that deliberate attempts were made over the course of the fifteenth century both to ensure that income from existing trade was maximised, and to encourage new trade within the settlement. The changes that can be identified broadly coincide with the manor passing from the Argentein to the Alyngton families and suggest that the new landlords were aware of the trading potential of their new manor and were more proactive in increasing income from this source. The entries in the first extant account for the manor, dated 1403/4, are succinct and summarised so that receipts from stallage are simply recorded as being 36s. 10d., without any further detail about individual tenants or stalls. Thereafter, however, income from activities related to trade within the town becomes increasingly detailed. In the account roll for 1428/29, all tenants, holdings and rents are individually listed and this practice continues until the account for 1439/40. By the time of the next extant roll, that of 1472/73, more detail is included again, with most entries including the rent payable for the holding, the name of the tenant, the names of previous tenants, and details about location. In the case of shops or stalls, this is described in terms of position within the marketplace both by reference to specific features, such as the different trading rows or the toll-house, and in relation to other holdings. So, for example, a shop held by William Maryot for an annual, contractual rent of 4d., is described as: 1 shop, lately John Horn’s, once John Lacye’s, situated in the Butchery between the stall, once John Cooke’s, now Thomas Skreven’s, on the southern side and a vacant plot of land now built with a stall in the tenure of the said William on the other side, one head abutting upon the Cheesemarket and the other head to the west upon the Butchery there.

The change in practice suggests much closer attention was being given to the income that could be generated from market activities and that care was being taken to ensure that each unit within the town was clearly identifiable both in terms of its location and its history. It coincided with the appointment of a permanent bailiff rather than an elected official, probably at the instigation of a manorial lord who was keen to ensure that his manor was run as an efficient business unit.63 It is also evident that the marketplace was being developed. The number of trading units increased quite considerably between 1429/30 and 1472/73.64 Although it is impossible to be precise about how many units had been added, a conservative estimate suggests there were at least forty new units in and around the marketplace. Unfortunately, the lack of records from between these two dates makes it impossible to ascertain when or why these shops were constructed but some tentative conclusions can be drawn from the fact that at least eleven of the shops were in the Drapery and three in the Mercery. This implies that the construction of the new shops was a deliberate attempt by the lord of the manor to attract wool and cloth trade to Newmarket. The benefit to the lord was not simply increased trade, for these new units were generally leased for higher rents than those attached to either established units or to new units elsewhere in the market. Other development was taking place elsewhere in the marketplace. The toll-house was repaired and reroofed in 1428/29, 63 64

Bailey, The English manor, p. 98. See below, p. xxxii.

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but in 1472/73 it was rebuilt at the sizeable cost of £2 8d., whilst the 1472/73 roll also refers to a new aule, presumably a gild hall, which had been constructed in the market area. Trading structures Whilst location and flexible seigneurial control were factors that attracted traders to Newmarket, it was important that appropriate structures were in place so that trade could take place within an effective and supportive environment. This was not just in terms of the physical trading environment, but also the administrative and judicial structures. In his work on the development of towns in the Middle Ages, Maurice Beresford claimed that Newmarket was a planned town.65 It is more likely, however, that the earliest development was unplanned and took the form of a site on the main London to Norwich road where informal exchange took place. May suggests that some formal planning possibly occurred during the late thirteenth century with the relocating of the main marketplace, and this may have included the separating out of the trading centre into a series of distinct commodity sectors.66 References in the court rolls confirm that by the early fifteenth century, the main market consisted of a series of rows, together with other features which had been deliberately created to support marketing and which included the lord’s marketplace, the toll-house and a market cross.67 It is impossible to tell from the court rolls how many shops or stalls existed in Newmarket but one of the earliest account rolls, that for 1429/30, gives some detail. At this time there were at least thirty-nine and a half shops and twenty-three stalls in the town, together with five vacant lots used for trading purposes, giving a minimum total of sixty-seven and a half trading units.68 Of these, ten and a half are recorded as being in the lord’s hands which suggests that the supply of trading units was exceeding demand. By 1472/73, this situation had clearly turned around. The account roll for this year records seventy-one and a half shops, thirty-five stalls and nine vacant plots, a total of 115½ possible trading units, with none of these left in the lord’s hands and without a tenant.69 By then, the largest trading row in the town was almost certainly the Butchery, which can be identified as having at least twentyfive shops or stalls, followed by the Drapery with at least twenty-three. Significant other rows included Barkers’ Row, the Mercery and Ropers’ Row.

65 66 67

68 69

M. Beresford, New towns of the Middle Ages: town plantation in England, Wales and Gascony (Gloucester, 1988), p. 490. May, ‘The site of the medieval market at Newmarket’, Suffolk Review 4:4 (1975/6), p. 193. The court rolls contain references to ‘le Merseryrowe, le Draperye, Cordeweneresrowe, Irnmongerisrowe, Spiserisrowe, Tornersrowe, le Bocherye, Skynneris rowe, le Lyndraperye, le Pulterie, le Sowteryerowe, le Schragrye’. It is impossible to be precise as seven tenants are recorded as renting various shops or stalls (diversarum schoparum cum stallis) without the exact number being given. Two of the shops are described as houses, but because they were located in a trading row, it seems reasonable to assume that they were also used for trading purposes. It is not possible to confirm that all of the vacant plots were used for trade, but their location within the marketplace, together with evidence for the incremental development of trading units, and the fact that the rolls confirm that at least one was used to display merchandise, suggest that at least some were used for commerce. May attempted to reconstruct the distribution of holdings using this account roll data in Newmarket: medieval and Tudor, pp. 31–3 and ‘Newmarket 500 years ago’.

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Table 1. Number of identifiable shops or stalls in each of the commodity rows as recorded in the 1472/73 account roll for the manor of Newmarket, SA/B, 359/370 Row

Number of units

Butchery Drapery Barkers’ Row Mercery Ropers’ Row Cheesemarket Ironmongers’ Row Cordwainers’ Row Turners’ Row Old Drapery Shraggery Row Spicers’ Row

25 (including 14 stalls) 23 11 (including 8 stalls) 9½ (including 2 stalls) 9 6 6 5 4 (including 2 stalls) 2 3 (2 described as houses) 1

By 1472 the marketplace, the toll-house and the market cross were still in existence and, in addition, a gild hall had been established.71 The positional information provided in the account rolls allows for an approximate reconstruction of the marketplace and the placing of the rows, with the toll-house at its heart (see Plate 5). The rolls give occasional details about the size of the trading units, with a shop recorded as being 10ft x 9ft and two stalls as 8ft x 6ft and 10ft x 9ft. Shops were probably of one or two-storey, timber-framed, with an arched opening and hanging board at the front through which most of the trade took place. Stalls were usually more temporary structures, with an awning over a wooden frame that could be dismantled at the end of the market day. It is uncertain whether the account rolls accord to such a clear distinction. In addition, the rolls also include references to vacant spaces in and around the marketplace, some of which were evidently used for trading purposes. These ranged in size from 7ft x 1½ ft to 30ft x 22ft. The annual rents paid for units varied widely. In 1472/73 the lowest rent was 4d. paid by Richard Stern for four shops in the Drapery, an average of just a penny a unit, with the highest being 5s. 6d. which John Whityng paid for a shop on the west side of the Tolbooth, presumably a desirable location for trade. Nonetheless, there was little distinction between the rents payable for a shop, stall or vacant plot so that in 1472/73 average annual rents were 9½d. for a shop, 11d. for a stall and 13½d. for a vacant plot. The higher rents payable for vacant plots is possibly due to the fact that whilst annual rents for individual units were largely fixed (although there is some evidence for the lord altering the head rent), the rent payable for older 70

71

The table only records those trading units where the location can be identified with some level of certainty. It does not include the location of all the units. See also May, Newmarket: medieval and Tudor, p. 45. In his will of 1477, Adam Colakyr mentions a gild of St Thomas in Newmarket. May, Twenty wills, pp. 34–5.

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Plate 5. Map of the market area of late medieval Newmarket. Drawn by David Addy

RECORDS OF MEDIEVAL NEWMARKET

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units – those that were in existence prior to the expansion of the marketplace – was generally lower than that payable for newer units.72 Tenants were given some leeway in the use of their holdings. In particular, the rolls contain evidence that many units were developed so that, for example, over time various empty plots were developed into shops or stalls, whilst stalls also became shops and shops were enlarged. In 1409 Robert Gateward was given permission to enlarge his shop in the Spicery by two feet in length and half a foot in width, and in 1412, John Hoog was reported as having built a shop on a vacant place in the Drapery. Only one vacant plot is ever held with the stipulation that it is for the holder to display merchandise and not to build on. In addition, much subletting of holdings took place. Not only do the court rolls include cases relating to rents for sublet holdings, such as that brought by Thomas Clerk against John Odye in 1409, but the account rolls include entries for tenants who held multiple units which must have been sublet, as with the nineteen shops and stalls held in 1472/73 by Thomas Skreven and the thirteen of Richard Cullyng, including six in the Drapery. Despite this apparent freedom, tenants were expected to keep shops or stalls in a good state of repair. At the fair court tenants were often amerced for having substandard shops or stalls and instructed to undertake repairs or face large fines or even forfeiture. Other measures were taken to ensure that the trading environment was not only well-organised and in good repair, but also that it was clean and, most importantly, accessible. Presentments at the leet court show that particular care was taken to ensure that the king’s highway, the main road through the settlement, was clear of obstructions. Residents attempting to modify the road were not tolerated. In 1403, four men were amerced for making gutters in the road and threatened with a 40d. penalty if these were not repaired, and John Manston faced a similar retribution in 1409 when he made a mound in the road which prevented carts from passing through. It was also important to ensure that the watercourses of the town were unadulterated since clean water was not only essential for domestic purposes but also important to some trades, especially brewing, a key industry within Newmarket. In addition to providing a suitable physical environment, it was important that appropriate judicial and administrative facilities were also available to ensure effective trade within the town. Almost all English manors held a manorial court and a very large number also held leet courts. Whilst a range of trading issues and offences were considered by these courts, in Newmarket marketing was further supported by the existence of both market and fair courts. The judicial support available to the trading community was underpinned by the existence of a range of manorial officials who were appointed or elected and oversaw much of the business that was transacted in Newmarket, as well as being responsible for monitoring the quality of the goods sold within the marketplace. The most important of these was the bailiff, whose duties included enforcing the decisions of the courts through to collecting tolls and dues, as well as the preparation of the manorial accounts. In the court rolls of the early fourteenth century, either one or two bailiffs served a term of one year in office, but by the time of the later account rolls, the bailiff served a much longer term. William Osteller served as bailiff and collector from 1429/30 until at least 1440/41 and Roger Holyngworth from sometime before 1472/73 until his death in 1481/82. They received a stipend for undertaking their duties, including collation of the accounts, as well as 72

That is, those that were added between 1429 and 1473.

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the repayment of any expenses. The bailiffs were supported by affeerers, who were responsible for helping to adjudicate on the level of amercements, fines and fees to be levied by the courts, and by constables, who had a duty to ensure order was maintained within the manor. A number of other officers also supported the bailiff in monitoring trade within the settlement. Aletasters were appointed to oversee the production of ale and to monitor its quality, price and measures and they regularly presented brewers to the general court for brewing against the assize, as well as for regrating ale and for not bringing their measures to the court. It is possible that they were also responsible for monitoring other traders, such as the bakers. At the session of the general court held on 16 June 1408, reference is made to the appointment of two leathertasters and two meattasters. Whilst this is the only occasion on which these officials are mentioned, the number of presentments relating to the sale of leather, including forestalling, selling untanned leather and selling against the assize; and to the sale of meat, such as selling reheated meat, forestalling, regrating and selling at excessive prices, indicates that the sale of these goods was supervised. Other traders were also brought before the court to answer for the quality or price of their goods, or because they had breached weights and measures regulations, which, again, suggests that close attention was paid to such activities. The supervisory network of officials helped to ensure that items presented for sale in the town were of a good quality and sold in a fair and equitable manner. In general, trading structures in Newmarket ensured that those coming to the town not only recognised that the physical environment was conducive to trade, but also that sound judicial and administrative frameworks were in place. They were aware of the behaviour that was expected of them and, in return, knew that if they met these requirements they could transact their commerce in a dependable and supportive environment. Customers were also attracted to a setting that was clean and orderly, one where they had the confidence to buy since they understood that the goods offered for sale were regularly monitored and, if standards were not met, effective redress was available. In addition to the market, the lord of the manor of Newmarket had the right to hold two fairs on his manor. In 1227 Henry III granted Richard de Argentein the right to hold a fair on the vigil, feast and morrow of St Simon and St Jude, and in 1292 Edward I gave Reginald de Argentein the right to hold a week-long fair around the feast of St Barnabas (see Appendix).73 Peter May suggests that these may have been held in St Mary’s Square, outside the chapel north of the marketplace, and a tithe of the fair profits were paid to the chantry chapel of St Mary.74 However, the account rolls only record receipts from the fair of St Simon and St Jude, which suggests that the St Barnabas’ fair ceased to operate at some point during the fifteenth century, although the fair court held to coincide with the fair continued. The fair of St Simon and St Jude also suffered significant decline over the course of the fifteenth century. Its receipts fell from 66s. 8d. in 1403/4 to 49s. 3d. by 1437/38, and in 1439/40 the perquisites of the fair are reported in the accounts as being nothing. When fair receipts reappear in the accounts in 1475/76 they are just 13s. 4d., although there is some increase in the final years of the accounts.

73 74

Calendar of Charter Rolls, 1226–57, p. 11; Calendar of Charter Rolls, 1257–1300, p. 429. May, Newmarket: medieval and Tudor, p. 29.

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The role of women Many of the sources available for the study of the late medieval period make little or no reference to certain significant social groups, with women especially underrepresented. Nevertheless, despite being infrequently mentioned in surviving sources, women made a notable contribution to the economy of towns in the late Middle Ages.75 Whilst their subordinate position is undoubtedly reflected in the rolls for medieval Newmarket, enough information is available to provide an outline of their economic contribution and the range of their activities. The references to women in the court rolls are very heavily outnumbered by those to men. For example, the rolls for the fair court include only two female names, Beatrix Skynnere and Beatrix Feke, and it is highly likely that this was the same woman. Nevertheless, despite seeming to have such a limited presence, evidence suggests that women understood the processes of the manorial courts and could operate within this environment. For example, in the market court, women brought cases as plaintiffs as well as defending cases brought against them, paid for licences to agree cases, acted as pledges for third parties and engaged in trials by jury. The limited number of female names in the court rolls is partly explained by the fact that, as the legal head of the household, a husband was often named in the place of his wife even if the transgression had been committed by the woman, a practice which largely hides the presence of married women in the marketplace. This almost certainly happened in Newmarket and is partly evidenced by the fact that a number of court roll entries refer to married couples, yet the wife was probably the active party. For example, in the market court session held on 27 January 1411, Robert Wyborgh brought a plea of contract against John Genote and Cecilia, his wife, which resulted in John being attached for one ‘pakke’, worth 6s 8d. In a subsequent case, just over a year later, only Cecilia is named and it seems plausible to suggest that in early 1411 she was acting on behalf of an ailing husband whose subsequent death left her as the sole trader. Similar patterns can be identified with other couples named jointly in the court rolls. Entries for the leet court, concerned with the enforcement of law and order in the manor, also show that women engaged with this system of jurisdiction. Women are recorded as having been both perpetrators and victims of various offences including trespass, breach of the peace and obstruction. On a number of occasions they are recorded as having raised the hue and cry, such as in August 1404 when the wife of John Barbour raised it, having been struck by John Pere junior, which, again, indicates an understanding and active participation in these processes.76 Despite a general pattern of limited references to women in the rolls, there is one area of activity in which they were dominant. Offences relating to the trade of food and drink were presented in the general court and in the surviving records, approximately 63 per cent of the cases related to offences committed by women. Women were particularly associated with brewing and selling ale, as was often the case in medieval England.77 They formed the majority of those convicted of brewing and 75 76

77

M.E. Mate, Women in medieval English society (Cambridge, 1999), pp. 13-15; M.K. McIntosh, Working women in English society, 1300-1620 (Cambridge, 2005). Hue and cry was a process in which bystanders might verbally instigate the apprehension of a criminal. M. Müller, ‘Social control and the hue and cry in two fourteenth-century villages’, Journal of Medieval History 31:1 (2005), pp. 29–53. J.M. Bennett, Ale, beer and brewsters in England: women’s work in a changing world, 1300–1600 (Oxford, 1996).

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selling contrary to the assize, whilst almost every person amerced for regrating ale was female. Despite this, only men were elected to the office of aletaster. Women were also involved in baking and selling bread and regularly amerced for baking, selling and regrating bread contrary to the assize. They also engaged in cooking food and in selling other victuals, being amerced as common cooks and for selling at excessive prices, as well as for forestalling victuals such as meat and fish. Some of these women sold out of established premises, such as the wife of John Redere, the tenant of the Hart, who was regularly amerced often sizeable amounts for brewing ale and baking bread, whilst the lower amercements levied on other women suggests that they operated at a basic level, probably in an opportunistic way within the market environment. The wife of John Brunne was amerced small amounts on a handful of occasions for regrating bread, including in May 1410 when she was fined 1d. for regrating horsebread by buying three loaves for 1d. and selling two for the same price. Similarly, the few women recorded in the account rolls as tenants are heavily outnumbered by men. Only ten women are recorded, seven as holding land and five as holding shops or stalls. Two held both land and shops or stalls. Of these, four took on holdings after the death of their husbands, reflecting a practice which was common amongst widowed women at all levels of late medieval society. Two of these women, Margaret Poole and Katherine Poperyk, ran holdings which included shops in the Drapery, and their husbands had almost certainly been drapers. A third, Agnes Hollyngwourth, was the widow of the former bailiff, Roger Hollyngwourth, and took on a holding which he had held jointly with John Cracke, consisting of fifty-four acres of the lord’s land with liberty of fold,78 at an annual cost of 36s. 4d. This evidence suggests that women in late medieval Newmarket engaged in the same procedures and processes as their male counterparts, albeit on a smaller scale. Unfortunately, the level of involvement is partly hidden by the practice of naming male heads of household in the place of their wives. Whilst no women served as jurors or held official posts within the manor, they were actively involved in its ongoing operation and, in particular, understood and participated in its trading systems and structures. The manorial court and account rolls of medieval England are a rich resource for historians of social, economic and local history. Whilst the publication of such records is increasing steadily in number, most relate to rural manors with hardly any for small towns. It is hoped that this full edition and translation of the medieval records of Newmarket will be a valuable addition to the sources for Suffolk and England, especially for those historians who are interested in manorial, urban and market life. We are not aware of a comparable English market town in the early fifteenth century for which such a full record of four different local courts is extant: survivals of market and fair rolls for such places are particularly rare and the large numbers from Newmarket are in themselves exceptional, yet their significance is enhanced both by the collection of manor and leet rolls and by the account rolls.

78

Liberty of fold allowed for the fencing in of sheep on a particular area of fallow arable. Bailey, A marginal economy? East Anglian Breckland in the later Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 57–8, 65–6.

xxxviii

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Editorial method and abbreviations A full translation of the entries is provided. Modern punctuation has been introduced as an aid to the reader, particularly the addition of full stops and commas, as required; however, with this exception: the original syntax has been retained as far as possible. Forenames have been modernised but surnames retain their original spelling. Likewise, place-names appear in their modern form where they can be identified but with their original spellings in italics within brackets. The use of initial capitals in headings and in marginalia reflects that used in the original documents. At times, the scribes have not been consistent in their use of initial capitals and this is reflected in the transcription. Suspensions and contractions used in the original documents have been extended. The use of the archaic letters thorn (þ) and yogh (ʒ) has been retained, but v has replaced u where modern usage demands. As is to be expected from medieval rolls, the original documents contain a large amount of marginalia. These have been italicised and the subsequent text tabulated so as to emphasise the distinction between marginalia and substantive text. Similarly, the rolls contain a significant amount of numbers, particularly the account rolls. Numbers, weights and measures used in the original documents are retained here. Where a number has been written out as a word, this has been translated and transcribed as such, for example, unus in the original document is ‘one’ in the transcription. However, Arabic numerals have been used in the transcription where Roman numerals have been used in the original documents. All monetary amounts are given in Arabic rather than Roman numerals and the abbreviation ‘li.’ has been modernised as ‘£’, but the abbreviations ‘s.’ and ‘d.’ retained. No attempt has been made to correct arithmetical errors. The following editorial conventions are used throughout the volume: Insertions in the original rolls are shown as: \ … / Deletions which can be read are shown as: < …> Illegible words, or passages, are indicated by [illeg.] or where words or phrases are made illegible or missing due to damage: [damaged] Unfilled spaces in the text are shown as: [blank] Editorial insertions are given in italics, in square brackets: [ … ] Where uncertainty exists about a word or number, it is prefaced by [?] Original spellings of place-names and row names are given in italics, in round brackets: ( … ). Abbreviations used in the footnotes and bibliography: PSIA(H) SA/B SRS TNA

Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology (and History) Suffolk Archives, Bury St Edmunds Suffolk Records Society The National Archives

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THE COURT ROLLS OF THE MANOR OF NEWMARKET, 1399–1413 Suffolk Archives, Bury St Edmunds, 1476/1 48 membranes

1

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General court Suffolk Archives, Bury St Edmunds 1476/1/3, 4, 8, 14, 12, 24, 26, 31, 23, 34, 38, 39, 45, 44, 48

Plate 6. The beginning of the general court roll entry for 26 April 1400. Suffolk Archives, Bury St Edmunds, 1476/1/3r

Transcription [folio 3r] Curia Generalis tenta ibidem die Lune proximo post festum Georgii Anno regni regis henrici quarti primo Essoniati Johannes Barbour de communi per Radulfum Clerk Johannes Waleys pro eodem per Johannem Schelleye Johannes Cornerde pro eodem per Johannem Clerk Inquisicio Johannes Langham Johannes Schelleye Willelmus Leefes Johannes Pere Petrus Fethelere Ricardus Linne Jurati Thomas Wryte Johannes Ballone 3

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misericordia ixd Jurati presentant quod tenens terre nuper Ikelynghams \iijd./ tenens terre nuper Honemanes \iijd./ Johannes Bisshopistone \iijd./ [debent] sectam curie et faciunt defaltam misericordia iijs. ixd. Et quod Margareta Lexham \viijd./ Rosa Graunt \viijd./ Edmundus Paunton \ijd./ Johannes filius Petri Smyth \iijd./ Gilbertus Bakere \iijd./ sunt [pistores] panis et vendunt contra assisam Philippus Relleman \iijd./ pro eodem Johannes Bocher \iijd./ Johannes Redere \xijd./ Agnes Schoppe \iijd./ misericordia vs. iijd. Et quod Margareta Lexham \xd./ Rosa Graunt \xd./ Petrus Fithelere \jd./ Johannes Barbour \iiijd./ Edmundus Paunton \iiijd./ [damaged] \iiijd./ Matilda Rokelond \ijd./ uxor Philippi Relleman \iijd./ Willelmus Fisshere \ijd./ Agnes Schoppe \iijd./ Thomas Pere \iijd./ Johannes [damaged] \iiijd./ Johannes Redere \xd./ Johannes filius Petri Smyth \iijd./ brasiatores cervisie et vendunt contra assisam misericordia vs. vjd. Et quod uxor Roberti Doushole \xviijd./ uxor Roberti atte Dyke \iijd./ uxor Ricardi Turnour \iijd./ uxor Thome Bette \iijd./ uxor Roberti Randolfes \viijd./ uxor Johannis Odye \xviijd./ uxor Thome Legge \iijd./ uxor Ricardi Whrite [deleted] Johanna Tapistere \ijd./ uxor Johannis Bocher \ijd./ uxor Ricardi Wylkyn \iijd./ regraciatrices cervisie et vendunt contra assisam uxor Ricardi Turnour pro eodem et Fil’ Johannes Odye \iijd./ fecit similiter misericordia iijd. Et quod Johannes Pere \und’/ Johannes Ballone \iijd./ tastatores cervisie et non fecerunt officium misericordia vd. Et quod Johanna Greyne \ijd./ Matilda Rokelond \iijd./ sunt communies cocy et vendunt excessive contra statutum misericordia iiijd. Et quod Matilda Rokelond \ijd./ Thomas Cook \ijd./ Forstallarii diversorum victualium ad nocumentum et contra statutum misericordia xjd. Et quod Johannes Smyth de Ixnygge \iijd./ vendit oleum et non venit cum mensura Et quod Willelmus Spicer \iijd./ et Johannes Spicer de Haverhell \iijd./ fecerunt similiter Et quod Willelmus Spycer de Newmarket \ijd./ fecit similiter ideo in misericordia misericordia ijd. Et quod Simon Baldewene regraciator cervisie et vendit contra assisam misericordia vjd. Et quod Willelmus Ropere de Mildenhale \iijd./ Thomas Ropere de Fordham \iijd./ vendunt ropes per pondera et non [per] balanciam contra statutum respondetur non Et quod unus extranius ignoravit ad presens Weymanter unum coupe argenti cum coverole argenti remanentem in manibus Margarete Lexham Et predicta Margareta examinata est et dicit quod coupa et coverole est [blank] Lexham et non Weymater Ideo ponitur in remanent ad predictum Lexham respondetur Et unum pare bedes cum ij anulis argenti et unum anulum de latium precii xijd. Weyfmanter in forma predicta Et remanent in custodia Johannis Pere Electio Et quod Thomas Whrite electus est in officio tastatoris cervisie in loco Johannis Ballone et juratus est Summa xvijs. xd. [folio 3r] [26 April 1400] General court held there on the next Monday after the feast of George in the first year of King Henry IV. 4

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Essoins John Barbour excused attendance by Ralph Clerk. John Waleys for the same by John Schelleye. John Conerde for the same by John Clerk. Inquiry John Langham, John Schelleye, William Leefes, John Pere, Peter Fethelere, Richard Linne, Thomas Wryte, John Ballone. The jury. Amercement 9d. The jury present that a tenant of the land lately Ikelynghams \3d./, a tenant of the land lately Honemanes \3d./, John Bisshopistone \3d./ owe suit of court and have defaulted. Amercement 3s. 9d. And that Margaret Lexham \8d./, Rosa Graunt \8d./, Edmund Paunton \2d./, John, son of Peter Smyth \3d./, Gilbert Bakere \3d./ are [bakers] of bread and sell contrary to the assize. Philip Relleman \3d./ for the same, John Bocher \3d./, John Redere \12d./, Agnes Schoppe \3d./. Amercement 5s. 3d. And that Margaret Lexham \10d./, Rosa Graunt \10d./, Peter Fithelere \1d./, John Barbour \4d./, Edmund Paunton \4d./, [damaged] \4d./, Matilda Rokelond \2d./, the wife of Philip Relleman \3d./, William Fisshere \2d./, Agnes Schoppe \3d./, Thomas Pere \3d./, John [damaged] \4d./, John Redere \10d./, John, son of Peter Smyth \3d./, are brewers of ale and sell contrary to the assize. Amercement 5s. 6d. And that the wife of Robert Doushole \18d./, the wife of Robert atte Dyke \3d./, the wife of Richard Turnour \3d./, the wife of Thomas Bette \3d./, the wife of Robert Randolfes \8d./, the wife of John Odye \18d./, the wife of Thomas Legge \3d./, the wife of Richard Whrite [deleted], Johanna Tapistere \2d./, the wife of John Bocher \2d./, the wife of Richard Wylkyn \3d./, are regrators of ale and sell contrary to the assize. The wife of Richard Tornour for the same and the son/daughter (fil’) of John Odye \3d./ does [likewise]. Amercement 3d. And that John Pere \[?]void/, John Ballone \3d./ are aletasters and do not do their office. Amercement 5d. And that Johanna Greyne \2d./, Matilda Rokelond \3d./ are common cooks and sell at excessive price contrary to the statute. Amercement 4d. And that Matilda Rokelond \2d./, Thomas Cook \2d./ are forestallers of various victuals to nuisance and against the statute. Amercement 11d. And that John Smyth from Exning1 (Ixnygge) \3d./ sells oil and does not come with measures. And that William Spycer \3d./ and John Spicer from Haverhill (Haverhell) \3d./ do similarly. And that William Spycer from Newmarket \2d./ does likewise. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 2d. And that Simon Baldwene is a regrater of ale and sells against the assize. Amercement 6d. And that William Ropere from Mildenhall2 \3d./, Thomas Ropere from Fordham \3d./, sell ropes by weight and not by balance against the statute. Does not reply And that an unknown foreigner presented as waif (‘Weymanter’) one silver cup with a silver cover, remaining in the hands of Margaret Lexham. And the said Margaret examined it and says that the cup and cover is [blank] Lexham’s and not waif (‘Weymant’’). Therefore it is set to remain with the aforesaid Lexham. Replies And one pair of beads with 2 silver rings and one lead ring worth 12d. [are given] to waif in the said manner. And they remain in the custody of John Pere. 1 2

Unless otherwise specified, Exning is referred to in the rolls as ‘Ixenynge’. Mildenhall is consistently referred to in the rolls as ‘Mildenhale’.

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Election And that Thomas Whrite is elected into office of aletaster in place of John Ballone and is sworn. Total 17s. 10d. [folio 4r] [9 October 1400] Newmarket (Newemarkat) General Court held there on Saturday next on the feast of St Dionysius, martyr, in the second year of the reign of King Henry IV after the conquest. Essoins John Ballone Smyth excused attendance by Robert Clerke. John Barbour excused attendance by John Langham. Inquiry John Waleys, John Shelleye, John Langham, William Leefes, John Pere, John Smyth Baker. The jury. Amercement 17d. The jury present that a tenant of the land of Thomas Taverner \afterwards he comes/, a tenant of the land of Honemans \3d./, Peter Fydelere \afterwards he comes/, a tenant of the land of Robert Bernard \4d./, a tenant of the land of John Ikelyngham \4d./, a tenant of the land of Richard Serle \afterwards he comes/, John Cornerde \3d./, John Byshopeston \3d./, owe suit of court and have defaulted. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 4s. 1d. And that Margaret Lexham \6d./, Rosa Grant \8d./, Edmund Paunton \3d./, Philip Sulby \3d./, Agnes Shoppe \4d./, John Redere \12d./, John, son of Peter Smyth, \4d./, Gilbert Baker \3d./, Richard Prat \3d./, bake bread and sell against the assize. Therefore in mercy. Also the wife of William Walkelene \3d./. Amercement 5s. 1d. And that Margaret Lexham \6d./, Rosa Grant \8d./, the wife of Peter Fydelere \2d./, John Barbour \6d./, Edmund Paunton \3d./, the wife of William Walkelene \2d./, Matilda Rokelond \2d./, the wife of Philip Sulby \4d./, the wife of William Fysshere \2d./, the wife of Thomas Pere \3d./, Agnes Shoppe \3d./, the wife of John Pere \2d./, the wife of John Redere \8d./, John, son of Peter Smyth \4d./, the wife of John Ballone \3d./, the wife of John Shelleye \1d./, are brewers of ale and sell contrary to the assize. Also the wife of Simon Baldewyne for the same 2d. Amercement 3s. 7d. And that the wife of Robert Dousole \12d./, the wife of Robert atte Dyke \3d./, the wife of Richard Turnour \3d./, the wife of Thomas Bette \3d./, the wife of Robert Randolfes \10d./, the wife of John Odye \12d./, the wife of Richard Wryghte \6d./, Johanna Tapstere \4d./, are regraters of ale and sell against the assize. Therefore in mercy. And that John Pere \2d./ is an aletaster and does not do his office. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 2d. And that Matilda Rokelond is a common cook and sells at excessive price against the statute. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 2d. And that the same Matilda is a common forestaller of fish and other victuals to the common nuisance against the statute. Amercement 8d. And that Walter Skynnere \1d./ with 1 horse, Walter Bocher \1d./ with 1 cow, Nicholas Bocher \3d./ with his horse, Roger Smyth \1d./ with 1 cow, John Lucas \1d./ with 1 horse, Peter Smyth \1d./, because they occupy the commons of the lords where none have [rights]. Therefore in mercy. Election John Shelleye is elected to the office of aletaster in place of Thomas Wryghte and is sworn. Affeerers William Leefes Total 16s. 2d. John Pere 6

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[folio 8r] [5 April 1402] Newmarket General Court held there on Wednesday next after the Close of Easter in the third year of the reign of King Henry IV. [illeg.] John Langham, John Barbour, John Ballone, John Waleys, William Leefes, John Depeden. Inquiry. Who say that a tenant of the land of Robert Bernard \6d./, John Schelleye \3d./, a tenant of the land of Robert Burgyn \6d./, a tenant of the land once of Honemannys \6d./, Peter Fethelere \afterwards he comes/, a tenant of the land of Thomas Taverner \6d./, a tenant of the land of John Bayhows \6d./, a tenant of the land of John Cornerd \6d./, a tenant of the land of John Iklyngham \afterwards he comes/, a tenant of the land of Simon Iklyngham, owe suit of court and have defaulted. Therefore in mercy. And that the wife of John Waleys, the wife of Thomas Cookes, the wife of John Peyntour \2d./, Edmund Paunton \2d./, John Fenkele \2d./, Thomas Bolehed \2d./, the wife of John Wakelyn \2d./, Agnes Schoppe \4d./, John Redere \8d./, John, son of Peter Smyth \3d./, Gilbert Baker \3d./, Richard Prat \2d./, the wife of John Schone Schraggere \2d./, are bakers of bread and break the assize. Therefore in mercy. And that the wife of John Waleys \6d./, the wife of Thomas Cookes \3d./, the wife of Peter Fethelere \1d./, the wife of John Barbour \4d./, the wife of Thomas Bolehed \2d./, the wife of John Wakelyn \3d./, the wife of William Fyschere \2d./, Agnes Schoppe \3d./, the wife of Thomas Pere \3d./, the wife of John Pere \3d./, the wife of John Redere \12d./, the wife of John son of Peter Smyth \3d./, the wife of John Ballone \2d./, the wife of William Galt \2d./, Johanna Tapstere \3d./, the wife of Robert Skynnere \4d./, are brewers of ale and break the assize. Therefore in mercy. And that the wife of John Smyth \1d./, the wife of John Fenkele \1d./, the wife of Simon Baldewene \2d./, the wife of Edmund Scherman \1d./, the wife of Thomas Soutere \1d./, the wife of Robert Dosole \12d./, the wife of Richard Writhe \4d./, the wife of John Odie \12d./, the wife of Richard Turnour \3d./, the wife of Thomas Bette \3d./, the wife of Robert Randolfes \8d./, the wife of Richard Smyth \3d./, the wife of John Greyne \8d./, are regraters of ale and break the assize. Therefore etc. And that Thomas Cookes \3d./, Simon Baldene \3d./, are reheaters of meat and fish to nuisance. Therefore etc. Nuisance Amercement 2d. And that John Waleys unjustly made a way upon the lord’s meadow with a cart. Order And that John Schaundeler carried away one house in Sowters’ Row (le Sowteryerow).3 And that John Redere \3d./ did not come to this court with his bushel. And William Fyschere \1d./, Agnes Schoppe \1d./, do not come similarly with bushels. And that Thomas Predytone \2d./ and John Felip, roper, \2d./ sell by weights against the statute. And that Richard Tornor \6d./, John Wylkyn \3d./, sell tar \and oil/ by unsealed measures.

3

This was probably another name for Cordwainers’ Row. The two rows are never named separately in the same roll.

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Amercement 2s. And that Richard Tornor sells a gallon of tar for 8d. when he bought the same for 4d. And a barrel contains 12 gallons. And so he sold two barrels which he bought here in the marketplace. Amercement 2d. penalty And that Robert Skynnere occupies the well of the lord. And it is ordered that he occupies no more under penalty of 12d. And that the wife of John Waleys \1d./, the wife of Thomas Cook \1d./, the wife of Peter Fydelere \1d./, the wife of John Barbour \1d./, the wife of Thomas Bolhenyd \1d./, the wife of John Wakelyn \1d./, the wife of William Fyschere \1d./, Agnes Schoppe \1d./, because they do not come with measures. Amercement 12d. And because the bread of John Waleys weighs less than it ought for 20d. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 3s. 4d. And because Thomas Cook’s bread weighs less than it ought for 8s. 5d. Therefore in mercy. And that John Redere \6d./, John, son of Peter Smyth \2d./, John Greyne \2d./, Johanna Tapstere \1d./, Robert Skynnere \2d./, Robert Randolf \2d./, are reheaters of meat. And that William Spycer \4d./, John Spyser \4d./, William Schaundeler \2d./, John Schaundelere \2d./, because they sell by unsealed measures. Amercement 3d. Thomas Cook appoints the pledge Richard Hethe because he did not come to give fealty to the lord. And it is ordered to distrain just as at another time. Total 27s. 1d. [folio 8v] [6 October 1402] Newmarket General Court held there on Friday next after the feast of St Michael in the fourth year of the reign of King Henry IV. Essoins John Waleys excused attendance by John Jolyto. John Barboor excused attendance by John Jolito. Fealties John Redere, pledge of Robert Bernard \afterwards he comes and is sworn/ because he has not made fealty to the lord. Therefore in mercy, etc. Robert, servant of John Wykes, \afterwards Robert comes and he makes fealty to the lord and is sworn/, and John Jolyto, pledge of the tenants lately of John Honeman, because they have not made fealty to the lord. Therefore etc. And it is ordered to distrain them against the next [court]. Robert, servant of John Wykes, and John Jolyto, pledge of the tenant lately of John Ikelyngham, because they have not made fealty to the lord. Therefore in mercy. And order. [blank] \William Wygenhale afterwards came and is sworn/ pledge of the tenants lately of John Cornerd, because they have not made fealty to the lord. Thomas Cook, pledge of the tenants lately of Thomas Taverner, because they have not made fealty to the lord. William Ray makes fealty to the lord for the tenants lately of Robert Borgoyne. John Langham, Robert Denys, William Ray, William Leef. The jury. The inquiry present that John Ballone \12d./, John Schelleye \afterwards he comes/, John Debedene \12d./, a tenant of land lately of John Bayhous \12d./, Peter Fydelere \3d./, owe suit of court and have defaulted. And that that [sic] John, son of Peter Smyth \4d./, John Redere \8d./, William Fyschere \3d./, Agnes Schoppe \8d./, William Wakelyn \3d./, Thomas Bolehenyd 8

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\2d./, John Barbour \2d./, John Smyth, [?]laybrother (‘laybrok’) \3d./, Thomas Cook \8d./, John Waleys \6d./, John Choun \3d./, Gilbert Bakere \3d./, Richard Prat \3d./, Margaret Maryot \3d./, are bakers of bread and break the assize. And that Johanna Tapstere \2d./ is a regrater of bread. And that the wife of William Galt \2d./, the wife of John Ballone \3d./, the wife of John Schelleye \3d./, John Smyth \5d./, John Redere \12d./, the wife of John Peere \4d./, the wife of Thomas Pere \4d./, Agnes Schoppe \4d./, William Fysschere \4d./, the wife of William Wakelyn \/, the wife of Thomas Bolhenyd \/, the wife of Simon Baldewyne \4d./, the wife of John Barbour \5d./, the wife of Peter Fidelere \2d./, the wife of John Smyth \2d./, the wife of Thomas Cook \8d./, the wife of John Waleys \7d./, Johanna Tapstere \4d./, the wife of Robert Skynner \5d./, are brewers of ale and break the assize. And that the wife of Thomas Sowtere \3d./, Matilda Pepyr \4d./, Beatrix Greyne \12d./, John Odye \12d./, the wife of Richard Derlyng \/, the wife of Richard Deke \8d./, the wife of Robert Doushole \12d./, the wife of Robert Randolf \8d./, the wife of Richard Tornour \3d./, are regraters of ale and break the assize. And that none of them come with measures. And that John Smyth \3d./, John Redere \6d./, John Pepir \6d./, Thomas Bolehenyd \/, Simon Baldewyne \4d./, Thomas Cook \4d./, Beatrix Greyne \3d./, John Barbour \2d./, Johanna Tapstere \2d./, Robert Skynner \3d./, Robert Randolf \2d./, are reheaters of meat and fish against, etc. Amercement 2s. And that John Redere has three pecks (‘pekkys’) which had not been sealed \individually/ by the lord. And that John Smyth \3d./, William Fyschere \void/, Thomas Cook \3d./, John Waleys \3d./, do not come with bushels. And that Thomas Ropere \3d./, John Ropere \3d./, sell by weight and not by balance. And that William Spycer \3d./, John Chaundeler \3d./, William Chaundeler \3d./, Richard Tornour \3d./, John Wylkyn \3d./, sell by unsealed measures. And do not come with measures. And that Walter Skynner \3d./, Walter Bocher \3d./, Laurence Harpour \3d./, Nicholas Bocher \3d./, John Manstone \3d./, John Smyth Baker \3d./, John Langham \3d./, John Clerk \3d./, John Chaundeler \3d./, William Chaundeler \3d./, Roger Smyth \3d./, pasture on the common where none have [rights]. And that Ralph Tew \/ does likewise. And Peter Fydelere \3d./ because he is an aletaster and does not do his office. Total 32s. 1d. [folio 14r] [13 October 1403] Newmarket (Newemarket) Court held there on Saturday on the feast of the Translation of St Edward the King in the 5th year of the reign of King Henry IV. Essoins John Wykes excused suit by Thomas Wykes. Peter Fydeler excused suit by Thomas Soutere. John Waleys excused suit by Simon Nene. Amercement 6d. John Langham \3d./, William Ray \3d./, do not come to warrant the essoin of suit. Therefore in mercy. Inquiry John Peyntour, John Ballone Smyth, John Shelleye, John Depeden. 9

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Amercement 2s. 6d. Who say \that/ John Depeden \afterwards he comes/, William Leef \3d./, John Langham \3d./, William Ray \3d./, Robert Bernard \6d./, a tenant of the land of John Cornherdes \fine 6d./, a tenant of the land of Bayhous \afterwards he comes/, Nicholas Hethe \6d./, John Pepir \3d./, owe appearance at this court and have defaulted. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 4s. And that the wife of John Waleys \8d./, the wife of Thomas Cook \8d./, the wife of John Barbour \2d./, the wife of Thomas Bolehed \6d./, the wife of William Wakelen \4d./, the wife of William Fyssher \4d./, Agnes Shoppe \4d./, the wife of John Redere \8d./, the wife of John Smyth Marchall \4d./, are common bakers of bread etc. Amercement 6s. 10d. And that the wife of John Waleys \12d./, the wife of Thomas Cook \12d./, the wife of Peter Fydeler \2d./, the wife of John Barbour \4d./, the wife of Simon Baldewyn \4d./, the wife of Thomas Bolehed \2d./, the wife of William Wakelen \4d./, the wife of William Fyssher \4d./, Agnes Shoppe \5d./, the wife of Roger Smyth \4d./, the wife of Thomas Pere \4d./, the wife of John Pere \4d./, the wife of John Redere \12d./, the wife of John Smyth Marchall \4d./, the wife of John Ballone Smyth \4d./, the wife of William Galt \3d./, Johanna Tapster \ 5d./, the wife of Robert Skynnere \5d. /, are brewers of ale and break the assize. Amercement 9s. 9d. And that the wife of Robert Dousole \2s./, the wife of Richard Turnour \8d./, the wife of Robert Randolf \6d./, the wife of Roger Mason \6d./, the wife of Richard Wryghte \12d./, the wife of John Odye \2s./, the wife of Richard Derlyng \4d./, Beatrix Greyne \2s./, the wife of Thomas Soutere \2d./, the wife of John Deneys \2d./, the wife of John Pepir \3d./, the wife of Adam Pypere \2d./, are retailers of ale (auxionatrices) and sell against the assize. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 18d. Also Gilbert Baker \6d./, Richard Prat from Ashley (Asshele) \4d./, the wife of Edmund Mariste \4d./, the wife of Thomas Bette \2d./, the wife of John Choun \2d./, are bakers of bread and sell against the assize. Amercement 12d. Also they say that Thomas Cook \6d./, Simon Baldewyne \2d./, John Pepir \4d./, are reheaters [and] common cooks and sell meat and fish at excessive price against the statute. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 11d. And that Beatrix Greyne \4d./, Johanna Tapster \1d./, the wife of Robert Skynnere \1d./, John Redere \1d./, the wife of John Smyth Marchall \2d./, the wife of John Waleys \2d./, are common reheaters of meat and fish, etc. Amercement 6d. And that the wife of John Pepir is a forestaller at the cross of various victuals after the last court until he had a day. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 6d. And that John Bogeys from Wilbraham (Wylburgham) is a common forestaller of eggs and poultry at the end of the town towards the market by means of which neither the town nor the neighbourhood are able to be served. Therefore etc. Amercement 2s. 6d. And that John Cappe \3d./, Thomas Pynhorn \3d./, John Pynhorn \3d./, Edmund Gerueys \3d./, Ralph Gerueys \3d./, John Torkele \3d./, Henry Swyft \3d./, Richard Drayton \3d./, John Parmanter \3d./, John Oldman \3d./, sell malt by heaped measures against the statute. Amercement 6s. And that John Aleyn \8d./, Thomas Grey \8d./, William Alyen \8d./, Thomas Colyn \8d./, John \William/ Lucas \8d./, Thomas Mason from Wratting (Wrattyng) \8d./, John Thrillowe \8d./, William Thrillowe \8d./, Jacob Shepherde \8d./, buy malt by heaped measures. Also John Fullere \8d./, John Shepherde 10

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\8d./, John Adekyn \8d./, Peter Everand \8d./, John Bole from Fowlmere (Foulmere) for the same 8d. Amercement 2s. And that Ralph Wyote \3d./, John Burgoyn \3d./, Richard Ballesgappe \12d./, Adam Emnede \6d./, break by-laws (bileges) with sheep. Amercement 2s. 11d. And that Walter Skynnere \ 3d./, Walter Bocher \4d./, Agnes Bocher \3d./, John Manston \3d./, John Kyrkeby \3d./, John Langham \3d./, John Clerk \3d./, Walter Clak \2d./, John Wykes \8d./, have trespassed with their animals on the common. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 4d. And that Peter Fydelere \2d./, John Pere \2d./, aletasters and did not do their office. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 3d. And that Robert Skynnere occupies 1 well of the lord within the marketplace without licence \to draw water/. Therefore. Amercement 4s. 8d. And that John Longe \ 3d./, John Prat \ 3d./, Robert Douwale \4d./, John Bocher from Bottisham (Bodekesham) \4d./, John Farwell \4d./, Walter Bocher \4d./, John Douwale \4d./, Richard Farwell \4d./, Ralph Farwell \4d./, John Mordon \4d./, Robert Bocher from Wickhambrook (Wykhambrok) \4d./, Stephen Bocher \4d./, Thomas Hancok \4d./, Robert Doushole \4d./. Amercement 6d. And that Peter Wanton \6d./ carried away a halfpenny and a farthing from the tolls of the lords for 3 leathers, that is to say on the Tuesday next after the feast of the Nativity of the Blessed Mary in the year last past. Therefore he incurs a penalty and on the same day the same Peter illegally recovers from the bailiffs of the lord, of the said Peter, Walter Knappyng and Stephen Gylle. And that John Fabyon on the Tuesday next before the feast of St Peter’s Chains in the year last past illegally recovered from the bailiffs of the lords and carried off the tolls, that is to say a farthing issuing from 4 bushels of malt. [folio 14v] Amercement 2s. And that the wife of Peter Brabon \3d./, Agnes Portyngale \3d./, the wife of John Northerne \3d./, a certain wife of John Pepir \3d./, the wife of John Sancti Deneys, smith \3d./, the wife \3d./, wrongly gleaned in autumn and were unwilling to work for the stipend. Therefore they incur a penalty. The wife of Laurence Harpour \3d./, the wife of William Mason \3d./, wrongly gleaned in autumn. Therefore in mercy. Election At this court John Depeden Baker is elected into the office of aletaster in place of Peter Fedeler and is sworn. 15d. John Redere \1d./, the wife of John Smyth Marchall \1d./, the wife of John Pere \1d./, the wife of Thomas Pere \1d./, the wife of Roger Smyth \1d./, the wife of William Fyssher \1d./, Agnes Shoppe \1d./, Johanna Tappestere \1d./, the wife of John Barbour \1d./, the wife of John Pepir \1d./, the wife of Peter Fydelere \1d./, the wife of John Northerne \1d./, , John Waleys \1d./, Robert Skynnere \1d./, did not bring measures, the wife of John Ballone Smyth \1d./. Amercement 18d. Also that John Wilkyn \3d./, Richard Turnour \3d./, Thomas Predelynton \3d./, John Spyser \3d./, William Spyser \3d./, William Chandeler junior \3d./, sell flour and bitumen by unsealed measures.

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Amercement 20d. Also they say Thomas Ropere from Soham \4d. 4d. [sic]/,4 the son of Thomas Symund \4d./, Thomas Predelynton \4d./, sell by weight and not by balance. Also John Phylipp \4d./ for the same. Also they say that the wife of John Redere is a common brewer and had 36 gallons of ale and was unwilling to sell to John Wykes, Walter Bocher, Thomas Pere, Thomas Soutere and others but kept it back, says an outsider. And he says that the price of each gallon was 1d. ob. Therefore it is ordered to levy 4s. 6d. [folio 12r] [16 April 1404] Newmarket \General/ Court held there on Wednesday next after the Quindena of Easter in the 5th year of the reign of King Henry IV. Essoins John Smyth, \bladesmith (‘bladsmyth’)/, excused attendance by Peter Fydelere. John Barbour excused attendance by Peter Fydelere. John Smyth, baker, excused attendance by Simon Nene. Amercement 3d. John Wykes does not warrant his essoin. Inquiry John Langham, Peter Fydelere, John Waleys, John Schelleye, William Leef, Robert Denyss. 12d. The jury present That William Ray \afterwards he comes/, John Kyrkeby, owe suit of court and have defaulted. Therefore in mercy. And Nicholas Hethe \6d./ and John Bayhous \6d./ did similarly. Amercement 2s. 4d. Also that John Waleys \4d./, Thomas Cookes \5d./, John Barbour \2d./, Agnes Schoppe \4d./, John Redere \8d./, John Smyth Marchal \4d./, are common bakers and break the assize. And Roger Smyth \1d./ similarly. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 7s. 9d. Also that the wife of John Waleys \8d./, the wife of Thomas Cookes \9d./, the wife of Thomas Sowtere \3d./, the wife of Peter Fethelere \3d./, the wife of John Denys \2d./, the wife of John Barbour \9d./, the wife of John Schaundeler \3d./, Johanna Tapstere \5d./, Matilda Rokelond \3d./, the wife of Edmund Scherman \1d./, the wife of William Fyschere \4d./, Agnes Schoppe \4d./, the wife of Roger Smyth \3d./, the wife of Thomas Pere \4d./, the wife of John Pere \3d./, the wife of John Redere \10d./, the wife of John Smyth Marchal \6d./, the wife of John Ballone \4d./, the wife of William Galt \3d./, the wife of Robert Skynnere \4d./, the wife of William Trendelee \2d./, are common brewers of ale and break the assize. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 4s. 8d. Also that the wife of Robert Dowsole \12d./, the wife of Richard Turnour \4d./, the wife of William Harlewen \2d./, the wife of Robert Randolfes \8d./, the wife of Richard Writhe \6d./, the wife of Roger Sowtere from Snailwell (Sneylewell) \/, the wife of John Odye \12d./, the wife of Richard Derlynges \/, the wife of John Greyne \12d./, are regraters of ale and sold against the assize. Therefore in mercy. Also that Gilbert Bakere \3d./, Richard Prat \3d./, the wife of John Schown \1d./, are common bakers of bread in the market and break the assize. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 7d. Also that the wife of John Pepyr \3d./ and Simon Baldewen \3d./ are common forestallers of fish to nuisance. Therefore in mercy. 4

Soham is consistently referred to in the rolls as ‘Saham’.

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Amercement 6d. Also that John Pere \3d./ and John Depeden \3d./ are aletasters and have not done their office. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 3d. Also that Robert Skynnere occupies a well in the market of the lord without licence. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 14d. And that John Redere \8d./, John Greyne \3d./ sell meat and fish at excessive price. John Smyth \3d./. Amercement 10d. And that Thomas son of Richard Tornor \2d./, Thomas Predyton \2d./, William Chaundeler \2d./, John Chaundeler \2d./, , William Spyser \2d./, because they do not come to the court of the lord to prove their measures. Election Peter Fydelere, John Chelleye are elected into the office of aletaster and they are sworn. Affeerers William Leefes Sworn Total 19s. 4d. John Schelleye [folio 12v] [6 October 1404] Newmarket Court held there on Monday on the feast of St Faith, virgin, in the sixth year of the reign of King Henry IV. Essoins John Waleys excused attendance by Simon Nene. John Langham excused attendance by Simon Nene. Peter Fydelere excused attendance by John Jolyto. John Schelleye excused attendance by John Smyth. John Barboor, John Smyth, William Ray, John Smyth, baker, William Leef, Robert Denyys. The jury Amercement 2s. The jury present that John Bayhous \6d./, Nicholas Hethe \6d./, Robert Bernard \6d./, John Kyrkeby \quit/, William Oborne \6d./, Prior of Fordham \/, owe suit of court and have defaulted. And Robert Sygo does likewise. And that John Waleys \4d./, Thomas Cook \6d./, the wife of John Barboor \2d./, William Fyschere \2d./, Agnes Schoppe \3d./, Roger Smyth \2d./, John Redere \4d./, John Smyth son of Peter Smyth \4d./, because they are common bakers of bread and break the assize. And that John Wryte from Burwell (Borewelle) \3d./, John Choun \1d./, Richard Prat \3d./, Edmund Maryot \3d./, the wife of Thomas Bette \3d./, Margaret Wryte \3d./, have done similarly. And that the wife of John Waleys \9d./, the wife of Robert Carter \3d./, the wife of Thomas Cook \11d./, the wife of Thomas Sowtere \3d./, the wife of Peter Fydelere \4d./, the wife of John Smyth Denys \2d./, the wife of John Barboor \9d./, John Chaundeler \4d./, Johanna Tapstere \6d./, the wife of John Pepir \4d./, the wife of William Fyschere \6d./, Agnes Schoppe \void/, the wife of Henry Costyn \7d./, the wife of Roger Smyth \7d./, the wife of Thomas Peree \6d./, the wife of John Peree \6d./, the wife of John Redere \9d./, \the wife of/ John Smyth Marchal \7d./, the wife of John Ballone \6d./, the wife of William Galt \3d./, are brewers of ale and break the assize. And they do not come with measures. Therefore in mercy. And that Robert Skynnere \6d./, the wife of William Trendele \3d./, the wife of Robert Doushole \12d./, the wife of Richard Tornoor \4d./, the wife of Robert Randolf \8d./, the wife of Richard Jeorge \3d./, Margaret Wryte \6d./, the wife of 13

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John Odye \12d./, the wife of John Greyne \12d./, the wife of Richard Derlyng \6d./, are regraters of ale and break the assize. And that John Pepyr \3d./ is a forestaller of meat and fish. And Thomas Cook \5d./ does similarly. And that the wife of John Greyne \6d./ does similarly. And that Thomas Tornour \3d./, Thomas Predyton \3d./, William Chaundeler \3d./, John Chaundeler \3d./, William Spyser \3d./, sell by unsealed measures. And that Peter Fydelere \3d./ and John Schelleye \3d./ are aletasters and do not do their office. And that Walter Skynnere \2d./, Walter Bocher \6d./, John Kyrkeby \3d./, John Manston \2d./, Simon Baldewyne \1d./, William Chaundeler \1d./, John Langham \3d./, John Clerk \2d./, Walter Clak \1d./, John Waleys \2d./, Peter Smyth \[damaged]/, have trespassed on the common pasture with their animals and pigs. Amercement 4d. And that John Pepyr is a forestaller of fish at the cross to the nuisance of the whole town. Amercement 3d. And that Robert Skynnere uses the well of the lord without licence. [folio 24r] [9 November 1405] Newmarket (Newemarket) General Court held there on Monday next before the feast of St Martin, archbishop, in the seventh year of the reign of King Henry IV. Essoins John Kyrkeby excused attendance by John Broun. John Waleys for the same by Nicholas Waleys. Inquiry ex officio John Langham, John Bakere, John Schelleye, William Ray, Peter Fethelere, William Leefes, John Ballone. Amercement 12d. The jury present that a tenant of the land lately Cornerdes \6d. for a fine/, a tenant of the land lately Leveryngton now Walter Bocher \3d./, a tenant of the land of Nicholas Hethe \3d./ owe suit of court and have defaulted. Amercement 3s. 5d. And that John Waleys \5d./, Thomas Cook \8d./, Cecilia Barbour \4d./, Agnes Schoppe \2d./, Roger Smyth \3d./, John Redere \12d./, and John, son of Peter le Smyth \6d./, bake bread and sell against the assize. Amercement 13d. And that John Choun \3d./, Edmund Maryote \3d./, the wife of Thomas Bette \3d./, Gilbert Bakere \3d./, bake bread and sell and regrate against the assize. Thomas Tapstere \1d./ does likewise . Amercement 8s. 11d. And that the wife of John Waleys \7d./, the wife of Thomas Cook \10d./, the wife of Thomas Sowtere \3d./, the wife of Peter Fethelere \3d./, the wife of John Denyzs \2d./, the wife of John Barbour \8d./, the wife of John Dystere \3d./, Johanna Tapstere \4d./, the wife of John Pepyr \3d./, the wife of William Fyschere \6d./, the wife of Henry Cosyn \3d./, the wife of Roger Smyth \6d./, the wife of Thomas Pere \4d./, the wife of John Redere \18d./, the wife of John Pere senior \3d./, the wife of John Smyth, son of Peter le Smyth \4d./, the wife of John Ballone \3d./, the wife of Robert Skynnere \3d./, are brewers of ale and sell against the assize. And that the wife of Thomas Tapser \2d./ does likewise. Amercement 6s. And that the wife of John Barbour junior \2d./, the wife of Robert Dowsole \14d./, the wife of Richard Turnour \4d./, the wife of Robert Randolfes \8d./, the wife of Richard Jorge \4d./, the wife of John Odye \10d./, Margaret Wryte \6d./, the wife of John Greyne \18d./, the wife of Richard Derlyng \3d./, the wife of William Harlewene \3d./, are regraters of ale and sell against the assize. 14

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Amercement 6d. And that Thomas Turnour \3d./, William Spycer \3d./, sell tar against the assize. Amercement 3d. And that John Pepyr \3d./ is a forestaller of fish and sells at excessive price against the assize. Amercement 4d. And that John Lane \4d./ is a forestaller of oysters within the demesne of the lord to nuisance, etc. Amercement 2d. And that Simon Baldewene \2d./ is a forestaller of fish against the statute. Amercement 9d. And that John Redere \6d./ sells fish at excessive price against the statute. John, son of Peter Smyth \3d./ for the same. Amercement 15d. And that John Felyp \3d./, Ralph Symund \3d./, Thomas Ropere from Soham \3d./, and Thomas Predynton, roper from Fordham \3d./, and Thomas Symund from Mildenhall \3d./, sell hemp, that is to say ropes and traces (‘trais’) by weight and not by balance. Amercement 11d. And that John Redere \6d./, Roger Smyth \1d./, the wife of Henry Cosyn \1d./, Thomas Cook \3d./, were rebellious to the bailiff of the lord concerning horsebread and white bread, the same \not/ handed over. Therefore in mercy. More on the back Affeerers

[folio 24v] At the foot of this document. Amercement 12d. Also they present that Robert Gateward \3d./, John Plomer \3d./, John Vyncent \3d./, are tanners of leather and sell against the assize and William Parmanter \3d./ does likewise. Amercement 3d. And that John Ballone Smyth \3d./ has used a horse-mill and did not come with his grain toll. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 8d. And that the wife of Thomas Cook \2d./, Cecilia Barbour \1d./, Johanna Tapster \1d./, the wife of Roger Smyth \1d./, the wife of John Redere \3d./, do not come to prove their measures. Therefore etc. Amercement 4d. And that John Schelleye \2d./ and Peter Fethelere \2d./ are aletasters. Affeerers John Schelleye Sworn Total 25s. 9d. \verified/ John Bakere [folio 26v] [28 April 1406] Newmarket (Newemarket) General Court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St George in the seventh year of the reign of King Henry IV. Essoins John Smyth Bakere excused attendance by John Taylour. Peter Fedelere for the same by Thomas Soutere. William Leefes for the same by Thomas Pere. Inquiry ex officio John Langham, Walter Bocher, John Langham [sic]. The jury.

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Amercement 9d. The jury present that John Ballone, bladesmith (‘bladsmyth’),\3d./ owes suit of court and defaulted. Therefore in mercy. William Ray \3d./, John Schelleye \3d./ similarly. Also that John Waleys \6d./, Thomas Maynard \8d./, John Barbor \4d./, Roger Smyth \3d./, John Redere \14d./, Nicholas Chapman \3d./, are common bakers of bread and break the assize. And Gilbert Bakere from Bottisham (Bottlesham) \2d./, the wife of Thomas Bette \2d./, John Cavenham from Kentford (Kenteforth) \2d/, are bakers of bread and break the assize similarly. And that the wife of John Waleys \6d./, the wife of Thomas Maynard \10d./, the wife of Thomas Soutere \3d./, the wife of Peter Fethelere \3d./, the wife of John Taylour \2d./, the wife of John Barbour \8d./, the wife of John Lestere \2d./, Johanna Tapstere \3d./, the wife of William Fyschere \6d./, the wife of Henry Cosyn \3d./, the wife of Roger Smyth \6d./, the wife of Thomas Pere \4d./, the wife of John Pere \3d./, the wife of John Redere \18d./, the wife of Nicholas Chapman \4d./, the wife of John Ballone \3d./, are common brewers of ale and break the assize. And that Beatrix Greyne \18d./, the wife of John Odye \8d./, the wife of Richard Derlyng \3d./, the wife of Richard Gorge \4d./, Margaret Writhe \6d./, the wife of Robert Dowsole \12d./, the wife of Robert Skynnere \3d./, the wife of Richard Turnour \3d./, the wife of Robert Randolfs \8d./, the wife of Thomas Bette \2d./, are regraters of ale and sold against the assize. And that Thomas Turnour \3d./ sells oil and tar with unsealed measures. And William Spycer from Haverhill (Haveryll) \3d./ similarly. And that John Lane \4d./ is a forestaller of fish and oysters and sells at excessive price. Therefore in mercy. And that Thomas Maynard \3d./ sold fish and victuals at excessive price. Therefore in mercy. And that John Redere \6d./ sold diverse victuals in his inn (hospicio) at excessive price to nuisance. Therefore in mercy. And that John Phelyp \3d./, Ralph Symond \3d./, Thomas Ropere from Soham \3d./, Thomas Pretyngton \3d./, Thomas Symond \3d./, sold hemp and ropes by weight and not by balance. And that John Ballone \3d./ has a horse-mill and does not come with his measurement toll. Therefore etc. And that Peter Fethelere \2d./ and John Schelleye \2d./ are aletasters and do not do their office. Therefore in mercy. And that Robert Randolfs \3d./ made a wrongful way in the meadows of the lord. Therefore in mercy. Fine 6d. And that Robert Bernard gives to the lord a fine for responding to suit of court this year, as is made clear, etc. And that the wife of John Redere \3d./, the wife of John Barbour \3d./, Beatrix Greyne \3d./, do not come to validate their measures, etc. And that the wife of Robert Doushole \3d./ for the same there, etc. Total 22s. 3d. \verified/ [folio 31r]

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[6 October 1407] Newmarket General Court held there on Thursday on the feast of St Faith, virgin, in the 9th year of the reign of King Henry IV. John Langham, Peter Fydelere, John Waleys, William Leeff, John Ballone, John Smyth Bakere. The jury. They present that Nicholas Hethe \4d./, a tenant lately of Walter Bocher \afterwards he comes/, Robert Bernard \6d./, John Schelley \3d./, a tenant of John Bayhous \4d./, a tenant lately of John Aston, chaplain \3d./, because they owe suit of court and have defaulted. And that the wife of John Waleys \6d./, the wife of Thomas Cook \6d./, the wife of John Barbour \3d./, the wife of Henry Cosyn \4d./, the wife of Roger Smyth \5d./, the wife of John Redere \14d./, the wife of Nicholas Chapman \2d./, Gilbert Bakere \3d./, Thomas Bette \3d./, John Choun \2d./, the wife of Perye from Burwell (Burwelle) \3d./, because they are common bakers of bread and break the assize. And that the wife of John Waleys \8d./, the wife of Thomas Cook \6d./, the wife of Thomas Sowtere \3d./, the wife of Peter Fydelere \3d./, the wife of John Reymes \6d./, the wife of William Fyschere \3d./, Matilda Pepyr \2d./, the wife of William Ray \4d./, the wife of John Draweswerd \2d./, the wife of Henry Cosyn \3d./, the wife of Roger Smyth \4d./, the wife of Thomas Peere \3d./, the wife of John Pere junior \3d./, the wife of John Redere \14d./, the wife of Nicholas Chapman \4d./, the wife of John Ballone \3d./, the wife of Robert Skynnere \4d./, brewers and break the assize. And that the wife of Robert Dowshole \15d./, the wife of Thomas Bette \5d./, the wife of Richard Tornour \7d./, a servant of John Greyne \8d./, the wife of Richard Jeorge \8d./, the wife of Richard Wryte \8d./, the wife of John Odie \12d./, the wife of John Derlyng \6d./, the wife of John Greyne \12d./, are regraters of ale and break the assize. And that the wife of John Waleys \3d./, the wife of Thomas Cook \3d./, the wife of Thomas Sowtere \2d./, the wife of Peter Fedelere \3d./, the wife of William Ray \3d./, the wife of Roger Smyth \3d./, the wife of John Redere \3d./, the wife of Nicholas Chapman \2d./, the wife of John Ballone \2d./, the wife of Robert Skynnere \3d./, the wife of Richard Tornoor \3d./, the wife of Richard Jeorge \3d./, a servant of John Greyne \3d./, the wife of Richard Wryte \2d./, the wife of John Odye \3d./, the wife of John Derlyng \2d./, the wife of John Greyne \3d./, do not come with measures. And that John Pepyr \3d./, Peter Brabon \3d./, aletasters, and do not do their office. And that William Spyser \3d./, Thomas Tornour \3d./ sell oil and tar by unsealed measures. And that John Felyp \3d./, Thomas Predelyngton \3d./, Richard Symond \3d./, Thomas Ropere from Soham\3d./, Thomas Symond \3d./, sell hemp and other by weight and not by measures. And that Robert Gateward \3d./, John Fynsent \3d./, John Collyng \3d./, William Parmounter \3d./, John Plomer \3d./, sell hides at excessive price. And that John Pepyr \3d./, Thomas Cook \4d./, John Redere \12d./, sell diverse victuals at excessive price. And that the wife of Walter Skynnere \1d./, the wife of Walter Bocher \3d./, Thomas atte Belle \2d./, John Chaundelere \2d./, John Leysetere \2d./, John Kyrkeby \3d./, John Manston \4d./, Walter Clak \2d./, John Clerk \3d./, John son of Peter Smyth \3d./, are trespassers on the common pasture where none have common rights. 17

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Amercement 2d. And that Robert Skynnere uses the pound of the lord without licence. Affeerers William Leef Sworn Total of this court 29s. 10d. John Smyth Bakere [16 June 1408] General Court held there on Saturday on the feast of the Translation of St Richard in the 9th year of the reign of King Henry IV. Essoins John Ballone excused attendance by Thomas Sowtere. Fine John Wykes \6d./, Robert Bernard \6d./, William Oborne \6d./, gave a fine for suit of the court this year. Peter Fydelere, John Baxstere, William Ray. The jury. Who say upon their oath that Nicholas Hethe \6d./, a tenant lately of John Barbour \4d./, John Schelleye \3d./, John Langham \4d./, owe suit of court and have defaulted. And that John Waleys \8d./, Thomas Cook \8d./, John Barboor \3d./, Peter Fydelere \3d./, Roger Smyth, John Redere, Nicholas Chapman, Thomas Bette, John Choun, are common brewers of ale and break the assize. And that the wife of Thomas Sowtere \2d./, Johanna Tapster \2d./, Robert Gateward \6d./, the wife of William Ray \4d./ for the same. And that the wife of John Waleys \6d./, the wife of Thomas Cook \6d./, the wife of the wife of Peter Fydelere \3d./, the wife of John Barboor \3d./, Johanna Tapstere, Robert Gateward, the wife of William Ray, Roger Smyth \3d./, John Redere \14d./, Nicholas Chapman \2d./, Thomas Bette \3d./, John Choun \2d./, William Cachg \2d./, because they are common bakers of bread and break the assize. And that the wife of Roger Smyth \4d./, the wife of Thomas Pere \2d./, the wife of John Pere \2d./, the wife of John Redere \12d./, the wife of Nicholas Chapman \6d./, the wife of John Ballone \3d./, the wife of Robert Skynnere \3d./, similarly [are] brewers and break the assize. And that the wife of Robert Doushole \8d./, the wife of Thomas Bette \3d./, the wife of Richard Tornour \3d./, the wife of Richard Wryte \6d./, the wife of John Odye \8d./, the wife of Richard Derlyng \3d./, the wife of John Greyne \12d./, because they are regraters of ale and break the assize. And that John Pepyr \3d./, Peter Brabon \3d./, because they are aletasters and do not do their office. And that the wife of Thomas Cook \3d./, the wife of John Barbour \3d./, the wife of Roger Smyth \3d./, the wife of Nicholas Chapman \3d./, the wife of John Ballone, the wife of Richard Tornour \3d./, the wife of John Greyne \3d./, the wife of Richard Wryte \3d./, the wife of John Odye \3d./, the wife of Richard Derlyng \3d./, Robert Gateward \3d./, the wife of Robert Doushole \3d./, because they do not come with measures. And that Stephen Gille \3d./, Robert Doushole \3d./, because they are tasters of leather and do not do their office. And that Richard Farwell \4d./ and his servant are tasters of meat and do not do their office. And that Thomas God \1d./, Thomas Schepherd \1d./ are trespassers in the meadows of the lord. Affeerers John Schelleye Sworn Total 20s. 1d. Robert Skynnere [folio 23r] 18

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[3 November 1408] Newmarket (Newe Market) General Court held there on Saturday next after the feast of All Saints in the 10th year of the reign of King Henry. Inquiry John Waleys, John Ballone, John Schelley, William Ray, John Depeden. Amercement Who say that a tenant of the land of Nicholas Hethe \6d./, Peter Fedelere \2d./, John Wykes \fine/, a tenant of the land once of Simon Iklyngham \afterwards he comes/, a tenant of the land of William Leefes \2d./, a tenant of the land of Robert Bernard \fine/, John Langham \3d./, John Kyrkeby \3d./, William Oburne \fine/, owe suit of court and have defaulted. Therefore in mercy. Amercement Also they say that the wife of John Waleys \8d./, the wife of Thomas Cookes \6d./, the wife of John Lamperd \2d./, the wife of William Fyschere \3d./, the wife of Roger Smyth \3d./, the wife of John Redere \10d./, the wife of Nicholas Chapman \4d./, are bakers of bread and break the assize. Therefore in mercy. Amercement And that the wife of John Choun \1d./, the wife of Thomas Bette \1d./, are bakers of bread similarly and break the assize. And that the wife of Peter Braban \2d./, the wife of John Waleys \8d./, the wife of Thomas Cookes \8d./, the wife of Thomas Soutere \2d./, the wife of Peter Fedelere \3d./, the wife of John Lamberd \4d./, Johanna Tapstere \2d./, Agatha Gateward \3d./, the wife of Gilbert Wyote \2d./, the wife of John Pepyr \2d./, the wife of William Ray \4d./, the wife of William Fyschere \2d./, the wife of Roger Smyth \4d./, the wife of Thomas Pere \3d./, the wife of John Pere \3d./, the wife of John Redere \12d./, the wife of Nicholas Chapman \4d./, the wife of John Ballone \3d./, the wife of Robert Skynnere \4d./, are brewers of ale and break the assize. Therefore in mercy. Amercement And that the wife of John Greyne \16d./, the wife of John Odye \8d./, the wife of Richard Derlynges \4d./, the wife of William Smyth from Cheveley (Chevele) \3d./, the wife of Richard Writhe \4d./, the wife of Thomas Bette \3d./, Petronilla Tornour \6d./, the daughter of Robert Dowsole \8d./, are regraters of ale and break the assize.

Amercement And that Thomas Cookes \3d./ and John Pepyr \2d./ are common cooks and sell at excessive price against the assize. Amercement And that John Pepyr \3d./ and Peter Brabon \3d./, are aletasters and do not do their office. Therefore in mercy. Amercement And that the wife of Walter Bocher \3d./ caused damage with cows within the demesne. John Kyrkeby \3d./, John Manston \4d./, John Chaundeler \3d./, Nicholas Sadelere \1d./, John Smyth Marchal \4d./, grazed horses and cows on the common to nuisance. And Walter Clak \1d./ similarly. Amercement And that Thomas Cook \1d./, Peter Fydeler \1d./, William Ray \1d./, do not come with bushels. And that the wife of John Waleys \2d./, the wife of Thomas Cook \2d./, the wife of Peter Fydelere \2d./, the wife of John Lamberd \2d./, Agatha Gateward \2d./, the wife of William Ray \2d./, the wife of William Fyschere \2d./, the wife of Roger Smyth \2d./, the wife of John Redere \2d./, the wife of Nicholas Chapman \2d./, the wife of John Ballone \2d./, do not come with measures. 19

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And that William Spyser \3d./, Thomas Tornour \3d./, sell oil and tar by unsealed measures. And that Thomas Predilton Chaundeler \3d./ does similarly. Total 25s. 10d. [folio 23v] [12 April 1409] General Court held there on Friday in Easter week in the 10th year of the reign of King Henry IV. Essoins John Waleys excused attendance by Thomas Sowtere. John Ballone excused attendance by Thomas Sowtere. John Bakere excused attendance by Thomas Sowtere. John Langham, Peter Fydelere, William Ray, John Schelley. The jury Presentment that a tenant of William Leeff \2d./, Robert Bernard \6d./, John Wykes \fine/, a tenant lately of John Barbor \4d./, \a tenant of/ Nicholas Hethe \6d./, a tenant lately of John Aston chaplain \6d./, John Bayhous \4d./, John Kyrkeby \4d./, William Oborne \fine/, owe suit of court and have defaulted. Fine 6d. John Wykes gives a fine for suit of court respited until the feast of Easter next following. Fine 6d. William Oborne gives a fine for suit of court respited until the feast of Easter next following as is made clear. And that John Waleys \4d./, Thomas Cook \4d./, Peter Fedelere \1d./, John Smyth Denys \1d./, Amicia Barbor \1d./, William Fyschere \3d./, Roger Smyth \4d./, John Redere \12d./, Nicholas Chapman \4d./, are bakers of bread and break the assize. And that the wife of John Waleys \9d./, the wife of Thomas Cook \7d./, the wife of Thomas Sowtere \4d./, the wife of Peter Fedelere \3d./, the wife of John Denyys \3d./, Amicia Barboor \6d./, Johanna Tapstere \2d./, the wife of William Ray \5d./, the wife of William Fyschere \5d./, the wife of Roger Smyth \5d./, the wife of Thomas Peere \4d./, the wife of John Redere \19d./, the wife of Nicholas Chapman \5d./, the wife of John Ballone \3d./, are brewers of ale and break the assize. And that the wife of Robert Skynnere \4d./ does likewise. And that the daughter of Robert Gateward \13d./, the wife of John Pere \2d./, the wife of William Smyth from Cheveley (Cheuele) \3d./, Beatrix Greyne \19d./, the wife of Richard Derlyng \7d./, the wife of John Odye \13d./, the wife of Richard Wryte from Exning (Ixnyng) \9d./, the daughter of Robert Doushole \13d./, the wife of John Smyth from Exning (Ixnyng) \7d./, the wife of Thomas Bette \7d./, the wife of Richard Tornour \5d./, are regraters of ale and do not do their office [sic] and they do not come with measures. And that John Pepyr \3d./, Peter Brabon \3d./, are aletasters and do not do their office. And that William Spyser \2d./, Thomas Tornour \2d./, sell by measures and do not come with measures. And that William Leef, who has died, held on the day when he died one holding and land from the lord for services of 24d. annually and suit of court. And that Ralph his son of 20 years of age is his nearest heir. Amercement 4d. And that Robert Reefham is a forestaller of leather in this market. And that Thomas Bette \2d./, William Cagg \2d./. 20

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And that Thomas Cook, Amicus Barbour, John Redere, have open doors onto the marketplace of the lord in prejudice of the lords under penalty for each of them 2s. Total 23s. 2d. [folio 34r] [7 October 1409] Newmarket General Court held there on Monday next after the feast of St Faith, virgin, in the 11th year of the reign of King Henry IV. Essoins Peter Fedelere excused attendance by Thomas Sowtere. Amercement 2d. John Ballone does not warrant his essoin. Therefore in mercy. Inquiry John Langham, William Ray, John Waleys, John Depeden. Amercement The jury present That a tenant of the land of John Pretyngton \3d./, a tenant of the land of John Bayhows \3d./, a tenant of the land of John Aschedon, chaplain \3d./, a tenant of the land of John Barbour \afterwards he comes/, a tenant of the land of Robert Bernard \6d./, John Schelleye \2d./, John Ballone \3d./, a tenant of the land of William Leefes \1d./, William Oburne \fine/, owe suit of court and have defaulted. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 3d. And John Kyrkeby similarly. And that the wife of John Waleys \6d./, the wife of Thomas Cookes \6d./, the wife of Peter Fedelere \3d./, Anna Barbour \3d./, the wife of William Fyschere \3d./, the wife of Roger Smyth \4d./, the wife of John Redere \12d./, the wife of Nicholas Chapman \3d./, the wife of Thomas Bette \2d./, William Cagge from Fordham \2d./, and a foreign baker from Bottisham (Botlesham) \Henry, 2d./, are common bakers of bread and break the assize. Therefore in mercy. And that the wife of John Waleys \6d./, the wife of Thomas Cookes \8d./, the wife of Thomas Soutere \2d./, the wife of Peter Fedelere \3d./, the wife of John Denys \2d./, Anna Barbour \4d./, the wife of John Brunne \2d./, the wife of William Ray \4d./, the wife of William Fyschere \3d./, the wife of Roger Smyth \4d./, the wife of Thomas Pere \3d./, the wife of John Redere \12d./, the wife of John Pere \2d./, the wife of Nicholas Chapman \3d./, the wife of John Ballone \3d./, are common brewers of ale and break the assize. Therefore in mercy. And that Beatrix Greyne \14d./, the wife of Richard Derlyng \4d./, the wife of Richard Writhe \6d./, the wife of John Odye \8d./, the daughter of Robert Dosole \4d./, the wife of Richard Turnour \4d./, the wife of Robert Skynnere \6d./, the wife of Thomas Bette \2d./, the wife of William Smyth from Cheveley (Cheuele) \2d./, the daughter of Robert Barkere \6d./, are common regraters of ale and sell against the assize. And that the wife of John Pepyr \2d./ does likewise. The wife of Nicholas Hurton \2d./ does [likewise]. Amercement And that Matilda Pepyr \2d./, Thomas Cookes \3d./, are reheaters of meat and fish to nuisance. Amercement And that Edmund Taylour \3d./ and William Fyschere \3d./ are aletasters and do not do their office. Therefore in mercy. Amercement And that William Cleydon \3d./, Thomas Tornour \3d./, sell oil and tar by unsealed measures. Amercement And that Thomas Cook \2s./, Amicus Barbour \2s./ do not close their doors towards the marketplace of the lord. Therefore each of them incurs a penalty of 2s. 21

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And that Thomas Cook \3d./, Peter Fedelere \3d./, Amicus Barbour \3d./, William Fischere \3d./, Roger Smyth \3d./, John Ballone \3d./, the daughter of Robert Gateward \3d./, Beatrix Greyne \3d./, the wife of John Odye \3d./, Richard Wryte \3d./, the daughter of Robert Doushole \3d./, Robert Skynnere \3d./, Richard Tornour senior \3d./, because their wives do not come to this court with measures. Affeerers for the homage as above Total 24s. 4d. [folio 38r] [16 May 1410] Newmarket General Court held there on Friday in the week of Pentecost in the 11th year of the reign of King Henry IV. Essoins John Waleys excused attendance by William Godard. John Langham, John Ballone, Peter Brabon, William Ray, John Smyth, Peter Fedelere, John Schelley. The jury. Who say upon their oath that Robert Bernard \6d./, John Wykes \fine 6d./, John Barbour \4d./, John Predyton \6d./, John Kyrkeby \3d./, William Oborne \6d./, owe suit of court and have defaulted. And that John Waleys \6d./, Thomas Cook \6d./, Peter Fedelere \1d./, Amicus Barbour \3d./, John Chene \2d./, William Fyschere \2d./, Roger Smyth \4d./, John Redere \12d./, Nicholas Chapman \2d./, Mariot Choun \2d./, Thomas Bette \3d./, Mariot Deke \3d./, Henry Bakere from Bottisham (Botesham) \6d./, the wife of John Wryte from Burwell (Borwelle) \2d./, William Cagge from Fordham \3d./, are bakers of bread and break the assize. And that John Waleys \10d./, Thomas Cook \8d./, Thomas Sowtere \2d./, Peter Fedelere \3d./, the wife of John Denys \1d./, Amicus Barbour \6d./, the wife of John Brunne \2d./, the wife of John Chene \2d./, the wife of William Fyschere \3d./, the wife of Andrew Flechere \1d./, the wife of William Ray \4d./, the wife of Thomas Pere \3d./, the wife of Roger Smyth \6d./, the wife of John Redere \12d./, the wife of John Pere \2d./, the wife of Nicholas Chapman \3d./, the wife of John Ballone \2d./, the wife of Robert Skynnere \4d./, are brewers of ale and break the assize. And that they did not send for the aletasters, each of them 1d. Amercement And that Beatrix Greyne \14d./, the wife of Richard Derlyng \4d./, the wife of Richard Wryte \6d./, the wife of John Odye \14d./, the wife of John Gardyner \40d./, the wife of Richard Tornour \4d./, the wife of Thomas Bette \3d./, the wife of Thomas Cowpere \3d./, the daughter of Robert Gateward \12d./, the wife of Nicholas Hurton \16d./, Mariot Deke \14d./, Matilda Rokelond \1d./, the wife of Nicholas Sadelere \1d./, are regraters of ale and break the assize. And because they do not come with their measures, each of them 1d. Amercement And that William Fyschere \3d./, Edmund Taylour \3d./, are aletasters and do not do their office. Amercement And that the wife of John Brunne \1d./, John Osteler \2d./, are regraters of horse bread, namely they buy three \loaves/ for 1d. and sell two loaves for 1d. Amercement And that John Lane \3d./, John Redere \3d./, John Leysetere \1d./, Matilda Rokelond \1d./, are regraters of fish. Amercement And Thomas Cook \2d./, Matilda Rokelond \2d./, are common cooks and sell at excessive price. 22

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Nuisance And that John Waleys \4d./, Peter Fedelere \void /, Robert Gateward \4d./, Mariot Deke \4d./, Beatrix Greyne \2d./, the wife of Thomas Bette \1d./, are regraters of meat and sell at excessive price. Limited fealty And that John Redere broke the lord’s soil and carried it away. Amercement And that John Predyton \2s./, Amicus Barbour \2s./, have open doors onto the marketplace of the lord. Therefore each of them incurs a penalty of 2s. And it is ordered that they close the said doors under penalty for each of them of 2s. [folio 38v] And that \the shepherd of/ Drugo Baryntyn \3d./, Ralph Wyote \3d./, the shepherd of John Breghenyd \3d./, the shepherd of Richard Farwell \3d./, the shepherd of John Seyntieorge \3d./ and John Broketon the shepherd of William Symond \3d./, the shepherd of John Degoun \3d./, the shepherd of Thomas Pere \3d./, the shepherd of John Kyrkeby \void/, trespassed in the meadows of the lord with sheep. Nuisance Amercement 2d. And that John Kerkeby is a common trespasser in the meadows of the lord and the tenants’ cornfields with his geese. And that Nicholas Chapman \3d./, John Peree \1d./, are common trespassers in the communal cornfields. Amercement 6d. And that [blank] has one boar and a sow and a pig and trespassed in the communal cornfields. Amercement And that William Cledon \3d./ and Thomas Tornor \3d./ sell oil and tar by unsealed measures. Amercement And that John Waleys \ 1d./, Thomas Cook \1d./, Peter Fedelere \1d./, John Chene \1d./, William Fyschere \1d./, Thomas Pere \1d./, John Pere \1d./, Roger Smyth \1d./, John Redere \1d./, Nicholas Chapman \1d./, John Ballone \1d./, do not come with measures. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 12d. And that John Bryd from Quy (Qwye) is a common trader of flour and measuring with his hands deceives fraudulently the neighbourhood in prejudice, etc. Affeerers Peter Fedelere Sworn Total 36s. 6d. Peter Brabon [folio 39r] [8 November 1410] Newmarket General Court held there on Saturday next after the feast of St Leonard in the 12th year of the reign of King Henry IV. Essoins Peter Fedeler excused attendance by William Ray. Peter Brabon excused attendance by John Chaundeler. John Smyth Bakere excused attendance by John Chaundeler. John Langham, John Bladsmyth, William Ray, John Schelley. Amercement Who say upon their oath that John Bayhous \3d./, John Predytone \9d./, , John Kyrkeby \3d./, Robert Bernard \6d./, John Barbour \3d./, William Oborne \6d./, owe suit of court and have defaulted. Amercement And that John Waleys \6d./, Thomas Cook \8d./, Thomas Brasyere \1d./, Peter Fedelere \1d./, John Ray \3d./, Robert Cheyne \3d./, William Fyschere \6d./, Roger Smyth \6d./, John Redere \12d./, Nicholas Chapman \6d./, are common bakers of bread and sold against the assize. Therefore in mercy. 23

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Also they say that Henry Bakere \2d./, Mariot Choun \2d./, William Cagg \2d./, a baker from Haverhill (Haverhyll) \3d./, the wife of Thomas Bette \1d./, are regraters of bread and break the assize. And the wife of John Brunne \2d./, the wife of John Denyss \2d./, did similarly. Amercement Also they say that the wife of John Waleys \8d./, the wife of Thomas Cookes \12d./, the wife of Thomas Soutere \2d./, the wife of Peter Fethelere \2d./, the wife of William Smyth \1d./, the wife of John Ray \6d./, the wife of John Denyss \2d./, the wife of Thomas Edward \6d./, the wife of Robert Cheyne \6d./, the wife of John Brunne \2d./, the wife of William Ray \4d./, the wife of William Fischere \4d./, the wife of Roger Smyth \6d./, the wife of Thomas Pere \2d./, the wife of John Pere \4d./, the wife of John Redere \12d./, the wife of Nicholas Chapman \6d./, the wife of John Ballone \2d./, the wife of John Gardoner junior \12d./, the wife of Robert Skynnere \4d./, the wife of Thomas Bette \3d./, the wife of Richard Turnour \6d./, the wife of John Greyne \16d./, the wife of Nicholas Hurton \12d./, the wife of Richard Writhe \6d./, the wife of John Odye \14d./, the wife of John Deke \16d./, the wife of Richard Derlyng \4d./, the wife of John Coupere \3d./, are common brewers of ale and break the assize. Amercement Also they say that Thomas Cookes \6d./, John Pepyr \3d./, are common cooks and sell diverse victuals at excessive price to nuisance. Therefore in mercy. And John Redere \4d./ sells diverse victuals at excessive price similarly. And Mariot Deke \4d./ similarly and the wife of John Greyne \4d./ similarly. Amercement And that John Lane \4d./, Matilda Rokelond \2d./, Thomas Cookes \2d./, are common forestallers of fish to nuisance. Therefore in mercy. Amercement Also they say that John Chaundeler \1d./, John Kyrkeby \3d./, Walter Clakke \3d./, John Smyth Marchal \3d./, pastured their horses, cows and pigs on the common land of the lords where they do not have common rights. Amercement Also they say that Edmund Taylour \3d./ and William Fischere \3d./ are aletasters and do not do their office. Amercement And that John Ray servant of John Reymys, Thomas Cook servant of John Predyton, have open doors onto the marketplace of the lord. Therefore they incur a penalty of 2s. for each of them. Amercement And that John Redere \3d./, John Pere \3d./, Nicholas Chapman \3d./, are trespassers in the tenants’ cornfields with their horses and pigs. Amercement And that Thomas Cook \2d./, John Ray \2d./, Robert Chene \2d./, William Fyschere \2d./, John Redere \2d./ and Nicholas Chapman \2d./, do not come with bushels. Amercement And that the wife of John Waleys \2d./, the wife of Thomas Cook \2d./, the wife of John Ray \2d./, the wife of Robert Chene \2d./, the wife of William Ray \2d./, the wife of Roger Smyth \2d./, the wife of John Redere \2d./, the wife of Nicholas Chapman \2d./, the wife of Thomas Edward \2d./, the wife of Robert Skynnere \2d./, the wife of John Greyne \2d./, the wife of John Odye \2d./, the wife of John Deke \2d./, do not come with measures. Affeerers John Ballone Sworn Total 36s. 7d. John Schelley [folio 39v]

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[23 April 1411] General Court held there on Thursday on the feast of St George in the 12th year of the reign of King Henry IV. Essoins John Waleys excused attendance by Thomas Sowtere. William Ray excused attendance by the same Thomas Sowtere. John Schelleye excused attendance by the same Thomas Sowtere. John Bladsmyth excused attendance by John Smyth. Amicus Leef excused attendance by Thomas Pere. Peter Fedelere, John Bakere, John Heyham. The jury. Amercement Who say upon their oath that Peter Brabon \3d./, a tenant of the land of Bayhous \6d./, a tenant of the land lately of John Barbour \for two suits 6d./, John Wykes \6d./, Robert Bernard \6d./, John Langham \4d./, William Oborne \6d./, Prior of Fordham \6d./, owe suit of court and have defaulted. And that John Waleys \8d./, Thomas Brasyere \2d./, Thomas Cook \8d./, Peter Fedelere \1d./, Amicus Barbour \4d./, Robert Cheyne \2d./, William Fyschere \2d./, Roger Smyth \4d./, John Redere \14d./, Mariot Choun \1d./, Thomas Bette \1d./, Mariot Deke \6d./, Henry Bakere from Bottisham (Botesham) \12d./, are common bakers of bread and break the assize. John of Ely \1d./ does similarly. And that John Waleys \13d./, Thomas Brasyere \3d./, Thomas Cook \13d./, Thomas Sowtere \2d./, Peter Fedelere \2d./, William Smyth \1d./, John Ray \9d./, the wife of John Denys \1d./, the wife of Thomas Edward \5d./, the wife of Robert Chene \3d./, the wife of William Ray \5d./, the wife of William Fyschere \5d./, the wife of John Brunne \2d./, the wife of Roger Smyth \9d./, the wife of Thomas Peree \3d./, the wife of John Redere \12d./, the wife of Nicholas Chapman \3d./, the wife of John Ballone \3d./, the wife of Robert Skynnere \7d./, are brewers of ale and break the assize and that they do not send for the aletasters. And that Beatrix Greyne \2s./, the wife of Richard Derlyng \8d./, the wife of Richard Wryte \8d./, the wife of John Odye \12d./, the wife of Richard Tornour \6d./, the wife of John Cowpere \6d./, the wife of Nicholas Hurton \14d./, Mariot Deke \2s./, the wife of Thomas Tornour, the wife of Nicholas Sadelere \2d./, are regraters of ale and break the assize. Amercement And that John Lane \8d./, John Redere \2d./, John Leyseter \2d./, Thomas Cook \/, are regraters and forestallers of fish to the common nuisance. And it is ordered that they not do so any more under penalty for each of them of 40d. And that Thomas Cook \2d./, John Pepyr \2d./, John Redere \4d./, Beatrix Greyne \4d./, Mariot Deke \8d./, are common cooks and sell at excessive price. Amercement And that the wife of John Waleys \2d./, the wife of Thomas Cook \1d./, the wife of John Ray \1d./, the wife of Roger Smyth \1d./, the wife of John Redere \3d./, the wife of Robert Skynnere \1d./, do not come with measures. Amercement Thomas Tornor \4d./, William Spyser \3d./, do not come with measures. Amercement And that William Fyschere \3d./, Edmund Taylour \3d./, are aletasters and do not do their office. Amercement And that John Ray, servant of John Reymys, did not close his door upon the marketplace of the lord. Therefore he incurs a penalty of 2s. It is ordered And they inquire at the leet of the lord, etc, if Thomas Cook, servant of John Heyham, has his entrance open onto the marketplace of the lord in prejudice. Total 32s. 5d. 25

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[folio 45r] [2 November 1411] Newmarket (Newemarket) General Court held there on Wednesday next after the feast of All Saints in the 13th year of the reign of King Henry IV. Essoins John Bakere excused attendance by Thomas Soutere. Peter Braban excused attendance by John Chaundeler. Amercement 2d. William Ray did not come to warrant his essoin. Therefore in mercy. Fealty To this court comes Edmund Broun, tailor, and agrees to hold from the lord freely by deed 1 cottage next to the holding of John Waleys and those of John Waleys by services of 10d. annually and he makes fealty. Fine 6d. Thomas Pere gives a fine for a holding lately of John Barbour for remitting his suit annually, as is made clear in the head. Inquiry John Waleys, John Ballone, John Langham, Edmund Broun, Peter Fythelere, John Schelleye. Amercement 13d. Who say that a tenant of the land of John Bayhous \4d./, Robert Bernard \6d./, Amicus Leef, permission, John Kyrkeby \3d./, owe suit of court of this court and have defaulted. Therefore they are in mercy. Amercement 5s. 3d. And that John Waleys \6d./, Thomas Brasyere \2d./, Thomas Cookes \8d./, Amicia the wife of John Ray \2d./, Robert Cheyne \4d./, William Fyschere \6d./, Roger Smyth \6d./, John Redere \12d./, John Choun \1d./, Mariot Deke \8d./, Henry Bakere from Bottisham (Bodekesham) \4d./, John Ely \2d./, are common bakers of bread and sell against the assize. Therefore they are in mercy. And John Greyne \2d./ does likewise. Amercement 6s. 11d. And that William Stryngere \1d./, John Waleys \8d./, Thomas Brasyere \2d./, Thomas Cookes \10d./, Thomas Soutere \2d./, Peter Fydelere \2d./, William Smyth \2d./, John Ray \6d./, John Broune \1d./, Thomas Edward \5d./, Robert Cheyne \4d./, William Ray \4d./, Nicholas Sadelere [damaged], William Fysshere \4d./, Roger Smyth \5d./, Thomas Pere \2d./, John Redere \12d./, Nicholas Chapman \4d./, John [damaged] are common brewers of ale and sell against the assize. Therefore they are in mercy. And that the wife of Robert Skynnere \4d./ does likewise. Amercement 5s. 10d. And that Beatrix Greyne \14d./, the wife of Richard Derlyng \4d./, the wife of Richard Wryghte \4d./, the wife of John Odye \10d./, the wife of Richard Turnour \6d./, the wife of John Coupere \2d./, the wife of Nicholas Hurton \12d./, Mariot Deke \18d./, are common retailers (auxion’) of ale and sell against the assize. Therefore they are in mercy. Amercement 18d. And that Thomas Cookes \4d./, John Pepyr \4d./, John Redere \4d./, John Greyne \2d./, Mariot Deke \4d./, are common cooks and sell excessively against the statute. Therefore they are in mercy. Amercement 2s. And that the wife of John Waleys \1d./, Thomas Brasyere \1d./, Thomas Cookes \1d./, the wife of Thomas Soutere \1d./, the wife of Peter Fydelere \1d./, the wife of John Smyth \1d./, the wife of John Ray \1d./, John Broune \1d./, Thomas Edward \1d./, Robert Cheyne \1d./, William Ray \1d./, Nicholas Sadelere \1d./, William Fysshere \1d./, Roger Smyth \1d./, the wife of Thomas Pere, the wife of John Redere \1d./, the wife of John Ballone \1d./, Beatrix Greyne \1d./, the wife of Richard Derlyng \1d./, the wife of Richard Wryghte \1d./, the wife of John Odye \1d./, the wife of Richard Turnour \1d./, the wife of John Coupere \1d./, the wife of Nicholas Hurton \1d./, Mariot Deke \1d./, are brewers of 26

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ale and did not bring their measures. Therefore they are in mercy. And the wife of Robert Skynnere \1d./ does likewise. Amercement 4s. And they say that John Heyham \2s./ had \various/ days to show his charter by what right he has his entrance open onto marketplace of the lord, and he did not come to show even though he had a day as above. Therefore he is in mercy. And that John Ray \2s./ has an open entrance onto the marketplace of the lord as above in prejudice of the lord. Therefore he is in mercy. Amercement 6d. And that John Pere \3d./ and John Ray \3d./ are aletasters and do not do their office. Therefore etc. Amercement 9d. And that William Spyser \3d./, Thomas Turnour \3d./, Thomas Predelyngton \3d./, sell bitumen \oil/ and flour and do not sell with measures. Therefore they are in mercy. Amercement Order And that Thomas Brasyer uses false weights. Therefore it is ordered to seize them into the hands of the lord. Therefore he is in mercy. Amercement 6d. And that John Phyllyp \2d./, Thomas Predlyngton \2d./, John Symund \2d./, are used to selling by weights and not by balances. Therefore they are in mercy. Amercement 12d. And that William Tynker \3d./, John Kyrkeby \3d./, John, son of Peter Smyth \3d./ and Walter Clakes \3d./ trespass with their animals on the communal pasture. Therefore they are in mercy. Limited fealty And that a shepherd of Drugo Barenteyn, \otherwise/ a shepherd of the vill of Exning (Ixnyng), trespassed in several meadows of the lord with his sheep. Therefore he is, etc. Amercement 3s. 4d. And that the Prior of Ely has dug gravel within this demesne without licence and carried it away. Therefore in mercy. Affeerers John Smyth Sworn John Shelleye Total of this court 33s. 4d. [folio 44r] [16 May 1412] Newmarket General Court held there on Monday next after the feast of the Ascension of the lord in the 13th year of the reign of King Henry IV. Essoins William Ray excused attendance by Thomas Pere. John Ballone excused attendance by John Chaundeler. John Heyham excused attendance by Thomas Sowtere. \William Brown from Bradfield Combust/ \Elysabel Wdewe from Cockfield/5 Amercement 3d. 5

6

Peter Fedelere 6 does not warrant his essoin.

These two lines of text have been inserted to the right of the above entries in a different hand and probably at a later date. Their relevance to the court roll is unclear. Bradfield Combust (MS: ‘brent bradfeld’), is south of Bury St Edmunds and was a manor of the abbey; Cockfield (MS: ‘kokefelde’) is a village close to Bradfield Combust, K. Briggs, pers. comm. Dotted underlining, indicating a deletion by the scribe.

