Pursuing Open and Integrated Development for Shared Prosperity 9789814843263

Table of contents :
Contents
I. Opening Remarks
II. Pursuing Open and Integrated Development for Shared Prosperity
III Pursuing Open and Integrated Development for Shared Prosperity (Chinese version)
THE SINGAPORE LECTURE SERIES

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PURSUING OPEN AND INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT FOR SHARED PROSPERITY

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The ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute (formerly Institute of Southeast Asian Studies) is an autonomous organization established in 1968. It is a regional centre dedicated to the study of socio-political, security and economic trends and developments in Southeast Asia and its wider geostrategic and economic environment. The Institute’s research programmes are grouped under Regional Economic Studies (RES), Regional Strategic and Political Studies (RSPS), and Regional Social and Cultural Studies (RSCS). The Institute is also home to the ASEAN Studies Centre (ASC), the Nalanda-Sriwijaya Centre (NSC), and the Singapore APEC Study Centre. ISEAS Publishing, an established academic press, has issued more than 2,000 books and journals. It is the largest scholarly publisher of research about Southeast Asia from within the region. ISEAS Publishing works with many other academic and trade publishers and distributors to disseminate important research and analyses from and about Southeast Asia to the rest of the world.

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Singapore Lecture 13 November 2018

PURSUING OPEN AND INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT FOR SHARED PROSPERITY

Li Keqiang

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Published in Singapore in 2018 by ISEAS Publishing 30 Heng Mui Keng Terrace Singapore 119614 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo­copying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute. © 2018 ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute, Singapore ISEAS Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Li, Keqiang, 1955 Pursuing Open and Integrated Development for Shared Prosperity. (Singapore Lecture Series, 0129-1912 ; [44]) 1. China—Economic policy—2000 2. China—Economic conditions—2000 3. China—Foreign relations—Singapore. 4. Singapore—Foreign relations—China. 5. China—Foreign economic relations—Southeast Asia. 6. Southeast Asia—Foreign economic relations—China. 7. ASEAN. 8. East Asia—Economic integration. I. Singapore Lecture (44rd : 2018 : Singapore) II. Title. III. Series: Singapore Lecture Series ; 44. DS501 I597 no. 44 2018 ISBN 978-981-4843-25-6 (soft cover) ISBN 978-981-4843-26-3 (E-book PDF) Typeset by International Typesetters Pte Ltd Printed in Singapore by Markono Print Media

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CONTENTS I

Opening Remarks

II

Pursuing Open and Integrated Development for Shared Prosperity (English translation)

III

Pursuing Open and Integrated Development for Shared Prosperity (Chinese version)

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Teo Chee Hean 1

Li Keqiang 5

Li Keqiang 19

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I Opening Remarks Teo Chee Hean Deputy Prime Minister and Coordinating Minister for National Security, Singapore

Your Excellency Li Keqiang, Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China, Mr Lee Hsien Loong, Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore, Mr M Rajaram, Member of the Board of Trustees, ISEAS, Mr Lee Yi Shyan, Chairman of Business China, Cabinet Ministers, Excellencies, Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, 1.

A very warm welcome to the 44th Singapore Lecture.

2. We are privileged to have His Excellency Li Keqiang, Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China, with us this morning. I would like to thank Premier Li for agreeing to deliver the Singapore Lecture during your Official Visit to Singapore. 44th Singapore Lecture 3. Premier Li’s lecture comes at an important juncture in international relations and China’s development. China has made remarkable progress since its reform and opening up 40 years

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ago. Domestically, China has lifted more than 800 million people out of poverty, more than any other country has done in history. Internationally, China has been the largest single contributor to world economic growth since the global financial crisis of 2008. Today, China is the largest trading partner of many key global and regional economies. Since 2014, it has been a net exporter of capital, with many Chinese companies “venturing out” , “ ”, to seek new markets and sources of growth. China is now working on its Belt and Road Initiative, which is an important vision aimed at promoting regional integration. All these have made China a major player on the world stage, with an influential role in global politics and development. 4. China’s rapid development has also come with challenges. While China’s major coastal cities are as advanced as any in the world, many areas, especially in the interior are still developing. China continues to grapple with many challenges such as income inequality, sustainable growth, and environmental protection, and its market reforms remain a work in progress. Internationally, China has a leading role to play to help tackle global challenges such as climate change and advocating free trade and open markets. This is important as China’s growth trajectory can only be maintained if a rules-based multilateral order and international norms continue to be upheld. 5. Amidst this backdrop, the increasing trade tensions between China and the US have drawn concern. Sino–US relations continue to be the Asia-Pacific’s defining relationship, and it is in everyone’s interest that they remain positive and constructive. The escalating cycle of tariff measures by both sides could negatively impact the multilateral trading system, and potentially impact broader relations. As a friend of both China and the US, we hope that both sides

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will work together to resolve their differences, to the benefit of China, the US, and the rest of the world. Singapore–China Relations 6. Singapore and China enjoy longstanding friendship and close cooperation. In 1978, Mr Deng Xiaoping visited Singapore, just a month before China adopted the policy of reform and opening up. Premier Li’s arrival in Singapore yesterday on 12 November was the exact same date that Mr Deng arrived in Singapore 40 years ago. Mr Deng’s visit came two years after Mr Lee Kuan Yew’s first visit to China in 1976. That exchange of visits between Mr Lee and Mr Deng laid a strong foundation for our close bilateral cooperation through successive generations of leaders on both sides, anchored by regular high-level exchanges, robust economic cooperation and strong people-to-people ties. 7. Today, both countries work closely together in a wide range of institutional platforms, in areas spanning trade and investment, finance, legal and judicial cooperation, human resource development, defence, social governance, sustainable development, and the Belt and Road Initiative. Singapore has been China’s largest foreign investor since 2013. China is Singapore’s largest trading partner. Yesterday, we took another step forward in our relationship by substantially upgrading the China–Singapore Free Trade Agreement. We have also made good progress on our three Government-toGovernment projects, in Suzhou and Tianjin, as well as the Chongqing Connectivity Initiative (CCI) which was launched in Singapore three years ago by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and President Xi Jinping. Progress in the CCI’s New International Land–Sea Trade Corridor has exceeded initial expectations. It connects the overland Silk Road Economic Belt with the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, linking Western China to Southeast

