Железнодорожный путь: изыскания, устройство, текущее содержание: Railway track: surveying, structure, maintenance : учебное пособие 9785934617111

Citation preview

СИБИРСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ПУТЕЙ СООБЩЕНИЯ

Н.В. ОПЛЕТАЕВА, Е.С. АНТЕРЕЙКИН

RAILWAY TRACK: SURVEYING, STRUCTURE, MAINTENANCE ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНЫЙ ПУТЬ: ИЗЫСКАНИЯ, УСТРОЙСТВО, ТЕКУЩЕЕ СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Учебное пособие

Новосибирск 2016

УДК 802:625.1(075.8) ББК 81.2Англ-923 О-615

О-615

Оплетаева, Н. В. Railway Track: Surveying, Structure, Maintenance = Железнодорожный путь: изыскания, устройство, текущее содержание : учеб. пособие / Н. В. Оплетаева, Е. С. Антерейкин. – Новосибирск : Изд-во СГУПСа, 2016. – 72 с. ISBN 978-5-93461-711-1 Цель пособия – сформировать устные и письменные навыки коммуникации на английском языке в области будущей профессиональной деятельности на основе интеграции учебных дисциплин «Иностранный язык» и «Общий курс железнодорожного транспорта». Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов 2 курса, обучающихся на факультете «Строительство железных дорог» по специализациям «Строительство магистральных железных дорог» и «Управление техническим состоянием железнодорожного пути». УДК 802:625.1(075.8) ББК 81.2Англ-923

Утверждено редакционно-издательским советом университета в качестве учебного пособия.

Ответственный редактор канд. филол. наук, доц. кафедры «Иностранные языки» СГУПСа Э.М. Аникина

Р е ц е н з е н т ы: канд. филол. наук, проф. кафедры иностранных языков НГАВТ Е.И. Мартынова; канд. филол. наук, доц. кафедры иностранных языков технических факультетов НГТУ К.В. Пиоттух

ISBN 978-5-93461-711-1

2

© Сибирский государственный университет путей сообщения, 2016 © Оплетаева Н.В., Антерейкин Е.С., 2016

CONTENTS FOREWORD. ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ .............................................................................................. 4 Unit 1. HISTORY OF RUSSIAN RAILWAYS ........................................................................ 5 Unit 2. SURVEYING AND DESIGNING OF RAILWAYS .................................................. 11 Unit 3. SUBSTRUCTURE OF THE RAILWAY TRACK ..................................................... 18 Unit 4. PERMANENT WAY ................................................................................................... 26 Unit 5. PERMANENT WAY ................................................................................................... 34 Unit 6. OVERHEAD LINE SYSTEM ..................................................................................... 44 Unit 7. TRACK MAINTENANCE .......................................................................................... 50 Unit 8. REVISION ................................................................................................................... 55 WORD LIST (Units 1–7) ......................................................................................................... 60 AUDIO AND VIDEO SCRIPTS ............................................................................................. 67 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 71

3

FOREWORD ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов 2 курса, обучающихся на факультете «Строительство железных дорог» по специализациям «Строительство магистральных железных дорог» и «Управление техническим состоянием железнодорожного пути». Цель пособия – сформировать устные и письменные навыки коммуникации на английском языке в области будущей профессиональной деятельности на основе интеграции учебных дисциплин «Иностранный язык» и «Общий курс железнодорожного транспорта». Структура и логика предъявления учебного материала обусловлены комплексным подходом. Учебное пособие состоит из 8 разделов (Units). Каждый раздел включает базовый текст (Reading), который сопровождается заданиями на формирование и совершенствование лексических (Vocabulary Practice, Rendering) и грамматических навыков (Language spot). Также предлагаются аудио/видео материалы (Listening/ Video) с упражнениями, задания на формирование навыков делового письма (Writing), устной речи и проектной работы (Project Work). После каждого раздела представлен список основных технических терминов (Word list) и блок самоконтроля (Checklist). Учебное пособие завершается обобщенным списком технических терминов (Word list Units 1–7) и текстами аудио/видео материалов (Audio/Video Scripts), использованных в разделах 1–7. Авторы пособия надеются, что предложенные материалы помогут развить познавательные навыки и умения самостоятельно конструировать свои знания и ориентироваться в информационном пространстве.

4

Unit 1. HISTORY OF RUSSIAN RAILWAYS

I

Approaching the topic

Say what you know about the people and places listed below  K. D. Frolov  The Cherepanovs  Franz Anton Ritter von Gerstner  the Voskresensk Works  Petrozavodsk  Nizhny Tagil  Tsarskoe Selo Figure 1.1 II

Reading

Read the text 1. The beginning of railway construction in Russia may be traced as far back as the second half of the XVIII century. It was closely connected with the development of mining industry. Among the numerous works built in the Urals at that time the most important and the best equipped ones were the Voskresensk Works. It was at those works that in 1763–1765 the first tram-ways in Russia were laid to link the mines and the works. K.D. Frolov, a highly qualified and talented engineer, took part in the construction of those industrial tracks. 2. The next very important step forward was the use of cast-iron rails, proposed by A.S. Yartsev, the manager of the Petrozavodsk Works. In 1788 a 173,5 m long track was constructed to meet the needs of the works. In 1809, another line, using cast-iron rails, was laid in the Altai Mountains by R.K. Frolov, a son of K.D. Frolov. The line was 1,867 m long and its technical equipment was much superior to that of all railways built in Russia at that time. R.K. Frolov used elliptical rails and was the first engineer who applied the graphic method of timing train movements. 3. A very significant innovation, which promoted the development of Russian Railways, was the introduction of steam traction. The first steam-powered locomotive in our country was built by the Cherepanovs, father and son, the most skilled and talented mechanics of their time. Thanks to their invention, the first railway in Russia, using steam traction, was put into operation at the Nizhny Tagil Metallurgical Plant in 1833. It was a short distance line covering only 854 m. 4. Some 4 years later, in October 1837, the first public railway St. Petersburg – Tsarskoe Selo (Figure 1.1) was laid and opened to traffic. It was a 6 ft gauge line, 27 km long, built by Franz Anton Ritter von Gerstner. The most significant event in the history of Russian Railways was the construction of the St. Petersburg – Moscow Railway, 644 km long. The line was begun in 1843 and was 8 years under construction: it was opened to traffic in November 1851. It was the first railway in Russia to adopt a 5 ft gauge (now the standard). 5

P.P. Melnikov and N.O. Kraft, both prominent Russian engineers, were in charge of the construction. In 1866 the length of the rail network was 5,000 km and by 1899 it had been increased up to 53,200 km. The construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, the longest railway on the earth, started in 1891. By 1916 Russia had a continuous line from the Urals to Vladivostok. 5. The First World War and the Civil War from 1917 to 1921 damaged the Russian economy and railway system greatly. Due to great effort of Russian people by 1940 the railway network was already carrying nearly 600 million tons of freight a year and its length reached 106 thousand km. The Second World War became another ordeal for the railway network. Nevertheless, the railways played a vital role in the war, transporting soldiers, military equipment and freight to the front lines and factories from European Russia to the Urals and Siberia. 6. From 1950 to 1990 the Soviet Union Railways, the world's largest unitary rail system during that time, increased its length. Extensions included a second Trans-Siberian line and the Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM). After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 the Soviet Union Railways broke up into individual national railway systems. In 2001 Railway Structural Reform Program was worked out. Its major aims were to ensure that the railway system can meet the demands of Russia’s economy. Do you know that …? railway (UK) – railroad (US)

2.1 Reading for main ideas Match the title to the number of a paragraph ___ a) Hard periods for Russian railway network ___ b) The golden age of railway construction in Tsarist Russia ___ c) Modern transportation problems ___ d) The first Russian steam locomotive ___ e) The first tram-ways ___ f) R.K. Frolov and A.S. Yartsev are talented engineers of their time 2.2 Reading for details Fill in the table Year 1763 1788 1809 1833 1837 1843–1851 1891 1991 2001 6

Event

III

Vocabulary Practice

3.1 Find the English equivalents in the text Относится ко второй половине XVIII века; многочисленные мастерские (заводы); высококвалифицированный и талантливый инженер; техническое оснащение; использовать графический метод составления расписания движения поездов; умелые и талантливые механики своего времени; благодаря этому изобретению; непрерывная линия; распад Советского Союза. 3.2 Match the words which are close in their meaning needs to be responsible for to connect to open to traffic works to go back to to be in charge of demands tram-way to join, to link to put into operation plant, factory to trace back industrial track * Make sentences of your own using the words from this list.

3.3 Complete the following sentence using the suitable words given below. Each word should be used only once significant elliptical numerous talented qualified cultural skilled private technical largest prominent first-class superior angular steam-powered state vast important double-track industrial 1. ... industrial tracks were built in the Urals in the XVIII – XIX centuries. 2. K.D. Frolov, a highly ... engineer, contributed much to the construction of the first Russian railways. 3. ... equipment of the Altai Works was much ... to that used on all other railways of that time. 4. R.K. Frolov was the first Russian engineer who used ... rails instead of ... ones. 5. The first ... locomotive in Russia was built by the Cherepanovs for the Nizhny Tagil Railway in 1833. 6. The Cherepanovs were very ... mechanics. 7. The St. Petersburg – Pavlovsk Railway was designed by a ... engineer Franz Anton Ritter von Gerstner. 8. The opening of the St .Petersburg – Moscow Railway in 1851 was the most ... event of the time. 9. It was the ... ... line, having connected the ... and the most ... ... and ... centers of the country. 10. P.P. Melnikov and N.O. Kraft, both ... Russian engineers, headed the construction. 11. By the end of the XIX century, more than 30,000 km of railroad tracks had crossed the ... territory of Russia from the east to the west and from the south to the north. 12. 25 ... lines and 13 ... tracks constituted the railway network of Russia of that period.

7

IV

Language spot

4.1 Read the extract and complete it using the correct form (Active or Passive) of the verbs in brackets So called tram tracks were the forerunners of railways. Along them mine carts (transport) with horses or people as tractive power. They (use) at European mines as far as XVI century. The track (look) either like a groove in stone or (make) of timber. To keep timber from wear it (cover) with iron strips. Later it suggested an idea to use iron rails. The first metal rails in the world (use) by K.D.Frolov. At the time he (work) at the Zmeinogorsk mine in the Altai. 4.2 Analyze the function of the word “it” in the following sentences and translate them into Russian 1. It was K.D. Frolov who built the first tram-ways in Russia to link the mines and the works. 2. You can look up the time-table in the office. It is open the whole day. 3. It was R.K. Frolov who constructed a line with cast-iron rails in 1809. 4. It was he who used elliptical rails and not angular ones. 5. It is easy to transmit electric power, therefore it is more advantageous to use electric locomotives than steam ones. 6. It is extremely important to keep all equipment moving over the track in perfect condition. 7. It was very difficult to push into an overcrowded passenger car. 8. When the railroad gauges were different, it was necessary for the freight and passengers to be transferred from one car to another at all points where there was a change of gauges. 9. It was the introduction of a standard gauge in 1851 that made railway communication in Russia easier, more convenient and much more economical. 10. It was the beginning of the Trans-Siberian Railway that promoted the development of the distant parts of Russia. V

Rendering

Render the text in English Строительство железных дорог в России началось во второй половине XVIII века. Первые вагонеточные пути были проложены на Урале. Они использовались для перевозки угля с шахт на Колывано-Воскресенский завод (Kolyvano-Voskresensk Works). Как рельсы, так и шпалы (sleepers) были сделаны из дерева. Такие русские изобретатели, как А.С. Ярцев, отец и сын Фроловы, сыграли важную роль в истории строительства железных дорог. Ярцев предложил заменить деревянные рельсы чугунными и в 1788 году построил первую «чугунку» на артиллерийском заводе (Gun Works) в Петрозаводске. 30 лет спустя другая железная дорога с чугунными рельсами была проложена в Алтайских горах инженером Фроловым. Её длина была 2 км. Железная дорога приводилась в движение лошадьми. 8

Следующий этап в истории железнодорожного транспорта в России начался с изобретения парового двигателя (engine). Он был изобретён И.И. Ползуновым, а отец и сын Черепановы построили первый паровоз. Он двигался со скоростью 13–16 км в час и мог перевозить 3,3 т грузов и 40 пассажиров. VI

Listening

Listen to the information twice and answer the questions (1–4) 1. What was the role of Vladivostok for Russia? 2. Who was the initiator of the Trans-Siberian Railway construction? 3. Why did it become necessary to complete the line by 1905? 4. Was the present route opened in 1905 or 1916? VII

