Pride and Prodigies: Studies in the Monsters of the Beowulf-Manuscript [1st ed.] 0-85991-456-9

Table of contents :
CONTENTS
Preface ix
Abbreviations viii
I. The 'Beowulf'-Manuscript 1
II. Psychology and Physicality: the Monsters of 'Beowulf' 28
III. The Kin of Cain 58
IV. The 'Liber monstrorum' 86
V. The Alexander-Legend in Anglo-Saxon England 116
VI. Grettir and Grendel Again 140
Postscript 169
Appendices: Texts, Translations, and Sources 173
Ia. 'The Wonders of the East': Latin Text 175
lb. 'The Wonders of the East': Old English Text 183
Ic. 'The Wonders of the East': Translation 185
IIa. 'The Letter of Alexander to Aristotle': Latin Text 204
lIb. 'The Letter of Alexander to Aristotle'. Old English Text 224
lIe. The Letter of Alexander to Aristotle: Translation 225
IlIa. 'Liber monstrorum': Latin Text 254
IIIb. 'Liber monstrorum': Translation 255
IIIc. 'Liber monstrorum': Sources and Analogues 318
Bibliography 321
General Index 343

Citation preview

Ugr4§,iru8'S'C

ouvH)uo ÄoNv

I dr.rcsn very:rtn fio a g erp Jo sJelsuow aql uI serPnrs

SEISIOOUd Ct{y fl(Irud

@ Andy Orchard 1995

All Rights Reserued. Except as permitted under current legislation' no part of this work may be photocopied, stored in a retrieval rystem, published, performed in public, adapted, broadcast, transmitted, recorded or reproduced in any form or by *y means, without the prior permission of the copyright owner

I

First published 1995 D. S. Brewer, Cambridge

II III

ry

ISBN 0 8599r 4569 D. S. Brewer is an imprint of Boydell

6c Brewer

Ltd

PO Box 9,'§7'oodbridge, Suffolk IPl2 3DE UK and of Boydell & Brewer Inc. PO Box 41026, Rochester, NY 14604-4126,USA

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Orchard, Andy Pride and Prodigies:Studies in the Monsters of the "Beowulf"-manuscript

I.

Prefau Abbreuiatioru

Tide

829.3R rSBN0-8599145G9 Library of Congress Catdoging-in-Publication Data Orchard, Andy. Pride and prodigies : studies in the monsters of the Beowulfmanuscript / Andy Orchard. P. cm. Includes bibliographicd references (p.) and index.

ISBN 0-85991456-9 (hardback: a.lk. paper) l. Beowulf. 2. Monsters in literature. 3. Epic poetry English (Old) - History and criticism. 4. Literature, Medieval- History and

criticism.

5. Monsters - Religious aspects - Christianiry. 6. Christianity and literature - England. 7. Manuscripts, English (Old) 8. Heroes in literature. 9. Pride in literature. 10. Beowulf - Manuscripts. I. Title. PRI587.M65073 1995

829'.34c20

94-2398r

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requiremenrs of American National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI 239.48-1984 Printed in Great Britain by St Edmundsbury Press Ltd, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk

V VI

The Beouz:-].{ Psycholos'r::.: The Kin c: C, The Libt t,:--' The Nexai:c.:-

Grenir ani C:. Postscripr

Appandices: 1Zxts, Tianr:.;:::t

Ia

The'Vonrit : :.'-

Ib

The WbnaLr, :.:

Ic

The Wonaa:

;:,

IIa The Letter o-r -:t IIb The Lenn o-i-:-t IIc The Lerter o_r'.:--t IIIa Libr nto/§,rrü,re: IIIb Libr 77totl:74',r.' IIIc Libr /fioniirüvt1 Bibliography General Index

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FOR MY

MOTHER AND FAIHER

The six studies in this boc's compilation of the Beou*..-: the precise role and meal::. sources and of the heroes 'o':. that manuscript, name

lr'_

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East, The Lener ofAbxarut"the ways in which contras:-: and secular, classical ani :

characteristic

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have an established and in:for the further clues the',' .j: suggest, unite the texts. I: further study I have proviie c sources, namely The V/or'a--.

monstrorum;but it goes

*rr::

the impetus and inspirar:c:

discussion, where I have har the proper preserve of oü.e Particular thanks are due :,: Dickson, Matthew Drisco-..

Newton, andErich Poppe . 1 and more long-standing Cei life, but this one is meanr i

July 1994 Emmanuel College, CamL, :.

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iIf,VTTTIId

ABBREYTATIONS

ASPR CCSL CLA

Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records, ed. G. P. Krapp and E.

CSASE

Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England

V K. Dobbie

Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina E. A. Lowe, Codices Latini Antiquiores, I 1934-7 | ; 2nd ed. of vol. lI, 197 2)

I

vols. and suppl. (Oxford,

CSEL CorpusScriptorumEcclesiasticorumL,atinorum EEMF E*ly English Manuscripts in Facsimile (Copenhagen) EETS E*ly English Texts Sociery OS Original Series NS New Series SS Supplementary Series MGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica AA Auctores Antiquissimi PIAC Poetae Latini Aevi Carolini PG Patrologia Graeca, ed.J. P. Migne, 162 vols. (Paris, 1857-66) Patrologia Latina, ed.J. P Migne, 221 vols. (Paris, 1844-64) PL

The

J I I

t was Kenneth Sisa='.'

.-.

been compiled on ::-. : least four of the t'i.'e :.r.:,

to sum up the contenrs : i

:

of various monsters. \\':-.::i then, numerous comnia:-:.

.

generally

in

seeking ic)

preservation of

a

Investigation of

.-1.

poem -. = the rela:-:

highlights not only the er::= interests of the anon\-;no:; an eclectic collection oi:e:.-: Beowulf is uniqueiv co:.:i

Library, Cotton Viteilius -:himself first bound tose:::Codex,6

with a group oi: - -

Sisam, Studies, p.96. See

for example, rhe

:.:-:

209-3-, j.ipp. 3-30; Newron. !,:-- transmission of reiai.; :.: especially pp.

Brynteston,' Beoaul| -\1: The description is ria: :: The Art of 'BeowulJ^', ?i - -.. .

Listed as no. 399 in C::.-, manuscript have been ::-.:-

Some scholars, norab.',- i-=: ' j.,' sionally use the ,- .

t.r-

Beowulfalone; no su.:. --i: After Laurence Nor'e.- - 'on the top of the firsr :i - - - :

p. l; Boyle, '15. \ou';- -:.: See further Kiernar:. i:: -, Library MS Cotron \'.:. -

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IdnI]SNNYW.ITNAOEq AP.L

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES

The reduction in numbers is not simply to be explained by the partial nature of the extant text, but is quite clearly deliberate.a6 The easy parallelism of the Old English poem is apparent, with two characters named and unnamed from each side,lnd with rather wild and boorish men signifying theAssyrians, and calm and determined women rePr€senting theJews_.a7 Bgth the anonymous characters have finely-drawn and central functions within the Old English rext. AlthoughJuditht hand-mäid does aPPear in the Vulgate, she has here a much-expanded role, whilst the anonymous Assyrian who announces to his people the death of Holofernes and prophesiis their doom is an innovation in the Old English, usurping the role froÄ the particular character Vagao in the Vulgate.as The whole focui of the Old English poeh is thus thrown on the rwo central named characters,4e whose roles have ihemielves undergone subtle modification. In the Vulgate, Holofernes is very definitely subservient to Nebuchadnezzar his king, whilst inJudith Nebuchadnezzar does not appear at all, and the epithets applied to Holofernes are more fitting for a prince.'o So, from the beginning of th. i*t"rrt Poem, he is described as a 'terrifring lord of men' (egesfal eorh dryhtin,line 2l); an 'arrogant distributer oFtreasure' (swidmod sinces brytta,line 30);-a'prince' (ealdor, lines 38 and 58); a 'mighty king of men' (fearlmod deoden go*iro,line 66).:r Interestingfy, this last description of Holofernes is repeated verbätim byJudith, in a Prayer to God which artfully echoes in its various designations the different epithets given to Holofernes.-Within the space of a few short lines God is addressed as lrince

of glory'

(swegles

eaWor,line 88); 'mighry king of men' (fearlmod leoden

gi**o,

fine.gl);'mighry-Lord'(mihtigdryhten,lineg2);'bright-häarteddistiibuteräfglory' (torhtmod tires brytta, line 93).:z The parallel phiaseology is both strikin{ and disturbing;t' by such methods the poet digns Holofernes 6rmly with the en-e-ies casting him the role of a devil. He is therefore .*pii.itly described as 9.f 9od, 'diabolical' Gy l"ofol*nda,line 6l), a 'treaty-breaker' (tuarloga, lin. il), and,more importantly (ifanachronisticall)r)1as'hateful to the Saviour' (Nergende kp,line451.sa There is, moreover, considerable stress in the Old English poem on th. net which

46

Cf. \ü7oolf, 'The Lost Opening to rheJudith',

p.

surrounds Holofernes' be: and stresses its opulence :, The Old English poer s:"-: 46-54), where it is desci::. give pressing reasons to: .

heathen idol, suggesn:.r

himself, one of his min:s:. Likewise, the charac:e:-. poem. In the Vulgate sl:e -; which is stressed in the \ -.. and patristic authoritie s.' ' she is named as an ouis:3: sermons by pseudo-Äus-,: and in verse by Prudenir-, on Judith, which is so c::. nature of the Just War in :. Danes,6o the focus is once ,

hood' (wudzuanhadl.:

1-.

scarcely mentioned, anci ::. wisdom.62 She is an 'elf-b:.

maid' (eadigan megp, Iic: woman' (halige meowle, li:.

a'courageous lady' (ides et.: 55); a 'prudent woman' r,j..

line 25 4) . If Holofernes i s' i: by contrast, is a 'servanr o: There are further wal-s i: the Latin, Judith relies än c home the basic conrrasrs ',, present throughout rhe ricl

l7l.

47 See further Campbell, 'schemaric Gchnique inJudith', pp. 156-g. a8 Doubleday, 'The Principle of Contrast inJuditli, p. a36. 4e Th? onl-y name mentioned inJudith is rhat oithe ciry of the

Jews, Bethulia (lines 138 and326). The central contrast is likewise highlighted by the clusteied references to theJews on the one hand (Ebreas,lines 2 18,253,262, and 298i Ebisc,lines 241and 305), a.rj the

9{rer

Assyrians on the other (,*siras,lines 232,265, and 309) 50 Doubleday, 'The. Principle of Contrasr in Jadith', p. 437; cf, Cook, ed., Judith, p. xviii; Timmer, ed.,Judith, p. 12. 7: Cf..Doubleday, 'The Principle of Contrast inJudith' , p. 437. 52 In the last case the conuast is especially marked, since nöt only has Holofernes been described earlier as an 'arrogant distributer of treasure' (swidmod sincis bryta,line 30), but only rwo lines before God is called a'distributer of glory' (tires brytta, [nL 93), Holofternes is reviled, in a conscious parody of heroic diction, as a 'distributer of mur der, (mordres bryxa,line 90). 53 For other-examples ofsuch parallel phraseology, see now Tyler, 'Sryle and Meanln ginJuditli , pp. 16-18. 54 See further Pringle, 'Judith: the Homily and the poem', pp.9Z-3.

55 Judith X.19, XIII.10, XIII found in Judith. 56 Again, one might compare found in the Letter ofAlex;, 57 Berkhout and Doubledar-. 58 Campbell, 'schematic dc::

:

5e Pringle,'Judith: rhe Homi.'.60 See further Cross, 'The E=.

6r

See

further Pringle, 'Judirii

62 Cfl Mushabac,'fudithand :: in rhe Old EnglishJudith':': 63 Cf. Tyler, 'Sryle and Meani: 64 See further Magennis, Ada: 65 Cook, ed., Judith, pp. >ccxii. and Meani ng in Judith', pp.

6

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Poorl ^.oplu ro lrrrseqc req 'ts?rluoo lq Slaslr t/qpn[ q ,g.(?lac/uamapnm),poorl -,lAoPInA, pue (ass[uuryt) ,kpseqf,, s,qrrpn[ uo llrealc ure8u ef,uo sr snroJ aqr or.saueq eqr Pue suoxBs-ol8uy eqr uee^\req sapreq rqr or EruoraJer ur relN rrnf ,qr3o ernteu 3qr uo snloJ sll roJ ruaod eq] or snoSopue sr peronb uauo os sr q)rrl/v\ .qlpn[ uo uJ 6s'tuleqply (ure8e) p,r, .snnuof,prg ,rnn.rrpnr4lq osro ur pue ar?

llruorl sclUIV

'ala1rutZ"try1 aq asotd sF{ ul tuleqplv lq 'euro:a[ lq ,ourrsn8ny-opnasd lq ,,ro*rx Jelrq o^,1 uI lrrrseqc Pu? Pooqaopl^\Jo unldruexe Surpuerslno uE sB perutu sr eqs (oS Pue'§m?tn 2P Dqry s1rl ul qtPnf uo srsnf,oJ esorqruv 8E'sanrroqlne :rtslrred pue

sroleluetuuof, IslIIqIq rerel lq os eroru illts PuE Sleslr arrSlnn aqt ur pesserts sl qllr1 { lrrrseqc rll sl lr pue '(anpm),^\opl1*\, plol e se peqrrosrp ri ,qr err8lnn eqr u[.*räa gsrlSug PIO aq] ur paSueqf, seqJlesreq r{llpnfJo uorluzrrelf,Ertr{f, eqr ,esrma>p1

snroqryp rou

Jr

.uorsnlp

tq

satuoceq sau,oJor"H,

'iriiäüjäg';lJ:,äl

flääl

P- Je of, Plno,lr t{llt{,t\ ldouec oqr qrl^\ }eu Jr{t Surtercosse roJ suoseer Surssa:d aard lepelqnog pue rnoq{r)g,'(Lv auy1lauqoztrff,reu-lg, E se prqrr)sep $ rr ererry\ ,(vg-9v saurl) reu er{rJo uondrrcsep E uo seurl IInJ euru tsorulu spuads nod qsrl8ug plo eqJ ,r'suulrlssv eqll_o qllue,\,\ snolnqg 3r{lJo uorlef,rpur up sE ecuelndo rr, ,rrrr1, p,r, ss'(tanadouot) fdouer, EJo lldurs qeads ereSpyl eqJ .peq (seuroJoloH spunorrns

IdIuf,SNNvyT-ilN1tOEg

-JePun s3^lasuJut :...: _' ::' snqt sr uaod qsrliul r-a'

.relncn-red Jqr ruor: :':: :-. rleql s)rsrqdo:d DU: s: -::: snoruluoue )qr :s',-'.,.. . s.u::::-' -': ssoP PrEru-PUPr{

urvrerp-l1euu r.\Er{ s::-t:-.. PeuruJalePPUE rufPr r_:

pue 'eprs r{fEJ tuorl )t-": qsrlSug plo er{lJo i;s;':'-: ät{tJo aJnteu lerr:ed au: ...:

gIlL

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES

flattery and encouraging him to drink;ea in the Old English poem, by contrast, the wild feasting and boasting are instigated by Holofernes himself;, and not until afterwards does he order Judith to be brought in to satisfy his lust. Again, there is nothing in the Latin to parallel the rather grotesque and full description of the beheading of Holofernes, presented in the Old English in rather grisly detail (lines 98-11 l);az

sophisticated way. The ,c'.' techniques of cinemarog:: audio-visual effects oi ::.. s

there is simply nothins ; Holofernes' death unri.

desolation experienced r'. : tional; Vagao simplv rel,- -

genam äa pone haöenan mannan faste be feaxe sinum, teah hyne folmum wiö hyre weard 100 bysmerlice, and pone bealofullan listum alede, laöne mannan, swa heo pas unhdan eaöost mihte wel gewealdan. Sloh öa wundenlocc pone feondsceaöan fagum mece 105 heteponcolne, pat heo healfne forcearf pone s,weoran him, pat he on sviman lag, druncen and dolhwund. Nas he dead pa gyt, ealles orsawle; sloh öa eornoste ides ellenrof opre sipe pone hröenen hund, prt him prt heafod wand 110 forö on öa flore.

Una mulier Hebrat: i=: enim Holofernes iac.: .: One Hebreu)e tLtontj,' /': behold Holofent:: .;,::

for

By contrast, the Old Ers..; have been utterly defta:ec.

deeper perspective on

'::,:-

,

275-90)'J2

Pa wearö si3 =:.: para bead,..ri::.:.

niöheard ne3:.. funde öa on baplao:dsl

.i-rt::;-;:-rr ..--

--

>q rqSrtu IPrJ):r-:i ,--': ' eqr rullr:'i j-; - - ;

.o l11er

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)Jotu pue'SuinSr;:- :-finmoag aqr ur

pr:r,'*: :::

)uB'suonEpduo:,- :-i - -:

1an r8etu

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Sll S(^\O) P

:U

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I

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'5--'--

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watt

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s,pog

fll?r

fiq

pu

?"ap

I

nuceaqaroj

/

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:Surn8rrtur eJE ssuurel Jo spJo/rt eql rnq .uolsnlcur slr luErJr.Ir or PeluJns o 8q Jleslr 3o rqSrtu elBr eql ur lcuetuor)au Jo osn eql

'tdl.rcsnueu-finmoag

eq] ur selEl-repuor\ rElnf,es llsnoraqo eroru eqr eprsSuory qt1pn[ pue oqdotsltcl) ueltslrq3 dllraao eqr Jo uorsnlf,ur rr{r qlr^{ Iellered peo.rq B /rrtrp ^se^Ilerreu lg8rtu euo 'Pe Iarred are^, $luII )Itetueql luerlrJJnsJl 'uolra11of, B r{f,ns ur pepnlf,ur

)eruluns Jq uBl PUr ':a--t: )ue eril lE sl).\JEru ::---:----

;Br{ qqlc Inrd sE 'jc:!::_: )l Slxel eql UJJ.lux. :::-:i ou f,JE s8urpea-r s:: :: * ', ', rer.lt lxer qsrySu3 r'C :-: )IIJ 80r'SUOnEJlSnill J[r :]! : rprs8uole lxJr unpl : .._ : -' ,ql ruou setBP rJlru.:\ 1 : : :

ucrqde:3oa8 gsrlS::l

Jo

Idru)SNNVI/T-ilNl/lOgg EIIL

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES 'Wbnders,

which conrains on fols. 36r-48r yet another version of the Latin text of the at least one section of offers a thorough revision in the light of Christian commentary of the rext,rrT and at the end adds another twelve marvels, not attested in any of the analogous sources, all but two of which wonders derive directly from Isidoret Etymologiar.tr8 These supplementary Vonders can be summarised as follows'rre

38. The Unicorn (from Isidore, EtymohgiarXII.ii.l2). § 39. Mountains of Gold (from Isidore, EtymologiaeXlY.äi7). § 40. The Chameleon (from Isidore, Erymohgiac XII.ii.18-19). § 41. Brothers who fight an endless battle. S 42. The Sciapods (from Isidore, EtyrnologiaeXl.äi.23). § 43. The Antipodes (from Isidore, EtymologiaeX\.ili.24). S 44. The Hippopods (from Isidore, EtymohgiaeXT.äi.25). § 45. Hermaphrodites (from Isidore, Etymologiae Xl.iii.11). § 46. People with large lower lips (from Isidore, Etymologiar Xl.iii.18). S 47. Satyrs (from Isidore, EtymologiaeXl.äi.21). § 48. Parrots (from Isidore, EtymologiaeXll.vä.24). § 49. The accursed dancers.

§

Gibb demonstrares rhat both the Latin text and the illustrations of Bodley 614 ere drawn straight from those of Tiberius B. v, and that the compiler's few alterations ro rhe Tiberius-texr represent an attempt to tidy up some of the more startling of its infelicities.r20 Of more immediate interest are the twelve additional wonders, pärticularly those which do not derive directly from Isidore, since they demonstrete that the compiler was ready to augment his text not simply from the learned Latin tradition, but also from popular tradition, and in at least one case (§ 41) from native Germanic lore.r2r Such augmentation provides a useful model for the kinds of successive alteration which has been made to the ancestral text even by the compilers

lWondtrs found in the Beowulf and Tiberius-manuscripts, as comparison with a range of analogous texts demonstrates. 'lVonders derive ultimately from a text represented The Anglo-Saxon versions ofthe

of the versions of

in mainly continental manuscripts in many different

ttz

forms,122 almost all of which

of the E^i, completely revised the description of the Phoenix (§ 35) in the light ofAmbrose, Hacameron Y.7 9 and Isidore, Etymo logiae XIl.vä.2Z. I 18 These supplementary marvels are printed with a full discussion by James, The Maruek of tlte East, pp. 224 and 30-2. For a closely parallel use of Isidoret Etymohgiaa to provide fantastic marerial to supplement a Latin text, one might point to the last nvenryAnglo-I^atin Enigmata of Eusebius, most of which derive from Isidore. t ts Cf. James, Maruels of the East, pp. 30-2. r20 Gibb, 'Wonders of the Easl, pp. 5-8 and 12-13. r21 Cf. Malone, An Anglo-Latin Version of the Hjaöningavlg', pp. 38-9. r22 See the detailed discussion by Knock in McGurk et al., An Eleuenth-Century Miscellany, pp.

Gibb,

''W'onders

pp.8-9, demonstrates how the compiler of Bodley 614 has

88-103. 22

share a basic episrola:-.' :::: Feramen, Feramus, o: f=:::.

figure called Premo.

i:.::

predecessor, the Empe :,:: ^: has witnessed on his ::='. =.,

variant forms of Phar.s=.. in the first and secon\:. -.:.:

,

-

contact with Hadria:.: -- .: confusion with the ci:::.::=: Alexander the Grear. '.,..::. '. associated, as we shai^ s.- texts, some ofwhich :-::.:.:. from Paris, Bibliothec-. 1.. The Lexer of King ,F.-;n:,-: Italy, Montecassino. Cc c.:,Codex Cavensis 3, ro.s. -1:-

fols. 198v-199r,r,: aic l.-268-27W (s. xir); T,': *.:-:

Strasbourg,

C.

[i ,r, .- -

unidentified) Leiden :ra:. *.i attested by the echoe s .:.; translation of a firrthe: 1':.--.-:.: to the Emperor, from B r: , .. ; (s. xiii).t:l Extensive b{,::,:.' s

r23 Cf. Knock, ,Vbnie:s _: Miscellany, pp. 88-: 124 l«1ock, ''W'onders o: :.--= t.125 See further belo.t. ::. - - :-

126

Gibb, ''W'ondrrs 0f';'11 =. ,

r47-298. t27 Knock, ''\w'onders o: :::= lAdrien sur les rn€r!'€...;i - -:. de l'lnde', pp. 202--: -.: 128 IGlock, 'The Vbnie--s -: :: manuscripts. ,.wondzn

rzl Gibb,

o_!':)::

:..:

22r_3. r30 Gibb,,'vondtn of ti:: r31 Gibb,'Wonders

i:: ifti:: :---, ;

p.647; Knock, 'The ,I :-.-, 132

Q6ff, ed., Diutisha. ::. '.: although there is no ..:='.- - 1 'I-a lettre sur les men'e.-.= := of the East' , pp. 202-3: i--.:. '.

.

t33 Pitra, ed., Analeta S;---; -.-the Easl , p. 203; Kr:o;.< .: 134 Hilka, ed.,'Ein neue: ä-= - -

CZ

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er{r Jo srepuo/§, '1cou;tr

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arq,lre^e aql IIe uo pes'q lxar B sruesard ,ov-ee6.dd ,,rseE eqr Jo srepuo/N,:df',il::,§ 'Og-Uz 'dd 'raE aqtlo slantolaT,sauref pue , gl-ZO7 .dd ,,apu1.1 ap sollle rerrr sel rns arrlal E.[, 'preg lq patulrdar 'Sy6O9 'dd ',elsy p sallre^Jaur sal Jns uarJpv rna.radua.l F alta.I, .'pa,luourg :Ze-ez6pue gI-E07 .dd,,lseg aqlJo srepuorx\, ,{rou)

'dd

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Jdru)SNNVI^I-I 7NAO gg iÄIF,L

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES

Tilburys Otia Impeialia,tst and the (perhaps eighth-cenrury) compilation now known as the Liber munsfforum de diuersis generibus, which is itself preserved in no fewer than five manuscripl5.rar fhs extent of overlap bemreen these related texts, with respe ct to The'Vonders of the East, can be seen in the following Täble'137

of East § 25 § 26 § 27

lVondos the

Letter

of

Lt;l

Fr;,

Fermes

XUIr-XD( XXI

)Ofll

§28

of East §1 §2 §3 §4 §5 §6 §z §8 §9 § l0 § 11 § 12 § 13 § 14 § 15 § 16 § 17 § 18 § 19 § 20 § zr § 22 § 23 § 24

Wonders the

of Letter of Letter of Letter of Old French Fermes Feramen Premonis Parrnoenis version II-IV I III IV_VI I IV_VIII §1 X.l I X.l X.l §2 x2 | X.2 X.2 §3 xl.l II XI.l xl.l §4 XI.2-XIII XI.2_XIII §§ 5-6 XI.2_XIII il_III XIV-XV XIV-XVI.I III xry-xvl.l §7 XVI.I IV XVI.I XVI.I §8 XVI.2 IV XVL2 X]/I.2 §§ 9-t I XVII.I-2 Va XVII.I-2a XVII.I-2 § 12 XVII.3 Va XVII.2b XVII.3 § 13 XVII.4 Va 14 XVII.4 Y]u]l44 § xVII.3b Va-b XVII.3 xvll.4b Vb XUI.5 XUI.5 15 XUI.5 § XVII.6 Vb xvII.6 16 xvrr.6 § )cüv.2 )ccv2 )O(VI.1-2 )O(VI.1-2 )O(VI.2 xxvl.2b )OCVII.2 §22 )O(VL3 )OCVI.3 § 19 XXyI.4 )o(vl.4 )o§/I.4 § 20 )OWI.' )O(U.5 XXVII.I )O(VII XXWr.l-2 § 21 XXVII.2 )O(UI XXVrI.2 § 25 Letter

29 30 § at § 32

Liber

§

)O0rr

monstrorurn

§

xxll )cüvl )O(V.l

§33 II.lO fir.2 II.3 + III.6 II.13

34 35 § 36 § §

)Orylll.l »Onll.2 )CflX

§37

I.l8 II.1 5

ll.2

+

Il.3l

t.20

tl.17 1.33

II.3I 1.24

r.40 r.43 r.36

A number of the idiosr-r.c:

evident, the first of otricl: :i the position after § 32 r*r,:; analogues begin with a

tbr-

Anglo-Saxon tradition, ani

and Iamnes found

,

in üe

manuscript), which is in a:. noted. Gibbt suggesrion 'i: Saxon England was wrirte: one, which may account i-o: position after § 32, rhe .cii of Mambres and Iamnes r:c: perhaps too the loss o['.h.e after the first set of fou: =.,' the length of descriptror

,

6x1y615.140

A wide dispariry

cf. Gibb,

''Wonders of the EAst',

p. 203; Knock, 'The'§?'onders of the East', pp.

173-203. r35 Cf. Faral, 'I-a lettre sur les merveilles de l'Inde' , pp. 202-15; Knock, 'The '§?'onders of the East', pp. 301-8 and 941-51. 136 For detailed discussion of this text, see further below, pp. 86-1 15. 137 C[ the 'Concordance to rhe Mirabilid in McGurk et al., An Eleuenth-Century Miscellany, .Wonders of the Eat and the Liber monstrorum matched here are as in p.96. The texts of the rheAppendix below, pp.175-203 and 254-316. For the Letter ofFermes see Faral,'Ia lettre sur les merveilles de l'Inde', pp.202-15; for the Lener of Feramen, see Gibb, ''W'onders of the Easl, pp.2l2-43;for the Letter ofPremonis, see Faral, 'la lettre sur les merveilles de l'Inde', pp.202-15; for rhe Letter of Parmoenzi, see Pitra, ed., Analecta Sacra Spicilegio Solesmensi Parata,Il, pp. 648-9;for the Old French version, see Hilka, ed., 'Ein neuer (altfranzösischer) Text der Biefes über die'§7'under Asiens', pp. 98-103.