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Asia and beyond. Singapore and China also work closely together in multilateral fora, including through the annual ASEAN Summit and related meetings, which Premier Li Keqiang has attended every year since 2013. Premier Li Keqiang 8. Our distinguished speaker today, Premier Li Keqiang, requires little introduction. He was the youngest Chinese provincial governor when he was appointed Governor of Henan Province at the age of 43, in 1998. He subsequently served as Governor of Liaoning Province, and Executive Vice Premier. 9. Premier Li has served as Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China since March 2013. As Premier, he has overseen many important economic and social policies, which have been key in sustaining China’s strong economic momentum amidst growing global uncertainties. Premier Li has also been active on the international front, promoting China’s relationships with other countries and regional groupings. This is most evident in the ASEAN context where significant progress has been made in ASEAN–China cooperation. Premier Li’s speech today is also particularly important, as 2018 marks the 15th anniversary of the ASEAN–China Strategic Partnership. 10. Distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, we are privileged to have Premier Li address us this morning. It is now my pleasure to invite His Excellency Premier Li Keqiang to deliver the 44th Singapore Lecture, on “Pursuing Open and Integrated Development for Shared Prosperity”.

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II Pursuing Open and Integrated Development for Shared Prosperity Li Keqiang Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China

Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, Deputy Prime Minister Teo Chee Hean, Ladies and Gentlemen, Friends, It gives me great pleasure to deliver the 44th Singapore Lecture organized by the ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute in collaboration with Business China and communicate with all of you on this occasion. I wish to first express my appreciation to the two institutions for their long and productive efforts to promote closer engagement and better understanding between China and Singapore. Let me also use this opportunity to extend, on behalf of the Chinese government and people, warm greetings to the distinguished audience today and through you, to the Singaporean people. China–Singapore relations have been making steady progress with deepening practical cooperation. During President Xi Jinping’s state visit to Singapore in 2015, our two countries established an all-round cooperative partnership progressing with the times. The purpose of my visit this time is to work with Singaporean colleagues to review past progress, further build consensus and deepen cooperation in order to lift our relations to a higher level.

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China and Singapore are close neighbours linked by the sea, and our peoples are bonded with a special affinity. I still recall my visit to Singapore back in 1985 when I felt deeply impressed by Singapore’s vibrant economy, magnificent skyline, orderly society and efficient governance. More than thirty years on, I see new progress and a country bustling with new energy. Over the past five decades and more since independence, Singapore has made remarkable achievements, becoming the world’s important economic and financial centre, shipping hub, petrochemical and electronics manufacturing centre and a R&D centre of biotechnology. It now occupies a leading position in the world in terms of development level, innovation capacity and competitiveness. I wish to hereby express my sincere congratulations on Singapore’s tremendous accomplishments. Singapore’s success story has been underpinned by an abiding commitment to openness and vigorous efforts to develop an open economy in keeping with the trend of economic globalization. China’s progress in the past four decades has also been powered by ever wider opening-up. The decision to integrate itself into the world economy and share opportunities and benefits in the process of opening-up has not only propelled China’s own progress but also contributed to world development. The course of development of our countries thus shows that pursuing open and integrated development is a sure path leading to prosperity and inclusive growth for countries regardless of size. It is also the reason for the unprecedented and sustained growth of the post-war global economy. We live in a world of extensive, profound and complex changes. Continued momentum of recovery coupled with the emergence of troubling risks and challenges has brought the global economy again to a crossroads. Economic globalization

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is facing a backlash, protectionism and unilateralism are on the rise and global trade tensions are gathering. These developments have eroded global economic and trade growth, and dampened confidence in the prospect of future development. At the same time, the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation on the back of economic globalization have created new opportunities for global growth, yet they are also handicapped by a lack of inclusiveness, as reflected in the uneven distribution of opportunities and benefits and hard-hit traditional industries and jobs. Facing these risks and challenges, we in the international community must decide where we should go and how we should respond. The right decision can only be made with a proper understanding and evaluation of the realities. An objective fact that any fair-minded person would recognize is that economic globalization, by enabling freer flow of goods, capital, people and information, has delivered producers bigger markets, consumers more choices, and countries broader space for development. Moreover, every leap in global productivity and human civilization in the past was driven by technological revolution and industrial transformation. At a time when the traditional drivers of growth are losing steam, the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation would be critical for sustained, steady growth of the world economy. Just as every coin has two sides, economic globalization and the new technological revolution and industrial transformation also have their upsides and downsides. Yet compared with the compelling benefits they bring, the problems and imbalances are but side effects that can be tackled with effective responses. What

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would be inadvisable is to allow the bigger gains to be undermined, or to quote a Chinese idiom, give up eating for fear of choking. Such a line of reasoning would help us draw a logical conclusion and make the right decision. The rules-based multilateral trading system is the cornerstone of economic globalization and the international economic and trade order. Its authority and efficacy should be respected and upheld. Admittedly, the WTO rules do fall short in some respects, which ought to be brought up to date by reforms. China has all along been positive toward the reform. That said, the reform should be guided by some basic principles: the overall direction of trade liberalization should not change; the basic principles of openness, transparency, inclusiveness and non-discrimination should not change; and no attempts should be made to dismantle the current system or build a new one. Such attempts would weaken the foundations of the multilateral trading system and destabilize global trade. As the reform involves the interests of all parties, there should be equal participation, with the concerns of the majority WTO members accommodated and the broadest possible common ground pursued. In particular, the development rights and interests of all developing members must be upheld in order to narrow, rather than widen, the North–South gap. The intricacy of the reform determines that a package solution that fixes all problems at the same time would be unrealistic. Instead, prioritization should be sorted out so that the most pressing issues such as the selection of new members to the Appellate Body will be addressed first. Free and fair trade are two major concepts in the multilateral trading system. China advocates free trade, which is the foundation and prerequisite of trade. At the same time, China has all along