Writing

Summary A summary is a statement of the main ideas of a text in your own words. It answers the question “What is the author really saying?” It usually contains no more than 1–2 sentences on each passage. Also, you should not give your own opinions about the author's message. How to summarize. 1. Read the passage you are going to summarize at least twice. 2. Isolate the main idea of the passage. 3. Work through the passage and underline the key phrases or words, contrasted ideas. It is generally not necessary to include examples and details. 4. Write your own summarizing sentence using them. Remember to change sentence structure and vocabulary in order to avoid plagiarism. 5. Finally, revise and edit to ensure accuracy and correctness. Using the information make a summary of the text WORLDWIDE DEVELOPMENT Railroad construction spread rapidly from England throughout Europe. By 1870, most of Europe’s major rail systems had been built. Other lines were laid in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s. Some of these lines required that tunnels should be blasted through the Alps to connect France, Switzerland, and Italy. The Orient Express, one of the most famous European passenger trains, began operation between Paris, France, and Istanbul, Turkey, in 1883. Since 1982 the Venice Simplon Orient Express has offered luxury service only from Paris to Venice, Italy, and back. The nostalgic Istanbul Orient Express offers similar service once a year from Zurich, Switzerland, to Istanbul. Canada’s first steam-powered railway, the Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad, was started in the province of Quebec. The line was opened for business as a horse-powered railroad in July 1836, and began steam-powered service later that year. The railway operated 9

between the towns of Laprairie and Saint-Jean, a distance of 16 miles (26 km). Other small railroads had been constructed in Canada since 1836. The Canadian Pacific Railway (now CP Rail) completed the construction of Canada’s first transcontinental line in 1885. It extended from Montreal, Quebec, to Vancouver, British Columbia. The building of this rail line opened vast regions of the country to settlement and trade. Railroads promoted economic growth and prosperity of the South American continent too. Brazil and Argentina were developing rapidly after they had built extensive rail networks in the late 1800’s. Railroads were also constructed across South America’s towering Andes Mountains. One such railroad, the Central Railway of Peru, was started in 1870. It is the world's highest standard-gauge line, climbing to 3 miles (5 km) above the sea level. Also in the late 1800’s, Britain, France, and Germany built railroads in their African and Asian colonies. Britain, for example, helped to construct almost 25,000 miles (40,200 km) of railway track in India during the late 1800's. Russia started working on its 5,600-mile (9,010-km) Trans-Siberian Railroad in 1891. The line had been 25 years under construction and was completed in 1916. It has become the world's longest continuous railroad line. Australia began extensive railroad construction in its southern plains in 1912. The main line, completed in 1917, extended 1,108 miles (1,783 km) from Port Pirie to Kalgoorlie. Railroads caused great changes in economy, trade, and transportation systems. They affected every aspect of human life in all countries and on all continents. They really “have changed the face of the world”.

Word List 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

be in charge of be under construction cast-iron rails collapse damage due to elliptical rails ensure extension gauge graphic method of timing meet the needs(demands) mining industry put into operation qualified skilled steam traction talented trace back train movement works

руководить, отвечать за находиться в стадии строительства чугунные рельсы развал, крах наносить вред, ущерб благодаря эллиптические рельсы обеспечивать удлинение, расширение колея график расписания выполнять требования (запросы) горнодобывающая промышленность ввести в эксплуатацию квалифицированный умелый паровая тяга талантливый проследить движение поезда завод, мастерские

*It’s the essential word list. You can add any useful words and expressions while studying this unit. 10

Checklist Assess your progress in this unit. Say what statements are true about you 1. I know the meaning of the words from the word list. 2. My listening and reading are good enough to understand most of each text in this unit. 3. I can speak on the topic “Main events in the history of Russian Railways” 4. I know how to write a summary of the text.

Unit 2. SURVEYING AND DESIGNING OF RAILWAYS I

Approaching the topic

Look at the photo (Figure 2.1) and say what you know and what you would like to know about Surveying. Share opinions in your Figure 2.1

II

group

Reading

Read the text 1. Surveying means complex activities to determine the position of constructed objects in relation to the earth surface. An important aspect of construction is track geometry. Track geometry – a horizontal and vertical location of track as measured to survey marks. Alignment (Figure 2.2) – a track geometry projected onto the horizontal plane. Longitudinal profile (Figure 2.3) – a track geometry projected onto the longitudinal vertical plane.

Figure 2.2 Figure 2.3 Track is designed using standard geometric shapes. Circular curves and straight lines form the basis of the track with transitions forming a gradual joining of them and are used in horizontal plane. Grades and vertical curves are specific features of vertical plane.

11

2. Surveying activities are of two major types: economic and technical. Economic activities include the volume of traffic to be expected from the area served by the new line, position/direction of the new line, construction cost efficiency. Technical/engineering activities involved in the survey of the new line comprise geological, soil-science, hydrological, climatic and other investigations. 3. A reconnaissance is generally based on topographical maps; they show the planimetry and drainage of the area. After studying the maps survey engineers get a general idea of the country, whether it is flat or broken. The next step is to ascertain with the aid of tacheometer the altitudes of the saddles and the points along valleys to record their natural gradients. Notes are also made on the various kinds of terrain, materials to be excavated and rivers behavior during freeze-up and ice drift, flood and high water. With all this information the preliminary survey begins. It is based on trace of levels along the selected route. No curves are used. The trace consists of a series of straights with marked pegs. Levels are noted at all pegs which are checked one against another. In this way the trace can be plotted without any error. The area of land extending to the railway boundaries is known as a right-of-way. 4. All engineering surveys are carried out with the use of new technologies (air, ground, mobile, laser scanning, photographic aerial survey of high resolution, modern geo-radar surveying). 5. Surveying is the basis for designing. Design work provides the whole-range proper documentary support of projects. Design specialists develop engineering solutions, standards, guidelines and sample materials to arrange methodological support of design process. It concerns: – track and traffic capacity; – safe and uninterrupted train movement; – substantiation of investments; – possibility of further reconstruction or renewal projects; – up-to-date methods of construction; – environment protection. 2.1 Reading for main ideas Say if the sentence is True (T) or False (F) a) Various operations and activities involved in the survey can be done by an uneducated person. (___) b) There are five major types of surveying activities. (____) c) Surveying involves geological investigations. ( ___) d) The preliminary survey begins with studying the maps. (___) e) Designing is the basis for surveying. (___) f) Further renewal and reconstruction projects are considered while designing. (___) 2.2 Reading for details Answer the questions. Write the number of the paragraph where you found the answer a) What is the difference between economic and technical activities? (___) b) What helps to get a general idea of the country? (___) c) What kind of information is essential for preliminary survey? (___) 12

d) Are there any new technologies used in surveying? (___) e) What does a typical railway design provide for? (___) f) Track geometry is a very important aspect of construction, isn’t it? (___) III

Vocabulary Practice

3.1 Look at the following list of words. Some of them can be related to “Country features” and some to “Investigations”. Choose the words from the list and write them in the right place in the schemes geological, flat, broken, soil-science, easy, climatic, difficult, hydrological

Look at the schemes in 3.1 and complete the definition Surveying means complex activities including _______, ________, _____, _____ and other investigations to determine the position of constructed objects in relation to the country features (______, _____, _____, _____). 3.2 What is common for all these words? Translate them into Russian

3.3 Complete the scheme with the words from the text

.......... 13

3.4 Find the English equivalents in the text Проводить изыскания; экономические изыскания; технические изыскания; топографические карты; равнинная/пересеченная местность; режим реки; поверхность земли; геометрия пути; трасса; продольный профиль; проводить исследования; полоса отвода; разрабатывать технические решения; безопасное и бесперебойное движение поездов; реконструкция и обновление; защита окружающей среды. 3.5 Match the words which are close in their meaning consist of significant investigate basic essential include major ascertain * Make sentences of your own using the words from this list.

3.6 Match the words having the opposite meaning curve out-of-date broken country straight up-to-date dangerous safe flat country * Make sentences of your own using the words from this list.

3.7 Match the words to make a phrase determine an idea volume of survey get position make traffic carry out solution make notes develop decision * Make sentences of your own using the words from this list.

3.8 Complete the following text using the suitable words given below. Each word should be used only once curvature grade mountainous loads route speeds

Before constructing the roadbed, engineers plan a route with the least possible grade and curvature. … refers to the steepness of the land; … refers to the number and sharpness of curves along the route. The ideal railroad route lies across perfectly flat land. Freight trains can carry heavy … along such track without difficulty, and passenger trains can travel at top speeds. Steep grades, on the other hand, prevent trains from carrying heavy loads or moving at high speeds. If a … passes through hilly or … territory, engineers lay the track around steep grades. The track thus has many curves, which reduce the … of trains but allow them to carry heavy loads.

14

IV

Rendering

Render the text in English «СИБГИПРОТРАНСПУТЬ» выполняет инженерно-геологические, инженерно-экологические и инженерно-геодезические изыскания в Новосибирске для проектирования любых железнодорожных объектов. Основные работы, которые выполняет проектный институт в области инженерных изысканий, – это обследование земляного полотна и фундаментов зданий, топографическая съемка и создание цифровых моделей местности, исследование грунтов и грунтовых вод, проектирование и создание геодезических сетей, геоинформационных систем, наблюдение за деформациями сооружений, съемка надземных и подземных инженерных коммуникаций, оценка воздействия на окружающую среду. V

Listening

Listen to the information twice and answer the questions (1–5) 1) What activities are involved into site clearing? 2) What does clearing include? 3) One and a half meter is enough to carry out grubbing, isn’t it? 4) What can be done with holes left after grubbing? 5) Is it necessary to take approval from the environmental division? VI

Writing Annotation

An annotation is a short description of an item. Annotations describe (summarize important content) and evaluate (critically analyze) the resource based on standard criteria. An annotation differs from an abstract or summary, as abstracts and summaries usually only describe or summarize the content and do not critically evaluate. Annotations may be written to describe books, Web sites, articles, government documents, videos, or other items. Useful phrases: 1. The article (text) is head-lined … The head-line of the article (text) is … 2. The author of the article (text) is … The article is written by … 3. It was published (printed) in … 4. The main idea of the article (text) is … The article is about … The article is devoted to … The article deals with … The article touches upon … 5. The purpose of the article is to give the reader some information on … The aim of the article is to provide the reader with some material on … 15

6. The article is (can be) divided into 4(5-7) parts. The first part deals with (is about, touches upon) … The author starts by telling the readers (about, that) … The author writes (states, stresses, thinks, points out) that … The article describes … According to the article (text) … Further the author goes on to say that … 7. I’d like to call your attention to … One should mention that … It’s interesting to point out that … One should comment upon this question / problem … So / besides / moreover / that is why … On the one hand / on the other hand … 8. In conclusion the article tells … The author comes to the conclusion that … In conclusion, I can say that … Considering all the facts … 9. I found the article interesting (important, dull, of no value, easy, too hard to understand).

Use the information from the article “3 D Laser scanning” to write your annotation 3D LASER SCANNING James Thomas (PM SURVEYS UK, Survey Manager) 3D laser scanning is the most versatile, accurate and fastest method to collect data in the field today. Capable of scanning vast areas remotely and accurately at distances of up to 300m, it provides a highly adaptable and affordable solution to all surveying and modeling situations and allows us to provide more detailed products than using conventional methods. The remote nature of this approach has many clear benefits. It is an ideal solution if access can be a safety problem or awkward, often negating the need for raised platforms or additional safety rails. It also represents a perfect approach in fields where site shutdown or disruption can be a difficult and costly procedure. Roads and rail networks are increasingly busy and this fast, remote approach minimizes any interruption to normal operations. If you have never seen the benefit of using full 3D models and scanning in your operations, then now is the time to get on board. Phone, email or write to us and we will discuss the benefits of what we do, and how we can help your organization. http://www.pmsurveys.co.uk/3dscanning.php

16

Word List 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46.

alignment altitude ascertain broken country carry out consist of curve designing develop solution difficult country drainage easy country essential flat country flood freeze-up get an idea grade gradient high water ice drift investigate longitudinal profile major make decision make notes peg planimetry preliminary survey reconnaissance right-of-way river behavior saddle safe straight line survey survey engineer surveying surveyor tacheometer trace traffic capacity transition up-to-date valley volume of traffic

выравнивание, трасса высота устанавливать пересеченная местность осуществлять состоять (из) кривая проектирование разработать решение труднопроходимая местность водоотвод легкопроходимая местность существенный равнинная местность наводнение ледостав получить представление уклон, подъём подъём, уклон паводок ледоход исследовать продольный профиль более важный, значительный принять решение делать записи колышек планиметрия предварительное исследование рекогносцировка полоса отвода режим реки седловина безопасный прямая линия проводить изыскания инженер-изыскатель изыскания изыскатель тахеометр запись, трассировочная метка пропускная способность переход, перемещение современный долина объем перевозок

*It’s the essential word list. You can add any useful words and expressions while studying this unit.

17

Checklist Assess your progress in this unit. Say what statements are true about you 1. I know the meaning of the words from the word list. 2. My listening and reading are good enough to understand most of each text in this unit. 3. I can speak on the topics “Two major types of surveying activities”, “Surveying work stages” and “Design work activities”. 4. I know how to write an annotation to the article.

Unit 3. SUBSTRUCTURE OF THE RAILWAY TRACK

I

Approaching the topic

Use the scheme (Figure 3.1) to give the definition of “Railway Track”

Figure 3.1 Railway Track ………………………………………………………………… . II

Reading

Read the text Railway track substructure is a vital and essential part of the railway track system. It includes subgrade with all its drainage facilities, strengthening structures and railway engineering structures. Subgrade is the finished surface upon which the Track is built. It is designed to have sufficient strength to support the loads passed down from the rails through the sleepers and ballast and to provide water drainage. Before the beginning of subgrade earthworks the engineers carry out preliminary study of the area, then they perform site clearing, removal of topsoil and unsuitable material, excavation, cutting of terraces into slopes, scarifying and compaction of embankment base, provision of drainage works, sampling and testing. Subgrade design includes: embankment (Figure 3.2), cutting (Figure 3.3), side-hill fill (Figure 3.4), side-hill cut (Figure 3.5), side-cutting (Figure 3.6).

