Racine's Mid-Career Tragedies 9781400876075

Table of contents :
CONTENTS
PREFACE
BERENICE
INTRODUCTION
BERENICE
BAJAZET
INTRODUCTION
BAJAZET
MITH RID ATE
INTRODUCTION
MITHRIDATES
IPHIGMIE
INTRODUCTION
IPHIGENIA

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R A C I N E ' S

M I D - C A R E E R

T R A G E D I E S

Other Translations by Lacy Lockert THE INFERNO OF DANTE THE BEST PLAYS OF RACINE THE CHIEF PLAYS OF CORNEILLE (Princeton University Press) THE CHIEF RIVALS OF CORNEILLE AND RACINE (Vanderbilt University Press)

RACINE'S MID-CAREER TRAGEDIES TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH RHYMING VERSE WITH INTRODUCTIONS BY

LACY LOCKERT

PRINCETON

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS 1958

COPYRIGHT © I958, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON : OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS L. C. CARD 58-6105

Inasmuch as this book is fully protected by copyright, nothing that appears in it may be reprinted or reproduced in any manner what­ soever without the written permission of the copyright owner.

PRINTED AT THE PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY, U.S.A.

To the Memory My

of

Mother

NANNIE LUCY SMITH LOCKERT W H O DID T H E MOST TO M A K E OF M Y BOYHOOD HOME A N UNFORGOTTEN

HEAVEN

CONTENTS PAGE

PREFACE

BERENICE INTRODUCTION BERENICE

BAJAZET INTRODUCTION BAJAZET

MITH RID ATE

ix

i 3 19

89 91 105

183

INTRODUCTION

185

MITHRIDATES

199

IPHIGMIE

273

INTRODUCTION

275

IPHIGENIA

291

PREFACE

T

HE four tragedies of Racine which this book contains have an interesting significance as a group. Written one after another in immediate succession, they may be said to represent "a dramatist's progress." That progress, the cir­ cumstances and the nature of it, I have explained in the Intro­ duction to Britannicus in my first volume of translations of Racine's plays, and repeated this explanation in my study of Berenice which was published in The Romanic Review for February, 1939, and which (with slight changes) serves as the Introduction to the translation of Berenice in the present volume. As to the merits of these four dramas, the consensus of critical opinion for upwards of a century, at least, has been that they are inferior to what are generally called Racine's "four masterpieces"—Andromaque, Britannicus, Phedre, and Athalie. There are dissenting appraisals, however, by indi­ vidual critics. I have commented upon what is practically a cult of admirers of Berenice in modern times; Jules Lemaitre ranked it and Bajazet among their author's very best trage­ dies. Sainte-Beuve at one period of his life regarded Iphigenie as equalled or surpassed only by Athalie. But, on the other hand, not a few authorities have rated Berenice below all the others, and Lemaitre rated Iphigenie the lowest of all I1 My own view is that there was a steady improvement in the qual­ ity of Racine's work from Berenice to Iphigenie, though real­ ly not much to choose between Bajazet and Mithridate. I state in discussing Iphigenie that I think it rivals Andromaque in merit—but then I dissent from the customary esti­ mate of Andromaque as a masterpiece like Britannicus, Phe1 Such statements do not, of course, include Racine's first, unimportant plays, la Thebaide and Alexandre, nor his Esther.

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dre, and Athalie. Yet even if not "great" plays, Berenice, Bajazet, Mithridate, and Iphigenie are—all of them—good plays, celebrated plays, deservedly famous among the notable dramas of the world's literature. They are well worth know­ ing, both in themselves and for what they show us of the development, amidst adverse circumstances, of the great dram­ atist who wrote them. My introduction to each of these plays, especially Berenice, is not such as usually accompanies a translated drama, dwell­ ing upon its excellences and lightly passing over its defects. But the "progress" of Racine, from the pseudo-classical con­ ventionalism so markedly present in Birinice to the truly classical quality of so much of Iphigenie, seems to me what most needs to be pointed out in regard to these four signifi­ cant tragedies, which come mid-way in their author's career, after his early development culminating in Britannicus and before his final great achievements, Phedre and Athalie. I am again indebted to Miss Louise Allen, Dr. C. Max­ well Lancaster, and Dr. Philip W. Timberlake for their aid in connection with this book as with previous books of mine. LACY LOCKERT

BfiRfiNICE (BERENICE)

INTRODUCTION

T

HE almost simultaneous appearance of Racine's Birenice and Corneille's Tite et Berenice was explained by an old story, which told that Henrietta of England, Louis XIV's sister-in-law, suggested to these dramatists that each should write a play, in competition with the other, about the parting of Titus and Berenice. This story went unchallenged until 1907, when Gustave Michaut exposed its unsubstantial basis in his book, la Berenice de Racine, and offered an alter­ native explanation to account for what occurred. It was at this time, 1670, said Michaut, that the feud be­ tween the two poets was bitterest. Their relations had first become strained when Corneille declared, after reading Alex­ andre, that Racine's proper field was not drama. With the sensational success of Andromaque, Corneille's partisans, jeal­ ous of his eclipse, were heard belittling the achievement of his young rival, who, they said, could write a pretty play about love but had not the virile power and broad historical grasp of their own idol; such criticism led Racine to choose a theme from Roman history, and involving political motives, for his next tragedy and thus to vie with Corneille in his own pe­ culiar domain; and when this play, Britannicus, encountered a disappointing reception, he laid the blame upon Corneille himself. Then, while his real or fancied-wrongs rankled sorest within him, Racine must have learned, in some way, that his foe was at work on the drama Tite et Berenice. Here, Racine felt, was a subject which he could treat more success­ fully than Corneille. He would write upon it, also; he would work with all possible speed and have his version of it com­ pleted as soon as the other one; produced at the same time, the two plays would decide, by their respective fortunes, who was the greatest tragic poet of France. Thus he would at once

4

BfiRfiNICE

exalt himself and discomfit the man he hated. It is a matter of record that he did. But Michaut did not stop with formulating this plausible hypothesis to account for the Berenice of Racine. He main­ tained that if such a hypothesis be accepted, Berenice becomes of capital importance among the works of its author. Its sub­ ject was taken by Racine because it was appropriate to his dramatic system—because better than any other it gave him a chance to exhibit the theory of that system and to apply it effectively. That he should be victorious in the contest which he had initiated was imperative; for a new defeat, after Britannicus, would definitely relegate him to the second rank and confirm the supremacy of his rival; his whole future as a dramatist and the future of his conception of drama were at stake. Therefore is it not clear, said Michaut, that he mus­ tered all his powers and made every effort of which he was capable, and that thus Berenice must be the most carefully wrought, the most perfect, the most Racinian of the plays of Racine? It is indeed clear that on this occasion Racine must have tried his hardest to surpass Corneille; but the rest of Michaut's deductions are unwarranted and unreasonable. To surpass Corneille: that was Racine's object, whether he initi­ ated the contest himself or was forced into it by the Princess Henrietta; and success, as Michaut rightly pointed out, was absolutely vital to him. Such being the case, he surely would use any methods that seemed most likely to accomplish his aim, even though they consorted ill with his literary ideals. In this play, above all others, he was attempting to win the plaudits of his immediate audience, not of posterity. It is, of all his plays, the one in which we should least expect to see him trying to exemplify his dramatic theory instead of trying solely to be popular; it is the one in which we should most

INTRODUCTION

5

expect him to compromise with current tastes and fashions, however little he relished them at heart. If he himself chose this subject for competition with Corneille, he did so because he believed it one which he could handle in a way that would please the public better than Corneille could—and not because it was peculiarly suited to illustrate his conception of what a tragedy should be. A piece de combat is not the place where one exhibits ideals and illustrates theories. The public to be courted is little concerned with such things. It is not likely, then, that Berenice should be the best em­ bodiment of Racine's dramatic creed. That it is the most per­ fect of his plays is also improbable, a priori, because of the haste of its composition and the objective it had. Michaut himself admitted that the subjects of pure passion, such as Racine found in his master Euripides, from which his rivalry with Corneille long diverted him, were better suited to his genius. But the merits of a drama should not be determined by a priori arguments of probability, but by an investigation of the drama itself. "Your true Racinian of the inner circle sets Berenice above all other plays," observes the author of a popular biography of Racine in English.1 That alleged fact, even if it be a fact, is of no critical importance. People who do not stop at intelli­ gent appreciation of a writer, but form a cult to bow down and worship him, may be expected to be blind to his charac­ teristic defects and perhaps actually relish them, or else they would not make a fetish of him; in consequence they are likely to feel especial admiration for those of his works in which these defects are most prominent. Thus the typical Dante cultist considers the Paradiso his masterpiece; scarcely other­ wise explainable was Quiller-Couch's amazing opinion that The Tempest is a more precious literary treasure than Hamlet 1 Mary

Duclaux, The Life of Racine, New York, n.d., p. 99.

6

BfiRfiNICE

or Othello or King Lear (or the Odyssey or the Divine Com­ edy) ; and a Wordsworthian shows marked partiality for such poems as "The Character of the Happy Warrior" and "She was a Phantom of Delight." Berenice enjoyed a notable success when first produced, and in modern times Jules Lemaitre in France and G. Lytton Strachey in England have praised it highly. The economy of its plot, whereby an entire drama has been made out of such meagre material, and the easy, changing flow of its verse from colloquial simplicity to extreme poetic beauty are justly celebrated. On the other hand, neither the great Sainte-Beuve nor N. M. Bernardin, of later critics one of the best grounded in the dramatic literature of the seventeenth century, rated it among Racine's masterpieces, or even among his plays of the second rank along with Bajazet and Mithridate; and more recently still, Pierre Brisson and Martin Turnell have ex­ pressed a rather poor opinion of it. From the time of its origi­ nal performance to the present day it has been thought by many to possess too slight a theme—to be, indeed, an elegy in dramatic form rather than a tragedy. Such a view may be justified; but Berenice has faults which are far worse than that. These faults are obscured by its traditional fame as a classic; but a candid examination will discover that, however congenial to that immediate public to which it was addressed, the characters and codes of conduct to be found in it are such as must greatly lessen its permanent appeal and thereby the estimate of its worth. The effectiveness of the play depends primarily on our ad­ miration and sympathy for its three principal figures, Titus, Berenice, and Antiochus. The tone and treatment throughout make it impossible for us to find artistic satisfaction in con­ templating the anguish of these characters with ironical cyni­ cism, as we are meant to contemplate the writhings of the

INTRODUCTION

7 weak or base dramatis personae in some plays of the modern naturalistic school. Berenice herself shows in her words of last farewell how the author intended us to regard the story which he put upon the stage. Let us all three Unto the whole world an example be Of the tenderest and the most unhappy love That it can treasure the sad history of. The love of Titus and Berenice was, traditionally, one of the great loves of all time; as such it was known to Racine, and as such he made it the subject of his drama. Now a truly great love, a love which in its frustration fills us with the sense of human dignity and lofty pathos and piteous waste so that the tragic emotion is aroused, can proceed only from great souls—that is, from essentially noble souls.2 There is 2 On this point, Henry Carrington Lancaster expressed (in his History of French Dramatic Literature in the Seventeenth Century, Part IV, Baltimore, 1940, p. 74, note) his complete dissent. He then says: "The appeal of Titus and Berenice, like that of Phedre or of Eriphile, is the greater because their failings bring them nearer to average humanity." The "Eriphile" of Racine's Iphigenie is an effective character in the unlovely part that she plays; but surely very few people would consider her an appealing figure. The heroine of Phedre is indeed appealing, but she is far from being petty or ignoble or contemptible; and it is pettiness and baseness (not imperfection, not the possession of human failings even if they result in great wrongdoing) which are the opposite of nobility or greatness of soul. As to whether noble feelings and greatness of soul are necessary in the characters in such a play as Berenice if the proper tragic effect is to be had, we know the authoritative opinion of Racine himself, stated in his preface to this drama: "It is not absolutely requisite that there should be blood and dead bodies in a tragedy; it is enough that the action should be great and the characters heroic, that one's emotions should be stirred and that one should feel, throughout, that majestic sadness which con­ stitutes the whole pleasure of tragedy." And as to the question of whether it is possible, or not, for an essentially petty or ignoble person to feel a truly great love, the answer should seem axiomatic. "Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles?"

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BfiRfiNICE

material for very moving, powerful drama in the theme of two such lovers placed in circumstances which compel, on grounds of transcendent importance, their renunciation of each other. But the Titus and Berenice of Racine are emphati­ cally not great and noble souls, and the moral issues which confront them are somewhat nebulous. A man's choice between the claims of empire, to which his own worth and a nation's preference call him, and of a deeply beloved and deeply loving woman involves, in itself, no easy struggle. Many people to-day, if not in Racine's day, would sympathize with, and commend, a decision in favour of the latter alternative. But the dramatist throws added weight into that scale of the wavering balances. For five long years his Titus has assured Berenice that no considerations of State shall part them, and thus has encouraged her to let her love for him grow without restraint and without fear that his choice will one day be against her; only on his actual acces­ sion to the throne, with its sobering sense of responsibility, does his resolve weaken and change. We may well question whether Berenice is not correct in maintaining that a man who has so thoroughly committed himself has no right to draw back. Moreover, it may reasonably be argued that the obligation of Titus to employ his ability to serve the Roman commonwealth is vitiated or even quite cancelled by the fact that he owes that ability entirely to Berenice; it was her love which inspired him to be no longer a profligate; the valour and benevolence of Titus are her creation, and she owes no debt to Rome, being a foreign queen—rather is Rome in her debt for the services which Titus has already rendered to his country. It would have been easy for Racine to present more com­ pelling grounds for the lovers' sacrifice. With scant departure from history he could, for example, have brought out the point

INTRODUCTION

9

that if Titus should renounce the imperial diadem it would fall to his brother Domitian, a monster like Nero, whose reign would cause untold suffering.3 He has not chosen, how­ ever, to do anything of the sort. On the contrary, it would seem that he has deliberately made the case for Berenice as strong, and the case for Rome as weak, as possible in order to show that even thus the claims of empire are paramount.4 His opinion may not be our own, but we can understand it —at least in some measure. It is a corollary of the doctrine of the Divine Right of Kings, which was then current. If a monarch rules by divine right, he is God's chosen one for the task of ruling, and to decline that task would be to flout God's will—would be, in Dante's phrase, to make the great refusal, an act at once cowardly and impious. But the divine call to the throne does not seem to have been looked upon merely as imposing the practical obligation to govern a State; it was viewed as something like a challenge to a man's own selfrespect. With kingship was imagined to come a noble ambi­ tion to reign, which none but a dastard would disregard. Em­ pire must be yielded only with life. Everything else must give way to it in importance. Again and again Titus speaks of 3 In reality, Titus might have appointed some other heir, but the author could have assumed, as he does throughout Britannicus and as his audience would assume, that the succession was hereditary, just as it was in France. Yet even in that situation, so great a claim had Berenice upon her lover's loyalty that some of us would feel that the right thing for Titus to do was to put the question squarely before the Roman people whether they would accept him with Berenice or take another ruler, and if, in their prejudice against a queen and a foreigner, they chose the latter alternative, the consequences of their choice would justly be on their own heads. But a submission of the matter to the public would probably have resulted in a divided vote and the horrors of civil war. 1 Titus even puts to himself the question, implying a negative answer: Do I see the State Tottering upon the brink of an abyss? Can nothing save it but this sacrifice?

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BfiRfiNICE

his gloire, which compels him to take the step he finally takes; gloire has indeed something of the sense of "duty" or "obliga­ tion," but not wholly nor alone that sense; it can better be rendered by "honour" or "glory" or "reputation"—often best by the old phrase "fair fame." Now, if an author conforms to the moral concepts of his own age, he does reasonably well; but if he is true to moral concepts of permanent validity, he does still better—as he needs must do to achieve anything really great. If the moral concepts implicit in his work are not of permanent validity, his work is to that extent a thing of his own age, not of all time. There are, of course, different degrees of validity and of universality. The self-imposed task of Sophocles' Antigone does not seem to us a duty, but there is nothing evil in it— only nobility and love—and we can imaginatively conceive of her feelings about it and sympathize with them and with her. But the gloire of Racine's Titus makes him break his plighted word to a woman who loves him, and it is not so much duty to others as it is a pride which is dependent upon conformity to ideas now obsolete. To make matters worse, the dramatist shows that Berenice herself cannot understand Titus's viewpoint.5 She eventually appreciates some of the considerations by which he is con­ strained, but never his notion of gloire; it seems to be a con­ cept which a sovereign fully grasps only after he is invested with sovereignty, and is hence a specimen not of universal morality but of that "private morality" which Lemaitre con5 Till she learns his decision from his own lips, she believes his gloire compels him to cleave to her. She says: "II ne me quitte point, il y va de sa gloire" ("His honour is at stake; he will not leave me"). Later she says to him: "He bien! regnez, cruel; contentez votre gloire" ("Well then, reign, cruel man! Have thy fair fame"), and goes on to speak of his broken oaths to her and of his "injustice." It is hard for her to realize that he still loves her.

INTRODUCTION

II

demns in the characters of Corneille in his decline and of all of the other playwrights of the period except Racine.6 That such is its nature is proved by the fact that Titus in his hour of deepest despair thinks of suicide as an honourable way out of his troubles. If his gloire were an intelligible duty towards his country to discharge the task of ruling it which has been committed to him, his suicide would be no less a flight from that duty than his abdication would be; it would have all the disadvantages of abdication and none of its ad­ vantages ; it would make both Rome and Berenice lose him, instead of only one or the other of them. Plainly, then, either his gloire is an artificial "point of honour," according to which it would be disgraceful to live without the crown if one has the opportunity to live with it;7 or else his impulse to kill himself is so pusillanimous and so silly that he appears abject instead of nobly "sympathetic" as his role requires him to be. But indeed all three of the major characters in the play are anything but sympathetic—Titus and Berenice and Antiochus 6 See his Jean Racine, Paris, 1908, pp. 131-134; also his article on Pierre Corneille in L. Petit de Julleville's Histoire de la Langue et de la Litterature francaise, Paris, 1897, vol. iv, p. 295. 7 Titus, however, is sure that he cannot live long when separated from his beloved. He tells her that he will only briefly (the literal meaning of the French is "not so many days") have to keep a weary reckoning of the time of their absence from each other, and that soon the tidings of his death will force her, he hopes, to realize how much he has loved her. But obviously, if his loss of Berenice will speedily bring him to the grave, his sacrifice of himself and her will be of no real benefit to Rome. She interrupts his words with the very sensible question: "Ah, sire, if this be true, why part us?" Her logic is wasted because it is not the good of his country which chiefly concerns Titus, but the figure he himself will cut. His gloire requires that, while life is his, he shall cling to the sceptre which has been placed in his hands; how long he may do so is as heaven shall dispose, but he can at least Leave an example to posterity Which nowise can be rivaled easily.

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BfiRfiNICE

alike. When Titus resolves to break with Berenice, he shirks at first the final interview and leave-taking which common decency demands of him, and asks Antiochus instead to ac­ quaint her with his decision. He is afraid, he says, that he will weaken if he sees her again; and the fact is that he has already shown himself too weak to make the necessary ex­ planations to her when the right opportunity was offered him to do so. Then Antiochus in his turn comes presently to the conclusion that he is unwilling to be the bearer of such evil tidings to the woman he himself has in secret loved long and hopelessly. He reflects that it will cause him fresh pangs to behold, in her tears, the evidence of how much she loves another; so he plans to slip away without discharging the task entrusted to him or informing Titus that he will not discharge it, for "plenty of other people will come to apprise her of her misfortune." When he sees her, he cannot refrain from saying that he knows she is disappointed in not en­ countering Titus instead of him; he hints that there are very distressing things which he might tell her, but he will not tell them. I dread thy grief more than thine anger; fain Would I displease thee, rather than cause thee pain. Thou wilt approve my choice before this day Ends. Farewell, madam. Berenice, already alarmed by the manner in which Titus has avoided her, now fears anything and everything. She protests that to leave her thus in terrified suspense is more cruel than the ghastliest revelation could be. (This fact should have been apparent to any one!) She implores Antiochus to speak out, and finally, with entire justice, threatens him with her eternal hatred if he will not. When, thus constrained, he breaks the sad news to her in as kindly a manner as possible,

INTRODUCTION

13

she refuses to believe him, declares it all an infamous false­ hood intended to cause dissension between her and Titus, and bids him, even if he has not lied to her, never to come into her presence again. The more clearly the situation is com­ prehended, the worse her conduct at this moment is seen to be. She has always in long years of trial found Antiochus a man of stainless honour who has put self behind him in his unwavering devotion to her interests (for she knew nothing of his design to flee from the task of enlightening her, and Racine of course did not mean this to be a baseness in him); she does not really believe the outrageous charges which she flings in his face, but only wants to believe them, as she ad­ mits to Phenice a moment later; she is going instantly to Titus, she says, and she might at least wait to learn the truth from his own lips before making those charges. But no: what she has heard stabs her to the heart; and in blind anger at her pain, and in blind craving to assuage that pain (even by self-deception, and by cruelty and injustice to the mortal who has seemed most loyal to her) she strikes out at the un­ offending messenger—"naturally," says Lemaitre, and the tenderness with which other critics treat her indicates that they share his opinion. "Naturally," beyond doubt, if by "naturally" one means in accord with the nature of some kinds of people. But such an act is not natural to any one whom it is possible to admire or to sympathize with; for honourable men and women do not lose all sense of rectitude and fairness, no matter how dire the shock of anguish that assails them. Shakespeare's Hermione would not have be­ haved like Berenice, nor would Racine's own Junia or Monime. The one occasion in the play in which Antiochus appears genuinely to advantage is when he announces that he is cured of his love by such treatment, but it soon becomes evident

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that he is not. For the rest, he vacillates throughout between hope and despair. Titus, also, frequently wavers more or less in his adherence to what he believes to be the only right course for him; and there is a good deal of conscious pose in the things he says and does. As for Berenice, though she has been told by Antiochus that Titus is compelled to renounce her because of the Roman prejudice against queens and that he is half mad with helpless love and sorrow, she instantly con­ cludes that if he leaves her he cares nothing for her. In Act V she at first refuses to see him again; and though she denies that she wishes heaven to avenge her upon him, she says that his own conscience will do so, and she repeatedly charges him with cruelty, indifference, and bad faith. A really great love tends to feel grief rather than anger if it thinks itself abused. But it also has more confidence in the beloved one than Berenice exhibits in Titus; though utterly unprepared for his decision and quite unable to see the Tightness of it or to follow his arguments justifying it, she ought to believe him at least sincere, however tragically mistaken he might be—if hers were the love which is natural to the higher type of man or woman. Even before she hears that she and Titus must part, she is prone to find petty, personal explanations for what she cannot understand in her lover's conduct. When she comes to him in the second act and he shows constraint and perturbation and finally rushes from the room with stam­ mered words about Rome and the Empire, she does not ac­ count for his strange behaviour in the obvious way, though Phenice has warned her that hostile public sentiment re­ mains to be reckoned with; she imagines instead that Titus has learned of Antiochus's love for her and that he is jealous —a conventional hypothesis which, as Voltaire pointed out, would be entertained by characters on the stage rather than

INTRODUCTION

15

by people in real life—and comforts herself with the conven­ tional idea that if Titus feels jealously, he loves her.8 "Conventional"—that word explains a large share of the blemishes of Berenice. Not only was the view held by Titus of what befits a monarch the one which other French trage­ dies of the period would lead us to expect him to hold, but those tragedies frequently represent lovers as acting in a man­ ner which to-day would be thought despicable. In the eternal discussions of love and its manifestations with which the salons of the seventeenth century busied themselves, it would seem that any ignoble impulse which might be felt by human beings in the grip of that passion was accepted as natural and therefore as legitimate—almost, even, as necessarily present in any love which is sincere. This point of view came by way of the pastoral and "heroic" romances into the stereotyped, artificial drama of that day, which we call pseudo-classical or "romanesque," and so dominated it that its heroes and hero­ ines are often quite beyond the pale of more enlightened sympathies. No other play of Racine's after Andromaque has so much of the flavour of romanesque tragedy as Berenice. Its very subject is, in essence, the one most frequently met with in the dramas of the two Corneilles, Quinault, and their fel8 To some of us, Berenice's rebuke of Antiochus for declaring his love to her may seem another exhibition of the unamiable side of her character. But even to-day, for a man to tell a married woman that he loves her is regarded as an act of very doubtful propriety, and Racine's contemporaries evidently felt much the same way in the case of a woman who was betrothed. By drawing this parallel we can better understand the feelings of both Antiochus and Berenice throughout the first act; and it will be apparent that the Queen's behaviour then was dignified and kindly— indeed, quite fine. Nor need we be surprised that when afterwards, in Act III, Antiochus comes again into her presence, she asks him somewhat sharply if he has not yet departed. She at that time fancies that Titus has been offended by the knowledge of his secret passion and its indiscreet avowal.

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lows: a conflict between the claims of love and honour, or of love and the State. Each of the principal characters has a confidant, just as each does in Andromaque; nowhere else in Racine is the pairing complete and stiffly conventional. Of the three confidants in Berenice, only Paulinus has the slightest individuality; Phenice is stupid even beyond the wont of confidants when she cannot imagine the reason for Titus's flight from her mistress, though it was she herself who insisted that the laws and feelings of Rome remained a serious obstacle. And in no other play after Andromaque is the conventional love-language of gallantry so jarringly in evidence. There is perhaps a reason for all this, quite beyond the exigencies of a contest with Corneille. More familiar than any other author of his times with the great tragedies of an­ cient Greece, Racine appears to have been actuated, through­ out his career as a dramatist, by two ambitions: to write plays as nearly like those of Sophocles and Euripides as would be possible in seventeenth-century France, and to write plays that would be universally admired. La Thebdide contains few pseudo-classical elements. Save for Creon's love for Antigone, it is a straightforward attempt to put the story of the children of Oedipus as told by Seneca and the Greeks into the form of a French tragedy; its faults are for the most part merely those of inexperience. It enjoyed a very creditable success for a maiden effort, but nothing like the success that Racine had hoped for. Very well, he must have said to himself, if people did not care for what he preferred, he would show that he could give them what they preferred; and he wrote the wholly romanesque Alexandre, which was extremely popular. He had now proved that he could win favour; perhaps he could win it also with something more nearly to his taste. In Andromaque he took a long stride towards naturalness and

INTRODUCTION

17

truth, and both city and Court hailed his daring experiment with the wildest delight. He then went still further in the same direction in Britannicus; but this tragedy, though it became after a few years one of the most highly esteemed of his works, was a failure when first presented, until it was saved by the praise which Louis XIV bestowed upon it. Berenice was the next product of Racine's pen; it hence comes at a crucial point in his career. Two courses lay open to him. He could continue resolutely in the vein of Britannicus, hoping that he might at length please the public with that sort of play, whether by more for­ tunate selection of subject or by educating his audiences to a better appreciation of true dramatic values; or he could revert to the manner of Andromaque, in which case he would be certain to acquire fresh laurels. He chose the latter alterna­ tive. Berenice has little less of pseudo-classical convention than has Andromaque,9 and it scored a triumph. Thereafter, Ra­ cine again made progress away from the romanesque and towards a purer form of art, but this time slowly and cauti­ ously, through Bajaset and Mithridate to an Iphigenie which in large part is of genuine classical inspiration, and thence, doubtless reassured by the applause that had greeted each step, to the transcendent achievement of Phedre. 9 This fact was remarked upon by Bernardin in his edition of Bajazet (Theatre complet de Jean Racine, vol. iii, Paris, n. d.) p. 54, note 12: ". . . in Berenice and Bajazet Racine went back completely to romanesque tragedy, from which he had seemed to want to break away in Britan­ nicus"; but no one, apparently, has hitherto pointed out the reason for it.

CHARACTERS IN THE PLAY TITUS, Emperor of Rome. BERENICE, Queen of Palestine. ANTIOCHUS, King of Commagene. PAULINUS, confidant of Titus. ARSACES, confidant of Antiochus. PHENICE, lady-in-waiting of Berenice. RUTILUS, a Roman. Retinue of Titus. The scene is laid in the Imperial Palace at Rome in a room between the apartments of Titus and those of Berenice. The names "Antiochus," "Paulinus," "Arsaces," and "Phenice" are accented on the second syllable; the others on the first syllable. "Berenice," as a familiar modern name of three syllables, is pronounced thus (as Dante's "Beatrice" usually is in English translations) ; but in "Phenice" the clas­ sical pronunciation of the final "e" is preserved.

BERENICE ACT I Enter ANTIOCHUS and ARSACES. ANTIOCHUS.

Let us stop here a moment. I can see, Arsaces, that such pomp is new to thee. Oft hath this sumptuous and private room Held Titus' secrets. Hither he doth come At whiles, from Court withdrawing, to declare His love unto the Queen. This doorway here Leadeth to his apartments, and that one Yonder to hers. Do thou go and make known To her that, although loath to vex her, I Venture to beg a private colloquy. ARSACES.

Thou, my lord, vex her ? Thou, that friend so dear Who hast watched o'er her with devoted care? Thou, that Antiochus who didst love her once? Thou, whom the East among its kings accounts One of the greatest ? What! already is Her coming marriage with Titus an abyss Between you? ANTIOCHUS.

Go, I say. Seek but to learn If I may talk with her alone; concern Thyself no further. [Exit ARSACES. ( T o h i m s e l f ) Antiochus, art thou e'er The same ? Couldst without trembling say to her,

2θ

BfiRfiNICE

"I love thee" ? Nay, I tremble now. Distraught Of soul, I fear this moment that I have sought. Berenice robbed me of hope long ago. She imposed eternal silence on me. Lo, Five years I have kept silent. Till this day 'Neath friendship's veil I have hid my love away. Can I believe that when about to be The bride of Titus, she will hearken to me More than in Palestine? He weds her. Do I choose this hour to speak my love anew ? What will my rash avowal bring me ? Since We must part, let us part without offense! Let us begone, and naught disclosing, fly Far from her sight, forget her, or else die. . . . What! suffer always pangs to her unknown! Always shed tears which I must swallow down! What! even in losing her am I to fear Her anger? Fair queen, what offends thee here? Have I now come to ask thee to forego Empire, or love me? nay, to make thee know But this: that having long beguiled my heart With hope some obstacle might rise to thwart My rival's love, to-day when he hath power O'er all,—when now draws near your marriage hour,— A sad example of long constancy After five years of love and vain hope, I Go forth, still true, when I may hope no further. Instead of anger, she might give me, rather, Her pity. In any case, speak out I shall. I have restrained myself enough, withal. What can a hopeless lover dread, alas, Who is resolved to see no more her face ? [Re-enter ARSACES.

BERENICE Arsaces, may we enter? ARSACES.

Sir, I have seen, Though it was hard to gain her sight, the Queen; I had to pierce such throngs for ever new Of folk whom her approaching grandeur drew To worship at her feet. After eight days Of strict seclusion, Titus finally stays His weeping for Vespasian, his sire; This lover turns again to love's desire; And if I am to heed Court-gossip, 'tis Likely, my lord, the happy Berenice Ere nightfall will exchange the name of Queen For that of Empress. ANTIOCHUS.

Ah me! ARSACES.

What! Herein Findest thou something to displease thee ? ANTIOCHUS.

So I cannot, then, have speech with her with no Witnesses. ARSACES.

Thou shalt see her, sire. 'Tis known To Berenice thou wouldst talk with her alone And unattended. She vouchsafed a glance To me which said that what thou beggest she grants; And doubtless she awaits a favourable Time to escape the courtiers' throngs.

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22

ANTIOCHUS.

'Tis well. But hast thou not neglected any of those Important things thou'rt charged with? ARSACES.

My lord knows My promptness to obey. Ships, speedily Fitted out, even now at Ostia lie, Ready at any hour to leave the port, Awaiting only thy command to start. But who is it whom thou art sending home To Commagene ? ANTIOCHUS.

The hour will have come At which to go, when I have seen the Queen, Arsaces. ARSACES.

Who will go? ANTIOCHUS.

I. ARSACES.

Thou, sir? ANTIOCHUS.

When I leave the palace, I leave Rome, and I Leave it for ever. ARSACES.

I am certainly Surprised to hear this, sire, and rightly so.