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John Langham, Peter Brabon, John Smyth, John Waleys, John Schelleye, Edmund Taylour. The jury Amercement 2s. 6d. Who say upon their oath that John Bayhous \3d./, John Waleys \afterwards he comes/, Robert Bernard \6d./, John Barbour \3d./, William Oborne \fine 6d./, Peter Fedelere \3d./, John Uprych chaplain \3d./, Edmund Taylour \afterwards he comes/, John Wykes \fine 6d./, owe suit of court and have defaulted. Amercement 4s. 6d. And that John Waleys \8d./, Thomas Cook \8d./, Robert Chene \2d./, Roger Smyth \3d./, John Redere \14d./, William Lawe \2d./, William Brasyer \1d./, Peter Fedelere \1d./, John Ray \3d./, , John Brune \1d./, Thomas Edward \3d./, Walter Throcchere \1d./, Mariot Choun \2d./, John of Ely \2d./, Henry Bakere \2d./, Mariot Deke \4d./, are common bakers and regraters of bread and break the assize. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 10s. 8d. And that \the wife of/ John Waleys \12d./, the wife of Thomas Brasier \1d./, the wife of Thomas Cookes \12d./, the wife of William Brasier \1d./, the wife of Peter Fedelere \2d./, Alice Strengere \1d./, the wife of William Smyth \2d./, the wife of John Ray \6d./, the wife of Thomas Edward \6d./, the wife of Robert Cheyne \4d./, the wife of Nicholas Sadelere \3d./, the wife of William Ray \6d./, William Fyschere \4d./, the wife of Roger Smyth \6d./, the wife of Thomas le Pere \2d./, the wife of John Redere \12d./, the wife of William Lawe \2d./, the wife of John Bladsmyth \2d./, Mariot Deke \14d./, Beatrix Greyne \8d./, the wife of Nicholas Corsour \1d./, Robert Skynnere \4d./, Petronilla Turnour \2d./, the wife of Richard Writhe from Exning (Ixnyng) \3d./, the wife of John Prat \3d./, the wife of John Syngewel \1d./, the wife of John Coupere \2d./, are common brewers of ale and break the assize. Amercement 3d. And that Thomas Maynard \2d./, John Pepyr \1d./, are common cooks and sell diverse victuals at excessive price against the assize. Amercement 8d. And that John Redere \3d./, Mariot Deke \3d./, Beatrix Greyne \2d./, sell diverse victuals at excessive price. Therefore etc. Amercement 6d. And that John Pere \3d./, John Ray \3d./, are aletasters and do not do their office. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 4d. And that John Lane \1d./, John Redere \1d./, John Leycetere \1d./, John Chaundeler \1d./, are forestallers and regraters of fish and sell at excessive price to nuisance. Amercement 12d. And that Thomas Turnour \3d./, Thomas Pretelyngton \3d./, John Chaundeler from Swaffham \3d./ \William Spiser 3d./ do not come with measures. Amercement 4s. And that Thomas Cookes, servant of John Heyham \2s./, John Ray \2s./, have open entrances onto the marketplace of the lords to nuisance. Therefore etc \they incur a penalty of 2s./. Amercement 23d. And that \the wife of/ Thomas Brasyer \1d./, the wife of John Waleys \3d./, the wife of Thomas Cook \3d./, the wife of Peter Fedelere \1d./, the wife of John Ray \2d./, the wife of Thomas Edward \2d./, the wife of William Ray \2d./, the wife of William Fyschere \2d./, the wife of Roger Smyth \2d./, the wife of John Redere \2d./, the wife of William Lawe \1d./, the wife of John Bladsmyth \1d./, Mariot Deke \2d./, the wife of Robert Skynnere \2d./, because they do not come with measures. Total of this court 26s. 7d. [folio 48r] 28

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[4 November 1412] Newmarket General Court held there on Friday next after the feast of All Saints in the 14th year of the reign of King Henry IV. Inquiry John Langham, John Ballone, John Schelleye, John Waleys, Edmund Broun, Peter Fedelere. The jury present That a tenant of the land of John Bayows \3d./, a tenant of the land of John Wykes \6d./, a tenant of the land of John Barbour \6d./, William Ray \3d./, a tenant of the land of Robert Bernard \6d./, William Oborne \6d./, owe suit of court and have defaulted. And that the wife of John Waleys \4d./, the wife of Thomas Maynard \4d./, the wife of John Ray \3d./, the wife of Robert Cheyne \3d./, the wife of Roger le Smyth \4d./, the wife of John Redere \4d./, Mariot Choun \4d./, Mariot Deke \4d./, Henry Baxstere from Bottisham (Bottlesham) \4d/, are common bakers of bread and break the assize. And that Alice the wife of John Strenger \1d./, the wife of John Waleys \8d./, the wife of Thomas Brasyere \2d./, the wife of Thomas Maynard \8d./, the wife of William Brasyer \3d./, the wife of Peter Fedelere \7d./, the wife of William Smyth \1d./, the wife of John Ray \4d./, the wife of Thomas Edward \6d./, the wife of Robert Cheyne \3d./, the wife of Nicholas Sadelere \[illeg.]/, the wife of William Ray \4d./, the wife of William Fyschere \4d./, the wife of Roger Smyth \3d./, the wife of Thomas Pere \3d./, the wife of John Redere \6d./, the wife of William Lawe \[illeg.]/, the wife of John Ballone \3d./, the wife of Robert Skynnere \3d./, the wife of Adam Schraggere \1d./, the wife of Richard Turnour \3d./, Mariot Deke \10d./, the wife of John [illeg.], the wife of Richard Writhe \3d./, the wife of John Prat \3d./, the wife of John Syngewel \2d./, the wife of John Coupere \2d./, are common brewers and break the assize. Amercement 6d. And that John Pepyr \2d./ and Thomas Maynard \4d./ are common cooks and sell diverse victuals at excessive price to nuisance. Amercement 6d. And that John Ray \3d./ and John Pere \3d./ are aletasters and do not do their office. Therefore in mercy. And that the wife of John Waleys \2d./, the wife of Thomas Brasiere \1d./, , the wife of Thomas Maynard \2d./, the wife of William Brasiere \1d./, the wife of Peter Fedelere \1d./, the wife of William Smyth \1d./, the wife of John Ray \1d./, the wife of Thomas Edward \1d./, the wife of Robert Cheyne \1d./, the wife of Nicholas Sadelere \1d./, the wife of William Ray \1d./, the wife of William Fyschere \1d./, the wife of Roger Smyth \1d./, the wife of Thomas Pere \1d./, \the wife of/ John Redere \2d./, the wife of William Lawe \1d./, the wife of John Ballone \1d./, the wife of Robert Skynnere \1d./, Mariot Deke \2d./, the wife of Richard Writhe \1d./, because they did not come with measures and were prosecuted. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 9d. And that William Spyser \3d./, Thomas Tornour \3d./, Thomas Predyton \3d./, do not come with measures. Amercement 6d. And that Thomas Predyton \4d./, John Chaundeler from Swaffham (Swafham) \2d./, sell oil at excessive price. Amercement 4d. And that Mariot Deke is a common cook and sells at excessive price. Amercement 3d. William Ray does not warrant his essoin. Affeerers John Schelleye Sworn Total 16s. 9d. Edmund Taylor 29

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[16 June 1413] General Court held there on Friday next after the feast of St Barnabas the apostle in the first year of the reign of King Henry V. Essoins John Ballone excused attendance by Adam Schraggere. Peter Fedelere excused attendance by Adam Schaggere. John Schelleye excused attendance by Adam Schraggere. Peter Brabon excused attendance by John Smyth Baker. Inquiry John Waleys, William Ray, John Smyth Baxstere. The jury present That Edmund Broun \3d./, a tenant of the land of John Bayos \fine/, a tenant of the land of John Honemanes \3d./, a tenant of the land of \Robert/ Bernard \6d./, a tenant of the land of William Oborne \6d./, John Kyrkeby \afterwards he comes/, a tenant of the land of John Iklyngham \3d./, John Langham \3d./ and Amicus Leefes \3d./ owe suit of court and have defaulted. Therefore in mercy. Also they present that the wife of John Waleys \6d./, the wife of Robert Cheyne \4d./, , the wife of John Chaundeler \4d./, the wife of Roger Smyth \3d./, the wife of Thomas Edward \4d./, John Smyth Marchal \8d./, the wife of William Lawe \3d./, Mariot Deke \6d./, the wife of John Choun \3d./, Henry Baker from Bottisham (Botlesham) \3d./, John of Ely \3d./, John Hadenham \3d./, are common bakers and break the assize. Therefore in mercy. Also they present that the wife of John Waleys \6d./, the wife of Robert Cheyne \7d./, the wife of William Brasiere \4d./, the wife of Peter Fedelere \7d./, the wife of William Smyth \3d./, the wife of John Ray \8d./, the wife of Thomas Edward \7d./, the wife of John Chaundeler \6d./, the wife of Nicholas Sadelere \4d./, the wife of William Ray \7d./, the wife of Roger Smyth \8d./, the wife of Thomas Pere \4d./, John Smyth Marchal \8d./, the wife of William Lawe \4d./, the wife of John Ballone \6d./, the wife of Robert Skynnere \6d./, are common brewers and break the assize. Therefore in mercy. And the wife of Adam Schaggere \3d./ similarly. And they do not come with measures. Also they present that the wife of John Pepyr \2d./ and the wife of Robert Cheyne \2d./ are common cooks and sell diverse victuals at excessive price. Amercement 2d. And Mariot Deke similarly. And that John Ray \3d./ and John Pere \3d./ are aletasters and do not do their office. Therefore in mercy. And that the wife of John Broken \7d./, the wife of Richard Turnour \4d./, Mariot Deke \14d./, the wife of George Bocher \7d./, the wife of John Prat \6d./, the wife of John Syngwel \2d./, the wife of John Coupere from Stetchworth (Stecheworth) \6d./, the wife of Robert Bladsmyth \2d./, are regraters of ale and break the assize. Amercement 8d. And that John Lane is a common forestaller of fish contrary to the peace. Affeerers for the inquiry Total 20s. 11d.

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Market court SA/B, 1476/1/1, 5, 6, 7, 13, 15, 16, 11, 25, 28, 29, 30, 20, 21, 19, 36, 35, 33, 40, 41, 46, 43, 47.

Plate 7. The market court roll entry for 2 December 1399. Suffolk Archives, Bury St Edmunds, 1476/1/1r

Transcription [folio 1r] Newemarkat Curia Fori ibidem tenta die martis proximo post Festum Sancti Andrei apostoli Anno regni regis Henrici quarti a conquestum Primo misericordia nichil Johannes Deye \nichil que oneratur in alia rotula/ ponit se pro licentia concordandi cum Ricardo Farwell mercatore de placito debiti perplegium Johannis Smyth filii Petri Smyth Ideo in misericordia misericordia Ricardus Smyth de Ixnyng queritur de Johanne Baldewyne mercatore de placito debiti Et predictus Johannes attachiatus est per meremium precii xxs. in manibus ballivi Et idem Johannes proclamatus [fuit] et fecit defaltam ad j horam Ideo in misericordia 31

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misericordia Johannes Magote mercator queritur de Ricardo Grover \xijd./ mercatore de placito debiti Et idem Ricardus attachiatus est per unum Coverlith precii ijs. unum Blankat precii xijd. unum Kyrtylle album precii iiijd. Item per unum Cradylcloth nullio valoris Item per vj pell’ albi coloris precii [damaged] Item per unum Forsser precii xijd. Item per ij parvas patellas eneas precii xd. Item per j certell’ precii jd. Item per iij bursas precii jd. Item per iij novaculas precii ijd. Item per j saccam cum una uno Waletto precii iiijd. Item per j equum cum una cella una cum capistr’ precii xijd. secundum preciata per Robertum Dousole et Johannem Odye stallagerios Et idem Ricardus proclamatus fuit ad v horas et non venit Ideo in misericordia Et omnia predicta liberata predicti Johanni Magote Et invenit plegius scilicet Thomas Barkere de Fordham et Johannem Vyncent precii vijs. iiijd. unde in amerciamentis xijd. ad retinandum Newemarkat Curia fori ibidem tenta die martis proximo post Festum Concepcionis beate Marie Anno supradicto misericordia Johannes Baldewyne \iijd./ mercator quia non venit ad respondem Ricardo Smyth mercatore de [blank] ad ij horam Ideo in misericordia misericordia Johannes Dallyng \iijd./ pro licentia concordandi cum Johanne Rouw mercatore de placito debiti Ideo in misericordia misericordia Nicholaus Parteryche \iijd./ mercator non ponit est querens suam versus Johannem Vencent mercatore de placito debiti Ideo in misericordia [folio 1r] [2 December 1399] Newmarket (Newemarkat) Market court held there on the next Tuesday after the Feast of St Andrew the apostle in the first year of the reign of King Henry IV after the conquest. Amercement nothing John Deye \nothing because he was made answerable in another roll/ submits himself for a licence to agree with Richard Farwell, trader, concerning a plea of debt, by the pledge of John Smith, son of Peter Smyth. Therefore in mercy. Amercement Richard Smyth from Exning (Ixnyng) complains against John Baldewyne, trader, concerning a plea of debt. And the aforesaid John is attached by timber valued at 20s. in the hands of the bailiff. And the same John was summoned and has defaulted at the first hour. Therefore in mercy. Amercement John Magote, trader, complains against Richard Grover \12d./, trader, concerning a plea of debt. And the same Richard is attached by one coverlet worth 2s., one blanket worth 12d., one white kirtle worth 4d. Also by one cradlecloth with no value. Also by 6 skins of a white colour worth [6d.].7 Also by one forcer worth 12d. Also by 2 small brass bowls worth 10d. Also by 1 kirtle worth 1d. Also by 3 purses worth 1d. Also by 3 razors worth 2d. Also by one bag with a wallet worth 4d. Also by 1 horse with one saddle together with one halter worth 12d. Accordingly valued by Robert Dousole and John Odye, stallholders. And the said 7

The manuscript is damaged here, but Peter May transcribed it as 6d., perhaps before this piece broke away. SA/B, HD 1584/45–46.

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Richard was summoned at the 5th hour and did not come. Therefore in mercy. And all of the said [items] were handed over to the aforesaid John Magote, which are worth 7s. 4d. of which 12d. is retained as amercements. And pledges were found, namely Thomas Barkere of Fordham and John Vycent. [16 December 1399] Newmarket (Newemarkat) Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the Feast of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the year abovesaid. Amercement John Baldewyne \3d./, trader, does not come to respond to Richard Smyth, trader, concerning [blank] at the 2nd hour. Therefore in mercy. Amercement John Dallyng \3d./ for a licence to agree with John Rouw, trader, concerning a plea of debt. Therefore in mercy. Amercement Nicholas Parteryche \3d./, trader, is not present for his suit against John Vencent, trader, concerning a plea of debt. Therefore in mercy. [23 December 1399] Newmarket (Newemarkat) Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of Saint Thomas the apostle in the year abovesaid. Amercement Robert Brokedisshe, trader, complains against John Barbour \trader/ from Swavesey (Swathisheyre) concerning a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Smyth son of Peter Smyth. And the same John is attached by 3 horses worth 12s., in the hands of John Redere. And the same John was summoned at the 1st hour and he did not come. Therefore in mercy.

[13 January 1400]

[16 March 1400] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of Saint Gregory, pope, in the year abovesaid. Amercement John Tebant \3d./, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree [with] John Walter, trader, concerning a plea of debt. Therefore etc. Amercement Thomas Lege \3d./, trader, for a licence to agree with Roger Smyth, trader, concerning a plea of debt. Amercement Edmund Vancy \3d./, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with Walter Bocher, trader, concerning a plea of debt. 33

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[30 March 1400] Newmarket (Newe Marcat) Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the Feast of the Annunciation of the Blessed Mary in the year abovesaid. Amercement William Stonhard \6d./, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Lenge, trader, concerning a plea of debt. Therefore etc. Amercement Robert Refham \3d./, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Barkere, trader, concerning a plea of debt. Therefore etc. Amercement Thomas Colyn \6d./, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Foster, trader, concerning a plea of debt, by the pledge of John [illeg.]. [6 April 1400] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before Palm Sunday in the year abovesaid. John Redere \submits in his place John Shelleie and others/ and John Kynge from Cromer (Crowemere), traders, complain against John Byles \submits in his place Peter Fydelere/, trader from Southfield,8 in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Walter Clake. And the same John Byles is attached by a horse worth 40s., in the hands of Thomas Pere and John Smyth, [son of] Peter Smyth. [20 April 1400] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of Easter in the year abovesaid. Amercement And that Thomas Colbayn, trader, does not prosecute his suit against John Colyn, trader, concerning a plea of trespass, by the pledge of John Shelleye. Therefore in mercy. A day is given Robert Aston, trader, complains against Thomas Baroun, trader from Ashwell (Asshewel), concerning a plea of trespass, pledge for the prosecution John Aston. And the same Thomas is attached by one horse worth 20s., in the hands of John Redere and Richard Wyllkes. And a day is given at the request of the parties until Tuesday next after the feast of Trinity. Inquiry held between William Fysshere, trader, and Nicholas Perterych, trader, concerning a plea by oath of Robert Gateward, Stephen Gylle, Walter Knappyng, John Wylkyn, Robert [?]Dousole, Richard Turnour, Edmund Vancy, Thomas Buk, John Smyth, John Odye, John [?]Mordon, Laurence atte Thorn, who say upon their oath that the same Nicholas broke a contract with the same William to a total of 3s. 4d. Therefore in mercy, which the bailiff is ordered to levy to the use of the aforesaid William. [4 May 1400] Market court held there on the Tuesday on the feast of the apostles Philip and James in the year abovesaid. Amercement John Burgyne, shepherd \3d./, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with Thomas Pere concerning a plea of debt. Amercement The same John \2d./ submits himself for a licence to agree with John Motte concerning a plea of debt. Therefore in mercy. 8

It has not been possible to identify this settlement. However, one of Exning’s large fields was South Field, so this may be the intended reference. See May, Newmarket: medieval and Tudor, p. 10.

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Amercement John Albon \3d./, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with Nicholas Bocher concerning a plea of debt. Therefore in mercy. Amercement Thomas Crowe \2d./, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Bocher concerning a plea of debt. Therefore in mercy. Walter Bochere, trader, complains against John Baldewyne, trader, concerning a plea of debt. And the same John is attached by timber worth 8s., valued by Simon Bullok and Walter Skynner, tenants of the lord, in the hands of the bailiff. And the same John was summoned and did not come at the 1st hour. Therefore in mercy. And it is ordered to retain and [seize] more. [folio 1v] [8 June 1400] Newmarket (Novum mercatum) Market court held there on the Tuesday in the week of Pentecost in the first year of the reign of King Henry IV. John Warnere cleric \2d./, trader, complains against John Pernole, trader from Mendlesham (Mendelesham), in a plea of debt on a claim for £14, pledges for the prosecution John Kyrkeby and John Clerk. Amercement Thomas Bole, trader, complains against John Peryng \submits himself/, trader, concerning a plea of debt, whereof Thomas Predyton pledges in respect of the amercement. Amercement Richard Arkene, trader, complains against Thomas Hankok \trader, submits himself/ concerning a plea of debt, whereof John Mordon pledges in respect of the amercement. Walter Bocher, trader, complains against Richard Farwell \submits himself, 2d./, trader, concerning a plea of debt. [illeg.] It was presented by John Shelleye that John Byles [illeg.] [17 August 1400] Newmarket (Novum mercatum) Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Mary in the year abovesaid. Robert Gateward, trader, complains against Stephen Bocher \submits himself, 3d./, trader, concerning a plea of contract. Jury Edmund Paunton, trader, complains against John Ode \4d./, trader, concerning a plea of contract. An inquiry says that John Ode has broken the aforesaid contract with Edmund to damages of 6d. And the same John in mercy. Amercement 3d. John Vyncent \does not prosecute/, trader, complains against Thomas Bocher from Swaffham (Swafham), trader, concerning a plea. [7 September 1400] Court held there at Newmarket (Novum Mercatum) on behalf of the lord by Edward Boteler on the Tuesday next before the Feast of the Nativity of the Blessed Mary in the year abovesaid. Amercement 3d. Richard Farwell, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with Robert Dousole, trader, concerning a plea of debt. Amercement 3d. Ralph Farwell, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with the same Robert, trader, concerning a plea of debt. Amercement 2d. John Farwell, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with the same Robert, trader, concerning a plea of debt. 35

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[21 September 1400] Market court held there on the Tuesday on the feast of St Matthew the apostle in the year abovesaid. Robert Randolf \6d./, \Stephen Gylle 6d./, Robert Gateward \6d./, because they did not come to wage law between Edmund Paunton, trader, plaintiff, and John Ode, trader, defendant. [5 October 1400] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Michael in the year abovesaid. Amercement 2d. [paid] in court Richard Barbor, trader, complains against a certain foreigner \submits himself, 2d./ concerning a plea of debt. Richard Gardener, trader, complains against John Hyge \2d./, trader, concerning a plea of trespass, pledge for the prosecution Robert Randolf. Amercement 2d. John Wyllkes, trader, complains against John Postel, trader, concerning a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John son of Peter Smyth. And the same John is attached by 2 horses worth 13s. 4d., in the hands of [illeg.] Gudde. And the same John has defaulted at the 1st hour. Therefore in mercy. And the bailiff is ordered to retain [and] to seize. [2 November 1400] Newmarket (Newemarkat) Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of the apostles Simon and Jude in the second year of the reign of King Henry IV after the conquest. Thomas Barker from Moulton (Multon), trader, complains against Walter Skynner, trader, concerning a plea of debt on a claim for straw (stramine) sold to him, by the pledges of John Jolyto and William [illeg.]. John Caversham, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Choun, trader, concerning a plea of debt, by the pledge of Robert Gateward. John Farwell, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with William Smyth, trader, concerning a plea of debt. Amercement John Costyn \does not prosecute/, trader, complains against Robert Faukes, trader, concerning a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Shelleye. And the same Robert has defaulted at the first hour. Therefore in mercy. Thomas Leg, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Heyham, trader, concerning a plea of debt, [damaged][pledge] for the prosecution Thomas Buk. Amercement John Rolfes \does not prosecute/, trader, complains against John Sad, trader, concerning a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John [damaged].9 Amercement John Postell, trader, did not come to respond to John Wyllkes, trader, concerning [illeg.] at two defaults. And it is ordered he be distrained. John Halesworth, cleric, trader, complains against Matilda Rokeland, trader, concerning a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Jolyto. John Langham, trader, does not prosecute against John Pronale, trader, concerning a plea of debt, by the pledge of Walter Skynner. \Therefore in mercy/.

9

Chaundelere in the repeated entries in folio 5 below.

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[folio 5r] [2 November 1400] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of the apostles Simon and Jude in the second year of the reign of King Henry IV.10 Amercement 6d. Thomas Barkere from Moulton (Multon), trader, complains against Walter Skynnere \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt. Amercement 6d. John Caversham submits himself for a licence to agree with John Choun, trader, in a plea of debt, by the pledge of Robert Gateward. Amercement 6d. John Farewel \trader/ submits himself for a licence to agree with William Smyth. Amercement 3d. John Costyn, trader, complains against Robert Faukes, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Schelleye. And the same Robert has defaulted at the first hour. Amercement 6d. Thomas Leg, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Heyham concerning a plea of debt, by the pledge of Thomas Buk. Amercement 6d. John Rolfes \does not prosecute/, trader, complains against John Saad, trader, in a plea of debt, by the pledge of John Chaundelere. Amercement 3d. John Postell, trader, did not come to respond to John Wylkews [sic], trader, in a plea of debt, at two defaults. Therefore it is ordered. And the same John Postel is attached by \two horses/ worth 13s. 4d., in the hands of John Gode. Amercement [illeg.] John Halesworth, trader, complains against Matilda Rokelond, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Jolito. Amercement 6d. John Langham, trader, does not prosecute against John Pronale in a plea of debt. Therefore in mercy, by the pledge of Walter Skynnere. Amercement 6d. Roger Smyth, trader, complains against Richard Farwel \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Pere. And the same Richard is attached by one horse and meat worth 13s. 4d. [23 November 1400] Court held there on the Tuesday on the feast of St Clement in the year abovesaid. Amercement 3d. John Postel did not come to respond to John Wylekys, trader, in a plea of debt at the third hour. Therefore in mercy. William Baldok, trader, complains against John Balsham, trader, in a plea of debt, claiming 20d. with damages of 6d. And the aforesaid John Balsham, present in court, denies any wrongdoing, etc, and he says that he owes nothing and for this he will wage his law, and he has a day, until the next [court to come with] six hands, and afterwards he came and acknowledged in court. John Costyn, trader, is not present against Robert Faukes, trader, by the pledge of John Schelleye. [?]Bartholomew Fysherer from Kirtling (Kyrtllynge), trader, complains against William Baldok, trader, in a plea of debt for two suits. And the same William is attached by 23d. in money, in the hands of the bailiff, pledge for the prosecution William Fyschere from Newmarket, on a claim for 22d. for one brass pot [illeg.] 6s. 8d. for John Cook concerning a search for one horse. And William denies any wrongdoing, etc. And to this submits himself for trial by jury. 10

A repetition of the court record on the previous parchment.

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[30 November 1400] Court held there on the Tuesday on the feast of St Andrew the apostle in the year abovesaid. John Postel did not come to respond to John Wylekys in a plea of debt at the fourth hour. Therefore in mercy. [remainder illeg.] [folio 6r] [29 March 1401] Market Court held at Newmarket in the sixth week of Quadragesima in the second year of the reign of King Henry IV. Amercement 8d. Robert Doushole \1d./, William Meddlewey \afterwards he comes/, William Sare \1d./, John Moordon \1d./, Edmund Vannsy \1d./, William Porter \1d./, Robert Stanted \1d./, John Coupere \1d./, John Colyn \1d./, John Vynsent \1d./, the jury between Geoffrey Cook, trader, plaintiff, and William Parmounter, defendant. [12 April 1401] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the Sunday after Easter in the year written above, at the ninth hour. Jury Amercement 6d. John Colbayne, trader, complains against John Farewel, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Peere \not without complaints/. And the same John Farwell is attached by meat worth 12d., remaining in the hands of Richard Farewel. It is ordered 21d. The jury present that John Farewel owes to the aforesaid John Colbayne 20d. for utensils with damages of 1d. And he is in mercy. Amercement 6d. And the aforesaid John Farewel puts himself to John with respect to his claim. And he is in mercy. Amercement 6d. William Fyschere from Chippenham (Chypyngham), trader, complains against Nicholas Pertrych, trader, pledges for the prosecution Thomas Pere and Robert Gateward. Amercement 6d. Thomas Prescase, trader, complains against William Cangefare, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Ballowe Smyth. Amercement 6d. Thomas Cook, trader, complains against Thomas Dobyn \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Ballowe. Order Robert Berne \submits in his place Robert Clerk/, trader, complains against Thomas Mayberye, chaplain, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Walter. Amercement 7d. William Sare \1d./, Stephen Gille \1d./, Robert Colyn \1d./, Thomas Hancok \1d./, John Motte \1d./, John Heyham, mercer \1d./, John Farewel \1d./, the jury between Geoffrey Cook, plaintiff, and William Parmounter, defendant, because they have defaulted. Amercement 5d. John Choun \1d./, Thomas Buk \1d./, John Bakhood \1d./, Simon Boner \1d./, Richard Draper \1d./, \William Porter 1d./, the jury between Richard Wylelkys, trader, plaintiff, and Thomas Halesworth, defendant, because they have defaulted.

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[12 April 1401] Market court held there on the day and in the year written above, at the ninth hour. Amercement 7d. William Sare \1d./, Stephen Gille \1d./, Robert Colyn \1d./, Ralph Farewel \1d./, John Motte \1d./, John Heyham, mercer \1d./, John Farewel \1d./, the jury between Geoffrey Cook, plaintiff, and William Parmounter, defendant, because they have defaulted. Amercement 4d. John Choun \afterwards he comes/, John Bakhode \1d./, Simon Boner \1d./, Richard Draper \1d./, William Porter \1d./, the jury between Richard Wylelkys, plaintiff, and Thomas Hawle [sic], defendant, because they have defaulted. [3 May 1401] Court held there on the Tuesday on the feast of St Elene in the year written above. Amercement 6d. Peter [illeg.] \6d./ complains against John Smyth, smith, son of Peter Smyth \submits himself/. Amercement 6d. John Moordon \1d./, William Sare \1d./, Robert Colyn \1d./, Ralph Farewel \1d./, John Motte \1d./, John Heyham, mercer \1d./, the jury between Geoffrey Cook, plaintiff, and William Parmounter, defendant, because they have defaulted. [10 May 1401] Court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of the Ascension of the Lord in the year written above. [illeg.] And it is presented to verify. [illeg.] John Wylkys, Robert Doushole, Robert Randolf, Robert Gateward, John Moordon, Adam Buk, Laurence ate Thorn, Thomas Buk, Richard Farewel, Edmund Vannsy, John [illeg.], [illeg.] Pere, Walter Knappyng at this [court] the jurors, who say under oath that the aforesaid John Pesthorn [illeg.] Peter Fydelere and John Ballone unjustly [?]leases to the aforesaid John Odye accordingly against [illeg.] which it is ordered to levy to the use of the aforesaid John Odye. And the aforesaid John Odye in the aforesaid [illeg.]. And John Pesthorn himself [illeg.] of Peter Fidelere [illeg.] And John Ballone in [illeg.] 6d. Total 19s. 4d. Total £3 9s. 3d. [folio 7r] [8 November 1401] Newmarket Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Leonard in the third year of the reign of King Henry IV. Amercement 3d. And order John Langham, trader, complains against John Pynhorn, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution the bailiff. And the same John is attached by one horse, remaining in the park of the lord. And he defaulted at the first hour. And afterwards [attached] by a stall valued at 6s. 8d., remaining in the hands of John Longe until an answer. Amercement 3d. John Langham, trader, complains against John Pynhorn, trader, in a plea of broken contract. And he is attached as above. And he defaulted at the first hour. Amercement 6d. William Spark \does not proceed/, trader, complains against Walter Bradwelle, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Peter Fydelere. 39

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And the same Walter is attached by two horses worth 20s., in the custody of John Smyth son of Peter Smyth. Amercement 6d. Robert Reefham, trader, defaulted against Richard Tornour in a plea of debt at the hour. [15 November 1401] Court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Martin in the year written above. Amercement 4d. Richard Smyth, trader, complains against John \Meloun/, parson of the church of Kennett (Kenet), trader, in a plea, pledge for the prosecution Ralph \Farewel/. And the aforesaid John is attached by one horse and 4 bushels of grain worth 13\s. 4d./, remaining in the park of the lord. And the same John defaulted at the first hour. And afterwards John Odye and Robert Doushole take as surety 13s. 4d. Amercement 4d. William Spark, trader, complains against Walter Emmson from Newport Pagnell (Newportpaynel) \did not come/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Redere. And the aforesaid Walter is attached by two horses worth 20s., remaining in the hands of John Smyth, son of Peter Smyth. A day John Jolyto, bailiff of the lord, presents under his oath that John Fychere from Exning (Ixnyng) bought here in the market quarters of grain and carried off the lord’s tolls. And the same John Fychere is attached by one horse worth 20s. And the aforesaid John Fychere, present in court, acknowledged that he bought one quarter \of grain/. And has until the feast of St Michael to bring evidence why the tolls were not paid, by the pledges of John Odye and Robert Doushole. Amercement 6d. William Tarent, cleric, trader, complains against John Wynye \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge in respect of the amercement John Jolyto. Amercement 6d. Robert Dennys \does not proceed/, trader, complains against William Fullere, trader, pledge in respect of the amercement John Jolyto. Amercement 12d. John Pynhorn, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Langham, trader, in a plea of debt and the same is made in two suits. Order William Godard, bailiff of the lord, presents under his oath that John Sowtere from Newmarket carried off the tolls of the lord recently on Tuesday, that is in respect of two pieces of womb leather. Therefore it is ordered. Jury Fine 6d. The same bailiff presents under his oath that Alice Cretyng, the wife of Alexander Cretyng, made an illegal rescue from the bailiff, removing 4 bushels of barley. And the aforesaid Alice says that she did not carry off the said tolls. And to this she puts herself upon a jury. [15 November 1401] Court held there in the year and day above written, at the ninth hour. Amercement 4d. John Meloun, parson of the church of Kennett (Kenet), did not come to respond to Richard Smyth in a plea of debt. Amercement 6d. Ralph Moors \does not proceed/, trader, complains against Thomas Pynhorn, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Odye [who] does not proceed. Jury And order to distrain Robert Skynnere, Richard Wryte and Robert Doushole \for the jury/, why he received 50 quarters of malt in the market [[?]and toll] not collected [illeg.] on other days [illeg.] in the market are [illeg.] 40

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avoiding the said [[?]quarter] tolls. And the aforesaid Robert says that he did not carry off tolls nor received malt nor grain whereby the lord acknowledged the tolls. Amercement 3d. And order to distrain John Ropere \from Fordham/ \submits himself by the pledges of Robert Doushole and John Odye/ [and] John Felip, roper \from Mildenhall/, wherefore they came to sell with weights and not balances. [6 December 1401] Market court held there on Tuesday on the feast of St Nicholas in the year written above. Amercement 3d. John Steynysmour, trader, complains against William Godyng, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Richard Farewel. And the said William is attached by one horse with a saddle, remaining in the park of the lord. And that the same William defaulted at the first hour. And afterwards the said horse was valued at 6s. 8d., remaining in the hands of John Barbour, for a claim of 6s. 8d., by a pledge. Amercement 3d. Order Thomas Rery, cleric, trader, complains against John Bocher, lately of Newmarket (Novo Mercato), pledge for the prosecution John Kyrkeby. And the same John is attached by lead vessels and other goods worth 10s., remaining in the hands of Nicholas Bocher. And the same John defaulted at the first hour. Amercement 6d. William Bocher, trader, complains against John Dene from Botesdale (Botysdale) \submits himself/ in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Redere. And the same John is attached by two horses, remaining in the hands of John Redere. Fine 6d. And William Godard, bailiff of the lord, says by his oath that John Felip, roper from Mildenhall, illegally recovered [goods] from him. And he would not allow the said bailiff to take distraint. And afterwards the same John, present in court, says that he assaulted no-one. And \for/ this a verdict by waging law. And he has a day until the next [court to come] with 6 hands . And afterwards he gives \freely/ a fine as is made clear, pledges for the fine Robert Doushole [and] John Odye. [13 December 1401] Market court held there on the Tuesday on the feast of St Lucy, virgin, in the year written above. Amercement 3d. John Bocher, lately residing in Newmarket, does not come to respond to Thomas Rery, cleric, in a plea of debt. [10 January 1402] Court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of the Epiphany of the Lord in the year written above. Amercement 6d. John Payn, trader, complains against Richard [?]Scherman \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Peere. And the same Richard is attached by leather worth 20s., remaining in the hands of John Parmounter. Amercement 6d. William Wryte, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Colbayn, trader, by the pledge of John Colbayn [sic]. Amercement 6d. John Steynysmour does not proceed against William Godyng, pledge for the prosecution Richard Farewel. Amercement 4d John Meloun, parson of the church of Kennett (Kenet), trader, does not come to respond to Richard Smyth, trader, in a plea of debt. 41

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Amercement 3d. John Bocher, lately residing in Newmarket (novo mercato), does not come to respond to Thomas Rery, cleric, in a plea of debt. Fine 12d. To this court comes John Eustas from Soham and surrendered into the hands of the lords two stalls lying in Ironmongers’ Row (le Irnmongerisrowe), next to stalls lately of Walter Smyth, to the use of John Motte. To hold to him and his heirs by the rod at the will of the lord. Rendering thereby to the lord service, in respect thereof dues and customs. And he makes fealty to the lord and he gains seisin. And he gives a fine. Fine 8d. To this court comes Thomas Spenser from Chippenham (Chypynham) and rents from the lord one vacant place in Mercers’ Row (le merseryrowe) next to a stall of Thomas Buk containing up to ten feet in length and ten feet in breadth. To hold to him and his heirs by the rod at the will of the lord. Rendering thereby to the lord 4d. at the usual terms \of the market/ for all services. And he makes fealty to the lord. And he gains seisin on the special condition that the same Thomas will rebuild the said place. And he gives a fine as is clear at the head. Thomas Wykes, trader, complains against William Fyschere, trader, in a plea of debt. [folio 7v] [17 January 1402] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of Saint Hillarius in the year written above. John Walys, trader, against Thomas Crowe, trader, in a plea of debt. Amercement 3d. John Meloun, trader, did not come to respond to Richard Smyth, trader, in a plea of debt. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 6d. John Bocher, lately residing in Newmarket, did not come to respond to Thomas Rery, cleric, in a plea of debt. Stephen Stotevyle, trader, complains against Thomas Crowe, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Jolito. And the aforesaid Thomas is attached by woollen cloth that is 20 ells [kept] in the home of Peter Fydelere. Amercement 3d. Richard Erl, trader, complains against Richard Farewel, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Jolyto \the same Richard is attached by a horse worth 2s., remaining in the hands of John Moordon/. And the same Richard defaulted at the first hour. John Lenote makes hay in the king’s road. John Longe, Richard Farewel, John Wylkyn, John Odye, Andrew Barkere, Edmund Vanncy, John Smyth from Exning (Ixnyng), Richard Tornoor, Thomas Buk, John Choun, Adam Buk, are the jury between the lord and Richard Dowshole and Alexander Cretyng. Alexander Bocher, trader, complains against John Fullere, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John, son of Peter Smyth. And the aforesaid John is attached by one horse worth 40s., remaining in the hands of John Thrillowe and John Schepherde. And the same John defaulted. Thomas Buk, trader, complains against Richard Tornour \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt. John [illeg.], trader, complains against William Casdebekane, trader, in a plea of debt. And the aforesaid William is attached by cheese worth [illeg.], remaining in the hands of John Moordon. And further by 2s., remaining in the hands of Simon Bullok. 42

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John Bakhod, trader, complains against Walter Skynnere, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Jolyto. Peter Everard had a day until this day for his gain and he did not come. Therefore in mercy. [illeg.] from Stetchworth (Stewcheworth), trader, complains against Thomas Lord from Wilbraham (Wilbirham), trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Pere, and John Jolyto, bailiff of the lord, attached the aforesaid Thomas by one horse with a saddle and a bridle. And the aforesaid Thomas assaulted the aforesaid bailiff in a dispute, etc. John Lane, trader, complains against William Sare \submits in his place John Chaundeler/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Pere. Amercement 3d. William Tarent, cleric, trader, complains against William Wynye, trader, in a plea of debt. And the aforesaid William is attached by one cart in the park of the lord. And he defaulted. Amercement 6d. John Somerton \does not proceed/, trader, complains against Henry Smyth, pledge for the prosecution John Jolyto. [7 February 1402] Market court held there on the Tuesday in the second week of Septuagesima in the year written above. Amercement 3d. John Fullere \trader/ did not come to respond to Alexander Bocher in a plea of debt. John son of John Peere, trader, complains against a certain foreigner \submits himself by the pledge of John Smyth, son of Peter Smyth/, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Pere. [14 February 1402] Market court held there on the Tuesday in the first week of Quadragesima in the year written above. Amercement 3d. John Fullere, trader, did not come to respond to Alexander Bocher, trader, in a plea of debt, etc. And he is in mercy. Amercement 6d. Richard Farewel submits himself for a licence to agree with Richard Barbor in a plea of debt. Amercement 6d. William Wynye submits himself for a licence to agree with William Tarent, cleric, in a plea of debt, by the pledge of John Barbor. Amercement 6d. Ralph Brabon, trader, complains against a certain foreigner, pledge for the prosecution Simon Nene. [28 February 1402] Market court held there on the Tuesday in the third week of Quadragesima in the year written above. Amercement 6d. John Fullere, trader, did not come to respond to Alexander Bocher, trader, in a plea of debt. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 6d. John Fyscher \does not proceed/, trader, complains against John Heyham, trader, in a plea of trespass, pledge for the prosecution Simon Nene. And the aforesaid John is attached by one horse worth 40s., remaining in the hands of William Parmounter, barker. Concerning this, the same John Heyham made an unjust plea against John Fyscher at Bury St Edmunds (Bery Sancti Edmundi) on Monday last past with damages of 20s. And the aforesaid John Heyham [blank]. 43

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John Barkere from Cambridge11 is attached by one horse worth 8s., remaining in the hands of William Parmounter. Concerning this, the same John is a barker and forestaller of barked leather in prejudice of the commons. And for this the same John says that he is not a common barker. And for this he will present to the inquiry by waging his law, by the pledge of Robert Reefham and the aforesaid William Parmounter. And he has a day until Tuesday next after the first Sunday after Easter [to come] with 12 hands. Total 19s. 3d. [folio 13r]12 [23 October 1403] Newmarket Court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of the apostles Simon and Jude in the fifth year of the reign of King Henry IV. Amercement 6d. Peter Fydelere \does not proceed/, trader, complains against a certain foreign chaplain \in a plea of trespass/, pledge for the prosecution the bailiff. And the aforesaid chaplain is attached by one horse worth 6s., remaining in the hands of Walter Bocher. John Grase, trader, complains against John Bole, trader, in a plea [blank], pledge for the prosecution John Kyrkeby. And the aforesaid John Bole is attached by one horse worth [blank]. William Howysson, trader, complains against William Hunte, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Kyrkeby. And the aforesaid William Hunte is attached by one horse and grain worth 6s. 8d., remaining in the hands of Thomas Sowtere. Amercement 6d. Nicholas Melleman submits himself for a licence to agree with John Syngewel, pledge John Barbour. John Grase, trader, complains against John Bole, trader, in a plea of trespass, pledge for the prosecution John Kyrkeby. And the aforesaid [blank] Bole is attached by one horse. Amercement 6d. William Bocher submits himself for a licence to agree with Robert Wryte, pledge Thomas Buk. [30 October 1403] Court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of the apostles Simon and Jude in the year written above. Amercement 5d. Edmund Wannsy \1d./, John Wante\/, William Harlewyne \1d./, Robert Smyth from Quy (Qwye) \1d./, Thomas Mittilwey \/, John Spyser from Soham\/, Thomas Pridyton Chaundeler \afterwards he comes/, , Nicholas Pertrych \1d./, Thomas Ropere from Soham \/, Thomas Cok (1d.), John Chaundeler from Soham \afterwards he comes/, the jury between William Bocher, plaintiff, and Thomas Teversham, defendant, for many defaults.

11 12

Unless otherwise specified Cambridge is referred to in the rolls as Cantabrigia. A partial copy of folio 13 appears on folio 15 (see below). Folio 13 appears to be the earlier court copy which was then copied and amended with some extra details.

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[6 November 1403] Court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of St Martin in the year written above. Amercement 6d. John Wilkyn from Soham, trader, complains against Thomas Eustas \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution the bailiff. And the aforesaid Thomas is attached by one horse worth 13s. 4d., remaining in the park of the lord. Roger Smyth, trader, complains against Thomas Eustas \for a defence/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Kyrkeby. Laurence atte Thorn, trader, complains against Richard Webbe, trader, in a plea of debt. And the aforesaid Richard is attached by one horse worth 6s. 8d., remaining in the hands of Richard Farewel. Amercement 6d. John Coteler from Thaxted (Thakstede) \does not proceed/, trader, complains against Robert Grantham, trader, \in a plea of detinue/, pledge for the prosecution John Kyrkeby. And the aforesaid Robert is attached by chattels worth 4s., remaining in the hands of John Barbour. Amercement 3d. Nicholas Partrych, trader, did not come to respond to John Sad. Amercement 3d. William Hunte, trader, did not come to respond to William Howysson. Amercement 6d. Edmund Wannsy \2d./, John Wante \/, William Harlewyne \2d./, Robert Smyth from Quy (Qwye) \/, Thomas Mittilweye \/, John Spyser from Soham \/, , Thomas Ropere from Soham \/, Thomas Cok \2d./, the jury between William Bocher, plaintiff, and Thomas Teversham, defendant, for many defaults. [13 November 1403] Court held there on Tuesday next after the feast of St Martin in the year written above. John Gosberkyrke, trader, complains against John Dekes, trader, pledge for the prosecution John Kyrkeby. Amercement 3d. John Bole, trader, did not come to respond to John Grase in a plea. Amercement 4d. John Wante \/, , William Harlewyne \2d./, Thomas Mittilweye \/, Thomas Ropere from Soham \/, Thomas Buk \2d./, John Chaundeler from Soham \/, Thomas Cok \/, Robert Smyth from Quy (Qwye) \/, the jury between William Bocher, plaintiff, and Thomas Teversham, defendant, for many defaults. [20 November 1403] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of St Catherine in the year written above. William Bocher does not proceed against Thomas Teversham in two suits. Amercement 11d. Robert Randolf \1d./, John Wilkyn \1d./, Andrew Barkere \1d./, John Wante \/, William Sigo \1d./, John Moordon \1d./, John Odye \1d./, Richard Farewel \1d./, Richard Toornor \1d./, John Aston \1d./, John Choun \1d./, Simon Boner \/, Thomas Buk \1d./, the jury between Roger Smyth, plaintiff, and Thomas Eustase, defendant, for many defaults. 45

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[27 November 1403] Court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of St Andrew the apostle in the year written above. Amcerment 16d. Robert Randolf \2d./, Andrew Barkere \2d./, John Wante \/, John Moordon \2d./, William Sygo \2d./, Richard Toornor \2d./, John Aston \2d./, John Choun \2d./, Simon Boner \/, Thomas Buk \2d./, the jury between Roger Smyth, plaintiff, and Thomas Eustas, defendant, [and] Laurence atte Thorn, plaintiff, and Richard Webbe, defendant. [4 December 1403] Court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of St Nicholas in the year written above. Amercement 6d. Nicholas Partyrich \and has a day [and] his wife/, trader, complains against John Fleg \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Redere. And the aforesaid John is attached by one horse, remaining in the hands of John Redere \Walter Skynnere/, on a claim for 5s. 3d. which is sought and damages assessed at 6d. Richard, servant of John Smyth, smith, complains against the same John \Fleg/ in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Smyth, smith. And the aforesaid John is attached by a horse worth half a mark, remaining in the hands of Walter Skynnere. And the aforesaid Richard on a claim for 2s. 4d. which [is sought] from the same John Fleg. John Bole, trader, did not come to respond to John Grase in a plea. Amercement 6d. John Sad, trader, is not present against Nicholas Partrych \and Dionysia his wife/, in a plea of debt. Amercement 12d. Robert Randolf \2d./, Andrew Barker \2d./, John Wante \2d./, John Moordon \afterwards he comes/, John Odye \2d./, Richard Farewel \afterwards he comes/, John Aston \afterwards he comes/, John Choun \2d./, Simon Boner \afterwards he comes/, Thomas Buk \2d./, the jury between Roger Smyth, plaintiff, and Thomas Eustas, defendant. Jury John Fleg, trader, complains against Nicholas Partrych and Dionisia his wife, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Walter Skynnere. And the aforesaid Nicholas is attached by 5s. 3d. in money, remaining in the hands of John Kyrkeby and Thomas Pere, on a claim for 14d. for linen sheets. Amercement 6d. John Fleg \does not proceed/, trader, complains against John Redere, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Walter Skynnere. And the aforesaid John Redere is attached by grain worth 12d. [11 December 1403] Court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the year of the reign of King Henry written above. Amercement 3d. Edmund Taverner from Bury St Edmunds (Bury Sancti Edmundi), trader, complains against John Farewel from Kirtling (Kertelynge), trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Hog. And the aforesaid John is attached by meat worth 40d., remaining in the hands of Ralph Farewel. And the aforesaid John did not come and defaulted. Therefore in mercy. Amercement John Bole, trader, did not come to respond to John Grase, trader, in a plea of trespass. John Aston, Andrew Barkere, John Wante. Inquiry. 46

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Amercement John Wilkyn, Robert Randolf, Robert Doushole, John Moordon, William Sygo, John Odye, Richard Farewel, Richard Tornor, John Aston, Thomas Buk, John Spyser from Soham, John Ponnsy. The jury. Who say upon their oath that Thomas Eustas owes and unjustly detained from Roger Smyth 6s. and damages assessed at 6d., which it is ordered to levy to the benefit of the said Roger. And Thomas is in mercy \pledge John Vyncent/. And the said jury say upon their oath that Richard Webbe owes and unjustly detained from Laurence atte Thorn 6s. 8d. and damages assessed at 4d., which it is ordered to levy to the benefit of the said Laurence. And Richard is in mercy, pledge Robert Colyn. [folio 13v] [18 December 1403] Court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of the Nativity of the Lord in the year written above. Amercement John Bole, trader, did not come to respond to John Grase in a plea of debt. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 3d. John Farewel is attached by meat worth 2s., remaining in the hands of John Mordon, to respond to Edmund Taverner in a plea of debt, and he defaulted. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 3d. Thomas Brynkele, trader, complains against Thomas Carleton, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Richard Farewel. And the aforesaid Thomas is attached by one pack (‘pakke’) worth 20s., remaining in the custody of Peter Fideler. And the same Thomas Carleton did not come but defaulted. [24 December 1403] Court held there on the Monday on the vigil of the Nativity of the Lord in the year written above. Amercement 2d. John Farewel is attached by meat worth 6d., remaining in the hands of Ralph Farewel. And the aforesaid John defaulted. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 2d. Thomas Carleton submits himself for a licence to agree with Thomas Brynkele. [8 January 1404] Court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of the Epiphany of the Lord in the year written above. Amercement [illeg.] Walter Clak \submits in his place Peter Fydelere/, trader, complains against John Skynnere Peddere, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Pere. And the aforesaid John is attached by one horse in the park \Thomas Pere/. And the aforesaid John defaulted. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 3d. Richard Smyth from Chippenham (Chypynham), trader, complains against William Fyschere, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Peter Fydelere. And the aforesaid William is attached by one horse worth 18s., remaining in the hands of John Waleys. And the aforesaid William defaulted. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 6d. John Edmunde, trader, complains against Thomas Gay \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Peter Fydelere. And the aforesaid Thomas is attached by one horse worth 4s., remaining in the park. Amercement 3d. John Bole, trader, did not come to respond to John Grase, trader, in a plea of contract. 47

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Amercement 3d. John Farewel, trader, did not come to respond to Edmund Taverner \did not prosecute/ in a plea. [22 January 1404] Court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of Fabian and Sebastian in the year written above. Amercement 6d. John Choun, trader, complains against John Deye, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution the bailiff. And the aforesaid John Deye is attached by two horses worth 20s., remaining in the hands of John Manston. And the aforesaid John Chown does not prosecute against the aforesaid. Amercement 3d. John Skynnere Peddere, trader, did not come to respond to Walter Clak in a plea of debt. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 3d. William Fyschere did not come to respond to Richard Smyth from Chippenham (Chypynham) in a plea of debt. Therefore in mercy. Amercement John Bole did not come to respond to John Grase in a plea of contract. Therefore in mercy. And because [blank]. Amercement 6d. Edmund Taverner, trader, does not proceed against John Farewel in a plea of debt. Therefore in mercy. [29 January 1404] Court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the year written above. Amercement 6d. William Osteler, trader, complains against Ralph Troppor, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Peter Fideler. And the aforesaid Ralph submits himself for a licence to agree, pledge William Ray. Amercement 3d. John Skynnere Peddere did not come to respond to Walter Clak. Amercement 6d. William Fyschere submits himself for a licence to agree with Richard Smyth, trader, pledge John Waleys. Jury John Chaundeler, trader, complains against Robert Tweyth, trader, in a plea of \debt and contract/, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Pere. And the aforesaid Robert is attached by meat worth 10s., remaining in the hands of John Dowale and John Waleys. Amercement 3d. John Warner from Soham, trader, complains against Robert Gerard \submits himself/ in a plea of debt. And the aforesaid Robert Robert [sic] is attached by one horse, remaining in the park of the lord, and afterwards Peter Fideler pays the amercement. John Chokwold, trader, complains against Richard Gardyner, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Peter Fydelere. And the aforesaid Richard is attached by one horse worth 10s., remaining in the hands of Peter Fydelere. [12 February 1404] Court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Agatha the virgin in the year written above. Amercement 3d. John Skynnere, trader, did not come to respond to Walter Clak. Therefore in mercy. Robert Tweyt \afterwards he comes/, trader, did not come to respond to John Chawndeler. Therefore in mercy. And the aforesaid John claims a grant from the commons of 90 pounds of onions, which he does not have but were detained, to damages of 20s. And at another time \the aforesaid John/ claims 48

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for 80 pounds of onions which he bought from the aforesaid Robert, namely on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Margaret, which he does not have but were detained to damages of 10s. And the aforesaid Robert denies any wrongdoing and injury, etc. And says that he is not guilty. And for this puts himself for trial by jury and the aforesaid John similarly. Amercement 6d. Richard Webbe \submits himself/, trader, complains against Laurence atte Thorn \in a plea of broken contract/, trader, pledge for the prosecution John Kyrkeby. And the aforesaid Laurence is attached by 6s. 8d., remaining in the hands of John Kyrkeby. And the aforesaid Richard claims in respect of this that on the Tuesday next after the feast of Saint Peter [blank] in the 3rd year of the reign of King Henry IV it was agreed in this manner that the aforesaid Laurence never impleads the aforesaid Richard of any debt then in arrears, under such condition that [blank] in the account the said Laurence [sic] paid to the aforesaid Laurence 13s. 4d., which he pays. Fine 6s. 2d. To this court comes John Merflete and surrenders into the hands of the lord one shop in Spicers’ Row (le Spiserisrowe) between the shop of Thomas Pere on the one side and the shop of John Odye on the other side to the use of John, son of Roger Tommyson. To hold to him and his issue by the rod at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor. And he makes fealty to the lord. And he gains seisin. And he gives a fine as appears. Amercement 6d. And because he occupied it for six weeks after for the benefits before the same John Merflete surrendered it. Therefore in mercy. And because Walter Skynnere \plantiff/ presents to the court great pleas by means that the court was not able to perform.13 And afterwards he was pardoned. Total 22s. 7d. [folio 15r]14 [23 October 1403] Newmarket (Newemarket) Market Court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of the apostles Simon and Jude in the 5th year of the reign of King Henry IV. Amercement 6d. Peter Fedelere, trader, does not proceed in his suit against a certain foreign [damaged] in a plea of trespass, pledge for the prosecution the bailiff of the market. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 6d. Nicholas Meleman, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Syngwell in a plea [damaged] Thomas Buk. William Houwysson, trader, complains against William Hunte, trader, in a plea of debt [damaged] John Kyrkeby. And the aforesaid William Hunte is attached by one horse and grain [damaged]s. 8d., remaining in the hands of Thomas Soutere. Amercement 6d. William Bocher, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with Robert Wryghte, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge Thomas Buk. John Grace, trader, complains against John Bole, trader, in a plea of trespass, pledge for the prosecution John Kyrkeby. And the aforesaid [blank] Bole is attached by one horse. 13

14

The manuscript reads Et que Walterus Skynnere \q’/ presens in Curia consturbat Curiam magno loquio per quod Curia non potest exequi quod …tus….. sub. This has been translated literally but the meaning is unclear. This is a partial copy of folio 13 (see above).

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[30 October 1403] Newmarket (Newemarket) Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of the apostles Simon [damaged]. Panel Edmund Vancy, John Wante, William Harlewen, Robert Smyth from Quy (Qwye), Thomas Mittelwey, John Spyser from Soham, Thomas Predelyngton Chaundeler, John Serle, Nicholas Pertrych, Thomas Ropere from Soham, Thomas Bukes [sic], John Chaundeler from Soham, between William Bocher, plaintiff, and Thomas Teversham, defendant, in two pleas of debt. [6 November 1403] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of St Martin bishop in the year written above. At the first hour John Wylkyn from Soham, trader, complains against Thomas Eustas, trader, [damaged] pledge for the prosecution the bailiff. And the aforesaid \Thomas/ is attached by one horse worth 13s. 4d., etc, remaining in [damaged]. At the first hour Roger Smyth from Soham, trader, complains against Thomas Eustas \trader/, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Kyrkeby. And the same Thomas is attached by one horse worth 13s. 4d., in the hands of John [?]Northerne, barker. Wages law with six hands John Coteler from Thaxted (Thakstede), trader, complains against Robert Grantham, trader, in a plea of detinue two [illeg.] worth 4s. And the same Robert is attached by diverse chattels worth 4s. and they remain in the hands of John Barbour. Amercement Nicholas Pertryche, trader, did not come to respond to John Sad, trader, in a plea of trespass [illeg.] made at the second hour. Therefore in mercy confirmed. Amercement William Hunte, trader, did not come to respond to William Houwysson, trader, in a plea of debt [illeg.] hour. Therefore in mercy. Amercement Edmund Vancy, John Wante, William Harlewen, Robert Smyth from Quy (Quye), Thomas Mittelwey, John Spyser from Soham, John Serle, Nicholas Pertryche, Thomas Ropere from Soham, Thomas Cokes, because they do not come to make a jury between William Bocher, plaintiff, and Thomas Teversham, defendant, in 2 pleas of debt. It is ordered to distrain John Gosberkyrke, trader, complains against John Dekes, trader, from Eriswell (Erswell), on a claim [illeg.]. [13 November 1403] Market court held there on Tuesday next after the feast of St Martin, bishop, in the year written above. Amercement John Wante, William Harlewyne, Thomas Mytlewey, John Serle, Thomas Ropere from Soham, Thomas [?]Buk, John Chaundeler from Soham, Thomas Cokes, because they do not come to make a jury between William Bocher, plaintiff, and Thomas Teversham, defendant, in 2 pleas of debt. Amercement John Coteler from Thaxted (Thakstede), trader, does not prosecute his suit against Robert Grantham, trader, in a plea of detinue. Therefore in mercy. Suit Between William Houwysson, plaintiff, and William Hunte, defendant, in a plea of debt. And inquiry between John Sad, plaintiff, and Nicholas Pertryche, defendant, in a plea of contract until the next court. 50

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Amercement John Bole, trader, did not come to respond to John Grace, trader, in a plea of trespass at the first hour. Therefore etc. [20 November 1403] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of St Catherine in the year written above. At the first hour Laurence atte Thorn, trader, complains against Richard Webbe, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Richard Farwell. And the same Richard is attached by 1 horse worth 6s. 8d., in the hands of Richard Farwell. Amercement William Bocher, trader from Swaffham (Swafham), does not proceed against Thomas Teversham, trader, in a plea of debt. Amercement John Bole, trader, did not come to respond to John Grace, trader, in a plea of trespass. Therefore etc. Panel Inquiry between Roger Smyth, trader, plaintiff, and Thomas Eustas, trader, defendant, in a plea of debt and between Laurence atte Thorn, plaintiff, trader, and Richard Webbe, \trader/, defendant, in a plea of debt. John Wylkyn \juror/, Robert Randolf \juror/, Andrew Barker \juror/, Robert Dousole \ juror, afterwards he comes/, John Wante \juror/, John Moordon \juror/, [?]William Sigo \juror/, John Odye \juror/, Richard Farwell \juror/, Richard Turnour \juror/, John Aston \not a juror/, John Choun junior \not/, Simon Boner \not/, [?]Thomas Buk, John Spysere from Soham \afterwards he comes/. [27 November 1403] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of St Andrew the apostle in the year written above. Robert Randolfes, Andrew Barker, John Wante, John Mordon, William Sygo, [?] Richard Tornour, John Aston, John Choun junior, Simon Boner, Thomas Bukes, because they did not come to make a jury between Roger Smyth from Soham, trader, plaintiff, and Thomas Eustas, trader, defendant, in a plea of debt, and Laurence atte Thorn, trader, plaintiff, and Richard Webbe, trader, defendant, in a plea of debt. [folio 15v] [4 December 1403] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of St Nicholas, bishop, in the year written before. Nicholas Pertryche, trader, \Dionysia his wife,/ complain against John Flegge, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Redere. And the aforesaid John is attached by 1 horse, remaining in the hands of John Redere. [damaged] of John Smyth, smith, trader, complains against the same John, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution [damaged] on a claim for 2s. 4d. and for damages of 12d. [damaged] [?]John Bole does not come to respond to John Grace in plea of trespass. Therefore in mercy. [damaged] [?]John Sad does not prosecute against Nicholas Partriche, trader, in a plea of debt. Therefore in mercy. [damaged] Robert Randolf, Andrew Barker, John Wante, John Odye, Richard Farwell, John Choun junior, Thomas Buk, Simon Boner, because they do not come to make a jury between Roger Smyth from Soham, trader, plaintiff, and Thomas 51

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Eustas, trader, in a plea of debt. And Laurence atte Thorn, plaintiff, trader, and Richard Webbe, trader, defendant, in a plea of debt. John Fleg, trader, is not able to deny that he owes and unjustly detains from Nicholas Partryche, trader, [damaged]. Therefore in mercy. [damaged] [?]John Fleg complains against Nicholas Partryche and Dionisia his wife, in a plea of debt \on a claim for 14d. promised by the pledge/, pledge for the prosecution [damaged]. And the aforesaid Nicholas is attached by 5s. 3d., remaining in the hands of John Kyrkeby. [damaged] [?]John Fleg, trader, complains against John Redere, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Walter Skynnere. And the aforesaid John Redere is attached by grain worth 12d. [11 December 1403] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the year written above. Edmund Taverner from Bury St Edmunds (Bury Sancti Edmundi), trader, complains against John Farewell from Kirtling (Kyrtlynge), pledge for the prosecution [illeg.]. And the same John is attached by meat worth 40d., remaining in the hands of Ralph Farwell. John Bole, trader, did not come to respond to John Grase, trader, in a plea of trespass. [damaged] John Mordon, Richard Farwell, Thomas Buk, [damaged] William Sygo, Richard Turnour, John Spyser, John Odye, John Aston, John Poncy. Who say upon their oath that Thomas Eustace from Swaffham Bulbeck (Swafham Bulbekes) owes and unjustly detained 6s. \from Roger Smyth from Soham/, which it is ordered to levy to the benefit of the said Roger with damages assessed at 6d. Therefore etc. And that Richard Webbe from Haverhill (Haverell) owes and unjustly detained from Laurence atte Thorn from the same 6s. 8d., which it is ordered to levy to the benefit of the said Laurence with damages assessed at 4d. And the aforesaid Richard is in mercy. John Farwell, trader, did not come to respond to Edmund Taverner, trader, in a plea of debt. Therefore etc. [18 December 1403] Court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of the Nativity of the Lord in the year written above. John Farewell is attached by meat worth 2s., remaining in the hands of John Mordone, to respond to Edmund Taverner in a plea of debt. And the same John defaulted at the 2nd hour when he was summoned. Therefore etc. John Bole, trader, did not come to respond to John Grace, trader, in a plea of debt. Therefore in mercy. Thomas Bryncle, trader, complains against Thomas Carlton, smith, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Peter Fedelere. And the same Thomas is attached by diverse chattels worth 20s., in the hands of Peter Fedelere, And the same Thomas Carlton defaulted when he was summoned at the 1st hour. [24 December 1403] Court held there on the Monday on the vigil of the Nativity of the Lord in the year written above. 52

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John Farwell is attached by meat worth 6d., remaining in the hands of Ralph Farwell. And the same John defaulted. Amercement 6d. Thomas Carlton, smith, submits himself for a licence to agree with Thomas \Bryncle/. Therefore etc. [8 January 1404] Court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of the Epiphany of the Lord in the year written above. Walter Clak, trader, complains against John Skynnere Peddere, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Pere. And the aforesaid John is attached by 1 horse in the park. And the aforesaid John defaulted. Therefore in mercy. Richard Smyth from Chippenham (Chepynham), trader, complains against William Fysshere \trader/ from the same in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Peter Fydelere. And the aforesaid William is attached by 1 horse worth 18s. and it remains in the hands of John Waleys. And the aforesaid William Fysshere defaulted. Therefore in mercy. John Edmunde, trader, complains against Thomas Gay, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Peter Fedelere. And the aforesaid Thomas is attached by 1 horse worth 4s. remaining in the park. John Bole, trader, did not come to respond to John Grace, trader, in a plea of trespass. John Farwell, trader, did not come to respond to Edmund Taverner, trader, in a plea of debt. [folio 16r] [19 February 1404] Newmarket Court held there on the Tuesday in the first week of Quadregesima in the 5th year of the reign of King Henry IV. Richard Marham, chaplain, trader, complains against William Trendele, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution’s claim [blank]. And the aforesaid William is attached by one brass pot worth 20d., remaining in the hands of Peter Fydeler. Amercement 3d. Richard Gardinor did not come to respond to John Chokwold in a plea of trespass. Amercement 6d. Robert Randolf, Walter Knappyng, Stephen Gille, Edmund Wannsy, John Moorden, John Wante, John Wilkyn, Thomas Pridyton, roper, Laurence atte Thorn, Thomas Predyton, chandler, Richard Tourour and Robert Doushole, the jury, say upon their oath that Nicholas Partrych owes nothing to John Fleg as previously against him was pleaded. Amercement 6d. It is ordered 3s. And that the same John Fleg owes to Richard servant of John Smyth 2s. 4d. with damages of 8d., which it is ordered to levy to the benefit of the said Richard. And John is in mercy 6d. And that Robert Twerch has not broken any contract against John Chaundeler in two suits as was pleaded previously against him. Amercement 12d. And John is in mercy 12d. Fine 12d. To this court comes William Swafham and surrenders into the hands of the lord one vacant place in the Drapery (le Draperie)15 next to the shops of Robert Gateward on both sides to the use of Walter Skynnere. To hold to 15

Unless otherwise stated, the Drapery is referred to as ‘le Drapery’ in the rolls.

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him and his issue by the rod at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor. And he makes fealty to the lord. And seisin is delivered to him and he gives a fine as appears. Fine 12d. To this court comes Robert Doushole and surrenders into the hands of the lord one shop in the Butchery16 next to the shop of Andrew Barkere to the use of Thomas Predyton, roper. To hold to him and his issue by the rod at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor. And he makes fealty to the lord. And seisin is delivered to him. And he gives a fine as appears. [26 February 1404] Court held there on the Tuesday in the second week of Quadragesima in the year written above. Amercement 6d. William Tarent, cleric, trader, is plaintiff against Robert Tweyrch, trader, in a plea of debt. And the aforesaid Robert is attached by something [sic] remaining in the park of the lord on a claim for 50s., concerning that in the feast of St Laurence last past the aforesaid Robert bought from the aforesaid William 25 sheep for 50s. to be paid on the feast of the Nativity of the Lord and it was not paid and [illeg.], etc. And the aforesaid Robert, present in court, acknowledges the said 50s. And the aforesaid Robert and Thomas Rede recognise whereof 25s. and allow the aforesaid 25s. to be levied from his goods wheresoever \profit/ is furnished on the feast of the Nativity of St John the Baptist next following. And furthermore to levy the other 25s. from goods of the said Robert. And Robert himself is in mercy. Amercement 6d. Roger Bocher, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Colbayn, trader, in a plea of debt, by the pledge of John Peere junior. Amercement 3d. William Trendele, trader, did not come to respond to Richard Marham, chaplain, in a plea of debt. Amercement 3d. Richard Gardyner, trader, did not come to respond to John Chokwold, trader, in a plea of trespass. Amercement 6d. John Skynnere, \pedlar/, trader, did not come to respond to Walter Clak in a plea of debt. And because he did not come to 5 courts for judgement according to the custom of the manor. And John is in mercy. [4 March 1404] Court held there on the Tuesday in the third week of Quadragesima in the year above. Amercement 6d. Ralph Brayn submits himself for a licence to agree with Robert Mortymer, pledge Simon Baldewyne. Amercement 6d. Simon Baldewyne and John Pepyr, traders, complain against William Trendil, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution the bailiff, on a claim for 2s. 11d. for one horse \to damages of 12d./ which the same William acknowledged in court. Therefore it is ordered to levy to the use of the said Simon and John. Therefore William is in mercy. And it is ordered to assess the damages by inquiry. Amercement 3d. Richard Gardyner, trader, did not come to respond to John Chokwold \he submits John Kyrkeby/ in a plea of trespass.

16

Unless otherwise stated, the court rolls refer to the Butchery as ‘le Bocherye’.

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Amercement 4d. Thomas Buk \1d./, John Smyth from Exning (Ixnyng) \1d./, John Choun \1d./, John Wilkyn \1d./, the jury, between Richard Webbe, plaintiff, and Laurence atte Thorn, defendant. [11 March 1404] Court held there on the Tuesday in the fourth week of Quadragesima, at the sixth hour. Amercement 3d. Simon Nene, trader, complains against Thomas Lystere, trader, in a plea of trespass, pledge for the prosecution Peter Fidelere. And the aforesaid Thomas is attached by cloth worth 40d., remaining in the hands of John Kyrkeby. And the aforesaid Thomas did not come. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 6d. Richard Gardyner, trader, did not come to respond to John Chokwold, trader, in a plea of trespass. Amercement [illeg.] John Barbour and Thomas Pere, traders, complain against Walter Bocher and John Waleys, traders, in a plea of debt, pledge the bailiff. Amercement 6d. John Kyrkeby, trader, complains against William Cakebekene, trader, \submits himself/ in a plea of debt, pledge Peter Fidelere. Amercement 6d. A certain foreign trader submits himself for a licence to agree with William Fyschere, trader, in a plea of debt, by the pledge of John Redere. Amercement 6d. William Trendele, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with Richard Marham, chaplain. Amercement 6d. William Benereche, trader, complains against Simon Farewel, cleric, \submits himself/ \by the pledge of John Waleys/. Court held there at the ninth hour. Richard Gardyner, trader, did not come to respond to John Chokwold, trader, in a plea of trespass. And because the same Richard did not come during 5 courts, judgement is given to the said John according to the custom of the manor, by the pledges of John Wilkyn and Walter Knappyng. Peter Fidelere and Simon Nene, bailiffs of the lord, present upon their oath that Richard Barkere carried off tolls of the lord for 5 quarters of barley [illeg.] for a quarter ob. And the aforesaid Richard is attached by 7 bushels of barley in the hands of Thomas Sowtere \submits himself/. Robert Tweyt, trader, complains against John Deye \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of trespass, pledge for the prosecution the bailiff. And the aforesaid John is attached by [illeg.] in the court by the hands of William Chevele. [25 March 1404] Court held there on the Tuesday in the sixth week of Quadragesima in the year abovesaid. John [illeg.], trader, complains against William Hychem \submits himself/, trader, pledge John Redere. [illeg.] \submits himself/, trader, complains against Robert Pere, trader, pledge for the prosecution the bailiff. And the aforesaid Robert is attached by a horse worth [illeg.] remaining in the hands of Peter Fedelere. Amercement 6d. William Trendele submits himself for a licence to agree with John Sowtere, pledge Thomas Sowtere. Fine 2s. And Peter Wantoun for a fine for carrying away tolls.

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[illeg.] John Smyth Marchal complains against Johanna R[illeg.] in a plea [illeg.], pledge for the prosecution the bailiff. And the aforesaid Johanna is attached by one horse worth 20s., remaining in the hands of Peter Fydelere. [[?]9 May 1404] Court held there on the feast of Saint Nicholas in the 5th year of the reign of Henry IV. [remainder illeg.] [folio 16v] [first part illeg.] And the aforesaid Richard found pledges for a return to adjudication within the year, by Richard Farewel and Ralph Farewel. Amercement 3d. John Bocher did not come to respond to Peter Wantoun, trader, in a plea of debt. Therefore in mercy. [17 June 1404] Court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of the Nativity of St John the Baptist in the year written above. Amercement 6d. John Cullyng, trader, complains against Peter Wanton \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt and broken contract, pledge for the prosecution Robert Gateward. And the aforesaid Peter is attached by a horse and leather worth 13s. 4d., remaining in the hands of Walter Knappyng. Amercement 6d. John Bocher submits himself for a licence to agree with Peter Wantoun [in] a plea of debt, pledged as above. Amercement 6d. Peter Wantoun \submits himself/, trader, complains against John Cullyng, trader, in a plea [blank], pledge for the prosecution Walter Knappyng. And the aforesaid John is attached by leather worth 2s., remaining in the hands of Robert Gateward. Amercement Peter Wanton \submits himself/, trader, complains against John Gaysle, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere. And the aforesaid John is attached by one horse worth 13s. 4d., remaining in the hands of Peter Fydelere. Amercement 6d. John Dowale, trader, complains against John Fynsent \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Peter Fydelere. And the aforesaid John is attached by one horse worth 20s., remaining in the hands of Robert Gateward. Amercement 6d. Thomas Hethe \does not proceed/, trader, complains against John Norman, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Manston. And the aforesaid John is attached by one horse remaining in the park. Amercement 6d. William Sybyle \does not proceed/, trader, complains against John Gybourne, trader, pledge for the prosecution the bailiff \Peter Fidelere/. And the aforesaid John is attached by one horse, remaining in the hands of John Kyrkeby. Peter Fydelere \left/, trader, complains against Richard Tornour from Exning (Ixnyng), trader, in a plea of debt. And the aforesaid Richard is attached by one cloth worth 16d., remaining in the hands of Robert Gateward on a claim for 10d. concerning diverse amercements assessed upon himself in the leet of the lord at Stetchworth (Stewcheworth) from one year past. And the aforesaid Richard denies 56

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any wrongdoing, etc. And says that he owes nothing. And for this it is ordered to prove by waging of law and he has a day until the next [court to come] with 6 hands. Amercement 6d. John Kyrkeby, trader, [complains] against John Gybourne \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, by the pledge of the said John Kyrkeby. [8 July 1404] Court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of the Translation of St Thomas the Matryr in the year written above. Amercement 6d. William Godard, trader, complains against John Pepir \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution the bailiff. Amercement 6d. Richard Stotevyle, trader, complains against Ralph Farewel \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Peter Fydelere. And the aforesaid Ralph is attached by one horse and meat worth 3s. 4d. Amercement 6d. William Leysetere \does not proceed/, trader, complains against William Cook, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Peere. And the aforesaid William is attached by one horse worth 6s. 6d. Richard Stotevyle, trader, complains against John Farewel, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution as above. And the aforesaid John is attached by meat worth 12d., remaining in the hands of Richard Farewel. [29 July 1404] Court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of St Peter in chains in the year written above. Amercement 6d. John Grase, trader, complains against Robert Bole \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of trespass, pledge for the prosecution Peter Fydelere. And the aforesaid John is attached by one [blank] worth [blank], remaining in the hands of John Serle. John Kyrkeby, trader, complains against Agnes, servant of John Manston, in a plea of trespass. Amercement 3d. John Farewel did not come to respond to Richard Stotevyle. Therefore in mercy. [12 August 1404] Court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Laurence in the year written above. Amercement 4d. John Kyrkeby, trader, complains against Agnes, servant of John Manston \submits in her place Richard Stotevyle/, trader, in a plea of trespass, pledge for the prosecution Peter Fydelere. And the aforesaid Agnes is attached by one dovecot worth 40s. It is ordered by the bailiff to remain in the hands of Robert Skynnere. And the said Agnes defaulted. Therefore in mercy. [19 August 1404] Court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of St Bartholomew in the year written above. Amercement 4d. Agnes, servant of John Manston, trader, did not come to respond to John Kyrkeby, trader. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 6d. Thomas Pere, trader, complains against Thomas Sowtere, trader, in a plea of trespass, pledge for the prosecution the bailiff. And the aforesaid Thomas Sowtere is attached by one horse worth 2s., remaining in the hands of Peter Fydelere. 57

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[folio 11r] [2 September 1404] Newmarket Court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of the Decollation of St John in the fifth year of the reign of King Henry IV. Amercement Agnes servant of John Manston, trader, did not come to respond to John Kyrkeby, trader, in a plea of trespass. Therefore in mercy. [9 September 1404] Court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of the Exaltation of the Sacred Cross in the year written above. Amercement 3d. John Farwel, trader, did not come to respond to Richard Stotevyle, trader, in a plea of debt. [23 September 1404] Court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Matthew the Apostle in the year written above. William Smyth from Barnardiston (Berneston), trader, complains against Richard Farwel, trader, pledge for the prosecution Peter Fydelere. And the aforesaid Richard is attached by meat worth 2s. 4d. Amercement 3d. William Smyth from Barnardiston (Berneston), trader, complains against John Farewel, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge the bailiff. And the aforesaid John is attached by meat worth 2s., remaining in the hands of Ralph Farewel. And the same John defaulted. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 3d. John Farewel, trader, did not come to respond to Richard Stotevyle. Therefore in mercy. [30 September 1404] Court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Michael in the year written above. Agnes, servant of John Manston, did not come to respond to John Kyrkeby in a plea of trespass. Amercement 3d. John Farewel, trader, did not come to respond to Richard Stotevyle, trader, in a plea of debt. Amercement 3d. Richard Farewel did not come to respond to William Berneston, trader, in a plea of debt. Amercement 3d. John Farewel, trader, did not come to respond to William Berneston, trader, in a plea of debt. [7 October 1404] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Faith the virgin in the year written above. John Farewel, trader, did not come to respond to Richard Stotevyle. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 6d. Agnes, servant of John Manston, did not come to respond to John Kyrkeby. Therefore in mercy. And because [blank]. Total 2s.

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[folio 25r] [27 October 1405] Newmarket Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of the apostles Simon and Jude in the seventh year of the reign of King Henry IV. Amercement 6d. And Robert Harsyk, trader, for an unjust plea against Thomas Fyschere, tailor, trader from Bedford (Bedforth), in a plea of debt. Therefore etc. Amercement 6d. And the same Robert Harsyk, trader, for the same against John Schawe, trader from Oxon,17 in a plea of debt. Therefore [blank]. [3 November 1405] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of the apostles Simon and Jude in the year above mentioned. Amercement 4d. And Richard Farewel, trader, for an unjust plea against William Avis, trader, in a plea of debt. Amercement 3d. And Richard Reve \submits himself/, trader, because he did not come to respond to Richard Stotevile, trader, in a plea of debt, etc. And he is attached by chattels worth [blank] and remaining in the hands of John Longe. Therefore it is ordered to retain and to seize more. He submits himself. Amercement 3d. And John Davy \submits himself/, trader, because he did not come to respond to John Bumstede, trader, in a plea of debt. And he is attached by one horse and one saddle worth half a mark. And remaining in the hands of John Wilkyng, pledge, by the pledge of the said [blank]. John Vyncent \for an unjust plea/, trader, complains against Richard Landwade, trader, in a plea of debt, and he is attached by one horse worth 20s. and remaining in the hands of John Wilkyn, pledge, for 2 bags worth 2s. with damages of 12d. Inquiry. [10 November 1405] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before [the feast of] St Edward the King in the year abovesaid. Amercement 4d. Concerning Richard Reve, trader, for a licence to agree with Richard Stotevyll, trader, in a plea of debt, etc. Amercement 6d. Concerning John Davy, trader, for a licence to agree with John Bumstede, trader, in a plea of debt, etc. Amercement 6d. Concerning John Peddere, trader, for a licence to agree with John Bumstede, trader, in a plea of debt. A day A day is given to John Manston, trader, plaintiff, and William Chaundeler, trader, in a plea of debt, to come to the next [court]. Amercement 3d. It is ordered Concerning Beatrix Skynnere, trader, because she did not come to respond to William Cogeshale \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt. And she is attached by eleven cows worth 5s. and remaining in the hands of the bailiff. Therefore it is ordered to retain and to seize more, etc. in the hands of John Manston. And [blank].

17

It has not been possible to identify this settlement with any certainty. Possibilities include Hoxne in Suffolk (although ‘Schawe’ is not an East Anglian name), and Oxford in Oxfordshire. K. Briggs, pers. comm.

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[24 November 1405] Court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Clement in the seventh year of the reign of King Henry IV. Amercement 6d. Concerning John Vynsent, trader, for an unjust plea against Richard Landwade, trader from Reach (Reche), in a plea of detinue of chattels. Amercement 3d. Concerning William Chaundeler, trader, because he did not come to respond to John Manston, trader, in a plea of debt, etc. And afterwards he puts himself on the mercy of the lord. [1 December 1405] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Andrew the apostle in the year abovesaid. Amercement 3d. Concerning Robert Bocher, trader, because he did not come to respond to Richard Stotevyll, trader, in a plea of debt. And it is ordered to attach before the next court. Amercement 4d. Concering John Farewell, trader, for a licence to agree with William Fisshere, trader, in a plea of debt. It is ordered It is ordered to attach John Pepir, trader, to respond to Walter Clak, trader, in a plea of debt. And he is attached by one horse worth 40d. It is ordered to retain. [15 December 1405] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Lucy, virgin, in the year abovesaid. Amercement 3d. It is ordered Concerning Robert Bocher \submits himself/, trader, because he did not come to respond to Richard Stotevylle, trader, in a plea of debt. Therefore he is attached on the pledge of the bailiff, worth [blank]. Therefore it is ordered to retain and to seize more before the next [court]. Amercement 3d. It is ordered Concerning John Pepir \submits himself/, trader, because he did not come to respond to Walter Clakes, trader, in a plea of debt. Therefore etc. And he is attached as above. Therefore it is ordered to retain and to seize more before the next [court], etc. Amercement 3d. It is ordered Concerning John Deke, trader, because he did not come to respond to Richard Stotevylle \agreed/, trader, in a plea of debt. And he is attached by one horse worth 18s. and remaining in the hands of Roger Smyth as pledge. Therefore it is ordered to retain and to seize more before the next [court], etc. Action for a plea Jury It is ordered John Wynde from Bury St Edmunds (Sancto Edmundo), trader, is attached to respond to John Maliard from East Dereham (Est Derham), trader, in a plea of debt. And he is attached by goods and chattels worth 30s., remaining in the hands of John Hoge and John Regis as pledges for the said value. And the aforesaid John Maliard, trader, through John, son of \ Peter/ Smyth, his attorney, says that the aforesaid John Wynde on the Friday next after the feast of Martin in winter in the seventh year of the reign of King Henry IV at East Dereham (Estderham) audited the account in the presence of Henry Deye from North Elmham (Northelmham) and John, servant of Michael Chapman, who between them heard the account. And thus the aforesaid John Wynde was found to be in arrears, namely 10 marks of silver to be paid to the same John Maliard on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Edward the King thereafter in the next year abovesaid \at Newmarket (Novum Mercatum)/ and he did not pay. But for this he 60

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is attached with damages of 40s. or not. And the aforesaid John Wynde, present in court, denies the said debt and damages as against him previously claimed. And for this he puts himself upon trial by jury. And the aforesaid John Maliard similarly. Therefore it is ordered by the bailiff that [the jury] come to make jurisdiction between the aforesaid parties before the next court up until the Tuesday next after the feast of Epiphany of our Lord next in the future. Amercement 3d. It is ordered Concerning William Campe, trader, because he did not come to respond to Thomas Tapser, trader, in a plea of detinue of chattels and he is attached by one horse worth 40d. on the pledge of the bailiff. Therefore it is ordered to retain and to seize more before the next [court] by the pledge of Peter Fydelere. [22 December 1405] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of the Nativity of the Lord in the year abovesaid. A day A day is given to Richard Stotevyll, trader, plaintiff, and John Deke \submits himself/, trader, defendant, in a plea of debt. And he is attached as above to come to the next [court] once more. It is ordered To this court an action between John Maliard, trader, plaintiff, and John Wynde \submits himself/, trader, defendant, in a plea of debt was postponed to the next [court] due to the default of the jurors. Therefore it is ordered by the bailiff that he has the body of the aforesaid jurors at the next [court], etc. Amercement 4d. Concerning William Campe \submits himself/, trader, because he did not come to respond to Thomas Tapeser, trader \in a plea of debt/. And he is attached as above. Therefore it is ordered to retain and to seize more before the next [court]. Amercement 4d. It is ordered Concerning John Farewell, trader, because he is convicted by his recognition against William Fisshere, trader, with damages assessed at 6d. which it is ordered to levy. And he was arrested by 1 horse and meat worth 4s., etc Therefore it is ordered to retain and to seize more before the next [court]. Amercement 4d. Concerning Robert Bocher, trader, for a licence to agree with Richard Stotevyll, trader, in a plea of debt, etc. Amercement 3d. Concerning John Pepir for a licence to agree with Walter Clak, trader, in a plea of debt, etc. [folio 25v] [12 January 1406] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of the Epiphany of the Lord in the seventh year of the reign of King Henry IV. Amercement 4d. Concerning John Deke, trader, for a licence to agree with Richard Stotevylle, trader, in a plea of debt, etc. Amercement 4d. Concerning John Wynde, trader, for a licence to agree with John Maliard, trader, in a plea of debt. Amercement 3d. Concerning William Campe \trader/ for a licence to agree with Thomas Tapeser, trader, in a plea of debt, etc. Amercement 4d. Order Concerning John Beteny \submits himself/, trader, because he did not come to respond to Nicholas Chapman, trader, in a plea of debt and John is attached by a horse worth [illeg.]s. 4d. and remaining in the hands of John Kyrkeby as pledge, etc. And it is ordered to retain and to seize more before the next [court]. 61

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Amercement 3d. Concerning Richard Farewell, trader, for a licence to agree with William Colyn, trader, in a plea of debt. Therefore etc. Fine 2s. The jury present that John Smyth from Exning (Ixnyng) died after the last court and held from the lord on the day that he died one shop in Glovers’ Row (Gloveresrowe)18 which he held from the lord for dues of 4d. annually. And that John his son is the next heir and of full age and asks to be admitted to the aforesaid shop. And he is admitted, to hold to him and his heirs according to the custom of the manor and of the market, giving to the lord service and said [dues], etc. And he gains seisin, holding in the aforesaid form. And he gives to the lord a premium as is made clear and he makes fealty. [19 January 1406] Court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Hillarius in the year abovesaid. Amercement 4d. Concerning William Edes, trader, for a licence to agree with Peter Fethelere, trader, in a plea of debt, etc. Amercement 4d. Concerning Beatrix Skynnere, trader, for a licence to agree with Cecilia Barbour, trader, in a plea of debt. [2 February 1406] Court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of Quidena of St Hillarius in the year abovesaid. Fine 3d. Concerning John Palmere because he puts himself on the grace of the lord for forestalling vetch (vesse), etc. Jury To this court an action between John, son of Peter Smyth, plaintiff, and John Vynsent, trader, defendant, \in a plea of contract/ was postponed until the next [court] due to default of the jurors. Therefore it is ordered by the bailiff that they have the body of the jurors, etc. And the same between Katrina Gent \does not proceed/ \plaintiff/, trader, and Thomas Bocher from Newmarket (Novo Mercato), trader, defendant in a plea of detinue of chattels postponed until the next [court] due to default of the jurors. Therefore it is ordered to adjourn until the next [court] due to default of the jurors, etc. [9 February 1406] Market court held there on the Tuesday on the ocatave of the Purification of the Blessed Mary Virgin in the year abovesaid. Amercement 4d. Concerning John Pepir, trader, for a licence to agree with Robert Throsshere, trader, in a plea of debt. Amercement 6d. Concerning Katrina Jent, trader, because she does not proceed against Thomas Bocher in a plea of detinue of chattels. Amercement 6d. Concerning John, son of Peter Smyth, trader, because he does not proceed against John Vynsent, trader, in a plea of broken contract. [23 February 1406] Outside court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of St Matthew the apostle in the year abovesaid.

18

The only reference to this row in the rolls.

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Amercement 4d. Concerning John Cokes, trader, for a licence to agree with John Vynsent, trader, in a plea of debt, etc, by the pledge of John Kyrkeby. Amercement 4d. Concerning John Motte, trader, for an unjust plea against John Candeler, rector of the church of Dalham, in a plea of debt. Amercement 4d. Concerning John Motte, trader, for a licence to agree with Simon Baldewene, trader, in a plea of debt, etc, by the pledge of [blank]. Amercement 4d. Concerning John Grace, trader, for a licence to agree with Richard Tornour, trader, in a plea of debt. A day A day is given to Nicholas Chapman, trader, plaintiff, and John Beteney, trader, in a plea of debt to be postponed to the next [court]. And he is attached by one horse worth 20s. and remaining in the hands of John Kyrkeby as pledge, etc. And adjourned until the court held after the feast of Easter next in the future, etc. [9 March 1406] Court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of St Gregory the martyr in the year abovesaid. Amercement 4d. Concerning Hugh Fisshere, trader, for a licence to agree with William Howard, trader, in a plea of debt, by the pledge of John Sparwe. [16 March 1406] Court held on the Tuesday next before Sunday in the middle of Quadragesima in the year abovesaid. Amercement 3d. Concerning Thomas Perkyn, trader, for a licence to agree with Thomas Dylly, trader, in a plea of debt, etc. Amercement 4d. Concerning John Chaundeler, trader, for a licence to agree with Nicholas Sadelere, trader, in a plea of detinue of chattels. [30 March 1406] Court held there on the Tuesday next before Palm Sunday in the year abovesaid. Amercement 4d. Concerning John Plumton from Higham (Hychem), trader, for a licence to agree with John Lytle, trader, in a plea of debt. Amercement 4d. Paid \Concerning/ John Choun is attached by 24 slates to respond to William Leycestre, trader, in a plea of debt, that is to say the rent for one tenement, the same leased at Cheveley (Chevele), paid to the same William at Newmarket (Newemarket) on Thursday next after the feast of St Michael in the fourth year of the reign of King Henry IV, pledge Thomas Baille. Amercement 4d. It is ordered Concerning Thomas Stonham \submits himself/, trader, because he is convicted by his recognition against John Cokes from Botesdale (Botedale), trader, for 2s. 4d. and damages assessed at 2d. which it is ordered, etc, by the pledge of Thomas Cookes. Amercement 4d. It is ordered Concerning Thomas Taylour, fisher from Bedford (Bedeford), trader, because he did not come to respond to Robert Harsykes, trader, in a plea of debt. And he is attached by 3 horses worth 50s. presently remaining in the hands of John Redere as pledge. Therefore it is ordered to retain and to seize more. Recovery suit A day is given to Mariot Fokes, trader, plaintiff, and John Pollard, trader, defendant, in a plea of debt. And he is attached by a stall worth 3s. 6d., by the pledge of William Leycestre, postponed until the next [court].

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[folio 28r] [1 November 1407] Newmarket Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of the apostles Simon and Jude in the ninth year of the reign of King Henry IV. Amercement 4d. Roger Tommesson, trader, complains against William Howesson \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Tommesson. And the aforesaid William is attached by meat worth 12d., remaining in the hands of John Moordon. Amercement 3d. Walter Clak, trader, complains against William Luttisworth, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution [blank]. And the aforesaid William is attached by one horse worth 6s. 8d., remaining in the hands of John Redere. And the aforesaid William defaulted. Fine 6s. 8d. To this court comes Robert Gateward and surrenders into the hands of the lord two shops in the Drapery (le Draperye) next to [the shop of] the said Robert to the use of Robert Colyn who comes in this court and rents the said shops. To hold to him and his issue by the rod at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor. And he makes fealty to the lord. And he gains seisin. And he gives a fine as appears. [15 November 1407] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Martin in the 9th year of the reign of King Henry. Fine 2s. 10d. To this court comes Thomas Merser and surrenders into the hands of the lord two shops in the Mercery (le Merserye) to the use of Robert Gateward who comes into this court and rents the said shops. To hold to him and his issue by the rod at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor. And he makes fealty to the lord. And he grants seisin to him, and he gives a fine as appears. Jury John Prat, trader, complains against Thomas Cook, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere. And the aforesaid Thomas is attached by one horse worth 20s., remaining in the hands of Thomas Sowtere on a claim for 2s. for 2 shops which were leased to him on the feast of the apostles Simon and Jude. Ralph Brabon, trader, complains against Robert Aston, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution’s claim John Langham. And the aforesaid Ralph is attached by a cart and three horses worth 33s. 4d., remaining in the hands of John Manston and Thomas Sowtere. Amercement 4d. William Luttysworth, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with Walter Clak, pledge John Redere. [29 November 1407] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of St Andrew the apostle in the year written above. Amercement 3d. Richard Derlyng, trader, complains against Thomas atte Hel, trader, in a plea of trespass, pledge for the prosecution William Godard. And the aforesaid Thomas is attached by two horses worth 6s., remaining in the hands of Thomas Cok. And the aforesaid Thomas did not come but defaulted. Therefore in mercy. 64

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[13 December 1407] Market court held there on the Tuesday on the feast of St Lucy, virgin, in the year written above. John Kyrkeby, trader, complains against Thomas Colbayn, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution’s claim Thomas Sowtere. And the aforesaid Thomas is attached by one horse worth 3s., remaining in the hands of Thomas Sowtere. Amercement 4d. William Harlewene \does not proceed/, trader, complains against Robert Gateward, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Robert Doushole. And the aforesaid Robert is attached by chattels worth 8s., remaining in the hands of Robert Colyn. Amercement 3d. Thomas Cook, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Prat, trader, pledges Thomas Pere [and] John Redere. Richard Derlyng complains against Thomas atte Hel for a plea of trespass, because the aforesaid Richard bought, after bargaining, from the aforesaid Thomas a certain horse worth 10s. And the aforesaid Thomas warranted the aforesaid horse to be sound in wind and limb. And the aforesaid Thomas, knowing the said horse to be unsound in wind and limb, sold the aforesaid horse to the aforesaid Richard fraudulently, to the said Richard’s damage, etc. And the aforesaid Thomas denies any wrongdoing and says he did not warrant it. And the jury will verify by [waging of] law, etc. And he has a day until the next court [to come] with 6 hands etc. [20 December 1407] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of the Nativity of the Lord in the year written above. Jury John Reyner, trader, complains against John Fynsent, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Ballone. And the aforesaid John Fynsent is attached by one horse worth 10s., remaining in the hands of Walter Knappyng and William [blank]. Amercement 3d. Agnes Bocher, trader, complains against a certain foreign trader in a plea of trespass, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere. And the aforesaid [blank] is attached by one horse worth 6s. 8d., remaining in the hands of Peter Fideler. And the aforesaid [blank] has defaulted. Amercement 4d. Andrew Maltman, trader, complains against John Lucaas \submits himself/, pledge John Redere. Amercement 6d. To recover 10s. Thomas atte Hel did not come with his law against Richard Derlyng [when] he had a day as above. Therefore it is ajudged that the aforesaid Richard recover his damages declared above. And the aforesaid Thomas is in mercy. Amercement 3d. Ralph Brabon, trader, does not proceed against Robert Aston, trader, in a plea of debt, by the pledge of the abovesaid. Amercement 3d. Thomas Colbayn, trader, did not come to respond to John Kyrkeby, trader. Therefore in mercy. [10 January 1408] Court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of the Epiphany of the Lord in the 9th year of the reign of King Henry IV. Amercement 3d. Thomas Colbayn, trader, did not come to respond to John Kyrkeby, trader, in a plea of debt. Therefore in mercy. 65

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Amercement 4d. William Caage, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Cartere, pledge John Fynsent. Amercement 4d. William Harlewene, trader, complains against Robert Gateward \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Godard. William Howesson, trader, complains against John Bocher from Ely, trader, in a plea of trespass, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere. And the aforesaid John is attached by one horse worth 10s., remaining in the hands of John Wilkyn, stallholder. Amercement 4d. A servant of the Prior of Chipley (Chippeleye),19 trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with Agnes Bocher, pledge Peter Fedelere. [17 January 1408] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Hillarius in the year written above. Amercement 4d. John Fynsent, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Reyner, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge Walter Knappyng. Amercement 4d. Thomas Colbayn, trader, did not come to respond to John Kyrkeby in a plea of debt, pledged as above. Fine 20s. To this court comes John Odye and surrenders into the hands of the lord four shops in Turners’ Row (le Tornorsrowe ) formerly \called/ Flax Row (Flaxrowe),20 to the use of Thomas Tornoor son of Richard Tornoor who comes into this court and rents the said shop. To hold to him and his issue by the rod at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor. And he makes fealty to the lord. And he gains seisin. And he gives a fine as appears. [7 February 1408] Court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Amercement 4d. John Gardyner from Exning (Ixnyng), trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Pere, trader, pledge Thomas Cook. [illeg.] Thomas Caghe, trader, complains against John Pedder \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of trespass, pledge for the prosecution Richard Derlyng. And the aforesaid John is attached by one bushel of barley worth 13d., in the hands of Thomas Sowtere. [illeg.] Thomas Colbayn, trader, did not come to respond to John Kyrkeby in a plea of debt, pledge the aforesaid. [folio 28v] Court roll for the 9th year and account for the 10th. [28 February 1408] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Matthew apostle in the year written above. 19

20

A reference to Chipley Abbey, a small Augustinian priory founded in 1235 which was annexed to the college in Stoke-by-Clare in 1468. See Briggs and Kilpatrick, Dictionary of Suffolk placenames, p. 33. The only reference to this row in the rolls.

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Amercement 4d. Thomas Colbayn, trader, did not come to respond to John Kyrkeby. Therefore in mercy. And it is [[?]ordered to attach] the aforesaid. Robert Gateward, trader, complains against William Harlewyne \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution the bailiff. And the aforesaid William is attached by 6s. 8d. in money, remaining in the hands \of Thomas Sowtere/, on a claim for 40d. which he paid to John Leef at the said William’s request to damages of 20d. And the aforesaid William denies any wrongdoing, etc. And he says that he did not ask the said Robert to pay the said 40d. and for this he wages his law. And he has a day until the next [court to come] with 7 hands. Thomas Sowtere, bailiff, presents that Robert Reefham sold untanned leather here in the market to the son of Peter Brabon. And the aforesaid Robert says that he bought the said leather from a certain John Cullyng junior who comes here in court and acknowledges he sold the said leather and upon this Stephen Gille, one currier of the market, says to the jury that it was not tanned. And it is ordered that Stephen Gille and Robert Reefham be distrained to respond. Amercement 4d. John Prior from Lewes, trader, complains against Thomas Loverer \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledges for the prosecution Thomas Sowter and Robert Gateward. And the aforesaid Thomas is attached by one cart and 4 horses worth [blank]. [27 February 1408] Market court held there on the Tuesday the vigil of the feast of Ash Wednesday in the year written above. Amercement 4d. William Harlewene, trader, did not come with his law against Robert Gateward, trader, just as he had a day. Therefore in mercy. [6 March 1408] Market court held there on the Tuesday in the first week of Quadragesima in the year written above. Thomas atte Hil \submits in his place Thomas Sowtere/, trader, complains against Richard Derlyng, trader, in a plea of broken contract, pledge for the prosecution John Langham. And the aforesaid Richard is attached by 10s. in money, remaining in the hands of Thomas Sowtere. Amercement 4d. Thomas Sowtere, trader, complains against Thomas Collesson, trader, in a plea of broken contract, pledge for the prosecution Roger Smyth. The same Thomas Sowtere, trader, complains against Thomas Collesson, trader, in a plea of debt \pledge for the prosecution Roger Smyth/. [20 March 1408] Market court held there on the Tuesday in the third week of Quadragesima in the year written above. Amercement 4d. Ralph Parker, trader, complains against William Norfolk \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere. And the aforesaid is attached by fish worth 3s. 4d., remaining in the hands of Ralph Ropere from Mildenhall on a claim for 4s. for barley sold to him in the 22nd year of the reign of King Richard II, etc. Amercement 3d. Ralph Parker, trader, complains against Edmund Taverner, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere. And the afore67

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said Edmund is attached by one chest and woollen cloth worth 50s., remaining in the hands of Thomas Cok. And the aforesaid Edmund defaulted. Therefore in mercy. [27 March 1408] Market court held there on the Tuesday in the fourth week of Quadragesima in the year written above. Amercement 4d. Ralph Parker, trader, complains against Edmund Taverner \submits himself/, trader, concerning a plea of debt on a claim for 36s. 8d. that he unjustly owes, etc, for which the said \Ralph and/ Edmund [will meet] on the Thursday next after the feast of St John the Baptist. Robert Gateward, Walter Knappyng, William Aylewene, Richard Tornour, Robert Colyn \afterwards they come/, the jury between Ralph Parker, trader, plaintiff, and William Norfolk, trader, defendant, for default. [3 April 1408] Market court held there on the Tuesday in the fifth week of Quadragesima in the year written above. Amercement 4d. Henry Hoole, trader, complains against Ralph Brayyne \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution’s claim John Redere. And the aforesaid Ralph is attached by 4 horses worth £3, remaining in the hands of John Redere \bailiff/. The 6th year of the reign of King Richard, lately king of England, at Newmarket (Novum Mercatum) in the county of Suffolk, the aforesaid Edmund in the presence of William Osteler [and] Robert Tapir heard from the aforesaid Ralph and his assigns the audit of the account of various debts and receipts of the aforesaid Edmund, whatsoever Edmund held there in total arrears from the aforesaid Ralph. It was found that the total paid upon the aforesaid account was nothing, to be paid to the aforesaid Ralph. The aforesaid total by this time was postponed with damages for the aforesaid Ralph to 10s. and thereof he brought a suit, etc. And the aforesaid Edmund, through John Kyrkeby for the action, denies any wrongdoing. And [Ralph] says not. And he puts himself forward for a trial by jury. And the jury for this say that the same Edmund owes the aforesaid Ralph 22s. with damages of 12d., which it is ordered [to levy]. Amercement 4d. William Fyschere, trader, complains against John Skynnere from Hinxton (Hincton) \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt. And Andrew Flechere pledge for the amercement. Amercement 4d. Henry \Robert/ Hoole, trader, complains against John Skynnere \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge Andrew Flechere. Amercement John Moordon \1d./, John Aston \1d./, John Coupere \1d./, the jury between Ralph Parker, trader, plaintiff, and Edmund Taverner, trader, defendant for default [illeg.]. [10 April 1408] Market court held there on the Tuesday in the sixth week of Quadragesima in the year written above. Amercement 4d. John Ballone, trader, complains against a certain foreign trader \submits himself/, pledge Thomas Sowtere. Total 38s. 11d. Total of the Roll £3 15s. 9d. Entire total £8 7s. 4d. 68

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[folio 29r] [1 May 1408] Newmarket Market court held there on the Tuesday next after [sic] the feast of the apostles Philip and James in the 9th year of the reign of King Henry IV. Fine 6s. 8d. Inquiry ex officio presents that John Longe, who has died, last held to the day he died a stall and a half next to the messuage of John Odye. And that Matilda the wife of John Lasy is the daughter of the said John Longe and his nearest heir and is aged 24 years and more. She comes here in court and rents the said stall and a half. To hold to her and her issue by the rod at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor. And she makes fealty to the lord. And she gains seisin. And she gives a fine as appears at the head. [8 May 1408] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St John before the Latin gate. Amercement 4d. Robert Wenye, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Taylour, trader, in a plea concerning a plea of debt, pledges Thomas Rede [and] Thomas Soutere. Amercement 4d. William Coddyng, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with Peter Brabon, trader, pledge Edmund Taylour. Amercement 3d. John Choun, trader, complains against John Wenye, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Godard. And the aforesaid Robert [sic] Wenye is attached by one horse worth 12d., remaining in the hands of Peter Fydelere. Amercement 4d. John from St Neots (Seynt Need), trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with Robert Hoole, trader, pledge John Redere. Amercement 4d. John Skynnere from Hinxton (Hincton), trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with Robert Hoole, pledge John Redere. Amercement 4d. William Codlyng, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with William Coupere, pledge Agnes Bochere. Amercement 4d. John from St Neots (Seynt Need), trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with Richard Bucher, trader, pledge John Redere. Fine 10s. To this court comes John Sturdy and rents from the lord two stalls in Cordwainers’ Row (le cordeweneresrowe) between the stall of the lord on the one side and the stall of Andrew Barkere. To hold to him and his issue by the rod at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor. Rendering thereby to the lord 4d. annually at the usual terms. And he makes fealty to the lord. And he gains seisin. And he gives a fine as appears. Amercement 4d. Thomas Predilton, trader, complains against John Fynsent \submits himself/, trader, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Wykes. And the aforesaid John is attached by leather worth 2s., remaining in the hands of William Parmounter. To this court comes Thomas Clerk and rents from the lord one shop in Mercers’ Row (le Mersersrowe) to hold to him for a term of 7 years, rendering to the lord 4s. annually at the usual terms. And he gains seisin in the aforesaid form. Fine 16s. To this court comes John Odye and surrenders into the hands of the lord two shops lately of Alexander Barkere lying next to the Butchery to the use of Thomas Clerk who comes here in court and rents the said shops. To 69

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hold to him and his assigns by the rod at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor and he makes fealty to the lord. And he gains seisin, etc. And he gives a fine as appears. Amercement 4d. Robert Schilterne, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Bucher, pledge Thomas Sowtere. Amercement 4d. Edmund from Willingham (Wylyngham) submits himself for a licence with a certain foreign trader, pledge John Hoog. Total 35s. 11d. [folio 30r] [3 July 1408] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of the Translation of St Thomas in the year written above, at the first hour. Amercement 4d. Thomas Peche, trader, complains against John Dowe, butcher \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Wilkyn. Amercement 3d. John Grase \submits in his place John Kyrkeby/, trader, complains against Walter Truyt, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Manston. And the aforesaid Walter is attached by four horses and a saddle worth 10 marks, remaining in the hands of Nicholas Chapman, and he did not come but defaulted. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 3d. John Grase, trader, complains against Walter Truyt, trader, in a plea of detinue of chattels, pledge for the prosecution John Manston. And the aforesaid Walter is attached by 4 horses, remaining in the hands of Nicholas Chapman. And the same Walter defaulted. Therefore in mercy. [folio 30v] Court held there at the third hour. Third hour Amercement 3d. Walter Truyt, trader, did not come to respond to John Grase in a plea of debt. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 3d. Walter Truyt, trader, did not come to respond to John Grase in [a plea of] detinue of chattels. Court [held] there at the ninth hour. Ninth hour Amercement 3d. Walter Truyt, trader, did not come to respond to John Grase, trader, in a plea of debt. Amercement 3d. Walter Truyth, trader, did not come to respond to John Grase in a plea of detinue of chattels. Hour after the ninth Court held there at the hour after the ninth hour. Amercement 3d. Walter Truyt, trader, did not come to respond to John Grase, trader, in a plea of debt. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 3d. Walter Truit, trader, did not come to respond to John Grase, trader, in a plea of detinue of chattels.

