Questions and exercises on discipline «Mineral raw materials of Kazakhstan. Low-waste technology» (for the specialty «Chemical technology of inorganic substances»): educational methodical handbook 9786010424838

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AL-FARABI KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES ON DISCIPLINE «MINERAL RAW MATERIALS OF KAZAKHSTAN. LOW-WASTE TECHNOLOGY» (for the specialty «Chemical technology of inorganic substances»)

Educational-methodical handbook

Almaty «Qazaq university» 2016

UDC 546 (075.8) Q-50 Recommended for publication by the decision of the Academic Council of the Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology and Editorial and Publishing Council of al-Farabi Kazakh National University (Protocol №1 dated 02.11.2016) Reviewer PhD B.S. Satybaldiev Compilers: Romanova S.M., Ponomarenko O.I., Matveyeva I.V.

Q-50 Questions and exercises on discipline «Mineral raw materials of Kazakhstan. Low-waste technology» (for the specialty «Chemical technology of inorganic substances»): educationalmethodical handbook. / comp.: S.M. Romanova, O.I. Ponomarenko, I.V. Matveyeva. – Almaty: Qazaq university, 2016. – 174 p. ISBN 978-601-04-2483-8 The educational-methodical handbook contains questions and exercises in a test form for the course «Mineral raw materials of Kazakhstan. Low-waste technology». The educational-methodical handbook can be recommended for self-study in preparation for the EEEAS of students enrolled in the specialty «Chemical technology of inorganic substances», and will also be useful to teachers, students, master and PhD students of higher educational institutions of chemical specialties. Publishing in authorial release. Пособие содержит вопросы и упражнения в виде тестов по курсу «Минеральное сырье Казахстана. Безотходная технология». Учебно-методическое пособие может быть рекомендовано для самостоятельной работы при подготовке к ВОУД студентам ВУЗов, обучающимся по специальности «Химическая технология неорганических веществ», а также будет полезно преподавателям, студентам, магистрантам, PhD докторантам высших учебных заведений химических специальностей. Издается в авторской редакции.

UDC 546 (075.8) © Comp.: Romanova S.M., Ponomarenko O.I., Matveyeva I.V., 2016 © Al-Farabi KazNU, 2016

ISBN 978-601-04-2483-8 2

CONTENT THEME #1. The position of Kazakhstan in the global mineral complex. The composition of major minerals of Kazakhstan. The geochemistry law. The deposits and their assessment. Main problems, trends and preconditions for the development of mineral and raw complex of Kazakhstan. .............................................. 5 THEME #2. Principles of rational use and organization of the mineral resources of Kazakhstan. Issues of subsoil use in Kazakhstan. .......................................................... 20 THEME #3. Provision of raw materials industries and key enterprises of the mineral complex of Kazakhstan. The current state of the mining industry. ................................................... 30 THEME #4. Prospective sources of mineral products and new materials. Modern trends in the technology of extraction of ores. Crushing of ores, sieving. Enrichment and ore processing. ................................................................. 39 THEME #5. Testing of mineral resources. Physical and chemical fundamentals of mineral dissolution. .......................................... 61 THEME #6. The principles of development and problems of creation of low-waste and wasteless productions. The essence of integrated use of mineral raw materials. The use of waste as a secondary raw material – secondary material resources.......................... 71 THEME #7. Classification of wastes, determination of waste regulations. Classification of secondary material resources according to source and direction of use. ................................... 93 THEME#8. Problems of non-waste technologies in production of mineral fertilizers and phosphorus-containing products. The prospects of creation of low-waste and wasteless technologies in phosphorus-processing industry of Kazakhstan. ................................... 109 THEME #9. Features of disposal, recycling and dumping of toxic and radioactive waste. Methods of cost accounting, relating to collection and transportation of wastes in calculation of economic efficiency of secondary mineral resources. ................................................ 122

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THEME #10. Problems of discharge of industrial wastewater, methods of their solutions. The main principles of chemical, electrochemical and thermal methods of wastewater treatment. Eco-friendly technologies for obtaining of water....................................... 134 THEME #11. Technology of recycling of exhaust gases of power plant in full secondary products. Analysis of scheme of thermal power plant with full usage of mineral resources. ................................................ 149 TABLE OF CORRECT ANSWERS ......................................................... 166 BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................................................... 172

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THEME #1. The position of Kazakhstan in the global mineral complex. The composition of major minerals of Kazakhstan. The geochemistry law. The deposits and their assessment. Main problems, trends and preconditions for the development of mineral and raw complex of Kazakhstan The term geochemistry was first used by the Swiss-German chemist Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1838. In his paper, Schönbein predicted the birth of a new field of study, stating: «In a word, a comparative geochemistry ought to be launched, before geochemistry can become geology, and before the mystery of the genesis of our planets and their inorganic matter may be revealed» The field began to be realised a short time after Schönbein's work, but his term «geochemistry» was initially used neither by geologists, nor chemists; and there was much debate over which of the two sciences should be the dominant partner. There was little collaboration between geologists and chemists and the field of geochemistry remained small and unrecognised. In the late 19th Century a Swiss man by the name of Victor Goldschmidt was born, who later became known as the father of geochemistry. His paper, «Geochemische Verteilungsgesetze der Elemente», on the distribution of elements in nature has been referred to as the start of geochemistry. During the early 20th Century, a number of geochemists produced work that began to popularise the field, including Frank Wigglesworth Clarke, who had begun to investigate the abundances of various elements within the Earth and how the quantities were related to atomic weight. The composition of meteorites and their differences to terrestrial rocks was being investigated as early as 1850 and in 1901, Oliver C. Farrington hypothesised although there were differences, that the relative abundances should still be the same. It was the beginnings of the field of cosmochemistry and has contributed to current information about the formation of the Earth and the Solar System. Some subsets of geochemistry are: 1. Isotope geochemistry involves the determination of the relative and absolute concentrations of the elements and their isotopes in the Earth and on Earth's surface. 5

2. Examination of distribution and movements of elements in different parts of the Earth (crust, mantle, hydrosphere etc.) and in minerals with the goal to determine the underlying system of distribution and movement. 3. Cosmochemistry includes analysis of distribution of elements and their isotopes in the Cosmos. 4. Biogeochemistry is the field of study focusing on the effect of life on the chemistry of the Earth. 5. Organic geochemistry involves the study of the role of processes and compounds that are derived from living or once-living organisms. 6. Aqueous geochemistry studies the role of various elements in watersheds, including copper, sulfur, mercury, and how elemental fluxes are exchanged through atmospheric-terrestrial-aquatic interactions. 7. Regional, environmental and exploration geochemistry includes applications to environmental, hydrological and mineral exploration studies. 8. Photogeochemistry is the study of light-induced chemical reactions that occur or may occur among natural components of the Earth's surface. Victor Goldschmidt is considered by most to be the father of modern geochemistry and the ideas of the subject were formed by him in a series of publications from 1922 with the title ‘Geochemische Verteilungsgesetze der Elemente’ (geochemical laws of distribution of elements). The law of geochemistry."Finding of chemical elements in the earth's crust depends on the structure of the atoms of these elements "(Zavaritskii, 1950; Betekhtin, 1952). It clearly expressed by Mendeleyev's periodic system, which, in the figurative statement of Fersman (1937), is a "guiding star" of geochemist. The importance of the formulation of the main law of geochemistry is that it implies the content of geochemistry as a science and the methods of analysis of natural objects. World tendencies of development of mining industry is characterized by depletion of mineral reserves due to large volumes of mining. More complicated mining and geological conditions of exploration of deposits are resulted to higher prices. 6

According to volume of mineral-raw resources, which are more than 133 billion tonns (2010) and are estimated as 11 trillions of US dollars, Kazakhstan has the 4th place in the world. Mineral –raw complex play significant role for the country, as it contributes most of foreign currency receipts. Among the total amount of deposits, equal to 5157 there are 839 (16.3%) of solid mineral resources, 256 (4.96%) of hydrocarbon raw materials, 1438 (27.9%) of underground waters, 2624 (51.5%) of general widespread mineral resources. According to data of Committee of Geology and Subsoil Use of Ministry of Industry and New Technologies of Republic of Kazakhstan (2009) 1115 subsoil users of widespread mineral resources, 241 subsoil users of solid resources and 158 subsoil users dealing with extraction of groundwater are registered in republic. There are the most significant stocks of hydrocarbonates, uranium, ferrous metalson the territory of Republic. The rational usage will provide economical development of republic during next 50-100 years. During years of independency mining, including oil and gas sector, and metallurgical branches of industry not only recovered, but also doubled rates of production outputs. In structure of gross national product of country industry has 33.3%, among them mining industry has 19.4%, processing industry has 11.5%. Raw material base of fuel and energy complex of Kazakhstan is characterized by sufficient reliability. Uranium and coal sectors of industry are ensured by active proven reserves of raw materials for next 100 years; oil industry is ensured for next 70years; and gas industry is ensured for next 85 years. The significant stocks of natural bitumen and oil-bituminous rocks are concentrated on the territory of Kazakhstan, particularly in Western Kazakhstan (Kenkiyak and Atyrau group of oil-bituminous structures). According to International Energy Agency (IEA) Kazakhstan has the 3rd place (after Venezuela and Canada) in stocks of the largest oil deposits from the bituminous (oil) sands with total resources equal to 6.8 billion tons (01.01.2008). Their forecast reserves (125-350 million tons of natural bitumen or 2-25 billion tons of oil-bituminous rocks) can be considerable. The forecast resources of these mineral resources only in Ural-Emba oil and gas region are 7

equal to ca. 1 billion tons with average bitumen saturation equal to 5-10%. Among them ca. 200 million tons are located at available depths, i.e. surface mining can be realized. More than 50 deposits ofoil-bituminous sands (mixture of oil, bitumen and sand) with the content of bitumen equal to 16-30% or 40-60% at deeper layers are opened in Kazakhstan. 25 deposits andmanifestations of oil shale are found on the territory of Kazakhstan. The biggest are Kendyrlykskoe, Baihoginskoe and deposits of Ural region (Chernozatonskoe, Tuksajskoe, Novosemenovskoe). Most of them (except Kendyrlykskoe and Chernozatonskoe) are poorly investigated. 3.3% of world stocks of coal are concentrated on the territory of Kazakhstan. The main problem of these branch is irregular geographical distribution of stocks, their lack in Southern, Eastern and Western regions of country. To solve it, it is necessary to realize geology-economical and prognosis assessment of all deposits of these regions in order to find objects with economically justified exploitation. The problem of extraction and utilization of methane (high concentration of it is characteristic for coalbed of Karaganda basin) requires to be investigated. It allows to provide population and industries of Central Kazakhstan with gas. The total stock of uranium (129 of deposits and ore occurrences) is integrated in 6 uranium ore province: – Shu-Sarysu Province (57.8%); – North-Kazakhstan Province (16.4%) – Syrdariya Province (18.8%); – Ili Province (4.5%); – Caspian Sea Region Province (1.7%); – Balkhash Province (0.8%). The main part of stocks of uranium is concentrated in hydrogenous deposits and are estimated as 1690 thousands of tons. Kazakhstan has the 1st place in the world according to stock of uranium. At the present time the most quality and competitive is stock of ferrous metallurgy. The share of proven reserves of chromium oresin the state balance is equal to 99%, of manganese ores is 91%, iron ores is 96%. According to iron ores Kazakhstan with India have the 2nd -3rd places in the Asia (after China) and the 7th place in the 8

world.According to manganese ores Kazakhstan has the 1st place in the Asia; 7.3% of world industry stocks of manganese ores are located in Kazakhstan. 7% of world resources of chromium is located in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan has the 2nd place after Republic of South Africa according to this indicator. The raw base of non-ferrous metallurgy is characterized by lower values: lead is 69%, copper is 74% and zinc is 92%.Copper ore raw materials is valuable and one of the most spread non-ferrous metal. At the present time operating reserves of copper are calculated for future ca. 25-30 years. At the same time there are potential possibilities for development of mineral raw base of copper ore industry in our republic. Due to target development and implementation of new projects at such deposits, as Aktogai, Aidarly, Bozshkol, ore base of copper industry is provided for next 50 years. Large lead-zinc deposits of Kazakhstan are concentrated on the territory of Rudny Altay and Kazakhstan uplands. The largest deposits of zinc and lead in the world are Shalkiinskoe (with stock equal to 12 million tons) and Zhairemskoe (with ca. one third of stock of lead and zink of Kazakhstan). The raw materials provision of aluminum industry of Kazakhstan is satisfied. The basis of it is presented by significant stocks of relatively low quality, difficult to process high-carbonate bauxites. According to total stock of bauxites Kazakhstan has the 17th place (1.1% of the world stock). There are 300 million tons of total stocks of ores with content of bauxites equal to 42-46% in subsoil of Kazakhstan. More than 250 manifestation of bauxite-similar rocks are located in 8 bauxite areas: West-Torgay, Central-Torgay, East-Torgay, Akmola, Ekibastuz-Pavlodar, North-Kokshetau, Mugadzhar and South-Kazakhstan (Shymkent area). The potential of development of raw material base of titanium industry is quit high and determines by presence of perspective objects and areas. For example, Satpaevskoe deposit (Bektemir) is estimated as 60 million tons of ilmenite and can be developed during 50-60 years. Developed and estimated first industrial alluvial deposits (Obukhovskoe, Shokash, Satpaevskoe)laid the foundation of the own raw material basis of Ust-Kamenogorsk Titan-Magnesium Plant. 9

The conditions of raw materials basis of gold ore industry is one of the most stable among branches of mineral-raw complex of Kazakhstan. In gold ore branch activity of explored reserves is enough high; it is estimated for next 80 years. Kazakhstan is the largest producer of beryllium (the 1st – 4th places), niobium, gallium, technical gallium, rhenium (the 1st – 5th places) etc. In Kazakhstan rare metals mainly are produced simultaneously in mining of nonferrous metals. It is expected that the demand of rare metals will increase in future. As part of the strategic objective the main tasks of the geological sector will be: – improvement of state system of program-target planning and realization of geological exploration with consideration of possibility of enhancing of the role of the government in financing of earlier and as a result riskier regional and searching stages of geological exploration of solid mineral resources, hydrocarbon feedstock and underground waters; – improvement of legal-regulatory and legal-technical bases in order to increase investment attractiveness, introduction of innovation technologies for geological investigation of subsoil and reproduction of mineral resource base, development of environment for equal competition; – development of mechanisms of state-private partnership by attracting of world leading exploration, mining and oilproducing companies for participation in realization of projects of state geological investigation of subsoil; – development of infrastructure of geological branch in sphere of development and introduction of innovation technologies; – personnel support of geological branch; – full scale forward looking regional and prospecting work to replenish the resource base, first of all, of the poorer types of mineral resources (nonferrous and rare metals), including replenishment of resource base of industry towns with prevail development of mining metallurgical enterprises; – carrying out of systematic hydrogeological works in order to provide human settlements by stocks of underground drinking waters. The short characteristics of some minerals of Kazakhstan are presented in Table 1. 10

Table 1 Minerals of Kazakhstan Mineral

Deposit

Argentoten nantite Elatolit

quartzite hills Central Kazakhstan

Femolit

Southern Kazakhstan Central Kazakhstan Chelkar

Metahydroboracite Strontiumborit

Ferrihydrite Metaborit

Year of discovery 1985

Chemical formulae

Color

(Ag,Cu)10(Zn,Fe)2(As,Sb)4S13

1922

Calcium carbonate

1964

Mo5FeS11

Grey and black Colorless and transparent Grayish

1971

HFe5O8·4H2O

1964

HBO2

Inder lake

1941

CaOMgO·3B2O3·11H2O

Caspian Sea region

1960

(Sr,Ca)4B21O42·9H2O

Dark brown Colorless and transparent Colorless and transparent Colorless and transparent

№1 Geochemistry is ... A) study of processes of formation of rocks, soils and natural waters B) science of laws of distribution and movements of elements in different geological environments C) study of chemical composition of the Earth and planets (cosmochemistry) D) study of chemical composition of living cells and organisms E) science of chemical processes that underlying their vital functions F) science of materials, laws of their transformations (physical and chemical properties) and application G) science, hydrology section, studyingof chemical composition of natural waters and laws of its change under influence of physical, chemical and biological effects H) study of substances and their transformations, or, alternatively, science of chemical elements and their compounds №2 Kazakhstan has the 1st place in the world by the content of the following solid mineral resources… A) lead-containing ores 11

B) zinc-containing ores C) chrome ores D) silver-containing ores E) manganese-containing ores F) phosphorites G) gold-containing ores H) copper-containing ores №3 Kazakhstan has leading positions in the world by the content of the following fuel and energy resources … A) oil B) coal C) uranium- containing ores D) gold-containing ores E) calcium-containing ores F) manganese-containing ores G) copper-containing ores H) nickel-containing ores №4 Prospects for the development of copper and lead-zinc industries directly related to … A) strengthening of raw material bases with new competitive objects B) application of modern high-production schemes C) application of effective schemes of mining and processing D) low quality E) active measured reserves F) considering inferred resource G) implementation of high predictive potential H) increasing of market prices №5 The raw material base of ferrous metallurgy is characterized by … A) qualitativeness B) competitiveness C) potentialcompetitiveness D) low indicators of reserves activities E) low quality F) sufficient reliability G) high quality H) high indicators of reserves activities №6 Ferrous metallurgy industry includes … A) iron ore 12

B) manganese ore C) chromeore D) lead-zinc E) gold ore F) gas G) oil H) copper ore №7 Sharply reduced reserves of ores suitable for efficient development and open pit and containing such metals, as ... A) chromium B) copper C) lead D) gold E) nickel F) manganese G) zinc H) uranium №8 The first industrial titanium deposits are… A) Shokash B) Satpaevskoe C) Obukhovskoe D) Taraz E) Aktobe F) Pavlodar G) Eshkiolmes H) Atyrau №9 Mining and metallurgical complex is … A) the fastest growing sector of the industry of our country B) the major component of the economy of Kazakhstan C) one of the most competitive industries of Kazakhstan D) a source of economic prosperity of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan E) the minimum part of the country's exports F) inexhaustible mineral resources base G) complex, where environmental problems are notsolved H) insufficiently reliable complex № 10 Major coal reserves are in… A) Central Kazakhstan B) Karaganda 13

C) Ekibastuz D) South Kazakhstan E) Uralsk F) Atyrau G) Aktobe H) Shymkent № 11 The main raw material base of iron are the following deposits: A) Kentyube B) Sarbaiskoye C) Sokolovskoye D) Ushkatyn III E) North Karadzhal F) Ekibastuz G) Karamurun H) Mynkuduk № 12 Reserves of metal ores in Kazakhstan, belonging to the world's largest provinces A) lead B) copper C) zinc D) gold E) silver F) nickel G) chromium H) magnesium № 13 The significant potential of the Republic are the largest deposits ofporphyry copper type, among them are… A) Aktogay B) Aidarly C) Koksai D) Shatyrkol E) Kosmurun F) Shaimerden G) Akbastau H) Zhezkazgan № 14 Gold ore and gold-containing deposits are localized in 16 mining areas, the most important of them are … A) Kalba 14

B) RudnyAltai C) Kokshetau D) East Torgay E) Pavlodar F) Zhezkazgan G) Balkhash H) Dzhezkensky № 15 Kazakhstan has the2nd place in the world by the content of the following solid mineral resources … A) silver Ii) manganese C) copper D) bauxite E) iron F) gold G) lead H) zinc № 16 The general condition of the world's mineral and raw materials market is currently characterized by the following factors: A) market is saturated and is focused on long-term supply B) prices and sales are strictly controlled by international cartels C) competition increasesin connection with the entry of developing countries D) market is not enough saturated for long-term supply E) prices are not controlled by international cartels F) sales are not controlled by international cartels G) market is not enough focused on the long-term supply H) market is not focused on high-tech mineral resource products corresponding to international standards № 17 The general condition of the world's mineral and raw materials market is currently characterized by the following factors: A) market is focused on high-tech mineral resource products corresponding to international standards B) market is enough focused on long-term supply C) competition increases in connection with the entry of developing countries D) market is not focused on high-tech mineral resource products corresponding to international standards E) sales are not controlled by international cartels F) prices are not controlled by international cartels G) market is not enough focused on the long-term supply H) market is not enough saturated for long-term supply 15

№ 18 The Republic of Kazakhstan is among the ten leading countries in reserves of … A) lead, zinc, copper B) oil, chromium, iron C) manganese, tin, gold D) manganese, uranium, vanadium E) iron, tin, iodine F) copper, zinc, iodine G) zinc, oil, zirconium H) manganese, gold, nitrogen № 19 Strong points of Kazakhstan as the mineral resource base are… A) availability and automated access to geological information on subsoil B) presence of geological exploration companies with experience in all types and stages of work C) great potential of the country, caused by the forecast resources of all kinds of minerals resources, which are several times higher than proven reserves D) decreasing ofstock of easily accessible near-surface deposits E) dependence on internal and external market conditions F) main prospects of finding of new deposits associated with small depths in inaccessible regions G) absence of state industry research organization H) increasing of inflow into geological industry of young staff № 20 Weak points of Kazakhstan as the mineral resource base are… A) deterioration in quality of mineral resources B) dependence on internal and external market conditions C) lack of qualified specialists D) presence of geological exploration companies with experience in all types and stages of work E) availability and automated access to geological information on subsoil F) main prospects of finding of new deposits are associated with greater depth and inaccessible regions G) decreasing of rate of production and consumption of mineral raw materials H) excess of professional trainingof staff № 21 Problems of development of the mineral resources industry include … A) main prospects of finding of new deposits are associated with greater depth and inaccessible regions B) lack of effective metal extraction technologies of proven ores with low quality, preventing their involvement in operation C) lack of professional trainingof staff 16

D) increasing of rate of production and consumption of mineral raw materials E) increasing of prices of mineral resources F) deepening of ore processing G) intensification of the struggle between companies for the access to promising areas of subsoil H) strengthening of processes of concentration of mineral resources at disposal of a limited number of multinational companies and individual countries № 22 Trends in the development of the mineral resource industry are … A) increasing of rate of production and consumption of mineral raw materials B) increasing of prices ofmineral resources C) strengthening of processes of concentration of mineral resources at disposal of a limited number of multinational companies and individual countries D) lack of professional trainingof staff E) stable political and economic situation in the country F) lack of effective metal extraction technologies of proven ores with low quality, preventing their involvement in operation G) main prospects of finding of new deposits are associated with greater depth and inaccessible regions H) favorable situation on the world market of raw materials № 23 Preconditions of developmentof mineral resources sector are … A) stable political and economic situation in the country B) great potential of mineral resource base, provided by estimated resources of all kinds of mineralresources C) favorable situation on the world market of raw materials D) increasing of rate of production and consumption of mineral raw materials E) increasing of prices ofmineral resources F) deepening of processes of ore processing G) reducing of influx of geological industry of young staff (up to 35 years) H) lack of qualified specialists № 24 State Regulation Policy of mineral resources sector provides… A) stable development of industry B) reproduction of mineral resources C) rational and complex usage of subsoil D) geopolitical and economical interests of Kazakhstan in the long term will not be dependent on the state of the mineral resource base of the country E) unstable political and economic situation in the country F) some potential of mineral resource base, provided by estimated resources of all kinds of mineral resources G) economical interests of Kazakhstan in the medium-long term almost will not be dependent on the state of the mineral resource base of the country H) deepening of process of ore processing 17

№ 25 Kazakhstan is among 20 of leading countries in the production of … in the world: A) oil, gas B) iron C) coal D) iodine E) nitrogen F) carbon G) ammonia H) sulfur № 26 Kazakhstan has the 1st place among 186 countries of the worldby the content of … A) tungsten B) barium C) lead D) molybdenum E) chromate F) silver G) zinc H) nickel № 27 Kazakhstan has the 2nd place among 186 countries of the worldby the content of … A) chromium B) zinc C) silver D) molybdenum E) tungsten F) barium G) lead H) nickel № 28 In subsoils of Kazakhstan are concentrated… A) one-third of the world reserves of chromite B) one-quarter of uranium and manganese C) one-tenth of iron ores D) one-fifth of the world's reservesof gold E) one-fifth of the world’s reserves of silver F) half of deposits ofshungite and dolomite G) one-tenth of the world's reserves of zinc H) one-tenth of the world's reserves of tin 18

№ 29 Mineral deposits are distributed in the earth's crust … A) unevenly B) have inorganic origin C) ores, consisting of minerals D) ores with metamorphic composition E) ores, having both inorganic and organic origin F) have organic origin G) ores H) uniformly № 30 Metallic mineral resources include: A) copper, lead B) graphite, coal C) phosphorite D) potassium salts E) molybdenum F) zinc G) dolomite, sulfur H) anthracite № 31 According to prevalence minerals can be divided into… A) rock-forming B) accessory C) ore D) not widespread E) stone F) very widespread G) average widespread H) arid widespread № 32 The main factors, which should be considered in the classification of deposits of rocks and mineral resources, are … A) infrastructural support B) geological characteristics C) economic benefits D) increasing of prices and demand for various types of mineral raw materials E) positioning of environmentally friendly production F) content of beneficial component G) recovery values H) price prediction