BERENICE

After Queen Berenice so long ago Took thee, sire, from the midst of thy domain,— After she hath been able to detain Thee for three years in Rome,—and now when she, Sure of her triumph, wishes thee to see Her splendid nuptials, and when in his love Titus, about to be the husband of This queen, prepares for her such pomp and state That in their glory thou wilt participate . . . ANTIOCHUS.

Let her enjoy, Arsaces, her glad lot, And end thy talk thereof; it likes me not. ARSACES.

I understand now, sire. These honours make The Queen forget thy goodness for her sake. Hate comes when friendship proveth faithless. ANTIOCHUS.

Nay. I never hated her less than to-day. ARSACES.

What, then? Doth the new emperor, given o'er To thoughts of greatness, know thee now no more? Or doth some hint of coldness yet to come Cause thee to shun his presence far from Rome ? ANTIOCHUS.

Titus hath shown towards me a friend's true heart. Wrongly would I complain. ARSACES.

Then why depart ? What caprice makes thee thine own enemy?

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Heaven enthrones a prince who loveth thee,— A prince who formerly hath seen thee fight,— Seen thee seek death and glory, following right Behind him, who did by thine aid reduce To wear his yoke at last the rebel Jews. He recollects that famous, direful day Whereon it was decided in which way The long and doubtful siege would end. The foe, Safe on their triple walls and feeling no Anxiety, watched our vain assaults. We plied The battering-ram to no avail outside. Thou, thou alone, sire, didst then seize upon A ladder, and unto those ramparts, won Thus by thy valour, bring death. On thine own That same day's light, however, almost shone. Titus embraced thee as thou layest, it seemed, Dead in mine arms; and the whole army deemed That thou wert dead, and in their victory wept. This is the time, sire, when thou shouldst accept Rewards for all the blood men saw thee shed. If, longing to behold thy realm instead, Thou'dst live no longer where thou dost not reign, Must the Euphrates see thee come again Thither with no increase of honours? Wait To go till Caesar sends thee home in state, Laden with gifts and titles Rome confers To make kings greater who are friends of hers. Can nothing change thy mind, my lord? . . . Wilt thou Answer naught? ANTIOCHUS.

What wouldst have me say? I now Await a moment's speech with Berenice.

BERENICE

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ARSACES.

And then, my lord ? ANTIOCHUS.

Her destiny it is That will decide mine own. ARSACES.

How? ANTIOCHUS.

I but wait For her to tell me of her marriage. Then, straight, If what I hear on all sides is repeated By her,—if truly she is to be seated Upon the Caesars' throne,—if Titus so Hath said, and he will wed her,—I shall go. ARSACES.

But what doth make this marriage a thing 'tis best Thou shouldst not see ? ANTIOCHUS.

Thou shalt be told the rest When we are gone. ARSACES.

In what confusion sore Thou leavest my mind! ANTIOCHUS.

The Queen is here. No more. Farewell. Do all that I have bidden thee do. [Exit ARSACES. Enter BERENICE and PHENICE.

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BERENICE. At last, from the forced joy of all the new Friends my good fortune hath made mine, I can Escape! I flee their tedious and vain Show of respect, to find thee here, who art A friend that speaketh to me from his heart. 'Tis true that I e'en now was blaming thee In just impatience for thy neglect of me. "What!" I said, "does Antiochus, whose care For me both Europe and Asia everywhere Have witnessed, he whom I have always seen, Constant through all my trials, follow me in My fate's vicissitudes unfalteringly,— To-day when heaven appears to promise me An honour I would share with him as well, Does he, this same Antiochus, conceal Himself from me and leave me for so long Thus at the mercy of these strangers' throng? ANTIOCHUS.

Is it, then, true, as thy words seem to prove, Madam, that marriage will now crown your love ? BERENICE.

Sir, I would fain confess to thee my fears. These last few days have seen me shed some tears. The mourning that was on the Court imposed So long by Titus, kept him, thus engrossed, From even all secret show of love. No more Would he reveal that ardour which, before, He had displayed when he had spent his days Hanging upon my sight. Silent always Now, burdened by cares, with tearful eyes,

BERENICE He ever left me with but farewell sighs. Judge how I must have suffered, I, whose own Fondness for him is for himself alone, As I have often told thee,—I, who would Have cherished not his greatness but the good In him and sought only his heart. ANTIOCHUS.

Hath he Resumed his former loving ways with thee? BERENICE.

Thou wert a witness of the past night, when The Senate, carrying out his pious plan, Enrolled his father as a deity. With filial duty satisfied thereby, He can turn from it, and give thought to her He loves; and at this very moment, sir, Though not a word to me hereof he said, He with the Senate meeteth, which he bade Assemble. There the bounds he doth extend Of Palestine, and join Arabia and All Syria thereto; and if I may Put faith in what his friends are saying to-day And in the countless oaths he swore ere this To me, he wishes to crown Berenice Queen of so many lands that to no few Titles he can add that of empress, too. He will himself come hither soon to tell Me this. ANTIOCHUS.

And I have come to say farewell To thee for ever.

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BERENICE. What is this thou sayst? Ah heaven! Farewell ? What meanest thou ? Sore dis­ tressed, Pale, and confused, thou seemest, Prince. ANTIOCHUS.

I must go— Must leave thee, madam. BERENICE.

What! may I not know The reason . . . ANTIOCHUS ( to himself).

Better had I gone, and not Seen her again. BERENICE.

What fearest thou? Speak out! Too long thy silence leaves me in suspense. What secret lies behind thy going hence ? ANTIOCHUS.

Forget not that I am obeying thee, And that for the last time thou hearest me. If ever thou rememberest—at this height Thou hast attained of glory and of might— Thy birthplace, madam, thou wilt recall that there My heart was pierced by the first shafts that e'er Sped from thine eyes. I fell in love with thee. I gained thy brother Agrippa's preference. He Spoke unto thee in my behalf. Perchance Thou then wouldst have received without offence My homage. But it was in vain I strove,

BERENICE For Titus came, saw thee, and won thy love. Dazzling thy sight, he like a man did come Who carried in his hands the wrath of Rome. Judea quailed, and poor Antiochus Could deem himself his earliest victim, thus. Soon thy lips bade me urge no more my suit; But long I did thy stern decree dispute, And still in place of words I made mine eyes Speak for me. Everywhere my tears and sighs Followed thee, until thy severity At last prevailed and thou requiredst of me Silence, on pain of exile from thy sight. I had to promise it, and even to plight My word thereto with oaths; but since I dare Finally my soul's real feelings to declare, Know this, that when thou wrongly didst extort That pledge from me, I swore within my heart That I would love thee always, without cease. BERENICE.

Alas! What tellest thou me? ANTIOCHUS.

I held my peace For five years, madam, and I shall hold it far Longer henceforth. Unto the field of war I followed my triumphant rival's spears. I hoped to shed my blood after my tears, Or else at least to make thee hear my name— Since me thou wouldst not hear—borne by the fame Of countless deeds to thee. Heaven seemed disposed To end my misery. For my supposed Death thou didst mourn—alas, I did not die! O dangers faced in vain! How foiled was I!

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Titus outdid what my despair could do. I must accord his valour its just due. Though destined emperor of the world was he,— Though called mankind's delight, though loved by thee,— He seemed to be a mark for every blow, While his unhappy rival was to go (Though hopeless, scorned, tired of life) only where He led. I see thou lendest an eager ear Unto my praise of him, and thou dost take Less umbrage, hearing these words. For Titus' sake Thou pardonest the others, all too well Hearkening to the story that I tell Though grim the memories that around it throng. After a siege as cruel as it was long, He overcame the rebels and subdued All whom flames, famine, and intestine feud Had spared of them, bleeding and pale and wild Of eye, and left their walls in ruins piled. Ye came to Rome, then. I remained behind. How in that lonely Eastern land I pined! Long I abode in Caesarea, to roam In those dear places where I first had come To love thee. All through thy forlorn domain I cried aloud for thee and in my pain Sought where thy feet had trod. Conquered at last By grief, I in despair my steps addressed To Italy, where Fate reserved for me Her latest blow. Titus, as soon as he Embraced me, brought me unto thee. A veil Of friendship deceived him and thee as well; And I, who loved thee, was the confidant Of your love. But some hope was always blent With my despondency and beguiled me still.

BERENICE Rome and Vespasian both opposed your will; And Titus, after many victories, Might have to yield. But lo, Vespasian is No more, and Titus now is master. Why Did I not flee at once, then ? Because I Wished to observe for a few days what turn The new reign was to take. My fate, I learn Now, is assured. Thy triumph is at hand. Without me, enough others will attend All the festivities and come to add To thine own ecstasies their raptures glad. I, who could bring thee only tears,—who prove Always the victim of a fruitless love,— I go forth, happy in my misery That I could tell the story blamelessly Of all my woes to thee who wert their cause, More in love with thee than I ever was.

BERENICE. Sir, I would not have thought that on the day That is to join my destiny for ay With Caesar's any man could unreproved Come tell me to my face that I am loved By him. Thou in my silence hast a token Of my true friendship. All thy words just spoken Wrongly to me I for its sake forget. I did not stop their utterance. With regret, Moreover, do I hear thee say good-bye. Heaven knows that midst my many honours I Yearned for no eyes but thine to see my bliss. Like every one, I prized thy nobleness. Titus loved thee, and thou admiredst him; And oft 'twas very sweet to me to seem

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To be with Titus when I was with thee, His other self. ANTIOCHUS.

Hence, all too late, I flee. I flee such converse, in which I can claim No thoughts of thine,—flee Titus,—flee a name That drives me mad, that through the livelong day Is ever on thy lips,—flee (shall I say Yet more?) thine absent eyes, whose glance doth fall Upon me without seeing me at all. Farewell. I go, thine image in my breast, To wait for death, still loving thee to the last. But think not that in blind grief I shall go, Proclaiming unto all the world my woe. News of that death I long for in my pain Alone will tell thee that I lived till then. Farewell. [Exit ANTIOCHUS. PHENICE.

Oh, how I pity him! Such great Constancy, madam, deserved a happier fate. Dost thou not pity him? BERENICE.

His sudden flight Leaves me a secret sorrow, I admit. PHENICE.

I would have kept him here. BERENICE.

Keep him here ? I ? Rather should I lose even all memory

BERENICE

Of him. Wouldst thou have me encourage, then, His mad love? PHENICE.

Titus hath not yet made plain What he intends to do. With jealous eye Rome sees thee here. The inflexibility Of her stern laws doth fill my heart with dread. Only with Romans do the Romans wed. They hate all monarchs, madam, and thou art one BERENICE.

The time when I could tremble is now gone, Phenice. Titus loves me, and all power Is his. He needeth but to speak, naught more, And he will see the Senate come to pay Homage to me, the people crown straightway With flowers his statues. Have thine eyes beheld The splendour of last night? Were they not filled With its great sights: the mighty funeral pyre, The torches, lighting up the dark with fire,— The eagles, fasces, soldiers, populace,— Kings, consuls, senators who flock apace, All, sharing in my lover's radiance bright,— The gold and purple, richer in that light His glory sheds,—those laurels that, to bear Witness unto his victories, he doth wear,— The eyes of visitors from every land Centering their eager gaze upon him, and His noble bearing and his gracious mien? Ah, with what reverence and love, within Their hearts, all pledge to him their loyalty! Can any see him and not think, like me, That howsoe'er obscure had been the birth

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Which Fate assigned him, surely the whole earth, Seeing him, would have known him for its lord ? By these fond memories I am overpowered, Phenice. But all Rome doth even now Offer to heaven for Titus many a vow And by her sacrifices celebrate His reign's beginning. Wherefore should we wait Here longer? Let us go, to add our prayer For his success to heaven, which in its care Guards him. Then shall I, without more delay, Seek him unsummoned, and when with him say All that affection, long repressed, inspires In hearts made one by love and like desires. [Exeunt.

ACT II TITUS, PAULINUS, and attendants are discovered. TITUS.

Hath any one yet gone for me unto The King of Commagene ? Doth he know That I await him ? PAULINUS.

I went to the Queen. At her apartments he had lately been, But had gone thence when I arrived there, sire. I left word telling him of thy desire. TITUS.

'Tis well. And what now is Queen Berenice Doing ? PAULINUS.

The Queen knows of thy bounteousness To her, and at this very moment she Lifts prayers to heaven for thy prosperity. To do so, she was going forth. TITUS.

The kind Princess! Alas! PAULINUS.

What saddeneth thy mind For her sake ? Almost the entire East, sir, Will bow beneath her sway. Thou pitiest her? TITUS.

Paulinus, let us be left here alone. [Exeunt all but TITUS and PAULINUS.

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BSRFINICE

The course that I have chosen is still unknown To Rome, Paulinus, which now waits to see What the Queen's destiny indeed will be. The secrets of her heart and mine have grown To be the common talk of every one. The time has come to make my purpose clear. What says the public voice—what dost thou hear Said—of the Queen and me? PAULINUS.

All men accord Thy virtues and her beauty praise, my lord. TITUS.

What do they say of my consuming love? What is the outcome they expect thereof? PAULINUS. Thou art supreme. Love or renounce thy love, The Court, whate'er thou doest, will approve. TITUS.

And I have seen this false Court, at all times Eager to please its lord, commend the crimes Of Nero, even the most horrible, And, kneeling, reverence his frenzy's will. I nowise take for judge a servile Court; For nobler plaudits I will play my part, And, to no flatterers' voices paying heed, Would hear all hearts speak through thy lips instead. Paulinus, thou hast promised me I shall. Respect and dread let no complaints at all Reach me. That I may better hear and see, I have asked ears and eyes, dear friend, of thee. I even made their gift my friendship's price,

BERENICE That I my people's feelings in this wise Should learn, and truth should pierce through flattery Unto me, thanks to thy sincerity. Speak, then! What hope can Berenice possess ? Will Rome be kind to her or merciless? Must I believe that on the Caesars' throne This lovely queen could e'er irk any one? PAULINUS.

Doubt not that Rome—through reason, caprice, or both— To have her made its empress would be loath. All know her charms; such beauty and such grace, Thou thinkest, should rule o'er the whole human race. She hath a Roman woman's heart, 'tis e'en Said; she hath countless virtues; but a queen She is, my lord. Rome, with a law which could Be changed by none, permits no alien blood To mix with hers, and doth not recognize The issue of a union which defies Her precepts. Also, Rome, in banishing Her kings, linked with the very name of king, So noble and so sacred theretofore, A hate so terrible for evermore That, though she is loyal and obedient Unto her emperors, this virulent Hate, the last relic of her pride, lives on In every heart, when liberty is gone. Julius, the first who ruled by force of arms And hushed the voice of Law mid war's alarums, Loved Cleopatra ardently, but repressed His love and left her grieving in the East Alone. Mark Antony, who loved her to

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Idolatry, forgetting what was due Honour and country in her fond embrace, Never dared call her "wife." Rome went, no less, To seek him on his siren's knees, nor stayed Her vengeful fury until both were dead— He and his mistress, too. Since then, my lord, Caligula and Nero, those abhorred Monsters whose names I speak here with regret, Who, human but in form, trod 'neath their feet All of the laws of Rome save this alone, Feared this sole law; and ne'er did either one Before our faces light the torch for some Marriage that would be odious to Rome. Thou badest me speak frankly. We have seen Felix, the freedman Pallas' brother, when He with the brand of Claudius still was scarred, Become the husband of two queens, my lord; And—to withhold naught, as thou saidst I should— These two queens were of Berenice's blood. Dost think 'twould not shock Rome wert thou to wed A queen and place her in our Caesars' bed, When in the East a slave freed from our chains Had made his way thus to the bed of queens? I know not if ere this day's end hath come, The Senate will not, in the name of Rome, All that which I have said to thee repeat, And the whole city, falling at thy feet, Will not like them beg thee to make a choice Worthy of Rome and thee, as with one voice. Sire, thou hast time to weigh well thy response. TITUS. Ah! what a love they wish me to renounce!

BERENICE PAULINUS.

That love is great, I must indeed confess. TITUS.

Greater a thousand times than thou canst guess, Paulinus. 'Tis my very life to see Her face each day, love her, make her love me. Yet more—from thee I keep no secrets—I Have for her sake oft thanked the gods on high For having chosen my father when he was In Idumea and rallied to his cause The army and the East, and having then Turned the hearts to him of all other men And 'neath his peaceful sway brought bleeding Rome. I even have coveted my father's throne, Paulinus—I, who would have given my life A hundred times to make his longer if Fate had not proved so merciless and had Been willing that way to extend the thread Of his existence-—such my hope (how ill A lover knoweth what is in truth his will) To share with Berenice that throne, repay Thus her great love and loyalty some day, And see the whole world at her feet then fall Like me. Despite her loveliness and all My love, Paulinus, after vow on vow Attested by my tears, when I can now Crown her, when more than e'er before do I Adore her now, and when the marriage tie Can join our fortunes and discharge at last The oaths I swore in all these five years past, I am about . . . Gods! can I say it ?

4°

BfiRfiNICE PAULINUS.

What, My lord ? TITUS.

Paulinus, I am now about To part from her eternally. My heart Shall fail not in this hour. We must part. If I have made thee speak,—if I desired To hear thee,—'twas that I might be inspired Secretly by thee to o'ercome so strong A love, unwilling to be silenced. Long Did Berenice keep in doubt my victory; And if I cleave to honour finally, Know that to conquer love meant inward fray From which my heart will bleed for many a day. I loved; I breathed my vows in peace unmarred. Another had the cares of empire. Lord Of mine own fate and free to feed love's fires, I took no thought save of mine own desires. But scarcely was my father to the skies Called home than, when my hand had closed his eyes, Of my fond error I was disabused; I felt the charge that on me was imposed; I knew that, far from being my love's thrall, I must, Paulinus, soon renounce it all, And that the gods' choice, thwarting my heart's will, Gave to the world the life-days left me still. To-day Rome waits to see what will occur. What shame for me, how ominous for her, If my first act should all her claims disown To base my happiness on her laws o'erthrown! Resolved to make this cruel sacrifice,

BERENICE I would prepare for it poor Berenice. But how begin? I in the last eight days, When with her, have tried twenty times to raise The subject; but each time, at the first word, My tongue froze in my mouth. Thus she hath heard Naught. I still hoped my grief, and being so Confused, would warn her of our coming woe, But, unsuspecting, she beheld my fears And with her dear hand sought to dry my tears, Nor dreamed that anything could be less true Than that a love would end which was her due. Finally, this morning I have steeled my heart. I needs must see her, tell her we must part. I now await Antiochus, to consign This treasure to his charge, that can be mine No more. I want him to conduct her home Unto her eastern lands. To-morrow Rome Will see the Queen depart with him. She soon Will learn the truth from me; for I anon Shall speak with her for the last time. PAULINUS. Naught less Did I expect from one whose eagerness For fair fame hath brought victory everywhere. Captive Judea's still-smoking ramparts bear Eternal witness to that noble thirst And have assured me from the very first That thy heroic soul would not desire To undo all thou hast accomplished, sire, And that the conqueror of so many nations Sooner or later would subdue his passions.

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BfiRfiNICE TITUS.

Ah me! What cruel things doth this fair fame Require by virtue of its own fair name! How much more fair 'twould seem to my sad gaze If death were all that it doth bid me face! What do I say ? my very love for it Berenice first within my bosom lit. Thou knowest 'tis true. Not always did there shine Round me the lustre of renown now mine. Brought up in Nero's court, I went astray Through bad example, following the way, In youth, of pleasure down its easy slope. Then I met Berenice. What will the hope To please her whom one loves, and win her who Hath won his heart, not cause a man to do ? I spared not mine own blood, and all gave way Before my sword. Triumphant, I one day Returned. But blood and tears were not enough For me to be found worthy of her love. I undertook to assuage the wretchedness Of the unfortunate. In every place My gifts were lavished. I grew happy then, And happier than thou canst imagine when I could appear before her and she was Swayed by the good I did, which pled my cause. I owe her all; and what is her reward, Paulinus, now? I am to disregard That debt and say to her who made me o'er In honour's mould: "Depart; see me no more." PAULINUS.

What, sire! When grants which thou dost on her shower To the Euphrates will extend her power,—

BERENICE When so great honours are conferred on her That they amaze the Senate,—canst thou fear Thou wilt be thought an ingrate? Berenice Will rule a hundred peoples whom ere this She had not ruled. TITUS.

Mere trifles to beguile A grief so terrible which she will feel! Knowing her, I well know—have always known— Her heart hath ne'er desired aught save mine own. I loved her, won her love. Since that glad day (Or "fatal" one, alas! ought I to say?) Having no aim in loving me but love, In Rome an alien, in the Court thereof A stranger, she hath lived, claiming no right Except that at some certain hour she might See me, Paulinus, and for that might wait. And if I sometimes am a little late,— If at the expected moment aught defers My coming,—I then find her bathed in tears And it is long ere I can dry her eyes. I am, in short, bound by love's strongest ties: Tender reproaches, ever fresh delight, Unstudied charms, fears naught could put to flight, Her beauty, the high soul and goodness in her. For five whole years I every day have seen her Yet feel each time I never have before. Come, dear Paulinus, let us dwell no more Upon all this. The more I think and speak Of it, the more I feel myself grow weak In my cruel resolution. What a blow, Ye gods, my news will deal her! Yes, let us go.

44

BfiRfiNICE

I know my duty. To do it, is my task. Whether I can and live, I do not ask. [Enter RUTILUS.

RUTILUS.

Berenice, sire, hath come to speak with thee. TITUS.

Ah heaven! Paulinus! PAULINUS.

What! thus immediately Thou seekest to draw back? Forget not thou The brave decision which thou madest. Now, My lord, 'tis time to act. TITUS.

So be it; we Shall see her. Let her enter. [Exit RUTILUS. Enter BERENICE and PHENICE. BERENICE.

Do not be Offended if in my heart's ardour I Wrongly intrude upon thy privacy. When all thy Court gathers around me, stirred By tidings of the gifts thou hast conferred On me, sire, is it right that I alone Must in that hour bide voiceless, having known Nothing myself thereof? My lord—to be Frank, for I know that touching thee and me Thou keepest no secrets from this loyal friend— Naught stayeth thee, thy mourning now hath end, And yet thou seekest me not, though thou'rt thine own

BERENICE Master! Thou offerest me another crown, I have been told; but this thou didst not say To me thyself. Let us have less display Of love and less constraint. Canst thou not show Thy love except before the Senate? Oh, Titus,—for love no longer will use here Those titles prompted by respect and fear— What is the care which on thy love so weighs That it can give me only provinces? Since when hast thou believed that I would prize Greatness? Love's words from thee, love's looks and sighs, Are all the ambition of my heart, love-fraught. Be with me oftener, and give me naught. Are all thine hours spent in the Empire's care? Hast thou, after eight days, nothing whate'er To tell me? How one word would reassure My ever-boding spirit! But was not your Talk of me when I unexpectedly Came hither? In your private speech was I Nowise involved, my lord? Or was I not At the very least, sire, present in thy thought? TITUS.

Ne'er doubt it, madam; and I call the skies To witness that thine image haunts mine eyes. Nor time nor absence—this I swear before thee— Could rob thee of my heart, which doth adore thee. BERENICE. How now! Thou swearest to me eternal love And swearest it thus coldly? Wherefore of Heaven wouldst thou thus invoke the power ? Must Thou needs take oaths to conquer my distrust ?

46

BfiRfiNICE

I never meant to charge thee with a lie. I will believe thee on thy heart's first sigh. TITUS.

Madam . . . BERENICE.

Yes, sire? . . . What now! thou answerest naught; Thou turnest away thine eyes and seemest distraught. Canst thou but show to me a face of woe? Over thy father's death dost thou brood so Without cessation? Can naught charm from thee This gnawing sorrow? TITUS.

Would to heaven—ah me!— My father had not died, were living yet! How happy I would be! BERENICE.

Sir, such regret Is natural to thy filial piety. But thou hast now honoured his memory With tears enough. Thou also owest some care To Rome and to thy glory. I do not dare To urge mine own claims. Berenice formerly Could have consoled thee, and more joyfully Thou wouldst have heard her. I have for thy sake Been pierced with many sorrows, but thou couldst make My weeping cease with one word. Thou dost mourn A father—ah, beside what I have borne (That memory makes me shudder even yet) How small a trial is thine! I faced the threat Of being torn from all that I adore,—

BERENICE

47

I, whose dire anguish and confusion sore Thou knowest when leaving me for the least while,— I, who would die the day which brought exile To me from thee . . . TITUS.

Alas! what dost thou say, Madam ? Why choose this time ? Stop, stop, I pray! This love o'erwhelmeth an ungrateful man. BERENICE.

Ungrateful, sire? Canst thou be that? And can I weary thee, then, with my tenderness? TITUS.

Nay, madam, since the truth I must confess, My heart hath never burned more with love's fires. But . . . BERENICE. Yes? Go on. TITUS. Ah me! BERENICE.

Speak! TITUS.

Rome . . . Th' Em­ pire's . . . BERENICE.

Yes? TITUS.

Come, Paulinus. I can tell her naught. [Exeunt TITUS and PAULINUS.

48

BfiRfiNICE BERENICE.

How now! He leaves me without saying aught ? Alas, Phenice! what a meeting—this! What have I done? What would he? And why is He mute? PHENICE.

Like thee, the more I seek the cause Hereof, the further I am at a loss. Does nothing come into thy memory, Madam, that might have moved his heart 'gainst thee ? Look back. Consider. BERENICE.

Thou canst take my word For it: I think of all that hath occurred From the first day I saw him to this same Sad day, and see that I deserve no blame Unless for too much love. Thou heardest what We said just now. Thou must hide from me naught; Speak out. Did I say anything which could Displease him? I, perhaps, more than I should— How do I know ?—have scorned his gifts to me Or censured him for grieving. Can it be, He dreads the wrath of Rome? He fears perchance— Yes, fears—to wed a queen, to give offense So greatly. Alas me! if that were true . . . Nay, nay, he hath assured my love anew A hundred times against Rome's cruel laws; A hundred times . . . Would he would make the cause Of so unkind a silence clear to me! I cannot breathe in this uncertainty. Phenice, could I live if I should deem He tires of me or I offended him ?

BERENICE

49

Let us, then, follow him . . . But I believe, Now when I think of it, that I perceive The reason why he is disturbed in mind, Phenice. He hath somehow come to find Out what took place of late. Antiochus' Love for me well may be what moves him thus. He now awaiteth, I was told, the King Of Commagene. In no other thing Need we, then, seek the source of my distress. Doubtless the throes which he could not repress And which have filled my heart with such alarm Spring from suspicions easy to disarm. But of rejecting such a lover I Will make no boast, dear Titus. Would to high Heaven that without dishonour unto thee A mightier one could test my loyalty, Laying before my feet more realms than thou,— That he with countless crowns could crown my brow And thou couldst give me nothing but thy love! Then to thee in thy triumph I could prove How precious is thy heart in my fond sight. Phenice, come; one word can set all right. Let us take courage; Titus loves me still. I deemed that I was the most miserable Of mortals much too quickly. Yes, if he Is jealous, he is still in love with me. [Exeunt.

ACT III TITUS, ANTIOCHUS, and ARSACES are discovered. TITUS.

What, Prince? Thou wert about to leave? What might So speed thy sudden departure—nay, thy flight? Wouldst thou have hidden all, till thou didst go From me? Dost quit this palace as a foe? What will the Court, Rome, the whole Empire say ? And, as thy friend, what can I not say? Pray, Wherein have I offended? In all things Hast thou been treated like the other kings? My heart was thine while yet my sire did live, But that was the sole gift I then could give; And now, when like my heart my hand is free, Thou fleest the favours that awaited thee ? Deemest thou that my past fortunes I forget And fix my thoughts upon my high estate While all my friends seem in them most remote, Strangers to me now that I need them not? Prince, thou who from my sight wouldst fain have gone, I need thee more than I have ever done. ANTIOCHUS.

Me? TITUS.

Thee. ANTIOCHUS.

Alas! From one so miserable What canst thou look for, sire, except good will ? TITUS.

Prince, I forget not that my victory

BERENICE

Owed half its greatness to thy bravery; That Rome hath seen, amid her lengthy trains Of captives, more than one who wore thy chains; And that she in the Capitol still views The spoils thy hand hath taken from the Jews. Now I expect of thee no warlike deeds ; To borrow but thy voice, will serve my needs. I know that Berenice owes much to thee For all thy long care, that she feeleth she Hath in thee a true friend, and that in Rome She sees and listens unto thee alone. Thou sharest with us one heart and one soul. Now, in the name of such a beautiful And loyal friendship, use the influence Which thou hast over her, I beg thee, Prince. See her for me. ANTIOCHUS.

Appear before her ? I ? I have for ever bidden her good-bye. TITUS.

For me, thou needs must speak with her again. ANTIOCHUS.

Plead thine own cause with her, my lord. The Queen Adores thee. Wherefore shouldst thou at this hour Deny thyself the bliss 'twould be to pour Thy heart out to her? She impatiently Awaits thee, sire, and I will guarantee, With my last words, she will thy wish obey. She herself told me that thou wert to-day Ready to wed her and wouldst come to woo her.

52

BfiRfiNICE

TITUS. How happy I would be if I might do her This homage! 'Twould be sweet indeed to vow My love to her; its ardour fain would now Burst forth. Yet now, this very day, Prince, I Must leave her. ANTIOCHUS.

Leave her? Thou? TITUS.

My destiny It is. For her and Titus, marriage can No more be thought of. That dear hope in vain I cherished. To-morrow she must leave the city With thee. ANTIOCHUS.

What do I hear ? Ah heaven! TITUS.

Pity My greatness, which afflicts me. I decree, As the world's master, what its fate shall be; I can make kings, and kings can I depose; Yet of mine own heart I cannot dispose. Ever the foe of sovereigns, Rome would scorn E'en one so fair, if in the purple born. The lustre of a crown and being descended From many royal sires hath sore offended All eyes and brought dishonour on my love. Anywhere else, my heart is free to rove, Fearing no murmurers, and kindle to flame For one of base condition; without shame Rome would accept even the lowliest

BERENICE Of the fair daughters nurtured at her breast As empress, if I chose her for my bride. Julius himself could not resist that tide Which sweeps me on. Unless the people see The Queen go hence to-morrow, straightway she Will hear them come to me with frenzied cries, Demanding that she go, before her eyes. Let us from such disgrace protect our names, And since we must yield, yield to honour's claims. My eight days' silence and my face of woe Will have prepared her for this fatal blow; And at this moment, restless and o'erwrought, She fain would have me tell her all my thought. Soothe a distracted lover's bitter pain. Spare me th' enlightning of her. Go; explain Wherefore I have been mute, what is my plight, And, above all, that I must shun her sight. Alone behold her tears and my own tears. Bear her my last farewell, and bring me hers. Let us both flee, flee from a meeting sure To be beyond our power to endure. Oh, if the hope that she will reign—will live— Within my soul will cause her not to grieve So sorely, Prince, in her misfortune, swear To her that, ever faithful, I shall bear— With broken heart, an exile more than she— Unto the very tomb the name with me Of being her lover. One long banishment My reign will be, if heaven, not content With tearing from me my intended wife, Would fain afflict me with a lengthy life. Thou, Prince, whom friendship alone binds to her, Forsake her not in her affliction, e'er.

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BfiRfiNICE

Let the East see thee bring her to her home. Let her in triumph, not flight, appear to come. Let such true friendship have eternal ties, And keep me always in your memories. To make your kingdoms nearer neighbours, each Alike shall even to the Euphrates reach. I know the Senate holds you in such high Esteem that with one voice 'twill ratify My gifts to both. Cilicia unto Thy Commagene do I add. Adieu. Never desert my princess, my soul's queen, Who my heart's one desire hath ever been,— Whom I shall love until my life's last sigh. [Exit TITUS. ARSACES.

So heaven will do thee justice finally. Thou wilt go hence, sire, but with Berenice. Thou wilt not have to bear her off; she is To be consigned to thee. ANTIOCHUS.

Give me some chance To catch my breath. This change is so immense, Arsaces, my amazement so extreme. Titus doth yield to me what is to him All life! Gods! can I credit what I heard? And if so, should my heart thereat be stirred To joy? ARSACES.