24

a single example

of

be

nver:.

a '*-rc:-;

in the Latin Vonden (§ - Nascuntur et

ibi hc=.:

candidum, duas in un,: nigris; cum rempus prolem reddunt.

:

$::.-

r38 Cf, Gibb, ''lvondzrs o!-:r: r3e cf. Gibb, ,.vond.ns i:-:.:

:

=-

l4o Cf. Knock,'The'§f'on;.:.

:

97,

'Z-lL 'dd'.rsug arpJo srapuols eq1. ({lou;1 J) orr 'J) eer J) r 'g-LZ'dd'psaE aqtlo

sapuo711,

'qqlD

'I I-0I 'dd'pwE aqtlo saVuo ,'qqt1

ee

'tunppar uralord

(raqcstsozu?l_{tl?,

.:r:: -

-'f ::

,suautqos o§a1ga9 lt-'!| 7i:.:"7. '.apul,l ap sal]rJ.ue; s:- ::i :---:' aq{o azpuor71.'qqi3 }=-i :*:;-:i. aa: iiit+:-' .-: -: -i eJlf el rI, '1ere1 'Paqr:?':: :L?-; - : uI

Igl le urBIpuI uI ruunJaJsuen snqruer,u srns 'lrrenS rpuau8r8 sndtuat tuno Isrr8ru srlrdrc 'o8uo1 oseu'enue8 BJqnr'saroe3 alrder satuJqBq oun ur senp 'runp1puel serueqer.l sndroc "AX' unped ernlels saruaqeq seuruoq Iql rnlunf,seN

'

SE

eJE SJeq

[ury1att1y,Antus 2

- :,

: :u:'-.:.

er.{lJo sJePuor[\

]'-

: - .-:

l)

:s/(olloJ sE (I I §) stapuolll uFrI ar{r ur peqlr)sap sr aldoad Jo ef,er snorrnf, E Sapuo/'a persarre-d1apL\{ B 3o alduexa a18urs e rnq ä{?t oJ 'uonf,edsur resolc uodn tuepr^a osle sr slxel u)a l;aq lrlredsp epl,1a V

aul

)-],:

'dd ',rseg aqr -lo s-)r-

--;

--'1'-

i

0tI'SIe JBtu

rnoJ Jo sdnorS Jo puu 'srf,puo/'a lunpr^rpur Jo r{roq uondrrcsap 3o qfuel rql uI uoIlEIrE^ epy( eqr sI uondtunssr eqr rsuluSy 6€r'sla^reru rnoJJo les lsrl, erp reUE llarerpatutul (lxat erues eqr Jo E § Jo ef,uerues Suruado eql Jo ssol eqr oot sduqrad pue 'tducsr.uewif1runoag aqt ur uorsra aqrJo pua eqr uro5 seuu?I pue serqtuehlJo epr ,&eruarualddns aqr snld (g-gg §§) sparru rnoJ Jo ssol eyt ,ZE s ragu uolusod rleql trrog (tlZ-tt §§) slaruetu rqSreyo rueuaceldsp ar{r roJ tunor)B lutu qcrqrn .auo a^IlfEJllB ue sl e8ed EJo ePIs qf,EJ uo sle JEtu JnoJ rpr/rr urltrr/rr seaa. puelSua uoxBs -o18uy peqf,Ear qlFI \ rxer ar{rJo uorsre^ pur8rro ar{r teqt uonseSSns s,qqlD 'perou

9e'r

ell'I 0t/'l

Io retu snord llreap lluo aqr Suraq 'snoleruour asuf, lue ul q qr51yr '(ldrrosnuutu -firunoag aqr ul rou lnq) srxar lolpog pue snrreqrl aqr q punoJ sautuel pue sarqu?I JJo apr pqd,{rcode eqr roJ lelprud lue suq auou pue .uourpu.rr uoxus-ofuy aqr ruory tuesqe r(larrrua sl qlFl^r Suruado ,{relorsrda IEUToJ E qrr^t urSaq sanSopue eqr IIE rsotulv s61'slXo] snoSopue ar{t ul ddncco daql qc1qrr,l gg § rage uorrrsod eqr ruog VZ-LI §§ uaVuoltrlJo luauref,eldsrp ruaredde ,qr sr qly{^\Jo rsru eqr .luapr,ra aq llarurp)rutul

lltt st"puoll

uoxes-ol8uv erp Jo sersuroudsorpr aqr Jo raqurnu V

yz'r Ig.II ee'r

LI'II OT'I

tg'il+ z'il I'II

L

E

8I'I 0€'r

0€§ 6z§

IIDO(

IIDO( IIDO(

IITXX

IIIxX

IIlxx

IIDO(

Iۤ

IADC(

IADO(

IADO(

9'III + €'II Z'III OI'II

9s§ §€§ 7€§ €e§ z€§

htxx

tArxx

rAtlo(

gI.II

/s§

sn;

-

z'u^)o(

I'm xx

]A IDC( f,A DO( XX_IIIAX 3A uorsJa^ srueouu?d qruerC

plo

€.Iil^)O(

z'rrr^)o( I'II[NO( II^)O(

z'II_A)O(

0€'I + 6'I

III)O(

9Z'r 8C'r

oe'fi + cc'l 0g'II aruo,4suoru .t2q!7

to uuaT

II)O( DO(

8z § LT,S

]Z

xtxx Z'IIIAXX

I'IIINO(

§ r

§

8I

Ir}O(

Dq?7

L(, §

txx

$78 eql

s2uuzl

cruouahJ aeual;,i

9z§ §z§

KX_III^X

)C(_IIIAX

oaaT

utruo,tl§uoa

8Z§ §

/I

to "oua7

to uuaT

to

lo

uayuollg

/€r

:rlqtl

3ur.tro11o-; : -

-

(stxat parEIoJ es)qt uJJ.\ütr.

ou ur parrraserdJl)slr sl ur:*. .r!\ou

uorlelduor

(,tJn:u:-'-'.

&Iru)SnNVI [dmÄrogg gt{^L

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES There are born in that place men with a height offifteenfeet, bauing whbe bodies, twofaces on the one head, red hnees, long noses, bhch hair; when it is timefor them to giue birth, they are tranEorted in their bands to India, and produce children

echoed

there.

\Yondcrs of the East in rhe Beoutufimanuscript differs only in translating a version of the text which presumably read in nauibus ('in ships'), as in a number of the related texts,t4t for the curious suis manibus ('in their bands'):

The Old English version of

Drr beoö cende men, hy beoö fifryne fota lange 7 hy habbaö hwit lic 7 nva neb on anum heafide, fet 7 cneowu swyäe reade, T lange nosa 7 sweart feax. Ironne hy cennan willaö ponne faraö hy on scipum to Indeum, 7 pr,r hyra gecynda in

3-6: the burning touch of §§ 3 and 4

)§flI.2b), or the Old

French version il passent en

is

.

transfi.gurantur (S I.3). 143 Cf. Letter of Feramen: § 13, or the relevant passage from the Liber monstorurn (1.20). The Old English version of the 'Wonders ofthe Eastfrom theTiberius-manuscript similarlyomits the phrase; cf. below, pp. 190-3. 144 C[ the Old French noires espaales (§ XVII .3); Letter of Premonis (§ XVII.2b) and Letter of Parmoenis (§ Va): scapulas nigras. r45 See the detailed discussion by Knock in McGurk et al.,An Eleuenth-Century Miscellan!, pp.

88-103.

26

..-.

which individuai ma:..,-i sequence, or contain :he ::. the case of Iamnes anc ).1" Bodley 614, appeär rcr .-.j provides of itself a ust:-

manuscript. Just as -fua::,' theme of saintly forbe a::: Christop her and the \l'i,,:,;:half-monstrous c)lno c € :,,'.;. :

to Aristotle are linkec r'. monster-slayer whose

n:: ü

Letterin the manuscrip:.

such as the decapitatro:.-:: blance between Chrisic :..

manuscript. Bur nvo ::.: Babylon and Alexancie: :: together with analoqous

:

*'h.--

in the activities of ove i','.', pride and prodigies. Ir .s demonstrated

in the re::"

Letter of Alexander to ,:.,:::"'

p:

147 See the Täble above, 148 See further below, pp t t 149 Cf. Robinson, 'Beou:..'

l50

146 Gibb, 'Wonders of the Easl, pp.62-6.

rir.rs

Grexis sAga,tso all of

nes

r42 Cf. Letter of Parmoenis: transferuntur in auibus (§ Va); Letter of Fermes: in auibus . .

)§

repeated several

Babylon (§§ t, I (:r,..-= and 30). Borh narne s : .::.

This technique of :..:.. Old English poets. pa:: - -

The variation between in nauibus a;nd suis manibus is further compounded in other versions, which have the creatures transformed into birds (reading in auibus),142 sy simply omit the relevant phrase.tnr Similarly, the Anglo-Saxon W'onders of the East hle capillis nigris ( with black hair'), with which one might compare the suteartfeax of both Old English renderings, where others texts read scapulas nigras ('black shoulders') or the equivalent.r44 Nor are these the only distinctive variants in what is clearly a complex and convoluted tradition.l45 Moreover, just as Sisam considered that consecutive items in the Beou.rulfmanuscript might have a thematic connection, so Gibb has argued at length that there are similar parallels which connect successive descriptions of marvels,r46 and it is certainly the case that some of the 'W'onders described do seem to be linked in this way. So, for example, simply concentrating on the first half-dozen wonders depicted, §§ 3 and 4 describe creatures whose touch burns, §§ 4 and 5 describe two-headed creatures with bright eyes, and §§ 5 and 6 give details of mighry serpents. But this technique of concatenation is not absolutely regular throughout the text, and it is equally possible to compere the descriptions of wonders which are not adjacent. To draw

nauibus (§

separate man'els. ri:.:.. matched by rhe tho::.::

rwin worlds of mons:-:-i . at the first sign oipec':.. approach (§§ 3, 4. 6 a..:

There are peo?le born there, who arefifieenfeet tall and haue white bodies and two 'When faces on a single head, feet and hnees uery red, and hng noses and bkch hain they want to giue birth, they trauel in ships to India, and bing their young into the world there.

r4r Cf Letter of Premonisz in ()vrr.3).

.

decadence, degenerai, .:.. monstrous figures. as',,... :: the East stress rhe rn:-: - .- :

world bringap.

examples simply from the sequence §§

in § 6, the b:.:..:

g'ith horns as bie., .,.1r. , be argued from rhe rrri-.:

:

§69

further below, pp. i --

'urnt

.&\ou a,t\

lry

LL

'gg-07l pue EI I-gg 'dd raqlrnJ eeS ogr "vrolaq 'I-09'dd'a76g antysoddv aqt pua,llnntoag,'uosutgou ezr 'E0I-66 'dd aloleq reqlrnJ eaS srr

J)

'g-yz 'dd'eroqe elqel

ar{r

ees /7r

'

dd' [ur11 at n 11',!

r i :u ^, - ) :

lo uuaT pw 1q; 11r5

:;'-)"-:

,. ':i:'

slruro llrelrrurs : di::s: *- :' -, - -eql'(02'l) utllrltia i ;tt'": - t - i'

qllq^\ ot'yastllnmoeg pue efo$ltv

ot ta?u?xalVlo

ataT

eqr lletueu 'ldr.rcsnueu-llnmoeg eyl ur slxel orrrl Surururuär er{r ur petprlsuorurp se dllercadsr 'serueqr la1 eseq] ure^ueq drqsuorreler eqt sr l1 'sar8rpo.rd puu apr:d :tsed f,roJeq puu tuttsrp B ruo5 sJorJJe^,\ ur8ed Suruaarrrre^o Jo senr^nft er{r ur puu rlsrpuelrno eql ur tsrralur ur.&\t B rrqrqxe lluro3run qlg^\Jo IIE se{a&as sgtatg f,rpuele)I eqt pue utntluruou pq!7 ar{r sE rl)ns Ierrercu snoSoluup qrr/!\ .reqraSor 'stxel er{l t)euus1 lra? aql to sßpuo6 rqr ur lBer) aqt ropuuxey pue uollqeg 3o se8etur Surrrnoar eqr lq pagadlr rsaq sdrq-red 'seruoql o/v\t rng 'rdrnsnueur erp Jo slueruof, eql lull or dlaq ure8u (lepuerD pue .raqdotsrrqJ uae \teq e)urlq -rueser eartetnd or{t ro 'c/q?n[ puetlnmoag qtoq ur Jnou-uorrrrrderap eqt sE rlrns 'snon8ttuof, tou eJE qfrrfrr stxal ueJ/$oq suonf,euuo: Jeqr6 'ldr:rsnuetu eqt ur.DlpT ar{r suv\olloJ l{llq,t\ finmoag ur peterqeleo llsnoueJ sr r{f,teru esorl^\ rolrls-rarsuoru ue8ed Äq8rur e 'leo.r3 erp rapuexelv Jo ern8g aqr lq pTIUII eft aFo$ttv ol opuaxalVto DuaT eqtpue$vE acftto smpuoA er{r oor os'qar1datouf,t snonsuolu-Jler{ 'ueurnq-j1er{ oquo e.rn8g eql lq pel))uuof, arclsaE aqrlo sr?puory eqt puer c1dor7tr13 ruqag to uots§?(J är{t pue 'erueSor:u p8ar Surtuorre o a uererqro3 lpures Jo erueql eqr lq palf,auuof, an uqdols?tclC lurogto uotse?d er.{r pue qrypnf se rsnf 'rdrrcsnurru 7flnmoag el{r Jo uorrelrduof, e^rtelnd ogr :o3 fSopu? InJ)sn ? Jlestr 3o sopu'ord 'ero1 snorpuo./v\ 3o lpoq Sunsxe uE o] peppe uäaq r^Er.{ or reodde '719 lalpog Jo slä retu Ertxa aqt ro tdlrcsnuetu snrroqrJ orp Jo serqruetrAJ pue seutuel Jo rser eqr ut 'ute8e Jo 'txrt eqtJo slueruele Jer{lo qtr,ar\ sIJIIB.rrd cneuraq} uretuol ;o 'aluenbes uI patf,)uuoc l11uuorsef,f,o ere $?g aqt to smpuoN aqr ur sle^reru lBnpr^rpur r{]I{,1a ut leru e{f eyr'TEIIITuBJ d11ry araz* finmoag Jo reqr fl.rrlncured 'sreod qsrlSug p1g tplqrr' qll^\ euo st uoltrsoddu ur txel 3 ur seureql la1 Suroeld 3o enblur.lr)l srql '(02 pue gI §§) lerd su tno u)ur >1aas llerrrre ro .(9E pr, g,rZ,e s§) g:eordde sorBp oqrn auolup ol urrEq 3sn?r rc '(IZ pue LT ,T,l ,, §§) aldoed3o u8rs rsru eqt rE eel, Jeqtle ge parcldap seJnleerf snolle^.rerrr arlt luaru pue sJetsuour Jo splJo^/rr urly\l alp uea,lrteq slslxe qllr{A\ lrryrrsoq uado ue^e pur lsnrtsrur lenlnu Jql sserls ts?E at7 to uapuo4y eqt te^toatotu 'lxat eqr rnoq8norr{J s}r'ees IIBrls a^\ sr 'sarn8g snorlsuour pue r{srpuepno qll.^ p)}Brf,osst ueuo sr leqt eprrd uelpJ pue 'lceraua8ep 'ef,uepef,ap Jo rIE ue 'sada uEIrsIJtl) ur 'qlrrra, uorleurfseJ fuoxe eurqurof setuBu r{log '(08 pur 'LZ'Z §§) lea:3 eqr repuexely pup (SZ pue'(aclarr) 9 '§ '(acrnrt) Z ' I §§) uollqeg Jo esoqt llrelncnred 'lpuaurtuord ern8g säruru auros pup 'serun IEro 3s pereadar arp seepr pue srrrrer{r atuos 'Z § Jo uaxo sp 8rq sr suer (pauroq) aqr lq peqeleur qroq ete '(uoltetcosse f,nrruaqr lq prteuatef,uo) so lesuer{t 'slerrretu oteredas oÄu ureq erteq fleut8r-ro luur zpr'uonrptr] eqr ur slxe] lalpred eqr tuo{ panS.re aq uur 1I 'qtq,rt) 9 §Jo sIUEr sE 8rq se surorl qtr^\ se>pus pur uexo se 8rq sr suror{ qrr^\ pue 'ZZ S ur pereada.r are E pue y ss Jo sala rq8rrq eqr ,9 § ur paoqca

sleluop

" ' §nqrflu

ul

§eu ua ruaswd 1t

uc:s::..- - r -:---

sr 7 pue g -'§r§ _lo ::: :: : o1 'tue:rip? :,:r- :::

^\Erp

llpnbe

sr

rr puE ':-'{:: :---

onbtuqrar srqr rnB '': -;n*--: sJJnlSJJf PAPEJq-o.lr :-:'- r PuE E §§ 'per:rdf,p

s::r'-

-

JoJ 'oS dr.n srrp ;: ::rr-'eqr dlurer:ef sr lr pJi :, i-i '-- -:' -' : JPInUTS JJB

aJJr{l IEL:

tdrr:snuetu -J1nno;g :-j:

)-\[:qnir:'

rEqr\ uI sluEuE.\

{rEIq,) sut&u

:!-:' :'.-::

xuatuaams egr a:rd';,:,: --*i

rvE

atlt

to il?fuo \\'-,::.:.-.

to 7e1'(nqnt? ut

turp::- ;:

reqro ur papunodrrc-' -: ---' eqt orur 8uno,i ,ta.,:

i:.'-;

uaq^ 117(/ rryq.fi!;j'; zJit't ;17,

oml ?uO s2?0q

e:iq :x; - :

ur epul:a8

JUUOd 'Xe{ IJEJ.!§ _ "S: qau E {l L rll rlrru ar?:::--

:(.spueq rraqt ur,) tltQitt:u '(,sdrqs ur,) snqmau ui ).2:

sreglp tdrrlsn

ue

u

-i1 r:-,:.:

uatFltqr atnpod ruaqt

or{1

ntaruf

'sat?oq eqqm

§!

-,

;

gtr '-!

4 tt?!t 1; t

Sutrtrq ':;t_-'

Idru)SNNVI^I-fl NAOIq g}l^L

top.6 Likewise Beo*ulf :: her cruel knife (sear)anc :

CHAPTER

rounds, clearly marked o i the dragon surges fonr': side,line 268A1.t The ler'.. battle; Grendel causes cc,: as

II

explicitly told had

Psychology and Physicrlity, The Monsters of Beourulf he central importance

ofthe monsters in Beowulf

underlined many times since J. R. R. Tolkien first highlighted their significance, arguing that in the struggles of Beowulfagainst his various monstrous foes the poetwished to portray the noble image of 'man at war with the hostile world, and his inevitable overthrow inTime'.r Kenneth Sisam took a more sanguine view, suggesting that'the monsters Beowulfkills are inevitablyevil and hostile because a reputation for heroism is not made by killing creatures that are believed to be harmless or beneficent - sheep for instance'.2 Both scholars, however, shared the now-common opinion that the monsters in Beowulf are crucial to the very structure of the poem, and in his investigation of larger rhetorical patterns in Beowulf, John Niles similarly suggests that the poet produced a complex ring-composition focusing in turn on each of the three main monster-fights, which he characterises as 'the most important events of [the poet'sl stoty'.a The same notion is implicit in Dorothy §Thitelockt suggestion that the poem 'could easily have been delivered in three sittings'.a Equally important, moreover, is the poet's clear intention to connect each of the three main monster-fights through shared themes and structure. As Sisam has noted, Beowulf's battle with Grendel is a one fall, one submission, and one knock-out bout, whilst the fight with Grendelt mother has quite a different pace.5 Here we have a two-fall fight, with first the monstrous female, and then the man (quite literally) on has been

less ie

::

Beowulf, and the drasor the amount o[ armour,' ]: female (two swords). a:.c : shifts from a primarilr' ct degrees in each of his r::: These structural anc --: battles are underpinnei r-. the individual episod€s irr,S

not simply by the

fami.-,'

shape, their cannibalrsri;

=

Grendel attacks Heoro: : avenging mother undei:ai doom.8 In the same \r-ar'

:

within the confines oitlr.e , her own cavernous gu€j:Grendelt mother and :i:e aggrieved perry, and u'ho

s.

from which light shines: .. and in both Beowulf is :;,

prove faithful. Moreover, despite tire ;., there is, as in the Pa"siox something deeply huma: some stage, and the poe: 3

.

\7e might illustrare rhis : monsters, the dragon. -.

\r-

an unwelcome visitor is :e

I 2 3

a 5

Tolkien, 'Beowulf, rhe Monsters, and the Cridcs', p.260. Sisam, The Structure of'Beowulf',

perspective (B eotuulf, Ii rc,

p.25.

Niles,'Rirg Composition and the Structu reof Beowulf' ,p.925;cf. Rogers,'Beowulf'sThree Great Fights', especially pp.340-3. Others have proposed a much moie complex structural patterning, notably Carrigan, 'Srrucrure andThematic Developmenr in Beowulf' ,especially pp. 49-51; kyerle, 'The Interlace Structu re of Beouulf , espicially pp. 15-17-. For ä useful review of suggesdons concerning the structure of the poem, see Hume, 'The Theme and Structure of Beowulf', pp.2-5. '§Thitelock, TheAudience of 'Beowulf', p.20; by comparison, Kemp Malone's rather stately reading of the entire poem, 'Beowulf' (Complete): Read in Old English by Kemp Malone, 4 discs (Caedmon Records, TC 4001, 1967), takes jusr over four hours. Sisam, 'Beowulft Fight with the Dragon', p. 136.

28

6 7 8 e

See

further rhe analvsis c:

Cf.Sisam,'Beowuli!

l

F,s:.

Cf. Carens, 'Handsciol: See further below, p. 3C,.

---

to The dragon is cerrainh' ::.

possibiliry most fullr- a:r. pp. 13-17, rhar, as in a : transformed.

67, 'ParrrJoJsrrBJt

rrelu E llpurSrro ser',r, uo8erp aqr 'sanSopue esroN Jo raqunu B ur sB 'reqr '11-91 'dd llprcedsa 'uoZvtg aW qqm qZq acf flnqt arcy1'ddrglq penSre /11ry rsoru 'lrrlrqrssod parou-uarJo aqr Burpuersqrr^\rou 'adegs jo sturet ur rrEunr{ rseal eqr llurerrao sl uoSe.rp aqa '0€ 'd'rYrolaq regury eas

'Sy-Ge 'dd',1apuarD prre qorssprreH, (suare3 JJ '8€l 'd'uo8erq arp qrr^\ rq8rg s;paloag, 'uresrs J3 'r7-eGT,'dd' ,finmoagyo &1u61 lBrnrf,nns eq1. 'aq)szllNJo srslpue aqr rerlury aes

OI 6 8 L

9

's;: l'_ :- : +Z 'luol?W d*X tq at.'F:,: :" llarels rar{rer s.euo;EJ\ j-;=-';

';';-:r-: :+' PUE eursqf eLIf . jc ...--':;': Iryesn e rcJ' LI -i I llprradso 'J1n,no;g'i' : -: :': :' pJrufnJls xaldruo: a:,1,': - r- : j: ,I earr{JsJlnaoag. s:::---v

:

(G-

L9ZZ sauq'tlnmoa g) atncadsrad

s,uoBEJp eqr tuory stua e qrr^\ patuJseJd eft e/$, 'pauodar sr Jolrsr^ eruof,la^run uB lq rnorrrq aqr tuog erns?erlJo Ueqr pqo^ordun aqr uoqrA\ .r'uo8erp aql (srelsuoru ar{r Jo uBtunq rsErl eqr sdeqred ol ef,uäreJer r{lr^\ rsru srqr ärBrrsnl[ rqErur e26 'tqft1d rrerp roJ lqreduds rno qo^e ol sE rEJ os seo8 ue^e teod aqt pue 'e8ers eruos lB selnqlruB uBlunq ue IS arE IM '(srelsuour, arp rnoqE uBrunq lldaap Surqrauros 'tdrrcsnueru eru?s arlt ur e7tFn[ pva oqdotsttry tut"S lo uorsr?(J eql ur sB .sl arer{l 'ueur pu? sJalsuoruJo splJo^r eql ura/r\teq usruoSrlue JEelf, eqt etrdsap te oeJoIAI 'lryqlluJ eaord ruorfr\Jo eruos lluo 'sreureterJo dnor8 r lq paruudtuoccu srJln/ü.oeg qtoq ur puB lao3 srq grredsap or sepulq orrrt sarrnber Jln^roeg qloq ur lseulqs rq8r1 qorqrr.r ruo5 'eruoq aplsrole^\ E trqrqur srelsuorü oqt qroq ur !sso1 sroJJns oq r pue Lhrcd paaal:88e ar{l sr ,(lpruur orl r ralsuou eqt sr rr qroq ur luoSerp eqt puE Jeqtou s(lapuarD 3o aposrdo aql lrouuof, slalpred o nerruu rBInurS 6'ller{-rsen8 snoura.rtef, u^ro req

aplsulJlru$,oeg qrL\{ sdrr8 ot seruof, ror{loru s lepuarD 'llur.l er{lJo seuuuof, rqr urqrL!\

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srrl srop ool os 'orcspuoll sazrrs l1pre3 pue dq roroall s{f,Eltt lepuerD se rsn['uotteltduf,ep rleqt pur '8ur11e/(p pJrerls rrer{l 'stce :rrsrleqruupf, rraqr 'adeqs ueunq rlelf dq rnq 'srätsuoru eql ura^\raq drqsuoneler {grur3 agr lq llduls rou Pelf,euuof,llasop ere ral{toru sn{ pue läpuer3 snqJ:eqraSor seposlda pnpr^rpur eqr pulq qllq^\ slf,Ilruof, e lssäf,f,ns uee \req slalpred requry r(q pauurdrepun rre srluuq -Jelsuour UI?IU eeJql 3r{t Jo r{f,Ee ueer\teq qurl )nBureql puB lBJnlf,nJrs eseqJ 'ernseart pue 'elura8uaa 'frop3o srgSnoqr lq sapruq slr{Jo r{f,Ea ur sae:8ep Sur,trea ol pete^Ilotu 'Juo a,ussar8Se uB ol eloJ e rsue3ep lirruurrd e uro5 sUFIs llrpeersSltvrroeg se '(plarqs E pur spro^{s oiru) ruadres eql pur ((spro^\s omr) elBtueJ IEIlseq aqr '(suodealr ou) aleru 3r{r rsurEBE reeq or tq8norq lrnorure30 lunotuu eql ulsuuf,ul elernsueruruof, B sr erer{J 'lBrEJ seaord llpug uo8urp er{r puu jln.rrroeg 8.r1H ur spae)rns llruau kar'(V7g71 saurl) rq8rtu elqrrrer ssal ptrl plor lprcrldxe e l ruor{^r'raqlou slq tslnl^\'sualqord arle3llealreredtuor sesnef, leputrD :elurq

uo (111e:alr1 a:rnb , u?'* r * E ä^Er{ e^{ eJaH -':::j : -::: 'lnoq tno-I)ou--,' ,uc r -' 'petou sBq uEsrS ry'=::.----oqrJo qlBr lrluu"'-..-: t .: :.!-a-

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--

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sFI

ul pue 'ruaoci :; ::

erlt rrql uorurdo uo::i-:': rdaaqs luf,)UJu)q ro ss:"-*uonernd:: : =:rrrsroJJq JoJ

eql, reqr SurtsaSSns '.r1r:-'. : elqBrr^eur srq PUE 'p1:o.r.. :-

peqsr^\leod aqr sao; Sxor-j ruqr SurnBJE 'f,ruefr1lui:s :' luuur pourlrepun ua)q s?- _-