18

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4

Figure 3.5

Figure 3.6 Embankment is a stabilized fill formation above the natural ground to a determined cross section and longitudinal profile to accommodate the railway and any associated infrastructure. Cutting is an excavation of the natural ground to a determined cross section and longitudinal profile to accommodate the railway and any associated infrastructure. Water is never desirable in earthworks. The service life of subgrade depends to a high degree on the quality of the drainage facilities. They include top and side drains along the railway reserve to direct surface waters away from the rail track formation to recognized water courses, pipes installed expressly to collect water from between or beside tracks and direct it away to a recognized side drain or watercourse and facilities to direct ground waters away. To provide subgrade stability and protection from natural effects (flood water, debris falls, snow slips, drifting snow, avalanches, sand drift, wet landslides, earthquakes, etc.) strengthening structures are made: reinforced concrete slabs (Figure 3.7), counter pilasters (Figure 3.8), ripraps (Figure 3.9), gabions (Figure 3.10), retaining walls (Figure 3.11), etc.

Figure 3.7

Figure 3.8

Figure 3.9

Figure 3.10 19

Figure 3.11 Railway engineering structures – a complex of structures used for railway track at the intersection with various obstacles. The most commonly used engineering structures are bridges, culverts, trestles, viaducts, flyovers, tunnels, galleries, etc.

Do you know that …?

cutting (UK) – cut (US), embankment (UK) – fill (US)

2.1 Reading for main ideas Read the following questions. Choose the best answer 1. What elements does substructure consist of? a) Subgrade and bridge structures. b) Subgrade and drainage facilities. c) Subgrade and engineering structures. 2. What are strengthening structures built for? a) To provide aesthetic value. b) To strengthen subgrade. c) To protect and strengthen subgrade. 2.2 Reading for details Answer the questions. Compare your answers with those of your group-mates a) What is subgrade designed for? b) What does subgrade design include? c) Drainage facilities are the necessary elements of substructure, aren’t they? d) What is meant by natural effects? e) What structures do we call “Railway engineering structures”?

20

III

Vocabulary Practice

3.1 Find the English equivalents in the text Нижнее строение пути; верхнее строение пути; земляные работы; земляное полотно; природный грунт; искусственные сооружения; укрепительные сооружения; водоотводные сооружения; насыпь; выемка; отводить воду; собирать воду; обеспечивать устойчивость; ж/б плиты; мощение камнем; контрфорс; мост; тоннель; водопропускная труба; путепровод; эстакада; виадук; тоннель; галерея; подпорная стена; оборудование; пересечение преград; достаточная прочность; уплотнение насыпи. 3.2 Match the words which are close in their meaning service life equipment embankment resistance facility life-cycle stability fill * Make sentences of your own using the words from this list.

3.3 Match the words having the opposite meaning to construct to direct away to collect to weaken to install to destroy to strengthen to remove * Make sentences of your own using the words from this list.

3.4 Complete and translate the following sentences a) Some formations are built up between two high points to reduce grade changes. They are called (насыпи). b) Embankments must be well (уплотнены) when they are built. c) Some formations are dug out to reduce grade changes. They are called (выемки). d) (Водоотводные канавы) need to be maintained to make sure that they operate effectively. e) (Срок службы) of the permanent engineering structures is about 80–100 years and for short-term ones – about 10–15 years. 3.5 What is common for all these words? Translate them into Russian

21

3.6 Complete the following text using the suitable words given below. Each word should be used only once length span snow-covered

tunnels longest cross concrete nearly

RAILROAD BRIDGES AND TUNNELS One of the oldest long railroad tunnels in America is the Hoosac Tunnel in Massachusetts opened in 1873. It is … 5 miles long and took many years to build. The … railroad tunnel in the USA is the Great Northern Railway Cascade Tunnel in Washington, opened in 1929. It is almost 8 miles in … . There are many long railroad tunnels in Europe, the longest being situated in Switzerland, France and Italy, beneath the … Alps and Apennines. The St. Gothard Tunnel, the Simplon Tunnel and the Mont Cenis Tunnel are some of the best-known … in the world. Just as fascinating as mountain tunnels are the great bridges with the help of which railroads … wide rivers or … deep valleys and canyons. Some bridges have a single high span crossing a river or a valley in a single jump. Most of the large railroad bridges are complicated steel and … structures.

IV

Language spot

Question type 4.1 Make the statements into Yes/No questions a) It’s safe. b) The survey party will find the best route. c) The average height of the embankment was 3 m. d) She made a model. e) They’ve studied a lot of maps. 4.2 Ask information questions to get answers a) When_________________________? They started work 2 months ago. b) Where________________________? He works at the design office. c) Which material__________________? We use concrete. d) How___________________________? It costs $600. e) What__________________________? The engineers consider the hydrological conditions of the area.

22

V

Rendering

Render the text in English Проектирование земляного полотна вторых путей производят на основе инженерно-геологического обследования, обследований земляного полотна за период его эксплуатации, а также дополнительных обследований. При проектировании второй путь устраивается рядом с существующим на общем с ним земляном полотне и в одном с ним уровне. При этом поверхностный водоотвод осуществляют в насыпи при помощи водоотводной канавы, а в выемке – при помощи кювета. При устройстве таких насыпей в поймах рек для защиты грунта земляного полотна от размыва откосы укрепляются при песчаном грунте железобетонными плитами, а при глинистом – каменной наброской. Отсыпка второго пути на насыпи ведется горизонтальными слоями с уплотнением до плотности, установленной нормативными документами. С целью обеспечения монолитности нижнего строения пути земляные работы производятся с тщательным уплотнением грунта в местах контакта присыпаемой и существующей насыпей. Насыпь под второй путь строят из грунтов, однородных с существующей насыпью или грунтов с лучшими дренирующими свойствами. VI

Listening

Listen to the information twice and answer the questions (1–5) 1) What is the main function of sub-ballast? 2) What are the other purposes of sub-ballast? 3) The grading of sub-ballast needs special laboratory testing, doesn’t it? 4) Is capping or sub-ballast much more easily compacted? 5) What cases does sub-ballast provide a better solution than capping in?

VII

Writing

Read the article and write your annotation to it Demands on subgrade drive GPR development James P. Hyslip PhD PE Vice-President Engineering, Optram Inc. The condition of track substructure has a profound influence on track performance. Ensuring that it is in good condition and keeping it that way is essential on high tonnage lines, although determining precisely what that condition is may not be straightforward. The advent of tools such as ground-penetrating radar will make this process easier, and pioneering work with GPR has been carried out in North America. The application of GPR in the railway industry can be separated into three categories: site-specific investigations, maintenance planning and monitoring. 23

In the first area, GPR provides a means to obtain a visual image of the substructure along a section of track with particular chronic problems. Along with railway geo-technology, this can be used to determine the root cause of the problem, the precise sections needing repair and cost-effective treatment. In the second area of application, GPR provides the ability to survey many kilometers of track and provide a relative measure of maintenance priority using performance indices. Finally, GPR can be used to monitor chronic sites regularly and to observe the effectiveness of remedial treatment. Tests on more than 200 km of track have demonstrated that GPR assessment can be used to produce quantitative indices for use in managing track maintenance. A prototype system consisting of three sets of 1 GHz air-launched horn antennae mounted on a road-rail vehicle is already surveying below the track at both sleeper ends and along the track centre line, while specifications are being drawn-up for a new generation of GPR to be fitted on purpose-built recording cars operating at up to 100 km/h. http://www.railwaygazette.com

VIII

Project Work “Interview”

Prepare to interview a person who works in the field of subgrade construction Follow the steps below Step 1: With a partner, brainstorm questions you would like to ask in the interview. To get ideas for your questions look back at the texts and exercises of this Unit, and Internet resources: http://www.railwaygazette.com; http://www.railjournal.com; http://www.modern-railways.com/ http://www.progressrail.com; http://www.railway-technology.com/contractors/track; etc. Step 2: With the whole group, make an interview form to use for the interview Step 3: Do the interview. For the answers use the information from the texts and Internet resources you searched while preparing your questions Step 4: Compare your answers with those of the other students

Word List 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 24

collect avalanсhe catchwater drain channel collector compaction strengthening structures construct counter pilaster

собирать лавина водоотводная канава желоб коллектор уплотнение укрепительные сооружения строить контрфорс

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54.

culvert cutting debris fall ditch drain drainage drifting snow earthquake earthworks embankment facility flood water gabion ground waters gutter install intersection obstacle Permanent Way pipe protect protection provide provision reinforced concrete slab retaining wall riprap sand drift scarifying service life side ditch side drain side-cutting side-hill cut side-hill fill snow slip soil bank stability storm water sewer strength subgrade substructure support surface waters wet landslide

водопропускная труба выемка камнепад кювет канава, дренаж, сток; отводить воду водоотвод снежный занос землетрясение земляные работы насыпь оборудование наводнение габион грунтовые воды лоток устанавливать пересечение преграда верхнее строение пути труба защищать защита обеспечивать обеспечение железобетонная плита подпорная стена мощение камнем песчаный нанос разрыхление срок службы продольная канава нагорная канава полувыемка-полунасыпь полувыемка полунасыпь снежный обвал кавальер устойчивость ливневая канализация сила, прочность земляное полотно нижнее строение пути поддерживать поверхностные воды сель

*It’s the essential word list. You can add any useful words and expressions while studying this unit.

25

Checklist Assess your progress in this unit. Say which statements are true about you 1. I know the meaning of the words from the word list. 2. My listening and reading are good enough to understand most of each text in this unit. 3. I can speak on the topic “Classification of substructure elements” 4. I can interview a person who works in the field of subgrade construction. 5. I know how to write the annotation to the article.

Unit 4. PERMANENT WAY Part 1 (RAILS, SLEEPERS, BALLAST) I

Approaching the topic

Look at the photo (Figure 4.1). What track elements can you call? Come back to this photo after you’ve finished Units 4 and 5 to see if you were right about the suggestion

Figure 4.1 II

Reading

Read the text The principal function of the Permanent Way (PW) is accepting the imposed dynamic and static loads as rolling stock runs over the track. Structural design of the Permanent Way depends on the track class determined by traffic density and maximum speed of freight and passenger trains on the definite track section. According to traffic density all tracks are divided into 6 groups (A, B, C, etc.) and according to maximum speed – into 7 categories. e.g. Track 2A4 means: 2 – class A – group 4 – category 26

Permanent Way is the structure consisting of the rails, sleepers (bridge timbers, etc.), ballast, fastenings, as well as turnouts and crossings. The rail can be seen as the most important component of the track structure and has the following functions: – it guides the wheels of the rolling stock; – it accommodates the wheel loads and distributes these loads over the sleepers or supports; – it provides a smooth running surface and distributes accelerating and braking forces by means of adhesion; – it acts as an electrical conductor on electrified lines and conducts signal currents. The parts of the rail (Figure 4.2) are known as the head, the web and the foot.

Figure 4.2 For reliable service the rails must be strong, durable and resistant to wear. According to weight and profile the rails are classified into three main types (Figure 4.3): Type R 50 R 65 R 75

Weight, kg/m 51,67 64,72 74,71 Figure 4.3

Sleepers are a very important part of the track structure. They are used: – to support the rails and keep them at the correct gauge; – to transfer the loads from the rails to the ballast. The basic requirements for sleepers are: minimum initial and maintenance cost, strength, elasticity, possibilities for track circuiting. Three types of sleepers are used in railways: wooden, concrete and steel. The advantages of wooden sleepers are the following: easy to manufacture and handle, suitable for track circuiting, good dampening effect and correction to alignment is easy. At the same time the wooden sleepers have some disadvantages: short service life (15–17 years) due to decay wear, decreasing availability of timber. Concrete sleepers are preferred for use nowadays. They are progressively replacing wooden sleepers because of long service life (40–50 years), stability of the track (due to greater weight and size), smooth running of trains, low maintenance cost. On the other hand concrete sleepers have some disadvantages: difficult handling (due to great weight), susceptibility to shock and impact, high rigidity and current conductivity. Steel sleepers are comparatively light, don’t decay and are commonly used in tropical countries. Principal technical difficulties are the unsuitability of steel sleepers on electrified

27

lines because of current leakage. Some more disadvantages are corrodibility and formation of cracks. Ballast has to provide the following functions: – to transmit the sleeper pressure to the subsoil as evenly as possible; – to have high resistance to longitudinal and lateral sleeper displacement; – to ensure the track elasticity in order to minimize dynamic forces; – to provide effective drainage; – to enable maintainability. The most commonly used type of ballast is crushed rock. But gravel, crushed gravel, rock wool, crushed shells and sand are also in use.