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pursued equity and fairness in trade with concrete actions, as we believe trade that is inequitable or unfair would not be sustainable. The equitable and fair trade China stands for is one underpinned by the WTO principles of multilateralism, inclusiveness and non-discrimination. What we oppose is the practice of imposing unilateral rules or engaging in protectionism in the guise of fair trade. Specific issues concerning fair trade should be tackled in the broader context of free trade. Only in this way can the reform of the WTO move forward along the right track and can the world economy grow further through openness, exchanges and integration. History tells us that humanity has the wisdom and means needed to tackle all kinds of risks and challenges. No obstacles would be insurmountable when we join hands and work together like we did during the global financial crisis. I have strong confidence and expectation that this togetherness will tide us over any difficulty and usher in a bright future for the world economy. Ladies and Gentlemen, Our region East Asia, home to such economies as ASEAN, China, Japan and the ROK, has a combined population of 2.2 billion, and takes up over one fourth of both the global economic output and trade. Our fast-growing and dynamic region has been an important engine of global growth, thanks to the ever-widening intra-regional openness and cooperation. In the past twenty-plus years, intra-regional trade has taken up an increasing share in the overall trade of ASEAN, China, Japan and the ROK, and reached nearly 50 per cent today. Intraregional investment has surged, so has the number of visits exchanged among regional countries. All these have given

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a strong boost to the economic growth and living standards in this region. East Asian cooperation enjoys unique advantages, a solid foundation and bright prospects. Geographic proximity and similar cultures have nurtured a long-standing friendship among us. The different stages of development, resource endowments and industrial structures have made us highly complementary and deeply integrated in the industrial and value chains and increased the potential of our cooperation. To fully unlock this potential, we must go with the trend of economic globalization and make more institutional arrangements for regional trade and investment liberalization and facilitation. At the summits on East Asian cooperation last year, we all agreed to pursue opening-up and cooperation at a higher level and work toward an early establishment of an East Asia Economic Community. This is a long-term, comprehensive undertaking that requires sustained, step-by-step efforts. We could use the Belt and Road Initiative as an opportunity to enhance connectivity and advance big project cooperation. We must fully leverage the existing regional cooperation frameworks, accelerate the upgrading of existing FTAs or sign new ones, and expand industrial capacity cooperation and third-market cooperation. The RCEP covers nearly half of the world’s population and close to one third of global trade. Its conclusion on the basis of WTO rules will contribute to regional integration. This year has seen substantial progress in RCEP negotiations. China will continue to follow a win-win and flexible approach and work with other parties to advance negotiations. We hope all parties will make concerted efforts toward concluding the negotiations in 2019, with a view to

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securing a modern, comprehensive, high-standard and mutually beneficial agreement. We also need to strengthen cooperation on health, education, culture, tourism and poverty reduction, and expand people-to-people and subnational exchanges to strengthen the bond between our peoples. East Asian cooperation cannot thrive without a peaceful and stable environment, which requires the efforts of all parties. We need to pursue common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security, deepen mutual political trust, respect and accommodate each other’s legitimate security concerns, and address differences and disagreements through dialogue and consultation. The South China Sea has seen greater stability and easing of the situation. China is ready to work with ASEAN countries to fully and effectively implement the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea (DOC), deepen practical maritime cooperation, and strive to conclude consultations on a code of conduct (COC) in the South China Sea in three years’ time on the basis of consensus. This will go a long way to advancing regional peace and development. The Chinese nation loves peace and upholds justice. We believe in harmony in diversity and amity with one’s neighbours. China will unwaveringly pursue peaceful development and will never impose its will on others. No matter how developed it may become, China will never seek hegemony or expansion. We will continue to follow the policy of building friendships and partnerships with all neighbours in keeping with the principle of amity, sincerity, mutual benefit and inclusiveness. We will endeavour to be a trustworthy and reliable partner for regional countries.

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Ladies and Gentlemen, This year marks the 40th anniversary of China’s reform and opening-up. In the past four decades, China has achieved tremendous progress in its development and transformative changes in the country. China’s GDP registered an average annual growth of 9.5 per cent, which made our country the second largest economy in the world. People’s lives have significantly improved from shortage and poverty to abundance and moderate prosperity. More than 700 million people have been lifted out of poverty. Those of you who are regular visitors of China may have personally witnessed such changes. China’s development has not just benefited its own people but the whole world. In recent years, it has contributed over 30 per cent to global growth and 70 per cent to that of East Asia. What is the fundamental reason for China’s fast development over the years? In the final analysis, it has been down to the hard work and perseverance of the Chinese people in the face of difficulties and hardships. The Chinese nation is known for its industry, wisdom and fortitude. We have made continuous efforts to deepen reform, free up prices and the market overall, and remove institutional barriers and unreasonable restrictions, thus unlocking people’s entrepreneurship, creativity and drive for innovation. In recent years, we have advanced the reform of streamlining administration and delegating powers, and adopted a prudent yet accommodative regulatory approach. As a result, the number of market entities has seen exponential growth, to the tune of more than 100 million today. Emerging industries have flourished, and traditional industries are being transformed at a faster pace. A powerful new driving force has thus been created for the sustained and sound growth in our country.

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Another factor contributing to China’s achievements has been opening-up, which has helped China to leverage its comparative advantages and raise its competitiveness and development level by integrating it into the global division of labour and industrial and value chains. In this process, we have also endured huge pressure, paid a high price, and experienced growing pains. Some obligations China assumed upon WTO accession far exceeded what was required of a developing country and even approached the level of a developed member. For example, China undertook to cut tariffs for agricultural products to around 15 per cent, only one quarter of the world’s average level and lower than that of many advanced economies. Some industries in China were inevitably affected in the open marketplace, leading to bankruptcies and lay-offs. In some sectors, domestic brands came to be outnumbered by foreign ones, such as in passenger vehicles. Yet, we view these developments with an open mind and from a win-win perspective. We value good faith. To date, we have delivered on all our WTO commitments and even outperformed some of them by taking voluntary measures of opening-up, including making multiple rounds of tariff cuts that have brought our average tariff level down to 7.5 per cent. Between 2001 and 2017, China’s import of goods and services reached US$20 trillion and US$3.7 trillion respectively with annual growth rates of 13.5 per cent and 16.7 per cent, 6.9 and 8.8 percentage points higher than the world average. This year, import of both goods and services has seen double-digit increase. In its pursuit of greater opening-up, China has made important contributions to global economic and trade growth. Some foreign friends may wonder whether China remains a developing country now that it is the second largest economy in the world. To understand a country as large and populous as

