Principles of BOI: Clinical, Scientific, and Practical Guidelines to 4-D Dental Implantology 3540269878, 9783540269878

Basal Osseointegration as a procedure developed on the basis of disc implantology is the method most commonly used for t

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Principles of BOI: Clinical, Scientific, and Practical Guidelines to 4-D Dental Implantology
 3540269878, 9783540269878

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