Do you know that …? sleeper (UK) – cross-tie, tie (US)

2.1 Reading for main ideas Read the following questions. Choose the best answer 1. What is the principal function of the PW? a) to provide smooth running b) to accept the imposed dynamic and static loads c) to transmit pressure to the subsoil 2. What indicators are taken into account to define type of the track? a) traffic density and carrying capacity b) traffic density and speed c) speed and carrying capacity 2.2 Reading for details Look through the text once more and complete the table TRACK ELEMENT FUNCTIONS

REQUIREMENTS

1. 2. 3.

III

Vocabulary Practice

3.1 Find the English equivalents in the text Грузонапряженность; пропускная способность; максимальная скорость; головка рельса; шейка рельса; подошва рельса; износоустойчивый; прочный; долговечный; жесткость; устойчивость; упругость; сопротивление; ширина колеи; большая масса;

28

рельсовая цепь; токопроводимость; утечка тока; гниение; плавность движения поездов; ремонтопригодность; обеспечивать безопасность. 3.2 Complete the scheme

(“+” – advantages; “–“ – disadvantages)

3.3 Be ready to tell the group information about “Advantages and disadvantages of different types of sleepers." (The verbs to include, to consist of, to be divided into can be useful for you) 3.4 Match the words which are close in their meaning provide traffic capacity keep preference carrying capacity hold advantage ensure * Make sentences of your own using the words from this list.

3.5 Match the words having the opposite meaning increase remove fix accept rigidity decrease transmit elasticity * Make sentences of your own using the words from this list.

3.6 Match the words to make phrases to ensure requirements to meet loads to transfer safety to transmit drainage to provide pressure * Make sentences of your own using the words from this list.

3.7 Complete and translate the following sentences a) All elements of the PW must be strong and durable in order to (обеспечить безопасность) of travel. b) (Балласт) is the foundation of the railway which holds the track in line and (обеспечивает необходимый дренаж). c) Sleepers or ties hold the two rails at the exact distance and (передают нагрузку) from the rails to the ballast. d) Only perfect tracks allow the railway to achieve the high (скорость) and greater (пропускную способность).

29

e) The largest and heaviest rails are to be found in the (магистральных линиях) which carry the largest (объем грузовых и пассажирских перевозок). 3.8 Read the text below. Use the words given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line ____ building materials are used for making ballast. Crushed stone and gravel are the most _____ of them. However, these materials are rather _____. Recently, a cheaper but very _____ substitute has been found. It is blast furnace slag. In the early days, ballast to be laid on the track had been brought to the site in wagons. Gangs of workers _____ with shovels spread it over the track to make a firm _____. Nowadays, special ballast trains are used. Loose stone is discharged _____ on the track, as the train moves _____ along the railroad route. The crews of workers then finish the _____.

IV

VARY SUIT COST EFFECT

ARM FOUND DIRECT SLOW OPERATE

Language spot

4.1 Change Active Constructions into Passive 1. Engineers are building a new multiple-track line in this region. 2. They have just constructed this modern track to link central and eastern regions of the country. 3. The railroad engineers installed high-quality steel rails and concrete sleepers on this line. 4. All countries have adopted a standard gauge for their railroads. 5. Railroad builders use steel fishplates to join rails end-to-end. 6. Workers weld together standard rails to make continuous welded rails. 7. Engineers used crushed stone and gravel to make good ballast. 8. Engineers employ special equipment to make the land for the roadbed smooth and level. 9. Railroad engineers planned the route for the future railroad line with the least possible grades and curves. 10. Steep grades limit both the speeds of trains and the loads carried. 11. Engineers often design railroad bridges and tunnels along the route. 4.2 First, student A will write three questions using three of the words in the first column, and student B will write three questions using three of the words in the second column. Then partners will exchange papers and write the answers. Discuss your answers with your partner Student A Student B distance wooden gauge high-speed temporary quality permanent difficulty distribute concrete 30

V

Rendering

Render the text in English Железнодорожный путь работает в условиях постоянного воздействия атмосферных и климатических факторов, воспринимая большие нагрузки от проходящих поездов. При этих условиях все элементы железнодорожного пути по прочности, устойчивости и состоянию должны обеспечивать безопасное и плавное движение пассажирских и грузовых поездов с наибольшими скоростями, установленными для данного участка, а также иметь достаточные резервы для дальнейшего повышения скоростей движения и грузонапряженности линии. Для обеспечения указанных требований постоянно ведутся работы по усилению несущей способности и надежности всех элементов пути. VI

Listening

Listen to the information twice and put the words denoting mechanical properties instead of … . Track Mechanical properties components … … … … Rail profile x x Fastening system x x x Sleepers x x x Ballast x x x Slabs x x Track support system x x x VII

Writing

Memo A Memo is an internal company document that is normally impersonal and formal in style. It can be sent to one person or a number of people within the organization and may be put on a notice board. It should: – state who it is to – state who it is from – have a title (subject) explaining what it is about and a date – state the purpose in the opening paragraph – be as brief as possible. e.g.

31

Memo To : Bradley Cage From : Dr. William Edison Date : 16 July Subject : Conference Participation It’s my pleasure to inform you that the Committee will fund your participation in the Conference. If you need some help with your arrangements, please let me know. I can be contacted on [email protected] William Edison

Complete the memo by putting the information a) – d) in the correct place Memo To : Shipping Department (1) _____ : Clancy Atkinson, Personnel Director Date : (2) ___________ (3) _____ : Conference Participation I want to inform you that on April 20 your department will be audited. Your questions and comments can be sent to (4) ______ . Clancy Atkinson a) Subject b) 10 April c) From d) [email protected] VIII

Project Work “Track gauge”

8.1 Do you know ……… a) What gauge do Russian Railways use? b) Is it similar to other countries gauges? c) What has been done and is planning to be done to solve the problem “1520/1435”? d) Are there any organizations or partnerships to deal with it? 8.2 Use the Internet to gather information on these issues http://www.forum1520.ru/ http://www.rzd.ru/ http://www.railwaygazette.com http://www.eurailpress.com 8.3 Add your findings to the PowerPoint template 8.4 Make a short presentation to your group on the aspects of a track gauge 8.5 Share your opinions

32

Word List 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 37. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47.

adhesion ballast bearing capacity bridge timbers carrying capacity construction cost crossing crossing sleepers crushed rock current conductivity current leakage durable elasticity ensure safety fastening fix gauge gravel handle increase keep lateral longitudinal maintainability maintenance cost meet requirements Permanent Way rails remove resistance resistant resistant to wear rigidity rock wool rolling stock shells slab sleeper smooth running speed strong support track circuiting traffic density transfer transmit turnout

сцепление балласт несущая способность мостовые брусья пропускная способность стоимость строительства пересечение переводные брусья щебень токопроводимость утечка тока долговечный упругость обеспечивать безопасность рельсовое скрепление закреплять колея гравий управлять, обращаться увеличивать удерживать, содержать поперечный продольный ремонтопригодность эксплуатационные расходы удовлетворять требованиям верхнее строение пути рельсы удалять сопротивление устойчивый износоустойчивый жесткость асбест подвижной состав ракушечник плита шпала плавный ход скорость прочный поддерживать рельсовая цепь грузонапряженность перемещать передавать стрелочный перевод

*It’s the essential word list. You can add any useful words and expressions while studying this unit.

33

Checklist Assess your progress in this unit. Say what statements are true about you 1. I know the meaning of the words from the word list. 2. My listening and reading are good enough to understand most of each text in this unit. 3. I can speak on the topic “Aspects of a track gauge.” 4. I know how to write a Memo.

Unit 5. PERMANENT WAY Part 2 (FASTENINGS, TURNOUTS, CROSSINGS) I

Approaching the topic

In the previous Unit such Permanent Way elements as rails, sleepers and ballast were described. Make sure you remember their functions and requirements II

Reading

Read the text The purpose of the rail fastenings is to maintain the track gauge and to transmit forces acting on and in the rails to the sleepers. In other words, fastenings are used: 1) to connect rails together (joint fastenings); 2) to tie the rails to the sleepers (intermediate fastenings); 3) to restrict longitudinal movement of rails relative to the sleepers (anti-creep devices). 1) In the case of joint fastenings, Russian railways use two types of joints: conventional and insulated. At a conventional joint (Figure 5.1) two fishplates with fish bolts, spring washers and nuts are used. The joint is between two sleepers.

Figure 5.1 Insulated joints (Figure 5.2) with insulated fishplates are applied in track circuited areas to prevent the current leakage between sections of rail.

Figure 5.2

34

2) Intermediate fastenings (with baseplates) can be categorized as follows: a) direct fastenings (Figure 5.3)

KN-65 (1 – rail; 2 – spike; 3 – base plate; 4 – sleeper; 5 – clip; 6 – bolt)

Figure 5.3 b) mixed fastenings (Figure 5.4)

KD (1 – rail; 2 – spike; 3 – base plate; 4 – sleeper; 5 – clip; 6 – bolt; 7 – screw)

Figure 5.4 c) indirect fastenings (Figure 5.5)

KB-65 (1 – clip bolt; 2 – clip; 3 – insulating bush; 4 – T-headed bolt; 5 – anchor washer; 6 – rail pad; 7 – ribbed sole plate; 8 – steel plate; 9 – flat washer; 10 – spring double-screw washer)

Figure 5.5 Intermediate fastenings (without baseplates) can be defined as follows: a) anchor fastenings ( Figure 5.6)

ARS-4

Pandrol-350

Figure 5.6 b) bolted fastenings (Figure 5.7)

ZhBR-65 Figure 5.7

c) tension clamp fastenings (Figure 5.8)

W-30 Figure 5.8

35

3) To restrict longitudinal movement of rails relative to sleepers anti-creep devices are used. The most typical of them are: a) spring anchor (Figure 5.9) b) wedge anchor (Figure 5.10)

Figure 5.9

Figure 5.10

Turnouts (switches) are of special importance for railways, as they are the prerequisite for the development of networks, i.e. for the branching and joining of tracks. The productivity and line speed of a railway is essentially influenced by the number and type of its turnouts. The structure of a turnout is far more complicated and expensive than that of the track grid. Turnouts enable vehicles to pass from one track to another without interrupting their run. A standard turnout (Figure 5.11) consists of point machine (1), stock rails (2, 4), point blades (3), check rails (5, 8), wing rail (6), point of crossing (7), crossing sleepers (9). (Figure 5.11)

Figure 5.11 In standard or single turnouts a distinction is made between right-hand and left-hand (Figure 5.12) turnouts depending on the direction the diverging track takes.

Figure 5.12 A symmetrical turnout (Figure 5.13) is a special case of turnout with two routes diverging symmetrically from the common route.

Figure 5.13 Diamond crossing with a single slip(Figure 5.14) has one connection between intersecting routes and because of this has three routing possibilities.

Figure 5.14 Diamond crossing with double slips (Figure 5.15) consists of two diagonally intersecting tracks which are connected by two curves. This means there are four routing possibilities. 36

Figure 5.15 When two tracks intersect at the same level they form a crossing where the direction of the vehicles cannot be changed. The most commonly used types of diamond crossings are right-angle crossings (Figure 5.16) and oblique crossings ( Figure 5.17).

Figure 5.16

Figure 5.17

Do you know that …? crossing (UK) – frog (US), turnout (UK) – switch (US), point blade (UK) – switch blade (US), point machine (UK) – switch box (US)

2.1 Reading for main ideas Say if the sentence is True (T) or False (F) a) There are three major types of fastenings. (___) b) There is no difference between a fish plate and a base plate. (____) c) Vehicles pass from one track to another without interrupting their run with the help of switches. ( ___) d) The main function of the crossings is joining of tracks. (___) 2.2 Reading for details Look through the text once more and complete the table TRACK ELEMENT FUNCTIONS 1. 2. 3.

III

Vocabulary Practice

3.1 Find the English equivalents in the text Соединять рельсы; крепить рельсы к шпалам; стыковые скрепления; промежуточные скрепления; нераздельное скрепление; раздельное скрепление; смешанное скрепление; изолирующий стык; соединение путей; пересечение путей; переводить транспортные средства с одного пути на другой; одиночный стрелочный перевод; двойной

37

перекрестный стрелочный перевод; косоугольное глухое пересечение; соседний путь; соединительный путь; пересекающий путь; разветвление путей. 3.2 Match the words which are close in their meaning maintain common conventional limit enable permit restrict hold * Make sentences of your own using the words from this list

3.3 Match the words having the opposite meaning direct connect diverge uninsulated prevent indirect insulated allow * Make sentences of your own using the words from this list

3.4 Try to restore as many terms as you can

1._____________________ 2._____________________ 3._____________________ 4._____________________

5.___________________ 6.___________________ 7.___________________ 8.___________________

3.5 Complete the following text using the suitable words given below. Each word should be used only once. Translate the text into Russian temperature static to conclude in addition improve bridges

Track on structures with a continuous ballast bed and sleepers On short non-moveable … and viaducts it is worthwhile to continue the ballast bed on top of the adjoining subgrade onto the structure in order to avoid discontinuities at the transition. Although this causes an extra … load on the structure, the train load is distributed more uniformly. … , the usual methods for laying and maintaining ballast track can be applied without interruption. The ballasted bed also smoothes the differential displacement due to the difference in … of the continuous welded rails and the structure itself. … , the ballast bed has good noise and vibration damping properties. To … the structural behavior of ballasted track some developments are discussed: ballast mats, soffit pads, superelastic fastenings.