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Hour of vespers Court [held] there at the hour of vespers on the day and in the year written above. Amercement 4d. Walter Truyt, trader, did not come to respond to John Grase, trader, in a plea of debt. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 4d. Walter Truyt, trader, did not come to respond to John Grase, trader, in a plea of detinue of chattels. Therefore in mercy. [11 September 1408] Court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of the Exaltation of the Sacred Cross in the year written above. Amercement 8d. John Prestwold, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with Peter Fydelere, trader, on the pledge of Thomas Sowtere in two pleas. Amercement 8d. John Vynsent, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with William Parmounter, pledge Robert Gateward, in two pleas. Amercement 4d. John Smyth, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with Robert Wylyngham, pledge John Godard. Amercement 3d. Walter servant of Thomas Pere, trader, complains against Robert Cartere, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Pere. And the aforesaid Robert is attached by two cows worth 10s., remaining in the hands of Thomas Sowtere. And the aforesaid Robert defaulted. Amercement 4d. John Langham, trader, complains against John Prestwold, trader, in plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere. And the aforesaid John Prestwold is attached by one horse worth 10s., remaining in the hands of John Waleys. Amercement 4d. William Freman, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with Agnes Manston, trader, pledge Thomas Sowtere. Total 11s. 9d., together with the Fair court 4s. 9d. [folio 29v] [23 October 1408]21 Market court held there on Tuesday next before the feast of the apostles Simon and Jude in the tenth year of the reign of King Henry IV. Amercement 4d. Thomas Barbour, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with Agnes Bocher, pledge Thomas Sowtere. Amercement 4d. Gilbert Wyote, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Dowe, pledge Robert Gateward. Amercement 4d. William Howesson, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with William Cowpere, pledge Thomas Sowtere. Amercement 4d. William Fyschere, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Gotte, pledge Thomas Sowtere. Amercement 4d. Roger Cowlynge, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Hereward, trader, pledge John Prat. John Tornour senior, trader, complains against Richard Farewel \submits himself/, trader, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Tornour senior. And the aforesaid Richard

21

This court entry appears to have been added to this roll after the preceding two entries (3 July and 11 September) were written separately on folio 30.

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is attached by one horse and meat worth 5s. remaining in the hands of Ralph Farewel on a claim of 3s. 8d. ob. for rent of pasture. Robert Carter, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with Walter servant of Thomas Peere, trader, pledge Thomas Sowtere. Fine 3s. To this court comes Beatrix Skynnere and surrenders into the hands of the lord one shop in the Drapery (le Draperye) next to the shop of Thomas Pere to the use of John Wyynde and Agnes his wife who come here in court and rent the said shop. To hold to him and his issue by the rod at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor. And makes fealty to the lord. And he gains seisin. And he gives a fine as appears. The bailiff presents that Richard Farewel sold one shop in the Butchery (le Bochere) to William Howesson. Total 4s. 8d. [folio 20r] [6 November 1408] Newmarket Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of All Saints in the tenth year of the reign of King Henry IV. Amercement 6d. Laurence Horn, trader, complains against a certain foreign trader \John Baxstere/ in a plea of trespass, pledge for the prosecution Andrew Barkere. And the aforesaid foreigner, namely John Baxstere, is attached by one brass pot worth 6s. 8d., remaining in the hands of Peter Fydelere. The court says concerning this that on Monday next after the feast of Simon and Jude last past, here in the market the same John warranted one brass pot to the aforesaid Laurence but that the pot was lead to damages of 40d. And it is ordered to prove. And the aforesaid John the same, and upon this \nothing brass/ the jury say upon their oath that the said pot was dull to damages of 4d., which it is ordered to [levy] to the benefit of the said Laurence. And he is in mercy. [4 December 1408] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of Saint Andrew the apostle. In the year written above. Amercement 3d. It is ordered John Baxstere \submits in his place Peter Fidelere/, trader, complains against Laurence Horn \submits in his place John Wylkyn/, trader, in a plea of trespass, pledge for the prosecution Peter Fidelere. And the aforesaid Laurence is attached by one brass pot worth 12d., remaining in the hands of John Wilkyn. And the aforesaid Laurence defaulted. Therefore in mercy. And it is ordered that he be distrained. Amercement 4d. John Buscher, trader, complains against John Fynsent \submit himself/, trader, by the pledge of Thomas Sowtere. Plea Thomas Peche, trader, complains against John against [sic] John Farewel, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Wilkyn. And the aforesaid Ralph [sic] is attached by one horse and meat worth 11s. 6d., remaining in the hands of Richard Farewel and Ralph Farewel. Amercement 4d. Thomas Peche, trader, complains against William Howesson \submits himself/, trader, by pledge of William Godard. Amercement It is ordered John Marchal \is not present/ complains against John Sere, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution William 72

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Godard. And the aforesaid John Sere is attached by one horse worth 2s. 6d., remaining in the hands of William Godard. And the aforesaid John Sere defaulted. Therefore in mercy. And it is ordered. [11 December 1408] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of the Conception of the Blessed Mary in the year abovesaid. The second hour Amercement 4d. Laurence Horn, trader, did not come to respond to John Baxstere, trader, concerning a plea of trespass when it was demanded. Therefore in mercy. And it is ordered he be distrained before the next [court]. The second hour Amercement 4d. John Farewell, trader, did not come to respond to Thomas Peche, trader, concerning a plea of debt when it was demanded. Therefore in mercy. And it is ordered he be distrained before the next [court]. Concealment John Kyrkeby, trader, complains against John Walter from Bury St Edmunds (Bury Sancti Edmundi), trader, in a plea of concealment. And the same John Walter is attached by woollen cloth to the value of 100s., in the hands of the bailiff, held until the next [court]. Amercement 6d. John Marchal, trader, is not present for his suit against John Syre in a plea of debt. Therefore in mercy. [18 December 1408] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Lucy, virgin, in the 10th year of the reign of King Henry IV. Amercement 4d. Robert Pere, trader, complains against William of Banbury (Bannebury) \submits himself/, trader, pledge of the said William Thomas Sowtere. Amercement 3d. It is ordered Stephen Brasyere, trader, complains against William Wryte, trader, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere. And the aforesaid William is attached by two mares (jumentas), remaining in the hands of Thomas Sowtere. And the aforesaid William defaulted. Therefore in mercy. Amercement Laurence Horn, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Baxstere, pledge John Wilkyn. Amercement 4d. Richard Donmowe, trader, complains against William Cakebekene \submits himself/, trader, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere and the aforesaid William is attached by one horse, remaining in the park of the lord, etc. Amercement 3d. It is ordered William Coupere, trader, complains against Thomas Hancok, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere. And the aforesaid Thomas is attached by a horse worth 6s. 8d., remaining in the hands of John Moordon. And the aforesaid Thomas defaulted. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 4d. John Warner, trader, complains against a certain foreign trader \John Ode/, pledge for the prosecution William Godard. And the aforesaid foreigner is attached by one black horse with a saddle. And the aforesaid John is in mercy for an unjust plea. Amercement 4d. John Farewel, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with Thomas Peche, trader, pledge Ralph Farewel. Amercement 4d. John Walter, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Kyrkeby, trader, pledge the bailiff.

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[8 January 1409] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after Epiphany in the year written above. Amercement 4d. Thomas Hancok, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with William Coupere, trader, pledged as above. Amercement 4d. William Wryte, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with Stephen Brasyere, trader, pledged as above. Fine 24s. To this court comes John Lylye and rents from the lord one vacant place in Skinners’ Row (Skynneris rowe)22 next to the shop of Robert Gateward, containing in length 12 and a half feet and in breadth 7 feet. To hold to him and his issue by the rod at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor rendering thereby to the lord 2s. annually at the usual terms and suit of court. And he makes fealty to the lord. And he gains seisin. And he gives a fine as appears. Fine 20d. It is found by the bailiff that Simon Boner sold one shop next to the door of John Barbour to Simon Childerston without licence of the lord. Therefore it is ordered to seize and to answer for the proceeds. And afterwards the same Simon Childerston was not able to complete the contract, that is [illeg.]. He gives a fine as appears at the head to hold as his right for a term of 8 years. [folio 20v] Fine 5s. To this court comes William Howesson and rents from the lord one shop in the Butchery lately [held by] Richard Farewel with the assent of the said Richard. To hold to him and his issue by the rod at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor. And he makes fealty to the lord. And he gains seisin. And he gives a fine as appears. Amercement 6d. John Wode, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Taylor, trader, pledge Thomas Sowtere. [22 January 1409] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of Saints Fabian and Sebastian in the 10th year. Amercement 3d. Plea 10s. William Parmounteer, trader, complains against John Fynsent, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Robert Gateward. And the aforesaid John is attached by one horse and leather worth 6s., remaining in the hands of Thomas Buk on a claim for 10s., damages \40d./. And the aforesaid John acknowledged in the lord’s court. Therefore it is ordered to levy. It is found by the bailiff that Robert Colyyn sold one shop in the Drapery (le Draperye) to John Predyton \to lock up/ without licence of the lord. Therefore it is ordered to seize it into the hands of the bailiff. And to answer for the proceeds. [19 February 1409] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of St Peter’s Chains in the year written above. Amercement 4d. William Parmounter, trader, complains against John Taylour \afterwards acknowledged/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution 22

This is the only reference to Skinners’ Row in the rolls. It seems likely that it was subsequently known as Barkers’ Row.

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Robert Gateward. And the aforesaid John is attached by 4 horses worth 16s., remaining in the hands of Thomas Sowtere on a claim for 6s. 8d., for which the same John made bail for Edmund Wannsy in the week of Pentecost last past. And the aforesaid John says that he did not bail accordingly, etc, and for this puts himself under trial by jury. And the aforesaid William similarly. Therefore it is ordered. And afterwards the same John acknowledged in court. Therefore it is ordered to levy. Amercement 4d. John Sparwe, trader, complains against John Powel, trader, pledge for the prosecution John Kyrkeby. And the aforesaid John is attached by one horse worth 3s., remaining in the hands of Thomas Sowtere on a claim for 5 quarters of barley worth 4s. 10d. a quarter which he delivered on the feast of the Purification of the Blessed Mary last past. Plaint Thomas Pere, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with Andrew Maltan, pledge Peter Fedelere. Amercement 4d. John Chaundeler, trader, complains against John Sowtere \submits himself/, pledge Peter Fedelere confirmed that all amercements were accounted against this. [16 April 1409] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the Close of Easter in the year written above. Amercement Henry Hoole, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with Thomas Cook, pledge Thomas Sowtere. Amercement 3d. John Hawle \submits in his place Thomas Sowtere/, trader, complains against Ralph Parkere, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Cook. And the aforesaid Ralph is attached by 23s. in money, remaining in the hands of Thomas Sowtere and Peter Brabon. And the aforesaid Ralph did not come and defaulted. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 4d. Robert Aston, trader, complains against Nicholas Chapman \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Aston. And the aforesaid Nicholas is attached by 4 horses worth 30s., remaining in the hands of John Waleys, on a claim for 8 quarters of oats worth 32s. with damages of 20s. Amercement 4d. John Kyrkeby, trader, complains against John Makworth \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere. And the aforesaid John Makworth is attached by one horse worth 5s, remaining in the hands of Thomas Sowtere. Amercement 4d. Robert Schorch, trader, complains against William Parmounter \submits himself/, trader, pledge by the said William Thomas Pere. Amercement 3d. It is ordered John Sotton, trader, complains against Peter Fedelere, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Edmund Taylour. And the aforesaid Peter is attached by the pledge of Thomas Sowtere. Therefore Thomas is in mercy. [23 April 1409] Market court held there on the Tuesday on the feast of St George in the year abovesaid. Amercement 3d. Ralph Parker, trader, did not come to respond to John Hawle, trader. Therefore in mercy, pledged as above. Peter Fydelere, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Sotton, trader, pledged as above. 75

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Jury John Hawle, plaintiff, claims 8s. for coverlets (‘couerlytys’) \and other/ he sold to damages of 2s. Amercement 4d. William Howesson, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with Richard Farewel, trader, pledge the bailiff. Total 41s. And [illeg.] court. [folio 21r] [7 May 1409] Newmarket Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Helen (Elene) [of Athyra] in the 10th year of the reign of King Henry IV. Ralph Parker, trader, complains against John Hawle, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution William Godard. Amercement 4d. Thomas Pere, trader, complains against William Codlyng \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt. And the aforesaid William is attached by meat worth 12s. remaining in the hands of John Langham. Jury Peter Fedelere \void/, trader, complains against John Redere, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution the bailiff. Amercement 4d. Thomas Warner, trader, complains against John Fynsent \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Wilkyn. And the aforesaid John Fynsent is attached by one horse worth [blank] remaining in the hands of [blank]. Fine a mark To this court comes John Staloun and rents from the lord a stall in the Butchery between the stall of John Dowale on the one side and the stall of Richard Symond on the other, and it contains in length 10 feet of the standard and in breadth 9 feet. To hold to him and his issue for a term of 60 years, rendering in respect thereof to the lord 2s. 2d. annually at the usual terms for all services. And he makes fealty to the lord and he gains seisin. And he gives a fine as appears. And he makes fealty. Amercement Robert Gateward \2d./, Alan Tornor \2d./, Thomas Tornoor \2d./, John Felyp \2d./, John Coupere \2d./, Edmund Preston \2d./, John Aston \2d./, the jury between John Hawle, plaintiff, and Ralph Parker, defendant, for default. Amercement 4d. Thomas Warner, trader, complains against John Fynsent \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Wilkyn. And the aforesaid John is attached by one horse worth 2s. 6d., remaining in the hands of Robert Gateward. Amercement 4d. And John Twydoole, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with a certain foreign trader in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere. Amercement 4d. John Chaundeler, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with William Chaundelere, pledge Thomas Sowtere. [4 June 1409] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Trinity in the year written above. Amercement John Wilkyn \2d./, Robert Gateward \2d./, Walter Knappyng \afterwards he comes/, John Felyp \2d./, John Coupere \2d./, Andrew Barkere \2d./, William Sygo \2d./, John Moordon \2d./, Edmund Preston \2d./, the jury between Peter Fedelere, trader, plaintiff, and John Redere, defendant. 76

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Amercement 4d. John Goodeborgh, trader, complains against Nicholas Chapman \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of broken contract, pledge for the prosecution William Godard. And the aforesaid Nicholas is attached by 4 horses worth 40s., remaining in the hands of Thomas Sowtere. Total 4s. 6d. [folio 21v] [2 July 1409] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of the apostles Peter and Paul in the year written above. Amercement 6d. Stephen Brasiere, trader, complains against Walter Melton \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere. And the aforesaid Walter is attached by one unshod cart (unam nudam carectam) and three mares worth 13s. 4d., remaining in the hands of John Wilkyn. Amercement 6d. Robert Babere, trader, complains against William Cachour \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution William Aillewene. And the aforesaid William is attached by one horse worth 3s. 4d., remaining in the hands of Robert Skynnere. Amercement 6d. William Parmounter, trader, complains against John Fynsent \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Robert Gateward. And the aforesaid John is attached by one horse and leather worth 2s. 6d., remaining in the hands of Thomas Sowtere, on a claim for 10s. with damages of 40d., which the aforesaid John acknowledged in court. Therefore it is ordered to levy the said 10s. with damages. And he himself in mercy. Amercement 6d. John Odie is not present against Robert Doushoole. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 3d. Robert Gateward did not come to respond to John Odie, trader, in a plea of of assessed rent. Amercement 6d. Nicholas Chapman, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with Robert Aston, trader, in a plea of debt. It is ordered John Odye \not present/, trader, complains against William Sygoo, trader, in a plea of assessed rent, lately of Alexander Barkere in respect of this, that the same William held three stalls for which he paid annually 12d. and not [illeg.] 10d. [9 July 1409] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of the Translation of St Thomas, martyr, in the year written above. Amercement 6d. John Odye, trader, is not present against Robert Gateward, trader, in a plea of assessed rent. Amercement 6d. John Odye, trader, is not present against William Sygo, trader, in a plea of assessed rent. Amercement 6d. John Odye, trader, complains against Robert Gateward, trader, in a plea of assessed rent. And the aforesaid John Odie claims for 3s. 6d. which he paid to the bailiff of the lord for the rents of the said Robert lately of Alexander Barkere. And the jury say that the same John paid nothing for the said Robert. Therefore the same John in mercy. Total 11s. 3d. 77

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[folio 19r] [20 August 1409] Newmarket Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the tenth year of the reign of King Henry IV. Because elsewhere Amercement 8s. 9d. It is ordered John Ode, trader, complains against Thomas Tapstere and Agnes his wife, executor of the will of Walter Bocher, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Richard Farewel. And the aforesaid Thomas and Agnes are attached by three horses and a cart worth 40s., remaining in the hands of the bailiffs, on a claim for 14s. 10d. and one bushel of flour. And the jury say that the same Thomas and Agnes owe 8s. 8d. with damages of 3d. which it is ordered to levy to the benefit of the said John. And they are in mercy.23 Amercement 6d. Thomas Warner from Soham, trader, complains against John Fynsent \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Wilkyn. And the aforesaid John is attached by the bailiff. Amercement 3d. It is ordered Thomas Hurton from Sutton \submits in his place Thomas Wykes/, trader, complains against William Howesson \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Peter Fedelere. And the aforesaid William is attached by meat worth 8s., remaining in the hands of Richard Farewel. And the aforesaid William did not come to respond to the said Thomas. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 3d. It is ordered Thomas Wykes, trader, complains against William Howesson, trader, in a plea of debt. And the aforesaid William, a stallholder, was summoned and did not come to respond to the said Thomas. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 6d. It is ordered Richard Farewel, trader, complains against William Howesson, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Peter Fedelere. And the aforesaid William is attached by a stall. And the aforesaid William acknowledged in court 8s., which it is ordered [to levy] to the benefit of the said Richard. And he is in mercy. Jury Henry Thrillowe \submits in his place Thomas Wykes/, trader, complains against John Odye, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Peter Fedelere. And the aforesaid John is attached by one horse and ale worth 9s., remaining in the hands of Thomas Sowtere, on a claim for 54s. 9d. \trial by jury until the Tuesday after the feast of St Matthew the apostle next following under penalty of 12d. for each of them/. [27 August 1409] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Bartholomew in the year written above. Amercement 3d. It is ordered John Cullyng, trader, complains against Richard Paysos, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere. And the aforesaid Richard is attached by 22d. in money, remaining in the hands of Thomas Sowtere. And the aforesaid Richard defaulted. Therefore in mercy.

23

This last sentence is in a lighter ink, as are the marginalia. They seem to have been added later.

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Amercement quit William Howesson, a juror, withdrew from his suit of court without licence. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 6d. It is ordered 23s. 10d. John Chaundelere, trader, complains against John Fynsent, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Peere. And the aforesaid John Fynsent is attached by leather worth 13s. 4d., remaining \in the hands/ of William Bocher from Swaffham and John Carter, glover, on a claim for 23s. 4d. at which it is accounted. Upon this the jury say that the said John Fynsent owes the said 23s. 4d. with damages of 6d. which it is ordered to levy to the benefit of the said John. Therefore he is in mercy. Amercement 6d. William Howesson, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with Thomas Hurton, pledged as above. Jury Thomas Tapstere and Agnes his wife complain against John Ode, trader, in a plea of trespass \broken contract/, pledge for the prosecution Peter Fedelere, on a claim of 13s. 4d. for his warrant of a horse, pledges John Odye and Thomas Predyton. Amercement 6d. William Howesson submits himself for a licence to agree with Thomas Wykes. Fine 2s. To this court comes Richard Farewel and surrenders into the hands of the lord one vacant place in the Drapery (le Draperye) next to the shop of Robert Gateward to the use of William Ray who comes here in court and rents the said place. To hold to him and his issue by the rod at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor. And makes fealty to the lord. And he gains seisin. And he gives a fine as appears. [folio 19v] [3 September 1409] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of the beheading of St John in the year written above. To this court comes Thomas Teversham and rents from the lord a stall next to the shop of John Lasy. To hold to him for a term of 20 years, rendering thereof to the lord 4s. annually at the usual terms. And he makes fealty. Amercement 6d. And the jury say upon their oath that Richard Paysos owes nothing to John Cullyng. Therefore the said John is in mercy. Fine 2s. To this court of the lord there was granted to Robert Gateward an enlargement of one shop in the Spicery (le Spyserye) next to the shop of John Lylye, namely in length 2 feet [and] in width half a foot. And one vacant place between the free holding of the said Robert and the shops of John Lylye and the said Robert. To hold to him and his issue by the rod at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor, rendering thereof to the lord 5d. at the usual terms. And he makes fealty to the lord. And he gains seisin and he gives a fine as appears. [24 September 1409] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Matthew in the year written above. Amercement 3d. It is ordered John Rolf, trader, complains against John Skot from Willingham (Wylyngham), trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution William Godard. And the aforesaid John Skot is attached by one bushel of barley in a sack worth 5d., remaining in the hands of William Godard, bailiff. And the aforesaid John Skot did not come. Therefore in mercy. 79

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Amercement 6d. John Fynsent \not present/, trader, complains against John Chaundeler, trader, in a plea of broken contract, pledge for the prosecution William Godard. And the aforesaid John Chaundeler is attached by 23s. 10d. in money, remaining in the hands of [blank], on a claim for £10, which is pledged for him by John Sexteyn. Fine William Godard the bailiff presents upon his oath that William Howesson assaulted the same bailiff doing his office and enforcement of the courts. Presentment John Dowe likewise assaulted the same William the bailiff three times. Amercement 4d. John Qweler, trader, complains against John Farewel \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution William Chevele. Fine 2s. To this court comes Richard Farewel and released and discharged to Robert Gateward all his rights and claims that he has or in what manner has possessed in two shops, namely one shop in the Linen Drapery (le lindraperye) next to the shop of the said Robert Gateward, and another shop lying there next to the lord’s land. To hold to him and his issue by the rod at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor. And he gives a fine as appears. Amercement 6d. It is ordered 13s. 4d. The jury say that John Odye owes Henry Thrillowe 12s. with damages of 16d. which it is ordered to levy. And he is in mercy. Total 11s. 3d. [folio 36r] [1 October 1409] Newmarket Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Michael in the 11th year of the reign of King Henry IV. John Taylour, trader, complains against Nicholas Chapman, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere. And the aforesaid Nicholas is summoned. And it is ordered that he be attached. Presentment To this court comes William Godard, bailiff of the lord, who says upon his oath that John Odye was unwilling to allow the said bailiff to execute the mandates of the court, and because the same John Odie acknowledged in court that he is a feoffee of the lord, William Argentein \knight/, one of the lords. Therefore it is ordered to seize into the hands of the lord and hold at the will of the lord. Fine 40d. To this court comes John, son of Roger Tommesson, and surrenders into the hands of the lords one shop in the Spicery (le Spiserye) next to the shop of Thomas Clerk to the use of Laurence atta Thorn and Thomas Tornoor who come here in court and rent the said shop. To hold to them and their issue by the rod at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor. And they make fealty to the lord, etc. And seisin is granted to them, etc. And they give a fine as appears. Amercement 6d. Henry Hoole, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with a certain foreign trader in a plea of debt, pledge John Redere, etc. Amercement 6d. John Dowe, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with a certain trader from Cowlinge (Cowlyng), pledge Thomas Sowtere. Amercement 3d. It is ordered John Taylour, trader, complains against Nicholas Chapman, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere. And the aforesaid Nicholas is attached by the pledge of William Godard and did not come. Therefore in mercy. And it is ordered that he be distrained. 80

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Amercement 6d. John Rokelond, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Taylour, pledge John Chaundeler. [5 November 1409] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of the apostles Simon and Jude in the year written above. Amercement 3d. Nicholas Chapman, trader, did not come to respond to John Taylour. Therefore in mercy. [12 November 1409] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Martin in the year written above. Jury John Fedelere \is not present/, trader, complains against Andrew Flechere, trader, pledge for the prosecution Nicholas Sadelere. And the aforesaid Andrew is attached by chattels worth [blank]s., remaining in the hands of Thomas Pere on a claim for one horse with a saddle worth 10s. with damages of 40s. Amercement 6d. Walter Knappyng, trader, complains against William Stasy \submits himself/, trader, by the pledge of William Godard. Amercement 6d. A certain John Peddere, trader, complains against a certain foreign trader \submits himself/, pledge the bailiff. Amercement 3d. Thomas Pere, trader, complains against John Farewel \acknowledges 6s. 8d., therefore in mercy/, trader, pledge for the prosecution the bailiff. And the aforesaid John is attached by one horse and meat worth 4s., remaining in the hands of William Godard. And the aforesaid John defaulted. Amercement 3d. Nicholas Chapman, trader, did not come to respond to John Taylour, pledged as above. Jury Thomas Clerk, trader, complains against John Odye, trader in a plea of broken contract, pledge for the prosecution the bailiff. [19 November 1409] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Hugh in the year abovesaid. Amercement 6d. It is ordered Nicholas Chapman, trader, did not come to respond to John Taillour, trader, in a plea of debt. Therefore he is in mercy. And it is ordered that he be distrained before the next [court]. Amercement 6d. John Fedelere, trader, is not present against Andrew Flecchere, trader, in a plea of debt. Therefore he is in mercy, pledge Nicholas Sadelere. Amercement 6d. It is ordered John Farewel, trader, is not able to deny that he owes and unjustly detains from Thomas Pere 6s. 8d., which the bailiff is ordered to levy to the use of Thomas himself. And the same John in mercy. Amercement 6d. Thomas Teversham, trader, puts himself in mercy for a licence to agree with Thomas Reyner, trader, in a plea of debt. Therefore he is in mercy, pledge William Godard. Amercement 6d. John Douwe, butcher, trader, puts himself in mercy for a licence to agree with John Roys in a plea of debt. Therefore etc. Jury John Warner, trader, complains against William Howesson, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution William Godard. And the aforesaid William is attached by meat worth 6s. 8d. remaining in the hands [illeg.]. And the aforesaid [illeg.] acknowledges 4s. 8d. 81

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[folio 36v] 11th year Plea To make John Odye, trader, was attached to respond to Thomas Clerk, trader, concerning a plea of contract in respect of which the same Thomas complained that on the Tuesday next before the feast of the Exaltation of the Sacred Cross in the 9th year of the reign of King Henry IV at Newmarket (Newemarket) within the jurisdiction of this court the aforesaid John agreed with the same Thomas that he would pay 8d. every year for certain shops taken possession of from the same John Odie and the aforesaid Thomas paid for two years 16d. with damages to Thomas himself of 16d. And the aforesaid John Odie, present in court, denies any wrongdoing, etc, and says that no agreement has been broken by him [illeg.] at first. And it is ordered by the bailiff to come to make his law with 12 men of the market. [3 December 1409] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of St Andrew in the 11th year of the reign of King Henry. Amercement 6d. John Wilkyn, Robert Gateward, Stephen Gille, Walter Knappynge, Thomas Tornour, John Sturdy, Edmund Preston, \John Felyp/, Thomas Predyton, Richard Tornor, John Coupere, Laurence atte Thorn, Robert Doushole, the jury who say under oath that William Howesson owes John Warner 17s. 4d., which it is ordered to levy. And William is in mercy. And the aforesaid jury has a day until the Tuesday next after the feast of St Lucy, virgin, to render a verdict between Thomas Clerk, plaintiff, and William Howesson, defendant, under penalty for each of them 2s. Amercement 6d. Nicholas Chapman submits himself for a licence to agree with Robert Aston, pledge William Godard. [10 December 1409] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Nicholas, bishop, in the year written above. 6d. John Mellere from Fordham, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Mellere from Exning, pledge John Chaundelere. Law with 7 hands Thomas Wryte, trader, complains against Simon Cutte, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere. And the aforesaid Simon is attached by one horse worth 4s. \6d./, remaining in the hands of William Ray, on a claim for 1 quarter of malt worth 6s. with damages of 40d. Jury Simon Cutte, trader, complains against Thomas Wryte, trader, in a plea [blank], pledge for the prosecution William Ray. And the aforesaid Thomas is attached by one horse worth 4s., remaining in the hands of Thomas Sowtere, on a claim for 10d. for 1 quarter of malt. Law with 8 hands John Bocher from Ely, trader, complains against John Chedham, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Kyrkeby. And the aforesaid John Chedham is attached by one hide, on a claim for 16s. 8d. for a woollen pelt with damages of half a mark. Amercement 6d. Amicus Leeff, trader, complains against Agnes Portyngale, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Chaundeler. And the said Agnes is attached by 2 andirons and one griddle (‘gredyle’) in the hands of John Chaundeler. And the said Agnes did not come but defaulted. Therefore in mercy. 82

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[17 December 1409] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Lucy, virgin, in the year written above. Amercement 6d. Amicus Leeff, trader, is not present against Agnes Portyngale, trader, in a plea of debt, pledged as above. Amercement 6d. Simon Cutte, trader, is not present against Thomas Wryte, trader, in a plea of debt, pledged as above. Thomas Wryte, trader, is not present against Simon Cutte, trader, in a plea of debt, pledged as above. Penalty 2s. Richard Tornor, juror, had a day of appointment with his fellows (sociis) to render a verdict between Thomas Clerk, plaintiff, and John Odye, defendant, under penalty of 2s. and did not come but defaulted. Therefore he incurs a penalty. [7 January 1410] Court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of Epiphany of the lord in the year written above. Amercement 3d. Nicholas Sadelere, trader, complains against John Wale, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution William Godard. And the aforesaid John is attached by cheese worth 2s., remaining in the hands of William Godard. And the aforesaid John defaulted. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 6d. Nicholas Sadelere, trader, complains against Robert Vale \submits himself/, trader, pledge for the prosecution John Chaundeler. Amercement John Coupere \3d./, Robert Doushole \3d./, the jury had a day of appointment to render a verdict between John Clerk, plaintiff, and John Odye, defendant, and they have defaulted. Therefore in mercy. Total 15s. 4d. [folio 35r] [14 January 1410] Newmarket Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of Saint Hillarius in the 11th year of the reign of King Henry IV. John Ballone, trader, complains against Nicholas Chapman, trader, in a plea of trespass, pledge for the prosecution the bailiff. And the aforesaid Nicholas is attached by one horse worth 6s. 8d., remaining in the hands of [blank]. Amercement 6d. It is ordered John Chedham did not come with his law hands against John Bocher from Ely as he had a day with 8 hands. Therefore there was recovered for the aforesaid John Bocher the said 13s. 4d. with damages of half a mark. And John Chedham is in mercy. Amercement 6d. Nicholas Sadelere, trader, is not present against John Vale, trader, in a plea of debt. Amercement 6d. It is ordered The jury say under oath that John Odye has broken a contract [with] Thomas Clerk concerning one shop as was previously against him pleaded, with damages to the said Thomas of 10s. which it is ordered to levy. And John is in mercy.

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[18 February 1410] Market court held there on the Tuesday in the second week of Quadragesima in the year written above. Amercement 3d. It is ordered John Sadelere, trader, complains against Robert Chilterne, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution William Godard. And the aforesaid Robert is attached by one horse worth half a mark, remaining in the hands of Thomas Sowtere. And the aforesaid Robert defaulted. Therefore in mercy. Presentment Amercement 6d. William Godard and John Chaundeler, bailiffs, present that William Seman assaulted the aforesaid bailiffs while collecting the lord’s tolls and drew his dagger in prejudice of the lord. And afterwards William puts himself in mercy on the pledge of John Wilkyyn. [25 February 1410] Market court held there on the Tuesday in the third week of Quadragesima in the year written above. Amercement 6d. Thomas Bocher from Thetford (Thetforth) submits himself for a licence to agree with William Bocher and paid the amercement to the bailiff by the hand of Thomas Peddere. Amercement 3d. It is ordered Robert Chilterne, trader, did not come to respond to John Sadelere, trader, in a plea of debt. Therefore in mercy. [4 March 1410] Market court held there on the Tuesday in the fourth week of Quadragesima in the year written above, at the sixth hour. Amercement 3d. William Prior from Lewes, trader, complains against John Fynsent, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution William Chevele. And the aforesaid John is attached by one horse and and [sic] leathers worth 9s., remaining in the hands of Robert Gateward and one horse in the park of the lord. And the aforesaid John defaulted. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 6d. Peter Brabon, trader, complains against John Warner, lister, \submits himself/, pledge for the prosecution John Chaundeler. And the aforesaid John Warner is attached by one horse worth half a mark, remaining in the hands of John Prat Amercement 3d. Robert Chilterne, trader, did not come to respond to John Sadelere, trader. Therefore in mercy. And it is ordered. [4 March 1410] After the ninth hour Market court held there on the day and in the year written above, after the ninth hour. Amercement 3d. Robert Chilterne, \trader/, did not come to respond to John Sadelere, trader. Therefore in mercy. And it is ordered. It is ordered 6d. To this court comes John Fynsent and he acknowledges in court to fulfil his agreement of 20s. to William Prior from Lewes, which it is ordered to levy to the benefit of the said William. And he is in mercy. [11 March 1410] Market court held there on the Tuesday in the fifth week [of Quadragesima] in the year written above. Amercement 6d. Robert Chilterne, trader, did not come to respond to John Sadelere, trader. Therefore in mercy. 84

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It is ordered The bailiff presents that Thomas Sowtere seizes on behalf of the lords in the name of waif (Weyf), while he was bailiff to the lord, one pair of linen cloths [blank] lately of a servant of Amicus Barbour. And afterwards the same Thomas Sowtere delivered the said linen in court. And it was valued at [blank]. It is ordered Thomas Stotevyle, trader, complains against John Denyys, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere. And the aforesaid John is attached by one Anenylte24 and other necessaries to the value of 2 marks. And afterwards John Redere has carried off the said anenelte and other. Therefore it is ordered that he be distrained. [folio 35v] 6d. John Bakere from Bottisham (Botesham), trader, submits himself for a licence with John Fowlere, pledge the bailiff. [1 April 1410] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of the Close of Easter in the year written above. It is ordered Jury William Dysse \submits in his place William Godard/, trader, complains against Henry Hoole \submits in his place Thomas Sowtere/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Willemus Godard. And the aforesaid Henry is attached by 4 horses, remaining in the hands of John Redere, on a claim for 4s. together 3s. 4d. in money and 8d. for baskets. Amercement 4d. John Spyser from Mildenhall, trader, complains against Edmund Wrydewelle \submits himself/, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Pere. Amercement 6d. Elisabeth, daughter of John Brunne \not present/, trader, complains against William Stubbard, trader, pledge for the prosecution William Godard. And the aforesaid William is attached by one horse worth [blank], remaining in the hands of the said bailiff. Amercement 6d. William Bocher from Swaffham (Swafham) complains against Laurence atte Thorn \submits himself/, pledge John Chaundeler. William Chevele, trader, complains against William Howesson, trader. And the aforesaid William Howesson is attached by meat worth 3s., remaining in the hands of Thomas Tornor. Amercement 6d. John Pacher, trader, complains against Laurence atte Thorn \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledges for the prosecution Thomas Pere and William Chevele. [22 April 1410] Court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of St Mark the Evangelist in the year written above. Law Beatrix Skynnere, trader, complains against David de Deye, trader, in a plea, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere. And the aforesaid David is attached by bulls worth £10, remaining in the hands of Thomas Cook, on

24

This may be a scribal corruption of alnacius, a long dagger or short sword. See Latham, Revised medieval Latin word-list, p. 20. Thomas Stotevyle was lord of the manor of Dalham and of Lincoln’s Inn. See R. Hannah, ‘Medieval lay libraries’, 2019, p. 50.

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a claim for £10 which [is given] a day in the said court [illeg.] the same David to wage his law with [illeg.]. John Payn \submits himself/, trader, complains against Henry Andrew alias the said Henry Ole, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Pere. And the aforesaid Henry is attached by three horses worth 12s., remaining in the hands of Thomas Sowtere. Amercement 6d. John Greyne from Exning, trader, complains against Laurence atte Thorn \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution William Godard. And the aforesaid Laurence is attached by one horse and gloves worth [blank], remaining in the hands of William Godard. It is ordered Roger Draper, trader, complains against Robert Chilterne, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution William Godard. Amercement 6d. Richard Peddere \not present/, trader, complains against Hugh Personne, trader, pledge for the prosecution John Chaundeler. Amercement 6d. Ralph Parker, trader, complains against John Coupere \submits himself/, trader, in a plea [blank], pledge for the prosecution John Chaundeler. And the aforesaid John is attached by two horses worth 6s. 8d., remaining in the hands of Walter Knappyng. [folio 33r] [20 May 1410] Newmarket Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of Holy Trinity in the eleventh year of the reign of King Henry IV. Amercement 3d. Thomas Wykes, trader, complains against William Bocher from Newmarket, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution William Godard. And the aforesaid William is attached by meat worth 12d., remaining in the hands of Robert Dowale. And the aforesaid William defaulted. Therefore in mercy. Nuisance And the bailiff is ordered to distrain John Redere \submits himself/ before the next [court] to respond to the lord concerning diverse trespasses made within the demesne land, breaking the lord’s soil and carrying it away outside the demesne. And John Ballone \submits himself/ to respond to the lord concerning various nuisances within the demesne land. [17 June 1410] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of St Barnabas the apostle in the year written above. Amercement 6d. Henry Hole, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with William Dysse by the pledge of John Redere. Amercement 6d. Richard Stotevyle, trader, complains against William Bocher from Newmarket \submits himself/, pledge for the prosecution William Godard. Amercement 6d. John, servant of John Chercheman \submits in his place John Chaundelere/, trader, complains against John Dene \submits in his place Peter Fedelere/, trader, pledge for the prosecution John Smyth, smith. And the aforesaid John Dene is attached by a horse worth 10s., remaining in the hands of John Redere, on a claim for 6s. 2d. ob.

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[1 July 1410] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of the Nativity of St John the Baptist in the year written above. Amercement 3d. Walter Bocher \alias Codlyng/, trader, did not come to respond to Thomas Wykes, trader, in a plea of debt. Therefore in mercy. [15 July 1410] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of St Margaret, virgin, in the year written above. Amercement 3d. Henry Hole, trader, did not come to respond to John Payyn, trader. Therefore in mercy, pledged as above. Amercement 3d. William Bocher, trader, did not come to respond to Thomas Wykes, trader, in a plea of debt. Therefore in mercy. [22 July 1410] Market court held there on the Tuesday on the feast of St Mary Magdalene in the year written above. 4 [sic] Amercement 3d. William Bocher from Newmarket did not come to respond to Thomas Wykes. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 6d. John Harlegrey, trader, complains against John Chedham \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution William Godard. And the aforesaid John is attached by one horse and gloves worth 4s., remaining in the hands of Ralph Farewel. Amercement 3d. Henry Hoole, trader, did not come to respond to John Payn, trader. Therefore in mercy. Amercement John Wilkyn \1d./, Robert Gateward \1d./, Stephen Gille \1d./, Walter Knappyng \1d./, William Aylewene \afterwards he comes/, Thomas Predyton \1d./, John Aston \1d./, John Cowpere \1d./, the jury between the servant of John Chercheman, plaintiff, and John Dene, defendant, because they have defaulted. [29 July 1410] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St James the apostle in the year written above. It is ordered Amercement 3d. Reginald Heynys, drover \submits in his place William Godard/, trader, complains against Edward Taylour, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution the bailiff William Godard. And the aforesaid Edward is attached by one horse with a saddle worth 16s., remaining in the hands of Walter Knappyng. And the aforesaid Edward defaulted. Amercement 3d. Henry Hole, trader, did not come to respond to John Payyn, trader, in a plea of debt, pledged as above. Amercement 6d. William Bocher from Newmarket acknowledged in court to hold to Thomas Wykes for 10s. 8d. which it is ordered to levy to the benefit of the said Thomas. And he is in mercy. It is ordered John Bakere, brasier, trader, complains against Robert Chene, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Pere. [9 September 1410] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of the Exaltation of the Sacred Cross in the year written above. 87

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Amercement 3d. John Bocher from Ousden (Ouesdene), trader, complains against John Farewel, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Chaundeler. And the aforesaid John Farewel is attached by one horse worth 5s., remaining in the hands of Richard Farewel and Thomas Ankok. And the aforesaid John is attached accordingly. And the aforesaid John defaulted. Therefore in mercy. Jury John Ballone, trader, complains against John Pere \submits in his place William Godard/, trader, in a plea of trespass, pledge for the prosecution John Schelley. And the aforesaid John Pere is attached by one horse worth 6s. 8d., remaining in the hands of Thomas Cook, on a claim that the same John Pere trespassed with horses for two years with damages of 10s. And the aforesaid John Pere says that he did not and for this reason he seeks an action by jury. It is ordered William Coodlyng, trader, complains against Peter Fedelere, trader, pledge for the prosecution John Chaundeler. And the aforesaid Peter [blank]. Amercement 6d. It is ordered Reginald Heynys, trader, complains against Edward Taylour \submits in his place Thomas Sowtere/, trader, on a claim for 16s. for small linen sheets bought, with damages of 40d., in the 7th year of the reign of King Henry. The jury to this say that Edward Taylour owes the said Reginald 15s. with damages of 4d. Amercement 3d. Henry Hoole, trader, did not come to respond to John Payn, trader. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 6d. Edward Taylour, trader, complains against John Bocher \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere. And the aforesaid John is attached by meat worth 16d., remaining in the hands of John Odye. And the aforesaid John acknowledged in court 2s. [damaged]d. which it is ordered to levy. [folio 33v] [23 September 1410] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of St Michael, archangel, in the 11th year of the reign of King Henry IV. Amercement 6d. Cristiana Croxton, trader, complains against Thomas Hancok \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge John Dowale. Amercement 6d. Henry Hoole, trader, did not come to respond to John Payn, trader, pledged as above. And he did not come. Amercement 3d. John Farewel, trader, did not come to respond to John Bocher from Ousden (Ouesdene), pledged as above. Amercement 4d. William Godard [and] John Chaundeler did not attach Peter Fedelere as they have been ordered. Therefore in mercy. [30 September 1410] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Michael in the 12th year of the reign of King Henry IV. Amercement 6d. Beatrix Skynnere, trader, complains against Henry Webbe \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge William Godard. Amercement 3d. John Farwel, trader, did not come to respond to John Bocher from Ousden (Ouesdene), trader, in a plea of debt, pledged as above. It is ordered William Chevele, trader, complains against William Howessone, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution William Godard. And the 88

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aforesaid William Howessone is attached by one stall \unfree/ in the Butchery. And the aforesaid William defaulted. Therefore in mercy. [7 October 1410] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the Feast of St Faith, virgin, in the year abovesaid. Amercement 3d. John Farwell did not come to respond to John Bocher from Ousden (Ouysdene), trader, in a plea of debt. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 3d. William Chevele, trader, complains against William Houwesson from Stetchworth (Stencheworth), trader, in a plea of debt. And the same William Houwesson is attached by 1 shop in the Butchery and defaulted at the first hour. Therefore in mercy. Ninth hour Amercement 3d. And the aforesaid William Houwesson was charged to respond to William Chevele, trader, in a plea of debt and defaulted at the second hour. Therefore he is in mercy. [14 October 1410] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of St Luke the Evangelist in the year written above. Amercement 3d. William Bocher from Oxeforth25 \submits in his place Thomas Sowtere/, trader, complains against Andrew Barkere, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere. And the aforesaid Andrew is attached by one horse and one quarter of barley, in the hands of the bailiff. And the aforesaid Andrew defaulted. Therefore in mercy. To recover Thomas Warner from Soham, trader, complains against Stephen Bocher from Soham, pledge for the prosecution John Chaundeler. And the aforesaid Stephen is attached by meat worth 6s. 8d., remaining in the hands of John Felyp and Thomas Predytone, ropers. Amercement 6d. Henry Grene, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with William Chevele, trader, pledge John Chaundeler. Amercement 6d. Stephen Canoun \submits himself/, trader, complains against John Cheseman, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution William Godard. Amercement 6d. John Farwel, trader, did not come to respond to John Bocher from Ousden (Ouesdene), trader. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 3d. William Houwesson, trader, did not come to respond to William Chevele, trader, in a plea of debt. Therefore in mercy. [21 October 1410] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Luke the Evangelist in the year abovesaid. Amercement 3d. William Houwesson, trader, did not come to respond to William Chevele, trader, in a plea of debt at the fourth hour. Therefore etc. Plaint Andrew Barkere, trader, complains against William Smyth from Fordham, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution William Godard. And the same William is attached by one horse, remaining in the hands of the bailiff.

25

Possibly a reference to Oxford. K. Briggs, pers. comm.

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Amercement 6d. Andrew Barkere \afterwards/, trader, did come to respond to William Bocher, trader from Oxenforth,26 in a plea of debt on a claim that the said Andrew owes 40d. which he acknowledges in court. Amercement 6d. William Houwesson, trader, did not come to respond to William Chevele, trader, in a plea of debt. Therefore in mercy. And the bailiff is ordered to seize into the hands of the lord the said shop until, etc. Total 13s. [illeg.] 8s. 7d. [illeg.] 11th year of King Henry [folio 40r] [4 November 1410] Newmarket Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of All Saints in the 12th year of the reign of King Henry IV. It is ordered William Codlyng, trader, complains against Peter Fedelere, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution William Godard. Amercement 3d. Stephen Bocher from Soham, trader, did not come to respond to Thomas Warner from Soham, trader, in a plea of debt, pledges John Felyp and Thomas Predyton. Amercement 6d. William Smyth from Fordham, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with Andrew Barker, trader, pledge John Wilkyn. John Bakere, brasier, trader, complains against Robert Chene, trader, pledge Thomas Peere. [25 November 1410] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of St Andrew the apostle in the year written above. Amercement 3d. Stephen Bocher from Soham, trader, did not come to respond to Thomas Warner from Soham. Amercement 6d. John Grase \does not proceed/, trader, complains against John Porter, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution William Godard. Amercement 6d. William Symond, trader, complains against William Codlyng \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution William Godard. And the aforesaid William Codlyng is attached by meat worth 40d., remaining in the hands of John Prat. Amercement 3d. Alexander Boydyn, trader, complains against Nicholas Taylour, trader, in a plea, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Predyton. And the aforesaid Nicholas is attached by 4 bushels of grain worth [blank], remaining in the hands of the bailiff. And the aforesaid Nicholas defaulted. Therefore in mercy. It is found by the bailiff that Richard Farewel sold to John Odye three shops in the Butchery which it is ordered to seize in the hands of the lord until [blank].

26

Possibly a reference to Oxford. K. Briggs, pers. comm.

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[2 December 1410] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Andrew the apostle in the year written above. Amercement 6d. William Cowpere, trader, complains against William Maystir \[?]trader/ concerning a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution William Godard. And the aforesaid William Maystir is attached by two horses remaining in the park of the lord by William Godard, on a claim for 10s. 8d. for diverse rents of land and other [illeg.]. And the aforesaid William Maystir denies any wrongdoing, etc. And upon this the aforesaid William has a day [illeg.] [to respond to] William Cowpere for 10s. 8d. with damages of 2d., which [illeg.] And William Maystir [is in mercy]. Amercement 6d. John Smyth from Exning (Ixnyng), trader, complains against William Maystir, pledge for the prosecution William Godard. And the aforesaid William is attached by one horse worth 2s., remaining in the hands of John Peyt, on a claim for 8s. [illeg.] And the aforesaid William says that he did not and puts himself forward for trial by jury. And the jury [illeg.] 4d., with damages of 1d. which it is ordered, etc. And William is in mercy. Amercement 6d. Thomas Sowtere, trader, complains against Walter Clak, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution William Godard and John Chaundeler. [illeg.] present in court [illeg.] Therefore in mercy. Amercement 3d. Nicholas Taylour, trader, did not come to respond to Alexander Boydyn, trader, pledged as above. Amercement 3d. Stephen Bocher from Soham, trader, did not come to respond to Thomas Warner, trader from Soham, pledged as above. [9 December 1410] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of St Lucy, virgin, in the year written above. Amercment 3d. Stephen Bocher from Soham, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with Thomas Warner from Soham, pledged as above. Amercement 3d. Nicholas Taylour, trader, did not come to respond to Alexander Boydon, trader, pledged as above. Order to seize profits 40d. To this court comes Richard Farewel and acknowledges that he surrendered the seisin of three shops in the Butchery to John Predyton under this condition, that the aforesaid Richard Farwel pays to John Odye 42s. before the feast of Michael next following, and then the same John Predyton surrenders the said shops to the aforesaid Richard Farewel without surrendering up the said shops to the aforesaid John Odye. [27 January 1411] Market Court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the year written above. Robert Wyborgh, trader, complains against John Genote and Cecilia his wife, traders, in a plea of contract, pledge for the prosecution John Kyrkeby. And the aforesaid John Genote is attached by one pack (‘pakke’) worth 6s. 8d., remaining in the hands of the bailiff. William Hosyer, trader, complains against Thomas Harlowe and Beatrix his wife in a plea [blank], pledge for the prosecution John Northerne. And the aforesaid 91

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Thomas is attached by one horse. And upon this Roger Dunch comes and claims the said horse was his own. And so they prove with 6 hands. Therefore it is ordered, etc. [folio 40v] Fine 4s. To this court come John Choun and John Baldewene and surrender \into the hands of the lord/ one vacant place next to the Cornhill (le Cornhel) on the one side and the shop of Richard Tornour on the other side to the use of Adam Foster who comes here in court and rents from the lord the said vacant place. To hold to him and his issue by the rod at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor. And he makes fealty to the lord and he gains seisin. And he gives a fine as appears. [3 March 1411] Market Court held there on the Tuesday in the first week of Quadragesima in the year written above. Amercement 6d. Thomas Cok, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with William Godard, pledge John Chaundeler. It is found by the bailiff that Thomas Tornoor \submits himself/, a stallholder, occupied the lord’s land in the market with tubs and a stall for the last three years and he was unwilling to pay to the bailiff as is the custom. Therefore it is ordered that he be distrained. And that he no more occupies the lord’s land under penalty of forfeiture of what he holds from the lord within the demesne. [illeg.] distraint And that John Motte encroached onto the lord’s land and he annexed it and built without licence of the lord. Therefore it is ordered to distrain him. Amercement 6d. William Sawere, trader, complains against Thomas Ayston \submits himself by the pledge of John Ballone/ and Alice his wife, pledge for the prosecution William Godard. Order It is found by the bailiff that John Heyham made the bailiff release one horse taken for the customary payments of the lord. And that Thomas Edward occupied the lord’s land without licence of the lord \for two days with one herring barrel (‘heryngbareyl’)/. And the aforesaid Thomas, present in court, has a day until the next to respond to the lord concerning the aforesaid trespass and afterwards the same Thomas paid to the aforesaid bailiff. Therefore he was quit. [10 March 1411] Market court held there on the Tuesday in the second week of Quadragesima in the year written above. Fine 4s. To this court comes William Howysson from Stetchworth (Stencheworth) and surrenders into the hands of the lords one stall in the Butchery at the end of the Tolbooth (le Tolboth) to the use of William Chevele who comes here in court and rents from the lord the said stall. To hold to him and his heirs by the rod at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor. And he makes fealty to the lord and gives for an entry fine, under this condition that the abovesaid William Howysson pays or makes payment to the aforesaid William Chevele or to his certain attorney 22s. sterling at the time of the feast of Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary next in the future, because the payment was to allow to the aforesaid William Howysson and his heirs the abovesaid stall with appurtenances, to rent 92

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and to possess primary title for it, to hold to him and his heirs, surrendering seisin thereby to the aforesaid William Chevele, notwithstanding the liberty of anything surrendered and the said seisin for the said stall to the aforesaid William Chevele, made to confirm his title and status in everything. At which day the said William Howesson paid nothing. [17 March 1411] Market court held there on the Tuesday in the third week of Quadragesima in the year written above. Order John Moordon, trader, complains against John Hoog, trader, in a plea of trespass, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Pere. And the aforesaid John Hoog is attached by one pack (‘pakke’) worth 13s. 4d., remaining in the hands of William Parmounter. Richard Bakhoote, trader, complains against John Foster, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution William Godard. And the aforesaid John is attached by woollen cloth, remaining in the hands of William Godard. Order And because it is found that John Heyham, a stallholder of the lords, was rebellious towards the bailiff of the lords doing his office taking distress upon John Heyham himself for various amercements assessed there lately to hold. Therefore it is ordered to seize into the hands of the lords what he holds at the will of the lords, namely one shop at a rent every year of 8d. William Chevele, trader, complains against William Ray, trader, pledge for the prosecution the bailiff. Total 13s. 4d. in full [illeg.] 8s. [folio 41r] [24 March 1411] Newmarket Market court held there on the Tuesday in the fourth week of Quadragesima in the 12th year of the reign of King Henry IV. Order It is found by the bailiff that Richard Tornor has broken the lord’s soil and occupied a piece of land next to his shop without licence of the lord for the last 9 years. Therefore it is ordered that he be distrained. And upon this the said Richard comes and shows a copy of the court roll concerning the said piece of land containing 28 feet in length and 18 feet in breadth. Therefore it is ordered that the bailiff measures. Amercement 3d. John Genote and Cecilia his wife \traders/ do not come to respond to \Robert/ Wyborgh, trader. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 3d. John Foster, trader, did not come to respond to Richard Bakhote, trader, in a plea. Therefore in mercy. [31 March 1411] Market court held there on the Tuesday in the 5th week of Quadragesima in the year written above. Amercement 6d. Order John Foster, trader, acknowledges in court that he owes Richard Bakhote 5s., which it is ordered to levy to the benefit of the said Richard and damages assessed at [blank] which it is ordered to levy. Amercement 3d. John Genote and Cecilia his wife do not come to respond to Robert Wyborgh, trader. Therefore in mercy. 93

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[7 April 1411] Market court held there on the Tuesday in the sixth week of Quadragesima in the year written above. Amercement 3d. John Genote and Cecilia his wife, traders, do not come to respond to Robert Wyborw, trader. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 6d. Concerning John Hog, trader, for a licence to agree with John Moordon. [28 April 1411] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Mark the Evangelist in the year written above. Amercement 6d. John Howesson, trader, complains against Thomas Bocher from Kedington (Kedyton ) \submits himself/, pledges Thomas Sowtere and John Chaundeler. Amercement 6d. Robert Brokedych, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with William Tornay, pledge John Redere. Amercement 6d. Robert Peterborgh, executor of the will of Thomas Heyham, trader, complains against Roger Kebbyl, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Motte. And the aforesaid Roger is attached by one horse with 4 bushels of fodder worth 12s., remaining in the park of the lord [in] the hands of Thomas Sowtere. Amercement 6d. Robert Brokedych, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with William Tornay, pledge John Redere. [14 July 1411] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of St Margaret. Amercement 3d. Adam, servant of Thomas Peree, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Peree, by the pledge of Robert Cartere. Amercement 6d. John Fosteer, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with Thomas Edward, pledge Adam Fosteer. Amercement 6d. Thomas \smith/, trader, complains against John Foster \submits himself/, trader, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowteree. And the aforesaid John is attached by one horse worth 3s. 4d., remaining in the hands of Adam Foster. And the aforesaid Thomas claims 15d. whereof he acknowledges 9d. and that for the residue he owes nothing and for this puts himself forward for trial by jury. Amercement 6d. Adam Foster, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with William Ray, pledge Thomas Sowtere. Amercement 6d. Edmund Wannsy, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with Henry Cleve, trader, pledge Robert Skynnere. Because elsewhere John Mordon is not present against John Hoog. Amercement 3d. John Genote and Cecilia his wife do not come to respond to Robert Wyborgh, trader, pledge the bailiff. [21 July 1411] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Margaret in the year written above. Law Richard, servant of Walter Berd, trader, complains against John Beek, trader, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Soutere. And the aforesaid John is attached by 4 horses and a cart worth 20s., remaining in the hands of William 94

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Fyschere on a claim for 5s. for his services in arrears. And the aforesaid John denies any wrongdoing, etc, and for this proffers a verdict by jury and has a day to wage his law with 6 hands. Amercement 3d. John Talboot \submits in his place Thomas Sowtere/, trader, complains against Adam Fosteer, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution William Ray. And the aforesaid Adam is attached by timber, remaining in the hands of the bailiff. And the aforesaid Adam defaulted. Fine 5s. To this court comes John Wilkyn and surrenders into the hands of the lords three shops in the Butchery which Robert Doushole lately surrendered into the hands of the said John to the use of John Warner with Johanna his wife who comes here in court and rents the said shops. To hold to him and his issue by the rod at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor and makes fealty to the lord. And seisin is delivered to him and he gives a fine. [folio 41v] [4 August 1411] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Peter’s Chains in the year written above Amercement 6d. Nicholas Sadelere, trader, complains against John Dowe, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere. And the aforesaid John is attached by meat worth 18d., remaining in the hands of Ralph Farewell, on a claim for 12d. for making a saddle. And the same John acknowledges 11d. for bad repairs and for this he pronounces a verdict by jury. Therefore it is ordered by the bailiff that a judgement is made. Amercement 3d. John Chaumbyrleyn, trader, complains against Thomas Hancok, pledge for the prosecution the bailiff. And the aforesaid Thomas is attached by meat worth 3s., remaining in the hands of the bailiff and John Persoun. And the aforesaid Thomas defaulted. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 6d. John Beek wages his law with 6 hands as he had a day against Richard, servant of Walter Berd, as he had a day [sic]. Therefore the same Richard is in mercy. [6 October 1411] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Michael in the 13th year of the reign of King Henry IV. Amercement 6d. John Leyseter, trader, complains against John Tancardmaker \submits himself/, pledge John Chaundeler. Plaint Peter Fedelere, trader, complains against John Lomb, trader, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere. And the aforesaid John is attached by 1 falcon, remaining in the park of the lord. Amercement 3d. William Barkere from Thurlow (Thrillowe), trader, complains against John Syngewel, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere. And the aforesaid John is attached by 12d., remaining in the hands of Thomas Peree. And the aforesaid John defaulted. Robert Barbour from Fordham, trader, complains against John Skarlet junior, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere. And the aforesaid John is attached by one horse worth 8s., remaining in the hands of Thomas Cook. Amercement 6d. Thomas Hancok submits himself for a licence to agree with John Chaundeler. 95

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Amercement 3d. It is ordered Jury Adam Foster, trader, did not come to respond to John Talbot \on a claim for 7s. for a horse/, pledged as above. Amercement 6d. Thomas Edward \submits himself/, trader, complains against John Lawbrok, trader, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere. [13 October 1411] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of St Luke the Evangelist in the year written above. Amercement 6d. John Syngewel, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with William Barkere, pledged as above 6d. Amercement 3d. Adam Foster did not come to respond to John Talbot, pledged as above. Order Peter Taylor from Brandon \submits in his place Thomas Sowtere/, trader, complains against John Donnok, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere. Fine 12s. To this court comes Richard Farewel and surrenders into the hands of the lords three shops in the Butchery to the use of Ralph Farewel who comes here in court and rents the said shops. To hold to him and his issue by the rod at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor. And he makes fealty to the lord. And he gains seisin. And he gives a fine as appears. Order Richard Farewel, trader, complains against John Odye, trader, in a plea of debt \in three suits/, pledge for the prosecution Ralph Farewel. Total 28s. 8d. [folio 46r] [3 November 1411] Newmarket Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of All Saints in the 13th year of the reign of King Henry IV. John Warner, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with a certain foreign trader, by the pledge of Thomas Sowtere. Richard Farewel, trader, complains against John Odye \in three suits/ on a claim for 8s. which he paid Richard George and his assignees [illeg.] 2s., which [illeg.] the same John Odye [illeg.] paid 42s. And 40d. for [illeg.] 16d. for plea of John [illeg.] [illeg.] John Skarlet [damaged] submits himself for a licence to agree with Robert Barbour, by the pledge of Thomas Cook. [illeg.] John Lomb [damaged], pledge Thomas Sowtere. [illeg.] John Wilkyn [complains against] Robert Brokedych, trader, pledge for the prosecution William Fyschere. And the aforesaid John is attached by three horses worth [damaged] [in the hands] of John Redere. [illeg.] And that Thomas Tornor occupied the lord’s land within the demesne of the lords for the last three years for all services. Therefore the aforesaid Thomas submits himself [illeg.] therefore [illeg.] 26s. [illeg.] 2d. And that Richard Tornor senior occupied the lords’ land for 9 years. Therefore in mercy 12d. [10 November 1411] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of St Martin in the year written above. 96

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Robert Gateward \1d./, John Aston \1d./, John Moordon \1d./, Richard Tornor \1d./, Laurence atte Thorn \1d./, Edward Preston \1d./, Andrew Barker \1d./, the jury between Richard Farewel, plaintiff, and John Odye, defendant. And between John Talbot, plaintiff, and Adam Foster, defendant, for many defaults. [1 December 1411] Market court held on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Andrew the apostle in the year written above. John Myddelton \does not proceed/, trader, complains against John Pepyyn, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution William Lawe. And the aforesaid John Pepyin is attached by four horses worth 15s., remaining in the hands of John Redere on a claim for 26s. 8d. which he owes to him. And the aforesaid John Pepyin denies any wrongdoing, etc, and says that he owes nothing. And for this will present a verdict by law and a day with 6 hands. Amercement 6d. John Daree, trader, complains against John Myddelton, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Redere. Amercement 6d. John Choun, trader, complains against Adam Fosteer \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt. And the aforesaid \Adam/ is attached by timber, remaining in the hands of the bailiff. Amercement 6d. The jury say upon their oath that Adam Fosteer owes John Talbot 6s. 3d. with damages of 1d. which it is ordered to levy. And Adam is in mercy. [illeg.] And that John Odye owes Richard Farewel 8s. which Richard Jeorge received as the appointee of John Odye. And which the same Richard paid to the said John in money. And 2s. 10d. for a cart of fish bought from John Lovare with damages of 1d., which it is ordered to levy to the use of the said Richard. And John is in mercy in three suits. Amercement 2s. And that Thomas Cook \12d./, John Ray \12d./, have their doors open onto the market of the lords in prejudice of the market.27 Amercement 6d. John Broxhed, trader, complains against Roger Draper, trader, in a plea of debt, by the pledge of Thomas Peree. And the aforesaid Roger is attached by one horse \worth 40s./, remaining in the hands of the bailiff, on a claim of 40s. for wool which the same Roger acknowledges. Therefore it is ordered to levy. And he is in mercy. Amercement 6d. John Hoog, trader, complains against William Tornay, trader, in a plea of debt on a claim for 27s. 4d. which the same William acknowledges. Therefore it is ordered to levy the said 27s. 4d. to the benefit of the said John. And William is in mercy. Amercement 3d. John \Lomb/ \submits himself/, trader, is not present against [illeg.] for a licence to agree with Peter Fedelere, trader. [19 January 1412] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of Saints Fabian and Sebastian in the year written above. Amercement 6d. John Beneyth, trader, complains against John Fynsent \submits himself/, trader, pledge for the prosecution William Lawe. And the aforesaid John Fynsent is attached by one horse and leather worth 2s., remaining in the 27

Unauthorised access to the marketplace enabled people to avoid the official entry points where market tolls were collected.

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hands of Edmund Preston and Walter Knappyng. And on a claim for 13s. 10d. for leather and deer skins whereof the same John Fynsent acknowledges 8s. 10d. which it is ordered to levy. And he is in mercy. Amercement 6d. John Fynsent \does not proceed/, trader, complains against John Beneyt, trader, pledge for the prosecution Walter Knappyng. And the said John Beneyt is attached by 2s. [folio 46v] Fine 2s. To this court comes Robert Doushole and surrenders into the hands of the lord two stalls in the Drapery (le Draperye) next to the stall of Andrew Barker to the use of Thomas Warner who comes here in court and rents the said stalls. To hold to him and his issue by the rod at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor. And he makes fealty to the lord and he gains seisin and he gives a fine as appears. [22 March 1412] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the year written above. Amercement 6d. Richard Bette, trader, complains against John Skot, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Adam Foster. And the aforesaid John is attached by two horses worth 26s. 8d. And the aforesaid John has broken arrest and led away the said horses from the two bailiffs of the lord with the knowledge of Andrew Barkere \submits himself/ [and] John Moordon, stallholders of the lord, and Andrew and John Mordon refused the said appraisal. Therefore it is ordered to distrain the said John Skot, Andrew and John before the next [court] to respond to the lord concerning the said agreement. Amercement 6d. Robert Edych \does not prosecute/, trader, complains against John Sweyn, miller, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Adam Fosteer. And the aforesaid John is attached by one horse worth 13s. 4d., remaining in the hands of said Adam. Amercement 6d. John Foster, trader, complains against Edmund Wannsy \submits in his place Robert Clerk/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Adam Foster. And the aforesaid Edmund is attached by one horse worth 4s., remaining in the hands of Thomas Cook and Peter Fedeler on a claim for 26d. for one horse sold on the feast of the Nativity of St John the Baptist in the 11th year. Amercement 6d. John Walter from Bury St Edmunds (Bery Sancto Edmundo), trader, complains against John Plumbe \submits in his place Thomas Sowtere/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas. Amercement 6d. John Grase, trader, complains against John Wynde \submits himself/, trader, pledge for the prosecution the bailiff. And the aforesaid John Wynde is attached by one horse worth 2 marks in the park of the lord. Amercement 6d. John Sotton, trader, complains against Ralph Brayn \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge Thomas Sowtere. Amercement 6d. John Ryngeere, trader, complains against William \John/ Aylewene \submits himself/, trader, pledge for the prosecution John Smyth, smith. And the aforesaid John Aylewene is attached by three horses worth 20s., remaining in the hands of John Smyth, smith. Amercement 6d. John Bolhewyd, trader, complains against Nicholas Sadelere \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas 98

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Sowtere. And the aforesaid Nicholas is attached by one saddle worth 5s., remaining in the park of the lord. John Broxhewyd, trader, complains against William Man, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Pere. Amercement 3d. Order Thomas Wykes, trader, complains against John Odye, trader, in a plea [blank], pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere. And the aforesaid John [illeg.] And he did not come. Amercement 6d. John Cook, trader, complains against John Wynde, trader, in a plea of debt. Amercement [illeg.] Adam Schepherd, trader, complains against John Pere, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere. Amercement 4d. William Ray, trader, complains against John Kyrkeby from Burwell. Total 19s. 6d. more from Thomas Tornour quit by the lords. [folio 43r] [21 June 1412] Newmarket Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of the Nativity of St John the Baptist in the 13th year of the reign of King Henry IV. Amercement 6d. William Wryte \submits himself/ and his wife Agnes, complain against Richard Smyth from Chippenham (Chepynham), trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Norman from Chippenham (Chepynham) on a claim for 4s. Plaint John Dowe has a day until the feast of Saint Peter’s Chains to respond to John Kyrkeby. Fine 4s. To this court comes John Skynnere, son and heir of Walter Skynnere, dead, and asks for one shop in the Drapery (le Draperye) as his next heir. And the lord granted to him the said shop. To hold to him and his issue by the rod at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor. And he makes fealty to the lord. And he gains seisin. And he gives a fine as appears. Jury Richard Farewel submits himself against Robert Alwarton on a claim for £3 for 40 sheep sold to him on the feast of All Saints in the 10th year of the reign of the present king, with damages of 50s. And the aforesaid Robert denies any wrongdoing, etc. And he says that he owes nothing to him as against them. And for this he puts himself under trial by jury. And the aforesaid Richard similarly. Therefore it is ordered by the bailiff that a verdict is made [with] 12 [hands]. And afterwards a day was given to produce proof until the feast of St Bartholomew. Amercement 6d. John Cobbe from Fordham submits himself for a licence to agree with John Skynnere, pledge Thomas Sowtere. [28 June 1412] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St John the Baptist in the year written above. Amercement 6d. Thomas, servant of Robert Brodedich, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Sutton, by the pledge of John Redere.

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Amercement 6d. Richard Smyth from Chippenham (Chepynham) \does not proceed/, trader, complains against William \Wryte/, smith, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere. Thomas Clyf from Bishop’s Lynn (Lynne Episcopi), trader, complains against John Wynde from Bury St Edmunds (Bery Sancto Edmund), pledge for the prosecution Thomas Predyton. Amercement 8d. Robert Gateward \1d./, Adam Buk \2d./, Richard Tornour \1d./, Thomas Tornour \2d./, John Broketon \2d./, the jury between Richard Farewel, trader, plaintiff, and Robert Alwarton, trader, defendant, because they have defaulted. A day A day was given between Richard Farewel, plaintiff, and Robert Alwarton, defendant, until the feast of St Bartholomew. [5 July 1412] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of the Translation of St Thomas, martyr, in the year written above. Amercement 6d. Reginald from Freckenham (Frekenham), cleric, trader, complains against Thomas Scherman from Freckenham (Frekenham) \submits himself/, trader, in a plea \of debt/, pledge for the prosecution John Redere. And the aforesaid Thomas is attached by one horse worth 2s. 6d., remaining in the park of the lord by Thomas Sowtere. [19 July 1412] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of St Margaret, virgin, in the year written above. Amercement 6d. Robert Gateward \2d./, John Moorden \2d./, Thomas Warner \2d./, the jury between William Wryte, plaintiff, and Richard Smyth, defendant. Richard Andrew, John Cokkeshenyd, Thomas Cokkeshenyd, Thomas Farpyonn, traders of malt, are suitors of the fief of the Prior of Ely. Therefore they are quit from toll. [2 August 1412] Court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Peter’s Chains \in the year/ written above. Amercement 6d. William Chevele, trader, complains against William Ray, trader, concerning a plea of debt, \pledge for/ the prosecution Thomas Pere. And the aforesaid William was summoned to respond to the same William by 3 shops. And the aforesaid William Chevele on a claim for £6 2s. 6d. for wool sold to the said William Ray and John Colyn on the feast of the Nativity of St John the Baptist in the 12th year of the reign of King Henry IV at Newmarket (Novum Mercatum), with damages of 40s. And the aforesaid William Ray, present in court, acknowledges the said £6 2s. 6d. Therefore it is ordered to levy the said £6 2s. 6d. to the use of William Chevele with damages. Therefore William Ray is in mercy. A day is given for the jury between William Wryte and Agnes his wife, traders, plaintiffs, and Richard Smyth, trader, defendant, to render a verdict by Sunday next after the feast of St Laurence under penalty for each of them 40d. Amercement 6d. Order At this court the bailiff presents that Thomas Predytone, roper, sold hemp and other various [goods] by weights. Therefore he puts himself in mercy. And it is ordered to seize the said weights. Amercement 6d. John Degoun, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with Thomas Everard, pledge Adam Foster. 100

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Amercement 6d. John Foster, trader, complains against John Sotton \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Adam Foster. [14 August 1412] Market court there on the Sunday next after the feast of St Laurence in the year abovesaid. Amercement 4s. John Moordon, John Aston have a day of appointment to render a verdict between William Wryte, trader, plaintiff, and Richard Smyth, defendant, under penalty for each of them \2s./. And they have defaulted. Therefore they incur the penalty. [folio 43v] [30 August 1412] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Bartholomew in the year written above. A day was given at the request of the parties between Richard Farewel, trader, plaintiff, and Robert Alwarton, trader, defendant, until Tuesday next after the feast of St Michael next following. Amercement 6d. John Fullere \does not proceed/, trader, complains against Laurence Thorn, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Adam Foster. And the aforesaid Laurence is present in court. The same John further claims 19d. Amercement 6d. Robert Bakote, trader, complains against Cecilia Genote \submits herself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge Adam Foster. Jury John Webbe, trader, complains against John Warner, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Adam Foster. And the aforesaid John Webbe is attached by meat worth 40d., remaining in the hands of the bailiff on a claim for 17d. Amercement 6d. Henry Grene, trader, complains against Nicholas Halton \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Adam Foster. And the aforesaid Nicholas is attached by one horse worth 40d., remaining in the hands of William Ray on a claim for 12d. Fine 2s. To this court comes Thomas Tornour and rents from the lord one vacant place in the Poultry (le Pulterie)28 next to the shops of the said Thomas on both sides and it contains in length 7 feet and in breadth 1 and a half feet. To hold to him and his issue by the rod at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor. And he makes fealty. And he gives a fine as appears. Fine 24s. To this court comes \John/ Bakhot junior and rents from the lord one vacant place next to the shop of John Lelye and it contains in length 12 feet and in breadth 7 feet. To hold to him and his issue by the rod at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor. Rendering thereby to the lord 2s. annually at the usual terms and suit of court. And he makes fealty to the lord. And he gains seisin. And he gives a fine as appears. Total 41s. [folio 47r]

28

The only reference to this row in the rolls.

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[8 November 1412] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of All Saints in the 14th year of the reign of King Henry. Amercement 6d. Roger Smyth from Soham submits himself for a licence to agree with Thomas Hurton, pledge John Ballone. Amercement 3d. Ralph Parkere submits himself for a licence to agree with Robert Wyborgh \submits himself/, pledge Peter Fedelere. Amercement 3d. John Walter, trader, complains against John Hille \submits himself/, pledge for the prosecution Thomas Sowtere. And he is attached by one horse and one saddle worth 5s., remaining in the hands of John Redere. And the aforesaid John Hille defaulted. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 6d. John Dowe from Soham submits himself for a licence to agree with John Barbour, pledge John Wykes. [15 November 1412] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Martin in the year written above. Amercement 3d. Thomas Deke, trader, complains against \Simon/ Farewel, cleric, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution the bailiff. And the aforesaid Simon is attached by one horse with a saddle worth 12s. 6d., remaining in the hands of John Waleys. And the aforesaid Simon defaulted. Amercement 6d. Laurence atte Thorn \does not proceed/, trader, complains against Ralph Parker, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution the bailiff. And the aforesaid Ralph is attached by 3s. in money, remaining in the hands of Walter Knappyng, on a claim for 10s. with damages of 40d. Amercement 6d. John Hille for a licence to agree with John Walter, pledge John Chaundeler. Amercement 6d. Ralph Parker \does not proceed/, trader, complains against Laurence atte Thorn, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution the bailiff. And the aforesaid Laurence is attached by a shop and other [chattels] on a claim for 2s. Amercement 6d. John Warner submits himself for a licence to agree with John Webbe, pledge Adam Foster. Law Thomas Drawer, trader, complains against William Wryte \from Bottisham (Botesham)/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Adam Foster. And the aforesaid William is attached by one horse worth [blank]. And upon this Robert Barbour from Bottisham (Botesham) comes and claims the said horse for his own and has a day until the next [court] with 5 hands. [13 December 1412] Market court held there on the Tuesday on the feast of St Lucy, virgin, in the year of the reign of the present king abovesaid. Amercement 6d. Thomas Drawe, trader, does not proceed against William Wryte, trader, pledge Adam Foster. A day A day was given between Richard Farwel, plaintiff, and Robert Alwarton, defendant, until Tuesday next. [17 January 1413] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of Saint Hillarius in the year written above. 102

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Amercement 6d. Thomas Smyth from Stetchworth (Stewcheworth), trader, complains against John Syngewel, barker \submits himself/, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Cowpere. And the aforesaid John is attached by leather worth 6d., remaining in the hands of Adam Foster, on a claim for 9d. Amercement 3d. Simon Farwel, cleric, trader, did not come to respond to Thomas Deke, trader, pledged as above. And it is ordered. Jury Robert Reefham, trader, complains against William Parmounter, barker, trader, in a plea of broken contract, pledge for the prosecution the bailiff. And the aforesaid William is attached by one horse and hides, remaining in the hands of John Chaundeler, on a claim that on the Tuesday next after the feast of All Saints in the 9th year of the reign of the present king in this market sold to the said Robert diverse leather \worth 40s./ and warranted it as satisfactorily tanned, which in the court of Fordham was forfeited as it was not satisfactorily tanned, with damages of 100s. Robert Refham, trader, complains against William Parmounter, barker, trader, in a plea of broken contract, pledge for the prosecution Adam Foster. And the aforesaid William is attached. [24 January 1413] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of Conversion of St Paul in the year written above. Amercement 6d. John Freman servant of John Deynys, butcher, waged his law with 7 hands for one horse with a saddle seized in the name of waif (Weyf’). Fine 40d. To this court comes John Ray and gave to the lord a fine to have his entrance open upon the marketplace of the lords from the feast of St Michael next following, on the pledge of Thomas Pere, as is made clear in the head, saving always that the customs of the lords be not carried off. [31 January 1413] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the year written above. Amercement 6d. John Hille submits himself for a licence to agree with John Walter, pledge John Chaundeler. Amercement 6d. Simon Farewel, cleric, trader, did not come to respond to Thomas Deke, pledged as above. It is ordered. Richard Tornour \1d./, Thomas Tornour \1d./, Thomas Clerk \1d./, John Felyp \1d./, Andrew Barkere \1d./, John Moordon \1d./, William Aylnorth \1d./, John Broketon \1d./, the jury between Robert Refham, plaintiff, and William Parmounter, defendant, for default. [folio 47v] [7 February 1413] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the year written above. Thomas Edward, trader, complains against Robert Chene, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution the bailiff. Thomas Edward, trader, complains against Robert Chene, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Adam Foster. 103

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Thomas Edward, trader, complains against Robert Cheyne, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution Adam Foster. Amercement 6d. Fine 20d. An inquiry say upon their oath that William Parmounter sold to Robert Refham diverse leather insufficiently tanned with damages to the said Robert of 20d. And the said William Parmounter gives a fine to the lords for the said untanned leather as is made clear, pledge for the fine John Fynsent. Amercement 6d. And that the said William Parmounter has broken a contract with the said Robert at Bury St Edmunds (Bery Sainti Edmundi), making him in arrears, with damages to the said Robert of 5s. Amercement 3d. Simon Farewel, cleric, \trader/, did not come to respond to Thomas Deke, trader, pledged as above. And it is ordered. [21 February 1413] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of St Matthew the apostle. Amercement 3d. John Chaundeler alias Northerne, trader, complains against Laurence atte Thorn \submits himself/, trader, pledge for the prosecution William Godard. And the aforesaid Laurence is attached by diverse [chattels] worth 12d. And the aforesaid Laurence defaulted. Amercement 6d. Richard Derlyng, trader, complains against William Goodlyng, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution John Wilkyn. And the aforesaid William is attached by meat worth 12d., remaining in the hands of William Godard, on a claim for 10s. for one horse. And upon this the jury say upon their oath that the said William owes the aforesaid Richard 10s. with damages of 2d. Amercement 6d. John Beneyt \does not proceed/, trader, complains against John Vynsent, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution William Lawe. And the aforesaid John John [sic] is attached by leather worth 20s., remaining in the hands of William Godard on a claim for 9s. for leather sold to him \at Cambridge (Cantabrigiam)/ on the feast of the Nativity of St John in the 12th year of the reign of the present king, with damages of 6s. 8d. Amercement 6d. Simon Farewel, cleric, trader, did not come to respond to Thomas Deke in a plea of debt. Therefore it is ordered. [28 February 1413] Market court held there on the Tuesday next before the feast of St Wynewald. Amercement 6d. John atte Hel, trader, complains against Robert Norbery \submits himself/, trader, in a plea [blank], pledge for the prosecution William Godard. And the aforesaid Robert is attached by one horse, remaining in the hands of William Godard, on a claim for 14s. for grain and barley sold to him in the 12th year of the reign of the present king, with damages of 2s. And the aforesaid Robert denies, etc, and says he paid him completely through the hands of William Carlewene and Johanne Wyote, midwife (‘midwyf’), and John Rowle junior and John Perye. Amercement 6d. Laurence atte Thorn, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree [with] John Northerne, trader, in a plea of debt. [7 March 1413] Market court held there on the Tuesday next after the feast of St Wynewaldus in the year written above. 104

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Amercement 12d. Robert Tomme, trader, complains against William Smyth from Snailwell (Snailewelle), trader, \in a plea of debt/, pledge for the prosecution John Waleys. And the aforesaid William is attached by one horse, \remaining/ in the park of the lord on a claim for 6 cranes (grures) worth 6s. 6d. with damages of 40d. And the jury about this say upon their oath that the same William has broken a contract with the aforesaid Robert with damages of 12d. Amercement 3d. John Kyrkeby, trader, complains against Thomas Schepperde, trader, in plea of detinue, pledge for the prosecution Adam Foster. And the aforesaid Thomas is attached by the necessaries of an inn (necessaria ospicii), remaining in the park of the lord. And the aforesaid Thomas defaulted. Jury John Kyrkeby, trader, complains against Walter Kelere and Alice his wife, traders, in a plea of trespass, pledge for the prosecution Adam Foster. And the aforesaid Walter is attached by various tubs (‘Tobys’) and other necessaries, remaining in the park of the lord. John Warner \1d./, John Cowpere \1d./, the jury between John Beneyt, plaintiff, and John Fynsent, defendant. John Heyham, trader, complains against John Edward, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution the bailiff. [14 March 1413] Market court held there on the Tuesday in the first week of Quadragesima in the year written above. Amercement 3d. Thomas Schepherde did not come to respond to John Kyrkeby, pledge [blank]. Amercement Walter Knappyng \2d./, Edmund Preston \afterwards he comes/, John Cowpere \2d./, John Warner \2d./, the jury between John Beneyt, plaintiff, and John Fynsent, defendant, for default. Total 17s. 4d. 14th year of Henry 29

29

Written upside down.

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Fair court SA/B, 1476/1/3, 5, 9, 26, 27, 30, 22, 21, 32, 38, 42, 39, 43, 48

Plate 8. The fair court roll entry for 11 June 1400. Suffolk Archives, Bury St Edmunds, 1476/1/3v

Transcription [folio 3v] Curia Nundinarum tenta ibidem die Veneris in Festo Sancti Barnabe Apostoli Anno regni regis Henrici quarti primo Inquisicio Robertus Gateward Johannes Gateward senior Johannes Smyth de Ixnygg Thomas Barkere Ricardus Turnour Johannes Odie Johannes Coupere Edmundus Vancy misericordia iiijs. vjd. Jurati presentant quod Alexander Barkere \iijd./ Johannes Wylkyn \iijd./ Johannes Mordon \iijd./ Johannes Longe \iijd./ Ricardus Farwell \iijd./ Johannes Peyt \iijd./ tenens terre nuper Simonis Ikelyngham \iijd./ Walterus Skynnere \iijd./ Thomas Buk \iijd./ Laurentius atte Thorn \iijd./ Willelmus Swafham \iijd./ Johannes Merflete \iijd./ Robertus Doushole \iijd./ Adamus Buk \iijd./ Walterus 106

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Knappynge \iijd./ Stephanus Gille \iijd./ Simon Bullok \iijd./ Johannes Choun junior \postea venit/ \Robertus/ Sygo \iijd./ [debent] sectam curie et faciunt defaltam misericordia xiiijd. Et quod Alexander Barkere \ixd./ non reparavit iij schoppis in le Draperie Adamus Buk \ijd./ fecit similiter in Cordewenerie Ricardus Farwel \iijd./ fecit similiter in le Merserie Ideo preceptum est reparare contra proximam curiam [sub] pena misericordia sociis Ideo etc Affuratores Johannes Odye Johannes Coupere [folio 3v] [11 June 1400] Fair court held there on Friday on the feast of St Barnabas the apostle in the first year of the reign of King Henry IV. Inquiry Robert Gateward, John Gateward senior, John Smyth from Exning (Ixnygg), Thomas Barkere, Richard Turnour, John Odie, John Coupere, Edmund Vancy. Amercement 4s. 6d. The jury present that Alexander Barkere \3d./, John Wylkyn \3d./, John Mordon \3d./, John Longe \3d./, Richard Farwell \3d./, John Peyt \3d./, a tenant of land lately of Simon Ikelyngham \3d./, Walter Skynnere \3d./, Thomas Buk \3d./, Laurence atte Thorn \3d./, William Swafham \3d./, John Merflete \3d./, Robert Doushole \3d./, Adam Buk \3d./, Walter Knappynge \3d./, Stephen Gille \3d./, Simon Bullok \3d./, John Choun junior \afterwards he comes/, \Robert/ Sygo \3d./ [owe] suit of court and have defaulted. Amercement 14d. And that Alexander Barkere \9d./ does not repair 3 shops in the Drapery (le Draperie). Adam Buk \2d./ does likewise in Cordwainers’ Row (Cordewenerie). Richard Farwel \3d./ does likewise in the Mercery (le Merserie). Therefore it is ordered to repair before the next court [under] penalty. Amercement fellows. Therefore etc. Affeerers John Odye John Coupere [folio 5r] [3 November 1400] Newmarket Fair Court held there on Wednesday next after the feast of the apostles of Simon and Jude in the second year of the reign of King Henry IV. Amercement 3d. The jury present that Richard Farwell made waste in one shop [damaged] of the lord. Amercement 4d. Also that the same does likewise in the Drapers’ Row (le Draperierowe). And the same does likewise in the Butchery (le Bocheryie). Therefore in mercy. Amercement 2d. Also that Adam Buk does likewise in one shop in Cordwainers’ Row (le Cordenewenerowe).

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Amercement And that John Longe \2d./, John Astone \2d./, John Peyt \3d./, Robert Randolf \2d./, [damaged] \2d./, Thomas Buk \2d./, owe suit of court and have defaulted. Amercement 2d. William Chevele does not prosecute against Stephen Gille in a plea of debt. Affeerers Robert Gateward total 2s. John Odye Fine 2s. To this court comes Robert Dowale and rents from the lord one stall in the Butchery next to a stall of Richard Farwel. To hold to him and his assigns from the feast of St Michael last past until the end of 20 years next following and fully complete, rendering whereof annually 2s. at the usual terms for all dues. And he makes fealty. And he gives a fine as is made clear. [folio 9r] [11 June 1403] Newmarket Fair court held \there on the feast of/ St Barnabas the apostle in the fourth year of the reign of King Henry IV. Robert Gateward, Robert Randolf, John Gateward, John Odye, John Choun. The inquiry present that William Sigo \2d./, Andrew Barkere \2d./, Richard Farwel \2d./, John Wilkyn \2d./, John Moordon \2d./, John Longe \2d./, John Coupere \2d./, Edmund Wannsy \2d./, John Aston \2d./, John Peyt \2d./, Walter Skynner \2d./, Thomas Buk \2d./, John Meyflete \Tommysson/ \2d./, Laurence atte Thorn \2d./, Robert Randolf \2d./, Adam Buk \2d./, Walter Knappyng \2d./, Stephen Gille \2d./, Hugh Cooke \2d./, John Lagoun \2d./, because they owe suit of court and have defaulted. And that William Sygo \3d./ has one shop in ruins in the Butchery. And that Richard Farwel \12d./ has similarly there and John Coupere \4d./ has similarly in the Shraggery (le Schragrye). Richard Farwel \3d./ has similarly in the Linen Drapery (le Lyndraperye). And similarly in the Drapery (le Draperye). And William Maschal \3d./ has similarly in Sowters’ Row (le Sowteresrowe). [illeg. entry – possibly deleted] [folio 26r] [11 June 1406] Newmarket Fair court held there on Friday on the feast of St Barnabas the apostle in the seventh year of the reign of King Henry IV. Inquiry John Odye, John Aston, John Coupere, Thomas Prydyton, Andrew Barkere, Richard Turnour, John Greyne, Edmund Vanncy, John [deleted]. The jury. Amercement 4s. 3d. The jury present that Robert Gateward \3d./, William Sygo \3d./, John Mordon \3d./, Richard Farwel \3d./, John Wylkyn \3d./, John Longe \3d./, Thomas Buk \3d./, Thomas Spenser \3d./, Laurence atte Thorn \3d./, John Thomesson \3d./, Simon Bullok \3d./, Stephen Gylle \3d./, Walter Knappyng \3d./, Adam Buk \3d./, John Choun \3d./, John Peyte \3d./ and John Motte \3d./, because they defaulted at the courts, etc.

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Amercement 9d. And that Adam Buk \3d./, William Sygo \3d./, Richard Farwell \3d./, have devastated shops within the marketplace. Therefore in mercy, etc. Affeerers John Odye Sworn Total 5s. verified. John Greyne [folio 27r] [29 October 1406] Newmarket (Newemarket) Fair Court held there on Friday next after the feast of the apostles Simon and Jude in the eighth year of the reign of King Henry IV. The first hour Amercement 4d. Concerning John Fleg, trader, for a licence to agree with John Bele, trader, in a plea of debt etc. Amercement 4d. Concerning John Feltewell, trader, for a licence to agree with John Roberd, trader, in a plea of debt etc. Amercement 4d. Concerning Alexander Turnour, trader, for a licence to agree with John Bret, trader, in a plea of debt etc. Amercement 4d. Concerning John Heylokes, trader, for a licence to agree with John Bret, trader, in a plea of debt etc. Amercement 4d. Concerning John Staloun, trader, because he did not come to respond to John Costyn, trader, in a plea of debt and is attached, by the pledge of John Mordon etc. The second hour Amercement 4d. Concerning John Costyn, trader, because he does not prosecute against John Staloun, trader, in a plea of debt etc. [folio 26r] [11 June 1407] Newmarket (Newemarket) Fair court held there on the Saturday on the feast of St Barnabas the apostle in the eighth year of the reign of King Henry IV. Inquisition Robert Gateward, John Odye, Robert Doushole, John Astone, Edmund Vanncy, John Mordone, Richard Tornour, John Coupere. The jury. Amercement 3s. 7d. And present that Richard Farwel \2d./, John Wylkyn \2d./, John Longe \3d./, Thomas Predyngton \3d./, John Greyne \3d./, Beatrix Skynnere \2d./, Thomas Buk \3d./, Laurence atte Thorn \3d./, John Smyth from Exning (Ixnyng) \3d./, John Thomysson \3d./, Stephen Gylle \3d./, Walter Knappyng \3d./, John Choun \2d./, Adam Buk \2d./, John Peyte \3d./, owe their suit of court and have defaulted. Therefore they are in mercy. And that John Aylewyn \3d./ owes suit of court and defaulted. Therefore etc. Amercement 3d. And that William Cordwener made waste in one shop in Cordwainers’ Row (le Cordwenerrowe). Therefore he is in mercy. And it is ordered to repair before the next [court] under penalty of 12d. Amercement 3d. And that Richard Farwell made waste in one shop lying at the end of the Stone House (la Stonhous). Therefore in mercy. And it is ordered to repair before the next [court] under penalty of 2s. 109

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And they present that Robert Gateward with his cart devalued a shop of the lord lying in Cordwainers’ Row (le Cordwenerrowe) in its profits [illeg.] and in the rent of William Cordwener. And a day is given to him before the next court to repair by the next court under penalty of 2s. Affeerers John Aston Sworn Total 2s. 8d. John Odye [folio 27r] [31 October 1407] Fair Court held there on the Saturday next after the feast feast [sic] of the apostles Saints Simon and Jude in the ninth year of the reign of King Henry IV. Amercement From John Chirche \trader/ for a licence to agree with John Meyner, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge John Wilkyn. Amercement William Martyn, trader, complains against Simon Moysemot, trader, in a plea [blank]. And the aforesaid Simon is attached by two pigs worth 6s., remaining in the hands of John Kyrkeby. John Moor, bailiff of the lord, presents upon his oath that Ralph Brabon carried away the tolls of the lord for 60 mats (‘mattys’), to be verified. And afterwards he acknowledges in court that he bought 48 mats sold here in the fair in Newmarket for 10s. Therefore it is decided that he was a forestaller. Concerning John Degoun for a licence to agree with Simon Wytcherch, pledge John Barkere from Exning (Ixnyng). John Frost, trader, complains against John Broketoof, trader, concerning a plea of debt [blank], pledge for the prosecution John Odye. John Frost, trader, complains against John Broketoot, trader, concerning a plea of detinue of chattels \pledge for the prosecution/30 Thomas Wykes. And the aforesaid John Broketooth is attached by 5 pigs and 2 mares (jumentas) worth 24s., remaining in the hands of the bailiff, a servant of Thomas Wykes and John Landwade from Exning (Ixnyng). [folio 27v] [Top of parchment cut away] And that William Sigoo, Robert Dousole, John Mordon, John [illeg.], Adam Buk, John Peyte, owe suit of court and have defaulted. Fine nothing because in the market court To this court comes Robert Gateward and surrenders into the hands of the lord two shops in the Drapery (le Draperye) next to the shop of the said Robert Gateward to the use of Robert Colyn who comes here in this court and rents the said shops. To hold to him and his issue by the rod at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor and he makes fealty to the lord and he gains seisin. And he gives a fine as is made clear. [folio 30r]

30

Used twice, for the above entry and as an insertion here.

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[11 June 1408] Newmarket Fair court held there on the Monday on the feast of St Barnabas the apostle in the 9th year of the reign of King Henry IV. Robert Doushole, John Coupere, John Moordon, John Lasy, Richard Farewel, Thomas Predyton, John Greyne. The jury. Amercement 1d. Who say upon their oath that Beatrix Skynnere has one shop in the Drapery (le Draperie) in ruins. Amercement 2d. And that Richard Farwel did not repair his shop. Therefore in mercy. And it is ordered to repair before the feast of St Peter’s Chains under penalty of forfeiture of his title in the same shop. It is ordered Robert Gateward had a day to make his shop smaller in the Spicery (le Spyserye) under penalty of forfeiture of his title and he did not. Therefore it is ordered to seize it into the hands of the lord and to answer for the profits. Amercement 6d. And that Robert Gateward did not repair his \two/ shops in the Mercery (le Merserye). And it is ordered to repair. Amercement 3d. And that John Odye has one shop in ruins near the shop of Thomas Thomas [sic] Pere. Amercement 3d. And that Robert Gateward has not rebuilt one shop of the lord, which William Richard held. Therefore in mercy. And it is ordered to rebuild under penalty of half a mark. Amercement 12d. It is ordered And that Robert Gateward has a door open upon the marketplace of the lord in prejudice of the market and he had a day to close the said door under penalty of 2s. and it is not closed. Therefore he incurs a penalty. And it is ordered to close it before the next [court] under penalty of half [a mark]. And that William Sygoo \3d./, Andrew Barkere \3d./, John Wilkyn, Laurence atte Thorn \3d./, John Smyth from Exning (Ixnyng) \3d./, John Tommesson \3d./, William Ailewene \3d./, Stephen Gille \2d./, Walter Knappyng \3d./, Adam Buk \3d./, John Choun \2d./, John Peyte \2d./, John Sturdy \3d./, Thomas Clerk \3d./, Edmund Preston \3d./, Robert Colyn \3d./, John Felyp \3d./, stallholders, and owe suit of court and have defaulted. Fine 2s. To this court comes Robert Skynnere and rents from the lord two vacant places whereof one plot lies next to the bridge (pontem)31 of the lord and it contains in length 22 feet and in breadth 16 feet. To hold to him and his issue by the rod at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor, rendering thereby to the lord annually 6d. for all dues. And the other plot lies next to Bullsyard (Bolesyerd) and abuts upon the house of John Peyte. And it contains in length 30 feet and in breadth 22 feet. To hold to him and his issue by the rod at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor, rendering thereby to the lord annually 6d. for all dues. And he makes fealty to the lord. And he gains seisin and he gives a fine as is made clear. Fine 40d. At this court the lord granted Thomas Tornoor an enlargement of two shops containing in length 27 feet and in breadth to one head one and 31

Although this has been translated as bridge, there is no other evidence to suggest that there was a bridge in Newmarket, particularly since there was no river, only an open stream referred to in the accounts for 1472/73 as ‘dundich’. It is suggested, therefore, that this either refers to some form of crossing of this stream, or that the scribe has used this word to refer to the lord’s pound since ‘pontor’ could be used to describe a pinder. See Latham, Revised medieval word-list, p. 383.