But what must I myself believe, My lord? What obstacle, dost thou conceive,

BERENICE Will rise to thwart thy happiness anew? When, torn with anguish by thy final adieu And trembling still at having dared to unfold Thy love to her, thou toldest me how bold Thou wert, didst thou deceive me ? Thou wouldst flee A marriage which thou couldst not bear to see. That marriage is broken off; what now affrights thee ? Follow the sweet course to which love invites thee. ANTIOCHUS.

Arsaces, I am charged to escort her home. I shall enjoy, for no brief time to come, Dear converse with her; and her eyes will grow Used to the sight of mine; and she may know At length within her breast the difference 'Twixt Titus' coldness and my love's permanence. Here he o'erwhelms me with his grandeur. Dim My light shines in the splendour here of him. But though throughout the East resounds his name, There Berenice will find not small my fame. ARSACES.

Doubt not, sire, all will speed thy suit. ANTIOCHUS.

Oh, how We both love to delude ourselves! ARSACES.

Sayst thou, "Delude ourselves"? Nay, wherefore? ANTIOCHUS.

Could I move Her heart? Might she no more reject my love?

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BfiRfiNICE

Would she with any word ease my distress? Thinkest thou that she in her unhappiness, Though the whole world should slight her charms, would e'er Let me shed o'er her fate a single tear, Or that she would so stoop as to receive Attentions from me which she might believe Were prompted by my love of her? ARSACES.

And who Could solace her as well as thou couldst do In her humiliation? Fortune, sir, Frowns on her. Titus hath deserted her. ANTIOCHUS.

Alas! I shall but have, from this new turn Of fortune, added pain when I discern How much she loves him, by her weeping. I Shall see her grieve; I shall be made thereby To pity her myself. The sole reward Of all my love for her will be the hard Fate of beholding tears not shed for me. ARSACES.

Dost thou delight only in ceaselessly Torturing thyself? Has there been ever known A noble heart so faint, sire, as thine own? Open thine eyes and let them see, with me, Why Berenice will surely wed with thee. Know that since Titus gives up his design To marry her, she now must needs be thine. ANTIOCHUS.

"Must needs"!

BERENICE ARSACES.

Allow her tears some days to flow. Let her first agony be vented so. All works for thee—resentment, a desire To be revenged, thy presence ever nigh her And Titus' absence, time itself, the weight Of her three sceptres, which will be too great For her weak hand, and the proximity Of your two realms, which argues they should be Made one. Self-interest, reason, fondness, then, Alike unite you. ANTIOCHUS.

Yes, I breathe again, Arsaces; thou restorest me to life. I have sweet hopes that she will be my wife. Why delay? Let us do what is expected Of us: seek Berenice, and, as directed, Make known to her that Titus doth forsake Her now. . . . But stay! What would I undertake? Is it for me, Arsaces, to assume So cruel a task? My heart revolts therefrom, Whether because of pity, love, or both. My adored Berenice hear from my mouth She is cast off? Ah, Queen, who could foresee Such words would e'er be spoken unto thee! ARSACES. Her anger will all be with Titus, sire. If thou dost speak, 'twill be at her desire. ANTIOCHUS.

Nay, let us seek her not, not look upon Her sorrow. Enough others will come soon

58

BfiRfiNICE

To tell her of her misfortune. And is she, Dost thou consider, not sufficiently Unfortunate to learn unto what shame Titus condemns her, without her at the same Time being by the mortal anguish wrung Of learning it from his own rival's tongue? Let us, I say, flee, nor incur the weight, By such bad news, of her undying hate. ARSACES.

Here she is, sire. Decide what is thy will. ANTIOCHUS.

Ah heaven! [Enter BERENICE and PHENICE. BERENICE.

How now, my lord ? thou art here still ? ANTIOCHUS.

I see that thou beholdest me with regret And that 'twas Caesar whom thou soughtest. Yet Blame only him if, after all good-byes, I with my presence still offend thine eyes. I would be now in Ostia, perchance, Had he not bidden me not to go hence. BERENICE.

He seeks thee only. All of us doth he Shun. ANTIOCHUS.

He detained me but to speak of thee. BERENICE.

Of me?

BERENICE

59

ANTIOCHUS.

Yes, madam. BERENICE.

And what, Prince, did he say? ANTIOCHUS.

A thousand people, better than I may, Can tell thee. BERENICE.

What, sir . . . ANTIOCHUS.

Be to wrath more slow. Other men, far from keeping silent now, Would triumph, perhaps, and boldly satisfy This thine impatience with great joy; but I Trembling always, to whom, as well is known To thee, thy peace is dearer than mine own— I dread thy grief more than thine anger; fain Would I displease thee, rather than cause thee pain. Thou wilt approve my choice before this day Ends. Farewell, madam. BERENICE.

O heavens! What sayst thou? Stay! I cannot hide the turmoil, Prince, within My bosom. Thou seest a distracted queen, Who, stricken to the heart, implores one word Of thee. Thou wouldst not have my soul's peace marred, Thou sayest; yet thy cruel refusal to speak, So far from sparing me pain, doth only wake Misery, anger, and enmity in me. Sir, if my soul's peace is so dear to thee,—

6o

BfiRfiNICE

If I was ever precious in thy sight,— Upon this darkness round me shed some light! What was it that Titus told thee? ANTIOCHUS.

In the name Of heaven, madam . . . BERENICE.

What! such to thee I am That thou so little fearest to disobey me? ANTIOCHUS.

If I did speak, thy hatred would repay me. BERENICE (imperiously).

I bid thee speak! ANTIOCHUS.

O gods, how great thy violence! Madam, I say thou wilt commend my silence. BERENICE.

This moment, Prince, do as I wish; or I Will surely hate thee till the day I die. ANTIOCHUS.

After this, madam, I cannot deny thee Thy will. I must speak out and satisfy thee. But flatter not thy hopes: I shall declare Misfortunes to thee of which thou mayst not dare To think. I know the heart within thy breast. I am to strike it where 'tis tenderest. Titus hath ordered me . . . BERENICE.

What?

BERENICE ANTIOCHUS.

To announce to thee That thou and he must part eternally. BERENICE.

Part? Who? From me? Titus from Berenice? ANTIOCHUS.

I must be just to him in saying this To thee. All horrors that despair hath bred In any loving, noble heart, I read In his. He weeps, he worships thee, but will It aught avail him that he loves thee still ? No queen can win the Roman Empire's trust. Ye needs must part, and thou to-morrow must Go hence. BERENICE.

Part! Oh, Phenice! PHENICE.

Thou must show The greatness of thy soul. This sudden blow Is indeed cruel, madam, and well may make thee Quail. BERENICE.

After all his oaths, Titus forsake me! Titus, who swore . . . Nay, I cannot believe thee. His honour is at stake; he will not leave me. Slander is this against his innocence, A trick to sunder us, a base pretence. He loves me. He cannot desire my death. Come; I will seek him, speak with him forthwith. Let us go.

61

02

BfiRfiNICE ANTIOCHUS.

What! thou thinkest I could be . . . BERENICE.

Too much thou wishest it true, to persuade me. No, I believe thee not. But, truth or lies, Never again appear before mine eyes. ( T o PHENICE ) Do not desert me in this strait. I try My hardest to deceive myself. [Exeunt BERENICE and PHENICE. ANTIOCHUS.

Can I Really trust mine own ears ? Heard I aright ? She bids me never come within her sight Again. Indeed I never shall. And was I not about to go, but stayed because Titus detained me here against my will? Surely I should go. Let us do so still, Arsaces. She intends to hurt me, now. Instead, her hate does me a kindness. Thou Sawest me bewildered and much torn of late, Departing love-lorn, jealous, desperate; And now, when I have had such recompense, I can perhaps go with indifference. ARSACES.

Now less than ever shouldst thou go, my lord. ANTIOCHUS.

I ? Shall I stay to see myself abhorred ? For Titus' cold heart shall I bear the blame? When he is guilty, must she think I am, And punish me? Unjustly, shamefully,

BERENICE

She to my face charged me with perfidy. Titus, she says, loves her, and I have been A traitor to her! The ungrateful queen! To accuse me of so infamous a crime! And at what moment? At the very time When of my rival's tears I spoke to her, And I, to comfort her, made him appear Loving and true more than perchance he is! ARSACES.

Why vex thyself, my lord, with thoughts like this Give her grief's angry torrent time to run Dry. In a week, a month—it matters none— Naught will be left thereof. Only remain. ANTIOCHUS.

Nay, I shall leave her, for methinks her pain, Arsaces, might arouse my sympathy. My self-respect, my peace admonish me Alike to go. Come, then, and let us fly So far from that cruel woman's sight that I Shall hear none speak of her for a long while. But of this day a very large part still Is left. I to my palace shall return And wait there. Do thou seek at once to learn How wild her grief is. Hasten! Let me know At least that she yet lives, before we go.

ACT IV BERENICE is discovered, alone. BERENICE.

Phenice doth not come? O moments so Trying, to my impatient soul how slow Ye seem! Dazed and half fainting, I have paced Hither and thither in aimless, restless haste. My strength is gone, yet I cannot be still. Phenice comes not? Dire forebodings kill My heart at such delay. Phenice can Bring me no answer. Titus, that cruel man, Would not consent to hear her speak. He hath Now fled; he hideth from my righteous wrath. [Enter PHENICE. Oh, my Phenice, tell me, didst thou see The Emperor? What did he say? Will he Come? PHENICE. Yes, I saw him, madam, and before His eyes I set the picture of thy sore Distraction. I beheld the tears which he Would fain have kept back. BERENICE.

Will he come to me? PHENICE.

He will come to thee, madam; doubt it not. But wouldst thou let him find thee thus distraught ? Regain thy self-control. Let me replace These veils that slipped, the hair that o'er thy face Hath fallen. Suffer me to wipe away All traces of thy weeping.

BERENICE

65

BERENICE.

Leave them, nay, Leave them, Phenice, so that he may see His handiwork. Of what avail to me Were my adornment? If my soul's true faith, My sighs, tears—tears, say I? my certain death Which now impends—avail not to recall Him to me, what would thy vain cares or all My scant attractions, which can move no more His heart, accomplish,—tell me, please. PHENICE.

Wherefore Makest thou against him these unjust reproaches ? I hear a stir. The Emperor approaches, Madam. Withdraw, to avoid his courtiers, To thine apartments, where thou canst converse In private with him. [Exeunt BERENICE and PHENICE. Enter TITUS, PAULINUS, and courtiers.

TITUS.

Paulinus, pacify The Queen in her distress. Tell her that I Will see her soon. I wish to be alone A little while. Leave me here, every one. [Exeunt all the courtiers.

PAULINUS ( to himself).

Ah heaven, how I dread this meeting! Great Gods, save his honour and that, too, of the State! But I must go unto the Queen. [Exit PAULINUS.

66

BfiRfiNICE TITUS (a l o n e ) .

How now, Titus, what wilt thou do? How rash art thou Thus to seek Berenice! Art thou prepared To say farewell? Is thy heart truly hard Enough? For in the strife awaiting thee Firmness is not sufficient; thou must be Ruthless. Can I endure to meet the gaze Of tender eyes that well know all the ways Into my soul? Seeing those eyes, that shine With so much loveliness, fastened on mine And full of tears, shall I remember still My sad task, and can I then say: "My will It is, that I shall see thee never more" ? I come to pierce a heart which I adore,— Which loves me. But why pierce it? Whose command Bids me to? None but mine. Hath Rome explained Her wishes yet ? Do we hear cries of hate Around the palace ? Do I see the State Tottering upon the brink of an abyss ? Can nothing save it but this sacrifice? All is quiet; I, too quickly disconcerted, Bring on misfortunes which might be averted. Who knows if Rome will not say, having seen All Berenice's virtues, that this queen Is a true Roman and account her one? Rome by her choice may justify mine own. Oh, let us force no issue now, I say. Let Rome in one scale set its laws and weigh 'Gainst them, in the other scale, such constancy, Such love, such woe; and Rome herself will be On our side. . . . Titus, open thine eyes. What air

BERENICE

67

Is this thou breathest? Art thou, then, not where All, with their mothers' milk, imbibe a hate Of kings which nothing can eradicate? Rome passed her sentence on thy queen when she Drove them out. Hast thou not known her decree From birth? Hast thou not heard the voice of Fame, When thou wert in thine army's midst, proclaim Thy duty to thee? And when Berenice Followed thee hither, was what Rome thought of this Not told thee? Canst thou never hear it enough? Ah, coward! renounce the Empire, and take love! To the world's farthest bound go, hide amain, And yield thy place to souls more fit to reign. Are these the plans for greatness and for glory Which would enshrine in every heart my story? I have ruled eight days. In the space thereof I have done naught for honour, all for love. Of how I spent such precious time, what can Be said ? Where are those happy days which men Expected 'neath me? What tears have I dried? In what glad eyes have I beheld with pride The fruit of my good deeds? Hath the world seen Its fortunes change? Do I know what hath been The time apportioned me by heaven? And how Many, O miserable man, hast thou Already lost of those, at best, few days So long awaited? Now, no more delays! Let us do that which honour bids me do, And break the only tie . . . [.Enter BERENICE. BERENICE (speaking to some one within).

Nay, let me go,

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BfiRfiNICE

I say. Thou vainly seekest to hold me back. I needs must see him. Sire, thou'rt here. Alack! Then it is true. Titus forsakes me. We Must part. And it is he who wills it—he! TITUS.

Madam, crush not a hapless ruler so. We must not melt each other's hearts. A woe Bewildering enough consumes me now Without the tears of one so dear as thou Torturing me further. Reawaken, instead, That spirit in thy breast which oft hath made Me hear the voice of duty. 'Tis the hour To do it. Force thy love to speak no more. With eyes which honour and reason render clear Look on my obligations, howsoe'er Painful they are. Thyself against thy spell Strengthen my heart. Help me, if possible, To overcome its weakness and restrain The tears which ceaselessly I strive in vain To master; or, if we cannot control Our tears, let us at least with lofty soul Endure our griefs and let the whole world see An emperor and a queen weep blamelessly. For after all, my princess, we must part. BERENICE.

Is this a time, thou man without a heart, To tell me that? What hast thou done? Alas, I thought myself loved! To the happiness Of seeing thee, I had grown used, and now I live no longer save for thee. Didst thou Not know Rome's laws when I confessed to thee

BERENICE How great a love thou hadst inspired in me ? Why saidst thou not: "To whom wouldst thou enslave Thy heart, poor princess ? What hope can it have ? Give it not unto one who cannot take Thy gift." Didst take it but to give it back When in thy power it was, as it desired To be? Rome's entire empire oft conspired Against us. There was time still left thee; why Didst thou not then forsake me? Then had I Unnumbered reasons which could make my pain Less dire. I could have blamed thy father then, The populace, the Senate, all the land, All the world, rather than thine own dear hand, For causing my death. Their hate, long shown to me, Had long prepared me for calamity. I would not have received this mortal blow Just when expecting lifelong bliss, not woe, When thou couldst have whate'er thy soul found sweet, When the whole universe was at thy feet, When Rome was silent and thy father dead, And when I now had naught but thee to dread. TITUS. And it is also I alone who could Work my undoing! Then I could and would Live in fond dreams; my thoughts refused to peer Into the future and discover there That which might some day part us. Nay, I chose To hold that there was naught which could oppose Our love successfully; I would weigh well Nothing; I hoped for the impossible. Haply I thought before thine eyes to die Ere I would ever have to say good-bye.

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Obstacles seemed fresh fuel to my love's flame. The Empire spoke to me; but my fair fame Had not yet to my heart its claims addressed In tones it useth in an emperor's breast. I know what pangs my course will to me give. I feel that I without thee cannot live. My soul may soon take flight, so huge its pain; But life is not what matters; I must reign. BERENICE.

Well then, reign, cruel man! Have thy "fair fame." I strive no more. I wished to hear those same Lips which have sworn a thousand times to me That love should join our lives eternally— Those very lips—before mine eyes confess (So that I might believe it) thy faithlessness, And bid me never see again thy face. I wished myself to hear thee, in this place. Farewell for ever! I have heard enough! "For ever"! Ah, my lord, when one doth love, How terrible is that dire word! Hast thou Thought of this? In a month—a year—from now, My lord, how shall we bear it when a sea So wide between us sundereth me from thee,— When each day dawneth and each night doth fall Without thy seeing Berenice at all And without my once seeing Titus in That whole day? But how foolish I have been To waste time with such thoughts! Will any man Who is so false, and ere I leave here can Find consolation, care to count the days One after one when I have gone my ways? So long to me, they will seem short to him.

BERENICE TITUS.

Madam, I need but briefly count the time. I hope that soon sad tidings will compel Thee to admit that Titus loved thee well. He cannot, thou wilt see, do aught but die . . . BERENICE.

Ah, sire, if this be true, why part us ? I Speak not of happy marriage still to thee. Hath Rome condemned me never even to see Thee more? Why grudge to me the air which thou Breathest ? TITUS. Ah, I cannot resist thee now, Madam. Thy power is too great over me. Stay, then. But well I know my frailty. Always must I resist thy spell and fear thee— Vigilant to restrain my steps, that near thee Seek to come always, by thy charms attracted. Yes, at this very time, my heart, distracted, Forgetteth all save that it loves thee still. BERENICE.

Well, well, my lord, from this can come what ill? Thinkest thou the Romans ready to revolt? TITUS.

Who knows how they will bear what doth insult Their feelings ? If they with ever louder voice Clamour, must blood at last confirm my choice? If they in silence let me break their laws, To what dost thou expose me? I, because Of that, must basely yield some day to their

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Will, to repay them. What might they not dare To ask me to consent to on that day? Can I enforce laws I cannot obey? BERENICE.

Thou countest as naught the tears of Berenice. TITUS.

Count them as naught? Oh, how unjust is this! BERENICE.

For unjust laws, then, which thou canst undo, Thou plungest thyself into eternal woe? Rome hath her rights, sire; but hast thou not thine ? Are hers more sacred than thy own and mine? Come, speak! TITUS.

Thou tearest my heart unto its deepest Core. BERENICE.

Thou art emperor, sire, and yet thou weepest! TITUS.

Yes, madam, it is true: I weep; I groan; I tremble. But in giving the Empire's throne To me, Rome made me promise to uphold Her laws. I must uphold them. From of old, Rome oft put to the test the constancy Of men who were my like. Ah, thou wouldst see, If thou shouldst look back to her earliest days, They were obedient to her in all ways— See one such, jealous for her honour, go, To die by tortures, back unto the foe; Another cut off his victorious son's

BERENICE Head; and another, dry-eyed and not once Seeming moved, see his two sons put to death By his own orders. Grievous was their path; But ever have their country's good and glory Come first with Romans, throughout all her story. I know that none e'er made a sacrifice As great as mine in leaving Berenice,— That none e'er did a thing so hard to do; But dost thou think I lack the manhood to Leave an example to posterity Which nowise can be rivaled easily? BERENICE.

I think that to thy cruel soul nothing can Be hard. I think thee capable, false man, Of causing my death. Thy nature is made clear To me. I say no more of staying here. Could I have wished to bear, in my disgrace, Ridicule from a hostile populace? I wished thee to refuse me even this boon. 'Tis done. Thou wilt no longer fear me, soon. Deem not I shall heap insults now on thee Or call on heaven to punish perjury. Nay, if my tears move heaven, I pray to it In dying that it will those tears forget. If I to any prayer 'gainst thee give breath,— If hapless Berenice would leave, in death, Avengers of her, ingrate that thou art,— I need but seek them deep within thy heart. I know that such love cannot be effaced,— That my grief now, my fondness in the past, Yes, and my blood which here I mean to shed, Alike will torture thee when I am dead.

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I tried hard to persuade thee, feel no shame Thereat, and leave all vengeance unto them. Farewell. [Exit BERENICE. Enter PAULINUS.

PAULINUS.

What was her purpose, sire, when she Left thee? Hath she decided finally To go away? TITUS.

Paulinus, I am undone. I cannot live and bear it. She hath gone To kill herself. Come, we must follow her,— Must fly to save her. PAULINUS.

Nay, but didst thou, sir, Not just give orders that she was to be Watched everywhere she went? Continually Around her as they are, her women ought Soon to be able to make her less distraught. No, no! fear nothing, sire. The worst is now Over. Do thou but persevere, and thou Hast won the victory. Thou couldst not hear her And not feel pity. I myself, when near her, Felt it. But take a wider, longer view. Think, midst this woe, what glory will ensue After a moment's sorrow, what applause The world is to accord thee for this cause, What future rank. TITUS.

Nay, nay, I am a beast. I hate myself. Nero, whom all detest

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The memory of, was not as cruel as I. I will not permit Berenice to die. Come, let us go; let Rome say what she will. PAULINUS.

How now, my lord! TITUS.

Paulinus, I know but ill What words I utter. Too much grief doth drown All reason. PAULINUS.

Do not sully thy renown. Already hath the news that ye have parted Spread widely. Rome exults, that was down-hearted. In every temple fumes of incense rise For thy sake. Thou art lauded to the skies, And all thy statues are with laurels crowned. TITUS.

Rome! Berenice! Ah prince, whom woes confound, Why art thou emperor? why art thou a lover? [Enter ANTIOCHUS and ARSACES. ANTIOCHUS.

What hast thou done, my lord? Death hovers over Berenice. In Phenice's arms she lies And, deaf to all our tears and counsels, cries Aloud for poison or a dagger. Sire, Thou alone canst take from her that desire. Thy name, when spoken, calls her back to life. Ever towards thine apartments turned, as if She ever begged to see thee, is her gaze. The sight is more than I can bear to face.

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'Twas killing me. Wherefore delayest thou? Go, show thyself to her. Do not allow Such beauty, grace, and virtue thus to die, Or else renounce, sire, all humanity. Speak but one word. TITUS.

Alas! what can I say To her? Do I myself, in my dismay, Know even if I still am living? [Enter RUTILUS.

RUTILUS.

Sire, The tribunes and the consuls and the entire Senate have come to seek thee in the name Of all the State. A large throng followed them, Who now in thine apartments wait for thee Impatiently. TITUS. Great gods, in this I see Your will. Ye wish to reassure a heart Which from the right path would, ye know, depart. PAULINUS.

Let us go into the adjoining room, My lord, and see the Senate there. ANTIOCHUS.

Oh, come Quickly unto the Queen! PAULINUS.

Sire, can it be That thou wouldst show such great discourtesy

BERENICE Unto the Empire, trampling 'neath thy feet Its majesty? Rome . . . TITUS. Enough! Let us meet With them, Paulinus. ( T o ANTIOCHUS ) Prince, I must do this. It is my duty. See thou to Berenice. Go, go! When I return, I hope to prove To her that she no more need doubt my love.

ACT V

Enter ARSACES. ARSACES ( t o h i m s e l f ) .

Where might I find this all too faithful king? Heaven, assist my loyal care, and bring Me to him. Let me now announce to him A happiness of which he dares not dream. [Enter ANTIOCHUS. Ah, what good fortune sends thee hither, sire? ANTIOCHUS.

If my return accords with thy desire, Arsaces, thank but my despair for it. ARSACES.

The Queen goes hence, sire. ANTIOCHUS.

She goes hence? ARSACES.

To-night. Her orders have been given. It was wrong For Titus to have left her for so long Unto her tears, she feels; and now she hath Proud indignation after her first wrath. Berenice hath renounced the Emperor And Rome, and she would fain be gone before Rome learns and sees her woe, or at her flight Can e'er rejoice. To Caesar she will write. ANTIOCHUS.

Who, O ye heavens, would have believed it! What Of Titus?

BERENICE ARSACES. Titus hath before her not Appeared. The populace in transports stay His steps and press around him. Loudly they Applaud the titles given to him by The Senate; and these titles and this high Regard and their applause to Titus seem Links of a chain, in honour binding him In spite of all his sighs and the Queen's tears, So that his wavering heart perforce adheres To duty now. The whole affair is o'er, And he perhaps will see her never more. ANTIOCHUS. Thou givest me, I confess, good grounds for joy; But Fate so oft hath made of me her toy And I so oft have seen my hopes betrayed That I in trembling heard what thou hast said; And, smitten by foreboding fears, I wait, Thinking that even to hope may anger Fate. But what do I behold? Titus this way Bendeth his steps. What purpose hath he? TITUS (in the doorway on the left, speaking to his retinue behind him within). Stay. Let no one follow me any farther. ( T o ANTIOCHUS) I Come here to keep my promise finally, Prince. All my mind with thoughts of Berenice Is occupied and tortured without cease. I come, with heart wrung by her tears and thine, To soothe an anguish not so dire as mine.

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Come, Prince. I fain would have thee see for this Last time if I indeed love Berenice. [Exit TITUS into BERENICE'S apartments. ANTIOCHUS (to ARSACES).

Thus ends the hope which thou hadst given me. What triumph awaits me thou thyself dost see. Berenice in just wrath would quit this place. Titus had left her, ne'er to view her face Again. What have I done, great gods, that ye To such a hapless life have destined me? From fear to hope, from hope to frenzy, I Pass endlessly; and yet I do not die. But Berenice—with Titus, too—-appears. Cruel gods, ye shall no more laugh at my tears. [He rushes out, followed by ARSACES. Enter BERENICE, TITUS, and PHENICE. BERENICE.

Nay, I will hear nothing. My mind is quite Made up. I mean to go. Before my sight Why hast thou come? Was it to make my plaint More bitter still ? Art thou not yet content ? I do not wish to see thee any more. TITUS.

But listen, please. BERENICE.

The time for that is o'er. TITUS.

Madam, one word! BERENICE.

No.

BERENICE TITUS.

How she doth derange My soul! Dear princess, why this sudden change ? BERENICE.

All now is o'er. Thou wishedst me to go hence To-morrow, and it was my preference To go at once; and I am going. TITUS.

Stay. BERENICE.

Thou false man! Bid me stay ? Why ? That I may Hear my misfortune made in every place The talk of an insulting populace ? Have their cruel shouts of joy not reached thine ears, The while I, all alone, was bathed in tears? What fault is mine, alas, to make them feel Thus ? My sole crime was loving thee too well. TITUS.

Heedest thou so a mob's insensate cries ? BERENICE.

I see naught here not painful to mine eyes. All this apartment, by thy care prepared, Which long beheld my love and which appeared To give me an eternal pledge of thine,— These walls' adornments, where our names entwine, That my sad gaze encounters everywhere,— Are mockeries which I can no longer bear. Phenice, let us go.

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Gods! how unjust Thou art! BERENICE.

Return, return to that august Senate, which so applauds thy cruelty. Well, hast thou heard its praises joyfully? Art thou quite satisfied with thy fair fame ? Sworest thou to forget my very name ? But that would be too small atonement for Thy love. Sworest thou to hate me ever more? TITUS.

Nay, I have sworn naught. I, to hate thee? I? E'er lose of Berenice the memory? Good heavens! at what a time thy bitterness Unjustly doth with such cruel thoughts distress My soul! Ah, know me better, and recall In the last five years all the hours and all The whole days when with sighs and ardent fires Of love I told thee of my heart's desires. This day surpasseth all. Ne'er, I protest, Have love and longing for thee so possessed My bosom; ne'er . . . BERENICE.

Thou lovest me, thou maintainest; And yet I must depart—which thou ordainest! Is my despair so sweet for thee to view ? Fearest thou that mine eyes shed tears too few? What serves it me, this vain return now of Thy heart? For pity's sake, show me less love, Cruel man! Do not recall fond thoughts to me.

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Nay, let me go convinced that, secretly Banished already from thy soul, I quit A wretch who gives me up without regret. [TITUS reads a letter which he took from her. I had just written what thou tookest from me. All that I wish from thy love, thou canst see There. Read, thou ingrate, read, and let me go. [1She starts to leave the room. TITUS, who has read the letter, stops her. TITUS.

Thou shalt not! I cannot consent to it. So, Then, thy departure was but a cruel ruse? Thou meanest to die ? And thus I am to lose All that I love save memories, sad though dear! ( T o PHENICE) GO, find Antiochus. Have him come here. [Exit PHENICE. BERENICE sinks into a chair. Madam, the truth must needs at last be said. When in my mind I faced this moment dread,— In which, impelled by duty's stern decree, I should be forced to look my last on thee,— Seeing at hand our sad farewell, my fears, My heart's strife, thy reproaches, and thy tears, I armed my soul against all griefs which ill Fortune, however great, could make me feel. But whatsoe'er I feared, I must confess, I had foreseen not half of my distress. I thought my courage was less prone to fail. I am ashamed to find myself so frail. Before me gathered, I beheld all Rome; The Senate spoke to me; but I, o'ercome, Heard without comprehending and responded With icy silence to their joy unbounded.

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Rome knows not what awaits thee, even yet; And I myself at times almost forget That I am Emperor and a Roman, too. I have come here, not sure what I shall do. Love drew me hither, but perhaps I came To seek my own soul and learn what I am. What do I find ?—death pictured in thy face. Only in search of it thou leavest this place. Ah, 'tis too much: my grief, at this sad sight, Hath finally attained its utmost height. I feel now all the anguish that I can. But I perceive how to escape my pain. Yet hope not that, worn out with many cares, In happy wedlock I will dry thy tears. Whate'er the straits to which thou dost reduce me, Honour's inexorable voice pursues me Always, compels my stricken soul to see That I cannot both reign and marry thee, And, after all that I have done and said, I less than ever ought with thee to wed. Yes, madam, and I ought still less to say That I am ready now to put away The Empire for thy sake, and follow thee,— To go, thy willing captive, tenderly To bide with thee on earth's remotest shores. Thou wouldst thyself blush at my craven course. Thou wouldst with sorrow see me following swift Thy footsteps, an unworthy emperor, reft Of realm and courtiers, an example base— To the eyes of mortals—of love's weaknesses. To end the pangs of which I am the prey, There is, thou knowest well, a nobler way. Madam, that path has unto me been shown

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By more than one hero and more than one Roman. When too long woe sapped their resistance Finally, they all have taken the persistence With which Fate hounded them to be a sure, Secret command for them to bear no more. If I must always see thee weep,—if I Must always find thee thus resolved to die,— If I must needs at every moment fear Thou'lt cut thy life short,—if thou dost not swear To cherish it,—thou soon wilt have the right Tο shed yet other tears; for in the plight In which I am, I will not stop at aught, Nor will I promise thee that I shall not Before thine eyes, and with mine own hand, seal In blood our last and piteous farewell. BERENICE.

Alas! TITUS.

No, there is nothing that I may Not do. Thou seest that my life to-day Is in thy hands. Think well; if I am dear . . . [Enter ANTIOCHUS. Come, Prince. I sent to bid thee to come here. Be witness now of all my weakness. See Whether I do not love most ardently. Judge thou. ANTIOCHUS.

I doubt it not. Well do I know You both. But know in thy turn how great woe Is mine. Sire, thou hast honoured me with thy Esteem; and I, for my part, truthfully

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Can swear to thee I tried to be as good A friend as e'er thou hadst, and shed my blood In the attempt. Ye both, in spite of me, Told me—the Queen about her love for thee, And thou, sire, about thine for her. The Queen, Who hears me, is my witness: she hath seen Me, quick to praise thee, always justify Thy trust in me by my concern for thy Interests. Thou owest me thanks, thou dost conceive; But in this fatal hour couldst thou believe A friend so faithful was thy rival? TITUS. Thou, My rival ? ANTIOCHUS. I must tell the whole truth, now. Yes, sire, I always have loved Berenice. Times without number I have tried to cease To love her. I could not forget her spell, But I at least could say naught and conceal My love. The signs I saw of change in thee Beguiled me with some hope of what might be. The Queen's tears quenched that hope. All bathed in them, She begged that she might see thee; and I came Myself to summon thee. Thou art here. Thou Lovest her and art loved by her. Ye now Are reconciled; of that there is no doubt. Hence for one last time I have taken thought, And of my courage have made the final test. Reason resumes its sway within my breast. My love was never greater or more fond.

BERENICE New means are needed to break such a bond. Only by death can I escape it; so I rush thereto: this I would have you know. Madam, I have recalled him to thee—what I tried to do—and I repent it not. May heaven shower upon you, now made one, A thousand blessings through the years to come; Or, if it hath for you some anger still, I pray the gods to pour forth every ill Which could afflict such precious lives on this Poor life, which for your sake I sacrifice. BERENICE ( rising).

