Prosodies: With Special Reference to Iberian Languages [Illustrated] 3110184443, 9783110184440

Prosodies, in the broad Firthian sense, covers phenomena that extend over stretches of segmental and featural units that

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Prosodies: With Special Reference to Iberian Languages [Illustrated]
 3110184443, 9783110184440

Table of contents :
Frontmatter
Table of contents
Introduction
Comments on Intonational Phrasing in English
Intonational phrasing in Romance: The role of syntactic and prosodic structure
No de-accenting in (or of) phrases: Evidence from Arabic for cross-linguistic and cross-dialectical prosodic variation
Positional and Metrical prominence effects on vowel sandhi in Catalan
The perception of word primary stress by European Portuguese speakers
Ears to categories: New arguments for autonomy
The Obligatory Contour Principle in the perception of English
Prosody and syllabification intuitions of [CiV] sequences in Spanish and Catalan
Intervocalic velar nasals in Galician: Phonetic evidence for multiple syllabic affiliation
Preconsonantal palatal segments. A cross-dialectal analysis
Dissimilation or dialect contact? The role of internal and external factors in changes affecting palatals and rhotics in Argentine Spanish
Nominal metaphony and vocalic harmony in Brazilian Portuguese: A constraint-based approach
Backmatter

Citation preview

Prosodies



Phonology and Phonetics 9

Editor

Aditi Lahiri

Mouton de Gruyter Berlin · New York

Prosodies With Special Reference to Iberian Languages

edited by

So´nia Frota Marina Viga´rio Maria Joa˜o Freitas

Mouton de Gruyter Berlin · New York

Mouton de Gruyter (formerly Mouton, The Hague) is a Division of Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin.

앝 Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines 앪 of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durability.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Prosodies : with special reference to Iberian languages / edited by So´nia Frota, Marina Viga´rio, Maria Joa˜o Freitas. p. cm. ⫺ (Phonology and phonetics ; 9) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-3-11-018444-0 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 3-11-018444-3 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Prosodic analysis (Linguistics) 2. Grammar, Comparative and general ⫺ Phonology. 3. Phonetics. I. Frota, So´nia. II. Viga´rio, Marina Cla´udia. III. Freitas, Maria Joa˜o. IV. Series. P224.P7533 2005 4141.6⫺dc22 2005027661

Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at ⬍http://dnb.ddb.de⬎.

ISBN-13: 978-3-11-018444-0 ISBN-10: 3-11-018444-3 ISSN 1861-4191 쑔 Copyright 2005 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, D-10785 Berlin. All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Cover design: Christopher Schneider, Berlin. Printed in Germany.

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