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a half feet with the point as far as to the end of the said length as the dimensions and boundaries. And he gives for a fine, as is made clear. Amercement 4d. John Wrythok, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with a certain foreign trader, pledge Thomas Sowtere. [folio 22r] [29 October 1408] Newmarket (Novum mercatum) Fair court held there on Monday next after the feast of the apostles Simon and Jude in the 10th year of the reign of King Henry IV after the conquest. The first hour Amercement 6d. Concerning Stephen Vynt from South Elmham (Southelmham) \trader/ because he is not able to deny that he owes to Richard Caundellor \trader/ five marks and 7s., which it is ordered to levy to the use of the said Richard together with damages assessed by the court at [blank] and the same Stephen in mercy. It is ordered It is ordered to retain 1 horse and 1 saddle with bridle taken from Edmund Wykys, trader, and to take more until he finds a pledge to respond to Thomas West, trader, concerning a plea of debt. Amercement 6d. Concerning Thomas Maleyn, trader, for a licence to agree with Nicholas Pertrych, trader, concerning a plea of debt. Amercement 3d. Concerning the pledge of Thomas Teverisham, trader, because they have not responded to Peter Wanton, trader, concerning a plea of debt. And it is ordered, etc, pledge Robert Dowale. Concerning John Scot, trader, because he is not present against John Gerthmaker, trader, concerning a plea of debt. Amercement 6d. Concerning of Thomas of Wratting (Wrottyng), trader, for a licence to agree with John Balsham, trader, concerning a plea of debt, pledge Stephen Gille. Amercement 6d. Concerning Thomas Vyncent, trader, for a licence to agree with John Wylkyn concerning a plea of debt. Inquiry ex officio Taken by Robert Gateward, John Odye, Robert Doushole, Richard Farewel, Thomas Prydyton, Richard Turnour, John Mordon, John Phelyp, John Aston, William Alewyn, Laurence atte Thorn, John Sturdy and Thomas Turnour. Jurors. Amercement 3d. They present that John Wynde make waste upon one shop, lately of Beatrix Feke, in the thatch of the same. And it is ordered etc. Amercement 6d. Also that Richard Farewel does likewise in 1 shop in the Butchers’ Row (le Bocheryerowe). And it is ordered to repair etc. Also that Robert Colyn sold to John Prydyngton, linendraper, two shops in the Drapers’ Row (le Draprerowe) without licence. Therefore it is ordered to seize, etc. Amercement 15d. Also that John Lacy \3d./, John Hogesson \3d./, William Sygo \3d./, Adam Buk \3d./ and John Peyte \3d./, suitors, have defaulted on suit of court. The second hour It is ordered It is ordered just as before to retain 1 horse and 1 saddle with 1 bridle taken from Edmund Wykys, trader, and to take more until he finds a pledge to respond to Thomas West, trader, concerning a plea of debt. 112

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Amercement 3d. Concerning the pledge of Thomas Teversham, trader, because they have not responded to Peter Wanton, trader, concerning a plea of debt. The third hour It is ordered It is ordered just as before to retain 1 horse and 1 saddle with 1 bridle taken from Edmund Wykys, trader, and to take more until he finds a pledge to respond to Thomas West, trader, concerning a plea of debt. Amercement 3d. Concerning the pledge of Thomas Teversham, trader, because they have not responded to Peter Wanton, trader, concerning a plea of debt. The fourth hour At the third hour just past the bailiff was ordered to retain 1 horse and 1 saddle with bridle taken from Edmund Wykys, trader, and to take more until he finds a pledge to respond to Thomas West, trader, in a plea of debt, and because at the aforesaid 3rd hour the same Edmund was charged and did not appear in court. Therefore by the custom of the manor the aforesaid 1 horse, saddle and bridle were valued by the traders there at 3s. 4d. Affeerers John Phelyp from Mildenhall, roper Total 4s. 9d. Thomas Prydyngton from Fordham [folio 21r] [11 June 1409] Fair court held on the Tuesday on the feast of Saint Barnabas the apostle in the year of the reign of the king written above. John Wilkyn, John Moordon, Thomas Clerk, Robert Gateward, Walter Knappyng, Laurence Thorn, Richard Tornoor, John Aston, Thomas Predyton, Stephen Gille, Andrew Barkere, John Felyp. The jury. Who say upon their oath that John Wyynde \3d./ has one shop in the Drapery (le Draperye) in ruins. It is ordered And that Robert Gateward has not rebuilt one shop of the lord which William Richard held. And it is ordered it should be repaired before the feast of the apostles Simon and Jude under penalty of 20s. Amercement It is ordered And that Thomas Cook \3d./, John Redere \3d./, the wife of John Barboor \3d./, have open doors upon the marketplace of the lord. \And it is ordered to close them under [penalty] of half a mark/. And that Richard Farewel has similarly one shop in ruins in the Butchery. Amercement 3d. And that Thomas Mortymer devastated one shop in the Butchery. And it is ordered to rebuild it under penalty of half a mark. It is ordered And that William Sygo \3d./, John Lasy \3d./, John Wyynde \3d./, John Tommesson \3d./, Adam Buk \3d./, John Choun \3d./, stallholders, have defaulted. It is ordered John Odye complains against Robert Gateward, William Sygoo, Robert Doushoole in a plea of proportion of rent for stalls and shops lately of Alexander Barkere. Total 2s. 9d. [folio 21v]

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Fine 7s. To this court comes John Heyham and rents from the lord two shops in the Drapery (le Draperye) lately of Robert Colyn next to the shop of Robert Gateward. To hold to him and his issue by the rod at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor. And makes fealty to the lord. And he gains seisin. And he give a fine as appears in the head. [folio 32r] [29 October 1409] Newmarket Fair court held there on Tuesday on the morrow of the apostles Simon and Jude in the 11th year of the reign of King Henry IV for the sixth hour. Amercement 6d. William Carpentere, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Schilchere, pledge Thomas Pere. Amercement 6d. It is ordered William Burward, trader, complains against John Dyne, trader, in a plea of debt, pledge for the prosecution William Godard. And the aforesaid John is attached by one horse with one bundle (fardello) worth 4s. remaining in the hands of John Smyth from Exning (Ixnyng). And the same John defaulted. Therefore in mercy. And it is ordered. Amercement 6s. 8d. It is given for us to understand that John Ballone Smyth made one window in his holding and one stall, the same added window usurping the lord’s soil and the customary stallage of the lord to the grave damage of the lord and prejudice by the smith. And it is ordered that the bailiff distrain the aforesaid John to respond to the lord about the aforesaid transgression. And the aforesaid John does not contradict the aforesaid transgression. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 6d. Richard Derlyng, trader, complains against Nicholas Warner, trader, in a plea of trespass, pledge for the prosecution William Godard. And the aforesaid Nicholas is attached by one booth (‘bothe’) worth 10s remaining in the hands of Thomas Tornoor. And the jury for this say that the aforesaid Nicholas trespassed upon the aforesaid Richard to damages of 2s., which it is ordered to levy. Amercement 6d. William Page, trader, is not present against John Lyne, trader, in a plea of debt. Amercement 12d. It is ordered John Dowe, trader, was attached by one horse for the suit of Richard, servant of John Langham. And the aforesaid John has broken his promise. Therefore in mercy. And it is ordered he be distrained. Amercement An inquiry presents that Andrew Barkere \6d./ cut down and carried away one shop next to \the holding of/ Robert Skynnere. And that Robert Gateward \6d./ has two shops in the Linen Drapery (le Lyndraperye). And it is ordered to rebuild under penalty of forfeiture. Amercement And that Robert Doushole \3d./, Richard Farewel \3d./, Adam Buk \3d./, John Choun \3d./, John Pere \3d./, Thomas Clerk \3d./, William Ray \3d./, owe suit of court and defaulted. Amercement 6d. And that Amicus Barboor did not deliver to David del la Pool his saddle to damages of 4d., which it is ordered to levy. And he is in mercy. Amercement half a mark It is given for us to understand that Robert Cartere has an entrance open upon the fair of the lord so that the tolls of the lord were carried off, that is to say 40d. Therefore in mercy. Amercement Laurence atte Thorn, trader, complains against William Randolf \submits in his place Peter Fydelere, submits himself/, trader, in a plea, 114

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pledge for the prosecution the bailiff. And the aforesaid William is attached by brass pots and bowls worth 12s., remaining in the hands of [blank]. [folio 38v] [11 June 1410] Fair court held there on Wednesday at the feast of Saint Barnabas the apostle in the 11th year of the reign of King Henry IV. Richard Farewel, Thomas Prediton, Thomas Tornour, John Greyne, John Cowpere, Robert Gateward, John Heyham, Robert Dowshole, Richard Tornour, John Odye. The jury. It is ordered Who say under oath that John Choun sold one stall plot upon the Cornhill (le Cornhel) to John Baldewene without licence. Amercement 4d. It is ordered And that Andrew Barkere devastated [a shop] next to [the shop of] Robert Skynnere. Therefore in mercy. And he is ordered to rebuild. Amercement 4d. And that William Ray has devastated one shop in the Drapery (le Draperye) lately of Richard Farewel. Amercement 4d. And that Robert Gateward has not rebuilt one shop lately of William Richard. Quit And that the wife of John Barbour has an entrance open upon the marketplace of the lord. It is ordered And that John Cowpere has not rebuilt one house in the Shraggery (le schraggerye) which was held for the last 10 years. Therefore it is ordered to ask permission from the counsel of the lord to seize it. And that John Sturdy \3d./, Walter Knappyng \3d./, Adam Buk \3d./, Edmund Prestone \3d./, Thomas Clerk \3d./, John Lasy \3d./, William Howessone \3d./, William Sigoo \3d./, John Moordone \3d./, Andrew Barkere \3d./, John Phelipe, roper \3d./, Thomas Predyton \3d./, John Aston \3d./, William Ray \3d./, John Peyt \3d./, John Wynde \3d./, Laurence atte Thorn \3d./, John Smyth from Exning \3d./, John Lylye \3d./, are stallholders and owe suit of court and have defaulted. Total 5s. 9d. [folio 42r] [29 October 1410] Newmarket Fair court of the lord William Argentein held there on Wednesday on the morrow [of the feast] of the apostles Simon and Jude in the 12th year of the reign of King Henry IV. Amercement 6d. John Genannt, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with a certain foreign trader in a plea of debt. Amercement 6d. Nicholas Sadelere, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Taylour, trader. Amercement 3d. John Bocher from Thaxted (Thaxstede) \not more because poor/, trader, complains against Thomas Richard from Wimbish (Wymbych) \submits himself/, trader, pledge for the prosecution Robert Gateward. Amercement 3d. John Brette, trader, complains against John Howesson and William Howesson, traders, pledge for the prosecution Robert Gateward. And the aforesaid John Howesson and William are attached by one horse with saddle and 115

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a cloak, remaining in the hands of the bailiff. And the said John Howesson and William defaulted at the first hour and second. The second hour John Wylkyn, Stephen Gille, John Aston, Walter Knappyng, Robert Gateward, Robert Doushole, Thomas Predyton, John Sturdy, Richard Turnoor, John Felyp, John Odye, William Aloof. Who say upon their oath that John Heyham \3d./, Edmund Preston \3d./, Adam Buk \3d./, Thomas Clerk \3d./, William Sygoo \3d./, William Ray \3d./, John Peyt \3d./, John Wynde \3d./, Laurence atte Thorn \3d./, John Lylye \3d./, John Colyn \void/, Beatrix Skynnere \she comes/, [are] stallholders and owe suit of court and have defaulted. It is ordered And that one black foal comes within this lordship and it is taken in the name of a stray and it is valued at [blank]. Amercement Stephen Gille impleads Robert Refham \3d./ and William Barkere \3d./ because they have not tanned their leather sufficiently. The third hour Amercement 3d. John Howesson and William Howesson have not defaulted against John Brette at the third hour. The fourth hour Amercement 6d. John Howesson, trader, submits himself for a licence to agree with John Brette, trader, pledges Ralph Farwel and Thomas Preditone. Total 5s. [folio 39v] [11 June 1411] Fair court held there on Thursday on the feast of Saint Barnabas the apostle in the year written above. Robert Gateward, John Sturdy, John Moordon. Amercement 12d. Who say under oath that Drugo Barkere has one shop in the Butchery in ruins. Therefore. Amercement 3d. And that Robert Gateward has not rebuilt one shop in Barkers’ Row (le Barkerisrowe). And that Walter Knappyng \4d./, Adam Buk \4d./, Edmund Prestone \4d./, Thomas Clerk \4d./, William Sygoo \4d./, Andrew Barkere \4d./, Robert Doushole \4d./, Thomas Predytone from Fordham \4d./, John Greyne \4d./, John Aston \4d./, Richard Tornour \4d./, William Ray \4d./, Adam Foster \4d./, John Peyt \4d./, John Cowpere \4d./, John Wynde \4d./, Laurence atte Thorn \4d./, John Smyth from Exning (Ixnyng) \4d./, John Lylye \4d./, John Odye \4d./, Thomas Tornour \4d./, because they owe suit of court and have defaulted. Total 8s. 4d. [folio 42r] [29 October 1411] Fair Court of Sir William Argentein held there on Thursday on the morrow of the [feast of the] apostles of Simon and Jude in the 13th year of the reign of King Henry IV. 116

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Amercement 6d. Thomas Brokhole \submits himself/, trader, complains against Thomas Bocher, trader, in a plea, [pledge] for the prosecution John Chaundeler. And the aforesaid Thomas Bocher is attached by one leather worth 12d. And he defaulted. Therefore in mercy. Inquiry Richard Tornour, Thomas Predyton, Stephen Gelle, Edmund Preston, William Aylewene, Walter Knappyng, Thomas Tornour, John Sturdy, John Odye, William Ray, John Wylkyn, Andrew Barkere. The jury. Who say upon their oath that the entrance of Thomas Cook \3d./, the entrance lately of John Barbor \3d./ are open upon the fair of the lord on that day. And that Adam Buk \3d./, John Lasy \3d./, William Sygoo \3d./, John Warner \3d./, John Astone \3d./, John Peyt \3d./, John Wynde \3d./, Laurence atte Thorn \3d./, John Lelye \3d./, John Moordon \6d./, because they owe suit of court and have defaulted. Total 3s. 9d. At this court the lord granted to John Waleys and Nicholas his son seven acres of land in one piece lying in the field of Exning (Ixnyng) called East Field (Estfeld) with the liberty of one united sheepfold for 240. Held by the aforesaid John and Nicholas from the feast of Saint Michael last past until the end of six years next following and fully complete, rendering thereby to the lord annually 7s. on the feast of Easter and St Michael in equal portions. [folio 43v] [29 October 1412] Fair court held there on Saturday next after the feast of the apostles Simon and Jude in the year written above. Robert Gateward, Thomas Clerk, John Felyp, William Ray, Ralph Farwell, John Coupere, Stephen Gelle, Richard Tornour, Walter Knappyng, John Moordon, William Aylnoth, John Ray. The jury. Amercement 21d. Who say upon their oath that Adam Buk \3d./, John Lasy \3d./, William Sygo \3d./, John Warner \3d./, Thomas Warner \3d./, John Landwade \3d./, John Wynde \3d./, owe suit of court and have defaulted. Amercement 6d. And Laurence atte Thorn did not repair his shop in the Spicery (le Spyserye). Amercement 6d. And Laurence atte Thorn because he arranged an inquiry against Ralph Parker for 3s. to damages of 1d. which it is ordered to levy. And he is in mercy. To this court comes John Ballone and rents from the lord one stall \next to the Spicery (spicerye)/. To hold to him for a term of 20 years. Rendering whereof to the lord 3s. \annually/ for all services at the usual terms. The total sum, 43s. 11d. To this court comes John Hoog and rents from the lord one vacant place in the Drapery (le Draperye) next to the shop of Robert Gateward. To hold from him for a term of 20 years. Rendering whereof to the lord 2s. annually at the usual terms. And he built there one shop and he took valid receipt [illeg.]. To this court comes John Dowale and rents from the lord one stall near the Tollbooth (le Tolbothe) next to a stall lately of Nicholas Bocher. To hold from him for a term of 12 years. And rendering whereof to the lord annually 2s. at the usual terms. And he took valid receipt of the said stall. Entire total £9 11s. 3d. 117

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[folio 48v] [29 October 1413] Fair court held there on Sunday on the morrow [of the feast] of the apostles Simon and Jude in the first year of the reign of King Henry V. Amercement 6d. John Smyth from Cowlinge (Cowlynge) \unjust claim/, trader, complains against William Plube, trader, in a plea [blank], pledge for the prosecution John Staloun. And the aforesaid William is attached by one horse [worth] 6s. 8d.. Amercement 6d. John Baroun, trader, complains against John Glouere \submits himself/, trader, by the pledge of Adam Foster. Amercement 6d. John Mechel \does not prosecute/, trader, complains against John Boydon, trader, pledge for the prosecution John Lane. And the aforesaid John Boydon is attached by meat worth 4s., remaining in the hands of John Syngewel on a claim for 3s. 9d. ob. Amercement 6d. John Webbe from Lidgate, trader, complains against John Wryte \submits himself/, by the pledge of Adam Foster. Amercement 6d. Concerning a certain foreign trader because he does not proceed against John Tel. Amercement 6d. John Bocher from Barrow (Barwe), trader, complains against John Pottere \submits himself/, trader, in a plea, [pledge] for the prosecution Adam Foster. And the aforesaid John Potter is attached by leather worth 40d., remaining in the hands of John Cullyng on a claim for 2s. 10d. John Aston, Andrew Barkere, Walter Knappyng, Ralph Farewel, John Sturdy, Thomas Clerk, Richard Tornour, William Aylnorth, John Moordon, John Felyp, Stephen Gille, John Felyp [sic]. The jury. Who say upon [an oath] that John Wykes and his tenants \namely John Cowpere and Henry Greyne/ have four open doors upon the fair of the lord. And that Peter Fedelere has an entrance open upon the fair of the lord. And that the stallage of the lord was carried away. And that Adam Buk \3d./, John Lasy \3d./, William Sygo \3d./, John Landwade \3d./, John Peyt \3d./, John [?]Bryth \3d./, John Wynde \3d./, Edmund Preston \3d./, owe suit of court and have defaulted. Total 5s.

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Leet court SA/B, 1476/1/2, 10, 17, 26, 18, 37

Plate 9. The leet court roll entry for 1 August 1400. Suffolk Archives, Bury St Edmunds, 1476/1/2r

Transcription [folio 2r] Newmarket Leta tenta ibidem die dominica in Festo Sancti Petri Aduincula Anno regni regis Henrici quarti primo Capitales plegii Thomas Pere Johannes Pere Willelmus Fisshere Edmundus Paunton Johannes filius Petri Smyth Robertus Cotyngham Thomas Whrite Simon Baldewene Ricardus Lenne Edmundus Scherman Robertus Skynnere Petrus Fydelere jurati misericordia xviijd. Jurati presentant quod Johannes Webstere \iijd./ Johannes Throsshere \iijd/ Johannes Bocher \iijd./ Walterus serviens Margarete Lexham \iijd./ Johannes Ballone Smyth \postea venit/ Walterus serviens predicti Johannis \postea venit/ Petrus Brok \postea venit/ Johannes Pere \postea venit/ Johannes serviens 119

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Thome Pere \postea venit/ Philipus Sulby \iijd./ Johannes Albon \iijd./ Ricardus Lenne \postea venit/ non sunt in decenna domini Regis misericordia ijd. Et quod Johannes Kyrkeby habet unum standardum in communia via ad nocumentum Finis iijd. Et quod Willelmus Leycestre dat domino utamoviatur extra docenna domini Regis ut patet misericordia jd. Et quod Petrus Smyth ocupat communiam domini cum travis equi ad nocumentum misericordia ijd. Et quod Rogerus Smyth fecit similiter ibidem cum uno Grinston misericordia vijd. Et quod Johannes Barbour \ijd./ Johannes Bakere \jd./ Thomas Cook \jd./ Nicholaus Bocher \jd./ Walterus Skynnere \ijd./ habent fimum in Regia via misericordia iijd. Et quod Walterus Bocher \jd./ Walterus Skynnere \jd./ Johannes Waleys \jd./ posuerunt meremium in communia aqua in Regia via ad nocumentum misericordia iijd. Et quod Willelmus \Smyth/ de Saxton insultum fecit et traxit cultellum Johanni Thacher contra pacem perplegium Walteri Skynnere misericordia iijd. Et quod Johannes Bringham serviens Johannis Wykes insultum fecit Thome Pere constabulario et ipsum percussit contra pacem perplegium constabularii misericordia iijd. Et Johannes Cornerde insultum fecit Willelmo Coteler Pedder \et ipsum/ percussit contra pacem domini Regis perplegium constabularii ville videlicet Johannis Smyth filii Petri Smyth misericordia iijd. Et quod Johannes Bocher insultum fecit Johanni Baldewene et cultellum suum traxit contra pacem misericordia iijd. Et quod Thomas Thacher de Bradeleye insultum fecit Ricardo Lynne contra pacem misericordia iijd. Et quod idem Thomas insultum fecit cuidam extranium contra pacem domini Regis misericordia jd. Et quod Johannes filius Petri Smyth posuit equi coruptum versus cemitam ducentem ad ecclesiam beate marie [folio 2r] [1 August 1400] Newmarket Leet held there on Sunday on the feast of St Peter’s Chains in the first year of the reign of King Henry IV. Capital pledges Thomas Pere, John Pere, William Fisshere, Edmund Paunton, John, son of Peter Smyth, Robert Cotyngham, Thomas Whrite, Simon Baldewene, Richard Lenne, Edmund Scherman, Robert Skynnere, Peter Fydelere. The jury Amercement 18d. The jury present that John Webstere \3d./, John Throsshere \3d./, John Bocher \3d./, Walter, servant of Margaret Lexham \3d./, John Ballone Smyth \afterwards he comes/, Walter, servant of the aforesaid John \afterwards he comes/, Peter Brok \afterwards he comes/, John Pere \afterwards he comes/, John, servant of Thomas Pere \afterwards he comes/, Philip Sulby \3d./, John Albon \3d./, Richard Lenne \afterwards he comes/, are not in a tithing of the lord King. Amercement 2d. And that John Kyrkeby has one signpost (standardum) in the common way to nuisance. 120

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Fine 3d. And that William Leycestre gives to the lord in order to be removed outside the tithing of the lord King as is made clear. Amercement 1d. And that Peter Smyth occupies the common land of the lord with horse shoeing shackles (travis) to nuisance. Amercement 2d. And that Roger Smyth does likewise there with one grindstone (‘Grinston’). Amercement 7d. And that John Barbour \2d./, John Bakere \1d./, Thomas Cook \1d./, Nicholas Bocher \1d./, Walter Skynnere \2d./, have dung in the king’s road. Amercement 3d. And that Walter Bocher \1d./, Walter Skynnere \1d./, John Waleys \1d./, put timber in the common watercourse in the King’s road to nuisance. Amercement 3d. And that William \Smyth/ from Saxon (Saxton) has assaulted and drawn a knife against John Thacher against the peace, on the pledge of Walter Skynnere. Amercement 3d. And that John Bringham, servant of John Wykes, has assaulted Thomas Pere, constable, and struck him against the peace, by the pledge of the constable. Amercement 3d. And John Cornerde has assaulted William Coteler Pedder \and/ struck him against the peace of the lord King, by the pledge of the constable of the town, namely John Smyth, son of Peter Smyth. Amercement 3d. And that John Bocher has assaulted John Baldewene and drawn his knife against the peace. Amercement 3d. And that Thomas Thacher from Bradley (Bradeleye) has assaulted Richard Lynne against the peace. Amercement 3d. And that the same Thomas has assaulted a certain foreigner against the peace of the lord King. Amercement 1d. And that John, son of Peter Smyth, placed a decayed horse against the churchyard leading to the church of Blessed Mary. [1 August 1401] Newmarket (Neumarket) Leet held there on Monday on the feast of St Peter’s Chains in the second year of the reign of King Henry IV. Capital pledges John Pere senior, Simon Baldewyne, Peter Fydelere, John Schelleye, Edmund Pounton, Robert Cotyngham, John Redere, Peter Brok, Robert Skynnere, John Pere junior, John Smyth, John Barboor. The jury. John Redere is placed in a tithing and is sworn. The jury present that Thomas Pere \afterwards he comes/, Edmund Scherman \3d./, William Fyschere \3d./, William Wakelyn, Peter Brok \afterwards he comes/, John, son of Peter Smyth \3d./, John Webstere \3d./, John Bocher \3d./, are tithingmen and have defaulted and Edmund Scherman \3d./. And that Henry, servant of John Redere \3d./, Walter, servant of Margaret Lexham \3d./, are 12 years old and remained within the jurisdiction of the leet for one year and are not in a tithing. Amercement 3d. And that Walter Skynnere assaulted Peter Fydelere, bailiff of the lord King, against the peace, by the pledge of John Waleys. Amercement 3d. And that the same Walter has assaulted the same Peter against the peace. Amercement 3d. And that Thomas Cook has assaulted Walter Skynnere against the peace. 121

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Amercement 3d. And that John Langham has assaulted Thomas Cook and struck him against the peace. Amercement 3d. And that the same Thomas Cook raised the hue and cry justly upon John Langham. Amercement 3d. And that John Pynhorn, servant of the said John Langham, has assaulted Thomas Cook against the peace. Amercement 3d. And the same Thomas Cook raised the hue and cry justly upon the aforesaid John Pynhorn. [folio 2v] Amercement 3d. And that Thomas Salas has assaulted John Cordewener against the peace, on the pledge of Peter Brok. Amercement 3d. And John Cordewener has assaulted Thomas Salas against the peace, pledge the constable. Amercement 3d. And that the same Thomas Salaas raised the hue and cry unjustly upon the said John, pledge aforesaid. Amercement 3d. And that John Chyrye has assaulted Alan Troschere \and struck him/ against the peace, by the pledge of Walter Bocher. Amercement 3d. And that John Manstan held the aforesaid Alan while John Chyrye struck the aforesaid Alan against the peace. Amercement 4d. And that John Bocher has assaulted Peter Fydelere and drew his knife against the peace. Amercement 3d. And that Walter Bocher raised the hue and cry justly upon John Bocher against the peace. Amercement 6d. And that Thomas Stapylton has assaulted Walter Skynnere against the peace, by the pledge of John Bocher. Amercement 4d. And that John Manston has assaulted a certain foreigner \John Fleger Pedder/ against the peace. Amercement 3d. And the same John Fleger raised the hue and cry justly upon the aforesaid John Manston. And a certain foreign man has assaulted Thomas Crowe and a certain cleric and struck them against the peace. Amercement 3d. And Alice Wakelyn has assaulted Elene, servant of John Kyrkeby, against the peace and with words. Amercement 4d. And that Robert, servant of Henry Brayn, unjustly led away one horse of John Smyth and led it away from the town. Amercement 3d. And afterwards with a tense bow (arco tenso)32 he assaulted the same John. Amercement 6d. And that Richard Farwell assaulted John Jolyto and Peter Brabon, bailiffs of the lord, doing their office. Amercement 6d. And that John Walter does likewise upon the aforesaid bailiffs. Amercement And that Walter Clak \3d./, Roger Smyth \3d./, William Chaundeler \3d./, John Bakere \3d./, Thomas Cook \3d./, John Manston, put dung in the King’s road. And that Laurence Harper does likewise. 32

This may also refer to a tentura, which was a device for bending a crossbow consisting of a long piece of cord with hooks. See Latham, Revised medieval Latin word-list, p. 480.

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Amercement 3d. And that Roger Smyth occupied the king’s road with one grindstone (‘Grynston’). Amercement 3d. And that John Kyrkeby does likewise with a signpost. as [above] 7d. ob. Affeerers Peter Brok Robert Cotyngham [folio 10r] [1 August 1403] Newmarket Leet of the lord King held there on Wednesday on the feast of St Peter’s Chains in the fourth year of the reign of King Henry IV. Capital pledges John Barbour, Robert Skynnere, John Pere, John Ballone, Simon Baldewene, \Thomas Cook/, William Leefes, Peter Fidelere, Peter Webstere, William Fishere, John Smyth, smith, John Redere. The jury. Amercement 8d. The jury present that John Schelleye \2d./, Edmund Paunton \/, John Bocher \/, , John son of Peter Smyth \afterwards he comes/, John Waleys \6d./, [owe] suit of leet and have defaulted. Amercement 8d. And that Henry, servant of John Ballone \/, John Webstere \2d./, John, servant of John Barbour \3d./, Ralph Braban \3d./, William, servant of John Waleys \/ and John Coo \, are 12 years old and are not in a tithing of the lord king. Therefore in mercy, etc. Amercement 6d. And that John Kyrkeby has one dung heap and 1 signpost in the king’s road to nuisance. Therefore [in mercy]. Amercement And that a stranger assaulted and drew blood from Richard Bocher against the peace, by the pledge of Nicholas Bocher. Amercement And that John Longe assaulted an unknown foreigner and struck him against the peace, by the pledge of Richard Farwell. Amercement And that Richard Bocher assaulted and drew blood from a foreign butcher against the peace of the lord King, by the pledges of John Dallyng and Thomas Wylkyn. Amercement 2s. And that Peter Flemyng assaulted and drew blood from Peter Braban against the peace, by the pledge of the constable. Amercement And that Thomas Colbayn assaulted Adam atte Welle and defending himself he drew blood from the said Thomas. Amercement 6d. And that John Sowtere from Exning (Ixnyngge) assaulted and drew a knife against John Redere against the peace [pledge deleted]. Amercement 6d. And that the same John assaulted the same John Redere at other times against the peace, by the pledge of the aforesaid. Amercement 6d. And that the same John assaulted John Kymme against the peace of the lord King, by the pledge of Thomas Sowtere. Amercement 6d. And that the same John assaulted William Wakelyne against the peace of the lord King. Amercement 6d. And that the same John assaulted and drew blood from Peter Fythelere against the peace of the lord King, by the pledge of [blank]. Amercement 3d. And that the same John assaulted Thomas Sowtere against the peace of the lord King, by the pledge of the bailiff of the market. 123

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Amercement 6d. And that the same John assaulted John Bristowe and struck him and drew blood against the peace of the lord King. Amercement 3d. And that Alan Laborer assaulted David Walscheman against the peace of the lord King. Amercement 6d. And that William servant of Thomas Cook assaulted a servant of John Denyse against the peace of the lord King, by the pledge of Thomas Cook. Amercement 3d. And that Laurence Crok assaulted Nicholas Clerk and struck him against the peace. Amercement And that John Crok assaulted the same Nicholas against the peace. Amercement 3d. And that the same Laurence Crok assaulted William Chapman against the peace, by the pledge of Henry Spiser. Amercement 3d. And that the same William assaulted the aforesaid Laurence against the peace, by the pledge of Simon Baldewyne. Amercement 6d. And that John from St Neots (de Sancto Neots) assaulted a certain unknown foreigner, by the pledge of Thomas Pere. Amercement 6d. And that the wife of John Denyse assaulted a servant of William Wakelyne against the peace, by the pledge of John Denyse. Amercement [illeg.] And that Walter Bocher assaulted John Barbour against the peace, by the pledge of the constable. Fine 4d. And that John Bolehed gives a fine so as to be removed outside the tithing as is made clear and it is paid to Thomas Pere. Amercement 6d. And that Richard Farwell seized the dog of Richard Derlyng and led it away against the peace. Amercement 6d. And that Richard Stoteville assaulted Richard Derlyng and from him drew blood against the peace. Amercement 3d. And that Richard Derlyng drew blood from John Ketone against the peace of the lord King etc. Thomas Cook, William Galt, John Denyse smith, Henry Cosyn, place themselves in a tithing of the lord King and are sworn. It is ordained by the agreements of the lords and tenants that all of the lands within the demesne from Newmarket and the South Field (la Sowthfeld) from Exning (Ixnyngge) up to Fabian’s head (Fabioneshed) are private until the feast of Saint Michael for all sheep. And if anyone folds sheep against this ordinance he will forfeit 40d. to the lords. And this as often as they do. And that none are to glean who are able to receive for a day 1d. and a meal under penalty of 6d. And this as often as they do. [folio 10v] Amercement 3d. Nuisance It is ordered And that the wife of John Schelleye \1d./, the wife of Peter Webstere \1d./, the wife of John Denyse \1d./, badly carried away both fish and various clothes of tenants, against the statute. And it is ordered that they no more do this under penalty of 2s. Amercement 9d. And that the wife of Walter Clak \6d./, John Manstones \3d./ trespassed in the cornfield tenements of the lord with their pigs. Therefore etc. Amercement 12d. And that John Wykes \3d./, Walter Skynnere \3d./, Walter Bocher \3d./, John Manstones \3d./, made diverse gutters (‘Goteres’) in the King’s 124

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road to nuisance. And it is ordered to repair before the next [court] under penalty for each of them 40d. Amercement 6d. And that John Pynhorn assaulted Ralph Gerueys against the peace, pledge Stephen Gylle. Amercement 6d. And that Ralph Gerueys assaulted John Pynhorn against the peace, pledge John Redere. Total 6s. 5d. [1 August 1404] Leet of the king held there on Friday on the feast of St Peter’s Chains in the 5th year of the reign of King Henry IV. Capital pledges John Ballone, William Leeff, John Barbor, Thomas Sowtere, Peter Fydeler, John Pere, Thomas Cook, John Pepyr, John Schelleye, Robert Skynnere, William Fyschere, Peter Brabon. The jury. Amercement 10d. The jury present that John Webstere \2d./, John Waleys \2d./, Edmund Paunton \/, John Bocher \/, Edmund Scherman \afterwards he comes/, Roger Smyth \2d./, are tithingmen and [owe] suit of leet and have defaulted. John son of John Pere \2d./, William Galt \2d./. Amercement 6d. And that Ralph son of William Galt \/, Henry, servant of John Ballone \2d./, Walter, servant of John Smyth \/, Thomas, servant of the same John \2d./, Henry, servant of John Redere \2d./, Thomas Maydegood \/ are 12 years of age and more and are not in a tithing. William Trendyl \juror/, John Chaundeler \juror/. Amercement 15d. And that Walter Clak \3d./, William Chaundelere \3d./, John Smyth baker \3d./, John Kyrkeby \3d./, Ralph Brabon \3d./, have dung in the king’s road to nuisance. Amercement 6d. And Walter Skynnere \3d./ has similarly [blank]. And John Kyrkeby \3d./ has one signpost in the king’s road to nuisance. Amercement 18d. And that John Wykys \6d./, John Manstone \6d./, Walter Skynnere \6d./, have gutters (‘Goterys’) in the king’s road to nuisance. And they had a day to repair these under penalty for each of them 6d. And they have not repaired. Therefore they incur a penalty. And that William Leysetere \/ puts wood in the common watercourse to nuisance. And no more to do so under penalty of 12d. Amercement 2d. And that Nicholas Sadelere \2d./ assaulted John Payere against the peace. And the aforesaid John \/ assaulted the aforesaid Nicholas against the peace. And that John Borgoyne \2d./ assaulted Thomas Cook against the peace. Amercement And that Richard, servant of John Wyk, assaulted Robert, servant of Thomas Sowtere, against the peace. And from him drew blood. Amercement 6d. And that the same Richard \3d./ and John Hayes \3d./, servants of John Wykys, assaulted Thomas Sowtere against the peace. Amercement 3d. And that John Sere assaulted William Troschere and from him drew blood. Amercement 2d. And that the son of Matilda Rokelond assaulted Agnes Schoppe against the peace. Amercement 3d. And that Thomas Cook assaulted William Chaundeler. Amercement 3d. And that William Chaundeler assaulted Thomas Cook. Amercement 6d. And that a certain stranger assaulted Thomas Cook, pledge the constable. 125

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Amercement 3d. And that Richard \3d./ and William \/, servants of John Langham, assaulted Thomas Cook against the peace. Amercement And that John, servant of Walter Bocher, assaulted a servant of John Smyth and from him drew blood. Amercement 2d. And that Walter Skynnere assaulted William Masoun. Amercement 6d. And that John Catelyn, chaplain, assaulted William Coteler, pledges the constable \and John Waleys and Thomas Cook/. And from him drew blood. Amercement And that Richard Taylour, chaplain, assaulted the aforesaid William Coteler, pledged as above. Amercement And that Walter, chaplain, assaulted the aforesaid William Coteler. Amercement 2d. And that the son of Matilda Rokelond assaulted William, servant of John Kyrkeby. Amercement 2d. And that William, servant of John Kyrkeby, assaulted the son of Matilda Rokelond. Amercement 2d. And that John Lamperd assaulted Thomas Sowtere and drew blood from him. Amercement 2d. And that Richard, servant of John Smyth, assaulted Walter Bocher against the peace. Amercement 3d. And that the same Walter Bocher raised the hue and cry justly upon the aforesaid Richard. Amercement 2d. And that William Trendil assaulted a servant of Walter Bocher. And drew blood from him. Amercement And that a servant of Walter Bocher assaulted William Trendil. Amercement 2d. And that Eleanor Rokelond assaulted a servant of Thomas Peere. Amercement 3d. And that John Manstone assaulted Richard Smyth. Amercement And that a servant of Thomas Peree assaulted a servant of Peter, chaplain. Amercement 3d. And that John Pere junior struck the wife of John Barbour. And that the aforesaid wife raised the hue and cry upon him justly. Affeerers John Ballone The jury John Schelleye [folio 17r] [1 August 1405] Newmarket Leet held there on Saturday on the feast of St Peter’s Chains in the sixth year of the reign of King Henry IV. Capital pledges John Barbour, Peter Fythelere, John Redere, John Ballone Smyth, John Smyth smith, William Fisshere, William Leef, John Pere, Thomas Cook, Robert Skynnere, Peter Webstere, John Schelleye. Amercement 20d. The jury present that John Waleys \3d./, Roger Smyth \3d./, William Fisshere \3d./, John Webstere \3d./, William Galt \3d./, John Chaundeler \3d./, are tithingmen and have defaulted. Therefore they are in mercy. Henry, lately servant of John Redere \3d./, does likewise.

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Amercement 6d. And that John, servant of John Waleys \3d./, John, servant of John Denys Smyth \3d./, are 12 years of age and more and are not in a tithing of the lord. Therefore they are in mercy. Amercement 3d. And that the wife of Walter Skynnere has dung in the King’s road to nuisance. Therefore she is in mercy etc. Amercement 6d. And that John Kyrkeby has one signpost opposite his door to nuisance. Therefore etc. Amercement 4d. And that John servant of John Denys assaulted John Dowe and struck him against the peace, by the pledge of John Denys. Amercement 6d. And that John Wantebatoun assaulted John Purchason and struck him and drew blood against the peace. Therefore etc. Amercement 6d. And that Skynnere Peddere assaulted Robert Kyngston and struck him against the peace. Therefore etc. Amercement 1d. And that William Trendale assaulted a stranger’s wife and struck her against the peace. Therefore etc. Amercement And that William Sybyll assaulted William Bocher against the peace of the lord King. Therefore etc. Amercement And that John Mor assaulted the same William Bocher against the peace of the lord King. Therefore etc. Amercement And that William Coupere from Kirtling (Kertelynge) assaulted the same William against the peace of the lord King. Therefore etc. Amercement And that John Denyton, servant of William Sybyll, assaulted the same William against the peace. Amercement 12d. And that John Manston put timber in the common watercourse to nuisance. Therefore etc. And against the ordinance under such penalty, that is 12d. Therefore etc. Amercement 1d. And that William Leycestre dug chalk and the lord’s soil has been broken. Therefore in mercy, etc. Amercement 1d. And that John Manston does likewise. Therefore in mercy, etc. Amercement 3d. And that Robert Bocher trespassed in the lord’s meadow with his horses and cows. Amercement 4d. And that William Howesson assaulted and drew his knife [upon] John Prat, butcher from Ashley (Asshlee), against the peace. Amercement 4d. And that John Prat, butcher from Ashley (Asshlee), assaulted the same William Howesson against the peace. Amercement 6d. And that Robert Tweyt assaulted and drew blood from John [blank], by the pledge of John Cullyng. Affeerers John Schelleye The jury John Pepyr [folio 26r] [1 August 1406] Leet of the lord King held there on Sunday on the feast of St Peter’s Chains in the seventh year of the reign of King Henry IV. Capital pledges John Ballone, John Redere, Thomas Cookes, William Leefes, John Pere senior, John Peper, Peter Geldere, John Schelleye, John Schelleye [sic], Peter Fethelere, William Fisshere, Roger Smyth. The jury. Amercement 14d. The jury present that John Waleys \6d./, John Webstere \2d./, William Galt \3d./, John Chaundeler \3d./, are tithingmen and have defaulted. 127

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Amercement 15d. And that John, servant of John Waleys \3d./, , Ralph Skynnere \3d./, John Barbour \tithingman/, \John Ballone/, Walter servant of Thomas Pere \3d./, John Westmorland \tithingman/, Adam Schepherde \3d./, and Robert Schepherde \3d./. Tithings Thomas Jakeman puts himself in a tithing. William Leefes is sworn on condition, etc. John Westmorland puts himself similarly in a tithing, John Pere \senior/. Amercement 5d. And that Beatrix Skynnere \2d./, Ralph Webstere \2d./, \and John Bakere 1d./ occupy the King’s road with dung to nuisance. Amercement 6d. And that John Kyrkeby has one signpost on the common land of the lord, etc., and in the king’s road, etc. Amercement 6d. And that John, lately servant of John Kyrkeby, assaulted Richard, servant of John Wykes, against the peace of the lord King, by the pledge of [blank]. Amercement 3d. And that the aforesaid John drew blood from the said Richard against the peace of the lord King. Amercement 12d. And that William Denny assaulted and drew blood from John lately servant of John Kyrkeby, against the peace. Amercement 12d. And that the aforesaid William assaulted John Ballone, constable, in doing his office. Amercement 40d. And that Depyng Taylour was rebellious to the same constable and drew blood against the peace of the lord King, by the pledges of Richard Smyth from Cheveley (Chevele) and George Hewen, and 1 pole-axe (‘polhex’). Amercement 12d. And that Henry Costyn assaulted Agnes \the wife of/ John Schelleye and struck her against the peace of the lord King. Amercement 6d. And that the aforesaid Agnes raised the hue and cry \justly/ upon the aforesaid Henry , by the pledge of John Redere. Amercement 4d. And that Thomas Kyngston assaulted and drew a knife against John Beneytes, by the pledge of the aforesaid. Amercement 6d. And that John Hyge, miller, drew \a knife/ and assaulted Thomas Pere, by the pledge of Richard Farwell. Amercement 10s. And that John, son of Richard Landwade junior \40d./, John Godard \40d./, and Simon Tanherde \40d./ have assaulted John Ballone, constable, in doing his office. Thomas Cookes contrary to the peace, by pledge of the constable. Amercement 6d. And that William Denny assaulted Thomas Cookes and drew blood against the peace of the lord King, by the pledge of Walter Bocher. Amercement 2s. And that William Costyn \12d./ and William, servant of Walter Bocher, assaulted Thomas Cookes against the peace of the lord King. Amercement 4d. And that Thomas Cage assaulted Thomas Pere against the peace of the lord King. Amercement 6d. And that John, son of Peter Smyth \2d./ with geese, John Lanbrokes \1d./ with 1 cow, Ralph Braban \2d./ with 2 cows, Katrina Jent Gent [sic]33 \1d./ with 1 cow, for poundage.

33

The scribe appears unsure of the spelling.

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Amercement 12d. And that John de Sancto Georgio34 for pond’ lud’,35 by the pledges of Walter Bocher and Thomas Cookes. Election The capital pledges elect John Pepir and Peter Braban to the office of aletaster. Total 26s. 7d. verified. [folio 18r] [1 August 1408] Newmarket Leet held there on Wednesday on the feast of St Peter’s Chains in the ninth year of the reign of King Henry IV. Capital pledges John Ballone, William Ray, John Lambert, Robert Cartere, John Redere, Roger Sparkes, Robert Skynnere, John Schelleye, John Walyzs, John Pere, William Fyschere, Thomas Pere. Who say under oath that John Brunne \2d./ is 12 years of age. John Webstere \2d./, John, servant of John Walyzs \3d./, Hugh, servant of Thomas Tapser \3d./, Robert, servant of Thomas Cookes \afterwards he comes/, Thomas, servant of Robert Skynnere \3d./, Walter, servant of Thomas Pere \3d./, Nicholas Chapman \4d./, Thomas Jakeman \3d./, Simon, servant of John Ballone \3d./ similarly and are not in a tithing. Therefore in mercy. Also that John Sutton is placed in a tithing. John Redere, Edmund Taylour, Robert, servant of Thomas Cookes similarly. Also they say that Beatrix Skynnere \1d./, , Ralph Braban \6d./, Nicholas Sadelere \1d./, Walter Clakke \3d./ have dung in the king’s road to nuisance. Amercement 6d. Also they say that John Kyrkeby has one signpost in the king’s road to nuisance. Amercement 12d. Also they say that John Drawswerd assaulted the wife of John Pondere \against the peace/. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 2d. And John Pondere assaulted John Drawswerd against the peace. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 3d. And John Knappe assaulted Richard, lately servant of John Waleys, against the peace. Therefore in mercy.

Amercement 6d. And that Nicholas Sadelere assaulted \John/ Benedicte from Dullingham (Dullyngham) against the peace in the king’s road. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 6d. Also that Thomas Smyth from Burwell (Borwell) assaulted Thomas Sowtere against the peace. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 1d. And that Thomas Sowtere drew blood from the said Thomas against the peace. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 3d. And that Ralph Depeden assaulted William Smyth against the peace. Therefore in mercy.

34 35

‘Sancto Georgio’ is a surname rather than a place-name. The surname appears in both Suffolk and Cambridgeshire during this period. K. Briggs, pers. comm. It has not been possible to translate this with any certainty. Possibilities include ‘swordplay’ and ‘manipulating weights’.

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Amercement 6d. Also that Robert of Bury (Bery) drew blood from John Wandon against the peace. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 3d. And that the same Robert assaulted the same John against the peace. Therefore etc. Amercement 3d. And that Thomas Soutere assaulted Thomas Cookes against the peace. Therefore in mercy. Amercement 3d. And that Thomas Cookes has assaulted Robert servant of Thomas Soutere against the peace. Amercement 2d. Also that Gilbert Chaundeler dug sand and dung in the king’s road to nuisance. Therefore in mercy. Penalty Also it is ordered that none put dung around the great common land henceforth under penalty of 40d. to the lord and 40d. to the old chapel of Blessed Mary. Nuisance Amercement 3d. Also that John Bocher from Ousden (Ouesden) \placed/ intestines, guts and other corruption next to the common land to grave nuisance. Therefore etc. Amercement 1d. Also that John Manston has dung to the common nuisance in the king’s road. Therefore in mercy. Order And it is ordered to amend before the next [court] under penalty of 40d. Affeerers John Schelleye The jury Total 8s. 1d. Robert Skynnere

Plate 10. The face of a devil from the leet court roll of 1 August 1409. Suffolk Archives, Bury St Edmunds, 1476/1/18v (our emphasis added to the markings)

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[folio 18v] [1 August 1409] Leet held there on Thursday on the feast of St Peter’s Chains in the 10th year of the reign of King Henry IV. Inquiry John Ballone, Thomas Maynard, John Pepyr, John Redere, Robert Skynnere, John Brunne, William Ray, Peter Brabon, Edmund Broun, John Waleys, John Schelleye, John Denys. The jury.36 Jury Who say under oath that Simon Moyse, John Bargan, Thomas, servant of Robert Skynnere, are placed in a tithing. And John Brunne similarly. Amercement And that John Webstere \2d./, , John Dunwych \3d./, Roger Smyth \4d./, Walter, servant of Thomas Pere \afterwards he comes/, Nicholas Chapman \6d./, Andrew Flecchere \3d./, Thomas Schepherde \3d./, Thomas Smyth \2d./, John Lytlebode \3d./ are dwelling within the lordship and have belonged to this leet for one year and more. And are not in a tithing. Amercement 3d. And that Henry Cosyn is in a tithing and defaulted. Amercement 2d. And that John Bakere has dung in the king’s road to nuisance. And it is ordered to amend under pain of 12d. Amercement 9d. Penalty And that John \Kyrkeby/ has one signpost and timber lying in the king’s road to nuisance. And it is ordered to amend before the next [court] under penalty of 12d. Amercement 6d. And that William Fyschere assaulted William Campe and drew blood from him. Amercement 6d. And William Campe drew blood from William Fyschere. Amercement 12d. And Thomas Baldokes assaulted William Godard, bailiff. Amercement 3d. And that John Drawswerd assaulted one foreigner in the king’s road at night time. Amercement 40d. And that Henry Purpil assaulted Henry Kene against the peace of the lord. And from him drew blood. Amercement 2d. And that the wife of John Kyrkeby blocked [passage to] the king’s road \to John Schelleye/ with his cart against the peace of the lord. Amercement 6d. And that John Manston obstructed the king’s road to nuisance. And raised a mound/bank (banco) in the king’s road by means of which carts are not able to pass through. And it is ordered to amend before the next [court] under penalty of 40d. Amercement 3d. And that William Bocher put intestines in the king’s road to nuisance. Amercement 3d. And that \because before/ Walter Clak has dung in the king’s road to nuisance. Amercement 3d. And that William Smyth has similarly dung in the king’s road. Amercement 3d. And that John Chaundeler has one stone in the king’s road to nuisance. And it is ordered to amend under penalty of 12d. Amercement 4d. And that William Fyschere assaulted John Pondere. And from him drew blood. Total 7s. 7d. And 40 [sic] from Henry Purpil because he was not able to levy.

36

There is a minor oval-shaped blemish on the parchment here which the scribe seems to have used as the basis for the face of what appears to be a devil with small horns. See Plate 10.

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[folio 37r] [1 August 1410] Newmarket Leet held there on Friday on the feast of St Peter’s Chains in the 11th year of the reign of King Henry IV. Inquiry John Redere, Robert Skynnere, Edmund Broun, Robert Cartere, John Waleys, Roger Smyth, John Pepyr, Peter Braban, Peter Fethelere, John Ballone, John Schelleye, Thomas Soutere. Amercement Who say under oath that John Brunne \3d./ is in a tithing. William Ray, William Fyschere \afterwards he comes/, John Pere \6d./, , Thomas Baldewene \3d./, John Dunwych \3d./ similarly and owe suit and have defaulted. Amercement 2d. Also they say that Thomas Bocher from Thetford (Thetforth) made affray in the house of John Redere against the bailiff of the lord Amercement 4d. And that Walter Clakke assaulted John Pere, constable. Amercement 6d. And John Sweyn assaulted John Mellere from Burwell (Borwell), by the pledge of Thomas Cookes. Amercement 2d. And that John Hygge drew blood from Richard Somnour, by the pledge of Robert Cheyne. Amercement 3d. And that William Bocher from Stetchworth (Stencheworth) assaulted \John Pacher/. Amercement 12d. And that David Dye assaulted William Bocher against the peace. Amercement 3d. And that John Hygge, miller, assaulted the wife of John Edows against the peace. Amercement 3d. And that Thomas Maynard Cookes assaulted Thomas Brasiere against the peace. Amercement And that Richard Pecche \3d./ and John Pecche \3d./, carpenters, assaulted Thomas Brasiere against the peace. Amercement 12d. And that John Hakone assaulted John Hygge and struck him against the peace. Amercement And that Nicholas Sadelere \3d./ assaulted William Codlynges. And William Codlynges \3d./ [assaulted] Nicholas Sadelere against the peace. And that Thomas Northern \3d./ drew blood from Robert Schepherde against the peace. Amercement 3d. And that Alan Laborere assaulted Cecilia Smyth against the peace. And that John Bakere \3d./, Walter Clakke \3d./, Ralph Braban \3d./ have dung in the king’s road to nuisance. And Beatrix Skynnere \2d./ has dung similarly to nuisance. And that [blank] assaulted [blank]. Total 7s. 4d. [folio 37v] 37 37

Written upside down.

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[1 August 1411] Leet of the lord king held there on Saturday on the feast of St Peter’s Chains in the 12th year of the reign of King Henry IV. Capital pledges John Redere, John Waleys, Thomas Maynard, Peter Braban, John Ballone, Robert Skynnere, Roger Smyth, John Ray, Robert Cheyne, Edmund Broun, John Pere, John Schelleye. Amercement Who say that Thomas Baldewene \1d./, John Dunwych \3d./, Thomas Brasiere \3d./, William Ray \3d./, William Fyschere \3d./, Peter Fedelere \3d./, because [they are] tithingmen and they have defaulted. Amercement 2d. Also they say that Peter Fedelere assaulted and drew blood from John Chaundeler against the peace. Amercement 4d. Also they say that William Clerk assaulted and drew blood from a foreigner in the market lane (venella fori). Amercement 2d. And that Thomas Brasiere drew blood from a foreigner that is to say one sowgelder against the peace. Amercement And that Richard Parker \6d./ drew blood from Robert Reefham. And Robert Refham \6d./ assaulted Richard Parker against the peace. And that another foreigner \12d./ argued with and assaulted Robert Refham against the peace. Amercement 6d. And that John Strengere from Risby (Rysby) assaulted Thomas Brasiere against the peace. Amercement 3d. And that Thomas Brasiere drew blood from John Strengere against the peace. Amercement 1d. And that John Lane assaulted John Skynnere against the peace in the king’s road. Amercement 3d. And that William Fort assaulted John Toncher against the peace in the home of Robert Skynnere. Amercement 2s. And that John Dagoun from Exning (Ixnynges) has breached the home of Robert Skynnere against the peace. Amercement 2d. And that William Brasiere assaulted Thomas Maynard in the king’s road against the peace. Amercement 2d. And that the same William assaulted Thomas Soutere in the king’s road against the peace. Amercement Also they say that Walter Clakke \3d./, Ralph Braban \3d./ have dung in the king’s road to nuisance. Amercement 3d. And that a servant of John Walter made an affray [against] Thomas, son of Simon Elyzs. Amercement 3d. And that Thomas Elyzs assaulted a servant of John Walter in the lord’s market against the peace. Affeerers Roger Smyth Total 8s. 5d. John Pere

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THE ACCOUNT ROLLS OF THE MANOR OF NEWMARKET, 1403/4–1482/83 British Library, Additional Charter 25867, 1 membrane; Suffolk Archives, Bury St Edmunds, 1476/12, 10 membranes together with 4 annexed bills; Suffolk Archives, Bury St Edmunds, 359/3, 1 membrane; Suffolk Archives, Bury St Edmunds, 1476/13, 10 membranes

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BL, Add. Ch. 25867 5–6 Henry IV (29 October 1403–29 October 1404)1

Plate 11. The beginning of the account roll for 5–6 Henry IV (29 October 1403–29 October 1404). British Library Additional Charter 25867r, reproduced by kind permission of the British Library Board. © British Library Board 1

The dating at the beginning of this account roll is just to ‘King Henry’, but references to Thomas Pere (as bailiff) and Simon Nene (as collector) indicate that it is from the beginning of the fifteenth century and therefore the reign of Henry IV since the court rolls show that both men were active in the settlement during this period, including holding a range of manorial offices. Although the references to Thomas Pere continue throughout the period of the court rolls, the final reference to Simon Nene

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Transcription [5–6 Hen. IV recto] Nouum Mercatum Compotus Thome Pere ballivi ibidem ab in Crastino Apostolorum Simonis & Jude Anno regni regis Henrici vo usque in Crastino eiusdem festum anno regni regis eiusdem Henrici vjti per j annum integrum Arreragia edenti

Et de xvijs. iijd. de arreragiis ultimi compoti sui anno precSumma xvijs. iijd.

Redditus Et xliijs. jd. de redditu assise per annum iiij-or termis unum vijs. iiijd. de redditu Cantabrigi Summa xliijs. jd. Firma terre Et de xliijs. viijd. de firma terre & pratis dicti dominus homibus ut patet per parcelles in campo precedent Summa xliijs. viijd. Stallage Summa xxxvjs. xd.

Et de xxxvjs. xd. de stallage hoc anno pro parte domini

Tolneta Minuta Et de xviijs. de Tolnetis minuta & perquisitis fori vacua petycustomin hoc anno Summa xviijs. Perquisita Curie Et de xxvijs. vijd. de ij Curias Generales tente hoc anno Et de iiijs. ijd. de j lete tente hoc anno Et de xijs. iijd. ob. de perquisitis Curie Mercate’ tente hoc anno Summa xliiijs. ob. Exitibus Nundinis Et de lxvjs. viijd. de perquisitis Nundinarum die Apostolorum Simonis & Jude hoc anno Summa lxvjs. iiijd. Summa totalis recepta cum arreragia xiij li. ixs. vjd. ob. Decima solutis Idem computat solutis pro decima Nundinarum hoc anno vjs. viijd. Summa vjs. viijd.

in the court rolls occurs at the general court held on 6 October 1404. In addition, the reference to ‘the subsidy of the lord King’ is probably a reference to the experimental lay tax which Parliament granted to Henry IV in March 1404, a grant of five per cent of the yearly value of lands and rents in England, or of one shilling for every £20 of personal property in the case of men without land. See F.C. Dietz, English government finance, 1485–1558 (1920), p. 14.

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Expense senescalli cum feodum Idem computat solutis Willelmo Cheuele senioris pro feodum suo xiijs. iiijd. Item in expensis eiusdem ad ij Curias Generales tenendum cum percaris emptis ijs. vjd. Item in feodum Simonis Nene collectoris custumagium et perquisitis Curiarum vjs. viijd. Summa xxijs. vjd. Minuta Expense Idem computat solutis ad subsidium domini Regis iijs. iijd. Item in expensis ij equi captum apud Meldeburu’ iiijs. ijd. Item in expensis equos domini existens ibidem per ij septimanas iijs. jd. Item pro j equus domini sanand’ xvjd. Item in expensis domini & alia secum venientis die Nundine xxxjs. ijd. Summa xliijs. jd. Liberacio Denariorum Idem computat liberavit Johanni Talle per iij tallia – vj li. Item liberavit senescalli hospicii domini de perquisitis Nundinarum – lxs. Summa ix li. Summa omnium expensarum et liberacionum xij li. xijs. iijd. Et debit xvijs. iijd. ob. Et quibus allocantur eidem pro expensis Willelmi Cheuele & de Thome equitarius usque Meldeburu’ & Wylmondle pro Curie domini ibidem tenend xijd. Et sic debet de claro xvjs. iijd. ob. [5–6 Hen. IV recto] Newmarket (Novum Mercati) The account of Thomas Pere, bailiff there, from the day after the [feast of the] apostles Simon and Jude in the 5th year of the reign of King Henry until the day after the same feast in the 6th year of the reign of the same King Henry, for one whole year. Arrears preceding year.

And of 17s. 3d. for arrears from the last account of the Total 17s. 3d.

Rent And of 43s. 1d. for annual fixed rents, across four terms, one of 7s. 4d. from the rent of Cambridge (iiij-or termis unum vijs. iiijd. de redditu Cantabrigi ). Total 43s. 1d. Rent of land And of 43s. 8d. for rent of land and meadow of the said lord’s men, as appears by means of portions in the preceding fields. Total 43s. 8d. Stallage

And of 36s. 10d. for stallage this year on behalf of the lord. Total 36s. 10d.

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Petty Tolls And of 18s. for petty tolls and profits of the market, the little summer fair (petycustomin) void, in this year.2 Total 18s. Profits of the Courts And of 27s. 7d. from two General Courts held this year. And of 4s. 2d. from one Leet held this year. And of 12s. 3d. ob. from profits of the Market Court held this year. Total 44s. ob. Issues of the Fair And of 66s. 8d. from the profits of the Fair of the Apostles Simon and Jude this year. Total 66s. 8d. Sum total received with arrears £13 9s. 6d. ob. Tithe paid (Decima solutis) The same renders account paid for tithe of the fair this year, 6s. 8d. Total 6s. 8d. Expenses of the steward with fee The same renders account paid by William Chevele senior for his fee, 13s. 4d. Item for expenses by the same for two General Courts held with parchments purchased, 2s. 6d. Item for the fee of Simon Nene, collector of customs and profits of the courts, 6s. 8d. Total 22s. 6d. Petty Expenses The same renders account paid for the subsidy of the lord King, 3s. 3d. Item for expenses of two horses taken near Melbourn (Meldebburu’),3 4s. 2d. Item for expenses of the lord’s horses being there for two weeks, 3s. 1d. Item for healing one lord’s horse, 16d. Item for expenses of the lord and another coming with him on the day of the fair, 31s. 2d. Total 43s. 1d. Payments of Money The same renders account for payment to John Talle by 3 tallies – £6 Item for payment to the steward for the household of the lord from profits of the Fair – 60s. Total £9 Total of all expenses and payments £12 12s. 3d. And he owes 17s. 3d. ob. And which are allowed to the same for the expenses of William Chevele and of Thomas the horse-rider up to Melbourn (Meldeburu’) and Great Wymondley (Wylmondle) for the court of the lord held there, 12d. And thus he owes, as is clear, 16s. 3d. ob.

2 3

According to Peter May, ‘petycustomin’ refers to the Little Summer Fair which was held on the three days around St Barnabus’ Day (11 June). See May, Newmarket, p. 13. The lord of the manor of Newmarket at this date, Sir Giles Argentein, held several other manors including Halesworth, Melbourn (Cambridgeshire) and Great Wymondley (Hertfordshire). May, Newmarket, p. 9.

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[5–6 Hen. IV v] The account of Newmarket (Novum Mercati) there in the 5th year of the reign of king Henry. SA/B, 1476/12 7–8 Henry VI [29 September 1428–29 September 1429] [7–8 Hen. VI recto] Newmarket The account of William Osteller of Newmarket (novo Mercato), Bailiff and Collector for Robert Alyngton, esquire, in his lordship, once of William Argentein, knight, within the town of Newmarket (Newmarkett), both of fixed rents and of various rents and payments there, along with money issuing from various revenues and profits from the Fair and Market courts belonging there at the abovesaid lordship, from the feast of St Michael the Archangel in the 7th year of the reign of King Henry VI after the conquest until the same feast of Michael in the following 8th year of the same King, for one whole year. Arrears Of arrears nothing here because in excess previously, as appears in the foot of his account there from the previous year. Total nil. Rents of Assize [Fixed Rents] And the same answers for 10d. of fixed rent from John Smyth alias the said John Ballowe for 1 plot of the same situated at the western end of the town of Newmarket (novo Mercato), to be paid there at the feast of St Michael Archangel and on Easter Day within the period of this account by equal portions per annum. And for 13d. of the same rent from John Curteys for 1 plot and 1 acre of land situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2d. of the same rent from Walter Reygnold, chaplain, for half an acre of land situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 6d. of the same rent from John Schelley for 1 messuage there in which he dwells, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 6s. 1d. of the same rent from Robert Bernard for 1 plot in which he dwells and certain lands situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 8d. of the same rent from John Pere for 1 messuage situated there in which he dwells, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 8d. of the same rent from Richard Doo for 1 plot \16d./, lately Marham’s, 1 acre of land \4d./, lately Edward Scherman’s, situated next to the Lord’s Meadow,4 2 acres of the same land \8d./ situated at the southern end of the town of Newmarket (novo Mercato), half an acre of the same land \2d./ situated next to the land of John Hygham and half an acre of the same land \2d./ situated near Mill Hill (le Myllehyll), to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 11d. of the same rent from William Palgrave for 1 tenement and certain lands situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 10d. of the same rent, lately John Ray’s, now Ralph Hankokes’, for 1 tenement situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from Robert Gateward for 1 messuage 4

Unless otherwise specified, the Lord’s Meadow is referred to in the rolls as ‘le Lordysmedwe’.

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situated there in which he dwells, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 16d. of the same rent from William Farewell for 1 plot situated there in which he dwells, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 8d. of the same rent from William Smyth for 1 messuage situated there, once Richard Lynne’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 7s. 2d. of the same rent from Peter Fetheller for 1 messuage situated there in which he dwells, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 11s. 6d. of the same rent from John Hygham for 1 plot \2s. 10d./ situated there in which he dwells, 6 acres of land \7s. 6d./ situated near the Chalk Pit (le Chalkpytt), 2 acres of land \8d./ situated there near the lord’s mill hill (montem molendinum), 1 and a half acres of the same land \6d./ situated near the Heath,5 to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 10d. of the same rent from John Genought for 1 tenement situated there, once Edward Brown’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from John Genought for 1 messuage situated there, once John Asshedon’s, chaplain, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from John Genought for 1 messuage called Specchys situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. of the same rent from John Elmham for a tenement situated there, lately John Bayhows’, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 12d. of the same rent from Margaret Manston for 1 messuage and 3 acres of land situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 18d. of the same rent from John Gardyner for 4 acres of land \croft/ situated within the parish of Exning, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 8d. of the same rent from Thomas Goldyng \John Fabyan senior/, vicar of the parish church of Exning, for 2 acres of land situated there, lately Peter Rolffe’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 10d. of the same rent from Thomas Bateman for 1 messuage in which he dwells and for a certain croft situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from John Leycestre for 1 acre of land situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 7d. of the same rent from John Josshypp for certain lands situated in Brakenden Field (Brakedene feeld), to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2d. of the same rent from John Ray \now Thomas Bulsham’s/ for 1 shop situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 27s. 8d. of the same rent from John Wykes junior for certain lands and a tenement situated there, lately in the tenure of William Goodreed, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 2d. of the same rent for 1 messuage from John Bakedon, situated in the lord’s market there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 22d. of the same rent from the tenant of land \now Thomas Bulsham/, lately William Cheveley, for 1 plot situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. of the same rent from the tenant of land, lately John Wikys, for a tenement situated there, lately John Ikelyngham’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 21d. of the same rent from John Koo for certain lands situated there, lately William Farewell’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from John Motte for certain lands situated there, once Margaret Landwade’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. of the same rent from John Kyrkeby for certain lands situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 10d. ob. of the same rent from John Josshypp for various lands situated there, once William Wonbourne’s, to 5

Unless otherwise specified, the Heath is referred to in the rolls as ‘le Heth’.

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be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2d. of the same rent from the tenant of land \Thomas Bulsham/, lately William Cheveley, for a tenement situated there, once Nicholas Bocher’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 2d. of the same rent from the Prior and Convent of Fordham for a tenement situated there, once John Rede’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 16d. of the same rent from John Elmham for various lands situated there, once John Bayhows, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. \+/6 And for 2d. of the same rent from the tenant of land, lately William Cheveley \Thomas Bulsham/ for 1 shop situated there, once Walter Bocher, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. \+/7 And for 2d. of the same rent from Ralph Hankokes \now Thomas Bulsham/ for certain lands situated there, once Cowpery’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from John Smyth, blacksmith, for 1 acre of land situated near Mill Hill (le Myllehyll), to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 3d. of the same rent from Thomas Smyth, barber, for 3 rods of land situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from Thomas Hakwrong for 1 acre of land situated there near le Bessellys at the western end of Newmarket (novi Mercati), to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 12d. of the same rent from Simon Bley \Berle/ for 3 acres of land, once Peter Fetheller’s, situated near the Chalk Pits (Chalkpittys), to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. Total £4 12s. 2d. ob. Rents of Houses with Stalls in the Market And the same answers for 6s. 6d. for the rent of various shops with stalls situated in the lord’s market there, thus they are handed over to John Cullyng this year. And for 6s. 6d. for the rent of various shops with various stalls situated there, thus they are handed over to John Ray, barker, this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to John Gateward this year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Bakhood this year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Lillye this year. And for 3s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Simon Childyrton this year. And for 4s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to William Cote this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, once in the tenure of John Hygham, thus handed over to Robert Vannce this year. And for 8d. for the rent of a single shop and a single vacant plot called the Pinfold (le Pynfalde) situated there, thus handed over to John Hygham this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Pere this year. And for 2d. for the rent of half of a single shop situated there, once Struggys’, thus handed over to John Pere this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, once John Wyndes’, thus handed over to John Cullyng this year. And for 22d. for the rent of various shops situated there, thus they are handed over to John Phelypp, roper, this year. And for 8d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Aston this year. For the rent of a single shop situated there, once in the tenure of John Passelew, lately handed over for 2s.8 yearly, nothing is received here because it lies in the hands of the lord, vacant and unoccupied, for

6 7 8

No accompanying marginalia. No accompanying marginalia. In the margin: ‘+ inquiry’ to which the underlining of 2s. seems to be linked.

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default of customary payments this year. And for 5s. 6d. for the rent of various shops with stalls situated there, thus they are handed over to Alexander Boytoun this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Laurence Thorn this year. And for 2s. 2d. for the rent of various shops with stalls situated there, thus they are handed over to Richard Bowrys this year. And for 8d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Thomas Turnour this year. And for 4s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Richard Mercer this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to William Spycer this year. And for 12d. for the rent of 2 shops situated there, thus they are handed over to Edmund Prestoun this year. And for 8d. for the rent of 2 shops situated there, thus they are handed over to John Chauntour of Swaffham (Swafham) this year. And for 18d. for the rent of 2 shops situated there, thus they are handed over to Ralph Farwell this year. And for 6s. for the rent of 3 stalls situated there, thus handed over to William Farwell this year. And for 10d. for the rent of 2 stalls situated there, thus handed over to Robert Sygo this year. And for 3s. for the rent of various stalls situated there, thus handed over to Andrew Baker this year. And for 2s. 6d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Richard Ba\r/ker this year. And for 2s. 2d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to John Stalloun this year. And for 5s. for the rent of a half a house called the Tolbooth9 situated there in the common market of the lord there, thus handed over to Thomas Last this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to John Lacy this year \+ twice summoned/. And for 2s. 1d. for the rent of various shops with a piece of land there, thus they are handed over to Robert Wannce this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Peyt this year. And for 20d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, once John Caldewelle’s, thus handed over to the heirs of Richard Cokkes this year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to William Barker of Haverhill (Haverylle) and John Smyth of Withersfield (Wetherysfeeld) this year. And for 8d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Sturdy this year. And for 2s. 4d. for the rent of a single shop and a single stall situated there, thus they are handed over to Henry Ayleffe this year. And for 10d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to William Ayleeff this year. And for 2d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, once in the tenure of Stephen Gylle, thus handed over to John Scheldrake this year. And for 6d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to William Bukkes this year. And for 6d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Henry Dale this year. And for 3s. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to John Leycestre this year. And for 12d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to Agnes Tyller this year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single piece of land situated there, thus handed over to John Tubby this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to Thomas Basse this year. And for 3s. 4d. for a single house and a single shop situated there, thus they are handed over to John Motte this year. For the rent of a single shop situated there, once in the tenure of Walter Foukys, lately handed over to the same for 8d. yearly, nothing is received here because it lies in the hands of the lord, vacant and unoccupied, for default of customary payments this year. For the rent of a single shop situated there, once in the tenure of Thomas 9

Unless otherwise specified, the Tolbooth is referred to in the rolls as ‘le Tolbothe’.

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Waryner, lately handed over to the same for 8d. yearly, nothing is received here this year for the above account. For the rent of a single stall situated there, once in the tenure of John Broughtoun, lately handed over to the same for 2s. 2d. yearly, nothing is received here this year for the above account. For the rent of a single stall situated there, once rented by William Cheveley, lately handed over to the same for 4d. yearly, nothing is received here this year for the above account. For the rent of a single stall situated there, once in the tenure of Geoffrey Myller there, lately handed over to the same for 4s. yearly, nothing is received here this year for the above account . For the rent of the other half of the house situated there called the Tolbooth, lately handed over for 5s. yearly, nothing is received here this year for the above account. For the rent of a single stall situated there, once rented by John Ray, lately handed over to the same for 4d. yearly, nothing is received here this year for the above account. For the rent of a single vacant plot situated there, once rented by Robert Gateward, lately handed over to the same for 20d. yearly, nothing is received here this year for the above account. For the rent \twice/ of a single shop situated there, once rented by John Boyton, lately handed over to the same for 4s. yearly, nothing is received here this year for the above account. For the rent of a single stall situated there, once in the tenure of John Dayale, lately handed over to the same for 4s. yearly, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total £4 5s. 5d. Rents of demesne land with meadow sold And the same answers for 10s. 4d. for the rent of 12 acres of the lord’s demesne land situated there, thus they are handed over to John Ballowe Smyth for the term of 5 years, this the 1st year. And for 15s. for the rent of 17 acres 1 rod of the same land situated there, thus they are handed over to William Fysshere for the term of 5 years, this the 1st year. And for 4s. 2d. for the rent of 5 acres of the same land situated there, thus they are handed over to Ralph Hankokes for the term of 5 years, this the 1st year. And for 15d. for the rent of a single and a half acres of the same land situated there, thus handed over to Thomas Barbour for the term of 5 years, this the 1st year. And for 4s. for the rent of 4 acres of the same land situated there, thus they are handed over to Thomas Hakwronge for the term of 5 years, this the 1st year. And for 40s. in money received for right to pasture issuing from a certain lord’s meadow situated there called the Lord’s Meadow, thus sold to John Frere there this year. Total 63s. 6d. Profits of the Courts And the same answers for 5s. 9d. in money issuing from the profits of a single Leet held there on the feast of St Peter in Chains from ancient custom, as appears by the Record of the lord there upon this account inspected and examined this year. And for 23s. 7d. in money issuing from the profits of a single General Court held there on Monday next before the feast of the birth of the Lord as appears by the said Record \examined/ thereby made this year. And for 24s. 6d. of money issuing from the profits of the other General Court held there on the Monday next after the feast of the Invention of the Holy Cross, as appears by the said Record \examined/ thereby made this year. And for 8s. 3d. of money issuing from the profits of a single Court called the Fair Court (le Feyrekourt), held there on the Friday on the morrow of the apostles of Simon and Jude as appears by the said Record \examined/ thereby made this year. And for 6s. 10d. of money issuing from the profits of the other same Court held there on the Saturday on the feast of St Barnabas the apostle as appears by the said Record \examined/ thereby made 144

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this year. And for 49s. 11d. of money issuing from the profits of 32 Courts held there through 32 weeks within the time of this account as appears by the Record \examined/ thereby made this year and no more here because the steward of the lord there was ill at various times within the period of this account. Total \118s. 10d./ Profits of the Fairs and Markets And the same answers for ls. 7d. \+/10 of money received for revenues and profits issuing from one Fair happening there on the feast of the Apostles Simon and Jude within the time of this account, as appears by examination thereby made by oath of William Osteller, collector, the present accountant this year. And for 10s. \+/11 of money received for revenues and profits and petty tolls issuing from all the markets there every week happening throughout the abovesaid year, as appears by examination thereby made by oath of William, collector, the present accountant this year. Total 60s. 7d.12 Poultry Rent And the same answers for 12d. of money received for 4 capons issuing from the rent of various tenants there, furthermore 2 capons for the same rent paid out at various times within the period of this account and 4 capons for the same rent there remain outside so are sold there this year. Total 12d.

Sum total received £21 18d. ob.13

Overspend (Superexpense) Whereof the same renders account in money overspent, as appears in the foot of the same account there from the previous year, this year 19s. 8d. ob. Total 19s. 8d. ob. Costs for the houses And the same renders account for money paid for the wages of a single carpenter paid for 1 day for the repair of various defects on the Tolbooth within the lord’s market there, taking per day 5d. as piecework (ad tascum). And for 9 bunches of thatching spars (‘Bunch of Thakkyngʒerdys’) purchased for the same this year, 9d. And for 300 half sheaves of sedge purchased for thatching the same house this year, 4s. 9d. And in wages paid to Nicholas Lete for 3 days thatching upon the abovesaid house, for the 3 abovesaid days taking per day 6d. as piecework, 18d. And in wages for 2 servants paid for the same 3 abovesaid days for strewing and dealing with straw and giving service to the same for the same period, each taking per day 4d. as piecework, 2s. And for nails purchased for the same work this year, 1d. ob. Total 9s. 6d. ob. Payments with external expenses And the same renders account in money paid to the chaplain of the Chantry of St Mary, founded there for the salvation of the lords’ souls, for the tithe of the fair before there this year 4s. And for wages of 6 men hired 10 11 12 13

In In In In

the the the the

margin: margin: margin: margin:

‘inquiry’. ‘inquiry’. ‘60s. 7d.’. ‘total £21 18d. ob.’.

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with 6 purses purchased there for money issuing from the revenues and profits of tolls in the period of the lord’s fairs,14 together with various expenses of a servant of the lord being there for the same period, in money all together for the accountant, as appears by examination thereby made by oath of William Osteller, bailiff and collector, the present accountant this year, 6s. 7d. And in money paid for 1 lantern15 bought for the expenses of the household, the lord being at Horseheath16 this year, 15d. And for the expenses of William Osteller, collector, the present accountant, being ridden all the way to Fen Ditton (Dytton),17 2 times, for money there to be paid to Laurence Cheynee by order of the lord there this year, 8d. And in money paid for the expenses of the steward and affeerers of the lord being there at various courts held there this year, 2s. 10d. And in money paid for the expenses of John Wyghton and others being there with him for 2 days and 3 nights for determining this account there this year, 3s. ob. Total 18s. 4d. ob.

Plate 12. Drawing of a late medieval white leather purse found in St Mary’s church, taken from H. Syer Cuming, ‘History of purses’, Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 14 (1858), opposite p. 138. Reproduced by kind permission of the British Archaeological Association. See footnote 14.

14

15 16 17

In the nineteenth century during renovation work on St Mary’s church, which was formerly the chapel of the Blessed Mary, a white leather purse dated to around 1500 and containing two Nuremburg jettons was found in the middle of the south wall of the chancel. In the fifteenth century an annual fair was held by the chapel and a tenth of the proceeds of the fair was paid to the chaplain for its upkeep (May, Newmarket, p. 13). Whilst it has not been possible to trace its current whereabouts, is it too fanciful to speculate that this may have been a purse used for the collection of fair tolls? See H. Syer Cuming, ‘History of purses’, Journal of the British Archaeological Association 14 (1858), pp. 131–44. See Plate 12. Crus, which is probably crusibolum. Unless otherwise specified, Horseheath is referred to in the rolls as ‘Horsethe’. Sir Lawrence Cheney was high sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire during this period. He inherited the manor of Muschets in Fen Ditton in 1418. See T. Cox, Magna Britannia antiqua & nova, or a new, exact, and comprehensive survey of the ancient and present state of Great Britain: vol. I. the introduction; being the ancient state of Britain (London, 1738), p. 253.

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Fee and wages And the same renders account in money paid to John \of Bury/ for part of his annual fee of 13s. 4d., this year 4s. 7d. ob. And for the wages of William Osteller, collector, the present accountant, by agreement made with the lord there this year, 13s. 4d. Total 17s. 11d. ob. Allowances in money And the same renders account that he paid Robert Alyngton, lord of this manor, by the hand of \[illeg.] bill that was paid/ William Osteller, collector, the accountant, in money from the revenues of his office, as appears by 1 indented bill \penalty remains on him – £9 6s. 8d. Item paid to the same Robert by the hand of the same William without tally one time this year – 6s. 8d. Item paid to the same Robert by the hand of the same William without tally another time this year – 60s. Item paid to the same Robert by the hand of Richard Dosoun, butcher, in money from the same amercements without tally – 3s. 4d. Item paid to the same Robert by the hand of the same William as money paid to Laurence Cheynee by order of the lord – £7 6s. 8d. Total £20 3s. 4d. Total of all expenses and payments, £23 8s. 11d. And so he exceeds upon this account, 47s. 4d. ob. Afterwards there is allowed to the same 16s. 8d. of money from the suspended amercements of Richard Bowrys, butcher, upon the aforementioned William, the present collector of the account, as shown by a copy of court as charged to William himself from the previous year, remitted to the same by the lord by his special grace. And so he still exceeds by 63s. ob. [7–8 Hen. VI v] Newmarket (Newmarkett) Of the accounts of William Osteller, collector there at the feast of St Michael Archangel in the seventh year of the reign of King Henry VI. Issues of the grange there this year, assessed daily by razed measures of threshed grain, that is by London.18 Wheat Of wheat issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here because nothing was sowed there from the \previous/ year, as appears by examination thereby made this year. Total nil. Rye Of rye issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. 18

Presumably a reference to the ‘quarter of London’, a national standard measure for wine, ale and grain equivalent to eight bushels.

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Peas Of peas or of vetch issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Barley Of barley or dredge issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Oats Of oats issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Malt Of malt received after malting or issuing from forfeiture within the lord’s demesne there, nothing is received here because nothing came into possession during the period of the account. Total nil. Maslin for payment of servants Of wheat or rye or else of barley received as maslin for payment of the lower servants of the lord there, nothing is received here because none had servants there except only one Collector and he himself received his wages in money as below. Total nil. Cart horses Of cart horses issuing both from waifs and from strays within the lord’s demesne there, nothing is received here because none arrived there during the whole period of the abovesaid account as has been sufficiently witnessed by examination of the accountant made upon this account this year. Total nil. Mares Of mares issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Affers Of affers both male and female issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Foals Of foals both in 1st and in 2nd or in 3rd [year] issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Bulls Of bulls issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil.

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Oxen Of oxen issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Cows Of cows issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Bullocks and young bullocks Of bullocks or young bullocks issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing here this year for the above account. Total nil. Heifers or young heifers Of heifers or young heifers issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received this year for the above account. Total nil. Yearlings Of yearlings issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Calves Of calves issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Rams Of rams issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Ewes Of ewes issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Wethers Of wethers issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Young rams and hoggs Of young rams and hoggs issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. 149

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Lambs Of lambs issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Fleeces Of fleeces issuing within the demesne there during the same period in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Woolfells Of woolfells issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Pelts Of pelts issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Skins Of skins issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Boars Of boars issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Sows Of sows issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Pigs Of pigs issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Young pigs Of young pigs issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Piglets Of piglets issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. 150

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Geese Of ganders, unmated geese or goslings issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Cocks and hens Of cocks or hens issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Chickens Of chickens issuing within the lord’s demesne there during the same periods, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Capons And for 2 capons for the rent of John Josshypp for a certain garden and 1 croft situated there, to be paid there yearly at the feast of the birth of the lord within the period of this account. And for 2 capons for the rent of John Leycestre for 2 crofts situated there called le Chyrchecroft and Walescroft, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feast. And for 2 capons for the rent of Alice wife of William Cheveley for 1 plot called le Doushowsʒeerd and for a certain other croft situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feast. And for 1 capon for the rent of Robert Bernard for 1 toft and croft situated there next to the land of John Elmham, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feast. And for 3 capons for the rent of John Elmham for 1 sheepfold situated at the end of the town of Newmarket (novo Mercato) and 1 croft there and for a certain tenement called Cowperys situated there, to be paid yearly there at the abovesaid feast. Total 10. Of which in expenses of the lord and others with him being there various times within the period of this account this year, 2. And for sale as below there this year, 4. Total 6. And there remains 4 capons. Dovecote Of revenue of the dovecote, nothing is received here because there are none situated there within the demesne land. Total nil. Meadow And for 10 \acres/ of meadow situated there in a certain place called the Lord’s Meadow within the boundaries of Newmarket (novo Mercato) as appears by examination thereby made this year. Total 10 acres. And the same renders account that 10 acres are sold as below to John Frere this year. Total as above. And quit. Arable Land And for 10 acres of demesne land of the lord situated there in a certain place called le Botine within demesne lands in a certain field called the South Field (le Southfeeld). And for 3 acres of the same land situated there, abutting upon Mill Hill (le Myllehylle). And for 10 acres of the same land situated between Fordham way (Fordamweye) and a certain road called Makeman way (Makeman151

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weye). And for 6 acres of the same land situated there, abutting upon the Lord’s Meadow and Fordham Meadow (Fordammedwe). And for 5 acres of the same land situated there and abutting upon the abovesaid places. And for 5 acres of the same land situated there and abutting upon the abovesaid places. And for 1 acre of the same land situated there, abutting upon the lord’s meadow there. And for 10 acres of the same land situated in Snailwell Field (Sneylwellefeeld). And for 10 acres of the same land situated in Exning Field (Ixnenyngfeeld). Total 60 Acres. Of which he renders account that he handed over there to various persons as below this year 40 acres 1 rod. And there lies in the hands of the lord, vacant and unoccupied, for default of customary payments this year, 19 acres 3 rods. Total as above. And quit. 8–9 Henry VI [29 September 1429–29 September 1430] [8–9 Hen. VI recto] Newmarket The account of William Osteller of Newmarket (novo Mercato), Bailiff and Collector for Robert Alyngton, esquire, in his lordship, once of William Argentein, knight, within the town of Newmarket (Newmarkett), both of fixed rents and of various rents and payments there, along with money issuing from various revenues and profits from the Fair and Market courts belonging there at the abovesaid lordship, from the feast of St Michael the Archangel in the 8th year of the reign of King Henry VI after the conquest until the same feast of St Michael in the following 9th year of the same King, for one whole year. Arrears Of arrears nothing, because in excess last year, as is clear in the foot of his account there from the previous year. Total nil. Rents of Assize And the same answers for 10d. of fixed rent from John Smyth, alias the said John Ballowe, for the same plot situated at the western end of the town of Newmarket (novo Mercato), to be paid there at the feast of St Michael Archangel and at Easter within the period of this account by equal portions per annum. And for 13d. of the same rent from John Curteys for 1 plot and 1 acre of land situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2d. of the same rent from Walter Reygnold, chaplain, for half an acre of land situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 6d. of the same rent from John Schelley for 1 messuage situated there in which he dwells, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 6s. 1d. of the same rent from Robert Bernard for 1 plot in which he dwells and certain lands situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 8d. of the same rent from John Pere for 1 messuage situated there in which he remains, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 8d. of the same rent from Richard Doo for one plot \16d./, lately Marham’s, of 1 acre of land \4d./, lately Edward Scherman’s, situated next to the lord’s meadow (le lordysmedwe), and 2 acres \8d./ of the same land situated at the southern end of the town of Newmarket (novo Mercato) half an acre \2d./ of the same land situated next to the land of John Hygham and half an acre \2d./ of the same land situated upon Mill Hill (le Myllehyll), to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And 152

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for 11d. of the same rent from William Palgrave for 1 tenement and certain lands situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 10d. of the same rent, lately John Ray’s, now Ralph Hancokes’, for 1 tenement situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from the rent of Robert Gateward for 1 messuage situated there in which he dwells, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 16d. of the same rent from William Farewell for 1 plot situated there in which he dwells, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 8d. of the same rent from William Smyth for 1 messuage situated there, once Richard Lynne’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 7s. 2d. of the same rent from Peter Fetheller for 1 messuage situated there in which he dwells, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 11s. 6d. of the same rent from John Higham for 1 plot \2s. 10d./ situated there in which he dwells, 6 acres of land \7s. 6d./ situated upon the Chalk Pit (le Chalkpet), 2 acres of land \8d./ situated there upon the lord’s mill hill, 1 and a half acres \7d./ of the same land situated there upon the Heath, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 10d. of the same rent from John Genouth for 1 tenement situated there, once Edward Brown’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from John Genougth for 1 messuage situated there, once John Asshedon’s, chaplain, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from John Genougth for 1 messuage called Specchis situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. of the same rent from John Elmham for a tenement situated there, lately John Bayhows’, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 12d. of the same rent from Margaret Manston for 1 messuage and 3 acres of land situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 18d. of the same rent from John Motte for 4 acres of land situated within the parish of Exning, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 8d. of the same rent from John Fabyan senior, vicar of the parish church of Exning, for 2 acres of land situated there, lately Peter Rolffes’, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 10d. of the same rent from Thomas Bateman for 1 messuage in which he dwells and for a certain croft situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from John Leycestre for 1 acre of land situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 7d. of the same rent from John Josshyp for certain land situated in Brakenden Field (Brakedenefeeld), to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2d. of the same rent from John Ray for 1 shop situated there \now Thomas Bulsham’s/ to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 27s. 8d. of the same rent from John Wykys junior for certain land and a tenement situated there, lately in the tenure of William Goodreed, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 2d. of the same rent for 1 messuage of John Bakown situated there in the lord’s market, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 22d. of the same rent from the tenant of the land, lately William Chevele, for 1 plot situated there \now Thomas Bulsham’s/, to be paid there yearly. And for 2s. of the same rent from the tenant of the land, lately John Wykys, for a tenement situated there, lately John Ikelyngham’s, to be paid there yearly. And for 21d. of the same rent from John Koo for certain land situated there, lately William Farewell’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from John Motte for certain land situated there, once Margaret Landewade’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. of the same rent from John Kyrkeby for certain land situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 10d. ob. of the same rent of John Josshypp for various land situated there, 153

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once William Wonbourne’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. \Thomas Bulsham/ of the same rent from the tenant of the land, lately William Cheveley \Thomas Bulsham/ for a tenement situated there, once Nicholas Bocher’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 2d. of the same rent from the Prior and convent of Fordham for a tenement situated there, once John Reder’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 16d. of the same rent from John Elmham for various land situated there, once John Bayhous’, to be paid there yearly. And for 2d. of the same rent from the tenant of the land \Thomas Bulsham/ lately William Cheveley, for 1 shop situated there, once Walter Bocher’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from William Schepherde for certain land situated there, once Cowpery’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from John Smyth, blacksmith, for 1 acre of land situated upon Mill Hill (le Myllehill), to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 3d. of the same rent from Thomas Smyth, barber, for 3 rods of land situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from Thomas Hakwronge for 1 acre of land situated upon le Besselys at the western end of Newmarket (novi Mercate) there, to be paid yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 12d. of the same rent from Simon Barle for 3 acres of land, once Petere Fetheller’s, situated upon Chalk Pits (Chalkpyttys), to be paid yearly at the abovesaid feasts. Total £4 12s. 2d. ob. Rents of houses with stalls in the market And the same answers for 6s. 6d. for the rent of various shops with stalls situated in the lord’s market there, thus they are handed over to John Cullyng this year. And for 6s. 6d. for the rent of various shops with various stalls situated there, thus they are handed over to John Ray Barker this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to John Gateward this year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Bakhood this year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Lyllye this year. And for 3s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Simon Chyrdyrton this year. And for 4s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to William Cote this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop \once in the tenure of John Hygham/ situated there, thus handed over to Robert Vannce this year. And for 4d. for one shop situated there, thus handed over to John Hygham this year. And for 12d. for the rent of a single vacant plot called the Pinfold (le Pynfolde) situated there, thus handed over to Richard Gateward this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Pere this year. And for 2d. for the rent of half of a single shop situated there, once Struggys’, thus handed over to John Pere this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, once John Wyndes’, thus handed over to John Cullynge this year. And for 22d. for the rent of various shops situated there, thus handed over to John Phelyp, roper, this year. And for 8d. for the rent of a single shop \lately John Aston’s/ situated there, thus handed over to William Skynnere this year. For the rent of a single shop, once John Passelew’s, lately handed over for 2s. yearly, nothing is received here because it lies in the hands of the lord, vacant, but nevertheless in the coming year it is handed over to William Oset of Exning (Exenynge) for 2s. yearly.19 And for 5s. 6d. 19

In the margin: ‘for the coming year’.

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for the rent of various shops with stalls situated there, thus they are handed over to Alexander Boyton this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Laurence Thorn this year. And for 2s. 2d. for various shops with stalls situated there, thus they are handed over to Richard Bowrys this year. And for 8d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Thomas Turnour this year. And for 3s. 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Richard Loveday, mercer, this year and it is nevertheless accustomed to be handed over for 4s. per annum and no more here because he did not repair the house. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to William Spycer this year. And for 12d. for the rent of 2 shops situated there, thus they are handed over to Edmund Preston this year. And for 8d. for the rent of 2 shops \of John Chantour of Swaffham/ situated there, thus they are handed over to John Dawe this year. And for 18d. for the rent of 2 shops situated there, thus they are handed over to \Ralph/ Farwell this year. And for 6s. for the rent of 3 stalls situated there, thus handed over to William Farwell this year. And for 10d. for the rent of 2 stalls situated there, thus handed over to Robert Sygo this year. And for 3s. for the rent of various stalls situated there, thus handed over to Andrew Barker this year. And for 2s. 6d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Richard Barker this year. And for 2s. 2d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to John Stalloun this year. And for 3s. 4d. for the rent of half of a house called the Tolbooth situated there in the common market of the lord, thus handed over to Thomas \Beche of Cambridge/ this year \nevertheless accustomed to be handed over for 5s. yearly/. And for 4d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to John Lacy this year. And for 2s. 1d. for the rent of various shops with one piece of land situated there, thus they are handed over to Robert Wannce this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Peyt this year. And for 20d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, once John Caldewell’s, thus handed over to the heirs of Richard Cooke this year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to William Barker and John Smyth of Withersfield (Wetherysfeeld) this year. And for 8d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Sturdy this year. And for 3s. 4d. for the rent of a single shop and a single stall situated there, thus handed over to Henry Ayleffes this year. And for 10d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to William Ayleffes this year. And for 2d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, once in the tenure of Stephen Gylle, thus handed over to William Scheldrake this year. And for 6d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to William Bukes this year. And for 6d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Henry Dale this year. And for 3s. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to John Leycestre this year. And for 12d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to Agnes Tyller this year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single piece of land situated there, thus handed over to John Tubby this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to Thomas Basse this year. And for 3s. 4d. for the rent of a single house and a single shop situated there, thus they are handed over to John Motte this year. For the rent of 1 shop situated there, once in the tenure of Walter Fronkys, lately handed over to the same for 8d., nothing is received here because it lies in the hands of the lord, vacant and unoccupied for default of customary payments this year. For the rent of a single shop, once in the tenure of Thomas Warener, lately handed over to the same for 8d. yearly, nothing is received here this year for the above account. For the rent 155

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of a single stall, once in the tenure of John Broughtoun, lately handed over to the same for 2s. 2d. yearly, nothing is received here this year for the above account, but then handed over for the coming year to John Pakenham for 22d. yearly.20 For the rent of a single stall, once William Chevele’s, lately handed over to the same for 4d. yearly, nothing is received here this year for the above account. For the rent of a single stall, once in the tenure of Geoffrey Miller \for 4s. yearly/, nothing is received here this year for the above account, but nevertheless it is handed over for the coming year to John Sexteyn for 3s. 4d. yearly.21 For the rent of the other half of the house there called the Tolbooth, lately handed over for 5s. yearly, nothing is received here this year for the above account. For the rent of a single stall, once rented by John Ray, lately handed over for 4d. yearly, nothing is received here this year for the above account. For the rent of a single vacant plot \situated/ there, once rented by Robert Gateward, lately handed over to the same for 20d., nothing is received for the above account this year. For the rent of a single shop situated there, once rented by John Boyton, lately handed over to the same for 4s. yearly, nothing is received here this year for the above account. For the rent of a single stall situated there, once in the tenure of John Daygle, lately handed over to the same for 4s. yearly, nothing is received here this year for the above account. For the rent of a single vacant plot situated on the northern side of the town, nothing is received here this year for the above account but nevertheless it is handed over to William Skynner for the term of 20 years for 3s. per annum.22 Total £4 3s. 9d. Rents of demesne land with meadow And the same answers for 10s. 4d. for the rent of 12 acres of the lord’s demesne land situated there, thus they are handed over to John Balowe Smyth for the term of 5 years, this year the 2nd. And for 15s. for the rent of 17 acres one rod of the same land situated there, thus they are handed over to William Fysshere for the term of 5 years, this year the 2nd. And for 4s. 2d. for the rent of 5 acres of the same land situated there, thus they are handed over to Ralph Hankokes for the term of 5 years, this year the 2nd. And for 15d. for the rent of an acre and a half of the same land situated there, thus handed over to Thomas Barbour for the term of 5 years, this year the 2nd. And for 4s. for the rent of 4 acres of the same land situated there, thus they are handed over to Thomas Hakwrong for the term of 5 years, this year the 2nd. For 20 acres of land situated in the fields of Exning (Exenynge), nothing is received because in the hands of the lord, but nevertheless handed over in the coming year to William Farwell with liberty of the fold for 6s. 8d.23 And for 40s. of money received for right to pasture issuing from a certain lord’s meadow situated there called the Lord’s Meadow (Lordysmedwe), thus sold to John Josypp this year. Total 74s. 9d. Profits of the Courts And the same answers for 7s. 3d. in money issuing from the profits of a single Leet held there on Tuesday on the feast of St Peter in Chains from ancient custom, as appears by the Record of the lord there upon this account viewed and examined this \year/ year. And for 20s. 5d. in money issuing from the profits of 20 21 22 23

In In In In

the the the the

margin: margin: margin: margin:

‘for ‘for ‘for ‘for

the the the the

coming year’. coming year’. coming year’. coming year’.

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a single General Court held there on Tuesday on the feast of St Mark the evangelist, as appears by the said Record examined thereby made this year. And for 25s. 2d. in money issuing from the profits of the other General Court held there on the Monday next after the feast of St Martin in Winter, as appears by the said Record \examined/ thereby made this year. And for 4s. 10d. in money issuing from the profits of a single Court called the Fair Court (le Feyrekourt) held there on Saturday on the morrow of the [feast of the] Apostles Simon and Jude, as appears by the said Record \examined/ thereby made this year. And for 6s. 3d. in money issuing from the profits of the other same Court held there on the feast of St Barnabas the apostle, as appears by the said Record \examined/ thereby made this year. And for 34s. in money issuing from the profits of market courts that is for [blank] held there [blank] every week within the period of this account, as appears by the Record \examined/ thereby made this year. Total £4 17s. 11d. Profits of the Fairs and Markets And the same answers for 51s. in money received from the revenues and profits issuing from 1 Fair happening there on the Feast of the Apostles Simon and Jude within the period of this account, as appears by examination thereby made by the oath of William Osteler, collector, the present accountant this year. And for 10s. in money received for revenues, profits and petty tolls issuing from all the markets happening there every week throughout the whole year abovesaid, as appears by examination thereby made by the oath of William himself, collector, the present accountant this year. Total 61s. Poultry rent And the same answers for 2s. 6d. in money received for 10 capons issuing from the various rents of tenants there, so sold this year. Total 2s. 6d.

Sum total received £20 12s. 1d. ob.

Payments with external expenses And the same renders account for money paid to the chaplain \of the chantry/ of St Mary, founded there for the salvation of the lords’ souls there, for the tithe of the fair there this year, 4s. And for wages of 6 men hired there at the time of the lord’s Fair this year, 2s. And paid for their expenses and for the servant of the lord there this year, 5s. And for the expenses of the steward for the lord’s court there, as appears on the Record there this year, 5s. 10d. Total 16s. 10d. Allowances of money And the same renders account that he paid to the lord of this manor, as appears by one indented bill this year – £6 Also he paid to the same lord near Horseheath without tally this year – 50s. Also he paid to the same by the hand of Richard Pope for one receipt this year – 40s. Also he paid to the same by the hand of Laurence Cheyne for 1 receipt this year – £7 6s. 8d. Item he paid to himself for his fee this year – 13s. 4d. Total £18 10s. Total of all expenses, payments and allowances £19 6s. 10d. And so he owes to the lord upon this 157

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account 25s. 3d. ob. Of which he is allowed for the same 4s. 8d. of money from the amercements of Thomas Hakwronge,24 remitted to the same by his lord’s special grace, as is charged by oath upon this account. And so he still owes 20s. 7d. ob. [8–9 Hen. VI verso] The account of William Osteller, collector there, from the Feast of St Michael the Archangel in the 8th year of the reign of King Henry VI. Issues of the grange there this year, assessed daily by razed measures of threshed grain, that is by London. Wheat Of wheat issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here this year because nothing was sown there in the aforesaid year, as appears by examination thereby made this year. Total nil. Rye Of rye issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Peas Of peas or of vetch issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Barley Of barley or dredge issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Oats Of oats issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here \this/ year for the above account. Total nil. Malt Of malt received after malting or issuing from forfeitures within the lord’s demesne there, nothing is received here [because] none sown there this year for the above account. Total nil. Maslin for payment of servants Of wheat or rye or else of barley received as maslin for payment of the lower servants of the lord there, nothing is received here because none had servants there except only one Collector and he himself received his wages in money as below. Total nil.

24

In the margin: ‘+ pleaded with the lord’.

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Cart horses Of cart horses issuing both from waifs and from strays within the lord’s demesne there, nothing is received here because none arrived there during the whole period of the abovesaid account, as has been sufficiently witnessed by examination of the accountant made upon this account this year. Total nil. Mares Of mares issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Affers Of affers both male and female issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Foals Of foals both in 1st and in 2nd or in 3rd issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Bulls Of bulls issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received \here/ this year for the above account. Total nil. Oxen Of oxen issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Cows Of cows issuing within the lord’s demesne there during the whole period abovesaid, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Bullocks or young bullocks Of bullocks or young bullocks issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Heifers or young heifers Of heifers or young heifers issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received this year for the above account. Total nil. Yearlings Of yearlings issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. 159

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Calves Of calves issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Rams Of rams issuing within the abovesaid demesne during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Ewes Of ewes issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Wethers Of wethers issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Young rams and hoggs Of young rams or hoggs issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period nothing is received this year for the above account. Total nil. Lambs Of lambs issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Fleeces Of fleeces issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Woolfells Of woolfells issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Pelts Of pelts issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Skins Of skins issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil.