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China and to determine its development stage, one needs to take a comprehensive and multi-dimensional view and put things in perspective. Yes, China has a big economic aggregate. Yet its per capita GDP is merely about 80 per cent of the world average and less than one sixth that of Singapore. Yes, China is seeing fast growth in new industries and new forms and models of business. Yet its traditional industries, still a considerable share of the economy, urgently need transformation and upgrading. Hence China’s overall industrial development remains at a medium-low level in the global context. Yes, some Chinese cities may seem modern and the coastal areas fairly advanced. Yet there are significant disparities in development between rural and urban areas and among different regions. Primitive infrastructure remains a big challenge for many places in China’s rural areas and some remote regions, where access to roads, electricity and the internet has only just been provided. China has nearly 600 million people living in the rural areas and more than 200 million migrant workers, who live and work under conditions far below what is available to urban residents. Our estimate at the end of last year put the number of rural residents with a per capita annual income of less than 3,000 RMB yuan at over 30 million. Furthermore, China lags far behind developed countries in education, elderly and medical care and health. All these realities speak to the fact that China remains a developing country, and there is still a long way to go before China achieves modernization. China has come this far thanks to reform and opening-up, which will continue to serve as a key driver for development. Yet there has been no shortage of doubts and misgivings about China’s commitment to reform and opening-up. As I see it, such concerns are unnecessary. Why should China take a pause, slow

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down the pace, or even backpedal in its reforms when reform and opening-up has brought such tremendous changes and benefits to our country and its people? Reform and opening-up receives broad public support as it represents the will of the people. It is the default option for China in pursuing greater progress. Our reforms will only intensify and our door will only open wider to the world. China is committed to market-oriented economic reform. We will work to remove institutional obstacles and see that the market plays a decisive role in resources allocation and the government better fulfills its responsibilities. Putting the concerns of people and businesses at the front and centre of its agenda, the Chinese government will continue to streamline administrative approval procedures, exercise fair and impartial regulation and provide more efficient services. We will strengthen protection of property rights and abolish all regulations and practices that impede the development of a unified market and a level playing field in order to further improve the business environment. The reform to transform state-owned enterprises (SOEs) into standard companies and joint-stock companies has been basically completed. It is entirely up to the SOEs themselves to make business decisions and take responsibility for any profits or losses. Those that perform poorly will be put out of business or closed down. In our laws and regulations, there is no provision on subsidies or special policies that favour SOEs. Continued efforts will be made to deepen the reform of SOEs and state-owned assets, including mixed ownership reform in an active and prudent manner. Foreign investors are welcome to participate in the reform and restructuring of Chinese SOEs. The private sector, an important part of the Chinese economy, will receive greater support. And targeted measures will be taken to ease their difficulties in accessing affordable financing. China’s industrial policy, which is

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transparent and in line with international rules, provides fair and equal treatment to enterprises of all types of ownerships. China is committed to building an open economy at a higher level. We will further ease restrictions on market access, shorten the negative list for foreign investment, and accelerate the opening of financial and other modern services sectors. To break new ground in opening-up, we will continue to improve the quality of pilot free trade zones and explore the development of free trade ports, to foster new highlights in our opening-up endeavours. We will take more active steps to lower tariffs and facilitate customs clearance to expand import of quality goods and services. The first China International Import Expo concluded a few days ago was an earnest initiative to open China’s market to the rest of the world and a solid step to support free trade. A total of 172 countries, regions and international organizations and more than 3,600 enterprises participated in the event, attracting more than 400,000 domestic and overseas buyers. The Expo saw booming sales and deals worth US$57.83 billion reached for intended purchase of goods and services within a year. The recent fluctuations in the RMB exchange rate have prompted some discussions and concerns. Persistent depreciation of the RMB will only do more harm than good to China. Therefore we will not engage in competitive devaluation. Instead, we will work to create conditions for keeping the value of the yuan stable. Given the healthy fundamentals of the Chinese economy, the sound balance of international payments and abundant foreign exchange reserves, there is no basis for persistent depreciation of the RMB. There is every reason that the RMB exchange rate will remain basically stable at an adaptive and equilibrium level.

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Stringent IPR protection is crucial for all companies, Chinese and foreign-invested alike. It also serves China’s own needs for high-quality development. We will align our innovation protection system with international business rules, further improve IPR-related laws and regulations, strengthen law enforcement, handle IPR cases more efficiently, and introduce a more rigorous mechanism of punitive compensation for IPR infringements to deter violations. The Chinese government will never allow forced technology transfer or make technology transfer a precondition for the approval of foreign-invested projects. Innovation can only be self-sustaining and its value fully realized when the outcomes are successfully commercialized. More innovative businesses from around the world are welcome to pursue business success in the Chinese market, which provides a broad stage for innovation application. Ladies and Gentlemen, China–Singapore friendly relations and cooperation have come a long way in the past forty years. Looking ahead, China is ready to join hands with Singapore to advance the development of the Belt and Road and build the three cooperation platforms of connectivity, financial support and third party cooperation. Let’s make the pie of our trade and economic cooperation bigger, expand innovation cooperation and work to upgrade China–ASEAN cooperation. Continued progress in the China– Singapore all-round cooperative partnership progressing with the times will bring more benefits to our peoples and make new contributions to peace, stability and prosperity of Asia and the world. Thank you.