Iynm,

:lrrrs

erP

r{f,Eo r{rr^4, sesBerf,urJln/!\oag dq peruerredxa Äprrgrp3o Ie el ar{I z.(gg97 auq,ags urVpu$ Prltll B PuB (OtgZau11'apu atpa) erun puof,es E prr^rroJ sa8rns uo8rrp eqr sB '{f,Eue ar{lJo asuqd LIf,BeJo uonurerunuue IEUolBrrEu lqJro pe>lreur llrealc 'spunor

aarr{r ur sI 'lsrttuoc lq 'rqBg-uoBEJP er{J 'slruu snoaprq rer.l puB (*urt) aJIDI Irnrr rer{ 'osp suoduä/rr o \t JeLIrou s(lepuarD pue 'sprorus o.&u serJl JlnrY\oeg asr/re{11 ,'dor

ilfuiogg

JO SUSISNOhI AHI

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES pa se wyrm onwoc, wroht was geniwad; stonc öa after stane, stearcheort onfand feondes fotlast

senses

Then the dragon Ataoke, strife was renewed; he hastened along the rock, the stout-hearted one discouered thefootprints of thefoe.

since both terms äre rÄ'.-r first occasion on r,r'hicl ::-.

uastmum wreclzsta ttrli.

is

Here the stout-hearted one (stearcheort) is the dragon and the foe (feond) the human plunderer of his hoard. An exact reversal is seen in the dragon-fight itself,, in which Beowulf,, on the only other occasion in the poem on which the word is used, is described as'stout-hearted' (stearcheorr, line 2552), and the dragon is the'foe' \feond, line 27A6)" In the first instance we see things from the monstert point of view; the dragon is the aggrieved parry.In a similar way our sympathy is evoked for Grendelk mother, driven to avenge the killing of her son by motives which would tug at the hearts of any Germanic audience. Her active engagement in the feud contrasts sharply with the passive impotence of other (human) mothers in the poem, notably '§(l'ealhtheow and Hildeburh, whose tale is told immediately beFore that of Grendel's morher herself.lt Like the dragon, Grendel's mother is seen as (at first) the victim of an unprovoked attack. Twice her journey is described as a 'sorrowful journey' (sorhfulne sid,line 1278 sidode sorhfull,line 2119), and we are offered the monster's perspective again. In the same way the poet explicitly mentions that Grendel's mother, like Hrothgar and Beowulf;, ruled her mere for fifty years before she (like them) suffered at the hands of an unwelcome guest.r2 Her underwater dwelling is described in human, almost homely terms, as a 'roofed hall' (hrofiele,line 1515), albeit a hateful dwelling (nidsele,line 1513), and as a 'hall' (reced,line 1572) whose walls, like those of Heorot itself, were bedecked with weapons.r3 Likewise the dragon inhabits an'earth-house' (eordhus,line2232) also described in the same language of the hall (eordsele,lines2410 and 2515; eordreced,line2T lg); the same word dryhtsele ('noble hall'), unattested outside Beouulf, applies equally to Heorot (lines 485 and 767) and the dragon's lair (line 2320). But of all the monsters, it is Grendel who is most consistently depicted in human terms, particularly in the constant evocation of exile imagery to describe his plight.ta He is, as successively fuller descriptions tell us, an 'unfortunate man' (wonseli uter, line 105), a'man deprivedofjoys' (inc. . . dreamum bedalrd,lines 72G-1; c[ line 1275), who 'wretchedly trod the paths of exile in the form of a man' (earmsceapen / on u)eres 11 C[ Niesche, 'The Structural Uniry of Beoaulf', pp.290-2. 12 See further lines 1498 (Grendelt mother), 1769 (Hrothg"t), and2209 (Beowulf). t3 C[ the description of the sleeping warriors in Heoror, immediately before the first visir of Grendel! mother: 'they set at their heads war-bucklers, bright wooden shields; there on the

t4

bench was easily seen, above each noble a towering helmet, a ringed corselet, a mighry spear' (setton him to heafdon hilfurandas, / bordwudu beorhtan; y'ar on bence was / ofer a/elinge yfgesene / heafosteapa ltelm, hringed byrne, / precwudu frymlic,lines 1242-6). Presumably a similar scene is envisaged in the monster mere, when Beowulf 'saw amongst the armour a victory-blessed sword' (geseah da on searwum sigeeadig bil,line 1557).

further the commenm of Baird, 'Grendel the Exile', pp. 378-9; Greenfield, 'The Formulaic Expression of the Theme of "Exile" in Anglo-Saxon Poetry', p.205; Greenfield, Hero and Exile, p. 130. See

30

-

712 and 737), in conr*.::

of the homogr.i::.,

certainly'the rvickec cr,

man-shaped destror-er . Hrothgar makes a i.::r.

and his mother in his

::,:

Ic par lonc: -= seleradende

.

pet hie qöä'.'!: micle mea;r::.

:

ellorgasr,as.

prs

pe hie sr'.. idese onlic:.e., on weres \\-x5:: nrfrre he ri-,=s :

pone on gci::-:.

foldbuen,le:

:

hwaper him =: dyrnra gasra.

I

haue l:,e;r,i'

SAU tta7 :it:,.

:.

tt:

alien spii:-, -l-:

the sembbe;: -'' days, du'e,:2--'':

humanfon,l.

1,-

did not bno:.

'"-

secret spirir:.

The physical maniftsrar.,:,

size: 'he was grearer rha:. 1353); littlewonder tha: .: Beowulf should disco.-e: .: 'the choicest of weapons. . battle-play' (utepna c_t:: .)

meahte,lines 1 559-61'. . Such a substanrial e:c: interesting to nore rhar ar,of Beowulf himself in ra::.

t5 The word earmsceapü: ::..

'Connotations of (ean',: .. 16 On this giant sword. ser :-

'raSeerg

IC

'Zyll1 'dd a.lopq rer{ury aas(pro^\s luelS slqr 9r 'Oe-LZe 'dd' ,uadtats (uuoa) Jo suonetouuo3,

ug

'p ISZZZ euII le uo8erp eql aqrrf,sop ol pesn eq osp Äew uadpitsuu?a

pro,/y\

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e llqeunsard 'i9-:-:' i: - " ..' rrr ;-''L.:- '^ -;

aSuya{a

ulo

1

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Jo IISI^

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: :: : :r :i -:--

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ärc-:: '. :i-:-- -

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lyqrtou 'uaod

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epoal .puanqpuol lz{

'eurru

:

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e JnoruJE aqt

t(TS-LVZ seurl) surel relrrurs rorlter ur JlesurqJIn^,oeg Jo uotssardurl rsrlJ slq searS'pren8-rseof, erp '&rrd prlr{t Jer{louu reqr otou ol Eunsarelur lr pue 'ssauleerS

sr

uruaqV arqn??eq

uI PIoI^t Plnol esla euoluE uBqt .raluer8 sB^\ tr reqr rdaf,xr 'suodeern30 lsef,rorlf, rr.ll, :ernl?ls elqsrlns Jo Pro^{s snor}suoru ? Paeu Jo erurl sH ul rJ^of,srp plnoqs Jln^{oeg taqrou srq qtr,/I\ serBrls Iepuarg rEqr rrEI punoqrelE^{ eqr ur rBqt rrpuo^\ eprl :(gEg 1 )u\'ugr uau firup auuo{ ?t?ta sum aq) (uer.u reqro lue ueqr .ratear8 sB.&\ er{, :ezrs lepuer3 Surrapuu/r eqt Jo uonelseJruetu leclslqd ,qJ sFI sl erntru lrrulproertxe

o,'lq8rld

uer.unq ur

lo uauosaq uaeq p?q qtns tua teqtacl(n taqwltualo;:i:rd;r:f;i; [aq1 'uaru uqto f,uu uorp utaatS s?m aq wqt ldacxa ,uttotuzutnq u7 sqwd-ayxa ?ou ?e?uatg Feu"u ?uE atf u! stqlarny ,s,bV lspd u 'ruoc/rtx auo paqrptm Dqto aqJ 'u?ruom eruqqrues etll "lo ,a1t1ds ua4a l1u tVwa $ou nnor faqt sa ut os 'sm auo utoqmto flq?qu! satwm aefi u? ileapu"m ,{tqfuru tpns omt m?s '§tooru acfi

[aqt taqt 11al 'stollasunor-ll?q 'aTdoad tut 'qacq aW ?oatl en?cl I 'erse8 erurlp urq ra{z,r*q PAuusfs

9Ser

a1r1) aqs ero3rq s:::.'. .''.'.- : s,lePueJD rEr{l sua):- j:

uoptueu lrago

(paD sElsEIJeJi\,l urntulse#\ seJe \ uo uadearsturee J)Qo lsaurlluo asepl 'uolqearu treurvta8 rsorrlsrrta.a8 orq a{ se{ 'sz*r rago EruG .serse8ro11a 'ueppaq serorü uedetscreau elfnu

rr.{r u:

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aprdque8ras .apuepzralas 9rer

aqr lznara3o tulod s.ir:i

11

:(Lg-Sr€,1 sourl) uaqtJo uondrrcsep tsr5 slq ul rer{loru srq pue IaPuerD l{toq Jo sturoJ uerunq aqr Sulu:ef,uor turod rrpuls E sa>lrru re8qtorll '.raforrsap peduqs-uetu eqr, PuE '.uatuJo redorrsap eqr, qtoq osle sr äq lnq ',ralortsep pa{f,rly\ oqr, llureuf,) sr IaPusrS '(ZttPuE 0I 1 seurl) paloldtua $"g?ar§u?ruprc^eqr qrrq/y\ uo uorsBf,f,o rsrl, eqr uo llqerou 't1nmoag uI uolleralrlp lq pelql punoJ af,r^&rf ere sruret qroq af,urs ,(lprradsa '(,rr*,) u"tu pue (,ssaupa1cr.1rr, ',eruuc,) uau sqdrrEouoq ar{}Jo srsues o^\r ,qr uo 8uile1d eq leu raod aqr reqr rsoSEns qf,rq^\ slxeluor ul ,(L€,L pue ZIL seur) ?p?erru"z4rrsepeqrrf,sapsrrqelr/llJ si(z-l§gI seurl ,pLtts?trwputmtanu4§nm

ilNAOEg

-: :

'?uoaA (aoJ, )qt sr uoS::: : -

sI 'pesn sI

a{l

pJo.&t'

',-r--

r..

qrlq^\ ur Jlasrr l18U-; i::: ueunq eyt (yuoaJl rci :-: : '20J ätt:.- '::,

ü;:.;:':.

ar.1l3uo1r

CO SUEJSNOI^I AHJ

PRIDE AND PRODTGIES

Nafre ic maran

his methods are distincrlr' simply crushed to death ,.1

geseah

:

eorpan, öonne is eower sum, secg on searwum; nis pat seldguma,

eorla ofer

250

Again, it has often bee: monsters that he fighrs bt' : the creative series of rrai

on edrth, a uarrior in armoun than is one ofyou; he is no hall-retainer madc uortlry with weapons, anless his appearance belies him, his peerltss face.

'heto','3 and which is usec 816, 989, 1000, and I l("'c the dragon (lines 2520. ::

wepnum geweoröad, nafne him his wlite

leoge,

rnlic anryn. Neaer haae I seen a mightio noble

An intriguing number of intimate links benveen Beowulf and his most famous foe may be suggested.'§(/'e hear that in one of Grendelt raids on Heorot he had carried off thirty men (lines 122-3))z likewise Beowulf is described by Hrothgar as having the strength of thirty men in his hand-grip (lines 379-81), and in escaping from the scene of Hygelac's death he swims away carrying the armour ofjust this number of men (lines236L-2).r8 In this same incident Beowulf is decribed as a'wretched and solitary figure' (earm anbaga,line 2368), a term which might well have been used of Grendel, the 'wretch' (earmsceapm, line 1351) twice described as a 'solitary traveller' (angenga,lines 165 and 449).te So, Grendel on his murderous trips to Heorot is described as a'hall-thegrt' (healöegn,l\ne 142),just like Beowulf and his men (healdegnas,line7 L9),and in their fighting both Beowulfand Grendel are linked as 'hall-dwellers', equally enraged (yne weron btgro, / ,rl, renuerrd.as, lines 769-lO1.z0 The fury experienced by both Beowulf and Grendel is a further factor which links the combatants; Beowulf waits for Grendelb arrival 'furious at heart' (bolgenmod,line 709), while the door of Heorot collapses at Grendelt touch'since he was furious' (da (he Se)bolgen wes,line 723); it might be noted that precisely the same reason is given for Beowulf's ability to overwhelm Grendelt mother in their first grappling(!a he gebolgm was,line 1539), and that throughout Beouulfthe only figures who are described as 'furious' in this wey {gebolgen or bolgenmod) are Beowul(, in each ofhis three monster-battles (lines 709,1539,2401, and 2550), Grendel (line 723),the monsters at the mere (line 1431), the fallen prince Heremod (line 1713),2t and the dragon (lines 2220 and2304). Beowulf,, moreover, is described on his visit to the home of Grendel's mother as a'hall-guest' (sehgyst,line 1545), who in his encounter with the monster is 'despairing ofhis life' (aldres oru)enA,line 1 565), much as Grendel the 'hall-thegn' (heallegn,line 142) in Heorot is equally 'despairing of his life' (aWres orlt)en*,line 1002).22 Beowulf fights monsters because only then is he well-matched.'§7'hen he does face human champions, like the Frankish Drghrefn, 17

furrher lines 1582-3. Puhvel, 'Beowulf'and the Cehic Ti'adition, pp.82-5, for an argument that the Beowalf poet was influenced in his depicdon of these episodes by trish models. t9 On the descripcion of Grendel as angenga, cf. Lapidge , 'Beowalf and the Psychology of Terror', pp. 381-2. 20 Cf. Brodeu r, The Art of Beowalf, pp. 231-3; Rosier, 'The Uses of Association: Hands and Feasts in Beowalf', p. 8. 2r On whom see furthir below, pp.48-53. 22 Cf. Rosien 'The Uses of Association: Hands and Feasts in Beowulf , p. 12.

r8

See See

32

Sigemund the dragon-sla'.', the monster-mere the poe:

the monsters inhabitinq :: the description of the dr.s the dragon together as ö; the word agleca, which c,.:: derives from a very earlv b,:,

.

and meant'fighter','$'arr:,:,

the first element of agk;; German tgrto, Old Eneiiswith Old English hcan therefore be 'the au'e-ins: answers to the sole e*ro:. Ramsey, with no appar. Beda, se aglaca kreou, r'Fx: connotations of the rerm. : only monsters but mons!. the worlds of monsters an\:.

-fhe

:

conflict and com:=

only such thematic conrra j entire structure of the poe :

which is so apparenr in apposition, Tolkien argur. line.3r A similar kind oic,:: action in Beoutulf is marc:.

23 Klaeber, ed., Beowulf. p. ): 24 Cf Gillam,'The Use o: ::' 25 Kuhn, 'Old English agis:: 26 Cf. Huffines,'OE agl.a;: !, 27 Mezger, 'Goth. Aglairi 'L'.-.

Erymologier', p. 1; Kuhc. 'Beowulfand the Psychc.; :

,

28 C[ Dobbie, ed., Beou't i;. -2e Crawford, ed., Byrhtleniit .;. 3o The contrast

3l

is most

etlk'-'

for example, pp.27\i. C[ Tolkien,'Beowult-. ::..

.

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3o anbruq)ar E r{f,ns pue

ur ruareddr os sl qllr{h\

a8y pue qrnoÄ uao tJeq lseJluof, ar.ll uo pererrperd seru uaod aqlJo eJntf,nJts eJnua )r{r tBLIr Pe^allog ueHIoI :t1n"rnoag q8norqr sunr gf,rq \ rstrluor f,r}Eueql qcns lluo aqr Suraq ruory rBJ sl uatu PuE sJalsuoru uoa.&\req uosrrudruof, put rf,rlruof, er{J 'ldlnsnueu eqr pue tuaod arp rnoqSnorr{l unr rlllq,vt uetu pue sresuoruJo splro \ eqr ueo^{roq srerluo) pqull ar{l seurlropun llrualc sradels-relsuour lnq srolsuoul lluo tou eleuSlsoP or Pro \ oqr sloldtua leod aqr ter{t rf,EJ ärp (r.urrt er{r Jo suorletouuof, ast:ard eql re eleq/§ 6z'(J)qrear Surrrdsur-o rE aqt 'opag ,) moatq acq&u as ,rVag se aPeg JIqBrauaA eLIr seqrrcsep 'fuorl Jo af,Brt rua.reddB ou qtrl( .lasurug Jo l{ueJrr{rdg arag^,'r 'asord qsrlEug plg ul pro.&r erfl Jo aldruexa ,los eqt ot srr^rsur lseq esues srqr PuE 8z',euo elqeprruroJ oqt, ',äuo Surrldsur-aae eql, 3q ,roJereqr plno \ rurer eql 3o Surueeru eql ,.'(ll{rlnb er'oru ot,) uatq qsrlSug plo qll,rl. luetrrale Puof,äs eqr puu x'(.rorrat, ',errr?,) asa&a pue a&a qsy8ug plo ,ost&a utrure3 qB51 plo '(.tq8p3, '.rorrat,) s8a aruuSo: ,rqro) E rltr/( awlSaJo tueruale NrU eqt sl)auuof, lSolotulra pesodord llrrll arorlr sduqrad V sz'.rorr:e.,n, ,,relq8rJ, tuelu pue 'quVltg'c{wPg t{slrl equo LuroJ ctrotsrgerd ärluo Surrtrorroq llrua lrarr e ruog se^rJap ')ste qsrlSuE PIO ruerxa uI sJLuIl xrs-frrrqr sdeqrad srnf,f,o rlr5{nt ,atry&a pro^\ rrll reqr perseSSns seq uqnX uuurer{S '@eSZ aurl) uaatolSa og su roqraSor uo8e.rp aqr PUEJIn/horgJo euII-JI?q ruo uI sleads raod aqr rqSg-uo8urp eql3o uorrdrrrsep eql Eurrnp NIItI^/rt' Jlasurq Jln/rorg (lpTI arour) ro oreru eqr Suruququr sretsuotu eql reI{rlo aruu8rsep ol '(Z I § I aull) flsnon&qrur rurel eqt sesn reod aqr rrrr.u-relsuour rr{l olur luaf,soP s,Jln^\oag Jo lunorf,B slr{ uI v;(e6g eulfl raluls-uoSerp aqr puntuaSlS pue '(gSS ourl) srarsuour-Ef,s aqt ,(5062 pue , LSSZ ,V7SZ ,OT,SZ saurl) uo8urp eqr '(GSZy

'69L

'u3e:q8zg qsr)iuE.: J r-: ::'-' sI url{r lluo esnr)x sj:-i3o Eur.rredsap. .i11enb: s- ::-

qtrntrr'(S9SI lull 'r,t;?r: :,a sF{ ul oqm '(§r-§ - :u:' ':.:i IISI^ Srr{ uo Prqrjrsf,D !: '::... ,z'(elLI rull) poru:i-'il =-

aurl) lapuaJ) '(0;;; tr'-:-: Jlnaroag an (poutlr:E':s :lluo aqt f n{noag rno'*-i::,:Jreql ur rer{loru s.l)P-:::n aqr llasrcard leqr prlo:- x .

:: -

of,urs, qf,nor s,laPuJJS

(1J3Or{ lB SnOrJry, fE.rr1j: i': Jolf,BJ reqrrry E sr IaPur:r-)

seurl 'sry,uamuat

a{s.

-:-t Pe{ull ere laPurr) pue_: sltl PUEJlruY\oeg eIII ls:, ot sdtrr snoJapJnul sry :io '

,{:ulr1os, E sB pequfsJp -.1'Pesn ureq e^Er{ IIe,r\ rqt:::: PUE Par.lllar.&\, E sE

Plqut€f

Jo requnu srqr rsnf jo rno': rqr tuo{ Surdmsa ur pue ' Suraeq su.re8qrorg iq p*:: PärrrBf Psrl rr{ loroeH uo s tsoru srq PU? leoJ snourEJ

slq,(692I pue ,000I ,6g6 .9Ig

qfin t;t Jo'ur

'suodoam

lapuarg Jo prsn sr qrrqr\ pue ,r,,oreq,

tnouttt

',JoIJJert[ ',PUeU, uoureg ',Jalsuotu, 'g)larrrt, suonelsueJr Jo sJIJes e^Il?eJf eLIl srolro raqa?I) qrHA tol'(ata17u rc) uondrnsap eql lq stq8g er{ reqt sretsuoru ata1&a ar{r puB $lql lpDrldxo aqr tpql pef,rrou ueoq ueuo sBr{ rr ,u1e8y raod JIn/$,oaB '(gOg-Sef7 saurl) r{tuep ot per{snrc lldurs sr

u,

.a!:

OgZ

u3a.rq8zq Isnortsuotu lus rsorule tq8rtu ouo 'uerunqul lllcunsrp erp spoqreur srq

IMAOgg JO

AHI

SUAISNOW

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES

Lapidge to doubt that the poem can really be described as 'heroic' in any traditional while R. E. Kaske, by contrast, in highlighting the central importance in Beouulf of what he describes as 'the great heroic ideal of sapientia et fortitudo' ( wisdom and strength'),r underlines the differences between the physical and the psychological worlds which play such a large part in the poem, and are particularly important in the poett developing depictions of the monsters. The justly-celebrated portrayal of Grendelt approach to Heorot, which has been described as a 'hair-raising description of death on the march',34 introduces just this distinction between the physical and the psychological worlds, as well as illustrating a number of the other contrasts raised, and deserves quotation as a fine example of the poet's art (lines ,Or-rrr,rt sense,32

Com on wanre niht scriöan sceadugenga. Sceotend swrfon, pa pat hornreced healdan scoldon, ealle buton anum. Pat was yldum cup prt hie ne moste, pa Metod nolde, se s[c]ynscapa under sceadu bregdan; ac he wtccende wrapum on andan bad bolgenmod beadwa gepinges. Da com of more under misthleopum Grendel gongan, Godes yrcebxr; mynte se manscaöa manna cynnes sumne beqnwan in sele pam hean. 'Wod under wolcnum to pas pe he winreced,

gumena, gearwost wisse, fattum fahne. Ne was pat forma siö pat he Hropgares ham gesohte; nafre he on aldordagum ar ne sipöan goldsele

heardran hale, healöegnas fand! Com pa to recede rinc siöian, dreamum

bedaled. Duru

It

u,as

705

bü,-',,:.

715

,: :; '

uigil"tn:. :t: ":;-:

joining

o_j

,,;-.:

slopes, G'a,:.,;:.

destr,r,n

tt:a'?:-:.a

u'alked 'krj.riiuine-bu:.:;:':

;

-1 :

not the fi,r''; -'"'' t t' ?efore tlc1r -i.'liharshe, l;:, . ''. i.-'.'-.',

bands. L)':,: '': since he :.i' .':.

Suiff i.':i' :": uanced iri,{, 1,.

an unlot

7r0

;;'r: : .-

:.t-:

not dr;g ir';tt'

dtprit'ca'

c.-',

.:_.'':

What is most intriq*r:i ;: in which the poer proc-:: viewpoint of the app:r-r:-:

the purpose of the poe ::- ::. looks like, since nothrrE .: depiction at all; as \1ic::. our comprehension. be.. * the most terrifyine morr,=

702,710, and 720) r:::.;

darkness, away from :::e :: 720

sona onarn,

frrbendum fast, qypöan he hire folmum (rthr)an; onbrad pa bealohydig, öa (he ge)bolgen wrs, recedes mupan. Rape after pon on fagne flor feond treddode,

Then thert

uarrior:

cinematographic terms :.-. to describe the appro:-:

sea-voyage (lines 2: 1 -i 1623_44).re The same ; : :. =: 725

yrremod; him of eagum stod ligge gelicost leoht unfrger.

manuscript, notabll' tn

_,i:u.;::

is ominously depicted

r-. :

eode

32 lapidge, 'Beowulfand the Psychology ofTerror', pp.3734. 33 Kaske, 'The Sigemund-Heremod and Hama-Hygelac Passages', p. 489; Kaske, 'sapientia et Fortitudo as the Controlling Theme', especially pp.423-8. 34 Brodeur, The Art of'Beowulf', p. 90.

3t

The passage has been discused many times; see particularly Brodeur, TheArt of'Beowalf', pp. 8B-94; Greenfield, 'Grendel's Approach to Heorot', pp.275-84; Renoir, 'Point of View and Design for Terror', pp. 15447; Storms, 'Grendel the Grrible', pp. 427-36; Irving, A Rean ng of 'Beouulf, pp. 101-3; O'KeefFe, 'Beowulf, Lines 720b-836', pp. 487-8; Iapidge, 'Beowulf and the Psychology of Terror', pp.383-4

34

36 Renoir,'Point of Vio.'--.37 Lapidge, 'Beowulf a:.c :: : 38 Here the poet descris.: '--. sailors' point of vier\': ::ri (land gesawon, / bn,r::.:.--

'cinematographic' ir: for Terror', p. 162.

r:-,

:

39 Cf. Rosier,'The Use-. r: :40 Cf. Campbell,'Schen:a:.: with characteristic

i

ns:

somewhat curiouslv',

e

:

ri.

:

:.

EC

'PassnrsrP lou sr ilodo$ Jo uorlnedeJ aql 'llsnounf tBrl/!\arrjos 'q8noqrp 'g-Lrzl'dd 'lnao4Jo srrrurl eqr pue c/qpn[,troue1 lq rq8rsur )nsrretf,Errri] qrr^\ passnf,srp sr uonsanb ur aSessed eqJ '69I 'd' 1p1pn[ur anbruqraa f,neuaqf,S, '11aqdue3 33 ur slsBa{ pue spueH :uonerrosryJo sasn äqL tarso5 J3

'U 'd'llnmoag

'Z9I'd '.Jorral

0v 6e

JoJ

u8rsaq pue ,.v\ar^Jo lurod, 'Jroue1 lq palsaSSns tsJU sE \ txaluof srql ur .orqderSoreureur), r.uret äqI 'G-yZZ seurl'§?sspupt ?pt§ 1 'aduay wStoaq 'uyrqq olltr*lrq 1 'uoowsaS pury) (puEI ll\es laqr, :ltarl3o rurod (sJolres (serroluoruord-eas peorq 'q1rq daals 'Sururqs slJrll-ees eqr ruo5 puel Surq:rorddr Jo .rl^.3r^ paletep arotu llartlssa)fns aqr seqrr)sep reod aql eraH 'yge 'd '.rorrql,3o l8ologrls4 erq puefinmoag, 'a8prde1 ro3 uSrsaq puel'ol^Jo turod, trouaA

'E-09I 'dd',rorraa

llnmoag, 'a8prdr1 :t*_!Suytey r.'8ul.q :q, -_-r

:: :,

x\aIAJo lulod. :.Lr jr; ::'dd',llnmoag,io ;tV' :.1; ---:r,- -

PIIE

uauuadtg.'rlse\

,c!- j ;;:

8€ LE

9e

o,,'(LZZ pue 'ZlZ'OOZ saurl) uodor pro,/r\ er.pJo uonnedrr lq parcrdep llsnourtuo sr epreq orur s.rnafequo ))up pE eqr ereq^\ '(ge-OOe seurl) ffynfur.flqrrou 'rduf,snuutu

§;_

-tlnmoagaqr ur ereq.&resppaloldtuasr enbruqrar rrqdrrSorrrueurf,lues er{J6€'(tzttlurl qlq^\ s}unorre asord erlt Jo räqr.unu B uI 6/'(ellfl{) turnlor{D r{relqroaJrqro, eqr se qlns'slxer qsul lur)^es ur sE IIe^.\ se rr,?auruJallo) epag-opnesd äqr ul perou ueäq suq ef,uerrnrf,o slr se)rnos r?lnsul rs8uotue :esdlpcode segru8rs dlrealc lng 'uotuuroc lrar' ]ou sr ererl p3ruasa-rd ees Suru.rnq eqt Jo Jnotu eqJ 'wm aTl unq lltm rat?(n a{fi :a!F ?ua pollltm atnt -yan-yas [tana :&urutunms wo{paddols 'cptorsllxm saqsgf-uas autlo ?as ? ut uaqt 'sVoo1,faqt ?ailus p?t/ rag(n sy $nf totil?mEwqlaas u '?uq aqt ql"ts ll"tls au4[ yap-atgfaqt :Vqq pu" qs?aq 'atnt?erJ q&u?t ßtaaa aqru 11oqs aruryf-fitaV atf uaqJ uat?(n Sutqaaq ar.1t

Srrarrr r/rv.qo8

'lz-el1

:;_1:- ::

'dd '.a::11

e aalS 01 sP os

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-uo::i'---,;:

oqw'9ZZ'd' 1in1:,:;; svwrtn\,eseaq pjl.r,

: -.

