Focusing on the military institutions (army, militia, and National Guard) of Bahia, Brazil, this book analyzes the regio
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Race, State, and Armed Forces in Independence-Era Brazil
RACE, STATE, AND ARMED FORCES IN INDEPENDENCE-ERA BRAZIL Bahia, 1790S-184os
HENDRIK KRAA Y
STANFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
Stanford, California
Stanford University Press Stanford, California 2001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kraay, Hendrik, 1964Race, state, and armed forces in independence-era Brazil: Bahia, 1790's-184o's I Hendrik Kraay. p. em. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN: 978-0-8047-4248-1 HB ISBN: 978-0-8047-5101-8 Paper 1. Salvador (Brazil)-History-19th century. 2. Salvador (Brazil)-Race relations. 3. Bahia (Brazil: State)-Militia-Recruiting, enlistment, etc. 4. BlacksBrazil-Bahia (State)-History-19th century. 5. Social classes-Bahia (State)-History-19th century. 6. Civilmilitary relations-Brazil-Salvador. 7. Occupations and race. I. Title. F2651.S1357 K73 2002 3 06.2'7' 098142-dc21 Original printing 2001 Last figure below indicates year of this printing: 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 Typeset by Tech books in 10.5/12.5 Minion
CONTENTS
List of Tables, Figures, and Maps
Vll
A Note on Currency, Military Ranks, Orthography, and Names
ix
Preface
Xl
Introduction
1
1.
Salvador: Race and Class in a Colonial Brazilian City
9
2.
Army Officers: The Alliance of State and Planters
31
3·
Slaves or Soldiers? The Recruitment and Discipline of Enlisted Men
55
4·
Militia Officers: The Intersection of Race and Class
82
5·
Independence and Its Aftermath
106
6.
Officers: From Bahian to Brazilian
141
7·
Reforming the Rank and File
183
8.
From Militia to National Guard
218
Conclusion
252
Contents
Vl
Appendix: The Size and Organization of Salvador's Garrison
265
Notes
271
Bibliography
325
Index
353
LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES, AND MAPS
TABLES
1.1
2.1
3·1
4·1 4·2
Population of Salvador (in Percentages) by Race and Status, 1775-1855
18
Army Officers' Wealth and Slaveownership at Death by National and Provincial Origin, 1807-1850
51
Race of Army Enlisted Men Residing Off-Base, Penha and Sao Pedro Velho Parishes, Salvador, 1775
78
The Size of Salvador's Militia Regiments, 1791-1812
87
Militia Officer Occupations (Captains and Lieutenants), 1809-1810
4·3
91
Militia Officers' Average Wealth and Slaveownership at Death, 1803-1860
92
Declining Fortunes: The Baltazar da Silveira Family's Wealth at Death, 1807-1870
176
7·1
Racial Patterns in Recruitment, Bahia, 1825-1849
199
7·2
Birthplace of Soldiers Serving in Bahia, 1825-1854
201
7-3
Enlistment Status of Soldiers, 1829-1854
203
6.1
List of Tables, Figures, and Maps
V111
8.1
National Guard Officer Occupations, 1845
241
8.2
National Guard Commander Occupations, 1845
242
8.3
National Guard Officers' Average Wealth and Slaveownership at Death, 1845-1885
243
8-4
Occupations of National Guardsmen, 1838 and 1847
249
8.5
Race of Two National Guard Companies, 1847
250
FIGURES
4·1
The Antunes Guimaraes Family
6.1
Officers' Wealth and Slaveholding at Death, 1807-1884
169
6.2
The Vilasboas Family
173
6.3
The Baltazar da Silveira Family
175
6-4
The Coelho dos Santos Family
177
7·1
Recruitment Levels in Bahia, 1837-1850
192
A.1
Salvador's Army Garrison Size, 1798-1850
267
96
A.2 Army Units in Salvador, 1790s-185 o
268
A.3 Militia Organization in Salvador, 1790s-1831
270
MAPS
1.1
Brazil in the Early Nineteenth Century
11
1.2
The Reconcavo
12
1.3
Salvador
16
A Note on Currency, Military Ranks, Orthography, and Names
During the nineteenth century, the Brazilian currency was the mil-reis, 1,000 reis, written 1$ooo; 1,ooo mil-reis, one canto, was written tooo$ooo. The mil-reis declined considerably in value during the period covered by this book, from 72 English pence in 1808 to 28.7 pence in 1850. To compensate somewhat for this decline and to make possible comparisons of wealth among individuals whose estates were assessed at different times, I have used the exchange rate to convert currency figures in the tables and relevant discussions of officer wealth to "constant" 1822 mil-reis, when the currency was worth 49 pence.* Technically speaking, this is not a constant mil-reis, but it does make it possible to compensate partially for inflation. Most eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Luso-Brazilian army ranks can be readily translated into English equivalents, except for alferes (an infantry and cavalry rank) and segundo tenente (the equivalent rank in the artillery and engineers), which I have both translated as second lieutenant; tenente (infantry and cavalry) and primeiro tenente (artillery and engineers), both translated as first lieutenant; and furriel, third sergeant. Portuguese orthography has undergone a number of changes since the eighteenth century, and following convention, I have modernized the spelling of names in the text, retaining original orthography in the notes and bibliography. *Exchange rate data is published in Mattoso, Bahia: a cidade, 243, n. 500.
lX
X
A Note on Currency
Brazilian naming practices were maddeningly flexible. Individuals were often known by only a distinctive part of their given or last names and freely added or subtracted surnames during their lives. Thus Marshal Luiz Paulino de Oliveira Pinto da Fran