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尊敬的李显龙总理、 张志贤副总理， 女士们、先生们、朋友们： 今天很高兴出席“尤索夫伊萨东南亚研究院”和“通商 中国”共同为我举办的第44届“新加坡讲座”，同各界人士见 面、交流。长期以来，两机构为促进中新之间的交往和了解做 了大量富有成效的工作，我对此表示赞赏。我也愿借此机会， 代表中国政府和中国人民，向在座各位并通过你们向新加坡人 民致以诚挚的问候！ 当前，中新关系稳步前行，务实合作持续深入推进。2015 年习近平主席对新加坡进行国事访问，两国宣布建立与时俱进 的全方位合作伙伴关系。我这次访问新加坡，旨在同新方一道 总结经验、凝聚共识、深化合作，推动中新关系迈上新台阶。 中新是一衣带水的友好邻邦，两国人民有着特殊的亲密友 好感情。1985年我曾到访过新加坡，贵国繁荣的经济、优美的 环境、井然的秩序、高效的治理等令人印象深刻。时隔30多年 再访，感到又有很多新变化新气象。新加坡建国50多年来取得 了令世人惊羡的发展成就，成为世界重要的经济金融中心、航 运中心、炼化和电子产品制造中心、生物科技研发中心，经济 发展水平、创新能力、竞争力居世界前列。对新加坡的发展成 就，我表示衷心祝贺！

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新加坡的成功，一个重要原因就是顺应经济全球化 潮流，长期实行对外开放政策，大力发展开放型经济。中国过 去40年的发展成就也是在不断扩大开放中取得的，我们坚定融 入世界经济，坚持在开放中分享机会和利益，不仅发展了自 己，也为世界发展作出了贡献。中新两国的实践说明，国家 不论大小，开放融通都是走向繁荣和实现包容增长的必由之 路。二战结束后世界经济实现前所未有的持续发展，其缘由也 在于此。 当今世界正在发生广泛、深刻而复杂的变化。世界经济 复苏态势仍在持续，但出现了令人担忧的风险和挑战，可以 说又处在一个新的十字路口。经济全球化遭遇波折，保护主 义、单边主义抬头，全球贸易紧张局势有加剧之势，不仅严重 冲击世界经济贸易增长，也影响人们对未来发展的信心。同 时，在经济全球化背景下孕育兴起的新一轮科技革命和产业变 革，既给世界发展带来新的机遇，也存在着各方机会和受益不 均、传统产业和就业受到冲击等包容性不足问题。面对这些风 险和挑战，国际社会该何去何从、怎样抉择？ 正确的选择取决于正确的认识和判断。任何不带偏见 的人都得承认这样的客观事实：经济全球化促进了商品、资 本、人员和信息流动，让生产者有了更大市场、消费者有了更 多选择，拓展了各国发展空间。还应看到，世界生产力的每一 次大跃升、人类文明的每一次大进步，都是由科技革命和产业 变革推动的，在当前传统增长动能不足的情况下，要使世界 经济持续稳定增长，离不开新一轮科技革命和产业变革的支 撑。经济全球化、新一轮科技革命和产业变革带来的这样或那 样的问题，是支流而非主流，通过有效应对是可以解决的，决 不能因小失大、因噎废食。只要有了这样的认识，自然就能得 出合乎逻辑的结论，从而作出正确的抉择。 以规则为基础的多边贸易体制，是经济全球化和国际经 贸秩序的基石，其权威和效力应得到尊重和维护。世贸组织规

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则确有不足之处，需要与时俱进加以改革和完善，中国对此 一直持积极态度。但改革要有底线，贸易自由化的大方向不能 变，开放、透明、包容、非歧视的基本原则不能改，不能另起 炉灶、推倒重来，否则就动摇了多边贸易体制的根基，导致全 球贸易失序。改革涉及各方利益，要坚持平等参与，照顾大多 数成员的关切，尽可能寻求最大公约数，尤其要维护发展中成 员的发展权益，促进南北差距缩小而不是扩大。改革极为复 杂，不能追求一揽子解决所有问题，应排出解决问题的优先次 序，抓紧解决上诉机构人选等当务之急。 自由和公平是多边贸易体制的两大重要理念。中国主张自 由贸易，这是贸易的基础和前提。同时，中国也一直在以实际 行动维护贸易的公正公平，因为贸易如果不公正不公平，是不 可能持续的。中方主张的公正公平贸易，是基于世贸组织的多 边性、包容性、非歧视性等原则的，我们反对将单边规则强加 于人，反对以公平贸易之名行保护主义之实。至于公平贸易的 具体问题，要放在自由贸易的大框架内来解决。惟有如此，世 贸组织改革才能在正确轨道上不断取得进展，世界经济才能在 进一步开放、交流、融合中向前发展。 历史告诉我们，人类有足够的智慧应对各种风险和 挑战，办法总比困难多。面对时艰，如果大家像当年应对国际 金融危机那样携手共进，就没有过不去的坎，世界经济必将赢 得光明的未来。对此，我充满信心和期待。 女士们、先生们！ 我们身处的东亚地区，覆盖东盟、中日韩等经济体，拥有 22亿人口，经济总量、贸易总额均超过全球的四分之一，区域 经济增速快、活力强，是世界经济发展的重要引擎之一。这 得益于区域内开放的不断扩大、合作的不断加强。过去20多 年来，东盟和中日韩区域内贸易占比不断提高、目前接近 50%，区域内投资大幅增长，人员往来成倍增加，有力促进了 各国经济发展和民生改善。