': ;-;,.

:--: ;':-

-

E Jletu Ol tuP:uj :::-J--:: - , ralrduor aqr .ic : - : -:-:-':'i

3o

'6-867. PuP'g-+1.:

>-::

(gg-.

_

_.

:

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.irg :-:'-

Jo uoltou aqt urr8t =1i:- '.pcrSoloter.{rse rqr ur :r *:

,ftraod uI e/'plro.r\ f,u:

ol

-: :'

s: r--: s-'(I!)- . ::'

pelf,rrlsa.r l1a3:11

Surpnpur'sJf u?:s -- - : E c .. ''_r

llqrrre

eroap8zru,

snoradso-rd

slt{ uoJlnd\oag o1

.uol-:}!

Jo IIeq lrl-oru eqr orr ;:: lunof,f,E slq ulgroq 3u:::,:

euuo{

euuo{

oq.rn'taod-t\nmoag f,r:

uollEfollof JEInfnJYc

-: ' :- -

3I{r Jo suorsr^ relnsui -: : '(tAX l1ruo11 Surp:r' g :'-

'tunpuopurrvr' enu^\

'a8zm grru selo{ers .rszjqzrs puo gns 'unplacs ueploJ urnpog qr^\ arsuJ

lcr aqr r{teeueq

:"

sr3rE..!,.

l:eurp.routxe purl r{r:'-.r.

l{r

ar4'11na4 'S o?§!A

aqqeaue8QEsoerH'e-r3lSoroaq,reg 'alpa prtu plnro,/$. rsalq eruupr/rr 'ues8a sar,! 8uorr,rp1o3 uo ga11.§

sepunr8 rsz8

:Vzt 'd ',qsr18ug p C j :- . palnba: aql stxal '-'r'- :.. - . -. -

:

lsoru'sE'seruJqr

'sea?tn acp rwo8z sql"(rynq qq"$ ?u" ruttt,syoo1,[ar.1t tsuuSo alus ?ury aqt daq qryqm '#p q&t/ ?u? 'llaut lfm sm?runoru :tq7utno asdElot ll?m ql?m-,Qp paus?qs 'ruilm apqm aqt tbusap lfm atot nt tpaat7 ?u? tocl 'lsqq sno?totou [1apm arfi luorru&EJfuot s3u41amp qftq aqt uotop sts?r awrp[&u8onru eqt :sqtdzp aqt q&noqt seqil"as tuyds tpaaß aqt oS

to nual aqt q&noqt punotS aqt q

s,aJU,

'XBJ/Y\ ell\s Jalu \ {aurlq

'garlar,rs

ap3zruraS sePuns lsersgzs QEIa.üs .aps,fe sepol,

rgeqr$ uo

s86

'ue&\oo[, Je]u/y\ Ju e^lta'S 'r8rrrr )puelpo^\ '3a1errearlsr.,§ ueploJ D)JxparuJ

'geturu Selgeap 'e13n3 puo Eroep

'or/mqo8 erqr/r\ 086

uJ 'uonfrdep :e1n:::::c -.

re er.uloq glrvr Eq ,n3oelcgeaq puo qerlaua8se8roeg'selperrlSrnqruJf,orqol 916

-.rc

:

_'

-

eJJr,rr-JJlsuou Jrlt ;o uc::J: €/'(suollElf,ossB slr Ur t:--:el{r seqrrf,sap llqe:ouf,rL ..*:' ruereJJrp asor{^\ ede:sp::r'

orqurra8geaq Salapua{q fqacaspuoa8

er3l3 es e^rs

IMAOgg üO SUEISNOhI EHI

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES

And wi todlice ealswa fl od com hwi lum rr for synn um, swa cymö eac for synnum fyr ofer mancynn, 7 öxrto hit nealacö nu swyöe georne.

And truly just

will

as the Flood carne before because of sins, so too because of sins come ouer mankind, and now the time is approaching aer! soon.

afire

The image of apocalyptic cleansing flood and flame in the conrext of Grendel and his mother is particularlyappropriate; theywere, after all, ofthe doomed kin of Cain, whom God had purged in the Flood.83 Outside homiletic literature, reference to'fire and flood'are norably rare; in a land dispute of 968,8a one party condemns the contentious properry to fire odde flode, rather than that it should pass to the other claimant, while, more intriguingly, Cnutt second law-code (set down not long after the compilation of the Beourulfmanuscript)

explicitly forbids heathen worship, which it defines

as

follows (II Cnut V.1):a:

depths from time ro cir::c regia dona), as well as e ::.. ofthe gods, includins i: =.. dares Br^ze his sheep J. Lucan were certainlr- lpJruoop PUE

IePuerDJo

lxrtuol ]:-: 'uoos,ü;,t

attta sutsto

.

esn?raq oo:

EHI

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES

hit pa pat deor oßloh

hie swa hie pa oöre ar dydon, 7 swa picce hie in pere ea aweollon swa €mertan öa nicras, z swilc unrim heora was. Da het ic blawan mine byman z pt fyrd faran.

mid spere gewundigan

isernum hamerum z dccgr

And when they had swum aboat a qaarter of the iuea somethingtetiblz happened to them. There appeared a mubitade of taater-monsters [hippopotarniJ, lzrger and rnore terriblt in appearance than the elepbants, who draged the mm through the uatery waaes down to the riaer bottorn, and tore them to bloody pieces with their ruoutbl and snatched thern all away so that none ofus hnew where any ofthem had gone. Tltm I was uay angry with my guidcs, who had lcd us into such danger. I ordered that one handred andfifE ofthem be shooed inn the riuer; and as soon as they were in the utater-monsters tuere ready and draged them atuay just as they bad done utith the others, and the uater-tilonsters seethed up in the iuer as thith as anß, they were so innurnerablc. Tben to head off

I

ordered tlte trumpets to be soanded, and the army

The sudden appearance of this 'multitude of water-monsters' (nicra mengeo), which drag men down to the bottom, is intriguing partly because of the rarity of the term nicras in old English, which, outside Beouulfand, the Lener ofAlcmnder to Aristotle is only found in a prose Life of st Margaret,e3 and in the account of the vision of Saint Paul in Blickling Homily XVI,rt noted above, but also partly because in Beowulf's accounts ofhis own exploirs, which include killingnicras (line42z),'watermonsters' of the same kind attempt to drag Beowulf himself down to the dep*rs (Iines 553-75). Even the trumpets, which Alexander sounds to mark the end of the episode (§ 17), have an echo in the horns blown at the monster-mere in Beouulf, which, however, introduce the action there (lines 1423-5 and,l43l-2).e5 Eventual[y, Alexander and his men are directed to a 'large lake' (rnere), nor far from human habitation,le thickly overgrown with trees, and infested with serpents and reptiles (§§ l6-18); thc general resemblance to the monster mere is again intriguing. Still further parallels link the 'monsters' of Beourulf and the Lexer of Alexaiden ät orr. point Alexander and his men are surprised by a fearsome creature attacking suddenly from the fens, which is impervious to any weapon, and which devours rwo of his companions with its sharp teeth (§ 27): Da was pat lond eall swa we geferdon adrugad 7 fer- 7 cannon 7 hreod weoxan. Da cwom par semninga sum deor of pam fenne 7 of äem fastene, was pam deore eall se hrycg aceglod swelce snoda haflf,Els pur deals sn srr{ruat Ir^op er{t is:e&.rd puu slr8ra sn ser{rear po9 Äq8ru1y tBrp serou une-I-oureqlH E ruo5 ',,'errnos fnelrruor{ put rrtsr.rted urqlr.ff\ Jllour e Suut*rorroq 'aldtuuxJ JoJ ':oqtne euo !uonrpeJl arelduotuuroc llerrnelar 'as-rnof Jo 'sr .1nos arp Jo uurp:en3, E r{f,ns 3o deals aqa €rr'un?-I )r{t ur luBrre^\ lnoqlr,&\ esBr qrBO uy 'gna4 'S ols|A erp Jo uoDelsu?rl elor slq ul Iapqlrht qsrlSug

IUIES eqlJf,sep ol suolsefro IEra es uo p)sn sr lr arer.{ \'aso.rd tnJlrrrroq or peu5uof lp8re1 Suraq 'qsr18ug plg ul erer llarrrrtler sr aserqd oql erurs '(tyLI eull 'apt[r1 zlamas),redaa1 s(lnos, rqr or ef,uJraJrr orlt sr sdeqrad'rue:gru8rs llpnbg rrr'polred ISäIITEJ eqt uro{ Eurq:rerd rBlnfuura^ Jo luetuuJopu luenbe-r3 r era^\ srelqnop E IIEToIIIIE qons lreqroEor tnd ruaod äql Jo tsorcqr Jo eloq^\ egt ur punoJ a;e srud r{f,ns ur Es lluo srerer{/( '(L7LI aull) pattomstotyuo parstotpuB '(I E/I rull) parutfuot Vuo gatfZtot ori(ttr11 auy) g"?um ?uo gax?em :sqre ätruu snouluouls-llruau ro snotuluouls3o s8urldnor a lteretrlle aärql uur{t re^\eJ ou sloldtue raod eqt sesre ^\eJ u3o ereds aqt ulqll.ll\'tno pelutod seq seotuelJ reled sy no,'anbruqlat rn)lrruoq o] Surqrouros ä^\o luru te^oaror.u 'qcoeds s,.rr8grorll Jo tuatuof pue ellrs aqa llerrrt 'sJrlnüoq rEInf,Eure^ ruoU rBrlrruBJ anbruqcar lurne8exa lllerruassa ue 'elups al{t stuars qceordde f,rrrrprp puB leroru er{l ewf, qrre ur :lapuer)Jo reäJep s,Jln/$,oeg reuB u/r\erp sr uonuorrP r{f,nl.{4. or saull) EtuBH crlaSlg pue eor.(7I zl-L61 1 ,o saurl) sruntroJ (§ pourereH puu Sullsu.nuor *p ul punruoSrg3o trcrldrul rc-rllg aSrssatu äql selrrättar teod aqr taqrou s lepuerD petteJep l11ryssao)ns suq Jln^\oeg

rage 'araq pue 'purlueur Jo seuntroJ Sur8ueqc oqt tuäsarde: qrrqrn (7911 auy ilNÄIOEg dO

smotS

:,:; :j;:

Jü 1!i., ti

et/ 1?L/,?i ;+.';.:'4:.' sputru.itt,-.-' j ) )

lo

qJru$:t a;, li;-r: o(rfi 'escr1-t 'u -r, :

|ru/1 :/fio! 2)1.-. 'ti smot7 eptl _-': i::

w s)flo|u t7iti,': 7.,. SAOP Jozt ':t i:: ':-, n a7a pfo t-r.t .": :' [10! tl,t u; ::)ri lo fr)t! it,i-, . ;,,:.';.

aql

'quaa aqt-io

ol uJnj sie7x.:,.,: yalo Tottui, .o, ,. ttruuutr8rru :-,

S9LI

09LT

9SLT

EHI

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES

'guardian of the soul' come close to the extended homiletic treatment of the theme

most fully explored by the author 3374211rt

of Vercelli Homily IV (lines 308-10

and

in Beourulfthe word egai sense approaching'au'e'.

with the phrase timor Doc:,

Donne hrß prt dioful geworht bogan 7 xrxla. Se boga biö geworht of ofermettum, T ba strala bioö sva manigra cynna swa s\Ma mannes sFnna bioö . . . zßlce dage habbaö [we] megen hyrdas: oöer cymö ufan of heofonum, pe us sceall gode bysene onstellan 7 us gode peawas tacan, 7 hr;fö him on handa

of a call to wisdom by rhe ': is the fear of the l-

'§7'isdom

Certainly, precisely such a :,:, homiletic texts, for exam:.e

pa scyldas pe ic ar nemde 7 pxt sweord, 7 wyle us forstandan et pam awyrgden

gekdeö tia::. drifeö fram us alce uns-. cenneö wisdom. He is Se egesa us

diofle, pe of pare srylenan helle c)4nö mid his scearpum strclum us mid to scotianne.

Then the deuil has made a bow and arrows. The bow is made of prifu, and the arrous are ofas rnan! kinds as rnanls sins . . . Each day we ltaue ttao guardians, and one cornes from the heaums aboue, taho is to establish a good example for us and teach us good uirtues, and he has in his hand the shields which I mentioned earlien and the sword, and he udnts to defend us against the accursed dcail who cornesfrom steely hell with his sharp arrou)s, with which to shoot us.

The 'bow of pride' described here seems remarkably close to the figure depicted in Hrothgais'sermon', whilst the notion of a'guardian of the soul', both here and in the 'sermon', presumably derives ultimately from the biblical custos animae of Proverbs XVI.17 and)O(Il.5,rr8 and indeed the extent to which both passages relate to the specific concerns of Hrothgar's 'sermon is quite striking (Proverbs XVI.l6-18 and

XXII.L6):

Fear lead.s usforn the ic)'; driuesfrorn us eueryfoli'.

;,

us wisdorn. That

deliberately manipulared, of the poem, in which a e some have seen as a ceremc, striking:tzr

contritionem praecedit superbia et ante ruinam exaltatur spiritum . . . finis modestiae timor Domini divitiae et gloria et vita. arma et gladii in via perversi

cwedon pat he.. mannum mildu-.: leodum liöosr rl

'

custos animae suae recedit ab eis.

them.

Apart from the general admonition concerning the value ofwisdom and the dangers of pride alongside mention of the 'keper of [the] soule' (custos anirnae), the reference here to 'the feare of our [ord' (timor Domin) is intriguing in the context of the curious phrase in Hrothgar's 'sermon' in which we are told of a spiritual successor to Heremod who 'does not reckon of terror' (egesan ne gymed,line 1757). Elsewhere

ttz rr8

Scragg, ed., The Wrcelli Homilies, pp. 102 and 104; cf.'§7right, The English Literature, pp. 26{0-^1. Cf Klaeber, ed.,Beowa$p.192.

52

lish

Ti"adition

in OA

fe;x

By dealing sympatheticall','

posside sapientiam quia auro melior est et adquire prudentiam quia pretiosior iustorum declinat mala custos animae suae servat viam suam.

Possesse wisdom, because it is better than gold: and gexe prudence, because it is more precious than siluen The path of the just auoideth euib: the heper of his soulz kepeth his way. Pri* goeth before dcstruction, and before ruine the spirit shal be exahed . . . The end of modestie thefeare of our Lord, riches and ghrie and life. Arrnour and swordes in the way of the peruerse: but the keper of his oune soule departethfar

is

Beoutulfpoet gently directs . which even a virtuous pasä: see, emphatically denied. :: In this context, of cou:

est argento. semita

.fro*

,.; as

They said thar i:i the most gentle, :t

to worldlv L;:: of Beowulf's endea',

The allusion extent

knowledge ofwhom is deniec

twice been described as 'srrc on lem dage lyses lifa, lines 119

The simple form eg(e)sd c:. 2736, and 3154; rhe com]: (line 1260) are also ,,,o,..

120 See

further Vickrey, 'Ege:;r

t2t Scragg, ed., The Wrcelli Li:, t22 See further below, pp. 1-i-l_ r23 Robinson, The Tbmb oiB:: Richards, t24

Cf.lines

A

Reexaminario:-

19(.o-7 (magene:

-,of Grendel on dam dage /',:

qreap er{rJo uondrrcsap eqt ro

'(sa!1

sass@

es '(9Og au[) ra!1 sasst{ aSrV up7 uo lepuer3Jo

aSrp uto{ uo l ra&uatts sauaSou) L-961seurl JJ

,spreqrrx

lq

'S9T 'd'.Zg l €-0g 19 '11 tlnmoagJo uoneurtuexae1 V, ;uosurqoS uaar8 reqt sr arag pardopB e^€q rxar eqt :6T-e .dd finmoagto lyo1ary

I

'

l-OLl'dd',ro1aq raqunJ

' OeZ'd'saqrazH

^

?ZT

no

,$SgZeuy)

asaflaValS

IZ,T

spunoduror eqt:rSI€ pue ,9e LZ alduns aqJ 6IT

sturoJ prrEoloqdrour snorre ur srnf,)o tsp)Ba

u! u0rlt?ürJ

ezr

oas ZZI

lllail^ aclJ,.pa.88eng

'007-S6Z 'dd ,,poruareHJo erurrS eqt pue paal8 au uasa&g, ,laqcln rer{ury eos 0zt (parsauB osl? '(JoJrog, ro (rorJal,Jo esues )r§eq aruEs aqr Surreeq erp (ogzt auD IIB

psaSauryrn prr.e'(OgLZauq) asa&aSa

'LZyl'tZyL'9LZ seull uI

uroj

Jln^\oäg srnd qrrr#( of,uereJer ur^{t ? ul rzr.(06-6g/ seurl ,th oo4 atry ruo{ uo / $afiuaqs auaSma),aJII slgl3o lep ler{t ur lq8ru ur lsä8uorts, sB prqrrf,sep uorq af,r^^,l

ererr$eslg' Jossef,f,ns

(tsr{ }u:' ;.;2 :-: i'-'-

pnrr:rds ? -:

eqrJo txrluo) eg: u:

ef,uoJaJal arqt '(atu;it: "' ::7 sra8uep aqr puE ruol:-: r.. - -

,uttpauodep ?inii ;'/

(orerl

seqJln roeg uraod eql q reIIrEe su rnf ppep äW or prruep sr ruor{ Uo a8payr,r,oul '3uPI llueaeaq eqr ol aruereJer ucrldur srr lq 'srno Eepue sJIn^4.oJg Jo turlxe eqt srrurlap lle,rrroe,Ua (0gIg eq ,a&uru[cy1rutm),s8ur1 d1p1rorn, ot uorsnlp )qI

tnourv'rtl

*.

-'

nr;'-:-: j: ;..: -':;i

?eq?xe eq /?L/i ::-: qtadaq e/nos et1-iti elout

'autatnlrauaaq atfi pua ,zJdoad qq ot $a?u!q aql ,a1tua7 $ou/ ecfi (uaru ot $a?lrut aqt s3u1q ,(1p1tomto s"{n aq wrp pos ,bt11

§1

lt

efit?_1ea

;.''*;:*-

?u?

tsrerr.rad Er^

'rsouroaS3ol puo rsogrl tunpoal 'rsnrz[^ug]uoru puo rsnplrtu urnuueru arzlrt eq le{ uopa^rf,

08I€

ur rrD:-:^

::

sluu"'tun:r:rjsi-:: .IIJENS UIEIA 1E.IJ}S

[r]3ulul:plnrlm

rotsonard ernb

,.,:8ur1rrts llrulncrrrud aru (Z-OStE seurl) srsoaqrode uu8rd3o duouaref, E s? uras e Erl euros lBrpa Jo esrnof, er{l ur pere^rlop sr Jln^^.oeg or d8o1ne E qf,rr{/$ ur .r,uf,od agr 3o spro/rr Euysolc aqt 'nod-t1nft7oag eqt lq prrnf,sqo pur potelndruetu dlareroqrlep .rxeluo) srqr uI dpue.redde dSolounurer f,ror)rl puu uensrll3 3o .asrnof, Jo zzr'petuep dlpcnuqdtua'ees IPqs e/tt sE 'JJE tossef,)ns snoraua8 s potueJeH sE rlf,ns .ue8ed snonur^ E ua^e WFI A sr$rueq '(asa&a) aruere^er uensrrr{3Jo srgeu)q aqt or sn slf,errp lpuaS nod-finmoag eqr 'oJII f,Iorrr{ egt uI trcrldur @u&r) rorret eqt qtr.ü llecrreqredtuls Surpap dg

8

]?- } :

u- :*::

I-9I'I^X sqr)\ord i -':.

alEIeJ sa8essrd

{loc ur

-:,-.

JO a?rutu? SOl§rlJ IE_1:'C :

uI

qloq

PUE eJeI{

'.;r.,:h- =--:

ur parordap a.rn8ri f,u: : -

l.

uto{sawot oq,n .;'-}: :'; 1aqtaa p2iloQuetu .:

wrl q sqJ 'uopsr(n sn sac??e|?u" 'SutVuwuapun yuu Sutut"zl u! sn qrnusut puz Qlot,Oana sn utogfsanttV qu"flq?1lut atp uto{sn sF?q nal sn sSuytq yua 71aglo 'esa8e as sr eH 'tuopsr^l peuue)

it

.1-

?u" sn n! aldur:* =.. ..-: pu" 'sumpJmE o,:: ;::.,

?u"'anoq? uop7uq aqt q

aofi

sn aq / 'orulus-/ adlcspoage8 garq sn eq l, 'assauryreelSun a)lu sn tuEU paJrrp aq 'acrr ueclldn ure{ or gqäJuo sn aq l, 'unrer*1er{ ure{ gapzlaS sn esaBi a§

pu?

'eVud

-7',t

or PIIIJ sn I'Unlui:s '*-: uap8rl,v'e ur{ :r :::: -.

/

EPueq uo Iurr{ q-lr.j

rci(L-V9 seurl) 1ryl1ruoH rllorre1 aldurexe ro3 .suel f,nopuoq qsrlSug PIO snolre^ uI peullrapun pue pardope sE^\ uonou E q)ns llisrcard .lpiuua3 '(01'XC tulesd '|u\tuoq touutt aaquatdvs un\t\u),prol rrllJo rEaJ or{r sr ruopsr/(\ 3o Suruur8aq aqr, ruqr stupsd aqr ur uonruorupe f,Urf,eds agr lq *äprr^ or IFf, EJo

a{ 'tunuojoaq

_

+c :j-3j: :

s)uu?; : r.-i

gorq euuÄ

Jo rr{roaa8 grq rS,:: ;

lxeluof, slt{l ur oslE rnq 'pelou lpeerp sqre^ord rrro5 lu?uto7 touttl asurqd eqt qrr/(

lluo rou perudtuoc eq uE) pur 0.,'panSre seg lerlcln sE Surqreordde eiuas ? ulBluof,letu eSessud ouo sltlt ur rng orr',JoJJel, sagru8rs asa*aptonaqtjnnoag ur. .,e./re,

ilNAOgg {O

SUEISNOW

PUE

.."

0l-g0g seurli .u

eueqr aqlJo tuaulle:.n r::

IIHI

::

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES

firmly in his place, as it were: a hero of a bygone and strictly secular tge.t25In contrast to that secular praise, there may well be, as Mary P. Richards has indicated, a strongly religious flavour ro rhe description of Beowulf as'the mildest to men , and the most gentle' (mannum mildust ond mondwerust,line3l B 1), since the alliterative pair miHe ond mondware (or equivalent) is of rather frequent occurrence in Christian contexts, being used to describe, amongst others, Christ, Saint Neot, Bishop Eata, and the Archangel Gabriel.t26 There seems no good reason, however, to doubt that the same words can also be taken in a strictly secular sense, to denote, for example, praise for the prodigality of a generous prince,t2T and it is striking that in Beowulf itself §Tealhtheow uses very similar terms to praise the Danes (lines l22B-31, my

once in the sermons oi§ *.: times in the various ve rsi.-:., carries unreservedly neea:-'. e

for glory'), which occur! rr,r-. on all occasions.r3j The tension berween C::. a range

from

of Old English pcleru .re8qror11 arerl/(esle :(a1mq) (arun E roJ, euo ur tla/u,P er{ rBql lrc]ep erp lq s? 'peuonuetu sepoqB Jo reqrunu aqr lq parldur ssJussellseJ urPlrer e sdeqrad sr äJeqJ e'uorlElrqBr{ uErunq tuou sseuelorual Jrer{l ernlpeJ uoruruof rrilll sE e Er{ r{lFl/t^. (ytaa sauuh\at{pue ,ua$ot,uat,svtow ,uaau) sruret Jo requrnu 3urrap1r,1 eq B lq perldur ro peqrrf,sep sr aceld-8ul1le,'v\p osor{ \ s'Qam qasuom) &rd 3o ear8ap e Sunlcxe eJnleerf padeqs-ueru E 'ellxe snoJtsuoru llpnuasse sI lrpuerD ttr{t ureel f,/§'erer.{ ua,rr8 eru slrulrp ruBlrodurJo requnu V e

et/

'statsttotu ltaa

pu" sluafi :Faetq fna atf lp asor? eruaqJ ntruo wtruu/ $"r tot?at) atfi ffiq laqv(naf ury) zsn?raq '3u71111wqt

7ffiqu"u uto$ama zrutn 'vnaltaqt

pareodar llaprru uonou : ' j (trt'n>Of qu*s1) rulLU:::-t flqeunsorleelq 8urrno11o3 aqr SurrrrS'lser ou puu plnol up) pelrxe eqr r?qr uouou eqr sof,nporrur lpuaredde 1I-II.^I srsrueD uo,{:eluaururor lerlra8axe srq ul or{.&\'rprg Surpnlcur .esrnoc3o 'up)Jo elEJ ary palrldrueluo) nod-tlnmoag eqt uro{ rrede suoxBs-olSuy.raqlg xequry IIns lellrr?d eqr Sururlrapun os ,(9171pve r-1gl seurl) ulEJ uo saSussed eqr3o qf,Ea rrUE lp.roqs '(yuoalsauuf,tuau'.sauuttuptu ?uoa§ peqrrrsap lprorldxa sr pue rr,Salx.esrnoc3o (oor lepuerS

(purluerrr

qsrlSug

plo. r':':--i''r::.:: .,,.. ,:

'ZI-S'dd

'|L-\VZ';e-ll I

'r .

'I]-i:::-: .

suollBufiuou?P sJ-I.

arg,

'raqee» il I-0: ':: 's-;'c

rulesd 'asJe^ etues e{.{I

-:-

:

:

ueuo 'puno: pur pu:..): . j-::

se 'aregzrt 'sear1 .stur?i

.,')unsn8ny l1-re1n:ruri ': '

TwJtno aSpaps

puu y{auq ? 'atto s"m ppualg rplqmto 'vyyds patztto "?wulnut p &uruds aruaclJ 'sseuonun acfi ?efiq?qu? ec/ :uaut to sto[ aqt uto{aeg[ot l?prnu c/fim peynu '[,&tlnZ nJ pauats uat/t tua(n aH

eurJlf,op eqt 'sate:rsuor^.;: snordtur eqr, teqt pf,lou s'

-

pue'uw?S pu? ts!rt/) p'i:.-' pt{yts *"{,fr"q asr:qti :--:

)rleleq r{JEa^\oJo3r{ 'urns lapuerS

er*{ szrtl, ferszSryrarsoe8 uorrB{ 'aPOJE^\ uelss/r'\

I -:

or'slxel uIlE-I-uEDSrJr{]

eqr Sulterlsuouep saltjr-:: eql pue '(l*rt l snu:ir:

BIeJ f,O/!\

99Tr

'uoegtrreoJprrtr.u pocreatua8er{rotu rerna8 3e3 e{ aq

:r^oq? P,tou lpeerp uIEJJo ul>l al{r or uorsnlle rsru är{l IIEI)r 01 pepuerur llrrelc sr {Eoloeserqd rplrurs slr ur 'qerqzu, (L-ggU saurl) eSessEd e ur .selsea er{l otur. (3a11 (pe>lretu, ro ,lr1rn8, lue 4, ulEJ reql plot arc entlunoeg ul ,;1mtnl{ pssa ulnrpes utnt?uarut anbla suaund p Ddutas sll?qqsu u??)) ,epoqr urrtref,un 3o .Surrapuu/r^, puu uIEJ, lBt{] 'eJoPrsl Sulruolloj 'epn1cuof, ol uo sao8 epeg sE (aruoref lq peurrqsv) 'pt"N alqBrsun Je^o JoJ eq or

uondlrcsap unE-I u.!\ou]-": ueeq sBr{ lrcsEf teuBl 3;: _ ,lrrrds ,{.rtaru, E r.{roq sE f,='; ltr{ \ sJrlf,lerrr ilasoi: i:

e.&\

'uounrasud 7ii,ur

t?t/t ul 'pati;t.t; ; ut oB 'paq 1'o :; :::

sB,Yr

s;(ollvutngfanp sruoru) (uollenlf,nl, ro ruaua our,

3o lSolotulra ,ta.rqeH IEuoIrIpErl er{t qSnorgr tuer{r selrf,uo)er pue 'sSulpBer rpoq sessorppr epeg o8ussrd eqlJo uoltetardrotur srq q'§n&r{otd) ,a1rxa, uE rurq sa>ptu lldurs eleSlnn ar{r erarl^r '(ploN) poNJo puEI eql orur poDJo a)BJ ärp ruo5 ua rrp se/ta ule) (qtru slseuaS) rulSenrdas eql or Surprorru lI:eruourruof, cnslrred dq Peuollf,uBs /11ry sE^{ r\al^ P qlns sr'lapuar33o uoncrdap paod eql ur lra8rurr alrxe r{)nsJo ecuerrodur eql pesserls e^Er.l prlEg qdeso[ puE pleuuaarg leluE]s qloq puB rEJ, erurrf, s1{ roJ pellxe sem ((g1-691 saurl)

'(rua{auuttuptu ' ' ' naA (puDluurrr tuo5

sn sllor nod-tlnmoag er{r sE

'orf'\ 'ulEJ Jo rrer{ onrl

B sr

lepuerD

.urr{l .srqt .qure

IIB

0e9

,:(79-979 s: $yeDJo ror{tnu aqr lq os1:

uI

er{r rnoqe vi(ruaa nEnqu?rad p uatral mmutS).u gSnorql pa>llr^\ puu punor auoS e Eq I, :(€'II qo[) ruo:3 ar.uo) puq eq ererl\t ol sE uonsenb s po3 ot uEIES ,6.fX 3o asuodser parurqelel aql uo slsa8axe srq ur teerD eqr ,{:oBa:C lq pelo ur sl

oB satnwatJ pei-',r' ut stooa f,lsu ar,:

orcr?qs-c/1??P

4i

NIV) JO NI) IIHI

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES

ut in eadem terra uagus semper esset et profugus, neque

ausus uspiam sedes

habere quietas.