Stay, stay! Most high-souled princes, to what pass Do ye twain bring me! Whether 'tis thy face Or his that meets mine eyes, I everywhere Look on the very picture of despair. I see but tears, hear only talk of woe, Of horrors, and of blood about to flow. {To TITUS ) Thou knowest my heart, sire. I can say that none Hath ever seen me sigh for empire's throne. Rome's grandeur or her Caesars' purple has In no wise, as thou knowest, charmed my gaze. I loved thee, sire,—loved thee and wished to be Loved in return. I will confess to thee That I to-day was frightened. I believed Thy love for me was dead. I have perceived My error, now. Thy love is of the sort That never changes. Sorely is thy heart Torn; I have seen thee weeping. Berenice, My lord, is not worth such dismay as this. Nor should mankind have the unhappy fate—

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Just at the time when it doth concentrate Its hopes on Titus and doth taste, o'erjoyed, His virtuous reign's first fruits—of seeing destroyed, Through his love, in one instant, "the Delight Of the Human Race." I think that I have quite Convinced thee, for five years, that mine own love For thee is great. But that is not enough. I wish, at this dread moment, by a last Display of it, to outdo all the rest. I will live on—will do what thou hast told me. Farewell, sire. Reign. Thou shalt no more behold me. (To ANTIOCHUS) Prince, after such leave-taking, judge if I Would e'er consent, when I have said good-bye To him I love, to go afar from Rome To hearken to others' vows. Live, and o'ercome Thy feelings by a noble effort. Do Like Titus and like me; our course pursue. He loves me and renounces me, and I Love him and flee his sight. Bring nowhere nigh To me thy grief, enthralled. Let us all three Unto the whole world an example be Of the tenderest and the most unhappy love That it can treasure the sad history of. All is made ready, and my retinue E'en now is waiting for me. Prince, adieu. Follow me not, nor see again my face. ( T o TITUS ) For the last time, farewell, my lord. ANTIOCHUS.

Alas!

B A j AZET

INTRODUCTION

N

O single formula can wholly account for the work of a writer of genius. The most significant light is shed on Racine's by an envisagement of the conflict between the prevailing pseudo-classicism and his own Hellenistic inclina­ tions in drama; but other factors, too, were of importance. Rivalry with Corneille, as Michaut (and Lemaitre earlier) pointed out, influenced him; and it doubtless even determined his selection of the subjects of Britannicus and Mithridate, as well as that of Berenice, and was responsible for some fea­ tures of his handling of Iphigenie. Delatour was no less clear­ ly right in his suggestion that almost every new play of Ra­ cine's was affected by the criticisms made of his last preceding play; this is obviously true of Bajaset. Berenice lacks the substance of tragedy, insisted SaintEvrimond and the rest of the hostile faction. Accordingly, in his next drama, Racine sought blood and passion. He found them in an almost contemporaneous theme—the only one he ever treated—supplied by actual events in Con­ stantinople ; these he dramatized with some alterations. Geo­ graphical remoteness, he felt, has much the same effect as remoteness of time in lending dignity to the characters of a play, separating them from the commonplace and trivial de­ tails of life familiar to the audience, and showing them in not their accidental but their essential human qualities. That such should be done in all tragedies was part of the regnant literary theory of his day, though in practice what all the dramatists of that period really did to a large extent was to impose grotesquely their own artificial, transient fashions of speech and feeling and conduct upon the people of every coun­ try and age represented in their plays! Such unwitting gro-

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tesquery, however, is not nearly so apparent with Oriental as with ancient classical subject-matter; for though seventeenthcentury France probably knew even less about the manners and customs of the Orient than about those of classical an­ tiquity, most of us to-day have made a much greater advance in our knowledge of classical antiquity than in our knowledge of the East. Racine was not the first to write a play dealing with re­ cent Turkish history. A notable instance of its exploitation earlier was la Mort de Grand Osman by Tristan l'Hermite. In 1670, only two years before Bajazet, Moliere had intro­ duced Turkish scenes into his comedy, Ie Bourgeois Gentilhomme. Political events were especially directing public at­ tention to the Ottoman Empire. Bajazet, therefore, was well precedented and timely. With less striving after "local colour" than Tristan, Ra­ cine achieved the atmosphere of the seraglio by a few deft touches1—an absolute minimum of effort necessary for that purpose. He well knew that costumes and stage properties could add whatever more the taste of an audience might at any time require. Stated in its barest outlines, without details, the action of Bajazet appears eminently suitable for a "harem tragedy." The Sultan Amurath, while leading his army on a campaign, has left his favourite, Roxana, in power in the seraglio, where he holds in prison his younger brother, Bajazet, before put­ ting him to death—as Sultans usually put to death their near relatives who might overthrow them. Roxana, how­ ever, conceives a passion for Bajazet which she is led to be1Allusions to viziers, janissaries, slaves, mutes, expounders of the Moslem law, execution by strangling, the standard of the Prophet, the sacred gate, the secret exit opening on the Bosphorus, Solyman and his beloved Roxelana, etc.

INTRODUCTION

93

lieve he reciprocates. She conspires with the discredited vizier Achmet to seize the throne for the young prince, with whom she expects to share it; but when she finds that a secret love exists between him and his cousin Atalide, their intermedi­ ary, and that these two have been hoodwinking her all the while for their own ends, she has him executed. She her­ self is killed by an emissary of Amurath, and Atalide com­ mits suicide. Such a story is not only appropriate to the setting; in es­ sence it is dramatic and piteous. It is made all the more so by certain details in Racine's treatment of it: Bajazet and Ata­ lide have been childhood playmates whose love is but the ripening of long and tender attachment; one item of the bar­ gain arranged by Roxana and Achmet is that Atalide shall be the bride of the aging vizier; and the really tragic turn given to the situation is caused by Roxana's unexpected, eleventhhour demand to be made not merely the favourite but the wedded wife of Bajazet if she saves him and helps him to the throne. Under such circumstances, it would be only nat­ ural that the lovers should wish both to give and to receive— mutually—frequent comfort, encouragement, and reassur­ ances; natural that they should sometimes be imprudent in communicating with each other, and that their secret should hence be suspected and presently discovered. It would not have been difficult to devise a dramatic action in which this course of events could be very sympathetically portrayed. But Racine just prior to this time had passed through a crisis and made a decision. After Britannicus had met with only a tardily achieved success, he had chosen to return in his next drama to some such degree of compromise with pseudo-classicism as had proved so popular in Andromaque; and the facile triumph of Berenice was the result. Now, what­ ever might be the best way to develop the situation in Bajazet

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and to conduct the love of its hero and Atalide to exposure and disaster, undoubtedly the easiest way was to introduce into their difficult situation a factor eternally recurrent in pseudo-classical drama: jealousy. And Racine took the easiest way. It permitted him, since jealousy if once born is hard to extirpate and awakens to renewed life again and again, the sort of "pendulum-plot," as it has been called, that had gripped the audiences of Andromaque. Just as, in that play, An­ dromache by her indecision swings the intentions of all the dramatis personae—and therewith the prospective course of events—first in one direction and then in its opposite like a gigantic pendulum, so too in Bajazet Atalide's jealousy now masters her, now is overcome, and now masters her again, with consequent pendulum-like oscillations in the behaviour of every one else. No audiences in that day would lose sym­ pathy with Atalide, however unreasonable and extreme her feelings. What people of later times and other countries, who had not been brought up on the Astree or Clelie nor under­ gone the influence of the Hotel de Rambouillet, might think of her did not enter into Racine's calculations. Since the love of Bajazet and Atalide had grown out of their affection for each other as children, it had doubtless been tacitly understood between them rather than passionately avowed. In consequence, there is nothing surprising or cen­ surable in Atalide's anxiety, at a time before the opening of the play, lest Roxana's great services to the Prince, com­ bined with so much beauty and ardent love for him, might win his heart away from her. But Bajazet, so she tells her confidante, at length dispelled her fears; evidently he swore to her that he loved her and would love no other. When she learns of Roxana's resolve to exact marriage of him as the price of his life and to let him die if he refuses to agree to it,

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Atalide at first is sure that he will indeed refuse. She wishes that she could see him before his interview with the Sultana, and persuade him not to defy one in whose power he is. Then abruptly all her jealous distrust and self-depreciation revive. If I could even have prepared his face! But, Zaire, I can wait for him to pass. I with one word, one glance, can give him aid. Sooner than he should perish, let them wed. His fate lies in Roxana's hands. I say He will destroy himself! . . . Atalide, stay. Leave, without fear, thy lover to his faith. Thinkest thou that one for thy sake will choose death ? Bajazet well may meet thy wish to save him, More careful of his life than thou wouldst have him. She thereupon gives up all idea of trying to assist him in the mortal peril in which she herself says that he stands unless the hypothesis created by her jealousy be true. She says that it only "may" be true, but she at once entertains it and acts as though it were a certainty. Such is her behaviour, when the life of one who loves her is at stake! How petty and des­ picable her feelings are is shown by the very manner of their expression. Bajazet does recoil from the proposal which Roxana makes to him and does incur her deadly wrath. Atalide, again in terror for him, persuades him to placate the enraged woman at any cost—to tell her whatever may be necessary to avert his death. It is not easy to conquer his pride and scruples, which make such a course repugnant to him; she prevails on him only by declaring that otherwise she will confess her love for him and her part in deceiving the Sultana, and so will die with him. Then, as soon as he has obeyed her and ac­ complished what she has bidden him to accomplish, jealousy

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again torments her and she reveals to Zaire that she intends to kill herself. But it was solely by making Bajazet think that his dis­ sembling would save her life—by urging precisely this con­ sideration—that she has prevailed on him to do violence to his instincts and conscience. No wonder she does not trust the faithfulness of his vows to her, being herself capable of such bad faith! To her perfidy towards the man who most deserves fair dealing from her, she adds a readiness to believe the worst of him, accepting at face value the vizier's state­ ments about the joy of Bajazet and Roxana in their recon­ ciliation—though the slightest use of her intelligence at this time would have reminded her that her informant, knowing nothing of the true state of affairs, would not distinguish be­ tween a pretended feeling on the part of the Prince, such as she herself had enjoined on him, and the real ecstasy of the Sultana. She turns to Zaire as soon as Achmet has left them: Come; let us hence. Let us not mar their bliss. Thou seest that all is o'er: they are to wed. Roxana is content; he vows his love To her. But I do not complain thereof. I myself wished it. Yet wouldst thou have thought, When to be true to me just now he sought To sacrifice himself with heart suffused With love—yes, when for my sake he refused To the Sultana a mere promise—when I tried to stay him with my tears in vain And yet was pleased they had so little might— Wouldst thou have thought, I say, that now, in spite Of all this show of tenderness, he could e'er Find so much eloquence in wooing her?

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Ah, perhaps after all 'twas not too hard To make his feelings and his words accord. Perhaps the more he looked on her, the more He saw new charms and yielded to their power. When I recalled him to Roxana, I Had no intention he should not comply. But after the farewells I lately heard And the sweet grief wherewith his heart was stirred, Surely he need not have shown openly Such rapture as was just described to me. Here we see her indulging in the same unworthy fancies about her devoted lover, with complete disregard of all that has been said between them. When he himself enters, she reproaches him tearfully. Thus she destroys both him and herself. He tries to assure her that he has given no promise of any kind to Roxana, who with eager credulity has taken all for granted on his first efforts to propitiate her; but AtaIide remains deaf to his protestations, and Bajazet says he will no longer continue the odious deceit which he has prac­ tised for her sake. But—and this is a vital defect in the play— their tragedy does not proceed inevitably from what has taken place in this scene. Atalide might again have come to her senses and brought him to his—and after that, since he was go­ ing immediately to head the insurrection, any further emo­ tional veerings o n h e r p a r t w o u l d n o t h a v e m a t t e r e d — b u t b y sheer chance it is exactly at this moment, before she can utter a word of remonstrance to him, that Roxana enters and is so rebuffed by his coldness that her fatal suspicions are aroused. These are presently confirmed by the hackneyed stage device of the discovery of a letter from Bajazet to Atalide, but even then the outcome is decided by a purely fortuitous time-se-

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quence; for Achmet, learning of the situation, forms a rescueparty which breaks into the seraglio, and it is mere chance that they reach Bajazet just after instead of just before his death. True, suspense is in this way maintained to the end, but it is the suspense not of genuine tragedy but of melo­ drama.2 But this play was already seriously marred beyond mend­ ing, in any case. Sympathy for some of the characters, as we have observed in our consideration of Berenice, is an essential in tragedy of the best type, and no one who is not under the spell of the French-classical tradition can sympathize with an Atalide or feel any real concern about what happens to her. Her monologue of self-condemnation before taking her own life cannot have the pathetic effect on us that Racine intended. And his Bajazet, no Turk save in name but rather a French gallant, who can love this Atalide and is weak enough to re­ act as he does to her moods regardless of the consequences to himself or to her or to those who have espoused his cause —he, too, forfeits our sympathy.3 In these characters Racine 2 In this denouement the usual pseudo-classical stereotypes of conduct are not absent. Bajazet must defend himself against his executioners and display his prowess, like other pseudo-classical "heroes," before being killed. Atalide must commit suicide after an appropriate speech, like other pseudo-classical "heroines"—and, really, there was not much else that she could decently do as a sequel to her previous behaviour and its results. Za'ire wishes to die with her mistress, and Osmin has expressed a similar wish to die with Achmet when he supposed Achmet would die, like other pseudo-classical confidants. Racine's invention was here strictly in the romanesque groove. 3 Even in modern times, many critics and scholars who write of French seventeenth-century drama fall into the habit of accepting its ethical code, in which jealousy was looked upon with indulgence and sympathy. Some therefore would have us see Atalide as innocent and dove-like—wholly piteous, commendable, and lovable! It is hard to believe they would view her with the same tenderness if she were a figure in any literature save that of France in this period, in which they have immersed themselves. Sarcey, not thus immersed but a practical dramatic critic, voiced in his Quarante Ans de Theatre the natural feelings of even a French audience

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appears to have gone too far even for the taste of the centuryfollowing his own, if we can judge by so staunch a Frenchclassicist as La Harpe, who wrote of the crucial dialogue be­ tween this precious pair: "It is in this scene that one realizes more clearly than ever how weak and false is the motivation of the plot, which the author has based upon the jealousy of Atalide and the faint­ heartedness of her lover. It is inconceivable that the conclu­ sive details into which Bajazet has just gone should make so slight an impression on Atalide that he would think him­ self obliged to risk everything and lose everything. The very just confidence in him which she has shown in the second act makes it impossible that in the third she should doubt his veracity, in the face of every appearance of truthfulness. This is the first fault. "The second, which is much more serious, is the puerile despair (not to mince words) that costs Bajazet his life. He ought to have said to her: 'In the crisis we are in, it is a question not of persuading you, but of saving your life as well as my own. Thank heaven, I have promised nothing, and I am on the point of accomplishing everything. Another moment, and I shall have it in my power to repay Roxana in the manner that I choose, and to crown Atalide, and this without being either ungrateful to the one or unfaithful to the other.' in the nineteenth century—and presumably in the twentieth century also —when witnessing this play: "You cannot imagine the impatience of the public in the third act, when all is supposed to be settled, when Bajazet has given for the second or third time his word to Roxana and to his minister Achmet, and then suddenly, because he has just heard the plaints of that little blockhead (pecore) of an Atalide, he changes his mind and leaves everybody in consternation. . . . How do you expect me to be interested in this exalted ninny {majestueux dadais) and his whining sweetheart (plaignarde de mattresse) ?"

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"If he talked thus, he would talk like a man. When one considers that nothing less is at stake than the life of such a friend as Achmet, than the fate of Atalide, of Bajazet him­ self, and of the empire, one is obliged to admit that refine­ ments of delicacy and insane compliance are alike the exact reverse of tragedy, because they are the reverse of good sense. . . . A prince who in this situation sacrifices everything to such attenuated scruples of love is not only no hero and still less a Turkish hero, but in no way deserves to have any one die to serve him." What interest the play does possess is to be found in the figures of Achmet and Roxana, which are among Racine's greatest creations. And this is no small interest, though of a lower, less moving kind than that in which sympathy is involved; it is the interest that any superb portrait excites, and the interest—combined with quasi-admiration—stirred by the spectacle of a cool, capable intellect at work or of volcanic, unleashed passions. For such excellence as can be attained where sympathy is lacking, Bajaset is comparable among tragedies to The Alchemist among comedies—the finest Elizabethan play by any one but Shakespeare, and a play which misses greatness only by that lack—though sym­ pathy with some one is not so important in comedy as in tragedy. Achmet is one of Racine's few really striking male char­ acters ; Roxana is an achievement surpassed only by Phaedra, Hermione, and perhaps Athaliah among his women. Both have been adequately discussed by a number of critics; an understanding of neither presents any serious difficulty. Here, at last, are genuine Orientals. The vizier is adroit, resourceful, indefatigable, untroubled by scruples and impervious to the influence of any emotion

INTRODUCTION

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except pride—which has been sorely wounded when the Sultan deposed him from his command of the army and, heading it himself, took the field without him. It is this mor­ tal offence and his knowledge that it merely preludes his "liquidation" that impel Achmet to plan a revolt which would seat Bajazet on the throne. Seeing that Roxana is the key to the situation, he contrives to arouse first interest and then love in her for the helpless prince, and offers himself as their instrument for success, with the hand of Atalide to be his reward—purely with an eye to self-preservation in the future, as he scornfully tells his friend Osmin, who asks him if he loves her. He himself attends to everything, overlooks nothing that might be to advantage: I have already contrived secretly, By intrigue, to bring over to our side The expounders of our sacred law. To guide The credulous throng, I know religion's power. All is so well devised—only he does not foresee in others the possibility of those insurgent feelings of which he himself is devoid. At least, when these wreck the whole edifice of his carefully laid plans, he does not lose his head or waste any time in futile anger. He knows he has gone too far to be able to turn back now, stakes all on one desperate but coolly calculated effort to retrieve the situation, and when it fails by the narrowest of margins, has a ship ready for his escape from the death which overtakes the others.4 Love—the rank sort of love to be expected in the in­ mate of a harem—together with ambition rules Roxana, and she is determined to gratify both of these passions at 4 He saves with him those who have compromised themselves by their loyalty to him (his pride makes them his chief concern; for his own life he cares little, amid the ruin of his fortunes) and would save Atalide, too, if she would let him. His consideration for her, even now, is noteworthy.

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once. Her infatuation makes her easily believe her love is returned; but Bajazet must give her the one thing that Amurath has withheld, the name of wife, or she will let him per­ ish. When she unexpectedly meets with a refusal, which is little softened by the practical considerations which he urges, the conflict within her bosom between her first fury and her heart's cravings for the Prince finds eloquent utterance in a tempestuous scene of great dramatic power; and when she finally learns the whole deception that has been practised on her, her savage, almost incoherent frenzy of rage is truly awesome. Even yet, however, she will spare Bajazet if she can possess him, and in confident reliance on the power of her physical charms if these are habitually encountered, she makes him a last proposal: My rival is here. Follow me instantly And see her die by the mutes' hands. Set free, Then, from a love fatal to glory's quest, Plight me thy troth. Time will do all the rest. —upon his rejection of which, she utters the terrible "Be­ gone!" ("SortezY') that sends him to his death. Yet the man who created her gave his leading actress the part, not of this fierce and passionate creature, this magnifi­ cent human animal, but of the miserable Atalide. She, evi­ dently, was in his opinion the more important, the more effective role!

CHARACTERS IN THE PLAY BAJAZET, brother of the Sultan Amurath. ROXANA, the Sultana, favourite of Amurath. ATALIDE, a young girl of the royal Ottoman blood, niece of

the father of Bajazet and Amurath. ACHMET, the Grand Vizier. OSMIN, confidant of Achmet. ZATIMA, slave of Roxana. ZAIRE ,

slave of Atalide.

The scene represents a room in the seraglio of the Sultan at Constantinople (called Byzantium throughout the play).

The names "Atalide" and "Zaire" are pronounced as in French, with the final "e" silent, in this translation. They rhyme, respectively, with "need" and "fear."

BAJAZET ACT I Enter ACHMET and OSMIN. ACHMET. Follow me. The Sultana will come hither. In the meantime, thou and I can talk together. OSMIN. How long, my lord, hast thou had entrance here, Wherein none ever is even allowed to peer? Such boldness formerly would have incurred The speediest death. ACHMET. Osmin, when thou hast heard Of all that now hath happened, thou wilt be Surprised no longer that I should have free Entrance into this place. But let us turn From idle speech. How long seemed thy return To my impatient soul! How gladly do I see thee in Byzantium anew! What secrets hath a journey taken for me Alone, and of such length, disclosed to thee? Tell me what thou hast witnessed, and distort Nothing. Remember that on thy report Depend the Ottoman Empire's fortunes. How Fareth the army, how the Sultan, now? OSMIN. Babylon, faithful to her prince, beheld Our hosts about her walls, and never quailed.

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The Persians, marching to her aid, each day Drew somewhat nearer to the place where lay The camp of Amurath. He, weary of The long and fruitless siege, seemed glad enough To leave the city undisturbed and, making No further futile efforts toward its taking, To await the Persians, ready for the fray. But, as thou knowest, though I made haste, the way Unto Byzantium from the camp is long, And by more obstacles delayed than tongue Can tell, I am in total ignorance Of all that hath occurred since I came thence. ACHMET.

But what did our brave janissaries do ? Unto the Sultan are they indeed true? Couldst thou not read their hearts, though they were mute? Is Amurath's power o'er them absolute? OSMIN. He is content, if one may take his word. Of victory he appeareth well assured. But his demeanour cannot blind our eyes. He feigns a calmness that is nowise his. Vainly doth he his wonted fears suppress And grant the janissaries free access To him. He knows how, at no long past date, He wished, because he felt for them such hate, To cut to half its strength that gallant corps When he would fain, to establish his new power,

Escape their tutelage, so he averred. Oft have they said, as I myself have heard, How without cease he fears them, they fear him. Blandishments have not made their memories dim.

BAJAZET They murmur at thine absence; they regret The time, to their courageous hearts so sweet, When under thee, sure of success, they fought. ACHMET.

What! thou thinkest that they have not forgot My former glory, that it still doth fire Their spirits, Osmin, and that they still desire To follow me, and would know their vizier's voice? OSMIN.

The battle's outcome will decide their choice Of conduct: they will see the victory Or flight of Amurath. Though reluctantly They march 'neath his command, they would maintain The fame their deeds have won them, and not stain The honour so long theirs. The combat's end, However, upon Fate must needs depend. If Amurath, thanks to their might, anon Is victor on the plains of Babylon, Thou'lt see them in Byzantium, in that case, Set the example of a blind and base Obedience. But if Fortune in that fray Shames with defeat, being more strong than they, His budding empire, and he flees, doubt not That, made unruly by his adverse lot, They soon will to their hatred add abuse And will explain, my lord, the battle's loss As heaven's judgment upon Amurath. Meanwhile, if rumour doth not lie, he hath Sent from the host three months ago a slave Charged with some secret mission. Therefore have All of the soldiers trembled, sick with fright, For Bajazet. They feared the Sultan might Have sent an order for his brother's head.

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BAJAZET ACHMET.

And so he did. The slave came here indeed And showed that order—but naught did he obtain. OSMIN.

What! Shall the Sultan, sir, see him again With empty hands and learn thou wouldst not do His bidding? ACHMET. That slave is now no more. A new Order, which I gave, had him secretly Drowned in the waters of the Euxine Sea. OSMIN.

But soon for his long absence Amurath Will seek the cause—then seek revenge in wrath. How wilt thou answer him? ACHMET.

Perhaps I can Busy him with more weighty cares ere then. Well do I know that Amurath has sworn My ruin. I know what greeting his return Will bring to me. That he may drive me now Out of his soldiers' hearts, thou seest how He seeks without me siege and battle. He Himself commands the army; as for me, He leaves me in a city, where I wield A futile power. What task is this, what field, Osmin, for me, me, a vizier! But I Have used my leisure not unworthily. Vigils have I prepared for him, and fears, And soon the news thereof will reach his ears.

BAJAZET OSMIN. What hast thou done ? ACHMET.

I hope that Bajazet This very day will claim the throne and seat Roxana by his side there. OSMIN.

What, my lord! Roxana ? she whom Amurath preferred To all the other fair ones he had brought From Europe and from Asia to his Court, Stripping all lands of them? On her alone, 'Tis said, his love is centred; and though no son She yet hath borne him, he would have Roxana Even assume the title of Sultana. ACHMET.

He did still more for her, my Osmin: he Hath given her complete authority Here in his absence. Thou art well aware Of the cruel customs of our Sultans. Rare It is that they will let their brothers long Enjoy the dangerous honour of having sprung From the same stock and being to them too near Akin. The idiot Ibrahim need fear Naught from his birth. Exempt from peril, he Draggeth out a perpetual infancy, Left to the hands that tendance to him give, Unworthy equally to die or live. The other brother well deserves the dread And jealousy because of which his head Is threatened without cease by Amurath;

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For Bajazet indeed at all times hath Despised the slothful ease in which the sons Of Sultans bide. His childhood o'er, at once He sought the wars; and it was under me He gained experience in them, gallantly. Thou hast thyself seen him in combats grim Charge, taking every soldier's heart with him, And, bleeding, taste the glory and delight Youth finds in its first victory. But despite All his misgivings the cruel Amurath Did not dare sacrifice unto his wrath This brother till he had, himself, a son Who could reign after him; otherwise, none Might be left presently of the royal race. Thus, then, the Sultan, being for a space Disarmed, left Bajazet a prisoner here. He went forth, having made sole arbiter As to his brother's life, to serve his hate, Roxana, whom he charged to immolate Him on the slightest rumour, on the least Suspicion, with no reason else professed. I, who remained alone here, as I was Justly incensed, espoused that brother's cause. I talked with the Sultana, and without Showing my aims, gave her good grounds to doubt That Amurath would return, told her of how The army murmured and how none could foreknow War's fortunes. Then I spoke of the sad fate Of Bajazet and told her of his great Attractiveness, concealed so jealously From her that, although very near him, she Had never seen his face. Need more be said?

BAJAZET Roxana soon was so ensnared she had No wish but to behold him in some wise. OsMIN.

But could they cheat so many watchful eyes, Which seemed to set a barrier none might scale 'Twixt them? ACHMET. Thou mayest recall how a false tale Was widely noised that Amurath was dead. Roxana, feigning to be sore dismayed, Won credence for it by her cries of grief. Her tears compelled her trembling slaves' belief. The guards of Bajazet were much perplexed; Gifts did the rest; their vigilance was relaxed, And those they watched could talk in consequence. Roxana, when she saw him, told the Prince Of the charge entrusted solely to her care. Winsome is Bajazet, and when aware That safety lay in pleasing her, he soon Pleased her. Everything aided him: her own Concern and efforts for him and her declaring Her secret to him and the bond of sharing Its knowledge, sighs the sweeter for the fact They must be hidden, that both of them were wracked By nowise daring to speak, their having the same Rashness, dangers, and fears common to them— All bound their hearts and fortunes to each other For ever. Those whose task was to discover This, having turned from duty, never durst Return to it.

III

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OSMIN. What! Roxana from the first, Sayest thou, laid bare her inmost heart to them, Before their eyes revealing her love's flame? ACH MET. None yet knows aught of that; for Atalide Hath lent her name to all Roxana did. She is the niece of Amurath's father; she Shared with his sons his heart,—from infancy Was reared beside them in the royal house. She seemed to hearken now to the Prince's vows Yet heard them but to bear them to Roxana, Thus serving gladly him and the Sultana; And both of these, to gain my aid, agreed That I, dear Osmin, shall wed Atalide. OSMIN. What! Thou lov'st her?

ACHMET. Wouldst thou that at my age I should submit to love's vile tutelage, Or that a heart long years of toil made hard Should blindly seek vain joys as its reward ? She charms my gaze because of other things ; I love in her the stock from which she springs. Bajazet binds me to himself through her And thus assures me of a succourer Against him. Ever doth a vizier irk The souls of Sultans. They mistrust their work As soon as they have chosen him. They deem His fall a thing desirable for them, And their displeasure never lets us see

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A ripe age. Bajazet now honours me And courts me. Every day the risks he runs Rekindle his affection. But when once Firm on the throne, then may this Bajazet Think me a friend whom he would fain forget. For my part, if my aid and loyalty Restrain him not,—if he dares ask of me My head some day . . . Osmin, I leave the rest Unsaid. But I intend that he at least Will have to ask it a long time. I know How to serve Sultans faithfully, but to The common herd I leave the worshipping Of their caprices, and I will not bring Myself to such a senseless fealty As to give thanks when doomed by them to die. This, then, is how I have gained entrance here, And why Roxana would herself appear Before mine eyes. Invisible at first, She only heard my voice and nowise durst Break the seraglio's rigid laws; but she Overcame finally the timidity Which was for us so inconvenient, Imposing on our converse such constraint. She herself chose this unfrequented place Where hearts can speak with freedom face to face. A slave conducts me hither secretly, And . . . But some one is coming. It is she And her dear Atalide. Stay with us here. Be ready to confirm the news I bear. [Enter ROXANA, ATALIDE, ZATIMA, and ZAIRE. Rumour and truth, madam, are in accord. Osmin hath seen our army and its lord. Ever is Amurath with fears beset;

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Ever do hearts incline to Bajazet, And all, with one voice, call him to the throne. Meanwhile, the Persians march on Babylon, And soon must the two hosts beneath its wall In battle learn to whom shall victory fall. Our fates, 'tis said, all hang upon this fight— E'en now decided (if I count aright The days of Osmin's journey) as it may please Heaven; and the Sultan triumphs e'en now or flees. Let us break silence, madam, and declare Ourselves, Byzantium's gates against him bar, Nor for the tidings of the combat wait— His flight or triumph—but anticipate That news. If he hath fled, what fear est thou? If he hath triumphed, 'tis needful to act now. When all prepare to welcome him within The city's walls, 'twill be too late to win Away from him the people's fealty. I have already contrived secretly, By intrigue, to bring over to our side The expounders of our sacred law. To guide The credulous throng, I know religion's power. Vouchsafe forthwith that Bajazet once more May look at last upon the light of day And leave the palace confines. Now display That fateful standard in his name, whereby Do we proclaim a great emergency. The populace are well disposed toward him, Knowing his virtues are his only crime. Moreover, a vague rumour, carefully Fostered by me, hath made our citizenry Believe most luckily that Amurath Disdains them, and that he the intention hath

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Soon to remove his person and his throne Far from Byzantium. Let us, then, make known To them his brother's danger, telling of The cruel command imposed on thee. Above All else, let Bajazet assert his claim Unto the crown and show himself to them That they may see how 'twould become his brow. ROXANA. All that I promised, I will do. Go now, Good Achmet. Gather all thy friends and learn Their sentiments; immediately return With thy report thereof to me, and I Will then have ready for thee my reply. I will see Bajazet. I can say naught Until assured his heart is one in thought With mine. Go, and come back. [Exeunt ACHMET and OSMIN. Fair Atalide, The time hath come when Bajazet must decide Our destinies. For the last time shall I Confer with him. I shall know certainly Whether he loves me. ATALIDE. Is this the time for doubt As to that, madam ? Hasten to carry out Thy plans. Thou heardest that which the vizier Hath told thee. Bajazet is very dear To thee. How knowest thou if his fate will be To-morrow subject still to thy decree? Perchance this very moment Amurath Cometh, to cut short his fair life in wrath. Why art thou dubious of his heart to-day?

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BAJAZET ROXANA.

Wilt thou assure me of it, who dost essay To speak for him? ATALIDE.

What, madam! all the care That he hath taken to please thee, all that ere This thou hast done, all that thou yet mayest do, His peril, his homage, and thy beauty, too— Cannot these things assurance to thee give? Doubt not thy favours in his memory live. ROXANA.

Alas! why cannot I for mine own peace Believe it? Why, to bring my heart some ease, Cannot this ingrate at least speak to me As thou hast said he speaks of me to thee ? Relying on thy words, how'oft have I Tasted the joys anticipatively Of seeing his heart's confusion—in my thought— And had him secretly before me brought, Wishing myself to prove his love for me. Mine for him may be such I cannot be Easily satisfied, but—to spare thine ear A lengthy story—there did not appear In him that agitation and keen love Which thy too sweet reports have told me of. If I am to accord him life and throne, I must have surer grounds to build upon. ATALIDE.