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东亚合作优势独特、基础扎实、前景广阔。我们山水相 连、文化相通，传统友谊源远流长。区域内国家和地区处在不 同发展阶段，资源禀赋和产业结构互补性强，产业链、价值链 深度融合，深化合作具有巨大的潜力。要把这些潜力充分释放 出来，必须顺应经济全球化趋势，在推进区域贸易和投资自由 化便利化方面作出更多制度安排。 在去年的东亚合作领导人系列会议上，各方都愿意推动 更高层次、更高水平的开放合作，朝着早日建成东亚经济共 同体的方向努力。这是一项长期的、系统的工程，需要一步 一步扎实往前走。我们要以共建“一带一路”为契机，加强互 联互通，推进重大项目建设。我们要充分利用现有区域合作机 制，加快升级或新签自贸协定，拓展国际产能合作和第三方市 场合作。“区域全面经济伙伴关系协定”（RCEP）将覆盖世界 近一半人口和近三分之一的贸易量，基于世贸组织规则，有利 于地区国家推进区域一体化。今年RCEP谈判已取得实质性进 展。中方将采取互利、灵活的态度同各方继续推进谈判。希望 各方共同努力，争取在2019年结束谈判，达成全面、现代、高 水平、互利的协定。我们要推进卫生、教育、文化、旅游等领 域合作，加强减贫合作，扩大民间和地方友好交往，让东亚人 民走得更近更亲。 东亚合作离不开和平稳定的环境。这需要大家共同 努力。我们应坚持共同、综合、合作、可持续的安全观，深 化政治互信，尊重和照顾各方合理的安全关切，通过对话协 商解决矛盾分歧。当前南海局势趋稳趋缓，中方愿与东盟各国 共同努力，全面有效落实《南海各方行为宣言》，深化海上务 实合作，在协商一致基础上，争取未来3年完成“南海行为准 则”磋商，助力地区和平与发展。中华民族历来热爱和平、追 求正义，讲求以和为贵、和而不同、敦亲睦邻。中国坚定走和 平发展道路，不会把自己的意志强加于人，无论发展到什么程 度，永远不称霸，永远不搞扩张。中国坚持与邻为善、以邻为 伴，秉持亲诚惠容理念，努力做地区国家信得过、靠得住的真 诚伙伴。

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女士们，先生们！ 今年是中国改革开放40周年。40年来，中国发展取得了举 世瞩目的成就，国家面貌发生了翻天覆地的变化。国内生产总 值年均增长9.5%，经济总量跃居世界第二位；人民生活水平显 著提高，从短缺走向充裕、从贫困走向小康，7亿多人口告别 贫困。在座的朋友有的可能多次去过中国，会对中国的巨大变 化有切身感受。中国的发展不仅造福了中国人民，也惠及了世 界。近些年中国对世界经济增长的贡献率超过30%，对东亚经 济增长的贡献率达到70%。 中国这些年的迅速发展靠的是什么？说到底是中国人民 筚路蓝缕、千辛万苦干出来的。中华民族自古以勤劳智慧著称 于世，人民之中蕴藏无穷无尽的力量。我们不断深化改革，放 开市场、放开价格，破除各种不合理的制度障碍和限制，放手 让人民的创业、创造、创新活力竞相迸发。近年来我们推进 简政放权等改革，实施包容审慎监管，市场主体数量爆发式增 长，目前已超过1亿户；新兴产业蓬勃发展，传统产业加快重 塑。这些汇聚形成了强大的发展动能，推动了中国经济持续健 康发展。 中国的发展成就，也得益于对外开放。开放使中国融 入了全球分工体系和产业链、价值链，发挥了比较优势，提高 了竞争力和发展水平。在这个过程中，我们也承受了很大压 力、付出了很大代价、经历了很多阵痛。我们加入世贸组织 时，部分领域承担的义务远超发展中成员，甚至接近发达成 员。比如，中国承诺农产品关税降至15%左右，仅为世界平均 水平的1/4，低于很多发达国家。中国一些行业在开放中不可 避免地受到冲击，有的企业倒闭、工人下岗。有的商品市场国 外品牌居多，比如乘用车。对此，我们始终以互利共赢的开 放心态来看待。中国人是重诺守信的，目前我们不仅全面履 行了加入世贸组织时的各项承诺，还主动实施了超出承诺的 开放举措。我们多次自主降低关税，目前关税总水平已降至

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7.5%。2001-2017年，中国货物进口额累计20万亿美元，年均 增长13.5%，高出全球平均水平6.9个百分点；服务进口额累计 3.7万亿美元，年均增长16.7%，高出全球平均水平8.8个百分 点；今年以来，中国货物和服务进口均保持两位数增长。中国 对外开放的不断扩大，为促进全球经济贸易增长作出了重要 贡献。 有外国朋友问，中国已是世界第二大经济体，还是不是 发展中国家？认识像中国这样一个地域辽阔、人口众多的国 家，判断其发展阶段，要全面、立体、多角度地观察。中国 经济总量大，但目前人均国内生产总值只相当于世界平均 水平的80%左右、不到新加坡的六分之一。中国近些年新产 业、新业态、新模式发展快，但传统产业比重大、改造提升任 务繁重，产业总体上在全球处于中低端。中国的有些城市比 较现代、沿海地区比较发达，但城乡区域发展不平衡，广大农 村和一些偏远地区基础设施仍很落后，有的刚刚通路通电通 网。中国有近6亿农民、2亿多农民工，生产生活条件远未达到 城市居民水平。去年底在农村还有3000多万贫困人口，人均年 收入不到3000元人民币。中国的教育、养老、医疗、卫生等社 会保障和发达国家差距很大。由此可见，中国仍然是一个发展 中国家，实现现代化还有很长的路要走，需要付出艰苦努力。 中国过去发展靠改革开放，今后发展还得靠改革开放。有 人对中国的改革开放老是有这样或那样的担心和疑虑，这是完 全没有必要的。改革开放给中国带来那么大变化、给人民带来 那么多实惠，怎么可能会停下来、慢下来甚至走回头路？改革 开放在中国早已深入人心，是全体人民的共同意志，是推动发 展的“默认选项”。今后改革的力度只会越来越强、开放的大 门只会越开越大。 市场化改革是中国经济体制改革的方向。我们将着力消 除体制机制障碍，使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用，更好发 挥政府作用。我们将聚焦群众和企业关切，持续简化各类行政

