Principles and Practices of Air Pollution Control and Analysis 9789389307740

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Principles and Practices of Air Pollution Control and Analysis
 9789389307740

Table of contents :
Cover
Half title
Title
Copyright
Preface
Contents
Part I: Introduction to Air Pollution
Chapter 1: Air Pollution: A Global Phenomenon
1.1 History of Air Pollution
1.2 The Atmosphere
1.3 Definition of Air Pollution
1.4 Classification of Air Pollutants
1.5 Source Classification
1.6 Source Grouping
1.7 Emission Sources of Pollutants
1.8 Population, Energy and Environment
1.9 Management of Fly Ash
1.10 Impact of Coal Mining
1.11 Environmental Problems of Altemate Energy Production
Questions
References
Chapter 2: Gaseous Pollutants in the Air
2.1 Units and Measurements
2.2 Carbon Dioxide
2.3 Carbon Monoxide
2.4 Hydrocarbons
2.5 Sulphur Dioxide
2.6 Hydrogen Sulphide and Mercaptans
2.7 Nitrogen Oxides
2.8 Ammonia
2.9 Organic Nitrogen Compounds
2.10 Ozone and Oxidants
2.11 Fluorine and Hydrogen Fluoride
2.12 Behaviour and Fate of Air Pollutants
2.13 Interaction of Carbon Compounds in the Atmosphere
2.14 Behaviour and Fate of Sulphur Compounds
2.15 Behaviour and Fate ofNitrogen Compounds and Ozone
Questions
References
Chapter 3: Physico-chemical Properties of Gases and Solutions
3.1 Properties of Gases
3.2 Properties of Solutions
3.3 Particles and Small Droplets
3.4 Chemical Thermodynamics
3.5 Principles of Chemical Kinetics
3.6 Absorption of Radiation
3.7 Physico-chemical Aspects of Pollution
3.8 Molecular Diffusion
3.9 Eddy Dispersion
3.10 The Box Model
3.11 Cloud Formation
Questions
References
Chapter 4: Meteorological Aspects of Air Pollution
4.1 Atmospheric Classification
4.2 Atmospheric Air Circulation
4.3 Meteorological Parameters
4.4 Wind Direction and Speed
4.5 Ground Level Wind Pattems
4.6 Pressure - Altitude Relationship
4.7 Temperature - Altitude Relationship
4.8 Atmospheric Stability
4.9 Mixing Height
4.10 Precipitation
4.11 Humidity
4.12 Solar Radiation
4.13 Utility of Meteorological Factors
4.14 Measurement of Meteorological Parameters
4.15 Meteorological Modelling
Questions
References
Chapter 5: Characteristics of Stack Plumes
5.1 Plume Behaviour
5.2 Plume Geometry
5.3 Dispersion of Air Pollutants
5.4 The Gaussian Plume Model
5.5 Estimation of Stack Height
5.6 Estimation of Buoyant Plume Rise
Questions
References
Part II: Control Technology
Chapter 6: Sampling and Measurement of Air Pollution
6.1 Terminology
6.2 Theory of Sampling
6.3 Techniques of Sampling
6.4 Types of Environmental Sampling
6.5 Air Sampling Equipment
6.6 Metering Devices
6.7 Air Quantity Measurement
6.8 Sampling Trains
6.9 Aerosol Sampling
6.10 Sampling Gaseous Pollutants
6.11 Grab Sampling
6.12 High Volume Samplers for Particulates
6.13 Tape Sampling
6.14 Stack Sampling
6.15 Particulate Sampling from Stacks
6.16 Stack Gas Sampling
6.17 Procedure for Particulate Matter Sampling
Questions
References
Chapter 7: Particulate Control Technologies
7.1 Particulate Behaviour in Exhausts
7.2 Particulate Emission Control
7.3 Gravitational Settling Chambers
7.4 Cyclone Separators
7.5 Gas Filtration
7.6 Electrostatic Precipitators
7.7 Particulate Removal by Scrubbing
Questions
References
Chapter 8: Absorption of Gaseous Emissions
8.1 Absorption in Liquids
8.2 Theory of Gas Absorption
8.3 Scrubbing Medium
8.4 Gas-Liquid Absorption Equipment
8.5 Design Considerations
8.6 Tower Diameter
8.7 Tower Height
8.8 Applications
Questions
References
Chapter 9: Adsorption of Gaseous Pollutants