What test, then, of his love wilt thou essay? ROXANA.

That he must wed me now, this very day.

BAJAZET ATALIDE.

Wed thee? Good heavens! Canst thou expect him to? ROXANA.

I know that 'tis not thus our Sultans do. I know that in their pride they have no mind To seal their troth with nuptial ties that bind. From those fair women who for their preference strive They deign to choose a favorite, ne'er a wife; And she is still a slave, who in her arms Receives her master, and who with all her charms Feels no security, and cannot shake The yoke off, which their laws impose, nor take The title of Sultana till she bear'th A son to him. Fonder is Amurath Of me, and he desireth, as did none Before him, to bestow for love alone This honour. I have had from him the power It carries, with the title; at any hour I can his brother's death or life decree. But even Amurath never promised me That marriage would some day his kindness crown; And I, who have aspired unto this one Thing only, have now lost the memory Of everything he did for me. But why Seek to excuse myself? 'Tis Bajazet, Really, that maketh me all else forget. In spite of his misfortunes he hath been More fortunate than his brother was: to win My heart—without intending so to do, Perhaps. My maids, the guards, the vizier too— I have corrupted all of them. Thou seest,

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In short, what I have done for him. The best Uses have I made of the power supreme Which Amurath granted to me over him. Bajazet to the Sultan's throne draws nigh. One step remains. But it is there that I Await him. Despite all my love, if now He will not bind me his by wedlock's vow,— If he dares quote an odious law to me,— When I do everything for him, if he Will not do everything for me,—straightway Without considering whether I love him (yea, Or whether I destroy myself) I shall Cast off the ungrateful wretch and let him fall Back into that sad plight I drew him from. Hereon must he declare himself. His doom Or safety hangs on what he now will say. I nowise ask thee to attempt to-day To serve with him as my interpreter; I wish him to reveal before me here, By his own mouth and face, his heart without Leaving me even the shadow of a doubt. I wish him to be brought here secretly And unexpectedly encounter me. When we have had this interview, thou shalt hear And know all from my lips. Farewell. [Exeunt ROXANA and ZATIMA. ATALIDE.

Zaire, This is the end. Atalide is undone. ZAIRE.

Thou?

BAJAZET ATALIDE.

I foresee already what will come To pass. My only hope is my despair. ZAIRE.

But, madam, wherefore? ATALIDE. Didst thou not just hear Roxana tell us what she had in mind— What fatal vows she would impose to bind Bajazet unto her? The Prince must wed With her this day or else be slain, she said. What will become of me in my grief supreme If he submits ? What will become of him If he does not ? ZAIRE.

I understand thy woe; But, to be frank, thy love ought long ago To have foreseen this. ATALIDE. Ah, Zaire, hath love Ever such foresight? All things, 'twould seem, strove To further our desires, with one accord. Roxana relied wholly on my word, Felt certain that the heart of Bajazet Was hers, and left all matters that relate To him unto my care, beheld him through My eyes, and spoke to him through my mouth. Unto That happy moment I had now come, I Believed, when I could crown my lover by Her hands. Of all this, heaven will have none.

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And yet, Zaire, what ought I to have done? Not have allowed Roxana thus to err? Have destroyed him I love, to enlighten her? Before her love for him was ever born I loved him, and I knew that he in turn Loved me. From infancy, thou wilt remember, Our bond of kindred blood was by more tender Ties reinforced. Nursed at his mother's breast With him and Amurath, I loved him best. She by our fondness was much gratified, And we, though we were parted when she died, In absence still desired each other's love Through all the years, while ne'er we spoke thereof. Roxana, who suspected naught, hath since Beheld and loved perforce this hero-prince, And wished to associate me with her plans. She eagerly stretched to him helping hands; And Bajazet, surprised, showed thankfulness And high regard for her—could he do less ? How prone is love to think what fain it would! Roxana, by the least similitude Of fondness satisfied, enlisted us Both, in her own credulity, to abuse Her trust. Zaire, I must confess that I Could then not keep from feeling jealousy. My rival, doing so much for Bajazet, Against my poor charms could a kingdom set. Countless boons kept her ever in his thought. She held a dazzling prize before him. What Could I on my part give him? Nothing. I Could only heave an oft-repeated sigh. Heaven alone knoweth how many tears I shed. But he at length dispelled my fears.

BAJAZET Ashamed, I wept no more, and to this day Urged him to feign and said what he should say For him. Alas, now all is o'er and done! Roxana, scorned, will learn her error soon. For Bajazet cannot hide what he thinks And feels. I know his noble nature shrinks From falsehood. Ever in the past have I, Trembling, had to be ready to supply Words for him tenderer than he would employ. Bajazet now is certain to destroy Himself. If as my rival formerly Did, she would only let him speak through me! If I could even have prepared his face! But, Zaire, I can wait for him to pass. I with one word, one glance, can give him aid. Sooner than he should perish, let them wed. His fate lies in Roxana's hands. I say He will destroy himself! . . . Atalide, stay. Leave, without fear, thy lover to his faith. Thinkest thou that one for thy sake will choose death? Bajazet well may meet thy wish to save him, More careful of his life than thou wouldst have him. ZAIRE.

Ah, in what woe, madam, wouldst thou immerse Thyself, for ever torturing worse and worse Thy heart ere aught of evil comes to pass! Thou knowest that Bajazet in any case Adores thee. Curb, then, or at least conceal Thy anguish. Do not by thy tears reveal The love between you twain. The hand that hath Saved him till now will save him still from scathe

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If to the end Roxana know not of Her rival and still deem she hath his love. Come, and hide somewhere else thy fears until Thou hearest the outcome of their meeting. ATALIDE.

Well, Then, let us go; and if for the deceit Of two young lovers punishment seems meet, Just heaven, and if our love seems wrong to thee, I am the guiltier, punish only me! [Exeunt.

ACT II BAJAZET and ROXANA are discovered. ROXANA.

The fateful hour, Prince, hath finally Come in which heaven again would set thee free. Nothing restrains me longer; and I can Bring to fruition on this day the plan My love conceived. I do not have the power To assure thee of an easy triumph or Place in thy grasp a sceptre giving thee Over a tranquil realm the sovereignty. But all I can, keeping my promises, I do. I arm against thine enemies Thy valiant hand and from a manifest Peril deliver thee. Thou wilt achieve the rest. Osmin hath seen the army; it, at heart, Is thine. The masters of our law take part In our conspiracy. Achmet the vizier Will answer to thee for Byzantium, sir; And well thou knowest, my least word, as suits My will, the numerous officers, slaves, mutes, And others in these palace walls controls. To gain my favour have these abject souls Given me their silence and their lives, long since. Now do thy part. That great career, my prince, Which I have opened unto thee, begin. The course thou art to run involves no sin. Thus only canst thou 'scape the murderer's hand. Many have done the same before thee, and Our Sultans at all times have not been loath

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To take this road to power. But let us both, For the best start thereon, hasten to seal At once my happiness and thine as well. Show by thy now binding thyself to me That I but served my husband, serving thee; And by the sacred ties of marriage prove Me justified in giving thee my love. BAJAZET.

Ah! what is this which thou wouldst have me do ? ROXANA.

How now! what obstacle is there unto Our happiness ? BAJAZET.

Canst thou be unaware That the throne's dignity . . . Wilt thou not spare To me the pain of saying it? ROXANA.

I know That ever since a Sultan, long ago, When captured by a savage conqueror, Beheld his wife bound to the victor's car And through all Asia dragged along behind, Those who succeeded him, having no mind To see their Ottoman honour risk such shame Thereafter, rarely deigned to take the name Of husband. But love laughs at rules like this; And, not to mention humbler instances Solyman (nor of any hast thou heard, Among thy sires whose swords the whole world feared, That raised the Turkish power to such a height)—

BAJAZET Yes, Solyman, found pleasing in his sight His Roxelana, and for all his pride This haughty monarch placed her at his side, To share his throne with him and royal bed, Although to such estate no claim she had Save some small beauty and much clever charm.

BAJAZET. 'Tis true. But think how feeble is my arm, What Solyman was, and what I am to-day. Solyman ruled with undisputed sway. Egypt regained by him, Rhodes—that grim rock Whereon the tide of Turkish conquest broke— Become the tomb of all its garrison, The Danube's lands ravaged and seized upon, The expanse of Persia's empire made less broad, The burning climes of Africa subdued Silenced all opposition to his will. How is it with me ? My only fame is still The tale of my misfortunes. All my hopes Depend upon the people and the troops. Wretched, proscribed, and doubtful yet of reigning, Ought I to alienate instead of gaining Adherents? If men see our ecstasies, Will they feel pity for our miseries? Will they believe my danger or thy tears Genuine? Flatter, then, no more mine ears With talk of Solyman, that mighty prince. Instead, recall the murder not long since Of hapless Othman. When they mutinied, The leaders of the janissaries tried To excuse the bloody schemes they had devised. They thought that these were fully authorized

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By reason of the fatal marriage he Had made—like that which thou proposest to me. What shall I tell thee, then? In time I may Reign o'er their hearts and dare more than to-day. Let us not be too hasty; but commence By giving me the power to recompense Thine aid to me.

ROXANA. I understand thee, sir. I see my rashness, see that naught can blur The keenness of thy foresight, careful of The slightest peril that my impatient love Might bring on thee. Thou fearest what harm may come To thee, or to thy honour, sir, therefrom; And I believe thee, since thou sayest 'tis so. But hast thou thought of the worse perils, though, Which, if thou dost not wed me, thou'lt be in,— Of how 'tis I whose favour thou must win Above all else,—how if I aid thee not, All will be hard for thee ? Hast thou forgot That it is I who hold the palace gates? That I can open them for thee, thy fate's Mistress, or keep them closed for evermore? That I have o'er thy life absolute power? That thou still breathest only because I Love thee, and that without this love which thy Refusal of me doth offend, thou'dst be Dead even now?

BAJAZET. Yes, I owe all to thee; And I had deemed thou'dst find thy glory sweet Enough in seeing the whole realm at my feet And hearing me avow that I do owe

BAJAZET All to thee. I indeed shall fail not so To testify. This shall my lips confess, My deference confirm it without cease. My life itself thou givest me. But dost thou Wish verily . . . ROXANA.

Nay, I wish nothing now. Vex me no more with logic drawn so fine. I see how distant are thy hopes from mine. No longer will I urge thee, thankless man, To grant my wish. Back to the night again From which I drew thee forth! . .. ( T o herself) For what, indeed, Stays me? What further proof do! still need Of his indifference ? Doth my ardour move The ingrate? In his reasonings can love Be found at all? . . . (Again to BAJAZET ) Oh, I perceive thy thought! Thou deemest mine own peril, no matter what I do, assures thy pardon,—that I am tied To thee with bonds too strong to dare divide Thy interests from mine. But I am still Certain thy brother holds me in good will. Thou knowest he loves me; and, despite his wrath, Thy false blood can atone for all, thy death Suffice to exculpate me. Do not doubt This very moment 'twill be brought about! Bajazet, hear me! I find that all too well I love thee. Thou art destroying thyself. Still, still The way lies open to repent. Take care Thou lettest me not go hence, nor to despair Drivest a woman mad with love. If one Word leaves my lips, thy life is o'er and done.

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BAJAZET BAJAZET.

Thou canst deprive me of it. 'Tis in thy hands. Perhaps my death will further best thy plans,— Will from triumphant Amurath win grace And give thee in his heart thy former place. ROXANA.

In his heart ? Dost thou dream, though he should fain Have me, that if I lose the hope to reign In thine, when I so long have cherished that dear Delusion, I a different thought could bear Henceforth, or live unless I lived for thee? I have given thee, cruel man, weapons against me Too surely, and I should have yielded less. Thou wilt o'ersway my weakness. I confess I feigned before thee a false pride. On thee Depends my joy and my felicity. My bloody death will follow hard on thine. And to preserve thy life, what toil was mine! Thou sighest at last and seemest sore distraught. Go on. Speak. BAJAZET.

Oh, if I but could speak out! ROXANA.

How now! What sayest thou? What did I hear? Thou hast, then, secrets that I may not share? Thy feelings cannot be revealed to me ? BAJAZET.

Madam, I repeat, 'tis now for thee To make thy choice. Open for me a way That I may take unto the throne, or slay Thy victim. I can bear the worst. Decide.

BAJAZET

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ROXANA.

This is too much. Thou shalt be satisfied. Ho, guards! come hither! [Enter ACHMET. Achmet, all is o'er. Thou mayst go. I have naught to tell thee more. I bow to Amurath's authority. Nay, go! Let the seraglio henceforth be Shut fast, and all be as in former days. [Exit ROXANA. ACHMET. Sir, what have I just heard—with what amaze? What will become of thee? What will become Of me ? Whence did this change take place, and whom Ought I to blame for it ? O heavens above! BAJAZET.

There is no reason I should not tell thee of What hath occurred. Roxana is offended And will have vengeance. Our accord is ended, Encountering a hopeless obstacle. Vizier, shift for thyself, I warn thee well. Act as seems best, counting no more on me. ACHMET.

What! BAJAZET. Find some safe place, unto which to flee, Thou and thy fellows. I know the perils brought Upon you by my friendship. I had thought To give you, some day, better recompense. That dream is over with, believe me; hence We must no longer think of it.

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BAJAZET ACHMET.

But tell Me what, sir, is this hopeless obstacle. Just now I left all peaceful here within These walls. What madness seized her soul and thine? BAJAZET.

She wishes me to marry her. ACHMET.

She does? The custom of our Sultans doth oppose Her wish. But is that rule so strict that thou Must at thy life's expense observe it now ? Of all laws, the most sacred is to save One's life,—to snatch, sir, from the waiting grave Thyself, the last in whom the royal blood Of the Ottomans flows. BAJAZET.

That life so ill-starred would Be bought too dearly if the price it cost Were any act of cowardice. ACHMET.

Why dost Thou deem the price blackened with infamy? Does Solyman's marriage stain his memory? Yet Solyman was threatened by no dread Perils like those which hang above thy head. BAJAZET.

And in those very perils and that base Concern about my life lies the disgrace Of this vile marriage. Solyman's was quite

BAJAZET Different. His slave found favour in his sight And therefore he, though not at all constrained To wed her, gave her both his heart and hand. ACHMET.

Thou lovest Roxana. BAJAZET.

Achmet, say no more. Less than thou wouldst suppose do I deplore My fate. Death is not to my mind the worst Of evils. Following thy steps I durst Seek it while yet a youth; and when I lay In prison, I beheld it day by day Close at hand always, till it was a wonted Sight unto me. Oft have I been confronted With it by Amurath. I end by it A troubled life. Alas, if I now quit That life with some regret. . . Forgive me! cause Enough, Achmet, have I to pity those Whom I have ill repaid for love which sought To serve my interests with its every thought. ACHMET.

Ah, if we die, my lord, the blame must fall On thee. Speak but one word, and save us all. Whatever janissaries are left here, The guardians of our faith, whom all revere, Those citizens the Byzantine populace Respect the most, and whose example sways Their suffrage—all are ready and now wait To be thy escort to the sacred gate Through which new Sultans first their entrance make.

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BAJAZET BAJAZET.

Well then, good Achmet, let them straight betake Themselves here, if they love me so indeed. Force the seraglio's doors if this ye need To do, and pluck me from Roxana's hands. Enter accompanied by those valiant bands. Sooner would I go forth covered with blood Than be compelled to be, whether I would Or not, her husband. In the confusion, I Shall with the courage of despair rely On mine own arm to save me, and perchance Can fight on till thou comest to my defence. ACHMET.

Ah, would my utmost haste not be too slow To thwart Roxana's vengeance—one swift blow? Then what will such impetuous zeal have done?— Incriminated us, with gain to none! Promise her all; escape this threatened death, And later see what weight thy promise hath. ^?

BAJAZET. ACHMET.

Blush not. None of Ottoman blood should have To keep his pledges like a common slave. Take counsel of those heroes whom the right Of conquest set, victorious in their might, O'er earth's remotest lands, and whom the sword Made masters—and not bondmen—of their word. State policy prescribed their course, alone; And half this sacred empire rests upon Promises which they rarely would fulfil. Pardon my warmth, my lord.

BAJAZET

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BAJAZET.

Yes, I know well, Achmet, how far they went for the State's good. But these same heroes gave their veins' last blood. 'Twas not their lives they bought with perfidy. ACHMET.

0 dauntless courage! too steadfast probity, Which, though it brings me death, I must admire! Shall o'er-nice scruples at this time require . . . But what blest fate now sends us Atalide ? [Enter ATALIDE. Oh, madam, join thy voice with mine to plead! He is destroying himself. ATALIDE.

'Tis why I came To talk with him. Leave us. Roxana's aim Being his death, she means to shut and bar The palace doors. But, Achmet, go not far Away. Thou mayst be called back speedily. [.Exit ACHMET. BAJAZET.

The time has come to say farewell to thee. Heaven punishes my deceit, undoes Thy clever plans. Against its latest blows Naught could protect me. Nothing was in store For me but death or being thine no more. What hath it served us that I stooped to feign? 1 die less soon—that is our only gain! I told thee 'twould be thus; but thou wert bound To have me take this course. I have postponed Thy grief as long as I could do so. Hence,

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BAJAZET

Now, in return for my obedience To thee, fair Atalide, I beg thee, flee Roxana's presence. By thy tears would she Perceive thy secret. Hide them from her eye; And risk no lingering here, saying good-bye. ATALIDE.

Nay, sir, thy kindness to a hapless maid Hath striven enough for that which Fate forbade. 'Twould cost thee far too much to spare me pain. Thou needs must strive no more. Leave me, and reign. BAJAZET.

Leave thee? ATALIDE.

I wish it. I have taken thought. Till now, with countless jealous pangs distraught, 'Tis true, I was not able to conceive Without dismay that Bajazet could live And be no longer mine; and whensoe'er I pictured in my mind, with grievous cheer, My happy rival's triumph, even thy death (Forgive a loving woman's frenzy!) hath Not seemed for me the worst of miseries. But then that was not shown to my sad eyes In all its horror—and when 'twould come, and how. I did not see thee, as I see thee now, Bidding me, for the last time, farewell. I know, indeed, with what unshakable Courage thou'lt go to meet death face to face. I know that proving thus thy faithfulness To me will give thy heart some joy amid Thy life's last breaths. But pity Atalide. Thy dauntless spirit, alas, she doth not share.

BAJAZET Limit thy ill fate to what she can bear. Do not expose me to the keenest grief That e'er drained dry the eyes of maid or wife.

BAJAZET. What will thy future be, if I to-day Before thy face contract this marriage? ATALIDE. Nay, Inquire not what my future, sir, will be. Perhaps I shall accept my destiny. How do I know ? I shall seek charms to heal My pain. I shall perhaps remember still, Mid my tears, that thou wert resolved to die For me, and that thou livest, and 'twas I Who willed it thus.

BAJAZET. Nay, thou shalt never see Those cruel rites. The more thou biddest me Now to be false to thee, the more 'tis plain How truly thou deservest not to obtain That which thou askest. Shall this tender love, Born in our childhood, which in silence throve And grew as we grew, until I alone Could comfort thee in thy distress, my own Repeated vows ever to cleave to thee— Shall all these end in foulest treachery? I then should wed—whom, if the truth be told? A slave, who is in everything controlled By thoughts of self,—who sets before my face The sight of death awaiting me, and says That I must marry her or surely die—

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While thou dost view my peril with anxious eye, And, worthy of that blood which thou art of, Wouldst sacrifice for me thine own heart's love! Ah, let my head be to the Sultan brought, Ere at such price its safety should be bought! ATALIDE.

Sir, thou couldst live and not be false to me. BAJAZET.

How? If I can, I will—most willingly. ATALIDE.

Despite her anger, the Sultana loves thee; And if, sir, thou wouldst take, as it behooves thee To do, more pains to please her,—if thou wouldst let A show of fondness make her hopeful that Some day . . . BAJAZET.

I understand thee. But what thou Wishest, I cannot do. Ne'er think that now A craven self-distrust hath so dismayed My soul that cares of State make me afraid To mount an offered throne and I prefer To shun them by a speedy death. I hear Rash counsels perhaps all too readily. I cherished the hope, having in memory Ever the many great names of my race, To flee ignoble ease and win a place Among those heroes. But however hot Ambition's flame or love's is, I cannot Longer deceive a doting woman's heart. Vain would my promise be, to play this part, Even to save my life; for mine own eyes

BAJAZET And lips, to falsehood natural enemies, When I would seek most to beguile her, might In my confusion do the opposite, And by my coldness she with rage would see I spoke not from my soul, too obviously. Ah heaven! how often would I have disclosed The truth to her, if I could have exposed No life but mine unto her hate thereby,— If I had not feared that her jealous eye Might with suspicion fix on thee its glance! And I should cozen her with a false pretence, Perjure myself, and by this baseness . . . ? Oh, Were not thy heart so full of love, I know, Far from bidding me practise this deceit, Thou'dst be the very first to blush at it! To save thee from unrighteous prayers, good-bye. I go at once to find Roxana. I Will leave thee, now. ATALIDE.

And I will not leave thee\ Come, come; thou shalt be led to her by me. 'Tis I will tell our secret to her ears. Since my distracted lover scorns my tears And finds his joy in dying before my sight, Roxana shall in spite of thee unite Us to each other. She will thirst more for my Blood than for thine; and I shall give to thy Affrighted eyes as dread a spectacle As thou wouldst make mine view, hadst thou thy will. BAJAZET.

Ye heavens! Couldst thou do this?

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BAJAZET ATALIDE.

Couldst thou believe, Thou cruel man, that I am less sensitive To honour's claims than thou? Canst thou in sooth Believe that when I put words in thy mouth, My blushes were not ready to betray me A hundred times ? But I then saw, to sway me, Death threatening thee. How, ingrate, can it be When mine is certain, thou darest not do for me What I durst do for thee? One word and glance Which seem more tender may suffice. Perchance Roxana in her heart forgives thee. Thou Seest, thyself, how much time she doth allow Thee for repentance. Hath she, when she went From thee, made Achmet go hence? Hath she sent Guards to arrest thee here before my face ? Truly, when even in her wrath she prays Mine aid, do not her tears reveal her love? She may but wait for some vague hope, enough To cause all weapons from her hands to fall. Go, sir, and save thy life, and mine withal. BAJAZET.

Well, be it so. But what am I to say To her? ATALIDE.

Oh, do not ask me that! Some way The occasion's need and heaven will teach thee what Are the right words to speak. Go. I must not Be at your meeting. Thy confusion then, Or mine, would needs unmask us. Go. I again Tell thee I dare not be there. Say to her All that is necessary to save thee, sir.

ACT III ATALIDE and ZAIRE are discovered. ATALIDE.

He is forgiven? Zaire, is that true? ZAIRE.

So have I told thee, madam. A slave flew To carry out Roxana's will and let The vizier enter at the palace gate. To me they spoke not, but the exultant look On Achmet's face, better than words, bespoke The blessed change that hath recalled him hither Where he hath come to seal a peace for ever. Roxana chose the kindlier course, 'tis clear. ATALIDE.

Thus now do joy and gladness disappear Everywhere from my life and go with them. I have done all I had to do, and am Not sorry. ZAIRE.

How now, madam! What new alarm Is thine? ATALIDE.

Hath no one told thee by what charm Or rather by what compact Bajazet Hath wrought a change so sudden? To dissipate Roxana's anger seemed impossible. Hath she some pledge that binds him all too well To her? Speak. Will he wed her?

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BAJAZET ZAIRE.

Nay, I know Nothing of that. But if he only so Could escape death,—if he hath done as thou Thyself hast bidden him do, and if he now Weds her, in short . . . ATALIDE.

Weds her, thou sayest! ZAIRE.

What! Dost thou regret thy generous words, which sought To enjoin him to preserve his precious blood? ATALIDE.

No, no! He will do only what he should. Too jealous instincts, ye must needs be still. Bajazet, wedding her, obeys my will. Respect the good in me that treads you down, Nor with its noble counsels mix your own. Far from depicting him in her embrace, Let me conceive him, without bitterness, Enthroned where 'twas my love that made him climb. I am myself again and for all time. I wanted him to love me, and he does. Now I at least find solace, feeling thus, That I shall die worthy and proud of him. ZAIRE.

What sayest thou? Die? Is thine intent so grim? ATALIDE.

I have given him up, and doth the rest surprise Thy heart? Dost reckon among calamities,

BAJAZET

141

Zaire, a death that cheats so many a woe? Enough that he lives. I have wished it so; And still I wish it, cost me what it can. 'Tis not a question of my joy or pain. I love him well enough to say good-bye; But he can judge—ah, justly—that if I Would make for him so great a sacrifice, A soul that guards his life with care like this Loves him too well to see him wed to-day. Let us go learn . . . ZAIRE.

Control thyself, I pray. Some one is coming. All will soon be known. 'Tis the vizier. [Enter ACHMET. ACHMET.

Our lovers are at one Finally. A calm hath fallen; its gentle breath Brings us to harbour. The Sultana's wrath Has been disarmed, her latest will declared Unto me. Bajazet will be prepared Ere long to follow me; and while she displays Forthwith unto the city's startled gaze The Prophet's dreadful standard, I shall tell All men the reason 'tis unfurled, instill Due fear into the hearts of all of them, And the new sovereign publicly proclaim. In the meantime, let me recall unto thee, Madam, what rich reward was promised me. Do not expect from me such rapturous sighs As I from those two lovers' hearts heard rise; But if by means more suited to my age,

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BAJAZET

Profound respect and lifelong vassalage Such as we owe to one of royal blood, I can . . . ATALIDE.

With time all these things can be showed To me; and time can make thee know me, too. But tell me of those transports thou didst view. ACHMET.

Canst thou not guess how great the ardour is Of two young lovers in their ecstasies ? ATALIDE.

Yes, but this miracle amazes me Truly. Hath it been said at what price he Was pardoned by Roxana ? Is he now To wed her? ACHMET.

Madam, I believe so. Thou Shalt hear all I with mine own eyes have seen. Stunned, I confess, by their mad quarrel and spleen, Exclaiming against lovers, love, and Fate, I left this palace in despair, and straight Storing the remnant of my wealth aboard A ship which at the quay I had kept moored, Already planned flight to some foreign shore. From this sad purpose being called once more To the palace, full of joy and hope anew, I ran; my feet had wings; then open flew The doors of the seraglio at my voice. A female slave appeared. Not the least noise She made, but led me to a chamber where

BAJAZET

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Roxana listened with attentive ear Unto her lover. All those near them held Their peace. I, too, my own impatience quelled, And to respect their secret converse stood Aloof, and marked their manner and their mood For a long time. At last, with eyes which said Plainly all that was in her heart, she laid Her hand in his to pledge to him her love; And he, with glances that were eloquent of His passion, assured her of his heart's flame. ATALIDE (aside).

Alas! ACHMET.

They finally saw me, both of them. "Behold," she said to me, "our prince and thine. Him to thy hands, brave Achmet, I consign. Go, and prepare for him fit regal state. Let a submissive, loyal people wait For him, to pay him homage in the temple. Soon will the palace set you its example." Then at the feet of Bajazet I fell, And the next moment I was gone. Right well Pleased am I to bring to thee, on my way Thence, the good news that now indeed are they Reconciled, and my due respect to accord To thee. I go to crown him, I pledge my word. [Exit ACHMET. ATALIDE.

Come; let us hence. Let us not mar their bliss. ZAIRE.

Ah, think .

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BAJAZET ATALIDE.

What wouldst thou have me think of this? What! Shall I go to view a sight so dread ? Thou seest that all is o'er: they are to wed. Roxana is content; he vows his love To her. But I do not complain thereof. I myself wished it. Yet wouldst thou have thought, When to be true to me just now he sought To sacrifice himself with heart suffused With love—yea, when for my sake he refused To the Sultana a mere promise—when I tried to stay him with my tears in vain And yet was pleased they had so little might— Wouldst thou have thought, I say, that now, in spite Of all this show of tenderness, he could e'er Find so much eloquence in wooing her? Ah, perhaps after all 'twas not too hard To make his feelings and his words accord. Perhaps the more he looked on her, the more He saw new charms and yielded to their power. She will have poured her plaints into his ears. She loves him; a throne beckons through her tears. Such love cannot but touch a generous heart. Alas! how all against me takes her part! ZAIRE.

But the result is still uncertain. Wait. ATALIDE. Nay, 'twould be futile to deny it yet.

I see no joy in adding to my woe. To save his life, I know what he must do. When I recalled him to Roxana, I Had no intention he should not comply.

BAJAZET

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But after the farewells I lately heard And the sweet grief wherewith his heart was stirred, Surely he need not have shown openly Such rapture as was just described to me. Be thou the judge if I am self-deluded. Why from these plans was I alone excluded? Am I concerned so little in the fate Of Bajazet? To seek me, would he wait So long unless his own heart's just reproach Made him perhaps unwilling to approach My presence? But no, I wish to spare him this. He shall no more behold me. ZAIRE.

Here he is. [Enter BAJAZET.

BAJAZET.

'Tis done. I spoke. Thy will hath been obeyed. Thou needest no longer, madam, be afraid For me. I would be happy if my sense Of honour did not censure the pretense By which I won good fortune quite amiss,— If mine own heart, whose secret lack of peace Condemns me, could as quickly pardon me As did Roxana. But I at last am free, My hand is armed, and I can now contend With my cruel brother, not having to depend On silence aided by thy cleverness To win his mistress' favour in this place, But myself seeking him 'neath alien skies And in fair fight, where manly danger lies, Vying for the people's and the soldiers' hearts, The outcome to depend on our deserts. What do I see? What ails thee? Why that tear?

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BAJAZET ATALIDE.

Nay, I begrudge not thy good fortune, sir. Heaven, just heaven, owed thee this miracle. Thou knowest if e'er I raised an obstacle Against it. While I breathed, as thou'rt aware, Thy perils have engrossed my every care; And since they end but with my life alone, It is without regret I lay that down. 'Tis true, if heaven had to my prayers lent ear, It could have made my death much happier. Thou wouldst have wed my rival e'en as now, And proven faithful to thy marriage vow; Yet thou wouldst not have, with thy nuptial faith, Given her those proofs of love which now she hath. Roxana would have felt herself repaid, And I in death would this sweet thought have had, That, having myself moved thee to this design, I sent thee to her with a heart all mine,— That, bearing thy love among the dead with me, Not as her lover do I leave her thee. BAJAZET.

Why talkest thou thus of marriage and of love? What grounds hast thou for such words ? Heavens above! Whose false report can so have made thee err? I, I, could love Roxana?—live for her? Oh, far from having such an idea, how could I even have forced myself to say I would? I neither thought nor said it. There was no need To do so. The Sultana was misled As easily as before, and whether she At once conceived my seeking her to be Absolute proof I loved her, or she deemed

BAJAZET Time was so precious that it now beseemed Her not to offer long resistance, I Had scarce begun to speak, when with a cry And flood of tears she cut short words that she Had hardly heard. She gave her destiny, Her life, into my keeping, with a blind Trust in my gratitude, and in her mind Had not a doubt that we ere long would wed. Such utter love, so little merited By me,—such faith misplaced,·—filled me with shame; And while she to the heat of my heart's flame Ascribed still the confusion which my face Displayed, I felt myself wrong, cruel, and base. Believe me, in that moment I had need To think of all my love for Atalide That I might keep unbroken to the end A silence so perfidious. But when I bend Hither my steps after that task—none worse— Seeking some help to stifle my remorse, I find thee charging me with lack of faith To thee, and blaming thine expected death Upon my harassed conscience! I can see, See plainly, that all this I say to thee E'en now is little heeded. Let us have done, Madam, with what leaves peace to neither one Of us; and vainly torture both, I pray, No more. Roxana is not far away. Let us act honourably. I shall be Far better satisfied with myself and thee To go and tell her that I have constrained My soul to abuse her love for me with feigned Affection, than I ever went to play The hypocrite. Here she is.

148

BAJAZET ATALIDE.

Just heaven! Nay! What will he bring upon himself? ( T o BAJAZET) If thou Lovest me, do not undeceive her now!