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审批、推进公平公正监管、提高政府服务效能，加强产权保 护，废除妨碍统一市场和公平竞争的各种规定和做法，进一步 改善营商环境。中国的国有企业基本完成了公司制、股份制改 革，是自主决策、自负盈亏的市场主体，经营不善就会被淘 汰、会倒闭，法律法规没有专门针对国企的补贴规定和特殊 优惠政策。我们将深化国资国企改革，积极稳妥推进混合所有 制改革，欢迎外资参与中国的国有企业改制重组。民营经济是 中国经济的重要组成部分，我们将加大对民营企业的支持力 度，采取针对性措施缓解融资难融资贵问题。中国的产业政策 是透明的、符合国际通行规则的，对各种所有制企业一视同 仁、平等对待。 中国致力于发展更高水平的开放型经济。我们将进一步 放宽市场准入限制，压缩外商投资准入负面清单，加快金融等 现代服务业对外开放步伐。我们将继续提高自由贸易试验区建 设质量，探索建设自由贸易港，打造对外开放新高地。我们将 积极扩大进口，进一步降低关税，提高通关便利化水平，扩 大国外优质商品和服务进口。刚刚闭幕的首届中国国际进口 博览会，是中国主动向世界开放市场、支持自由贸易的务实 举措，吸引了172个国家、地区和国际组织参会，3600多家企 业参展，境内外采购商超过40万人，按一年计，累计意向成 交578.3亿美元，取得了丰硕经贸成果。一段时间以来，人民 币汇率走势出现一定幅度波动，引发不少议论和担忧。人民币 单向贬值对中国弊多利少，中国绝对不会搞竞争性贬值，相反 还要为汇率稳定创造条件。中国经济基本面稳健、国际收支平 衡、外汇储备充裕，人民币汇率不具备单边贬值的基础，完全 可以在合理均衡水平上保持基本稳定。 严格保护知识产权，是内外资企业的共同关切，更是中国 推动经济高质量发展的内在需要。我们将健全与国际经贸规则 接轨的创新保护体系，进一步完善相关法律法规，加强执法力 量，提升侵权案件审查效率，实施更具威慑力、惩罚力的侵权 赔偿制度。中国政府决不允许强制转让技术，审批外商投资项

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目不以技术转让为前提。创新只有与市场相结合，才能体现价 值、不断升级。中国的市场为创新成果应用提供了广阔舞台， 欢迎全球更多创新型企业到中国发展。 女士们，先生们！ 过去40年，中新友好合作取得长足进展。面向未来，中国 愿与新加坡携手合作，推动共建“一带一路”，打造互联 互通、金融支撑、三方合作“三大平台”，做大经贸合作 “蛋糕”，拓展创新合作领域，促进中国-东盟合作提质升 级。中新与时俱进的全方位合作伙伴关系不断向前发展，必将 更好增进两国人民福祉，为促进亚洲和世界的和平、稳定、繁 荣作出新贡献！ 谢谢！

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LI KEQIANG H.E. Li Keqiang, born in July 1955, is of Han ethnicity from Dingyuan, Anhui province. He started work in March 1974 and joined the Communist Party of China (CPC) in May 1976. H.E. Li is a graduate of Peking University’s Law Department where he earned a Bachelor of Law degree. He also studied economics at Peking University, and was awarded a Doctor of Economics degree. He is currently a member of the Standing Committee of the 19th CPC Central Committee Political Bureau, Premier of the State Council, and Secretary of its Leading Party Members Group. 1974–1976 1976–1978 1978–1982 1982–1983 1983 1983–1985 1985–1993

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Educated youth, Dongling Brigade, Damiao Commune, Fengyang county, Anhui province Party branch secretary, Damiao Brigade, Damiao Commune, Fengyang county, Anhui province Student, Law Department, Peking University; Leader, Students’ Union, Peking University Secretary, CYL Committee of Peking University; Member, Standing Committee of the CYL Central Committee Director, Schools Department, CYL Central Committee; Secretary-General, All-China Students’ Federation (concurrently) Alternate member, Secretariat, CYL Central Committee Member, Secretariat, CYL Central Committee;

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1993–1998

1998–1999 1999–2002 2002–2003 2003–2004 2004–2005 2005–2007 2007–2008

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Vice-Chairman, All-China Youth Federation (concurrently) Took a continuing studies course for provincial and ministerial level officials at the Central Party School (Sep–Nov 1991) First Member, Secretariat, Central Committee of the Communist Youth League (CYL); President, China Youth University of Political Studies (concurrently) Attended an in-service graduate programme in economics at School of Economics, Peking University and was awarded Master of Economics and Doctor of Economics degrees (1988–1994) Deputy Secretary, CPC Henan Provincial Committee; Acting Governor, Henan province Deputy Secretary, CPC Henan Provincial Committee; Governor, Henan province Secretary, CPC Henan Provincial Committee; Governor, Henan province Secretary, CPC Henan Provincial Committee; Chairman, Standing Committee of the Henan Provincial People’s Congress Secretary, CPC Liaoning Provincial Committee Secretary, CPC Liaoning Provincial Committee; Chairman, Standing Committee of the Liaoning Provincial People’s Congress Member, Standing Committee of the CPC Central Committee Political Bureau

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2008–2013 2013–

Member, Standing Committee of the CPC Central Committee Political Bureau; Vice-Premier, State Council; Deputy Secretary, Leading Party Members Group of the State Council Member, Standing Committee of the CPC Central Committee Political Bureau; Premier, State Council; Secretary, Leading Party Members Group of the State Council;

Member, 15th through 19th CPC Central Committees; Member, Political Bureau and its Standing Committee, 17th through 19th CPC Central Committees; Member, Standing Committee, 8th NPC

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THE SINGAPORE LECTURE SERIES

Inaugural Singapore Lecture 14 October 1980 The Invisible Hand in Economics and Politics by MILTON FRIEDMAN Professor of Economics, University of Chicago 2nd Singapore Lecture 30 October 1981 American Foreign Policy: A Global View by HENRY KISSINGER U.S. Secretary of State 3rd Singapore Lecture 2 December 1982 Peace and East-West Relations by GISCARD D’ESTAING President of France 4th Singapore Lecture 10 November 1983 The Soviet Union: Challenges and Responses as Seen from the European Point of View by HELMUT SCHMIDT Chancellor of the Republic of Germany 5th Singapore Lecture 8 November 1984 The Future of the Western Alliance and Its Implications for Asia by JOSEPH M.A.H. LUNS Secretary-General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

