Reasoning and Critical Thinking (Course notes for PHI 1101, Version 2.1) [2.1 ed.]

Table of contents :
Introduction

1 Arguments
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Explanations and arguments
1.3 Simple and complex arguments
1.4 Arguments in standard form
1.5 Real life is messy
1.6 The principle of charity
1.7 Principles or forms of inference
1.8 Unstated premises and conclusions
1.9 Diagramming arguments

2 Evaluating Arguments
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Evaluating premises
2.3 Evaluating reasoning
2.4 Deductive and non-deductive reasoning

3 Validity and Soundness
3.1 Validity
3.2 Truth preservation and formal validity
3.3 Validity, truth, and soundness
3.4 Implication and equivalence

4 Basic Propositional Logic
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Some common logical concepts; symbolization
4.3 Some common valid argument forms
4.4 Some common invalid argument forms
4.5 Chains of valid inferences, or proofs
4.6 Proofs by reduction to absurdity

5 Basic Syllogistic and Venn Diagrams
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Syllogisms
5.3 Venn diagrams: the basics
5.4 Two terms; categorical propositional forms
5.5 Some simple inferences justified with Venn diagrams
5.6 Representing syllogistic forms with Venn diagrams
5.7 Symbolization: quantifiers

6 Non-deductive Arguments

7 Inductive and Causal Reasoning
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Inductive generalizations
7.3 Causes and effects
7.4 Applications

8 Language and Argumentation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Virtues and vices of language use
8.3 Definition

9 A Bucketful of Fallacies

10 Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
Solutions for Chapter 1
Solutions for Chapter 2
Solutions for Chapter 3
Solutions for Chapter 4
Solutions for Chapter 5
Solutions for Chapter 6
Solutions for Chapter 7
Solutions for Chapter 8
Solutions for Chapter 9

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