9.1 Adsorption Processes
9.2 Adsorption Systems
9.3 Theoretical Considerations
9.4 Adsorption Isotherms
9.5 Adsorption Equipment
9.6 Adsorbents
9.7 Industrial Applications
Questions
References
Chapter 10: Air Pollution Control by Combustion
10.1 Theoretical Principles
10.2 Direct Combustion or Flares
10.3 Thermal Incineration
10.4 The Technological Keys to Performance Levels
10.5 Liquid Injection Incinerators
10.6 Rotary Kilns
10.7 Fluidized Bed Incineration
10.8 Hearth Incinerators
10.9 Flameless Thermal Oxidation
10.10 Catalytic Combustion
Questions
References
Chapter 11: Control of Sulphur Dioxide Emissions
11.1 Extraction of Sulphur from Fuels
11.2 Coal Gasification
11.3 Fluidized Bed Combustion
11.4 Flue Gas Desulphurization
11.5 Wet Scrubbing Technologies
11.6 Semi Dry Systems
11.7 Other Processes
11.8 Recent Advances
Questions
References
Chapter 12: Emission Control of Nitrogen Oxides
12.1 Conversion of Organic Nitrogen
12.2 Theoretical Aspects ofNitric Oxide Formation
12.3 Modification of the Combustion Process
12.4 Effluent Gas Treatment
12.5 Adsorption on Solids
12.6 Catalytic Decomposition
12.7 Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx
Questions
References
Chapter 13: Control of Organic Emission
13.1 Environmental Significance of Organic Compounds
13.2 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
13.3 Characteristics of Odours
13.4 Control of Volatile Sulphur Compounds (VSCs)
13.5 Odour Control
13.6 Non-point Source Odours
13.7 Odour Control Regulations
Questions
References
Part III: Current Topics
Chapter 14: Indoor Air Pollution
14.1 Combustion Sources
14.2 Cigarette Smoke as an Indoor Pollutant
14.3 Indoor Air Quality
14.4 Indoor Air Quality Model
Questions
References
Chapter 15: Automobile Emission Control
15.1 Transport Scenario in India
15.2 Internal Combustion Engines
15.3 Air Pollutants from Petrol Engines
15.4 Nature of Diesel Emissions
15.5 Reactivity and Carcinogenicity of HC Emissions
15.6 Control Technologies in Spark Ignition Engines
15.7 Control Technologies for Diesel Engines
15.8 Particulate Matter in Diesel Engines
15.9 Alternative Fuels as Pollution Reducers
15.10 Automobile Pollution in India
Questions
References
Chapter 16: Global Climate Change
16.1 Global Warming
16.2 Global Temperature Models
16.3 The Greenhouse Effect
16.4 Planetary Energy Distributions
16.5 Climate Change Variability
16.6 The Role and Importance of Carbon Dioxide in Global Warming
16.7 Other Greenhouse Gases
16.8 Implications of Global Warming
16.9 Indicators of Global Warming
16.10 Global Perspectives on Greenhouse Effect
Questions
References
Chapter 17: Ozone and Chlorofluorocarbons in the Stratosphere
17.1 Ozone in the Environment
17.2 Destruction of Stratospheric Ozone
17.3 Chlorofluorocarbons
17.4 CFCs in the Environment
17.5 Future Atmospheric Concentrations of CFCs
17.6 Mechanism of CFC Degradation
17.7 Effect of Greenhouse Gases on Ozone Concentration
17.8 Other Halogen Compounds
17.9 Probing the Ozone Layer
17.10 Effect of Ozone Depletion
17.11 Protection of Ozone Layer
Questions
References
Chapter 18: Acid Rain
18.1 Sources of Acid Rain
18.2 The Chemistry of Acid Rain
18.3 Reactions in the Droplets
18.4 Oxidation of N02 to Nitric Acid
18.5 Effect of Ammonia
18.6 Acid Deposition Processes
18.7 Volatile Organic Components
18.8 Other Chemicals
18.9 Hydrogen Sulphide
18.10 Acid Fog
18.11 Acid Rain - Global Scenario
18.12 Acid Rain in India
18.13 Effects of Acid Rain
18.14 Remedial Measures
Questions
References
Chapter 19: Noise Pollution
19.1 Nature of Sound