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THEME #2. Principles of rational use and organization of the mineral resources of Kazakhstan. Issues of subsoil use in Kazakhstan Rational use and protection of mineral resources in our country characterizes by the following conditions: 1) state ownership of all types of natural resources that allow comprehensive and planned approach to their use and keep mineral resources for future generations; 2) ensure of implementation of national economy in mineral raw materials with minimum socially necessary costs, introduction of advanced low-waste and non-waste productions to reduce level of harmful impact of mining industries on environment. The rational use of mineral resources can be defined as the effective development and use of subsoil resources with their reproduction in necessary scale at simultaneous keeping of ecological balance of environment. The essence of rational subsoil use is the scientific basis and the optimum combination of the needs of society and the protection of mineral resources. The rationality is shown here, firstly, as use of subsoil resources with the greatest possible economic benefit, and secondly, with the minimum allowable damage of subsoil and environment in general. Thus, the rational use of mineral resources is an optimal balance between the desire to maximize profits from this activity with strict observance of the law in this area in order to minimize damage to the environment. Generally the use of mineral resources in Republic of Kazakhstan is regulated by the following laws: 1) Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 24 June 2010 # 291-IV «On subsurface and subsurface use». This Law regulates social relations in the sphere of subsurface use and shall be aimed at protection of the interests of the Republic of Kazakhstan as well as rational and comprehensive subsurface study and use. Spheres of application of this Law are the following: a) This Law shall regulate the relations arising in the conduct of subsurface use operations. b) Relations with regard to the use and protection of land, water (except for ground water and therapeutic muds), forests, flora and 20

fauna, and atmospheric air shall be regulated by special legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. c) Foreign persons and foreign legal entities as well as stateless persons shall follow rights and incur obligations concerning the subsurface use relations on an equal basis with the citizens and legal entities of the Republic of Kazakhstan, unless as otherwise provided by the laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 2) The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 20 July, 2011 # 463-IV «On State Regulation of Manufacturing and Turnover of Specific Types of Oil Products». This Law regulates the social relations, arising during the manufacturing and turnover of specific types of oil products: petrol, aviation and diesel fuel, fuel oil. This Law shall have an effect on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan and extend to relations in the scope of manufacturing and turnover of oil products. Validity of this Law shall not extend to relations: a) arising upon the oil products sales by individuals and (or) legal entities not for the purpose of entrepreneurial activity; b) on manufacturing and turnover of oil products, arising within the frame of mobilization preparation, mobilization and needs of defence. 3) Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 9 January, 2007 # 212 «Environmental Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan». This Code shall regulate relations in the scope of environment protection, reclamation and conservation of the environment, the natural resources utilization and restoration of natural resources in the implementation of business and other activities, related to the natural resources utilization and the environmental modification, within the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Participants in relations, regulated by this Code shall be individuals or legal entities, the state and government bodies, responsible for state regulation in the scope of environment protection and governance of natural resources. № 33 Rational use and protection of mineral resources in our country provides by the following conditions… A) state ownership of all types of natural resources that allow comprehensive and planned approach to their use and safethem for future generations 21

B) provision of the national economy in the mineral raw materials with minimum socially necessary costs C) implementation of advanced low-waste and non-waste production to reduce harmful impactof mining industries on environment D) organizes optimization of the state subsoil fund E) determines payment of duties and taxes for subsoil users F) is not responsible for issuing licenses for subsoil use, as well as monitoring for compliance with conditions of execution of license and contracts etc. G) does not carry out the order of licensing and contracting H) does not set the rules for the use of mineral resources № 34 The government has the following functions in the field of rational use and protection of mineral resources: A) establishes rules for use of mineral resources B) organizes the management of the state subsoil fund C) is responsible for issuing licenses for subsoil use, as well as monitoring for compliance with conditions of execution of license and contracts etc. D) geological investigations of subsoils E) construction and operation of underground facilities, which are not related to mining F) private ownership of all types of natural resources, that allow comprehensive and planned approach to their use G) provision of the national economy in the mineral raw materials with minimum socially necessary costs H) implementation of advanced low-waste and non-waste production to reduce harmful impactof mining industries on environment № 35 Subsoil use right may be … A) alienable or inalienable B) compensated and uncompensated C) permanent or temporary D) geological E) organized F) economic safety G) stable H) financial and economical № 36 Subsoil use right is given in order to conduct the following operations: A) exploration B) production C) state geological studies of subsoils D) establishes rules for use of mineral resources E) provides licensing and contracting 22

F) organize management of state subsoil fund G) is responsible for issuing licenses for the subsoil use right H) provision of the national economy in the mineral raw materials with minimum socially necessary costs № 37 The Law of Subsoil and Subsoil Use has the following disadvantages: A) assumption of mismatch of generally accepted signs of real rights in determining of concepts and systems of property rights in the sphere of subsoil use B) mismatch of several provisions which are not due to the specifics of relations in the sphere of subsoil use C) gaps in the regulation of a number of relationships, including issues of servitude, the termination of subsoil use contracts, suspension of operations D) is responsible for issuing licenses for the subsoil use right E) state geological studies of subsoils F) allows to implement low-waste production to reduce the harmful environmental impact of mining industries G) construction and operation of underground facilities, which are not related to mining H) determines the order of payment of taxes for subsoil users № 38 When signing subsoil use contracts and conducting work, the following terminology is used: A) mineral raw material is extracted on the surface part of the subsoil, containing mineral resource B) mining is work (operations) associated with the extraction of mineral materials from subsoil to surface, and from state-owned man-made mineral formations C) competent authority is executive agency, delegated the right, directly related to the signing and execution of contracts D) subsoil user is contained in subsoil natural mineral substance in solid, liquid or gaseous form, suitable for use in material production E) man-made mineral formations in the solid state, suitable for use in material production F) works (operations) associated with the extraction of mineral resources from subsoil to surface G) trade union body, delegated the right, directly related to the signing and execution of contracts H) public body, such as the Green Party № 39 When signing subsoil use contracts and conducting work, the following terminology is used: A) subsoil user is citizen or juridical person, state and (or) international organization, received the right to carry out operations on subsoil use; 23

B) mineral resource is contained in subsoil natural mineral substance in solid, liquid or gaseous form, suitable for use in material production C) man-made mineral formations are wastes of mining, processing, metallurgical, and other kinds of plants containingmineral resource D) subsoil user is contained in subsoil natural mineral substance in solid, liquid or gaseous form, suitable for use in material production E) man-made mineral formations are contained in subsoil natural mineral substance in solid, liquid or gaseous form, suitable for use in material production F) subsoil user iscompetent authority is executive agency, delegated the right, directly related to the signing and execution of contracts G) mineral resource is work (operations) associated with the extraction of state-owned mineral materials H) public body, such as the Green Party № 40 Special legislation on subsoil use includes 3 basic laws: A) Law of Subsoil B) Law of Oil C) Law of Subsoil and Subsoil Use D) Law of State Regulation of Production and Turnover of certain types of oil products E) Law of Industrial Safety of Hazardous Production Facilities F) Law of gas and gas supply G) Law of supporting of use of renewable energy sources H) Law of energy saving and energy efficiency № 41 Subsoil use right appears by: A) providing of subsoil B) transfer of subsoil C) transfer of subsoil by way of succession D) exploration or mining of mineral resources E) appearing legal relationships F) appearing from implementation of operations of exploration of mineral resources G) appearsduring use of land H) can not appear № 42 Kazakhstan has commercial reserves of … A) ferrous metals B) coal C) non-ferrous metal ores D) gold E) phosphorus F) manganese 24

G) nitrogen H) arsenic № 43 The Republic of Kazakhstan has high quality and competitive raw material base of … A) ferrous metallurgy B) non-ferrous metallurgy C) uranium industry D) oil E) carbon F) minerals G) light industry H) cotton № 44 Fuel and energy complex of Kazakhstan is … A) uranium B) coal C) ensured by the active proven reserves for more than 100 years D) charred coal E) peat F)explored for 10 years G) explored for 5 years H) biogas № 45 Kazakhstan has commercial reserves of such precious metals, as … A) gold B) silver C) platinum D) iron E) copper F) zinc G) mercury N) titanium № 46 Kazakhstan has commercial reserves of such non-ferrous metals, as … A) copper, lead, zinc B) cadmium, gallium, indium C) titanium, silver, gold D) about 40 items E) about 100 items F) zinc, nitrogen 25

G) mercury, white phosphorus N) titanium, nitrogen № 47 Kazakhstan concentrates proved reserves of uranium equal to… A) about 45% B) the 1st place among the CIS C) the 1st place in the world D) 70% E) 90% F) the 10th place in the world G) has no uranium H) the 6th place among the CIS № 48 Kazakhstan has … in oil production A) 17 place in the world B) is included in the top ten C) the 2nd place among the CIS D) is included in the top 20 E) the 5th place among the CIS F) the 1st place in the world G) the 1stplace among the CIS H) the 20thin the world № 49 The main raw material base of ferrous metallurgy is characterized by ... A) lead B) copper C) zinc D) iron E) bauxite F) mercury G) phosphorus H) boron № 50 Being developed reserves of lead and zinc ores are located mainly in … A) East Kazakhstan region B) Ust-Kamenogorsk C) Altai D) North Kazakhstan region E) West Kazakhstan region F) Shymkent G) Uralsk H) Almaty, Astana 26

№ 51 The main amount of balance reservesand deposits of copper are concentrated in ... A) Eastern Kazakhstan B) Central Kazakhstan C) Balkhash, Konyrat D) Western Kazakhstan E) Southren Kazakhstan F) near Shymkent G) near Uralsk H) near Almaty, Astana № 52 In Kazakhstan the main geological and industrial types of copper deposits are ... A) porphyry copper B) copper sandstones and shales C) copper-pyrite D) electrolysis E) pyrite F) limonite G) magnetite H) siderite № 53 Main raw materials base of iron (skarn deposits) are located in … A) North Kazakhstan B) Sokolov-Sarbaiskoye C) Kostanay region D) East Kazakhstan E) West Kazakhstan F) Shymkent, Balkhash G) Aktau, Uralsk H) Almaty, Astana № 54 Main uranium province of Kazakhstan are … A) Shu-Sarysu, Syrdarya B) North Kazakhstan, Caspian C) Balkhash, Ili D) East Kazakhstan E) West Kazakhstan F) Kazakhstan G) Aktau H) Upland 27

№ 55 The main raw material base of oil is … A) Western Kazakhstan B) Caspian Sea C) Mangyshlak, Atyrau D) East Kazakhstan E) South Kazakhstan F) Kentau G) Shymkent H) Astana, Almaty № 56 The main raw material base of coal is … A) Central Kazakhstan B) Eastern Kazakhstan C) Karaganda, Ekibastuz D) Western Kazakhstan E) Southern Kazakhstan F) Northern Kazakhstan G) Aktau, Uralsk H) Almaty, Astana № 57 The basis of the mineral resource base of the aluminum industry is difficult processed stocks of … A) Turgai bauxite B) Eastern Kazakhstan bauxite C) Altai bauxite D) Southern Kazakhstan bauxite E) Konyrat bauxite F) Shimkent bauxite G) Aktau bauxite H) Almaty bauxite № 58 Titanium industry of Kazakhstan … A) is still developing B) based on Obukhov, Shokash and Satpaevdeposits C) is the basis of raw material base of the Ust-Kamenogorsk TitaniumMagnesium Plant D) has a leading place in the World E) is raw material base of Southern Kazakhstan F) is raw material base of Balkhash G) is raw material base of Konyrat H) is raw material base of Karaganda, Semey 28

№ 59 Gold Mining Industry of Kazakhstan … A) is one of the busiest among branches of mineral complex of Kazakhstan B) is raw material base of Northern and Eastern Kazakhstan C) isin top ten countries by reserves D) has very high level of production E) has the leading place in the world F) is resource base of Shymkent G) is the 1st place in the world H) is resource base of Almaty № 60 Aluminium industry of Kazakhstan: A) provision of industry by proven reserves of exploited deposits is equal to 36 years B) resource base is in Eastern Kazakhstan C) East Turgai bauxite D) Chimkent bauxite E) raw material base is inSouthern Kazakhstan F) raw material base is in Almaty G) raw material base is in Karaganda H) provision of industry by proven reserves of exploited deposits is equal to 100 years № 61 Condition of manganese mining in Kazakhstan: A) ores are concentrated in Central Kazakhstan B) in local ores manganese content is 27% C) the 1st place in the CIS D) deposits are concentrated in Southern Kazakhstan E) deposits are concentrated in Western Kazakhstan F) deposits are concentrated in Eastern Kazakhstan G) there is no manganese ores in Kazakhstan H) mining of manganese ore is in the decline stage

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THEME #3. Provision of raw materials industries and key enterprises of the mineral complex of Kazakhstan. The current state of the mining industry The entry and fixing of Kazakhstan on the world mineral-raw materials market in an increasingly competitive environment depends entirely on degree of competitiveness of the products offered, which, in turn, mainly (while reducing of cost of production and reprocessing and improving of manufacturability of production) depends on the quality and quantity of the mineral-raw resources. The activity of reserves registered on the State balance The integrated geological-economic assessment of stocks balance recorded by state shows that not all stocks in today's economy can be classified to active (competitive or potentially competitive). The best quality and competitive is raw material base of ferrous metallurgy. The share of active proven reserves of chrome ore in state balance is equal to 99%, manganese ore is 91%. A significant proportion of active reserves (96%) is characterized by developed deposits of iron ore. Raw materials base of nonferrous metallurgy is characterized by significantly low levels of activity of stock (lead is 69%, copper is 74%, zinc is 92%). Almost all active proven reserves of copper deposits are located in Central and Eastern Kazakhstan, which is currently being actively exploited. About half of the active reserves of lead and zinc are enclosed in developed or planned for development of deposits in East Kazakhstan. The other half of stocks, classified as potentially competitive, concentrate in a unique scale deposit in Central Kazakhstan - Zhairem, development of which requires a significant investment. The number of active does not include huge reserves of zinc and lead of Shalkiya deposit (South Kazakhstan); its ore is characterized by low quality and requires use of high-performance and efficient production and processing schemes, including without-dispensing technology and leaching. In solving of these problems reserves of deposit Shalkiya can go into category of active. The share of active proven reserves of aluminum is equal to 51% (low quality), tin is 69% (Syrymbet deposit), coal is 45%, uranium is 61% (most of deposits, which are suitable for developing of method of underground leaching), titanium is up to 48%, nickel is 34%. 30

The raw material base of the fuel and energy complex of Kazakhstan is characterized by sufficient reliability. Raw material base of uranium and coal industry is quite satisfactory. Oil and gas industries have significant resource base. Taking into account the inferred resources and the implementation of high predictive potential (mainly Caspian Sea) provision of Kazakh oil and gas complex can be greatly increased. Despite high overall provision of raw ferrous metals industries, they are faced with the difficult task of commissioning of new production capacity to replace the outgoing and the large-scale transition to underground mining. Condition of resource base of copper ore and lead-zinc ore industry is very stressful. The positive dynamics of recent years in the production of copper, lead and zinc required to mainly intensive exploitation of the richest and long-developed fields. In the case of unfilled of raw material bases with new objects, a sharp decline in industries begin. Prospects for the development of copper and lead-zinc industries are directly related to the strengthening of raw material bases by new competitive objects and involvement in the development of known deposits with relatively poor ores by use of modern highperformance and effective schemes of mining and processing. The raw material supply of aluminum industry in Kazakhstan is more or less satisfactory. The basis of raw material base of Kazakhstan's aluminum industry make significant reserves of relatively low-grade hard-recyclable high-carbonate bauxite. Never the less, absolutely most part of the explored reserves (85%) is quite competitive. In the republic there are opportunities to expand the resource base of aluminum, but the chance to find new reserves of high quality bauxite is small. Raw material base of titanium industry is in formative phase. Explored and evaluated in recent years, the first industrial deposits (deposit Obukhovskoe, Shokash and Satpaevskoe) laid the basis of own raw material base of Ust-Kamenogorsk Titanium Magnesium Plant. The explored reserves of these fields are active. Potential of development of raw material base of republican titanium industry is quite high and is determined by presence of prospects and projected areas, which require estimation. Condition of resource base of gold industry is one of the most stressful among the sectors of mineral 31

resource complex of Kazakhstan. As the level of reserves, and quality of ore major gold deposits in Kazakhstan are generally comparable with the deposits of foreign countries and, in principle, could provide a higher level of gold production in the country. However, under favorable world conjuncture of gold, the presentation of more stringent requirements for qualitative and quantitative parameters of individual deposits and mineral resource base as a whole becomes inevitably. In connection with the increase in the market price of gold in recent years there has been a revival in the gold industry in Kazakhstan: the volume of gold production increased annually; stable reproduction of the mineral resource base at expense of investors. № 62 Branches of resource base with significant reserves in Kazakhstan are … A) uranium, coal B) oil C) gas D) iron ore E) chrome ore F) copper ore G) lead-zinc ore H) titanium № 63 Proven deposits of titanium raw material (East Kazakhstan) are … A) Obukhovskoe B) Shokash C) Satpaevskoe D) Syrymbet E) Shalkiya F) Zhairem G) Nurkazgan H) Kosmurun № 64 The leading positions of the gold mining industry of Kazakhstan occupy such deposits, as … A) Central Kazakhstan B) Eastern Kazakhstan C) Northern Kazakhstan D) Western Kazakhstan 32

E) South Kazakhstan F) Aral Sea region G) Caspian Sea region H) South-West № 65 Fuel and energy resources include … A) oil, gas B) coal C) uranium D) gold E) silver F) cobalt G) copper H) zinc № 66 Kazakhstan has the 1st place in reserves of … A) zinc ores B) vanadium ores C) tungsten ores D) uranium ores E) chromium ores F) silver ores G) asbestos ores H) iron ores № 67 Kazakhstan has the 9th place in reserves of … A) oil, coal B) gold C) copper D) uranium ores E) chromium ores F) silver ores G) asbestos ores H) iron ores № 68 Kazakhstan has the 2nd place in production of … A) chromium ore B) ferrochrome C) titanium sponge D) manganese ore E) ferroalloys F) tantalum 33

G) asbestos H) niobium № 69 Kazakhstan has the 3rd place in production of … A) manganese ore, ferroalloys, tantalum B) asbestos, niobium, gallium C) technical thallium, arsenic D) coal E) iron ore F) cadmium, boron, sulfur G) magnesium, alumina H) chromeore № 70 Criteria of commercial value of mineral deposits are … A) amount (stock) of mineral resource; quality of mineral resource B) technological properties of ores; mining and geological conditions of exploitation of deposit C) geographic and economic conditions of deposit D) agricultural conditions E) technological processing parameters F) methods of ore extraction G) harmful impurities H) level of enrichment of mineral resource; necessity of enrichment № 71 The technological scheme of ore processing depends on … A) mineral composition of ore, shape B) size and nature of intergrowth of ore minerals C) content of useful components and harmful impurities, their distribution in mineral forms D) geographical and economical situation of deposit E) quality of mineral resource F) technological properties of ores G) mining and geological conditions of exploitation of deposit H) amounts (stocks) of mineral resource № 72 World leaders at ore potential are … A) Australia B) South Africa C) Kazakhstan D) Kyrgyzstan E) Uzbekistan F) Canada 34

G) UK H) Japan № 73 Reducing of volume of production capacity of mining industry is due to: A) absence of demand in domestic market B) low competitiveness in external market C) aging of funds, noticeable reducing of investments in these industries in recent years D) complex use of mineral resources E) create a final redistribution of processing F) production of metal, coal and oil, intended for domestic market G) increasing of export expansion of country H) development of import-substituting industries № 74 The priority directions of scientific and technical policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan are … A) increasing the efficiency of economical potential, overcoming of raw material orientation of industry B) strengthening of export expansion of the country and strengthening of its position in the international market, development of import-substituting industries based on active innovation C) increasing of the technical level of production, formation of complete industrial cycle with production of the final product D) additional source of foreign currency receipts for country E) complete dependence on demand of global markets of minerals, metals and oil F) reorientation of economy to get export-oriented and import-substituting products G) profitability of the main production should be higher than the efficiency of waste usage H) geographical and economical position of deposit № 75 Factors significantly hindering development of mining industry are … A) existing scheme of prepaid of concentration plants and metallurgical plants for raw materials processed B) high tariffs for electricity and transport C) absence of progressive structural policies directed to a relatively balanced development of economic sectors D) complex use of mineral resources E) production of metal, coal and oil, intended for demands of domestic market and international trade F) development of import-substituting industries 35

G) creation of final redistribution of their processing, providing access to products of high marketable availability taking into account demand of domestic and foreign markets H) increasing of export expansion of country № 76 The low level of use of solid waste due to the absence of ... A) equipment for processing of most types of waste or its preparation for processing at the enterprises of other industries B) economically reasonable methods of calculating of the efficiency of recyclingtaking into account environmental requirements, as well as economical stimulation of companies C) operative information on volumes of waste, their physical-chemical properties and methods of usage D) high tariffs for electricity and transport E) scheme of prepaid of concentration plants and metallurgical plants for raw materials processed F) absence of demand in domestic market G) absence of investment for development of mineral resources base H) imperfection of existing technologies of mining and mineral processing № 77 The main deposits of pyrite-polymetallic ores in Kazakhstan are … A) Artemyevskoe B) Kusmurin C) Akbastau D) Syrymbet E) Shalkiya F) Zhairem G) Nurkazgan H) Obukhovskoe № 78 Types of materials which can be used for production of sulfuric acid in Kazakhstan A) sulfur-pyrite ores, tailings of sulphide ores B) gases of ferrous metallurgy C) oil sulfur, gypsum D) phosphorites, bauxite, barite E) native sulfur, kaolin F) bauxite, talc, sylvinite, chrysocolla G) gases of coke ovens, barite, gypsum H) barite, pyrite

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№ 79 Three non-ferrous metals, which can be obtained by processing of cinders by chlorinating burning, are … A) Cu B) Zn C) Co D) Th E) As F) U G) Pt H) Na № 80 Improving of environmental management in mining and metallurgical complex includes: A) normative and methodological approaches to creation of management system of production waste B) rationing system of water consumption and water drainage is an important aspect of environmental protection activities C) assessment of impact of mining and metallurgical complex onenvironment, including human health D) disturbed land rehabilitation and development of new cultivated land for production E) infrastructure provision of this production line F) positioning of production G) growth of requirements in high-tech and science intensive products of mining metallurgical complexes only in the area of location of mining metallurgical complexes H) substitution of mineralreagents for cheaper synthetic reagents № 81 The basis of the sustainable development of the domestic mining and metallurgical complex includes a number of determining factors, among them are… A) presence of mineral reserves in sufficient quantities B) modern technical-technological complex for the extraction and processing of mineral raw materials C) established mechanisms and sales markets of products of mining complex D) increasing of environmental requirements for industrial production and transition to «green economy» E) modern technical-technological complex for extraction and processing of mineral raw materials F) reducing of level of direct consumption of pure metals and active transition to usage of alloys and composite materials G) steady growth in demand of high-tech and science intensive products of mining metallurgical complexes 37

H) normative and methodological approaches to creation of waste management system of production № 82 Among the global challenges, which will determine the competitiveness and sustainability of the mining and metallurgical complex of Kazakhstan in the near future, are the following: A) steady growth in demand of high-tech and science intensive products of mining metallurgical complexes B) reducing of level of direct consumption of pure metals and active transition to usage of alloys and composite materials C) increasing of environmental requirements for industrial production and transition to «green economy» D) replacing of highly toxic reagents by non-toxic is a way to reduce only concentrators wastewater pollution E) technological complex for the extraction and processing of mineral raw materials; F) only normative approaches to creation of waste management system of production G) only presence of mineral reserves in sufficient quantities; H) well-established distribution mechanisms of products of mining complex in area of enterprises of mining metallurgical complexes