[Enter ROXANA ROXANA. Come, come, sir. It is time for thee to show Thyself and let the palace see and know Who is its master. All the many folk Who dwell within its walls, together flock At my command—to hear my will expressed. These my slaves, whose example all the rest Will follow, are the first my love will give To thee as subjects. (To ATALIDE) Madam, couldst thou believe That such a sudden change as this e'er hath Made so much love follow such frenzied wrath? Just now, resolved on vengeance, come what might, I swore he should not see to-morrow's light. Scarcely one word Bajazet then hath spoken To me; love took that oath, by love 'tis broken. I deem he loves me, seeing him so stirred. I have forgiven him, and I trust his word. BAJAZET. Yes, I have promised thee, and sworn solemnly, Ne'er to forget all that I owe to thee— Sworn that my care and my solicitude Shall ever prove to thee my gratitude. If thy good offices I hence can claim, I go to wait for the results of them. [JExit BAJAZET.

BAJAZET ROXANA.

What shock, O heaven, so stuns me and appals? Is this a dream? Have mine eyes played me false? Such dour response, these frigid words I heard, Which seem to cancel all that hath occurred Between us—oh, what mean they? For what cause Doth he suppose I yielded and he was Restored to favour which he had spurned away? I thought he vowed that till his dying day His love would make me sovereign o'er his fate. Does he regret appeasing me of late, Already? But was I myself just now Deluded? Ah! . . . (TO ATALIDE ) But ye twain—he and thou— Were talking, madam. What did he then say? ATALIDE. To me? He loves thee always. ROXANA.

He will pay, Unless I think so, with his life—naught less! But when he hath such grounds for happiness, Tell me, please, how dost thou explain the gloom Which filled him—visibly—when he left this room ? ATALIDE.

Madam, I saw not any gloom in him. He spoke about thy goodness a long time To me. His heart was full of it when he came And met me here. He seemed to me the same When he went out. But couldst thou feel surprise If Bajazet, when this great enterprise Impends, should after all be ill at ease,

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BAJAZET

Madam, and let some signs escape of these Many cares which must occupy his mind? ROXANA.

Great is thy skill, excusing him. I find Thou speakest for him better than he does Himself. ATALIDE.

And is there any other cause . . . ROXANA.

Enough! I comprehend, much more than thou Thinkest, thy reasonings, madam. Leave me, now. I wish to be a little while alone. This day has given me troubles of my own. Like Bajazet, I am vexed and full of care, Whereof I fain would ponder, with none near.

[Exeunt ATALIDE and ZAIRE. Ah, how must I construe all I have seen? Is there some understanding, then, between Those two, to cozen me ? Wherefore this change, These words, and this abrupt departure strange? Did I not even see a glance that flashed From one to the other? Bajazet's spirits dashed And Atalide aghast! Am I condemned By them, great heavens above, thus to be shamed? Is this the fruit that my blind love must reap? So many grievous days, nights without sleep, Plots, and intrigues, and treason risking death— And by all this a rival profiteth ? Yet I may torture myself too readily And note a transient cloud with anxious eye, Too prone to judge by his mere mood his love.

BAJAZET

151

Would he not carry deceit far enough When on the point of seeing his wiles succeed? Could he not feign one moment more, at need? No, no; let us take courage. I am afraid Because I love to excess. Why should I dread Atalide in his heart. Yes, what would be The reason for his loving her? What has she Done for him? Which of us crowns him to-day? . . . But do we not know love's resistless sway? Alas, what matters it that he owes his throne And life to me, if Atalide by her own Charms doth attract him? Are there boons that can Outweigh love in one's heart? When this false man, To look no further, won mine, did I show More gratitude for his brother's favours? Oh, If he had had no other ties, would he Have shrunk so from the thought of marrying me ? Would he not gladly have shown deference To my will? Would he, at his life's expense Even, have flouted it ? What good grounds . . . Who now Comes here to speak with me ? . . . What seekest thou ? [Enter ZATIMA. ZATIMA.

Forgive me, madam, if I thus presume To intrude. A slave hath from the army come; And though the gate was shut facing the sea, The guards without delay, on bended knee, Opened it at the Sultan's orders, sent To thee. But much to my astonishment 'Tis Orcan brings them. ROXANA.

Orcan!

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BAJAZET

ZATIMA. Yes, of all Minions the Sultan hath to serve, at call, His will, the one on whom he most relies— Blackest of those who 'neath the burning skies Of Africa were born. He asks for thee, Madam, impatiently. But it seemed to me That I should warn thee first; and since my fears Were greatest that he might take thee unawares, I have in thine apartments kept him close.

ROXANA. Upon me fall what unexpected blows! What are these orders ? How shall I reply ? The Sultan, much perturbed, doth doubtlessly The death of Bajazet once more command. Without my sanction none can lift a hand (For all obey me here) to do him scathe. But should I save him now ? Is Amurath Or Bajazet my sovereign? To the one I have been faithless; the other may have done As ill by me. Time presses. How decide With such dread doubts? But they can never hide The truth. The most discreet love will reveal Its secret by some sign. Let us use well The moments left us. I shall carefully Watch Bajazet, and Atalide shall I Confound—to crown my lover if he does Prove true, or slay him if perfidious.

ACT IV ATALIDE and ZAIRE are discovered. ATALIDE.

Knowest thou my affright?—that I saw here Fierce Orcan's hideous face? Oh, how I fear His presence at this crisis of our fate! How I fear . . . But hast thou seen Bajazet ? Tell me! What says he? Will he now give heed To my good counsel, and to Roxana speed And rid her of all vestige of suspicion? ZAIRE.

He cannot see her without her permission. Such are Roxana's orders; 'tis her will That he should wait. She doubtless would conceal Him from that dread slave. When I found him I Pretended not to have sought him, covertly Gave him thy letter, and now have brought thee his Reply. Thou shalt see, madam, what it is. ATALIDE (reading the letter).

"After all thy needless pangs And changes, wouldst thou have me still pretend? But I, too, would my life defend Since thou sayst thine upon it hangs. I shall to the Sultana go, and by Deference and new-shown gratitude will try To appease her wrath if this may be. Require naught more; not death nor thou, to move her, Will ever make me tell her that I love her, Since I shall ever love but thee."

154

BAJAZET

Alas! Why tell me that ? Does he believe I know it not? Do I not, then, perceive Sufficiently that he loves, adores me? Is It only thus that he can heed my pleas? He has Roxana, not me, to persuade. He leaves me still how desperately afraid! O fatal blindness! Faithless jealousy! False tale, why did I heed thee? Doubts which I Could not o'ercome, why let you be expressed? All was done. My good fortune far surpassed My fond hopes. I was loved, I should have been Happy; Roxana was content, serene. Zaire, go back to him, if thou canst, apace. Let him indeed "appease her." What he says, Is not enough for me. Let his lips, his eyes, Assure her that he loves her, in such wise That she must needs believe it. Would that I Might with my tears make him more ardently Woo her, and put into his words to her All the love I feel for him. But I fear I would make worse his plight, instead of better. ZAIRE.

Here is Roxana. ATALIDE.

Oh, let us hide this letter. [She thrusts it hastily into her bosom. Enter ROXANA and ZATIMA. ROXANA ( to ZATIMA).

Come. I received this mandate. Needs must I O'erwhelm her with it.

BAJAZET

155

ATALIDE ( to ZAIRE).

Go, make haste; and try Hard to persuade him. [Exit ZAIRE ROXANA (approaching ATALIDE).

Madam, I have now Had letters from the army. Knowest thou Aught of all that which lately hath occurred? ATALIDE.

A slave hath come here from the camp, I heard. Nothing was told me of the news he brings. ROXANA.

Amurath triumphs. Fortune finally swings To his side. Babylon obeys his will. ATALIDE.

What! Really, madam? Osmin . . . ROXANA.

He was ill Informed, and his departure was before This slave set out. 'Tis o'er. The war is o'er. ATALIDE.

What a dire blow to us! ROXANA.

And now, to crown Our woes, the Sultan, who dispatched him, on His heels at once hath followed. ATALIDE.

The hosts, then, Of Persia stay him not?

156

BAJAZET ROXANA.

No; he again Is nearing us, post-haste. ATALIDE.

Ah, madam, how I pity thee! This very instant thou Must do what thou wouldst do. ROXANA.

It is too late To seek to oppose the conqueror. ATALIDE.

Oh, great Heavens! ROXANA.

Time hath not made his severity Grow less. This is the order telling me His sovereign will supreme. ATALIDE.

What does he bid Thee now to do? ROXANA.

See for thyself. Here, read! [She gives the letter to ATALIDE. Thou knowest the handwriting and the seal. ATALIDE. They are cruel Amurath's. I know them well.

{She reads) "I sent thee positive commands before Babylon put my power to the test. I fancy Bajazet now lives no more.

BAJAZET

I fain would think thou hast obeyed my hest. Beneath my sway hath Babylon been brought; Leaving there, I reiterate those commands. Come not before me, if thou carest aught For life, save with his head borne in thy hands." ROXANA.

Well? ATALIDE ( t o h e r s e l f ) .

Hide thy tears, unhappy Atalide. ROXANA.

How seems it to thee ? ATALIDE.

He still has, indeed, His fratricidal purpose. But he believes That he proscribes a prince to whom none gives Support. He knows not of the love that speaks To thee in Bajazet's behalf and makes Of him and thee one soul,—that thou wouldst die, Rather, if necessary . . . ROXANA.

I, madam ? I Would gladly save him; truly, I cannot Hate him; but. . . ATALIDE.

Then "but" what? Thou wilt do what? ROXANA.

Obey. ATALIDE.

Obey!

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BAJAZET ROXANA.

What else is to be done In this dire strait ? I must. ATALIDE. This dear prince . . . one Who loves thee—shall he see the life which he Hath pledged unto thee end? ROXANA. So must it be. My orders are already given. ATALIDE (swooning). I Am dying! ZATIMA. She falls! . . . (After bending over ATALIDE) She seemeth truly nigh To death. ROXANA. Go; take her to the neighbouring Chamber. Note well her looks, words, everything That will afford proof of their perfidy. [Exit Z A T I M A , supporting ATALIDE. (Alone) My rival at last reveals herself to me. This, then, is she on whom I have relied! For six whole months I thought her watchful-eyed And zealous night and day to serve my love— And it was I who was the abettor of Hers all too well, who watched for her, it seems, Those six months, and who would, myself, find means To expedite their secret converse sweet, Anticipate her wish for them to meet, And speed the happiest moments she e'er knew!

BAJAZET This is not all: I must discover, too, In what degree her treachery hath succeeded,— Must . . . But what information more is needed? Is not my woe writ plainly in her face? Can I not see, through all her sore distress, She is assured her lover's heart is hers ? Free from my own tormenting doubts, she fears Now only for his life. No matter! We Will learn the truth. Perhaps she trusts, like me, False promises. To have him make all plain, Let us devise a trap. But what a vain, Vile task I set myself! Forsooth, shall I Employ the greatest ingenuity For mine own torture, to cause him to display His scorn for me before mine eyes? He may Himself perceive my purpose and outwit me. Vizier and slave and mandate all beset me, And I must choose my course without delay. To everything that I have seen to-day 'Twere better I should close mine eyes, refrain From searching out their love—to mine own pain. Let us proceed with this ungrateful man, And try our fortune: find out if he can Betray, when I have raised him to the throne, My love that saved him,—if, as with his own, He will make free with what I gave him, and Will crown my rival with a dastard's hand. Truly, it will be always in my power To punish her and him. I shall watch o'er The traitor in my righteous wrath. I need But to surprise him with his Atalide, And I in death will join them, with the same Dagger stab them and myself after them.

i6o

BAJAZET

That, surely, is the part I should assume. I wish to know naught. [Enter ZATIMA. Oh, what hast thou come To tell me, Zatima? Is Bajazet In love with her? From her words, seemeth it That both of them have one desire and will ? ZATIMA.

She hath not spoken at all. Unconscious still, She gives no sign that some life yet is hers Except long sighs and moans which, it appears, At any moment may also with them heave Her very heart out. Anxious to relieve Her suffering, thy ladies bared her breast To ease her breathing. I flew to aid the rest Of them and chanced this letter to discover Hid in her bosom. 'Tis from the Prince, thy lover. I recognized his hand. In loyalty, I thought that I should bring it unto thee. ROXANA.

Give it me. . .. Why do I shudder ? Why should it make My blood run cold, my hand that holds it shake ? He can have written it and yet wronged me not,— Can even . . . Let us read, and learn his thought. (Reading) " Not death nor thou, to move her, Will ever make me tell her that I love her, Since I shall ever love but thee." Ah! this, then, shows me their whole treachery. I see the way they have deluded me. 'Tis thus, base wretch, that thou repayest my love. The life I saved thou art not worthy of! Oh, now I breathe again! What joy I taste!

BAJAZET The traitor hath betrayed himself at last. Free from the cruel doubts that racked me, I With soul untroubled can to vengeance fly. Yes, vengeance! He shall die. Seize him forthwith! Have the mutes make arrangements for his death. Bid them to bring the bowstring, whose grim noose Cuts short such lives as his, ready for use. Fly, Zatima! Be swift to serve my hate. ZATIMA.

Oh, madam! ROXANA.

Well, what? ZATIMA.

If without too great Offence to thee, in the just wrath with which I see thee filled, madam, I may beseech Thee timidly to hear me and give heed: Bajazet well deserves to die, indeed,— To be consigned unto those ruthless hands. But though he is an ingrate, as now stands The case, is not the one who should be feared Amurath? He may—who can tell?—have heard Of thy new love from some disloyal tongue Already. Hearts like his, if any wrong Is done them, cannot, as thou amply know'st Ever again be softened; and the most Immediate death, in that dread hour, will prove To be the dearest token of their love. ROXANA {who has not listened to ZATIMA).

How cruelly and how insultingly They both made sport of my credulity!

162

BAJAZET

I was so glad, so ready, to believe! No mighty deed, false wretch, didst thou achieve In cozening this heart already yielded, Which feared to lose the dream that it had builded. I first, from that high place which made me proud, Myself have sought thee, 'neath misfortune bowed— To link my days, quiet and with blessings crowned, To perils wherewith thine were girt around— And after favours, care, and love so free, Thy tongue can never say thou lovest me! But midst what memories doth my fancy stray ? Thou weepest, unhappy woman? Ah, that day Shouldst thou have wept when foolish impulses First bred thy fatal wish to see his face! Thou weepest ? and he, resolved on perfidy, Prepares the words with which to hoodwink thee. He fain would live, such being thy rival's will! Oh, thou shalt die, thou traitor!— ( T o ZATIMA) What! here still? Go.— But ourself, let us go, let us fly. Me shall he see, most fain for him to die, Show him both what his brother ordereth And this too certain proof of his bad faith. Do thou, Zatima, keep my rival here. No last farewell shall reach his dying ear Except her screams. But take care of her. Give The best of tendance to her. She must live. My hate requires it. Ah, if she can be Moved for her lover's sake so easily That fear of his death almost caused her own, What added vengeance and new sweetness soon To show him to her lying pale and dead,

BAJAZET

i63

See her eyes fixed upon him, and be paid Thus for the raptures which they had through me! Go, keep her here. Say naught, especially. I—But who comes now, my revenge to stay? [Enter ACHMET and, OSMIN. ACHMET.

What art thou doing, madam ? Why this delay, Wasting such precious moments? My endeavor Hath gathered all Byzantium's folk together, Who, frightened and confused, interrogate Their leaders; and with them my friends await The signal thou didst promise me, to announce All to them. Why, vouchsafing no response To their impatience, does the seraglio still Maintain a gloomy silence all this while ? Madam, declare thyself; no more postpone . . . ROXANA.

Thou shalt be satisfied. It shall be done. ACHMET.

Why does thy look—does thy harsh voice—despite Thy words, assure me of their opposite ? What! hath thy love, by obstacles dismayed . . . ROXANA.

Bajazet is a traitor, and has had Only too long a life. ACHMET.

A traitor? he? ROXANA.

To me, to thee, perfidious equally. He played us both false.

164

BAJAZET ACHMET.

How? ROXANA.

That Atalide, Who was no adequate reward, indeed, For all that thou attemptedst for his sake . . . ACHMET.

Well? ROXANA ( handing him BAJAZET'S letter).

Read this; judge if we should undertake, After such treatment, that false man's defence. Let us, instead, act in obedience To the most just, however stern, command Of Amurath, who now is near at hand, Coming in triumph home. Without regret, Let us make sacrifice of Bajazet, Our base accomplice; for the Sultan still We may appease by promptly doing his will. ACHMET ( giving the letter hack to her). Yes, since the ingrate dares to wrong me thus, I myself will avenge thee, avenge us, Madam. Let me remove the taint of crime By which his life endangers thine and mine. Set me the course, and I will run it. ROXANA.

Nay. Leave me the joy of seeing his dismay When I confound the wretch—of seeing his shame. With too swift vengeance I would miss my aim.

BAJAZET

ι 65

I go to make all ready. And do thou Go and disperse thy friends assembled now. [Exeunt ROXANA and ZATIMA. ACHMET (to OSMIN, who turns to depart).

Wait, Osmin; 'tis not yet the time to go. OSMIN.

What, sir! does jealousy transport thee so? Hast thou not carried revenge far enough? His death, besides, wouldst thou be witness of ? ACHMET.

What wouldst thou say? Art thou so credulous As to suspect me of ridiculous Anger? I, jealous? Would that the perfidy Of the rash Bajazet angered only me! OSMIN.

Then why, instead of words in his defence . , . ACHMET.

Is she now one whom reasoning would convince? Didst thou not see, when I was going to try To find him, 'twas to save him or else die? O luckless fate of plans so well designed! Love-blinded prince—or rather all-too-blind Minister! It becomes thee now, forsooth, To have entrusted to the hands of youth All thy great projects, when thou art laden with years And honours, and permitted a vizier's Uncertain fortunes to depend upon Mad lovers' conduct!

166

BAJAZET OSMIN.

Let their frenzy run Its course among themselves. Bajazet fain Would perish. Look to thine own safety, then. Who can disclose thy secret schemes, my lord, Except some friends whom thou canst be assured Will speak not? Thou wilt see the Sultan's wrath Greatly mollified by his brother's death. ACHMET. Roxana in her rage may reason thus; But I, who can see further, who by long use Have had in monarchs' codes my tutelage,— Who, serving 'neath three Sultans to old age, Have seen my fellows' fearsome downfalls,·—I Know, without flattering myself, that by Boldness alone can one like me make shift, And that a bloody death is the sole gift A slave can look for from his master's hate. OSMIN. Fly, then. ACHMET. I would have said the same, of late. My enterprise had not progressed so far. 'Tis harder to give up, as things now are. My failure must be such a signal one And leave such wreckage that, when I have gone, My foes' pursuit of me will be delayed. Bajazet still lives. Why are we dismayed? Achmet has rescued him from a worse plight Earlier. Let us, in his own despite, Save him from this great peril, for our own sake, Our friends', and even Roxana's. Didst thou take

BAJAZET Note of how, anxious to protect him, she Stayed mine arm, which it seemed would speedily Avenge her? Little do I know of love; But nowise death does she ('tis plain enough) Who would confound and shame him now decree him. Some time is left us. Roxana means to see him, Osmin. She loves him still, howe'er despairing. OSMIN.

And even so, what fills thee with such daring? If she so orders, we must leave this place. 'Tis wholly filled . . . ACHMET.

With slaves, nameless and base, Untrained to arms, reared in this sheltered spot; But thou, whom Amurath neglects,—whose lot Is linked by common grievances with mine,— Wouldst thou support my desperate design To the very end? OSMIN.

My lord, thou wrongest me. If thou diest, then I, too, will die, with thee. ACHMET.

A valiant band of friends and soldiers waits For us to issue from the palace gates. Besides, Roxana thinks my words sincere. I was brought up in this seraglio, where Well do I know the windings of its maze. I know, too, Bajazet's usual lodging-place. Let us delay no longer, but go try Our fate; and if I must die, let us die— Me as beseemeth a vizier, and thee As should the favourite of a man like me.

ACT V Enter ATALIDE. ATALIDE.

Alas! I search in vain. Naught do I see. How, how could I have lost it? Wretched me! Heaven, hast thou let me in one day expose So oft my lover and, to crown our woes, This fatal letter reach my rival's eyes? 'Twas here I was when taken by surprise By the Sultana's sudden entrance; and I hastily thrust it with a trembling hand Into my bosom. Her presence was too sore A trial for my distracted soul. Before Her threats, her tones, the order given, I quailed. I felt my strength ebb, and my senses failed. When I revived, her women were around me. They have all vanished, and this, too, doth confound me. Oh, cruel hands that succoured me! I paid Too dearly for your help, for ye conveyed That letter to Roxana. Unto what Fell purposes doth she now turn her thought ? On whom, first, will her vengeance fall? What blood Will ever satisfy her savage mood? Ah, Bajazet is dead, or being killed E'en now—while I a prisoner here am held! But the door opens. I shall learn his fate. [Enter ROXANA, ZATIMA, and guards. ROXANA ( t o ATALIDE).

Withdraw.

BAJAZET

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ATALIDE.

Oh, pardon my unfortunate . . . ROXANA.

Withdraw, I say; and answer not a word. Guards, keep her out. [Exeunt ATALIDE and guards. Yes, all is ready—cord And mutes and Orcan, all await their prey. His life is still, though, in my hands. I may, I can, yet save him. But if hence he goes, Zatima, 'tis to death. Comes he? ZATIMA.

He does. Behind me a slave brings him, and so far Is he from dreaming what disasters are Soon to befall him that he seemed to me To leave his own apartments eagerly To seek thy presence. ROXANA (to herself).

O base soul, canst thou (Only too worthy to be deceived) allow This wretch to appear before thee ? Dost thou deem That words of thine can move, can conquer, him? Canst thou forgive him, even if he should submit? What! shouldst thou not have vengeance even yet ? Dost thou still think that not enough thou art Wronged? Waste no efforts more on that hard heart. Wherefore should I not let him die ? . . . But here He is. [Enter BAJAZET. Exit ZATIMA.

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BAJAZET

( T o BAJAZET) I will reproach thee not. Too dear The time could cost, to spend it futilely In talk. Thou knowest what I have done for thee. It comes to this: thy very life thou owest To me; nor would I tell thee things thou knowest. In spite of all my love, if I could not Win thine, nowise do I complain of aught— Though, to hide nothing from thee, this same love And these same boons perhaps should have enough Enhanced my few charms. But I am indeed Amazed that thou, in gratitude and as meed For so great love, for so great trust in thee, Hast so long, by such vile shifts, feigned for me A love thou didst not feel. BAJAZET. Who, madam? I? ROXANA. Yes, thou. Wouldst thou not still wish to deny The scorn for me thou thinkest I know not of? Wouldst thou not still seek to disguise that love, 'Neath false appearances, which bindeth thee Unto another and still swear to me With thy perfidious tongue all, in thy need, That thou feelest only for thine Atalide ? BAJAZET. Atalide, madam! Heavens! Who hath told Thee such a . . . ROXANA. Stop, thou faithless man! Behold Thy written words, and give the lie to them.

BAJAZET

BAJAZET. I say no more. This letter doth proclaim Frankly a hapless love, concealed till now. Thou knowest a secret that I wished to avow A thousand times and almost did impart To thee. I love, indeed, and ere thy heart, Clashing with what I hoped, revealed to me Its love's flame, my own heart, filled utterly With a love born in childhood, had no room For any except that. Then thou didst come, Offering me life and power. If I may dare To tell thee this, thou, being well aware Of all the kindnesses which in thy love Thou didst me, thoughtest that they were enough To reassure thee of my feelings, too. I saw thy error. But what was I to do ? 'Twas one with which thou wouldst be loath to part. How much a throne tempts an ambitious heart! A gift so noble opened mine eyes wide To see how matters stood. I prized, I tried To seize, without further delay, the good Chance given me to escape from servitude,— All the more since I had to do it or die, All the more since thyself didst ardently Urge me thereto and fearedst most to be Refused, and since that would imperil thee; For after having dared to see and speak With me, 'twas dangerous for thee to turn back. Yet—be thine own complaints my witnesses— Have I beguiled thee with false promises? Think of how often thou hast blamed me so For silence, caused by my soul's strife and woe.

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The nearer glory, owed to thee, approached me, The more mine own distracted heart reproached me. That heaven which heard it, knows I never meant To be with hollow vows to thee content; And if the outcome had fulfilled my hope, Allowing to my gratitude free scope, I with such honours would have satified My debt to thee and gratified thy pride That thou thyself, perhaps . . . ROXANA.

What couldst thou do? How couldst thou please me without giving, too, Thy heart to me ? What care I for the vain Fruit of thy "vows" ? Dost thou no longer, then, Remember who and what I am ? Lo, I— Mistress of the seraglio, and of thy Life and the realm itself (full power whereo'er Amurath gave me), Sultana, and yet more, That which I wrongly thought I was to thee, Queen of a heart that loveth none but me— I on this pinnacle of glory stand. What paltry honours for me hadst thou planned ? Was I to drag out here a wretched fate, Spurned by the man I crowned, from my estate Fallen to a rank that countless others have, OT even to be my rival's foremost slave? Vex me no more. Let us now end these vain Words. For the last time: wouldst thou live and reign? Here is the Sultan's order; but I can still Save thee. Decide at once. BAJAZET.

Tell me thy will.

BAJAZET

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ROXANA.

My rival is here. Follow me instantly And see her die by the mutes' hands. Set free, Then, from a love fatal to glory's quest, Plight me thy troth. Time will do all the rest. Thus, if thou wishest, thou canst thy pardon buy. BAJAZET.

If I were to consent, 'twould be that I Might wreak revenge upon thee and make plain To the whole world the horror and disdain With which this offer fills me! . . . But I let Rage carry me away. Shall I thus whet Thine anger 'gainst poor Atalide ? She had No part whatever in that transport mad, Nor in my love or my ingratitude. Far from trying to keep me hers, she would Oft urge me to be thine, whate'er she felt. Do not confuse her innocence with my guilt. Give rein, if need be, to thy righteous wrath. Carry out the commands of Amurath. But let me, at least, die without hating thee. He did not condemn her along with me. Spare one whose life hath ever been so sad. To all thy favours to me, madam, add This one, and if I e'er was dear to thee . . . ROXANA.

Begone! [Exit BAJAZET.

Thou nevermore shalt look on me. Thou goest to the death that is thy due. [Enter ZATIMA.

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Atalide wishes to be listened to One moment, madam. She begs thee to permit Her now to do obeisance at thy feet And truthfully impart unto thy ear A secret which concerns thee more than her. ROXANA.

Yes, let her enter. And do thou straightway Follow Bajazet, who just left here. Stay Till all is o'er, and tell me of it then. [ E x i t ZATIMA. E n t e r ATALIDE.

ATALIDE.

Madam, no more do I intend to feign Or to abuse thy goodness, as of late. I blush at having so deserved thy hate, And lay my heart before thee, and my crime. Yes, madam, it is true: for a long time I have deceived thee. With no other thought Than my love's interests, I was in naught Loyal to thee. At sight of Bajazet, I tried in all my words only to get The better of thee. I loved him ever since Our childhood, and have striven with diligence To have his love. The future being hid, His mother, the Sultana, hoped we would wed. Alas, that hope wrought mischief to him. Later, Thou lovedst him. For both 'twould have been better If thou hadst known my heart or concealed thine From me—thou, in thy love, suspecting mine. I do not, to excuse him, take the blame Wrongly; I swear by heaven, that sees my shame,

BAJAZET By those great Ottoman sovereigns whose own seed He and I are. They kneel with me and plead To thee for the last pure blood left them yet. Sooner or later needs would Bajazet, Seeing how much thou didst for him, have lost His heart to beauty such as thou canst boast. But in my jealousy I would ever make Use of anything that might hold him back. Complaints, tears, anger—naught did I neglect. Sometimes I even adjured him to respect The wish of his dead mother. On this day Itself, of days most luckless, did I lay Upon his head the blame that I would die, Reproaching him for giving thee hope; and I Stayed not my importunity till he Against his will pledged his faith unto me, Undoing thus himself and me as well. Why shouldst thou tire of aiding him, or dwell Upon his coldness in the past? 'Twas I Who drove him to it. When I am dead, each tie That I have broken will soon be closely knit Again. Whatever punishment doth befit My crime, though, do not thou thyself decree me That doom. Let his distracted gaze not see thee Bathed in my blood, which thine own hands did spill. Spare that shock to his heart, too tender still. Thou canst leave me the mistress of my fate. My death will not be less immediate; Enjoy a happiness it assures thee of. Crown now a hero whom thou canst so much love. My death be my concern, his life thy care. Go, madam, go. Ere thou returnest, I swear Thou'lt have no rival to offend thine eyes.

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BAJAZET ROXA ΝΑ.

I am not worth so great a sacrifice. I know myself, madam, and my desert. To-day, far from compelling you to part, I shall with everlasting bonds unite You twain. Thou soon shalt feast upon his sight. Now rise. But what is it that so dismays Zatima ?

[Enter ZATIMA, hastily. ZATIMA.

Oh, come quick and show thy face, Madam, or Achmet will be master here. Not reverencing these sacred precincts, where Our Sultans have their home, his wicked friends Have forced the doors and entered. None defends The place, and of thy trembling slaves full half, At least, have fled. They know not if he hath Rebelled or acts by thine authority. ROXANA.

The traitors! I shall go and instantly Confound him. Thou, guard well my prisoner And know thou'lt answer with thy life for her. [ROXANA rushes out. A TALIDE.

Alas! for which ought I to pray ? I do Not know the aims of either of the two. If any pity for my countless woes Moves thee, I beg thee—nay, not to disclose Roxana's secrets—but to tell me how It fares with Bajazet, only that! Hast thou Seen him? Need I not yet fear for his life?

BAJAZET

ι 77

ZATIMA.

Madam, I can but grieve at thy heart's grief. ATALIDE.

What! hath she said already he must die ? ZATIMA.

I am above all bound to secrecy. ATALIDE.

Nay, tell me only if he still draws breath. ZATIMA.

I cannot tell thee aught. 'Twould mean my death. ATALIDE.

This is too much, cruel woman! Make an end, And give her surer proof, with thine own hand, Of loyalty. Thy silence kills my heart. Pierce it, merciless slave, then, that thou art, Of a most savage slave! Cut short the days That she would rob me of, and show apace That thou art worthy to serve her, if one can Be that! Thou seekest to keep me here in vain; For in this very hour needs must I See Bajazet, or else I needs must die. [Enter ACHMET. ACHMET.

Where is he? Where can I find Bajazet, Madam ? Is there time left to save him yet ? I have scoured all the palace. At the gate Thereof did my brave comrades separate Into two bands. One in the footsteps trod Of gallant Osmin, and by another road

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The others followed me. We ran throughout Our course, yet I have seen naught but a rout Of frightened slaves and fleeing women. ATALIDE.

Oh, I know less of his fate than thou dost know. This slave knows all. ACHMET ( t o ZATIMA).

Answer me, wretch, or fear My righteous anger. [ E n t e r ZAIRE.

ZAIRE.

Madam! ATALIDE.

Speak, Zaire. What is it ? ZAIRE.

Thy foe is dead, thy danger o'er. ATALIDE.

Roxana dead? ZAIRE.

What will surprise thee more, Orcan, Orcan himself, just slew her. ATALIDE.

What! He? ZAIRE.

Having failed to kill the man· he sought, In disappointed rage he doubtless craved This victim.

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ATALIDE. O just heaven, thine aid hath saved Innocence. Bajazet still lives. Vizier, Fly to him. ZAIRE. Osmin saw it all. Thou'lt hear The whole truth from his lips. [Enter OSMIN and followers. ACHMET (to OSMIN). Her eyes misled Her not? Roxana, then, is really dead? OSMIN. Yes; I have seen her slayer from her side Draw out his dagger, with her lifeblood dyed. Orcan, who from the first had meditated This brutal deed, only anticipated Thus her resolve to take her own life. He Was bidden by the Sultan secretly To put to death her lover and her, too. He himself, when he saw us come in view Of him, some little distance from him still, Said to us: "Reverence your master's will. Recognize here his seal—its imprint plain— Traitors, and quit this palace ye profane." Thereon he left Roxana where she lay Dying, and came to meet us and display, Unfolded to our sight with reeking hand, The order which bore Amurath's command That this fiend should commit a twofold crime. But we, my lord, would give him no more time For words. Made mad alike by rage and grief,

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We with impatient hands cut short his life And thus avenged the death, upon his head, Of Bajazet. ATALIDE. Bajazet! ACHMET. What! OSMIN.