19.2 Sound Pressure
19.3 Sound Power
19.4 Sound Intensity
19.5 Loudness
19.6 Sound Propagation in Air
19.7 Indoor Sound Propagation
19.8 Measurement of Sound
19.9 Sources of Noise in the Environment
19.10 Industrial Noise Control
19.11 Effects of Noise on Humans
19.12 Noise Pollution in India
19.13 Noise Control Criteria
Questions
References
Part IV: Air Pollution Management
Chapter 20: Magnitude and Effects of Air Pollution
20.1 Environment and Health
20.2 Particulates
20.3 Sulphur Dioxide
20.4 Carbon Monoxide
20.5 Hydrocarbons and Organics
20.6 Hydrogen Sulphide
20.7 Ammonia
20.8 Nitrogen Oxides
20.9 Fluorides
20.10 Ozone
20.11 Secondary Air Pollutants
20.12 Lead
20.13 Arsenic
20.14 Cadmium
20.15 Nickel
20.16 Mercury
20.17 Beryllium
20.18 Asbestos
20.19 Other Toxic Substances
Questions
References
Chapter 21: Air Pollution in India and the World
21.1 Meuse Valley, 1930
21.2 London, 1952
21.3 Bhopal Gas Tragedy, 1984
21.4 Seveso Accident, 1976
21.5 The Chemobyl Nuclear Disaster, 1986
21.6 The Gokak Accident, 2007
21.7 Air Pollution: Global Scenario
21.8 Air Pollution in India
21.9 Future of Air Pollution Control
Questions
References
Chapter 22: Air Quality: Emission Standards, Legislation and Administration
22.1 Air Pollution Control Statutes
22.2 Air Pollution Standards
22.3 Air Quality Criteria
22.4 The Air Act
22.5 Domestic and Other Sources
22.6 Significance of Air Pollution Control Areas
22.7 Emission Standards
22.8 Penal ProvisionsoftheAct
22.9 Salient Features of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
22.10 The Environment (Protection) Act 1986
22.11 Conclusion
Questions
References
Chapter 23: Air Pollution Indices and Surveys
23.1 Air Pollution Index
23.2 The Pollution Standards Index
23.3 Air Pollution Survey
23.4 Air Pollution Impact Assessment
Questions
References
Part V: Analytical Aspects
Chapter 24: Techniques for the Analysis of Air Pollutants
24.1 Gravimetrie Analysis
24.2 Volumetrie Analysis
24.3 Spectrophotometric Analysis
24.4 Turbidimetry and Nephelometry
24.5 Fluorimetry
24.6 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
24.7 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry
24.8 Infrared Spectroscopy
24.9 Gas Chromatography
24.10 High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
24.11 Electrochemical Techniques
24.12 Polarography
24.13 Neutron Activation Analysis
24.14 Other Techniques
Questions
References
Chapter 25: Chemical Analysis of Selected Air Pollutants
25.1 Ammonia in Air
25.2 Hydrogen Sulphide in Air
25.3 Sulphuric Acid Mist in Air
25.4 Free Chlorine in Air
25.5 Carbon Disulphide in Air
25.6 Total Crystalline Silica (Quartz) in Air
25.7 Colorimetric Method for Free Silica Determination
25.8 Methanol
25.9 Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Air
25.10 Acrylonitrile in Air
25.11 Formaldehyde
Appendix 1: Conversionfrom ppm to pg/m3
Appendix 2: Physical Properties of Fluids
Appendix 3: ThresholdLimit Values (TLV) for Some Common pollutants
Appendix 4: Useful Conversion Factors
Appendix 5: Conversion Factors
Appendix 6: National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP)
Appendix 7: National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP) Düring 1994-2004 (lOyears) in Bangalore City
Appendix 8: Environmental Standards: Vehicular Exhaust
Appendix 9: Summary of the Revised WHO Air Quality Guidelines for Europe
Appendix 10: Ambient Noise Standards Schedule
Appendix 11: List of Indian Standards Relating to Air Pollution
Appendix 12: Classification of Industries
Notations
Index
Backcover