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THEME #4. Prospective sources of mineral products and new materials. Modern trends in the technology of extraction of ores. Crushing of ores, sieving. Enrichment and ore processing Prospective sources of mineral raw materials and new materials. More than a hundred non-combustible minerals are extracted from the Earth's crust at present. Usage of mineral resource includes several steps. The first step is finding of enough rich deposit; the second is extraction of minerals by providing of some form of its extraction; the third is processing of ore to remove impurities, and its transformation into required chemical form; and the last is use of the mineral for production of various products. Production, processing and use of any mineral causes soil disturbance and erosion, pollutes air and water. Underground mining is more dangerous process, but it in a much lesser extent violates soil cover. In most cases, territories in which extraction is realized, can be recovered, but it is a very expensive process. Mineral resources are not renewable; therefore it is necessary to keep constantly searching for new deposits. Importance of seas and oceans as a source of oil, sulfur, sodium and magnesium salts increases; their production is usually carried out in shelf zone. In the future there is a question about development of deep-water zone. The technology of extraction of ore of iron-manganese concretions from the ocean floor is developed. Their composition also includes cobalt, nickel, copper and several other metals. Large-scale development of deep sea mineral resources has not yet started because of economic risk and unresolved issue of legal status of such deposits. The agreement, governing the development of seabed mineral resources, has not been signed by the United States and several states. Stone axes, bone needles quickly stopped meet the needs of primitive people. Then bronze and latter iron came. Then era of steel came, and finally modernity with aluminum and plastics came. Humanity is constantly striving to find new materials: lighter, stronger, more elastic, etc. There is no doubt that the synthesis of new materials will continue, and, quite possibly, will enter in a new stage. When we talk about criteria, determining priority technology 39

the ability to fundamentally change, «flip» entire structure of production and social conditions of mankind. These technologies are likely to include information technology, biotechnology, genetic engineering. Among them are technologies of new materials. Perspective, replacing natural mineral raw materials include ceramic and semiconductor materials. Metals, ceramic and polymeric materials are used as matrix and reinforcing components for streng thening of various composite materials. Plastics, or polymers, are the most widely used materials in the United States (greater than steel, copper and aluminum together). The raw material for making of plastics are products of petrochemical synthesis. However, as a raw material and coal can be used instead of oil. Research to search for advanced materials suitable for use in electronic, optical and magnetic devices continues. For example, semiconductors are gallium arsenide, silicon, germanium, and some polymers. Use of gallium, indium, yttrium, selenium, tellurium, gallium and zirconium is promising. Enrichment and ore processing. Modern trends in technology of extraction of ores. Careertransport, grinding of ore, sieving. Enrichment of ore include methods of processing of natural mineral raw materials, which are mixture of natural ingredients and waste material in order to obtain concentrates substantially enriched in one or more valuable components. Enrichment of ore is carried out mainly by mechanical as well as thermal and chemical methods. Historically, the circumstances were such that mineral processing began with enrichment of ores; due to need of further processing of concentrates obtained from ore concentration, as well as other natural resources, which has acquired commercial importance, there are other sectors of mining. Initial processes of enrichment of ore is to wash alluvial gold deposits and grinding of large blocks of rocks, rich in native metals, such as gold, silver and copper. Among the main processes of enrichment of ore are crushing of ore and isolation of concentrate. Crushing is a natural material crushing, typically by mechanical methods to obtain a mixture of particles of valuable and unnecessary components. Grinding can also be supplemented by chemical decomposition of molecules of components to release valuable atoms. Isolation, or concentration, is isolation of useful particles of one or more products, called 40

concentrates, and exclusion of unnecessary particles of waste rock (tailings, or waste). Particles which do not fall into concentrate nor in waste, are called intermediate product, and usually require further processing. During leaching valuable ore components are dissolved and separated from insoluble residue by suitable solvent. In some cases, reagent is added to transfer valuable component in soluble form. Effectiveness (speed and completeness of flowing) of process depends on particle size, properties of reagents used for leaching, temperature and method of contact of ore with solvent or reagent. Generally, decreasing of particle size, increasing of temperature and concentration of leaching chemicals results to increasing of speed of process. Results of enrichment are evaluated by several indicators and first of all by fullness of extraction of valuable components and quality of concentrates. Extraction is ratio of amount of valuable component, transferred into concentrate to its quantity in ore, expressed in percent. Extraction characterizes completeness of transfer of useful component from ore in concentrate and is one of the major technological indicators of enrichment plant. Recovery is ratio of mass of product of enrichment to mass of ore processed, expressed in percent. The content of useful component in concentrate characterizes its quality. The ratio of useful component of concentrate to content in ore is called degree of enrichment and represented as K. The higher is degree of enrichment and extraction of metals, the more efficient is process of enrichment and operation of factory. The significance of mineral processing caused by the following facts: – in many cases many processes (metallurgical, chemical, etc.) becomes possible only after it; – processing of enriched product is carried out with a large economic effect than natural: volume of material to be processed decreases, product quality improves, loss of valuable components of waste production and cost of transportation of raw materials reduce, productivity increases, costs of fuel, electricity and so on reduce. The technology of mineral processing consists of a series of consecutive operations carried out in mineral concentrating plants. Concentrating factories are industrial enterprises, in which 41

enrichment method of treating of minerals and recover them from one or more end products with a high content of valuable components and a low content of harmful impurities. Modern enrichment plant is a highly mechanized enterprise with complex technological scheme of processing of minerals. The technological scheme includes information about sequence of technological process of mineral processing at concentrating factories. The main enrichment techniques include: – sieving, i.e. process of separation of lumpy and granular materials on products with various sizes, called classes, using screening surfaces with calibrated holes (grids, sheet and wire sieve); – grinding and crushing, i.e. process of destruction of minerals under influence of external forces to predetermined size, desired particle size distribution and required degree of opening of materials; – classification, i.e. process of separation of mixture of mineral grains by classes of different sizes according to speed of their sedimentation in water or air; classification is carried out in special devices, called classifiers, if separation occurs in aqueous medium (hydroclassification), and air separators, if separation occurs in air; – gravity processes of enrichment, i.e. enrichment processes in which separation of mineral particles differing by density, size or shape, due to difference in nature and their speed in medium under influence of gravity and resistance forces; – flotation methods, i.e. process of separation of fine mineral resources, implemented in an aqueous medium based on differences in their ability, natural or artificially produced, moistened with water, which determines mineral particles adhere selectively to separation surface of two phases; – magnetic methods of enrichment, which are based on difference in magnetic properties shared minerals; separation of magnetic properties is carried out in magnetic field; – electric enrichment, i.e. process of mineral separation in electric field based on differences in their electrical properties (electrical conductivity, dielectric constant and triboelectric effect). 42

The secondary methods include: – manual and mechanized ore-development are based on differences in physical appearance of separated mineral (color, gloss, shape of grains); – decripitation is based on ability of individual minerals crack (break down) when heated and rapidly cooled; – enrichment by abrasion, shape and elasticity is based on usage of differences of movement speed of separated particles on plane under action of gravity; – radiometric methods of enrichment are based on ability of different minerals, emit, reflect, and absorb various types of radiation; – chemicalmethodsofenrichment are based on processes associated with chemical transformations of minerals (or only their surface) into other chemical compounds, resulting changing of their properties, or transfer of minerals from one state to another. The technological schemes of enrichment of complex ores often include a combination of two or three different methods of enrichment, such as gravity and flotation, gravity and magnetic, etc. For successful application of method of enrichment the presence of minerals sufficient differences of those propertieswhich are used in this method are required. Career transport is complex of tools of transportation of rock mass in open method of mining. The main types of career transport are the following: – railway is the most common type of career transport: rolling stock consists of electric locomotives, diesel locomotives, steam locomotives and self-unloading wagons - dumpcars; – automobile is widely used in open pits of mainly low and medium capacity: rolling stock- dump trucks, tractor-trailers and semi-trailers, diesel-electric dump trucks, etc; – conveyor is a widely used because of continuity of process, high productivity of systems and ability to transport material at angle of rise up to 18° (with special constructions conveyor – up to 35°), which leads to a reduction of lengths of transport communications on career and reduction of volume of mining and fundamental works. 43

With increasing of depth of carriers combined transport, including rational combination of main modes of transport (automobile with railway, automobile with conveyor, automobile with skip rise) is used more and more. № 83 Enrichment of ores is mainly done by … methods A) mechanical B) thermal C) chemical D) physical E) physical-chemical F) electrical G) thermal H) enrichment № 84 Mechanical enrichment method is… A) separation of ore particles from waste rock particles B) only physical processes are used C) without chemical transformations D) separation of waste rock by annealing (heating) E) physical andchemical processes are used F) with chemical transformations G) leaching process H) melting process № 85 Chemical enrichment method includes… A) melting and burning B) leaching C) extraction of valuable components D) oxidation E) concentrating F) heating G) reducing H) annealing (heating) № 86 Perspective materials, substitute the natural mineral raw materials which are used as reinforcing components for the consolidation of different composite materials, are… A) metal B) ceramic 44

C) polymer D) conductive E) silicate F) structural G) steel H) nanomaterials № 87 Prospective ceramic materials, which replace natural mineral raw materials, are… A) inorganic non-metallic materials B) sealed by heat treatment and sintering C) ordinary components are aluminum oxide and silicon D) inorganic metallic materials E) sealed by melting and sintering F) usual components are magnesium oxide and silicon G) feedstock is inorganic synthesis products H) feedstock is organic synthesis products № 88 Perspective materials-polymers, substitute natural mineral raw materials are… A) plastic masses B) feedstock is products of petrochemical synthesis C) feedstock is coal D) non-ductile mass E) feedstock is inorganic synthesis products F) sealed by melting and sintering G) sealed by heat treatment and sintering H) organic nonmetallic materials № 89 The products of enrichment of ore: A) concentrate B) tails C) intermediates D) waste rock E) residual ore F) excess of ore G) various gases H) water and carbon dioxide № 90 Milling in the process of enrichment of ore is… A) final step of mechanical separation of minerals from gangue B) produced in an aqueous medium by machines 45

C) rock is crushed usingcast-iron or steel balls D) in acidic medium by stirrers E) rock is crushed using conical and jaw crushers F) initial stage of mechanical separation of minerals from gangue G) does not include chemical processes H) uncontrolled complex process № 91 Magnetic separation in the process of enrichment of ore is… A) used for the enrichment of ores, containing minerals with a relatively high magnetic susceptibility B) realized in aqueous or in dry medium C) realized in magnetic separator D) used for enrichment of ore in wet aggressive medium E) realized only in dry medium F) realized only in aqueous medium G) produced in electrostatic separator H) used for enrichment of ores containing minerals with a relatively low magnetic susceptibility № 92 Enrichment of ore in uranium industry is characterized by: A) specific gravity is used for enrichment of ore B) chain «grinding → crushing → tweaking» is used C) radiometric enrichment is used D) includes only physical processes E) includes only physical and chemical processes F) chain «crushing → grinding → tweaking» is used G) wastes are enriched by various uranium isotopes H) wastes do not contain uranium isotopes № 93 Steps of using of mineral resources include: A) detection of relatively rich deposits B) usage of mineral for production of biofuels C) extraction of mineral by providing any form of its production D) using of electronic effects of energy of minerals E) using of solar radiation for obtaining of energy in any form F) ore processing, underground mining of mineral G) use of mineral for production of hydrogen fuel H) processing of ore, removing of impurities and converting it to the necessary chemical form № 94 Enrichment of mineral raw material … A) occupies an intermediate position between pre-production and further processing of mineral components 46

B) is process of dewatering of materials C) is a set of technological activitiesaimed to increase concentration of valuable components in minerals D) pre-treatment bysulpho-agglomeration method followed by flotation E) occupies final position in extraction and subsequent processing of useful components F) includes only irradiation of initial material by X-rays G) is a set of technological activitiesaimed to decrease concentration of valuable components in minerals H) is due to technology of the further recycling of production waste № 95 As a result of enrichment … are obtained. A) concentrate B) powder masses C) intermediate D) suspension E) solid-phase products F) gases G) volatile substances H) wastes № 96 Preliminary process of enrichment includes … A) grinding B) drying C) flotation D) crushing E) washing F) sorting G) vacuuming H) sieving № 97 Properties of minerals, used in separation, include … A) temperature, pressure B) physical-chemical properties of surface C) density, magnetic susceptibility D) thermal conductivity E) water wettability F) acid resistance G) electroconductivity H) alkali resistance № 98 Mechanical enrichment methods allow: … A) to use different densities of various minerals 47

B) to use suspensions consisting from ore particles, water and solid component C) to separate valuable ore particles from particles of waste rock D) to recycle material of sand fraction E) to use purely physical processes F) to process without chemical reactions G) to obtain fine-grained sand and slurry fraction H) to process with changing of optical properties № 99 Milling: A) is used for preparation of material with certain dimension B) rock is broken to size suitable for further crushing C) centrifugal forces in aqueous medium are used D) is final stage of mechanical separation of minerals from gangue E) allows to get fine-grained sand and slurry fraction F) is produced in aqueous medium using machines G) rock is crushed using cast-iron or steel balls H) is based on a different surface conductivity № 100 Prospective sources of mineral raw materials… A) replace natural mineral raw material B) use non-metallic materials C) include ceramic materials D) are used as reinforcing components E) replace all mineral raw materials F) are semiconductor materials G) are composite materials H) are renewed № 101 Metals, ceramic and polymeric materials are used: A) as plastic masses B) as the most widely used material C) as matrix D) to produce plastics E) for consolidation of various composite materials F) as conductive material G) as reinforcing components H) as polymers № 102 Ceramicsis: A) organic metal materials B) inorganic non-metallic materials C) materials, compacted by firing 48

D) materials, compacted by heat treatment E) component of composite material F) organic and inorganic materials G) materials, compacted by sintering H) inorganic carbonates № 103 Worth of ceramic materials is cause by … A) thermal stability B) high chemical resistance C) fire resistance, alkali resistance D) durability and corrosion resistance E) acid resistance F) dielectric, magnetic properties G) electrical, magnetic and optical properties H) optical, physical properties № 104 Perspective materials are suitable to be used in… A) electronic devices B) mobile devices C) magnetic devices D) control device E) optical devices F) peripheral devices G) electromagnetic devices H) multimedia devices № 105 Devices which break mined raw materials are… A) centrifugal-type crushers B) primary crushers C) jaw crusher D) are carried out in two steps E) secondary crushers F) roller-type crushers G) cone crusher H) are carried out in three steps № 106 Screening … A) is grains with size larger than 1-3 mm B) is used for obtaining of a material with certain dimension C) latter material goes for washing D) is grains with size larger than 4.5-7mm E) latter material goes for wet separation 49

F) latter material goes for concentrating G) is used for obtaining of a material with any dimension H) is grains with size larger than 3-5 mm № 107 Sreening of materials A) is vibration at a frequency of 500-3600 cycles per minute B) a secondary element is a sieve C) belongs to a vibration type D) is vibration at a frequency of 200-600 cycles per minute E) the main element is a sieve F) belongs to a main type G) is vibration at a frequency of 1000-2000 cycles per hour H) belongs to a centrifugal type № 108 Material, being classified with grain size, … A) is miscible with water B) is fed to bottom edge of classifier C) is moved by current in recess on upper edge of tray D) is separated by water E) is fed to upper edge of classifier F) moves into recesses on upper and lower edge of tray G) is fed to middle edge of classifier H) moves due to gravity into recess on bottom edge of tray № 109 To separate ore particles … are used A) centrifugal forces B) air medium C) centrifugal classifiers D) sand-slurry fraction E) aqueous medium F) electromagnetic force G) wet fraction H) centrifugal cone classifiers № 110 The method of enrichment in heavy medium … A) is based on usage of suspension B) horizontal containers are used C) conical or horizontal containers are used D) density of suspension varies from 2.5 to 3.5 E) vertical and pyramidal containers are used F) conical or pyramidal containers are used G) density of suspension varies from 3 to 5.5 H) is based on usage of liquid 50

№ 111 Concentration tables … A) are adapted for processing of material with a grain size of less than 5 mm B) are gravity concentrators C) are set with a small controlled cross slope D) are adapted for processing of material of sand fraction with a grain size of less than 2.5 mm E) are installed with a large cross slope F) are autonomicconcentrators G) with a rectangular deck as the main element H) are modular concentrators № 112 Flotation … A) is based on a different surface conductivity of different minerals B) provides obtaining of high-grade concentrates C) constitute the main expenditure item D) is based on identical surface conductivity of different minerals E) allow to separate almost any two minerals F) allows to obtain flotation reagents G) allows to separate one or more minerals H) is based on different surface magnetic susceptibility of various minerals № 113 Magnetic separation is used to enrich ores, containing minerals with a relatively high magnetic susceptibility;among them are ... A) magnetite B) phosphorus minerals C) arsenopyrite, antimonite D) chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite E) franklinite F) sphalerite, gray ores G) sphalerite, galena H) ilmenite and pyrrhotite № 114 Magnetic separation … A) is a device in which ore layer moves in gravitational field B) is realized in aqueous medium C) is suitable only for coarse grains D) is a device in which ore layer with thickness of several grains moves continuously in magnetic field E) is realized in dry and air mediums F) is suitable only for fine-grained sand and slimes G) is realized in dry medium

51

H) is a device in which ore layer with thickness of several grains moves continuously in electric field № 115 Chemical methods of enrichment … A) include, as a preliminary step, crushingof ore B) include melting, leaching C) include, as a preliminary step, melting of ore D) can be applied directly to both concentrates and ores E) include, as a preliminary step, separation of ore F) can be applied only to concentrates G) include, as a final step, crushing of ore H) include melting, roasting and leaching № 116 Mining, processing and usage of any mineral … A) break soil cover in a lesser degree B) have a significant positive impact on development of production C) cause breach of soil cover and erosion D) are associated with certain components of natural complex E) allow fully restore soil cover F) pollute air G) result to smaller amounts of solid waste H) contaminate water № 117 Methods of direct interaction are … A) heap leaching B) leaching with mixing C) in-situ leaching D) leaching within filtration E) bacterial leaching F) leaching with stirring G) alkaline leaching H) leaching of valuable components

of

leaching

solutions

with

ore

№ 118 The composition of ore iron-manganese concretions, mined from sea bed includes... A) cobalt B) tin C) nickel D) sulfur E) germanium F) copper 52

G) dubnium H) ruthenium № 119 Leaching within filtration… A) is used in processing of ores which are poorly crushed during crushing B) is realized mainly in cisterns C) is washed for residues of leaching solution D) is quite slow process E) is used in processing of ores which are well crushed during crushing and contain natural slurry or clays F) is realized out mainly in filters G) is realized mainly in tanks, well adopted for loading and unloading H) is relatively fast process № 120 Leaching with stirring... A) is realized mainly in tanks, well adopted for loading and unloading B) is applied in processing of high-grade ores and concentrates with a relatively small volume of material C) is realized mainly in tanks, well adopted for loading and unloading D) is applied in processing of high-grade ores containing coarse fraction E) allows to reduce interaction time of solutions with ore up to several hours F) is used in processing of ores which are well crushed during crushing and contain natural slurry or clays G) allows to reduce interaction time of solutions with ore up to several minutes Н) is applied in processing of high-grade ores containing fine dispersed disseminations of useful components № 121 Extraction of valuable components from solutions after leaching, containing dissolved useful components, can be realized … A) by jigging or filtration B) by chemical deposition C) by desorption D) only by deposition E) by solvent extraction F) by absorption G) by ion exchange or electrolysis H) by cation exchange method № 122 Jigging machines … A) are one kind of gravity concentrator, which have two branches B) have four branches C) contain suspension consisting from water and ore particles 53

D) are chute with rough bottom E) have capacity up to 1000 t/h F) have productivity (according to initial product) up to 300 t/h G) are one type of flotation concentrator H) contain suspension consisting from ore particles only № 123 Application of jigging machines is … A) separation of mineral resources in an aqueous medium according to their density during enrichment of non-ferrous, ferrous, rare and precious metals B) enrichment of coals C) separation of salts D) separation of minerals of complex ores E) enrichment of ore F) enrichment of native sulfur G) obtaining rough concentrates at high volumes of enriched material H) enrichment of placers on dredges № 124 Plaster dry mixture based on broken glass is… A) primer B) finish coat C) sprayed D) after layer E) tire F) the first layer G) broken glass H) glass layer № 125 Mined ore are processed by: A) desalting, dehydration B) cleaning, drying C) filtering, grinding D) calcination, drying E) chlorination, dehydration F) etching, dehydration G) firing, fusion H) flotation,incrustation № 126 The ores are classified by: A) quality of extracted metal B) quality of gangue C) quantitative content of extracted metal D) appearance 54

E) physical-chemical characteristics F) smell G) grain size H) aggregate state № 127 The main technological processes of ore extraction are … A) conducting (walking) of mine workings B) drill; blasting of rocks C) fixing and stowing; rising of ore to surface D) flotation concentration E) gravity concentration F) mechanochemical processing G) magnetic separation H) crushing, screening № 128 The main methods of mining of ore deposits are … A) open (career) B) underground (mine) C) combined D) above ground E) channel F) boat G) bubble H) earthy № 129 The main technological processes of ore enrichment A) grinding, crushing B) flotation, concentration C) filtration, drying of concentrate D) grinding, hardening E) concentration, burning F) float method, hardening G) dehydrating, chlorinating H) etching, drying № 130 Crushing is classified into ... A) major (hundreds of mm) B) average (tens of mm) C) fine (few mm) D) major (tens of mm) E) fine (hundreds of mm) 55

F) average (few mm) G) semi-milled H) semi-fine № 131 Grinding is … A) crushing of solid body to a certain size B) separation of material into small pieces C) separation of material to certain size D) crushing of raw materials into large particles E) screening of materials F) separation of granular materials G) crushing of granular materials H) separation of coal, ore, gravel into fractions № 132 The most common types of crushers are… A) cone B) jaw C) hammer D) circular E) tape F) drum G) ball H) chain № 133 Crushing of ore is done by …. crushers. A) jaw B) disk C) runners or rollers D) only on runners E) only on jaw F) tape G) spiral H) cyclic № 134 Career transport is … A) a complex of facilities and installations for moving of rock masses at open mining. B) a complex of facilities and installations for transportation of rock masses C) movement of career goods D) a complex of facilities and installations for storage of goods E) a motion of finished products F) a movement and transport of semi-finished products 56

G) a complex of facilities and installations for storage of minerals H) a transportation of fertilizers № 135 The main types of career transport are … A) train B) car C) conveyor D) aviation E) marine F) ground G) tractor H) pipeline № 136 Selecting of the type career transportis mainly determined by … A) characteristic of transported cargo B) transportation distance C) transport scale D) chemical composition of cargo E) aggregate state of ore F) mineral density G) type of transport H) depth of career № 137 Main requirements to career transport are … A) providing of a specified volume transportation B) regularity and reliability of work C) safety of traffic and realization of works D) frequency of transportation E) speed of work F) low power consumption G) total usage of energy H) low cost № 138 Screening is … A) separation of bulk materials into fractions by size or particle size (pieces) by screening on sieves B) a common technological process in chemical industry, used in conjunction with grinding, as well as an independent operation C) separation into fractions of rocks, bulk building materials, in laboratories for fractional analysis of bulk materials D) crushing of solids till a certain size E) separation of material into small pieces 57

F) separation of material till a certain size G) fractionating of mass of components H) fractionating of rocks, liquid building materials, in laboratories for their fractional and chemical analysis № 139 Applications of screens are … A) separation of coal, ore, gravel for fractions B) sieving of material C) dehydration of materials (enriched coal, washed ores) D) grinding of materials E) clarification of materials F) separation for sections G) crushing of raw materials H) enrichment of clay-forming minerals № 140 Tools of screens are … A) frame, hanging springs B) wheels, bearings C) vibrator, screen box D) screws, wheels E) bearings, rings F) shafts, carburetors G) rod, shafts H) rod № 141 Classification of screens is according to … A) nature of field of fluctuation B) nature of motion of working body or method of movement of material C) location on screening surface D) character of distribution E) purpose and principle of operation F) size of grains G) aggregation state H) dispersion № 142 Types of screening (separation of material into fractions) are … A) support (preliminary) B) testing and control C) coincident (preliminary and control) D) jaw E) disk F) periodic 58

G) cyclic H) drum № 143 Screening rate depends on … A) construction of screens B) nature of their screening (working) surface C) forms of holes D) physical-chemical properties E) nature of reactants F) gangue G) conditions of process H) aggregate state of mineral № 144 Effectiveness of screening depends on … A) time of sieving B) granulometry and composition of raw material C) raw material humidity D) temperature E) sieve size F) dispersion G) size of holes H) all answers are correct № 145 Indicators of screening are determined by the following structural and mechanical factors… A) design of sieve B) shape and size of holes C) angle of inclination D) temperature of process E) concentration of additives F) pressure of system G) reproducibility of apparatus H) oxygen content in air № 146 According to working surface form screens can be … A) flat B) drum C) arc D) spherical E) ellipsoidal F) movable G) screw H) circular 59

№ 147 According to nature of field fluctuations screens can be … A) with circular vibrations, elliptical B) with rectilinear vibrations C) with complex combined fluctuations (circular + rectilinear) D) with linear vibrations E) with vibratory vibration F) with wave vibrations G) with cyclical vibrations H) with screw vibrations № 148 According to nature of movement of working body, screens are divided into … A) fixed B) rotating C) hydraulic D) flat E) drum F) special G) movable H) circular № 149 According to composition of masses, rocks are divided into ... A) volcanic B) igneous C) sedimentary D) borate E) sulfide F) metamorphic G) carbonate H) bicarbonate

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THEME #5. Testing of mineral resources. Physical and chemical fundamentals of mineral dissolution There are several directions in the practice of laboratory research of mineral raw materials. Among them are: – Study of properties of minerals in order to identify their areas of application and use as new types of mineral raw materials that by their economic effect is comparable with opening of large deposits. – Development of research complex aimed at improving of efficiency of exploration and assessment work (search mineralogy). This allows to propose new search criteria, which serve as minerals, certain mineral associations, specific characteristics, which are determined rapidity in-situ or in stationary laboratories. – Development of research complex aimed at improving of intensification of use of subsoil (technological mineralogy). These studies are aimed at maximizing of recovery of valuable components and development of non-waste technology. – Development of studies of genetic mineralogy to provide objective data on conditions of formation of minerals which allows to assess physical-chemical parameters of mineral formation processes by different ways. The development of innovative directions in carrying out of methodological work and introduction of new methods and instruments is the most important task of laboratory investigations. The main directions are listed below: 1. Transition to local research methods of small area of mineral, measured in square micrometers, saves time (there is no need for allocation of mono-mineral fractions) and provides accurate information. Currently, local optical methods, including usage of lasers, X-ray methods, among them are sounding with microanalyzers, and electronic methods (electron microscopy and electron diffraction) are developed. 2. Usage of laser sources in mineralogical studies holds great promise because it allows: – to determine chemical composition of minerals in point (microscopes with laser attachments); 61

– to go to study of nonlinear optical properties of minerals on basis of which phase rapid analysis is developed; – to determine composition of solid, liquid and gas phases, including individual, without opening them (methods of Raman spectroscopy); – to apply methods of holography in studying of minerals and study of their interaction with mineral-forming medium. 3. Improving of accuracy and precision of methods for determining of properties of different minerals. 4. Development of spectroscopic techniques of investigation (optical spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, luminescent spectroscopy, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, nuclear gamma-spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, etc.) allow to study properties and characteristics of minerals in a wide energy range, to identify changes in mineral structure at atom-electron level, to assess density of various defects (impurity and electron-hole) in minerals. 5. Automatisation of all types of laboratory tests with processing of received data on computer is particularly important to accelerate diffraction-metric measurement and optical-geometrical analysis. Currently automatic diffractometers with engine running, allowing automatically to carry out phase analysis and to determine the quantitative composition of minerals in various samples of rocks, ores and processing products, are developed. 6. Changing to new methods of crushing rocks and ores, allowing to disintegrate them according to natural grain boundaries and, therefore, to receive minimum number of aggregates and to development electropulse, aerodynamic and ultrasonic methods of rock disintegration. 7. Development and rational complexation of field methods of mineralogical research and creation of mobile mineralogy and mineralogical-analytical laboratories allowing to carry out express all necessary determinations in field conditions. 8. Development of rational complex of methods for mineralogical study of types of rocks and ores. Objects of laboratory research of mineral raw materials are minerals and mineral associations in rocks and ores. Goal of laboratory research includes: 1) diagnosis (definition) of minerals and mineral types; 62