That he should. always

be

a taanderer and an exib in the sarue earth, and neaer dare

One might also compa:- : (lines l0l3-21), rvhicl -: Beowulf.23

to haue a peaceful abode anywhere.

-

wite rvinn..

Bede was successively followed in his interpretation by Alcuin and Hrabanus Maurus, both of whom repeat the notion that Cain was denied a 'peaceful abode' (sedes quietas).20 From a germanic point of view, of course, it is central to the notion of exile that the sufferer is cut offfrom normal social relations with his lord, and this indeed seems to be the sense behind one of the most puzzling cruces in the Poem, describing Grendel's activities in Heorot (Beouulf,lines I Un-r)r"

halge of ha::: glamet gre:e

i: :

to feorhbar-i::,' widlast \\-re.;,il You shall

Another germanic source, this time the Old Saxon Genesis on which the author of the Old English Genesis.B drew, describes Cain's exile in substantially similar terms (lines 75-81rzz

nu

75

libbean an thesum landa, so lango thu thit liaht uuaros. Forhuatan sculun thi hluttra liudi. thu ni sdt io furthur cuman te thines herron sprako,] uueslean thar mid uuoröon thinon.

an exib and a wanderer frorn nou on you shall dwell in this as long as you endure the light. Purefolh shall curse !ou; loa

the green

Path,

a

'

L

-frgi:t, :

here again it seems possil. influence his descriprion. :'

Other aspects of Chr:s:. of Grendel. So the grue r those aspects which *'o. 73e45): Ne pat

se a-Ei=; ac he gefenq i::;

slapende rinc. bat banlocal. synsnadum rr.-e

there.

in Genesin,89, PL 100, col. 525: Quod est signam Cain,

unlyfigendes

profugus sem?er Hrabanus Maurus, et

c

fet ond folma.

uiueret; nec audere uspiam orbis terrarurn sed.es habere quietas; cf Commentaiurn in Genesim II, PL 107, cols. 50G7.Alcuin is here simply combining Bedet words already quoted with a fi,rrther passage, Jones, ed., Libi quatuor in principium Genesis, p. 80, lines 274-6: ipsum uidelicet signum quod tremens et gemens uagtsqile et profugus

Nor did the d,e;

first opportunt:t

drank the bhoa he haa":

glpil;

semper uiueret.

2r My translation here follows the interpretation

62

e;.;/'

The image of Cain as a i:;: in Beoualf, including bou:

shall neuer again come to the assernbly ofyour lord, exchange words

of Robinson, ''W'hy is Grendelt Not Greeting rhe Gifitol a'Wrac Micel?', p. 262. Equally attractive is the suggestion by Bammesberger, 'Five ßeowzfNotes', pp.243-8, to interpret the half-line maläam for Metodt as may'dum ('despise'). Robinson, '\üV'hy is formetode, rhe larter implying a preterite of averb formetian Grendelt Nor Greeting the Giftol a'Wrac Micel?' , p.261, equally sanctions this view. 22 Doane, ed., The Saxon Genesis, pp. 239 and 316; cf. Emerson, 'Legends of Cain , p. 863; §ü'illiams, Cain and Beowulf, p.26.

r

land, since'2r-itt

hnd,

quod posait Deus, ut non occideretur? Ipsam uidelicet signum, quod temens

:i

worUly u:e. cr: fromyour l:;,.t-'

He occupied Heorot, the treasure-adorned hall, through darh nights; he was not allowed by the Creator to show respectfor the gifi-throne, the precious thing, nor did he feel loue for it.

Fluhtik scdt thu thoh endi freöig forduuardas

tt'r.;.-.

accursed _for

mapöum foiMetode, ne his myne wisse.

et responsiones

-:

oi e,u:.

arleas

sincfage sel sweartum nihtum; no he pone gißtol gretan moste,

20 Alcuin, Interrogationes

,

awyrged ic ri: -: wlitige to \\'!-:*.

Heorot eardode,

,4s

--

unliuing man. 23 Emerson,'Legends of Ca:: 24

sad at heart, from God s s: Godt of gesyhde, / wineb,:: ; See above, pp.5940.

poutouoaS upSuo7

e9 '09-69'dd'aaoqe eaS rz '(wtamt ryqaurm 1 'apqfn7lo epog

wma7 / u!?) p{ ulA) (elrxe ssalpualr3 e ,rqflls s,poD r.uory ,uBarl rB pgs ,tl1-6y1l saull'V §rsaueg 'p tg-tgg.dd ,;rlr)Jo spua8al, (uosraurg

'parredap urEJ ueqJ

ez

'd

:€98 ',uIEJ 3o spuaS:1 -:s-'/t\3I^ SIql SUOIIfLI?! ..'--- l; sr

1t16, 'uosurqo1

utng{au

sa

'r

.]s:

ji:: i

?pofih' to-i :uz::-*

'ra8raqseutueg lq uo;:t!'."-; : Sunearg roN s lapua;) s' .1-_.::-

'uuru Eurnqun ecfi to Va?el Vuz uat aqt to atw 1y{ uaqw uoos F?q aq :[;d1n7 &qfiru, uJ sQntptuß ut ?amoll?rns 'sutaa aqt uo{yooq acf qu"tp

snZr{od u anbrn7rr :i;:-;-i :; wntdpuu,i it: i:'ti::-: '.ilc;'; ;;: - ' :-' '-::;:.:

'au1o{aqt gq tC1ryaa8 alq anx 'tot,u?m&udaals a [uuwroddo wgf eqt s ?anas t1q4nb eq tnq tCqry ot qrycfi aao f?ary ef pr? roN

"lseueDSulurqtuor s.epeg 'snJnEIAJ

§,1

snr.reqerH

udutas snzt{ot

'pourroa3es rr,=äl?J;:r:r? apJar{ Euos lqpems tunpzusu,{s

d

'uru2 utnu8rs w

u :-,tii+i-! t . -. i ponl.:-- ': l

'ruerp runrpä polq 'uerolueq ltq 'r.unuJter\4.unrEIs'cuuepuadzls ,prs uer.uroJ agel{ 8ue3a8 aq f,E 'arqo{ uep/ wx13e es rz{ a51

0yL

ylo,n aEt:-':x; :'no,( :no.'.' ;:-r--- .*:-. s!(/1 il1 ll;':J

":.'

:GIt-69.L sautl) Jf,ualpne uEItsIJtlJ B ol ef,uaJJo tsoru asn?f, plno/( qllqnt srcadse asoql tsnf uo salerluef,uof, {f,Elle s,lapuerD 3o uoudrrf,sap erüosanrS aqt oS 'ppuer3 Jo uorrcrdap s,reod eqr Parnolo, e^Eq ot rue)s uonrpert uunsrrr{J 3o srcedsu rarpo or'uoltdrr:sep srq ä)uonlrur ol pe,l\ollu suq roodSf runoag eqt alqrssod srueas ureSu e.req teqt rr IBIratEru lulllqlg luaas e^Br{ a,ra su'pourerall 'arurrd u)lleJ arp pu? IepuerD qloq Surynpur {lnmoag ur sral)Eretlr arf Jo rrqtunu e dq paqcler.u aq uec ertllr8n3 poler.{ B sB ureJJo aSrurr aqa

['oxe:ds u:--;- : LI JnLIllr* :; :'soJt:.: : --:'"

'que otut

oB

put 'tuauclnund um Soltfq

stqt

nturtantllatls

aQroa sBunsu/vr

a{

:-::

lllenue:sc:;

eql qllq.r\

'-

uc) .::.'.;

'auotrlt-gltE ?,1 : - :.:uq37u yrp tir-'*

notr

tun8etueulrvt,trsf)J.rrl rselpr/v\

Er.u)U n{ uo{ro3 lueueqqroag or erns 'unur{ apree Jo sBolre

oleqv n{

n{

i-:(6--t1r--)-

a51

gales

s

'ureod aqt uI s3)nJf 8ui,zr-.

'aploJ aua.r8 seu*18

']j

uonou Jr.r o1 IBJluJl sr rr (äpoqr 1n3aread, E pärurp i: snusqBJH pur urn:ry ..,c

rlleo.llrs aJo)Jplul$, oarl

I0l

:'-

9L sruJal Jrlrrurs JO JOIpnE

'ueu§utq wep mo,{ o7 tÜlot/ 'aa4tnd v 'qWd 1lfa aqt ?"eu $nu no[ atoprrtll ta,b1s s(pqv enm not{ aruts ,Vur1 no[ uo{ ssapcat7 'oB $ntu no,( ,(1yzg tTnvaq uq qil?e uaat7 aqt 'sttoifiuot uq notuo{qt"q noq ll?qs atls atotataqt :spuaq notuo{ wqSnqsto ?oon e(f ?e(nolp(ns s"c/ auo ,(1oq aqt tnq .esn Qplnm mot nlsttn{.uutno[ rua,8 fftoa aqt ll?tls .toN ulta nlyauntta 'ge1

rleers

0z0l

eprn^^.

'ue3roamq rouoa8 tlerf,s

srqr puu 'prol slr{ qlr,r\ sucr::

uo{ro3 lurnur{ tunpurr{3o e8pq f,B 'auluplnroirt ol a8lrry'r

grlpJo EJqorr{ a{ oaq E

'erplB uBpl/rr or pa8r,0're

prrr ueuur^{ olr.Iy\

'ueyroarrrq )xJt uo tlea)s setupellrf, sz{

n{

ilry

er{lnmoag

,$Z-e1g1 seurl) 3o raod aqr lq perTJo läpuor3 3o suonduf,sep är{r saoqre qrlqa V slseuag uI luatul{srund pue arurrf, s,ultf, Jo luno)f,e orlt areduoc osle lqSlu eug NIVf, {O

nneu Fu? 'r1una ;d,:.-

sapas

uurdsn snsnr an'r;'

NI) EHI

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES

The full horror of this cannibalistic feasting is savoured in detail, and to Christian ears must have sounded an unholy offence: there are numerous biblical prohibitions against the drinking of blood, and, as Fred Robinson has pointed out, a great range ofAnglo-Saxons, including Bede, Alfred, r€,lfric, and'§U'ulßtan, all demonstrate 'an almost obsessive concern with the Old Testament injunction against the drinking of blood'.2, In the biblical eccount, it is perhaps significant that after the Flood the earing of many things was permitted (Genesis IX.4), but the consuming of blood alongside flesh was specifically forbidden by God to Noah and his sons (excepto quod curneln cam sanguine non comedetis). The poet of Genesisr4 is still more specific at

this point in his narrative, making the same link benryeen the consuming of blood and the committing of sin as the Beoutulfpoet (lines 1518-20):26 mid

blode

besmiten mid

synne

Nafre

ge

unarlice

Neuer impiously, smitten with sin, consurne

verse Solomon and Sa.:rn:.

i. E. xiii, consritures England.32

The consumption c: :.

l

t*. '.

In substantially simila:

in hoc maxima fuerit preuaricatio gigantum, quia cum

e.::

swealh/ halge of handu14

;;,

and the author

They say what has been in this matter the greatest collusion of the giants, that they consumed flesh with bhod; and so the Lord, once he had obliterated them in the Flnod, permitted tnen to eatflesh, butforbade that they eat it with blood.

malignancy.

The notion that the antediluvian giants ate both flesh and blood can be found echoed in the apocryphal Book ofEnoch, more precisely I Enoch, as a number ofcommentators have pointed out,28 in a passage which ultimately depends on Genesis VI (I Enoch

p.289.

28 Kaske, 'Beouulfand the Book of Enoch', p.424; Melinkoff, 'Cain's Monstrous Progeny in Beouulf: Part I, Noachic Tiadidori, p. 149. 2e Sparl«s, ed., TheApocryphal Old Tlsament, p. 190.

of

C:-:;.

in Cain,

.

A substantially simi,a:

:.

in rhe

C

a curious passage

kndinara

has noted:r-

W'earö frhNc .. eoröe Abeles :..

of pam *'roh:l: micel mon x.: -

And lthe daughters of men] became pregnant, and bore large giants, and their

25 Robinson, 'fuxicography and Literary Criticism', pp. 102-3; amongsr rhe more important of the strict biblical injunctions against consuming blood, most of which are noted by Robinson, may be considered the following: kviticus )§nI. L0-14;XLX26; Deuteronomy XII.16 and23;^1.23. 26 Robinson, 'Lexicography and Literary Criticism', p. 103. 27 Jones, ed., Libri qaatil.or in pincipium Genesis, p. l32,lines 2138-41; cf.'Williams, Cain

saw

passages,33

YlI.2-61:zt height was three thousand cubits. These devoured all the toil of men, undl men were unable to sustain them. And the giants turned against them in order to devour men. And they began to sin against birds, and against animals, and against reptiles, and against fish, and they devoured one another's flesh and drank the blood from it. Then the earth complained about the lawless ones.

::

:e

holr

describes how the

sanguine carnem comederent; ideoque Dominus, illis diluuio exstinctis, cerne quidem uesci homines concesserit, sed ne id cum sanguine facerent prohibuerit.

and Beowulf, pp. 14-15; Peltola, 'Grendel's Descent from Cain Reconsidered',

s,s

Now therefore l'ott :. :.,- : : your brotheri blooa' .t:'",

giants:27

64

tj:. ::.

antediluvian giants. a.,. ,-: ' Cain, but is also an esse :.:-

sanguinem lrarris

yourfood with bhod,

Bede, commenring on the same biblical verse, is quick to connect this injunction

Ferunt autem quod

have been detected in ::=

Nunc igitur maiecr;:-,

r520

soul-gore.

with the foul practices of the antediluvian

I Enocl "

on Beowulf,o Orhu inc-:.

for Godt curse (Gene

beodgereordu eowrepicgeaö, sawldreore.

Ruth Melinkoff and R. i traditions from

30 Cf. n. 28 above. 3r Melinkoff, 'Cain's \1o:.:

quoting Kaske, 'Beou t.: =: and the Early Irish', -tSources ofAnglo-Saro r': L ; : : 32 Kaske,'Beowulfand r::e 3 and is edited by Jamr.. -:. Gneuss, A Preliminar'.' origin, with a'Wor...r., .,

pi

,

p.33r.

33 The connection was i:s: i ofAbel and the Branch.- : at the fourth conference :': as

yet unpublished.

34 kndinara,'Un'allusione

.

99 'LB 'd ',nue8rg rc auorsnlp.ull, (Breurpua'I

rnq (roorg luorg ur srsruox's-o1auy3o lra,og [Buo,eurarul eqrJo loog eqr

(slxer sB r{)ns 1eqd,{:codu ragro puu r{f,ouE

Jo af,uangur l)oJrp eql JoJ penSre qloq e NIVf

Er1

sr:(oz-8 t ! poolq yo Surunsuol f,qr u]: rE f,Ur)eds eroru IIns sr ,, ry;a ponb oldatxa) suos slq puE rfE,

poolq 3o Surunsuof, eqr rna eqr Pool{ er{r reu? lEr{r tur: 3o Surlurrp aql lsureSe uouli uE, el8Jlsuouap IIB (uBrsJIn,t e8uur luar8 E 'tno palurod ser suonrqrqord prrlqrq snorarur pur 'lrerap ur p uurrsrJr.lJ ot

CO NI» 3HT

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES

bealoblonden niö. Slog his broöor swasne Cain, pone cwealm nerede; cub was wide sippan pat ece niö aldum scod, swa atole waran drugon wepna gewin wide geond eorpan, ahogodan ond ahyrdon heoro slipende

200

Feud occunedfor the hin of men, since the earth first swallotaed Abel's blood. That was not the honor of a single day, that sprang far and wide from those drops of strife, a great wickednessfor rnen, for rnary nations, a dread-mi"glrd rnenAce. Cain slew ltis beloued brother; hillingpreserued him. It was widely known afierwards that eternal strife hanned men, as tlte dread inhabitants experienced the contention of weapons widely throughout tlte earth, inuented and tempered the cruel sword.

One is reminded that in the Book of Enoch it is the fallen Angels of Genesis VI who are specifically credited with teaching metalwork and weapon-smithying to men,35 just as Genesis N.22 describes how one of Caint descendants, Ttrbal-cain, was a master at the working of brass and iron. It was presumably some such tissue of connections benveen the art of the weapon-smith and the giants of the Flood that

led the Beowulfpoet to describe the sword with which Beowulf kills Grendelt mother and decapitates Grendel

as a

work ofjust such giants (lines 1557-62)!6

Geseah öa on searwum sigeeadig bil, ealdsweordeotenisc, ecgum pyhtig,

prt [was] wepna TSr, buton hit was mare öonne anig mon oöer to beadulace rtberan meahte, god ond geatolic, giganta geweorc.

wigena weorömynd;

-

to the banle-pky fine and noble, the work ofgiants.

In what has been

seen as a further reflection of the Flood, the blade oF this giant sword is described as melting in the blood of Grendel and his mother in the same

35 Cf I Enoch VIII.I: i{nd Azazel taught men to make swords, and daggers, and shields and breastplates'. Elsewhere (I Enoch LXIX.6) this 'honour' is ascribed ro änother of the fallen angels, when the author is cataloguing each of their characreristics: i{nd the name of the third is Gadreel: this is the one who showed all the deadly blows ro men; and he led astray Eve, and he showed the weapons of death to the children of men, rhe shield and the breastplate and the sword for slaughter, and all rhe weapons of death to rhe sons of men.' Cf the (at times confused) discussions by Bamberger, FallenAngels, p. 19,and Pelrola, 'Grendelt Descent from Cain Reconsidered', p.290. 36 Cf the further descriptions of the same sword in Beoualfx 'the ancient work of gia nts' (enta drgeueorc, line 1679) and 'the work of wondrous smiths' (uundorsmila geweorc, line

66

ealde

lafe,

.,:.

fyrngewinne.. gifen geotenCe frecne geftrdc,:. ecean Dryht:re,

purh wrreres

',.

ri:

He gazed on been insoibea :

streaming o;e;. 'they dared bor;. them the Rub. ;

Malcolm Godden has prc,:, biblical tale: 'as Grender :i which described the orisr: the biblical myth oItheir c of the hilt, with its depic:: into his famous'sermon' ., The poet could not ha'e introduced with the cus;r does not actually break in:

:

r560

He saut then among the war-gear a uictory-bbssed bkde, an ancient giant sword, do"üry of edge, glory of baxle; that uas the best of uea?onl except that it was biger tltan any otlter man could carry

1681).

way that ice melts in the sr is this very hilt which Be: boory from the monster-: (lines 1687-93):

or, more specificallli ri:e intervening.

The notion that this ,-,.' details of their demise c; example, describes in de:: foul antediluvian secrers c)

Quantum itaque tradi:. et sacrilegis ac proti:::-. memorialem librum ir ac sanctis fratribus ir:. sorum metallorum lan::

37 Viswanathan,'On rhe .\1r

and relared passages in >: 38 Godden,'Biblical Litera:39 For a detailed analysis c: and Meaning, pp. 183-: 40 Petschenig, Iohannis C.t;' '§Tilliams, Cain and Beo:.:

L9 '

ge'd'finmoag Vu? ulv)'surEIIII/§.

'p :OltOyZ-LUGeZ'dd 'g-7'rxlf,E aJoJereql sr uErssEJ 'stoulrrrt luerS uBl^nyp-rsod 3o '(ouuaoq ta?JoJ "tot?uan srusnqu t?ta p 'rutal u sualo$ ,pJo-I Jno eroJeq rerunq lunBrlE^ B sE&\ eq puB 'qtrea eql ur artqEllu, sE^\ (6'x srsrueS or Surprorce (oqrvr 'satltc3o repllnq rearS u 'uleq330 uospuuJ8 'porur51 ot uorsnlp rrcrldur uB särrJef, ase.rqd aqt e)urs '(santyuan narsfllsnqot) ,srerunq3o rsarrqSru, eql .ueur Bur:raqrerro pue InJrä/(od se uorun reqr Jo suos eqt ot e uereJer sF{ sE urEJ pue qras Jo Surrdg3o aql Sururaruor uolllprrr ruäle^ard-fppun e3o a8pa1^4.ou>l sill rlf,nu os rou st 'a.,roqe paronb uBIssEJ tuo5 a8essed aqr ur .ro E/rror{ 'tseratur3o lgarqc sr lErL4N

pessorrs sl IuF{ sprE/r^.ol

'luosseoJ)ord serpl

zll

.(gEg au11,a&atpuap 'opacruaru) ,relonsep lBunurrf,, E pue et(eg9l eull AIIn8, 'p l9r/B auq'a&at) (paruoop, sE paqrrf,sep sr IepuatAtlnmoag ur .alduexe roJ (oS

,LiI7 PIJE

Z_I.IA

'sJer{lo lsSuouru

uorurrrof

uowat) aqt ot 'uato"uszp 1uulutur,Qr.1ftut ,yog [q yanopn l{awq ac/t 'paay ut &pnt asoqt clwa? ot rud Fu? s"tott?tl 'uuzqtlo aqt uo tuaru(,lsrund uryfut ot peqsrn ?nT aqr ueq(n lma qttm tsnq atam zldoad Vauoo? aql uua[ f,tua(ru ?u? pat?uruq auo txau atfi tol

?

:r

-*.

SIS}U:.)

'lq pas-:c,:-,

ruou s3,\rJJP u. :

il"l

'epEI

Xsout

luqotlt

?u?

aJry?ru

s§au/2?11_t

!1i

'sfilufiit :t,::

au(n aßqt u7a2lo tuiti,i,:

eporal4J'uegeaf,sueur elf,nrr

.se8rzunur8rS 'a3oe1un apoD a8rp/rs tunpup ueels geap uo pue elrf\ uuSolrent uo

'tuns selueSr8 eenr;eru : IUIrSSnUelnf,nJl fE rLUrs§:: rrlg sarornbeu ure3 sn;:

uBues

NIYJ CO NI) AHI

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES Gigantes dicit homines inmensis corporibus editos ac poresrate nimia preditos, quales etiam post diluuium, id est temporibus Moysi uel David multos fuisse

legimus, qui nomen habent Grece ex quod illos iuxta fabulas poerarum rerra genuerit. Videntur autem tunc fuisse progeniti, cum posteri Seth de stirpe Cain uxores sibi gratia pulchritudinis contra ius suae dignitatis elegerant . . . Notandum autem quo hoc in loco pro 'gigantibus,' in He-breo 'cadentes,'id est 'annasilim,' leguntur; facilis atque absolutus est sensus, quia cadentes erant in terraln homines in diebus illis, id est terrenis concupiscientiis adherentes, amisso statu Deo deuotae rectitudinis. Gigantes autem illorum lingua proprie 'Raphaim nominantur.

It cqlk 'giants' men who

were born with huge bodies, endowed taith excessiue pouten such as, euen afier the Fhod, we read that there were many in the times ofMoses or Dauid; and they ltaue a Greek nAme because, according to thefabbs of the poets, the earth bore them. They seem to haue been born when thidacendanß contrary

iseti,

to what yas qPPro?riate to their dignity chose wiues front the kin of Cain for tie sahe of their beauty . . . But it should be noted that in this plzce for gianti }t reads in Hebrew 'annasilirn', that is, Thefalling onei; and th, trnie is simpb and absolute, because men were falling into the earth in those days, tltat is, siiching to earthly delights, hauing lost the state ofproper druotion to Gid. But in that language giants are properly called'rephaim'.

Here Bede demonstrates his impressive abiliry to synthesise disparare

sources,

preserving at once a Greek erymology, probably drawn from Isidore,sa which would derive the word 'gigantes' from the Greek words yt ('earth ) and y6voE ('birth';,a: alongside a Hebrew etymology, probably taken from Jerome, which would derive the word nephilim, which replaces Bede's variant form annasilimin most texrs, from the-root naphal QD:, 'to fall';.sr Among the more striking references to giants or rephaim to be found in the post-diluvian biblical account are those to Nirnrod (Genesis x.8-9), og of Bashan (Deuteronomy III.I1), Goliath (I Samuel XVII.4-5), and Gog of Magog (Ezekiel )C(XUII-»O(IX); all, significantly, are represented as mighry pagan warriors.8T

It is interesting to note that Alcuin, in the passage already cited, describes the post-diluvian progeny of Sem and Cham in terms similar to that commonly used of Seth and Cain; he is discussing the same (antediluvian) biblical passage Genesis VI, concerning the Sons of God and the Daughters of Men:88 Filias hominum, progeniem Cham; et filios Dei sobolem Sem appellare scriptura voluit. Hi avita benedictione religiosi; illae paterna maledictione impudicai: sed

,1

I1i-do1e, Etymologiae

85

C[

Xl.iii.12-14; see further below, pp. 104-5. the entry in the Corpus Glossary; Hessels, ed.,-An Eighth-Cmtury Latin-Angh-Saxon

G lossary,

T93:

Terrigenae gigantes.

86 Cf. Lagardg, ed.; Liber quaestionum hebraicarum in GenesirnY7.4, p. lO: Nefilirn

87

et Responsiones

in GenesinXCVI, printed by Migne, PL 100, col. 526. 78

Scripture intends the l.::: God the seed of Sent. - ,.: forrner wicked becau:: "'_' by desire for the riati,':: such a connection t):e,: :. in manner, wborrt 5;-;;,

Alcuint account undei..:. narrative berween Caii. --:

diluvian counterpart. h:; : the biblical insistence (r,:. : after the Flood.

Parallel accounts of s...-. themselves; indeed it i, .-

XII.899-900) alongside : bygone days (De ciuirari ),

Augustine emphasises ü. sidered giants by quorir.: :

Ibi fuerunt giganres

:::

bellum. Non hos eie r: perierunt; et quonla::.

insipientiam.