Yes, he is dead. Did ye not know it? ATALIDE.

Gracious heaven! OSMIN.

She Who loved him, wholly frenzied, fearing that he Would otherwise be rescued by thee, sir, Consigned him, in a place not far from here, Unto the fatal bow-string. Mine own eyes Have seen the saddest sight beneath the skies, And I have vainly tried to find in him Some spark of life. The Prince was dead. A grim Circle of dead and dying round him lay Of those whom he compelled, when brought to bay, To go with him among the shades, and so Heroically avenged himself, although Finally o'ercome by numbers. Now that we Have failed, sir, let us save ourselves. ACHMET.

Ah me! To what hast thou reduced me, hostile Fate! Madam, I know thy loss in Bajazet.

BAJAZET

i8I

I know too well that in thy grief it ill Becometh me to offer in good will To thee the aid of some few wretches who Themselves had put all their hopes in him, too. His death has overwhelmed me with despair, But comrades in misfortune claim my care. Though naught I value my life, to the end Those lives they staked with me will I defend. As to thy going with us to other lands, Trusting thy sacred person to my hands, Consult thy wishes, madam. Masters here, My faithful friends will wait till these are clear To thee—while I shall go, that I may waste No precious time, whither my presence best Will serve our interests; and where the sea Washes the palace walls, my ships will be Awaiting thee ere long, ready to sail. [Exeunt all but ATALIDE and ZAIRE. ATALIDE (to herself). And so the end has come. What doth avail All my deceit? Because of my unjust Caprices and my fatal lack of trust, I now have reached this hour of agony When through my fault I see my lover die. Cruel destiny, was it not, then, enough That I was doomed to outlive him I love ? Must I, to crown the horror, know that he Died for no reason but my mad jealousy? Beloved, it was I who wrought thy death. 'Twas not Roxana, 'twas not Amurath. I, I alone, fashioned that fatal cord Whereof thy throat hath felt the noose abhorred.

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And I can still live and endure that thought— I, who when danger threatened thee could not Prevent myself from swooning, recently? Oh, have I loved thee but to murder thee ? Nay, I can bear it not. My hand forthwith Must punish me, take vengeance for thy death. Ye whose rest I did vex, whose honour stain, Heroes who should in him have lived again, Unhappy mother, who long ere we grew up Gave me his heart with a far different hope, Luckless vizier, his friends now desperate, Roxana—come ye all, banded in hate, To torture a distracted woman's heart! [She stabs herself.

Take your revenge: that is her just desert. ZAIRE.

Ah, madam! . . . She is dead. Oh, would that I, Grief-stricken as I am, with her might die!

M I T H R I D A T E ( M I T H R I D A T E S

)

INTRODUCTION

A

FTER Bajaset, Racine's position as the leading tragic dramatist in France was assured. He had decidedly bested Corneille in the duel of "the two Berenices." He had triumphed with Bajaset while Corneille was failing with Pulcherie. He was soon to be received into the French Acad­ emy. But he was not yet entirely satisfied. In the eyes of the public, especially of older people who had worshipped Corneille in his prime and who clung to him with dogged devo­ tion in his later, less happy days, Racine was still only the writer of tragedies of love, who was incapable of treating historical subjects concerned with war and politics, the special province of their aging favourite. The success of Britannicus had been slow in coming, and was therefore of questionable impressiveness. Its author wanted to prove, beyond dispute, that he too could write a historical drama; he wanted to write one which would be generally recognized as equal or superior to any of Corneille's. In some degree he would write it in his own fashion, as he did Britannicus. Let Corneille try to capture the spirit and circumstances of a given moment of history and show it, above all, in its political aspects, taking the greatest liberties with important historical figures as best suited his purpose. It was precisely these noted figures in whom Racine found his chief interest, and whom he was at pains to portray—to the extent that he could under the dramatic conventions to which he was subject—as he conceived them really to have been. Accordingly, he did not select, as Corneille usually did, personages who were not well known and who could there­ fore be distorted without a shock to his audience. In Britan­ nicus he had painted portraits of Nero and Agrippina; and

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now in his new play, to compete with Corneille at his very best in historical drama—that is, with Nicomede—he chose no unfamiliar Prusias or Nicomedes for his central character in a play dealing with the resistance of the Near East to Roman aggression, but the great and terrible Mithridates. Of the death of this famous king of Pontus, history tells that when he attempted to renew his war with Rome after be­ ing routed and becoming a fugitive, he met with treachery at the hands of his own son, Pharnaces, in consequence of which he killed himself. Here were proper elements of drama ready to hand. But the unfilial conduct of Pharnaces had to be moti­ vated, and it was not enough that he should merely be in sympathy with that conquering nation which was the object of his father's lifelong hate. Moreover, in addition to the ex­ ternal conflict resulting from their opposite attitudes towards Rome, there had to be provided, to secure the most potent dramatic effects, some struggle within the breast of Mithri­ dates himself. "To explain and excuse the odious treason of Pharnaces as being caused by a rivalry in love," says N. M. Bernardin, "must have been the first idea that occurred to Racine." Cer­ tainly. It could not have failed to be the first idea to occur to him, for it was the absolutely stereotyped sort of motivation that all romanesque dramatists were employing. And that would have been the best of reasons for rejecting it. But Ra­ cine sought no further; he adopted it. He was still largely taking "the easiest way." After all, the invariable formula of French "classical" tragedy called for a love-element, in which nearly always the protagonist himself was involved. Corneille had more than once depicted an elderly man in love, not in­ tending him to be a grotesque, ridiculous figure as such a one traditionally is in comedy, but dignified and "sympathetic"— thus Marcian in Pulcherie only the year before, to say noth-

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ing of Sertorius earlier. In contrast, Racine would show how fearsome a thing the love of an aging man can be when the man is Mithridates—its sensitiveness, its suspiciousness, its ferocious jealousy. The object of that stark passion could not love Pharnaces and remain, herself, a "sympathetic" character; his perfidy is too infamous. So Racine had to supply Mithridates with another son, Xiphares, for his heroine, Monime, to love; and in order that their mutual affection might be subject to no possible blame, she and Xiphares are depicted as each having secretly loved the other before Mithridates ever saw her. Thus did the dramatist's material take shape—in a de­ cidedly conventional mould (mingling love and affairs of State, and having all the prominent male characters, regard­ less of their age, in love with the same woman) yet with great opportunities for powerful scenes and for the arousing of strong sympathies in any audience. Unfortunately, with the work of his rival so much in his mind—work which it was his first aim to parallel and to surpass—there was bound to be a larger element of artificiality in what he produced than when he was wholly intent on the "convincing" dramatization of his subject. A greater-than-usual remove from the lifelike invariably results when authors imitate other plays rather than life. We have already observed the increase of conven­ tionality in Berenice, where Racine was primarily competing with Corneille. In Mithridate he again and again sacrifices truth-to-life for convenience in plot-development or to secure a momentary stage effect or to have opportunities for "dra­ matic" speeches—as a brief review of this tragedy will dis­ close. At the opening of the play the half-brothers Pharnaces and Xiphares, on the report of their father's defeat and death, have come to Nymphaeum in Tauris (the Crimea), where

MITHRIDATE Mithridates had sent Monime, his affianced bride, for her safety during the war whose outbreak prevented their nup­ tials. Declaring that Pharnaces is the most odious of men to her and that she would kill herself rather than marry him, she begs Xiphares to protect her against him; he assures her that he will do so, and then undertakes to make known to her his own love. In view of her helplessness, her fears, and her dependence upon him, the situation is a delicate one, requiring great tact in his avowal, as he is well aware. But this is how he begins: XlPHARES.

Madam, of my obedience have no doubt. Here thy authority is absolute. To make himself feared, Pharnaces may go Elsewhere. But thou still knowest not all thy woe.

MONIME. Alas, what new woe can afflict Monime, Sir? XlPHARES.

If to love thee is so great a crime, Not Pharnaces alone is guilty now. I am far guiltier than he is.

MONIME. Thou? XlPHARES.

Of thy misfortunes, reckon this the worst. Invoke the gods against a race accurst, Destined to bring unhappiness to thee, Ever inspired—the father formerly, And now the sons—to do thee some ill turn.

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He could hardly have found an approach more certain to alarm and dismay her, even if he had tried; and no one, except in a play, could have failed to realize this. But his ineptness causes tension and suspense, and therefore Racine represents him as being thus unbelievably inept. The stupidity which this alert, capable, and usually farfrom-stupid young man is made to display on this occasion is as nothing, however, beside that which the dramatist as­ cribes to him later. Though Monime, on his confession of his love, does not tell him that she returns it, she does tell him that he may continue to see her—a significant concession for a heroine of French "classical" tragedy to make under such circumstances. She reiterates to Pharnaces, in Xiphares' pres­ ence, her inflexible determination to wed no friend of Rome; and Pharnaces makes obvious insinuations as to her real reason for refusing him. Then the supposedly dead Mithridates appears. He thinks that it is only Pharnaces, not Xiphares, who loves Monime; he concludes from her coldness to himself that she loves this recreant son of his, and complains to Xiphares that she does. And Xiphares more than half be­ lieves him! Xiphares, who has seen and heard so much with his own eyes and ears, and who knows how fatal it would be for Monime to reveal to the despot her true feelings, promptly entertains the idea—on Mithridates' mere assertion that it is a fact—that she loves Pharnaces, after all! And when she protests to him, in horror, that she does not, he still fails to suspect—in spite of all that he has seen and heard—that it is himself whom she loves; and when she confesses that it is, he can hardly credit his ears. Had ever man so little sense, outside of a play? A "dramatic" scene, however, is thus ob­ tained. At length the King discovers, by trickery, who is the real object of Monime's affections; and Xiphares is warned by his

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friend Arbates that his father knows all and that he must fly. He hastens to Monime to inform her of this and take a hurried last farewell. Some hidden foe, he tells her, has be­ trayed their secret—who, he cannot imagine. Whereupon: Monime.

Dost thou not know, Then, even yet, who is thy secret foe ? XlPHARES.

To crown my grief, madam, I know him not. How gladly would I pierce, before I got My death, that false and treacherous heart of his! Monime.

Well then, sir, I must tell thee who it is. Seek not elsewhere the foe that did such harm To thee. Strike. No respect should stay thine arm. I am the traitor. Thou shouldst punish me. Great surprise of Xiphares! Effective climax, well worked up. Yet in real life he would be bound to guess who has re­ vealed his secret. For he knows that only two or at most three people besides himself knew it: Arbates and Monime, and Monime's confidante, Phaedima. Pharnaces divined it and accused him before Mithridates; but evidently some one has now confirmed the charges of Pharnaces against him and Monime, which the King hitherto had refused to credit. This could only have been one of those two or three people; and Arbates has warned him of his danger, and he well knows Monime's guilelessness and his father's infernal cunning. But it is theatrically effective for him to be amazed, and for Mo­ nime to offer her breast to his vengeance and say "Strike!" though she must have realized that Xiphares would not want

INTRODUCTION

191

to strike her in any case—even if her betrayal of him had not been wholly innocent, as it was. Her own ingenuousness, however, and her incapacity for dissimulating are represented as too extreme; such over-sim­ plification of a character belongs rather to melodrama than to tragedy. Common report could not have left her ignorant of Mithridates' possessive, suspicious, vengeful nature, un­ restrained in its savagery by any human ties. She knows it would mean ruin for Xiphares as well as for herself if she should arouse the jealousy of this passionate tyrant and he should guess whom she loves. Yet when he seeks hungrily for some evidence of concern for him in her breast, she makes no effort to represent herself as anything but the unresisting victim of his will. She might at least have said then, quite truthfully, what she does say later when defending herself against his recriminations in the fourth act: that she was glad to be able to give happiness to so great a man. But she will not say even this when it would be helpful. Again, when Mithridates perpetrates his cruel fraud to discover her heart's secret (pretending that he now wishes her to wed Xiphares instead of himself, but that he believes she loves the infamous Pharnaces, with whom he will therefore join her in marriage) and she is finally convinced of his sincerity, it is altogether too much that she forthwith confesses all her feelings—that she stakes everything on not being deceived, without any reticence as a precaution against the possibility that she is. Instead, it would be sufficient for her to assure him that she detests Pharnaces and that she would much prefer Xiphares if she must marry one of the two. Here once more we have a conventional ineptness which serves the ends of drama —or rather of melodrama—but which would be almost un­ believable in real life. It is also a convention of French "classical" tragedies to

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magnify the prowess of their heroes; and in doing so, this play falls, near its end, into sheer absurdity: we are told that when Mithridates, brought to bay by overwhelming numbers and determined to die fighting, showed himself at the gates of the palace, the Romans all recoiled a short distance on beholding their redoubtable foe, and some of them in panic even fled back to their ships. Racine probably had in mind the great passage in the Iliad, when the Trojans recoiled at the mere sight of Achilles across the trench, unarmed though he was; but in Mithridate it is not Trojans but the veteran legionaries of all-conquering Rome who we are asked to be­ lieve were thus dismayed when confronted by a man whom they had beaten again and again! Yet this drama, though conventionally plotted and though marred by false touches, has excellences which go far towards redeeming it. Its "story" is a good one—sure to appeal, as we have already observed, to an audience, and especially to peo­ ple who are not too critical. In witness of this fact is the tes­ timony of a teacher in an American college, that Mithridate "is by far the best play with which to begin the study of Racine," he having found, over a period of twenty-five years, that it "enlists, in higher degree than Andromaque, Britannicus, Iphigenie, Phedre, or Athalie," the interest of his classes.1 Its Xiphares, despite his occasional lapses of intel­ ligence, is a rather attractive, if conventional, figure—as none of Racine's other young-men-in-love is. And the play has two very notable pieces of characterization in Mithridates himself and—aside from the one flaw in her portrayal dis­ cussed above—Monime. Mithridates, with his sanguinary greatness and violent pas­ sions, more nearly accords with the conception of a "tragic 1L.

B. Lewis, in his edition of Mithridate, New York, 1921, p. v.

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193

hero" held by Shakespeare and his fellow Elizabethans than does any other protagonist of Racine. He answers well, in many respects, to our conception of the Mithridates of his­ tory—however much more concerned with love, to satisfy the requirements of French-classical tragedy. Menace lurks in his smoothest words, as in the first that we hear him utter, on his arrival, to his sons: Princes, whatever reasons ye profess, Duty could ne'er have brought you to this place Nor made you quit, when issues bulked so large, Thou Pontus, Colchis thou, left in your charge. But 'tis a loving sire who judges you. Ye thought the rumours which I spread were true. I deem you guiltless, since ye will have it thus; and the wild-beast fangs of the savage Oriental ruler are bared in his admonition regarding Monime: My love's indulgence hath enough been tried. Let her not drive that very love, defied, To how know I what frenzy, which my soul Would not repent of till avenged in full. His indefatigable, undismayed resilience in defeat, his grandiose plans and overweening hopes of success against mighty Rome are revealed with a virile eloquence in one of the most famous monologues (and the longest one) that Ra­ cine ever wrote—a supreme effort to surpass Corneille in the elder dramatist's own field. Yet except for this one speech, Mithridates is so preoccupied with his fierce love and jealousy throughout the play that the most frequent criticism made of it is that we are not prepared for his sparing the young lovers in the end and consigning them to each other. This criticism,

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however, does not seem to me warranted. The motivating reasons for either vengeance or mercy on his part have been clearly shown, and no one could say certainly to which of two such possible alternatives the mind of a dying man would incline. His decision in favour of either was not inevitable, but can be accepted—whichever it is—for that very reason without incredulity; and that is enough. Monime is generally considered the most attractive of all Racine's heroines. Gentle and innocent though she is, she dis­ plays a self-respecting pride, a quiet courage, strength of will, and devotion to duty which make her "Corneillian"—in Ra­ cine's own, how different way. The sweet, modest dignity with which she commences her account of herself wins every heart; and her becomingly restrained but fearless defiance of the tyrant King when she is finally pushed to the wall cannot but thrill every heart. One thing she always longs for in her soul, with almost the keenness of a physical craving, and she recurrently gives wistful expression to that desire: to be free. Free she has never been—to wed as she chooses, to love as she chooses, not even to die as she chooses—and she eagerly receives the poison cup sent her by Mithridates, happy to be thus free at last. He relents before she can drink of it, and unites her with Xiphares.2 It is not unnatural, perhaps, that this ever-loyal son should weep for him as he lay dying; for Xiphares, though well aware of his father's ruthlessness, cruelty, and guile, had sincerely loved and admired him. But I cannot be­ lieve that Monime, too, would weep then, beseeching Mithri2 This denouement, like that of Bajazet, is melodramatic in that it de­ pends on the mere luck of time-sequence. Monime would have died if the intervention of Arbates had been two seconds later than it was.

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dates to live, as Racine represents her as doing. Thankful she might indeed be, that she was spared and was granted her heart's dream of happiness; but his sins against her and against the man whom she adored had been too great and too recent for her to feel any affection for him; he had made her suffer too much.3 One does not love a tiger that has been mangling him—not though the beast, for some reason, should capriciously refrain at last from tearing out his throat. But no other conduct on the part of her and Xiphares would have been acceptable to audiences in the France of Louis XIV; to them, monarchs were sacred, privileged beings, who must not only be pardoned for all their past wickedness but loved, too, as soon as they do one good deed. With such indulgence for the faults of kings, people in Racine's time doubtless found Mithridates a more "sympathetic" figure, in his greatness and his sufferings through jealousy in the hour of his defeat, than he is for us now. Audiences of the twentieth century will realize that, however great and however tortured he is, stroke after stroke of the dramatist's brush has painted him as a villainous monster—the slayer formerly of other women he loved and of other sons—and will wish only to see him re­ moved from the path of those whose lives he threatens and whose happiness he prevents. Obviously, the play is more effective, more powerful, if he can be sympathized with; and this goes to show Mithridate to be a play of greater value for the age in which it was written than "for all time." In that age it enjoyed a success marred by no important adverse criticism. Racine had achieved his purpose; his long duel with Corneille was finished at last, and he was com3 The only kind of tears she might really have shed at that time were tears of relief—in a natural reaction from the strain of her ordeal just ended.

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pletely victorious. Now he could finally turn to his own pre­ ferred field of endeavour, the world of Greek tragedy he so much loved, from which that duel had kept him so long. He never thereafter wrote any play—nor is said to have consid­ ered writing any—except in that field, redepicting that world, until, late in life, he sought instead to apply the methods of Greek drama, fundamentally a religious drama, to themes connected with the religion of his own land.

CHARACTERS IN THE PLAY King of Pontus and of many other realms. MONIME, betrothed to Mithridates and already declared Queen. PHARNACES, eldest son of Mithridates. XIPHARES, younger son of Mithridates, by a different mother. ARBATEs, Mithridates' governor of Nymphaeum. PHAEDIMA, female attendant of M on'ime. ARCAS, servant of Mithridates. Guards. MITHRIDATES,

The scene represents a room in the palace at Nymphaeum, a city in Tauris (the Crimea) on the Cimmerian Bosphorus (the straits between the Sea of Azov and the Black-or Euxine-Sea). The name "Monime" is pronounced as in French, with the final "e" silent, in this translation. It rhymes with "seem."

MITHRIDATES ACT I XIPHARES and ARBATES are discovered. XIPHARES.

Too true, Arbates, are these tidings dread. Rome is triumphant, Mithridates dead. Near the Euphrates, in a night attack, Her troops surprised my father, though to iack Care was unlike him. After a long fight His army, routed, left him in their flight Among the slain. A soldier, now hath word Come, placed in Pompey's hands his crown and sword. Thus he who had for forty years, alone, Baffled the ablest generals of Rome, And in the East upheld, through varying Fortunes, the common cause of every king, Died, leaving to avenge him by ill chance Two sons who are at hopeless variance. ARBATES.

What! hath desire to reign made Xiphares Already, sir, the foe of Pharnaces ? XIPHARES.

Nay, good Arbates, never thus would I The wreckage of this luckless kingdom buy. I could respect his birth's priority And, happy in the lands assigned to me, See fall into his hands without regret All that he e'er will through Rome's friendship get.

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Rome's friendship? He? The son of Mithridates? Can it be true, sir ? XLPHARES. Doubt it not, Arbates. Pharnaces, long since Roman to the core, Expects much from the Roman conqueror; And I, more loyal now unto my sire Than ever, cherish towards Rome undying ire; Yet whom I hate and what his realm will be Are the least reason for our enmity. ARBATES.

What other cause sets thee at strife with him? XLPHARES.

I shall astonish thee. That fair Monime, Who won the King our father's love, for whom After his death, Pharnaces here hath come . . . ARBATES.

Yes, my lord? XLPHARES.

I, too, love her, and no more Will I thereof keep silent, since I for A rival now have but my brother. Thou Didst not expect to hear such words, I trow; But no new secret mine, Arbates, is. Long hath my love, unspoken, grown ere this.

How can I unto thee the greatness show Of my first longings or my latest woe ? But when we are reduced to misery

MITHRIDATES Now, 'tis no time to task my memory With telling thee the story of my love. To justify me, let it be enough To say that it was I who saw the Queen First, and who loved her first,—that of Monime My father had not even heard the name When in my heart she lit a holy flame. Later, he saw her. But no marriage he Offered her, though so beautiful was she, Nor any suit deserving to be heard. He thought his fancy, she would deem, conferred Honour enough on her and she would prove An easy conquest. Thou knowest how he strove To tempt her virtue, and how, tired at length Of this vain effort, and with his passion's strength Still undiminished though she was far away, Through thee did he a crown before her lay. Judge of my grief when tidings to me came Of the King's love and purpose, and by them I learned Monime, chosen to be his bride, Was journeying to Nymphaeum, by thy side. Alas, 'twas in that bitter hour and drear My mother to Rome's overtures lent ear, And to avenge the troth this marriage would break Or to win Pompey's favour for my sake, False to my father, she to Rome betrayed The fortress and the treasures which he had Entrusted to her care, to guard for him. How changed I was on hearing of her crime! He was no more my rival in mine eyes. I thought not of my love, thwarted by his— Only of the wrong done him. I attacked The Romans; and my mother, at this act

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Aghast, saw me retake the stronghold she Had given to them, and, trying by death to free Myself from all taint of her treason, expose My body to a thousand mortal blows. The Euxine hath, since then, belonged to us. From Pontus even to this Bosphorus All owned my father's sway. His vessels have For enemies had only wind and wave. I hoped to do yet more: I planned, Arbates, Myself to march, to aid him, to the Euphrates. News of his death came as a stunning blow; But even amid my tears, I must avow, Monime, left by my father in thy care, And all her loveliness beyond compare, Arose before me in my mind. Nay, more, I trembled for her life in that sad hour, Dreading the cruelty of the King's love. Thou knowest how often jealousy would move His heart to assure himself of any one He loved, by slaying her. I thereupon Sped to Nymphaeum and found, to my dismay, Pharnaces 'neath its ramparts. I straightway From this foreboded evil, be it confessed. Thou didst receive us both and knowest the rest Pharnaces, by nature violent, Concealed not his presumptuous intent, Related to the Queen my father's fall, Told her that he was dead, and therewithal Offered himself to her, to take his place. He means, Arbates, everything he says. But now I, in my turn, intend to act. Just as my love treated with due respect A sire to whom I was from infancy

MITHRIDATES Devoted, so now, feeling itself free To speak at last, it challenges the claims Of this new rival. Either to its flames Monime herself must be averse and say Nay to my suit to her or, come what may Of harm to me as Fortune may contrive, She shall not be another's while I live. These are the things I felt I should disclose To thee. Thou must decide whose cause to espouse,· Which of us seems to thee the worthier one, The slave of Rome or thy king's loyal son. Proud of Rome's friendship, Pharnaces may try To lord it in Nymphaeum and speak as my Master; but here no rights will I resign. His heritage is Pontus, Colchis mine; And always any one who o'er Colchis reigns Hath had this Bosphorus in his domains. ARBATES.

Thine is it to command me. 'Twixt you two My choice is made already; I will do My duty, if some power I still possess. With the same courage, the same faithfulness, That served thy sire, holding against thy brother And thee this fortress, I against all other Men will serve thee, now that the King is dead. Do I not know that but for thee my head Would surely have fallen as soon as Pharnaces Had entered here ? Do I not know that these Walls I defended 'gainst him would have been Stained with my blood by him ? As to the Queen, Learn for thyself her feelings and her choice. Regarding all the rest, unless my voice

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No more hath here any authority Pharnaces, leaving this Bosphorus to thee, Will go to enjoy Rome's kindnesses elsewhere. XlPHARES.

How great my debt is to thy zealous care! But here is some one. Friend, 'tis Monime! Away! [Exit Arbates. Enter Monime.

Μόνιμε. Sir, I have come to thee. For where to-day, If thou forsakest me, can I find aid ? An orphan, friendless, desolate and afraid, Queen long in name, but really prisoner, A widow who never had a husband—sir, These are the smallest portion of my woe. I fear to name to thee my most dread foe, And yet I hope that one with heart so great Will nowise sacrifice the unfortunate Because of blood-ties which unite you twain. I speak of Pharnaces, it must be plain To thee. 'Tis he, sir, he, whose wicked thought Is, by sheer force, to make me share his lot With nuptials worse than death to me, by far. I had my birth under what hostile star? Decreed an earlier, loveless marriage, I Have scarce escaped it, and some peace thereby Have tasted, when I am required to link Myself to that one from whom most I shrink. Perchance, more humble in my misery, I ought at least not to forget that I Speak to his brother, but whether reason or Fate Prompts me, or whether it be only hate That in my mind confounds him with the Rome

MITHRIDATES Whose help he seeks, no marriage could be a doom So frightful to me as the one I dread— Not though with blackest signs accompanied. And if Monime can move thee by no tear,— If naught can aid me but mine own despair,— Before that altar where I am to stand, Sir, thou wilt see me pierce with mine own hand This heart which others always would deprive Of free choice, and which ne'er was mine to give. XlPHARES.

Madam, of my obedience have no doubt. Here thy authority is absolute. To make himself feared, Pharnaces may go Elsewhere. But thou still knowest not all thy woe. Μόνιμε. Alas, what new woe can afflict Monime, Sir? XlPHARES.

If to love thee is so great a crime, Not Pharnaces alone is guilty now. I am far guiltier than he is. Monime. Thou? XlPHARES.

Of thy misfortunes, reckon this the worst. Invoke the gods against a race accurst, Destined to bring unhappiness to thee, Ever inspired—the father formerly, And now the sons—to do thee some ill turn. But with whatever pain thou mightest learn

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Of this forbidden love which startles thee, Never couldst thou have such great misery As I in trying to hide it. Yet, I pray, Think not I am like Pharnaces and to-day Serve thee to take his place here. Fain wouldst thou Be thine own mistress, and I have made a vow To see to it that thou art. Thou shalt not be Dependent upon either him or me. But when thy wish is fully satisfied, In what place hast thou chosen to abide ? Will it be far from my domains, or near, Madam, and may I lead thy footsteps there ? Do crime and innocence seem alike to thee? Fleeing from my rival, wilt thou flee from me ? For so well furthering thy desires, must I Resign myself to bidding thee good-bye For ever? Μόνιμε.

Ah, what hast thou told me? XlPHARES.

Nay, Fair Monime, this, too, I must needs now say. If there are some rights in priority, I was the first of all to see thee, I Resolved to make thee mine, ere anything My father yet knew of thy burgeoning Loveliness, which till then had not been shown Except unto thy mother's eyes alone. Ah, if my duty forced me to depart And I could not lay bare to thee my heart, Dost thou no more remember now, all else Aside, what grief appeared in my farewells ?—

MITHRIDATES No more recall how, when I left thy beauty, I railed at my inexorable duty? 'Tis only I who have forgotten naught. Madam, confess: I speak to thee of what Had vanished from thy soul. While I was burning— Far from thee, and without hope of returning— Still with my hopeless love, thou hadst a mind Content, to marriage with my sire resigned. The sorrows of his son scarce troubled thee.

MONIME. Alas! XlPHARES.

Thou for a moment pitiest me.

MONIME. Prince, do not take advantage of my plight. XlPHARES.

Advantage of it ? Gods! I fly to fight In thy defence, asking naught, hoping naught. Besides, I promise thee to bring't about That thou needest never see me more—that, too!

MONIME. This is to promise more than thou canst do. XlPHARES.

What! thou despite mine oath believest that I, False and abusing my authority, Intend upon thy freedom to encroach? But some one doth approach, e'en now approach, Madam. Explain thyself. One word, please, please!

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MITHRIDATE ΜΌΝΙΜΕ.

Protect me from the rage of Pharnaces. To keep me, sir, from seeing thee no more, Thou wilt not need to use unrighteous power. XLPHARES.

Ah, madam! ΜΌΝΙΜΕ.

Here thy brother is. [Enter PHARNACES.

PHARNACES.

Until When, madam, wilt thou expect my father still? Proofs of his death come every hour. They Leave thee no grounds for doubt or for delay. Flee, then, the sight of these inclement skies Which speak but of sad bondage, to thine eyes. Obedient subjects wait on bended knee In fairer, fitter climes to welcome thee. Pontus hath long acknowledged thee her queen. The proof thou art is on thy brow still seen. This royal fillet was given thee to wear As a sure warrant thou wilt be sovereign there. I, master of that realm, the heritage My father left me, should fulfill his pledge. But thou canst bide no longer. We must speed Our marriage and departure, both: so plead Our common interests and my heart as well. My ships await thee, ready to set sail, And from the altar thou mayest go aboard, Queen of the seas that bear thee hence.

MITHRIDATES ΜΌΝΙΜΕ.

My lord, Such graciousness might well embarrass me; But since time presses and I must answer thee, May I now put concealment and pretence Aside and show thee the true sentiments Thus of my inmost heart ? PHARNACES.

Let them be shown. MONIME.

I think thou knowest my story. My own home Is Ephesus, but in mine ancestry Are kings—or else, sir, heroes whom their high Deeds, in the eyes of Greece, made greater men Than kings are. Mithridates saw me. Then The prosperous empire that he ruled contained Ephesus and Ionia still. He deigned To send this token of his troth to me. It was a mandate to my family Which had to be obeyed. A crowned slave, I went to make the marriage that Fate would have. The King, awaiting me in his own domains, Found himself forced to go thence by new plans, And while war occupied him, out of harm's Way sent me to this place, far from all storms; So I came hither, and I still am here. But meanwhile, sir, my father has paid dear For the honour done me. First of all to be Slain, following the Romans' victory, Was Philopoemen, father of Monime. It was that title which brought death to him.

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'Tis of just this, my lord, that I desired To speak to thee. However justly fired With anger, I can nowise against Rome Array an army. To avenge his doom I have no sovereign power nor soldiery ; A helpless witness of such crimes am I. I only have a heart. All I can do Is to remain to his dear memory true, Never consenting with his blood to dye My hands by wedding, in thee, Rome's ally. PHARNACES.

Of Rome and her alliance speakest thou? Why all this talk, why these suspicions, now ? Who says I am to be allied with her ? ΜΌΝΙΜΕ.

But thou thyself, canst thou deny it, sir? How couldst thou offer me free entrance, crowned, Into a land which Roman troops surround, If secret pacts with Rome had not bestowed That land on thee and opened wide each road ? PHARNACES.

I might inform thee of my purposes And the good reasons justifying these If thou indeed hadst put aside pretence And told me thy real feelings. But I commence, After so many windings, to divine The meaning of these various shifts of thine. Methinks thy secret I no more need seek. 'Tis not thy father who thus makes thee speak.

MITHRIDATES XlPHARES.