2) determination of chemical composition of minerals, including elements- impurities which are often in minute quantities (up to 10-6 – 10-7 %); 3) determining of crystalline structure of minerals; 4) study of physical properties of raw materials; 5) studying of enrichment technology and complex extraction of useful component from ore. All these tasks are solved in stationary and express laboratories. № 150 Mineral is … A) natural body with a definite chemical composition and an ordered atomic structure, formed as a result of natural physical and chemical processes B) solid natural inorganic crystalline substance C) chemically and physically individualized product of natural physicalchemical reaction and being in crystalline state D) gaseous inorganic substance E) natural body with a certain physical structure and an ordered atomic structure, which is not formed as a result of natural physical and chemical processes F) solid, liquid, natural inorganic crystalline substance G) chemically and physically individualized natural product of physicalchemical reaction and being in gaseous state H) natural body with different chemical composition and disordered atomic structure № 151 Optical properties of minerals are … A) dispersion B) polarization C) light refraction and reflection D) hardness E) elasticity F) viscosity G) surface tension H) density № 152 Minerals are used … A) as fertilizers B) in medicine, chemistry and pyrotechnics C) in jewelery and as an ornamental stones D) in aircraft construction E) in manufacturing of equipment 63

F) in production of plastics G) in polymer compounds H) in publishing production № 153 Physical and mechanical properties of minerals are … A) hardness, luster, cleavage B) fracture, color, specific density C) magnetism, fragility, color of lines D) thermal conductivity, specific density E) surface tension, heat resistance F) fracture, color, reflection G) reflection, hardness, luster H) magnetism, fragility, electrical conductivity № 154 Most minerals contain in their main structure such elements, as … A) oxygen, silicon B) aluminum, iron, magnesium C) calcium, sodium, potassium D) nickel, chromium, calcium E) aluminum, uranium, magnesium F) iron, sodium, cobalt G) gold, aluminum, silicon, H) oxygen, hydrogen, carbon № 155 According to density minerals are classified as follows … A) light (up to 2500 kg/m3) B) average (2500-4000 kg/m3) C) heavy (4000-8000 kg/m3) D) semi-light (1000 kg/m3) E) semi-average (up to 2500 kg/m3) F) of high gravity (up to 10000 kg/m3) G) semi-heavy (above 2500 kg/m3) H) compact № 156 Properties, which affect dissolution of minerals, are … A) temperature B) physical-chemical properties of solvent C) physical-chemical properties of solute D) softness E) catalyst F) time 64

G) density of solutions H) magnetic propertiesof solvent № 157 The dissolution of minerals is often accompanied by … A) release or absorption of heat B) increasing of volume of solution C) decreasing of volume of solution D) decreasing of density of solution E) precipitation F) luminescence G) increasing of density of solution H) decreasing of entropy № 158 During interaction of called ... A) solvates B) hydrates C) solvation D) chemicals E) phosphates F) silicates G) hydrolysis H) protolysis

solvent with solute ... are formed, a process is

№ 159 Disperse systems are … A) systems consisting of such substance in which another substance is distributed in a very fine form B) heterogeneous systems containing in their composition microscopic homogeneous parts, such as fibers, capsules, membrane, etc. C) systems of two phases where one substance is dissolved in another in fine form D) solid bodies in which atoms are arranged regularly to form a threedimensionally-periodic spatial packing E) organic compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups F) off-system unit of exposure dose of X-ray and gamma-radiation G) aqueous or acidic systems H) aqueous or alkaline systems № 160 Types of disperse systems are … A) true B) colloidal C) coarsely dispersed 65

D) alkali E) acid F) microscopically G) neutral H) carbonate № 161 Solution is a homogeneous multi-component system consisting of … A) solvent B) solutes C) products of reaction D) acids E) bases F) mucilage G) polymeric substances H) radicals № 162 The physical theory of solutions was developed by … A) Van't Hoff B) Arrhenius C) Ostwald D) Newton E) Proust F) Avogadro G) Nurakhmetov H) Usanovich № 163 Soluble minerals are … А) Ca(NO3)2 B) CaCl2 C) CaI2 D) CaSO4 E) Ca(SO3)2 F) CaF2 G) CaCO3 H) AgCl № 164 Insoluble minerals are … А) Ca(NO3)2 B) CaCl2 C) CaI2 D) Ca3(PO4)2 E) Ca(SO3)2 66

F) CaF2 G) CaSO4 H) NaCl № 165 Slightly soluble minerals are … А) CaSiO3 B) Ag2SO4 C) MgCO3 D) Ca(NO3)2 E) CaCl2 F) CaI2 G) NaBr H) NaCl № 166 Speed of dissolution of minerals is mainly due to … A) rate of diffusion B) rate of diffusion can be increased by mixing of aqueous solution C) rate of diffusion can be increased by heating of aqueous solution D) polarity of minerals E) magnetic properties of minerals F) luminescence of solution during dissolut G) redox reactions H) donor-acceptor interactions in solvent № 167 The ability to form an aqueous solution of minerals is caused by..... A) solubility of substances in water B) solubility is one of basic physical- chemical characteristics of substances C) solubility determines concentration of solute, which may be in equilibrium with water at certain conditions D) donor-acceptor interaction E) only physical interaction F) structure of resulting products G) illumination of solution H) magnetic properties of solution № 168 Conditions of reducing of dissolution rate are … A) saturation of solution B) supersaturated solution C) minimum of Gibbs energy D) increasing of temperature E) irradiation F) stirring 67

G) cooling H) standing № 169 Solubility of calcium or magnesium carbonate in water … A) is measured by concentration of saturated solution at this temperature B) is very small: at 180 °C for calcite is equal to 14 mg/l, for aragonite is 15 mg/l C) is determined by solubility of product D) always leads to formation of supersaturated solution E) leads to maximum of Gibbs energy F) always leads to decreasing of temperature G) is determined by temperature rise factor H) occurs during irradiation of solution № 170 The process of dissolution of solid substance in solvent is connected with … A) break of intermolecular bonds B) break of interion bonds C) destruction of crystal lattice D) increasing of temperature E) minimum of Gibbs energy F) mechanical milling G) integration of bonds H) illumination of solution № 171 Solubility of salts in water is … A) ability of salts to form homogeneous system with water B) quantitatively measured by concentration of saturated solution at certain temperature C) depending on nature of dissolved salt can vary very widely D) ability of salts to form heterogeneous system with water E) depending on nature of dissolved salt can vary within very narrow range F) depending on nature of dissolved salt cannot vary very widely G) quantitatively measured by concentration of dilute solution at certain temperature H) quantitatively measured by concentration of aqueous solution at certain temperature № 172 The main indicators of electrochemical process are … A) degree of use ofelectricity B) current output 68

C) consumable coefficient of electricity D) consumable coefficient of mass E) consumable coefficient of gas volume F) consumable coefficient of volume of liquid G) consumable coefficient of entropy H) quality output № 173 Membrane processes are … A) filtering under vacuum B) reverse osmosis C) dialysis D) ultrafiltration E) centrifuging F) abrasion G) evaporation H) dissolving № 174 Membrane processes are … A) electrodialysis B) evaporation through membrane D) diffusion separation of gases E) centrifugation, dialysis F) abrasion, dialysis, evaporation through membrane G) evaporation, ultrafiltration, electrodialysis H) evaporation through membrane, crystallization № 175 The values characterizing flow regime of liquids are … A) maximum flow rate B) average flow rate C) diameter of pipeline D) viscosity, density E) concentration of liquid, density F) viscosity, minimum slope of pipeline G) viscosity, maximum slope of pipeline H) slope of pipeline № 176 Classification of membranes by nature is as follows … A) radioactive B) natural, synthetic C) organic D) inorganic F) only sulfur containing organic 69

G) with hydrogen bonds within molecules H) without hydrogen bonds within molecules № 177 Classification of membranes by structure is as follows … A) amorphous B) porous, macro and microporous C) nonporous D) crystalline, polymer E) high molecular weight and low molecular weight F) structured and without any specific structure G) crystalline H) wavelike № 178 Classification of membranes by application is as follows … A) gaseous and liquid B) gaseous systems, «gas-liquid» systems C) «liquid-liquid» systems D) «gas – solid» systems E) only liquid F) for ceramic products G) for usage in harsh corrosive mediums H) for usage in various mediums including harsh corrosive environments № 179 Classification of membranes by action mechanism is as follows … A) absorption B) adsorption C) diffusion D) ion exchange E) dynamic F) catalyst G) static H) donor-acceptor № 180 Extraction machines with a supply of external energy are … A) rotating extractors to generate pressure B) machines for mixing of phases C) machines for phase separation D) machines both for mixing and separating of phases E) extraction machines with outside and inside power supply F) cylinder G) spherical H) machines in which mixing and separation processes occur in different temperature fields 70

THEME #6. The principles of development and problems of creation of low-waste and wasteless productions. The essence of integrated use of mineral raw materials. The use of waste as a secondary raw material – secondary material resources The criterion of wasteless technology is such complex use of raw materials and energy, in which production process is not accompanied by environmental pollution. At the same time technology of cycling of raw material, products and wastes predetermine isolation of production cycle, which in essence is basis of wasteless technology. Existing in the World principle of processing of ore is based mostly on extraction of one element with enough high concentrations. According to this principle only one element is considered to be a target; and all others are considered as wastes with all associated consequences: growing of insufficiency of raw materials; high cost of its processing, accumulation of wastes. A more realistic prospect is so-called low-waste technology, which is understood as a way of production, where harmful effects on environment was minimized till health and hygiene standards and corresponding values of MPC. The main objective of low-waste technology is introduction of special treatment facilities and installations. At each company three types of wastes are produced: – waste gases – wastewater – solid waste In this regard, the establishment of low-waste and non-waste technologies are developed in four main directions: 1. Creation of various types of closed systems on basis of existing, introducing and perspective methods of purification. This allow to achieve sharp reduction of water demand, but mostly secondary pollution, such as solid waste and saturated solutions, is formed. 2. Development and implementation of processing systems of production and consumption wastes, which should be considered not as an environmental load, but as a secondary material resources. 71

3. Creation of innovative processes of obtaining of traditional products, allowing to reduce or eliminate processing steps or technological stages, in which a major amount of waste is formed. 4. Development and creation of territorial-industrial complexes with a closed structure of flows of raw materials and wastes inside it with minimum emissions into environment. The reason of insufficient efficiency of creation of low-waste technologies are: – during design and reconstruction of productions, plants for processing of wastes or preparing them for processing at enterprises of other industries are not introduced in production cycle along with wastewater treatment plants; – there are no economically justified methods of calculating of efficiency of waste management, taking into account environmental requirements, as well as economic stimulation of companies; – in planning of development of production the possibility of their further growth, as a result of processing of accumulated or accumulating wastes, are not take into account; – lack of operational information on volumes of generated waste, their physical and chemical properties and methods of use. It is known that during processing of raw materials for production of yellow phosphorus a large amount of adverse substances are released. Solid wastes are slag, ferrophosphorus, and dust. Liquid wastes are sludge at standing of raw phosphorus, waste water. Gaseous wastes are gas emissions of process of sintering of agglomerate, furnace gas, produced during production of phosphorus, waste gases released during draining of ferrophosphorus slag. Thus, during production of one ton of phosphorus over 10 tonsof slag, about 100 kg of ferro phosphorus, as well as other phosphorus-containing dust, gas and liquid wastes are formed. During production of sulfuric acid from pyrite after removing of most of sulfur a solid, crumbly powder – pyrite cinder remains. For every ton of sulfuric about 0.6 tons of cinder is formed. Cinder contains 58% of iron, up to 5% of copper, calcium sulphate, small quantities of silver and other valuable components. Pyrite cinders can be successfully used in cement and glass industries and building materials industry. Application of cinder as 72

one of components of mixture for burning of cement clinker will allow to save considerable funds spent on mining and processing of non-metallic materials, as well as construction of dumps. The necessity of this raw material for cement industry is increasing continuously. The presence of iron, along with non-ferrous metals, in pyrite cinder creates the preconditions for their usage in ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy. One way of processing is chlorinating roasting of cinder obtained from re-float concentrate. Complex use of raw materials is the most important component of low-waste and wasteless technologies. Implementation of the basic principles of this technology requires additional costs, which will allow to obtain several types of products from one kind of raw material, often multipurpose and going out of one branch. There fore, the effectiveness of this approach should be determined at cross-sectoral level. In assessment of efficiency of complex usage of raw materials such an important indicator, as an indicator of quality of raw materials should be objectively taken into account. Currently, as it is known, up to 50% of steel is produced from scrap metal, and it saves hundreds of millions of tons of iron ore. For production of 1 ton of ferrous metals from secondary raw material it is required ten times less energy, labor and other resources than for production of primary metals. The efficiency of creating wasteless technologies in manufacture of chemical products (plastics and synthetic resins, fertilizers, rubber products, etc.) is also closely related to waste reprocessing. It is known that the annual volume of waste plastics (unfit for further consumption of products from films, containers, pipes, fittings, etc). reaches about half of annual production of polymer plastics. Underlying these environmentally friendly productions there are three main methods: – creation of such technological process or production as a result of which no wastes are generated (using natural raw materials); – complex use of natural resources, when extracted, not only target component, but also all associated; 73

– if at obtaining of target product wastes are generated, they should be used as secondary raw materials for this or for other technological processes and productions. Directions for the development of low-waste, environmentally friendly technologies, which can be realized by chemical methods, are the following: – creation of highly selective chemical processes based on the use of new, highly selective catalyst systems and choice of optimum conditions of chemical reaction; – combination of chemical reactions with other processes (distillation, condensation, extraction, chemical reaction, etc.), providing an increase in degree of conversion of reactants, suppression of adverse reactions, maintaining a predetermined temperature; – implementation of the "conjugate" processes based on their stoichiometric features and allowing to receive feedstock from multiple valuable products; – development of alternative processes based on smaller number of chemical steps, less toxic reagents and catalysts; – development of new methods of production, based on accessible and cheap types of raw materials, usage of secondary material and energy resources, processing of byproducts; – usage of heat of chemical reactions for energy supply of installations producing chemical products; – recycling of material flow in order to increase degree of efficiency of use of raw materials and energy. № 181 The principle of creation of technological schemes of low-waste technologies include … A) complex use of raw materials and complex utilization of energy resources; B) decrease of number of steps during manufacturing processes, automation and computerization of production processes; C) intensification of technological process and creation of complex energy and technological processes (saving raw materials and energy); D) pre-treatment of raw materials and fuel; E) saving of material and energy resources due to organizational funds; F) elimination of planned and unplanned loss of raw materials and energy; 74

G) introduction of new and improved processes and devices at enterprises; H) drawing up of ecological passport of enterprise and introduction of new and improved processes and devicesin it. № 182 3 interconnected principles in development and implementation of wasteless technologies are … A) system principle B) complexity and completeness of use of resources C) cyclical and isolation D) creation of ecological passport of enterprise E) introduction of new devices and technologies F) fuel preparation G) balance principle H) principle of basicity № 183 The closed cycle of wasteless technology includes the following chain … A) primary raw material – production B) consumption C) secondary raw materials D) preparation E) systemic F) tertiary materials G) finished product H) tertiary processing – burning of product № 184 Wastes are classified according to … A) aggregate state B) origin C) types of impact on environment and human D) processing principles E) purpose F) household, manufacturing G) liquid, gaseous, flammable H) physical-mechanical properties № 185 According to aggregate state wastes can be … A) solid B) liquid C) gaseous D) non-combustible E) flammable F) pyrophoric 75

G) gel H) amorphous № 186 According to classes of hazardous wastes can be divided into 5 types: A) extremely dangerous and highly dangerous B) moderately dangerous and little dangerous C) practically not dangerous D) extremely dangerous and poisonous E) fluids and low hazard F) highly dangerous and gaseous G) poisonous gas and practically not dangerous H) gel moderately hazardous № 187 Initial raw material of carbon-containing wastes A) coal B) wood C) polymers D) exhaust gases of factories E) textile industry F) wool G) ceramics H) glass № 188 The rational organization of creation of wasteless production is minimizing of … A) energy intensity of production B) labor intensity of production C) material capacity of production D) processing base E) minimizing of wastes F) production volumes G) establishment of large database of processing H) introduction of water rotation cycles № 189 Cyclical of material flows is … A) general principle of creating of wasteless production B) water cycles C) gaseous cycles D) solid-phase cycles E) minimizing of processes of energy consumption F) minimizing of processes of material capacity 76

G) cooperation of production H) not the main principle of wasteless production № 190 Ecological and economic system includes … A) material production B) natural environment C) human withliving environment D) resources base E) water cycle F) gaseous cycles G) animal world with wastes H) exhaust gases of factories № 191 Municipal solid wastes include … A) broken glass B) plastic C) paper (magazines, newspapers, cardboard boxes) D) petroleum fractions E) wastewaters F) exhaust gases G) toxic anhydrous aluminum chloride H) lead salts № 192 The first class of hazardous waste with a high degree of danger includes … A) soluble salts of lead B) beryllium and its compounds C) thallium, polonium, protactinium, plutonium. D) ethyl alcohol E) chlorides F) simazine G) sulfates H) barium № 193 Biotechnology is used in solving of such practical problems, as … A) disposal of solid phase of wastewater and solid wastes using anaerobic digestion B) bioremediation of natural and wastewaters from organic and inorganic impurities C) establishment of biologically active sorbent material for cleaning of polluted air D) creation of an industrial base for processing E) recycling of household waste 77

F) recycling of oil waste by separation of solid fractions G) clearing of waste from confectionery factories H) creation of innovative technological scheme of processing by physicalmechanical separation of waste № 194 In biotechnology the following wastes are processed by composting … A) leaf litter B) straw C) haulm D) metal-containing waste E) glass F) household waste G) industrial waste H) slags of oil industry № 195 Reduction of specific amounts of unused waste products and thereby the specific consumption of natural resources is possible by … A) decreasing of specific output of waste B) increasing of coefficient of waste use C) recycling, i.e. recycling of waste of consumption in production D) increasing of specified waste output E) reaching of maximum rate of waste output F) decreasing in rate of waste output G) rejection of recycling H) increasing of specific weight of oil refining № 196 Sources of waste are … A) impurities in raw materials, i.e. components which are not used in this process to obtain finished product; B) incompleteness of process, residue of useful product in raw materials C) adverse chemical reactions leading to formation of unused materials D) fullness of process without residue E) direct chemical reactions leading to full utilization of raw materials F) heterogeneous reactions, leading to full utilization of raw materials G) adverse chemical reactions, leading to full utilization of raw materials H) absence of impurities in raw materials which is used in this process to obtain finished product № 197 The main ions, which can lead to deposits of mineral salts in circulating water supply at water cycle systems, are … A) НСО3B) ОН-, SО4278

C) РО43-, Сa2+, Mg2+ D) Na+ E) Fe2+, Fe3+ F) ClG) NO3H) F№ 198 The main objectives of low-waste and wasteless technologies are … A) complex processing of raw materials with use of all components on basis of creation of new wasteless processes B) creation and production of new products using waste re-use requirements C) establishment of wasteless territorial-industrial complexes and economic regions D) creation of large database of recycling of exhaust gases E) complex processing of metal salts F) influence of anthropogenic factors on environment G) release of sorbent processing of gas H) creation of nuclear reactors № 199 At low-waste production harmful impact on environment does not exceed the permissible levels, but due to … reasons a part of raw materials is converted into waste and sent to long-term storage. A) technological B) economical C) organizational D) technical and chemical E) physical F) biological G) atomic and molecular H) operating № 200 Development of the state system of waste management should be based on that fact that management objects are all sources of waste generation, as well as their customers; and the control action should be carried out in three strategic areas: A) creation of conditions for reduction of wastes B) support of growth of volumes of waste usage C) establishment of environmentally safe conditions of storage and disposal of waste D) does not create database of waste management in Kazakhstan E) creation of database of waste treatment in neighboring state F) creation of database of waste recycling in the USA 79

G) establishment of chemicals to facilitate recycling H) establishment of devices to facilitate recycling № 201 The fundamental principles of construction of a closed recycling system are … A) possible fullest use of original natural substance B) possible fullest use of wastes C) establishment of final production of products with such properties, that used wastes of production and consumption could be assimilated by ecological systems D) establishment of production of processing of food waste E) establishment of production of processing of metallurgical waste F) establishment of production of processing of exhaust gases G) possible less full utilization of waste H) possible less full use of original natural substance № 202 Processes in hydrometallurgy, which provide high selectivity of extraction of various components, effective wastewater treatment and absence of gas emissions into atmosphere A) sorption B) sorption-extraction C) extraction D) kinetic E) physical-mechanical F) molecular G) pyrometallurgical H) hydrogenation № 203 Maximum allowable normsof environmental impact of company are regulated by the following conditions … A) amount of pollutants released into atmosphere, water sources B) safety of life of population C) only safety of life of population D) only preservation of genetic fund E) rational use and reproduction of nature F) preservation of genetic fund G) amount of pollutants released into soil H) amount of pollutants released into air № 204 The principles of wasteless technology are … A) complex physical and chemical investigation B) unlimited environmental impact C) systematic approach 80

D) complex usage of resources E) cyclical of material flows F) social protection G) establishment of water protection zones H) maximum material balance of processes in environmental systems № 205 Economic indicators of effectiveness of are … A) amount of electricity consumed B) prime cost, profitability C) expenses D) capital productivity E) quality of product and volume of waste F) quality of product and capital productivity G) amount of finished product and profitabilityҺ H) salary

chemical

production

№ 206 In mining enterprises the main directions of complex usage of mineral raw materials are … A) increasing of degree of recovery of useful components in commercial product B) extraction into a marketable product of associated useful components of complex ores C) use of overburden rocks and concentration waste as construction materials D) infrastructure security E) economic benefits F) depletion of deposit G) increasing of prices and demand for various types of mineral raw materials H) positioning of environmental friendliness of production № 207 Reasons for handling of subsoil user to the issue of complex usage of mineral raw materials are as follows: A) increasing of prices and demand for various types of mineral raw materials B) depletion of deposits, characterized by well-developed infrastructure and simple mining-geological conditions C) positioning of environmental friendliness of production D) increasing of degree of recovery of useful components in commercial product E) infrastructure insecurity F) use of overburden rocks and concentration waste as construction materials G) geological characteristics H) morphological characteristics of region 81

№ 208 The main economical factor, determiningviability of project (for solution of technological tasks for processing of raw materials), is … A) content of useful component B) indicators of extraction of useful component C) price forecast D) infrastructure security E) positioning of environmental friendliness of production F) remediation of disturbed lands G) economic benefits H) increasing of prices and demand for various types of mineral raw materials № 209 Obvious aspects of the environmental benefits of complex use of mineral raw materials A) during mining of associated component or complete extraction of main useful component of ore the necessity of mining of same raw materials from new deposits reduces B) processing of tailings, or surrounding/overburden rocks is preventive reduction of volumes of storage and land areas C) during complex use of mineral raw materials, liquidation of accumulated environmental problems of mining of technogenic deposits occurs D) steady growth of demand of high-tech and science-intensive products of mining metallurgical complex E) use of products of mining metallurgical complex as building materials F) positioning of production growing in this region G) development of new types of payments for service personnel of production H) replacing of mineral reagents to cheaper synthetic reagents № 210 Complex of measures to reduce to a minimum the amount of hazardous wastes and reduce their impact on the environment includes … A) development of industrial waste recycling systems in secondary material resources B) development of closed technological systems and water circulation based on wastewater treatment C) development and manufacture of new types of products taking in consideration requirements of its reuse D) development of technological schemes of processing of waste gases E) breeding of waste processing microorganisms F) transfer of authority for development of non-waste technology to China G) transfer of authority for development of non-waste technology to the USA H) disposal of mercury as the most toxic element

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№ 211 The problem of complex usage of mineral resources is considered in three aspects: A) complex use of deposits of mineral resources B) complex use of mined mineral raw materials C) use of industrial wastes D) avoiding of use of industrial wastes E) use of only aluminum and gold ore F) only processing of mineral raw materials G) use of only household wastes H) complex use of wastewater № 212 Wastes of coal enrichment containing a large amount of combustible mass, may be subjected to … A) further enrichment B) use for burning C) use for gasification D) use for modification E) use for utilization F) the secondary cycle of processing of combustible substances G) use for composting H) use for regeneration № 213 The processes, during which the secondary mineral resources are formed, are … A) mining B) enrichment C) processing D) saturation E) flotation F) separation G) rectification H) screening № 214 The secondary material resources, waste products are formed during … A) processing of industrial pollution B) mechanical processing of raw materials C) mining and enrichment of mineral resources D) production consumption E) domestic consumption F) processing of adverse materials G) thermal processing of raw materials H) capturing of volatile gases 83