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32 6th Singapore Lecture 5 December 1985 Deficits, Debts, and Demographics: Three Fundamentals Affecting Our Long-Term Economic Future by PETER G. PETERSON Chairman of the Blackstone Group 7th Singapore Lecture 25 November 1986 Trends in the International Financial System by RAYMOND BARRE Prime Minister of France 8th Singapore Lecture 27 November 1987 The Challenge of Change in the Asia-Pacific Region by BOB HAWKE Prime Minister of Australia 9th Singapore Lecture 14 December 1988 Regionalism, Globalism and Spheres of Influence: ASEAN and the Challenge of Change into the 21st Century by MAHATHIR BIN MOHAMAD Prime Minister of Malaysia 10th Singapore Lecture 15 October 1989 Trade Outlook: Globalization or Regionalization by BRIAN MULRONEY Prime Minister of Canada 11th Singapore Lecture 3 April 1991 International Economic Developments by R.F.M. LUBBERS Prime Minister of the Netherlands

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33 12th Singapore Lecture 4 January 1992 U.S. Policy in the Asia-Pacific Region: Meeting the Challenges of the Post Cold-War Era by GEORGE BUSH President of the United States of America 13th Singapore Lecture 8 September 1994 India and the Asia-Pacific: Forging a New Relationship by P.V. NARASIMHA RAO Prime Minister of India 14th Singapore Lecture 17 January 1996 Australia, Asia and the New Regionalism by PAUL KEATING Prime Minister of Australia 15th Singapore Lecture 14 January 1997 Reforms for the New Era of Japan and ASEAN: For a Broader and Deeper Partnership by RYUTARO HASHIMOTO Prime Minister of Japan 16th Singapore Lecture 6 March 1997 South and Southern Africa into the Next Century by NELSON R. MANDELA President of the Republic of South Africa 17th Singapore Lecture 30 November 1999 China and Asia in the New Century by ZHU RONGJI Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China

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34 18th Singapore Lecture 14 February 2000 Global Values: The United Nations and the Rule of Law in the 21st Century by KOFI A. ANNAN Secretary-General of the United Nations 19th Singapore Lecture 27 November 2000 Peace on the Korean Peninsula and East Asia by KIM DAE-JUNG President of the Republic of Korea 20th Singapore Lecture 14 January 2002 Japan and ASEAN in East Asia: A Sincere and Open Partnership by JUNICHIRO KOIZUMI Prime Minister of Japan 21st Singapore Lecture 9 April 2002 India’s Perspectives on ASEAN and the Asia-Pacific Region by ATAL BIHARI VAJPAYEE Prime Minister of India 22nd Singapore Lecture 6 July 2002 EU-Asia Relations: Sharing Diversity in an Inter-regional Partnership by ROMANO PRODI President of the European Commission 23rd Singapore Lecture 13 May 2003 Investments into the Future: State and Economy at the Beginning of the 21st Century by GERHARD SCHRÖDER Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany

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35 24th Singapore Lecture 30 April 2004 Global Challenges in the 21st Century: A View from Chile by RICARDO LAGOS President of Chile 25th Singapore Lecture 16 February 2005 Indonesia: The Challenge of Change by SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO President of the Republic of Indonesia 26th Singapore Lecture 21 April 2005 Africa’s Season of Hope: The Dawn of a New Africa-Asia Partnership by THABO MVUYELWA MBEKI President of the Republic of South Africa 27th Singapore Lecture 1 February 2006 Evolution of Enlightened Societies on Our Planet by A.P.J. ABDUL KALAM President of the Republic of India 28th Singapore Lecture 11 April 2006 Asia-Middle East Cooperation: Opportunities and Challenges by PRINCE SULTAN BIN ABDUL AZIZ AL-SAUD Crown Prince and Deputy Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 29th Singapore Lecture 12 August 2008 Australia, Singapore, Our Region and the World by KEVIN RUDD Prime Minister of Australia

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36 30th Singapore Lecture 23 October 2009 Towards New Global Partnerships: Economics, Governance, Values by JAN PETER BALKENENDE Prime Minister of the Netherlands 31st Singapore Lecture 2 June 2011 by ANGELA MERKEL Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany 32nd Singapore Lecture 13 March 2012 The Importance of Governance for Sustainable Developments by HELEN CLARK Administrator of the UN Development Programme and Former Prime Minister of New Zealand 33rd Singapore Lecture 26 July 2013 Japan and ASEAN, Always in Tandem: Towards a More Advantageous Win-Win Relationship through My “Three Arrows” by SHINZO ABE Prime Minister of Japan 34th Singapore Lecture 22 April 2014 The Future of ASEAN by HIS MAJESTY SULTAN HAJI HASSANAL BOLKIAH MU’IZZADDIN WADDAULAH Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam 35th Singapore Lecture 29 June 2015 Our Common Challenges: Strengthening Security in the Region by TONY ABBOTT Prime Minister of Australia

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37 36th Singapore Lecture 7 November 2015 Forging a Strong Partnership to Enhance Prosperity of Asia by XI JINPING President of the People’s Republic of China 37th Singapore Lecture 23 November 2015 India’s Singapore Story by NARENDRA MODI Prime Minister of India 38th Singapore Lecture 30 August 2016 Strengthening Partnership for Regional Sustainable Development by TRAN DAI QUANG President of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 39th Singapore Lecture 24 November 2016 The Netherlands, Singapore, Our Regions, Our World: Connecting Our Common Future by MARK RUTTE Prime Minister of the Netherlands 40th Singapore Lecture 27 March 2017 France and Singapore: Strategic Partners in a Fast-Changing World by FRANÇOIS HOLLANDE President of the French Republic 41st Singapore Lecture 21 August 2017 Turkey–Singapore Relations: Building a Smart Strategic Partnership by BİNALİ YILDIRIM Prime Minister of the Republic of Turkey

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38 42nd Singapore Lecture 13 July 2018 ROK and ASEAN: Partners for Achieving Peace and Co-prosperity in East Asia by MOON JAE-IN President of the Republic of Korea 43rd Singapore Lecture 21 August 2018 Democratic Transition in Myanmar: Challenges and the Way Forward by AUNG SAN SUU KYI State Counsellor of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar 44th Singapore Lecture 13 November 2018 Pursuing Open and Integrated Development for Shared Prosperity by LI KEQIANG Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China

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