38

3.6 Read the text below. Use the words given in capitals at the end of each word that fits in the space in the same line Switches are prepared at the switch manufacturer. After _____they will be transported to the definitive _____ either by car, ship or by special switch transport trains. At the construction site the switches can _____ by special heavy rail cranes or cranes from the road. An alternative is the use of mobile gantries on temporary rails or mobile gantries at ______ rail wheels. After the switch is installed and the several parts ______together one or more special tamping machines are used. The switch can now be connected to the signaling, ______ and operation systems and tested for use. IV

line to form a PREPARE LOCATE HANDLE RETRACT WELD HEAT

Language spot

An engineer is talking to a colleague about insulated joints. Complete the explanations using the correct form (Active or Passive) of the verbs in brackets Insulated joints _______(use) in track circuited areas where the rails ________(form) part of the signaling system. The joints ________ (place) in the track to prevent the flow of electricity between sections of rail. They ________ (divide) and ______ (isolate) the electrical circuit that ________ (use) to control the operation of signals, level crossing lights and bells, warning lights etc. V

Video

5.1 Watch the video “Switches and crossings” and put the paragraphs in the right order a) (Narrator) There are many different types of switch and crossing on the network. They include turnouts, diamonds, cross-overs, and slip-diamonds. The type we use is determined by a number of factors including the number of lines involved, frequency of use and running line speed. Trains travelling at high speeds need long switches and crossings. At low speed, such as in stations, trains can make tighter turns. Train movement across the network are set and controlled by signalers who use switches to set routes for trains. b) (Lawrence) My name is Lawrence Wilton, and I’m a graduate engineer working for Network Rail. I’m here today to teach you about switches and crossings. The simplest form of S and C is the turnout. This is a left-hand turnout. As you can see, it diverges from the main route in a leftward direction. This is how it works. In normal mode, the left hand wheel rolls along the switch rail and there’s flange way clearance for the right wheel to continue along the stock rail. The inside surface of the right flange is kept on course by the track rail. This restrains the wheel set and ensures it is directed along the correct route. Meanwhile, the left wheel transfers contact between the different parts of the crossing. That’s where there’s a high impact load. In the reverse the right wheel rolls over the switch rail and follows its geometry. The inside surface of the left flange is

39

guided by the check, forcing it to follow the stock rail on the new route and the right hand wheel makes a crossing, again, impacting a load on the crossing nose. c) (Narrator) As engineers, we face an ongoing challenge to maintain and improve our switch and crossing assets. Trains can create large impact and lateral forces as they change course. And these forces can cause wear and deformation. Switches and crossings therefore have a limited lifespan before we need to replace them. Less than 5% of track miles are made up of switches and crossings but over 17% of our maintenance budget is spent on them. We’ll continue to research and develop new inspection techniques and material usage to increase their performance. (Lawrence) It’s all about creating a network that’s safe, reliable and efficient. It’s what we do. d) Switches can be propelled by various devices. One of the simplest forms is a ground frame set-up – a series of rods and cams attached to levers in signal boxes. These are now being largely replaced by remotely operated hydraulic and electro-mechanical devices. (Lawrence) Seen by rail-sides all across the country, this is an HW2000 point machine. This is electro-mechanical. What we have here is your drive motor. To check that motor has done its job, over here we have an interlocking and detection system. Detection tells us when the points have completed their travel and locked. Locking holds the points in this state, so they cannot be physically moved. So when a train runs over the top, it remains in position. Facing point locks are one of the most important safety features on the S and C layout. They ensure that the points cannot be moved when set. This is important because failure to lock the switches could cause a derailment. 5.2 Watch the video once again and answer the questions: 1) What company does Lawrence Wilton work for? 2) What types of switches and crossings are mentioned? 3) Are there any devices to propel switches? 4) How much of maintenance budget is spent on switches and crossings? VI

Listening

Listen to the information about Slab Track twice and then read the following statements. Decide whether the statement is advantage (+) or disadvantage (-). The first one is done for you 1. Maintenance costs amount to 20–30 % of the maintenance costs of + ballasted track. 2. Higher construction costs. 3. Increased service life. 4. Near maximum availability and hardly any hindrance to residents due to scarce nightly maintenance works. 5. Transitions between ballasted track and slab track require attention. 6. In case of derailment, repair works will take much more time and effort. 7. No drag forces at ballast with the passing of high-speed trains. 40

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

The unconditional use of electro-magnetic wheel brakes. Reduced structure height and weight. The lack of suitable ballast material. The abatement of noise and, in particular, vibration nuisance. Higher airborne noise reflection. The excess of superelevation and cant deficiency of the track with mixed use of freight-and-passenger trains does not cause altering of the track position. 14. Large alterations in track position and superelevation can only be made possible by substantial amounts of work. 15. Simple corrections up to 26 mm in vertical position and 5 mm in horizontal position are possible to counteract small deformations. 16. Track accessibility to road vehicles. 17.P Preventing the release of dust from the ballast bed into the environment. VII

Writing Envelope

7.1 Study the sample (1) Mr. Brown (2) 22 (3) Greenlane Ave (4) Johnsonville Wellington (5) 6003 (6) New Zealand (7) Mr.Purcell (8) 51 (9) Colonel Drive (10) Ottawa (11) Ontario (12) KIS 5B6 (13) Canada (1) – the sender (2) – the sender’s house number (3) – the sender’s street (4) – the town the letter comes from (5) – the ZIP Code in the return address (6) – the country the letter comes from (7) – the addressee (8) – the addressee’s house number (9) – the addressee’s street (10) – the town in the mailing address (11) – the state name in the mailing address (12) – the ZIP Code in the mailing address (13) – the country in the mailing address

41

7.2 Match the numbers (1–6) and the letters (a–f) (1) Midtec Cables Ltd. 150 Cotton Road (2) Exeter (3) EX4 9DT England (4) Robert Peterson 113 (5) Parklane Drive Williston FL 665466 (6) USA a) the ZIP Code in the return address b) the addressee c) the sender d) the country in the mailing address e) the addressee’s street f) the town the letter comes from VIII

Rendering + Web Project Work “LWR” (“CWR”)

8.1 Do you know … a) What does LWR (CWR) denote? b) What are the advantages and disadvantages of it? 8.2 Use the Internet to gather information on these issues http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_(rail_transport) http://www.railwaygazette.com; http://www.eurailpress.com; 8.3 Read the Russian text and render it in English Бесстыковой путь Достоинства (за счет устранения стыков): 1) снижение динамического воздействия на путь; 2) уменьшение износа колес подвижного состава; 3) уменьшение сопротивления движению; 4) сокращение расхода топлива и электроэнергии на тягу поездов; 5) экономия металла до 1,8 т на каждый км пути; 6) увеличение срока службы рельсов на 20 %, шпал на 8–13 %, балласта на 25 %; 7) сокращение затрат труда на текущее содержание пути на 20–30 %. Недостатки: 1) значительные продольные растягивающие или сжимающие силы (до 100–200 кН), опасность выброса или разрыва пути; 2) невозможность укладки и разборки пути рельсовыми звеньями.

42

Word List 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48.

adjacent track anti-creep device base plate bolted fastening branching of tracks check rail clip connect conventional crossing crossing sleepers crossover diamond crossing diamond crossing with a single slip diamond crossing with double slips direct fastening diverging tracks fish bolt fishplate indirect fastening insulated intermediate fastening intersecting track joining of tracks joint fastening junction track mixed fastening nut point blade (switch blade) point machine (switch box) point of crossing restrict screw spike spring anchor spring washer stock rail tension clamp fastening tie track panel track laying track assembling track disassembling track grid turnout (switch) wedge anchor weld wing rail

cоседний, прилегающий путь противоугон подкладка болтовое скрепление разветвление путей контррельс клемма cоединять, связывать обычный пересечение переводные брусья съезд глухое пересечение одиночный перекрестный стрелочный перевод двойной перекрестный стрелочный перевод нераздельное скрепление расходящиеся пути стыковой болт стыковая накладка раздельное скрепление изолирующий промежуточное скрепление пересекающий путь соединение путей стыковое скрепление соединительный путь смешанное скрепление гайка остряк переводной механизм сердечник ограничивать шуруп костыль пружинный противоугон пружинная шайба рамный рельс шурупное скрепление крепить рельсовое звено укладка пути сборка путевой решётки разборка путевой решётки путевая решётка стрелочный перевод клиновой противоугон сваривать усовик

*It’s the essential word list. You can add any useful words and expressions while studying this unit. 43

Checklist Assess your progress in this unit. Say what statements are true about you 1. I know the meaning of the words from the word list. 2. My listening and reading are good enough to understand most of each text in this unit. 3. I can speak on the topics “Permanent Way elements, their functions and requirements” and “CWR (LWR)” 4. I know how to organize parts of an Envelope.

Unit 6. OVERHEAD LINE SYSTEM I

Approaching the topic

Figure 6.1 Look at the photo (Figure 6.1) and say what you know and what you would like to know about overhead line system. Share opinions in your group II

Reading

Read the text The electrified line needs a power supply that the trains can receive at all times. It must be safe and economical. Transmission of power is always along the track by means of an overhead wire or at ground level, using an extra third rail laid close to the running rails. The overhead line has to supply current to electrically powered vehicles, control and signaling plants and other railway consumers. Power supply system consists of external (power stations, regional transformer substations, catenaries) and traction (substations, traction catenaries) units. Russian Railways use two types of electric current: direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC). DC systems are quite simple but require high currents in order to achieve a high output of the traction engines. High currents in their turn require higher conductor cross section due to the electric voltage drop. Furthermore, DC cannot be easily transported over great distances. This is the reason why direct-current systems are frequently used in shortdistance traffic. 44

The advantage of AC systems is that the electric voltage is able to bridge long distances in energy supply at minimal losses and can be transformed down to traction voltage in a substation. DC gets up to 2,7–4 kV, while AC uses 21–29 kV. Until recently, DC motors have been the preferred type for railways because their characteristics were just right for the job and easy to control. For this reason, even trains powered from AC supplies were usually equipped with DC motors. Before passing AC to the motors, it has to be changed to DC by passing it through a rectifier. For the electric current to be fed to the trains a system of overhead wires (catenary) is needed. The system has a complex geometry. The contact wire has to be held in tension horizontally and pulled laterally to negotiate curves in the track. The wire length is usually between 1,000 and 1,500 m, depending on the temperature ranges. The tension of the wire is maintained by weights suspended at each end of its length. Each length is overlapped by its neighbour to ensure a smooth passage for the pantographs. Pantographs on top of trains come in contact with the “contact wire” carrying the current. The current is directed to electric engines on the train. The power passes from the train through the wheels to the track. Traction return current passes from the track through wiring to the substation. 2.1 Reading for main ideas Say if the sentence is True (T) or False (F) a) Power supply system consists of external and traction units. (___) b) High currents refer to AC systems. (____) c) DC motors have been the preferred type for railways. (___) d) The system of overhead wires is rather simple. (___) e) The tension of the wire is maintained by weights suspended at each end of its length. (___) f) Traction return current passes from the track through wiring to the substation. (___) 2.2 Reading for details Complete the table advantages

disadvantages

AC current

DC current

III

Vocabulary Practice

3.1 Find the English equivalents in the text Контактный провод; контактный рельс; ходовой рельс; снабжать эл. током; постоянный ток; переменный ток; внешние части; тяговые части; в свою очередь; падение напряжения; мощность двигателя; минимальные потери; диапазон температур; выпрямитель тока; перекрывать большие расстояния; сбоку. 45

3.2 Read the text below. Use the words given in capitals at the word that fits in the space in the same line The speed and weight of modern trains and the _____ capacity of railway lines have been _____ raised due to the _____ of steam locomotives with electric and diesel-electric ones, using heavier rails, _____ track, concrete sleepers and the _____ of the CTC systems. High-speed locomotives and new coaches ___ with electric _____ systems, day light lamps and air-conditioning _____ help passengers travel quickly and _____. The wide use of automatic devices increases the _____ of train _____ .

end of each line to form a CARRY GREAT, PLACE JOIN, INTRODUCE EQUIP HEAT INSTALL COMFORT SAFE MOVE

3.3 Read the text, title it and fill with the words given in the box tests widespread standard-frequency network locomotives

speeds

Only in the 1950s after development in France (20 kV; later 25 kV) and former Soviet countries (25 kV) did the standard-frequency single-phase alternating current system become …, despite the simplification of a distribution system which could use the existing power supply …. The first attempts to use … single-phase AC were made in Hungary far back as 1923, by the Hungarian Kalman Kando on the line between Budapest – Nyugati and Alag, using 16 kV at 50 Hz. The … carried a four-pole rotating phase converter feeding a single traction motor of the polyphase induction type at 600 to 1,100 V. The number of poles on the 2,500 hp motor could be changed using slip rings to run at one of four synchronous … . The … were a success so, from 1932 until 1960s, trains on the Budapest – Hegyeshalom line regularly used the same system. A few decades after the Second World War, the 16 kV was changed to the Russian and later French 25 kV system. IV

Language spot

4.1 Read the extract and ask the questions to the underlined parts The City and South London Railway electrification was unusual (compared with later schemes) in that it used a three-wire DC system. This meant that although the offset centre third rail was electrified at +500 volts in the northbound tunnel, it was electrified at -500 volts in the southbound tunnel. The motors on the locomotives and the incandescent electric lamps in the carriages worked, regardless of the polarity of the supply. The three-wire system was adopted because the initial system was fed directly from the dynamos in the surface power plant at the Stockwell end of the line. It was important to minimize the voltage drop as much as possible, bearing in mind the rather steep gradient on the approach to King William Street station.