There uere tljose caili,lurl rlarrP B sE/r\ errql lEr{l uorlou aql €0r'(Euqunr{lroN 'zlll^ 's) g ,(rerqrl rllqnd 'Srnqsrara4 ]S :tf,erl s,dlllt{.I ruo5 pe^rrap sassolS uoxes €

,-.:u-:>:J :

)r{t ur perlddns sr s8ur. -:::

pa

r.rsp

lleteuriln

'sr:::..,..

l

'sq)u 2tl1 ,,4 ,ü?-:.-

to

qoodTtltf

tq rutnq

,11

2Q

1-: '1:

oi

slua8 ar/t 'l7o:!.,i s1rylo s7ua s;,:--'

'I '

-opuy qlrn qo[3o txel e Sururutuoc ldrnsnuetu regun3 e eprsSuop .0,'(ralsaq)ul/)§ 'p,-4 's) (tZgZos) 97y k?rql-I uerelpog 'p:o3xg :pä^r^rns seqqofut utntr?tuetau,to) s5l Jo tducsnuuur uoxeg-o18uv tuulrodur aug r.r'u.Ä,oqs sur{ u/(org ') uE[V sE

'(,eaern ppll,) su"t?op pro \ ultu-l ernf,sqo eqtJo a8rsn rEInsuI päf,uengur eauq &ur puv oo{auorl?t utntodual aq sFI ul etueu lq arrmr turq setrf, oqzr,r, 'apog ol u/rrou>l llururrar serr\ aq llenuengur aroru IIns sE/$. rarlqsar4 aqr d11g4 66'särrrsso18 ruerxa rsäplo eql ur patdracxa sertr lrelnqef,o^ aleuro aroru str Jo eruos reqr parsaSSns ua)q str{ rr pue '1.rorrr aqt qrr^{ rerlrrurJ ueaq e^Erl ol surees urlaqpy :por.rad ruo{ puelSug uoxug-o18uv ul u./$.ou>I sewnt?sotd sru1V reqt rualf, sr rI

tsallree ar{r

'aptd naqtlo uo eut?tt ocllou" tq runonz ;tut§ ?allw at? 7ffiq ryel pu? ??nae aW oqv';tuw.\ uoqqrus at" oqm uaru sll"r atudlttg Qo11 'pnotd 'snoqlaqat ?ua :nluedncunu

lJ 'anbonb snloqerq 'sef,Eru -nluof, re sJlleqer 'soqradns saururoq Eurnrp erntdrrcs relladde uralne sarue8r3

sarueSr8 aurruou otelsrren tuerqredns .rardord 'rns

NIV)

CO

e'iezuels a18urs E ur slu ,.ftorsrq3o daarns oloq,r\ eur

NI) AHJ

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES '§7a

leasunga naren swetran, ond peah swiäe gelic öisum. Hi meahton seggn h*yl. dysig Nefrod se gigant worhte . . . Se Nefrod het wyrcan a?nne tor on öam felda öe Nensar hatte, ond on örre piode öe Deira hatte, swiöe neah pare byrig pe mon nu hat Babilonia . . . Ac hit gebyrede, swa hit cynn was, pat se godcunda

-?ää"[' '*:j

wald hi tostencte ar hi hit fullwyrcan mosten, ond towearp öone tor, ond hiora monigne oßlog.

Ne sceall ic

Now I hnow that you haue heard ofien told in lying tabs that Jot)e, son of Satum, uas to be the highest god ouer all the other gods, and to be the son of Heauen, And to rule in Heauen; and the gian* uere to be the sons of earth, and to rule ouer the earth; and they were to be as thoagh thqr were the child.ren of brother and sister, because he was to be the son of Heauen and they of Earth. And then the gianrfeh chagrin that he had their kingdom, and they wanted to smash Heauen under him; so he sent thundtr-crashes and lightning-blasts, and wind-gusß, to cAst down all their worh, and kill the giants thernselues. They made up lies like this, and might easi$ haue told the truth, if those lies were not sweeter to them, and yet the mrth taas aety lihe these lies. They could haue told what Nimrod thefoolish giaü dA . . . This Nimrod had buib a totaer on thefi.eld called Nensar, arnong the nation calltd Deira, uery clnse to the town which people now call Babh" . . . But it tumed out, as uas natural, that the diuine power ouerthrew thern before they couAfinish it, and d.estroyed the towq and slew many of them.

Apart from explicitly calling Nimrod a 'giant' (Nefrod se gigant), Alfred is simply following patristic tradition here, as exemplified by Isidore, EymologiaeYll.vi.Z2, who described Nimrod as a tyrant:r06

'Woe,

NorwasAlfred the onlyAnglo-Saxon to synthesise Biblical and Classicaltraditions a blend is implicit in the very title of the series of prose and verse Solornon and Satum dialogues, and the second poetic dialogue in particular has Solomon issue an allusive reminder to Saturn of the dark fate of his proud kin

//, lines 318-22)'loa

For a detailed survey of medieval amiudes towards Nimrod, see Diane-Myrick, From the De Excidio Ti'oiae Histoia, pp. 158-85. t07 Frankis, 'The Themaric Significance', p.264. 108 Menner, ed, The Poetical Dialogues of Solornon and Saturn, p.96; cf. Shippey, ed., Poems of 106

82

:' :

louareofttr,

t

Here the poet heightens :. once with the Titans *'ho :: 'very bitter kin, a fierce .: remember that it is Solon::: calls to mind the similari','c of Babel. As Menner no:es: Saturn's ancestors, the C*,. is made by Solomon, linii: with the building o[ the I:

guöe öas giel;:t maröa öas m---:. suö ymbe Sa.:re:.

I know thar;r: §O

ATTO(AÜ

thefeU

o.f

-

tr; jr!

Si-";

The warning in quesrio:.. Sennar. Solomon go€s cn :,

is answered obliquelv b,v S; obscure in the poem r,lrr:es Visdam and Learnrng.

in this way. Such

(Solomon and Satum

then sh;.,-

with wickeac{-'

with that u'i;et;

fu

settlement'.107

:'.

known of oa. :.: bring tltat L c'e :

Nirnrod is interpreted /ß a tyant, for he was thefirst to seize anaccustomed tyranny ouer a ?eoplz, ind he stroui agaiist God in buiiding a touer of impiety

an idolatrous image (Daniel III.1), and to Deira, what had formerly been the southern kingdom of Northumbria, an area rich in the remains of the past, both Roman and Northumbrian, and in Alfredt day an area of pagan Scandinavian

i

:

.",Tä?;€ns::-.

Nembroth interpretatur tyrannus. Iste enim prior arripuit insuetam in populo tyrannidem, et ipse adgressus est adversus Deum impietatis aedificare turrem.

PeterJ. Frankis has pointed out, in describing the location ofthe tower as'among the nation called Deira', Alfred appears to make a twin allusion both to Dura, the place where, according to the biblical account, Nebuchad^erler of Babylon set up

biö öonne -'.,

mane leng.,.: lifiaö on öi'-.e .=:

::

Saturn, p. 164.

tol The poet's use of rhe :t::we have seen, the rela:e: :

llo

lll

Heremod. See furrhe: "::' Menner, ed, The Por;;. of Cain', p. 909. Menner,ed., The Poe:;:;. and Leaming, pp.8G_-.

l

ll2 Menner, ed., The Pon:; \Yisdom and Learntzg ll

to

suao4 laddrqg

'p :lZI

ruoVngfo sutaaT'laddrqg spua8el, 'uosreruE

g8

'6rg 'dd'Zurutpa7 ?uu uo?sr6 'd'utnwg ?u? uoutologto CIn&q?re l?rrpod aclJ ''pe'rauuary 'L-99'dd'&urutuaT ?ilu aqJ "pa'reuuel {

zll

:lzl'd'utntvs?uv uouqogto san&qryg pryteo(l

Jl :lgI

'606 'd '.ule) Jo 'd'untog Vup uoutoloslo nn3o7a7g prr$od aclJ'pa louuallJ 0tt 'g-ge 'dd 'aroqe requnJ eas 'poruereH

pue 'lepuarD 3ln \oeg Jo pasn erc Vouua&1lq pue sz 'finmoag ur :Surn8rnur

llrelncnred

puu uot ol?S(alq..,a) :606 'd

'IIBJJ.

sr

uaS1oqa7

srurel parelar eql 'ueas a^Bq e

txeluoJ srr{l ur uvS1aqa urrer eql Jo asn Elaod

spua8a1, 'uosratuE

\

aII

eor

uautt4glo V1a{ aqt 'v1tqE,r1aql ut tuvSotta os

ox eu.t?r

&urutpm ? gtfi

aW x?efi nxouq

lo

naao4 "pa'laddrqS

OOZ

:qi r=\

]

:; :::

esordJo srrrls

suonrPBrl lElrsselJ

PLIE

uul^Eurpurcg ue8ed

_Jo

-::-:

qroq 'rsed ar{l Jo surELU::

oqr urrq llraru:o3 prq :. dn ras uo/qeg Jo rvzz:u). eqt'run1 or qtoq uorsn': SuotuB

I

T:

aql uotl'>1clrl1ÄJ-auelc

uq pnord slr{ Jo erEJ r'ij?: ser{ relnf,ruud ur anSot::: esJa^ pue

te-26'aa'fur*rff)rl rtr::Ä

ui(9t?e seur) ,uraod eqr ul srnf,sqo lsoru eql, sB Prqrrf,saP ueaq seq qllqÄ\ a8ussed ? ur urnlrs lq llenbllqo Perr^\suu sI pue 'pran letu ueu ou rer{l puel eqr tnoqe uonsenb e >ls? uo sao8 uoruolos 'reuuas lB IJqBg Jo JerraoJ er{l Jo uonfulseP eql (äsrno) Jo 'sl 'uonsenb ur Sururertt aqa su"rql"q)

'Vnotd-VJot os lpm u1y{twoq os ete(n

w qwos 'uaql

sE

Ja/$ol ai{r3o uo:::

t(latdwtlb

'plal oraueg aqul gns

f,uurufi pautotyll

dtuola8 Suruoru tuBQ or ruq 'aSrpou sup Eqruru 'acuoynplo8 szg pw audlar8 s*g agn8

n

J7 u

'' -;::-

'rueJJnl arBfSrPeE SUP::

sEaP[E) uorulr{ reg f,I rBl§

olndod ur rrrElensur :::

rrr:(I0Z-861 saurl) IeqegJo ra^\ol eqlJo Surplrnq aqr qrv\{ 'aprrd rror{t roJ pasrrs?r{f, urrSu are orilrr'sueoplerlJ aqr 8uqur1 'uoruolog lq apru sr ef,ueJäJeJ enbrlqo rerlunJ e tueod aql ur rarlreg orr',sueaplEr{J arp 'srolseJue suJntES lq laqrg3o rarr\oJ aquo Surpllnq rr{t ot sr af,uereJer eqt, :selou rruual4J sV'lrqtgJo ra/(oJ ar{tJo sraplrnq pnord är{l pu? 'ure33o urI peuuep lprlrurrs är{r pulu ot sll?f, llerns 'enbrlqo rraqle 'aruara3ar E r{)ns @urryads sr oqna uoruolos sr ]r trr{l reqtueruar lsnru am pue) txetuor Imllqlq E uI 60r'(arer lrgSru pup erreu E 'upl ralrrq lraa, D sE IIr rraql Suruuepuof, dq puu 'eaof or prrrr or{/A suBtrJ er{l glr^{ ))uo ^\orque^o rE r.ueql 8uqur1 dq uetu lrq8rur pur pnord roy qcuordar suerq8raq raod eqt ereH

:

'e1'l'II7' auüopw,(E (er otr lldurs sl peryly '(lua7t7 s,,

ipurlsul ?ertm g(,11 tftm u 17atruu o? :erru ttqfuut Vur attagfa 'u!l taslq ken tlo atp not :Dtlptq 'not a8atua pu ll?cls I ptr 'uo4a1druor ot qn(n uqt 3u7tq os tou f? ?u? 'q37u I?.toT aqt rurtSa elnus taqt :V1olo umouq afload,moS iuott"atJ f,iolrsuv.tt sltfi u! ssau?afrm 1lflrn t?tlt "??ut ra&uq eßq enq oqm uaut Vnotd asaqt nl aq euqt ll?qs uelfi 'eo6 iopulca8lr^rur Bq ul ng urlaq au 'apulusuerrrroa arroa

'sauulr

s)rurq ap!$s tree nq

lue81aqe'rogorq'arqzmq eg rr Ilears aN 'uop8apaB

EJorq puo'rol auog drea.r, epuncpoS as rz{'se.rr,r uLL

eu 3ro/rr raQ err{ uoQroJ 'uruqartu saurqlrp qyr\ F{ uouun^r :uopgloa8 apoal eurg rzg oal leryrarsa8 auul essrg uo peurl rsaSual euelu prtu nu roq aq tupq runuuour un8potu unssrq auuoq glq E/§.

a{ Srrdq arz{ qeau }gr.rL( EPIaJ

ureg uo rol )uuu

c/^q

tIE

rl;

u83as uorqeär.u

NIY) JO NI) EHJ

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES Se

mara was

weallende

haten

wul[,

Filistina,

mereliöende (wer)öeodum cuä

engaged 35

freond Nebrondes.

He on öam felda oßlog fif and twentig dracena on dagred, and hine öa deaö offeoll. Foräan öa foldan ne meg fira rnig, äone mercestede, mon gesecan, fugol gefleogan, ne öon ma foldan n(ea)t. Danon atercynn &rest gewurdon wide onwacned, öa öe nu weallende öurh attres oroö ingang rymaö.

Git his sweord scinaö

swiöe

gescaned,

in similar actir-::,'"

reconstruction on the spa:'e VI that the efforts of rhe B:.-r extant from Anglo-Saxon E: be found in the descriptic,: the'seed of Cain' (semn: C;:

40

allude and contribute ro i.

=:

popular, concerning the traditions, in which pro'ic :' biblical figures. For a tur--::e :

attitudes and characlers \r'e : has long been associatei ',.'.:

45

and ofer öa bpgenna blicaö öa hieltas. That faruous seafarer was called the seething wolf, well-known to the tibes of the Philistines, afriend of Nimrod. He sleu on that rtrH tuenry-rtue dragons at daybreah, and then dtath befell hirn. Therefore no rn*n canfind that knd, no person that wasteknd, no birdfb tbere, no more than any beast ofthe earth. Thencefirst arose the poison-kin, spread. widcly all those who nou seething make room for attack through poisonous breath. His sword still shines, hrÜll polished, and its hih gleams oaer the buriab. passage has been discussed at length several times,rr3 it remains largely opaque.'§7'hat is striking, however, is the way that the passage appears to allude on the one hand to the various traditions concerning Nimrod and the race of evil associated with the kin of Cain, and on the other to details also found in Beowulf itself. Like Beowulfi, this weallende wulfis a famous sea-farer whose dragon-slaying killed him in the end. Moreover, just as Grendel and his mother, both mighry march-dwellers (rnicle rnearcstapaa) inhabit a wasteland, like the wolf-shaped Arcades

Although the

mentioned by Augustine, Isidore, and the compiler of the Irish Reference Bible, so too the dragon-slaying here takes part in a desolate marchland (mercstede), which, like Grendel's mere, ordinary living creatures shun.r14 And just as the giant-sword in Beoutulfshone out in the dwelling of Grendelt mother, so too does the dragonslaying sword of Solomon and Satum.tl' The ability to synthesise and build imaginatively on a range of traditions concerning antediluvian giants and, after the Flood, mighry human figures of pride, was clearly not restricted to the patristic passages by Augustine, Isidore, and Cassian already quoted; in Insular circles authors as diverse in time and temperament as Bede,

Alcuin, Alfred, and a host of anonymous authors, such as the compiler of the Irish Refermce Bible, or the poets of Abus prosator or Solomon and Saturn II, were all l13 §ss particularly Menner,'Nimrod and rhe'§ü'olf'; Menner, ed,., The Poetical Dialogua Solomon and Saturn, pp. 12l-6; Shippey, Poems oflVisdorn and Learning, pp. 136-7.

of

I 14

I

I

Cf. the discussion above, pp. 44-7. t James, The Lost Apocrypha of the Old Testament, p. 41, atrempted ro connect the account with apocryphal legends concerning the giant Og of Bashan; see further above, pp. 77-9. 84

116

In the latin Vita S. G:r:):;:; Vhitelock, The Audin:: ::

:LOL 'd

'rqtfing ruruglo ,!l

,ttl

E8

'08'd

(Irolorql§

tlnmoag to erua?nv aqJ "suBrl pue 'pe .azrer81o3 .p t rEqfig .S ytlA urlrl eqr uI srr

'G-LL 'dd'aroqe rar{trn1

»:

:

lunorf,E eqt lfeuuof, ot P3:c:

-i "::

'L-9el'dd'Zurutna7

to

vn3o7o77 lurltaod

IIE ere

r 'il

uru?S

e(lf

put

qsrrl er{tJo relrdtuol

:t.:

rll -

'opag se luauereduel pu: uBrssEJ pue 'JJoprsl 'f,u;:! ser* 'aprrd 3o sern8rl uE'r

-urtf,uo) suonrprJt go eS ;:

-uo8erp ar{r saop oor o: ':: pro^rs-tuer8 aqr se lsnt p; 'qctqrrr' (ayatntaru) pur r-;:: os cqqlg atuatalfay qsrrl ]:j: soprf,rv pedrqs-31o,n erJr rrÄq81tu qroq tar.{lorü sru Surfels-uo8erp esoq,t rr: :-:

lnmoag ur punoJ oslt slr::.

ji

Ir^r Jo ef,er er{] PUE Po.: uo epnlle or sreadde a8essz, l1a8re1 surerueJ tr sr r(saurn ttqfuq seuqs:,::L

uoot aytut Eu;;,:; aso,to

ou

01

CO

Tuttatus;1_

Tuqa$?lt:r)

'rycl 17c/1

'taruo,qsuou Dq!7 arqt:tlnmoag qrr/y\ pererf,ossp uaaq 8uo1 seq qllq/r\'sralsuolu Suluraruof, snorJn3 E ot uJnt leur txal azrr sJe]trEJer{f, sepnlruu pue uuSud put uensrrt{)Jo uorsry r{f,nsJo aldruexa rEInsuI rEqunJ e ro{ .sern8g le)llqlq snorlsuotu qlrrvtlla8uurrs apsof saoreq ueSed lrqSru pue pnord qcg/r\ ur (suonrperr Jo Jrnlxltu qcr.r lpell(uls E seulqurof, tynmoag 'erueqt aqr Sururaf,uo) telndod puu '1eotssu13 'cttslrred 'pcllqtq 'suorlpertJo puelq olrueJ E ot olnqrrluof, puB epnllu qroq srf,rnos rplnsul3o eSuer apyvr E r3r{r rEall sr tt eri(u\"3 uauas),ul?3Jo p3es, eql sE r?lr{rnD ruIBS roseq or{ \ suoruap Sulllervtp-ueJ oqlJo uoltdrrcsap ar{t ur punoJ eq 01 sr urESJo ull qqlpep aqt otiflnmoag epr.stno puulSug uoxe5-o18uv ruou lu?]xo ef,uereJer lf,errp lluo eqr31 'pe8pn[ eq or paeu reod -t\nmoag erpJo slroJre eqr 13ql I^ slseue)Jo lunollE lBlllqlq SulnStrtut er{rJo uontpunoJ esreds er{l uo uonf,nrlsuof,er Jo PunorSlceq q)Ir e r{f,ns }sureSe sl r1 'lrralrce relnurs ul paSeSue

ttetzq q$ry uo m"/s 2H .

umoul-llr,?i

..'

9rZ

0t/

9C,

aatleulSetur

NtV)

NI) gHI

t'nro notable dissenting voice, is an Anglo-Latin work.:

Notwithstanding the linli

CHAPTER IV

The Liber rnonstrortatn ll or part of the so-called Liber

monstrorum dc diuersis geneibus ('Book of monsters of various kinds') is extant in no fewer than five manuscripts, all dating from the ninth or tenth cenuries.r That the work enioyed a certain vogue in the period is further evident from two entries in an arguably ninth-century book-list from Bobbio which relate to manuscripts now lost.2 Amongst the sources freely plundered by the author is Isidore's Etymohgiar- published shortly after 636, and Michael Lapidge, pointing out that the extensive corruption to be observed in all the extant manuscripts seems to indicate an advanced state of transmission, has suggested that 'the work may therefore be dated with some confidence to the century c. 650 x c.750' .3 Certain details of the orthography of all the manuscripts have long been held to point to their derivation from an Insular exemplar or exemplars, suggesting that the text may have been composed by an Irishman or an Anglo'§(/'hether Saxon.a the Liber monstrorum was composed by an Insular author on rhe Continent or was subsequently exported is uncertain, but the clear (and longrecognised) reference early on in the work (I.2) to 'Hygelac, king of the Geats' (Higlruus, rex Getarum),asin Beowulf,has prompted much speculation in which the possibiliry of Irish provenance has been all but ignored, and successive scholars (with

A I ^\

we shall see, may extend lä: crucial importance in unders Beourulf-manuscript. I n rhe :: renderings of The'lYondtr: ,,.

known to the author o[ rhe

favoured sources.6 Secondl',. from being a casual compen( subtle and sophisticated n",-' manipulated a number of cir the monstrous in nature.- -l divided up into three boolc authorial interest) which dea-

The celebrated and success:', by Pliny, Augustine, and Is:r

Liber monstroranz,8 who mai which defies easy categoris: catalogue nor theological ob The effectiveness of*re /:ä and witty way in which rhe Christian and pagan, an esse evident from the extraordin: De occulto orbis terraru::n

in abdi: ultimorum montium lare

credenda quanta

orbis terrae generibus re.: humano generi incuriun r. See

'§7'olfenbüttel,

Herzog-August Bibliothek, Gudianus lat. 148 (Easrern Francia, s. ix/x, 'W'eissenburg); provenance St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, 237 (St Gallen, s. ixl); Leiden, Bibliotheek der Rijks-Universiteit, Voss. lat., Oct. 60 (Fleury, s. ix/x); New York, Pierpoint Morgan Library,906 (Rheims, s. ix); london, British Library, Royal 15. B. xix (Rheims, s. x). The first printed edidons of the Liber monstrnrum are those by de Xvrey, Tiaditions TCratologiques,pp.2-330 and Haupt,'Index lectionum aestivarum 1863',pp.218-52. The Liber monstrlrarn has recently been re-edited by Bologna, Liber Monstrirum de diuersis generibus (reviewed by Knock, MediumAeuam 48 (1979),259-62); Butrurß The Monsters and the Scholzr Porsia, Liber Monstrlrum. A further edition and translation is found in the Appendix below, pp. 254-316. Bgcker, Catalogi Bibliothecarum Antiqui, pp. 64-73,ar pp. 70 and 73; cf. Lapidge, 'Beowulf, Aldhelm, the Liber Monstoram and'W'essex', p. 164. Lapidge, 'Beowulf, Ndhelm, the Liber Monstroram and'§V'essex , pp. 164-5. Porsia, ed., Liber Monstroraru, pp.49-56; Lapidge, ' Beowulf, Ndhelm, the Liber Monstruram and'W'essex', pp. 165-6.

86

further Back, 'Sur Ia dare

,

'The Liber Monstrorum: -\:des sirönes', pp. 441-70, L< pp. 165-7; löfsredr, '\o-*i

Thomas,'LJn manuscrir in'::pp. 451-6 1 ;'§7'hitelock, f,:r all these scholars have serr.ec

pp. 114-18, suggested a FrSee pp. 317-19 below.

Cf Butturff,'The

Monsre:s

pp. 149-53.

See further the detailed c-, Monstrous Races, pp. 4-2:.

10

\Mhitbread,'The Liber n:a,: p.151. All quoadons and transla:-,: below, pp.254-316.

L8

'grc-I/SZ

'dd'.,no1aq

ue^I8 uoIlEIsuBJt PuB uoIlIPa areldtuol eql tuo5 ualer ere suonelsueJl puB suonetonb

IIV .I§I'd

'sawü snousuory aqJ 'uewpevä:Vey'd',t1nmoag

aqJ

'ueur;parrg

lq

(sef,sg

pue aruottsiloru

uqrT eqJ, .peerqllql§

'SZ-t'dd'sawy mousuory uelulld, pafim-os aql Jo uorssnf,srp pelrelap erf rar.lury

or

aru a$uow 0 q, 7

eq1' ru' ;'--:

'gtgt'dc

-i-

' :-xs

6

aos I

'e9-6t/l'dd

{1nmoag,'a8prde1

Jr:f _ i:.-

eql ur Punoj sr uonEistr?r: s.tzltuow eqJ'{Jrnung

(.rBIor{rS er{l pue sralsuory aq1. .Irrnllng 'satyü tnousuzry eclJ 'ueur;peJrg :E I-I I 'dd 'raoleq 6t-Lle 'dd aa5 'urSrro qsDluerC e parsaSSns 'g l-7I I 'dd |ar,14qxag'snnrueq 'rxel eql ro3 urSrro unrl-o18uy ua uo papres erl sreloqls eseqt Ip 'Irotr) Jo uondarxa aql qtrl§ 'Sg-gt/ 'dd tlnnoagto ilulr?nv aclJ ()polatrql§ : t 9-t gy 'dd (peerqlrq/l(\ :gy-Zez'dd.,7sl1nnur ',tlntottsTtzry ßqrJ )qtynfinrnoag, lrrf,snuerrl u61,,setuoqa 'dd '.euorzrpau Bun rad aro51, (ersrod 'd.lerznoN, ,rpals3g1 :y-g91 .dd

lf,

_

t'_-

:( :g'_

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eql'ZE-8I Z'dd' ,egg' i:--:j:-..: suortrruJJ'larary ap .ic :--,:-: '(x's'sulaqg) 'g 'g 1 -=-..:5

,

l;Vlle

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:^t

(Iesse^r

(x/xl 's 'EIfueJJ uJJts,Pf

Pue unntl§uow ßqrT eqt'tuleqPM 'l1nmoag, 'a8pldr1 tOL-lW 'dd '.seuqrrs sap uossrod ap ananb e-I, (lBrBJ lgz'd '.ldrr:sntre141 pagsrlqndun uV :tutuottsuory ßqrT eql, 'Tlou),I :"urrlsouerü auozrpeJl sl, 'EuSolog : I9 'd ,.aul8rro.l ra erep BI rns, ,I3eg Jer{unJ aes

la ureJoqlJfsaP snquJBd unuruoq srsonJlsuou ap ln (lununf,ur rrauoS ouEtunrl Lualorrat sIuIpItuJoJ LunrurxEr,u aenb seqarad arapuodsar snqrroua8 eerral srqJo

!-.

I -:

qly,a) srBloqts 3^rssrlf,ns

arp rlf,n1\4. ur uoneln:a..cs *-:(sl?eD er.ll Jo 8uq ':e1;S.iä -8uo1 pur) reelc )r{r rnc . aqr uo ror.{rnu rBInsuJ ur .i;

snqlJl slq eP andrcaerd le 'JnluBrlsuour BtrJlnu srJqerEl runnuour tunJorunln uI la sEInsuI lueef,O ]e ElreseP rod snqnred rpunu srrrpqE ur eluenb Epueprrr lu)ss) [unJoJ]suotu elupl rs ta rtseSoJJelur nlrs urnJeJret srqJo orlnf,f,o eC

erauaS

or:fln3 uI uolletonb sartnbar qllqa'a8essBd Suruado,{reulproerxe eql tuory luapr^e lsotu sl qrFl/r\ anbruqrar P)Iroleqr PuB paureel dlprruessa uE 'uu8ed pu? uEnsrJtlJ qloq (so)Jnos slg setelndruetu pue or sapnile ror{rne eqt qlrq/\.\ ur lerrr lul,r. pue peref,rlsn{dos aqr tuo{ suets'an8re lanrousuouaqtT equo sseue^rrco1}e eql I Ipqs 6'uone^rasqo lecrSoloerp .rou anSolerer

ParaPro-lle^\ Jou lertrns f,Unuelf,s rrqtrau Sureq 'uonesrro8elef, lsea s)Uep qllq \ uI ser{f,?ordde :reqr IIEJo stf,edsB eurqtuo) or pr8BuEru oq^. B'utnJottsuou raqtT (aurlsnSny .1u114

lxal

?

er{l Jo roqtnp erf roJ lurrel?tu InJesn papr,rord IIE eroprsl pue dq sralsuoru (urunq lpsotu) Jo stunofle tuepuadap dlearssef,f,ns pue pelurqrläl ar{J 'sluadres PuP 'slseeq'uetu snorruour qrr^,lle^rpadser qlrq 4. (rsarelur prroqtnu IBep

Eurlpurr'rp 'sroadsns auo 'pue) qr8ua1 Surqsrurtulp Jo qooq oerqr olur dn popl^lp 'patuasord sI selllsoJtsuoru 0ZI tsorup 3o anEoleref V /'eJnluu ur snoJlsuou aql t reJJo ol slxal areredsrp3o requnu e parelndrueru llSuluunc puc uo rirerp oI{^\ rol{rnu peureal B Jo {ro/( prref,nsn{dos pue rpqns

Jo ^ren (Surrroguorun3r) tuaSoc

-o18uy uE ro upuqsrrJ

u:

.

