Quantity and Prosodic Asymmetries in Alemannic: Synchronic and Diachonic Perspectives : Synchronic and Diachronic Perspectives [Reprint 2011 ed.] 3110176807, 9783110176803

The comprehensive analysis of the segmental and metrical system of the Swiss German dialect of Thurgovian provides a sig

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Quantity and Prosodic Asymmetries in Alemannic: Synchronic and Diachonic Perspectives : Synchronic and Diachronic Perspectives [Reprint 2011 ed.]
 3110176807, 9783110176803

Table of contents :
Frontmatter
Contents
Preface
Introduction
Chapter 1. Theoretical background and assumptions
Chapter 2. The synchronic sound system of Thurgovian
Chapter 3. The Germanic legacy
Chapter 4. Geminates: Phonetic evidence
Chapter 5. Weight and stress patterns
Conclusion
Backmatter

Citation preview

Quantity and Prosodic Asymmetries in Alemannic



Phonology and Phonetics 5

Editor

Aditi Lahiri

Mouton de Gruyter Berlin · New York

Quantity and Prosodic Asymmetries in Alemannic Synchronic and Diachronic Perspectives by

Astrid Kraehenmann

Mouton de Gruyter Berlin · New York 2003

Mouton de Gruyter (formerly Mouton, The Hague) is a Division of Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin.

앝 Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines 앪 of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durability.

ISBN 3 11 017680 7 Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at ⬍http://dnb.ddb.de⬎. 쑔 Copyright 2003 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, D-10785 Berlin. All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Cover design: Christopher Schneider, Berlin. Printed in Germany.

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