46

4.2 Change Active Constructions into Passive 1. By the XX century, the world’s railroads have reached a very high level of their development. 2. Engineers designed sophisticated signaling and traffic control systems. 3. Railroads are using new types of motive power. 4. Railroad engineers worked out larger and more specialized freight cars. 5. The use of continuous welded rails has greatly improved vehicles’ riding qualities and has essentially reduced maintenance costs. 6. France pioneered a basically new railroad electrification program in the second half of the XX century. 7. Engineers used the latest scientific technologies to design high-performance track structure and rolling stock. 8. In the 1990’s, China, Russia and India were carrying out new trunk route construction programs. 9. Russia laid the Baikal – Amur Magistral (BAM) on permafrost territory. 10. BAM carried the first trains in 1989. 11. Japan designed the first high-speed passenger trains in the world. 12. The Japanese authorities opened the first Shinkansen line in October 1964. 13. France completed its TGV line between Paris and Lyon in October 1983. 14. A rail tunnel under the English Channel joined the high-speed rail networks of England and France. 15. Germany plans to use its top-speed trains in the most heavily trafficked corridor. 16. Italy established a mixed holding company to build high-speed passenger routes between Florence and Milan and from Rome to Naples. 17. In 1992, Spain constructed the Madrid – Seville Line and used a standard European gauge. 18. Canada is studying a proposal to build a high-speed rail system to connect Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Toronto.

V

Rendering

Render the Russian text in English 80 лет назад был электрифицирован первый участок на Октябрьской железной дороге Электрификация Октябрьской железной дороги в 30-е годы XX века вписывалась в концепцию самого масштабного экономического проекта того времени – плана государственной комиссии по электрификации России (ГОЭЛРО). Электрификация проводилась в несколько этапов. После двухлетней работы по проектированию и строительству были созданы диспетчерские управления тяговыми подстанциями и дистанциями контактной сети, а также слесарные и ремонтные цеха для обслуживания объектов. Именно в те дни свою работу в структуре железнодорожной отрасли начала Санкт-Петербург – Балтийская дистанция энергоснабжения.

47

Сегодня в хозяйстве дистанции 1250 км контактной подвески, расположенных на 10 участках контактной сети в трех направлениях. На 4-х участках обслуживаются и устройства электроснабжения. Двадцать одна тяговая подстанция снабжает электроэнергией сеть, устройства автоблокировки и даже нетяговых потребителей в границах Санкт-Петербург – Балтийской дистанции. http://railway.kanaries.ru/index.php?showtopic=12510

VI

Listening

Listen to the information twice and answer the questions (1–4) 1) Does third rail use a “shoe” or “slipper”? Is there any great difference between them? 2) What is the simplest design of third rail current collection? 3) Are there any drawbacks of this design? 4) What is the best design of third rail current collection? VII

Writing Business letter

7.1 Study the sample (1) Department of Geological Sciences Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario (2) March 26, 2013 (3) Dr. Claire Sampson Geological Survey of Canada 215 Booth Street, Room 210 Ottawa, Ontario (4) Dear Dr. Sampson, (5) We are pleased to invite you to a reception on May 28, 2013 to be held in honour of Prof. Martin Gomez, the newest member of the faculty in the Department of Geological Sciences. (6) Sincerely yours, (7) James Kandick, Chairman (1) – return address (2) – date (3) – mailing address (4) – greeting (5) – body (6) – closing (7) – signature 7.2 Put the parts of the letter in the right order

48

( ) Henry Purcell President ( ) Ms. Iva Stravinsky Attorney-at-Law 154 Marple Street Freeport, VT 66622 ( ) NORP Freeport High School Freeport, VT 66622 ( ) Dear Ms. Stravinsky ( ) Thank you for the wonderful lecture. The membership and I appreciate your contribution to our club. ( ) Yours truly, ( ) November 12, 2012

VIII

Project Work “Types of traction systems”

8.1 Work in groups A, B and C. Decide in your group advantages and disadvantages of a definite type of traction system (group A – steam traction, B – diesel traction, C – electric traction). These websites will help you: http://www.britannica.com/ http://www.railway-technical.com/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway 8.2 Form new groups of three with a person from A, B and C. Tell your group what you have found out about a definite type of traction system

Word List 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

bridge catenary conductor consumer current alternating current (AC) direct current (DC) feed install negotiate output overhead wire overlap pantograph power station rectifier return line

зд. перекрывать контактная сеть кабель, проводник потребитель электрический ток переменный ток постоянный ток питать устанавливать преодолеть, пересечь производительность, мощность контактный провод сопрягать (соединять внахлестку) пантограф электростанция выпрямитель отсасывающая линия 49

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.

ходовой рельс подстанция снабжать подвешивать зд. переключатель зд. натяжение контактный рельс тяга преобразовывать трансформатор передача вес, компенсатор

running rail substation supply suspend switch tension third rail traction transform transformer transmission weight

*It’s the essential word list. You can add any useful words and expressions while studying this uni.t

Checklist Assess your progress in this unit. Say what statements are true about you 1. I know the meaning of the words from the word list. 2. My listening and reading are good enough to understand most of each text in this unit. 3. I can speak on the topic “Types of traction systems.” 4. I know how to organize the parts of a Business letter.

Unit 7. TRACK MAINTENANCE

I

Approaching the topic

Figure 7.1 Look at the photo (Figure 7.1). Try to describe it using the vocabulary you’ve learnt. Come back to this description after you’ve finished the unit to complete it 50

II

Reading

Read the text Track maintenance means the total process of maintenance and renewal required to ensure that the track meets safety and quality standards at minimum cost. Maintenance and renewal are scheduled on the basis of control data from measuring systems, visual observation and financial-economic data, bearing in mind local conditions. Maintenance to repair local defects can be carried out manually, supported by small machines and different tools like spanners, shovels, crowbars, rail jacks, packing machines, rail drilling machines, etc. The crew is usually transported to the site by road vehicles or by small rail vehicles. Systematic maintenance is carried out by heavy machines. The possibility of track possession plays an important part in it. Modern machinery enables a small group of workers to maintain a relatively long stretch of railroad track. Machines are available to do all the necessary track maintenance tasks: removing and inserting sleepers, tamping the ballast, cleaning the ballast, excavation and replacement of worn-out ballast, tightening bolts, aligning the track, etc. Some machines are equipped to perform more than one task: for example, ballast tamping combined with track lining and leveling. Mechanized equipment can renew rails either in conventional bolted lengths or with long welded lengths. A modern machine of this type has built-in devices to lift and pass old rails to flat cars and to bring forward and deposit new rails. Complete sections of track – rails and sleepers – may be prefabricated and laid in the track by mechanical means. Rail-grinding machines run over the track to even out irregularities in the rail surface. Track-measurement cars can record all aspects of track alignment and riding quality. Detector cars move over the main-line tracks at intervals with electronic inspection apparatus to locate any flaws in the rails. The mechanization of track maintenance has caused a technological revolution. Precision of operation has gained much from the application of electronics to the measuring and control devices. 2.1 Rading for main ideas Say if the sentence is True (T) or False (F) a) Maintenance and renewal are scheduled on the basis of financial-economic data only. (___) b) One type of machine is available to do the only definite track maintenance task. (____) c) Mechanized equipment can renew rails either in conventional bolted lengths or with long welded lengths. (___) d) Prefabricated sections of track can be laid by mechanical means. (___) e) Detector cars run over the track to even out irregularities in the rail surface. (___)

51

2.2 Rading for details Write down track maintenance activities 1. 2. … Write down track maintenance machines 1. 2. … * Complete these lists while studying this unit.

III

Vocabulary Practice

3.1 Find the English equivalents in the text Отвечать требованиям (стандартам) безопасности и качества; на основе оперативных данных; устранение недостатков вручную; бригада; современное машинное оборудование; задачи по текущему содержанию пути; демонтаж и установка шпал; замена загрязненного балласта; затягивание болтов; встроенные устройства; вагоны платформы; сборные секции; неровности; обнаруживать дефекты; точность работы. 3.2 Read the text below. Use the words given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line Whatever happens on the railroad – blizzard, flood or wreck – the damage to the track must ____ quickly. The trains must be kept moving, for only REPAIR when trains are moving can the railroads work, grow and develop _____. SUCCESS The most important and ___ used railway maintenance machines and WIDE ______ are the following: tracklayers, rail-grinding machines, ballast EQUIP tampers, ballast cleaners, spike-removers, spike-drivers, weed-cutters, detector cars, snow-plows, and many others.

IV

Language spot

4.1 Complete the following sentences using prepositions, conjunctions and adverbs given below. Some of these words may be used more than once and, as, because, before, besides, due to, during, for, from, how, in, occasionally, of, on, suddenly, though, under, with …, the steel … which rails are made may be defective, … the faults may not appear …the surface … the rails. A rail … a hidden flaw may break … … a heavy train … cause a wreck. Accidents … this kind are not so frequent nowadays … they were … former years. It is … steel manufactures know … to produce better quality steel. …, greater care is exercised … rolling rails and … testing them … they are laid … the track. 52

… the last years the number … rail failures … most railroads has been greatly reduced … … the use … special rail detector cars that can test rails … hidden flaws. 4.2 Put the verbs in brackets into the required tense forms 1) We [to arrive – Past Simple Active] at the railway station when the train [to approach – Past Continuous Active] the platform. 2) The overall control of the system [to do – Present Continuous Passive] by computers. 3) Can you tell me who [to sit – Present Continuous Active] next to you? 4) He [to drive – Past Continuous Active] home when he [to hear – Past Simple Active] the news on the radio. 5) A lot of people [to wait – Past Continuous Active] for the bus arrival at the stop. 6) At present 2,500 km of high-speed lines [to construct – Present Continuous Passive] in Europe and Asia. 7) You [to catch – Future Simple Active] the train, if you [to hurry – Present Simple Active] up. 8) Steel rails [to use – Past Simple Passive] in the USA for the first time in 1863. 9) The experiment [to be – Past Simple Active] very interesting, it [to watch – Past Continuous Passive] with great attention. 10) Competition between transport modes [to intensify – Present Continuous Active] now. 11) The guide [to speak – Present Simple Active] English, German and Spanish, but he [to speak – Future Continuous Active] Spanish this afternoon because most of the visitors [to be – Present Simple Active] from Spain.

V

Video

5.1 Watch the video “Track renewal” and put the titles of the episodes in the right order (1) Introduction (2) Unloading the new rails ( ) Taking away the old rails ( ) Removal and collection of rail fastenings ( ) Laying the new rails ( ) Delivering and taking away the sleepers ( ) Mobile flash-butt welding ( ) Removing the old sleepers ( ) Picking-up the new rails (10) Fastening down the rails 5.2 Watch the video once again and write down 3–5 questions to it 5.3 Work in pairs and answer your partner’s questions. Share opinions

VI

Rendering

Render the text in English Основными задачами текущего содержания железнодорожного пути являются: – периодические осмотры и проверки пути специалистом квалификацией не ниже бригадира пути, для выявления неисправностей и определением степени их опасности; 53

– проведение плановых работ с целью предупреждения появления неисправностей пути и продления сроков службы элементов верхнего строения пути; – проведение неотложных работ, связанных с устранением грубых неисправностей пути, напрямую угрожающих безопасности движения. При этом до ликвидации таких неисправностей может быть принято решение либо об уменьшении скорости, либо о закрытии движения по участку пути. VII

Writing

Choose any article devoted to Track Maintenance and write your annotation to it. These sites can help you: http://www.railwaygazette.com; http://www.progressrail.com; http://www.railway-technology.com/contractors/track; etc.

VIII

Project Work “Track maintenance machines”

8.1 Use the Internet to gather information on Track maintenance machines: http://www.youtube.com/; http://www.modern-railways.com/; http://www.europeanrailwayreview.com/; http://www.railway-technology.com/contractors/track; etc. 8.2 Add your findings to the PowerPoint template 8.3 Make a short presentation to your group 8.4 Share your opinions

Word List 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 54

ballast tamping built-in device capital repair convey crew crowbar detector car elimination of defects flaw inserting maintenance manual packing machine precision prefabricated

подбивка (трамбование) балласта встроенное устройство капитальный ремонт перевозить, транспортировать бригада лом вагон-дефектоскоп устранение дефектов (недостатков) дефект установка содержание, обслуживание ручной шпалоподбойка точность сборный

16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

rail drilling machine rail jack rail-grinding machine removing renewal

21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.

running repair shovel spanner track foreman track lining and leveling track possession

рельсосверлильный станок домкрат рельсошлифовальная машина демонтаж смена, восстановление, замена (изношенного оборудования) текущий ремонт лопата гаечный ключ бригадир пути рихтовка пути окно (перерыв в движении на время ремонта пути) просадка пути путеизмерительный вагон изношенный

27. track settlement 28. track-measurement car 29. worn-out

*It’s the essential word list. You can add any useful words and expressions while studying this unit.