Citation preview

TM

Principles and Practices of Air Pollution Control and Analysis is a ready reference book for scientists and technologists. The subject matter has been presented in five sections spread into 25 chapters. The first section introduces the reader to air pollution and the second section deals with the current air pollution control technologies. The third section is informative in character and presents environmental issues related to air pollution, such as acid rain, global climate change, CFCs, ozone layer, etc. The fourth section presents management aspects of air pollution and the last section is dedicated to instrumentation and chemical analysis. The text has been structured to offer a clear understanding of the subject matter with illustrated examples. The book provides an essential reading and an insight into the chemistry of air pollution for the undergraduate and postgraduate students of Environmental Science and Engineering. It will also be of interest for professionals and consultants working in the area of air pollution control. J.R. Mudakavi completed M.Sc. in Chemistry from IIT Bombay in 1972. Later, he joined IIT Madras for DIIT program in Instrumentation and completed his Ph.D. on the 'Separation and Determination of Trace Quantities of Platinum and Palladium' in 1977. At present, he is Principal Research Scientist, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru. From 1986 to 1988, he was a Visiting Scientist in Perkin Elmer Corporation Ltd., Ueberlingen, West Germany, where he specialised on the Matrix Modification, Graphite Furance Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and Hydride Generation AAS. His current research interests include environmental pollution control, modern instrumental methods of analysis, trace and ultra trace determination of metals and organics, process development and activated carbon fibres. Dr. Mudakavi has guided one Ph.D and 10 M.E., M.Sc. students. He has 30 years’ research experience in these areas and published more than 75 papers in national and international journals, and chaired several sessions in various seminars. He has been conferred upon the Best Engineering Material Development Award for the development of activated carbon fabric for use in breathing masks. He has undertaken a number of consultancy projects with WIDIA, HEG, IIC, TANFAC, KSPCB, BWSSB, National Bureau of Accreditation, UGC and DST.

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©Copyright 2019 I.K. International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi-110002. This book may not be duplicated in any way without the express written consent of the publisher, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for the purposes of review. The information contained herein is for the personal use of the reader and may not be incorporated in any commercial programs, other books, databases, or any kind of software without written consent of the publisher. Making copies of this book or any portion for any purpose other than your own is a violation of copyright laws. Limits of Liability/disclaimer of Warranty: The author and publisher have used their best efforts in preparing this book. The author make no representation or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book, and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness of any particular purpose. There are no warranties which extend beyond the descriptions contained in this paragraph. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The accuracy and completeness of the information provided herein and the opinions stated herein are not guaranteed or warranted to produce any particulars results, and the advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every individual. Neither Dreamtech Press nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Trademarks: All brand names and product names used in this book are trademarks, registered trademarks, or trade names of their respective holders. Dreamtech Press is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. ISBN: 978-93-89307-74-0 EISBN: 978-93-90457-36-6

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Vortex arrester

Vortex arrester

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-2

10

Flux at ground (clear skies)

-4

10

-2

10

UV-A

UV-B

10-6 280

300

320

Extraterrestrial flux

100

Flux (W/m2 -nm)

Flux (W/m2 -nm)

100

340

300

Flux at ground (clear skies)

-4

380

400

Wavelength (nm)

UV-A

UV-B

10-6 280

300

320

340

300

380

400

Wavelength (nm)

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Non-registered roads of city map

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Traffic load/day: proportion of trucks Annual traffic load per road for passenger cars and lorries

Annual traffic load per road for passenger cars and lorries

Assessment of driving modes

Assessment of driving modes

Emission factors according to the driving modes

Emission factors according to the driving modes Annual SO2 and NOx Emission per road t/(km a)

Annual SO2 and NOx Emission per road t/(km a)

Division of city area into grid squares of 1 × 1 km

Division of city area into grid squares of 1 × 1 km Allocation of individual street sections to the grid squares

Colour-coded representation of high-emission roads in city map

Annual SO2 and NOx emission of traffic per grid square in t/(km2)

Allocation of individual street sections to the grid squares

Colour-coded representation of high-emission roads in city map

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