№ 215 Wasteless technology is: A) method of production, in which all raw materials are used most efficiently B) production, in which energy is used most efficiently C) results, which during their influence on environmentdo not exceed levels permissible by sanitary standards, i.e. MPC D) production process in which per production unit the maximum amount of production wastes are produced compared to existing traditional methods of production of these products E) method of production, in which raw materials and energy are partly used most complex F) method of production, which does not use raw materials G) intermediate step before creationof wasteless technology, which implies an approximation of process to theoretical H) method of production in which a feedstock and informationare partly used № 216 Low-waste technology is: A) method of production, in which all raw materials are used most efficiently B) such production, results of which during their influence on environmentdo not exceed levels permissible by sanitary standards, i.e. MPC C) intermediate step before creationof wasteless technology, which implies an approximation of technological process to closed cycle D) method of production, in which energy is used most efficiently E) production process in which per production unit less amount of wastes are produced compared to existing traditional methods of production of these products F) method of production, which does not use raw materials G) method of production, in which all raw materials and energy are used most complex H) method of production in which raw materials and informationare partly used № 217 In accordance with current legislation in the Republic of Kazakhstan companies that violate sanitary and environmental standards: A) have the right to draft employment contracts with employees B) have the right to sign contract C) have no rights D) does not have the right to exist and should be closed or reconstructed E) have the right not to be closed F) all modern companies must be low-waste G) all modern companies must be wasteless H) have the right to draftemployment contracts with ATMs № 218 A number of industries of Kazakhstan already have quantitative indicators of assessment of wastelessness, such as: A) coefficient of complexity 84

B) coefficient of wastelessness C) coefficient of friction D) coefficient of liquidity E) coefficient of efficiency F) coefficient of correlation G) coefficient of difficulty H) coefficient of thermal conductivity № 219 For the development and implementation of wasteless productions it is possible to identify a number of interconnected principles, such as: A) uncertainty principle B) principle of Dirichlet C) system principle D) principle of Talion E) principle of rationality F) principle of Pareto G) principle of integrated economical use of raw materials H) compliance with safety regulations № 220 System principle in creation of low-waste technology … A) means, that each individual process or production is considered as an element of a dynamic system B) is principle including except material production and other human household and economic activity, environment, human and habitant C) requires maximum use of all components of raw materials and of potential of energy resources D) is principle underlying creation of wasteless production, should take into account existing and increasing interconnection and interdependence of industrial, social and natural processes E) is requirement to limit impact of production on natural and social environment F) is primarily associated with the preservation of natural and social resources such as air, water, land surface, recreational resources, public health G) means that the ultimate goal should be the optimization of production simultaneously in power, economic and environmental parameters H) requires reasonable use of all components of the raw materials, minimize the energy, material and labor intensity of production and search of new environmentally reasonable raw materials and energy technologies № 221 Requirements for wasteless production are … A) usage of single power of aggregates B) implementation of manufacturing processes at the lowest possible number of processing steps (devices), because each of them produce waste, and lost raw materials 85

C) determining requirement is reasonable use of all components of raw materials D) use of continuous processes, allowing to use raw materials and energy more efficiently E) increase (up to optimum) of unit capacity; intensification of production processes, their optimization and automation; creation of power technology processes F) production optimization should be considered as ultimate goal G) implementation of production processes at the highest possible number of process steps H) use total force of aggregates № 222 The main directions of wasteless and low-waste technologies are … A) energetics B) microbiological industry C) leather industry D) food industry E) printing industry F) fuel industry G) mining H) metallurgy № 223 The main directions of wasteless and low-waste technologies are … A) microbiological industry B) chemical and petrochemical industries C) engineering industry D) paper industry E) leather industry F) food industry G) fuel industry H) agriculture № 224 Production wastes are … A) residues of raw materials, formed during production of products or performance of works (services), and lost completely or partially original consumer properties B) residues of semifinished products, chemical compounds, formed during production of products or performance of works (services), and lost completely or partially original consumer properties C) chemical and petrochemical industries D) spent materials or worn goods produced during consumption of products and recovery of which is not economically feasible. Consumption wastes can be used as raw materials or additives to it. 86

E) various previously used articles and substances which are not economically feasible to recovery F) production waste and by-products (useful products of complex processing of raw materials, production of which is not purpose of enterprise) can serve as secondary raw materials G) products and materials which have lost their consumer properties as a result of physical or moral deterioration H) paper industry № 225 Consumption wastes are … A) production waste and by-products (useful products of complex processing of raw materials, production of which is not purpose of enterprise) can serve as secondary raw materials B) products and materials which have lost their consumer properties as a result of physical or moral deterioration C) various previously used articles and substances which are not economically feasible to recovery D) spent materials or worn goods produced during consumption of products and recovery of which is not economically feasible. Consumption wastes and can be used as raw materials or additives to it. E) residues of semifinished products, chemical compounds, formed during production of products or performance of works (services), and lost completely or partially original consumer properties F) residues of raw materials, formed during production of products or performance of works (services), and lost completely or partially original consumer properties G) use of continuous processes, allowing to use raw materials and energy more efficiently H) production wastes of phosphorus production № 226 Classification of waste. Wastes are classified according to: A) origin B) aggregate state C) location D) place of origin E) structure F) class of danger (for humans and/or for environment) G) properties H) usage in industry № 227 Toxic and hazardous wastes are … A) produced products should be such that it would be possible cost-effective turning them after use into the original elements of new production 87

B) various previously used articles and substances which are not economically feasible to recovery C) residues of raw materials, formed during production of products or performance of works (services), and lost completely or partially original consumer properties D) containing contaminated materials in such amounts and in such concentrations that they represent a potential danger to human health or environment E) products and raw materials containing toxic (poisonous) substances without utilization in manufacturing process F) industrial wastes, which contain harmful substances which may cause disease or abnormalities in health during direct or indirect contact with human body G) intermediate step before creation of wasteless technology, which implies an approximation of process to a closed cycle H) can be re-used № 228 The program «Waste» includes the following tasks … A) decreasing of waste generation through the implementation of low-waste and wasteless technologies B) reduction through application of new technological solutions of types and volumes of toxic and hazardous waste C) increasing of toxicity of substances D) increasing of volume of produced products E) increasing of level of waste utilization F) reducing of unemployment G) reducing of work places H) waste can be reused without cleaning № 229 The program «Waste» includes the following tasks: A) increasing of toxicity of substances В) reducing of unemployment C) efficient use of raw materials and energy potential of secondary material resources D) environmentally friendly disposal of wastes E) targeted distribution of financial and other resources for waste management and involve them in economic circulation F) reducing of work places G) increasing of volumes of products produced H) waste can be reused without cleaning and utilization № 230 The program «Waste» concept determines … A) groups B) properties of wastes C) goals, objectives 88

D) technologies of waste E) tasks necessary for its development and realization F) program structure G) principles of waste H) principles of technology № 231 The term «wasteless technology» was proposed by … A) Semenov NN B) Petryanov-Sokolov IV C) Mendeleyev DI, 1885 D) Zelinsky GY E) Kurnakov NS F) Lomonosov MV G) Alekin OA H) Kudryashov IP № 232 The theory of wasteless production processes is based on the following premises… A) natural resources should be extracted once for complex production of all possible resources B) effective use of raw materials and energy potential of secondary material resources C) produced products should be such that it would be possible cost-effective turning them after use into the original elements of new production D) targeted distribution of financial resources for complete removal of wastes E) environmentally safe placement of installations F) generation of wastes and negative effects on environment are eliminated G) implementation of geotechnical methods of development of mineral deposits (eg, in-situ leaching) H) blasting operations cannot be applied in mining of ores № 233 The basic principles of low-waste and wasteless and clean productions are … A) targeted distribution of financial resources for removal of wastes B) development of principally new processes, introduction of which will allowto reduce significantly or practically eliminate waste generation and negative impacton environment C) environmentally safe placement of installations D) effective use of raw materials and energy potential of secondary material resources E) decreasing of waste generation through implementation of low-waste and wasteless technologies F) reduction through application of new technological solutions of types and volumes of toxic and hazardous waste 89

G) implementation of geotechnical methods of development of mineral deposits (eg, in-situ leaching) H) applying of non-aqueous methods of enrichment and processing of raw materials in place of its mining № 234 In creating of wasteless technology following principles are determined: A) development and implementation of various closed technological schemes and water circulating cycles on basis of effective treatment methods (eg., in galvanic cell) B) development and implementation of principally new technological processes, excluding formation of all types of waste; widespread use of waste as secondary material and energy resources C) produced products should be such that it would be possible cost-effective turning them after use into the original elements of new production D) the fullest possible use of waste (waste recovery and converting them into raw material for the subsequent stages of production) E) effective use of raw materials and energy potential of secondary material resources F) creation of territorial-industrial complexes, i.e. economic areas, in which a closed system of material flows of raw materials and wastes are inside the complex G) creation of final products of production with such properties, that used production and consumption wastes could be assimilated by ecological systems H) obtaining of valuable products from raw materials № 235 In a closed system production is built on the basis of such fundamental principles, as … A) the fullest possible use ofinitial natural substances B) such production, as a result of which there is no any environmental releases C) produced products should be such that it would be possible cost-effective turning them after use into the original elements of new production D) the fullest possible use of waste (waste recovery and converting them into raw material for the subsequent stages of production) E) creation of the final products of production with such properties, that used production and consumption wastes could be assimilated by ecological systems F) spent materials or worn goods produced during consumption of products and recovery of which is not economically feasible. Consumption wastes can be used as raw materials or additives to it G) system principle H) useful products of complex processing of raw materials, production of which is not purpose of enterprise, can serve as secondary raw materials № 236 Wasterless technology means … A) technology in which the liquid and partially solid wastes are delivered totreatment facilities by pipe system 90

B) ideal model of production, which in most cases cannot be in full measure, but it is getting closer to the ideal with the development of technological progress C) a set of organizational and technical measures, processes, equipment, materials, providing maximum and complex use of raw materials and that minimize negative impact of waste on environment D) creation of the final products of production with such properties, that used production and consumption wastes could be assimilated by ecological systems E) the fullest possible use of waste (waste recovery and converting them into raw material for the subsequent stages of production) F) such production, as a result of which there is no any environmental releases G) wastes of food industry H) wastes of paper industry № 237 Industrial waste are divided into solid and liquid. Solid include … A) wastes of metals B) wastes of leather C) wastes of wood, plastics D) wastes of plants E) mineral and organic sediments F) treated wastewater G) uncleanness from toilet pit H) aqueous solutions of acids and salts № 238 Low-waste and wasteless production processes are carried out in the following directions … A) development and implementation of principally new technological processes, excluding formation of all types of waste; widespread use of waste as secondary material and energy resources B) complex processing of raw materials C) design and implementation of closed water use systems D) recycling of all waste in finished products E) separation of all waste in finished products F) recuperation of production waste G) chemical treatment of mineral raw materials H) use of wastewater without treatment № 239 Complex processing technology of raw materials (including waste) includes … A) recuperation of production waste B) raw material cleaning from impurities C) complex processing of raw materials D) separation of all waste in finished products E) design and implementation of closed systems 91

F) reprocessing of all waste in finished products G) reprocessing of raw materials H) does not include legal side № 240 The system of protection of environment has the following levers of influence… A) legislative, information sanctions and stimuli B) legislative, scientific and technical, fees C) information, penal sanctions, social D) administrative, material, educational E) only economic sanctions F) administrative sanctions and stimuli G) economic sanctions and stimuli H) social № 241 Reducing of impact of mining and metallurgical complex on environment leads to: A) replacement of highly toxic reagents by non-toxic is a way to reduce wastewater pollution of concentration plants B) utilization of valuable waste during cleaning of cyanide-containing waste water of mining metallurgical complex C) development of new types of ion exchangers for selective extraction of anion forms of rare and noble metals from technological solutions and wastewaters D) positioning of environmentally friendly production E) modern technical and technological complex for mining and processing of mineral raw materials F) positioning of environmentally friendly production G) normative and methodological approaches to creation of waste management system of production H) sustainable growth of demand of high-tech and science-intensive products of mining metallurgical complexes

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THEME #7. Classification of wastes, determination of waste regulations. Classification of secondary material resources according to source and direction of use Most industries are characterized by highly complex technologies. During the manufacturing process various wastes are produced. Part of them is used as secondary raw materials or stored, another part get lost with exhaust gases, or waste water in the form of solids. As noted above, each company forms three types of wastes: – waste gases – wastewaters – solid wastes Table 2 shows the most common inorganic compounds in industrial waste of some productions of the chemical industry. Table 2 The most common inorganic compounds in industrial waste of some productions of the chemical industry Production

Compounds in releases and wastes

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Nitric acid Aluminum Ammonia Asphalt-concrete Bronze Galvanoplastics Iron Varnishes and paints Metallurgy

10. 11. 12. 13.

Lead Rubber (synthetic) Sulphate-cellulose Fertilizers

14.

Cement

15. 16.

Power plants Coal Chemistry

Nitrogen oxides, NH3, CO F2, НF, SO2, CO, dust, silicon, chromium NH3, CO Nitrogen oxides (NО, N2O3, NО2), dust, smoke Nitrogen oxides, dust Zn, Cl2, rare metals, dust, smoke Nitrogen oxides, CO, SO2, F2, dust, smoke Phthalic anhydride, aldehydes, Н2S, dust Cr, Ni, Zn, V, F2, PbO, PbO2, Mn, Hq, SO2, SO3, NH3, H2S, CO, CO2, oil, dust, smoke Pb, Zn, nitrogen oxides, CO, SO2 SO2, Cl2, НCl, cadmium, dust S, SО2, SO3, H2S, HCl, Cd, dust phosphates, fluorides, H3PO4, HF, Ca(H2PO4), S, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, CO, HNO3, NH3, NH4Cl, Р4, Н2SО4 silicon oxides, N2, F2, Zn, Pb, Cd, CO, As, Hq, Fe, Mg, Ca. SО2, As, V, С, sand, dust, nitrogen oxides SO2, SO3, Н2S, dust

93

Classification of wastes is based on systematization of them by industries, processing capabilities, aggregation state, toxicity, etc. In each case, nature of classification used corresponds to aspects considered: storage, treatment, processing, disposal, prevention of toxic effects, etc. Waste appear as a result of production activities and consumption. Accordingly, they are divided into production waste and consumption waste. Production waste include residues of raw materials, materials or intermediate products formed during manufacture of products and wholly or partially lost their consumer properties, as well as products of physical and chemical or mechanical processing of raw materials. In certain manufactures producing of wastes is not related to a change in feedstock structure, among them are overburden rock, wastes of metals, wastes of wood, woodworking, mining and coal industries, etc.In the other industries the production of waste is associated with physical and chemical transformations of raw materials, as a result, along with the main by-products and waste products are formed. This is typical for chemical, petrochemical and refining industries, ferrous and nonferrous metallurgies, etc. Consumption wastes are various types of products, components parts and materials, which for different reasons are not suitable for further usage. These wastes can be classified into wastes of industrial and domestic consumption. Thus, all kinds of production and consumption waste according to possibilities of usage can be divided, on the one hand, on the secondary material resources, which are or already processed or it is planned to be, and, on the other hand, on the waste, which process at this stage of economic development is impractical, irretrievable loss are scum and inevitable. Secondary material resources are additional reserve. Increasing use of secondary material resources is associated with the technical re-equipment of production, creation of special equipment, improvement of technological schemes, wasteless technologies. The secondary material resources in the most convenient to classify in two ways: according to source and direction of use. As an example, Figure 1 shows the classification according to source. 94

95

At own enterprise

Used

Used

At own enterprise

Unused

During mining and mineral processing

Realized outside

Unused

Industrial

Domestic

Used for reprocessing as raw materials

Consumption waste

Figure 1. Classification of secondary material resources according to source

Handed over to recycling organizations

During physical and chemical processing of raw materials

Unused

Realized outside

During mechanical processing of raw materials

Production waste

Secondary material resources

Unused

For secondary material resources should be established the same waste regulations, as well as for the traditional raw materials, i.e., regulation of waste generation per unit of output and application rate for a new product. This task is greatly complicated by the fact that the amount of waste produced and their composition may change significantly depending on the technology accepted. To establish waste regulations,if waste generation is not related to change in feedstock structure, the following formula can be used: =

−∑

−

,

is the regulation of waste generated, kg/kg, m2/m2, m3/m3; is consumption of raw materials or materials per unit of final products, kg/kg, m2/m2, m3/m3; is useful consumption of raw materials or materials per unit of final products, kg/kg, m2/m2, m3/m3; is inevitable technological losses per unit of final products, kg/kg, m2/m2, m3/m3. Determination of waste regulations in the chemical processing of mineral raw materialslet us consider on an example of production of simple superphosphate. For obtaining of superphosphate water-insoluble neutral salt of orthophosphoric acid contained in natural phosphates in form of fluorapatite (3Ca3PO4·2CaF2) is converted into soluble acid salts, predominantly into monocalcium phosphate СА(Н2РО4)2. Technologically, the process consists of the following operations: – mixing of crushed phosphate with sulfuric acid of a certain concentration; – solidification of superphosphate slurry in chambers; – unloading of solidified product from chambers, storage (aging) of superphosphate; – superphosphate post-treatment (neutralization, granulation). The overall reaction of decomposition of apatite with sulfuric acid can be represented as follows: where:

96

2 Ca5(PO4)3F2 + 7 H2SO4 + 6.5 H2O = = 3Ca(H2PO4)2 · H2O + 2 CaSO4·0.5 H2O + 2 HF Material balance of the process of obtaining of granular superphosphate is presented in Figure 2. Apatite concentrate contains about 3% of fluorine. During decomposition by sulfuric acid, hydrogen fluoride is formed;it reacts with silicon contained in the feedstock and released into gaseous phase mainly in form of silicon tetrafluoride. The main amount of fluorine (35-37% of original) is released in the early steps, i.e. in mixers and cameras. The concentration of fluorine in exhaust gases is equal to 15-25 g/m3. During drying of superphosphate 10-13% of fluorine additionally releases in form of equimolar mixture of SiF4+2HF. In addition, a small amount of fluorine (2-3%) is released during storage aging of superphosphate. Totally to the gas phase about 50% of fluorine goes, and the rest amount of it remains in the final product. Most of the gaseous fluoride (98-99%) is collected and transported for processing to obtain the corresponding salts. Part of uncaptured fluoride emits into the atmosphere from exhaust gases. During production of superphosphate certain amount of raw materials, sulfuric acid and other reactants and final products are lost irretrievably. Amount of waste which can be used for manufacture of products, is determined by the following formula: Rm= R Ср where: C is volume of products and raw materials in the production or processing of which wastes are generated, kg, m2, m3; p is dimensionless coefficient considering waste fraction, suitable for use (in each case, this coefficient must be determined depending on the waste suitability for processing according to directions of usage).

97

Figure 2. Material M balance of the process of obtainingg of granular superphhosphate

№ 242 Waste of chemical production are gen nerated in process of production, which h are partially or completely lost theeir quality and do not meet the stand dards. They are wasttes of … A) raw material 98

B) materials C) semi-finished products D) primary raw materials E) supporting materials F) recycled G) primary materials H) recycled materials № 243 Wastes of chemical production are the result of imperfect processes, among them are: A) wastes generated during mechanical and physical-chemical processing of raw materials B) wastes of mining and enrichment of mineral resources C) substances which are removed during purification of exhaust technological gases and wastewaters D) wastes generated during physical processing of raw materials, including broken glass E) wastes of food waste processing F) only substances which are removed during purification of exhaust technological gases G) wastes generated during mining of ore materials H) substances which do not meet parameters of chemical industry № 244 Main solid waste materials used directly for production of marketable products are … A) metal B) metal-containing C) non-metallic D) volatilize E) low-volatilize F) non-volatilize G) soluble H) insoluble in acids № 245 The accumulation and storage of solid waste are realized in … A) containers B) sites C) polygons D) reactors E) glass containers F) cardboard boxes G) polyethylene bags H) paper bags 99

№ 246 Waste management technologies are… A) burning B) utilization C) burial D) collection E) accumulation F) sorting G) dissolving H) cancellation № 247 Solid industrial wastes are … A) dust B) cinders C) solid residues D) aqueous solutions E) nonaqueous solutions F) glass G) exhaust gases H) fume № 248 Classes of danger of toxic wastes are … A) extremely dangerous B) highly dangerous C) moderately hazardous D) low-hazardous E) safe F) very dangerous G) unsafe H) medium-hazardous № 249 Liquid wastes … A) have high mobility B) can be transported by pumps used in chemical industry C) contain salts, alkalis, acids, and suspended particulate impurities dissolved in water or other solvents D) can not be transported by pumps used in chemical industry E) have low mobility F) contain all particles including suspended particulate impurities except salts, acids and alkalis dissolved in water or other solvents G) concentration of suspended solids exceeds the level at which there is their dissolution H) at low concentrations of soluble substances crystallization begins 100

№ 250 Liquid waste include … A) industrial waste water B) spent organic solvents C) spent liquids D) spent catalysts E) sub-standard products F) residues resulting from enrichment of ores G) adsorbents H) absorbents № 251 Recycling of liquid waste is carried out using the following chemical technology processes: A) adsorption B) precipitation C) filtration D) diffusion E) physical processing F) physical-chemical processing G) distilling H) distillation № 252 Recycling of liquid waste is carried out using the following chemical technology processes: A) distillation B) rectification D) heat treatment E) physical processing F) sublimation G) absorption H) distilling № 253 Mercury-containing wastes include… A) spent fluorescent lamps B) spent fluorescent devices C) wastes of galvanic production D) wastes of household consumption E) wastes of iron and steel industry F) wastes of paper industry G) wastes of leather industry H) wastes generated during cleaning of gases

101

№ 254 Molten mineral constituents as a result of solid waste treatment … A) release gases which are easily cleaned chemically B) slags without carbon are isolated from them C) are used in future as building materials D) slags with carbon are isolated from them E) are not used as mineral resources in future F) release gases which are difficult to clean chemically G) gases released from them do not form a flammable gas H) are very dangerous for human body № 255 Phosphogypsum is … A) waste of production of phosphate fertilizer from apatite and phosphorite B) CaSO4·2H2O with impurities of undecomposed apatite (or phosphorite) C) CaSO4·2H2O with impurities of unwashed phosphoric acid D) waste of production of hydrofluoric acid E) waste of production of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride F) waste of production of fluoride salts G) CaSO4 with impurities of original decomposed fluorite H) with basic oxides SiO2 and CaO № 256 Fluorogypsum (fluoroanhydride) is … A) waste of production of hydrofluoric acid B) can contain unwashed sulfuric acid C) waste of production of fluoride salts D) waste of production of phosphate fertilizer from apatite and phosphorite E) CaSO4·2H2O with impurities of undecomposed apatite F) CaSO4·2H2O with impurities of unwashed phosphoric acid G) with basic oxides SiO2 and CaO H) can contain unwashed phosphoric acid № 257 Titaniumgypsum is … A) waste during sulfuric acid decomposition of titanium-containing ores B) waste of treatment of ilmenite C) contains, as impurities, oxides of aluminum, iron, salts of ammonium sulfate D) waste of treatment of vasonite E) CaSO4·2H2O with impurities of unwashed supfiric acid F) CaSO4·2H2O with impurities of unwashed acid with content of titanium G) contains, as impurities only oxides of iron H) contains, as impurities only oxides of aluminum

102

№ 258 Chlorogypsum is … A) waste of calcium cleaning of brines B) waste of cleaning of MgCl2·6H2O C) content of chlorine ion is 2-3.8% D) waste of magnesium cleaning of brines E) content of gypsum is 2-3.8% F) waste of different sulfuric acid productions G) waste of production of fertilizers H) formed by deposition of wastewater № 259 To characterize the secondary mineral resources required for organization of counting of their formation, storage, distribution and usage waste can be grouped on the basis of … A) content of valuable components in waste B) amount of wastes generated C) possibility of usage of waste D) final stage of processing E) utilization of energy and other valuable products F) indicators of labor expended G) physical properties H) transportation of wastes № 260 Secondary mineral resourcesare classified into production waste in processing of … A) production pollution B) wastewater C) smoke gases D) waste of glass E) household waste F) captured gases G) harmful substances H) raw material № 261 Secondary mineral resources are … A) materials and products B) after the initial use can be reused C) source of additional material and technical resources D) not different from primary material resources E) main source of material and technical resources F) due to their use cost and specific capital investments increase G) slow down rate of economic growth of production 103

H) increase rate of economic growth compared with primary material resources № 262 The main feature of secondary mineral resources is their constant repeatability in process of … A) material production B) provision of services C) final consumption D) initial processing E) oxidation F) providing of areas G) economic exploitation of devices H) chemical processing of cellulose № 263 Classification of waste according to source is …. A) production wastes B) industry waste C) consumption waste D) waste of countryside E) waste of stores F) waste of restaurants G) waste of gardens H) regional № 264 Wastes according to aggregation state can be … A) solid B) liquid C) gaseous D) only liquid E) mixed F) only solid G) only gaseous H) colloid-air № 265 Wastes are classified according to … A) source B) aggregate state C) hazard class D) location E) composition F) capabilities to processing

104

G) presence of granules H) participation in reactions № 266 The concept «hazardous waste» is used in the following cases … A) wastes contain hazardous substances B) wastes are hazardous to human health C) wastes stimulate infectious diseases D) wastes are not recyclable E) wastes bring big losses F) wastes are not tested G) have temporary negative effect H) partly negatively effect on animals № 267 Symptoms of determination of hazardous wastes are … A) physical and chemical properties of wastes B) storage conditions C) allocation in environment D) smell E) appearance F) storage period G) biological properties H) pH № 268 Methods of disposal of hazardous wastes are … A) thermal B) physical-chemical C) chemical D) biological E) neutralization is not carried out F) washing G) packaging H) with dilute acid № 269 Sources of wastes are … A) impurities in raw materials, that is, components which are not used in process of obtaining of final product B) incompleteness of process, residue of useful product in raw materials C) side chemical reactions leading to formation of unused substances D) unfinished food additives E) poor nutrition of society F) careless attitude to products G) deforestation H) planting 105