Checklist Assess your progress in this unit. Say what statements are true about you 1. I know the meaning of the words from the word list. 2. My listening and reading are good enough to understand most of each text in this unit. 3. I can speak on the topic “Track maintenance activities. Track maintenance machines.”

Unit 8. REVISION I

Approaching the topic

Look through Units 1–7 once more and be ready for the revision tasks to test your knowledge II

Reading

Read the text MODERN RUSSIAN RAILWAYS 1. The territory of Russia stretches across 2 continents, from the Pacific Ocean to the Baltic and Black Seas. From the east to the west the territory of our country extends over 10,000 km, and from the north to the south almost 5,000 km. The tremendous area of the country, the highly developed industry and trade and the unique natural resources, determine the necessity for a widely developed transport system, including all modes of transportation.

55

2. Russian Railways occupy an outstanding position as a great freight and passenger carrier, accounting for about 60 % of the country’s entire traffic and for 50 % of the world’s freight turnover. Russia has the largest single railway system in the world, its total length being about 150,000 km. Direct passenger service is available to the capitals of many foreign countries. The railway map of our country is changing all the time; new lines are constantly being projected and built. These new lines cross former desert and roadless regions, far from the central parts of Russia. Intensive railway construction is going on in the Far East and Siberia. 3. Besides building new railway routes, our country has been improving and modernizing old tracks, and electrifying many trunk lines with particularly heavy traffic. The length of the electrified railways in Russia is about 90,000 km, some of them being the longest lines in the world: the Moscow – Vladivostok Railroad (9,500 km). Russian Railways are equipped with new powerful electric and diesel-electric locomotives, high speed and high capacity freight cars and passenger coaches. To increase the safety of traffic and the comfort of passengers, trains are fitted with automatic air brakes and coaches are designed to have air-conditioning systems. 4. Much attention is being paid to the improvement of track facilities. On trunk lines, 65 and 75 kg high quality alloy steel rails are laid in the track. Continuous rails, welded into strings of 700 meters and more, and reinforced concrete sleepers are laid on crushed rock and gravel ballast. Over 90 million concrete sleepers have already been installed. 5. Various modern and efficient machines and mechanisms are widely employed for track renewal and maintenance. Thousands of kilometers of railways are equipped with automatic block signaling and Centralized Traffic Control (CTC). The wide use of new electronic equipment and highly efficient techniques has greatly improved track standards and reduced transport costs on Russian Railroads. 6. Although the future belongs to the air and automobile transportation, railways are and will always remain very popular, important and the most universal mode of transport in Russia. 2.1 Reading for main ideas Match the title to the number of a paragraph ____ a) Russia has the greatest railway network in the world ____ b) Track facilities and safety devices are in the focus of special attention ____ c) Russia has a great territory ____ d) Modern and efficient machines and mechanisms ____ e) Railways are the most universal mode of transport in Russia ____ f) Modernization is a priority in the development of railways 2.2 Reading for details Answer the questions. Write the number of the paragraph where you found the answer a) Why does Russia need a wide and highly developed transport system? (___) b) Why do railways occupy a special position in this system? (___) c) What Russian territories have the most significant railway lines? (___) 56

d) What are the major tendencies of railway construction in Russia nowadays? (___) e) What is being done to improve the railroad track standards? (___) f) What safety devices and comfort facilities are widely used on Russian Railways? (___)

III

Vocabulary Practice (Units 1–7)

3.1 Complete the missing parts of the scheme

3.2 Complete the text using words given below. Title the text and translate into Russian increase maintenance crossings joints speeds maintain service life cracks length durable traffic rails

Modern track has to cope with the growing demands of rail …, in particular with the constant … in the weight and speed of trains. One modern development in the upkeep of the permanent way is the use of the welding process. Steel … were first rolled in England in 1856. From that date, they had rapidly become of a standard shape and … . The standard length of a single rail in the USA is 39 ft; 60 ft rails are common in Europe. The use of longer rails is advantageous in … work. Rail joints and … wear away very rapidly. They are costly to make and to … . Railroads are therefore progressively adopting long welded rails that lessen wear and tear of rolling stock and mean longer … … for rails. Wear of rail ends is avoided and there are fewer bolt holes that may cause … . Continuous welded rails are now steadily growing in favor with railroad construction engineers. The elimination of track … reduces the expense of track repair and maintenance considerably. Continuous rails are much more …, they give to the railroad track a smoother riding quality, and they permit the operation of trains at greater … . 3.3 Read the text below. Use the words given in capitals at the end word that fits the space in the same line In November 1994, the first Eurostar _____ train departed from London’s Waterloo International Station for the Gare du Nord, Paris. This high-speed, high-tech train is the _____ thing in the entire British Rail Network. Both Britain and France made great efforts to achieve the maximum possible _____, comfort for passengers and _____.

of each line to form a PASS FAST

SAFE, RELY 57

Eurostar _____ minimizes friction, thus the ride is made much _____ and passengers receive a great sense of _____. Eurostar has also been _____ tested for fire safety. But the biggest test for the train is its _____ among the people. It is absolutely clear that Eurostar’s _____ _____ will entirely depend upon the trust of the _____ public.

IV

LIGHT, SMOOTH SECURE CARE POPULAR SUCCESS, SERVE TRAVEL

Language spot

4.1 Complete the following sentences using prepositions, conjunctions and adverbs given below. Some of these words may be used more than once about, almost, already, also, and, at, between, by, for, in, of, on, over, than, to, with

… the beginning … the 20th century there were … one million miles … rail routes all … the world. … the end … the century there has been … a great number … gigantic railway engineering projects: the Trans-Siberian Railway and the BAM located … its north; the Seikan Tunnel … Honshu … Hokkaido … Japan … 34 miles long; the Simplon Tunnel … the Alps more … 12 miles; the Channel Tunnel … France … the UK, more … 30 miles long. Efforts to increase speeds have produced fundamental changes … railroading. In 1964, the first section … high-speed Shinkansen Line was opened … Tokyo … Osaka, Japan. Nowadays, the Shinkansen (New Trunk Line) trains operate … this network … speeds … … 150-170 mph. Starting … the original TGV (Trains a Grand Vitesse) Line … Paris … Lyon, the French have become the European leaders … this undertaking. The average permissible speed … this line is 168 mph. Next … progress came the TGV-Atlantique (Paris – La Mans) … the TGV-Nord (Paris via the Channel Tunnel), designed … average speeds … 186 mph. Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK, Belgium, Sweden are … famous … their top speed trains. 4.2 Open the brackets using the verbs in the required tense form and translate the sentences from English into Russian 1. Many people [to be – Past Simple Active] afraid of the railways when they first [to appear – Past Simple Active]. 2. The movement of trains [to stop – Past Simple Passive] on that section of the line because the workers [to replace – Past Continuous Active] the sleepers. 3. Several newspapers [to report – Present Perfect Active] that the Russian and Finnish governments [to discuss – Present Continuous Active] a project for the reconstruction of the Helsinki-St.Petersburg railroad known in Finland as the Eastern Railway. 4. The train crew [to inform – Past Simple Passive] that the departure time [to change – Past Perfect Passive]. 58

5. Nowadays sleepers [to make – Present Simple Passive] of wood, concrete, steel, castiron; in some countries experiments [to go on – Present Continuous Active] with plastic sleepers. 6. A man who [to sit – Past Continuous Active] in the compartment said that the place [to take – Past Simple Passive] by a passenger who [to go – Past Perfect Active] to the diner. 7. During the last 5 years traffic on Britain’s roads [to increase – Present Perfect Active] by 27 per cent. 8. The equipment [to deliver – Future Simple Passive] in containers from door-to-door. 9. The construction of both the bridge and the dam [to complete – Future Perfect Passive] by the beginning of the navigation season. 10. The distance between rails [to call – Present Simple Passive] the gauge.

V

Project Work

5.1 Work in small groups (3–4 students) 5.2 Make your own cards as in the patterns given below

59

5.3 Put these cards into the box 5.4 Take any card out of the box in turn and comment on the issue 5.5 Share opinions

Checklist Assess your progress. Say what statements are true about you 1. I know the meaning of the words used in this unit. 2. My reading is good enough to understand most of each text in this unit. 3. I can put any verb in the required tense form. 4. I can speak on any topic suggested in Exercise 5.2 in this unit. * If you had some difficulties, you should revise Units 1–7 once more

Word List (Units 1–7) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 60

adhesion adjacent track alignment altitude anti-creep device ascertain avalanсhe ballast ballast tamping base plate be in charge of be under construction bearing capacity bolted fastening branching of tracks bridge bridge timbers broken country built-in device capital repair carry out carrying capacity cast-iron rails catchwater drain

сцепление cоседний, прилегающий путь выравнивание, трасса высота противоугон устанавливать лавина балласт подбивка (трамбование) балласта подкладка руководить, отвечать за находиться в стадии строительства несущая способность болтовое скрепление разветвление путей перекрывать мостовые брусья пересеченная местность встроенное устройство капитальный ремонт осуществлять пропускная способность чугунные рельсы водоотводная канава

25. 26. 27. 28.

54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.

catenary channel check rail clip collapse collect collector compaction conductor connect consist of construct construction cost consumer conventional convey counter pilaster crew crossing crossing sleepers crossover crowbar crushed rock culvert current alternating current (AC) direct current (DC) current conductivity current leakage curve cutting damage debris fall designing detector car develop solution diamond crossing diamond crossing with a single slip

61. 62. 63.

diamond crossing with double slips difficult country direct fastening

29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49.

50. 51. 52. 53.

контактная сеть желоб контррельс клемма развал, крах собирать коллектор уплотнение кабель, проводник cоединять, связывать состоять (из) строить стоимость строительства потребитель обычный перевозить, транспортировать контрфорс бригада пересечение переводные брусья съезд лом щебень водопропускная труба электрический ток переменный ток постоянный ток токопроводимость утечка тока кривая выемка наносить вред, ущерб камнепад проектирование вагон-дефектоскоп разработать решение глухое пересечение одиночный перекрестный стрелочный перевод двойной перекрестный стрелочный перевод труднопроходимая местность нераздельное скрепление 61

64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 62

ditch diverging tracks drain drainage drifting snow due to durable earthquake earthworks easy country elasticity elimination of defects elliptical rails embankment ensure ensure safety essential extension facility fastening feed fish bolt fishplate fix flat country flaw flood flood water freeze-up gabion gauge get an idea grade gradient graphic method of timing gravel ground waters gutter handle high water ice drift increase

кювет расходящиеся пути канава, дренаж, сток; отводить воду водоотвод снежный занос благодаря долговечный землетрясение земляные работы легкопроходимая местность упругость устранение дефектов (недостатков) эллиптические рельсы насыпь обеспечивать обеспечивать безопасность существенный удлинение, расширение оборудование рельсовое скрепление питать стыковой болт стыковая накладка закреплять равнинная местность дефект наводнение наводнение ледостав габион колея получить представление уклон, подъём подъём, уклон график расписания гравий грунтовые воды лоток управлять, обращаться паводок ледоход увеличивать

106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128.

indirect fastening inserting install insulated intermediate fastening intersecting track intersection investigate joining of tracks joint fastening junction track keep lateral longitudinal longitudinal profile maintainability maintenance maintenance cost major make decision make notes manual meet requirements 129. meet the needs(demands) 130. mining industry 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146.

mixed fastening negotiate nut obstacle output overhead wire overlap pantograph peg Permanent Way pipe planimetry point blade (switch blade) point machine (switch box) point of crossing power station

раздельное скрепление установка устанавливать изолирующий промежуточное скрепление пересекающий путь пересечение исследовать соединение путей стыковое скрепление соединительный путь удерживать, содержать поперечный продольный продольный профиль ремонтопригодность содержание, обслуживание эксплуатационные расходы более важный, значительный принять решение делать записи ручной удовлетворять требованиям выполнять требования (запросы) горнодобывающая промышленность смешанное скрепление преодолеть, пересечь гайка преграда производительность, мощность контактный провод сопрягать (соединять внахлестку) пантограф колышек верхнее строение пути труба планиметрия остряк переводной механизм сердечник электростанция 63

147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165.

precision prefabricated preliminary survey protect protection provide provision put into operation qualified rail drilling machine rail jack rail-grinding machine rails reconnaissance rectifier reinforced concrete slab remove removing renewal

166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187.

resistance resistant resistant to wear restrict retaining wall return line right-of-way rigidity riprap river behavior rock wool rolling stock running rail running repair saddle safe sand drift scarifying screw service life shells shovel

64

точность сборный предварительное исследование защищать защита обеспечивать обеспечение ввести в эксплуатацию квалифицированный рельсосверлильный станок домкрат рельсошлифовальная машина рельсы рекогносцировка выпрямитель железобетонная плита удалять демонтаж смена, восстановление, замена (изношенного оборудования) сопротивление устойчивый износоустойчивый ограничивать подпорная стена отсасывающая линия полоса отвода жесткость мощение камнем режим реки асбест подвижной состав ходовой рельс текущий ремонт седловина безопасный песчаный нанос разрыхление шуруп срок службы ракушечник лопата

188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229.

side ditch side drain side-cutting side-hill cut side-hill fill skilled slab sleepers smooth running snow slip soil bank spanner speed spike spring anchor spring washer stability steam traction stock rail storm water sewer straight line strength strengthening structures strong subgrade substation substructure supply support surface waters survey survey engineer surveying surveyor suspend switch tacheometer talented tension tension clamp fastening third rail tie

продольная канава нагорная канава полувыемка-полунасыпь полувыемка полунасыпь умелый плита шпалы плавный ход снежный обвал кавальер гаечный ключ скорость костыль пружинный противоугон пружинная шайба устойчивость паровая тяга рамный рельс ливневая канализация прямая линия сила, прочность укрепительные сооружения прочный земляное полотно подстанция нижнее строение пути снабжать поддерживать поверхностные воды проводить изыскания инженер-изыскатель изыскания изыскатель подвешивать зд. переключатель тахеометр талантливый зд. натяжение шурупное скрепление контактный рельс крепить 65

230. trace 231. trace back 232. track assembling 233. track circuiting 234. track disassembling 235. track foreman 236. track grid 237. track laying 238. track lining and leveling 239. track panel (rail length) 240. track possession 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. 258. 259. 260. 261. 262. 263.