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Boars Of boars issuing within the lord’s demesne there during the same [period], in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Sows Of sows issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Pigs Of pigs issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Young pigs Of young pigs issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account. Total nil. Piglets Of piglets issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Geese Of ganders, unmated geese or goslings issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Cocks and hens Of cocks or hens issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Chickens Of chickens issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account. Total nil. And for 4 capons remaining. Capons And for 2 capons for the rent of John Josschypp for a certain garden and 1 croft situated there, to be paid there yearly at the feast of the birth of the lord within the period of this account. And for 2 capons for the rent of John Leycestre for 2 crofts situated there called le Chyrchecroft and Walescroft, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feast. And for 2 capons for the rent of Alice, lately wife of William Cheveley, for one plot called Doushowsȝeerd and for a certain other place situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feast. And 1 capon for the rent of Robert Bernard for 1 toft and 1 croft situated there next to 161

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the land of John Elmham, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feast. And for 3 capons for the rent of John Elmham for 1 sheepfold situated at the end of the town of Newmarket (novo Mercatoi) and 1 croft there and for a certain tenement called Cowperys situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feast. Total 14. And the same renders account that he sold as below 10 capons. Total 10. And there remains 4 capons. Dovecote Of the revenue of the dovecote nothing is received here because there is none situated within the demesne there. Total nil. Meadow And for 11 acres of meadow situated there in a certain place called the Lord’s Meadow within the boundaries of Newmarket, as appears by the examination made there this year. Total 11 acres. And the same renders account that he sold as below to John Josshyp this year 10 acres. Total as above. And quit. Arable Land And for 10 acres of the lord’s demesne land situated there in a certain place called Botine within the demesne land in a certain field called the South Field (le Southfeld). And for 3 acres of the same land situated there abutting upon the Mill Hill (le Myllehyll). And for 10 acres of the same land situated near Fordham way (Fordamway) on a certain road called Makeman way (Makemanwey). And for 6 acres of the same land situated there abutting upon the Lord’s Meadow and Fordham Meadow (Fordehammedwe). And for 5 acres of the same land situated there and abutting upon the abovesaid place. And for 5 acres of the same land situated there and abutting the abovesaid place. And for 1 acre of the same land situated there abutting upon the lord’s meadow there. And for 9 acres of the same land situated in Snailwell Field (Sneywelfeld). And for 10 acres of the same land situated in Exning Field (Ixnenyngfeld). Total 60 acres. Of which he renders account that he handed over to various persons as below there this year 40 acres 1 rod of land. And there lies in the hands of the lord, vacant and unoccupied for default of customary payments this year, 19 acres 3 rods. Total as above. And quit. 9–10 Henry VI [29 September 1430–29 September 1431] [9–10 Hen. VI recto] Newmarket The account of William Osteller of Newmarket (novo Mercato) Bailiff and Collector of Robert Alyngton, esquire, at his lordship, once that of William Argentein, knight, within the town of Newmarket, both of fixed rents and of various rents and payments there, together with money issuing from various revenues and profits from the profits of the Fair and Market Courts belonging there 162

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at the abovesaid lordship, from the feast of St Michael the Archangel in the 9th year of the reign of King Henry VI after the conquest until the same feast of St Michael in the following 10th year of the same King, for one whole year. Arrears The same answers for 20s. 7d. ob. of arrears for his account there, as appears in the foot of his account there from the previous year. Total 20s. 7d. ob. Rents of Assize And \the same answers/ for 10d. of fixed rent from John Smyth alias the said John Balowe for 1 plot, the same situated at the western end of the town of Newmarket (novo Mercato), to be paid there at the feast of St Michael Archangel and at Easter within the period of this account by equal portions per annum. And for 13d. of the same rent from John Curteys for 1 plot and 1 acre of land situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2d. of the same rent from Walter Reygnold, chaplain, for half an acre of land situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 6d. of the same rent from John Schelley for 1 messuage situated there in which he dwells, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 6s. 1d. of the same rent from Robert Bernerd for 1 plot in which he dwells and certain land situated there, to be paid there yearly. And for 8d. of the same rent from John Pere for one messuage situated there in which he dwells, to be paid yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 8d. of the same rent from John Doo for 1 plot \16d./ lately Marham’s, one acre of land \4d./ lately Edward Scherman’s, situated next to the lord’s meadow (le lordysmedwe), and 2 acres of the same land \8d./ situated at the southern end of the town of Newmarket (Novo Marcato), half an acre \2d./ of the same land situated next to the land of John Hygham and half an acre of the same land situated upon Mill Hill (le Myllehill), to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 11d. of the same rent from William Palgrave for 1 tenement and certain land situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 10d. of the same rent, lately John Ray’s, now Ralph Hancok’s, for 1 tenement there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from Robert Gateward for one messuage situated there in which he dwells, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 16d. of the same rent from William Farewell for one plot situated there in which he dwells, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 8d. of rent from William Smyth for one messuage situated there, lately Richard Lynne’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 7s. 2d. of the same rent from Peter Fetheller for 1 messuage situated there in which he dwells, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 11s. 6d. of the same rent from John Hygham for 1 plot \2s. 10d./ situated there in which he dwells, 6 acres of land \7s. 6d./ upon the Chalk Pit (le Chalpett), 2 acres \8d./ upon the Mill Hill (le Myllehyll) of the lord there, 1 and a half acres \6d./ of the same land situated upon the Heath, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 10d. of the same rent from John Genouth for 1 tenement situated there, once Edward Brown’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from John Genouth for a messuage situated there, once John Asshedon’s, chaplain, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from John Genouth for 1 messuage called Specchys situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. of the same rent from John Elmham for a tenement situated there \lately John/ Bayhows’, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 12d. of the same rent from Margaret Manston for 1 messuage and 3 acres of land situated 163

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there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 18d. of the same rent from John Motte for 4 acres of land situated within the parish of Exning to be paid there yearly. And for 8d. of the same rent from John Fabyan senior, vicar of the parish church of Exning, for 2 acres of land situated there, lately Peter Rolffe’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 10d. of the same rent from Thomas Bateman for 1 messuage in which he dwells and for a certain croft situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from John Leycestre for 1 acre of land situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 7d. of the same rent from John Josshypp for certain land situated in Brakenden Field (Brakendenefeeld), to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2d. of the same rent from John Ray for 1 shop situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 27s. 8d. of the same rent from John Wykys junior for certain land and a tenement situated there, lately William Goodreed’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 2d. of the same rent from John Bakeden for 1 messuage situated in the market \of the lord/, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 22d. of the same rent from the tenant of land, lately William Chevele, for 1 plot situated there, to be paid there yearly. And for 2s. of the same rent from the tenant of land, John Wykys, for land and a tenement situated there, once John Ikelyngham’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 21d. of the same rent from John Koo for certain land situated there, lately William Farewell’s, to be paid there yearly. And for 4d. of the same rent from John Motte for certain land situated there, once Margaret Landewade’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. of the same rent from John Kyrkeby for certain land situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for \2s. 10d. ob. by the preceding account/ of the same rent from John Josshypp for various lands situated there, once William Wonbourne’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from the tenant of the land, lately William Chevele, for a tenement situated there, once Nicholas Bocher’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 2d. of the same rent from the Priory and convent of Fordham for a tenement situated there, once John Reder’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 16d. of the same rent from John Elmham for various lands situated there, once John Bayhows’, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2d. of the same rent from the tenant of the land, lately William Chevele, for 1 shop situated there, once Walter Bocher’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from William Schepherde for certain land situated there, once Cowpere’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from John Smyth, blacksmith, for 1 acre of land situated there upon the Mill Hill (le Myllehill), to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 3d. of the same rent from Thomas Smyth, barber, for 3 rods of land situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from Thomas Hakwrong for 1 acre of land situated there, upon les Bessels at the western end of the town of Newmarket (novo Mercato), to be paid there yearly. And for 12d. of the same rent from Simon Barlee for 3 acres of land, once Peter Fetheller’s, situated upon Chalk Pits (Chalkpettes), to be paid yearly at the abovesaid feasts. Total £4 12s. 2d. ob. Rents of houses with stalls in the market And \the same answers/ for 6s. 6d. for the rent of various shops with stalls situated in the lord’s market there, thus they are handed over to John Cullyng for the year. And for 6s. 6d. for the rent of various 164

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shops with various stalls situated there, thus they are handed over to John Ray, barker, this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to John Gateward this year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Bakhood this year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Lyllye this year. And for 3s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Simon Chyrdyrton this year. And for 4s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to William Cote this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Robert Vannce this year. And for 4d. for one shop situated there, thus handed over to John Hygham this year. And for 12d. for the rent of a single vacant plot called the Pinfold (le Pynfolde) situated there, thus handed over to Richard Gateward this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Pere this year. And for 2d. for the rent of half of a single shop situated there, once Struggys’, thus handed over to John Pere this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, once John Wyndes’, thus handed over to John Cullyng this year. And for 22d. for the rent of various shops situated there, thus they are handed over to John Phelypp, roper, this year. And for 8d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to William Skynnere this year. \And for 2s./ for the rent of a single shop, once John Passelewe’s, lately handed over for 2s. yearly nevertheless it is handed over in the following year to William Oset this year. And for 5s. 6d. for the rent of various shops with stalls situated there, thus they are handed over to Alexander Bayton this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Laurence Thorn this year. And for 2s. 2d. for the rent of various shops with stalls situated there, thus they are handed over to Richard Bowrys this year. And for 8d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Thomas Turnour this year. And for 4s. 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Richard Loveday, mercer, this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to William Spycer this year. And for 12d. for the rent of various shops situated there, thus they are handed over to Edmund Preston this year. And for 8d. for the rent of 2 shops situated there, thus they are handed over to John Dawe this year. And for 18d. for the rent of 2 shops situated there, thus they are handed over to Ralph Farwell this year. And for 6s. for the rent of 3 stalls situated there, thus they are handed over to William Farwell this year. And for 10d. for the rent of 2 stalls situated there, thus they are handed over to Robert Sygo this year. And for 3s. for the rent of various stalls situated there, thus they are handed over to Andrew Barker this year. And for 2s. 6d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Richard Barker this year. And for 2s. 2d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to John Stalloun this year. And for 3s. 4d. for the rent \of half/ of a single house called the Tolbooth situated there in the common market of the lord, thus handed over to Thomas Beche of Cambridge \this year/. And for 4d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to John Lacy this year. And for 2s. 1d. for the rent of various shops with 1 piece of land situated there, thus they are handed over to Robert Wannce this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Peyt this year. And for 20d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, once John Chaldewell’s, thus handed over to the heirs of Richard Cook this year. And for 3s. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to William Barker and John Smyth of Withersfield (Wytherysfeld) this year. And for 8d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to 165

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John Sturdy this year. And for 2s. 4d. for the rent of a single shop and a single stall situated there, thus they are handed over to Henry Ayleffes this year. And for 10d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Ayleffes this year. And for 2d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, once in the tenure of Stephen Gylle, thus handed over to William Schaldrake this year. And for 6d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to William Bukkes this year. And for 6d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Henry Dale this year. And for 3s. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to John Leycestre this year. And for 12d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to Agnes Tyller this year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single piece of land situated there, thus handed over to John Tubby this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to Thomas Basse this year. And for 3s. 4d. for the rent of a single shop and a single house situated there, thus they are handed over to John Motte this year. For the rent of a single shop situated there, once in the tenure of Walter Fronkys, lately handed over to the same for 8d., nothing is received here this year because it lies in the hands of the lord, vacant and unoccupied for default of customary payments this year. For the rent of a single shop, once in the tenure of Thomas Waryner, lately handed over to the same for 6d. yearly, nothing is received here this year for the above account. And for \And for 22d. for/ the rent of a single stall, once in the tenure of John Broughton, lately handed over to the same for 2s. 1d. yearly, thereafter \thus/ handed over the same to John Pakenham yearly. For the rent of a single stall, once William Chevele’s, lately handed over to the same for 4d. yearly, nothing is received here this year for the above account . And for 3s. 4d. for the rent of a single stall, once in the tenure of Geoffrey Myller, thus handed over to John Sexteyn this year and nevertheless it is accustomed to be handed over for 4s. yearly. For the rent of the other half of the house there called the Tolbooth, lately handed over for 5s. yearly, nothing is received here this year for the above account. For the rent of a single stall, lately in the tenure of John Ray, lately handed over to the same for 4d. yearly, nothing is received here this year for the above account. For the rent of a single vacant plot situated there, once rented by Robert Gateward, lately handed over to the same for 20d., nothing is received here for the above account this year. For the rent of a single shop situated there, once rented by John Boyton, lately handed over to the same for 4s. yearly, nothing is received here this year for the above account. For the rent of a single stall situated there, once rented by John Daygle, lately handed over to the same for 4s. yearly, nothing is received here this year for the above account. For \And for 2s. charged upon him that is received from the accountant/ the rent of a single plot situated on the northern side of the town , thus handed over to William Skynnere this year. Total £4 13s. 11d. Rents of demesne land with meadow sold And the same answers for 10s. 4d. for the rent of 12 acres of demesne land situated there, thus they are handed over to John Balowe Smyth for the term of 5 years, this year the 3rd. And for 15s. for the rent of 17 acres 1 rod of the same land situated there, thus they are handed over to William Fyssher \for/ the 3rd term this year. And for 4s. 2d. for the rent of 5 acres of the same land situated there, thus they are handed over to Ralph Hancok for the term of 5 years, this year the 3rd. And for 15d. for the rent of a single and a half acres of the same land situated there, thus handed over to Thomas Barbour for the 166

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term of 5 years, this year the 3rd. And for 4s. for the rent of 4 acres of the same land situated there, thus handed over to Thomas Hakwrong for the term of 5 years, this year the 3rd. And for 6s. 8d. for the rent of 20 acres of the same land situated in the fields of Exning (Exenynge), thus they are handed over to William Farwell with the liberty of the fold this year. And for 30s. of money received for the crop of a single meadow called Lord’s Meadow (Lordysmedwe) thus sold. Total 71s. 5d. Profits of the Courts And the same answers for 6s. 3d. of money issuing from the profits of a single leet held there on the day of Wednesday on the feast of St Peter in Chains from ancient custom, as appears by the lord’s Record there upon this account viewed and examined this year. And for 21s. 7d. of money issuing from the profits of a single General Court held there on the next day of Monday next before the feast of St Andrew the apostle as appears by the said Record examined thereby made this year. And for 19s. 5d. from the profits for the other General Court held there on the day of Monday on the feast of St George the martyr as appears by the said Record this year. And for 7s., with 2s. for the value of a single horse and saddle with 1 bridle there, lately a waif, of money issuing from the profits of a single Fair Court held there on the day of Sunday next after the feast of the apostles Simon and Jude as appears by the said Record made there this year. And for 5s. from the profits of the other Fair Court held there on the Monday on the feast of St Barnabas the apostle, as appears by \the said/ Record thereby made. And for 42s. 9d. from the profits of 35 courts held there each week, as is clear by the said Record thereby made this year. Total 102s. Profits of the Fair And the same answers for 55s. 7d. of money received for revenues and profits issuing from the 1 Fair happening there on the feast of the apostles Simon and Jude within the period of this account, as appears by examination thereby made by oath of William Osteller, the present collector of the accounts this year.25 Petty tolls And the same answers for 13s. 4d. of money received for revenues, profits and petty tolls issuing from all the markets there happening every week throughout the whole abovesaid year, as appears by examination thereby made by the oath of William himself, the present collector of the accounts this year. Total 68s. 11d. Poultry rent And \the same answers/ for 2s. of money received for 8 capons issuing from the rents of various tenants there, a further 2 capons of the same rent expended by the lord at various times within the period of this account this year. Total 2s.

25

Sum total received with arrears £22 11s. 1d.

No total has been added.

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Payments made with expenses And the same renders account in money paid to the chaplain of the chantry of St Mary there, founded for the salvation of the lords’ souls there, for tithe of the abovesaid fair there this year, 4s. And for the wages for 6 men hired with 6 purses there purchased for money issuing from the revenues and profits of tolls in the time of the lord’s fairs this year, 2s. 3d. And in money paid for expenses of the steward and all the servants of the lord being there, with expenses for six abovesaid toll-collectors (tollerum), together with sea fish purchased at the same time for expenses of \household/ the lord at Horseheath, as appears by 1 indented bill thereby made this year, 9s. 4d. And for herrings purchased for the expenses of \household/ the lord at Horseheath for 4 times \this year/ 21d. And for expenses of the steward as appears by the Record of the lord there this year, 4s. 5d. ob. And for paper bought 2 times this year, 1d. And for 1 quire of the same paper bought there this year, 4d. And for 100 [carices or bundles] of sedge purchased for roofing the Toll-house there this year, 16d. Total 23s. 6d. ob. Fee with wages And the same renders account for money paid to John Bury, steward of the lord’s court there, for the year by order of the lord this year, 13s. 4d. And for the fee wage of John Wyghton, due auditor of the lord there annually by order of the lord there this year, 10s. And for the annual wages of William Osteller himself, bailiff and Collector, the present accountant, by agreement made with the lord this year, 13s. 4d. Total 36s. 8d. Payments of money And the same renders account that he paid to Robert Alyngton, lord of this manor, by the hand of William Osteller himself, collector, the present accountant, in money \for the rent of fairs previously charged/ this year – 40s. Item, he paid to the same in money issuing from rents and fixed payments previously charged this year – £4 13s. 4d. Item, he paid to the same by the hand of Thomas Alyngton by the order of the same lord there this year – 6s. 8d. Item, he paid to the same by the hand of Laurence Cheyne by order of the same lord this year – 73s. 4d. Total £10 13s. 4d. Total of all payments, expenses and allowances £13 13s. 6d. ob. And so he owes to the lord upon this account £8 17s. 6d. ob. Of which there is allowed to the same 18d. from the amercements of Thomas Hakwrong, pardoned by the lord \+/.26 Item, allowed to the same 3s. 4d. from the rent of William Farewell because he was thereby charged for 6s. 8d. and he now did not take 3s. 4d. because \+/27 the aforesaid land was not occupied now for half of the year, so much as is claimed by his oath upon this account. 2s. 26 27

In the margin: ‘+ pleaded with the lord’. In the margin: ‘+ It is inquired’.

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from the profits of the courts charged upon himself as the value of 1 horse issuing from cattle waifs (catallis Weymat’) because it was dying of murrain \+/28 and not from failure of the keeper, as claimed by his oath upon this account. Total of said allowances, 6s. 10d. And so he still owes £8 10s. 8d. ob. Afterwards there is allowed to the same 10s. in money paid for the expenses of the steward for various courts held there this year, as well as for the expenses of the auditor being at the courts there for the making of this account. In respect whereof until now thereby nothing had been allowed. And so he now owes £8 8d. ob. [9–10 Hen. VI verso] Newmarket Account of William Osteller, Collector there, at the Feast of St Michael \Archangel/ in the year [illeg.] Issues of the grange there this year, assessed daily by razed measures of threshed grain, that is by London. Wheat Of wheat issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here this year for the above account because none was sown there in the last aforesaid year, as appears by examination thereby made this year. Total nil. Rye Of rye issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Peas Of peas issuing or of vetch issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Barley Of barley or dredge issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Oats Of oats issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Malt Of malt received after malting or issuing from forfeitures within the lordship there, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. 28

In the margin: ‘+ It is inquired’.

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Maslin for payment of servants Of wheat or rye or else of barley received as maslin for payment of the lower servants of the lord there, nothing is received here because none had servants there except only one Collector and he himself received his wages in money as below. Total nil. Cart horses

Of cart horses issuing from [blank]

Mares Of mares issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Affers Of affers both male and female issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account. Total nil. Foals Of foals both in 1st and in 2nd or in 3rd [year] issuing within the lord’s demesne there \during the same period/ nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Bulls Of bulls issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account. Total nil. Cows Of cows issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Oxen Of oxen issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Bullocks \and/ young bullocks Of bullocks or young bullocks issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Heifers and young heifers Of heifers or young heifers issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received this year for the above account. Total nil.

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Yearlings Of yearlings issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Calves Of calves issuing within the lord’s demesne for the same period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Rams Of rams issuing within the demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Ewes Of ewes issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Wethers Of wethers issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Young rams and hoggs Of young rams or hoggs issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Lambs Of lambs issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Fleeces Of fleeces issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Woolfells Of woolfells issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Pelts Of pelts issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. 171

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Skins Of skins issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Boars Of boars issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Sows Of sows issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Pigs Of pigs issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Young pigs Of young pigs issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Piglets Of piglets issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Geese Of ganders, unmated geese or goslings issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this abovesaid period, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Cocks and hens Of cocks or hens issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Chickens Of chickens issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. And for 4 capons remaining. Capons And for 2 capons for the rent of John Josschypp for a certain garden and 1 croft situated there, to be paid there yearly at the feast of the birth of the lord within the period of this account. And for 2 capons for the rent of John 172

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Leycestre for 2 crofts situated there called le Chyrchecroft and Walescroft, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feast. And for 2 capons for the rent of Alice, wife of William Cheveley, for one plot called Doushowsȝeerd and for a certain other croft situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feast. And 1 capon for the rent of Robert Bernard for 1 croft and 1 croft [sic] situated there next to the land of John Elmham, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feast. And for 3 capons for the rent of John Elmham for 1 sheepfold situated at the end of the town of Newmarket (Novo Mercato) and 1 croft there and for a certain tenement called Cowperys situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feast. Total 14. Of which in expenses of the lord and others being with him at various times within the period of this account this year, 2. And sold as below this year, 8. Total 10. And remaining 4 capons. Dovecote Of revenue from the dovecote, nothing is received here because there is none situated there within the demesne. Total nil. Meadow And for 11 acres of meadow situated there in a certain place called the Lord’s Meadow within the bounds of Newmarket (Novo Mercato), as appears by examination thereby made there this year. And the same renders account that he has sold as below 11 acres. Total as above. And quit. Arable Land And for 10 acres of the lord’s demesne land situated there in a certain place called Botine within the demesne land in a certain field called the South Field (le Southfeld). And for 3 acres of the same land situated there, abutting upon the Mill Hill (le Myllehyll). And for 10 acres of the same land, situated near Fordham way (Fordamway) at a certain road called Makeman way (Makemanwey). And for 6 acres of the same land situated there, abutting upon the Lord’s Meadow and Fordham Meadow (Fordham medwe). And for 5 acres of the same land situated there and abutting upon the abovesaid place. And for 5 acres of the same land situated there and abutting the abovesaid place. And for 1 acre of the same land situated there, abutting upon the lord’s meadow there. And for 9 acres of the same land situated in Snailwell Field (Sneywelfeld). And for 10 acres of the same land situated in Exning Field (Ixnenyngfeld). Total 60 acres. For which he renders account that he has handed over to various persons as below there this year 40 acres 1 rod of land and it lies in the hands of the lord, vacant and unoccupied, for default of customary payments this year 19 acres 3 rods. Total as above. And quit. 10–11 Henry VI [29 September 1431–September 1432] [10–11 Hen. VI recto]

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Newmarket (Newmarkett) The account of William Osteller of Newmarket (Novo Mercato) Bailiff and Collector of Robert Alyngton, esquire, at his lordship, once that of William Argentein, within the town of Newmarket, both of Fixed Rents and of various Rents and payments there, together with money issuing from various revenues and profits from the profits of the Fair and Market Courts belong there at the abovesaid lordship, from the feast of St Michael the Archangel in the 10th year of the reign of King Henry VI after the conquest until the same feast of St Michael in the following 11th year of the same King, for one whole year. Arrears The same is charged for £8 8d. ob. for the arrears of his account as is clear in the foot of his account there for the last year preceding. Total £8 8d. ob. Rents of Assize And the same answers for 10d. of fixed rent from John Smyth alias the said John Balowe for one plot, the same situated at the northern end of the town of Newmarket (Novo Mercato), to be paid there at the feast of St Michael Archangel and at Easter within the period of this account by equal portions per annum. And for 13d. of the same rent from John Curteys for one plot and 1 acre of land situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2d. of the same rent from John Curteys for half an acre of land situated there, lately Walter Reygnold’s, chaplain, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 6d. of the same rent from John Schelley for 1 messuage situated there in which he dwells, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 6s. 1d. of the same rent from Robert Bernard for one plot in which he dwells and certain land situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 8d. of the same rent from John Pere for 1 messuage situated there in which he dwells, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 8d. of the same rent of \Richard/ Doo for 1 plot \16d./, lately Marham’s, one acre of land \4d./, lately Edward Scherman’s, situated next to the lord’s meadow (le lordysmedwe), and two acres of the same land \8d./ situated at the southern end of the town of Newmarket (Novo Mercato), half an acre of the same land \2d./ situated next to the land of John Hygham and half an acre of the same land situated upon the Mill Hill (le Myllehyll), to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 11d. of the same rent from William Palgrave for 1 tenement and certain lands situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 10d. of the same rent from Ralph Hancokes for 1 tenement situated there, lately John Ray’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from Richard Gateward for 1 plot situated there, once Robert Gateward’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 16d. of the same rent from William Farewell for 1 plot situated there in which he dwells, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 8d. of the same rent from William Smyth for one messuage situated there, once Richard Lynne’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 7s. 2d. of the same rent from Peter Fethellere for 1 messuage situated there in which he dwells, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 11s. 6d. of the same rent from John Hygham for 1 plot \2s. 10d./ situated there in which he dwells, 6 acres of land \7s. 6d./ situated upon Chalk Pit (Chalkpett), two acres \8d./ upon the Mill Hill (le Myllehyll) of the lord there, one and a half acres of the same land \6d./ situated upon the Heath, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 10d. of the same rent from John Genouth \now Laurence Cooke/ for one tenement situated there, once Edward Brown’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent 174

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from John Genouth \now Laurence himself/ for a messuage situated there, once John Asshedon’s, chaplain, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from the said Laurence for a messuage situated there called Specces, to be paid there yearly. And for 3s. 4d. of the same rent from John Elmham for a tenement situated there, lately John Bayhows’, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 12d. of the same rent from Margaret Manston for 1 messuage and 3 acres of land situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 18d. of the same rent from Johanne, lately wife of John Motte, for 4 acres of land situated within the parish of Exning , to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 8d. of the same rent from John Fabyan senior, vicar of the parish church of Exning, for 2 acres of land, lately Peter Rolff’s, situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 10d. of the same rent from Thomas Bateman for 1 messuage situated there in which he dwells, and for a certain croft situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from John Leycestre for 1 acre of land situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 7d. of the same rent from John Josshyp for certain land situated in Brakenden Field (Blakedenefeeld), to be paid there to be paid there [sic] yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2d. of the same rent from Thomas Bulsham for one shop, once John Ray’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 27s. 8d. of the same rent from John Wykys junior for certain land and a tenement situated there, lately William Goodrede’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 10d. of the same rent from William Skynnere for a messuage situated there, once John Bakown’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 22d. of the same of the same [sic] rent from Thomas Bulsham, once William Chevele, on behalf of the tenants situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. of the same rent from John Wykys junior for land and a tenement situated there, once John Ikelyngham’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 21d. of the same rent from John Koo for certain \land/ situated there, lately William Farewell’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from John Motte for certain land situated there, once Margaret Landewade’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. of the same of rent from John Kyrkeby for certain land situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. \10d. ob./ of the same rent from John Josshypp for various land situated there, once William Wonbourne’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from Thomas Bulsham for a tenement situated there, once Nicholas Bocher’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 2d. of the same rent from the Prior \and convent/ of Fordham for a tenement situated there, once John Redere’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 16d. of the same rent from John Elmham for various land situated there, once John Bayhous’, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from Thomas Bulsham for 1 tenement situated there, once Walter Bocher’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from William Schepherde for certain land situated there , once Ralph Hancokes’, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from John Smyth, blacksmith, for 1 acre of land situated there upon the Mill Hill (le Myllehyll), to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 3d. of the same rent from Thomas Smyth, barber, for 3 rods of land situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from Thomas Hakwrong for 1 acre of land situated situated [sic] there next to les Bessels at the 175

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western end of the town of Newmarket (Novo Marcato), to be paid there yearly. And for 12d. of the same rent of Simon Barlee for 3 acres of land, once Peter Fetheller’s, situated upon Chalk Pit (Chalkpett), to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. Total £4 14s. 4d. ob. Rents of houses with stalls in the market And the same answers for 6s. 6d. for the rent of various shops with stalls situated in the market of the lord there, thus they are handed over to John Cullyng this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single house called le Wyndes situated there, thus handed over to the same John this year. And for 1d. from the same \John/ for the increase [in rent] of a single shop situated in Mercers’ Row (le merceryerowe) this year. And for 6s. 6d. for the rent of various shops with stalls situated there, thus they are handed over to John Ray, barker, this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to John Gateward this year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Bakhood this year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Lyllye this year. And for 3s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Simon Chylderton this year. And for 4s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to William Cote this year. And for \2s. 5d./ for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Robert Vannce this year. And for 12d. for the rent of a single fold called the Pinfold (le Pynfolde) situated there, thus handed over to Richard Gateward this year \+/.29 And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Hygham this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop, thus handed over to John Pere this year. And for 2d. for the rent of half of a single [shop], once Struggys’, thus handed over to the same John Pere this year. And for 22d. for the rent of various shops situated there, thus they are handed over to William Smyth this year. And for 8d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to William Skynnere this year. And for 12d. for the rent of a single house, once John Passelewe’s, thus handed over to John Wode for half a year this year. And for 5s. 6d. for the rent of various [shops with stalls] situated there, with various stalls situated there, thus they are handed over to Alexander Bayton this year. And for 8d. for the rent of 2 shops situated there, once in the tenure of Thomas Turnour, thus handed over to the same Alexander this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop, once rented by Laurence Thorn, thus handed over to the same Alexander this year. And for 2s. 2d. for the rent of various shops with stalls situated there, thus they are handed over to Richard Bowrys this year. And for 3s. 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Richard Loveday, mercer, and accustomed to rent of 4s. yearly. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to William Spycer this year. And for 12d. for the rent of 2 shops situated there, thus they are handed over to Edmund Preston this year. And for 8d. for the rent of 2 shops situated there, thus they are handed over to John Dawe this year. And for 18d. for the rent of 2 shops situated there, thus they are handed over to Ralph Farewell this year. And for 6s. for the rent of 3 stalls situated there, thus they are handed over to William Farwell this year. And for 10d. for the rent of 2 stalls situated there, thus they are handed over to Robert Sygo this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single stall, once Andrew Barker’s, handed over to Thomas Cowper for 8d. yearly. And for 8d. for the rent a single stall situated there, thus handed over to John Stalloun this 29

No accompanying marginalia.

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year. And for 2s. 6d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Richard Barker this year. And for 2s. 2d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to John Stalloun this year. And for 3s. 4d. for the rent of \half of/ a single house called the Tolbooth situated there in the common market of the lord, thus handed over to Thomas Beche of Cambridge \this year/, then accustomed to be handed over for 5s. yearly. And for 4d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to John Lacy this year \+/.30 And for 20d. for the rent of a single shop, once of the heirs of Richard Cokkes, thus handed over this year to Thomas Parson. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Peyt this year \+/.31 And for 2s. 1d. for the rent of various shops with 1 piece of land situated there, thus they are handed over to Robert Vannce this year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single stall, lately rented by William Barker and John Smyth, thus they are handed over to John Kukhow this year. And for 8d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Sturdy this year. And for 2s. 4d. for the rent of a single shop and a single stall situated there, thus they are handed over to Henry Ayleffes this year. And for 10d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to William Ayluth this year. And for 2d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to William Scheldrake this year. And for 6d. for the rent of a single shop, thus handed over to William Bukkes this year. And for 6d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Henry Dale this year. And for 3s. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to John Leycestre this year. And for 20d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to Agnes Tyller this year. And for 2s. from Richard Tubby of Bury St Edmunds (Bury Sancti Edmundi) for his [part of the] toll-house this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single stall, thus handed over to Thomas Basse this year. And for 3s. 4d. for the rent of a single shop and a single house, thus they are handed over to John Motte this year. For the rent of a single shop, once in the tenure of Walter Fronkys, lately handed over to the same for 8d., nothing is received here this year because it lies in the hands of the lord, vacant and unoccupied for default of customary payments. For the rent of a single shop, once Thomas Waryner’s,32 lately handed over to the same for 8d., nothing is received for the above account this year. For the rent of a single stall, once in the tenure of John Broughtoun, lately handed over to the same for 2s. 2d., nothing is received here for the above account this year. For the rent \void/ of a single stall, lately William Chevele’s \collected/. And for 12d. for the rent of a single shop, lately William Chevele’s, thus handed over to John Horn this year. And for 3s. for the rent of a single stall, once Geoffrey Myller’s, thus handed over to John Kebyng this year and nevertheless it is accustomed to be handed over for 4s. yearly. For the rent of half a house called the Tolbooth, lately handed over for 5s., nothing is received here for the above account this year. For the rent of a single vacant plot, once rented by Robert Gateward, lately handed over to the same for 20d., nothing is received here this year for the above account. For the rent of a single stall, lately in the tenure of John Ray, lately handed over to the same for 4d. yearly, nothing is received here this year for the above account. For the rent of a single shop situated there, once rented by John Boyton, lately handed over to the same for 4s., nothing is received here this year for the above account. For the rent of

30 31 32

No accompanying marginalia. No accompanying marginalia. In the margin: ‘bond’ and an arrow pointing to this (in a later hand).

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a single stall situated there, once rented by John Daygle, lately handed over to the same for 4s., nothing is received here this year for the above account. And for 12d. for the rent of a single vacant plot situated in the Fanfair (le Fanfeyre), thus handed over to William Skynnere this year and nevertheless the tenure to be surrendered in the coming year, 2s. Total £4 10s. 7d. Rents of demese land with meadow sold And the same answers for 10s. 4d. for the rent of 12 acres of demesne land situated there, thus they are handed over to John Balowe Smyth for the term of 5 years, this year the 4th. And for 17s. for the rent of 17 acres 2 rods of land situated there, thus they are handed over to William Palgrave for the term of 5 years, this year the 4th. And for 4s. 2d. for the rent of 5 acres of the same land situated there, thus they are handed over to Ralph Hankoc for the term of 5 years, this year the 4th. And for 15d. for the rent of a one and a half acres of the same land, thus handed over to Thomas Barbour for the term of 5 years, this year the 4th. And for 4s. for the rent of 4 acres of the same land, thus handed over to Thomas Hakwrong for the term of 5 years, this year the 4th. And for 40s. of money issuing from the crop of a single lord’s meadow called the Lord’s Meadow, so sold to John Frere this year. Total 76s. 9d. Profits of the Courts And the same answers for 13s. 4d. of money issuing from the profits of a single Leet held there on the feast of St Peter in Chains by ancient custom, as appears by the Record of the lord there upon this account viewed and examined this year. And for 19s. from the profits of a single General Court held there on Thursday on the feast of St Nicholas, Bishop, as appears by the said Record there, viewed and examined this year. And for 17s. 9d. in money issuing from the profits of the other General Court held there on the Thusday next after the feast of the Invention of the Holy Cross, as appears by the said Record there, viewed and examined this year. And for 5s. 11d. in money issuing from the profits of a single Fair Court held there on Monday on the morrow of the Apostles of Simon and Jude, as appears by the said Record there, viewed and examined this year. And for 4s. in money issuing from the profits of another Fair Court held there on Wednesday next after the feast of St Barnabas the apostle as appears by the said Record thereby made this year. And for 47s. 6d. in money issuing from the fines, amercements and profits of all 30 courts held there each week at the time of the markets, over and above other courts mentioned above throughout the whole year, as is clear by the Record upon this account, viewed and examined there this year. Total 107s. 6d. Profits of the Fairs and Markets And the same answers for 36s. in money received from the profits of a single Fair happening there on the Feast of the Apostles Simon and Jude within the period of this account as appears by examination thereby made and by the oath of William Osteller, Collector, the present accountant this year. And for \14s./ \by the answer of the accountant/ received in money issuing from the revenues and profits and petty tolls issuing from all the markets there each week happening throughout the whole abovesaid year, as appears by examination thereby made by the oath of William himself, Collector, the present accountant this year. Total 50s. 178

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Poultry Rent And the same answers for 21d. of money issuing from the values of 7 capons, a further 3 capons from the rent expended by the lord at times within the period of this account this year. Total 21d.

Sum total received with arrears £29 20d.

Fee with Wages And the same renders account in money paid to John Bury, steward of the lord’s court there, on order of the lord this year, 13s. 4d. And for the fee of John Wyghton, due auditor of the lord there this year, 10s. And for wages of William Osteller, bailiff and Collector, the present accountant per annum [illeg.] by agreement made with the lord this year, 13s. 4d. Total 36s. 8d. Payments of money And the same renders account that he paid to Robert Alyngton by the hand of Richard Pope for the payment of stallage as appears by a bill \indented/ this year – 40s. Item, he paid to the same at Horseheath, as is clear by the said indented bill this year – £4 Item, he paid to Laurence Cheyne for arrears of the last year preceding this year – 66s. 8d. Item, he paid to the same Laurence Cheyne for part of the rents previously charged this year – £7 6s. 8d. Item, he paid to Robert Alyngton for money issuing from the profits of the Fairs previously charged this year – 36s. Total £18 9s. 4d. [Auditor’s Comments] Total of all expenses, allowances and payments £20 6s. And so he owes to the lord upon this account £8 15s. 8d. Afterwards he is charged for 6s. 8d. in money received from William Farewell for a licence to be held at the manor for one fold upon the lord’s demesne land situated there in the East Field (le Estfeld), thus handed over to the same William for the term of 20 years, this year the 1st. And so the sum total commonly due is now £9 2s. 4d. Of which there is allowed to the same 17s. in money paid for the expenses of various men being there as keepers of the Fairs this year, together with the expenses of the steward and other servants of the lord being there at the same time this year . Item, there is allowed to the same 4s. 4d. in money paid for the expenses of the steward’s clerk and their suit for various courts held there this year, as is clear by the Record, viewed and examined upon this account there this year. 12d. from various amercements not levied, pardoned for the same by the grace and judgement of the present auditor. And 3s. 10d. in money paid for the expenses 179

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of the steward’s clerk for some of the other courts held there this year, together with the expenses of the auditor being there during the same period this year. Total of the said allowances 26s. 2d. And so he still owes £7 16s. 2d. Afterwards there is allowed to the same 76s. 1d. in money being in arrears by the hand of William Osteller,33 collector, the present accountant, which he paid to Robert Alyngton, the lord of the abovesaid manor, as is claimed by his oath upon this account. And so he now owes 79s. 1d. Respite Of which there is respited 6d. in money from the amercements of the Prior of Fordham, 3s. 4d. from the amercements of John Syser and 3s. 4d. from the amercements of Stephen Bakeden, respited to the same by the lord, until the same lord through advice shall thereby approve that there should be further action. Total of the said [amount] thus respited 6s. 2d. And so he clearly owes 71s. 11d. [10–11 Hen. VI verso] Newmarket The account of William Osteller, collector there, at the feast of St Michael Archangel in the 11th year of the reign of King Henry the Sixth. Issues of the grange there this year, assessed daily by razed measures of threshed grain, that is by London. Wheat Of wheat issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here because nothing was sown there in the last aforesaid year, as appears by examination thereby made this year. Total nil. Rye Of rye issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Peas Of peas or of vetch issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Barley Of barley or dredge issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Oats Of oats issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. 33

In the margin: ‘+ which is charged to the lord’.

180

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Malt Of malt received after malting or issuing from forfeitures within the lord’s demesne there, nothing is received here because nothing arrived within the period of this account. Total nil. Maslin for payment of servants Of wheat or rye or else of barley received as maslin for payment of the lower servants of the lord there, nothing is received here because none had servants there except only one Collector and he himself received his wages in money as below. Total nil. Cart horses Of cart horses issuing \both/ of waifs and of strays within the lord’s demesne there, nothing is received here because nothing arrived there throughout the whole period of the abovesaid account, as has been sufficiently witnessed by examination of the accountant made upon this account this year. Total nil. Mares Of mares issuing within the lord’s demesne there, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Affers Of affers issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Foals Of foals both in 1st and in 2nd or in 3rd [year] issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Bulls Of bulls issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account. Total nil. Oxen Of oxen issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Cows Of cows issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Bullocks and young bullocks Of bullocks or young bullocks issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the manner and form abovesaid, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. 181

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Heifers and young heifers Of heifers or young heifers issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Yearlings Of yearlings issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Calves Of calves issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Rams Of rams issuing within the lord’s demesne there \during this period/ in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Ewes Of ewes issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Wethers Of wethers issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Young rams and hoggs Of young rams or hoggs issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Lambs Of lambs issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Fleeces Of fleeces issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Woolfells Of woolfells issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. 182

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Pelts Of pelts issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Skins Of skins issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Boars Of boars issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Sows Of sows issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Pigs Of pigs issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Young pigs Of young pigs issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Piglets Of piglets issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Geese Of ganders, unmated geese or goslings issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Cocks and hens Of cocks or hens issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Chickens Of chickens issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. 183

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Capons And for 2 capons for the rent of John Josshypp for a certain garden and 1 croft situated there, to be paid there yearly at the feast of the birth of the lord within the period of this account. And for 2 capons for the rent of John Leycestre for 2 crofts situated there called le Wellefeld and Walescroft, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feast. And for 2 capons for the rent of Alice, wife of William Cheveley, for 1 plot called Doushowsȝeerd and for a certain other place situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feast. And for 1 capon for the rent of Robert Bernard for one toft and croft situated there next to the land of John Elmham, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feast. And for 3 capons for the rent of John Elmham for 1 sheepfold situated at the end of the town of Newmarket (Novo Marcato) and 1 croft there and for a certain tenement called Cowperys situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feast. Total 10. Of which for expenses of the lord and others being with him there at various times within the period of this account this year, 3. And sold as below there this year, 7. Total as above. And quit. Dovecote Of revenue of the dovecote, nothing is received here because there are none situated there within the demesne land. Total nil. Meadow And for 10 acres of meadow situated there in a certain meadow called the Lord’s Meadow within the bounds of Newmarket (Novo Mercato), as is clear by examination thereby made this year. Total 10 acres. And the same renders account that he sold as below to John Frere this year 10 acres. Total as above. Arable Land And for 10 acres of the lord’s demesne land situated there in a certain place called Botine within the demesne land in a certain field called the South Field (le Southfeeld). And 3 acres of the same land situated there, abutting upon Mill Hill (le Myllehyll). And 10 acres of the same land situated between certain roads called Fordham way (Fordehamway) and Makeman way (Makenmanwey). And for 6 acres of the same land situated there, abutting upon the Lord’s Meadow and Fordham Meadow (Fordammedwe). And for 5 acres of the same land situated there and abutting the abovesaid place. And for 5 acres of the same land situated there and abutting the abovesaid place. And for 1 acre of the same land situated there, abutting the lord’s meadow there there [sic]. And for 10 acres of the same land situated there in Snailwell Field (Sneywellfeeld). And for 10 acres of the same land situated in Exning Field (Ixnenyngfeeld). Total 60 acres. For which he renders account that he has handed over to various persons as below there this year 40 acres 1 rod of land. And there lies in the hands of the lord, vacant and unoccupied for default of customary payments this year, 19 acres 3 rods. Total as above. And quit. 184

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11–12 Henry VI [29 September 1432–29 September 1433] [11–12 Hen. VI recto] Newmarket The account of William Osteller of Newmarket (Novo Marcato) Bailiff and Collector of Robert Alyngton, esquire, at his lordship, once that of William Argentein knight, within the town of Newmarket (Newmarkett) both of fixed rents and of various rents and payments there, together with money issuing from various revenues and profits from the profits of the Fair and Market Courts belong there at the abovesaid lordship, from the feast of St Michael the Archangel in the 11th year of the reign of King Henry Sixth after the conquest of England until the same feast in the following 12th year of the said King Henry Sixth, for one whole year. Arrears The same is charged for \79s. 1d./ for the last arrears of his account, as is clear in the foot of his account there from the previous year. Total \79s. 1d./ Rents of Assize And the same answers for 10d. of fixed rent from John Smyth alias the said John Balowe for one plot, the same situated at the western end of the town of Newmarket (Newmarkett), to be paid there at the feast of St Michael Archangel and at Easter within the period of this account by equal portions per annum. And for 13d. of the same rent from John Curteys for 1 plot and 1 acre of land situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2d. of the same rent from John Curteys for half an acre of land there, lately Walter Reygnold’s, chaplain, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 6d. of the same rent from John Schelley for a single messuage situated there, in which he dwells, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 6s. 1d. of the same rent from Robert Bernard \[illeg.]/ for one plot in which he dwells and certain lands situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 8d. of the same rent from John Pere for a messuage situated there, in which he dwells, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 8d. of the same rent from Richard Doo \W Aylef’/ for 1 plot \16d./, lately Marham’s, 1 acre of land \4d./, lately Edward Scherman’s, situated next to the lord’s meadow (le lordysmedwe), and 2 acres \8d./ of the same land situated at the southern end of the town of Newmarket (Novo Mercato), half an acre \2d./ of the same land situated next to the land of John Hygham and half an acre \2d./ of the same land situated upon Mill Hill (le Myllehyll), to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 11d. of the same rent from William Palgrave \Margaret Maydgood/ for 1 tenement and certain lands situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 10d. of the same rent from Ralph Hancok for 1 tenement situated there, lately John Ray’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from Richard Gateward for 1 plot situated there, once Robert Gateward’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 16d. of the same rent from William Farewell for 1 plot situated there in which he dwells, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 8d. of the same rent from William Smyth \Isabell/ for a single messuage situated there, once Richard Lynne’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 7s. 2d. of the same rent from Peter Fetheller for a single messuage situated there in which he dwells, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 185

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11s. 6d. of the same rent from John Hygham for 1 plot \2s. 10d./ situated there, in which he dwells, 6 acres of land \7s. 6d./ situated near the Chalk Pit (Chalkpet), 2 acres \8d./ near the Mill Hill (le Mylhyll) of the lord there, 1 and a half acres \6d./ of the same land situated near the Heath, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 10d. of the same rent of Laurence Cook for half an acre of the same land situated near the heath (le heth), once John Genouth’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from Laurence himself \John Upryght, chaplain/ for a single messuage situated there, once John Asshedon’s, chaplain, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. \John Hygham/ of the same rent from the said Laurence for a messuage called Speckys situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 3s. 4d. of the same rent from John Elmham for a tenement situated there, lately John Bayhows’, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 12d. of the same rent from Margaret Manston for 1 messuage and 3 acres of land situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 18d. of the same rent from Johanne, lately wife of John Motte, for 4 acres of land situated within the parish of Exning, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 8d. of the same rent from John Fabyan senior, vicar of the parish church of Exning, there aforesaid, for 2 acres of land situated there, lately Peter Rolff’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 10d. of the same rent from Thomas Bateman for 1 messuage in which he dwells, with 1 croft situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from John Leycestre for 1 acre of land situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 7d. of the same rent from John Josshypp for certain land in Brakenden Field (Blakendenefeld) similarly situated there, to be paid yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2d. of the same rent from Thomas Bulsham for 1 shop, once John Ray’s \Walter Bocher/, situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 27s. 8d. of the same rent from John Wykys junior for certain land and tenements situated there, lately William Goodreed’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 10d. of the same rent from William Skynnere for a messuage situated there, once John Bakown’s, to be paid yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 22d. of the same rent from Thomas Bulsham, once William Chevele, on behalf of the tenants situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. of the same rent from John Wykys junior for land situated there, once John Ikelyngford\ham/’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 21d. of the same rent from John Koo for certain land situated there, lately William Farwell’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from John Motte for certain land situated there, once Margaret Landewade’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. of the same rent from John Kyrkeby \John Koo/ for certain land situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 10d. ob. of the same rent from John Josshypp for various lands situated there, once William Wonbourne’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from Thomas Bulsham for a tenement situated there, once Nicholas Bocher’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 2d. of the same rent from the Prior and convent of Fordham for a certain tenement situated there, once John Redere’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 16d. \as above/ of the same rent from John Elmham for various lands situated there, once John Bayhows’, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from Thomas Bulsham for 1 tenement situated there, once Walter Bocher’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 186

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4d. \+/34 of the same from William Schephyrde \Farwell/ for certain lands situated there, once Ralph Hancokes’ \Cowperys/, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from John Smyth, blacksmith, for 1 acre of land situated near the Mill Hill (le Myllehyll), to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 3d. of the same rent from Thomas Smyth \John Ferrour/, barber, for 3 rods of land situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent from Thomas Hakwronge for 1 acre of land situated there next to les Bessels at the western end of the town of Newmarket (Novo Marcato) to be paid there yearly. And for 12d. of the same rent from Simon Barlee for 3 acres of land, once Peter Fetheller’s, situated near Chalk Pits (Chalkpettes) to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. Total £4 14s. 4d. ob. Rents of houses with stalls in the market And the same answers for 6s. 6d. for the rent of various shops with stalls situated in the lord’s market there, thus they are handed over to John Cullyng this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single house called le Wyndes situated there, thus handed over to the same John this year. And for 1d. of the same rent from \the same/ John for the increase of a single shop situated in Mercery Row (merseryerowe) this year. And for 6s. 6d. for the rent of various shops with stalls situated there, thus they are handed over to John Ray \Alexander Boyton/, barker, this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single \stall/ situated there, thus handed over to John Gateward \Cullyng/ this year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Bakhood this year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Lyllye \Simon Berle/ this year. And for 3s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Simon Chyldyrton this year. And for 4s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to William Cote this year. And for 2s. :-:35 5d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Robert Vannce this year. And \void/ for 12d. \/ for the rent of a single fold called the Pinfold (le Pynfolde) situated there, thus handed over to Richard Gateward this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Hygham this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop, thus handed over to John Pere this year. And for 2d. for the rent of half of a single shop, once Struggys’, thus handed over to the same John Pere this year. And for 22d. for the rent of various shops situated there, :-:-:36 thus they are handed over to William William [sic] Smyth \Isabell/ this year. And for 8d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to William Skynnere this year. And for 12d. for the rent of a single house, once John Pesselowe’s, thus handed over to John Wode this year. And for 5s. 6d. for the rent of various shops \with various stalls/ situated there, thus they are handed over to Alexander Bayton this year. And for 8d. for the rent of 2 shops situated there, once in the tenure of Thomas Turnour, thus handed over to the same Alexander this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop, once rented by Laurence Thorn, thus handed over to the same Alexander this year. And for 2s. 2d. for the rent of various shops with stalls situated there, thus they are handed over to Richard Bowrys this year. And for 3s. 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Richard Loveday, \son of Preston/, mercer, this year \and/

34 35 36

No accompanying marginalia. Erasure made. Erasure made.

187

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nevertheless it is accustomed to be rented at 4s. yearly. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to William Spycer this year. And for 12d. for the rent of 2 shops situated there, thus they are handed over to Edmund Preston this year. And for 8d. for the rent of 2 shops situated there, thus they are handed over to John Dawe this year. And for 18d. for the rent of 2 shops situated there, thus they are handed over to Ralph Farewell this year. And for 6s. for the rent of 3 stalls situated there, thus they are handed over to William Farwell this year. And for 10d. for the rent of 2 stalls situated there, thus they are handed over to Robert Sygo this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single stall, once Andrew Barker’s, thus handed over to Thomas Cowper this year. And for 8d. for the rent of 2 stalls situated there, thus handed over to John Stalloun \barker/ this year. And for 2s. 6d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Richard Barker this year. And for 2s. 2d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to John Stalloun \barker/ this year. And for 3s. 4d. for the rent of half of a single house called the Tolbooth situated there in the common market of the lord, thus handed over to Thomas Beche of Cambridge \this year/ and nevertheless it is accustomed to be handed over for 5s. yearly. And for 4d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to John Lacy \Horn/ this year. And for 20d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Thomas Parson \Robert Vannce, Thomas Smyth/ this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Peyt this year. And for 2s. 1d. for the rent of various shops with 1 piece of land situated there, thus they are handed over to Robert Vannce this year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, lately rented by William Barker and John Smyth, thus handed over to John Kukhowe \Clerk/ this year. And for 8d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Sturdy this year. And for 2s. 4d. for the rent of a single shop and a single stall situated there, thus they are handed over to Henry Ayleffes this year. And for 10d. for for [sic] the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to William Ayluth this year. And for 2d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to William Scheldrake this year. And for 6d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to William Bukkes this year. And for 6d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Henry \William/ Dale \John Meyr/ this year. And for 3s. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to John Leycestre this year. And for 20d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to Agnes Tyller this year. And for 2s. from Richard Tubby of Bury (Byry) for the end of the toll-house (pro fin’ tolnet’) there this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single stall, thus handed over to Thomas Basse this year. And for 3s. 4d. for the rent of a single shop and a single house situated there, thus they are handed over to John Motte this year. And for 12d. for the rent of a single shop, lately William Chevele, thus handed over to John Horn this year. \And for 3s. for the rent of a single stall, once Geoffrey Myller’s, thus handed over to John Cullyng this year, nevertheless it is accustomed to be handed over for 4s. yearly/. And for 2s. for the rent of a single plot of land situated in the Fanfair (le Fanfeyr), thus handed over to William Skynnere this year. For the rent of a single shop, once rented by Walter Fronkys, lately handed over to the same for 8d. yearly, nothing is received here this year because it lies in the hands of the lord, vacant and unoccupied for default of customary payments. For the rent of a single shop, once Thomas Waryner’s, lately handed over to the same for 8d. yearly, nothing is received here for the above account this year. For the rent of a single stall, once in the tenure of Thomas Broughtoun, lately handed over to the same for 2s. 2d. yearly, nothing is received here for the above account this year. \because then it was charged 188

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to the abovesaid/, thus handed over to John Kelyng this year and nevertheless it is accustomed to be handed over for 4s. yearly. For the rent of half of a house \3s. 4d./ called the Tolbooth lately handed over for 5s. yearly, nothing is received here this year \Thomas Perkyn of Stetchworth (Stenchewre)/ for the above account. Total £4 11s. 7d. Rents of demesne land with meadow sold And the same answers for 10s. 4d. for the rent of 12 acres of the lord’s demesne land situated there, thus they are handed over to John Ballowe Smyth this year. And for 19s. for the rent of 21 acres \2 rods/ of the same land situated there, thus they are handed over to William Palgrave this year. And for 4s. 2d. for the rent of 5 acres of the same land situated there, thus they are handed over to Ralph Hankokes this year. And for 15d. for the rent of 1 and a half acres of the same land situated there, thus handed over to Thomas Barbour this year. And for 40s. in money received for the crop issuing from a certain meadow called the Lord’s Meadow situated there, thus handed over to William Palgrave this year. And for 6s. 8d. handed over for the rent of 19 acres and 3 rods of the same land situated in the field of Exning (Exenynge), thus handed over to William Farewell with liberty of the fold upon the same lands, not elsewhere, there this year And for 6d. for the rent of half an acre of the same land situated near a certain place called le Medweend, thus handed over to Ralph Hankokes this year. Total £4 23d. Profits of the Courts And the same answers for 6s. 10d. in money issuing from the profits of a single Leet held there on the feast of St Peter in Chains by ancient custom, as is clear by the lord’s Record there upon this account, viewed and examined this year. And for 19s. 1d. in money issuing from the profits of a single General Court held there on Thursday next after the feast St Martin in winter, as is clear by the abovesaid Record there this year. And for 18s. 11d. in money issuing from the other General Court on Monday next after the feast of St Mark the Evangelist, as is clear by the abovesaid Record there this year. And for 2s. in money issuing from the Fair Court held there on Thursday on the morrow of the Apostles Simon and Jude, as is clear by the abovesaid Record there this year. And for 5s. 3d. in money issuing from the profits of the other Fair Court held there on Friday on the feast of St Barnabas the Apostle in the abovesaid year, as is clear by the abovesaid Record this year. And for 35s. 4d. in money issuing from fines, amercements and profits of all [blank] the courts held there each week in the time of the markets, over and above other courts mentioned above throughout the whole year, as is clear by the abovesaid Record there this year. Total £4 7s. 5d. Profits of the Fairs And the same answers for 63s. 2d. in money issuing from the profits of a single Fair happening there on the feast of the Apostles Simon and Jude within the period of this account, as is clear by examination thereby made and by the oath of William Osteller himself, Collector, the present accountant this year And for 13s. 4d. in money issuing from the revenues and profits and petty tolls issuing from all markets happening there each week during the abovesaid whole year, as is clear by examination thereby thus made this year by the oath of William himself, Collector, the present accountant this year. Total 76s. 6d. 189

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Poultry rent And the same answers for 2s. 6d. in money issuing for 10 capons issuing from the rent so sold as expended there this year. Total 2s. 6d. Sum total received with arrears £25 13s. 4d. ob. Expenses of the Courts Then the same accounts for money paid for the expenses of the Steward’s clerk and their suit of court for 1 leet held there, as is clear by the lord’s Record there this year, 2s. 2d. And for money paid for the expenses of the same Steward being that at 2 General Courts held there this year, as is clear by the abovesaid Record this year, 3s. 2d. And for money paid for the expenses of the same Steward being there for two Fair Courts held there, as appears in the abovesaid Record this year, 18d. Total 6s. 10d. Fee with wages And the same renders account for money paid to John Bury, Steward of the lord’s court there, for his fee there per annum, this year 13s. 4d. And for the fee of John Wyghton, due auditor of the lord there per annum, this year 10s. And for the wages of William Osteller, bailiff and Collector, the present accountant per annum by agreement made with the lord this year, 13s. 4d. Total 36s. 8d. Expense of houses And the same renders account for money paid for 2 groundsills (‘Gronusellys’) of a quern purchased for the repair of a single shop, once in the tenure of John Broughton, now in the hands of the lord this year, 4d. And for money paid to a certain roofer for roofing a house called Kalkewellys, now in the hands of the lord this year by collective agreement so made with him, 6d. Total 10d. Petty expenses with other payments made And the same renders account for money paid for expenses of the accountant himself riding to Halesworth (Hallysworth)37 on business at the time of the betrothal of the lord this year, 8d. And for sea fish purchased for the expenses of the household in Horseheath one time this year, 2s. And for the expenses of William Allyngton junior and Robert Allyngton being at Newmarket (novum marcato) one time this year, 5s. 9d., and for their expenses being there at another time in person at the time of Summer, 7s. 11d. And for money paid for 6 Toll-collectors (‘Tollerys’) there for the above fairs, 2s. And for purses purchased for the same, 3d. And for the expenses of the Steward and other servants of the lord there at the time of the fairs this year, 9s. 10d. And given to John Fowler for reward of the same being there at the abovesaid fairs, with 1d. for the expenses of the same John, 2s. 9d. And given for the tithe of the fair, 5s. Total 33s. 2d. Payments in money And the same paid to the lord in money for the same land above amerced (de acrre euisdem superius amercit’) without tally this year – 79s. 1d. 37

Robert Alyngton’s first wife, Joan, daughter of John Argentein, had held the manor of Halesworth jointly with her sister Elizabeth. Joan died in 1429 and Robert subsequently married Margaret, widow of John Shelton and daughter of Robert Brews. His sister-in-law, Elizabeth, continued to hold the manor of Halesworth.

190

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Item, he paid to the same by the hand of Richard Pope another time this year without tally – 3s. 4d. Item, he paid to Robert Allyngton at the manor of Horseheath (horseth) without tally this year – 6s. 8d. Item, he paid to Margaret, wife of Robert Alyngton, at the manor of Horseheath (horseth) without tally this year – 20s. Item, he paid to John Allyngton and others at the manor of Horseheath (horseth) at times, as is clear by one tally this year – 110s. Item, he paid to Laurence Cheynee for a [?]furlong (Quad’) on behalf of the above lord, by agreement made with the lord – £7 6s. 8d. Item, he paid to the lord from the revenues of the Fair, previously charged, as is clear by one indented bill – 30s. 10d. Total £19 16s. 7d. [Auditor’s comments]

Total of all expenses, allowances and payments £23 14s. 7d. And so he owes to the lord upon this account 38s. 9d. ob. Of which there is allowed to the same 2s. 4d. for various amercements not levied, pardoned to the same by the grace and judgement of the present auditor. Item, there is allowed \3d./ to the same for money paid both for parchment and for paper bought for the Record at the court there, within there is written [?](si’ nil) with copies of the same there this year. 8d. for money paid for expenses for the accountant himself riding 2 times for a certain annual rent of Laurence Cheynee paid there on behalf of his abovesaid lord of Newmarket. 12d. of amercements of Thomas Cowper pardoned by the lord. And 2s. 9d. for money paid for expenses of the steward and auditor of the lord being there for the time of making this account. Total of the said allowances 8s. And so he still owes 30s. 9d. ob.

Respite Of which are place in respite 7s. 2d. in money, elsewere respited to him as is clear by the same account there from the previous year. And so he clearly owes 23s. 7d. ob. [11–12 Hen. VI verso] Newmarket (Newmarkett) The account of William Osteller, collector there, at the feast of St Michael Archangel in the 12th year of the reign of King Henry Sixth. Issues of the grange there this year, assessed daily by razed measures of threshed grain, that is by London. Wheat Of wheat issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here because nothing is sown there this year \aforesaid last/, as is clear by examination thereby made this year. Total nil. 191

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Rye Of rye issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Peas Of peas issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Barley Of barley or dredge issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Oats Of oats issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Maslin for payment of servants Of wheat or rye or else of barley received as maslin for payment of the lower servants of the lord there, nothing is received here because none had servants there except only a single Collector and he himself received his wages in money as below. Total nil. Cart horses Of cart horses issuing both of waifs and of strays within the lord’s demesne there, for the whole period of the abovesaid account nothing is received here because none arrived there, as is sufficiently witnessed by examination of the accountant upon this account. Total nil. Mares Of mares issuing within the lord’s demesne there, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Affers Of affers issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received this year for the above account. Total nil. Foals Of foals both in 1st and in 2nd or in 3rd [year] issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Bulls Of bulls issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil.

192

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Cows Of cows issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received this year for the above account. Total nil. Bullocks and young bullocks Of bullocks or young bullocks issuing within the lord’s demesne there, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Heifers and young heifers Of heifers or young heifers issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Yearlings Of yearlings issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Calves Of calves issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Rams Of rams issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Ewes Of ewes issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Wethers Of wethers issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Young rams and hoggs Of young rams or hoggs issuing within :-:-:38 the lord’s demesne there during the same period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil.

38

Erasure made.

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Lambs :-:-:39 Of lambs issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Fleeces Of fleeces issuing within the lord’s demesne there during the same \period/, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Woolfells Of woolfells issuing within the lord’s demesne during the same period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received for the above account this year. Total nil. Pelts Of pelts issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Skins Of skins issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the aforesaid manner and form, nothing is received for the above account this year. Total nil. Boars Of boars issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Sows Of sows issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received for the above account this year. Total nil. Pigs Of pigs issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received for the above account this year. Total nil. Young pigs Of young pigs issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil.

39

Erasure made.

194

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Piglets Of piglets issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Geese Of ganders, unmated geese or goslings issuing within the demesne there during the same period, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Cocks and hens Of cocks or hens issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account. Total nil. Chickens Of chickens issuing within the lord’s demesne there, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Capons And for 2 capons for the rent of John Jossypp for a certain garden and 1 croft situated there, to be paid there yearly at the feast of the birth of the lord within the period of this account. And for 2 capons for the rent of John Leycestre for 2 crofts situated there called le Wellefeld and Walescrofte, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feast. And for 2 capons for the rent of Alice, wife of William Cheveley, for 1 plot called Doushouseȝerde and for a certain other croft situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feast. And 1 capon for the rent of Robert Bernard for one croft and croft [sic] situated there next to the land of John Elmham, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feast. And for 3 capons for the rent of John Elmham for 1 sheepfold situated at the end of the town of Newmarket (novo marcato) and 1 croft there and for a certain tenement called Cowperys situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feast. Total 10. And the same renders account that has sold as below there this year 10. Total as above. And quit. Dovecote Of revenue of the dovecote, nothing is received here because there are none situated there within the demesne land. Total nil. Meadow And for 10 acres of meadow situated there, in a certain meadow called the Lord’s Meadow within the bounds of Newmarket (novo marcato), as is clear by examination thereby made this year. Total 10 acres. And the same renders account that he sold as below to John Frere this year 10 acres.

Total as above.

And quit.

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Arable land And for 10 acres of lord’s demesne land situated there in a certain place called le Botinere within the demesne land in a certain field called the South Field (le Southfeeld). And 3 acres of the same land situated there, abutting upon Mill Hill (le Mylhyll). And for 10 acres of the same land situated between certain roads called Fordham way (Fordhamwey) and Makeman way (Mekenmanwey). And 6 acres of the same land situated there, abutting upon the Lord’s Meadow and Fordham Meadow (Fordehammedwe). And for 5 acres of the same land situated there and abutting the abovesaid place. And for 5 acres of the same land situated there and abutting upon the abovesaid place. And for 1 acre of the same land situated there, abutting upon the lord’s meadow there. And for 10 acres of the same land situated there in Snailwell Field (Sneywellfeld). And for 10 acres of the same land situated in Exning Field (Ixnenyngfeeld). Total 60 acres. And the same renders account that has handed over as below there this year 60 acres. Total as above. And quit. 12–13 Henry VI [30 September 1433–29 September 1434] [12–13 Hen. VI recto] Newmarket (Newmarkett) The account of William Osteller, alias the said William Cook of Newmarket (novo mercato), Bailiff and Collector for Robert Alyngton, esquire, at his lordship, once of William Argentein, knight, in the town of Newmarket for all and every money issuing both of fixed rents and of various rents, together with money issuing from various revenues and profits from the profits of the Fair and market courts belonging to the abovesaid lordship, from the morrow of the feast of St Michael Archangel in the 12th year of the reign of King Henry Sixth after the conquest until the feast of St Michael next following in the 13th year of the same King, for one whole year. Arrears The same is charged for \30s. 6d. ob./ for arrears of his account, as is clear in the foot of his account there from the previous year. Total 30s. 9d. ob. Rents of Assize And the same answers for 10d. of fixed rent from John Smyth alias the said John Balowe for charges for one plot, the same situated at the western end of the town of Newmarket (Newmarkett) the abovesaid to be paid there at the feast of St Michael Archangel and at Easter next following by equal portions there per annum. And for \13d./ of the same rent issued for 1 acre and 1 acre of land in the tenure of John Curteys, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2d. of the same rent issued for half an acre of land, lately in the tenure of Walter Reygnold, chaplain, now in the tenure of John Curteys, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 6d. of the same rent issued for 1 messuage from John Schelley in which the same John dwells, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 6s. 1d. of the same rent issued for 1 plot and certain land, once in the tenure of Robert Bernard, now in the tenure of John Bernard, knight, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 8d. of the same rent issued for 1 messuage from John Pere in which the same John dwells, to be paid yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And 196

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for 2s. 8d. of the same rent issued for 1 plot called Marham, 1 acre of land \4d./, lately Edward Scherman’s, situated next to the lord’s meadow (le lordysmedwe) and 2 acres \8d./ of the same land situated at the southern end of Newmarket, half an acre of the same land situated next to the land of John Hygham and half an acre \2d./ of the same land situated near the Mill Hill (le Myllehyll), to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 11d. of the same rent issued for 1 tenement and certain land situated there, once in the tenure of William Palgrave, now in the tenure [blank], to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 10d. of the same rent issued for 1 tenement, lately in the tenure of John Ray, now in the tenure of Ralph Hankokes, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent issued for 1 plot situated there, once in the tenure of Robert Gateward, now in the tenure of Richard Gateward, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 16d. of the same rent for 1 place in the tenure of William Farewell in which the same William dwells, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 8d. of the same rent issued for 1 messuage, once Richard Lynne’s, afterwards in the tenure of William Smyth, now in the tenure of Isabell Smyth, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 7s. 2d. of the same rent issued for 1 messuage for Peter Fetheller in which the same Peter dwells, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 11s. 6d. of the same rent issued for 1 plot \2s. 10d./ from John Hygham in which the same John dwells, 6 acres of the same land \8s. 6d./ situated near the Chalk Pits (le Chalkpyttys), 2 acres of the same land \8d./ situated near the Mill Hill (le Myllehyll) of the lord there, 1 and a half acres of the same land \6d./ situated near the Heath, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 10d. of the same rent issued for half an acre of land situated near the heath (le heth), once in the tenure of John Genouth, now in the tenure of Laurence Cook, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent issued for 1 messuage, once John Asshedon’s, chaplain, afterwards Laurence Cookes’, now in the tenure of John Upryght, chaplain. And for 4d. of the same rent issued for 1 messuage called Spekkys, once Laurence Cook’s \now in the tenure of John Upright, chaplain,/ to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 3s. 4d. of the same rent issued for 1 tenement, lately John Bayhows’, now in the tenure of John Elmham, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 12d. of the same rent issued for 1 messuage and 3 acres of land in the tenure of Margaret Manston, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 18d. of the same rent issued for 4 acres of land situated within the parish of the vill of Exning (Exenynge) in the tenure of Johanne, lately wife of John Motte, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 8d. of the same rent issued for 3 acres of land situated within the abovesaid parish, lately Peter Rolff’s, now in the tenure of John Fabyan senior, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 10d. of the same rent issued for 1 messuage from Thomas Bateman in which the same Thomas dwells, with a certain croft situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent issued from 1 acre of land situated there, \now in the tenure of John Leycestre/, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 7d. of the same rent issued for certain lands situated in Brakenden Field (Blakendenefeld), now in the tenure of John Josshypp, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2d. of the same rent issued for 1 shop, now in the tenure of Thomas Bulsham, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 27s. 8d. of the same rent issued for certain lands situated there, lately in the tenure of William Goodreed, now [join in manuscript] of John Wyke junior, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 10d. of the same rent issued for the messuage situated there, once John Bakown’s, now in 197

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the tenure of John Skynnere, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 22d. of the same rent issued for a tenement situated there, once William Chevele’s, now in the tenure of Thomas Bulsham, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. of the same rent issued for various [lands] situated there, once John Ikelyngham’s, now in the tenure of John Wykes junior, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 21d. of the same rent issued from certain lands situated there, once John Koo’s, now in the tenure of William Farewell, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent issued for certain land situated there, once Margaret Landewade’s, now in the tenure of John Motte, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. of the same rent issued for certain lands situated there, once in the tenure of John Kyrkeby, now in the tenure of John Koo, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 10d. ob. of the same rent issued for various lands situated there, once William Wonbourne’s, now in the tenure of John Josshypp, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent issued for 1 tenement situated there, once Nicholas Bocher’s, now in the tenure of Thomas Bulsham, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 2d. of the same rent issued for 1 tenement situated there, issued for 1 tenement, once John Reder’s, now in the tenure of the Prior and convent of Fordham, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent issued for various lands situated there, once William Schephyrde’s, now in the tenure of William Farewell, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent issued for certain land situated there in the tenure of Thomas Hakwrong, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 12d. of the same rent issued for certain land situated there in the tenure of Simon Berley, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. Total £4 12s. 1d. ob. Rents of houses with stalls in the market And the same answers for 6s. 6d. for the rent of various shops with various stalls situated there in the lord’s market, thus they are handed over to John Cullyng this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single house called le Wyndes situated there, thus handed over to the same John this year. And for 1d. of the same rent for an increase of a single shop situated in Mercers’ Row (le merceryerowe), thus handed over to the same John this year. And for 6s. 6d. for the rent of various shops situated there, thus handed over to be rented by John Ray, barker, thus handed over to Alexander Boyton this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to be rented by John Gateward, thus handed over to John Cullyng this year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Bakhood this year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, once rented by John Lyllye, thus handed over to Simon Berle this year. And for 3s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Simon Childyrton this year. And for 4s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to William Kote this year. And for 2s. 5d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Robert Wannce this year. And for 12d. for the rent of a single plot of land called the Pinfold (le Pynfalde) situated there, thus handed over to Richard Gateward this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Hygham this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Pere this year. And for 2d. for the rent of half of a single shop situated there, once Struggis’, thus handed over to the same John Pere this year. And for 8d. for the rent of a single shop rented by William Smyth situated in Barkers’ Row (le Barkerrowe), thus handed over to Robert Hyne this year, nevertheless it is accustomed to 198

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be handed over with other land, concerning a certain plot for 22d. per annum. And for 14d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, once rented by William Smyth, thus handed over to John Dawe this year. And for 22d. for the rent of various shops situated there, once rented by William Smyth, thus handed over to John Dawe \14d./ Robert Hyne \8d./ this year. And for 8d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to William Skynnere this year. And for 12d. for the rent of a single house situated there, once John Passelew’s, in a certain place called Drapers’ Row (le Draperyrowe), thus handed over to John Wode this year. And for 5s. 6d. for the rent of various shops and stalls situated there, thus handed over to Alexander Boyton this year. And for 8d. for the rent of 2 shops situated there, once rented by Thomas Turnour, thus handed over to the same Alexander this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, once rented by Laurence Thorn, thus handed over to the same Alexander this year. And for 2s. 2d. for the rent of various shops with various stalls situated there, thus handed over to Richard Bowrys this year. And for 3s. 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Robert Loveday, mercer, this year and nevertheless it is accustomed to be rented for 4s. per annum, but now it is handed over to Nicholas Prestone this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, once rented by William Spycer, thus handed over to Thomas Chaundeller of Babraham (Badburgham) this year. And for 12d. for the rent of 2 shops situated there, thus handed over to Edward Prestone this year. And for 8d. for the rent of 2 shops situated there, thus handed over to John Dawe this year. And for 18d. for the rent of 2 shops situated there, thus handed over to Ralph Farwell this year. And for 6s. for the rent of 3 stalls situated there, thus they are handed over to William Farewell this year. And for 2s. for the rent of various stalls situated there, thus they are handed over to Robert Sygo this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, once Andrew Barker’s, thus handed over to Thomas Cowper this year. And for 8d. for the rent of 2 stalls situated there, thus handed over to John Stalloun, barker, this year. And for 2s. 6d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Richard Barker this year. And for 2s. 2d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to John Stalloun, butcher, this year. And for 3s. 4d. for the rent of half of a single house called the Tolbooth situated there in the common market of the lord, thus handed over to Thomas Beche of Cambridge this year \nevertheless it is accustomed to be handed over for 5s. per annum/. And for 4d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, once John Lacy’s, thus handed over to John Horn this year. And for 20d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, once Thomas Persown’s, thus handed over to Thomas Smyth this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Peyt thus year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single house and a single shop situated there, once John Kalkwelle’s, thus handed over to William Skynner this year. And for 20d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, lately rented by Robert Wannce, thus handed over to Thomas Smyth this year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single shop and a single stall situated there, lately rented by John Clerk, thus handed over to William Clerk and William Barker this year. And for 8d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Sturdy this year. And for 2s. 4d. for the rent of a single shop and a single stall situated there, thus they are handed over to Henry Aylef this year. And for 10d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to the same Henry this year. And for 2d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to William Scheldrake this year. And for 6d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to William Bukkes this year. And for 6d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, 199

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once Henry Dale’s, thus handed over to Richard Meyr this year. And for 3s. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to John Leycestre this year. And for 20d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to Agnes Tyller this year. And for 2s. for the rent of the other half of the Tolbooth, thus handed over to Richard Tubby this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to Thomas Basse this year. And for 3s. 4d. for the rent of a single shop and a single house situated there, thus they are handed over to John Motte this year. And for 2s. for the rent of various shops situated there, once rented by John Herawn, thus handed over to Thomas Warener this year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single [illeg.] to William Skynner this year. And for 10d. for the rent of a single stall, once rented by Thomas [illeg.] to George Bocher this year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Kullyng this year. For the rent of half of the Tolbooth [illeg.] to John Graunt this year. Total [illeg.]s. 11d. Rents of demesne land with meadow sold And the same answers for 10s. 4d. for the rent of 12 acres of demesne land situated there, thus they are handed over to Ralph Ballowe this year. And for 15s. for the rent of 17 acres 1 rod of the same land situated there, thus they are handed over to William Fyshher this year. And for 4s. 2d. for the rent of 5 acres of the same land situated there, thus they are handed over to Thomas Hakwrong this year. And for 4s. 2d. for the rent of 5 acres of the same land situated there, thus they are handed over to Ralph Hankokes this year. And for 15d. for the rent of 1 and a half acres of the same land situated there, thus handed over to William Osteller this year. And for 6s. 8d. for the rent of 19 acres and 3 rods of the same land situated in the field of Exning, thus handed over to William Farwell with the liberty of the fold upon the same lands there, not elsewhere, this year. And for 40s. in money received for the crop issuing from a certain meadow called the Lord’s Meadow, thus handed over to William Fyssher this year. Total £4 18d. Poultry rents And the same answers for 2s. 6d. in money issuing for 10 capons issuing from the rents so sold beyond there this year. Profits of the Courts And the same answers for 12s. 1d. in money issuing from the profits of a single Leet held there on the feast of St Peter in Chains by ancient custom, as is clear by the lord’s Record there upon this account, viewed and examined this year. And for 6s. 8d. in money issuing from a single Fair Court held there on Thursday on the morrow of the Apostles Simon and Jude, as is clear by the abovesaid Record there this year. And for 6s. 1d. in money issuing from the profits of the other Fair Court held there on Saturday on the feast of St Barnabas the Apostle in the abovesaid year, as is clear by the abovesaid Record there this year. And for 17s. 3d. in money issuing from the profits of a single General Court held there on Wednesday next after the feast of St Martin in winter as is clear by the abovesaid Record there this year. And for 20s. 2d. in money issuing from the other General Court held on Monday next after the feast of St Trinity abovesaid, as is clear by the abovesaid Record there this year. And for 37s. 6d. in money issuing from the fines, amercements and profits of all [blank] courts held there each week in the time of the markets, over and above other courts mentioned above throughout the whole year, as is clear by the abovesaid Record there this year. Total £4 18s. 10d. 200

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Profits of the Fairs with petty tolls And the same answers for 50s. 3d. in money issuing from the profits of a single fair happening there on the feast of the Apostles Simon and Jude within the period of this account, as is clear by examination thereby made and by the oath of William Osteller himself, Collector, the present accountant this year. And for 13s. 4d. in money issuing from revenues and profits and petty tolls issuing from all markets happening there each week throughout the whole abovesaid year, as is clear by examination thereby made by the oath of William Osteller himself, Collector, the present accountant this year. Total 63s. 7d.

Sum total received with arrears £23 10s. 1d.

Expenses of the Courts Then the same accounts for money paid for the expenses of the Steward’s clerk and their suit of court being there at 2 General Courts held there, as is clear by the lord’s Record there upon this account, viewed and examined this year 4s. 9d. ob. Total 4s. 9d. ob. Fee with wages And the same renders account for money paid [torn] to John Bury, Steward of the lord’s court there for his annual fee there this year, 13s. 4d. And in wages of William Osteller himself, bailiff and collector, the present accountant per annum by agreement made with the lord this year, 13s. 4d. Total 26s. 8d. Petty expenses with other payments made And the same renders account for money paid for the expenses of William Osteller himself, bailiff, the present accountant, on business of the lord at Brent Eleigh (Brendallyng)40 this year, 12d. And for 100 tiles purchased for tiling a single house rented by William Skynner this year, 16d. And for the expenses of the bailiff himself, the present accountant, for riding to Fen Ditton (Fendytton) for a certain annual rent paid to Laurence Cheynee for 2 times this year, 8d. And for money paid for the expenses of the lord there and others of his advisors being there for the making of an agreement between the said lord and the Prior of Fordham by the order of the said lord there this year, 5s. And for money paid to the carpenter for making and repair of 2 stalls being in the hands of the lord there this year, 2s. And for money paid to 4 toll-gatherers for supervision of the fairs there this year, 16d. And for purses purchased for the same there this year, 3d. And for money paid for the expenses of the steward and other servants of the lord being there at the time of the fairs this year, 10s. 10d. And for money paid for the expenses of John Bury and Richard Pope being there on business of the lord another time this year, 2s. 2d. And in money paid to John Upryght, chaplain of the lord’s chantry there, for the tithe of the above fairs there, the charge this year 4s. Total 28s. 7d.

40

K. Briggs, pers. comm. Robert Alyngton had married Margaret Brewes, the widow of John Shelton, who held the manor of Brent Eleigh for the term of her life. See Blomefield, An essay towards a topographical history of the county of Norfolk, 5, p. 266.

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Payments in money And the same paid to the lord by the hand of Richard Pope in money for the expenses of the above fairs \he is charged/, as is clear by an indented bill – 35s. 8d. Item, he paid to Robert Alyngton, lord of the abovesaid manor, for expenses of his above office charged, as is clear by one tally – £3 Item, he paid to the same, by advice in money without tally this year – 8d. Item, he paid to Laurence Cheynee for a [?]furlong increase (pro quad’ accr’me’tant’) in rent owed to him, as is clear by one addition – £7 6s. 8d. Total £20 3s. [Auditor’s comments]

Respite

Total of all expenses, allowances and payments £23 3s. ob. And so he owes to the lord upon this account 7s. ob. Of which there is allowed to the same 12d. for the rent of a single plot, once rented by Richard Gateward, because it lies in the hands of the lord, vacant and unoccupied for default of customary payments there this year. And so he still owes 6s. ob. Afterwards there is respited to the same 6s. [illeg.] those of Roger Hunte, lately sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire, for amercements in the lord’s court remitted to the same by the lord, as long as the same lord thereby better approves what further should be done by [illeg.] advice. Item, respited to the same 7s. 2d. for consideration of respites elsewhere rendered to him, as is clear by the same advice there for the last year. Total money thus respited, 13s. 10d. And so exceeded here, 7s. 9d. ob.

[12–13 Hen. VI verso] Newmarket (Newmarkett) The account of William Osteller, collector there at the feast of St Michael Archangel in the thirteenth year of the reign of King Henry VI. Issues of the grange there this year, assessed by razed measures of threshed grain, that is by London. Wheat Of wheat issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here because nothing was sown there this year \the aforesaid last/, as is clear by examination thereby made this year. Total nil. Rye Of rye issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Peas Of peas issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. 202

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Barley Of barley or dredge issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Oats Of oats issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Maslin for payment of servants Of wheat or rye or else of barley received as maslin for payment of the lower servants of the lord there, nothing is received here because none had servants there except only one Collector and he himself received his wages in money as below. Total nil. Cart horses Of cart horses issuing both waifs and strays within the lord’s demesne there for the whole period of the abovesaid account, nothing is received here because nothing arrives there, as is sufficiently witnessed by examination of the accountant upon this account. Total nil. Mares Of mares issuing within the lord’s demesne there, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Affers Of affers issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Foals Of foals both in 1st and 2nd or 3rd [year] issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Bulls Of bulls issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Cows Of cows issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Bullocks and young bullocks Of bullocks or young bullocks issuing within the lord’s demesne there, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil.

203

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Heifers or young heifers Of heifers or young heifers issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Yearlings Of yearlings issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Calves Of calves issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Rams Of rams issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Ewes Of ewes issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Wethers Of wethers issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here for the above account this year. Total nil. Young rams and hoggs Of young rams or hoggs issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Lambs Of lambs issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Fleeces Of fleeces issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Woolfells Of woolfells issuing within the lord’s demesne during the same period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. 204

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Pelts Of pelts issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Skins Of skins issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Boars Of boars issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Sows Of sows issuing within the lord’s demesne \there/ during the same period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Pigs Of pigs issuing within the lord’s demesne \there/ during the same period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Young pigs Of young pigs issuing within the lord’s demesne \there/ during the same period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Piglets Of piglets issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Geese Of ganders, unmated geese or goslings issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Cocks and hens Of cocks or hens issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Chickens Of chickens issuing within the lord’s demesne there, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. 205

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Capons And for 2 capons for the rent of John Jossypp for a certain garden and 1 croft situated there, to be paid there yearly at the feast of the birth of the lord within the period of this account. And for 2 capons for the rent of John Leycestre for 2 crofts situated there called le Wellefeld and Walescrofte, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feast. And for 2 capons for the rent of Alice, wife of William Cheveley, for 1 plot called Doshowse ȝerde and for a certain other croft situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feast. And 1 capon for the rent of Robert Bernard for 1 croft and croft [sic] situated there next to the land of John Elyngham, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feast. And for 3 capons for the rent of John Elmham for 1 sheepfold situated at the end of the town of Newmarket (novo marcato) and one croft there and for a certain tenement called Cowperys situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feast. Total 10. And the same renders account that has sold as below there this year 10. Total as above. And quit. Dovecote Of revenue of the dovecote, nothing is received here because there are none situated there within the demesne land. Total nil. Meadow And for 10 acres of meadow situated there in a certain meadow called the Lord’s Meadow within the bounds of Newmarket (novo marcato), as is clear by examination thereby made this year. Total 10 acres. And the same renders account that he has sold as below to John Frere this year 10 acres.

Total as above.

And quit.

Arable land And for 10 acres of the lord’s demesne land situated there in a certain place called le Botinere within the demesne land in a certain field called the South Field (le Southfeeld). And for 3 acres of the same land situated there, abutting upon the Mill Hill (le Myllehylle). And for 10 acres of the same land situated between a certain road called Fordham way (Fordhamwey) and Makeman way (Mekenmanwey). And for 6 acres of the same land situated there, abutting upon the Lord’s Meadow and Fordham Meadow (Fordehammedwe). And for 5 acres of the same land situated there and abutting the abovesaid place. And for 5 acres of the same land situated there and abutting upon the abovesaid place. And for 1 acre of the same land situated there upon the lord’s meadow there. And for 10 acres of the same land situated there in Snailwell Field (Sneywellefelde). And for 10 acres of the same land situated in Exning Field (Ixnenyngfelde). Total 60 acres. And the same renders account that he handed over as below there this year 60 acres. Total as above. And quit. [Account Rolls 13–14 and 14–15 Henry VI are missing.] 206

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15–16 Henry VI [30 September 1436–29 September 1437] [15–16 Hen. VI recto] Newmarket The account of William Osteller of Newmarket (novo mercato) Bailiff and Collector for Robert Alyngton, esquire, at his lordship, once of William Aargentein [sic], knight, within the town of Newmarket, both of fixed rents and various rents and of rents both of the free and unfree tenants of the lord there, together with money issuing from various revenues and profits from the profits of the Fair and market courts belonging to the abovesaid lordship, from the morrow of the feast of St Michael Archangel in the 15th year of the reign of King Henry Sixth after the conquest until the feast of St Michael next following in the 16th year of the same King, for one whole year. Arrears The same is charged for 109s. 11d. for arrears of his account there, as is clear in the foot of his account there from the previous year. Total 109s. 11d. Rents of assize And the same answers for 10d. in money issuing from one plot in the tenure of John Smyth alias the said John Ballowe situated at the western end of the town of Newmarket, to be paid there at the feast of St Michael Archangel and at Easter within the period of this account by equal portions per annum. And for 12d. of the same rent issuing for one plot and one acre of land situated there in the tenure of John Curteys, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 3d. of the same rent issuing from half an acre of land situated there, lately Walter Reygnold’s, now in the tenure of John Curteys, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 6d. of the same rent issuing for one messuage, once John Schelley’s, now in the tenure of Nicholas Schelley, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 6s. 1d. of the same rent issuing for one plot and certain land situated there in the tenure of Robert Bernard, knight, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 8d. of the same rent issuing for one messuage situated there in the tenure of John Pere, in which the same John dwells, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 8d. of the same rent issuing for one plot \16d./, lately Marham’s, one acre of land \4d./, lately Edward Scherman’s, situated next to the Lord’s Meadow, and 2 acres of land \8d./ situated at the southern end of the town of Newmarket, for half an acre of land \2d./ of the same land situated next to the land of John Hygham, of half an acre \2d./ situated near the Mill Hill (le Myllehyll), once in the tenure of Richard Doo, now in the tenure of William Ayluff, situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 11d. of the same rent issuing for one tenement and certain land situated there, once in the tenure of William Palgrave, now in the tenure of Margaret Maygood, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 10d. of the same rent issuing for one tenement situated there, lately John Ray’s, now in the tenure of Ralph Hankokes, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent issuing for 1 plot situated there, once in the tenure of Ralph Gateward, now in the tenure of Richard Gateward, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 16d. of the same rent issuing for one plot situated there, once in the tenure of William Farewell, now in the tenure of John Dowysby, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 8d. of the same rent issuing for one messuage, once William Smyth’s, now in the tenure of John Leyston, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 207

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7s. 2d. of the same rent issuing for one messuage situated there, now in the tenure of Peter Fetheller, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 11s. 6d. of the same rent issuing for one plot \2s. 10d./ in the tenure of John Hygham, in which the same John dwells, 6 acres of land \7s. 6d./ situated near the Chalk Pit (le Chalkpytt), 2 acres of land \8d./ situated near the lord’s mill hill there, 1 and a half acres \2d./ of the same land situated near the Heath, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 10d. of the same rent issuing for half an acre of land situated near the Heath, once in the tenure of John Genenought, now in the tenure of Laurence Cookes, situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent issuing for one messuage situated there, once in the tenure of John Asshedon, now in the tenure of John Upryght, chaplain, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent issuing for one messuage situated there called Spekkys, now in the tenure of the said John Upryght, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 3s. 4d. of the same rent issuing for one tenement situated there, lately in the tenure of John Bakhows, now in the tenure of John Elmham, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 12d. of the same rent issuing for one messuage and 3 acres of land situated there in the tenure of Margaret Manston, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 18d. of the same rent issuing for 4 acres of land situated there within the parish of Exning in the tenure of Margaret, lately wife of John Motte, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 8d. of the same rent issuing for 2 acres of land situated there, lately in the tenure of Peter Rolff, now in the tenure of John Fabyan, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 10d. of the same rent issuing for one messuage and one croft situated there in the tenure of Thomas Bateman, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent issuing for 1 acre of land situated there in the tenure of John Leycestre, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 7d. of the same rent issuing for various land situated in Brakenden Field (Blakdenefeeld) in the tenure of John Josshypp, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2d. of the same rent issuing for 1 shop situated there, once in the tenure of Walter Bocher, now in the tenure of Thomas Bulsham, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 27s. 8d. of the same rent issuing for certain land and tenements situated there, lately in the tenure of William Gateward, now in the tenure of John Wykes junior, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 10d. of the same rent issuing for one messauge situated there, once John Bakhows’, now in the tenure of William Skynner, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 22d. of the same rent issuing for tenements situated there, once William Chevele’s, now in the tenure of Thomas Bulsham, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. of the same rent issuing for one messuage situated there, once John Kyrkeby’s, now in the tenure of John Thykkenesse, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 10d. ob. of the same rent issuing for various lands situated there, once William Wonbourne’s, now in the tenure of John Josshypp, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent issuing for one tenement situated there, once in the tenure of Nicholas Bocher, now in the tenure of Thomas Bulsham, to be paid there at the feasts. [Parchment missing]

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[15–16 Hen. VI verso] Newmarket The account of William Osteller, collector there, at the feast of St Michael Archangel in the 15th year of the reign of King Henry Sixth. Issues of the grange there this year, assessed daily by razed measures of threshed grain, that is by London. Wheat Of wheat issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here because nothing was sown there in the last year, as is clear by examination thereby made there this year. Total nil. Rye Of rye issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Peas Of peas issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Barley Of barley or dredge issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Oats Of oats issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Maslin for payment of servants Of wheat or rye or else of barley received as maslin for payment of the lower servants of the lord there, nothing is received here because none had servants there except only one Collector and he himself received his wages in money as below. Total nil. Cart horses Of cart horses issuing both waifs and strays within the lord’s demesne there throughout the whole period of the abovesaid account, nothing is received here because nothing arrived there, as is sufficiently witnessed by examination of the accountant upon this account. Total nil. Mares Of mares issuing within the lord’s demesne there, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Affers Of affers issuing within the lord’s demesne there, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil.

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Foals Of foals both in 1st and in 2nd or in 3rd [year] issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Bulls Of bulls issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total [blank]. Cows Of cows issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Bullocks or young bullocks Of bullocks or young bullocks issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Heifers or young heifers Of heifers or young heifers issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received this year for the above account. Total nil. Cattle Of cattle issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Calves Of calves issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Rams Of rams issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Ewes Of ewes issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. [Parchment missing]

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16–17 Henry VI [29 September 1437–29 September 1438] [16–17 Hen. VI recto] Newmarket (Newmarkett) The account of William Osteller of Newmarket (novo Mercato) Bailiff and Collector for Robert Alyngton, esquire, at his lordship, once that of William Aargentein [sic], knight, within the town of Newmarket both of fixed rents and various rents and of rents both of the free and unfree tenants of the lord there, together with money issuing from various revenues and profits from the profits of Fair and Market Courts belong there at the abovesaid lordship, from the feast of St Michael Archangel in the 16th year of the reign of King Henry Sixth after the conquest until the same feast of Michael next following in the 17th year of the same King, for one whole year. Arrears The same is charged for 13s. 1d. ob. for the arrears of his account as is clear in the foot of his account there from the previous year. Total 13s. 1d. ob. Rents of assize And the same answers for 10d. of money issuing for one plot in the tenure of John Smyth alias the said John Ballowe, situated at the western end of the town of Newmarket (Newmarkett), to be paid there at the feast of St Michael the Archangel and at Easter within the period of this account by equal portions per annum. And for 12d. of the same rent issuing for one plot and for one acre of land situated there, now in the tenure of John Curteys, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 3d. of the same rent issuing from half an acre of land situated there, lately Walter Reygnold’s, now in the tenure of John Curteys, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 6d. of the same rent issuing for one messuage situated there, once John Schelley’s, now in the tenure of Nicholas Schelley, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 6s. 1d. of the same rent issuing for one plot and for various lands situated there in the tenure of Robert Bernard, knight, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 8d. of the same rent issuing for one messuage situated there in the tenure of John Pere, in which the same \John/ dwells, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 8d. issuing from one plot \16d./, lately called Marhamnys, one acre of land \4d./, lately Edmund Scherman’s, situated next to a certain place called the Lord’s Meadow. And for 2 acres of land \8d./ situated at the southern end of the town of Newmarket \and/ for half an acre of the same land \2d./ situated next to the land of John Hygham, half an acre \2d./ of the same land situated there near the Mill Hill (le Myllehyll), once in the tenure of Richard Doo, now in the tenure of William Ayluff, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 11d. of the same rent issuing from one tenement. And for various lands situated there, once in the tenure of William Palgrave, now in the tenure of Margaret Maygood, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 10d. of the same rent issuing from one tenement situated there, lately John Ray’s, now in the tenure of Ralph Hankokes, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent issuing from 1 plot situated there of Ralph Gateward, now in the tenure of Richard Gateward, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 16d. of the same rent issuing from one plot situated there, once in the tenure of William Farewell, now in the tenure of John Dewysby, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 8d. of the same rent issuing from one messuage situated there, once William 211

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Smyth’s, now in the tenure of John Leyston, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 7s. 2d. of the same rent issuing from one messuage situated there in the tenure of Peter Fetheller, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 11s. 6d. of the same rent issuing from one plot \2s. 10d./ in the tenure of John Hygham, in which the same John dwells, 6 acres of land \7s. 6d./ situated near the Chalk Pits (le Chalkpittys), for 2 acres of land \8d./ situated near the Mill Hill (le Millehyll) of the lord there and 1 and a half acres of the same land situated near the Heath, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 10d. of the same rent issuing from half an acre of land situated there near the Heath, once in the tenure of John Genenought, now in the tenure of Laurence Cookes to be paid yearly there at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent issuing from one messuage, once in the tenure of John Asshedon, now in the tenure of John Upryght chaplain, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent issuing from one messuage situated there called Spelbys, now in the tenure of the said John Upryght, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 3s. 4d. of the same rent issuing from one tenement situated there, lately John Bakhows’, now in the tenure of John Elmham, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 12d. of the same rent for one messuage and 3 acres of land situated there in the tenure of Margaret Manston, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 18d. of the same rent issuing from 4 acres of land situated within the parish town of Exning in the tenure of Margaret, lately wife of John Motte, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 8d. of the same rent issuing from 2 acres of land situated there, lately in the tenure of Peter Rolffes, now in the tenure of John Fabyan, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 10d. of the same rent issuing from one messuage and one croft situated there in the tenure of Thomas Bateman, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent issuing from 1 acre of land situated there in the tenure of John Leycestre, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 7d. of the same rent issuing from various lands situated in a certain field called Brakenden Field (Blakelondfeeld), now in the tenure of John Josshypp, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2d. of the same rent issuing from one shop situated there, once in the tenure of Walter Bocher, now in the tenure of Thomas Bulsham, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 27s. 8d. of the same rent issuing from various lands and tenements situated there, once in the tenure of William Gateward, now in the tenure of John Wykes junior, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 9d. of the same rent issuing from one messuage situated there, once John Bakhows’, now in the tenure of William Skynner, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 22d. of the same rent issuing from various tenements situated there , once William Cheveley’s, now in the tenure of Thomas Bulsham, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. of the same rent issuing from one messuage situated there, once John Kyrkeby’s, now in the tenure of John Thykkenesse, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 10d. ob. of the same rent issuing from various lands situated there, once William Wonbourne’s, now in the tenure of John Josshypp, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent issuing from one tenement situated there, once Nicholas Bocher’s, now in the tenure of Thomas Bulsham, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 2d. of the same rent issuing from one tenement situated there, once John Reder’s, now in the tenure of the Prior of Fordham, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent issuing from various lands situated there, once William Smyth’s, now in the tenure of John Heyward, to be paid there 212

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yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent issuing from various lands situated there in the tenure of Thomas Hakwrong, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 12d. of the same rent issuing from various lands situated there in the tenure of Simon Beyley, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent issuing from 1 acre of land situated there, abutting upon a certain place called Lord’s Meadow (Lordysmedwe), to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. Total £4 8s. 5d. ob. Rent of houses with stalls in the market And the same answers for 6s. 6d. for the rent of various shops with stalls situated there in the lords’ market, thus they are handed over to John Kullynge this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single house called Wyndes situated there, thus handed over to the same John this year. And for 1d. of increased rent for 1 shop situated in Mercers’ Row (le merceryrowe), thus handed over to the same John this year. And for 6s. 6d. for the rent of various shops situated there, once rented by John Ray, barker, thus they are handed over to Alexander Boyton this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, once rented by John Gateward, thus handed over to John Kullynge this year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Bakhood this year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, once rented by John Lillye, thus handed over to Simon Berle this year. And for 3s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Simon Childyrton this year. And for 4s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to William Kote this year. And for 2s. 5d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Robert Wannce this year. And for 12d. for 1 plot of land called the Pinfold (le Pynfalde) situated there, thus handed over to Richard Gateward this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Hygham this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, once rented by John Pere, thus handed over to Richard Bowrys and Alexander Boyton this year. And for 2d. for the rent of half of a single shop situated there, once Struggys’, afterwards rented by John Pere, thus handed over to Richard Bowrys and Alexander Boyton this year. And for 8d. for the rent of a single shop situated in Ropers’ Row (le Roperysrowe), once rented by William Smyth, thus handed over to Robert Hyne this year. And for 14d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Dawe this year. And for 2s. for the rent of various shops situated there, once rented by William Smyth, afterwards rented by John Passelew, situated in a certain place called the Drapery (le Draperyrowe), thus they are handed over to John Wode this year. And for 5s. 6d. for the rent of various shops and stalls situated there, thus they are handed over to Alexander Boyton this year. And for 8d. for the rent of 2 shops situated there, once rented by Thomas Turnour, thus they are handed over to the same Alexander this year. And for 2s. 2d. for the rent of various shops and for various stalls situated there, thus handed over to Richard Bowrys this year. And for 3s. 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, once rented by Richard Loveday, thus handed over to Nicholas Preston this year, nevertheless it is accustomed to be handed over, as is clear in the previous account, for 4s. yearly. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, once rented by William Spycer, thus handed over to Thomas Chaundeller of Babraham (Badburgham) this year. And for 12d. for the rent of 2 shops situated there, thus they are handed over to Edmund Preston this year. And for 8d. for the rent of 2 shops situated there, thus they are handed over to John Dawe this year. And for 18d. for the rent of 2 shops situated there, thus they are 213

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handed over to Ralph Farwell this year. And for 6s. for the rent of 3 stalls situated there, thus they are handed over to William Farwell this year. And for 2s. for the rent of various stalls situated there, thus handed over to Robert Sygo this year. And for 8d. for the rent of 1 stall situated there, once Andrew Barker’s, thus handed over to Thomas Cowper this year. And for 8d. for the rent of 2 stalls situated there, once rented by John Stalloun, barker, thus handed over to Richard Partrykes \Poperyk/ this year. And for 2s. 6d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Richard Barker this year. And for 2s. 2d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to John Stallown, butcher, this year. And for 3s. 4d. for the rent of half of a single house called the Tolbooth situated there, thus handed over to Walter Pryowr this year, nevertheless it is accustomed to be handed over, as is clear in the previous account, for 5s. yearly. And for 4d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, once rented by John Lacy, thus handed over to John Horn this year. And for 20d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, once Thomas Persown’s, thus handed over to the same Thomas \Tornour/ this year. And for 4d. for the rent of single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Peyt this year. And for 2s. \/ [illeg.] for the rent of a single house and a single shop situated there, once rented by John Bakwelle, thus handed over to William Skynner this year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single shop. And for 1 stall situated there, once rented by John Clerkes, thus handed over to Thomas Barker of Bury this year \+/.41 And for 8d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, once rented by John Sturdy, thus handed over there this year. And for 2s. 4d. for the rent of a single shop and a single stall situated there, thus handed over to Henry Ayleeffes this year. For the rent of a single shop situated there, lately handed over to Henry Aleeffes \[illeg.]/ for 10d. yearly, as is clear by the preceding account, \+/42 nothing is received here because it lies in the hands of the lord for default of customary payments this year. \+/ And for 2d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to William Scheldrake this year. And for 6d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, once rented by William Bukkes, thus handed over to Richard Partrykes \Poperyke/ this year. And for 6d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, once rented by Henry Dale, thus handed over to John Meyr \3d./ and Richard \^ William Dale/ Bukkes \3d./ this year. And for 3s. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to John Leycestre this year. And for 20d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to Agnes Tyller this year. And for 2s. for the rent of the other half of a single house called the Tolbooth situated there, thus handed over to Richard Tubby \John Graunt/ this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to Thomas Basse this year. And for 3s. 4d. for the rent of a single shop and a single house situated there, thus handed over to Margaret, lately wife of John Motte, this year. And for 2s. \twice summoned/ for the rent of various shops situated there, once rented by John Herown, thus they are handed over to Thomas Bocher this year. For the rent \20d./ of a single stall, once in the tenure of Thomas Broughton, lately handed over to the same, as is clear in the preceding account, for 20d. yearly, nothing is received here because it lies in the hands of the lord, vacant and unoccupied for the default of customary payments \1 obstruction/ there this year. And for \[illeg.]/ 3s. 4d. for the rent of half of the Tolbooth situated there, thus handed over to John Graunt this year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus 41 42

No accompanying marginalia. In the margin: ‘+ inquiry’.