№ 270 In a closed system production is built based on the following fundamental principles: A) the fullest possible use of original natural substance B) the fullest possible use of waste C) establishment of final production of products with such properties, that used wastes of production and consumption could be assimilated by ecological systems D) possible exception of wastes from production E) possibility of creating of new refinement technology F) possibility of release of wastes G) possibility of compacting of wastes H) creation of popular products in agriculture № 271 Raw materials are classified according to the following parameters … A) aggregate state, source B) chemical composition C) source, chemical composition D) types of stocks E) mechanical composition F) contents of chlorides of alkaline earth metals G) particle size distribution H) water solubility № 272 Consumption wastes are … A) halite, wood B) plastics, synthetic resins C) film, chemical fibers D) glass containers E) carnallite F) soil G) limestone H) dolomite № 273 Classification

of

waste

is

based

to … A) branches of industry, aggregate state B) branches of industry, acids C) processing capabilities D) aggregate state, hydroxides E) toxicity F) sedimentation G) solubility H) electric conductivity 106

on

systematization

according

№ 274 Classification of secondary mineral resources according to concentration of volume in the collection site is … A) large-compact (concentrated) B) medium-compact C) fine (dispersed) D) granular E) large stones F) slightly concentrated G) not concentrated H) powder № 275 Classification of secondary mineral resources according to stages of formation of secondary raw materials is … A) development of products; manufacture of products B) repair; implementation C) liquidation; exploitation D) intended purpose without special treatment F) full replacement of primary raw materials G) reuse H) complete analogy with primary material resources № 276 Classification of secondary mineral resources according to possibility of recycling is … A) usage in intended purpose without special treatment B) usage after special treatment C) inability to use D) reuse without treatment E) product development; manufacture of products F) full replacement of primary raw materials G) as supplement to primary raw materials H) complete analogy with primary material resources (unlimited use) № 277 Classification of secondary mineral resources according to relation with primary material resources (after proper utilization) is … A) complete analogy with primary material resources (unlimited use) B) inferior in quality: at level of the second-rate relative to primary material resources (some restrictions in use) C) low quality: at level of the third-rate relative to primary material resources (restricted use) D) not inferior in quality E) high quality, in comparison with the primary material resources F) use after special treatment 107

G) usage in intended purpose without special treatment H) is not inferior in quantity № 278 Classification of secondary mineral resources according to type of usage is … A) complete replacement of primary raw materials; recycling B) as addition to primary raw materials C) raw materials for specific technologies D) restricted use E) replacement of primary raw materials without special treatment F) raw materials for construction industry G) raw materials for food industry H) single usage № 279 The main directions in the field of treatment of mining wastes are … A) their usage as construction materials B) stowing C) land recultivation D) positioning of environmental production E) infrastructure security F) rise in prices and demand for various types of mineral raw materials G) steady growth in demand for high-tech and science-intensive products of mining-metallurgical complexes H) economic benefits

108

THEME#8. Problems of non-waste technologies in production of mineral fertilizers and phosphorus-containing products. The prospects of creation of low-waste and wasteless technologies in phosphorus-processing industry of Kazakhstan In the world huge attention is given to development of phosphate industry because phosphorus and its compounds are very important in modern industry for the production of many essential substances. Thus, phosphorus compounds are widely used in: – metallurgy (to receive and alloying of semiconductor materials, steel, bronze); – chemical industry (for impregnation of fabrics, plastics, wood, giving them a fireresistance; for producing of drilling fluids, toothpaste, many food and pharmaceutical products); – production of organophosphorus insecticides (commonly known thiophos, carbophos and others). Phosphate fertilizers make up half of all domestically produced fertilizers and feed additives. Among them are superphosphate, phosphate rock, ammophos, diammonium phosphate. Due to Karatau (unique deposit of phosphorite) large chemical plants – Shymkent, Zhambyl superphosphate, Zhambyl and Novo Zhambyl phosphate plants were built in Kazakhstan. All existing technological schemes usually include extraction of phosphorus and other feed components (compounds of calcium, magnesium, fluoride, silicon, iron and rare elements, which either are not used or are used insignificantly). Improving of technology of mineral fertilizers and phosphoruscontaining products it is currently being implemented in two main directions: – creation of new principally processes providing complex processing of mineral raw materials on energy and technological principles with involvement of poor and offbalance ores in sphere of production and obtaining of highquality products from them; – development of methods of disposal and recycling of waste generated. 109

The main waste of discussing industries polluting air and water are fluorine and ammonia compounds, which are released into environment with gases released from dryers and evaporators or reactors, with wastewaters formed during washing of gases and equipment, solid waste, primarily phosphogypsum and fertilizers themselves. The most toxic components of exhaust gases are fluorine compounds, namely hydrogen fluoride and silicon tetrafluoride. Their capture from gases is necessary not only for the protection of air basin against pollution, but also for disposal as fluorine and its compounds are widely used in a number of industries – nuclear power, non-ferrous metallurgy, glass industry, organic synthesis industry. Currently industrial production of a various fluorine-containing salts (Nа2SiF6, NaF, KF, (NН4)SiF6, NН4F, AlF3, etc.) from siliconfluorine-containing gases generated in production of simple superphosphate, double superphosphate by line method, an extraction of phosphoric acid by hemihydrate method and defluorinated phosphates, and by evaporation of extraction phosphoric acid has been mastered. During the processing of raw materials fluorine is redistributed between finished products and wastes (gases, wastewater and solid products). Further research on utilization of fluorine are aimed at improving of technology in order to increase degree of extraction of fluorine. In order to increase degree of utilization of fluorine compounds various techniques are used to increase the yield of gaseous fluorine compounds. Among them are, usage of silica additives, creating of high vacuum and increasing of process temperature, isolation from solution by precipitation, extraction, sorption. Works on utilization of fluorine contained in phosphate raw material and production of fluorine-free products are carried out in the following main directions: – extraction of fluorine during stage of preparation of raw material before decomposition (mechanical, thermal, chemical and other methods); – creation of defluorination process of extraction phosphoric acid with its simultaneous cleaning from other contaminants before processing on fertilizers and feed phosphates; 110

– removing of fluoride from nitrogen-phosphate solutions obtained by nitric acid decomposition of phosphate raw materials; – extraction of fluorine during heat processing of phosphates; – development of methods of wasteless processing of intermediate products of fluoride, released during utilization of fluorine from phosphate raw materials. Research of processing of phosphoric fines in phosphoruspotassium fertilizer, and its usage as a dietary supplement with slag or cement for Portland cement is being conducted. The electrothermal phosphorus production process during water condensation from furnace gas phosphorus-containing sludge is formed; it contains 30-40% of phosphorus. Among the known methods of sludge processing are: – phosphorus steam stripping, – extraction with organic solvents, – centrifugation and burning with obtaining of phosphoric acid. In most cases of sludge recycling the latter method is usually preferred. Industrial tests in Shymkent Production Association «Phosphorus» showed that the phosphate rock containing 21-23% of P2O5, can be successfully processed into yellow phosphorus. This makes it possible to significantly expand resource base of phosphoric industry. Significant progress has been made in technology of enrichment and further processing of phosphate ores to produce fertilizer. The process of obtaining of sufficiently pure phosphoric acid from semi-rich (25-26% of P2O5), from typical (23-24% of P2O5) and depleted (21-22% of P2O5) phosphorites without prior enrichment. Thus, in the production of fertilizers and phosphorus the main objectives are: – introduction of methods of complex processing of raw materials, including apatite-nepheline concentrate and receiving of all types of commercial products; – development and implementation of methods of processing of large capacity wastes of phosphogypsum and slags of phosphorus production; 111

– further improvement of cleaning systems and utilization of capture products; – introduction of water circulation and gas-circulating cycles. Production of phosphoric acid. The phosphoric acid is used in industry, mainly for production of simple and complex phosphate fertilizer salts. Phosphoric acid production is carried out on industrial scale by electrothermal and extraction (acid) methods. Phosphoric acid produced by electrothermal method has high concentration (70-75%) and does not contain impurities. Obtained by extraction method phosphoric acid is weak with a concentration of 30-32% and up to 45%; it is used for manufacturing of phosphate fertilizers. It is contaminated with various impurities, reducing its quality and make it difficult to further refining. Schematic flow diagram of a wet process plant (phosphoric acid process) is presented at Figure 3.

Figure 3. Schematic flow diagram of wet process plant (phosphoric acid process) 112

The thermal phosphoric acid from the slurry is produced by its combustion in excess of air using a natural gas in a two-zone furnace. Then, after cooling of gas hydration of phosphorus pentoxide is conducted and capture of acid formed in tower and electric filters. Phosphorus-containing sludge from sewage treatment plant, stock of yellow phosphorus and proportioning plant department of thermal phosphoric acid production enters to proportioning plant department into a storage tank of phosphorus sludge in a molten state by heated pipelines. The storage tanks are equipped with a paddle stirrer to create a homogeneous mixture and heating jacket. Jackets are heated by hot water. Storage is constantly filled with either phosphorus sludge or water. During receiving of a slurry in tank excess of water is pumped into a collector of phosphorus-containing water. To reduce gas emissions while taking of phosphorus sludge nitrogen flows into a collector. Feed of sludge from storage to network is carried out by extruding it through the pipeline dropped to the bottom of storage tank. In cone furnace using a rotating feeder phosphorus sludge is distributed over walls of cone, gradually draining to bottom. Recently, much attention is paid to development of low-waste technology of extraction of impurities from extraction phosphoric acid (EPA). Two methods of extraction purification of EPA are developed: – extraction of impurities from industrial solutions of phosphoric acid; – separation of main component (phosphoric acid) from a mixture of aqueous industrial solutions. To remove such impurities as fluorine and sulfate ion from extraction phosphoric acid such extractants as trialkylamine and phosphine oxideare most suitable. Using them it is possible to get phosphoric acid, suitable for the production of feed phosphates. A more effective purification of phosphoric acid is by using organic solvents, not miscible with water. Method of extraction of phosphoric acid by polyols, glycols, esters, ketones and sulphoxides at a temperature above melting point of organic solvent with subsequent separation of extractant by cooling of mixture is proposed. From aliphatic alcohols 7-chloro-1-geptanol, 1-octanol, 9-chloro-1-nonanol, 1-dodecanolcan be used. The main advantage of alcohols as extractants 113

is their availability and low cost. However, phosphoric acid purification requires large amounts of extractant, which is also poorly regenerated. Even multi-stage process of organophosphorus acid is extracted not completely by alcohols. № 280 During complex use of apatite-nepheline rock by chemical processing of nepheline … can be obtained. A) potash B) soda C) aluminum D) titanium E) fluoride salts F) zinc G) vanadium H) phosphogypsum № 281 During complex use of apatite-nepheline rock by chemical processing of apatite … can be obtained. A) phosphoric acid B) phosphate fertilizers and salts C) gypsum D) cement E) soda F) fluoride salts G) aluminum H) vanadium № 282 Apatite ores besides apatite include the following minerals … A) nepheline B) ilmenite C) feldspars D) lodestone E) limonite F) throne G) copper sulfide H) zinc ore № 283 The composition of phosphorite ore includes the following mineralsimpurities… A) calcite 114

B) dolomite C) quartz D) coal E) wood ash F) magnesite G) anthracite H) sylvinite № 284 The main stages of production of sodium tripolyphosphate are … A) neutralization B) filtration of solution C) drying D) mixing E) cleaning F) flotation G) grinding H) washing № 285 Raw materials for production of sodium pyrophosphate are ... A) phosphoric acid B) sodium bicarbonate C) soda ash D) sodium hydrocarbonate E) sodium sulfate F) potassium sulfate G) nitric acid H) sulfuric acid № 286 Thermal phosphoric acid and soda ash are used as raw materials in the production of … A) Na4Р2O7 B) Na5P3O10 C) Na3PO3 D) AlPO4·2H2O E) Mg(H2PO4)2·H2O F) Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O G) Ca(H2PO4)2 H) Mg(H2PO4)2 № 287 Novodzhambul phosphorus plant produces such phosphor-containing products, as … A) sodium tripolyphosphate 115

B) pyrophosphoric acid C) sodium metaphosphate D) precipitate E) carbamide F) ammonium nitrate G) double superphosphate H) bonemeal № 288 Methods of production of extraction phosphoric acid are … A) anhydrite B) hemihydrate C) dihydrate D) ferrite E) membrane F) contact G) tower H) diaphragm № 289 Difference and advantage of apatite concentrate compared to Karatau phosphorite are … A) absence of sodium carbonate B) absence of potassium carbonate C) absence of magnesium oxide D) low content of P2O5 in product E) absence of sesquioxides F) presence of fluorine in product G) high content of insoluble residue H) absence of fluorine in product № 290 Main steps of obtaining of thermal phosphoric acid are … A) storage and transport of phosphorus B) combustion and hydration of P4 C) cooling of gas and hydration of P4O10 D) calcining of blend E) leaching F) residue of solution G) grinding H) sintering of blend № 291 Method of cleaning of extraction phosphoric acid from impurities is … A) recrystallization B) extraction with organic solvents 116

C) precipitation D) sublimation E) causticizing F) vulcanization G) alkylation H) filtration № 292 Reagents for purification of extraction phosphoric acid by extraction method are… A) alcohols B) esters C) sulfonic acid D) sulfuric acid E) salts, bases F) nitric acid G) carboxymethyl cellulose H) calcium salts № 293 The raw material for production of phosphoric acid with qualification «Purum» and «Pro Analysi» is … A) thermal phosphoric acid B) sodium sulfide C) activated carbon D) pyrophosphoric acid E) calcium sulphide F) potassium sulphide G) sodium sulfate H) tripolyphosphoric acid № 294 Ore deposits containing phosphorites are … A) Ushtas B) Koksu C) Kokdzhon D) Dossor E) Zyryanovsk F) Atasu G) Zhezdy H) Sarybai № 295 The main principles of low level of processing of phosphogypsum are … A) presence of F B) presence of P 117

C) presence of rare-earth elements D) presence of large quantities of H2O E) presence of SiO2 F) presence of Fe2O3 G) presence of large amounts of sulfur H) presence of residuals of sulfuric and phosphoric acids № 296 Impurities of extraction phosphoric acid, obtained by sulfuric acid decomposition, in comparison with thermal phosphoric acid, are … A) SO3, Fe2O3 B) Al2O3, CaO C) MgO, F D) Fe2O3, P2O5 E) P2O5, Na2O F) K2O, Fe2O3 G) CaO, Na2O H) CaO, H2O № 297 Phosphogypsum (waste from production of phosphoric acid) is used for… A) Portland cement B) construction gypsum C) ammonium sulfate D) mineral fertilizers E) carbamide F) soda ash G) expanded clay H) precipitate № 298 Wastes from the decomposition of phosphate rock with sulfuric acid are … A) phosphogypsum B) HF C) SiF4 D) chlorinated gases E) H2SiF6 F) flue gases G) ferromanganese H) ferrosilicon № 299 In process of utilization of phosphogypsum … are obtained. A) sulfur dioxide B) Portland cement C) ammonium sulfate 118

D) calcium carbide E) sodium carbonate F) calcium hydroxide G) phosphine H) calcium phosphate № 300 Mass of P2O5 in phosphorites of Karatau (24.5% of P2O5) with mass of 100 kg with a coefficient of decomposition of raw materials equal to 0.98 is … A) 24 kg B) 24000 g C) 0.024 t D) 0.016 t E) 16000 g F) 16 kg G) 0.6 kg H) 0.06 t № 301 Masses of CaO and P2O5 in apatite with mass 1 kg, containing 39.4% of P2O5 and 52% CaO are equal to … A) 394 g and 520 g B) 0.394 kg and 0.52 kg C) 0.00394 centner and 0.0052 centner D) 394 kg and 520 kg E) 290 g and 420 g F) 0.29 kg and 0.42 kg G) 0.22 kg and 0.32 kg H) 220 g and 320 g № 302 Methods of processing of phosphate raw materials are ... A) acid B) acid-thermal C) acid-free D) alkali E) alkaline thermal F) salt G) slipcasting H) plastic № 303 The exhaust gases in production of mineral fertilizers are processed into … A) aluminum fluoride B) cryolite C) fluoride salts 119

D) silica E) pure fluorine F) phosphate salt G) phosphoric acid H) phosphogypsum № 304 Phosphorus fertilizers are … A) double superphosphate B) simple superphosphate C) phosphorite powder D) ammonium nitrate E) potassium nitrate F) sodium nitrate G) carbamide H) potassium-magnesium № 305 In order to increase degree of utilization of fluorine compounds in phosphate manufacturing various techniques allowing to increase output of fluorine with gaseous compounds, such as ... are used. A) use of silica supplements B) use of silica and resin additives C) creation of high vacuum D) increase of process pressure E) increase of process temperature F) use of new equipment G) increase of solubility of raw material H) lowering of process temperature № 306 In order to increase degree of utilization of fluorine compounds in phosphate manufacturing various techniques allowing to increase output of fluorine with gaseous compounds, such as ... are used. A) isolation from solution by precipitation B) isolation from solution by extraction C) isolation from solution by sorption D) increasing of process temperature and pressure E) increasing of temperature, solubility of raw materials F) use of additives of lead dioxide and tar G) creation of high vacuum H) usage of cyclone № 307 Methods of defluorination of phosphoric acid, obtained from phosphates of Karatau are … A) precipitation 120

B) sorption C) extraction D) ion exchange on resins E) redox F) catalyst G) oxidation H) reduction № 308 Chemical composition of apatite (in%): A) CaO: 53-56; P2O5: 41 B) F: up to 3.8 (fluoroapatite); Cl: up to 6.8 (chloroapatite) C) impurities of Mn, Fe, Sb, Al, Th, rare earths, carbonate group – CO2 (carbonate-apatite) D) impurities of Cr, Fe, Au E) CaO: 20; P2O5: 8 F) Mg: 8; Fe: up to 6 G) impurities of He, Li, H, Th, rare earths, carbonate group – CO2 (carbonateapatite) H) PbO: 56; FeO: 41 № 309 Apatite is … A) phosphate mineral B) pale-green, blue, yellow-green or pink in color with glassy luster mineral C) polygenic mineral forming clusters in alkaline, igneous rocks, carbonatites, nepheline and granite pegmatites, etc. D) natural body with a definite chemical composition and an ordered atomic structure, formed as a result of natural physical and chemical processes E) nitrate mineral G) polygenic mineral, not forming clusters in alkaline, igneous rocks, carbonatites, pegmatites, etc. H) natural body with certain physical composition № 310 The World's largest commercial deposits of apatite are located in … A) Kola Peninsula B) Trans-Baikal region C) Brazil, Mexico, the USA D) Kazakhstan E) Mexico, France F) Australia G) the USA, Australia H) Brazil, Kazakhstan

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THEME #9. Features of disposal, recycling and dumping of toxic and radioactive waste. Methods of cost accounting, relating to collection and transportation of wastes in calculation of economic efficiency of secondary mineral resources All parts of the nuclear fuel cycle produce some radioactive waste (radwaste) and the relatively modest cost of managing and disposing of this is part of the electricity cost, i.e. it is internalised and paid for by the electricity consumers. At each step of the fuel cycle there are proven technologies to dispose of the radioactive wastes safely. For low- and intermediatelevel wastes these are mostly being implemented. For high-level wastes some countries await the accumulation of enough of it to warrant building geological repositories; others, such as the USA, have encountered political delays. Unlike other industrial wastes, the level of hazard of all nuclear waste – its radioactivity – diminishes with time. Each radionuclide contained in the waste has a half-life – the time taken for half of its atoms to decay and thus for it to lose half of its radioactivity. Radionuclides with long half-lives tend to be alpha and beta emitters – making their handling easier – while those with short half-lives tend to emit the more penetrating gamma rays. Eventually all radioactive wastes decay into non-radioactive elements. The more radioactive an isotope is, the faster it decays. The main objective in managing and disposing of radioactive (or other) waste is to protect people and the environment. This means isolating or diluting the waste so that the rate or concentration of any radionuclides returned to the biosphere is harmless. To achieve this, practically all wastes are contained and managed – some clearly need deep and permanent burial. From nuclear power generation, none is allowed to cause harmful pollution. Types of radioactive waste a) Exempt waste & very low level waste. Exempt waste and very low level waste (VLLW) contains radioactive materials at a level which is not considered harmful to people or the surrounding environment. It consists mainly of demolished material (such as concrete, plaster, bricks, metal, valves, piping, etc.) produced during 122

rehabilitation or dismantling operations on nuclear industrial sites. Other industries, such as food processing, chemical, steel, etc. also produce VLLW as a result of the concentration of natural radioactivity present in certain minerals used in their manufacturing processes. The waste is therefore disposed of with domestic refuse. b) Low-level waste. Low-level waste (LLW) is generated from hospitals and industry, as well as the nuclear fuel cycle. It comprises paper, rags, tools, clothing, filters, etc., which contain small amounts of mostly short-lived radioactivity. It does not require shielding during handling and transport and is suitable for shallow land burial. To reduce its volume, it is often compacted or incinerated before disposal. It comprises some 90% of the volume but only 1% of the radioactivity of all radioactive waste. c) Intermediate-level waste. Intermediate-level waste (ILW) contains higher amounts of radioactivity and some requires shielding. It typically comprises resins, chemical sludges and metal fuel cladding, as well as contaminated materials from reactor decommissioning. Smaller items and any non-solids may be solidified in concrete or bitumen for disposal. d) High-level waste. High-level waste (HLW) arises from the 'burning' of uranium fuel in a nuclear reactor. HLW contains the fission products and transuranic elements generated in the reactor core. It is highly radioactive and hot due to decay heat, so requires cooling and shielding. HLW has both long-lived and short-lived components, depending on the length of time it will take for the radioactivity of particular radionuclides to decrease to levels that are considered no longer hazardous for people and the surrounding environment. If generally short-lived fission products can be separated from long-lived actinides, this distinction becomes important in management and disposal of HLW. Managing high-level waste Used fuel gives rise to high-level waste (HLW) which may be either the used fuel itself in fuel rods, or the separated waste arising from reprocessing this. In either case, the amount is modest – as noted above, a typical reactor generates about 27 tonnes of used fuel which may be reduced to 3 m3 per year of vitrified waste. Both can be effectively and economically isolated, and have been handled and stored safely since nuclear power began. 123

Storage of used fuel is mostly in ponds associated with individual reactors, or in a common pool at multi-reactor sites, or occasionally at a central site. If the used fuel is reprocessed HLW comprises highly-radioactive fission products and some transuranic elements with long-lived radioactivity. These are separated from the used fuel, enabling the uranium and plutonium to be recycled. Liquid HLW from reprocessing must be solidified. The HLW also generates a considerable amount of heat and requires cooling. It is vitrified into borosilicate (Pyrex) glass, encapsulated into heavy stainless steel cylinders about 1.3 metres high and stored for eventual disposal deep underground. This material has no conceivable future use and is unequivocally waste. The hulls and end-fittings of the reprocessed fuel assemblies are compacted, to reduce volume, and usually incorporated into cement prior to disposal as ILW. If used reactor fuel is not reprocessed, it will still contain all the highly radioactive isotopes, and then the entire fuel assembly is treated as HLW for direct disposal. It too generates a lot of heat and requires cooling. However, since it largely consists of uranium (with a little plutonium), it represents a potentially valuable resource and there is an increasing reluctance to dispose of it irretrievably. Either way, after 40-50 years the heat and radioactivity have fallen to one thousandth of the level at removal. This provides a technical incentive to delay further action with HLW until the radioactivity has reduced to about 0.1% of its original level. After storage for about 40 years the used fuel assemblies are ready for encapsulation or loading into casks ready for indefinite storage or permanent disposal underground. Direct disposal of used fuel has been chosen by the USA and Sweden among others, although evolving concepts lean towards making it recoverable if future generations see it as a resource. This means allowing for a period of management and oversight before a repository is closed. Used fuel is subject to international safeguards due to its uranium and plutonium content. Separated (and vitrified) HLW is not subject to safeguards, which is another factor in easier handling. 124

Recycling of used fuel Any used fuel will still contain some of the original U-235 as well as various plutonium isotopes which have been formed inside the reactor core, and the U-238. In total these account for some 96% of the original uranium and over half of the original energy content (ignoring U-238). Reprocessing, undertaken in Europe and Russia, separates this uranium and plutonium from the wastes so that they can be recycled for re-use in a nuclear reactor. Plutonium arising from reprocessing is recycled through a MOX fuel fabrication plant where it is mixed with depleted uranium oxide to make fresh fuel. European reactors currently use over 5 tonnes of plutonium a year in fresh MOX fuel. Major commercial reprocessing plants operate in France, UK, and Russia with a capacity of some 5000 tonnes per year and cumulative civilian experience of 80,000 tonnes over 50 years. A new reprocessing plant with an 800 t/yr capacity at Rokkasho in Japan is undergoing commissioning. France and UK also undertake reprocessing for utilities in other countries, notably Japan, which has made over 140 shipments of used fuel to Europe since 1979. Until now most Japanese used fuel has been reprocessed in Europe, with the vitrified waste and the recovered uranium and plutonium (as MOX fuel) being returned to Japan to be used in fresh fuel. Russia also reprocesses some used fuel from Soviet-designed reactors in other countries. There are several proposed developments of reprocessing technologies. One technology under development would separate plutonium along with the minor actinides as one product. This however cannot be simply put into MOX fuel and recycled in conventional reactors; it requires fast neutron reactors which are as yet few and far between. On the other hand, it will make disposal of high-level wastes easier. So the options for used fuel are: – Direct disposal (after storage) to a geological repository. The material has very long-lived radioactivity, and will take about 300,000 years to reach the same level as the original ore. – Aqueous reprocessing to remove only uranium and plutonium. The material then only takes about 9000 years to reach the same level of radioactivity as the original ore. 125