66

track settlement track-measurement car traction traffic capacity traffic density train movement transfer transform transformer transition transmission transmit turnout (switch) up-to-date valley volume of traffic wedge anchor weight weld wet landslide wing rail works worn-out

запись, трассировочная метка проследить сборка путевой решётки рельсовая цепь разборка путевой решётки бригадир пути путевая решётка укладка пути рихтовка пути рельсовое звено окно (перерыв в движении на время ремонта пути) просадка пути путеизмерительный вагон тяга пропускная способность грузонапряженность движение поезда перемещать преобразовывать трансформатор переход, перемещение передача передавать стрелочный перевод современный долина объем перевозок клиновой противоугон вес, компенсатор сваривать сель усовик завод, мастерские изношенный

AUDIO AND VIDEO SCRIPTS Unit 1 Script (Listening) The Trans-Siberian Railway Russia's longstanding desire for a Pacific port was realized with the foundation of Vladivostok in 1860. By 1880, Vladivostok had grown into a major port city, and the lack of adequate transportation links between European Russia and its Far Eastern provinces soon became an obvious problem. In 1891, Tsar Alexander III made up plans for the TransSiberian Railway and initiated its construction. After his death three years later, the work was continued by his son Nicholas. Despite the complexity of the project, a continuous route was completed in 1905, having been hurriedly completed by the beginning of the RussianJapanese War the year before. The present route of the line, including both the difficult stretch around Baikal and a northerly replacement for the dangerously situated Manchurian line, was opened in 1916.

Unit 2 Script (Listening) Site Clearing The whole area to be occupied by the completed works including ancillary earthworks for drains and diversion levees is to be cleared and grubbed plus a clearance of 2m from tops of cuttings and toes of embankments. Clearing includes removal and disposal of all trees, stumps, logs, timber, scrub, vegetation, minor structures, refuses and other material unsuitable for incorporation in the work. Grubbing is to be carried out to the level of 0.5m below natural surface. Holes left after grubbing under proposed embankments are to be filled with sound material and compacted in layers as for embankments. Regarding fauna and flora of the site, approval shall be taken from the environmental division prior to clearing and grubbing. Unit 3 Script (Listening) Sub-ballast Where the foundation consists of free draining materials such as rock fill or sand a subballast may be more appropriate than an impermeable capping. Sub-ballast is not impermeable and is designed as a filter material to limit fouling by subgrade material and to prevent itself from fouling the ballast. Its purpose is to: − Spread vertical load from the ballast. − Prevent migration of fines from the subgrade. − Permit migration of moisture. 67

The grading of the sub-ballast is important and must be specifically designed for a particular subgrade and ballast. Laboratory testing of both the subgrade and the ballast is required to be able to design a grading for sub-ballast. The performance of the sub-ballast is not destroyed by saturation as is that of the capping and it is much more easily compacted. It may provide a better solution than capping in areas where the subgrade is constantly wet due to, say, a spring or in soft rock formation situations. Unit 4 Script (Listening) Mechanical properties Track components are supposed to have specific mechanical properties that enable the track to support and guide railway vehicles. These properties are arbitrarily categorized and show their most important features. Mechanical properties are not necessarily the most important ones, but they reflect the principle of considering the track as a mechanical system subjected to vehicle loading. Track elasticity is dominated by the stiffness properties of some of the track components such as rail pads and ballast. Track strength depends on the robustness of the design, the quantities and the qualities of the used material. This is especially the case regarding rails (and welds), concrete sleepers, and slabs. Track stability is provided by the rigid frameworks of sleepers and rails, but also by the good resistance of sleepers in ballast. Finally, for long term performance durability and resistance against fatigue are of course primary requirements for track components. The environmental and loading conditions of a particular track section, however, heavily influence the durability requirements. Unit 5 Script (Listening) Slab Track In comparison to ballasted track, the advantages of slab track (or ballastless track) are in general reduction of maintenance and a higher stability of the track: – Maintenance costs amount to 20-30% of the maintenance costs of ballasted track. (Maintenance work like tamping, ballast cleaning and track lining is unnecessary); – Increased service life; – Near maximum availability and hardly any hindrance to residents due to scarce nightly maintenance works; – No drag forces at ballast with the passing of high-speed trains; – The unconditional use of electro-magnetic wheel brakes; – The excess of superelevation and cant deficiency of the track with mixed use of freightand-passenger trains does not cause altering of the track position;

68

– Simple corrections up to 26 mm in vertical position and 5 mm in horizontal position are possible to counteract small deformations; – Reduced structure height and weight. Other reasons for applying slab track can be: – The lack of suitable ballast material; – Track accessibility to road vehicles; – The abatement of noise and, in particular, vibration nuisance; – Preventing the release of dust from the ballast bed into the environment. In comparison to ballasted track, the disadvantages of slab track are in general: – Higher construction costs; – Higher airborne noise reflection; – Large alterations in track position and superelevation can only be made possible by substantial amounts of work; – In case of derailment, repair works will take much more time and effort; – Transitions between ballasted track and slab track require attention. Script (Video) Switches and crossings (Lawrence) My name is Lawrence Wilton, and I’m a graduate engineer working for Network Rail. I’m here today to teach you about switches and crossings. The simplest form of S and C is the turnout. This is a left-hand turnout. As you can see, it diverges from the main route in a leftward direction. This is how it works. In normal mode, the left hand wheel rolls along the switch rail and there’s flange way clearance for the right wheel to continue along the stock rail. The inside surface of the right flange is kept on course by the track rail. This restrains the wheel set and ensures it is directed along the correct route. Meanwhile, the left wheel transfers contact between the different parts of the crossing. That’s where there’s a high impact load. In the reverse the right wheel rolls over the switch rail and follows its geometry. The inside surface of the left flange is guided by the check, forcing it to follow the stock rail on the new route and the right hand wheel makes a crossing, again, impacting a load on the crossing nose. (Narrator) There are many different types of switch and crossing on the network. They include turnouts, diamonds, cross-overs, and slip-diamonds. The type we use is determined by a number of factors including the number of lines involved, frequency of use and running line speed. Trains travelling at high speeds need long switches and crossings. At low speed, such as in stations, trains can make tighter turns. Train movement across the network are set and controlled by signalers who use switches to set routes for trains. Switches can be propelled by various devices. One of the simplest forms is a ground frame set-up. A series of rods and cams attached to levers in signal boxes. These are now being largely replaced by remotely operated hydraulic and electro-mechanical devices. (Lawrence) Seen by rail-sides all across the country, this is an HW2000 points machine. This is electro-mechanical. What we have here is your drive motor. To check that motor has done its job, over here we have an interlocking and detection system. Detection tells us when the points have completed their travel and locked. Locking holds the points in this state, so 69

they cannot be physically moved. So when a train runs over the top, it remains in position. Facing point locks are one of the most important safety features on the S and C layout. They ensure that the points cannot be moved when set. This is important because failure to lock the switches could cause a derailment. (Narrator) As engineers, we face an ongoing challenge to maintain and improve our switch and crossing assets. Trains can create large impact and lateral forces as they change course. And these forces can cause wear and deformation. Switches and crossings therefore have a limited lifespan before we need to replace them. Less than 5% of track miles are made up of switches and crossings but over 17% of our maintenance budget is spent on them. We’ll continue to research and develop new inspection techniques and material usage to increase their performance. (Lawrence) It’s all about creating a network that’s safe, reliable and efficient. It’s what we do. Unit 6 Script (Listening) Third Rail Third rail uses a “shoe”, perhaps because it was first called a “slipper” by the pioneers of the industry (it slipped along the rail) but later someone thought “shoe” was a better description. Third rail current collection comes in variety of designs. The simplest is what is called “top contact” because that is the part of the rail upon which the pick-up shoe slides. Being the simplest, it has some drawbacks, one of them is the danger that anyone or anything might come into contact with it, which is really very dangerous. It also suffers during bad weather, the smallest amount of ice or snow makes top contact third rail systems almost unworkable. Side contact is not much better but, at least, it is less exposed. Bottom contact is the best-you can cover effectively most of the rail and it is protected from the worst of the cold weather. Unit 7 Script (Video) (1) INTRODUCTION The third legislative work is known as renewing of track components. The old rails and sleepers are removed, new rails and sleepers are laid. (2) UNLOADING THE NEW RAILS The newly delivered rails are laid alongside the track using a special unloading device. Before being unloaded the new rails are connected provisionally by fishplates. (3) REMOVAL AND COLLECTION OF RAIL FASTENINGS In the next pass all the rail fastenings are released and picked up by the rotating magnetic drum. (4) TAKING AWAY THE OLD RAILS

70

Before the relaying train goes into operation, the old rails are loaded onto wagons and taken away. The third major task in the course of track rehabilitation as it is being performed here is relaying new sleepers and new rails. Track relaying trains of modern design carry out this stage of work like a loco works on assembling line. (5) PICKING-UP THE NEW RAILS As we see here the machine picks up the new rails laid next to the track. (6) REMOVING THE OLD SLEEPERS Then the old sleepers are removed. Working right behind the track, the excavating chain and profiling device ensure the required loading of the ballast and an excellent foundation for the sleepers. (7) LAYING THE NEW RAILS Now the new rails are positioned on the sleepers. The rear section of the relaying train is loaded running on the new relaying rails. (8) DELIVERING AND TAKING AWAY THE SLEEPERS An important element of the relaying train is the transporting logistic for taking away the old sleepers and bringing in the new sleepers. This work is performed here by two gantry units. (9) MOBILE FLASH-BUTT WELDING The rails are welded together before they are fastened down. A mobile flash-butt welding machine is used for this. Here the preparations for welding can be seen. The rails are boarded into right position and a welding head is loaded. The rail ends are heated because of their electrical resistance using current of low voltage and high amperage and are welded at a suitable temperature. As low-ferrous substances are used, the welding process is continuous and homogeneous. The welding is performed fully automatically and this ensures a consistently high quality. (10) FASTENING DOWN THE RAILS The welding machine is followed by the eight-spindled power edge which holds the rails fully automatically to the sleepers. And the next operation- the welds are grinded smooth.

References 1. Железные дороги. Общий курс: Учеб. / Ю.И. Ефименко, В.И. Ковалев, С.И. Логинов и др.; Под ред. Ю.И. Ефименко. 6-е изд., перераб. и доп. М.: ФГБОУ «Учебно-методический центр по образованию на железнодорожном транспорте», 2013. 503 с. 2. Railway Age’s Comprehensive Railroad Dictionary. Simmons-Boardman Books, Inc. Third Printing. January 1992. 3. Dictionary of Railway Track Terms by Christopher F. Schulte. Simmons-Boardman Books, Inc. Second Edition, First Printing, January 1993. 4. The Wordsworth Railway Dictionary by Alan A. Jackson (ISBN 1-85326-750-3). 5. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2006, Ultimate Reference Suite DVD. 6. Modern Railway Track. Coenraad Esveld. Delft University of Technology. Second Edition. 2001. 7. RT&S Railway Track and Structures (ISSN: 0033-8916), Simmons-Boardman Corp, USA. 8. IRJ International Railway Journal (ISSN 0744-5326), Headily Brothers Ltd, UK. 9. Railway Gazette International (ISSN 0373-5346), Reed Business Information, Great Britain. 10. European Rail Outlook (ISSN 1558-5239), Headly Brothers Ltd, UK.

71

Учебное издание

Оплетаева Наталья Владимировна Антерейкин Евгений Сергеевич

RAILWAY TRACK: SURVEYING, STRUCTURE, MAINTENANCE Железнодорожный путь: изыскания, устройство, текущее содержание Учебное пособие

Печатается в авторской редакции. Компьютерная верстка Ю.В. Борцовой Дизайн обложки А.С. Петренко Изд. лиц. ЛР № 021277 от 06.04.98 Подписано в печать 18.01.2016 9,0 печ. л. 5,5 уч.-изд. л. Тираж 100 экз. Заказ № 2986 Издательство Сибирского государственного университета путей сообщения 630049, Новосибирск, ул. Д. Ковальчук, 191 Тел./факс: (383) 328-03-81. E-mail: [email protected]

72