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handed over to Thomas Bocher of Bottisham (Bokedekysham) this year. And for 10d. \twice summoned/ for the rent of a single shop situated in Cordwainers’ Row (la Cordewenerrowe), thus handed over to William Ayleff this year. Total £4 14s. 4d. Rent of demesne land And the same answers for 10s. 4d. for the rent of 12 acres of land of the lord’s demesne land situated there, thus they are handed over to Ralph, son of John Ballowe smyth, this year. And for 4s. 2d. for the rent of 5 acres of the same land situated there, thus they are handed over to Thomas Hakwronge this year. And for 14s. 10d. for the rent of 17 acres of the same land situated there, thus they are handed over to William Fyssher this year. And for 4s. 2d. for the rent of 5 acres of the same land situated there, thus they are handed over to Ralph Hankokkes this year. And for 15d. for the rent of a single acre and a single rod of the same land situated there, thus they are handed over to Ralph Lote this year. And for 6s. 8d. for the rent of 20 acres and 3 rods of the same land situated in the field of Exning, thus they are handed over to William Farwell with liberty of a single fold maintained upon the same land and not elsewhere by licence of the lord there this year. Total 41s. 5d. Sale of meadow And the same answers for 38s. 4d. in money received issuing from the crop of a single lord’s meadow there called the Lord’s Meadow situated within the bounds and metes of Newmarket (novo mercato), so sold there this year. Total 38s. 4d. Poultry Rent And the same answers for 2s. 6d. of money received for 10 capons issuing from the rents thus sold as revenue, as is clear on the back of this roll there this year. Total 2s. 6d. Profits of the Courts And the same answers for 5s. 4d. of money issuing from the profits of a single Leet held there on Friday on the feast of St Peter in Chains in the abovesaid year, as is clear by the lord’s Record there upon this account, viewed and examined there this year. And for 5s. 9d. of money issuing from a single court held there on Tuesday next after the feast of the Apostles Simon and Jude in the abovesaid year, as is clear by the abovesaid Record there this year. And for 4s. 2d. of money issuing from the profits of the other Fair Court held there on Wednesday on the feast of St Barnabas the Apostle in the abovesaid year, as is clear by the abovesaid Record there this year. And for 13s. 10d. of money issuing from the profits of a single General Court held there on Monday on the feast of St Edmund the King in the abovesaid year, as is clear by the abovesaid Record there this year. And for 13s. 7d. of money issuing from the profits of the other General Court held there on the day of Thursday next after the feast of St Thomas the Martyr in the abovesaid year, as is clear by the abovesaid Record there this year. And for 25s. 5d. of money issuing from the profits of 15 Courts held there during 15 weeks within the period of this account, as is clear by the abovesaid Record there this year. Total 68s. 1d. Profits of the Fair And the same answers for 49s. 3d. of money issuing from the revenues and profits of a single Fair happening there on the feast of the Apostles 215

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Simon and Jude in the abovesaid year, as is clear by examination thereby made by the oath of William Osteller himself, Collector, the present accountant this year. And for 13s. 4d. from the revenues and profits together with the petty tolls of all markets happening there each week throughout the whole abovesaid year, as is clear by examination thereby made by the oath of William Osteller himself, collector, the present accountant this year. Total 62s. 7d.

Sum total received with arrears – £20 8s. 10d.

Expenses of the Courts Then the same renders account for money paid for the expenses of the Steward’s clerk and their suit of court for various courts held there, as is clear by the Record of the lord there, thereby made upon this account, viewed and examined there this year, 5s. 6d. Total 5s. 6d. External expenses with other payments made And the same renders account for money paid to John Upryght, chaplain of the lord’s Chantry there, for the tithe of the above fair there, charged this year 3s. 4d. And for money paid to 5 men hired to collect money issuing from the lord’s fairs there this year 20d. And for money paid for purses purchased for the same at the same time this year, 3d. And for money paid for the expenses of the Steward and other servants of the lord, together with expenses of various employees and other servants at the time of the same fairs arising there this year, 11s. And for money paid for the expenses of various servants of the lord being there on business of the lord at the time of Lent this year, 2s. 10d. And for money paid for the purchase of wine for the use of the lord being there one time, 4d. And for money paid for the expenses of William Osteller himself, collector, the present accountant, for riding on business of the lord to Brent Eleigh (Brendylle) one time this year, 12d. And for money paid for the workmanship of the carpenter, together with timber purchased regarding the repair of the pillory in the lord’s market there this year, 3s. 4d. And for money paid for the expenses of the Steward’s clerk and their suit of court for various courts held there this year, together with the expenses of the auditor being there for his work on the account and the other account from the previous year, this year 4s. And for money paid for the expenses of William himself, collector, the present accountant, for riding to Fen Ditton (Fendytton) for 1 time for a certain annual rent of Laurence Cheynee paid there this year, 16d. Total 29s. 1d. Fee with wages And the same renders account for money paid to John Bury, Steward of the lord’s court there, for his fee there per annum, this year 13s. 4d. And for the wages of William Osteller himself, collector, the present accountant, by agreement made with the lord per annum, this year 13s. 4d. Total 26s. 8d. Payments in money Then the same renders account for money paid to Robert Alyngton, lord of the abovesaid manor, for money from the revenues of his office, previously charged, by the hand of John Belle, servant of the said lord, as is clear by 1 indented bill thereby made this year – 66s. 8d. 216

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Item, paid to the same, by advice in money, as is clear by 1 tally thereby made this year – £7 19d. Item, paid to Philip Boteller, by advice in money, for part of his rent there by agreement made with the lord – £8 6s. 8d. Item, paid to John Bury, Steward of the lord’s court there for his fee there this year – 13s. 4d. Item, paid to himself for the office of Collector of the lord there by agreement made with the lord this year – 13s. 4d. Total £20 19d. [Auditor’s comments]

Total of all expenses, allowances and payments £23 2s. 10d. And so it exceeds upon this account 54s. Afterwards he asks for allowances of 20s. from the amercements of 12 stallholders for their contempt of penalties in the court of the lord, the same remitted by the special grace of the lord. And 3s. 6d. for amercements of the Prior of the priory of Fordham remitted to the same by charity of the lord there there [sic] this year. Total of the said allowances 23s. 6d. And so it now exceeds 77s. 6d.

[16–17 Hen. VI verso] Newmarket The account of William Osteller, Collector there, at the feast of St Michael Archangel in the 17th year of the reign of King Henry sixth. Issues of the grange there this year, assessed daily by razed measures of threshed grain, that is by London. Wheat Of wheat issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here because nothing was sown there in the last year, as is clear by examination thereby made there this year. Total nil. Rye Of rye issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Peas Of peas issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Barley Of barley or dredge issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Oats Of oats issuing from the revenue of the lord’s grange there, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. 217

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Maslin for payment of servants Of wheat or rye or else of barley received as maslin for payment of the lower servants of the lord there, nothing is received here because none had servants there except only one Collector and he himself received his wages in money as below. Total nil. Cart horses Of cart horses issuing both waifs and strays within the lord’s demesne there during the whole period of the abovesaid account, nothing is received here because nothing arrived there as is sufficiently witnessed by examination of the accountant upon this account. Total nil. Mares Of mares issuing within the lord’s demesne there, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Affers Of affers issuing within the lord’s demesne there, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Foals Of foals both in 1st and in 2nd or in 3rd [year] issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Bulls Of bulls issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Cows Of cows issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Bullocks and young bullocks Of bullocks or young bullocks issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Heifers and young heifers Of heifers or young heifers issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Cattle Of cattle issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. 218

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Calves Of calves issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Rams Of rams issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Ewes Of ewes issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Wethers Of wethers issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Young rams and hoggs Of young rams and hoggs issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Lambs Of lambs issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Fleeces Of fleeces issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Woolfells Of woolfells issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Pelts Of pelts issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Skins Of skins issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. 219

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Boars Of boars issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Sows Of sows issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Pigs Of pigs issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Young pigs Of young pigs issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Piglets Of piglets issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Geese Of ganders, unmated geese or goslings issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Cocks and hens Of cocks or hens issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Chickens Of chickens issuing within the lord’s demesne there during this period, in the abovesaid manner and form, nothing is received here this year for the above account. Total nil. Capons And for 2 capons from the rent of John Josshypp for a certain garden and one croft situated there, to be paid there yearly at the feast of the birth of the lord within the period of this account. And for 2 capons from the rent of John Leycestre for 2 crofts situated there called le Wellefelde and Walescrofte, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feast. And for 2 capons from the rent of Alice, wife of William Cheveley, for 1 plot called le doshowseʒerde and for a certain other croft situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feast. And for 1 capon for the rent of Robert Bernard for 1 croft and croft [sic] situated there next to the land of John Elmham, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feast. And for 3 capons for the rent of John Elmham for 1 sheepfold situated at the end of the town 220

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of Newmarket (novo Mercato) and 1 croft there. And for a certain tenement called Cowperys situated there, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feast. Total 10. And the same accounts that he has sold as below there this year Total as above. And quit.

10.

Dovecote Of revenue of the dovecote, nothing is received here because there are none situated there within the demesne land. Meadow And for 10 acres of meadow situated there in a certain meadow called the Lord’s Meadow within the bounds of Newmarket (novo Marcato), as is clear by examination thereby made this year. Total 10 acres. And the same renders account that he has sold as below to John Frere this year 10 acres. Total as above. And quit. Arable Land And for 10 acres of the lord’s demesne land situated there in a certain place called le Botine within the demesne land in a certain field called the South Field (le Sowht Felde). And for 3 acres of the same land situated there, abutting upon the Mill Hill (le Myllehyll). And for 10 acres of the same land situated between certain roads called Fordham way (Fordhamwey) and Makeman way (mekemanwey). And \for/ 6 acres of the same land situated there and abutting upon the Lord’s Meadow and Fordham Meadow (Fordham medwe). And for 5 acres of the same land situated there and abutting the abovesaid place. And for 5 acres of the same land situated there and abutting upon the abovesaid place. And for 1 acre of the same land situated there and abutting upon the lord’s meadow there. And for 10 acres of the same land situated there in Snailwell Field (Sneyllewell felde). And for 10 acres of the same land situated in Exning Field (Ixnenyngfelde). Total 60 acres. And the same renders account that he has handed over as below there this year 6 0 acres. Total as above. And quit. 17–18 Henry VI [30 September 1438–29 September 1439] [17–18 Hen. VI recto] Newmarket The account of William Osteller of Newmarket (novo Mercato), Bailiff and Collector for Robert Alyngton, esquire, at his lordship, once that of William Aargentein [sic], knight, within the town of Newmarket, both of fixed rents and various rents and rents both of the free and unfree tenants of the lord there, together with money issuing from various revenues and profits issuing from the profits of the Fair and Market Courts belonging there at the abovesaid lordship from the morrow of the feast of St Michael Archangel in the 17th year of the reign of King Henry sixth after the conquest until the same feast of St Michael Archangel next following in the 18th year of the same King for one whole year. 221

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Arrears Of arrears nothing because in excess in the last [account] as is clear in the foot of his account there from the previous year. Total nil. Rents of Assize And the same answers for 10d. for money issuing from one plot in the tenure of John Smyth, alias the said John Ballowe, situated at the western end of the town of Newmarket (Newmarkett), to be paid there at the feast of St Michael Archangel and at Easter within the period of this account by equal portions per annum. And for 12d. of the same rent issuing from one plot and 1 acre of land situated there, now in the tenure of John Curteys, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 3d. of the same rent issuing from half an acre of land situated there, once Walter Reygnold’s, now in the tenure of John Curteys, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 6d. of the same rent issuing from 1 messuage situated there, once John Schelley’s, now in the tenure of Nicholas Schelley \Ralph Ballowe/, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 6s. 1d. of the same rent issuing from one plot. And for various land there, once Robert Bernard’s, knight, now in the tenure of John Bernard, knight, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 8d. of the same rent issuing from one messuage situated there in the tenure of John Pere, in which the same John dwells \now Richard Gateward/, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 8d. issuing from one plot \16d./ called Marhamnys, 1 acre of land \4d./ once Edmund Scherman’s, situated next to a certain place called the Lord’s Meadow, and for 2 acres of land \8d./ situated at the southern end of the town of Newmarket (Newmarkett), for half an acre of the same land \2d./ situated next to the land of John Hygham, for half an acre \2d./ of the same land situated there near the Mill Hill (le Myllehyll), once Richard Do’s, now in the tenure of William Ayluff, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 11d. of the same rent issuing from one tenement. And for various land situated there, once William Palgrave’s, now in the tenure of Margaret Maygood, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 10d. of the same rent issuing from one tenement situated there, once John Ray’s, now in the tenure of Ralph Hankokkes, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent issuing from 1 plot situated there, once Ralph Gateward’s, now in the tenure of Richard Gateward \John Colon/, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 16d. of the same rent issuing from 1 plot situated there, once William Farwell’s, now in the tenure of John Dewisby’s, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 8d. of the same rent issuing from 1 messuage situated there, once William Smyth’s, now in the tenure of John Leyston, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 7s. 2d. of the same rent issuing from 1 messuage situated there, in the tenure of Peter Fetheller \Thomas Depeden/, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 11s. 6d. of the same rent issuing from one plot \2s. 10d./ in the tenure of John Hygham, in which the same John dwells, 6 acres of land \7s. 7d./ situated near a certain place called the Chalk Pits (le Chalkpittys) in the tenure of the same John, 2 acres of land \8d./ in the tenure of the same John situated next to the Mill Hill (le Myllehyll) of the lord there. And for one and a half acres of land in the tenure of the same John situated near a certain place called the Heath, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 10d. of the same rent issuing from \one messuage in which he dwells/, once John Genenought’s \Edmund Brown/, now in the tenure of Laurence Cookes, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent issuing from 1 messuage situated there, once John Asshe222

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don’s, now in the tenure of John Upryght, chaplain, \John Maundevyle/, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent issuing from one messuage called \Specchys/ there, now in the tenure of John Upryght, chaplain \John Maundevyle/, yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 3s. 4d. of the same rent issuing from 1 tenement situated there, once John Bakhows’, now in the tenure of John Elmham, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 12d. of the same rent issuing from 1 messuage and 3 acres situated there, in the tenure of Margaret Manston, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 18d. of the same rent issuing from 4 acres of land situated within the parish town of Exning in the tenure of Margaret, lately wife of John Motte, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 8d. of the same rent issuing from 2 acres of land situated there, once Peter Rolffes’, now in the tenure of John Fabyan, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 10d. of the same rent issuing from 1 messuage and one croft situated there in the tenure of Thomas Bateman, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent issuing from 1 acre of land situated there in the tenure of John Leycestre, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 7d. of the same rent issuing from various lands situated in a certain field called Brakenden Field (Brakdenefeeld), now in the tenure of John Josshypp \Rector of [?]Barrow (?Barwe)/, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2d. of the same rent issuing from 1 shop situated there, once Walter Bocher’s, now in the tenure of Thomas Bulsham, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 27s. 8d. of the same rent issuing from various lands and tenements situated there, once William \Goodreed’s/, now in the tenure of John Wykes junior, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 10d. of the same rent issuing from 1 messuage situated there, once John \Bakows’/, now in the tenure of William Skynner, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 22d. of the same rent issuing from various lands situated there, once William Cheveley’s, now in the tenure of Thomas Bulsham, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. of the same rent issuing from 1 messuage situated there, once John Kyrkeby’s, now in the tenure of John Thykkenesse, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 10d. ob. of the same rent issuing from various land situated there, once William Wonbourne’s, now in the tenure of Josshypp \Rector of [?]Barrow (?Barwe)/, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent issuing for 1 tenement situated there, once Nicholas Bocher’s, now in the tenure of Thomas Bulsham, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 2s. 2d. of the same rent issuing for 1 tenement situated there, once John Reder’s, now in the tenure of the Prior of the Priory of Fordham, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent issuing from various lands situated there, once William Smyth’s, now in the tenure of John Heyward, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 4d. of the same rent issuing from various lands situated there in the tenure of Thomas Hakwrong, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 12d. of the same rent issuing from various lands situated there in the tenure of Simon Berley, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feast.43 And for 4d. of the same rent issuing from 1 acre of land abutting upon a certain place called Lord’s Meadow (Lordysmedwe) in the tenure of John Reder, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. And for 21d. of the same rent issuing from 1 plot in the tenure of 43

In the margin: ‘Thomas Flynt’.

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William Farwell, in which the same William dwells, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts.44 And for 4d. of the same rent issuing from 1 messuage situated there, once Margaret Landwade’s, now in the tenure of Margaret Motte, to be paid there yearly at the abovesaid feasts. Total £4 10s. 5d. ob. Rent of houses with stalls in the lord’s market And the same answers for 6s. 6d. for the rent of various shops with stalls in the lord’s market situated there, thus they are handed over to John Kullyng this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single house called le Wyndes situated there, thus handed over to the same John this year. And for 1d. for the increase in rent for 1 shop situated in Mercers’ Row (le mercerowe), thus handed over to the same John this year. And for 5s. 8d. for the rent of various shops situated there, once rented by John Ray, barker, thus they are handed over to Alexander Boyton this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, once rented by John Gateward, thus handed over to John Kullyng this year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Bakhood this year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, once rented to John Lillye, thus handed over to Simon Berle this year. And for 3s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Simon Childyrton this year. And for 4s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to William Kote this year. And for 2s. 5d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Robert Wannce this year. And for 12d. for the rent of 1 vacant plot called the Pinfold (le Pynfalde), thus handed over to Richard Gateward this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Hygham this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, once rented by John Pere, thus handed over to Richard Bowrys and Alexander Boyton this year. And for 2d. for the rent of half of a single shop situated there, once Struggys’, afterwards rented by John Pere, thus handed over to Richard Bowrys \and Alexander Boyton/ this year. And for 8d. for the rent of a single shop situated in Ropers’ Row (le Roperysrowe), once rented by William Smyth, thus handed over to Robert Hyne this year. And for 14d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Dawe this year. And for 2s. for the rent of various shops situated in a certain place called the Drapery (le Draperyrowe), once rented by William Smyth, afterwards rented by John Passelew, thus they are handed over to John Wode this year. And for 5s. 6d. for the rent of various shops and stalls situated there, thus they are handed over to Alexander Boyton this year. And for 8d. for the rent of 2 shops situated there, once rented by Thomas Turnour, thus they are handed over to the same Alexander this year. And for 2s. 2d. for the rent of various shops and various stalls situated there, thus they are handed over to Richard Bowrys this year. And for 3s. 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, once rented by Richard Loveday, thus handed over to Nicholas Preston this year, nevertheless it is accustomed to be handed over, as is clear by the previous account, for 4s. per annum. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, once rented by William Spycer, thus handed over to Thomas Chaundeller this year. And for 12d. for the rent of 2 shops situated there, thus they are handed over to Edmund Preston this year. And for 8d. for the rent of 2 shops situated there, thus they are handed over to John Dawe this year. And for 18d. for the rent of 2 shops situated there, thus they are handed over to Ralph Farwell this 44

In the margin: ‘William Thornden’.

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year. And for 6s. for the rent of 3 stalls situated there, thus they are handed over to William Farwell this year. And for 2s. for the rent of various stalls situated there, thus they are handed over to Robert Sygo this year. And for 8d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, once Alexander Barker’s, thus handed over to Thomas Cowper this year. And for 8d. for the rent of 2 stalls situated there, once rented by John Stalloun, barker, thus they are handed over to Richard Poperyk this year. And for 2s. 6d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Richard Barker this year. And for 2s. 2d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to John Stalloun, butcher, this year. And for 5s. for the rent of half of a single house called the Tolbooth situated there in the lord’s market, thus handed over to Walter Pryowr this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, once rented by John Lacy, thus handed over to John Horn this year. And for 20d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, once rented by Thomas Persown, thus handed over to William Skynner this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to John Peyt this year. For the rent of a single shop and for one stall situated there, once rented by John Clerkes, lately handed over to Thomas Barker of Bury for 2s., as is clear by the previous account here because it is lying in the hands of the lord for default of customary payments this year. For the rent of a single shop situated there, once rented by John Sturdy, lately handed over to the same, as is clear by the previous account for 8d. per annum, nothing is received here this year for the above account. \And for 10d. for/ the rent of a single shop situated there \thus handed over William Ayluff this year/. For the rent of \2d./ a single shop situated there, lately handed over to William Scheldrake as is clear by the previous account for 2d. per annum, nothing is received here this year for the above account. And for 6d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, once rented by William Bukkes, thus handed over to Richard Poperyk this year \[?]here (h’)/. And for 6d. for the rent of a single shop situated there, once rented by Henry Dale, thus handed over to John Meyr \3d./ and William Dale \3d./ this year. And for 3s. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to John Leycestre this year. And for 20d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to Agnes Tyller \alias Samity/ this year \[illeg.]/. And for 3s. 4d. for the rent of the other half of a single house called the Tolbooth situated there in the lord’s market, thus handed over to John Graunt this year. And for 4d. for the rent of a single stall situated there, thus handed over to Thomas Basse this year. And for 3s. 4d. for the rent of a single shop and a single house situated there, thus handed over to Margaret, lately wife of John Motte, this year. And for 20d. for the rent of a single stall, once in the tenure of \John/ Broughton, situated there, thus handed over to the same \John/ this year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single shop situated there, thus handed over to Thomas Bocher of Bottisham (Bodekesham) this year.45 And for 2s. for the rent of a single stall situated there, once rented by William Cheveley, thus handed over to Thomas Bocher of Burwell (Burwelle) this year. And for 2s. for the rent of a single vacant plot situated in the Fanfair (le Fanfeyre) facing the tenement of William Skynner, thus handed over to the same William for a term of years. And for 8d. for the rent of a single shop situated in Shraggery Row (le Shraggeryrowe) 45

In the margin: [?]‘here’ (h’).

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once John Aston’s, thus handed over to William Skynner this year.46 And for 10d. for the rent of a single shop, once Alexander Boyton’s, thus handed over to John Drawswerd this year. Total £4 8s. 10d. Rent of demesne land And the same answers for 10s. 4d. for the rent of 12 acres of land of the lord’s demesne land situated there, thus they are handed over to Ralph, son of John Ballowe this year. And for 4s. 2d. for the rent of 5 acres of the same land situated there, thus they are handed over to Thomas Flynt this year. And for 4s. 2d. for the rent of 5 acres of the same land situated there, thus they are handed over to John Dewsby this year. And for 4s. for the rent of 4 acres of the same land situated there, thus handed over to William Skynner this year. And for 5s. 3d. for the rent of 7 acres of the same land situated there, thus handed over to the same William this year. And for 7s. for the rent of 5 acres of the same land and one piece of fallow (frist’) land situated next to the Heath, thus handed over to William Palgrave this year. And for 18d. for the rent of a single acre and a single rod of the same land situated there, thus handed over to Ralph Lote this year. And for 6s. 8d. for the rent of 20 acres of the same land situated in the field of Exning, thus they are handed over to William Farwell \Thornton/ with liberty of a single fold maintained by licence of the lord there this year. Total 43s. 1d. Sale of meadow And the same answers for 40s. of money issuing from the crop of a single lord’s meadow there called the Lord’s Meadow situated within the bounds and metes of Newmarket (novo mercato), so sold to John Maundevylle this year. Total 40s. Poultry Rent And the same answers for 2s. 6d. of money received for 10 capons issuing from the rent of various tenants of the lord there, as is clear as expenses for the year, so sold as revenue there this year. Total 2s. 6d. Profits of the Courts And the same answers for 5s. 4d. of money issuing from the profits of a single Leet held there on Saturday on [St Peter] in Chains in the abovesaid year of the reign of King Henry sixth, as is clear by the lord’s Record there, upon this account viewed and examined there this year. And for 3s. 9d. in money issuing from the profits of a single Fair Court on Wednesday next after the feast of the Apostles Simon and Jude in the abovesaid year, as is made clear by the abovesaid Record this year. And for 7s. 4d. of money issuing from the profits of the other Fair Court held there on Thursday on the feast of St Barnabas in the abovesaid year, as is clear by the Record there this year. And for 14s. 1d. of money issuing from the profits of a single General Court on Thursday next after the feast of the Conception of the blessed Virgin Mary in the abovesaid year, as is clear by the abovesaid Record there this year. And for 12s. 9d. of money issuing from the profits of the other General Court held there on Thursday next before the feast of the Apostles Phillip and James in the abovesaid year, as is clear by the abovesaid 46

In the margin: [?]‘here’ (h’).

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Record there this year. And for 26s. 6d. of money issuing from the profits of 18 courts held there during 18 weeks within the period of this account, as is clear by the abovesaid Record there this year.47 Total 70s. 1d. Profits of the Fair And the same answers for l7s. 7d. of money issuing from the revenues and profits of a single fair happening there on the feast of the Apostles Simon and Jude in the abovesaid year, as is clear by examination thereby made by the oath of William Osteller himself, Collector, the present accountant this year. And for 15s. of money issuing from the revenues and profits of petty tolls from all the markets each week happening there through the whole abovesaid year, as is clear by examination thereby made by the oath of William Osteller himself, collector, the present accountant this year. Total 72s. 8d.

Sum total received

£20 7s. 6d. ob.

Surplus Then the same accounts for money from the same surplus, as is clear in the foot of his account there for the last year 77s. 6d. Total 77s. 6d. Expenses of the Courts Then the same renders account for money paid for the expenses of the Steward’s clerk and their suit of court for all the Courts held there, as is clear by the lord’s Record there, thus made upon this account, viewed and examined there this year 6s. Total 6s. External expenses with other payments made And the same renders account for money paid to John Upryght, chaplain of the lord’s chantry, for the tithe of the above Fair there, he has been charged this year 4s. And for money paid to 5 men hired to collect money issuing from the tolls of the abovesaid fair there this year, by agreement made with the same there this year 20d. And for money paid for purses purchased at the same time this year 3d. And for money paid for the expenses of the Steward and other servants of the lord, together with expenses of various employees and other servants at the time of the fair there in the same [?]Belenamen, as is clear by one bill then made and upon this account viewed and examined there this year 8s. 7d. And for money paid for the expenses of John Bury, Steward of the lord’s court there, for being there to meet with the lord of Tybetoft48 for a stall in the lord’s market there to be added this year 10d. And for money paid for the expenses of William Osteller himself, Collector, the present accountant, for riding to Fen Ditton (Fendytton) one time for a certain annual rent of Laurence Cheynee paid there this year, 4d. And for money paid for the expenses of the Steward’s clerk and their service, together with the expenses of various servants of the lord and the lord’s auditor being there around the making of this account this year, 3s. 9d. ob. Total 19s. 5d. ob.

47 48

In the margin: 70s. 1d. Possibly a reference to John Tiptoft, 1st Baron Tiptoft, who was lord of the manor of Burwell, Cambridgeshire.

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Fee with wages And the same renders account for money paid to John Bury, Steward of the lord’s court there, for his fee per annum this year 13s. 4d. And for the wages of William Osteller himself, collector, the present accountant, by agreement thus made with him with the lord per annum, this year 13s. 4d. And for money rewarding John Wyghton, appointed by Robert Alyngton, esquire, for writing this account, remains for making four accounts of various preceding amercements, together with determination of the same, 10s. Total 36s. 8d. Payments in money And the same renders account for money paid to Robert Alyngton, esquire, by the hand of John Belle, a servant of the lord, for the issues of the fair, previously charged – 43s. Item, paid to the same, as in money paid for the expenses of William Alyngton and Laurence Cheynee being near Newmarket (Novi Mercat), as is clear by one bill thereby made this year – 24s. 4d. ob. Item, paid to the same, by advice in money, as is clear by one other bill thereby made this – 47s. [torn] Item, paid to the same for money paid to Ralph Boteller by order of the lord – 46s. 8d. Item, paid to Robert Alyngton at Newmarket one time this year – 40s. Item, paid to the same by the hand of Johanne, mother of the said Robert, near Horseheath (horseth) – 20d. Item, paid to the same by the hand of Adam, lately clerk of Robert Alyngton, at Newmarket – 13s. 4d. Item, paid to the same by the hand of John Dowe, a servant of the said Robert there – 20d. Item, paid to the same by the hand of Adam, lately clerk of the said Robert there, another time – 20d. Item, paid to the same by the hand of Henry, a servant of the said Robert there, another time – 20d. Item, paid to the same by the hand of Robert, a servant of the said Robert there, another time – 12d. Item, paid to the same, as in money paid for one door used for the Tolbooth (la Tolbothe) of the lord there – 10d. Total £11 3s. 6d. [Auditor’s comments]

Total of all unpaid expenses, allowances and payments £18 3s. 1d. And thus there is owed to the lord upon this account 19s. 5d. Of which he asks for allowances of 20d. for the rent of 1 stall rented by Agnes Tyller alias the said Agnes Samity, previously charged because it was not occupied due to the default of John Kyrkeby. Therefore he consulted with the advice of the lord about cancelling. Item, he asks for allowances of 12d. [for] the amercement of the Prior of the Priory of Fordham because it could not be levied. Total of the said allowances 2s. 8d. And so he still owes 41s. 10d.

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18–19 Henry VI [30 September 1439–29 September 1440] [18–19 Hen. VI recto] Newmarket The account of William Osteler of Newmarket (Novo Mercato), Bailiff of Robert Alyngton, esquire, both of fixed rents and various rents and of rents both of the free and unfree tenants there, together with money issuing from various revenues and profits issuing from the profits of the fair and market courts belong there at the abovesaid lordship, from the morrow of the feast of St Michael Archangel in the 18th year of the reign of King Henry sixth after the conquest until the same feast of St Michael next following in the 19th year of the same lord King, for one whole year. Arrears The same accountant responds for 41s. 9d. of arrears in his last account, as appears in the previous foot. Total 41s. 9d. Rent of Assize And the same answers for £4 10s. 5d. ob. of fixed rent both of the free tenants and unfree, as appears in the account for the last year. Total £4 10s. 5d. ob. Rent of houses and stalls in the lord’s market And the same answers for £4 8s. 10d. of the rents of houses with stalls in the lord’s market, thus they are handed over this year as appears in the abovesaid account. Total £4 8s. 10d. Rent of demesne land And the same answers for 10s. 4d. for the rent of 12 acres of land of the lord’s demesne land, thus they are handed over this year to Ralph, son of Ballow. And for 4s. 2d. for the rent of 5 acres of the same land, thus they are handed over to Thomas Flynt this year. And for 4s. 2d. for the rent of 5 acres of the same land, thus they are handed over to John Dewsby this year. And for 4s. for the rent of 4 acres of land there, thus they are handed over to William Skynnere this year. And for 5s. 3d. for the rent of 7 acres of land, thus they are handed over to the same William this year. And for 7s. for the rent of 5 acres of the same land and a single piece of fallow land situated next to the Heath, thus they are handed over to William Palgrave this year. And for 6s. 8d. for the rent of 20 acres of land in the field of Exning, thus they are handed over to William Farwell with liberty of a single fold maintained by licence of the lord there this year. Total 43s. 1d. Sale of meadow And the same answers for 40s. in money issuing from the crop of a single lord’s meadow called the Lord’s Meadow (le Lordesmedowe) situated within the bounds and metes of Newmarket (novo mercato), thus sold to John Maundevylle this year. Total 40s. Poultry Rent And the same answers for 2s. 6d. in money received for 10 capons issuing from various tenants there per annum this year. Total 2s. 6d. 229

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Profits of the Courts And the same answers for 20s. 6d. in money issuing from the profits of a single General Court held there on Monday on the feast of St Thomas the Apostle in the year of the reign of king Henry as above, as is clear by the lord’s Record there, viewed and upon this account examined this year. And for 12s. 6d. from the profits of a single Fair Court held there on Saturday on the feast of St Barnabas the Apostle in the abovesaid year, as appears by the abovesaid Record this year. And for 15s. 9d. from the profits of a single General Court held there on Monday next before the feast of the Nativity of St John the Baptist in the abovesaid year, as appears by the Record there this year. And for 68s. from the profits of a single Frankpledge held there on Monday on the feast of [St Peter] in Chains in the abovesaid year, as appears by the abovesaid Record this year. And for 38s. 1d. in money issuing from the profits of 38 courts held there within the period of the account, as appears by the abovesaid Record there this year. Total £7 14s. 10d. Profits of the Fair And for profits of the Fair, nothing this year because by means of the servants of the lord. Total nil.

Sum total received £23 17d. ob.

Expenses of the Courts Then in money paid by the hand of the accountant for the expenses of the Steward’s Clerk and their suit of court for all the courts held there, as is clear by the Record of the lord there thus made and upon this account viewed and examined there this year. Total 6s. External expenses with other payments And for money paid for the expenses of William Alyngton and Laurence Cheny being at Newmarket (Novum Marcatum) for a wardship being made there 4s. 7d. And for the expenses of the accountant himself for riding to Thursford (Thyrsford)49 on behalf of the lord and returning, 16d. And for the expenses of the accountant riding to Fen Ditton (Fendytton) with the money of the lord this year 4d. Total 6s. 3d. Fee with wages And for the fee of John Bury, Steward of the Court there for the whole year, 13s. 4d. And for the wages of the accountant himself per annum, 13s. 4d. Total 26s. 8d. Payments in money And the same renders account for payments to Henry Usscher, servant of the lord by one bill annexed to the same account – 40s. Item, paid for another bill for the expenses of a writ and an attorney at London – 24s. 4d. ob.

49

The manor of Thursford in Norfolk was held by Robert Alyngton’s stepson, Ralf Shelton. See Blomefield, An essay towards the topographical history of the county of Norfolk, 5, p. 266.

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Item, paid to the lord at Horseheath (Horseth) at various times for one bill which is dated 7th day of August in the eighteenth year of the reign of King Henry sixth – £6 3s. 4d. Item, paid at Horseheath (Horseth) for another bill which is dated Sunday next after the feast of St Michael Archangel in the eighteenth year of the reign of King Henry – 48s. 5d. ob. Item, paid to William Alyngton towards London without a bill – 47s. 3d. Item, paid to the lord by the hand of Adam and Henry Osscher for 2 times – 26s. 8d. Item, paid upon the account to the said Henry – 20s. Total £16 10s. 1d. Total of all payments, expenses and allowances £18 8s. 11d. And so he owes upon this account £4 12s. 4d. Of which he asks for allowances of 2s. for the amercements of the Prior of Fordham because he was not able to be distrained. And for 20d. for the rent of a single stall, lately rented by Agnes Teler because it was unoccupied this year. And so he clearly owes to the lord £4 8s. 7d. [Annexed Bills] [1] This bylle indentyd verily wyttnesse þat I Herry husscher servant with my mayster Roberd Alyngton Resseyvyd be þe handys of Willelme Osteler bayly of Newmercat 40s. on þe Fryday before Whytsunday // In the 18th year of the reign of king Henry sixth. [2]

Firstly, for the Entry of 2 pleas 2s. Item, for 2 warrants of an attorney – 8d. Item for the fees of the attorney (‘la torne’) – 20d. Item for copies of the pleas 8d. Item for a search – 8d. Item for meat (‘flesch’) bought at Newmarket (Novum Mercatum) when the lord was there 3s. 10d. ob. Item expenditure at Newmarket (Novum Mercatum) when the lord was there at the aforesaid time 14s. 10d. Total 24s. 4d. ob. Total £6 19d. Total £6 19s. 3d. Total

[3] This indented bill made at Horseheath (Horseth) on Friday 7th day August in the 18th year of the reign of king Henry sixth, witnesses that Robert Alyngton esquire received from William Osteler by the hand of Henry Wyscher, firstly on Friday next before the feast of Pentecost 40s. Item on the feast of St John 13s. 4d. by the hand of Adam. Item received at Newmarket 13s. 4d. Item received by the hand of Adam

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from the said William 20s. Item received by the hand of Belle50 and John Byre 6s. 8d. Item received by the hand of one’s self 23s. 4d. Item received at Newmarket 6s. 8d.

Total £6 3s. 4d. [4] [manuscript torn vertically – in two parts] This indented bill made at Horseheath (horseth) on Sunday next after the feast of St Michael Archangel in the 18th year of the reign of king Henry sixth after the conquest witnesses that William Ostelere paid for the lord’s expenses as appears in this bill. Firstly, for two petitioners and their expenses – 6s. Item for 2 warrants of the peace from the justice of the peace in the County of Suffolk and his expenses – 2s. Item for various expenses at Newmarket (Newemarket) – 8s. 7d. Item for various expenses another time there – 12s. 2d. ob. Item for one original (‘originel’)51 – 10d. Item for one attorney and various adjournments – 21d. Item for one original – 3s. 10d. Item for various expenses at Cambridge – 6s. 8d. Item paid to Walter Taylard – 6s. 8d. Total 48s. 5d. ob. [illeg.]3d. for money paid by Laurence Cheyne and William Alyngton, esquire, for various concealments (mesprisionibus) made by Henry Hakkewrong, Thomas Leycestre and Nicholas Shelley and William Besteney, the aforesaid Laurence and William Alyngton. [19–20 Henry VI to 11–12 Edward IV are missing] SA/B, 359/3 12–13 Edward IV [29 September 1472–29 September 1473] Transcription [12–13 Edw. IV recto] Newmarket Compotus Rogeri Holyngworth Collectoris Reddituum & Firmarum Willelmi Alyngton Armigeri & Johannis Alyngton Firmarii Radulphi Boteler a festo Sancti Michaelis Archangeli Anno Regni Regis Edwardi iiijti xijmo usque idem Festum Michaelis extunc proximo sequens Anno eiusdem Regis xiijmo ut per unum Annum integrum 50 51

Presumably John Belle, servant to Robert Alyngton, referred to previously in the accounts. Presumably referring to an original document.

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Plate 13. The beginning of the account roll for 12–13 Edward IV (29 September 1472–29 September 1473). Suffolk Archives, Bury St Edmunds, 359/3r

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Arreragia Nulla quia dictus Compotarius a compto suo anni proximo precedentis recessit quietus ut in pede eiusdem Compoti plene liquetur Summa nulla Redditus Assise Et de 10d. de Radulpho Balow alias Bladesmyth pro j Tenemento cum Crofto adiacente nuper Johannis Balowe quondam Stonteneys ibidem iacente in Comitatu Suffolkie videlicet ad Finem occidentalem ville inter gardinum dicti Radulphi ex parte occidentali & tenementum Willelmi Buntyng ex parte orientali & abuttante ad unum caput super communiem viam per medium ville predicte versus austrum solvendum ad terminos usuales & sectam Curie ad sect’ ij Curie generalis Et de xijd. de Tenente terrarum nuper Helbyes pro uno tenemento & j acra terre quondam Curteys nuper Thome Helbye & dictum tenementum iacet ibidem in Comitatu predicto inter Tenementum Willelmi Buntyng ex parte occidentali & tenementum nuper Nicholi Sholley modo Radulphi Balowe ex parte orientali & abuttat cum caput australi versus Communiem viam predictam Et dicta acra terre iacet apud le Heth inter terram de Rippleys modo Willelmi Grene ex parte orientali & abuttat super london Wey versus austrum & debet Sectam Curie ad ij Curias generales Et de iijd. de dicto Tenente pro dimidia acra terre quondam Waltero Raynold nuper dicti Thome Helbye iacente apud le Millehill iuxta terram nuper Ricardi Ixnynge modo Radulphi Cooke ex parte excid’ & terram nuper Johannis Litegate modo Willelmi Mey ex parte orientali & abuttante super le Heth Et de vjd. de Radulphus Balow pro j tenemento cum Crofto cum Crofto adiacente nuper Nicholi Shelley iacente inter parcellam dicti tenementi ex una parte occidentali & tenementum Johannis Wyles vocatum Jacobbes ex parte orientali & abuttante super dictam communiem viam versus austrum & sectam Curie ad ij Curias generales Et de vjs. jd. de Thoma Depden pro uno tenemento nuper Johannis Barnard vocatum le bere iacente in Comitatu predicto inter Tenementum nuper Hacwrnog modo Willelmi Namisykyll ex parte occidentali & tenementum nuper Johannis Pere modo Johannis Laste ex parte orientali & abuttante cum capite australi super dictam viam per annum & sectam curie ad duas Curias Generales Et de viijd. de Johanne Laste p j tenemento nuper Johannis Pere iacente inter tenementum Thome Depden ex parte occidentali & tenementum Willelmi Aylenoth ex parte orientali & abbuttante super dictam viam versus austrum & sectam Curie ad ij Curias Generales Et de ijs. viijd. de Willelmo Aylnoth pro uno tenemento vocato Marhams cum diuersis terris & iacente inter Tenementum Johannis Last ex parte occidentali & tenementum Willelmi Palgrave modo Johannis Crak ex parte orientali & abbuttante super dictam viam una acra \ nuper Edmundi Sheeman/ terre iacet inter pratum dominorum ex una parte & terram Thome Depden ex parte boriali & terram dominorum huius manerii ex parte australi dimidia acra terre iacet inter terram nuper Johannis Higham modo Arthuri Greyson ex una parte dimidia acra terre iacet apud le Milhill inter terram Willelmo Mey ex una parte & terram Johannis Wykes ex altera parte ij acra iacent inter terram Thome Cotton ex una parte & terram de le Cristofer nuper Johannis Wright ex altera parte ad ij Curias Generales [12–13 Edw. IV recto] Newmarket The account of Roger Holyngworth, collector of rents and fixed rents of William Alyngton, esquire, and of John Alyngton, farmer of Ralph

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Boteler,52 from the feast of St Michael the Archangel in the 12th year of the reign of King Edward IV until the same feast of Michael then next following in the 13th year of the same King, that is for one complete year. Arrears Nothing, because the said accountant from his account of the last year returned it quit, as is fully clear in the foot of the same account. Total nil. Rents of Assize And for 10d. from Ralph Balow alias Bladesmyth for 1 tenement with adjacent croft, lately John Balowe’s, once Stonteneys, situated there in the county of Suffolk, that is to say at the western end of the town between the garden of the said Ralph on the western side and the tenement of William Buntyng on the eastern side and abutting at one head to the south upon the common road through the middle of the aforesaid town, to be paid at the usual terms and suit of court at 2 general courts. And for 12d. from the tenant of lands, lately Helbye’s, for one tenement and 1 acre of land once of Curteys, lately Thomas Helbye’s, and the said tenement situated there in the county aforesaid between the tenement of William Buntyng on the western side and the tenement lately Nicholas Sholley’s, now Ralph Balowe’s, on the eastern side and abutting with its southern head against the aforesaid common road. And the said acre of land lies on the Heath between the land of Rippleys, now William Grene’s, on the eastern side and abutting upon London Way (london Wey) to the south and he owes suit of court at 2 general courts. And for 3d. from the said tenant for half an acre of land, once Walter Raynold’s, lately the said Thomas Helbye’s, situated on the Mill Hill (le Millehill) next to the land lately of Richard Ixnynge, now Ralph Cooke’s, on the western side and the land lately of John Litegate, now William Mey’s, on the eastern side and abutting on the Heath. And for 6d. from Ralph Balow for 1 tenement with croft with adjacent croft, lately Nicholas Shelley’s, situated between a parcel of the said tenement on the eastern side and the tenement of John Wyles called Jacobbes on the eastern side and abutting to the south upon the said common road and he owes suit at 2 general courts. And for 6s. 1d. from Thomas Depden for one tenement, lately John Barnard’s, called the Bear (le bere), situated in the aforesaid county between the tenement, lately Hacwrong’s, now William Namisykyll’s, on the eastern side and the tenement, lately John Pere’s, now John Laste’s, on the eastern side and abutting with its southern head upon the said common road and he owes suit of court at two general courts. And for 8d. from John Laste for 1 tenement, lately John Pere’s, situated between the tenement of Thomas Depden on the western side and the tenement of William Aylenoth on the eastern side and abutting to the south upon the said road and he owes suit of court at 2 general courts. And for 2s. 8d. from William Aylnoth for one tenement called Marhams with various lands and situated between the tenement of John Last on the western side and the tenement of William Palgrave, now John Crak’s, on the eastern side and abutting upon the said road. One acre of land \lately Edmund Sherman’s/ lies between the lords’ meadow on one side and the land of Thomas Depden on the northern side and land of the lords of this manor on the southern side. Half an acre of land lies between the land lately of John Higham, now Arthur Greyson’s, on one side. Half an acre of land lies on the Mill Hill (le Milhill) 52

The manor of Newmarket had been divided into two manors in 1318 although it was administered as a single unit. See Introduction, pp. ix, xix, xxi.

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between the land of William Mey on one side and the land of John Wykes on the other side. 2 acres lie between the land of Thomas Cotton on the one side and the land of the Christopher (le Cristofer), lately John Wright’s, on the other side [and he owes suit] at 2 general courts. And for 11d. from John Cracke for 1 tenement, lately William Pallegrave’s, situated between the tenement of William Aylenoth on the western side and the lane leading to the Chapel of the Blessed Mary on the eastern side and abutting to the south upon the said common road, this year. And for 2s. 10d. from Thomas Perciwale for 1 tenement situated there in the county of Suffolk, lately Thomas Hacwrong’s, situated between the aforesaid lane on the western side and one tenement, lately John Ray’s, now of Ralph Lott alias Tayloure and he owes suit of court at 2 general courts there this year. And for 4d. from Ralph Lott alias Taylour for 1 tenement, lately John Coleyn’s, situated between the lane called the Market Lane (le Marketlane) on the western side and the tenement of Roger Hollyngworth, lately John Leyston’s, on the eastern side and abutting to the north upon the lords’ market and the other head to the south upon the aforesaid common street and he owes suit of court at 2 general courts this year. And for 16d. from Roger Holyngworth for 1 tenement, lately John Leyston’s, situated between the tenement of Ralph Lotte, lately John Colyn’s, on the western side and the tenement, lately William Smyth’s, now Henry Dake’s, on the eastern side and abutting to the south upon the said common road and he owes suit of court at 2 general courts there. And for 8d. from Henry Dale for 1 tenement, lately William Smyth’s, situated between the tenement of Roger Hollyngworth on the western side and the tenement, lately Peter Fedelere’s, now William Mey’s, on the eastern side and abutting with its southern head upon the said common road and its other head upon the lords’ market, per annum and he owes suit of court at 2 general courts there. And for 7s. 3d. and suit of court from William Mey for 1 tenement, lately Peter Fedelere’s, situated there in the aforesaid county between the tenement, lately William Smyth’s, now Henry Dale’s, on the western side and the tenement, lately John Hiham’s, now Arthur Greysson, called the Sword (le Swerd) on the eastern side and abutting to the south upon the said common road. And for 7d. from the said William for one acre and 3 rods of land, lately John Lytgate’s, situated separately, of which an acre lies in the fields of Newmarket (newe market) between the land of Arthur Greyson, lately Higham’s, on the eastern side and half an acre of land, lately Walter Ragnold’s, afterwards Helbye’s, on the western side. And 3 rods of land situated on the Mill Hill (le Millehill) between the land of the lords of this manor on one side and one head abutting upon the Draw way (le Drawewey) and the other head upon the land of Thomas Depden, lately John Barnard’s, knight, there this year and he owes suit of court. And for 11s. 6d. from Arthur Grayson for one tenement called the Sword (le Swerd), lately John Higham’s, situated in the aforesaid county between the tenement of William Mey, now [sic] Peter Fedelere’s,53 on the western side and the tenement of John Bonde on the eastern side, one head abutting to the south upon the aforesaid common road and the other head upon the market of the lords to the north. 6 acres of land situated near the Chalk Pits (Shalkepyttes) between the land of William Aylnoth on the southern side and the land of John Wykes on the northern side. 2 acres situated on Mill Hill (Millehill) between the land once William Cuss-

53

The scribe has written modo here when it should be nuper.

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et’s, lately Thomas Poperyk’s, now Katherine’s,54 wife of the said Thomas, on the eastern side and the land of William Mey on the other side. One and a half acres of land situated on the Heath between brener on one side and the land of John Wykes on the other side, there this year and he owes suit of court. And for 10d. from Henry Dale for one tenement called the Bell (le Bell), once Edward Brown’s, lately Laurence Cooke’s, situated between the tenement of John Wright called the Christopher (le Cyrstofyre) on the western side and the tenement of John Yerseley, lately John Wryght’s,55 on the eastern side and abutting with its southern head upon the said common road, there this year and he owes suit of court. And for 4d. from John Erlesey for 1 tenement, laterly John Upryght’s, situated in the county of Suffolk between the tenement of Henry Dale, lately Edward Broune’s, on the western side and the tenement, lately Aschedon’s, afterwards Mawndevyle’s, now the said John’s, on the eastern side there and he owes suit of court there this year. And for 4d. from the same John for 1 tenement, laterly Asschedon’s, situated between the tenement of the said John, laterly John Upryght’s, on the western side and the tenement, lately John Bayhows’, now Thomas Depden’s, on the eastern side and abutting to the north upon the garden of Thomas Depden and the other head upon the said common road, there this year and he owes suit of court. And for 3s. 4d. from Thomas Depden for 1 tenement with an adjacent croft, laterly John Bayhous’, situated between the tenement of John Erlesey, lately Asshedon’s, on the western side and the tenement, once John Manston’s, now Katherine’s, lately wife of Thomas Poperyk, on the eastern side and abutting to the south upon the said common road, there this year and he owes suit of court. And for 12d. from Katherine, once wife of William Cusset and lately of Thomas Poperyk, for 1 tenement, once John Manston’s and William Cussete’s and lately Thomas Poperyk’s, situated between the tenement of Thomas Depden, lately John Bayhous’, on the western side and the land which John holds on the other side and abutting to the south upon the King’s road (Regiam viam). 2 acres of land situated between the land of John Wykes on the eastern side and the land of Arthur Greysson, lately Higham’s, on the western side, one head abutting upon the little hill (le lytill hill) and the other head upon the land of Thomas Depden, lately John Bernard’s, and she owes suit of court there this year. And for 2s. 10d. from Thomas Persiwall \Simon Funistone/ for 1 tenement, once William Skynnere’s, lately Robert Persiwall’s, father of the said Thomas, situated in the County of Suffolk between the lords’ Close lately called the Fanfair (le Fannefeyre), in the tenure of the said Thomas \Simon/ on the northern side and the king’s road leading through the middle of the Shraggery (la Shraggery) on the southern side and abutting with its eastern head upon the land of the lords, once Richard Turnere’s, lately Robert Wancy’s, now Ralph Lote \now John Grigge/ and the other head upon the lord’s land lately built with a stall in the tenure of John Gateward and now built with houses and in the tenure of the said Thomas \Simon/ there this year and he owes suit of court. And for 4d. from John Kydde for 1 tenement, lately Stephen Cooper’s, situated in the aforesaid county between the road leading into the Old Mercery (le old mercery)on the western side and the unfree tenement, lately Stephen Couper’s, now the said \John’s/ on the eastern side and abutting with its northern head upon the road leading through the middle of the

54 55

The forenames ‘Katerine’, ‘Katerina’ and ‘Caterina’ have all been used in the rolls, but for consistency have been changed to ‘Katherine’. The scribe has written ‘Wryght’ here although it should be ‘Upryght’.

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Shraggery (le Shraggrey) towards the Cornhill and the other head to the south upon a shop lately Richard Poperyk’s and 2 shops of Richard Cullyng there, and he owes suit of court this year. And for 4d. from Thomas Pateryk for 1 tenement, once John Herward’s, laterly Thomas Lacy’s, situated at the eastern end of the aforesaid town in the county of Cambridgeshire between the land of Thomas Depden, lately John Bayhous’, on the eastern side and the land of John Bernard on the western side and abutting to the north upon the Icknield way (le Ikenelswey) and the other head to the south upon the land of Thomas Depden, lately John Bayhow’s, yearly and he owes suit of court there this year. And for 2s. 2d. from the prior of the priory of Fordham for 1 tenement called the Hart (le Herte), lately John Redere’s, situated between the tenement called the Ram (le Ramme) on the eastern side and the tenement, lately a shop, once Walter Bochere’s, now of the tenants of the land [that was] lately Henry Cheveley’s, on the western side and abutting to the north upon the common road leading through the middle of the town of Newmarket (novum mercato) and to the south there upon the King’s road called Icknield way (Ikenelswey), and he owes suit of court this year. And for 2d. from the tenants of the land and tenement lately Henry Cheveley’s for one tenement, once Walter Bochere’s, lately it was a shop, situated in the county of Cambridgeshire between the tenement of the Prior of Fordham, lately John Redere’s, on the eastern side and the tenement once Thomas Cheveley’s, lately Henry Cheveley’s, on the western side and abutting on both heads upon the aforesaid roads, there this year and he owes suit of court. And for 22d. from the said tenants for one tenement, lately Henry Cheveley’s, situated between the aforesaid tenement, lately Walter Bochere’s, on the eastern side and the tenement of William Jourdon, lately Walter Bochere’s, on the western side and abutting to the south upon Icknield way (Ikenelsey) and the other head upon the aforesaid common road and he owes suit of court at two general courts there. And for 4d. from William Jourdon for 1 tenement, lately Nicholas Bochere’s, situated between the aforesaid tenement, lately Henry Cheveley’s, on the eastern side and another tenement of Henry Cheyveley on the western side and abutting upon the common street and the other head to the south upon Icknield way (Ikenelsewey) and he owes suit of court there. And for 3s. 5d. ob. from Ralph Cook for one tenement once John Bateman’s, lately Richard Ixnynge’s, situated in the county of Cambridgeshire between the tenement, lately John Leycestre’s, on the eastern side and the tenement, lately Maundevile’s, now Roger Holyngwourght’s, on the western side and abutting to the south upon Icknield way (Ikenelsewey) and the other head to the north upon the common street, and also he holds certain lands situated in Brakenden Field (brakdenefeld), and he owes suit of court there this year. And for 2s. from Roger Holyngworth for 1 tenement, lately Thykkesse’s, called the Swan (le Swan), situated in the county of Cambridgeshire between the tenement of Richard Dereseley on the eastern side and the tenement of Arthur Greysson called the Griffin (le Gryffyn) on the western side and abutting to the north upon the common street and the other head upon Icknield way (Ikenelsewey) and he owes suit of court there this year. And for 4d. from Arthur Greysson for 1 tenement, lately Richard Motte’s, situated in the lower part of the tenement of the Bull (le Bole), that is to say between the tenement of Ralph Lote, lately John Chaundelere’s, on the western side and a parcel of the said tenement of the Bull (le Bole) on the eastern side and abutting with its northern head upon the King’s road leading through the middle of the town of Newmarket (Novi mercati) and with the other head to the south upon the room (Cameram) of the said tenement of the Bull (le bole), and he owes suit of court there. And for 21d. from Arthur Gresson for 1 238

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tenement, lately Thoryngton’s, called the Saracen’s Head (le Saresenshede), situated between the tenement of Ralph Lote on the eastern side and the tenement of Thomas Depden, once his father’s, on the western side and abutting upon the common road and the other head to the south upon Icknield way (Ikenelsewey), and he owes suit of court. And for 2s. from John Wykes for one tenement, once Ikelyngham’s, in the county of Cambridgeshire between the tenement dundich on the western side and the tenement of Thomas Depden, lately of the vicar of Wickhambrook (Wyckambroke), on the eastern side and abutting upon the common road and the other head to the south upon Icknield way (Ikenelsewey), and he owes suit of court. And for 27s. 8d. from the aforesaid John for various tenements situated in the county of Suffolk with various lands situated there in the fields of Newmarket (Newemarket), of which one tenement called Jacobbes lies between the tenement of Ralph Balowe, lately Nicholas Sheley’s, on the western side and the tenement of William Nansekell, lately Hacwrong’s, called the Ship (le shipp) on the eastern side and another tenement called bullsyard (bolesyerd) lies in the aforesaid county between the Cornhill (le Cornehill) on the western side and the land of the Christopher (le Cristoffer) on the eastern side. And another tenement lies at the eastern end of the town between the tenement once John Manston’s, lately William Cusset’s, afterwards Thomas Poperyke’s, now of the wife of the said Thomas, on the western side and the tenement of John Bede on the eastern side and abutting to the south upon the said common road, the various [lands] situated in the fields there, and he owes suit of court. And for 18d. from Richard Motte for 4 acres of land situated in the fields of Exning (Exnynge) in one piece between the land of John Wykes on one side and the land of the Abbot of Battle (Batell) [Abbey]56 on the northern side and abutting upon Wakeman way (Wakemanwey) and with the other head upon Fordham way (Fordhamwey). And for 10d. from John Caldewell for 1 messuage with an adjacent croft, lately Thomas Bateman’s, situated in Exning (Exnyng) between the land of Thomas Cotton on the southern side and the tenement of William Couper \now of John Gladewyn/ on the northern side, one head to the west abutting upon the common watercourse and the other head to the east upon the King’s road there, and he owes suit of court. And for ob. from John Colyn of Exning (Exnyng) for 1 croft situated in Exning (Exnyng) between the land of Thomas Cotton on both sides and abutting with one head upon the king’s road and the other head to the west upon the common watercourse. And for 4d. from Katherine Leycester for 1 acre of land situated between the land of Thomas Depden, lately Barnarde’s, on one side and the land of Thomas Hacwrong, now Thomas Percyvale’s, on the other side and abutting upon the lord’s meadow (lordesmedowe) and the other head upon the little Heath (le lytell Hethe). And for 4d. from William Namisekell for 1 acre of land, lately Thomas Hakwrong’s, situated between the land of William Mey, lately Peter Fedelere’s, on the one side and the land of William Aylenoth on the other side and abutting upon Cambridge way (Cambrigewey) and the other head upon the land of John Wykes. And for 4d. from Katherine Leycester for 2 half-virgates of land, of which 1 half acre lies between the land of John Wykes on both sides, one head abutting the land of John Wykes and the other head abutting upon the land of Thomas Cotton, and the other half acre lies between the land of the aforesaid John Wykes on one side and abutting upon the land of Thomas Cotton. And for 8d. from John Paxman for 2 56

Battle Abbey (Sussex) held land in the open fields near Newmarket. See Evans ‘Battle Abbey at the Dissolution’, pp. 432 and 435.

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acres of land, lately John Fabyan’s, situated in the fields of Exning (Exnyng), that is to say in the field called South Field (sowthefeld) between the land of Thomas Cotton on both sides and the eastern head abutting upon Fabian’s way57 (Fabeanswey) and the other head upon the various men’s lands, there this year, as is made clear by the extent (Extent’). Total £4 12s. 6d. Of which, for J[ohn] A[lyngton] 46s. 3d. for W[illiam] A[lyngton] 46s. 3d. Rent of shops and at will And for 8d. from Simon Funston for one shop, lately in the tenure of Thomas Percyvale, there this year, to be paid at the usual terms of the manor. And for 2s. from the same Simon for one vacant plot, lately Robert Parys’, now built with a barn, next to the watercourse, there this year. And for 4d. from the same Simon for one house called le oldebakhouse, lately in the tenure of Robert Percyvale, there this year. And for 3s. from the same Simon for 2 houses situated in Shraggery Row (le Shraggeryrowe), there this year. And for 8d. from the same Simon for one shop, lately Thomas Percevale’s, once John Aston’s, there this year. And for 8d from the same Simon for one shop situated between the road into the Old Drapery (le Oldedraperye) on the western side and the road leading into the Old Mercery (le Oldemercerye) on the eastern side, one head abutting to the north upon the shop lately in the tenure of the said Thomas and the other head to the south upon a vacant plot of the lord’s land, there this year. Total 7s. 4d. for the below [pro inferius] And for 4d. from William Maryot for one shop, once Stephen Couper’s, lately Ralph Loote’s, situated between the tenement of the lords \in the tenure/ of Richard Cullynge on the southern side and the shop of the said Richard on the other side to the north there, and he owes suit of court this year. And for 4d. from the same William for 1 shop, lately John Horn’s, once John Lacye’s, situated in the Butchery58 between the stall, once John Cooke’s, now Thomas Skreven’s, on the southern side and a vacant plot of land now built with a stall in the tenure of the said William on the other side, one head abutting upon the Cheesemarket (Shesemarket) and the other head to the west upon the Butchery (le bocherye) there, and he owes suit of court this year. And for 4d. from the same for one shop, lately Thomas Teversham’s, afterwards Richard Gayseley’s, situated between the shop, once Alexander Boydon’s, afterwards John Alphey’s, lately William Robynson’s, now John Simond’s alias Spycer, there \and the shop of Richard Cullyng on the other side and abutting upon the Cheesemarket (le Shesemarkett) and the other head upon the Butchery (le bocherye)/ and he owes suit of court this year. And for 4d. from the same for one shop, once Alexander Boydon’s, afterwards John Alphay’s, laterly William Robynson’s, situated between the shop of Richard Cullyng on one side and a vacant plot of the lord[?s] in the tenure of Ralph Loott \now in the hands of the lord[?s]/ on the other side, one head abutting upon the Old Drapery (le oldedraperye) and the other head upon the Cheesemarket (le Shesemarket), there this year and he owes suit of court. And for 9d. from the same for 2 stalls, lately Richard Cullynge’s, situated together

57

58

Possibly a reference to land held by the Fabian family in Exning. In the sixteenth century some of this land was used to found Fabian’s charity which continues to operate in Exning today under the name of Fabian’s and Morden’s Charity. Unless otherwise stated, the account rolls refer to the Butchery as ‘le bochery’.

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in the Butchery between the stall of John Dawe of the Green59 (de le Grene) on one side and the stall of Thomas Skreven on the other side there and he owes suit of court. And for 3s. from the same for one vacant plot now newly built upon, situated between the Cheesemarket (le Shesemarket) on the eastern side and the road leading through the middle of the Butchery on the western side, there this year. And for 2s. 6d. from John Goyche for 1 stall, lately Henry Judde’s, situated between the shop of John Bagott on one side and the king’s road leading to the Mill Hill (le Milhill) called the Market Lane (le Marketlane), there. And for 2d. from William Cukcowe for one shop, once Stephen Gille’s, situated in Cordwainers’ Row (Cordenewaresrowe) between the shop, once Henry Dale’s, now Thomas Skreven’s and the shop of William Aylnoth on the other side. And for 6d. from the same for 1 shop, once Henry Aylenoth’s, situated in Cordwainers’ Row (Cordenewarerowe) between the shop of William Aylenoth on the northern side and a vacant plot on the southern side, and he owes suit of court there this year. And for 3s. 4d. from Richard Motte for one house and 1 shop situated in the Drapery (le Draperye) between the shop of Richard Stern on one side and the [?]doorway (porta’), lately John Leyston’s, now Roger Holyngworth’s, on the other side and \the aforesaid shop/ lies between the said house on the northern side and the [?]doorway (porta’) of William Mey on the other side, there and he owes suit of court this year. And for 2s. from Thomas Sewall for 1 stall situated in the Butchery (le bocherye) between the stall, lately Richard Poperyke’s, now \John Coharde’s/ on one side and the stall of Thomas Skreven on the other, there this year. And for 12d. from Katherine Poperyke for one garden, once John Dewesby’s, lately John Leyston’s, afterwards Thomas Poperyk’s, situated between the free tenement, lately Stephen Couper’s \now John Kede’s/ on one side and the barn of Richard Cullynge on the other side, one head abutting upon the shop of John Boydon, this year. And for 8d. from the same for 1 stall, lately Nicholas Whatloke’s, situated in the market between the road leading to the Cornhill (le Cornehill) on one side and the tenement of John Kede, lately Stephen Couper’s, on the other side, one head abutting upon the stall of Richard Cullyng, this year. And for 4d. from the same for one shop, lately John Poperyk’s, situated in the Old Drapery (le Oldedraperye) between the shop, lately Walter Dykman’s, \now Thomas Pyngill’s/ on the southern side and the tenement of Richard Cullyng on the northern side, there and he owes suit of court this year. And for 12d. from the same for 2 stalls, lately John Poperyk’s, situated separately next to the Cross (Crucem) in the high street leading through the middle of the town of Newmarket (novi mercati), of which one stall lies on the western side of the said Cross and the other lies next to the mentioned Cross on the eastern side, there this year. And for 10d. from William Aylenoth for one shop situated in Cordwainers’ Row (Cordewanersrowe), lately his father’s, between the shop, lately Sheldrake’s, now William Cuckowe’s, on one side and he owes suit of court, there this year. And for 2s. from Walter Pekche for one shop, lately Richard Trill’s, situated in the Butchery between vacant plots of lords’ land on three sides and the lords’ shop in the tenure of John Boydon on the 4th side, there this year and he owes suit of court. And for 4d. from Richard Stern for 4 shops situated in the Drapery (le Draperye), of which 1 shop lies there between the house of Richard Motte on one side and the other 3 shops on the other side, there and he owes suit of court this year. And for 59

John Dawe of Ashley. In his will of 1481 he left ‘myn place uppon the grene’ to his son, Robert (SA/B, IC 500/2/11/278).

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8d. from Nicholas Wylkyn for one shop and 1 stall, of which one lies in Barkers’ Row (barkersrowe) between a vacant plot of lords’ land on the northern side and the shop of Robert Kynge on the southern side and abutting to the west upon the wall of the new [?gild] hall (parietem nove aule). And the other lies next to the shop of John Meyre \lately Ralph Lote’s, now Goyche’s/ on the northern side and a vacant plot of lords’ land on the southern side, there this year. And for 4d. from John Kede for one messuage with a curtilage, once Robert Vanncy’s, lately Stephen Coupere’s, situated between the house lately of the said Robert \now John Gricke’s/ on one side and the free tenement of John Kede, lately Stephen Coupere’s, on the other side and abutting upon the road leading through the middle of the Shraggery (le Shraggerye) to the Cornhill, there this year. And for 2d. from the same for one vacant plot situated at the end of the shop of Richard Cullyng on the southern side and a vacant plot of lords’ land on the northern side, for him to have as his way for going to and from the lords’ market, there this year. And for 2d. from the same for a garden situated next to the Cornhill on the eastern side and to the house of the said John on the other side and abutting upon the lords’ land in the tenure of John Grigge, there this year. And for 3s. from Thomas Pyngill for 1 shop, lately Walter Dykeman’s, situated between the shop of John Herward on the eastern side and a vacant plot of lords’ land in the tenure of the said Thomas, there this year. And for 4d. from the same for one vacant plot, lately Walter Dykeman’s, situated in front of the window of the said shop in the tenure of the same Thomas, to display merchandise on a table and not for building upon. And for 4d. from Thomas Smyth for one shop situated in Ropers’ Row (Ropersrowe), containing in length 10 feet and in width 9 feet, situated between vacant plots of lords’ land on both sides, one head abutting to the west upon the shop of John Cooke and the other head upon a vacant plot of lords’ land, there this year. And for 4d. from John Cooke for 1 shop situated there between vacant plots of lords’ land on both sides, one head abutting to the east upon the shop of Thomas Smyth and the other head upon the shop of Thomas Stok to the west, there this year. And for 2s. from John Jakeman for 1 stall situated at the western end of the Tolbooth (le Tolboth) between the stall of William Maryott on the southern side and the lords’ stall in the tenure of John Colett on the northern side. And for 2s. from John Colett for 1 stall situated there between a vacant plot of lords’ land which was lately built with a stall in the tenure of John Dawe on the northern side and the said stall on the southern side, there this year and he owes suit of court. And for 8d. from John Boydon for 2 shops situated in the Mercery, lately Alexander Boydon’s, of which one lies between the shop of John Fennale on one side and the garden of Thomas Poperyk on the other side, there this year. And for 12d. from John Bonde for one Grange, lately a vacant plot called the Pinfold (le Pyndffolde), situated upon the Cornhill, there this year. And for 8d. from John Dawe of the Green (de le Grene) for 2 shops, once Alexander Boydon’s, lately John Birde’s, situated together in the Butchery (le bocherye) between the stall, lately Richard Cullyng’s, now William Maryott’s, on one side and the road leading to the Cornhill (le Cornehill) on the other side, one head of the shop abutting upon part of the two shops, now the said John Dawe’s, lately Thomas Dullyngham’s, the other head upon the King’s road, there this year. And for 4d. from the same for 1 shop, lately Thomas Dullyngham’s, situated in the Butchery between the other shop, lately Thomas Dullyngham’s, on one side and the aforesaid shop, lately John Birde’s, now John Dawe’s, on the western side, there this year and he owes suit of court. And for 2d. from William Coote for half of a single shop situated in the lords’ market between the shop, lately Richard Horn’s, now William Troys’, on one side and the shop, once William Cley242

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don’s, lately John Stalon’s, now the said William’s, on the other side, there this year. And for 4d. from the same for one shop in the Mercery, lately John Stalon’s, situated next to the road leading to the Cornhill (le Cornehill) between the shop of John Boydon on one side and the said half of a single shop on the other side there. And for 3d. from Thomas Skreven for one shop, lately William Dale’s, situated in Cordwainers’ Row (le Cordenwarewe) next to the shop of William Cuckowe on one side and the shop, once John Meyre’s, lately Whityng’s, now Robert Kynge’s, on the other side, there this year. And for 4d. from the same for 1 shop, lately Thomas Dullyngham’s, situated between the shop, lately John Birde’s, now of John Dawe of the Green (de le Grene), and a vacant plot of lords’ land on the northern side, there this year. And for 4d. from the same for one shop, lately Nicholas Wylkyn’s, situated in the Drapery (le Draperye) between the shop, once Drawswerd’s, afterwards Richard Horn’s, now William Poole’s, there. And for 8d. from the same for 1 shop, lately Richard Cullyng’s, situated in the Mercery (le Mercerye), there this year, situated between the shop, lately Robert Saetirman’s, now Laurence Smyth’s, on one side and the shop of Thomas Stok on the other side, there this year. [12–13 Edw. IV verso] And for 4s. 4d. from the same Thomas for 10 shops and stalls, lately John Cook’s, once Alexander Boydon’s, of which 2 stalls lie in the Butchery between the shop of John Boydon on one side and the shop, lately John Horn’s, now William Mareot’s, on the northern side. And three stalls situated between the stall of John Fennale on one side and the stall of the said Thomas Skreven, lately Walter Weyne’s, on the other. And 2 stalls lie there between the stall, lately Richard Poperyk’s, afterwards Ralph Lete’s [Lote], now rented by John Cohard, and the stall, lately Richard Cullyng’s, now William Maryet’s. And 3 stalls situated together next to the Cornhill (le Cornehill), opposite the [?]doorway (porte), lately Peter Fedelere’s, now William May’s, and he owes suit of court. And for 8d. from the same for 1 shop, lately Alexander Boydon’s, situated in the Cheesemarket (le Shesemarkett) between the new shop of the lords, lately Thomas Waleys’, now in the tenure of John Glover, on one side and the shop, lately John Cook’s, now the said Thomas’, on the other side, and he owes suit of court.60 And for 6d. from the same for 1 stall in the Butchery, lately Walter Weyne’s, situated between the 2 aforesaid stalls, lately the said Thomas’, on one side and 3 stalls, once Richard Burse’s, lately John Cook’s, now the said Thomas’, on the other side. And for 4s. from Richard Cullyng for 11 shops and stalls situated separately, of which 3 stalls lie under the wall [of the tenement] lately Stephen Couper’s, now John Kede’s, on one side and abutting upon [?] the doorway (portam), lately Peter Fidelere’s, now William Mey’s, facing the Cornhill (le Cornehill). And 3 shops situated in the Drapery (le Draperi) next to the shop of Katherine, wife of Thomas Poperyk, on one side and the shop of Ralph Lott, once John Pere’s \now William Mariott’s/ on the other side. And one shop lies in Spicers’ Row (spicersrowe) next to the shop, lately Simon Shilderton’s, now John Brightwell’s, on one side and the shop of Thomas Stoke on the other side. And 3 shops situated in the Drapery (le drapery) next to the shop, lately John Wode’s, now Robert

60

In the margin: ‘And for 12d. from the same for two shops in the Butchery, situated between the shop, lately Walter Weyne’s, now the said Thomas’, and the lords’ stall rented by Thomas Sewall on the other side, this year’.

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Kyng’s, and the shop of John Boydon on the one side and a vacant plot of lords’ land, lately Stephen Couper’s, now John Kede’s, on the other side. And 1 shop lies next to the shop of John Pere, now William Mariott’s,61 on one side and the shop of Thomas Cullyng on the other side. And 1 shop of Thomas lies in Ropers’ Row (Ropersrowe) between the shop of John Fenmale on one side and the shop of Thomas Cullyng on the other side. And 1 shop lies in Ropers’ Row (Ropersrowe) next to the shop of Robert Heyne, once William Smyth’s, now William Haukere’s, on one side and a vacant plot of the lords’ [or lord’s] land on the other side. And once he held 13 shops 4s. 9d. per annum, of which William Mariott held 2 stalls in the Butchery 9d. per annum \as is clear in the portion of rent of the said William Mariott/. And for 12d. from the same for 2 stalls, once Alexander Boydon’s, afterwards John Alphey’s, lately Robinson’s, situated in Turners’ Row (Turnorsrowe) between the shop, lately Teversham’s, now William Mariott’s, on one side and the shop of the said William Robynson, now William Mariott’s, on the other side, and he owes suit of court. And for 16d. from Thomas Stock for 2 shops and 1 stall, of which 1 shop lies in the Mercery between the shop, lately Richard Cullyng’s, now Sheven’s [Skreven], on one side and abutting at one head upon the road leading to the Cornhill (le Cornehill). And the other shop lies in Ropers’ Row (Ropersrowe) between vacant plots of the lords on both sides, one head abutting upon the shop of John Cook and the other head upon a vacant plot of lords’ land. And the said stall lies in Barkers’ Row (barkersrowe) between the stall once John Gowty’s, lately Ralph Lote’s, now Thomas Todde’s, and the stall, lately John Meicer’s, now the said Ralph Lott’s, on the other side, and he owes suit of court. And for 12d. from Thomas Cullyng for 1 shop and 1 stall, of which the shop lies in the Old Drapery (le old draperie) between the shops of Richard Cullyng on both sides, one head abutting upon the Drapery (le draperie) and the other head upon the Butchery (le bocherye). And the stall lies in Barkers’ Row (barkersrowe) next to the shop of William Couckowe on one side and the stall, lately Ralph Lote’s, now Thomas Goych’s, on the other side, one head abutting, and he owes suit of court. And for 2s. from John Bagott for 1 shop situated in the Mercery (le Mercerye) between the shop, once Simon Berle’s, lately Robert Sweteman’s, now Laurence Smyth’s, on one side and the stall, lately Henry Jude’s, now John Gowty’s, on the western side, one head abutting upon the road leading to the Mercery (le mercerye) and the other head upoin the tenement, lately Richard Gateward’s, now Ralph Lotte’s, and he owes suit of court. And for 2s. from \Laurence/ Smyth for 1 shop, once John Lylly’s, afterwards Simon Berle’s, lately Robert Sweteman’s, situated in the Mercery between the shop of John Bagott on the western side and a shop, lately Richard Cullyng’s, now Thomas Sheven [Skreven] on the eastern side, one head abutting upon the road leading through the middle of the Mercery (le mercery), and he owes suit of court. And for 3s. from John Bryghtwell for 1 shop, lately Simon Shilderton’s, situated in the Mercery (le Mercerye) between the stall, lately \now/ Richard Cullyng’s, now Thomas Sreven’s [Skreven] on the western side and the doorway (portam) lately John Leyston’s, now Roger Holyngworth’s, on the eastern side, and abutting upon the common road leading to the Cornhill (le Cornehill) through the middle of the Mercery (le Mercerye) and he owes suit of court. And for 17d. from John Grigge for 1 house with adjacent garden at the southern end of the same house, 61

A previous name appears to have been erased from the manuscript and ‘Willi’ Mariott’ written over the erasure.

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situated between the Cornhill (le Cornehill) on the eastern side and the tenement, lately Stephen Couper’s, now John Kede’s, on the other side, one head abutting upon Shraggery Row (Sharggersrowe) and he also holds one shop, lately Ralph Wanncy’s, situated between the tenement of Ralph Lote, lately Robert Wanncy’s \now the said John Grygge’s/ on the western side and the Fanfair Way (le Fannefeyr Wey), lately in the tenure of the said Ralph \now the said John’s/ on the eastern side and abutting with its southern head upon the road leading through the middle of the Shraggery (le Shraggerye) to the Cornhill (le Cornehill). And he also holds 1 vacant plot, now a garden, situated between the said shop on the southern side and \a stable/ lately Thomas Persiwall’s \now Simon Funtstone’s/ on the northern side and abutting upon the Fanfair Way (le Fannefeye Wey) and the other head to the west upon the garden of Ralph Lote, and he owes suit of court. And for 12d. from William Hauker for 2 shops, once William Smyth’s, lately Robert Heyne’s, situated in Ropers’ Row (Ropersrowe) between the shop of Richard Cullyng on the southern side and the king’s road leading to Shraggery Row (Shraggersrowe) on the other side, and he owes suit of court. And for 8d. from John Fenmale for 2 shops, of which one, lately his father’s, lies in the Butchery between the shop, lately John Preston’s, now William Preston’s, on one side and the shop of Thomas Skreven, lately John Cook’s, on the other side and the other shop, once Hogges’, lately John Woode’s, situated between the shop, lately Alexander Boydon’s, now John Herward’s, on the one side and the road leading to the garden, lately Thomas Poperyk’s, once John Dewsebye’s, now Katherine’s, wife of the said Thomas, and he owes suit of court. And for 14d. from John Simond alias Spicer of Barrow (Borowe) for 2 shops, lately of John Fenmale senior, situated at the end of the Drapery (le draperie) between Ropers’ Row (le Roperie) on one side and the Old Drapery (le Old draperie) on the other and abutting to the south upon the shop of Richard Cullyng and with its northern head upon the road leading to the Cornhill (le Cornehill), and he owes suit of court. And for 12d. from the same for 2 shops, lately William Robynson’s, once Alexander Boydon’s, afterwards John Alphey’s, situated joined together between the shop, lately Thomas Teversham’s, now William Mariott’s, on one side and the road leading to the Cornhill (le Cornehill) through the middle of Ironmongers’ Row (le Iremoungrowe) on the other side, and he owes suit of court. And for 4d. from Elena Jourdon62 for one messuage, newly built, lately Thomas Quylter’s, situated upon the Cornhill (le Cornehill) between Bullsyard (Bolesyerd) on the eastern side and the Cornhill (le Cornehill) on the other side, and abutting with its northern head upon a vacant plot of lords’ land in the tenure of the said Elena, now enclosed in a garden, and the other head to the south upon a vacant plot of land in the tenure of the said Elena. And the said messuage with a parcel of garden contains in length on both sides 48 feet and in width at one head 30 feet and at the other head 27 feet, and she owes suit of court. And for 16d. from the same for 2 vacant plots, of which one lies on the southern side of the said house between bullsyard (bolesyerd) on the eastern side and the Cornhill (le Cornehill) on the western side, one head abutting upon the Cornhill (le Cornehill) and the other head upon the said messuage, lately Thomas Quylter’s, and it contains in length 24 feet and in width 20 feet. And the other vacant plot is now enclosed in the garden of the said Elena and lies between

62

The forenames Elia, Elena and Elya have all been used for this person in the account rolls. Peter May chose to translate the name as ‘Ellis’ but we have preferred ‘Elena’. See May, Twenty Newmarket wills: a glimpse of fifteenth-century Newmarket, 1439–1497, p. 30.

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the road, situated next to \peyth/ Peyt’s shop (Peytshopp) called the Fairway (le Feyrewey) on the northern side and the other \said/ parcel of the said garden on the other side, one head abutting upon Bullsyard (Boleyserd) and the other head upon the Cornhill (le Cornehill) and it contains in length 24 feet and in width 8 feet, and she owes suit of court. And for 4d. from Robert Kyng for 2 shops, of which 1 shop lately was William Frere’s, situated between the shop of Richard Cullyng on one side and the shop of Alexander Boydon, now John Herward’s, on the other side, and he owes suit of court. And the other lately was John Whityng’s, situated in Cordwainers’ Row between the shop under the wall of the new [?gild] hall (subtus parietem nove aule) between the shop of Nicholas Wylkyn on one side and the shop, lately William Dale’s, now Thomas Skreven’s, on the other side, 3d. per annum and he owes suit of court. And for 15d. from the same Robert for one stall, once Gouty’s, lately Ralph Lote’s, situated in Barkers’ Row (barkersrowe) between the stall, lately Ralph Lotte’s, now Thomas Todde’s, on one side and a vacant plot of lords’ land on the other side, and he owes suit of court. And for 3s. 4d. from William Troys for one shop, once Richard Lovedaye’s, afterwards Edmund Preston’s, lately Richard Horn’s, situated between the road leading through the middle of Ironmongers’ Row on one side and the new shop of the lords in the tenure lately of John Pyrton, previously Thomas Waleys’s, and now John Webbe’s, on the other side and abutting upon the shop of William Cootes, and he owes suit of court. And for 8d. from William Preston for one shop situated at the southern end of the Butchery (le Bochery) next to the shop of John Fenmale on one side and the road leading to Spicers’ Row (Spyceryrowe) on the other side, and he owes suit of court. And for 4d. from Margaret Poole, wife of Thomas Poole, for one shop, once John Drawserd’s, lately Richard Horn’s, situated in the Drapery (le Draperie) between the roads leading to the Cornhill (le Cornehill) on both sides, one head abutting upon the shop, lately John Wylkyn’s \now Thomas Skreven’s/ and the other head upon the Drapery (le Draperie), and she owes suit of court. And for 8d. from John Herward for 3 shops, lately Alexander Boydon’s, of which two lie in Ironmongers’ Row (Iremongerrowe) between the shop, lately Walter Dykeman’s, now Thomas Pyngill’s, on the eastern side and the shop of John Spicer, lately Robynson’s, on the other side, and he owes suit of court. And the other lies in the Drapery (le Draperie) between the road leading to the Cornhill (le Cornehill) on one side and the shop, lately William Frere’s, now Robert Kyng’s, on the other side, and 4d. per annum and he owes suit of court. And for 6s. 8d. from John Pyrton for one shop situated underneath the Tolbooth (le Tolboth), that is to say on the eastern side, with a certain easement of a single vacant plot situated in front of the door of the aforesaid shop, containing in length 14 feet and in width 6 feet, and he owes suit of court. And for 5s. 6d. from John Whityng for 1 shop, that is to say on the western side of the Tolbooth (le Tolboth), namely its lower side, situated next to the said shop of John Pyrton on the eastern side. And for 3s. 4d. from Roger Holyngworth for one newly built room over the Tolbooth (le Tolboth). And for 4s. from John Webbe for one shop, lately Thomas Waleys’s, situated in the Cheesemarket (le Shesemarkett) between the shop of Thomas Skreven on one side and the shop of William Troice on the other side. And for 13s. 4d. from Roger Holyngworth and John Cracke for one newly built messuage with adjacent barn and stable, situated between the road leading to Exning (Exnynge) on one side and the lords’ land, lately in the tenure of Thomas Persevale, now Simon Funstone’s, on the other side and abutting upon the common watercourse and the other head 246

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upon the road leading through the middle of the Shraggery (le Shraggeryrowe) towards the Cornhill (le Cornehill), lately Ralph Lott’s and once [blank] was in various parcels in the tenure of Richard Barker and before of Thomas Warner, and they owe suit of court as is clear in the court held on 4th day of May in the 12th year. And for 6s. 8d. from John Kerveie for one house, once Robert Vanncy’s, lately Ralph Lott’s, between the house, lately Robert Vanncy’s, now John Grigge’s, on one side and the tenement, lately Thomas Percivall’s, now Funstone’s, on the other side and with a vacant plot between the stable of the said Simon Funstone and the said Thomas’ house.63 And for 12d. from John Glovere, lately Ralph Lotte, [for] one vacant plot called Fanfair way (fannefeyrewey) between the lords’ land in the tenure of Henry Dale on one side and the house of John Grygge on the other side. And for 6s. 8d. from Henry Dale for one house, lately Ralph Lott’s, once John Peyte’s, with an adjacent garden, of which a parcel of the said garden was once various pieces in the tenure of Thomas Parson and Stephen Coupere and the said lands lie between bullsyard (bolesyerd) on one side and the lords’ land called the Fanfair way (le Fanneferewey) on the other side and abutting upon the Fairway (le feyrwey) and the other head of the garden abuts upon the common watercourse, and he owes suit of court. And for 3s. from John Dereseley for one stall, lately Ralph Lote’s, situated in front of the Cross in the high street, containing in length 8 feet and in width 6 feet. And for 15d. from Thomas Gochie for 1 stall, once John Meyre’s,64 lately Ralph Lote’s, situated in Barkers’ Row (barkersrowe) between the stall of Thomas Cullyng on one side and the stall of Thomas Stocke on the other side. And for 15d. from Thomas Todde of Bury for one stall, lately Ralph Lott’s, situated in Barkers’ Row (barkersrowe), once John Meyre’s, situated between the stall, lately Ralph Lote’s, now Robert Kyng’s, on one side. And for 15d. from Robert Mare for 1 stall, lately Ralph Lotte’s, once Gouty’s, situated in Barkers’ Row (barkersrowe) between the stall of Thomas Stocke on one side and the stall of the lords in the tenure of John Parkere on the other side. And for 15d. from John Parkere for 1 stall, lately Ralph Lote’s, newly built by the said Ralph, situated in Barkers’ Row (barkersrowe) between the stall of the lords’ in the tenure of Robert Mare on the other side [sic]. And for 20d. from Thomas Cohard for 1 stall, once Richard Poperyk’s, lately Ralph Lote’s, situated in the Butchery between the stall, lately John Cook’s, now Thomas Skreven’s, on one side [sic]. Total £6 13s. 10d. of which for J[ohn] A[lyngton] 66s. 11d. for W[illiam] A[lyngton] 66s. 11d. Rents concerning new increases And for 2d. from William Mariott for one vacant plot with a newly built stall, situated between the Cheesemarket (le Shesemarkett) on the eastern side and the Butchery on the western side and abutting to the south upon the shop, lately John Horn’s, and the other head to the north upon the stall of the lords rented by John Jackeman. Held from William Alyngton, esquire, son and heir of John Alyngton, esquire, for services over and above the rent, which the said William Mariott rents per annum by services rendered to the aforesaid William Alyngton and his heirs in the time of the fair, and he owes suit of court. And for 1d. from Thomas Pyngyll for 1 vacant plot of land for showing his merchandise before 63

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The preceding two entries are highlighted on the left of the manuscript by a vertical line which appears to have been added later. There is a marginal entry: ‘4d. here deducted, 3s. 10d. from funstone house and le Fannefeyre’. A name has been erased here and the manuscript has been overwritten with the name of John Meyre.

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his shop window, lately Walter Dykeman’s, held from the aforesaid William Alyngton and his heirs over and above services that he renders per annum by services rendered in the time of the Fair of Simon [and] Jude, and he owes suit of court. And for 1d. from Elena Jurdon for 2 vacant plots situated upon the Cornhill (le Cornehill), that is, one is situated before the door of the messuage, lately Thomas Quilter’s, now the said Elena’s, on the southern side and situated behind the Fairway (le Feyrewey) on one side that is now included in the garden of the said Elena, held from William Alyngton and his heirs. And for 4d. from Henry Dale for one house, lately Ralph Lote’s and once John Peyt’s, situated next to bullsyard (bolesyerd), as is more fully above contained by William Alyngton, esquire, and his heirs, that is rendered by him per annum, rendered in the time of the Fair of Simon and Jude as appears in the 13th year of Edward IV. And for 4d. from John Erlesey for 1 stall, lately Ralph Lote’s, situated before the Cross in the high street over and above the rent that he renders per annum to William Alyngton in the time of the Fair of Simon and Jude. And for 5d. from Thomas Todde, Thomas Goych, Robert Mare, John Parkere and Robert Kyng for 5 stalls situated in Barkers’ Row (barkersrowe), lately Ralph Lote’s, according as the metes and bounds that are named above, over and above the fixed rent that he renders per annum. And for 4d. from Thomas Cohard for 1 stall in the Butchery, lately Ralph Lote’s, situated between the stall of Thomas Skreven, over and above services that he renders per annum. And for 1d. \and a pair of gloves/ from John Webb of Bottisham (Botissham) [for] 1 shop, once Waleys’ and lately rented by John Pyrton, situated in the Cheesemarket (le Shesemarkett) outside the shop of Thomas Skreven on one side and the shop of William Troys on the other side, over and above services the he renders per annum, rendered to William Alyngton in the time of Simon and Jude. Total 21d. and one pair of gloves. Rent of Demesne Lands And for 5s. 4d. from Simon Funtstone for 7 acres of demesne land, lately Thomas Persiwall’s, situated between the king’s road which leads from Newmarket (novo mercato) to Exning (Ixnyng) on the western side and the king’s road which leads to the lords’ meadow on the other side and abutting on one head upon the lords’ meadow, for the term of years as agreed in the court roll. And for 3s. from Thomas Persiwall for 3 acres of land, lately Thomas Flyntt’s, which was recently seized into the hands of William Alyngton, lord of this manor, because William Argentein, knight, ancestor of the said William acquired the said 3 acres of land, as is show by the charter thereby conferred. And the said land lies in one piece between the lords’ waste land on the southern side and the land lately Robert Bernard’s, now Thomas Depden’s, on the northern side and abutting to the west upon Burwell Way (Borewell Wey) and the other head upon the land of the lords in the tenure of Roger Holyngworth and John Cracke. And for 33s. 4d. from Roger Holyngworth and John Cracke for 50 and a half acres of land, of which 20 acres of land with fee foldage lie in the fields of Exning called Sheppherdes Herler, of which half belongs to William Alyngton, lord of the manor, and the other half belongs to Ralph Boteler, lord of the other half, as indicated by one boundary placed between them. And 6 acres of land lies between various lands in Newmarket (novo mercat’) next to the land of John Wyckes on the southern side, one head abutting on Exning way (Ixnyngwey) and the other head upon the lords’ meadow. And 4 acres of land lie in the same furlong in one piece, next to the land of John Wyckes on the northern side, one head abutting upon the said road and the other head upon the said meadow. And 7 and a half acres lie in one piece between the road leading 248

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from Newmarket (novo mercat’) to Exning on the eastern side and the road leading to Meldrede Well on the western side, one head abutting on the cross to the south and the other head upon the little heath (le lytill heth). And 3 acres of land lie next to the said road on the eastern side and abutting upon Mill Hill and the other head upon the little heath. And 10 acres of land lie in the South Field (le Southfeld) in one piece between the land of John Wyckes on one side and the land of William Alnorth on the other side and abutting upon the land of Thomas Depden to the south and the other head upon the land of Thomas Cotton, esquire, as is clear in the Court Roll for the 13th year of Edward IV. And for 4d. from Henry Dale for the rent of half an acre of land, lately John Sigo’s and which recently was seized into the hands of the lords because the said John does not show by what right or title he holds it. Total 42s. of which for J[ohn] A[lyngton] 19s. 6d. for W[illiam] A[lyngton] 22s. 6d. Profits of the Meadow And for 40s. from Roger Hollyngwourth and John Cracke for one meadow called the Lord’s Meadow (Lordismedew) situated within the boundaries of Newmarket (novi mercat’) at its eastern end, that is to say, on the northern side of the said town as is clear in the Court Roll for the 13th year of Edward IV. Total 40s. of which for J[ohn] A[lyngton] 20s. for W[iliam] A[lyngton] 20s. Poultry Rent And for 2s. 6d. received for the value of 10 \ [?]~ce/ capons for those that came from the rents of various tenants there this year, as appears by the rental, etc. Total 2s. 6d. of which for J[ohn] A[lyngton] 15d. for W[illiam] A[lyngton] 15d. Customary payments And for 20d. received from petty customary payments there this year from various persons. Total 20d. of which for J[ohn] A[lyngton] 10d. for W[illiam] A[lyngton] 10d. Profits of the Market Courts And for 17s. 8d. received from the profits and fines of the market there this year, as appears in an extract made for the lord. And for 17s. 2d. from the profits and copies of the General Court held there this year, as is clear by the extract of the courts. And for 4s. 10d. in respect of profits and extracts of the Leet there, etc. Total 39s. 8d. of which for J[ohn] A[lyngton] 19s. 10d. And for W[illiam] A[lyngton] 19s. 10d. Profts of the Fair Court And for 26s. 4d. received from the revenues, amercements and profits of the Fair Court held there this year, as appears in the Roll examined, etc. Total 26s. 4d. of which all is for W[illiam] A[lyngton] Total of all Rents £19 3d. of which for J[ohn] A[lyngton] £8 14s. 7d. for W[illiam] A[lyngton] £10 5s. 8d.

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Surplus Of which there is allowed to the said Accountant, as for his surplus towards John Alyngton on his last account in the last year, as is clear in the foot, 41s. 1d. q. Total 41s. 1d. q. for J[ohn] A[lyngton] Repairs of Houses And he renders account with 10s. paid to John Stedman, carpenter, for repair of the toll-house according to a wholesale agreement, 5s. paid for 1500 iron nails purchased for the same, 4s. paid for 8 pairs of ‘hynges & hokes’, 8d. for placing the said ‘lez hokes’ on the stone wall, 2d. for binding ‘lez Splentes’, 9s. for the common carpenter with his servants, 12d. for 3 covered carts (carectis luti), 2s. for daubing (‘dabitura’) of ‘le Midilwall’ within the toll-house, 3s. 8d. paid for one digging of quicklime (calceti adusti), 6d. for 3 carts of coarse sand (zabuli), 4s. for the filling and pargetting of the walls there, 8d. for 1 lock with a key for the entry of the door within the toll-house, 4d. for 1 table for the stall of Thomas Sewall, 3d. for 1 table for [?]the barker’s stall (‘le berkerstall’), 1d. for ‘le naylyng’ of the aforesaid table. Total 41s. 4d. of which for J[ohn] A[lyngton] 20s. 8d. and for W[illiam] A[lyngton] 20s. 8d. Allowances of Rent And to the same with 5s. 6d. for the rent of half of the Tollhouse in the hands of the Lord, 3s. 4d. for the rent of the other half of the same Tollhouse for half a year because in the hands of the Lord, 2d. for the rent of a single shop in the hands of William Mariott, 3s. 6d. for the rent of 1 shop in the tenure of Henry Dale, lately, 6s. 8d. for the rent of 1 Grange, lately in the tenure of Ralph Taylour, 3s. 4d. for the rent of the upper room (Solar) of the Toll-house as above, 12d. for the fine of William Mariott pardoned by the lords, 2s. for the fine of John Webb which he took as true by the copy, 12d. for the amercement of Richard Mott because it is not known if the fee could be distrained, 4d. of John Sporle, unlevyable because he has not left home (illevabiles eo quod depatriat non). Total 26s. 10d. of which for J[ohn] A[lyngton] 13s. 5d. and for W[illiam] A[lyngton] 13s. 5d. Expenses of the Lord and Steward And for expenses of the Lord and Steward there this year at various times, being both for courts held and for other matters concerning the lord, 7s. 1d. according to the testimony of William Alyngton, one of the lords there, upon this account. Total 7s. 1d. of which for J[ohn] A[lyngton] 3s. 1d. ob. and for W[illiam] A[lyngton] 3s. 1d. ob. Fee And for the fee of John Eyre, Steward of the Court of the Lord, namely William Alyngton, for courts held there this year, 6s. 8d. And for the fee of the said Steward for his above office this year, as agreed by the lord, 26s. 8d. Total 33s. 4d. of which for J[ohn] A[lyngton] 13s. 4d. for W[illiam] A[lyngton] 20s. Payments in Money And he paid to William Alyngton for an indented paper bill which was dated 8th day of November in the fourteenth year of the reign of King Edward the fourth, upon this account paid and marked with the seal of the said William Alyngton, with 35s. 10d. paid to J[ohn] A[lyngton] and 50s. 10d. paid to W[illiam] A[lyngton] £4 6s. 8d. 250

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And he paid to the lord King for the 10th of the land of J[ohn] A[lyngton], as is clear in one bill which was dated 9th day July in the fourteenth year of the reign of the aforesaid King, 12s. 7s. paid to the same J[ohn] A[lyngton] for the same bill, together with 20s. paid to the same J[ohn] A[lyngton] by the hand of W[illiam] A[lyngton] after the feast of St Trinity – 39s. And he paid to William Alyngton by a paper bill written in the own hand of the said William and marked with his seal, which was dated 9th day of January in the 13th year of the reign of King Edward IV, here seen, examined and paid – 74s. 3d. ob. Total £9 19s. 11d. ob. of which for J[ohn] A[lyngton] 74s. 10d. for W[illiam] A[lyngton] £6 5s. 1d. Total of all here £17 9s. 7d. ob. q. And there is owed 30s. 7d. q., that is to John Alyngton 7s. 8d. q. and then to William Alyngton 22s. 11d. Respite Of the rents of Ikelyngham for this year in the tenure of John Wykes because at present it is not known where the Fee is able to be distrained by the court. Total respited 2s. And they are owed over and above 28s. 7d., that is to J[ohn] A[lyngton] 6s. 7d. q. and to W[illiam] A[lyngton] 21s. 11d., which totals are paid to J[ohn] A[lyngton] and to W[illiam] A[lyngton] upon this account. And so here it is respited. SA/B, 1476/13 13–14 Edward IV [29 September 1473–29 September 1474]65 [13–14 Edw. IV recto] Newmarket (Novu’ Mercatu’) The account of Roger Holyngworth, Collector of Rents and Farms for William Alyngton esquire, and of the petty rents of Ralph Botelore, from \the feast of/ St Michael Archangel in the 13th year of the reign of King Edward IV until the same feast of Michael next following in the 14th year of the same King, for one whole year. Arrears Nothing because the said accountant from his account of the last year is returned quit, as is clear in the foot of the same account. Total nil. Rent of Assize The same answers for £4 12s. 6d. of fixed rent from free tenants there, as appears in the account of the aforesaid bailiff, ending at the feast of St Michael Archangel in the 13th year of the reign of King Edward IV. Total £4 12s. 6d. Rent of shops and at will And for 4d. from William Maryott for one shop, once Stephen Couper’s, lately Ralph Lote’s, situated between the tenement of the lords recently in the tenure of Richard Cullynge on the southern side and the shop of the 65

There are a range of different handwritings on this account which suggests that more than one scribe was working on it and that entries were made at different times.