Advanced electrometallurgical reprocessing which removes uranium, plutonium and minor actinides together for recycling in a fast reactor. The wastes then only need 300 years to reach the same level of radioactivity as the original ore. This is not yet operational on any commercial scale. Costs of radioactive waste management Financial provisions are made for managing all kinds of civilian radioactive waste. The cost of managing and disposing of nuclear power plant wastes represents about 5% of the total cost of the electricity generated. The actual arrangements for paying for waste management and decommissioning also vary. The key objective is however always the same: to ensure that sufficient funds are available when they are needed. There are three main approaches: 1) Provisions on the balance sheet. Sums to cover the anticipated costs of waste management and decommissioning are included on the generating company's balance sheet as a liability. As waste management and decommissioning work proceeds, the company has to ensure that it has sufficient investments and cashflow to meet the required payments. 2) Internal fund. Payments are made over the life of the nuclear facility into a special fund that is held and administered within the company. The rules for the management of the fund vary, but many countries allow the fund to be re-invested in the assets of the company, subject to adequate securities and investment returns. 3) External fund. Payments are made into a fund that is held outside the company, often within government or administered by a group of independent trustees. Again, rules for the management of the fund vary. Some countries only allow the fund to be used for waste management and decommissioning purposes, others allow companies to borrow a percentage of the fund to reinvest in their business. Regulation The nuclear and radioactive waste management industries work to well-established safety standards for the management of radioactive waste. International and regional organisations such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) of the Organisation for Economic Co–

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operation and Development (OECD), the European Commission (EC) and the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) develop standards, guidelines and recommendations under a framework of co-operation to assist countries in establishing and maintaining national standards. National policies, legislation and regulations are all developed from these internationally agreed standards, guidelines and recommendations. Amongst others, these standards aim to ensure the protection of the public and the environment, both now and into the future. International agreements in the form of conventions have also been established such as the Joint Convention on Nuclear Safety and the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management. The latter was adopted in 1997 by a diplomatic conference convened by the IAEA and came into force in June 2001 following the required number of ratifications. Other international conventions and directives seek to provide for inter alia, the safe transportation of radioactive material, protection of the environment (including the marine environment) from radioactive waste, and the control of imports and exports of radioactive waste and transboundary movements. № 311 Underground dumping are … A) mines B) emptiness C) wells, old oil fields D) heap type of dumping E) dumping on slopes F) dumpingin pits G) dumping in underground bunker H) dumping insmall pit № 312 The main structural elements of waste disposal site are … A) sealing lining B) protective lining layer C) drainage layer of filtrate D) undercoat E) polymeric film materials 127

F) coating of asphalt concrete G) mineral (clay) coating H) filtrate № 313 Combustion method can be applied to process such complex wastes from the point of recycling view, as … A) organic products B) inorganic products C) halogenated wastes D) highly toxic substances E) mercury-containing products F) wastes of galvanic production G) slurry precipitations of treatment plants H) arsenic-containing wastes № 314 Types of wastes which are not accepted to polygon are … A) radioactive waste B) oil products to be recovered C) waste for which effective methods of extraction of metals or other substances are developed D) slurry precipitants of treatment plants E) mercury-containing wastes F) liquid organic fuels G) highly toxic substances H) cyanides-containing № 315 Wastes, which can be recycled by physical-chemical methods, are … A) arsenic-containing B) of electroplating industry C) cyanides-containing D) highly toxic substances E) forming mixture F) liquid organic fuel G) mercury-containing waste H) solid organic fuel № 316 Not referring to process of waste burning are … A) sorting B) testing of waste leakage C) sealing in containers D) drying E) gasification 128

F) combustion G) afterburning H) inflammation № 317 Plasma method of disposal of toxic waste is used for recycling of … A) liquid waste B) gaseous wastes C) highly toxic liquid and gaseous wastes D) liquid and solid wastes E) solid wastes F) low-toxic liquid wastes G) non-toxic gaseous wastes H) gaseous and solid wastes № 318 The process of waste burning does not depend on ... A) type of reactor B) degree of turbulence of liquid stream in reactor C) pressure inreactor D) temperature in combustion reactor E) specific load F) working volume of reactor G) spraying hardness H) level of gas flow in reactor № 319 Features of fire method of disposal and recycling are as follows: A) it is characterized by high sanitation and hygiene efficiency B) it is used for disposal of waste in any physical state C) it is the most universal, reliable and efficient D) it is used to finalize of toxic liquid and gaseous wastes into non-toxic E) process is performed in plasmatron F) decomposition by using of microorganisms G) it is characterized by low sanitation and hygiene efficiency H) it is used for recycling only in solid state № 320 Guild of physical-chemical neutralization of solid and liquid noncombustible waste should include … A) installation of neutralization of solid cyan-containing wastes B) installation of neutralization of wastes of galvanic production C) installation of neutralization of arsenic-containing wastes D) installation of neutralization of any waste E) installation of burning of toxic substances F) installation of fermentation of low toxic gaseous wastes 129

G) installation of crystallization of wastes of solid salts H) installation of neutralization of forming mixes № 321 Materials from wood waste on basis of mineral binders include … A) arbolit B) fiberboard C) xylolite D) carbonite E) rosin F) ceramsite G) shale H) barkslait № 322 Types of groundwaste dumping are … A) dumping on slopes B) dumpingin pits C) heap type of dumping D) dumping in mines E) dumping in emptiness F) dumping in wells G) dumping in old oil deposits H) dumping in deposits № 323 Advantages of heap type of dumping are … A) dumping base is located on ground B) there is a good opportunity to monitor compaction of hosted material C) removal of water realizes without usage of pumps D) creation of aesthetic burden on landscape E) necessity to use special building structures to enhance stability of dumping F) difficulties of assessing of stability of slopes, especially at high altitude of dumping G) high voltage shift based on slope H) dumping base is located underground № 324 Polygons are not allowed to be allocated in … A) wetlands B) zone of sources of underground drinking water C) territories of green zones of cities D) non-agricultural lands E) areas with weak filtering soils F) sites, excluding environmental pollution 130

G) leeward sidetowards settlements and recreational areas H) below places of intakes of drinking water, fish farms № 325 Polygons should be located in … A) non-agricultural lands B) sites, excluding environmental pollution C) leeward sidetowards settlements and recreational areas D) wetlands E) sites contaminated by organic and radioactive waste, before expiration of terms established by sanitary-epidemiological service F) zone of sources of underground drinking water G) territories of green zones of cities H) in areas of landslides, mudslides and avalanches № 326 Liquid incombustible waste coming to polygon should be … before disposal. A) dehydrated B) neutralized C) converted into insoluble compounds D) combusted in furnaces E) combusted in reactors F) not neutralized G) converted into soluble compounds H) not dehydrated № 327 Thermal destruction can be done for … A) organic fuel B) liquid organic fuel C) wastewaters D) sand contaminated with oil products E) forming earth F) spoiled and unmarked bottles G) highly toxic substances H) slurry precipitants of treatment plants № 328 Types of wastes, to be transported for disposal in the special polygons, are … A) galvanic production B) highly toxic substances C) organic fuels D) spoiled and unmarked bottles E) forming earth 131

F) mercury-containing wastes G) sand, contaminated with oil products H) slurry precipitants of treatment plants № 329 Installation of neutralization of solid cyan-containing waste includes such steps (system), as … A) receiving and crushing of wastes B) preparation of suspension and transfer of cyanides to cyanates C) filtering of suspension D) deposition of heavy metal ions by lime milk E) filtering of precipitate F) evaporation of filtrate G) capacitive park for receiving of wastes H) transfer of cyanatesto cyanides № 330 On territory of dumping of toxic industrial wastes around its perimeter starting from fence should be placed consequentially… A) annular passage B) annular embankment with height of 1.5 m and width of 3 m on top C) annular road with advanced capital covering and entrances to polygons D) annular embankment with height of 3 m and a width of 10 m on top E) plant on neutralization of toxic industrial wastes F) garage of specialized vehicles G) site of dumping H) rain-tap trays at a distance of 10 m from road № 331 In body of neutralization of spoiled and unmarked containers should be provided: A) armor pits for undermining of cylinders B) system of washing and neutralization of armor pits and waste gases C) cellar for storing of explosives D) treatment system of washing waters from mercury E) warehouse for storing of containers of mercury wastes directed to processing F) cleaning system of technological gases from mercury G) stock of refractory products H) guild of physical-chemical neutralization of solid and liquid non-combustible wastes № 332 In body of neutralization of mercury and fluorescent lamps should be provided… A) storage area for receiving of lamps 132

B) aggregates for disposal of fluorescent and mercury lamps C) cleaning system of technological gases from mercury D) system of washing and neutralization of armor pits and waste gases E) stock of refractory products F) guild of physical-chemical neutralization of solid and liquid non-combustible wastes G) armor pits for undermining of cylinders H) capacitive park for receiving of wastes № 333 Requirements for containers of disposal are … A) hermetic, metal B) thickness of container wall should not be less than 10 mm C) mass of filled container should be no more than 2 tons D) unsealed E) structural material of container should not have corrosion resistance F) corrosion rate should not exceed 0.5 mm/year. G) volume of each compartment must be capable to receive containers with wastesin period up to 5 years H) wall thickness of container should be at least 100 mm № 334 Land dumping of toxic industrial waste should be placed … A) no closer than 200 meters from farmland B) no closer than 50 meters from borders of forest and plantations C) is not intended for use in recreational (to restore health) purposes D) in zone of sources of underground drinking water E) in wetlands F) on territories of green zones of cities D) on agricultural lands G) in areas of disaster H) in settlements

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THEME #10. Problems of discharge of industrial wastewater, methods of their solutions. The main principles of chemical, electrochemical and thermal methods of wastewater treatment. Eco-friendly technologies for obtaining of water At the present time one of the main water problems is discharge of industrial wastewater and their utilization. Wastewater now pollute more than 1/3 of the total river flow. Wastewaters of chemical plants are purified by mechanical, physical-chemical and biological methods. Choosing of treatment scheme is determined by indicators of treated drains, possibility of recycling of impurities and re-use of treated water for industrial purposes, state of reservoir and water quality in it, etc. In each case, adopted treatment scheme should provide purification of water, depending on its further use. Production is provided by Q m3/day of water required for normal functioning of main and auxiliary technological limits. A certain amount P m3/day is irretrievably lost as a result of evaporation, loses of water with finished product, through leaks, etc. Therefore, even during full cleaning in production must come Q = Рm3/day of water The possibility of usage of water in system depends on concentration of certain chemical compounds to which after each manufacturing step a new quantity of pollutants are added. To evaluate operation of system it is proposed to introduce the following criteria: – separation factor S, equal to ratio of concentration of component at input Сi to its concentration at output Δ Ci =

/( + )(

+Δ )

– accumulation factor, characterizing degree of accumulation of substances in system: =

Δ

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– cyclical factor indicating how many times a certain amount of water can pass through system and depending on specifics of enterprise: = All criteria are bound to the following final equation: 1+

1

1 = (1 + )

From these data it follows that scheme of undrained production depends on technology of used water according to standards ensure its return to the cycle. There are different wastewater treatment levels, among them are local, factory, city or regional. Function of local or guild treatment facilities primarily consists in removal of waste water mostly with extraction of valuable components immediately after technological installations and guilds. At local installations sewage, which cannot be discharged without pre-treatment in re-circulating systems or general factory or regional treatment facilities, are purified. Most large enterprises have general treatment facilities. The most modern of them include installations of mechanical, physical, chemical and biological treatments. Regional or city wastewater treatment plants are designed for treatment of household and industrial wastewater of region. At a jointed treatment of industrial wastewater the content of suspended and supernatant substances, product, capable to destroy or clog communications, explosive and flammable substances, and temperature are regulated. Mechanical wastewater treatment provides removal of suspended coarsely and finely dispersed (solid and liquid) impurities. Coarsely dispersed impurities are separated from wastewaters by settling and flotation; finely dispersed are separated by filtration, settling, electrochemical coagulation, flocculation. Soluble inorganic compounds are removed from wastewater reagent method, among them are neutralization (acids and alkalies), transfer of ions in poorly soluble forms, co-precipitation of mineral impurities with salts, oxidizing and reducing of toxic impurities till slightly toxic, desorption of 135

volattile impurities, rev verse osmosis, ultrafiltration, ion exchange, e ion flotaation, electrochem mical oxidation, eleectrolysis. Wastewaters are purified p from organic compounds by: b – destructive (ffire clearance, liquuid oxidation, theermocatalytic oxidation in vapor v phase, ozonaation); – regenerative (extraction, ( distillaation, rectification n, adsorption, ion exchangee cleaning, reversse osmosis and ultrafiltration, u foam flotation n, etc.) methods. The most commo only used is biological treatment based on the ability of microorgan nisms to use manyy organic and som me inorganic comp pounds presented d in the wastewater as a nutrient sub bstratum. Biological installlations are quite diverse in techn nological and desig gn solutions, and can be divided intto two major grou ups: – installations, cleaning in which takes place in i conditions close to naturaal (field irrigation aand filtration, biolo ogical ponds); – installations, cleaning in which takes place in artificial conditions (bio ofilters, aerofilters, aeration tanks, dig gestion tanks).

Figu ure 4. Simplified proccess flow diagram for a typical large-scale treatment plant

Figures 4 and 5 show simplifiedd process flow diagram for a typiccal large-scale trreatment plant aand technological scheme of dom mestic wastewater treatment t plants, ccorrespondently. 136

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Figure 5. Techhnological scheme of domesticc wastewater treatment plants

The main disadvantage of such systems is large treatment facilities size (occupied areas are tens of hectares of land), duration of process, reducing of effectiveness of treatment in cold season. In addition, mechanical and biological treatment are not universal: number of characteristic for chemical industry compounds (nitrobenzene, dichloromethane, DDT, 1,2-dichloroethane, chloroform, chlorobenzene, tertiary akil-benzenes, sulfonates, diethyl ether, cyclohexane, cyclohexene, hydroquinone, etc.) almost are not destroyed by microorganisms. Strong toxic effects on microorganisms have heavy metals and some inorganic salts presented in waste water in large quantities. Therefore, the maximum amount of inorganic salts in wastewater to be purified biologically, should not exceed 10 g/l. Sharp fluctuations of concentration of inorganic salts also adversely affects the efficiency of biological treatment. Recently, three staging wastewater treatment system is used. Introduction of additional stage of cleaning is caused by higher demands on quality of purified water, which is normally used repeatedly in industrial processes or in circulating water systems. After purification is realized by filtration, adsorption, ion exchange, etc. This increases the efficiency of cleaning of COD (chemical oxygen demand) and BOD (biological oxygen demand), suspended solids and surfactants and decreases content of nutrients (e.g., phosphorus, nitrogen) and some inorganic salts. In world practice application of adsorption method for purification of domestic and industrial waste water increasingly tends. As absorbers zeolites, silica gel, alumina gel, organic adsorbents and activated carbon (the last sorbent plays a leading role) are used. Activated carbon can be used for extraction from waste of such products as carbon disulfide, surfactants, waste of caprolactam production, various dyes, phenol, oil, etc. In some cases, activated carbon adsorption can not only clean sewage, but also to utilize collected products. A process of removing and utilization of carbon disulfide from sewage waters of synthetic fibers production is developed. One option of wastewater treatment based on activated carbon sorption is called independent physical-chemical treatment. Initial wastewaters (industrial or household) are treated with lime, which contributes to formation of metal precipitation and hydrolysis of high molecular 138

organic compounds. After separation of precipitant, sewages are neutralized with carbon dioxide and are re-separated from suspended solids. The purified water is passed through several layers of granular activated carbon for final post-treatment from dissolved organic and inorganic compounds and suspended solids. Along with granular activated coal powdered activated carbon becomes increasingly widespread. The advantages of technological schemes using powdered coal is very high speed of process, and rapid achievement of equilibrium state (in minutes).It should be noted that regeneration of powdered coal with one of the known methods (wet oxidation, treatment in a multiple hearth furnace, in devices with pseudo liquefied layer, in chamber furnace, operating in mode of ablation of processed material) from trapped carboncontaining contaminants a so-called fly ash, which serves as a good absorber of organics and some other products containing in wastewater, forms. Methods of treatment of industrial and domestic waste water using flocculants are put into practice successfully. High efficiency flocculants such as strongly basic water soluble polyelectrolytes of high molecular pyridine salt based on vinylpyridines, quaternary ammonium salt based on polystyrene, polyethyleneimine, cationic polyacrylamide, which replaced such mineral coagulants, as salts of aluminum and iron, and lime, are suggested. Methods based on application of mineral coagulants have a number of disadvantages: – high consumption of reagents; – duration of coagulation process; – formation of, as a rule, large amounts of precipitation, neutralization and disposal of which present certain difficulties. Methods using synthetic macromolecular flocculants, largely devoid these disadvantages. Their usage in combination with pressure flotation can dramatically improve physical and chemical methods of neutralization of industrial and household waste waters. Development of electrochemical methods, such as electrodialysis, based on salt transport through semi-permeable ion exchange membrane under influence of direct current increases in the world. This method is widely used for desalination of saline groundwater and a number of chemical production waste at present time. One 139

significant disadvantage of this method is necessity of preliminary removal of organic substances adversely affecting on membrane. Furthermore, in electrolysis process, formation of precipitation, clogging of membrane pores is possible. To remove precipitations various methods, such as pressure flotation method using compressed air and introduction of special reagents (water repellents) or electro-flotation method are developed. In the last case both hydrophobic and hydrophilic products are removed from treated water. The degree of purification of wastewater from suspended solids is 95-99%.The cost of process of cleaning of wastewater by electrochemical methods, for example, in production of viscose fibers considerably lower than other similar cleaning processes. One of indispensable conditions of operability of undrained system is separation of salts and other substances from treated recycled water. For this purpose thermal, ion-exchange, adsorption, electrochemical, and etc. techniques are used. The common disadvantage of these methods is that salts are released as mixtures of chlorides, sulfates and carbonates, without possibility to separate them. The practical value of such mixtures is not great, so for development of industry products with certain technical requirements are required. Consequently, the reverse system must be designed as a set of local in composition subsystems of used water. This causes a significant rise in cost of project and complicates operation of systems. Other problems of water circulating systems are associated with disposal of recycled water by special agents, usage of secondary thermal resources, association of urban and industrial wastewater, using industrial waste for wastewater treatment, etc. № 335 Methods of wastewater treatment are … A) mechanical B) physical-chemical, biological C) chemical D) technical-chemical E) physical-biological F) physical-technical G) gravitational H) biological-mechanical

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№ 336 Physical method of wastewater treatment ... A) means the primary cleaning of discharge B) uses a lattice for trapping and separation of foreign particles C) consists in usage of screens for catching and separation of foreign particles D) consists in usage of special reagents E) makes it possible to remove inorganic and organic contamination from discharge using vibratory plants F) makes it possible to remove organic contamination from discharge by biological lagoons and biofilters G) consists in usage of natural degradation mechanisms of organic substances H) is the deepest principle of wastewater treatment № 337 Biological method of wastewater treatment ... А) is the deepest principle of wastewater treatment В) consist in usage of natural mechanisms of decomposition of organic substances С) consists in usage of biological lagoons and biofilters D) means the primary cleaning of discharge E) foreign particles are captured and separated using grids F) foreign particles are captured and separated using sieves G) makes it possible to remove inorganic and organic contamination from discharge using combined filters H) consists in usage of special reagents № 338 In chemical method of wastewater treatment ... А) special reagents are used В) organic and inorganic contaminants are decomposed by special reagents С) water pollutants are neutralized by special reagents D) is the deepest principle of wastewater treatment E) foreign particles are captured and separated using sieves F) makes it possible to remove inorganic and organic contamination from discharge using combined filters G) consist in usage of natural mechanisms of decomposition of organic substances H) means the primary cleaning of discharge № 339 Wastewater treatment plants are … A) installations for treatment of storm drains B) installations for treatment of household waters C) installations for treatment of domestic waters D) installation for treatment of drinking waters 141

E) installation for treatment of inorganic contaminants F) installations for treatment of solid substances G) storage ponds of drinking waters H) installations for treatment of mineral waters № 340 The natural resources of groundwater and their run off … A) are formed by infiltration of atmospheric precipitation B) are formed by filtration losses of river waters C) are formed by filtration losses of irrigation waters D) are formed by flotation waters E) are not formed by atmospheric precipitation F) are not formed by filtration losses of irrigation waters G) are not formed by filtration losses of river waters H) are not formed by losses of river waters № 341 Three unique continental ponds of Kazakhstan, used for industrial needs, are … A) the Aral Sea B) the Caspian Sea C) Lake Balkhash D) Irtysh River E) Ural River, Ishim River, Tobol River F) Lake Airport G) Baikal H) Syr Darya and Amu Darya № 342 Prevailing pollutants of groundwater of Kazakhstan are … A) sulfates, nitrogen compounds B) phenols C) heavy metals D) light metals E) rare earth elements F) alkali metal oxides G) halogens H) mercury, arsenic № 343 Caspian Sea is one of polluted seas of Republic of Kazakhstan and is characterized as... A) the largest undrained reservoir of globe B) total length of coastline is equal to 7 thousands of km C) sea with cyclical fluctuations of level due to climatic factors D) original reservoir, having features characteristic both for sea and lake 142

E) total length of coastline is equal to100 thousands of km F) water reservoir, which is fully used in energy purposes G) pollution level is influenced bydischarges of industrial association «Balhashmed» H) sea, which main pollutants are heavy metals and phenols № 344 Lake Balkhash is one of lakes contaminated with harmful substances and has the following characteristics … A) level of water therein is 341.3 abs. m B) pollution level is influenced bydischarges ofindustrial association «Balkhashmys» C) main pollutants of lake are heavy metals and petroleum products D) the largest undrained reservoir of globe E) total length of coastline is equal to1 thousand of km F) with cyclical fluctuations of level due to natural factors G) original reservoir, having features characteristic both for sea and lake H) main pollutants of lake are light metals and phenols № 345 Membrane wastewater treatment technologies are … A) microfiltration B) ultrafiltration C) nanofiltration, reverse osmosis D) macrofiltration E) reverse osmosis, dialysis F) osmosis G) vacuum filtration H) macrofiltration, nanofiltration № 346 Electrolytic method of treatment industrial wastewaters… A) refers to physical methods of treatment of industrial wastewaters B) is a very effective and requires relatively low cost for construction of sewage treatment plants C) uses an electrical current which is passed through industrial waste, which leads to precipitation of most of pollutants in sediments D) refers to chemical methods of treatment of industrial wastewaters E) refers to biological methods of treatment of industrial wastewaters F) consist in usage of special reagents G) makes it possible to remove inorganic and organic contamination from discharge using combined filters H) makes it possible to remove organic contamination from discharge by biological lagoons and biofilters

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№ 347 In biological wastewater treatment method … are used. A) activated sludge (aeration) B) biofilters C) digestion tanks (anaerobic digestion) D) chamber filter-presses E) settlers F) flotation, sorption, centrifugation G) ion exchange and electrochemical purification H) evaporation, vaporization and crystallization № 348 Types of physical-chemical wastewater treatment are … A) flotation, sorption, centrifugation B) ion exchange and electrochemical cleaning C) evaporation, vaporization and crystallization D) biological and chemical cleaning E) biofiltration F) anaerobic fermentation G) technical cleaning H) ion exchange and biological-chemical treatment № 349 Technologies of mechanical dewatering of sludge are implemented by using of … A) chamber filter-presses B) belt presses C) centrifuges (decanters) D) biofilters E) aerofilters F) trickling filters G) dispensers H) compressors № 350 Wastewaters of oil refining factories … A) differ in variety of harmful, toxic substances (petroleum products) B) contain phenols, sulfides C) cause great damage to environment and population, influencing social side of life D) does not cause great damage to environment E) have satisfactory quality F) do not contain phenols G) do not contain sulfides H) have satisfactory quality for farmlands

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№ 351 Oil refineries use … for cleaning of oil-contaminated wastewaters from dissolved and colloidal impurities. A) sedimentation B) flotation C) biological methods D) distilling E) chemical reactions with reducing agents F) chemical reactions with oxidising agents G) crystallizing H) combustion № 352 Mechanical method of wastewater treatment … A) allows to separate from wastewater up to 60-75% of insoluble impurities B) removes mechanical impurities using settling and filtering C) usesgrating, sieves, septic for trapping of large particles D) consists in destruction of organic substances in wastewaters using chemicals E) is realized in special facilities – electrolysis cells F) allows to separate from wastewaters up to 90% of soluble compounds G) makes it possible to remove organic contamination from discharge by biological lagoons and biofilters H) consists in usage of natural mechanisms of decomposition of organic substances № 353 Types of pollution of surface and groundwater are … A) mechanical, chemical B) radioactive, thermal C) bacterial, biological D) artificial E) natural F) thermal, air G) radioactive, air H) bacterial, natural № 354 Bacterial and biological contaminations of surface and groundwater are … A) presence of variety of pathogenic microorganisms in water B) presence of various fungi in water C) presence of small algae in water D) presence of radioactive substances in ground or surface waters E) release of heated waters of thermal and nuclear power plantsin water reservoirs F) presence of organic and inorganic substances of toxic and non-toxicaction in water 145

G) increase of content of mechanical impurities H) presence of oil products in water № 355 Biological filters are ... A) water treatment plants, where biological treatment of wastewater occurs B) rectangular or circular tank with a double bottom made from brick, concrete or stone C) used in biological wastewater treatment method D) installation for storm-household wastewaters E) water treatment plants, where mechanical treatment of wastewater occurs F) not sufficiently effective in applying G) used in mechanical wastewater treatment method H) used in physical-chemical wastewater treatment method № 356 Selection of wastewater treatment method … A) is determined by average daily flow of wastewater, degree of unevenness of inflow of wastewaters from facilities B) is determined by mode of operation of treatment plant, nature of sewage system, average concentration of pollutants C) is determined by degree of purification of wastewater according to climatic, geological, topographical conditions D) does not depend on mode of operation of treatment plant E) is not determined by average daily flow of wastewater F) does not depend on climatic, geological conditions G) does not depend on topographic conditions H) does not depend on content of phosphates and nitrogen of ammonium salts in water № 357 According to productivity biofilters can be … A) drip B) high-load C) tower D) jet E) plate F) drum G) disc H) tape № 358 Treatment of industrial waste water by reagent method includes mainly three steps: A) preparing and dosing of reagents B) mixing of reagents with water 146