'sreldruexe ro :elduax! ::Suol eauq sldlrcsnueu rri: ,{rnluac aql ot af,uaprJUor r: seq 'uorsslrusueJt Jo Jtets l: ur pe^Jesqo eq or uondn::c,:

9e9

relJe

lllroqs peqsrlc:.i

st)Jnos eqr rsSuoury ;.1Soi ..rl lrnruac-qruru l1qen8:e ue -:: ureua) e pelofue lro.{r Ju] :i 11e

'srdrrcsnueru J^U uer{r i:

3o 1oog,) snquaua7 fist2,i.t,ü

reqlBr er{r DEJ ut st 'qstpuBllno PUE errBzrq eqtJo tunrpueduof, lBnspt e Sulaq tuo{ nj 'tunto,ttrsuout oqlT eql 'alerlsuouep or adoq 1 se 'd1puof,es e'saf,rnos perno^eJ lsoul srq rsSuotue oq or partord pue 'umn4saota Jeqfl erp Jo roqtne eqr or u^touI lpualc ):er'l^ aqo$yv ot oua7 ye?uxqv pue twg aqtto sßpuoly ac/J Jo s8urrepuer relnf,Eure^ oql pulqoq ?ll qt1{,t\ srx)t une'I eqr 'ece1d rsrlJ er{r u1 'rdrrcsnuew-!runoag aqr uI parcrdep sretsuoru eqtJo roqrunu a8.re1e Sulpuersrrpun ur ef,uetrodtur prcnrc

uttl

sr >lro/vr aqr 'cela8lH 01 Duera3ar eldrurs aqr puoleq ftJ puetxe leur ,aas lpqs arrr sB 1ro.rrr

s(Jor{tnu srrpJoIJErullEr{ eqr sr uetu pue srelsuoru

Pu?

sll Jo pueuruof,

elq?reprsuof, selerlsuouep roqrnu egJ

-'i -,

,t7t:.'-"',:

.

mou aaolm znorutu fnt .,:; ,bqt 'atqdxa ot q&i1't:l:,: i--

?u?

(enq aq ol pa,tallea

.1;

:':

punodxa'saq ulsol :t.': elqeJeplsuof,

uee^uaq &rsotulue pue tf,rlruof, Jo esues Iununuof, agr 'paapul 'sso18 e nf,unsrp u/y\o srq Surppe '(lll^'Ax laCJ aqflap a6r 'eunsn8ny) af,rnos srq parueuelddns llreelc seq umtousaota oq!7 ar{r Jo Jorllne aqr saru8ld aql aqrrf,sep ot ruret B qrns Eursn u1 ,r'(tunnnur) ,pawq, puu (ueasun, qtoq eq ol prus are or1\, (tanutunq sfiuq (ef,Er uerunq, e '(€,2'I) salur8ld aqr aqrrf,sap or taruottsuou DqrT eqt ur retrl pesn sr 's?t7ts qll pro/$ ror{loue Jo esuas alqnop aqr Sunloldxa 'und Jo pupl rBIItrrIslfterty r,'(f un tnJu, uauaS oupunc/ ulatottal stutpuuJotunutxztu aanbl uurrr ol

ssruerrrosqtuol rrer{r pue'(ntqalE unquou unfiuqln ur ta §?rusu? ru?aro p q,Dsry ud snqutad tpunu ry?pq" zz) sessocor tseloruer eqt ur dluo puno3 eq ot ore qf,rrl/rl

'eqtrcsap ol sI aq sJetsuoru aql3o lupqrssaf,f,puur aql uJnl ur sasserls rorllne eql se'nlrs tant?ttel srqfi oqnrro er.pJo esues )lqnop agr ssolS llartnoege saserqd ruanbasqng 'lnJPEorP äIlsor{

llearrrsod lnq 'euef,re lldurs tou ere ql1fr\ sreuuru r{rr/r\ IEep ol uonuelre srr{ lEstno äqr ruo5 sef,unouuE Joqlne 3qJ Er'a lsB.rtred sr Joqln? srr{] uo ef,uenlrur s.1r8ran'aas (sesues eseqt qtoq ur 118ran lq pasn \ §?4!s pro^4, ar{r leqr ruurSruSrs Ilpqs e/y\ sB 'rf,urs sdeqrad sr r1r,'feceg 'J{tlU, pur ,uol8er, qtoq ueeru uef, qf,rrf$. ,sfltrs pro \aqr uo und e suleluo) os[B erueluas Sutuado eq1 €r'e]ueprn8 pue Sururertr, äf,uo re Surpraord uI srelsuoru Jo elor f,Irf,ePIP äql sässans oqrrr '(rrr'ry arßqoutlE) eroplsl 'alduuxa .ro3 'dq pElsalle ulnusuota 3o dSoyotulre luuorrrperr er{t or Surpnlle eq 1aaa, ,,(etu JOr{lnB aqr PUE 'palensuouäP eJE sJstsuorrJ tllF#t ur lxel E peepur $ lanto4ruout Dq?7 ar4t ,ri(lauruoue? ' ' ' tntu?ttsuota ' ' ' tanJousuoru) sef,uelues Suluado aql ur und e qrrrn SuruurSaq '(utsuuouotad) te§pto/r\Jo seldruexe snorf,suof, IBre es pulJ osle a4(t rr'.lufl8raz ruautSuroz as snrSrn? uretsen f,uer{ pE, Jo Fnsuotu lesselrdnaerd Evlteu.t rJlul rlrnprntdeslocatd Ädnd E sruonrlnrsodaenr snluen, se sasurqd r.lf,ns ur elqerrltou llrelnclrred pue 'a31r s1 uonerarrllv 'sf,ruqf,alorld leolrorärlr Jo leldsrp sr

Eurpzep sltll uI lelralrru

'poq{aryto ss(qa run §lqt W"(nq e!il?e uo atr1d ttarta uo{ puo ap.tp e"trtua aqtto aflpa aclt utogfumt rbqt qod aqtto ryutruns daats aqt ao{&urutnqr atf ,(q wqt ?a? 'san?m aqt ot unop umou/t a,u bql senqs aqt ao{ $"t otou ?u? 'aaql tq unoq*tano pu" Fatwtprue f,1taun ueaq an"tl [aql Vltom

cprumlo :snl u! padsz: -: , ruoq¬ql Vat& ffü ,ra-, '"2§ qfi7 atfi qlry l:71 i;: dood q&q aqt wo{ x,t :-.: aam saq asoclt 1?t/1 tttE,:':.,: uts t{q a lo ssautqEuy ; atuo sEatql asarlllo iloii:'-'.1 y{ptatp roa a(f Ft r' ::r : ßtlqq, uJ suad not:1t,1'a $alvatS 2q1 eYr$ (/)tü': :; 3u7qw

Qqnnuad

aclxlo s?uqsl eq1

ata,ti'tl.o,.

pul

slrlro/r\eluB5 ,{-rrlorsrde aqr sdeqrad sr r1 ve'tw7 aqtlo ile?uoy qsq8ug plo eql ur punoJ sl rpg.,y\Jo uorsre^ JPlnf,suJr^ E 'slxel3o dnorS PeteleJ Jrp Jo uorsJe^ ? uo peälsur s.r!\Erp taruo4suota Dq?T er{lJo rorllne eqr (araqmesle pue) I 1oog ro{ ee'III pur II qoog rnoq8norqr l1ear3 s.&Erp roqlne eqr qlrrl/\^. uo '(taa1ato$yv ?" uryu"xalv a1totsTtV

uleod lsol-./Y\ou erlr

pu: ": .ir .

-opnasd ar{l (snrsoro

-

,lqupuaxalv ry.tot§lH ru: ='runtotls'uo?il DqtT Jqt u: ::

'''

auoutras oruna)

I rloog.

eueqr rEIIrruPJ :aqun-1 r sJ w a"taod) sroqdosolr,id p' surqlf''

pur

'sluolplntsod d'"r: äqlJo sa8eur l:: qun iltr',tt

spur^4,

saZtnt srluqrusod

eguo durul eql Jo :oqdrra::rraq/(esle sru{to lpra: i1a:: qSnorgr sunr trgl :oqdera: 'I{tnJl pue 'aoue.leadde 'a:r', 'eqursap or tnoqe sr eu s w

n

'sdwprns Fu? seJ4 .t

?ry1?3 aql ry uldep ,fiu sruotalq?Ltocl erf pur : uoßswsr? ? '?tom Sutuoti:

lo

'ssapqilaaau fig'oasjo p r s? '?arqu"utnq ruo{ pa,70' f,aqt asnataq 'nof, q &ryty.

"loryd7)

ot rpu"xelVto oaaT aql sr eseqrJo NrU eql'reer3 er{t repuexelvJo uosred aqr rnoqu Surtelnc-llf, suolllprn ruog llaleurrln Suralrap stxal ueSrd pareler ol ,srnof,er PBq ror{lnE er{r 'sJrnos uErrsrJr{J äseqr o1 uonrpps uI z€'elBrlsuotllap or reprEr{ sr 'oroprsl pu? eunsn8nyqloqlq pesn pue u./(ou:1selv.sqr.rru"u"uotstH esor{1r\,lur143o

'run8urdap ce eelood'urepuonb assr:-, sru8els lan snqrurunll

e8paynoul ruapuedapur llrealf, re'III puu II qoog rnoqSnorqt eroprsl puB .I {oog rnoq8norqt e)rnos Parno EJ eql eunsnSny '8u»1uods llurauaS 'qtrru 'perapunld d1aar3 uaeq e Bq (1t'X aaüopu,bE) eroprsl pue (uvr.1/\X!aO arurynp ag) aurrsn8ny dq serlrsorlsuour Jo sluno)f,r luepu)dap-rarur llertrssarcns pue u^{oul-lla^4. är{I

re smloq laruordep r:n

slrueptsod rqJen r,rreuJ»r snr8rn8 urnJepun srpuar.

le (luns

ErlrqeJer.unuur l

WNAOAJSNOW dEgIT A}l,L

PRIDE AND PRODIGIFS

Alexander and the Wonders of the East employed by the author had been supplemented from the same tradition.ao '§7'e can therefore broadly divide the sources employed by the author of the Liber rnon§trorum into three SrouPs:

1.

2. 3.

Christian prose sources, notably Augustine and Isidore Pagan prose sources, mostly drawn from material relating to the exploits ofAlexander the Great Vergilian material

is interesting therefore to see that the author of the Liber monstrorarn arranges these sources with some care.4t The first few chapters of Book I, for example, rely heavily on material derived from Christian prose sources, particularly Augustine, whilst the Book ends with a string of sections adapted from Vergil. During the middle portion of Book I the author carefully interweaves accounts from Christian and pagan sources, and, for example, throughout the long passage I.l7-30 the author alternates seven sections derived from Augustine with seven from the Vonders' tradition.a2 In so doing the author is implicitly following his own model, outlined in the Prologue, namely that of the siren:

It

Et de his primum eloquar quae sunt aliquo modo credenda et sequentem

is evidence

encyclopedist Thomas o: ( Liber monstrorum,45 assig:.' able variant of Aldhelms

enough significant di*ere monstrorum was not

ofAldhelm's students, has cited is distinctly thin.-! Since Aldhelm's work. '.' the Continent during close comparison

in sorne part to be trusted, and then let each judge for himself thefollowingrnaterial because throughout tltese monsterfilled cauerns I shall paint a little picture of a sea-girl or siren, tuhich ifit has a head of reason isfollowed by all kinds of shagy and sca[ttales.

h:s

with r:..:

implications of such a r::. frames his first book,

Dr

,,:

careful verbal reminisce rc
looq tsrg srq seure5 dlareraqrlap ulntousuou .teqt7 eqr rorltne er{r se rsnf ?ull E r{]ns Jo suonerrldur el{r JePlsuor ot o ltf,nJlsul sl tl 'tanloltsuou.t DqtT JrllJo tur{r qtrÄr uoslrrdruo) esop r{rns sJEeq uo'sprerrrrauB selJntuef, roJ pu? aruueJrl u/y\o srq Sulrnp luounuo3 ärp uo pue puulSug ur qtoq lenuängut llqStq paaord qlg \ .>1ro,nl Elulaqpy erurs sr'ulqt lllrurrslp sr pelrf, (Ersrod of,uBu lq patsaESns uoeq suq ,stuapnls s,tulsrlplvJo (ef,uepr^e aql qSnogllB auo 'pprnp{lgJo eIUEu aqr ,o!,e1lrs esnoq, Jelrrurs r ur Suqro/u\ rolulnur ro .aldrcsrp

'an8uallor r lq sdeqrad rnq Jlasurrq tuler{p1v lq pesodruor rou sery\ u.tntouruout Dq!! Eqr ol Eurserqd ]Eql xetuls rsoSEns pue ur sef,ueralrrp tuef,Uru8rs q8nouo erB eraql 'tuleqPM qlr/v\ s{url sseql eudsap l3Ä er'etlleu s,uJl)qpM Jo tuErrB^ rlqe -stuSocer EJIestI ',snutlapy euo ot suonetonb qJns IIE peu8rsse ,;tanJousuoru oqtT aql PUE urleqP[V qroq tuou {aar3 Surr'rorroq 'p.rdunuuJJo sBr.uoql rsrpedopbua lrnruac-qluaeulql eqr tur{t ulBuef, sr lr puu 'tdrrlsnuuru lp^erpeur ouo rsuel le uI )ureu Etulaqpry repun potelnf,rf, aaeq leur utntousaou oqt7 rql rer{l oruapr^e sr

)EUIJ?IÜ UINJOJ]SUO":J ::. ualuanbes ta EpurF:jl

peurltno 'leporu u,uo st-.1 .t 4ßPuoa erp ruo5 ue.\f,s rorlrne eqt OC-Li'1 a8rss:; PUE uEIlsIJtlJ tuo{ Slul^.rll epplru aqr Surrnq'1r3:a. 1 :'eunsn8ny l1:elncrr:ed's::

ller 'e1dru?xe

roJ 'J IooB

se8ue.rre utruollsuout

_:,

rso:l

suoldxe eqr or Eurrela: p rroPrsi

ßq?T eqlJo roqtnr agr

iq

n

-olddns ueeq peq roqrnr r

wnaoüJsNow assrT a}l.L

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES

At the end of the first book the author

declares himself relieved to reach the shore:

yet howeuer the urui.erue has confident faith rii;:

wind shall with rigtti : Scylk of sobcism didt i,': the rocky crashing: c_; -

Haec sunt inmania monstra de quibus me fluctus tuae postulationis tundebat et ea quae de spumosis fabularum gurgitibus ad haec litora congessi. These are the huge moruters concerning which the waue ofyour request baffeted me, andthose are tlte ones which I haue gathered to these shoresfrom thefoamingtorrents offables.

The use of the related phrases uentus tuae postuktionis andfluctus tuae Postuktionis, underpinned by the repetition of the relatively rare noun postuktio,tr effectively binds the passages (and the book) together.t2 In a very simil ar way Aldhelm uses verbal echoes to connect two extended marine (and monstrous!) images which frame the prose De uirginitate.Towards the beginning of the workAldhelm, employing the same rhetorical and alliterative style, compares the spiritual life with that of a sailor on a storm-tossed sea fraught with monsters:53

dum illi periculoso saeculi naufragio grassante dirae tempestatis turbine velut inter Scyllam Siciliae et barathrum voraginis navigantes ad portum coenubialis

vitae festinantes, licet aliquantulum quassatis cymbae compagibus, Christo gubernante feliciter pervenerunt. V(/hih they, as

if, whh the perilnus storTn of the world buffeting

them in tbe eddy

of

Sicilian Scylk and the depth ofthe uhirlpool, hasten to the harbour of the rnonastic life, and with Chist as their helmsman they aniue tafrb although the tirnbers of their crafi are sornewhat shahm. a dread tempest, sailing between

At the end of the book, Aldhelm quite deliberately recalls this passage in comparing his own literary endeavours with the same maritime adventure, using substantially the same language:ta Rimosa namque fragilis ingenii barca dirae tempestatis turbine quassata, licet laborante lacertorum remigio, optatum silentio portum sero attigit; sed tamen

nostrae rusticitatis stipulatio superno Christi patrocinio freta fiducaliter confidit, quod nostrarum carbasa antemnarum prosperis ventorum flaminibus sinuata quasi inter Scillam soloecismi et barbarismi barathrum indisruptis rudentibus feliciter transfretaverint, scopulosas quoque labdacismi collisiones et myotacismi voragines incautos quousque sine grammaticorum gubernaculo repertos ad erroris naufragia truciter trudentes minime perhorruerint. For the baxered barh ofryfragilc intelligence, shahen by the eddy ofa dread ternpest abhough the rowing of anns kboured, reacltes at last the port longed-for in silence;

rnyotacism [intrusioa :.' h e lms m ans h

ip of gra

":,r

This rypically expansir-e = passage, and echoes its c:: for example, Aldhelm r€:(

to Scylla and Charrbdii clearly expects his audie

:

:;

the virgins of the firsr ra Qtortum coenubialis

Ltt;i

longed-for' which the r-::s monster-filled sea, finai-',' : . . . portum. . . suPento C): The use of nautical rne: larly in verse;tt Vergil is r:. at the beginning of his r.',r: by a number of Insular a*: of his prose amongst rhe r,: Ennodius, who at the bes: is significant, apart lron: : the author of the Libe, ,t.

literary composition rr'iilr authors, which equates rl< on a storm-tossed sea frarr

Anglo-Saxon, AIcui n, co = on York, Wrsus de . . . -,an,'; Balthere will oversee his u: et rege nunc n:

inter monsüa ; ut possit porrur 55

See

further Saint-Denis.

i,

Ages, pp. 128-30.

5r lapidge,

'Beowu$ Aldhelm, the Liber Monstrorum and'W'essex' , p. I72, 52 One might equally compare the use of similarly parallel phrases ro mark off key sections of the Old English biblical poemsJudith, GenesisA, lines 1-1 1 1, andDaniel;see further above, PP.5-6. 53 Ehwald, ed., AUhemi Opera, p. 2381 17 -21; cf .l^apidge and Herren,l Ahelrn: the Prose 'Works,

P.67.

54 Ehwald, ed.,AUhemi Opera, pp.320120-32L13; cf. L^apidge and Herren,AAhelm: 'Worhs,p.

130.

96

the Prose

56 So, for example, one rn.g: prologue to his Via S. l; voyage in an unsea*'orr:.'.' 57 Hartel, ed., Magni Fei:::. scopulos frenare.

t8 See further Schmidrke, G 59 Cf, Godman, ed., Ahut,. further lines 1385-7 ari

:

aas

L6 'Penunuof, sr roqdBraru aql errr.la'gg-6t7gl säurl sursoP aqr puB L-sgil s3urlrar{unJ aclJ :urnqv,.pa ,uetupo) lf,

'E9I pue e-Zel 'dd,qtotrto tlu!"g pua ,s&ury '

u

,sdoqsTg

ctü

cl t

S a clrll 1§lo g,e{rpruqls rer{unJ ees

aryanbal firu, uuqatc utnuoutres .e.l ,aTuutg otadg !!?ouug tpru ,*r;;?:rI:t{:r{ä 79'd'axa1u"lr!,ttucJ eclJ 'pa telorg Jl :lesse dqlror'reasun ue ur igeXoi snolrrade or arnrue^lre.rarrt $q suelrl GLg.r pasodtuor) !!r!.tu"1 aqa epnlf,ur ot tU ^\ES '(ouruos wuqrap ?qn? reu 'suaquts) deals lnoqtr^\ Suraq puu "utwnl Surueans sE EruB{ s)qrrssap put '(§B I'Llq?uey) uondu)seP uorutuof, erll s.&\olloJ llerrrpauur q)rq1rr r?qrJo rno EJ ur. (lryuot qlqnu nrut fldw p olos anbtruryaßut) esra rerlree er{r perou8r seq 'urleI{P[V e)illun 'utntottsttotil oqt7 ol{l Jo Jolpnc aqr 'p8ren uo of,uapuedap rraqr ur llprruetsqns delraao suottducsep oÄ r aqt epq/§

lllsotu) raqto Jo rlq:-;:- : : eqJ.'peerqrrq/X\ :69- r i.;:: pue xrxl-rrrnxl 'dci 'jt;.:-

-

§I

'aeunld

::::-

-

OI

'daz1s to tsar woqfl(n ueaq aa"q ox rups sf,m1a q ry ?uV'uaqwalpttl n sa 'st/tnou ?u" st?a put sata tuput w F"c/ t? ?u" &t ptpaatp st! qqm saurs u, afload &u$utat 'qxtaa aqt puz tqs aqtto apoqs aqt q¬qt q&y tq Q{w pasn stvqv qnqm

'tq31u ary lo

ra$uout ur?uar

"

st atatfi

wtlt

',bs ot snordut s! t?q(n tas [aqt

puy

xnlrqrJf,srp ossrnJ our.uos la arnbar aurs anbonb radurag 'EJo la seJne tuepnot 'solnro rot 'llnqeq arodror ur seunld lonb ra'strrluret JJopIJts IIIqIJJotI snqrqrn ur seururoq 'reqeloa oEJJal te rTaE) urerqtun rad ntrou reduras ponb 'esslry runurnlf,ou tuepponb unnsuoul 'lsa unpueJeu rorp ponb 'runclp rg €g:(Jalsuoru leuJnlf,ou, ?Jo uortdrrcsap sH ur uor»euuof, arrres al{l sr{Eru tafirousuotil DqtT aqrJo ror{lne erp ef,urs ',lq8ru,3o ldacuoc eqr qrr^\ arnlearf, snolnqeJ srqr 3ur1ur1 llqecrrrxaul '(9I-Z I saurl se ouZruE er{r ur pacnporder) 7--t 8 t pue L LT' AI p?a uav w orJ' (,r n otunr,' ponetndar,',atue3,) eueg 3 o uoudlrcsap s.g8.ren ruo5 runuqra^ saronb rl qllq/\4. ol luatxe er{r sr oufuuE srl{} rnoqe Surn8rrlur sI rEq/N

::; ß:f

:;, "t ;:'{t ;:; : ß ntor? tr s a q t q,n oq t t qB, u'r;l:::. 3 'quot punos sqfiout yuz san&uol f,uvut s? ?u? ?lat ot snqpnfiru nnoq? sa,b Tntquam i{q uqunu w ?atlrsru ato uaquat aqt tpoq asoclm uo 'ta$uza t$purrf puz aEnq 'sFnop aqt u, ?"eq Dq sryrt/ " yuu Vunott acfi uo sqpm aqg, :[uwogJ tatsrs t?ap [uto nqt Buns an?q q u(nouq s17fua1 zrruque yrV [u w ?eranor uaqt daaq ot a(ur\§ I Fu" '\ut e(tol s,caqo ol yam §oqqot Pnt) 'au o1 tuaua ua st 'Fltoox acp ,r[;auunll!, roJ sesnlt?rt t? sltq(n lp ot Vua{o s? cpylm 'snqaoq4to clrtot u?t?J aqJ 'nrom arpto sotltor mot aqt nolua oxou 'Q*? 'rfl.q 'eut ol syuodsatnr qutq uTauatlo aru?$qrus oN 'sruauo1to arru acfi Wqq ry Feumads l wqt urur f,vut'saung aql

{

paronb eq rq8ru

uaoi s *-

16 au&1uE 8ur,ro11o-t .i':: =' (,lueqda1g,) 96 p.,r ( E.:'._'S

t-

ze'il'0t' I: '-.

t .^ :> {,.[ -Ulnfi4§Uollt 1?r:. ' ::

r

s,IuleqPv Jo räqr.unu

S-1'

-i(

uB selmrPrP r.ul3r{PN rsrr., sr r11lcg Jetsuour-EJs )r{l ,

lue^elor eqr dq peru)nllu:

LrtT

I

to&uos wBuqlu'staod atfi q&noqtla 'qruom ?l?nts tu wo{y{un{ Smqtou quot&uyq I ?u" tC?oq ,l fqq 'eru iloq quza alutataql

aurl ur selBls

lprrrldr:

ltod qwat ,{uut ti aofi ueemleQ

'daa1

wnaoüJsNow asgrT sId.L

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES

Night, implies as much. Specifically, Vergil states that Fama was spawned alongside the giants Coeus and Enceladus, nvo of the Titans who fought against the gods.65 As such, Fama takes her rightful place towards the end of the first book of the Liber monstrorum (I.42) alongside those whom Vergil depicts as either born of Earth or in conflict against the gods (or both), such as Tityos (I.47; cf. Aeneid sister of Earth-born

credendum est, quod satellitibus glomerarus . tumidae tartarum cai.l pelretap u/y\o srq ssrerlsuourep tuleqplv qllq^\ ur le,r'r er{r reprsuof, o1 Sunsarerul sl lI ,ruof,'Surles eq ot

dazp aql oluT Suqpaaq

p

'oaoqdt.1

puu (sneoqdlt .snradel ,sn:

lg8tq

a to mopoqi Suuanpm f,up lanrsruad s?cl tq fpunouns zatun7 wtlt flot/ttn? ?ene?laq aq ot Qntl q q aswraq ,aru?urutoyto [quuuou eqt yuu umod pnuuattr to ,t* acfi ilaqp ya anoqa fiauaq nt dtnsn ot pasu&otat s? eqs uaanb auagfa aru 'twl yacqd sy fryud| qflnoqtla ,sa4rttalqt r1&a ayto ,lxsq ecfi ut "tol

ur les

preuav

laqr rrq.u. 3ur

J] :E§'I) eEproN

r

?Duay'p LV'I) so.&r1 sE qr reqlre su srcrdep p8rarl uo rsru eqrJo Pue eql sPrE^\ol lq8no3 orl.&\ suelrJ rr{t lo o. :

'lassrnJJo) snpunqEssBf, r,unJBlJsl aBprtunl sluonela tunrlol le tunrqteJeq aBrqrodns runpun3ord ur snlrrarrrolS sngrrqlates tunrBlBtsodr re snrelle^ snqllepos runJotrsered.la3nnl ' ' ' ponb 'lsa tunpueparf,

st/il, BurE{

lrr{l

setpls 118:11

:

wnaoalsNow agsn [IJ,L

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES

(perhaps intentionally) misconstrued the subject of the first passage, Discordia demens,who appears in his account in quite a dfferent guise (per uesanam discordiam). This is but one of a number of places where the author of the Liber monstrnrTtm gives a somewhat blurred or inaccurate representation of his Vergilian source.73 Occasionallythe misrepresentation borders on the farcical; whereVirgil lends exotic solemnity to his account of the death of Cleopatra. (Aeneid VIII.696-700) by reference to the

was born of Earth w'ouic

note, therefore, that Älc:c Orion) treads the earth a: characteristic (drawinq o: partner in human heroic e : the Virtues in Aldhelm's l-

dog-faced Egyptian god Anubis (latrator Anubis),7a rhe author of the Liber monstrorum (III.23) reduces the scene to comedy by mention of 'barking clouds' (nubes latrante)t7t But it is clear that the author of the Liber monstrorurz is a keen Latinist, steeped in Vergil, and, particularly in the Prologue, exhibiting rhetorical pretensions; I should prefer, with Michael Lapidge, to see this and other such misrepresentations of his source as calculated and deliberate, 'mischeivous witticism directed at readers who knew their Vergil'.ze Both Vergil and Aldhelm stress that Fama (and Night) treads the earth with her feet but that her head is hidden in the clouds (ingrediturque soh et ca?ut inter nubik condit), a detail which the author of the Liber monttroram does not explicitly

Octavam cuin Militibus Ch::s Quae glome ::;. Et graditur >§::.