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said Richard on the other northern side, there and he owes suit of court. And for 4d. from the same William for one shop, lately John Horn’s, once John Lacy’s, situated in the Butchery between the stall, once John Cooke’s, now Thomas Screven’s, on the southern side and a vacant plot of land, now with a stall built there, in the tenure of the said William on the other side, one head abutting upon the Cheesemarket (le chesemerkett) and the other head to the west upon the Butchery, there and he owes suit of court. And for 4d. from the same for one shop, lately Thomas Teversham’s, afterwards Richard Gayseley’s, situated between the shop, once Alexander Boydon’s, afterwards John Alphei, lately William Robynson, now of John Symond alias Spycere, on the one side and the shop of Richard Cullyng on the other side and abutting upon the Cheesemarket (le Shesemarkett) and the other head upon the Butchery (le bocherye), and he owes suit of court. And for 4d. from the same for one shop, once Alexander Boydon’s, afterwards John Alphey’s, lately William Robynesson’s, situated between the shop of Richard Cullyng on one side and a vacant plot of lords’ land, now in the hands of the lords, lately in the tenure of Ralph Lote, on the other side, one head abutting upon66 the Old Drapery (le Oldedraperye) and the other head upon the Cheesemarket (le shesemarket), there this year and he owes suit of court. And for 9d. from the same for 2 stalls, lately Richard Cullynge’s, together situated in the Butchery (le Bochery) between the stall of John Dawe of the Green (de le Grene) on one side and the stall of Thomas Skreven on the other side, there and he owes suit of court. And for 3s. from the same for one vacant plot, now newly built upon, situated between the Cheesemarket (le Shesemarket) on the eastern side and the road leading through the middle of the Butchery on the western side, there this year. And for 2s. 6d. from John Goyche for 1 stall, lately Henry Judde’s, situated between the shop of John Bagott on one side and the King’s road leading to the Mill Hill (le Mylhill) called Market Lane (le Market lane), there. And for 2d. from William Cukcowe for one shop, once Stephen Gille’s, situated in Cordwainers’ Row (Cordewanersrowe) between the shop, once Henry Dale’s, now Thomas Skreven’s, and the shop of William Aylnoth on the other side.67 And for 6d. from the same for 1 shop, once Henry Aylnoth’s, situated in Cordwainers’ Row (Cordewanersrowe) between the shop of William Aylnoth on the northern side and a vacant plot of lords’ land on the southern side, and he owes suit of court. And for 3s. 4d. from Richard Motte for 1 house and 1 shop situated in the Drapery (le drapery) between the shop, lately Richard Sterne’s, now John Parsay’s, on one side and the doorway (portam) of Roger Holyngworth, lately John Leyston’s, on the other side and the said shop lies between the said house on the northern side and the doorway (portam) of William Mey on the other side, there and he owes suit of court. And for 2s. from Thomas Sewale for 1 stall situated in the Butchery (le bocherye) between the stall, lately Richard Poperyk’s, now John Cohard’s and lately Ralph Lote’s, on one side and the stall of Thomas Skreven on the other side. And for 12d. from Katherine Poperyk for one garden, once John Dewesby’s, lately John Leyston’s, afterward Thomas Poperyk’s, situated between the free tenement of John Kede, lately Stephen Couper’s, on one side and the barn of Richard Cullyng on the other side, one head abutting upon the shop of John Boydon. And for 8d. from the same for 1 stall, lately Nicholas Whattelok’s, situated in the market between the road

66 67

The handwriting changes here indicating that a different scribe has taken over the writing of the accounts. The handwriting changes again to that of the original scribe.

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leading to the Cornhill and the tenement of John Kede, lately Stephen Couper’s, on the other side, one head abutting upon the stall of Richard Cullyng. And for 4d. from the same for one shop, lately Thomas Poperyk’s, situated in the Old Drapery (le oold draperye ) between the shop, lately Walter Dykeman’s, now Thomas Pyngyll’s, on the southern side and the tenement of Richard Cullyng on the northern side, and he owes suit of court. And for 12d. from the same for 2 stalls, lately Thomas Poperyk’s, separately situated next to the Cross in the high street leading through the middle of the town of Newmarket (novu’ mercatu’), of which one stall lies on the western side of the said cross and the other lies next to the mentioned cross on the eastern side.68 And for 10d. from William Aylnoth for one shop situated in Cordwainers’ Row (Cordvanerys Row), lately his father’s, between the shop, lately William Scheldrake’s, now William Cockowe’s, on one side, and he owes suit of court. And for 2s. from Walter Pekkechese for one shop, lately Richard Trylle’s, situated in the Butchery between a vacant plot of lords’ land on three sides and the shop of the lords in the tenure of John Boydon on the fourth side, there and he owes suit of court. And for 16d. from John Parsay, lately Richard Sterne’s, for 4 shops situated in the Drapery (le Draperye), of which 1 shop lies there between the house of Richard Motte on one side and the other 3 shops on the other side, there and he owes suit of court. And for 8d. from Nicholas Wylkyn for one shop and one stall, of which one lies in Barkers’ Row between a vacant plot of lords’ land on the northern side and the shop of Robert Kynge on the southern side and abutting to the west upon the wall of the new hall (parietem nove aule). And the other lies next to the shop of John Meyre, lately Ralph Lote’s, now Go\y/ch’s, on the northern side and a vacant plot of the lord’s land on the southern side there. And for 4d. from John Kede for one messuage with curtilage, once Robert Vanncy’s, lately Stephen Coupere’s, situated between the house, lately of the said Robert, now John \Grygge’s/ on one side and the free tenement of the said John Kede, lately Stephen Coupere’s on the other side and abutting upon the road leading through the middle of the Shraggery (le Shraggerye) to the Cornhill there. And for 2d. from the same for one vacant plot situated at the end of the shop of Richard Cullynge on the southern side and a vacant plot \of land/ of the lords on the northern side for him to have a way to and from the lords’ market there. And for 2d. from the same for one garden situated next to the Cornhill69 on the eastern side and the house of the said John on the other side and abutting upon the lord’s land in the tenure of John Grygge. And for 3s. from Thomas Pyngell for one shop, lately Walter Dykeman’s, situated between the shop of John Hereward on the eastern side and a vacant plot of lord’s land in the tenure of the said Thomas. And for 4d. from the same for 1 vacant plot, lately Walter Dykeman’s, situated before the window of the said shop in the tenure of the said Thomas for showing his merchandise upon a table and for building upon. And for 4d. from Thomas Smyth for 1 shop situated in Ropers’ Row (Roperesrowe), containing in length 10 feet and in width 9 feet, situated between a vacant plot of the lords on both sides, one head abutting upon the shop of John Cooke to the west and the other head upon a vacant lot of lords’ land. And for 4d. from John Cooke for one shop situated there between a vacant plot of lords’ land on both sides, one head abutting upon the shop of Thomas Smyth to the east and the other head upon the shop of Thomas Stocke to the west. And for 2s. from John Jakeman for one stall 68 69

The handwriting changes to that of the second scribe. The handwriting reverts to that of the first scribe.

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at the western end of the Tollbooth between the stall of William Maryott on the southern side and a stall of the lord in the tenure of John Colett on the northern side. And for 2s. from John Colett for 1 stall situated there between a vacant plot of lords’ land that lately was built upon with a stall in the tenure of John Davye on the northern side and the said stall on the southern side and he owes suit of court. And for 8d. from John Boydon for two shops situated in the Mercery, lately Alexander Boydon’s, of which one lies between the shop of John Fenmale on one side and the garden of Thomas Poperyk on the other side there. And for 12d. from John Bonde for 1 grange, lately a vacant plot called the Pinfold (le pinfold), situated upon the Cornhill (le Cornehil). And for 8d from John Dawe of the Green (of the grene) for 2 shops, once Alexander Boydon’s, lately John Byrde’s, both situated in the Butchery between the stall, lately Richard Cullynge’s, now William Maryott’s, on one side and the road leading to the Cornhill (le Cornehill) on the other side, one head abutting upon a shop and a portion of it upon two shops, now the said John Dawe’s, lately Thomas Dullyngham’s, the other head upon the king’s road. And for 4d. from the same for 1 shop, lately of the said Thomas Dollyngton [sic], situated in the Butchery (le Bocherye) between another shop lately of the said Thomas Dullyngham on one side and a shop lately of the aforesaid John, now John \Birde’s/ on the western side there and he owes suit of court. And for 2d. from William Cotes for half of a single shop situated in the lord’s market between a shop, lately Richard Horn’s, now William Troys’, on one side and a shop of the said William, lately John Stalon’s, once William Cleydon’s, on the other side. And for 4d. from \William Rownyng/ from the same for 1 shop in the Mercery, lately John Stalon’s, situated next to the road leading to the Cornhill (le Cornehill) between the shop of John Boydon on one side and the said half of a shop on the other side. And for 3d. from Thomas Screven for 1 shop, lately William Dale’s, situated in Cordwainers’ Row (le Cordewaneresrowe) next to the shop of William Cuckowe on one side and the shop, once John Meyre’s, lately Whytynges’, now Robert Kyng’s, on the other side. And for 4d. from the same for 1 shop, lately Thomas Dullyngham’s, situated between the shop, lately John Bryd’s, now of John Dawe of the Green (de le grene), and a vacant plot of lord’s land on the northern side. And for 4d. from the same for 1 shop, lately Nicholas Wylkyn’s, situated in the Drapery between the shop, once Draweswerd’s, afterwards Richard Horn’s, now William Poole’s. And for 8d. from the same for one shop, lately Richard Cullyng’s, situated in the Mercery there between the shop, lately Robert Swetman’s, now Laurence Smyth’s, on one side and the shop of Thomas Stocke on the other side. And for 4s. 3d. from the same Thomas for 10 shops and stalls, lately John Cooke’s, once Alexander Boydon’s, of which 2 stalls lie in the Butchery between the shop of John Boydon on one side and the shop, lately John Horn’s, now William Maryott’s on the other northern side, and 3 stalls lie there between the stall of John Fenmale on one side and the stall of the said Thomas Screven, lately Walter Wene’s, on the other side and 2 stalls situated there between the stall, lately Thomas Poperyk’s, afterwards Richard Lote’s, now rented by John Cohard, and the stall, lately Richard Cullyng’s, now William Maryott’s, and 3 stalls similarly situated next to the Cornhill (le Cornehill) opposite the doorway (porta’), lately Peter Fidelere’s, now William Mey’s and he owes suit of court. And for 8d. from the said [Thomas] for 1 shop, lately Alexander Boydon’s, situated in the Cheesemarket (le chesemarkett) between one shop of the lord, lately Thomas Waleys’, now in the tenure of John Glover, on one side and the shop, lately John Cooke’s, now the said Thomas’, on the other side and he owes suit of court. And 254

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for 12d. from the same for 2 shops in the Butchery between the shop, lately Walter Wene’s, now the said Thomas’, and the stall of the lord rented by Thomas70 Sewall on the other side. And for 6d. from the same for one stall in the Butchery, lately Walter Weyne’s, situated between 2 aforesaid stalls, lately the said Thomas’, on one side and 3 stalls, once Richard Burse’s, lately John Cooke’s, now the said Thomas’, on the other side. And for 4s. from Richard Cullynge for 11 shops and stalls situated separately, of which 3 stalls lie under the wall, latterly Stephen Couper’s, now John Kede’s, on one side, and abutting upon the doorway (portam), lately Peter Fidelere’s, now William Mey’s, facing the Cornhill. And 3 shops lie in the Drapery (le Draperi) next to the shop of Katherine, wife of Thomas Poperyk, on one side and the shop of Ralph Lott, once John Pere’s, now William Mariott’s, on the other side. And 3 shops lie in the Drapery (le draperi) next to the shop of John Wode, now Robert Kynge’s, and the shop of John Boydon on one side and a vacant plot of lord’s land, lately Stephen Couper’s, now John Kede’s, on the other side. And one shop lies in Spicers’ Row (Spicersrowe) next to the shop, lately Simon Shildeton’s, now John Brightwell’s, on one side and the shop of Thomas Stoke on the other side. And 1 shop lies next to the shop of John Pere, now William Mariott’s, on one side, and the shop of Thomas Cullynge on the other side and 1 shop lies in Ropers’ Row (Roperysrowe) next to the shop of John Fenmale on one side and the shop of Thomas Cullynge on the other side and one shop situated in Ropers’ Row (roperysrowe) next to the shop of Robert Heyne, once William Smyth’s, now William Haukere’s, on one side and a vacant plot of lord’s land on the other side and once he held 13 shops per annum 4s. 9d., of which William Mariott holds 2 stalls in the Butchery (le Bochery) for the rent per annum 10d., as appears in the portion of rent of the said William Maryott. And for 12d. from the same for 2 stalls, once Alexander Boydon’s, afterwards John Alfey’s, lately Robynsonnys’, situated in Turners’ Row (Tornorysrowe) between the shop, lately Teversham’s, now William Mariott’s, on one side and the shop of the said William Robynson, now William Mariott’s, on the other side and he owes suit of court. And for 16d. from Thomas Stok for 2 shops and 1 stall, of which 1 shop lies in the Mercery (le Mersery) between the shop, lately Richard Cullynge’s, now Screven’s, on one side and abutting at one head upon the road leading to the Cornhill and the other shop lies in Ropers’ Row (Reperysrowe) between a vacant plot of the lord on both sides, one head abutting upon the shop of John Cooke and the other head upon a vacant plot of lords’ land and the said stall lies in Barkers’ Row (Barkersrowe) between a stall, once John Gowty’s, lately Ralph Lote’s, now [illeg.] and, on one side and the stall, once John Meyre’s, lately the said Ralph Lote’s, on the other side and he owes suit of court. And for 12d. from Thomas Cullyge [sic] for one shop and 1 stall, of which the shop lies in the Old Drapery (le oledrapery) between the shops of Richard Cullynge on both sides, one head abutting upon the Drapery (le drapery) and the other head upon the Butchery (le Bochery) and the said stall lies in Barkers’ Row (Barkerysrowe) next to the shop of William Couckowe on one side and the stall of Thomas Goych, lately Ralph Lote’s, on the other side and he owes suit of court. And for 2s. from John Bagott for one shop situated in the Mercery between the shop, once Simon Berle’s, lately Robert Sweteman’s, now Laurence Smyth’s, on one side and the stall, lately Henry Jude’s, now John Gowty’s, on the western side, one head abutting upon the road leading from 70

The accounts continue on the next folio and are then written in the handwriting of the second scribe.

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the Mercery (le mersery) and the other head upon the tenement, once Richard Gateward’s, lately Ralph Lote’s, and he owes suit of court. And for 2s. from Laurence Smyth for 1 shop, once John Lyly, afterwards Simon Berle’s, lately Robert Swetman’s, situated in the Mercery (le mersery) between the shop of John Bagot on the western side and the shop, lately Richard Cullynge’s, now Thomas Schreven’s, on the eastern side, one head abutting upon the road leading through the middle of the Mercery (le mersery) and he owes suit of court. And for 3s. from John Bryghtwell for one shop, lately Simon Shilderton’s, situated in the Mercery (le mersery) between the stall of Thomas Schreven, lately Richard Cullyng’s, on the western side and the doorway (portam) of Roger Holyngworth, lately of John Leyston, on the eastern side, and abutting upon the common road leading to the Cornhill through the middle of the Mercery (le mersery), and he owes suit of court. And for 17d. from John Gregge for 1 house with an adjacent garden at the southern end of the same house situated in the Cornhill on the eastern side and the tenement of John Kede, lately Stephen Couper’s, on the other side, one head abutting upon Shraggery Row (Sharggresrowe), and he also holds 1 shop, lately Ralph Vanncy’s, situated between the tenement of Ralph Lote, once Robert Vauncy’s, now the said John Grygge’s, on the western side and Fanfair way (le Vanfeyrewey), lately in the tenure of the said Ralph, now the said John’s, on the eastern side, one southern head abutting the road leading through the middle of the Shraggery (le shraggery) to the Cornhill, and he also holds 1 vacant plot, now a garden, situated between the said shop on the southern side and a stable, lately Thomas Percywale’s, now Simon Funstone’s, on the northern side and abutting upon Fanfair way (le Fanfeyirwey) and the other head to the west upon the garden, lately Ralph Lote’s, [and] he owes suit of court. And for 12d. from William Haukere for 2 shops, once William Smyth’s, lately Robert Heyne’s, situated in Ropers’ Row (Roperysrowe) between the shop of Richard Cullyng on the southern side and the king’s road leading to Shraggery Row (Schraggerysrowe) on the other side, and he owes suit of court. And for 8d. from John Fenmale for 2 shops, of which 1 lately of his father, situated in the Butchery (le Bochery) between the shop, lately John Preston’s, now William Preston’s, on one side and the shop of Thomas Schreven, lately John Coke’s, on the other side and the other shop, once Hogges’, lately John Wode’s, lies between the shop, lately Alexander Boydon’s, now John Herward’s, on one side and the road leading to the garden of Katherine Poperyk, lately John Dewysby’s, and he owes suit of court. And for 14d. from John Simond alias Spyser for 2 shops, lately of John Fenmale senior, situated at the end of the Drapery between Ropers’ Row (le Ropery) on one side and the Old Drapery (le Olddrapery) on the other side and abutting to the south upon the shop of Richard Cullynge and the northern head upon the road leading to the Cornhill (le Cornhyll) and he owes suit of court. And for 12d. from the same for 2 shops, lately William Robynson, once Alexander Boydon’s, afterwards John Alfey, both situated between the shop, lately Thomas Teverysham’s, now William Maryatt’s, on one side and the road leading to the Cornhill through the middle of Ironmongers’ Row (le Irunmongeresrowe) on the other side and he owes suit of court. And for 4d. from Elena Jurdon for 1 newly built messuage, lately Thomas Quilter’s, upon the Cornhill between bullsyard (bollysyerd) on the eastern side and the Cornhill on the other side, the northern head abutting upon a vacant plot of lord’s land in the tenure of the said Elena, now included with a garden, and the other head to the south upon a vacant plot of land in the tenure of the said Elena and the said messuage with parcel of garden contains in length (latitudine) on both sides 48 feet \and/ in width at one head 30 feet and at the other head 27 feet and she owes suit of court. And for 16d. from 256

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the same for 2 vacant plots, of which 1 lies on the sourthern side of the said house between Bullsyard (Bolysyerd) on the eastern side and the Cornhill on the western side, one head abutting upon the Cornhill on the western side and the other head upon the said messuage, lately Thomas Quilter’s, and containing in length 24 feet and in width 20. And the other vacant plot, now included in the garden of the said Elena and lies between the road situated next to a Peyt’s shop (Peytshoppam) called the Fairway (le Fyerwey) on the northern side and the other said parcel of the said garden on the other side, one head abutting upon bullsyard (bolysyerd) and the other head upon the Cornhill (le Co\r/nhill) and containing in length 24 feet and in width 8 feet and she owes suit of court. And for 7d. from Robert Kyng for 2 shops, of which 1 shop was lately William Frere’s, situated between the shop of Richard Cullynge on one side and the shop of Alexander Boydon, now John Herward’s, on the other side and he owes suit of court. And the other was lately John Whytynge’s, situated in Cordwainers’ Row (le Cordvanerysrowe) between the shop under the wall of the new [?gild] hall between the shop of Nicholas Wylkynge on one side and the shop, lately William Dale’s, on the other side, per annum 3d. and he owes suit of court. And for 15d. from the same Robert for 1 stall, once Goyuty’s, lately Ralph Lote’s, situated in Barkers’ Row (Barkerysrowe) between the stall, lately Ralph Lote’s, now Thomas Tedde’s, on one side and the vacant land of the lord on the other side, and he owes suit of court. And for 3s. 4d. from William Troys for 1 shop, once Richard Loveday’s, afterwards Edmund Preston’s, lately Richard Horn’s, situated between the road leading through the middle of Ironmongers’ Row (Ireynmoyngerrsrowe) on one side and the new shop of the lord that lately was in the tenure of John Pyrton, formerly Thomas Waleys’ and now John Webbe’s, on the other side and abutting \upon/ the shop of William Cotys and he owes suit of court. And for 8d. from William Preston for 1 shop situated at the southern end of the Butchery (le Bochery) next to the shop of John Fenmale on one side and the road leading towards Spicers’ Row (Spiserierowe) on the other side and he owes suit of court. And for 4d. from Margaret Pole for 1 shop, once John Drauswerd’s, lately Richard Horn’s, situated in the Drapery between the road leading towards the Cornhill on both sides, one head abutting upon the shop, lately John Wylkyn’s, now Thomas Schreven’s, and the other head upon the Drapery and she owes suit of court. And for 8d. from John Herward for 3 shops, lately Alexander Boydon’s, of which 2 lie in Ironmongers’ Row (Iremongerysrowe) between the shop, lately Walter Dykeman’s, now Thomas Pyngill’s, on the eastern side and the shop of John Spicser, lately Robynson’s, on the other side and he owes suit of court. And the other is situated \4d. from the same shop/ in the Drapery (le Draperie) between the road leading towards the Cornhill on one side and the shop, lately William Frere’s, now Robert Kynge’s, on the other side and 4d. per annum and he owes suit of court. And for 6s. 8d. from John Pyrton for one shop situated behind (subtus) the Tolbooth (le Tolboth), that is on the eastern side with a certain easement of a single vacant plot situated before the door of the said shop, containing in length 14 feet and in width 6 feet and he owes suit of court. And for 5s. 6d. from John Wytyng \now cristemese/ for 1 shop, that is on the western side of the Tolbooth (le Tolboth), that is, below the side situated next to the said shop of John Pyrton on the eastern side. And for 3s. 4d. from Roger Holyngworth for a room (camera) newly built on the Tolbooth.71 And for 4s. from John Webbe for one 71

Probably a first-floor addition to the building. See Repair of houses and Allowances of rent in 12–13 Edw. IV.

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shop, lately Thomas Waleys’, situated in the Cheesemarket (le Shesemarkett) between the shop of Thomas Skreven on one side and the shop of William Troiyes on the other side. And for 22s. 4d. from Roger Holyngworth and John Cra\c/ke for one newly built messuage and with a granary and adjacent stable \situated/ between between [sic] the road leading towards Exning (Exnynge) on one side and the land of the lord, lately in the tenure of Thomas Percywale, now Simon Funstone’s, on the other side and abutting upon the common watercourse and the other head upon the road leading through the middle of Shraggery Row (Shraggerisrowe) towards the Cornhill, lately Ralph Lote’s and once was a parcel in the tenure of Richard Barkere, and formerly Thomas Warnere, and he owes suit of court as appears in the court held there on the fourth day of May in the 13th year of the King [damaged]. And for 4s. 10d. from John Carvey for 1 house, once Robert \V/ancey’s, lately Ralph Lote’s, between the house, lately Robert Vancey’s, now John Gregge’s, on one side and the tenement, lately Thomas Percyvale’s, now Funstone’s, on the other side and with a vacant plot between the stable of the said Simon Funstone and the said house. And for vacant plot \lately John Glover’s/ called the Fanfair \Way/ (le Fanfeyyre \Weye/), lately Ralph Lote’s, situated between the land of the lord in the tenure of Henry Dale on one side and the house of John Grygge on the other side. And for 6s. 8d. from Henry Dale for one house, lately Ralph Lote’s, once John Peyte’s, with an adjacent garden, of which the parcel of the said garden was once throughout various parcels in the tenure of Thomas Person and Stephen Coupere and the said [house] lies between bullsyard (bolysyerd) on one side and the land of the lord called the Fanfair way (le Fannfeyyrewey) on the other side and abutting upon the Fairway (le Feyyrewey) and the other head of the garden abuts upon the common watercourse and he owes suit of court. And for 3s. from John Derysley for 1 stall, lately Ralph Lote’s, situated before the Cross in the high street, containing in length 8 feet and in width 6 feet. And for 15d. from Thomas Gochie for 1 stall, once John Meyre’s, lately Ralph Lote’s, situated in Barkers’ Row (Barkerysrowe) between the stall of Thomas Cullynge on one side and the stall of Thomas Stoke on the other side. And for 15d. from Thomas Ted of Bury for 1 stall, lately Ralph Lote’s, once John Meyre’s, in Barkers’ Row (Barkerysrowe) situated between the stall of Robert Kynge, lately Ralph Lote’s, on one side. And for 15d. from Robert Mare for 1 stall, lately Ralph Lote’s, once Gouty’s, situated in Barkers’ Row (Barkerysrowe) between the stall of Thomas Stoke on one side and the stall of the lord in the tenure of John Parkere [illeg.]. And for 15d. from John Parkere for 1 newly built stall, lately Ralph Lote’s, situated in Barkers’ Row (Barkersrowe) between the lord’s stall in the tenure of Robert Mare on one side. And for 20d. from Thomas Cohard for 1 stall, once Thomas Poppryc’s, lately Ralph Lote’s, situated in the Butchery (le Bochery) between the stall, lately John Coke’s, now Thomas Schreven’s, on one side. And for 8d. from Simon Funstone for 1 shop, lately in the tenure of Thomas Persywale, to be paid at the usual terms of the manor. And for 2s. from the same Simon for 1 vacant plot, lately Robert Sparye’s, now built with a granary next to the watercourse. And \for/ 4d. from the same for 1 house called le hold Bathous, lately in the tenure of Robert Persyvale. And for 3s. from the same Simon for 1 house situated between Shraggery Row (Sharggerysrowe). And for 8d. from the same Simon for 1 shop , lately Thomas Persyvale’s, once John Aston’s. And for 8d. from the same Simon for 1 shop situated between the road leading into the Old Drapery (le Oldedrapery) on the western side and the road leading into the Old Mercery (le Oldmersery) on the eastern side, one head to the north abutting upon the shop, lately in the tenure of the said Thomas and the other 258

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head to the south upon a vacant plot of lord’s land. And for 4d. \from/ John Felers for a parcel of land situated at the end coming from the Dike. And for 8d. from William Ballard for 1 stall in Barkers’ Row (le Barkeresrowe) next to the stall of Richard Kyng on the northern side. Total £6 11s. 7d. [13–14 Edw. IV verso] On the top, written in pencil in two separate modern hands, is the following wording: Newmarket CR 13–22 Edw. IV

13–22 Edw. IV

1474–83 Newmarket And for 2d. from William Mariott for 1 vacant plot, newly built with a stall, situated in the Cheesemarket (le chesemarket) on the eastern side and the Butchery (le Bochery) on the western side and abutting to the south upon shops, lately John Horne’s, and the other head to the north upon a stall of the lord rented by John Jackeman. Held from William Alyngton, esquire, the son and heir of John Alyngton, esquire, by the aforesaid service over and above the rent which the said William rendered per annum through services to him and his heirs in the time of the Fair, and he owes suit of court. And for 1d. from Thomas Pyngill for 1 vacant plot of land to show his merchandise before the window of his shop, lately Walter Dicman’s, held from the aforesaid William Alyngton and his heirs over and above the rent which he renders [illeg.] in the time of the Fair of Simon and Jude, and he owes suit of court. And for 1d. from Elena Jurdon for 2 vacant plots situated upon the Cornhill, that is, one situated before the door, lately Thomas Quilter’s, now the said Elena, on the southern side and it is situated behind the Fairway (le Feyrewey) on the northern side at the garden of the said Elena, held as above. And for 4d. from Henry Dale for 1 house, lately Ralph Lote’s and once John Peyte’s, situated next to Bullsyard (Bolysyerd) as above fully contained (plenius continetur), held from William Alyngton, esquire, as above. And for 4d. from John Yerlysʒey for 1 stall, lately Ralph Lote’s, situated before the Cross in the high street, over and above the rent which is rendered to William Alyngton in the time of the Fair as above. And for 5d. [from] Thomas Tedde, Thomas Goych, Robert Mare, John Parkere and Robert Kynge for 5 stalls situated in Barkers’ Row (Barkerys rowe), lately Ralph Lote’s, held as above. And for 4d. from Thomas Cohard for 1 stall in the Butchery (le Bochery), lately Ralph Lote’s, situated between the stall of Thomas Schreven, held as above. And for one pair of gloves from John Webbe of Bottisham (Botysham) for 1 shop, once Waleys’ and latterly rented by John Pyrton, situated in the Cheesemarket (le Chesemarket) next to the shop of Thomas Schreven on one side and the shop of William Troys on the other side, held as above. Total 21d. and one pair of gloves Rent of Demense Lands And for 5s. 4d. from Simon Funstone for 7 acres of the same land, lately Thomas Perseyfale’s, situated between the king’s road which leads from Newmarket (novo mercato) towards Exning on the western side and the 259

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king’s [sic] which leads towards the lord’s meadow on the other side and abutting upon the lord’s meadow, held for the term of years as appears in a copy of the Court Roll. And for 3s. from Thomas Percyfale for 3 acres of land \lately Thomas Flynt’s/ that was lately seized into the hands of William Alyngton, lord of this manor, because William Argentteinyt [sic], knight, ancestor of the said William, acquired the said [torn] land as appears by a charter made, and the said land is situated in one piece between wasteland of the lord on one side to the south and the land of Thomas Depden, lately Robert Barnard’s, on the northern side and abutting upon Burwell way (Borwellwey) to the west and the other head upon the land of the lord in the tenure of Roger Holyngworth and John Cracke. And for 30s. 4d. from \Roger/ Holyngworth and John Cracke for 50 and a half acres of land, of which 20 acres of land with the liberty of the fold is situated in the field of Exning called Shepperddisherber, of which one half belongs to William Alyngton, lord of the same manor, and the other half belongs to Ralph Botelere, lord of the other half, as appears by one boundary place between them. And for 6 acres of land situated between various land in Newmarket (novo mercato) next to the land of John Wyckes on the southern side, one head abutting towards Exning \way/ (Ixnynge\weye/) and the other head upon the lord’s meadow. And 4 acres of land situated in the same furlong in one piece next to the land of John Wyckes on the northern side, one head abutting upon the said road and the other head upon the said meadow. And 7 and a half acres situated in one piece between the road leading to Newmarket (nova marcate) towards Exning on the eastern side and the road leading towards Myldradwell on the western side, one head abutting to the south upon the cross and the other head upon the little heath (le lytyl heth). And 10 acres of land situated in the South Field (le Southfeld) in one piece of land of John Wyckys on one side and of William Aylnoth on the other side and abutting to the south upon the land of Thomas Depden and the other head upon the land of Thomas Cotton, esquire, as it appears in the lord’s record 13th Edward IV. And for 4d. from the rent of Henry Dale for half an acre of land, lately John Sygo’s, lately seized into the hands of the lords because the said John did not show by what right or claim he held it. And 3 acres of land situated next to the said road on the eastern side and abutting upon mill hill and the other head upon the little heath (le lytill heth). Total 42s. And for 40s. from Roger Holyngworth and John Cracke \for/ a meadow called Lord’s Meadow (Lorddismedew) situated within the bounds of Newmarket (novi mercat’) as appears in the Record of the lord in the 13th year of Edward IV. Total 40s. And for 2s. 6d. received for 10 capons issuing from rents of various tenants, as appears by the rental. Total 2s. 6d. And for 20d. received from small customary payments this year from various persons. Total 20d.

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14–15 Edward IV [29 September 1474–29 September 1475] [14–15 Edw. IV recto] Newmarket (Novu’ Marcato) The account of Roger Holyngworth, Collector of Rents and Farms for William Alyngton, esquire, from the feast of St Michael Archangel in the 14th year of the reign of King Edward IV until the same feast of Michael next following in the 15th year of the same King, that is for one complete year, etc. Arrears The same answers for nothing because he returned \quit/ in his arrears in the last year, as is fully clear in the said foot of the account. Total nil. Rent of Assize And for £4 12s. 6d. received for rents of assize of various free tenants there this year, as is clearly apparent in the account given for the aforesaid 13th year. Total £4 12s. 6d. Rent of Shops at the will of the Lord And for 4d. from William Maryott for one shop. And for 4d. from the same for one shop. And for 4d. from the same for another shop, lately Thomas Teversham’s. And for 4d. from72 \now J Fenmall/ the same for one shop, once Alexander Boydon’s. And for 9d. from the same for 2 stalls lately Richard Cullynge’s. And for 3s. from the same for one vacant plot. And for 2s. 6d. from John Goyche for 1 stall, lately Henry Judde’s. And for 2d. from William Caloowe for one shop. And for 6d. from the same for one shop, once Henry Aylenoth’s there. And for 3s. 4d. from Richard Motte for one house and 1 shop in the Drapery (le Draperye). And for 2s. from Thomas Sewall for 1 stall in the Butchery (le Bocherye). And for 12d. from Katherine Poperyk for one garden, once John Dawesby’s. And for 8d. from the same for 1 stall, lately Nicholas Whatlok’s. And for 4d. from the same for 1 shop, lately Thomas Poperyk’s. And for 12d. from the same for 2 stalls, lately Thomas Poperyk’s. And for 10d. from William Aylenothe for one shop situated in Cordwainers’ Row (Cordwenerowe). And for 2s. received from Walter Peckchese. And for 16d. from John Parssaye for the rent of 4 shops this year. And for 8d. from Nicholas Wylkyn for 1 shop and stall this year. And for 4d. from John Kede for one messuage with curtilage, once Robert Vanncye’s. And for 2d. from the same for one vacant plot at the end of the shop. And for 2d. from the same for the rent of a single garden there this year. And for 3s. from Thomas Pyngyll for one shop, lately Walter Dykeman’s. And for 4d. from the same for a vacant plot, lately Walter Dykeman’s. And for 4d. from John Cooke for the rent of a single shop there. And for 2s. from John Jakeman for the rent of a single stall this year. And for 2s. received from John Colett for the rent of a single stall this year. And for 8d. from John Boydon for the rent of 2 shops this year. And for 12d. from John Bond for one grange. And for 8d. from John Dawe of the Green (off the Grene) for 2 shops, once Alexander Boydon’s. And for 4d. from the same for 1 shop, lately Thomas Dollyngton’s, this year. And for 2d. from William Cotes 72

This, and the subsequent underlinings in this section, may be deletions. It is unclear whether the scribe intended to underline or strike through these entries.

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\now William Rownynge’s/ for half of a single shop situated in the market. And for 4d. from William Rownyng for 1 shop in the Mercery, lately John Stalon’s. And for 3d. from Thomas Skreven \now Robert Kynge’s and Thomas Ielys’/ for one shop, lately William Dale’s. And for 4d. from the same for 1 shop, lately Thomas Dullyngham’s. And for 4d. from the same for 1 shop, lately Nicholas Wylkyn’s, situated in the Drapery (le Draperye). And for 8d. from the same for the rent of a single shop, lately Richard Cullynge’s. And for 3s. 3d. from the same Thomas for the rent of 10 shops and stalls, lately John Cooke’s. And for 8d. from the same \now Thomas Stokkys/ for one shop, lately Alexander Boydon’s. And for 12d. from the same for the rent of 2 shops in the Butchery (le bocherye). And for 4s. from Richard Cullynge for the rent of 11 shops and stalls there this year. And for 12d. from the same for 2 stalls, once Alexander Boydon’s. And for 16d. from Thomas Stok for 2 shops and 1 stall. And for 12d. from Thomas Cullyng for the rent of a single shop and 1 stall this year. And for 2s. from John Bagott for the rent of a single shop in the Mercery (le Mercerye). And for 2s. from Laurence Smyth for 1 shop, once John Lyllye’s. And for 3s. from John Brightewell for one shop, lately John Shildeton’s, this year. And for 17d. from John Gregge for the rent of a single house with garden. And for 12d. from William Hawkere for 2 shops, once William Smyth’s. And for 8d. from John Fenmale for the rent of 2 shops. And for 14d. from John Simond alias Spycer for 2 shops, lately John Fenmale’s, this year. And for 12d. from the same for 2 shops, lately William Robynson’s, this year. And for 4d. from Elena Jordon for a single, newly built messuage, lately Thomas Quylter’s. And for 12d. from the same for 2 vacant plots this year. And for 7d. from Robert Kyng for the rent of 2 shops there. And for 15d. from the same for 1 stall, lately Ralph Lote’s. And for 3s. 4d. from William Troys \now J Salman/ for 1 shop, lately Richard Lovedaye’s. And for 8d. from William Preston for the rent of a single shop there this year. And for 4d. from Margaret Pole for 1 shop, once John Draweswerd’s. And for 8d. from John Harward for 3 shops, lately Alexander Boydon’s. And for 4d. from the same for another shop situated in the Drapery (le Drapere). And for 6s. 8d. from John Pyrton for one shop there. And for 5s. 6d. from John Crestemas for one shop there. And for 3s. 4d. from Roger Holyngworthe for the rent of a single room (camera) And for 4s. from John Webbe for one shop, lately Thomas Waleys’. And for 4s. 10d. from John Barber for 1 house, lately John Vanncye’s. And for 6s. 8d. from Henry Dale for the rent of a single house. And for 3s. from John Lyffley \Thomas Lyffley/ for 1 stall, lately Ralph Lete’s. And for 15d. from John Cochie for the rent of a single stall, once John Meyre’s. And for 15d. from Robert Mere for the rent of a single stall this year. And for 15d. from John Parker for 1 stall, lately Robert Lote’s. And for 20d. from Thomas Cohard for the rent of a single stall there. And for 8d. from Simon Funstone for 1 shop, lately Thomas Percyvale’s. And for 4d. from the same for the rent of a single house there. And for 2s. from the same for a vacant plot this year. And for 3s. from the same for 2 houses situated in the Shraggery (Sharggery). And for 8d. from the same Simon for 1 shop, lately Thomas Percyvale’s. And for 8d. from the same for the rent of a single shop. And for 4d. from John Felers for a parcel of land. And for 8d. received from William Balard for the rent of a single stall situated in Barkers’ Row (le Barkersrowe) there. Total £6 40s. 8d. Rent of Plots And for 2d. from William Maryott for one vacant plot, newly built, this year. And for 1d. from Thomas Pyngill for the rent of a single vacant plot of land there this year. And for 1d. from Elena Jurdon for the rent of 2 262

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vacant plots situated upon the Cornhill. And for 4d. from Henry Dale for one house this year. And for 4d. from John Yerlesrey for the rent of a single stall, lately Ralph Lote’s. And for 5d. from Thomas Kede, Thomas Goych, Robert Mare, John Parkere and Robert [sic] for the rent of 5 stalls. And for 4d. from Thomas Cohard for 1 stall in the Butchery (le Bocherye) lately Ralph Lote’s, held as above. And for one pair of gloves received from John Webb of Bottisham (Botesham) for one shop, once Waleys’. Total 21d. Rent of Demesne Land And for 5s. received from Simon Funstone for the rent of 7 acres of land, lately in the tenure of Thomas Percyvale. And for 3s. from Thomas Percyvale for the rent of 3 acres of land, lately Thomas Flynt’s. And for 33s. 4d. from Roger Holyngworth and John Crack for the rent of 50 and a half acres of land there this year. And for 4d. from Henry Dale \he is excused/ for the rent of half an acre of land, lately John Sygo’s and lately it was seized into the hands of the lords because the said John did not show by what title he held it. Total 42s. Rent of Meadows And for 40s. received from Roger Holyngworth and John Crack for the rent of a single meadow called the lord’s meadow (lordesmedowe) situated in the bounds of Newmarket (Novi Marcati) this year. Total 40s. Poultry Rent And for 2s. 6d. received from [sic] for 10 capons issuing from the Rent of various tenants this year, as in the previous year. Total 2s. 6d. Customary Payments And for 20d. received from certain customary payments there this year of ancient usage, etc., as is clear by the testimony of the bailiff. Total 20d. Profits of the Courts And for 13s. 2d. received from amercements, rents and profts of a single Market Court. And for 22s. 10d. for the profits of 2 General Courts. And for 9s. 2d. for the profits of a single leet with a court held there on the Feast of St Peter in Chains in the aforesaid year of the reign of the aforesaid king as appears thereafter. And for [blank] for the profits of 2 Fair Courts held there on the feast of St Barnabas the Apostle and on Simon and Jude this year as appears thereafter. Total 45s. 2d. Profits of the Fair And for 13s. 4d. received from the profits of a Fair held there on the Feast of Simon and Jude, as during the period of this account. Total 13s. 4d. Sum total received £18 10s. 7d. [14–15 Edw. IV verso] Repairs with other expenses And of which he renders account with 10d. for the repair (amendacione) of a single stall in the tenure of John Northern, 6d. for the repair of a single shop in the tenure of Pecthes, 10d. for the repair \of a shop/ of John 263

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Colett 2s. 2d. \stet/. And he renders account with 6d. for the repair of John Jepes, 4d. for the repair of Simon Hewet, 6d. for the repair of John Hewet, and with 4s. 10d. paid for the expenses of the lord and his steward for holding courts, 6s. 2d. Total 8s. 4d. Costs of the Household And for one barrel of herrings and 200 herrings of Wilkes Brett one [barrell] of red [herrings] purchased by order of the lord this year and for the household of the said lord, he paid, as is clear in a certain bill by the writing here etc., 20s. 2d. And there is allowed to the same the value of a single chest called a Spruce Chest, 8s. Total 28s. 2d. Fee and wages And for the fee of the said accountant as his office this year, as in the last year, thus granted to him by the lord, 26s. 8d. And for the Fee of John Eyre, Steward of the Court there this year, 6s. 8d. Total 33s. 4d. Payments of Money And he paid to William Alyngton junior, esquire, by an indented paper bill, marked with his seal, dated 12th day of May in the 15th year of the reign of King Edward IV, upon this account examined and delivered – 60s. And he paid by the hand of the same Master W[illiam] A[lyngton] junior by an indented paper bill, dated 27th day of June in the 15th year of the reign of the aforesaid King, upon this account viewed and examined, marked with his seal – 60s. And he paid to the same Master W[illiam] A[lyngton] junior by an indented paper bill, which was dated 25th day of November in the aforesaid year of the aforesaid King, and marked with the seal of the lord – 60s. Total £9

Total £12 9s. 10d. And he then owes £6 9d.

And for 5s. 4d. received from Simon Funston for the rent of 7 acres of land there, lately Thomas Percyvale’s. And for 3s. from Thomas Percyvale for the rent of 3 acres, lately Thomas Flynt’s. Then the same received with 2s. of rent from Ikelyghams because the current fee is not known. 12d. for a certain fine of William Maryot. 22d. for the fine of John Grygge. 4d. for the rent of half an acre of land occupied by the lord, lately Sygares’. 6s. 8d. for the amercements of Ralph Taylour, 11s. 10d.73 Total respited 11s. 10d. And he owes over and above the rents 11d., that he pays upon this account. And so here it is returned quit. Quit.

73

This amount has been written in large figures with space fillers added on either side. It would seem as though a space had been left for the later insertion of the amount and the scribe subsequently needed to ensure that the space was adequately filled so as to exclude any other later insertions.

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15–16 Edward IV [29 September 1475–29 September 1476] [15–16 Edw. IV recto] Newmarket (Novu’ Marcat’) The account of Roger Holyngworth, Collector of Rents and Farms for William Alyngton, esquire, from the feast of St Michael in the 15th year of the reign of King Edward IV until the same feast of Michael next following in the 16th year of the same King, for one whole year. Rent of Assize And for £4 12s. 6d. received from rents of assize rents of the free tenants there this year, as is fully apparent in the last account. Total £4 12s. 6d. Rent of Shops And for £6 40s. 8d. received from various persons for rents and fixed rents of various shops and various tenants there for the aforesaid account this same year, handed over as in the last [?]account (novict’) mentioned, to be paid at the usual terms of the manor by equal portions. Total £6 11s. 8d. Rent of Plots And for 2d. from William Maryott for one vacant plot newly built this year. And for 1d. from Thomas Pyngell for the rent of a vacant plot of land this year. And for 1d. from Elena Jurdon for the rent of 2 vacant plots upon the Cornhill (le Cornehill). And for 4d. from Henry Dale for one house this year. And for 4d. from John Yerlesrey for the rent of a single stall, lately Ralph Lote’s. And for 5d. from Thomas Rede, Thomas Goych, Robert Male, John Parkere and Robert Kyng for 5 shops this year. And for 4d. from Thomas Cohard for one stall in the Butchery (le Bochery), lately Robert Lote’s, held as above. And for one acre [sic] of gloves received from John Webb of Bottisham (Botesham) for one shop, once Walys’. Total 21d. Rent of Demesne Land And for 5s. 4d. received from Simon Funstone for the rent of 7 acres of land, lately in the tenure of Thomas Percivale. And for 3s. from Thomas Percyvale for the rent of 3 acres of land, lately Thomas Flynte’s, this year. And for 33s. 4d. from Roger Holyngworth and John Cracke for the rent of 50 and a half acres of land there this year. Total 41s. 8d. Rent of Meadows And for 40s. received from Roger Holyngworth and John Cracke for the rent of a single meadow called lord’s meadow (lordesmedow) situated within the bounds of Newmarket (Novi Marcati) this year. Total 40s. Poultry Rent And for 2s. 6d. received for the value of 10 capons issuing from the rents of various tenants there this year as in previous years. Total 2s. 6d. Customary Payments And for 21d. received from certain customary payments there this year, from ancient custom, as is clear by the testimony of the bailiff. Total 21d. 265

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Profits of the Fair And for 18s. received for the profits of the Fair held there on the feast of Simon and Jude and during the period of the account. Total 18s. Profits of the Courts And for 19s. 4d. for the profits of 3 Courts and a single Leet held there, as appears by their examination this year. Total 19s. 4d.

Sum total received with arrears £17 9s. 5d.

Allowances Of which account then, 2s. is thereby allowed for the rent of Ikelynghams, 3s. 4d. for the amercements of the men of Edward Sharggere, 3s. 4d. for the planned amercements of Ralph Taylour, 3d. for the amercements of Nicholas Ostelere, 6d. for the amercements of Simon Howlot, and with 3d. for the planned amercements of Robert Carpenter. 9s. 8d. Total 9s. 8d. [15–16 Edw. IV verso] Repairs And he paid with 4d. for the table of Colettes’ stall, 12d. for the repair (emendacione) of Gowches’ stall, 12d. paid for 3 trestles (Troucell) for the shops of Sewall and Cowardes, 10d. for imposition of the same, 12d. for 100 [carices or bundles] of sedge because it was bought for thatching for Colettes and Jekemans, 8d. for one thatcher and [?]withies (virgis), 5s. paid for one [?](rethe) called ‘an haye’, 12d. for 3 bushels of rye. 10s. 10d. Total 10s. 10d. Fee and Wages And for the fee of the said accountant as his office this year, as in the last year, thus granted to him by the lord, 26s. 8d. And for the expenses of the steward for a court held there this year 5s. 1d. And [sic] Total 31s. 9d. Payments in Money And he paid to the lord of the manor for the issues and profits of the Fair held there on the feast of Simon and Jude in the 16th year of the reign of king Edward – 18s. And he paid to the lord of the manor by an indented paper bill, which was dated 16th day of June in the 16th year of the reign of king Edward IV, here shown, delivered and examined – £6 4d. And he paid to the lord of the manor for another indented paper bill, which was dated 25th day of November in the 16th year of the reign of King Edward IV, marked with the seal of the lord, here shown and paid – £7 Total £13 18s. 4d.

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Total all74 of all payments and expenses £16 10s. 6d. And he owes 17s. 10d. which he pays to the lord of the manor himself upon this account. And so here he is returned quit. Quit. 16–17 Edward IV [29 September 1476–29 September 1477] [16–17 Edw. IV recto] Newmarket (Newmarkett) The account of Roger Holyngworth, Collector of Rents and Farms for William Alyngton junior, from the feast of St Michael Archangel in the 16th year of the reign of King Edward until the same feast of Michael next following in the 17th year of the same King. Arrears Nothing because this same accountant by his account of the last year is returned quit, as fully clear in the foot of the said account. Total nil. Rent of Assize But he answers for £4 12s. 6d. received from rents of assize from various free tenants there this year, as is fully clear in the account of the 13th year of the King. Total £4 12s. 6d. Rent of Shops at the will of the Lord And for 4d. from William Maryott for one shop. And for 4d. from the same for one shop. And for 4d. from the same for another shop, lately Thomas Teversham’s. And for 4d. from John Fenmale for one shop, once William Maryott and lately Alexander Boydon. And for 9d. from \William/ Maryot for 2 stalls, once Richard Coulynge’s. And for 3s. from the same for a vacant plot. And for 2s. 6d. from John Goyche for 1 stall, lately Henry Judde’s. And for 2d. from William Calcote for one shop. And for 6d. from the same for one shop, once Henry Aylenoth’s. And for 3s. 4d. from Richard Motte for one house and one shop in the Drapery (le Draperye). And for 2s. from Thomas Sewale for 1 stall in the Butchery (le Bochery). And for 12d. from Katherine Poperyk for one garden, once John Dawesby’s. And for 8d. for the same for 1 stall, lately Nicholas Watlok’s. And for 4d. from the same for one shop, lately Thomas Poperyk’s. And for 12d. from the same for 2 stalls, lately Thomas Poperyk’s. And for 10d. from William Aylenothe for one shop situated in Cordwainers’ Row (Cordenerowe). And for 2s. from Walter Pekchese. And for 16d. from John Parssaye for the rent of 4 shops. And for 8d. from Nicholas Wylkyn for 1 shop and 1 stall. And for 4d. from John Kede for 1 messuage with curtilage, once Robert Vanncye’s. And for 2d. from the same for a vacant plot at the end of the shop. And for 2d. from the same for the rent of a single garden. And for 3s. from Thomas Pyngell for one shop, lately Walter Dykeman’s. And for 4d. from the same for a vacant plot, lately the said Walter’s. And for 4d. from John Cooke for the rent of a single shop. And for 2s. from John Jakeman for the rent of a single stall. And for 2s. from John Colett for the rent of a single stall. And for 8d. from John Boydon for the rent of 2 shops this year. And for 12d. from John Bond for one grange. And for 8d. from John Dawe of the Green (of the Grene) for 2 shops, once Alexander Boydon’s. And for 4d. from the same 74

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for one shop, lately Thomas Dollyngton’s. And for 2d. from William Rownynge for half of a single shop situated in the market. And for 4d. from the same for one shop in the Mercery (le mercerye), lately John Stalon’s. And for 3d. from Robert King and Thomas Delys for one shop, lately William Dale’s. And for 4d. from the same for 1 shop recently Thomas Dullyngham’s. And for 4d. from the same for 1 shop, lately Nicholas Wylkyn’s, situated in the Drapery (le Draperye). And for 8d. from the same for the rent of a single shop, lately Richard Coulynge’s. And for 4s. 3d. from the same for the rent of 10 shops and stalls, lately John Cooke’s. And for 8d. from Thomas Stoke and William for 1 shop, lately Alexander Boydon’s. And for 12d. from the same for the rent of 2 shops in the Butchery (le bocherye). And for 4d. from Richard Coulynge for the rent of 11 shops and stalls this year. And for 12d. from the same for 2 stalls, lately Alexander Boydon’s. And for 16d. from Thomas Stoke for 2 shops and 1 stall. And for 12d. from Thomas Coulynge for the rent of a single shop and 1 stall. And for 2s. from John Bagote for the rent of a single shop in the Mercery (le mercery). And for 2s. from Laurence Smythe for one shop, once John Lyllye’s. And for 3s. from John Brightewell for one shop, lately John Sheldeton’s. And for 17d. from John Gregge for the rent of a single house with garden. And for 12d. from William Hawkere for two \le/ shops, once William Smyth’s. And for 8d. from John Fenmale for the rent of 2 shops. And for 14d. from John Symond alias Spycere for 2 shops, lately John Fenmale’s. And for 12d. from the same for 2 shops, lately William Robynson’s. And for 4d. from Elena Jurdon for one messuage newly built, lately Thomas Quyltere’s. And for 12d. from the same for a vacant plot this year. And for 7d. from Robert Kyng for the rent of 2 shops there this year. And for 15d. from the same for 1 stall, lately Ralph Lote’s. And for 3s. 4d. from John Salman for one shop, lately William Troys’. And for 8d. from William Preston for the rent of a single shop. And for 4d. from Margaret Pole for 1 shop, once John Drawswerd’s. And for 8d. from John Harward for the rent of 3 shops there. And for 4d. from the same for another shop in the Drapery (le Draperye). And for 6s. 8d. from John Pyrton for one shop there. And for 5s. 6d. from John Crystemas for 1 shop there. And for 3s. 4d. from Roger Holyngworthe for the rent of a single room (Camere). And for 4s. from John Webbe for 1 shop, lately Thomas Waleys’. And for 4s. 10d. from John Carvey for 1 house, lately John Vanncy’s. And for 6s. 8d. from Henry Dale for the rent of a single house. And for 3s. from John Hlysseley for 1 stall, lately Ralph Lote’s. And for 15d. from John Cochye for 1 stall, lately John Meyre’s. And for 15d. from Robert Meyre for the rent of a single stall. And for 15d. from John Parkere for 1 stall. And for 20d. from Thomas Cohard for one stall. And for 8d. from Simon Funstone for 1 shop. And for 4d. from the same for one house there. And for 2s. from the same for a vacant plot. And for 3s. from the same for 2 houses situated in the Shraggery (le Shragrye). And for 8d. from the same for 1 shop, lately Percyvales’. And for 8d. from the same for one shop. And for 4d. from John Phelers for a parcel of land. And for 8d. from William Balard for 1 stall situated in Barkers’ Row (Barkersrowe). Total £6 11s. 8d. Rent of Plots And for 2d. from William Maryott for one vacant plot newly built upon this year. And for 1d. from Thomas Pyngell for the rent of a single vacant plot. And for 1d. from Elena Jurdon for the rent of 2 vacant plots upon the Cornhill (Cornehill). And for 4d. from Henry Dale for one house there this year. And for 4d. from John Yerlessrey for the rent of a single stall, lately Ralph Lote’s. And for 5d. from Thomas Rede, Thomas Goyche, Robert Mare, John Parkere and Robert Kynge 268

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for 5 shops there this year. And for 4d. from Thomas Coward for one stall in the Butchery, lately Robert Lote’s. And for one acre [sic] of gloves received from John Web of Bottisham (Botesham) for the rent of one shop, once Waleys’. Total 21d. Rent of Demesne Land And for 5s. 4d. received from Simon Fonstone for the rent of 7 acres of land, lately in the tenure of Thomas Percyvale. And for 3s. from Thomas Percyvale for the rent of 3 acres of land, lately Thomas Flynte’s. And for 33s. 4d. from Roger Holyngworth and John Cracke for the rent of 50 and a half acres of land there this year. Total 41s. 8d. Rent of Meadows And of 40s. from Roger Holyngworthe and John Cracke for the rent of a single meadow called Lord’s Meadow (Lordesmedowe) situated within the bounds of Newmarket (novi marcate) this year. Total 40s. Poultry Rent And of 2s. 6d. received for 10 capons issuing from the Rent of various tenants of the lord there this year, as in previous years. Total 2s. 6d. Customary Payments And of 21d. received from various customary payments there this year, as in previous years by ancient custom, as is clear by the testimony of the bailiff upon this account. Total 21d. Profits of the Fair And for 13s. 4d. received from the revenues and profits of the fairs there this year, as in the previous year. Total 13s. 4d. Profits of the Courts And for 41s. received from the profits, rents and amercements of the courts held there this year, as is clear from the Court Roll and Extracts of the same. Total 41s. Sum total received [blank]. Allowances Of which this account of the same Accountant, with 2s. in allowance from the rent of Ikelynghams – 20d. from the amercements of Anne Cooke, 3s. 4d. from the amercements of John Hewett, and with 4d. from the amercements of Arthur Grayesson – 7s. 4d. Total 7s. 4d. [16–17 Edw. IV verso] Necessary Expenses And he renders account with 20d. paid for two bushels of peas purchased for the household of the lord. 7d. paid for a single [?](‘rett’’). 2s. paid for an allocation of red herrings (rubio). 3s. 4d. for one quarter of rye purchased for the household, and for 4s. paid of John Boteler there – 9s. 9d. Total 9s. 9d. 269

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Fee and wages And for the Fee of the said accountant for undertaking his office this year, as in the previous year, 26s. 7d. And for the Fee of John Culpy, Steward of the Court there 6s. 8d. And for the expenses of the Steward at four times 7s. 2d. Total 40s. 6d.75 Payments of Money And payment to Geoffrey [blank] on Saturday next from the feast of St Andrew the Apostle in the 17th year of the reign of King Edward the fourth, as appears by the bill here seen and examined – 60s. And he paid to John Erlesley by order of the lord, as is clear by a bill written in the hand of the lord – 60s. And he paid to the same lord by a paper bill which is dated on the feast of St Thomas the Apostle in the 17th year of the reign of king Edward the fourth – 60s. And he paid to the lord for revenues and profits of the fair there this year – 13s. 4d. Total £9 13s. 4d. Total with all £12 11s. And he is freed from his obligations (debut cum quos liberacionem) to Arthur Grayesson by order of the lord, upon this account. And so here he is returned quit. 17–18 Edward IV [29 September 1477–29 September 1478] [17–18 Edw. IV recto] Newmarket (Nowmercat) The account of Roger Holyngworth, Collector of Rents and Farms for William Alyngton junior, esquire, from the feast of St Michael Archangel in the 17th year of the reign of King Edward IV until the same feast of St Michael next following in the 18th [year], that is for one whole year. Arrears76 Nothing because this same Accountant returned his account of the last year quit, as is fully clear in the foot of the said account. Total nil. Rent of Assize And he answers for £4 12s. 6d. received from rents of assize for various free tenants for this same year, as is fully clear in the account of the 13th year of the aforesaid King. Total £4 12s. 6d. Rent of Shops at the will of the Lord And for £6 11s. 8d. received from various tenants for the rent of shops there this year at the will of the Lord. Total £6 11s. 8d.

75 76

The sums referenced in this entry do not add up to this amount. The manuscript is very worn here, but the amounts given are the most plausible transcription of the relevant entries. This entry has been written with two different inks and appears to have been written in two stages. It seems likely that the scribe initially wrote only the margin entry and Nulla. At a later stage, an explanation as to why ‘nothing’ was recorded has been added.

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New Rent And for 21d. for the rent of various plots there this year, as of new rent, thus the same handed over this year. Total 21d. Rent of Demesne land And for 41s. 8d. for rent of demesne land there this year, as is fully apparent in the account of last year. Total 41s. 8d. Rent of meadows And for 40s. from Roger Holyngworth and John Crakke for the rent of a single meadow called the Lord’s Meadow (lodesmedowe). Total 40s. Poultry Rent And for 2s. 6d. received from the profit of 10 capons issuing from rents of various tenants of the lord there this year, as in the previous years. Total 2s. 6d. Customary Payments And for 21d. received from various customary payments there this year, as in previous years by ancient custom, as is clear by testimony of the bailiff upon this account. Total 21d. Profits of the Fair And for 13s. 4d. received from the profits and revenues of the fair there this year, as in the previous year. Total 13s. 4d. Profits of the Courts And for 28s. 1d. received from the profits, rents and amercements of courts held there this year, as appears by the Court Roll and extracts of the same. Total 28s. 1d. Sum total received £17 13s. 3d. Repaid Rent Of which the Accountant of this same account received in rent from the lords of Ikelynghams, as is fully clear and apparent in the previous year, 2s. Total 2s. Repairs of Houses And he paid for roof repairs to the shops and stalls of Cowardes, Sewall and William Ballard this year, as appears by a bill here shown, 2s. 8d. And for 6s. 8d. in expenses of the Steward there this year for holding courts. Total 9s. 4d. Payments for the Household of the Lord And paid for the household of the Lord with 6s. for the price of one quarter of rye on the vigil of St James, 4s. 8d. for the price of a single quarter of rye at the feast of the assumption, 4s. as the price of a single quarter of rye on the vigil of the circumcision of the Lord, 2s. 8d. for the price of a single portion of porpoise (‘porpes’) on the feast of the birth of the Lord, 20d. for the price of 4 bushels of rye, 2s. 8d. for the price of 4 bushels of peas paid for the household of the Lord. 12d. for the petty expenses of the lord at various times. 4s. as the price of 4 bushels of rye paid for the aforesaid household. 12d. paid for one 271

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portion of turbot (‘turbuttes’). 12d. for another portion of turbot. 2s. for 3 bushels of rye. 5s. 4d. for one quarter of rye at the end of Corpus Christi. 6s. for one quarter at the end of St John the Baptist. 8d. paid for meat of a piglet. 42s. 8d. [17–18 Edw. IV verso]

Total 42s. 8d.

Fee And for the Fee of the said Accountant for the sake of his office this year, as in the previous years, 26s. 8d. Total 26s. 8d. Payment in Money And he paid to William Alyngton junior, esquire, by a paper bill which was dated 3rd day of July in the 18th year of the reign of King Edward IV, marked with the seal of the said William, here seen and delivered in two sums – £9 And he paid to the same William Alyngton for the revenues of the fair – 13s. 4d.77 Total £9 13s. 4d. Total of all – £13 14s. And he owes 79s. 3d. Then there is allowance to the same as for money paid to John Culpyy, deputy of William Alyngton, knight, Chief Steward there, as for his fee this year, 6s. 8d. And so now there is owed 72s. 7d., which he paid after the account (super compotum). And so here he is returned quit. 18–19 Edward IV [29 September 1478–29 September 1479] [18–19 Edw. IV recto] Newmarket The account of Roger Holyngworth, Bailiff and Collector of Rents and Farms for William Alyngton, esquire, from the feast of St Michael Archangel in the 18th year of the reign of King Edward IV until the same feast following in the 19th year of the same Edward, that is for one whole year. Arrears year is returned quit.

Nothing because this same accountant for his account of last Total nil.

Rent of Assize But he answers for £4 12s. 6d. received from rents of assize of various tenants there this year, as is fully clear in the previous year and the parcels of land mentioned in the Rental of the Lord. Total £4 12s. 6d.

77

This entry has been added at a later date, probably at the same time as the final tally has been added below. It is in a different ink and has been squeezed into the available space.

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Rent of Shops And for £6 11s. 8d. received for the rent of shops of various tenants there this year, as is contained in a certain above-mentioned Rental, seen and examined by the accountant. Total £6 11s. 8d. Rent of Demesne Land And for 41s. 8d. received for rent of Demesne lands this year, paid at the usual terms of the manor, as is contained in the aforesaid Rental of the Lord, here shown. Total 41s. 8d. Rent of Meadows And for 40s. received from the rent of meadows there this year of various persons, handed over as in the previous year. Total 40s. Poultry Rent And for 2s. 6d. received as the value of 10 capons issuing from the rent of various persons, as in the Rental of the Lord upon the account here seen and examined. Total 2s. 6d. Customary Payments Received And for 20d. received from various customary payments there this year, as in the previous year. Total 20d. Profits of the Fair And for 16s. 1d. received from the profits of the Fair there this year, as in the previous year. Total 16s. 1d. Profits of fines and amercements of the courts And for 25s. 11d. received from the profits, fines and amercements of the courts there this year, as is clear in the Court Rolls and extracts of the same, upon this account here viewed and examined. Total 25s. 11d. Sum total received £17 12s. Repayment of Rent Of which he accounts for rent repaid by the lord of Ikelyngham, as in the previous year, 2s. Total 2s. Repair of Stalls And he paid for the repair of the stall of John Erlissley this year – 20d. Of payment for repair of the stall of Robert Sewall both for timber and the carpenter – 12d. Of payment for the stall of John Jekman – 4d. Of payment for the repair of the stall of Thomas Sewall this year – 4d. Total 3s. 4d. Cost of the Household And he paid for the household of the Lord with 18d. paid for 1 cade of sparling (‘spyrlynge’), 3s. \8d./ for rabbits towards the marriage of

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Elizabeth Alyngton, 30s. paid for 5 quarters of small fry (Frium) purchased,78 11s. paid for 2 quarters of small fry, 2s. 6d. paid for undertaking the expenses of William Alyngton esquire, 26s. 8d. paid for 2 barrels of white herring purchased for the household, 21s. paid for 3 cades of red herring, 3s. paid for 2 cades of sprats (‘le sprottes’), [18–19 Edw. IV verso] 6s. 8d. paid for one cade of red herring and with 18d. paid for one cade of sparling purchased for the household of the lord, as by a bill here upon this account seen and expressly agreed – 107s. 6d. Total 107s. 6d. Fee and wages And for the said fee the accountant renders his above office this year as agreed with him by the lord, as in the previous year, 26s. 8d. And for the Fee of the Steward of the Court there this year 6s. 8d. And for expenses of the Steward of the Court there this year for Courts held 7s. And for amercements against Henry Pynswall because he has departed 2d. And, on advice, the amercements of John Fokon 2d. And for the decay in rent of a single stall, lately in the tenure of William Balard, [?] who has now departed (de patranitus) – 8d. Total 41s. 4d. Payments of Money And he has paid by the hand of Walter Martall with a bill or tally with the acknowledgement of the Lord upon this account – 4s. And he paid by the hand of the servants of Ralph Botelere by the order of the Lord, as by a bill written by the hand of the said Lord and marked with his seal, which is dated Saturday next before the Feast of St Nicholas the Bishop in the 19th year of the reign of King Edward IV, upon the account viewed and examined – 60s. And he paid by the hand of the Lord for a paper bill which is dated Saturday next after the feast of St Barnabas in the 19th year of the reign of King Edward IV, paid here upon the account and seen – 60s. And he paid by the hand of the Lord for the revenues and profits of the fair this year – 16s. 1d. Total £7 1d. Total of all £14 14s. 3d. And he owes l7s. 9d. which he paid upon the account. And so he is returned quit. 19–20 Edward IV [29 September 1479–29 September 1480] [19–20 Edw. IV recto] Newmarket The account of Roger Hollyngwourth, bailiff and Collector of Rents and Farms for William Alyngton, esquire, from the feast of St Michael Archangel in the 19th year of the reign of King Edward fourth until the same feast next following in the 20th year of the same King, that is for one whole year 78

The accounts for Thetford Priory frequently record fish, such as cod, being bought in quarters. See, for example, Dymond, Register of Thetford Priory. Part 1, 1482–1517, pp. 110, 144, 159.

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Arrears Nothing because this same accountant by his account of the last year is returned quit. Total nil. Rents of Assize But he answers for £4 12s. 6d. received from the rents of assize of various tenants paid at the usual terms of the manor there this year. Total £4 12s. 6d. Rent of meadows [sic] And for £6 11s. 8d. received from the rent of shops there this year as appears by the rental. Total £6 11s. 8d. Rent of Demesne Land And for 41s. 8d. received from rent of demesne lands paid at the usual terms of the manor. Total 41s. 8d. Rent of meadows year.

And for \40s./ received for the rent of meadows there this Total 40s.

Poultry Rent And for 2s. 6d. received from \10 capons/ there this year issuing from various tenants. Total 2s. 6d. Petty Customary Payments And for 20d. received from petty customary payments there this year, as in previous years. Total 20d. Profits of the Fair And for 16s. received from profits of the fair held on the feast of Simon and Jude this year. Total 16s. Profits of the Courts And for 51s. 5d. received from profits of rents and amercements of the courts held there this year, clearly paid there. Total 51s. 5d. Sum total received £18 17s. 5d. Allowances of Rents and Amercements Of which for this account he asks for allowances thereof, of the rent of John Wykes for a tenement once John Ikelyngham’s, once the lord is then consulted, 2s. And for \8d./ of another rent of a single stall, lately William Ballard’s, because he himself enlarged it. And for 6d. of the amercements of William Grene and John Coupere as aforesaid. Total 3s. 2d. Repairs And he paid for the repair of the stalls of Robert Kyng and Robert Tydde, made collectively, 12d. Total 12d.

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Necessary Expenses And he paid 79 for fish for the household of the lord at the time of Lent, purchased from [?]an excellent osteler (pro’h’ne ‘estelere’) of Newmarket (nove marcate), 3s. 4d. And he paid the aforesaid John Osteler for a porpoise (‘porpez’) purchased, 3s. 4d. And he paid for rabbits towards the marriage of the lord – 9s.80 Total 16s. 8d. Fee and wages And for the Fee of the steward of the courts there – 6s. 8d. And for the fee of the said accountant for the sake of his office this year – 26s. 8d. And for the expenses of the lord and steward there for various times this year – 18s. 6d. And for expenses of caring for a single horse there – 3s. 4d. Total [blank]. Payments of Money And he paid to the lord by Master Geoffrey Meyhen – £6 He paid to the lord by the hand of John Pult – 66s. 8d. He paid to the lord for the profits of the fairs – 16s. Total £10 2s. 8d. Grand total £13 17s. 8d. And [?] £4 19s. 9d. which he paid after the account. And following. 20–21 Edward IV [29 September 1480–29 September 1481] [20–21 Edw. IV recto] Newmarket (Novum Mercatum) The account of Roger Hollyngwourth, Bailiff and Collector of Rents, Farms and other issues there from the feast of Michael in the 20th year until the same feast next following in the 21st year of the same King, that is for one whole year. Nothing Arrears are nothing because the same accountant for his account is returned quit. Total nil. Rent of Assize of Free Tenants and Shops And the same [accountant] himself answered for £4 12s. 6d. received from the rent of assize of free tenants, as per the Rental taken from the testament of the above [?] (testamentum super [?]Capcodin) examined upon his account. And for £6 13s. 4d. received from the rent and dues of shops, stalls and vacant plots with 20d. from William Mariott received for 1 new vacant plot taken from the hands of the lord. And for 21d. received from various for an increment in rent for the time of the Fairs. Total £11 7s. 7d.

79 80

The manuscript shows signs here of entries having been rubbed out and overwritten. The final part of this entry has been added later and evidently been written with a different ink and quill.

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Rent of land and meadows And for 41s. 8d. received from various for the rent of demesne lands, as per the Rental, paid at the usual terms. And for 40s. from Roger Hollyngwourthe for the lord’s meadow called lord’s meadow (lordesmedowe) [sic]. Total £4 20d. Profits of the Market with Courts And for 20d. received from various for petty customary payments there. And for 32s. 1d. received from the profits of courts, rents and amercements there, as is clear from the extracts there. Total 33s. 9d. Poultry Rent with Profits of the Fair And for 16s. 8d. received from the profits of the fair held there on the feast of the saints Simon and Jude. And for 2s. 6d. received as the value of 10 capons issuing from various free tenants there. Total 19s. 2d. Sum total received £18 18d. Repairs Of which this same accountant paid for various repairs of the shops of Thomas Sewall, John Collett, Thomas Tydde and other tenants, as by a bill shown and clearly examined by the lord, 5s. 11d. Total 5s. 11d. Fee and wages with expenses And for the fee of the said accountant rendered this year, agreed by the lord, 26s. 8d. And for the fee of John Culpy for half a year, 40d. And for the fee of William Battesford, steward of the court of the lord, 6s. 8d. And for expenses of the steward for \[?]/ one court held, 8s. 8d. Total 45s. 4d. Payment in Money And he paid to William Alyngton, the lord of this manor, at 2 times, as by a bill marked by the seal of the lord, shown upon this account, £13 19s. 4d. Total £13 19s. 4d.

Total of all payments and services – £16 10s. 7d.

And so he owes upon the account – 30s. 11d. And of which he is respited 2s. for the rent of Ikelynghams in the tenure of John Wykes, once the lord was thus consulted. And thus he owes 28s. 11d. q. paid after the account and so he is returned quit. And quit. 21–22 Edward IV [29 September 1481–29 September 1482] [21–22 Edw. IV recto] Newmarket (Newmarkett) The account of Nicholas Hollyngwourth, bailiff and Collector of rents and farms for William Alyngton, esquire, his manor of Newmarket (Newmarkett) from the feast of St Michael Archangel in the 21st year of the reign of King Edward IV until the same feast next following in the 22nd year of the same King, for one whole year. 277

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Arrears Of Roger Hollyngwourth, bailiff of the preceding year, now deceased, nothing because the said Roger from his account is returned quit, as is clear in the foot of his account of the previous year. Total nil. Rents of assize paid for tenements and Shops And for £4 12s. 6d. of the rents of assize of free tenants there, as per the Rental upon this account seen and examined, newly made in the 12th year of the King. And for £6 11s. 8d. received from the rents and payments of various shops and houses, as testified by the said Rental. And for 21d. received from William Mariott for 1 new vacant plot taken from the hands of the lord, as in the account for the previous year. Total £11 5s. 10d. Rent of demesne land And for 36s. 4d. received from Agnes, lately wife of Roger Hollyngwourth, and John Cracke for l3 acres of demesne land with liberty of the fold, thus handed over. And for 5s. 4d. from Simon Funtstone received for 7 acres of demesne land. Total 41s. 8d. Rent of meadows And for 40s. received for the rent of a single meadow called the Lord’s Meadow (lordesmede), thus handed over for the lord. Total 40s. Poultry rent And for 2s. 6d. received as the value of 10 capons issuing from various free tenants, as is clear in the Rental. Total 2s. 6d. New rent And for 21d. received from new issuings of various shops and stalls paid on the feast of Simon and Jude. And for 4d. received from \Nicholas/ Hollyngwourth for 2 stalls, to continue in the court with a leet held in the year 22 Edward IV, paid on the feast of Simon and Jude. And for 2d. as the value of 1 pair of gloves from John Webbe, paid on the said feast. Total 2s. 3d. Petty Customary Payments And for 2s. received from Roger Hollyngwourth for half a year. And for 21d. from the said accountant for petty customary payments from the feast of Easter until the feast of Michael [Archangel] detained against this account. Total 3s. 9d. Profits of the courts And for 34s. received from the profits, amercements and rents issuing from 5 courts held there within the period of this account as appears by the Court Roll in the Record of the lord, here seen and examined. Total 34s. The Fair And for 18s. received from the profits of the Fair held on the feast of Simon and Jude in the 21st [year] of King Edward. Total 18s. 278

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Profits of estrays, nothing. Sum total received £18 8s. Allowances of rents and amercements Of which the same Accountant asks for allowance of 2s. of the rent of John Wyckes for Ikelynghams, of which lately the lord has been thereof consulted, and 8d. for the rent of 1 stall, lately John Ballard’s, because in decay, and 15d. for the rent of another stall, lately Robert Meyr’s, because [illeg.] and 8d. of various of John Mason and Margery Plowmay that was not levied. Total 4s. 7d. Repairs with necessary expenses And for 5s. 8d. paid for various repairs made upon stalls for various, as appears by the bill examined for the lord, and he paid for 1 quarter of rye delivered for the household of the lord 8s. 8d., and he paid for rye another time 2s., and for 2 horsehides (‘horshyde’) for the husbandman of the lord at Horseheath (horseth) – 3s. 2d. Total 19s. 6d. Fee and wages And for the fee of the said accountant for the sake of collecting money of the lord, 26s. 8d., and for the fee of William Battisford, steward of the court, 6s. 8d. and 6s. \ob./ for the expenses of the steward for courts held. Total 29s. 4d. ob. Payment in money And he paid to the lord by the hand of Agnes Hollyngwourth – 11s. And he paid to the lord by the said hand, accounting for a bill made on Thursday before the feast of St Peter the Apostle in the 22nd year – £7 11s. 2d. For another bill made before the feast of St Andrew in the abovewritten year, £3 6s. 8d., and for the profits of the Fair – 18s. £11 15s. 10d. Total £12 6s. 10d.

Total of all expenses and payments £15 10s. 3d. ob. And so he clearly owes l7s. 8d. ob. which he paid after the account, as thus this same accountant for his account is returned quit. Thus equal.

22 Edward IV–1 Richard III [29 September 1482–29 September 1483] [22 Edw. IV–1 Ric. III recto] Newmarket (Novum Marcatum) The account of Nicholas Hollyngwourth, bailiff and collector of Rents and farms of William Alyngton, esquire, at his manor there, from the feast of Michael [Archangel] in the 22nd year of the reign of king Edward IV until the same feast next following in the first year of King Richard III after the conquest of England. Arrears Nothing. 279

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Rent of assize of free tenants and unfree But the same accountant answers for £4 12s. 6d. received from rents of assize of free tenants there both in the counties of Cambridge and Suffolk. And for £6 11s. 8d. for the rent of shops and stalls there. And for 20d. from William Mariott for 1 new vacant plot taken from the hands of the lord as appears in the Court Roll in the year 21 Edward IV. And [damaged] 4s. from the increase in rent of a single granary called the Pinfold (le pynfold), once handed over for 12d. and now handed over for 5s. to John B [damaged]. Total £11 9s. 10d. Rent of Demesne Land And for 36s. 4d. received from Agnes Hollyngwourth and John Cracke for l3 acres of demesne land that is handed over for an annual rent by means of the court roll. And for 5s. 4d. received from Simon Funtstone for 7 acres of demesne land. Total 41s. 8d. Rent of Meadows And for 40s. received from the aforesaid Agnes and John Cracke for the rent of the meadow land called the lord’s meadow (lordesmede) that is handed over by means of the court roll. Total 40s. New rents at the feast of Simon and Jude And for 23d. received from various men \in the time/ of the Fair held on the feast of Simon and Jude which are newly stated in accordance with the Rental. And for 4d. from Nicholas Hollyngwourth for advised rent, as in the court roll of 22 Edward IV. Total 2s. 3d. Petty Customary Payments And for 6s. received from various men within his below account for petty customary payments this year. Total 6s. Profits of courts And for 48s. 1d. received from the profits, amercements and fines issuing from 6 courts of the fairs, markets and general courts there this year held within this below account, as by the court roll and extracts of the same of the lord upon this account, fully seen and examined. Total 48s. 1d. Fair and Estrays But for 17s. for profits held there here in court, which are owing to the lord, and from profits of estrays and goods as per the bill [?] (solon’ Wa’iat’) of which nothing found there this year as is said by oath, quit. Total nil. Sum total received £18 10s. 4d. Allowances of Rent Of which the same Accountant asks for allowances of 2s. of rent for Ikelynghams, of which lately the lord has been thereof consulted, and 15d. for the stall of John Meyr for decay or default of rent, 8d. for the stall of Nicholas Ballard in accordance with advice. Total 3s. 11d.

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Repairs And he paid 2s. for the repairs of 2 stalls of John Jeckman, and 2s. for making of the Pinfold (le pynfolde), 6s. for one quarter of rye by a bill for the lord’s household and 2s. paid to John Welle for harvest gloves (‘hervest glovys’). Total 12s. Fee and wages with expenses And for the fee of William Battisford, steward of the court there 6s. 8d. and 26s. 8d. for the fee of the said accountant for his service, agreed by the lord, and for expenses of the lord and steward this year 23s. Total l6s. 4d. Payment in Money Paid to the lord by a warranted bill dated 5th day of June in the first year of Richard III – £6 13s. 4d. Paid to the lord and to Ralph Boteler at other times after the feast of Michael [Archangel] – £8 3s. 4d. Total £14 16s. 8d. Total of all expenses and payments £18 8s. 11d. And so he owes 17d. which he paid after the account and so he is returned quit.

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APPENDIX TWO ROYAL CHARTERS FOR NEWMARKET FAIRS

The following translations were made by Peter May from original charter rolls in The National Archives.81 Grant by Henry III to Richard de Argentein for a View of Frankpledge in the court of the manor of Newmarket and also a market every Tuesday at the manor of Halesworth and a three-day fair at the feast of St Simon and St Jude (28 October) annually at the manor of Newmarket, made 17 February 1226/27. TNA, Charter Roll (Chancery), 11 Henry III, Part 1, m.26. Richard de Argentein. Henry the King etc. greeting. Know ye that we have granted and by this our present charter confirmed to our beloved and faithful Richard de Argentein and to his heirs that the sheriff of Suffolk shall come once every year for ever to his manor of Newmarket to make view of frankpledge in this court of the same town of his men in that manor. We have also granted to the same Richard and to his heirs the amercements of the aforesaid view of frankpledge if any befall, so that the aforesaid sheriff of Suffolk take or have nought of those amercements. We have also granted to the same Richard and to his heirs for ever that they may have a market every week on Tuesday at his manor of Halesworth, and that he may have every year at his aforesaid manor of New Market a fair lasting for three days, to wit on the Eve of the Apostles Simon and Jude and on the day and on the morrow, with all the liberties and free customs to such markets and fairs appertaining so that the aforesaid market and the aforesaid fair be not to the hurt of the neighbouring markets and fairs. Wherefore we will and firmly command that the aforesaid sheriff of Suffolk come once every year for ever to the aforesaid manor of Newmarket to make view of frankpledge in the court of the same Richard and of his heirs of the same town of his men dwelling in that manor, and that the amercements which proceed from that view of frankpledge be the said Richard’s and his heirs’ so that the aforesaid sheriff take or have nought of those amercements, and that the aforesaid Richard and his heirs have a market every week at his manor of Halesworth on Tuesday and a fair every year at his manor of Newmarket lasting for three days with all the liberties and free customs and quittances to such markets and fairs appertaining as is aforesaid. These being witnesses: Eustace bishop of London, Joceline bishop of Bath, Peter bishop of Winchester, Richard bishop of Salisbury, Hubert de Burg’ Earl of Kent, our justice William Earl of Albemarle, William de Eyneford, our seneschal, Henry de Capella, and others. Given by our hand etc. At Westminster 17th day of February in the 11th year etc. 81

Suffolk Archives, Bury St Edmunds, 359/1–2.

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TWO ROYAL CHARTERS FOR NEWMARKET FAIRS

Grant by Edward I to Reginald de Argentein for an eight-day fair at the feast of St Barnabas the Apostle (11 June) annually at Newmarket and a four-day fair at the feast of St Luke the Evangelist (18 October) annually at Halesworth, made 27 June 1293. TNA, Charter Roll (Chancery) 21 Edward I, m.2, No.10. For Reginald de Argentein granted. The King to the archbishops etc., greeting. Know ye that we have by this our charter confirmed to our beloved and faithful Reginald de Argentein that he and his heirs may have for ever one fair every year at his manor of Newmarket in the County of Suffolk to last for eight days, to wit, the eve of the vigil, the vigil, the day and the morrow of St Barnabas the Apostle and for the four following days, and one fair every year at his manor of Halesworth in the county aforesaid to last for four days, to wit, the vigil, the day and the morrow of St Luke the Evangelist and for one day following, unless those fairs be to the hurt of neighbouring fairs. Wherefore we will and firmly command for us and our heirs that the aforesaid Reginald and his heirs for ever have the aforesaid fairs at his manors aforesaid with all liberties and free customs to such fairs appertaining, unless those fairs be to the hurt of neighbouring fairs as is aforesaid. Witness these: the venerable fathers John archbishop of Dublin, John bishop of Winchester, Anthony bishop of Durham and William bishop of Ely, Edmund our brother, Edmund earl of Cornwall our kinsman, John de Warren earl of Surrey, Reginald de Grey, John de St John, Walter de Beauchamp, Richard de Bosco, and others. Given by the King’s hand at Westminster the 27th day of June by the King himself. By the mouth of Hugh de Veer.

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GLOSSARY

account (compotus): annual statement prepared by the bailiff, or another manorial official, of all moneys received and expended on the lord’s behalf affeerer: a tenant/suitor appointed by the manorial court to advise the bailiff on the level of amercements affer: a small draught horse ale, assize of: see assizes of bread and ale aletaster: an official appointed to regulate the quality and price of ale brewed and sold amercement: penalty in money or in kind for an offence against the lord or the court, as advised by the affeerers andiron: a bar of metal on feet in the fireplace, on which logs were placed; also referred to as a fire-dog assizes of bread and ale: regulation by statute of the baking of bread, the brewing of ale, and the sale of each which set prices in accordance with the price of grain attachment: seizure of a person’s possessions to ensure compliance with the court’s orders bailiff: executive officer of the court, ensuring compliance and attendance. In Newmarket, the bailiffs were responsible for the day-to-day management of the manor, which included the collection of rents and the preparation of the accounts. balance: a simple equal-arm fulcrum with a weight in one pan and goods in the other, which traders were required by statute to use, rather than the auncel which consisted of a rod fulcrumed near one end and a weight that moved along the graduated lower limb. The auncel could be falsely manipulated and was more difficult for a customer to scrutinise, but it was popular with traders and its use continued into the fifteenth century. bread, assize of: see assizes of bread and ale burgage tenure: tenure of property (normally a house and plot without agricultural land within a borough) held by fixed money rent and with the right to sell or dispose freely bushel: a dry measure of eight gallons (four pecks) especially used for grain. The term was also applied to the device used to measure a bushel. cade: a cask or barrel for fish, which could possibly hold up to 720 herring or 1,000 sprats capon: a castrated and fattened cockerel chantry: an endowment for a priest to sing mass for the souls of the founder and others, granted either for a number of years or in perpetuity collector: official responsible for collecting fines, rents and other monies for the lord, and for keeping the tallies of expenditure. In Newmarket, by the end of the 1420s, this role had been combined with that of the bailiff. common: common baker, etc., probably meaning regular and public commons: communitas, the community of the people

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GLOSSARY

common land: land over which tenants had certain rights, such as pasturing animals, collecting fuel etc. compurgation: see wage law concealment, plea of: instigation of legal action against a perceived crime of concealing or suppressing information so as to cause injury or disadvantage to another (OED) constable: local official responsible for law enforcement currier: craftsman engaged in the dressing and colouring of leather after it was tanned (OED) customs of the manor: a framework of practices, rules and expectations relating to activities within the manor, particularly associated with land and property tenure day, given by the court: the time limit specified for the settlement of a claim for dispute, usually by the date of the next court default: failure to perform an obligatory duty, usually to attend court, but could be another requirement laid down by a court demesne: the land within a manor allocated to the lord for his (or occasionally her) own use detinue, plea of: instigation of action to recover a personal chattel (or its value) which the plaintiff believed to have been wrongfully detained distrain: temporary confiscation of land or goods to enforce a court’s decision or to recover a debt; distraint: the action of distraining dues and customs: tenurial obligations owed to the lord of the manor ell: a measure of length, which in England was usually 45 inches encroachment: illegal occupation, or cultivation, of another’s land essoin: excuse for absence from court; to offer an excuse on behalf of the absentee farm: fixed sum paid annually in money or kind, without any other services, often for leasing land or for exercising an office fealty: oath of fidelity to the lord sworn by a new tenant in court in recognition of his obligations feoffee: holder of a fief or fee fief: hereditary land held from a superior lord fine: payment made to the lord in return for a specific concession, e.g. entry to a shop or stall fold: moveable enclosure of land for keeping animals, usually sheep, by night; liberty of fold: right to keep a fold in a specified area forcer: chest, coffer or casket forestalling: the offence of buying up goods before the formal opening of a market with the expectation of selling later in the day at a higher price; forestaller: one engaged in the practice of forestalling full age: age at which heirs were able to enter their inheritance glean: the act of collecting leftover crops from fields after they had been harvested, a right reserved for the poor heaped measures: the practice of heaping grain measures, banned by the Assize of Measures of 1196 and subsequently by the Statutum de Pistoribus, rather than levelling off, as required by these ordinances hoggs: rams in their second year homage: body of persons who owed allegiance in the manor court horsebread: low-quality bread made from legumes and bran as well as grains, fed to animals as well as being consumed by the poorest groups in society 285

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GLOSSARY

hue and cry: the means by which the alarm was raised after a suspected offence. It was the duty of any person wronged or discovering a felony to raise the hue and cry, and those hearing the alarm were bound to assist in the pursuit and apprehension of the offender. illegal recovery: see recovery kirtle: a garment cut to fit the upper torso and arms and worn over a smock or chemise. Those worn by men ended at the thigh or knee; those worn by women had a flared skirt and reached to the ground. law-hands: the oathmakers used by an accused to swear his innocence or good character; see wage law leet: territorial and jurisdictional sub-unit of the hundred, which might have its own court to assess infringements against the king’s peace, adjudged through the system of ‘view of frankpledge’. Presentments were brought by a jury of capital pledges who each represented their respective tithing. licence to agree: if both parties to a case agreed to settle, an amercement was paid to the court which formally sanctioned and approved the action with a ‘licence to agree’ mark: unit of monetary value equivalent to two-thirds of a pound, i.e. 13s. 4d. No coin of this value was ever issued. maslin: a mixture of different types of grain mercer: merchant, usually one dealing in textiles, although many provincial mercers dealt in a range of commodities mercy: on the payment of an amercement the offender received the clemency of his lord and was referred to as being ‘in mercy’ messuage: a plot of land with a dwelling house peck: a dry measure equal to a quarter of a bushel especially used for measuring grain pledge: a guarantor held legally responsible by a court for ensuring that the person being guaranteed adhered to its orders pound: enclosure in which stray animals and those taken in distraint were penned poundage: the action or right of impounding stray or trespassing animals. It was also used to refer to the charge levied upon the owner of the animals which had been impounded. presentment: incontestable accusation brought by a sworn jury or tithing group quadregesima: the forty days of Lent quarter: a dry measure equal to eight bushels recognition: acknowledgement of a debt recovery: taking impounded goods or animals, attached or distrained, without seigneurial permission regrating: the offence of buying up goods, particularly victuals, in order to sell them at a higher price, often later in the day at the same market; regrater: one engaged in the practice of regrating rescue: see recovery remit: formal renunciation of a claim to land rod: symbol of the lord’s authority when ratifying a transfer of land. Land held ‘by the rod’ was held at the lord’s will. rood: quarter of an acre shraggery: row for the sale of second-hand clothing seisin: possession of land sowgelder: person whose occupation was to spay sows 286

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GLOSSARY

sparling: an edible smelt (fish) stallage: fee charged by the lord for the rent of stalls steward: a manorial or estate administrator, acting on behalf of the lord submit: to place oneself in a position of submission or compliance to the court suit: the act of suing in a court of law, a legal prosecution suit of court: customary obligation of a tenant to attend the court of his lord suit of leet: customary obligation to attend the leet court suitor: an individual attending the court to meet his customary obligation tenement: a unit of land held from the lord term: an agreed period by which a tenant held a tenement or other holding from the lord tithe: tenth of profits and income due to be paid for the upkeep of the parish church and priest tithing: a group of men bound together by mutual surety and answerable for the good conduct of, or the damage done by, any of the other members; tithingmen: the men of the tithing group toll (in the market): payment exacted by the manorial lord for bringing in and selling commodities trespass: a transgression committed against another person or their property unsealed measures: measuring devices which had not been checked for uniformity and marked with a seal (sigillum) to confirm accuracy vill: local unit of civil administration, particularly for taxation purposes wage law: the process of swearing innocence or good character in court and on oath by the accused, with the support of other oathmakers. In Newmarket there were usually six oathmakers. wether: a castrated ram waif/weyf: a reference to ‘waif and stray’, the legal privilege by which ownerless and unclaimed property (including stray animals) became the property of the lord of the manor if not claimed within a certain period of time; weyfmater, weymanter: goods subject to weyf womb leather: soft leather from an animal’s belly

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

MANUSCRIPT SOURCES British Library, London Additional Charter 25867, Newmarket manor: account roll, 1403–04 The National Archives, Kew CP40/646, Common Plea Rolls, Trinity term, 1422 E101/258/2, Estreats of the royal clerk of the market, 1406–07 PROB 11/14/745, will of William Aylnoth of Coggeshall, 1503 PROB 11/16/567, will of John Parsey, draper of Bury St Edmunds, 1509 Suffolk Archives, Bury St Edmunds 1476/1/1–48, Newmarket manor: court rolls (market, leet, general and fair courts), 1399–1413 359/1–2, translations of Newmarket’s fair charters, 1226/27 and 1293 359/3, Newmarket manor: rent collector’s accounts, 1472–3 1476/12, Newmarket manor: bailiff’s and collector’s accounts, 1428–40 1476/13, Newmarket manor: bailiff’s and collector’s accounts, 1473–83 HD 1584/45–46, transcriptions of court rolls, 1399–1413 IC 500/2/11/278, will of John Dawe of Ashley, 1481

PRINTED PRIMARY SOURCES Bailey, M. (ed.), The English manor, c.1200–c.1500 (Manchester, 2002) Calendar of Charter Rolls, 1226–57 (HMSO, 1903) Calendar of Charter Rolls, 1257–1300 (HMSO, 1906) Dymond, D.P. (ed.), The register of Thetford Priory. Part 1, 1482–1517, Norfolk Record Society 59 (Oxford, 1995) Glasscock, R., (ed.), The lay subsidy of 1334 (London, 1975) Hervey, S.H.A. (ed.), Suffolk in 1524, being the return for a subsidy granted in 1523 (Woodbridge, 1910) Lock, R. (ed.), The court rolls of Walsham le Willows, 1351–99, SRS 45 (2002) May, P. (ed.), The court rolls of Newmarket in Suffolk, 1408–10 (Newmarket, 1973) May, P. (ed.), Twenty Newmarket wills, 1439–1497: a glimpse of fifteenth-century Newmarket (Newmarket, 1974) Northeast, P. (ed.), Wills of the Archdeaconry of Sudbury, 1439–1474, SRS 44 (2001)

SECONDARY SOURCES Amor, N.R., From wool to cloth: the triumph of the Suffolk clothier (Bungay, 2016) Amor, N.R., ‘The early history of Norfolk’s worsted cloth’, Norfolk Archaeology 48 (2018), pp. 25–49 288

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Bailey, M., After the Black Death: economy, society and the law in fourteenthcentury England (Oxford, 2021) Bailey, M., A marginal economy? East Anglian Breckland in the later Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1989) Bailey, M., ‘A tale of two towns: Buntingford and Standon in the later Middle Ages’, Journal of Medieval History 19:4 (1993), pp. 351–71 Bailey, M., ‘Trade and towns in medieval England: new insights from familiar sources’, The Local Historian 29:4 (1999), pp. 194–211 Bailey, M., Medieval Suffolk: an economic and social history, 1200–1500 (Woodbridge, 2007) Bailey, M., ‘The economy of towns and markets, 1100–1500’, in T. Slater and N. Goose (eds), A county of small towns: the development of Hertfordshire’s urban landscape to 1800 (Hatfield, 2008), pp. 46–66 Bailey, M., After the Black Death: economy, society and the law in fourteenthcentury England (Oxford, 2021) Beckerman, J.S., ‘Procedural innovation and institutional change in medieval English manorial courts’, Law and History Review 10:2 (1992), pp. 197–252 Bennett, J.M., Ale, beer and brewsters in England: women’s work in a changing world, 1300–1600 (Oxford, 1996) Beresford, M., New towns of the Middle Ages: town plantation in England, Wales and Gascony (Gloucester, 1988) Blomefield, F., An essay towards a topographical history of the county of Norfolk, volume 5 (London, 1806) Bonfield, L., ‘What did English villagers mean by “customary law”?’, in Z. Razi and R. Smith (eds), Medieval society and the manor court (Oxford, 1996), pp. 69–116 Briggs, C., Credit and village society in fourteenth-century England (Oxford, 2009) Briggs, K., and Kilpatrick, K., A dictionary of Suffolk place-names (Nottingham, 2016) Britnell, R., ‘Town life’, in R. Horrox and W.M. Ormrod (eds), A social history of England: 1200–1500 (Cambridge, 2006), pp. 134–78 Clark, E., ‘Debt litigation in a late medieval English vill’, in J.A. Raftis (ed.), Pathways to medieval peasants (Toronto, 1981), pp. 247–79 Coredon, C. and Williams, A. (eds), A dictionary of medieval terms and phrases (Cambridge, 2004) Countryside Agency, Countryside character, volume 6: east of England (Cheltenham, 1999) Cox, T., Magna Britannia antiqua & nova, or a new, exact, and comprehensive survey of the ancient and present state of Great Britain: vol. I. the introduction; being the ancient state of Britain (London, 1738) Davis, J., ‘Market courts and lex mercatoria in late medieval England’, in M. Allen and M. Davies (eds), Medieval merchants and money (London, 2016), pp. 271–90 Davis, J., Medieval market morality: life, law and ethics in the English marketplace, 1200–1500 (Cambridge, 2012) Dietz, F.C., English government finance, 1485–1558 (Urbana, IL, 1920) Dyer, A., Decline and growth in English towns: 1400–1640 (Cambridge, 1995) Dyer, C., ‘Market towns and the countryside in late medieval England’, Canadian Journal of History 31 (1996), pp. 17–35 Dyer, C., ‘Small towns 1270–1540’, in D.M. Palliser (ed.), The Cambridge urban history of Britain, volume I: 600–1540 (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 505–37 289

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Dyer, C., ‘“Urban decline” in England, 1377–1525’, in T.R. Slater (ed.), Towns in decline AD 100–1600 (Aldershot, 2000), pp. 266–88 Dyer, C., ‘Small places with large consequences: the importance of small towns in England, 1000–1540’, Historical Research 75 (2002), pp. 1–24 Evans, A., ‘Battle Abbey at the Dissolution: income’, Huntingdon Library Quarterly 4:4 (1941), pp. 393–442 Gottfried, R.M., Bury St Edmunds and the urban crisis: 1290–1539 (Princeton, NJ, 1982) Gray, R. and Stubbings, D., Cambridge street-names: their origins and associations (Cambridge, 2000) Hannah, R., ‘Medieval lay libraries: the example of Thomas Stotevyle’s books’, Journal of the Early Book Society for the Study of Manuscripts and Printing History 22 (2019), pp. 49–75 Hare, J., ‘Inns, innkeepers and the society of later medieval England’, Journal of Medieval History 39:4 (2013), pp. 477–97 Hilton, R.H., ‘Medieval market towns and simple commodity production’, Past & Present 109 (1985), pp. 3–23 Latham, R.E., Revised medieval Latin word-list from British and Irish sources (reprinted with supplement, Oxford, 2004) Mate, M.E., Women in medieval English society (Cambridge, 1999) May, P., ‘Newmarket 500 years ago’, PSIA 33:3 (1975), pp. 253–73 May, P., ‘The site of the medieval market at Newmarket’, The Suffolk Review 4:4 (1975/6), pp. 191–4 May, P., A fifteenth-century market court (Newmarket, 1976) May, P., ‘Newmarket and its market court, 1399–1413’, PSIAH 35:1 (1981), pp. 31–9 May, P., Newmarket: medieval and Tudor (Hunstanton, 1982) McIntosh, M.K., Working women in English society, 1300–1620 (Cambridge, 2005) Millea, N., The Gough map: the earliest road map of Great Britain (Oxford, 2007) Müller, M., ‘Social control and the hue and cry in two fourteenth-century villages’, Journal of Medieval History 31:1 (2005), pp. 29–53 Page, F.M., The estates of Crowland Abbey: a study in manorial organisation (Cambridge, 1934) Razi, Z., and Smith, R., (eds), Medieval society and the manor court (Oxford, 1996) Richmond, C., ‘The expenses of Thomas Playter of Sotterley, 1459–60’, PSIAH 35:1 (1981), pp. 44–6 Rigby, S.H., ‘Urban population in late medieval England: the evidence of the lay subsidies’, Economic History Review 63:2 (2010), pp. 393–417 Swanson, H., Medieval British towns (London, 1999)

WEBSITES Gazetteer of markets and fairs in England and Wales to 1516: archives.history.ac.uk/ cmh/gaz/gazweb2.html History of Parliament online: www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/13861421/member/argentine-sir-william-1350-1419 Oxford English Dictionary (OED): www.oed.com

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INDEX OF PEOPLE AND PLACES

Spelling was completely unstandardised for the period of these documents and many names are spelt in various different ways (some of them in very many ways), presenting obvious difficulties for the indexers. Because both original and modern spellings of place-names have been given throughout the main text, place-names have been gathered together in the index under their modern spelling, which should make them easy to find in the text. For surnames, however, we have tried to standardise surnames according to the commonest spelling in the document, which is not always the modern standard (e.g. Bocher in preference to the modern Butcher), giving other alternatives which appear in the document afterwards. Some of the surnames are clearly toponyms, but in all cases the original spelling has been retained. Note that more than one reference may be found on the page cited. Adekyn, John  11 Albon, John  35, 120 Aleyn, John  10 Alfey, Alphay, Alphei, Alphey, John  240, 244–5, 252, 255–6 Allyngton, Alyngton, Alyngton family  xxxi clerk of Robert  228 Elizabeth  xxi, 274 Joan  xxi, 190 Johanne 228 John  xxi, 191, 232, 234, 240, 247, 249–51, 259 Margaret  190–1, 201 Robert  xxi, 140, 147, 152, 162, 174, 179, 185, 190–1, 201–2, 207, 211, 216, 221, 228–32 servant(s) of Robert  228 Thomas 168 William  xxi, 190, 228, 230–2, 234, 240, 247–51, 259–61, 264–5, 267, 270, 272, 274, 277, 279 Alwarton, Robert  99–102 Alyen, William  10 Andrew, Richard  100 Andrew alias Ole, Henry see Hoole, Henry Ankok, Thomas, see Hankok, Thomas Anthony, bishop of Durham  283 Argentein, Argentein de, Aargentein, Argentteinyt, Argentein family  ix, xxi, xxxi