C) flocculation with subsequent separation of flake impurities from water D) flotation E) distilling F) sedimentation G) dosing reagents and flotation H) preparation of reagents and sedimentation № 359 Flotation is a water purification process, which ... A) has a sufficiently high efficiency of extraction of impurities from water B) depends on properties of particles and their size C) depends on number of physical and chemical properties of brightening of fine disperse suspensions, including wastewater D) are rarely used in wastewater treatment E) is disadvantageous in economic terms F) does not depend on properties of particles and their size G) is characterized by a rather low efficiency of extraction of impurities from water H) has several disadvantages № 360 Three main types of wastewater treatment are ... A) local B) republican C) factory D) district or city E) combinatorial F) village G) territorial H) pond № 361 The limiting hazard indicators of water are … A) general sanitary B) fishery C) toxicological D) ecological E) limit F) limitative G) critical H) normative № 362 General sanitary indicator of water includes the following components: A) COD, BOD 147

B) suspended solids, sulfides C) dry residue D) clay substance E) oxygen F) carbonic acid G) carbon dioxide H) calcium carbonate № 363 Fishery indicator of water includes the following components: A) petroleum products B) nitrite C) nitrate D) dry residue E) COD F) sulfates G) sulfides H) suspended solids № 364 Toxicological indicator of water includes the following components are ... A) chromium, nickel B) copper, zinc C) cadmium, mercury and other heavy metals D) suspended solids, sulfides E) dry residue, suspended solids F) COD, BOD, dry residue, magnesium G) COD, BOD, sulphates, oxygen, sodium H) oxygen, sodium № 365 Wastewaters of chemical plants are typically purified by … A) mechanical methods B) physical-chemical methods C) biological methods D) mechanical and thermodynamic methods E) inversion methods F) biological and traditional methods G) only biological methods H) gravitation

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THEME #11. Technology of recycling of exhaust gases of power plant in full secondary products. Analysis of scheme of thermal power plant with full usage of mineral resources Most amount of electricity of the world is produced by thermal power plants. Thus a large amount of smoke gases, consisting of dust, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and other compounds, as well as waste water contaminated with various water-soluble substances and a solid precipitate in form of ash and sludge. In Kazakhstan, 75% of electricity is produced by coal power plants, more than 12% is produced by gas-oil, and 9% is produced by hydroelectricity. Thermal power plant (TPP) is energy company for converting of chemical energy of fossil fuels (coal, fuel oil, natural gas, oil shale, and others) into electrical energy. Environmental hazard is defined as physical and chemical properties of substances released, and degree of their transformations and accumulations in the biosphere. At combustion of liquid and solid fuels in furnaces of power plants sulfur dioxide, large amounts of carbon dioxide, nitrogen monoxide, water vapor, unburned hydrocarbons, oxides of metals are produced.In such system there is a complex of physical and chemical interactions and chemical transformations. According to atmospheric air Almaty refers to cities with very high level of contamination. The level of air pollution is determined by index of pollution of atmosphere. It is determined by the following main contaminants of atmosphere: sulfur dioxide, suspended particles, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxide. In world practice (Japan, Germany, Austria, etc.) sulfur- and nitrogen removal methods from smoke gases of TPP are widely distributed. They are based on removal of sulfur oxides by washing with solution of lime or limestone to produce a final product gypsum; and by decomposition of nitrogen oxides by ammonia in special catalysts, often including metals of platinum group. To implement these techniques large continuous streams of additional materials, i.e. lime and ammonia, as well as processing of large quantities of waste (gypsum) are required. At the present time a number of different cleaning methods of exhaust gas from pollutants are developed and tested, but their 149

results cannot be considered satisfactory. Methods of purification of exhaust gases are classified into: cyclical (closed), in which adsorbent (solid or liquid absorbing material) is regenerated and recycled; and acyclic (open), where regeneration of adsorbent and other substances is not performed. Let us consider in details the exhaust gas cleaning processes of TPP. Wet limestone method is non-cyclic process. It is the most developed and the most common in power stations of the USA, Japan, Germany and etc. It provides 90% of gas purification from SO2. The method is based on neutralization of sulfurous acid, which is obtained by dissolving of sulfur dioxide in the cheapest alkaline reagents – hydrate calcium oxide (lime) or calcium carbonate (limestone) Сa(ОН)2 + SO2 = СaSO3 + Н2О; СaСО3 + SO2 = СaSO3+ СО2. As a result of these reactions calcium sulfiteis obtained, which is oxidized till calcium sulfate and is used as component of material (gypsum). Wet-dry method isacyclic method; it is widely used in Western Europe and the United States when burning coal with a sulfur content of 0.5 to 1.5%. This method is based on absorption of sulfur dioxide from exhaust gases evaporating droplets of limy solution. The effectiveness of sulfur capture is more than 90%. The disadvantage of this method is rejection of usage of cheap limestone and application of high-quality lime. Essence of magnesite cyclic process consist in binding of sulfur dioxide by a slurry of magnesium oxide according to reaction: MgO + SO2 = MgSO3 The resulting magnesium sulfite reacts with SO2, forming bisulfite of magnesium, which is neutralized by addition of magnesite: MgSO3 + SO2 + Н2O = Mg(НSO3)2 Mg(НSO3)2 + MgO = 2MgSO3+ Н2O 150

Formed MgSO3 is thermally decomposed at 800-900° C to form the starting materials: MgSO3= MgO + SO2. Magnesium oxide is returned to the process; and concentrated sulfur dioxide may be recycled into sulfuric acid or elemental sulfur. The main disadvantages of this method are: numerous operations with solids (crystals of sulfite, ash, oxide of magnesium), which is due to deterioration of equipment and dusting. Ammonium cyclic process is based on reversible reaction which takes place between dissolved sulfite and bisulfite of ammonium and dioxide of sulfur absorbed from exhaust gases: (NH4)2SО3 + SO2 + Н2О=2(NH4)НSО3. At a temperature of 30-35 °C, this reaction takes place from left to right, and by boiling of solution - in opposite. The disadvantage is a large power consumption. Ozone method for simultaneous purification of exhaust gases from sulfur and nitrogen oxides. Ozone oxidation process allows to make oxidation of lower oxides of nitrogen by ozone; in some degrees of sulfur with subsequent binding by ammonia. The main disadvantages of ozone method are high energy consumption of ozone production, reaching 6-10% of power unit and corrosiveness mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids. Dry limestone (additive) method requires lower investments and is the most simple. The principle of this method is to add fuel to burnt limestone or dolomite in an amount of about 2 times higher than stoichiometric sulfur content in initial fuel. The main disadvantage of this method of gas cleaning is formation of strong depositions of ash and calcium sulfate on heated surfaces in 700÷1000 °C temperature range. The scheme below (Figure 6) shows main parts of equipment of thermal power plant and relationships of its systems. According to this scheme general sequence of technological processes occurring in the TPP can be tracked. 151

Figure 6. Thermal power plant scheme. 1 – fuel farm; 2 – pretreatment of fuel; 3 – boiler; 4 – intermediate superheater; 5 – part of high-pressure of steam turbine; 6 – part of low-pressure of steam turbine; 7 – electrical generator; 8 – transformer of own needs; 9 – transformer of communication; 10 – maindistribution device; 11 – condenser; 12 – condensate pump; 13 – circulation pump; 14 – water source (eg., a river); 15 – low pressure heater; 16 – water treatment plant; 17 – thermal energy consumer; 18 – return condensate pump; 19 – deaerator; 20 – feed pump; 21 – high pressure heater; 22 – slag and ash removal; 23 – ash dump; 24 – exhauster; 25 – chimney; 26 – blowing fan; 27 – ash collector

Thus, the composition of thermal power plant can be described as follows: – fuel farm and pretreatment of fuel; – boiler installation: totality of boiler and auxiliary equipment; – turbine installation: steam turbine and its auxiliary equipment; – installation of water treatment and condensate polishing; – technical water supply system; – system of slag and ash removal (for thermal power plants working on solid fuel); 152

– electrotechnical equipment and electrical control system. Fuel farm, depending on type of fuel plant include device of receiving and discharge, transport mechanisms, fuel stocks of solid and liquid fuels, a device for pre-treatment of fuel (coal crushing plants). The composition of fuel oil facilities also include pumps for fuel oil, fuel oil heaters, filters. Preparation of solid fuels to burning consists of grinding and drying in coal preparation installation; and preparation of fuel oil includes it’s heating, cleaning from mechanical impurities, sometimes with special processing additives. It is easier with gas fuel. Preparation of gas fuel is reduced mainly to a gas pressure regulation before boiler burners. Air required for fuel combustion is fed into combustion space of boiler by blowers. Combustion products (smoke gases) are exhausted by smoke exhausts and are discharged through chimneys into atmosphere. The set of channels (air lines and gas flues) and various pieces of equipment, which passes air and smoke gases, form gas section of thermal power plants (heating plant). In fuel combustion zone incombustible (mineral) impurities of fuel undergo chemicalphysical conversion; and are removed from boiler partly as slag, but mostly it is taken out by smoke gases in form of small ash particles. Ash collectors are installed for protection of atmospheric air from emissions of ash before smoke exhausts (to prevent their ash deterioration). Slag and captured ash are removed usually hydraulically on ash disposal. Ash collectors are not installed at burning of fuel oil and gas. During burning of fuel chemically bound energy is converted into heat. As a result, combustion products are formed, which on boiler heating surfaces give warmth to water and forming from it vapor. The set of equipment, some of its elements, pipes through which water and steam are moving, form steam-path of station. The boiler water heats till saturation temperature, evaporates, and resulting from boiling boiler water saturated steam is superheated. Superheated steam from the boiler is sent by pipeline to turbine, where its thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy transmitted to turbine shaft. Steam spent in turbine enters the condenser, giving heat to cooling water and is condensed. 153

№ 366 Substances, used in cleaning of exhaust gases, are … A) strong alkalies B) Ca(OH)2 C) zeolites D) quicklime E) CaO F) C G) white phosphorus H) CaCl2 № 367 Main gases released by TPP are … А) СО2 В) NO С) NO2 D) fine soot with air E) fluorine F) Сl2 G) СО H) CCl4

is …

№ 368 Production, as a result of which H2S and SO2 are formed as exhaust gases, A) production of coke B) oil industry C) TPP D) production of glasses E) automobile industry F) mining industry G) chemical industry H) manufacture of plastic products

№ 369 Components of block of treatment and utilization of exhaust gases of heat supply system are … A) inlet gas collector B) cooling section C) condensation and purification section D) heating system E) mixer of gases with water F) water drainage system G) heat removal system H) reaction vessel

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№ 370 One of the most toxic gaseous emissions of power plants are … A) sulfur dioxide B) H2S C) NO and NO2 D) HCl E) fluorine F) ash and soot in air G) water vapor H) metal oxides № 371 Methods of purification of exhaust gases are … A) adsorption method B) absorption method C) thermal afterburning D) electronic method E) ion method F) chlorination method G) ozonization H) aerodynamic method № 372 The main industrial adsorbents in purification of gas are … A) activated charcoal B) composite oxides C) impregnated sorbents D) sodium hydroxide E) potassium hydroxide F) active fluorine G) alumina H) organic material № 373 Absorption devices are classified according to method of production of surface of contact of phases as follows … A) surface B) bubbling C) spraying D) ceramic E) blowing F) liquid G) cryogenic H) refractory № 374 NO and NO2, obtained from cleaning of exhaust gases, are used in … A) production of fertilizers 155

B) production of nitric acid C) production of chemicals D) metallurgy E) machinery F) construction G) paper production H) production of ceramics № 375 SO2, obtained during cleaning of exhaust gases, is used in … A) production of sulphurous acid B) production of chemicals C) in wine industry, as a preservative D) glass production E) electronics production F) engineering G) medicine H) optics № 376 H2S, obtained during cleaning of exhaust gases, is used in … A) production of sulfuric acid B) medicine C) analytical chemistry D) production of silk E) production of paints F) microbiology G) water treatment H) as a fuel № 377 CO2, obtained during cleaning of exhaust gases, is used in … A) food industry as a preservative, baking powder B) during fire fighting in form of liquid carbon dioxide C) as solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) D) production of aluminum E) water purification F) as gaseous fuel G) medicine H) production of ceramic metal № 378 CO, obtained during cleaning of exhaust gases, is used in … A) synthesis – gas B) production of chemicals C) food industry 156

D) water purification E) combustible fuel F) microbiology G) medicine H) optics № 379 Method of thermal post-combustion is used to clean from … A) CO2 and CO B) H2O C) soot D) NO2 E) SO2 F) NO G) H2S H) F2 № 380 Gases, which cannot be cleaned by thermal post-combustion, are … A) gases, containing sulfur compounds B) gases, containing halogen compounds C) gases, containing phosphorus compounds D) gases, containing carbon compound E) water steam F) CO G) CO2 H) fine soot № 381 Ozone methods are used for neutralization of such exhaust gases, as… A) SO2 B) NO C) NO2 D) Cl2 E) H2S F) H2O G) F2 H) HCl № 382 The essence of the first stage of ozone method of cleaning of exhaust gases is… A) to accelerate process of oxidation of NO till NO2 B) to accelerate process of oxidation of SO2 till SO3 C) cleaning of gas from NO and SO2 D) cleaning of gases from ozone 157

E) cleaning of gases with ozone F) oxidation of fluorides G) ozone generation H) exhaustion of air during cleaning № 383 The essence of the second stage of ozone method of cleaning of exhaust gases is… A) injection of ammonia to obtain ammonium sulfate B) injection of ammonia to obtain ammonium nitrate C) obtaining of complex mineral fertilizer D) obtaining of nitric acid E) obtaining of sulfuric acid F) obtaining of metal ozonides G) cleaning of gas from soot H) cleaning from CO and CO2 № 384 P2O5, obtained during cleaning of exhaust gases, is used in … A) production of phosphoric acid H3PO4 by thermal method B) as dehumidifier of gases and liquids C) production of fertilizer D) production of silk E) mechanical engineering F) water purification G) component of aerosols H) as combustible substance № 385 Waste gases are purified … A) for extraction of useful substances B) for prevention of air pollution by harmful gases C) for purification from solid particles D) to increase volume of oxygen E) to increase volume of nitrogen F) to heat air G) from microorganisms H) from pathogenic flora № 386 Methods of cleaning from suspended particles (soot, dust, smoke) are … A) dry method B) wet method C) electric method D) biological method E) glass method 158

F) smoke method G) carbon method H) critical method № 387 Devices, which are the basis of dry cleaning method from suspended particles, are … A) gravitational device B) inertial device C) centrifugal device D) amperometric device E) nitrogen blow device F) synthesis column G) injector H) chronometer № 388 Devices, which are the basis of wet cleaning method from suspended particles, are … A) drop-catcher B) fog-catcher C) moisture-catcher D) filtering device E) photoelectrocolorimeter F) micro-scrubber G) mixing column H) centrifugal device № 389 Absorbents, which are used for absorption of acid gases (SO2, NO2, HF, H2S, etc.), are … A) aqueous solution of alkali B) aqueous solution of magnesite C) aqueous solution of limestone D) aqueous solution of sulfuric acid E) aqueous solution of nitric acid F) aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid G) aqueous solution of nitrous acid H) aqueous solution of sulfurous acid № 390 Absorbents, which are used for absorption of organic compounds, are … A) activated charcoal B) natrolite (group of zeolites) C) chabazite (group of zeolites) D) water 159

E) metals of the first group F) active metals G) metal oxides H) silicon № 391 By type of energy secondary energy resources are divided into: A) combustible (fuel) B) heat C) overpressure D) combustible (not fuel) E) atmospheric pressure F) electrical G) enrichment H) insufficient pressure № 392 Combustible secondary energy resources … A) are gaseous by-product of technological processes B) may be used as power fuel C) may be used as technological fuel D) are physical heat of main and by-products E) are physical heat of exhaust gases of technological units F) are potential energy of gases releasing from technological units G) excess pressure can be used for other forms of energy H) excess pressure cannot be used for other types of energy № 393 Heat secondary energy resources … A) are physical heat of main products B) are physical heat of by-products, as well as their cooling elements C) are physical heat of exhaust gases of technological units D) are gaseous by-products of technological processes E) may be used as power fuel F) excess pressure cannot be used for other forms of energy G) excess pressure can be used for other forms of energy H) do not have characteristic pressure № 394 Carriers of heat secondary energy resources are … A) exhaust gases B) finished products and production waste C) waste and associated steam D) gases with excess pressure E) all gaseous waste products F) heat transfer of heating 160

G) burning fuel H) solid fuel № 395 Usage of physical heat of exhaust gases is carried out according to three schemes: A) technology (closed and open) B) energy C) combined D) technological (periodic and cyclic) E) under high-pressure F) under atmospheric pressure G) heat H) direct synthesis № 396 Exhaust gases … A) are by-product of production of industrial enterprises B) usually are purified from contaminants C) are burned as a fuel D) targeted product of production of industrial enterprises E) does not need to be cleaned from contaminants F) are used in enterprises for heat utilization G) are used in enterprises to save energy and costs H) are used to heat water in heat exchangers № 397 Ferroalloy gas as a secondary energy resources … A) is produced from smelting of ferroalloys B) is formed in ore-reduction furnaces C) total content of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur (IV) oxide must not exceed 1 g/m3 D) goes out from furnaces with high temperature E) is formed in coking furnaces F) gas is mainly consist from carbon monoxide G) gas is mainly consist from carbon dioxide H) total content of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur (IV) oxide must not exceed 2 g/m3 № 398 Converter gas … A) is produced during smelting of steel in oxygen converters B) gas is mainly consist from carbon monoxide C) as fuel secondary energy resources is used during withdrawal without afterburning D) is formed by coking of coal batch 161

E) is used after removing of chemical products F) is used before removing of chemical products G) is formed during converting of coal batch H) main components of converted gas are carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide gases № 399 Coke gas … A) is formed during coking of coal batch B) is used after removing of chemical products C) components of coke gas are hydrogen, oxygen, methane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide gases D) is formed during coking of all types of batches E) is used before removing of chemical products F) components of coke gas are hydrogen, oxygen G) components of coke gas are hydrogen, oxygen, ethane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide H) components of coke gas are carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide gases № 400 Industrial furnace of heat engineering of TPP … A) is a device for thermal processing of materials in TPP B) one type of furnace is flame C) one type of furnace is electric D) device for cooling of materials in TPP E) one type of furnace is regenerative F) with a device for cooling of gases G) simple structure H) complex structure № 401 Types of thermal secondary energy resources are … A) water steam B) hot water C) ventilation emissions D) secondary steam E) cold water F) oven emissions G) peat combustion products H) primary energy sources № 402 Using of physical heat of exhaust gases, realized by closed technological scheme means … A) pre-heating of processed material in furnace B) making of chemical and thermal processing of batch materials 162

C) making of thermochemical regeneration of heat of exhaust gases D) heating of treated in oven material during all process according to approved scheme E) producing of only chemical processing of batch F) producing of only heat treatment of batch materials G) heat of exhaust gases may be used in another furnace plant H) small fuel savings in installation, using heat of exhaust gases № 403 In thermal power plant during coal combustion… A) process is carried out in two parallel-connected scrubbers B) principle of counterflow C) wastes are generated D) wastes are not generated E) principle of half-cycle F) process is carried out in two successively connected scrubbers G) process is carried out only in regenerative furnace H) process is performed only in special furnace for burning of coal № 404 Method of purification of exhaust gases of power stations from dust and sulfur dioxide is … A) irrigation with aqueous suspension of wastes of thermal power plants B) suspension with solid phase concentration of 30-40 g/l is used C) suspension with addition of small amount of barium sulfideis used D) suspension with solid phase concentration of 5-15 g/l is used E) suspension with addition of small amount of magnesium sulfateis used F) suspension with addition of small amount of sodium sulfideis used G) liquid phase particles are suspended H) without liquid phase № 405 Technologies of cleaning of exhaust gases of TPP: A) cleaning from dust B) clearing from SO2 C) aqueous suspension is fed to exhaust gases irrigation D) clearing from CO2, SO3 E) clearing from NO2 F) clearing of all impurities except dust G) aqueous suspension is not used H) have a simple technological scheme № 406 Quality standards of emissions are evaluated by three main parameters: A) medical B) social 163

C) technological D) scientific and technical E) scientific and technical F) production G) material H) legislature № 407 Pollutants, released into atmosphere by TPP of Almaty, are … A) phosphorus-containing substances B) SO2, NO2 C) NO, CO D) coal dust E) CaO F) MgO G) SO3 H) HCl № 408 Advantages of concrete obtained by usage of gaseous and solid components of exhaust gases of TPP are … A) reduction of price due to changes in structure B) reduction of price, lowering of energy costs C) expanding of assortment D) improving of quality E) decreasing of water capacity F) changing of fragility G) increasing of water capacity H) increasing of salaries № 409 To remove dust and fumes dry methods are often used, applying such devices, as … A) thermostats B) dust-settling chambers, cyclones C) dust collectors D) various filter materials E) rotor installation F) hydraulic machine G) extractors H) compressors № 410 The first three cities of Kazakhstan with the highest air pollution index are … A) Karaganda 164

B) Shymkent C) Temirtau D) Almaty E) Ust-Kamenogorsk F) Kokshetau G) Pavlodar H) Petropavlovsk № 411 Methods of removing of sulfur dioxide from exhaust gases of TPP are… A) limy B) ammonia – cyclic C) magnesite D) soda E) acid F) thermal G) thermo-catalytic H) alkaline

165

TABLE OF CORRECT ANSWERS #of task 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Codes of correct answers 2 А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, С, Н A, E, F А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С

# of task 3 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 166

Codes of correct answers 4 А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С

1 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118

2 А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С A, C, F A, D, H C, E, G C, E, F D, F, G A, F, C C, E, G B, D, G A, D, G A, E, C B, C, G B, F, H A, E, C A, E, H A, E, H A, D, F B, D, G B, C, E A, E, H B, D, G A, D, H F, H, C A, D, F A, F, C

3 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168

167

4 А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С A, C, H C, E, H А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С B, C, F А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С D, E, G А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С

1 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205

2 A, D, G B, H, E B, E, G A, F, C B, E, H А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С B, E, F C, D, E B, C, D

3 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255

168

4 А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С B, C, D А, В, С B, C, D B, C, D B, C, D B, C, D B, C, D B, C, D А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С

1 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242

2 А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С A, B, E B, C, E D, F, G A, B, D E, G, C A, B, D D, B, E A, G, H D, B, C A, B, F D, B, E A, B, F D, E, F A, B, E C, D, E E, F, C А, В, С А, В, С B, G, H A, B, F A, D, E B, C, F A, C, E B, C, F C, D, F A, F, G А, В, С А, В, С

3 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292

169

4 А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С A, B, D B, C, D A, C, E А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С

1 243 244 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 333 334 335 336 337 338 339

2 А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С A,C, E А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С

3 293 294 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389

170

4 А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С A, C, D А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С

1 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 405 406 407 408

2 А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С A, C, D B, C, D B, C, D

3 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 409 410 411

171

4 А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С А, В, С B, C, D B, C, D А, В, С

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13. Zhuginisov M.T. Ratsionalnaya pererabotka othodov promyishlennosti i mestnogo syirya Yuzhnogo regiona Kazahstana. – Avtoref. doktor. diss. (11.00.11). – Taraz, 1999. – 50 s. 14. Sarsenov A. Rekuperatsiya i konditsionirovanie vod pri pererabotke hromitov i boratov Zapadnogo Kazahstana. – Avtoref. doktor. diss. (11.00.11). – Taraz, 2001. – 50 s. 15. Sahyi M. Nauchnyie osnovyi maloothodnyih tehnologiy polucheniya i pri meneniya ekologicheski bezvrednyih poliyadernyih kompleksnyih soedineniy. – Avtoref. doktor. diss. (11.00.11). – Taraz, 1999. – 50 s. 16. Zhelnin A.A. Teoreticheskie osnovyi i praktika flotatsii soley. – L.: Himiya, 1973. – 187 s. 17. Kaliynaya promyishlennost. – L.: Himiya, 1981. – 305 s. 18. Ahmetov T.G. Obshchaya i neorganicheskaya himiya. – M.: Vysshaya shkola, 2003. Electronic resources 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochemistry 2. http://www.kazatomprom.kz/en/#!/industry/uranium/uranium-explorationreserves-and-resources 3. http://guichon-valves.com/faqs/phosphoric-acid-manufacturing-processfor-phosphoric-acid 4. http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuelcycle/nuclear-wastes/radioactive-waste-management.aspx 5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment 6. http://www.sapphire-water.ca/products/mbbr-wastewater-package-plant/

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Educational issue QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES ON DISCIPLINE «MINERAL RAW MATERIALS OF KAZAKHSTAN. LOW-WASTE TECHNOLOGY» (for the specialty «Chemical technology of inorganic substances») Educational-methodical handbook Compilers: Romanova Sofiya Maksimovna Ponomarenko Oksana Ivanovna Matveyeva Ilona Valerievna Computer page makeup and cover designer: N. Bazarbaeva IS No.10192 Signed for publishing 24.11.16. Format 60x84 1/16. Offset paper. Digital printing. Volume 10.37 printer’s sheet. Edition 100. Order No.5347 Publishing house «Qazaq university» Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi, 050040, Almaty Printed in the printing office of the «Qazaq university» publishing house

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