Whate'er it be that makes the Queen speak thus, Should thy reply, sir, be ambiguous, Or for one instant shouldst thou hesitate Frankly to say thou holdest Rome in hate? What! we have learned our father is dead, and loath To avenge him, swift to take his place, we both Our duty and his blood alike forget ? He is dead; but is he buried even yet ? Who knows but that while thou art fain to feast On thoughts of wedded bliss, he whom the East, Which saw his deeds and with their fame still rings, Can justly call the last of all her kings Lies without honours midst the slain obscure, In his own realm deprived of sepulture, And cries out against heaven which leaves him there And his unworthy sons, who do not dare To avenge him? Oh, let us no longer thus Bide in our haven by this Bosphorus! If in the whole world any king still free— Parthian, Sarmatian, Scythian—there be That loveth liberty, he is our ally. Let us go thither; let us live or die True sons of Mithridates. Let us plan, Whatever love beguiles us, how we can Save from the yoke ourselves and our domains— Not constrain hearts that force alone constrains.

PHARNA CES. He knows thy feelings, madam. Was I wrong ? Behold what had o'er thee a power so strong—

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That father and those Romans whom thou so Reproachest me with! XLPHARES. Nothing at all I know Of her heart's secret feelings. But if I thought Like thee I understood them, sir, in naught Would I presume, but bow to her decrees. PHARNACES.

Thou wouldst do well. I shall do what I please. No rule does thy example set for me. XLPHARES.

Yet here I know of none who must not be Governed by the example I supply. PHARNACES. In Colchis thou couldst speak thus boldly. XLPHARES.

I Can do it in Colchis, and I can do it here. PHARNACES.

Here? It might cost thy life to interfere. [Enter PHAEDIMA.

PHAEDIMA. Princes, ships cover all the sea and, giving The lie to tales he was no longer living, Soon Mithridates will himself appear. MONIME.

Mithridates! XlPHARES.

My father!

MITHRIDATES

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PHARNACES.

What do I hear! PHAEDIMA.

Some lighter vessels came, this news to bring. 'Tis he. Arbates, to receive the King As duty bids him, hath already gone Out, in a boat, from shore. XLPHARES.

What have we done! MONIME (aside to XIPHARES).

Farewell, Prince. Oh, what news! [Exeunt MONIME and PHAEDIMA.

PHARNACES ( to himself).

Returned, hath he? Alas, how cruel Fortune is to me! My life and love are both in peril. Too late The Romans will arrive, whom I await. (To XIPHARES ) What shall we do? I know thy heart doth ache, Prince; I can guess what parting words she spake To thee; but more of this some other time. We now are faced with problems great and grim. Back Mithridates comes, implacable Perhaps—the more unfortunate, the more fell. Much deadlier than thou deemest, our danger is. We both are guilty: well thou knowest this. Affection seldom hath disarmed his wrath. A sterner, crueler judge none ever hath Than his sons have in him, and two of them We have beheld him with less reason condemn

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To death because of his suspicions. We Must for the Queen herself, as well as thee And me, have fear. I pity her the more, The more our Mithridates loves her; for, As he is in his love most passionate But jealous when 'tis not returned, his hate Always goes farther than his love. Do not Trust his affection for thee. Still more hot His jealous rage will burn because of it. Consider well. The soldiers' favourite Art thou; I shall have aid I do not need To name. Wilt heed my counsels? With all speed Let us assure our pardon: of this place Make ourselves masters—thee and me—apace, And force him thus to offer to his sons Terms they would willingly accept at once. XLPHARES.

I know what guilt is mine, and I know what My father is; but I, as thou dost not, Have weighing on me, too, a mother's crime, And love cannot so blind me at this time That when he comes here, I shall not obey His will. PHARNACES.

Let us at least, then, not betray Each other. Thou dost know my secret; I Have divined thine. The King's capacity For wiles is limitless, and we can make His wrath destroy us by the least mistake Of speech. Thou knowest his way: how with a show Of fondness he will mask his hate's dire blow. Come. Since I needs must, I will do like thee. Let us obey but keep faith mutually.

ACT II ΜΌΝΙΜΕ and PHAEDIMA are discovered. PHAEDIMA.

What! thou art still here when the King doth land And all, to bid him welcome, throng the strand ? What meaneth this, madam, and what inward thought Hath stayed thy steps and turned thee back. Do not Anger a monarch who adoreth thee, Almost thy husband now . . . MONIME.

Not yet is he That, Phaedima; and until he is, I deem I should receive him here, not go to him. PHAEDIMA.

But, madam, this no common lover is. Remember that thy sire pronounced thee his, That of the love of this great king thou hast A formal pledge, and at the altar fast In wedlock ye shall be united when He will. Be ruled by me; go, greet him, then. MONIME.

See, with what face wouldst thou that I go greet him? See these cheeks wet with tears. Rather than meet him, Tell me, O tell me, where to hide my head! PHAEDIMA.

What! O gods!

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MITHRIDATE ΜΌΝΙΜΕ.

He came back! Would I were dead! Wretch that I am! Oh, how can I stand now Before him, with his fillet on my brow, And in my heart's core, Phaedima .. . Thou dost see My blushes, and thou understandest me. PHAEDIMA.

Hast thou again the same anxieties That oft in Greece drowned with thy tears thine eyes? Must Xiphares for ever make thee grieve ? ΜΌΝΙΜΕ.

My woes are crueler than thou wouldst conceive. Xiphares then before my fancy came Only as great in manhood, great in fame. I did not know he was in love with me. No other mortal loves so ardently. PHAEDIMA.

He loves thee, madam? This hero, loved so well . . . ΜΌΝΙΜΕ.

Is as unhappy as I am miserable. He worships me, and that which was the cause Of my pain, here, tortured him where he was. PHAEDIMA.

Knows he what thy regard for him now is? Knows he thou lovest him ? MONIME.

Nay, he knows not this. The gods have helped me and made strong my heart To say naught of it—naught, or no large part.

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Alas, if thou but knewest how great violence This sad heart did itself, then, to keep silence! What battles it hath fought, what stress it bore! If possible, I will see his face no more. Try howsoe'er I might, beyond a doubt When I beheld his grief I would speak out. He will, despite me, make me own my love. No matter, his shall have scant joy thereof. Better would he, so dear that knowledge will Cost him, remain in ignorance of it still. PHAEDIMA.

Some one is coming. Madam, thou wouldst do what ? M ONIME. I cannot, will not, be seen thus distraught. [Exeunt MONIME and PHAEDIMA. Enter MITHRIDATES, PHARNACES, XIPHARES, ARBATES, and guards. MITHRIDATES.

Princes, whatever reasons ye profess, Duty could ne'er have brought you to this place Nor made you quit, when issues bulked so large, Thou Pontus, Colchis thou, left in your charge. But 'tis a loving sire who judges you. Ye thought the rumours which I spread were true. I deem you guiltless, since ye will have it thus; And I thank heaven for here uniting us. Vanquished and nigh to shipwreck though I be, I cherish a purpose worthy of me. Ye Will be informed more fully of it soon. Go; let me rest a moment. [Exeunt PHARNACES and XIPHARES and guards.

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So, after one Whole year, thou seest me here again, Arbates— No more the fortune-favoured Mithridates, Who in the balances of destiny Was weighed with Rome for the world's mastery, Which long was doubtful. I have met defeat. Alert was Pompey, his success complete, In darkness which for courage left scant room. Our soldiers were half-clad amid night's gloom, Their ranks ill formed, ill maintained everywhere, By their confusion making worse their fear, Turning their weapons 'gainst each other, cries Re-echoing from the rocks and from the skies— With all such horrors of a midnight fray, What good was valour? Panic held full sway. Some died, flight saved the rest, and I no doubt Owed my life solely, in the general rout, To the report of my own death, which I Had spread. Unrecognized, eventually I crossed the Phasis and pressed onward thence Until I reached the foot of the Caucasus, whence I soon on ships that in the Euxine waited Rejoined my army's fragments, separated Widely in flight, but now there gathered. Thus Driven by disasters to this Bosphorus, I find misfortunes here, too, facing me. Burning with the same love, as thou dost see, This heart with carnage fed, for war athirst, Despite its burden of years and Fate's dire worst, Carries the love with it, where'er it goes, Which binds it to Monime, nor hath it foes Worse than the two unnatural sons whom here I meet.

MITHRIDATES

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ARBATES.

"The two," my lord? MITHRIDATES.

Nay, hearken. Whate'er My anger, I would fain not fail to see Xiphares' difference from his brother. He, Always obedient to my behests, I surely know, as much as I detests Our common enemies; and his valour I Have seen, displayed for my sake, justify My secret preference for him. I am no less Aware—yes, well aware—in what distress, Setting his duty above every other Claim, he forthwith disowned his traitorous mother And won new honour from her villainy. I cannot, dare not, now believe that he, This loyal son, would wrong me. And yet what Concern brought either of them to this spot ? Have they alike aspired to wed the Queen ? Towards which doth she in secret seem to lean? And with what countenance should I greet her ? Speak! Though longing draws me to her, I must seek True knowledge of their hearts. What happened, then? What didst thou see ? What knowest thou ? Why, since when, And how didst thou yield to their force or pleas ? ARBATES.

Eight days ago, the impetuous Pharnaces, Sir, was the first to come here. He beneath These walls confirmed the story of thy death, And wished to be let in at once. I was By such a wild report not given pause,

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Nor would I e'er have heeded it, had the Prince His brother not been able to convince My mind, when he arrived, that thou wert dead— Less by his words than by the tears he shed. MITHRIDATES.

What did they do then? ARBATES.

Pharnaces hath scarce Entered when to the Queen he flies, declares His love for her, and offers on her brow Firmly to fix, by wedding with her now, The fillet she did from thy hand receive. MITHRIDATES.

The traitor! giving her no time to heave Sighs or weep tears she to my ashes owed! What of his brother? ARBATES.

He hath never showed, Down to this very day, the slightest signs Of love, my lord, in any of his designs. His heart hath always seemed, like to thine own, To pant for war and for revenge alone. MITHRIDATES.

But still, what purpose could have brought him here? ARBATES.

Sooner or later, sire, that will be clear. MITHRIDATES.

Nay, I must know all now, without delay. Speak, I command thee!

MITHRIDATES ARBATES.

Down to this very day, Thus hath it seemed: that this prince thought he could Quite properly, after thy death, include This land in his domains; yet he could claim No help here but his courage, and he came To pit force against force and so protect His rights. MITHRIDATES.

'Tis the least prize he should expect For his reward, if I can yet bequeath That which is mine! Arbates, I can breathe Again. My joy is great. I shall confess That for a son I love, and no whit less For myself, too, I trembled, being afraid In equal measure of losing now such aid As his and having a rival such as he. If Pharnaces offendeth against me, In him mine anger finds only a son Who long hath flouted my displeasure—one Who hath admired the Romans secretly All his life, and who never willingly Hath done aught against them. And if Monime Proves to have been kindly disposed towards him And gave a look elsewhere that was my due, Woe to the wretch who robbed me of her,—who Is bold to wrong me, but most faint hath been To serve me. Doth she love him? ARBATES.

Sire, the Queen Draws near.

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Mithridates. Gods, who behold my love and hate, Spare me in my misfortune! Let me wait Longer to find those I shall seek anon. Enough, Arbates. Leave me with her, alone. [Exit Arbates. Enter Μόνιμε . Madam, heaven hath finally brought me back To thee. It shows at least to my heart's ache Some kindness, and restores thee unto me Lovelier than ever. I did not foresee That I would have to wait so long before Our wedding-day, nor that when I once more Came hither, my return would not display My love, but my misfortune. Yet to-day It is that love which would not, out of many Places of refuge, let me go to any Save where thou art, nor could a misfortune be So great that it might not seem sweet to me If unto thee my presence is not one. I have said enough to make my feelings known If thou desirest to know them. Long must thou Have been prepared for this day, and thy brow Weareth a token, madam, of my troth, Which tells thee thou art mine. Then let the oath Of marriage make our tie unbreakable. My honour calleth me, and thee as well, Far hence; and we, without a moment lost, Heeding its summons, by to-morrow must Depart—but thou to-day shalt be my wife! Μόνιμε. Thy will is law, sire. Those who gave me life Yielded to thee their sovereign power o'er me,

MITHRIDATES And when thou usest this authority My sole response is to obey thee. MITHRIDATES.

So, Submissive to a grievous yoke, thou'lt go To the altar as a victim—nothing else! I, who constrain thee when thy soul rebels, Even in possessing thee shall owe thee naught. Ah, madam, how canst thou thus give me what Will satisfy my heart? Must I aspire No more to win thy love, and have no higher Aim with thee henceforth than to be thy master? Tell me directly: is it my disaster That makes thee scorn me ? Even if I did not see Roads beckoning me anew to victory,— If hostile Fate had hurled me down yet lower, Defeated, hounded, without realm or power, Wandering from sea to sea, not so much king As pirate, naught being left me but one thing, The name of Mithridates,—understand: With that illustrious name, in every land In the world I would attract all eyes to me; There is no monarch that deserves to be A monarch, who, firm fixed upon his throne, Would not prefer, mayhap, to all his own Splendour my glorious downfall, dearly bought, Which Rome and forty years have scarcely wrought. Wouldst thou thyself not view me otherwise, Seeing me through thy Greek forefathers' eyes ? And since thy husband I must be indeed, Were it not nobler, worthier of their seed,

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To let free choice make duty be less hard, To oppose to Fate's injustice thy regard, And reassure me, lightening my woes, 'Gainst the distrust that with misfortune goes? . . . How now! hast thou naught, madam, to reply ? Thou standest mute, and all my ardency Serves only to confound thee; and, far now From answering me, despite thy efforts thou Canst scarce, 'twould seem, hold back thy tears, instead. MONIME.

I, my lord? Nay, I have no tears to shed. I shall obey thee. Needest thou know aught More? Is that not enough? MITHRIDATES.

No, it is not! I understand thee better as to this Than thou supposest. I now see it is The truth that I was told. My jealousy Is by thy words too well avouched. I see That a disloyal son, enamoured of Thy beauty, hath spoken unto thee of love And thou hast hearkened. I have roused thy fears For him, but he will in thy faithless tears Find little joy. If any still obey My orders, thou hast looked on him to-day For the last time. (To his guards, outside) Call Xiphares! MONIME.

Ah, what Wouldst thou do? Xiphares . . .

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MITHRIDATES.

Xiphares hath not Betrayed his father. Needlessly dost thou Make haste all wrong with him to disavow. And with my fond affection for him, I Am glad that thus it is. My shame and thy Sin would be less if that son who so well Is worthy of thy esteem could make thee feel Some love for him; but that a traitor, brave Only in angering me, who doth not have One virtue to redeem his frowardness— That Pharnaces, in short, should take my place! That he should be loved, madam, and I be hated! [Enter XIPHARES. Come, my son, come; thy father is mistreated. A recreant son affronts me in my woe, Crosses me, flouts me, deals me a mortal blow— Loves the Queen, that is—wins and robs me of A heart which owes to me alone its love. But I am happy, with such wrongs as these, That I can blame no one but Pharnaces,— That thou art vainly set by thy false mother A bad example, as by thy headstrong brother. Yes, my son, I rely on none but thee. Thee only have I long since chosen to be The fitting partner in my vast design, Heir to my crown and this proud name of mine. Pharnaces and my outraged love cannot Even now wholly occupy my thought. The plans and preparations for a great Project conceived, the vessels that must wait In readiness to sail, the soldiery Whose willingness I would test, to follow me,

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Demand my presence at the selfsame hour. Do thou, meanwhile, watch here, to make all sure. Foil my presumptuous rival's plottings. Ne'er Leave the Queen's side, and thyself render her, If possible, less unyielding to a king Who loves her. Turn her from what needs must bring Ruin upon her. Thou canst, as a man Dispassionate, sway her better than I can. My love's indulgence hath enough been tried. Let her not drive that very love, defied, To how know I what frenzy, which my soul Would not repent of till avenged in full. [Exit MITHRIDATES. XLPHARES. What shall I say? How must I understand These strange, amazing words and this command? Can it be true that Pharnaces indeed Is loved by thee, to bring upon his head This wrath? Is it for him thou feelest such fear? ΜΌΝΙΜΕ.

Pharnaces? Pharnaces? What do I hear? 0 gods! Is it not enough that this cruel day From all I love is tearing me away, And that I see myself, a hapless slave Of duty, chained to lifelong grief? I have Insults now added to my miseries! It is believed I weep for Pharnaces! In spite of my aversion, plainly enough Displayed, 'tis thought that he could win my love! 1 pardon the King for this; rage makes him blind, And he knows not my secret heart and mind. But thou, my lord, but thou, to treat me so!

MITHRID ATES XIPHARES.

Madam, forgive a lover mad with woe, Who is himself caught fast in duty's snare,— Who is about to lose all, yet can dare Not even to take vengeance. What must I Deem of the fury of the King, whose cry Is that another's love defeateth his? Who is the miscreant so blest as this ? Who? Speak! MONIME.

Thou torturest thyself, perverse Prince. Mourn thy pain; ne'er seek to make it worse. XIPHARES.

I know too well the torment I prepare Myself. A misery far less hard to bear Is that my father shall wed her I love. It is a pang all other pangs above To see a rival honoured by thy tears; Yet mine own breast would I, despairing, pierce. Tell me, in pity's name: who is this lover, Madam, of thine? Whom have I to discover? ΜΌΝΙΜΕ.

Is that so hard a thing for thee to guess ? Just now, when I was fleeing from duress By Pharnaces, to whom have I appealed? My heart in whose protection sought a shield ? To whose love have I hearkened without displeasure? XIPHARES.

Ah gods! What! I the man beyond all measure Blest, on whom thou couldst look with favouring glance Thy tears could flow for Xiphares ?

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Yes, Prince. I can no longer feign. Too violent, Now, is my grief, to be within me pent. Duty enjoineth silence upon me, But I despite its stern laws finally Must speak out for the first time and the last. Thou long hast loved me. Long, too, hath my breast By no less love for thee been touched and torn. Recall that day of old when love was born In thee for my ill-fated charms, of worth Too scant; recall thy hopes that died at birth, The turmoil which thy father's love for me Engendered in thy soul, the agony Of losing me and seeing me his, the strict Demands of duty, which would needs conflict With all our dearest wishes—thou canst not Remember nor recount these things without Telling my story, sir; and while I heard Of them this morning, my heart, too, was stirred By all thou saidst, responding silently. Futile—nay, rather, fatal—sympathy! Too perfect union, which the Fates forbade! Ah, by what cruel care hath heaven made Two hearts be joined which never could entwine With one another! For however mine Is drawn to thee, I tell thee once for all That I shall hearken to my duty's call And go, as honour, sir, constraineth me, To the altar, where I am to swear to thee An everlasting silence. Yes, I know: Thou sighest, but such is my full cup of woe. I to thy father, not to thee, belong.

MITHRIDATES Thou must thyself now help me to be strong In this resolve and from my too-weak breast Banish thee. I expect of thee at least So much considerateness as to take care Henceforth to flee my presence everywhere. I have just said enough to make thee see That I am right in asking this of thee, And if thy lofty heart hath ever known A real love for Monime, from this time on I shall perceive that love's sincerity Only by how well thou avoidest me. XlPHARES.

Just gods! What proof for hapless love to show! In one same instant how great joy and woe! From what a height of glory and of bliss Thou hurlest me down into what dire abyss! What! I can win a heart like thine? I can? Thou canst love me? And now another man Is to possess thee, cheating our love's due! Father unjust and cruel—yet hapless, too! . . . Thou'dst have me flee and see thee never again But now the King stations me in thy train! What will he say? Monime.

No matter; obey me. Give reasons that will blind his eyes. For thee Impends the hardest of a hero's tests : Contrive, contrive, 'gainst thine own interests, Such stratagems as, for their hearts' content, The common run of lovers oft invent. Weak as I know myself, with life at stake, I now distrust all efforts I could make.

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The sight of thee would rouse fond memories And from my breast draw forth unworthy sighs. I would behold my heart, in secret cleft In twain, seeking the joys whereof 'twas reft. But I know, too, if it depends on thee To make me cling to thy dear memory, Thou wilt not hinder me, who once forgot Honour, from punishing each wrongful thought, Or, groping for thee in my bosom, thence Plucking thee to restore its innocence. But no! in this last moment left us still, I feel a guilty sweetness sap my will. The more I speak with thee, the more do I Weakly prolong the peril from which I fly. I must, I must constrain myself, not lose My last, scant fortitude in fond adieus. I go. Remember, Prince, to shun my sight. Deserve the tears thou'lt cost me, by thy flight. [Exit Monime, hastily XlPHARES. Ah, madam . . . She departs, and will not hear. Unhappy Xiphares, thy path lies where ? She loves thee, and she drives thee from her. Thou Thyself canst clearly see thy duty, now, Chimes with her duty. Therefore do thou fly To end by a swift death thine agony. Nay, let us wait until her fate is plain, Rather, and if some rival needs must then Take her from thee, at least in perishing Let us not give her up save to the King.

ACT III MITHRIDATES, PHARNACES, and XIPHARES are discovered. MITHRIDATES.

Draw near, my sons. The hour to lay bare My secret to your eyes at last is here. All things combine to aid my noble plans; Only to tell you of them yet remains. I have fled. Hostile Fate hath willed it so; But my life's history too well ye know To think that I would hide in these wild regions Long, and await the coming of Rome's legions. War brings defeats but also victories. Already, more than once mine enemies, Deluded by my flight, have ridden through Their streets in the triumphal car, which drew The fatuous throng to follow it as it went, And have inscribed on bronze their transient Success and borne in chains statues of my Lands they have conquered—and in the meantime I Have doubled back; the Bosphorus hath viewed The sight of me now issuing with renewed Strength from her marshes, spreading terror, driving The Romans out of Asia, and contriving In one day to undo the work at least Of a whole year! New times, new tasks. The East Can face her foes' increasing might no more. Vanquished, she sees her plains as ne'er before Swarming with Romans, unto whom will fall Our lands' wealth. Tales of it draw hither all

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Those greedy plunderers of whoe'er is rich. They flock in crowds here, vying each with each. They leave their country, ours to inundate. I, I alone resist them. A sore weight My friendship is to all my friends, subdued Or worn out. There is none of them but would Rid himself of it. Pompey's great name makes His triumph sure. Hearing it, Asia quakes; And far from seeking for him there, my sons, It is on Rome I mean to march at once. This purpose takes you by surprise. Ye may Think 'tis despair that gives it birth to-day. I pardon your mistake. Such projects must, Till they are carried out, meet with distrust. Deem not that we are separated here From Rome by an eternal barrier. I know the roads to follow, every one; And if death does not come to thwart me soon, Within three months—I need no longer time— We shall be camped beneath the Capitoline. Cannot the Euxine bear me to the place At which the Danube empties, in two days? Will not the pact the Scythians swore with me Thence into Europe give me entrance free? Admitted to their ports, joined by their host, We shall at each step greater numbers boast. Dacians, Pannonians, Germans—all await Only a leader 'gainst Rome's tyrant State. Ye have seen Spain, yes, and still more the Gauls Urge me to vengeance against those same walls Which formerly they stormed, and even in Greece Ambassadors blame me for my slothfulness. They know this torrent, about to burst on them,

MITHRIDATES Will, if it sweeps me down, all else o'erwhelm, And to prevent this they will every one Guide me to Italy and then follow on. There shall ye, more than on the route we came, Find everywhere the horror of Rome's name And hapless Italy all smoking yet With fires her dying liberty hath lit. No, princes, 'tis not earth's remotest folk That Rome makes feel the full weight of her yoke. As she inspires near-by the bitterest hate, Her greatest foes are at her very gate. Ah, if they once chose for their liberator Spartacus, a vile slave, a gladiator, Or followed brigands to avenge their wrongs, How nobly will they flock in ardent throngs To the standard of a long-victorious king Who knoweth his line doth e'en from Cyrus spring! Nay, picture what will be the state of Rome. Empty of legions for defence at home While all attempt to hunt me down and slay me! How can her women and her children stay me? Then onward! Let us bear into her breast The havoc that she spreads from east to west. Attack these conquerors proud behind their walls; Make them in their turn fear for hearth and halls. Great Hannibal said it; trust him: 'tis in Rome Alone that Rome can e'er be overcome. Drown her in her own blood, spilled righteously. Burn down this Capitol, where I was to be A captive; wreck its trophies and efface A hundred kings' disgrace and my disgrace— Yea, torch in hand obliterate each name That Rome hath blazoned with eternal shame!

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'Tis this ambition that has filled my soul. But think not that in undisturbed control Of Asia I shall leave the Romans, though I be so distant from it. Well I know Where I can find for it defenders stout. 'Tis my intent that Rome, when ringed about With foes, shall call in vain for Pompey's aid. The King of Parthia, whom she holds in dread As she does me, agrees to make his own My righteous anger. Ready to be one With me in hate and household, he asks now Of me a son to wed his daughter. Thou Shalt have this honour; I have chosen thee, Pharnaces, for it. Straightway go and be The happy bridegroom. I without delay Will set forth, that to-morrow's break of day Shall find my fleet far from this Bosphorus. Naught keeps thee here. At once take leave of us, And by the ardour and alacrity With which thou actest, deserve my choice of thee. Contract this marriage; then, crossing the Euphrates, Let Asia see a second Mithridates And our oppressors turn pale when to Rome, Even as to me, news of thy deeds shall come.

PHARNACES. I cannot, sir, hide from thee my surprise, Hearing thee broach this mighty enterprise. I marvel at it. Naught more boldly planned Ever put arms in a defeated hand.

I, above all, thy tireless spirit admire, Which seems more resolute as its load is dire. But if I may with frankness speak to thee:

MITHRIDATES Art thou reduced to this extremity? Why on a useless errand go so far When in thy realm asylums still there are? Why wish to challenge dangers without end, More like the leader of an outlaw band Than a great king who lately with some right From east to west went trusting in his might, Built upon thirty States his prosperous throne, Imposing even in ruins? Thou alone, Alone, sir, after forty years, canst still Struggle against the Fates. Implacable Foe both of Rome and peace, dost thou conceive Thy soldiers all are heroes ? Canst thou believe That they with hearts shaken by their defeat, Tired from a long and arduous retreat, Will court death gladly under foreign skies, And hardships worse than perils? Before the eyes Of their own people more than once have they Been beaten. Will they elsewhere hold at bay Their raging conqueror? Will he be less grim And terrible? Will they better vanquish him In his own city, while his gods look on? The Parthian king wooed thee and asked a son Of thee, to be his son-in-law! Would he, This monarch who was eager, sir, to be Our aid when the whole world seemed on our side, Still wish, when we are weak, to be allied To us? Shall I, Fate's outcast, go alone To be received with Parthia's well known Fickleness, and perhaps expose thy name, Because of my rash suit, to public shame ? At least, if we must yield and 'gainst our wont Assume the aspect of a suppliant,

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Without dispatching me to embrace the knees Of the King of Parthia or addressing pleas Thyself to sovereigns not so great as thou, Could we not take a surer course and throw Ourselves into arms opened willingly To us? Rome, easily appeased by thee . . . XIPHARES.

Rome, brother ? Gods! what darest thou to propose ? Wouldst have the King, abased before his foes, Belie his whole life in a single day, Trust Rome, and shamefully accept the sway 'Gainst which he hath defended all earth's kings For forty years? (Turning to MITHRIDATES) Fight on, sir! The sole things That are thy refuge, vanquished though thou be, Are wars and dangers. Rome pursues in thee Her mortal enemy, more bound withal By oaths, more feared by her, than Hannibal. Drenched in her blood of old, do what thou please, Thou canst expect from her no better peace Than Asia had when in one day thy word Put five score thousand Romans to the sword. Yet spare thy sacred head. Do thou not go Thyself from land to land and, going, show A broken Mithridates unto them, Dimming the glory of thy mighty name. Just is thy vengeance. It must be straightway Accomplished. Burn the Capitol and lay Rome in ashes. But 'tis enough for thee To point us the roads thither and decree That younger hands shall carry the flame there. While Pharnaces hath Asia for his sphere,

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Grant me the honour of this other task. Give to us thy commands; let us, I ask Of thee, prove unto all men that we are Thy sons indeed, each an executor Of thy great purposes. Kindle thus the lands Of sunrise and of sunset, by our hands. Fill with thy presence the whole world, without Leaving this Bosphorus; let Rome, ringed about And hard beset on every side, despair Of finding thee, yet find thee everywhere. This very moment order me to start. Here all things stay thee, all bid me depart; And if I am not equal to this mission, Failure at least beseems my sad position. I shall go, happy to advance the time That ends my woes . . . to atone my mother's crime, My lord. Thou seest me, blushing for it, kneel To thee, ashamed of my scant worth. I feel That all my blood should wash out this dark stain, But I desire a death whereby thou'lt gain; And for a child of Mithridates Rome, My desperation's goal, is a fit tomb. MITHRIDATES.

Of thy false mother speak no more, my son. Thy father is content, thy zeal is known To him, nor will he let thee anywhere Face perils his affection doth not share. Nothing shall part us; thou shalt follow me. (To PHARNACES) Thou, Prince, prepare to obey me in­ stantly. The ships are ready. I have made all due Provision for thy needs and retinue.

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Arbates, in whose charge thou art to go, Will bring thee to thy bride and let me know What thy behaviour is. Go and uphold The honour of thine ancestors of old. Receive in this embrace my fond good-byes. PHARNACES.

Sire . . . MITHRIDATES.

To express my will, Prince, should suffice. Obey. I should not have to speak again. PHARNACES.

Sire, if to please thee I must needs be slain, None will meet death more willingly than I. Fighting before thine eyes, pray, let me die. MITHRIDATES.

I have commanded thee to set out now; But after this . . . Thou hearest me, Prince, and thou Art lost if thou repliest one word more. PHARNACES.

Hadst thou a thousand deaths for me in store, I could not woo a girl I ne'er have seen. My life is in thy hands. MITHRIDATES.

Ah, it is e'en As I expected, traitor. Thou "couldst not" go; And well I understand thee, well I know Wherefore thou shunnest this marriage. I perceive Thou hast a quarry here thou'rt loath to leave. 'Tis Monime stays thee. It was thy desire

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To carry off the bride of thine own sire. Neither the ardour wherewith, thou dost know, I wooed her, nor my fillet on her brow Already, nor this place of refuge where I had her guarded, nor my just wrath struck fear Into thy soul. Thou false wretch, thy base love For Rome was not to me a black enough Offence; there also had to burn in thee Just this perfidious flame ere thou couldst be The horror and the scourge of all my days. Repenting naught, thou showest by thy face That thy distraction springs from rage alone. Thou longest from my presence to be gone— Hie thee to ruin me—sell me to Rome— But I will take, before I go herefrom, Vengeance. I warned thee. (Calling) Guards! What ho, there! [Enter guards. Seize, Arrest him! Yes, I mean him, Pharnaces. Take him away, and let him from this hour Be closely guarded, locked up in the tower. PHARNACES.

Very well, I shall not pretend to be Innocent. Thou art right in hating me. What thou wert told about the love I feel, Is true. But Xiphares did not reveal All that he could to thee. This is, indeed, The least important secret there was need To acquaint thee with. That faithful son of thine Ought to have let thee know how, even as mine, His passion long hath burned. He like me, sir,

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Loveth the Queen—and he is loved by her. [.Exeunt PHARNACES and guards. XlPHARES.

Dost thou believe that such a wicked thought . . . MITHRIDATES.

Thy brother, I am sure, would stop at naught, My son. Just gods, grant that I never may Suspect that thou so cruelly couldst betray My kindness and that he in whom I found Always the chief joy of my life could wound His father's trusting heart. No, I do not Believe it. Go. Far from imagining aught Like that, I shall but think of how I can Avenge us. [Exit XLPHARES. (To himself) Thou dost not believe it? Vain Thy effort to beguile thyself! Thou dost Believe it all too thoroughly, O most Unhappy Mithridates. Xiphares My rival ? Can the Queen's heart, then, be his ? And did she dare to hoodwink me to-day? Hath every one, turn wheresoe'er I may, Ceased to be loyal to me? Everywhere Do all forsake me? Are all treacherous here? Pharnaces, friends, affianced bride, and thou, Alas, my son, whose courage hath till now Been my best comfort in adversity? . . . But know I not Pharnaces' villainy? How weak of me to take the word of one Who, mad with rage and envy, turns upon His brother, and who would in his despair,

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Inventing idle tales, make it appear That others, too, are guilty, hoping he Might save himself thus, and confusing me! No, let us not believe him, but herein Delve without undue haste. Yet where begin? What will convince me ? who as a witness ? what Evidence? Heaven suggests to me a thought. (