Elizabeth xxi Joan xxi John  xxi, 190 Giles 139 Reginald  xxxvi, 283 Richard  xix, xxxvi, 282 William  xxi, 80, 115–16, 140, 152, 162, 174, 185, 196, 207, 211, 221, 248, 260 Arkene, Richard  35 Ashley  xxvi, 10, 127, 241 Ashwell 34 Asshedon, Aschedon, Asschedon, Aston, John  141, 153, 163, 175, 197, 208, 212, 237 tenant of John  17, 20–1 Aston, Astone, John  34, 45–7, 51–2, 68, 75–6, 87, 97, 101, 108–10, 112–13, 115–18, 142, 154, 226, 240, 258 Robert  34, 64–5, 75, 77, 82 Avis, William  59 Ayleeff, Aleeffes, Aloof, Ayleeffes, Aylef, Ayleff, Ayleffe, Ayleffes, Aylenorth, Aylenoth, Aylenothe, Aylnoth, Ayluff, Ayluffes, Ayluth, Henry  124, 143, 155, 166, 177, 188, 199, 214, 225, 241, 252, 261, 267 William  xxviii–xxix, 103, 116-8, 143, 155, 177, 185, 188, 207, 211, 215, 222, 225, 234–6, 239, 241, 252–3, 260–1, 267

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Aylewene, Ailewene, Aillewene, Alewyn, Aylewene, Aylewyn, John  98, 109 William  68, 77, 87, 98, 111–12, 117 Ayston, Thomas  92 Babere, Robert  97 Babraham  199, 213 Bagot, Bagote, Bagott, Bakhod, Bakhode, Bakhood, Bakhoote, Bakhot, Bakhote, Bakote, John  38–9, 43, 101, 142, 154, 165, 176, 187, 198, 213, 224, 241, 244, 252, 255–6, 262, 268 Richard 93 Baille, Thomas  63 Bakeden, Bakedon, John  141, 164 Stephen 180 Baker, Bakere, Andrew  143 Gilbert  4–7, 9–10, 12, 14, 16–17 Henry  21–2, 24–6, 28, 30 John  14–15, 20, 25–6, 85, 87, 90, 120–2, 128, 131–2; see also Smyth Baker, John and Depeden Baker, John Bakhows, Bakown, Bakows, Bakwelle, John  153, 175, 186, 197, 208, 212, 214, 223 Balard, Ballard, John  279 Nicholas 280 William  259, 262, 268, 271, 274–5 Baldene, Baldewen, Baldewene, Baldewyne, John  31–3, 35, 92, 115, 120–1 Simon  4, 7, 9–10, 12, 14–15, 54, 63, 119–21, 123, 124 Thomas 132–3 wife of Simon  6–7, 9–10 Baldok, William  37 Baldokes, Thomas  131 Ballesgappe, Richard  11 Ballone, Ballone Smyth, Ballow, Ballowe Smyth, Balow, Balow alias Bladesmyth, Balowe, Balowe Smyth, Bladsmyth, John  xvii, xix, 3–9, 14–30, 38–9, 65, 68, 83, 86, 88, 92, 102, 114, 117, 119–20, 125–9, 131–3, 140, 144, 152, 156, 163, 166, 174, 178, 185, 189, 196, 207, 211, 215, 222, 226, 229, 234–5 Ralph  200, 222, 226, 229, 234–5, 239 servant of John  120, 123, 125, 129 wife of John  6–7, 9–14, 16–22, 24–6, 28–30

wife of Robert  30 Balsham, John  37, 112 Banbury 73 Banbury, William of  73 Barber, Barboor, Barbor, Barbour, Amicia 20 Amicus  21–3, 25, 114 Anna 21 Cecilia  14–15, 62 John  3–9, 12–13, 16, 18, 20–3, 25–6, 28–9, 33, 41, 43–5, 50, 55, 74, 102, 117, 120–1, 123–6, 128, 262 Richard  36, 43 Robert  95–6, 102 servant of Amicus  85 servant of John  123 tenant of John  29 Thomas  71, 144, 156, 166, 178, 189 wife of John  xxxvii, 7–14, 16–18, 113, 115, 126 Barenteyn, Baryntyn, Drugo, shepherd of  23, 27 Bargan, John  131 Barker, Barkere, Alexander  69, 77, 106–7, 113, 225 Andrew  42, 45–6, 51, 54, 69, 72, 76, 89–90, 97–8, 103, 108, 111, 113–18, 155, 165, 176, 188, 199, 214 daughter of Robert  21 Drugo 116 John  34, 44, 110 Richard  55, 155, 165, 177, 188, 199, 214, 225, 247, 258 Robert 21 Thomas  32–3, 36–7, 106–7, 214, 225 William  95–6, 116, 143, 155, 165, 177, 188, 199 Barle, Barlee, Berle, Berley, Simon  142, 154, 164, 176, 187, 198, 213, 223–4, 244, 255–6 Barnard, John  234–6, 239 Robert 260 Barnardiston 58 Baroun, John  118 Thomas 34 Barrow  118, 223, 245 Barrow, rector of  223 Basse, Thomas  143, 155, 166, 177, 188, 200, 214, 225 Bateman, John  238

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INDEX OF PEOPLE AND PLACES

Thomas  141, 153, 164, 175, 186, 197, 208, 212, 223, 239 Battesford, Battisford, William  277, 279, 281 Battle Abbey  239 Baxstere, Baxtere, Henry  29 John  18, 72–3, 129, 131; see also Smyth Baxstere, John Bayhous, Bayhows, Bayos, Bayows, John  7–8, 12–13, 20, 28, 141–2, 153–4, 163–4, 175, 186, 197, 237–8 tenant of John  10, 17, 21, 23, 25–6, 29–30 Bayly, John  33 Bayton, Alexander  165, 176, 187 Beauchamp, Walter de  283 Beche, Thomas  155, 165, 177, 188, 199 Bede, John  239 Bedford  59, 63 Beek, John  94–5 Bele, John  109 Belle, John  216, 228, 232 Belle, Thomas atte  17 Benedicte, John  129 Benereche, William  55 Beneyt, Beneytes, Beneyth, John  97–8, 104–5, 128 Berd, Walter, servant of  94–5 Bernard, Bernerd, John  196, 222, 237–8 Robert  8, 10, 13, 16–18, 20, 22–3, 25–6, 28, 30, 140, 151–2, 161, 163, 173–4, 184–5, 195–6, 206–7, 211, 220, 222, 248 tenant of Robert  6–7, 19, 21, 29 Berne, Robert  38 Berneston, William  58 Bessellys, Bessels, Besselys, le/les  142, 154, 164, 175, 187 Besteney, William  232 Beteny, John  61 Bette, Richard  98 Thomas  17, 18, 20, 22, 25 wife of Thomas  4–7, 10, 13–14, 16–24 Beyley, Simon  213 Birde, John  242–3, 254 Bishop’s Lynn  xxviii, 100 Bisshopistone, Byshopeston, John  4–6 Bladsmyth, see Ballone Bley, Simon  142 Bocher, Bochere, Bucher, Agnes  11, 65–6, 69, 71

Alexander 42–3 George 200 John  4–5, 11, 35, 41–2, 56, 66, 70, 82–3, 88–9, 115, 118–23, 125, 130 Nicholas  6, 9, 35, 41, 117, 120–1, 123, 142, 154, 164, 175, 186, 198, 208, 212, 223, 238 Richard  69, 123 Robert  11, 60–1, 127 Roger 54 servant of Walter  126, 128 Stephen  11, 35, 89–91 tenant of Walter  17 Thomas  35, 62, 84, 94, 117, 132, 214–15, 225 Walter  6, 9, 11–12, 14–15, 33, 35, 44, 55, 78, 87, 120–2, 124, 126, 128–9, 142, 154, 164, 175, 186, 208, 212, 223, 238 wife of George  30 wife of John  4–5 wife of Walter  17, 19 William  41, 44–5, 49–51, 79, 84–7, 89–90, 127, 131–2 Bogeys, John  10 Bole, John  11, 44–9, 51–3 Robert 57 Thomas 35 Bolehed, Bolehenyd, Bolhenyd, Bolhewyd, John 124 Thomas  7– 9 wife of Thomas  7–10 Bond, Bonde, John  236, 242, 254, 261, 267 Boner, Simon  38–9, 45–6, 51, 74 Borgoyne, John  125 tenants of Robert  8 Bosco, Richard de  283 Boteler, Botelere, Boteller, Botelore, Botiller, Edward  35 John  xxi, 269 Philip 217 Ralph  xxi, 228, 232, 235, 248, 251, 260, 274, 281 servants of Ralph  274 William xxi Botesdale  41, 63 Botesdale, Robert  33 Botine, Botinere, le  151, 162, 173, 184, 196, 221

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Bottisham  xxvi, 11, 16, 21–2, 25–6, 29–30, 85, 102, 215, 225, 248, 259, 263, 265, 269 Bowrys, Richard  143, 147, 155, 165, 176, 187, 199, 213, 224 Boydon, Boydyn, Boyton, Boytoun, Alexander  90–1, 143, 155, 187, 198–9, 213, 224, 226, 240, 242–6, 252, 254–7, 261–2, 267–8 John  118, 144, 156, 166, 177, 241–4, 252–5, 261, 267 Braban, Brabon, Peter  17–19, 22–3, 25–8, 30, 69, 75, 84, 122–3, 125, 129, 131–3 Ralph  xviii, 43, 64, 65, 110, 123, 125, 128–9, 132–3 son of Peter  67 wife of Peter  11, 19–20 Bradfield Combust  27 Bradley, (Great)   121 Bradwelle, Walter  39 Brakenden Field  141, 153, 164, 175, 186, 197, 208, 212, 223, 238 Brandon 96 Brasier, Brasiere, Brasyer, Brasyere, Stephen  73–4, 77 Thomas  23, 25–7, 132–3 William  28, 133 wife of Thomas  28–9 wife of William  28–30 Brayn, Brayne, Brayyne, Ralph  54, 68, 98 servant of Henry  122 Breckland  ix, xxvi Breghenyd, John, shepherd of  23 Brent Eleigh  201, 216 Bret, Brett, Brette, John  109, 115–16 Wilkes 264 Brewes, Margaret, see Allyngton, Margaret. Brews, Robert  190 Brightwell, Brightewell, Bryghtwell, John  243–4, 255–6, 262, 268 Bringham, John  120–1 Bristowe, John  124 Brockdish 33 Brok, Peter  119–23 Brokedisshe, Brodedich, Brokedych, Brokesdisshe, Robert  33, 94, 96 servant of Robert  99 Broken, John, wife of  30 Broketon, John  23, 100, 103

Broketoof, Broketoot, Broketooth, John 110 Brokhole, Thomas  117 Broughton, Broughtoun, John  144, 156, 166, 177, 190, 225 Thomas  188, 214, 225 Broun, Broune, Brown, Edmund  26, 29–30, 131–3, 222 Edward  141, 153, 163, 174,237 John  14, 26 William 27 Broxhed, Broxhewyd, John  97, 99 Brunne, Elisabeth  85 John  129, 131–2 wife of John  xxxviii, 21–2, 24–5 Bryd, Byrde, John  23, 254 Bryncle, Brynkele, Thomas  47, 52–3 Bryth, John  118 Buk, Bukes, Bukkes, Adam  39, 42, 100, 106–18 Richard 114 Thomas  34, 36–9, 42, 44–7, 49–52, 55, 74, 106–9 William  143, 155, 166, 177, 199, 214, 225 Bullok, Simon  35, 42, 107–8 bullsyard, Bullsyard  111, 239, 245–8, 256–9 Bulsham, Thomas  141–2, 153–4, 175, 186, 197–8, 208, 212, 223 Bumstede, John  59 Buntyng, William  234–5 Burg’, Hubert de, earl of Kent  282 Burgoyn, Burgyn, Burgyne, John  11, 34 Robert 7 Burse, Richard  243, 255 Burward, William  114 Burwell  13, 17, 22, 99, 129, 132, 225, 227 Burwell Way  248, 260 Bury, de Bury, of Bury, John  147, 168, 179, 190, 201, 216–7, 227–8, 230 Robert 130 Bury St Edmunds  xxii, xxvi, xxviii–xxx, 27, 43, 46, 52, 60, 73, 98, 100, 104, 130, 147, 177, 188, 214, 225, 247, 258 Buscher, John  72 Butler’s manor  xxi Byles, John  34–5 Byre, John  232

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Caage, Cachg, Cage, Cagg, Cagge, Caghe, Thomas  66, 128 William  18, 20–2, 24, 66 Cakebekene, William  55, 73 Calcote, William  267 Caldewell, Caldewelle, Chaldewell, John  143, 155, 165, 239 Caloowe, William  261 Cambridge  xxii, xxvi, 44, 104, 138, 155, 165, 177, 188, 199, 232 Cambridge way  239 Cambridgeshire  ix–x, xxii, 129, 139, 146, 202, 227, 238–9, 280 Camois (Dytton Camoys)   ix Campe, William  61, 131 Candeler, John  61 Cangefare, William  38 Canoun, Stephen  89 Capella, Henry de  282 Cappe, John  10 Carleton, Carlton, Thomas  47, 52–3 Carlewene, William  104 Carpenter, Carpentere, Robert  266 William 114 Carter, Cartere, John  66, 79 Robert  71–2, 94, 114, 129, 131–2 wife of Robert  13 Carvey, Kerveie, John  247, 258, 268 Casdebekane, William  42 Catelyn, John  126 Caundellor, Richard  112 Cavenham, John  16 Caversham, John  36, 37 Chalk Pit(s)   141–2, 153–4, 163–4, 174, 176, 186–7, 197, 208, 212, 222, 236 Chapman, Nicholas  16, 18, 20, 22–4, 26, 61, 63, 70, 75, 77, 80–2, 129, 131–2 servant of Michael  60 Walter 132 wife of Nicholas  16–22, 24–5 William 124 Chaumbyrleyn, John  95 Chaundeler, Chaundeler alias Northerne, Chaundelere, Chaundeller, Chawndeler, Schaundeler, Schaundelere, Gilbert  130 John  7–9, 12–14, 17, 19, 23–4, 26–9, 37, 43–5, 48, 50, 53, 63, 75–6, 79–86, 88–9, 91–2, 94–5, 102–4, 117, 125–7, 131, 133

wife of John  12, 30 Thomas  199, 213, 224; see also Predyton Chaundeler, Thomas William  8–9, 13–14, 59–60, 76, 122, 125 Chauntour, John  155 Chedham, John  82–3, 87 Chelleye, John see Schelleye, John Chene, Cheney, Cheny, Cheyne, Cheynee, John 22–3 Laurence, Lawrence  146–7, 157, 168, 179, 191, 201–2, 216, 227–8, 230, 232 Robert  23–6, 28, 87, 90, 103–4, 132–3 wife of Robert  24–5, 28–30 Chercheman, servant of John  86–7 Cheseman, John  89 Chevele, Cheuele, Cheveley, Cheyveley, Alice, wife of William  151, 161, 173, 184, 206, 220 Henry 238 Thomas 238 William  55, 80, 84–5, 88– 90, 92–3, 100, 108, 138–9, 141–2, 144, 151, 153–4, 156, 164, 166, 173, 175, 177, 186, 188, 198, 208, 212, 223, 225 Cheveley (hundred)  ix Cheveley (vill)  19–21, 63, 128 Childyrton, Childerston, Chylderton, Chyldyrton, Chyrdyrton, Shilderton, Shildeton, Simon  74, 142, 154, 165, 176, 187, 198, 213, 224, 243–4, 255–6 Chilterne, Schilterne, Robert  70, 84, 86 Chipley, servant of prior  66 Chippenham  38, 42, 47–8, 53, 99–100 Chirche, John  110 Chokwold, John  48, 53–5 Choun, Chown, John  9, 13–14, 17–18, 26, 36–9, 42, 45–6, 48, 51, 55, 63, 69, 92, 97, 107–9, 111, 113–5 Mariot  22, 24–5, 28–9 wife of John  10, 19, 30 Chyrchecroft, le  151, 161, 173 Chyrye, John  122 Clak, Clake, Clakes, Clakke, Walter  11, 14, 17, 19, 24, 27, 34, 47–8, 53–4, 60–1, 64, 91, 122, 124–5, 129, 131–3 Clare x

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Clerk, Clerke, Clerkes John  3, 5, 9, 11, 14, 17, 35, 83, 199, 214, 225; see also Kukhowe Clerk, John Nicholas 124 Ralph  3, 5 Robert  6, 38, 98 Thomas  xvii, xxxv, 69, 80–3, 103, 111, 113–18 William  133, 199 Cleve, Henry  94 Cleydon, Cledon, William  21, 23 Clyf, Thomas  100 Cobbe, John  99 Cochie, Cochye, John  262, 268 Cockfield  27 Coddyng, William  69 Codlyng, Codlynges, Coodlyng, Walter  87; see also Bocher, Walter William  69, 88, 90, 132 Cogeshale, William  59 Coggeshall xxix Cohard, Coharde, Coward, John  241, 243, 254 Thomas  247–8, 258–9, 262–3, 265–6, 268–9, 271 Cokkeshenyd, John  100 Thomas 100 Colakyr, Adam  xxxiii Colbayn, Colbayne, John  38, 41, 54 Thomas  34, 65–7, 123, Colchester xxviii Colett, Collett, John  242, 254, 261, 263–4, 266–7, 277 Collesson, Thomas  67 Colon, John  222 Colyn, Coleyn, Collyng, Colyyn, John  17, 34, 38, 100, 236, 239 Robert  38–9, 47, 64–5, 68, 74, 110–12, 114 Thomas  10, 34 William 62 Conerde, John  5 Coo, John see Koo, John Cook, Cok, Coke, Cokes, Cokkes, Cooke, Cookes,Anne 269 Geoffrey 38–9 Hugh 108 John  37, 63, 99, 240, 242–5, 247, 252–6, 258, 261–2, 267–8

Laurence  174–5, 186, 197, 208, 212, 222, 237 Ralph  234–5, 238 Richard  143, 155, 165, 177 Thomas  4–5, 7–15, 17–26, 28, 38, 44–5, 50, 63–6, 68, 75, 85, 88, 92, 95–8, 113, 117, 120–30, 132; see also Maynard Cookes, Thomas wife of Thomas  7–10, 12–15, 17–21, 24–5, 28 William  57, 196; see also Osteller, William servant of Thomas  124, 128–9 Cordewener, John  122 Cordwener, William  109–10 Cornerde, Cornerd, Cornerdes, Cornherdes, John  3, 6–8, 10, 14, 120–1 Cornhill  92, 115, 238–9, 241–8, 253–9, 263, 265, 268 Corsour, Nicholas  28 Costyn, Cosyn, Henry  124, 128, 131 John  36–7, 109 wife of Henry  13–17 William 128 Cote, Coote, Cootes, Cotes, Cotys, Kote, William  142, 154, 165, 176, 187, 198, 213, 224, 242, 246, 254, 257, 261 Coteler, Coteler Pedder, John  45, 50 William  120–1, 126 Cotton, Thomas  234, 236, 239–40, 249, 260 Cotyngham, Robert  119–21, 123 Coulynge, Richard  267–8 Thomas 268 Coupere, Cooper, Couper, Cowper, Cowpere, John  24–6, 28–30, 38, 68, 76, 82–3, 86–7, 103, 105–9, 111, 115–18, 275 Stephen  237, 247, 258, Thomas  22, 176, 188, 191, 199, 214, 225 wife of John  24–6, 28–30 wife of Thomas  22 William  69, 71, 73–4, 91, 127, 239 Cowlinge  80, 118 Cowlynge, Roger  71 Cowperys  151, 162, 173, 184, 187, 195, 206, 221

296

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INDEX OF PEOPLE AND PLACES

Cracke, Crack, Crak, Crakke, John  xxxviii, 234, 236, 246, 248–9, 260, 263, 265, 269, 271, 278, 280 Crestemas, Cristemese, Crystemas, John  257, 262, 268 Cretyng, Alexander  40, 42 Alice 40 Crok, John  124 Laurence 124 Cromer 34 Crowe, Thomas  35, 42, 122 Croxton, Cristiana  88 Cukcowe, Cockowe, Couckowe, Cuckowe, William  241, 243–4, 252–5 Cullyng, Cullyge, Cullynge, Kullyng, Kullynge, John  56, 67, 78–9, 118, 127, 142, 154, 164–5, 176, 187–8, 198, 200, 213, 224 Richard  xxxv, 238, 240–6, 251–7, 261–2 Thomas  244, 247, 255, 258, 262 Culpy, Culpyy, John  270, 272, 277 Curteys, John  140, 152, 163, 174, 185, 196, 207, 211, 222, 234–5 Cusset, Cussete, William  237, 239 Cutte, Simon  82–3 Dagoun, John  133 Dake, Henry  236 Dale, Henry  143, 155, 166, 177, 188, 200, 214, 225, 236–7, 241, 247–50, 252, 258–60, 262–3, 265, 268 William  188, 214, 225, 243, 246, 254, 257, 262, 268 Dalham  63, 85 Dallyng, John  32–3, 123 Daree, John  97 Davy, Davye, John  59, 254 Dawe, Dawe of the Green, John  xiv, xvii, 155, 165, 176, 188, 199, 213, 224, 241–3, 252, 254, 261, 267–8 Daygle, Dayale, John  144, 156, 166, 178 Debedene, John  8 Degoun, John  100, 110 shepherd of  23 Deke, Dekes, John  24, 45, 50, 60–1 Mariot  22–6, 28–30 Thomas 102–4 wife of John  24 wife of Richard  9 Delys, Thomas  268

Dene, John  41, 86–7 Denny, William  128 Denys, Deneys, Dennys, Denys Smyth, Denyse, Denyss, Denyys, Denyzs, John  10, 12, 14, 20–2, 24–5, 85, 124, 127, 131; see also Smyth Denys, John and Sancti Deneys, John Robert  8, 12. 13, 40 servant of John  124, 127 wife of John  10, 12, 14, 20–2, 24–5, 124 Denyton, John  127 Depden, Depeden, Depeden Baker, John  7, 9, 11, 13, 19, 21 Ralph 129 Thomas  222–9, 248–9, 260 Dereseley, Derysley, John  247, 258 Richard 238 Derlyng, Derlynges, Richard   64–7, 104, 114, 124 wife of John  17 wife of Richard  9–10, 12, 14, 16, 18–22, 24–6 Dewesby, Dawesby, Dewisby, Dewsby, Dewysby, Dowysby, John  207, 211, 222, 226, 229, 241, 252, 256, 261, 267 Deye, Henry  60 John  31–2, 48, 55, Deye, David de  85 Do, Doo, Richard  140, 152, 174, 185, 207, 211, 222 Dobyn, Thomas  38 Donmowe, Richard  73 Donnok, John  96 Dosoun, Richard  147 Doushole, Dosole, Doushoole, Dowshole, Dowsole, Richard  42 Robert  11, 18–19, 38–41, 47, 53–4, 65, 77, 82–3, 95, 98, 106–7, 109, 111–16 daughter of Robert  19–20, 22 wife of Robert  4, 5, 7, 9, 12–14, 16–18 Doushowsʒeerd, Doshowse ʒerde, doshowseʒerde, Doushouseʒerde  xiv, 151, 161, 173, 184, 195, 206, 220 Dowale, Douwale, John  xvii, xix, 11, 48, 56, 76, 88, 117 Robert  11, 86, 108, 112 Dowe, Douwe, John  70–1, 80–1, 95, 99, 102, 114, 127, 228 Dowysby, John, see Dewesby, John

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INDEX OF PEOPLE AND PLACES

Draper, Richard  38–9 Roger  86, 97 Draw way  236 Drawe, Drawer, Thomas  102 Drawswerd, Drauswerd, Draweswerd, Drawserd, John  129, 131, 226, 246, 254, 257, 262 wife of John  17 Drayton, Richard  10 Dullingham 129 Dullyngham, Dollyngton, Thomas  242–3, 254, 261–2, 268 Dunch, Roger  92 dundich  111, 239 Dunstable xxvi Dunwych, John  131–3 Dye, David  132 Dyke, atte, wife of Robert  4– 6 Dykeman, Dicman, Dykman, Walter  241–2, 246, 248, 253, 257, 259, 261, 267 Dylly, Thomas  63 Dyne, John  114 Dysse, William  85–6 Dystere, John, wife of  14 East Dereham  60 East Field  117, 179 Edes, William  62 Edmund, earl of Cornwall  283 Edmunde, John  47, 53 Edows, John, wife of  132 Edward, John  105 Thomas  26, 28, 92, 94, 96, 103–4 wife of Thomas  24–5, 28–30 Edych, Robert  98 Elmham, John  141–2, 151, 153–4, 162–4, 173, 175, 184, 186, 195, 197, 206, 208, 212, 220, 223 Ely  xxii, 25–8, 30, 66, 82–3, 100, 283 Ely, of Ely, John  25–6, 28, 30 Ely, prior of  27, 100 Elyngham, John  206 Elyzs, Thomas  133 Emmson, Walter  40 Emnede, Adam  11 Eriswell 50 Erl, Richard  42 Erlesey, Erlesley, Erlissley, Hlysseley, Yerseley, Yerlesrey, Yerlessrey,

Yerlysʒey, John  237, 248, 259, 263, 265, 268, 270, 273 Ermine Street  x Essex  x, xxvi, xxviii Eustace, bishop of London  282 Eustas, Eustace, Eustase, John  42 Thomas  45–7, 50–2 Everard, Everand, Peter  11, 43 Thomas 100 Exning  ix, xxvi, xxix, 5, 20, 27–8, 32, 34, 40, 42, 55–6, 62, 66, 82, 86, 91, 107, 109–11, 114–16, 123–4, 133, 141, 153–4, 164, 175, 186, 197, 208, 212, 223, 239, 240, 246, 248, 249, 258–60 Exning church  141, 153, 164, 175, 186 Exning Field/field(s) of Exning  117, 152, 156, 162, 167, 173, 184, 189, 196, 200, 206, 215, 221, 226, 229, 239–40, 248, 260 Exning way  248, 260 Eyneford, William de  282 Eyre, John  250, 264 Fabian’s way  240 Fabian’s head  124 Fabyan, John  141, 153, 164, 175, 186, 197, 208, 212, 223, 240 Fabyon, John  11 Fairway  246–8, 257–9 Fanfair, the  178, 188, 225, 237 Fanfair way/Way  245, 247, 256, 258 Farewel, Farewell, Farwel, Farwell, John  11, 35–9, 46–8, 52–3, 57–8, 60–1, 72–3, 80–1, 88–9 Ralph  11, 35, 39–40, 46–7, 52–3, 56–8, 72–3, 87, 91, 95, 116–17, 143, 155, 165, 176, 188, 199, 214, 224 Richard  xviii, 11, 18, 31–2, 35, 37–9, 41–3, 45–7, 51–2, 56–9, 62, 71–2, 74, 76, 78–80, 88, 90–1, 97, 99–102, 106–9, 111–15, 118, 122–4, 128 servant of Richard  18 shepherd of Richard  23 Simon  55, 102–4 William  141, 143, 153, 155–6, 163–5, 167–8, 174–6, 179, 185–9, 197–200, 207, 211, 214–15, 222, 224–6, 229 Farpyonn, Thomas  100 Faukes, Robert  36–7

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INDEX OF PEOPLE AND PLACES

Fedelere, Fedeler, Fethelere, Fetheller, Fideler, Fidelere, Fithelere, Fydeler, Fydelere, Fythelere, John  81 Peter  3–9, 11–23, 25–30, 34, 39, 42, 44, 47–9, 52–3, 55–8, 61–2, 65–6, 69, 71–2, 75–6, 78–9, 86, 88, 90, 95, 97–8, 102, 114, 118–23, 125–7, 132–3, 141–2, 153–4, 163–4, 176, 185, 187, 197, 208, 212, 222, 236, 239, 243, 254–5 wife of Peter  6–14, 16–21, 24, 26, 28–30 Feke, Beatrix  xxxvii, 112 Felers, Phelers, John  259, 262, 268 Feltewell, John  109 Feltwell xxix Felyp, Felip, Phelipe, Phelyp, Phelypp, Phylipp, Phyllypp, John  7, 12, 15–17, 27, 41, 76, 82, 89–90, 103, 111–13, 115–18, 142, 154, 165 Fen Ditton  146, 201, 216, 227, 230 Fenkele, John  7 wife of John  7 Fenmale, Fenmall, Fennale, John  242–46, 254–7, 261–2, 267–8 Fens, the  ix Ferrour, John  187 Flechere, Flecchere, Andrew  68, 81, 131 wife of Andrew  22 Fleg, Flegge, John  46, 51–3, 109 Fleger, Fleger Pedder, John  122 Flemyng, Peter  123 Flynt, Flynte, Flyntt, Thomas  223, 226, 229, 248, 265, 269 Fokes, Mariot  63 Fokon, John  274 Fordham  xxvi, 4–5, 15, 21–2, 32–3, 41, 82, 89–90, 95, 99, 103, 113, 116 Fordham Meadow  152, 162, 173, 184, 196, 206, 221 Fordham, Prior/Priory (and convent) of Fordham  13, 25, 142, 154, 164, 175, 186, 198, 212, 217, 223, 228, 238 Fordham way  151, 162, 173, 184, 196, 206, 221, 239 Fort, William  133 Foster, Fosteer, Adam  92, 94–8, 100–5, 116, 118 John  34, 93–4, 98, 101

Foukys, Walter  143 Fowler, Fowlere, John  85, 190 Fowlmere 11 Freckenham 100 Reginald from  100 Freman, John  103 William 71 Frere, John  144, 151, 178, 184, 195, 206, 221 William  246, 257 Fronkys, Walter  155, 166, 177, 188 Frost, John  110 Fullere, John  10, 42–3, 101 William 40 Funstone, Fonstone, Funistone, Funston, Funtstone, Simon  237, 240, 245–8, 256, 258–60, 262–5, 268, 278, 280 funstone house  247 Fychere, Fyscher, John  40, 43 Fynsent, Vencent, Vycent, Vyncent, Vynsent, John  15, 17, 32–3, 35, 38, 47, 56, 59–60, 62–3, 65–6, 69, 71–2, 74, 76–80, 84, 97–8, 104–5 Fyschere, Fisshere, Fischere, Fishere, Fyshher, Fyssher, Fysshere, Hugh 63 Thomas 59 wife of William  7–8, 10–14, 16–17, 19–22, 24–5, 28–9 William  4–10, 13, 20–6, 28, 34, 37–8, 42, 47–8, 53, 55, 60–1, 68, 71, 94–6, 119–21, 123, 125–7, 129, 131–3, 144, 156, 166, 200, 215 Fysherer, Bartholomew  37 Galt, Ralph  125 wife of William  7–10, 12–13 William 124–7 Gardyner, Gardener, Gardinor, Gardoner, John  66, 141 Richard  36, 48, 53–5 wife of John  22, 24 Gateward, Agatha  19 daughter of Robert  20, 22 John  106–8, 142, 154, 165, 176, 187, 198, 213, 224, 237 Ralph  207, 211, 222 Richard  154, 174, 176, 185, 187, 197–8, 202, 207, 211, 213, 222, 224, 244, 256

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INDEX OF PEOPLE AND PLACES

Gateward, Agatha (continued) Robert  xxxv, 15, 17–18, 23, 34–9, 53, 56, 64–8, 71, 74–7, 79–80, 82, 87, 97, 100, 106–17, 140, 144, 153, 156, 163, 165–6, 174, 177, 185, 197 William  208, 212, 223 Gay, Thomas  47, 53 Gayseley, Richard  240, 252 Gaysle, John  56 Geldere, Peter  127 Gelle, Stephen  117 Genote, Genenought, Genannt, Genought, Genougth, Genouth, Cecilia  xxxvii, 91, 93–4, 101 John  xxxvii, 91, 93–4, 115, 141, 153, 163, 174–5, 186, 197, 208, 212, 222 Gent, Jent, Katrina  62, 128 George, see Jeorge Gerard, Robert  48 Gerthmaker, John  112 Gerueys, Edmund  10 Ralph  10, 125 gild hall  xxxii, xxxiii, 242, 246, 257 Gille, Gylle, Stephen  11, 18, 34, 36, 38–9, 53, 67, 82, 87, 107–9, 111–13, 116, 118, 125, 143, 155, 166 Gladewyn, John  239 Glover, Glouere, Glovere, John  118, 243, 247, 254, 258 Gochie, Thomas  247, 258 God, Thomas  18 Godard, John  66, 69, 71, 128 William  22, 40–1, 57, 64, 72–3, 76–7, 79–93, 104, 114, 131 Gode, Gudde, John  36–7 Godyng, William  41 Goodeborgh, John  77 Goodlyng, William  104 Goodreed, Goodrede, William  141, 153, 164, 175, 186, 197, 223 Gorge, see Jeorge Gosberkyrke, John  45, 50 Gotte, John  71 Gouty, Gowch, Gowty, Goyuty, John  244, 246–7, 255, 257–8, 266 Goych, Goyche, John  241–2, 252, 261, 267 Thomas  244, 248, 255, 259, 263, 265, 268

Grase, Grace, John  44–9, 51–3, 57, 63, 70–1, 90, 98 Grantham, Robert  45, 50 Graunt, John  200, 214, 225 Rosa 4–5 Great Yarmouth  xxviii Gregge, Gricke, Grigge, Grycke, Grygge, John  237, 242, 244–5, 247, 253, 256, 258, 262, 264, 268 Grene, Henry  89, 101, 118 William  234–5, 275 Grey, Reginald de  283 Grey, Thomas  10 Greyne, Beatrix  9–10, 16, 20–3, 25–6, 28 Johanna 4–5 John  8, 13, 26, 86, 108–9, 111, 115–16 servant of John  17 wife of John  7, 12, 14, 17–19, 24 Greysson, Grayson, Grayesson, Greyson, Gresson, Arthur  234–8, 269–70 Grover, Richard  32 Gudde, ?   36 Gybourne, John  56–7 Hadenham, John  30 Hakkewrong, Henry  232 Hakone, John  132 Hakwrong, Hacwrong, Hakwronge, Hacwrnog, Thomas  142, 144, 154, 156, 158, 164, 167–8, 175, 178, 187, 198, 200, 213, 215, 223, 234–6, 239 Halesworth  139, 190, 282–3 Halesworth, John  36–7 Thomas 38 Halton, Nicholas  101 Hancok, Hancokes, Hankoc, Hankok, Hankokes, Hankokkes, Ralph  140, 142, 144, 153, 156, 163, 166, 174–5, 178, 185, 187, 189, 197, 200, 207, 211, 215, 222 Thomas  11, 35, 38, 73–4, 88, 95 Harlegrey, John  87 Harlewyne, Harlewen, Harlewene, William  12, 14, 44–5, 50, 65–7 Harlowe, Beatrix  91 Thomas 91 Harpour, Harper, Laurence  9, 122 wife of Laurence  11 Harsyk, Harsykes, Robert  59, 63

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Hauker, Haukere, William  244–5, 255–6 Haverhill  5, 16, 24, 52, 143 Hawle, John  7–56 Thomas  39, 67 Hayes, John  125 Heath, heath, the  141, 153, 163, 174, 186, 197, 208, 212, 222, 226, 229, 235, 237 Hel, atte, Hil, atte, Hille, John  102–4 Thomas 64–5 Helbye, Thomas  234–6 Herawn, Herown, John  200, 214 Hereward, Harward, Herward, John  xxviii, 71, 238, 242, 245–6, 253, 256–7, 262, 268 Hertfordshire  x, xxii Hertwell, John  xxviii Hethe, Nicholas  10, 12–3, 17–18 Richard 8 tenant of Nicholas  14, 19–20 Thomas 56 Hewen, George  128 Hewet, Hewett, John  264, 269 Simon 264 Heyham, John  xxviii, 25, 27, 36–9, 43, 92–3, 105, 114–16 servant of John  25, 28 Thomas 94 Heylokes, John  109 Heyne, Robert  244–5, 255–6 Heynys, Reginald  87–8 Heyward, John  212, 223 high street  241, 247–8, 253, 258–9 Higham 63 Hinxton 68–9 Hitchin xxvi Hlysseley, see Erlesey Hog, Hoge, Hogge, Hoog, John  xix, xxxv, 46, 60, 70, 93–4, 97, 117, 245, 256 Hogesson, John  112 Holyngworth, Hollyngworth, Hollyngwourth, Hollyngwourthe, Holyngworthe, Holyngwourght, Agnes  xxxviii, 278–80 Nicholas 277–80 Roger  xxxv, xxxviii, 232, 234, 236, 238, 241, 244, 246, 248–9, 251–2, 256–8, 260–3, 265, 267–72, 274, 276–8 Honeman, Honemanes, Honemans, Honemannys, John  4–5

tenant(s) of John  6–8, 30 Hoole, Hole, Ole alias Andrew, Henry  68, 75, 80, 85–8 Hoole, Robert  69 Hore, Henry  33 Horn, Horne, John  177, 188, 199, 214, 225, 240, 243, 247, 252, 254, 259 Laurence 72–3 Richard  242–3, 246, 254, 257 Horseheath  146, 157, 168, 179, 190, 191, 228, 231–2, 279 horse-rider, Thomas the  139 Hosyer, William  91 Howard, William  63 Howesson, Houwesson,Houwysson, Howessone, Howysson, John  94, 115–16 William  xviii, 44, 49–50, 64, 66, 71–2, 74, 76, 78–82, 85, 88–90, 92–3, 115–16, 127 Howlot, Simon  266 Hoxne 59 Hundon  xxviii, xxix Hunte, Roger  202 William  44–5, 49–50 Hurton, Thomas  78–9, 102 wife of Nicholas  21–2, 24–6 Husscher, Osscher, Usscher, Wyscher, Henry 230–1 Hychem, William  55 Hyge, Hygge, John  36, 128, 132 Hygham, Higham, Hiham, John  140–2, 152–4, 163, 165, 174, 176, 185–7, 197–8, 207–8, 211–13, 222, 224, 234–7 Hyne, Robert  198–9, 213, 224 Icknield Way  ix–x, xxvi, 238–9 Iely, Thomas  262 Ikelyngham, Ikelyngford, Iklyngham, John  141, 153, 164, 175, 186, 198, 239, 275 tenant of John  5–8, 30 tenant of Simon  7, 19, 106–7 Ikelyngham(s)   251, 264, 266, 269, 271, 273, 277, 279–80 Ipswich xxviii Ixnynge, Richard  234–5 Jacobbes  234–5, 239

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Jakeman, Jackeman, Jeckman, Jekeman, Jekman, John  242, 247, 253, 259, 261, 266–7, 273, 281 Thomas 128–9 Jent, Katrina, see Gent, Katrina Jeorge, George, Gorge, Jorge, Richard 96–7 wife of Richard  13–14, 16–17 Jepes, John  264 Joceline, bishop of Bath  282 John, archbishop of Dublin  283 John, bishop of Winchester  283 Jolyto, Jolito, John  8, 13, 36–7, 40, 42–3, 122 Jorge, see Jeorge Josshypp, Josschypp, Josshyp, Jossypp, Josypp, John  141, 151, 153, 156, 161–2, 164, 172, 175, 184, 186, 195, 197–8, 206, 208, 212, 220, 223 Jourdon, Jurdon, Elena  245, 248, 256–7, 259, 262–3, 265, 268 William 238 Judde, Jude, Henry  241, 244, 252, 255, 261, 267

Koo, Coo, John  123, 141, 153, 164, 175, 186, 198 Kote, William, see Cote, William Kukhow, Kukhowe, John  177, 188 Kullyng, Kullynge, see Cullyng Kymme, John  123 Kyng, King, Kynge, John  34 Robert  242–4, 246–8, 253–5, 257–9, 262, 265, 268, 275 Kyngston, Robert  127 Thomas 128 Kyrkeby, Kerkeby, John  11–14, 17, 19–24, 26–7, 30, 35, 41, 44–6, 49–50, 52, 54–8, 61, 63, 65–8, 70, 73, 75, 82, 91, 99, 105, 110, 120, 123, 125, 127–9, 131, 141, 153, 164, 175, 186, 198, 208, 212, 223, 228 servant of John  122, 126, 128 shepherd of John  23 wife of John  131

Laborer, Laborere, Alan  124, 132 Lacy, Lacye, John  143, 155, 165, 177, 188, 199, 214, 225, 240, 252 Matilda 69 Kalkwelle, John  199 Thomas 238 Kalkewellys 190 Lagoun, John  108 Kebbyl, Roger  94 Lamberd, Lambert, Lamperd, John  126, Kebyng, John  177 129 Kede, Kydde, John  237, 241–5, 252–3, wife of John  19 255–6, 261, 267 Lanbrokes, John  128 Thomas 263 Landwade, Landewade, John  110, 117–18, Kedington 94 128 Kelere, Alice  105 Margaret  141, 153, 164, 175, 186, 198, Walter 105 224 Kelyng, John  189 Richard 59–60 Kene, Henry  131 Lane, John  15–16, 22, 24–5, 28, 30, 43, Kennett 40–1 118, 133 Kentford 16 Langham, John  3, 5–15, 17–23, 25–6, Kerveie, John, see Carvey, John 28–30, 36–7, 39–40, 64, 67, 71, 76, Ketone, John  124 122 King’s Lynn, see Bishop’s Lynn King’s road, king’s road  xxxv, 42, 121–5, servant(s) of John  114, 122, 126 127–33, 237–9, 241–2, 245, 248, 252, Last, Laste, John  234–5 Thomas  143, 155 254, 256, 259–60 Lasy, John  79, 111–13, 115, 117–18 Kirtling  37, 46, 52, 127 Matilda 69 Knappe, John  129 Lawbrok, John  96 Knappyng, Knappynge, Walter  11, 34, 39, Lawe, wife of William  28–30 53, 55–6, 65–6, 68, 76, 81–2, 86–7, 98, 102, 105, 107–9, 111, 113, 115–18 William  28, 97, 104

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Leefes, Leef, Leeff, Amicus  25–6, 30, 82–3 John 67 Ralph 20 tenant of William  19–21 William  3, 5–8, 10, 12–15, 17–18, 20, 123, 125–8 Leg, Lege, Legge, Thomas  4–5, 33, 36–7 Lenge, John  34 Lenote, John  42 Lete, Nicholas  145 Ralph  243, 262; see also Lote, Ralph Lewes  67, 84 Lexham, Margaret  4–6 servant of Margaret  119–21 Leycestre, Lestere, Leycester, Leycetere, Leyseter, Leysetere, John  17, 22, 25, 28, 95, 141, 143, 151, 153, 155, 161, 164, 166, 172–3, 175, 177, 184, 186, 188, 195, 197, 200, 206, 208, 212, 214, 220, 223, 225, 238 Katherine 239 Thomas 232 wife of John  16 William  57, 63, 120–1, 125, 127 Leyston, John  207, 212, 222, 236, 241, 244, 252, 256 Lidgate  xxvi, 118 Lincolnshire x Linne, Richard  3, 5 Litegate, Lytgate, John  234–6 little Heath, little heath, the  239, 249, 260 little hill, the  237 Little Saxham  xxix Lomb, John  95–7 London  x, xxvi, xxviii–xxix, xxxii, 147, 158, 169, 180, 191, 202, 209, 217, 230–1, 282 London Way  234–5 Longe, John  11, 39, 42, 59, 69, 106–9, 123 Lord, Thomas  43 Lord’s Meadow, lord’s meadow, meadows of the lord  7, 16, 18, 23, 27, 127, 140, 144, 151–2, 156, 162–3, 167, 173–4, 178, 184–5, 189, 195–7, 200, 206–7, 211, 213, 215, 221–3, 226, 229, 235, 239, 248–9, 260, 263, 265, 269, 271, 277–8, 280 Lote, Loote, Loott, Lott, Lott alias Taylour(e), Lotte, Ralph  215, 226,

236–48, 251–3, 255–9, 262–3, 265, 268 Richard 254 Robert  265, 269 Lovare, John  97 Loveday, Lovedaye, Richard  155, 165, 176, 187, 199, 213, 224, 246, 257, 262 Loverer, Thomas  67 Lucas, Lucaas, John  6, 65 William 10 Luttisworth, Luttysworth, William  64 Lyffley, John  262 Thomas 262 Lylye, Lillye, Lelye, Lylly, Lyllye Lyly, John  74, 79, 101, 115–17, 142, 154, 165, 176, 187, 198, 213, 224, 244, 256, 262, 268 Lyne, John  114 Lynn, see Bishop’s Lynn Lynne, Lenne, Richard  119–21, 141, 153, 163, 174, 185, 197 Lystere, Thomas  55 Lytle, John  63 Lytlebode, John  131 Magote, John  32–3 Makeman way, Wakeman way  151, 162, 173, 184, 196, 206, 221, 239 Makworth, John  75 Maleyn, Thomas  112 Maliard, John  60–1 Maltan, Maltman, Andrew  65, 75 Man, William  99 Manston, Manstan, Manstone, Manstones, Agnes 71 John  xxxv, 9, 11, 14, 17, 19, 48, 56, 59–60, 64, 70, 122, 124–7, 130–1, 237, 239 Margaret  141, 153, 163, 175, 186, 197, 208, 212, 223 servant of John  57–8 Marchal, John  72–3; see also Smyth Marchal, John Mare, Robert  247–8, 258–9, 263, 268 Marham, Marhamnys  197, 211, 222, 234, 235 Marham, ?   140, 152, 163, 174, 185, 207 Richard 53–5 Mariste, Edmund  10

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INDEX OF PEOPLE AND PLACES

Marriott, Mareot, Mariott, Maryatt, Maryet, Maryot, Maryote, Maryott, Edmund 13–14 Margaret 9 William  xxxi, 240, 242–5, 247, 250–2, 254–6, 259, 261–2, 264–5, 267–8, 276, 278, 280 Martall, Walter  274 Martyn, William  110 Maschal, William  108 Mason, Masoun, John  279 Thomas 10 wife of Roger  10 wife of William  11 William 126 Maundevyle, Maundevile, Maundevylle, Mawndevyle , John  223, 226, 229, 237–8 Mayberye, Thomas  38 Maygood, Maydegood, Maydgood, Margaret  185, 207, 211, 222 Thomas 125 Maynard, Maynard Cookes, Thomas  16, 28–9, 131–3 wife of Thomas  16, 29 Maystir, William  91 Mechel, John  118 Meddlewey, William  38 Medweend, le  189 Meicer, John  244 Melbourn 139 Meldrede Well, Myldradwell  249, 260 Meleman, Melleman, Nicholas  44, 49 Mellere, John  82, 132 Meloun, John  40–2 Melton, Walter  77 Mendlesham 35 Mercer, Richard  143 Merflete, Meyflete, John  49, 106–8 Merser, Thomas  64 Mey, May, William  235–7, 239, 243, 252, 254–5 Meyhen, Geoffrey  276 Meyner, John  110 Meyr, John  188, 214, 225, 242–3, 247, 253–5, 258, 262, 268, 280 Richard 200 Robert  268, 279 Midlands, the  x Mildenhall  xxix, 4, 5, 15, 41, 67, 85, 113

Mittelwey, Mittilwey, Mittilweye, Mytlewey, Thomas  44–5, 50 Moor, John  110 Moordon, Moorden, Moordone, Mordon, Mordone, John  11, 34–5, 38–9, 42, 45–7, 51–3, 64, 68, 73, 76, 93–4, 97–8, 100–1, 103, 106–13, 115–18 Moors, Ralph  40 Mortymer, Robert  54 Thomas 113 Motte, Mott, Johanne  175, 186, 197 John  34, 38–9, 42, 63, 92, 94, 108, 141, 143, 153, 155, 164, 166, 175, 177, 186, 188, 198, 200 Margaret  208, 212, 214, 223–5 Richard  238–9, 241, 250, 252–3, 261, 267 Moulton  xxvi, 36–7 Moyse, Simon  131 Moysemot, Simon  110 Myddelton, John  97 Myller, Miller, Geoffrey  144, 156, 166, 177, 188 Namisekell, Namisykyll, Nansekell, William  234–5, 239 Nene, Simon  9, 12–3, 43, 55, 136, 138–9 Newmarket  ix–x, xii, xv–xxii, xxiv, xxvi, xxviii–xxxii, xxxv–xxxvii, 4–9, 12–15, 17, 19, 21–3, 26–7, 29, 32–42, 44, 49–50, 53, 58–60, 62–4, 68–9, 72, 76, 78, 80, 82–3, 86–7, 90, 93, 96, 99–100, 107–12, 114–15, 119–21, 123–4, 126, 129, 132, 138–40, 142, 147, 151–2, 154, 162–4, 169, 173–4, 176, 180, 184–5, 187, 190–1, 195–7, 202, 206–7, 209, 211, 215, 217, 221–2, 226, 228–32, 234–6, 238–9, 241, 248–9, 251, 253, 259–61, 263, 265, 267, 269–70, 272, 274, 276–7, 279, 282, 284, 287 Newport Pagnell  40 Norbery, Robert  104 Norfolk  x, xxviii Norfolk, William  67–8 Norman, John  56 Thomas 99 North Elmham  60 Northern, Northerne, John  50, 91, 104, 263; see also Chaundeler, John

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Parson, Person, Thomas  177, 188, 247, 258 Partrych, Parteryche, Partriche, Partryche, Partyrich, Perterych, Pertrych, Pertryche, Dionysia  46, 51–2 Nicholas  32–4, 38, 44–6, 50–3, 112 Oborne, Oburne, tenant of William  30 Partrykes, Richard  214 William  13, 18–23, 25, 28–9 Parys, Robert  240 Odye, Ode, Odie, John  xxxv, 4, 9, 32, Passelew, Passelewe, Pesselowe, John  142, 34–6, 39–42, 45–7, 49, 51–2, 66, 154, 165, 176, 187, 199, 213, 224 69, 73, 77–83, 88,90–1, 96–7, 99, Pateryk, Thomas  238 106–13, 115–17 Paunton, Pounton, Edmund  4–7, 35–6, son/daughter of John  5 119–21, 123, 125 wife of John  5–7, 10, 12, 14, 16–22, Paxman, John  239 24–26 Payere, John  125 oldebakhouse, le, hold Bathous, le  240, Payn, Payyn, John  41, 86–8 258 Paysos, Richard  78–9 Oldman, John  10 Pecche, John  132 Ole, Henry, see Hoole, Henry Richard 132 Oset, William  154, 165 Peche, Thomas  70, 72–3 Osscher, Henry, see Husscher, Henry Peckchese, Pecthes, Pekche, Pekchese, Osteler, Ostelere, Osteller, John  22, 276 Pekkechese, Walter  241, 253, 261, Nicholas 266 263, 267 William  xxxv, 48, 68, 140, 145–7, 152, 157–8, 162, 167–9, 174, 178–80, 185, Pedder, Peddere, John  66, 81; see also Fleger Pedder, John, and Skynnere, 189–91, 196, 200–2, 207, 209, 211, Peddere, John 216–17, 221, 227–9, 231–2 Richard 86 Ousden  xxvi, 88–9, 130 Thomas 84 Oxeforth, Oxenforth  89–90 Pepyin, Pepyyn, John  97 Oxford  59, 89– 90 Pepyr, Peper, Pepir, John  9–10, 14–15, Oxon 59 17–20, 24–6, 28–9, 54, 57, 60–2, 125, 127, 129, 131–2 Pacher, John  85, 132 Matilda  9, 17, 21 Page, William  114 wife of John  10–14, 19, 21, 30 Pakenham, John  156, 166 Percyvale, Percevale, Percivale, Percivall, Palgrave, Pallegrave, William  140, 153, Perciwale, Percyfale, Percywale, 163, 174, 178, 185, 189, 197, 207, Persevale, Perseyfale, Persiwall, 211, 222, 226, 229, 234–6 Robert  237, 240 Palmere, John  62 Thomas  236–7, 239–40, 245–8, 256, park, (lord’s), park of the lord  39–41, 43, 258–60, 262–5, 268–9 45, 47–8, 53–4, 56, 73, 84, 91, 94–5, Pere, Peere, le, Peree, Perye, John  xxxvii, 98–100, 105 3–6, 13, 23–4, 28–30, 39, 66, 88, 94, Parker, Parkere, John  247–8, 258–9, 99, 104, 114, 119–21, 123, 125–9, 262–3, 265, 268 132–3, 140, 142, 152, 154, 163, 165, Ralph  67–8, 75–6, 86, 102, 117 174, 176, 185, 187, 196, 198, 207, Richard 133 211, 213, 222, 224, 234, 244, 255 Parmounter, Parmanter, Parmounteer, Robert  55, 73 John  10, 41 Thomas  4–5, 12, 15, 23, 25–7, 34, 37–9, William  15, 17, 38–9, 43–4, 69, 71, 43, 46–9, 53, 55, 57, 65, 71–2, 75–6, 74–5, 77, 93, 103–4 81, 85–7, 93, 95, 97, 99–100, 103, Parsey, Parsay, Parssaye, John  xxix, 252–3, 111, 114, 119–21, 124, 128–9, 136–8 261, 267 Thomas 132 wife of John  11 Norwich  x, xxvi, xxxii

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INDEX OF PEOPLE AND PLACES

Pere (continued) servant of Thomas  71–2, 94, 120, 126, 128–9, 131 shepherd of Thomas  23 wife of John  6–7, 10–14, 16–22, 24 wife of Perye from Burwell  17 wife of Thomas  6–7, 9–14, 16, 18–19, 21–2, 24–30 Perkyn, Thomas  63, 189 Personne, Hugh  86 Persown, Thomas  199, 214, 225 Peryng, John  35 Pesthorn, John  39 Peter, bishop of Winchester  282 Peterborgh, Robert  94 Peyntour, John  9 wife of John  7 Peyt, Peyte, John  91, 106–12, 115–18, 143, 155, 165, 177, 188, 199, 214, 225, 247, 258–9 Phelers, see Felers Phelyp, see Felyp Pinfold  142, 154, 165, 176, 187, 198, 213, 224, 242, 254, 280–1 Playter, Thomas  xxix Plomer, John  15, 17 Plowmay, Margery  279 Plube, William  118 Plumbe, John  98 Plumton, John  63 Pollard, John  63 Poncy, Ponnsy, John  47, 52 Pondere, John  129, 131 Pool, David del la  114 Poole, Pole, Margaret  xxxviii, 246, 257, 262, 268 Thomas 246 William  243, 254 Pope, Richard  157, 179, 191, 201 Poperyk, Poperyke, Poppryc, John  241 Katherine  xxxviii, 237, 241, 243, 245, 252, 255–6, 261, 267 Richard  214, 225, 238, 241, 243, 247, 252 Thomas  237, 239, 241–3, 245, 252–255, 258, 261, 267 Porter, John  90 William 38–9 Portyngale, Agnes  11, 82–3 Postel, Postell, John  36–8

Potter, Pottere, John  118 Powel, John  75 Prat, John  11, 64–5, 71, 84, 90, 127 Richard  6–7, 9–10, 12–13 wife of John  28–30 Predyton, Predelyngton, Predelyngton Chaundeler, Predelynton, Predilton, Predilton Chaundeler, Prediton, Preditone, Predytone, Pretelyngton, Pretyngton, Pridyton, Pridyton Chaundeler, Prydyngton, Prydyton, John  22–3, 91, 112 servant of John  24, 74 tenant of John  21 Thomas  7, 11–14, 16–17, 20, 27–9, 35, 44, 50, 53–4, 69, 79, 82, 87, 89–90, 100, 108, 111–13, 115–17 Prescase, Thomas  38 Preston, Prestone, Prestoun, Edmund  76, 82, 97–8, 105, 111, 115–18, 143, 155, 165, 176, 188, 199, 213, 224, 246, 257 John  245, 256 Nicholas  199, 213, 224 son of Preston  187 William  245–6, 256–7, 262, 268 Prestwold, John  71 Prior, John  67 William 84 Pronale, Pernole, John  35–7 Pryowr, Walter  214, 225 Pult, John  276 Purchason, John  127 Purpil, Henry  131 Pyngell, Pyngill, Pyngyll, Thomas  241–2, 246–7, 253, 257, 259, 261–2, 265, 267–8 Pynhorn, John  10, 39–40, 122, 125 Thomas  10, 40 Pynswall, Henry  274 Pypere, wife of Adam  10 Pyrton, John  246, 248, 257, 259, 262, 268 Quy  23, 44–5, 50 Quylter, Quilter, Quyltere, Thomas  245, 248, 256–7, 259, 262, 268 Qweler, John  80 R[illeg.], Johanna  56

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INDEX OF PEOPLE AND PLACES

Randolf, Randolfes, Randolfs, Robert  8–9, 16, 36, 39, 45–7, 51, 53, 108 wife of Robert  4–7, 9–10, 12–14, 16 William 114 Ray, Ray Barker, Amicia  26 John  23–30, 97, 103, 117, 133, 141–2, 144, 153–4, 156, 164–6, 176–7, 187, 197–8, 213, 224 wife of John  24–6, 28–30 wife of William  17– 22, 24–5, 28–30 William  8–10, 12–14, 16, 18–23, 25–7, 29–30, 48, 79, 82, 93–5, 99–101, 114–17, 129, 131–3 Reach 60 Rede, Thomas  54, 69, 265, 268, Redere, Reder, John  xxix, 4–18, 20–6, 28, 33–4, 40–1, 46, 51–2, 55, 63–5, 68–9, 76, 80, 85–6, 94, 96–7, 99–100, 102, 113, 121, 123, 125–9, 131–3, 154, 164, 175, 186, 198, 212, 223, 238 servant of John  121, 125–6 wife of John  xxxviii 6–7, 10, 12–22, 24–6, 28–9 Reefham, Refham, Robert  20, 34, 40, 44, 67, 103–4, 116, 133 Regis, John  60 Relleman, Philip  4–5 wife of Philip  4–5 Rery, Thomas  41–2 Reve, Richard  59 Reygnold, Ragnold, Raynold, Walter  140, 152, 163, 174, 185, 196, 207, 211, 222, 234–6 Reymys, Reymes, servant of John  24–5 wife of John  17 Reyner, John  65–6 Thomas 81 Richard, bishop of Salisbury  282 Richard, Thomas  115 William  111, 113, 115 Rippley, ?   234–5 Risby 133 Roberd, John  109 Robynson, Robinson, Robynesson, Robynsonny, William  240, 244–6, 252, 255–7, 262, 268 Rokelond, Rokeland, Eleanor  126 John 81 Matilda  4–6, 12, 22, 24, 36–7 son of Matilda  125–6

Rolf, Rolfes, John  36–7, 79 Rolff, Rolffe, Rolffes, Peter  141, 153, 164, 175, 186, 197, 208, 212, 223 Ropere, John  9, 41 Ralph 67 Thomas  4–5, 9, 12, 15–17, 44–5, 50 William 4–5 Rouw, John  32–3 Rowle, John  104 Rownyng, Rownynge, William  254, 262 Roys, John  81 Rycher, John  33 Ryngeere, John  98 Sad, Saad, John  36–7, 45–6, 50–1 Sadelere, John  84 Nicholas  19, 26, 63, 81, 83, 95, 98, 115, 125, 129, 132 wife of Nicholas  22, 25, 28–30 Saetirman, Robert  243 St John, John de  283 St Mary’s Square  xxxvi St Neots  69, 124 St Neots, John from  69, 124 Salas, Salaas, Thomas  122 Salman, John  262, 268 Sancti Deneys, wife of John  11 Sancto Georgio, de, Seyntieorge, John 129 shepherd of John  23 Sare, William  38–9, 43 Sawere, William  92 Saxon (Street)   ix, xxix, 120–1 Schaundeler, Schaundelere, see Chaundeler Schawe, John  59 Scheldrake, Schaldrake, John  143 William  155, 177, 188, 199, 214, 225, 241, 253 Schelleye, Chelleye, Schelley, Sheley, Shelleie, Shelley, Shelleye, Sholley, Agnes 128 John  3, 5–9, 12–30, 34–7, 88, 121, 123, 125–7, 129–33, 140, 152, 163, 174, 185, 196, 207, 211, 222 Nicholas  207, 211, 222, 232, 234–5, 239 wife of John  6, 9, 124 Schepherde, Schepherd, Schephyrde, Schepperde, Shepherde, Adam  99, 128 Jacob 10

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Schepherde (continued) John  10, 42 Robert  128, 132 Thomas  18, 105, 131 William  154, 164, 175, 187, 198 Scherman, Shereman, Sherman, Edmund  7, 119–21, 125, 211, 222, 235 Edward  140, 152, 163, 174, 185, 197, 207 Richard 41 Thomas 100 wife of Edmund  11–12 Schilchere, John  114 Schilterne, Robert, see Chilterne, Robert Schone Schraggere, Schown, John, wife of  7, 12 Schoppe, Agnes  4–5, 7–9, 12–14, 125 Schorch, Robert  75 Schraggere, Schaggere, Adam  30 wife of Adam  29 Seman, William  84 Sere, John  72–3, 125 Serle, John  44–5, 50, 57 tenant of Richard  6 Sewall, Sewale, Robert  273 Thomas  241, 243, 250, 252, 255, 261, 266–7, 271, 273, 277 Sexteyn, John  80, 156, 166 Sharggere, Edward  266 Sheldeton, Shildeton, John  262, 268 Shelton, John  190, 201 Ralf 230 Shepperddisherber, Sheppherdes Herler  248, 260 Shilderton, Simon, see Childyrton, Simon Skarlet, John  95–6 Skot, Scot, John  79, 112 Skreven, Schreven, Screven, Sheven, Thomas  xxxv, 240–1, 243–8, 252, 254–256, 258–9, 262 Skynnere, Skynner, Beatrix  xxxvii, 59, 62, 72, 85, 88, 109, 111, 116, 128–9, 132 John  48, 54, 68–9, 99, 133, 198; see also Skynnere Peddere, John Ralph 128 Robert  8–9, 11, 13–14, 18, 22, 28, 40, 57, 77, 94, 111, 114–15, 119–21, 123, 125–6, 129–33 servant of Robert  129, 131

Walter  6, 9, 11, 14, 35–7, 43, 46, 49, 52–3, 99, 106–8, 120–2, 124–7 wife of Robert  7, 9–10, 12, 14, 16–22, 24–30 wife of Walter  17 William  154, 156, 165–6, 175–6, 178, 186–8, 199–201, 208, 212, 214, 223, 225–6, 229, 237 Skynnere Peddere, John  47–8, 53, 127 Smyth, Smyth, le, Smythe, Cecilia  132 Henry  43, 244 Isabell  185, 187, 197 John  4–9, 12–15, 17, 22, 25, 27–8, 31–4, 36, 39–40, 42–3, 46, 51, 55, 60, 62, 71, 86, 91, 98, 106–7, 109, 111, 114–16, 118, 120–3, 125–6, 128, 140, 142–3, 152, 154–5, 163–5, 174–5, 177, 185, 187–8, 196, 207, 211, 222; see also Ballone, John, Denys, John and Smyth Denys, John Laurence  243–4, 254–6, 262, 268 Peter  6, 14, 34, 120–1 Richard  31–3, 40–2, 47–8, 53, 99–101, 126, 128 Robert  44–5, 50 Roger  6, 9, 12–16, 18, 20, 22–3, 25–6, 28, 33, 37, 45–7, 50–2, 60, 67, 102, 120–3, 125–7, 131–3 servant of John  46, 53, 125–6 son of Peter  14 Thomas  94, 103, 129, 131, 142, 154, 164, 175, 187–8, 199, 242, 253; see also Barber, Thomas Walter 42 wife of John  7, 9, 14, 20, 26 wife of Richard  7 wife of Roger  10–22, 24–5, 28–30 wife of William  19–21, 24, 28–30 William  25–6, 36–7, 58, 89–90, 105, 120–1, 129, 131, 141, 153, 163, 174, 176, 185, 187, 197–9, 207, 211–13, 222–4, 236, 244–5, 255–6, 262, 268; see also Berneston, William Smyth Baker, Smyth Bakere, Smyth Baxstere, John  6, 9, 15, 17–18, 23, 30; see also Smyth, John Smyth Denys, John  20; see also Smyth, John and Denys, John wife of John  13

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Smyth Marchal, Smyth Marchall, John  12, 19, 24, 30, 56; see also Smyth, John wife of John  10–13 Snailwell  12, 105 Snailwell Field  152, 162, 173, 184, 196, 206, 221 Soham  12, 15–17, 42, 44–5, 47–8, 50–2, 78, 89–91, 102 Somerton, John  43 Somnour, Richard  132 Sotterley xxix Sotton, John  75, 98 South Elmham  112 South Field, Southfield  34, 124, 151, 162, 173, 184, 196, 206, 221, 240, 249, 260 Sowtere, Soutere, Sowter, Sowteree, John  40, 55, 75, 123 servant of Thomas  125, 130 Thomas  9, 12, 15, 18, 20–2, 25–7, 44, 49, 55–7, 64–78, 80, 82, 84–6, 88–9, 91, 94–6, 98–100, 102, 112, 123, 125–6, 129–30, 132–3 wife of Roger  12 wife of Thomas  7, 9–10, 12–14, 16–21, 24, 26 Spark, William  39–40 Sparkes, Roger  129 Sparwe, John  63, 75 Sparye, Robert  258 Specchys, Specces, Specchis, Speckys, Spekkys, Spelbys  141, 153, 163, 175, 186, 197, 208, 212, 223 Spenser, Thomas  42, 108 Sporle, John  250 Spyser, Spicer, Spicser, Spiser, Spycer, Spycere, Spysere, John  4–5, 8, 11, 44–5, 47, 50–2, 85, 246, 257; see also Symond, John Henry 124 William  4–5, 8–9, 11, 13–17, 20, 25, 27–9, 143, 155, 165, 176, 188, 199, 213, 224 Stalloun, Stalon, Staloun, Stallown, John  xvii, 76, 109, 118, 143, 155, 165, 176–7, 188, 199, 214, 225, 243, 254, 262, 268 Stanted, Robert  38 Stapylton, Thomas  122 Stasy, William  81

Stedman, John  250 Stern, Sterne, Richard  xxxiii, 241, 252–3 Stetchworth  xxvi, 30, 43, 56, 89, 92, 103, 132, 189 Steynysmour, John  41 Stoke, Stock, Stocke, Stok, Stokkys, Thomas  242–4, 247, 253–5, 258, 262, 268 Stone House  109 Stonham, Thomas  63 Stonhard, William  34 Stotevyle, Stotevile, Stoteville, Stotevyll, Stotevylle, Richard  57–61, 86, 124 Stephen 42 Thomas 85 Stow cum Quy, see Quy Strengere, Strenger, Alice  28–9 John 133 Struggys, Struggis, ?   142, 154, 165, 176, 187, 198, 213, 224, Stryngere, William  26 Stubbard, William  85 Sturdy, John  69, 82, 111–12, 115–18, 143, 155, 166, 177, 188, 199, 214, 225 Sudbury xxviii Suffolk  ix–x, xxii, xxvi, xxviii–xxix, 59, 68, 129, 232, 234–7, 239, 280, 282–3 Sulby, Philip  6, 120 wife of Philip  6 Sutton 78 Sutton, John  99, 129 Swaffham Bulbeck  52 Swaffham (Prior)   28–9, 35, 51, 79, 85, 143, 155 Swafham. William  106–7 Swavesey 33 Sweteman, Swetman, Robert  244, 254–6 Sweyn, John  98, 132 Swyft, Henry  10 Sybyll, Sybyle, servant of William  127 William  56, 127 Sygo, Sigo, Sigoo, Sygares, Sygoo, John  249, 260, 263–4 Robert  13, 107, 143, 155, 165, 176, 188, 199, 214, 225 William  45–7, 51–2, 76–7, 108–13, 115–18

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Symond, Simond alias Spicer/Spycer/Spyser, Symond alias Spycere, Symund, John  27, 240, 245, 252, 256, 262, 268 Ralph 15–16 Richard  17, 76 shepherd of William  23 son of Thomas  12 Thomas  12, 15–17 William 90 Syngewel, Syngwel, Syngwell, John  44, 49, 95–6, 103, 118 wife of John  28–30 Syre, John  73 Syser, John  180

Tew, Ralph  9 Thacher, John  120–1 Thomas 120–1 Thorn, Thorn, ate/atta/atte, Laurence  xix, 34, 39, 45–7, 49, 51–3, 55, 80, 82, 85–6, 97, 101–2, 104, 106–9, 111–17, 143, 155, 165, 176, 187, 199 Thaxted  45, 50, 115 Thetford  84, 132, 274 Thomesson, Thomysson, John  108–9 Thornden, Thornton, William  224, 226 Thoryngton, ?   239 Thrillowe, Henry  78, 80 John  10, 42 William 10 Throcchere, Walter  28 Throsshere, John  119–20 Talbot, Talboot, John  95–7 Robert 62 Talle, John  138–9 Thurlow 95 Tancardmaker, John  95 Thursford 230 Tanherde, Simon  128 Thykkenesse, Thykkesse, John  208, 212, Tapeser, Tapser, servant of Thomas  129 223, 238 Thomas 61 Todde, Tedde, Thomas  244, 246–8, 257, wife of Thomas  14 259 Tapir, Robert  68 Tomme, Robert  105 Tapstere, Tapistere, Tappestere, Tapster, Tommesson, Tommyson, John  49, 64, 80, Agnes 78–9 108, 111, 113 Johanna  4–16, 18–20 Roger 64 Thomas  14, 78–9 Toncher, John  133 Tarent, William  40, 43, 54 Torkele, John  10 Taverner, Edmund  xxviii, 46–8, 52–3, Tornay, William  94, 97 67–8 Tornour, Toornor, Tornoor, Tornor, Tourour, tenant(s) of Thomas  6–8 Turnere, Turnour, Alan  76 Taylard, Walter  232 Alexander 109 Taylour, Taillour, Taylor, Tayloure, John 71 Depyng 128 Edmund  21–2, 24–5, 28–9, 69, 75, 129 Petronilla  19, 28 Richard  7–9, 11, 18, 22, 33–4, 40, 42, Edward 87–8 45–7, 51–3, 56, 63, 66, 68, 82–3, John  15, 69, 74, 80–1, 115 92–3, 96–7, 100, 103, 106–9, 112, Nicholas 90–1 115–18, 237 Peter 96 Thomas  13–17, 20–1, 23, 25, 27–9, 71, Ralph  250, 264, 266; see also Lote, 76, 80, 82, 85, 92, 96, 99–101, 103, Ralph 111–17, 143, 155, 165, 176, 187, 199, Richard 126 213–14, 224 Thomas 63 wife of Richard  4–7, 9–10, 12–14, wife of John  16 16–18, 20–2, 24–6, 29–30, 66 Tebant, John  33 wife of Thomas  25 Tel, John  118 Trendele, Trendale, Trendelee, Trendil, Teversham, Teverisham, Teverysham, Trendyl, wife of William  12–13 Thomas  44–5, 50–1, 79, 81, 112–13, William  53–5, 125–7 240, 244–5, 252, 255–6, 261, 267

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Trill, Trylle, Richard  241, 253 Troppor, Ralph  48 Troschere, Alan  122 William 125 Troys, Troice, Troiyes, William  246, 248, 254, 257–9, 262, 268 Truyt, Truit, Truyth, Walter  70–1 Tubby, John  143, 155, 166 Richard  177, 188, 200, 214 Tweyt, Twerch, Tweyrch, Tweyth, Robert  48, 53–5, 127 Twydoole, John  76 Tybetoft, lord of, Tiptoft  227 Tydde, Robert  275 Thomas 277 Tyller, Teler, Tyller alias Samity, Agnes  143, 155, 177, 188, 200, 214, 225, 228, 231 Tynker, William  27 Upryght, Upright, Uprych, John  28, 186, 197, 201, 208, 212, 216, 223, 227, 237 Usscher, Henry, see Husscher, Henry Vale, Wale, John  83 Robert 83 Vannce, Vancey, Vancy, Vanncy, Vanncye, Vannsy, Vauncy, Wancy, Wannce, Wanncy, Wannsy, Edmund  33–4, 38–9, 42, 44–5, 50, 53, 75, 94, 98, 106–9 John  262, 268 Ralph  245, 256 Robert  142–3, 154–5, 165, 176–7, 187–8, 198–9, 213, 224, 237, 242, 245, 247, 253, 258, 261, 267 Veer, Hugh de  283 Vyncent, John, see Fynsent, John Vyncent, Thomas  112 Vynt, Stephen  112 Wakelyn, Wakelen, Wakelyne, Walkelene, Alice 122 servant of William  124 wife of John  7–8 wife of William  6, 9–10 William  8, 121, 123 Wakeman way, see Makeman way Wale, John, see Vale, John

Walescroft, Walescrofte  151, 161, 173, 184, 195, 206, 220 Waleys, Walys, Walyzs, John  3, 5–9, 11–14, 16–23, 25–6, 28–30, 42, 47–8, 53, 55, 71, 75, 102, 105, 117, 120–1, 123, 125–7, 129, 131–3 Nicholas  14, 117 servant of John  123, 127–9 Thomas  243, 246, 248, 254, 257–9, 262–3, 265, 268–9 wife of John  7–10, 12–14, 16–21, 24–6, 28–30 Walkelene, William, wife of  6 Walscheman, David  124 Walter, John  xxviii 33, 38, 73, 98, 102–3, 122 servant of John  133 Wandon, John  130 Wannce, see Vannce Wante, John  44–6, 50–1, 53 Wantebatoun, John  127 Wanton, Wantoun, Peter  11, 55–6, 112–13 Warner, Warener, Warnere, Waryner, Johanna 95 John  35, 48, 73, 81–2, 84, 95–6, 101–2, 105, 117 Nicholas 114 Thomas  76, 78, 89–91, 98, 100, 117, 143–4, 155, 166, 177, 188, 200, 247, 258 Warren, John de, earl of Surrey  283 Watlok, Whatlok, Whatloke, Whattelok, Nicholas  241, 252, 261, 267 Wdewe, Elysabel  27 Webbe, Web, Webb, John  101–2, 118, 246, 248, 250, 257–9, 262–3, 265, 268–9, 278 Henry 88 Richard   45–7, 49, 51–2, 55 Webstere, John  119–21, 123, 125–7, 129, 131 Peter  123, 126 Ralph 128 wife of Peter  124 Welle, Adam atte  123 Welle, John  281 Wellefeld, Wellefelde  184, 195, 206, 220 Wenye, John  69 Robert 69

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West, Thomas  112–13 Westmorland, John  128 Weyne, Wene, Walter  243, 254–5 Whityng, Whiting, Whytyng, Whytynge, Wytyng, John  xxxiii, 243, 246, 254, 257 Wickhambrook  11, 239 Wilbraham  10, 43 Wilkyn, Wilkyng, Wilkyyn, Wylkyn, Wylkynge, John  7, 9, 13, 34, 42, 45, 47, 50–1, 53, 55, 59, 66, 70, 72–3, 76–8, 82, 84, 87, 90, 95–6, 104, 106–13, 116–17, 246, 257 Nicholas  242–3, 246, 253–4, 257, 261–2, 267–8 Thomas 123 wife of Richard  4–5 William, bishop of Ely  283 William, earl of Albermarle  282 Willingham  70, 79 Willingham, Edward from  70 Wimbish 115 Withersfield  143, 155, 165 Wode, Woode, John  74, 176, 187, 199, 213, 224, 243, 245, 255–6 Wonbourne, William  141, 154, 164, 175, 186, 198, 208, 212, 223 Woodditton  ix, xxvi, xxix Wratting  10, 112 Wratting, Thomas of  112 Wrydewelle, Edmund  85 Wryte, Whrite, Wright, Writhe, Wryght, Wryghte, Agnes  99–100 John  13, 118, 234, 236–7 Margaret  13–14, 16 Richard  6, 40, 49 Robert  44, 49 Thomas  3–6, 82–3, 107, 119–20 wife of John  22

wife of Richard  4–7, 10, 12, 17–22, 24–6, 2–89 William  41, 73–4, 99–102 Wrythok, John  112 Wyborgh, Wyborw, Robert  xxxvii, 91, 93–4, 102 Wygenhale, William  8 Wyghton, John  146, 168, 179, 190, 228 Wykes, Wyckes, Wikys, Wyckys, Wyk, Wyke, Wykys, Edmund  112–13 John  9, 11–12, 18–20, 22, 25, 28, 102, 118, 120, 124–5, 141, 153, 164, 175, 186, 197–8, 208, 212, 223, 234, 236–7, 239, 248–9, 251, 260, 275, 277, 279 Thomas  9, 42, 69, 78–9, 86–7, 99, 110 servant of John  8, 125, 128 servant of Thomas  110 tenant of John  29 Wyles, John  234–5 Wyllkes, Wylekys, Wylelkys, Wylkews, Wylkys, John  36–9 Richard  34, 38–9 Wymondley (Great)   139 Wynde, Wyndes, John  60–1, 98–100, 112, 115–18, 142, 154, 165 Wyndes, le  176, 187, 198, 213, 224 Wynye, John  40 William 43 Wyote, Gilbert  71 Johanne 104 Ralph  11, 23 wife of Gilbert  19 Wyscher, Henry, see Husscher, Henry Wytcherch, Simon  110 Wyynde, Agnes  72 John  72, 113 Yerseley, Yerlesrey, Yerlessrey, Yerlysʒey, John, see Erlesey, John

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Please note that more than one reference may be found on the page cited. accountant  145–8, 157, 159, 166, 168, 178–81, 189–92, 201, 203, 209, 216, 218, 227–30, 235, 250–1, 264, 266–7, 269–81 affeerer  xxxvi, 6, 13, 15, 18, 22–4, 27, 29–30, 107–10, 113, 123, 126–7, 130, 133, 146 affers  148, 159, 170, 192, 203, 209, 218 ale  xvi, xxxvi–xxxviii, 5–7, 9–10, 12–14, 16–22, 24–28, 30, 78; see also assize of ale alehouse xxix aletaster  xvi, xxxvi, xxxviii, 6, 9, 11, 13–22, 24–5, 27, 28–30, 129 andiron 82 arrears  49, 60, 68, 95, 104, 138–40, 152, 163, 167, 174, 179–80, 185, 190, 196, 201, 207, 211, 216, 222, 229, 235, 251, 261, 266–7, 270, 272, 275–6, 278–9 assault  xix, 43, 80, 84, 121–33 assize of ale  xvi, xix, xxvi, xxxvi, 5–7, 9–10, 12–14, 16–22, 24–6, 28, 30 assize of bread  xvi, xix, xxvi, xxxviii, 5–10, 12–14, 16–26, 28–9 attachment  xvii, xxviii, xxxvii, 31–61, 63–105, 109–10, 114–15, 117–18 attorney  60, 92, 230-–2 auditor  xx, 60, 68, 168–9, 179–80, 190–1, 202, 216–17, 227–8

barber  142, 154, 164, 175, 187 barker  43–4, 50, 103, 142, 165, 176, 187–8, 198–9, 213–14, 224–5, 250 barley  40, 55, 66–7, 75, 79. 89, 104, 148, 158, 169–70, 180–1, 192, 203, 209, 217–18 barn  240–1, 246, 252 bill  147, 157, 179, 191, 202, 216, 227–8, 230–2, 250–1, 264, 266, 270–2, 274, 277, 279–81 boars  23, 150, 161, 172, 183, 194, 205, 220 brasier  87, 90 bread  xxxviii, 5–10, 12–26, 28–9; see also assize of bread brewer  xxxvi, 5–7, 9–10, 12–14, 16–22, 24–6, 28–30; see also assize of ale bulls  85, 148–9, 159, 170, 181, 192–3, 203, 210, 218 bullsyard  239, 245–8, 256–9 bushel  7, 9, 11, 19, 24, 40, 55, 66, 78–9, 90, 94, 147, 266, 269, 271–2 butcher  70, 81, 103, 123, 127, 147, 199, 214, 225

calves  149, 160, 171, 182, 193, 204, 210, 219 capital pledge  119–21, 123, 125–7, 129, 133 capons  145, 151, 157, 161–2, 167, 172–3, 179, 184, 190, 195, 200, 206, 215, 220, 226, 229, 249, 260, 263, 265, bailiff  xv, xvii–xviii, xxx–xxxi, xxxv– 269, 271, 273, 275, 277–8 xxxvi, xxxviii, 11, 15, 32–7, 39–41, carpenter  132, 145, 201, 216, 250, 273 43–5, 48–50, 54–62, 67–8, 72–4, cart  43, 64, 67, 77–8, 94, 97, 110, 131, 250 76–87, 89–95, 97–103, 105, 110, 113–16, 121–3, 131–2, 138, 140, 146, cart horses  148, 159, 170, 181, 192, 203, 209, 218 152, 162, 168, 174, 179, 185, 190, cattle  169, 210, 218; see also bulls, 196, 201, 207, 211, 221, 229, 251, bullsyard, calves, cows, heifers, oxen 263, 265, 269, 271–2, 274, 276–9 chandler 53 baker  xxxvi, 5, 7, 9–10, 12–13, 16–26, 28–30, 125; see also assize of bread chantry ix, xxxvi, 145, 157, 168, 201, 216, 227 balance  5, 9, 12, 15–16, 27, 41

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chapel  ix, xxxvi, 121, 130, 146, 236 chaplain  17, 20–1, 28, 38, 44, 53–5, 126, 140–1, 145–6, 152–3, 157, 163, 168, 174–5, 185–6, 196–7, 201, 208, 212, 216, 223, 227 cheese  42, 83 chickens  151, 161, 172, 183, 195, 205, 220 church  ix, xv, xxix, 40–1, 63, 121, 141, 146, 153, 164, 175, 186; see also chapel, chaplain, cleric, parson, prior cleric  35–6, 40–3, 54–5, 100, 102–4, 122 clerk  xii, xiv–xxvi, xviii, xxvi, 180, 190, 201, 216, 227–8, 230 cloth  xxiv, xxvi, xxviii, xxxi, 32, 42, 55–6, 68, 73, 85, 93 clothing  32, 76, 124 cocks  151, 161, 172, 183, 195, 205, 220 collector  xxxv, 136, 138–40, 145–8, 152, 157–8, 162, 167–70, 174, 178–81, 185, 189–92, 196, 201–3, 207, 209, 211, 216–18, 221, 227–8, 232, 234, 251, 261, 265, 267, 270, 272, 274, 276–7, 279 common land, common pasture 6, 9, 11, 14, 17, 19, 23–4, 121, 128, 130 common road, common street, common way 120, 225, 236–9, 244, 256 concealment  73, 232 constable  49, 121–6, 128, 132 contract  xvii, xxxvii, 35, 39, 47–50, 53, 56, 62, 67, 74, 77, 79–83, 91, 103–5 cook  xxix, xxxviii, 5–6, 10, 19, 22, 24–6, 28–30 cows  6, 19, 24, 59, 71, 127–8, 149, 159, 170, 181, 193, 203, 210, 218 cross, market cross  xxxii, xxxiii, 10, 14, 241, 247–9, 253, 258–60

dike 259 dovecote  57, 151, 162, 173, 184, 195, 206, 221 draper  xxvi, xxviii–xxix, xxxviii, 112 dung  121–3, 125, 127–33 eggs 10 essoins  xv, 5–6, 8–9, 12–15, 18, 20–3, 25–7, 29–30 ewes  149, 160, 171, 182, 193, 204, 210, 219 expenses  xx, xxxvi, 139, 145–7, 151, 157, 168–9, 173, 179–80, 184, 190–1, 201, 202, 216–17, 226–8, 230–2, 250, 263–4, 266–7, 269–71, 274, 276–7, 279, 281

fair  xi, xvii–xx, xxx, xxxv–xxxvi, 110, 114, 117–18, 139, 145–6, 157, 168, 190, 201–2, 216, 227–8, 247–8, 259, 276, 280, 282–3 fair court  71, 106–18; see also profits of the fair court fealty  8, 23, 26–7, 42, 49, 54, 62, 64, 66, 69–70, 72, 74, 76, 79–80, 92, 95–6, 98–9, 101, 108, 110–11, 114 field  xxi, 23–4, 34, 117, 124, 138, 141, 151–3, 156, 162, 164, 167, 173, 175, 179, 184, 186, 189, 196–7, 200, 206, 208, 212, 215, 221, 223, 226, 229, 236, 238–40, 248–9, 260 fish  xxix, xxxviii, 6–10, 12–16, 21–2, 24–5, 28, 30, 67, 97, 124, 168, 190, 274, 276; see also herring, oysters, porpoise, sparling, sprats, turbot fisher  63 flour  11, 23, 27, 78 foals  116, 148, 159, 170, 181, 192, 203, 210, 218 damages  35, 37–8, 43, 46–9, 51–4, 59, 61, foreigners  xv, xvii–xviii, 5, 12, 36, 43, 63, 65, 67–8, 72, 74–83, 88, 91, 93, 72–3, 121–5, 127 131, 133 97, 99–100, 102–5, 112, 114, 117 forestalling  xvi, xviii, xxix, xxxvi, xxxviii, debt  xvi–xviii, xxviii, 32–91, 93–105, 5–6, 10, 12, 14–16, 20, 24–5, 28, 30, 108–10, 112–15 44, 62, 110 demesne  xx–xxi, 15, 19, 27, 86, 92, 96, 124, 144, 148–51, 156, 158–62, 166, garden  151, 161, 172, 184, 195, 206, 220, 170–3, 178–84, 189, 192–6, 200, 235, 237, 241, 242, 244–8, 252–4, 203–6, 209–10, 215, 218–21, 226, 256, 257–9, 261–2, 267–8 229, 248, 263, 265, 269, 271, 273, geese  23, 128, 151, 161, 172, 183, 195, 275, 277–8, 280 205, 220 detinue  45, 50, 60–3, 70–1, 105, 110

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gild hall  xxxii–xxxiii, 242, 246, 253, 257 gleaning  11, 124 glover 79 gloves  86–7, 248, 259, 263, 265, 269, 278, 281 Gough Map x grain  xiii, xx–xxi, 15, 40–1, 44, 46, 49, 52, 90, 104, 147, 158, 169, 180, 191, 202, 209, 217; see also barley, maslin, oats, rye, wheat granary  258, 280 gutters 124–5

knife  84, 121–3, 127–8 knight  80, 140, 152, 162, 185, 196, 207, 211, 221–2, 236, 248, 260, 272 lambs  150, 160, 171, 182, 194, 204, 219 leather  xxxvi, 11, 15, 18, 20, 40–1, 44, 56, 67, 69, 74, 77, 79, 84, 97–8, 103–4, 116–18; see also hides, pelts, skins licence to agree  xv, xxxvii, 32–7, 40–1, 43–4, 47–9, 53–6, 59–66, 69–82, 84, 86, 89–92, 94–7, 99–100, 102–4, 109–10, 112, 114–16

heifers  149, 159, 170, 182, 193, 204, 210, malt  10–11, 40–1, 82, 100, 148, 158, 169, 181 218 mares  73, 77, 110, 148, 159, 170, 181, hens  151, 161, 172, 183, 195, 205, 220 192, 203, 209, 218 herring  92, 168, 264, 269, 274 market, common market, lord’s market, hides  17, 82, 103, 279; see also leather, marketplace, market lane ix, xviii, pelts, skins xxiv, xxxi–xxxiii, xxxvi, 8, 10–13, horses  6, 19, 24, 32–4, 36–7, 39–51, 53–7, 20–1, 23–5, 27–8, 40, 42, 49, 62, 67, 59–61, 63–89, 91–2, 94–8, 100–5, 72, 82, 92, 97, 103, 109, 111, 113, 112–15, 118, 12–2, 127, 139, 167, 115, 123, 133, 141–3, 145, 153–5, 169, 276; see also mares, foals, 164–5, 176–7, 187–8, 198–9, 213, affers, cart horses 216, 224–5, 229, 236, 241–2, 249, horsebread  xxxviii, 15, 22 252–4, 262, 268, 277 hue and cry  xxxvii, 122, 126, 128 market rows  xiv, xxxiii inheritance  xvii–xviii, xxi, 20, 42, 62, 69, barkers’ row  xxxii–xxxiii, 74, 116, 198, 242, 244, 246–8, 253, 255, 257–9, 92–3, 99, 143, 155, 165, 177, 247–8, 262, 268 259, 282–3 butchers’ row, butchery  xvii–xviii, inns  xxix, 16, 105, 235 xxvi, xxxii–xxxiii, 54, 69, 72, 74, le Bell  xxix, 237 76, 89–92, 95–6, 107–8, 112–13, le Bere  xxix, 234–5 116, 240–8, 252–9, 261–3, 265, le Bole  xxix, 238 267–9 le Cristofer  xxix, 234, 236–7, 239 cheesemarket  xxvi, xxxiii, 240–1, 243, le Gryffyn  xxix, 238 246–8, 252, 254, 258–9 le Herte  xxix, xxxviii, 238 cordwainers’ row  xiv, xxxii–xxxiii, 7, le Ramme  xxix, 238 69, 107, 109–10, 215, 241, 243, 246, le Saresenshede  xxix, 239 252–4, 257, 261, 267 le Shipp  xxix, 239 drapers’ row, drapery  xiv, xxviii–xxix, le Swan  xxix, 238 xxxi, xxxiii, xxxv, xxxviii, 53, 64, 72, le Swerd  236 74, 79, 98–9, 107–8, 110–15, 117, 199, 213, 224, 241, 243–6, 252–7, jury  xv–xix, xxx, xxxvii, xxxviii, 3–6, 261–2, 267–8 8, 12–15, 17–18, 20–2, 25, 28–30, flax row  66 35, 37–40, 42, 44–51, 53, 55, glovers’ row  62 60–2, 64–5, 67–8, 72, 75–83, 85, ironmongers’ row  xxxii–xxxiii, 42, 87, 88, 91, 94–7, 99–101, 103–9, 245–6, 256–7 111–15, 117–21, 123, 125–7, linen drapery  xxxii, 80, 108, 114 130–1

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market rows (continued) mercers’ row xvii–xxviii, xxxi–xxxiii, 42, 64, 69, 107, 111, 176, 187, 198, 213, 224, 242–44, 254–6, 262, 268 old drapery  xxviii, xxxiii, 240–1, 244–5, 252–3, 255–6, 258 old mercery  237, 240, 258 poultry  xxxii, 101 ropers’ row  xxxii–xxxiii, 123, 213, 224, 242, 244–5, 253, 255–6 shraggery row, shraggery  xxxii–xxxiii, 108, 115, 225, 237–8, 240, 242, 245, 247, 253, 256, 258, 262, 268 skinners’ row  xxxii, 74 sowters’ row  xxxii, 7, 108; see also cordwainers’ row spicers’ row, spicery  xiv, xvii, xxxii– xxxiii, xxxv, 49, 79–80, 111, 117, 243, 246, 255, 257 turners’ row  xxxii–xxxiii, 66, 244, 255 maslin  148, 158, 170, 181, 192, 203, 209, 218 meadow  xx, 7, 16, 18, 23, 27, 127, 138, 140, 144, 151–2, 156, 162–3, 166–7, 173–4, 178, 184–5, 189, 195–7, 200, 206–7, 211, 213, 215, 221–3, 226, 229, 235, 239, 248–9, 260, 263, 265, 269, 271, 273, 275, 277–8, 280 meat  xxix, xxxvi, xxxviii, 7–10, 13–14, 18, 21, 23, 37–8, 46–8, 52–3, 57–8, 61, 64, 72, 76, 78, 81, 85–6, 88–90, 95, 101, 104, 118, 231, 272 mercer  xxviii, 38–9, 155, 165, 176, 187, 199 metalware  5, 32, 37–8, 41, 53, 72, 82, 115 miller  98, 128, 132 mill hill, lord’s mill hill  140–2, 151–4, 162–4, 173, 174–5, 184–7, 196–7, 206–8, 211–12, 221–2, 234–6, 241, 249, 252, 260 mill, horse  15–16 nuisances  xix, 5–7, 12, 14–16, 19, 21, 23–5, 27–9, 86, 120–1, 123–5, 127–33; see also dung, gutters oath  xvii, 18, 22–3, 25, 28, 34, 39–41, 47, 52–3, 55, 72, 79–80, 82–3, 97, 104–5, 110–11, 113, 115–18, 129, 131–2, 145–6, 157–8, 167–9, 178, 180, 189, 201, 216, 227, 280

oats  75, 148, 158, 169, 180, 192, 203, 209, 217 oil  5, 7, 16–17, 20–1, 23, 27, 29 onions 48–9 osteler 276 oxen  149, 159, 170, 181 oysters 15–16 paper  168, 191, 250–1, 264, 266, 270, 272, 274 parchment  x–xiii, 139, 191 parson 40–1 pasture  xx, 9, 14, 17, 24, 27, 72, 144, 156 peas  148, 158, 169, 180, 192, 202, 209, 217, 269, 271 peck 9 pelts  82, 150, 160, 171, 183, 194, 205, 219 pigs  14, 23, 24, 110, 124, 150, 161, 172, 183, 194, 205, 220; see also boars, piglets, sows piglets  150, 161, 172, 183, 195, 205, 220, 272 pillory 216 pinfold  142, 154, 165, 176, 187, 198, 213, 224, 242, 254, 280–1 pledge  xv, xvii, xix, xxxvii, 8, 32–61, 63–105, 109–10, 112, 113–18, 120–9, 132–3 porpoise  271, 276 poultry  10, 145, 157, 167, 179, 190, 200, 215, 226, 229, 249, 263, 265, 269, 271, 273, 275, 277–8; see also capons, chickens, cocks, geese, hens pound (lord’s)  18, 111 poundage 128 price  12, 271 - selling at excessive price xvi, xxvi, xxix, xxxvi, xxxviii, 5–6, 10, 13, 15–17, 19, 22–5, 28–30 prior  13, 25, 27, 66, 100, 142, 154, 164, 175, 180, 186, 198, 201, 212, 217, 223, 228, 231, 238 profits of the court  139, 144–5, 156–7, 167, 178, 189, 200, 215, 226, 230, 249, 263, 266, 269, 271, 273, 275, 277–8, 280 of the market  139, 145, 157, 167, 178, 189, 201, 216, 227, 277 of the fair  139, 145, 157, 167, 178–9, 189, 201, 215–16, 227, 230, 263, 266, 269–71, 273–80

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shop  ix, xv, xvii–xx, xxviii–xxxiii, xxxv, property transfers  xvi, xvii–xviii, 42, 49, xxxviii, 49, 53, 54, 62, 64, 66, 69, 53–4, 64, 66, 69–70, 72, 74, 79–80, 72, 74, 79–80, 82–3, 89, 90–3, 95–6, 91–3, 95–6, 98–9, 101, 110–11, 114 99–102, 107–17, 141–4, 153–6, purse  32, 146 fig., 168, 190, 201, 216, 227 164–6, 175–8, 186–8, 190, 197–200, 208, 212–15, 223–6, 238, 240–8, quarter  40–1, 55, 75, 82, 89, 147, 269, 250–9, 261–3, 265–71, 273–8, 280 271–2, 274, 279, 281 signpost  120, 123, 125, 127–9, 131 skins  32, 98, 150, 160, 172, 183, 194, 205, rabbits  273, 276 219; see also hides, leather, pelts rams  149, 160, 171, 182, 193, 204, 210, smith  11, 39, 46, 51–3, 86, 94, 98, 100, 219 114, 123–4, 126 rebuilding  42, 111, 113–15; see also bladesmith  12, 16 repairs blacksmith  142, 154, 164, 175, 187 recognition  61, 63 sows  23, 150, 161, 172, 183, 194, 205, 220 rector  63, 223 regrating  xvi, xxix, xxxvi, xxxviii, 5–7, 9, sowgelder 133 sparling 273–4 12, 14, 16–25, 28, 30 sprats 274 rents of assize  xviii, xx, xxxi, 140–2, 152–4, 163–4, 174–6, 185–7, 196–8, stable  245–7, 256–8 207–8, 211–13, 222–4, 235–40, 261, stall  39, 42, 63, 69, 76, 78–9, 89, 92–3, 98, 108, 113–15, 117, 142–4, 154–6, 265, 267, 270, 272, 275, 278, 280 164–6, 176–8, 187–9, 198–201, repairs  xix, xxxi–xxxii, xxxv, 95, 107, 213–14, 217, 224–5, 227–9, 231, 109–13, 117, 125, 145, 155, 190, 237–8, 240–4, 246–8, 250, 252–9, 201, 216, 250, 263–4, 266, 271, 261–3, 265–9, 271, 273–4, 275–6, 273, 275, 277, 279, 281; see also 278–81 rebuilding stallage  114, 118, 137–8, 179 roofer 190 stallholders  32–3, 66, 78, 92–3, 98, 111, roper  7, 15, 41, 53–4, 89, 100, 113, 115, 113, 115–16 142, 154, 165 statute law  5–7, 10, 15, 26, 124 rope  5, 15–16 steward  xii, xv–xvi, xviii, xxx, 139, 145–6, rows  see market rows 157, 168–9, 179–80, 190–1, 201, rye  147–8, 158, 169–70, 180–1, 192, 216–17, 227–8, 230, 250, 264, 266, 202–3, 209, 217–18, 266, 269, 271–2, 270–2, 274, 276–7, 279, 281 279, 281 strangers  see foreigners strays  116, 148, 159, 181, 192, 203, 209, saddle  32, 41, 43, 59, 70, 73, 81, 87, 95, 218, 279, 280 99, 102–3, 112–15, 167 suit of court  xv, xviii, 5–8, 12–14, 16–23, servant  8. 17–18, 24–5, 28, 46, 53, 57–8, 25–6, 28–30, 74, 79, 101, 107–12, 60, 66, 71–2, 85–7, 94–5, 99, 103, 114–18, 190, 201, 216, 227, 230, 110, 114, 120–31, 133, 145–6, 148, 235–48, 252–9 157–8, 168, 170, 179, 181, 190, 192, 201, 203, 209, 216, 218, 227–8, tags xii–xiii 230–1, 250, 274 sheep  xxxviii, 11, 23, 27, 54, 99, 124; see tailor  26, 59, 176 tally  147, 157, 190–1, 202, 217, 274 also ewes, lambs, rams, wethers sheepfold  xxxviii, 117, 124, 151, 156, 162, tar  7–8, 15–17, 20–1, 23 thatching  112, 145, 266 167, 173, 176, 179, 184, 187, 189, tiles 201 195, 200, 206, 215, 220, 226, 229, timber  32, 35, 95, 97, 121, 127, 131, 216, 248, 260, 278; see also pinfold 273 shepherd  23, 27, 34

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tithe  xxxvi, 139, 145, 157, 168, 190, 201, 216, 227 tithing  xix, 120–9, 131–3 toll  xviii, xx, xxxv, 11, 15–16, 40–1, 55, 84, 97, 100, 110, 114, 139, 145–6, 157, 167–8, 178, 189, 201, 216, 227 tollbooth, toll-house  xvii, xxxi–xxxiii, 92, 117, 143, 144–5, 155–6, 165–6, 168, 177, 188–9, 199–200, 214, 225, 228, 242, 246, 250, 254, 257 toll-collectors  xx, 84, 146, 168, 190, 201, 227 trespass  xxxvii, 11, 14, 17–18, 23–4, 27, 34, 36, 43–4, 46, 49–53, 55, 57–8, 64–6, 72, 73, 79, 83, 86, 88, 92, 93, 105, 114, 124, 127 turbot 272 wages  145, 147–8, 157–8, 168, 170, 179, 181, 190, 192, 201, 203, 209, 216,

218, 228, 230, 264, 266, 270, 274, 276–7, 279, 281 waging law  xvii, 36–7, 50, 67, 86, 95, 103 waif  5, 85, 103, 148, 159, 167, 169, 181, 192, 203, 209, 218 watercourse  121, 125, 127, 239, 240, 246, 247, 258 weights and measures  xix, xxix, xxxvi, 5, 7–25, 27–30, 41, 100, 129, 147, 158, 169, 180, 191, 202, 209, 217; see also balance, bushel, peck, quarter well  8, 11, 13–14 wethers  149, 160, 171, 182, 193, 204, 219 wheat  147–8, 158, 169–70, 180–1, 191–2, 202–3, 209, 217–18 wine 216 wood 125; see also timber wool  xx, xxvi, xxviii, xxxi, 82, 97, 100, 150, 160, 171, 182, 194, 204, 219

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