Dumque F€ci: Sed crisrara

Nititur et srr,:S. Fierce Pidt ;::: of sin at the :,:r:,; her troops, ;r:,; Deceptit,e, L')::i

mention. However, Vergil repeats the same verse verbatim in his description ofOrion (Aeneidx.763), and it may be that this Vergilian association between Fama and Orion led the author of the Liber monstroraae to include the giant hunter as the last in his catalogue of man-shaped monsters (I.56):77

Orion autem talis fuisse confingitur ut omnia maria transire potuisset et profundissimi quamuis gurgitis undas superare humeris et sicut ornos aut ingentia robora de montibus euulsa radicitus traxit. Ferunt eum iuga peragrasse montium et capite sublimia caeli nebula pulsasse.

But Orion is imagined to haue

been such that he could cros all seas and ouertoP with his shoulders the waues ofeuen the deepestflnod. Andthus he draggedmountain ashes and huge oaks torn up fu their rootsfrom the mountains. They say he crosed the peahs of rnountains, and knocked the high clouds of the sky with his head.

One is reminded that just as the Titans and their struggle against the gods were considered by Christian authors to mirror the conflict against God of the fallen angels and Satan, so Orion, the mighry hunter, finds a biblical echo in Nimrod, the spiritual descendant of the kin of Cain after the Flood,78 whom patristic sources, as we have seen, again associate with the sin of Pride.Te '§7'hat links the giant Orion and Fama further, of course, is fame or reputation; to the Christian author of the Liber monstrorum the Vergilian notion that fame (fn*o)

.

yet her cres:ti )', slte sffites to ;', slaughter

further \)Thitbread, 'The Liber Monstrorum and ßeowulf', pp.459-60. 7a Anubis is somedmes depicted alongside rhe rynocephali in patristic accounts, for obvious reasons, and may have helped to identifr them with the forces of paganism; see further above, pp. 17-18.

75 76 77 78 7e

See

Cf. Porsia, ed., Liber MonstrorTtm, p.285. Lapidge, 'Beowulf, Ndhelm, the Liber Monstroraru and Cf. Porsia, ed., Liber MonsÜontm, p.213. See above,

pp.77-8.

uento

pukatur et imbri. -:.,.

the windy fraud (uenru:;.may be thinking o[ rhe ::': Certainly Aldhelm goe S rr: crime of Cain and the b,c'ss (lines 2732-51).8a The -{::i 80 The

passage has no

the Poetic'W'orhs,

t02

coi::.

p. 1 6J.

pp. 50-1. T-= from Vercelli ij,: -

See above, passage

the vernacular.

82 Aldhelm seems ro ha',-e :.= for Pride; he makes rr- -, Carmen de uirginittztc. aj-..

'§?'essex',

p. 168.

(CdV27l7). r.; : 83 See above, pp.654. 84 Pride is equally blarnei :-: pectore

above,pp. l0G-1.

Cf. further above, pp. 81-2.

t i:)";

The description of Pride ,a. recalls the homiletic ir:::E Aldhelm, like Hrothear. apparently merging Vire.nubila condit, Aeneid n. - is battered by dark cioucs.

81 73

;:

Nam plerumc -

,

peronb arutrrururr(t O äsord ar{l

ruo{

g0I

aaessed äqr ur

II,J sreJ,nr ro, Or.*,L1r$In,*1;ä::;

'9-gg'dd

'aaoqe

aeg

,, eB

ontuen:(ozsAn)wsalosotuart.r,,::#*ry*(?1";:ä:':;:{:K;H:;t',:"ß*!?r'":,*; eql ul atun IpEo 'qrot slq arerrdordde llrelncn.red se

ul sJIrIIl rar{lrnJ eerr{t lpo ulrar aql Jo esn saleru aq :aprrd roJ aql papreSar e Er{ ol surees ulaqplV

(lp"n)

snsotuaa aanca(pe

ze

|:eJso1 pue

a8prdq 'p :awqulZtm ag

esotd eqt ur lredralunoc ou seq a8essed

(e^oqeJeqtJry

g9i ; ees:tusrrr"i;

snohqo JoJ 'slunof)?

rurrr#JüTilil[

ur sa8essed pereleJJo aSuer ? qrr^\ raqra8or (a oq, paronb 11 lpurog eql sllef,er llpnba ursJo salrssru Sulrooqs aprrdJo uolrdrrcsap er{J'I-0E 'dd.aaoqe aag 'Z% 'd ,sqnll qpocl aql

:ulaqnv

:

-:

ti:;':::.

'0g-6>-::

r8

rgJ os

llruapuedapur Surr'rorroqlpuerrdde.areSruog uoxeg-o18uveqJ yr.(tS-ZeL7 seurl) reJrf,n'IJo IIEü eql qrra puB es'(6-I 717sau[) ursJo Surtuossolq rql puE urEJJo ,rurrf, er{r qrrm rpoq rprrd {url ol atptrutStta ?p uaur") rr{l ur uo sao8 tulerlplv llurerra3 z8'rorrrB^\ f,ruBrureD eql Jo (toaql Sullunea ro lsEoq IBuroJ er{l Jo Suqurqr aq &u uleqPIV suolulur rer{ suoruwns aprrd rllFlna qtzrl. (apna{asotuart) pneu lpurrn eqr 3o uorrrrdäp sH ur lBr.lr elqrssod sruees i.:(6-gyZ'LI??awV,!.tqu! o ntasTnd olualt p rudru uruattud / s?1" snqrqnu mt) urct pur .purm pue .spnoll lrep lq pa.rarreq sr pBrq pewuarrra,-aurd esoq.&\ (sBllv ruurS er{uo ]?qr qlLr (LLl.Alp?uav,flpuoc "llqnu u7u7 ndw p olos anb"tnltpatSuT) rueg 3o uorrdrrosap s,p8rrn Sur8reru lpua.reddr 'seepr rroreq pur IEruEur qtoq qrLr aprrd $lql l1.rra1c :e8qrorp1 e{ll ,ulaqplv

@*rA arutJ ler{t uouo; jl -ro our:l s- "l

ot luonelnde: sE

(sef,Jnos

cttsuted uio--.{

ägr'PonulN ul oqle uelleJ arp Jo

-:r:':

po3 isurri

erer* spoS aqr tsurr8r 'r?aq qc/ ?a§so,u aq ,(as

q11,?1

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utu\unow paSSatp ef dottano

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.:1:

)

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lir

osserSerad e8nr run: :;lnB souJo lnfrs tJ sri: le lassrnlod a:rsue:: ::

,"r:ffi:;i'::;il;';:::l::iltt

saswr pua *{aqs unto teq qq(n Qruanba{ut:sVnqt ry"? etfi rup&p sryouq F"etl ?a$atc uq u,t

ot qaas

uqwt

aqlto sarur,o aql rlSnotqt oaturl saltout

nnm

at/s

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rl?t/m ,aaqdatae

PUP

'ap7s !t/ p arupto"u" ?aqrrm q$m s?Flus sf,um1a puo ,sdoott ut1 aq§

Fnrrttf"l* fffi

:ts1tr12lo uatVlos aqt

w

Surqcunrl 'pu"q4ourom qlqfia u? salqutass" a?ltl

sefss?ut

90LT,

sE

r;

ratunq rurr8

EUI?{ uea/$loq uollE:: slr{ ul

uorroJo uondr:rsap lpr:r1dxo tou seop

u?§to

eilall

tltrLJüt

qrunu.plw rudw p olo: nl

tUSIfIllI.r\{ SnOAI)L{3S I tU.' }l

lsrne snqlqnu qns tessenb rndec etelsrrf, pJS 'xplIEJ Burrurrr rpunur red rr8rad sapad anbtunq

rer{ qrL$ r{u?e eqt sPBrrl

'snuJe lelrr)EJ sruarp sa8e;ts le rnlnrN srlal araurarord srrrdord soqord anbun-ra1d ureN

ueuw) s,tuleqpy

r

Y

qf,ns Jer{ro Pue srql af,_{ pf,rroreqr Sulrrqrgxa'anSo

'ou8rptu elelnxos ntse3 raduas rnupe.r8 rg soldlueu JpnBU esolue^ repnls are.raurolS aen§ iqrerd elrd ualuanb:or nsrrr.l) snqrlrtrhJ Etueln)nJl telnurn) ure^erf, O

uee{ ? st lafiJo4§aou Dqif (spnolf, Euqreq, Jo uonur:

rrrer,rrJnl erqradn5

oa:(6-20l7 saurl) alpfiurZan ?p

DqlI

ur senur^ eql

r{}I^\ epreg olul sef,I^ aqr Surpeal eraq peqrr)sep 'rno Eepua rrorer.l uer.unq ur -leurrud rEIruEJ v'(o\qodng) ,PIr,I ot (as:aa uulpSrel ärues aqr uo Surnrerp) rnsualrereqf, eluBs aqr llesna:d peqrrcse 'spnop aql ur puer1 srr seplq puu r.{ueo rr{r spean (uor.r6 a1lp ruryg lEtll 3r3^{B sP.&\ 'uees e Eq e^l se lrqr ,aroSereql ,31ou 'oqrn 'rulär{p[v IIe/v\ ol SulnSrrlul sI r1 'arelrdo:dde llrrlnrrlrud päuaes e^Eq plno \ quBE Jo uroq se/kr WNAOÜJSNOW ÜEgI7

eql Jo rorltnE

äLr:

aql or ef,u)reJor lq (OO.J, lrruuelos snoxr spual 1r3:r-uorsrf,f,O €/'e)Jnos uer 1r3: wntoqsuou uqry )q1 sear8

'(ruarytocstp ta?u?sen udy

"tpoJst7

a

'e8essed lsrrJ Ju

gHL

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES

from Vergil's description of Fama and Orion in his Enigmata, ascribes the same capacity to Pride (Superbia), who boasts ofwalking the earth, and scraping the clouds with her head (in teris gadio, sed nubik aertice tango);ss Boniface too stresses that Pride was the cause of Lucifer's desire to overthrow God.

Gigantes enim ipsos :. pedum gressibus tranin: in terrarum latebris. a:

The hostility of Lucifer towards God, motivated by overweening pride, neatly

Indeed giants used tu gr:': were passable to then or. ,, on the shores and in

parallels the hostility towards the pagan gods of Earth-born giants like the Aloidae; their very size, whereby, like Earth-born Fama and Superbia, they walked the earth with their heads grezing heaven, could be interpreted as a manifestetion of their ambitions.s6 It was left to Isidore to make the connection, albeit negatively, between sacred and profane history and benveen the monstrous and human races, in the course of explaining the traditional erymology of Giants (Gi7antel in his Etymo logiae

(Xr.iii.12-14):

leguntur.

ti:

The notion that gianr bo:e speculation that thel' ma"

to confirm the ultimate.". monstrorum, that monsae: for this passage h:,

source

Sicut autem in singulis gentibus quaedam monstra sunt hominum, ita in universo genere humano quaedam monstra sunt gentium, ut Gigantes, Cynocephali, Cyclopes, et cetera. Gigantes dictos iuxta Graeci sermonis erymologiam, qui eos y1y6vsts existimant, id est terrigenas, eo quod fabulose parens terra inmensa mole et similes sibi genuerit. ffl enim terra appellatur: y6vog genus; licet et terrae filios vulgus vocat: quorum genus incertum est. Falso autem opinatur quidam inperiti de Scripturis sanctis praevaricatores angelos cum filiabus hominum ante diluvium concubuisse, et exinde natos Gigantes, id est nimium grandes et fortes viros, de quibus terra conpleta est. But just as

in indiuidual races there are certain monstroas rnen, so in the entire human species there are certain monstrous races, like Gigantes, Cynocephali, Cyclops, and others. Gigantes are so-calltd according to the etymology of Greek geech, and they reckon thern yrytvel;, that is 'earth-bom', becAuse according to fablz the earth their mother gaue birth to them with uast bulk and sirnilar to herself Foryff meltns 'eArth', y6vog 'breed', ahhough they are abo commonly called \ons of earth', and their race is uncertain. Howeuer those inexperienced in Holy Stipturefakely reckon that colluding angels slept with the daughters of men before theflood, and thatfrorn them were bom Gigantes, that is excessiuefir large and strong rnen, with whom the

amongst the acknowledeEc stature of men before rhe i humself a huge tooth fou:. Tertullian and Rufinus. äs and cites Pliny, Homer, a:, men from bygone day's lD: Unde et nobilissimus e,::

limite infixum vir ioris intorsit et misit: Vix illum (inquir, Ie;' Qualia nunc hominu:

significans maiora tunc i temporibus recen tiori b': 'Vhence

fthe pagans'.' ,,:;.. stone, which has bem :i; days snatched it up, rta. ,

:

Scarcely could a dozr',: Wth menls bodies su.'):

earth warfilhd.

Amongst Insular authors Bede certainly makes use of this passage, and incororates it into his own exegesis on Genesis VI, as we have seen.87 In a work which leans so heavily on Isidore, it is hardly surpising that the author of the Liber monstroram hx included in his opening book separate sections on all three of the monstrous races here specified: Gigantes (I.54), Cynocephali (I.16), and Cyclops (1.1 1). The section on Gigantes, which again comes towards the end of Book I of the Liber monstrorum,however, appears to owe little to Isidore, and offers instead an idiosyncratic vision (I.54):

He is indicating that ;):: rnore, then, in the ti,i',: notorious Flood!

\7hat

is

of interest here is

One might compare, fo:

85 Glorie, ed, Enigmata Bonifatii, p. 301. 86 See further above, pp. 100-3. s7 The passage in question is quoted above, pp.77-8.

r04

.

the antediluvian giants,tr a here to the notion that ü.e image which concurs *-i:i

pp.88-9.

=

Porsia, ed., Liber Mon:ffc*.

Rufinus, Recognitione: S. l. Similar notions are four:c

:S-rZSB 'slof, (Z

EOI

'6-LL 'dd'artoqe J3 :osp safrnos rEInsuI ur punoJ

erB

suonou relrrurs

'eZU'lof, 'I Jd"uuauq) 'g sauotuuSotay (snulJn1 (uBrllnlreL\lZ'd'utntottrsuoryDq!7 (Brsrod ''pa 1l'slur"x auouJailntil rO '6-88'dd

'a^oqe poronb'an8o1or4 eql asolf,

qllq^\ $uaualpls aql 'aldtuexe ro3'aredruoc rq8rtu au6

Pelou 'selue8tS 3o lSolorulre ue.roprsl lpuortrptn eqt qlr \ srn)uof, rlf,rr1.$, a8eurr uE 'quEE eqr lq pacnpord eru srorJre^r rlf,ns Jo serpoq oqr ler{t uonou eqt ot erer{ ef,uereJer eqr lq pauaqrSuerrs dll?ruepllul uonBr3ossE uE ou'stuer8 uurrrnlrparuB er{l sJolJrerrr ueSudJo uonsrf,osse uorldxo s(eunsn8ny sr ereq tserärurJo sr rBr{l§

tlll^\

i?oold §nouopa

pu" ?aumouat 1?q1 atÜq zemeu §"(n Fl.tottl atfi uaq(n strv aql u! '.u2tfi ',atou,t tpnu moH 'ua(fi salpoq ,r3rrl pnnpotd ,C11autou tf"ua acfi uqt Buuanpa! s? aH satnpotd mou efiJ?a aW §? cpns se?oq s,uau qlLA ueuu uazo? ? Flnor [1nuq 'qrau na{fi uo [auotsJ t"qt

*t

:srCas

[18u71J sV'x?

(punor Sunms ,uru ,dn # u paquuus ?qnq pa?

asoqt uo,{tour?nx ,(tqfiru V'sV1ag[aruosto pulquruos stasJ a&nq z ruoqz

aSVa

eql uo dn ps uaaq

?fital, 'taodpaqnnZufiqp $out

s?01

S;uzEad

s,(rp

cp?clm 'euo$

aq{ aruaq

itunr,rnlrp tunleuresrp älrqou pnllr eluB rpuntu snqrrouu)f,)r snqrrodtuer rntt8t st8eu oruen§ 'uralnllel aJalos araonpord erodroc f,unt Broreru suergru8rs

'snllrl erodroc rronpord tunurtuoq f,unu EIIenb 'luerrqns ef,r^raf, xes srq ncal (rrnbul) unlp xrn :lrsrur le llsJolur te tlrJnf,n) te tmder la sueu8nd runrodural runJollr snJoJ Jr^ unxgur olrturl tunror8e ut tuenb'aprdel nue8ur ap snqrSraneraod runroa snurssr1rqou re epun

Pselsur sJa$o PUE 'eJof :s-

{oogJo

PUJ

)qr

sPrE.l..o:

!

put'(9 I'1) rpqdarou-i-r

IIE uo suonfes ate:ed- :. ror{tne eql ler{r Sursri::,

seleJoJooul

pur 'a8rs-J

eql uo1lm

{/1101

s

'it?iu i'

uo{taqt ?u? ?or. ;-,: uopar

pu?

Q

aqat atn ty':--'_, lo ruos

r

.tr':

',qu?a

su?aru lgl' tog t1a;ia:, .,:

qu"a aqt apol ot 8;rit--; pua 'qtaads yatg -io ,2: 'sdqil7'qaqdatou,O ';? a{l%a aW U!

OS

'tt2itt v.

'ls) el:'. pr'saltre8rD soteu Jp-r sola8ue saroterrre-rae: j :rnrulladde erral urru:

Jo ernlEls tse^ el{t Jo Ef,uapr^e sE gSran (.relncrrred ur) pue 'ratuo11 'lrll.I selrf, puB 'raqunj sao8 aunsn8ny tng 68'perou ser{ Ersrod of,uprC sE (snulJng pu? uerllnrrel dq peprocar ere sapl rplrrurs 'Bf,rln tE eroqs-Eos eqr uo punoJ qroot eSng E Jlesunq roJ uees e^Erl ol srurulf, aq :(6'ztX ?CI ai"trltp aO) pool{ eqr aroJeq uätuJo ernluts tea:8 erp salou eutrsnSny'Surpter Erorltne erllJo e8ue.r paSpayrroulre erp ls8uotue

osPc'lso [unlJefur sl:.j

:(6'AX laCI ewtt(ttr aO) slep euo8dq tuory ueru

slalpred Jo requnu E ere rrer.{r q8noqrp 'puno3 uäeq suq eSessed srr{t roJ rrrnos tf,eJIP oN 88'poolg eqt ur petef,rpuJe ere^\ sturrS pup sJelsuoru terlt (urnrortsuolu fiqlT oI{1 uI erer{/$,esla Pef,Io^ 'uonelncads porlqrq llereturrln aqr turuuof, ol sreeddu puu 'aprt aqr lq ereqt dn peqser*r ueeq artrg leru laql reqr uonulnreds rt{l so}I^ur llprnreu eroqs-Ers er{r uo punoJ eq plnoqs seuoq ruurS l?ql uonou eqJ 'ezß lwn 4aryto uott?rr?u, u? w 'flnm aryto sas§eril e(fi u|?u? saroq§ eql uo Surptotta Vunot ua{o ata seuoq na(f ?uV '1oot uo aatf ot qqossad aum t"cfi p!"s q t wqt ans snoauoue u? cpns q mo,t8 ol pasn sluatZ pee?al

'sqooq ot eqx

"as

lp

elroduor odaes '(u..,oe snetnwnb e,ls,^ urnrf,rpur pe 'srrqale, -"#r:lt;l sle

BIJELu EIuLüo

Esso

le snqlrolll uI

unron§

ln

'rnleaqrr1Jad assrn3 Erlrquatusurn snqrss)r8 tunpad

opnrruSeu reqele srtuJoua urel sosdr lurua sarue8rg

wnüoalsNol\t aggn

asolnqeJ ponb SIUOLUJaS

ols?'r::

I)eEJ) Elxi;

'setue8rS ln 'tunnu:: ur ell 'tunurtuoq :uns aaüo1ou&E s5{ ul saturS:r el{l ur 'saf,EJ uerxnq puE urr \teq'lleane8au tllqf Jrer{lJo uonBlseJruBru P s

quee er{l pe{p^\ laql 'erc. leuproly erfl aIII stuerB u:i dpeau'aplrd Suluae.u:a.to OOI af,sJruog

13111 S)SSOJIS

spnolf, aqr Eurdu:f,s pue .r{rerues er{r seqrJf,se ,aloutZr;

aP^L

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES

above. The theme of the extraordinary stature of the pagan warriors of old appears elsewhere in Vergil's work, for example in his famous description of future farmers digging up the bones of those who fought at Philippi, and marvelling at their size (Georgia L493-7): Scilicet et tempus veniet, cum finibus illis agricola incurvo terram molitus aratro exesa inveniet scabra robigine pila, aut gravibus rastris galeas pulsabit inanis, grandiaque effossis mirabitur ossa sepulcris.

495

at the huge bonesfrr* upiurned grauis.Presumably it was at least partly thanks to Vergilian passages like this that the author of the Liber monstrorum includes amongst the wondrous creetures of Book I the warrior Eryx, whose appearance in the funeral-games of AeneidV.40l-5 wearing

seven oxen is transmuted in the Liber monstrorurn (I.51), in keeping with his martial status: now he carries a mighry shield made of seven ox-hides.et The authorb comment that Eryx was no monster, but a man of monstrous size (non tamen monstrum, sed homo monstruosd magnitudinefuit), seems in context somewhat disingenuous. One might also note that in his carefi.rl depiction of the Gigantes the author of the Liber monstroram implicitly links this section of his work with others; the comment that the Gigantes were so large that all seas were passable on foot to them (tam enormis alebatmagnitudo ut eis omniamariapedum gressibus transmeabiliafuisse perhibeatur) is surely echoed deliberately in the account of the giant hunter Orion, described as so large that he could cross all seas (talisfuisse conf.ngitur ut omnia maria transire potuisset), which follows almost immediately (I.56). The link is all the clearer in that the phrase in question owes nothing directly to Vergilt description of Orion (AeneidX.763-7), which was certainly the main source.e2 The second element in the depiction of Gigantes is the claim by the author of the Liber rnonstrorum that their huge bones are said to be found on the shores and in the hidden places of the earth (quorum ossa in litoribus et in tenarum ktebris, ad indicium uastae quantitatis eor7,tm, saepe conperta leguntur). Once again the author appears to be drawing a parallel with material elsewhere in his work; at the beginning of the Liber monstrorum the author has drawn attention to the giant bones of Hygelac, king of the Geats, by the shores of the Rhine (1.2), and elsewhere he speaks of the body of a giant girl washed up on the shores of western Europe (I.13). No Latin source has been discovered for either of these passages, but both have interesting Insular (and vernacular) connections.

of

9t

Cf. Porsia, ed., Liber Monstrorltm, p. 207. 92 Cf. Porsia, ed., Liber MonstrorTtm, p.213. 106

:

concerning the giant gir. extremely close to that i: : translation:e3

Yes, and a tirne will come ulten in that land afartner worhing the soil with curued plough willfind spears eaten up with mouldy rust, or will strike with his heauy hoe on em?ry helms, and will wonder

boxing-gloves made from the hides

Hygelac's appearance bc a number of possible linss

Bean dorala gan ias a :. [e]adhon ö dä slinnen ;:

uimpi,alamhaacea:s: sin rolaidh an tonn a :.:

A woman,

whose bre;::: *at rtfiy feet tall, tltat :: .'

pr7. ,::

across. There uas tz her head had been ;u:

Finit.ea

The account in the

Libt -

Et quandam puellam ir repertam didicimus. c -: magnituidinem lapidi r pedum, et inter hurner:, alligata et in capur ccc:i .--,

And we haue heard rtl.' .'' the western shores of E,i'

Ocean; they marked i,n ,, and she was seuenfeet i;i,: cloah, bound witlt sap,::,:,

The differences between :l The Irish version states ü: (a rypically Celtic touchi ! to allude to binding t*'r:: intriguing is the insisrence the western shores of Eurc: the Irish themselves inhar,: tion. Both versions mentl,: sign of royalty; one is rer:::: heroes

of bygone days,

n.::

ruler of Asia' (superbum ,c,

93 Tlanscription by Kuno

)'1

72.1.26 (Gaelic )O(\'L. :: e4 Tlanslated by Jackon. .i 95 tr , expansion on the c*:.,: has so far been suggesrec.

I

L0t 'palsa88ns ueeq reJ os seq

f,n8olBue Jo e Jnos r)oJrp ou rl3rrlrn\ $J vwZrryy stZnn

'g9l

wtyl snorJnf, erf uo uorsuedxa uv rqla) y'uoqre[lq pelelsuB[

'dl{ur11axry,g

'0I 'd '111'ttoptauv "pe'7o u u18ng ur paturrd '(t^>C( crlaeg) 9Z'I'ZL ,fterqr1 [EuoneN 'q8rnqulgl uor3 ralayg oun) ,(q uondrrcsue[ ^pV SW 'puepols 3o

se 76

s6

tß-LSS'fip?awv) eroqs-Ees eqr uo '(aa1sV uanwu&at runqudns) plsvJo ralnr pnord, 'urrrr4 3o esdroc sselprer{ e8nq ar{t Jo reqr lpueu 'slep euoSlq Jo seorer{ lrqSrtu ar.llJo suolrdr:csap s,lr8ranJo rrr{toue rar(3o popunuor sr auo llrplo:3o u8ls e sp päpuerur sdeqrad 'ryop aldrnd r 3o Surrue.&\ aqt uorlueu suorsre^ qlog 'uorr -ecgrcads r{f,ns roJ peeu ou lleJ pur 'seror{s lroa osoqr petrqequr se^lesuror{r qsul eqr asne)eq sdegred 'uorsra rlsrrl eqt ur tuasqe q qllq \ 'edornE Jo seror{s uratsa^\ aql uo p)re^of,rp se/*r pr8 aqr teqt unfiusuota oqn eqr ur ef,urtsrsur Jqr sl SurnSrrtur eroIAJ 'puno \-prerl eluurrurtlepur uE pue 's8urldes qrrrtr Surpurq or epnlle or sreadde tanrousuou uq!7 agr lgo lnf, ueeq peq pter{ raq (;q:nol )r}le3 llpcrdlr e) rBqr PuE se'1:uq req purqeq pep spuer{ rer{ p?r{ 1rr8 aqt lBrp selBts uorsre^ qsul egl 'tseretur tnoqtr^&\ lou err 'rg8r1s q8noqlp 'suols:e o/vu er{l ure^ueq selueJeJJrp arIJ a1ündo u

?assat?

'f"ae! af u! ?a?uno(n fllotztpua 'sSugdas qu(n ?unoq '«yolJ aaor ??tl at/S 'st?Flnoqs aqt uaampq aVtm oatuanas s?m aqs pu?

e Erl qroq lnq 'sa8essrj oN '(EI'1) edo-rng urf,rSr.",. sluads eq ereq^/r\rsla pu:

Jo sruoq tuer8 rql or - SuruurSoq er{r tE 11:o.u s--'

roqlnr egt ure8e e)uo . (§yq4q utnt?Ltdt tt: :; F" ur PUB seror{s 3r{t uo P - -: eqlJo rorpne aql lq uji:'r uorroJo uortdr:rsap s':.t:: rererlf, eql IIE sl>lull rq

I'

?ruruo ln trutZuu'a: : "lt?ut Jelunq luer8 eu: 'uorrg -: assTr{ a1p q?a

rusa?u

s71o : ; :

-:

i

r.u3r.{1 or rooJ uo rlqEss:c =-: agr lsraqro qtl/v\ Iro.r\ s *' Jo roqtne aqr sarue8l) ::i:

trrtt#puful

'seuo$ cl#tn ans ratl paynut [aqt:uaatg t(poq oqto clüuet ecfi wnt uo{pu"l ot qSnotq uas aqlto san?m acfi utoc/modotnEto saroqs un$am aql uo ?aonorst? '$s?atq Suq1ams qttm n,C rcu 743 urytux oto 11u ?t"aq an"q an ?uV

ary

'teJeuonred esrcro rndec ur ro ere8rge slSrm 'o{pd elnpur oarndrn4 'rrnqer1 srurpnlnel 'II ' sorärunq relur la 'tunpad '1' opnrrSuol srrodror snrsdl urrue rerg 'rupqeu8rsap snqlprdel uaurprnlru8eu snlnf, ftunraxanpe srJJol orreaf,O qe unu8rn8 aepun eenb 'snrullplp urelradar 'slurtuetu snqnuaSrnl tunpf,au 'snquotq aedomg smprf,f,o ur urelland urepuenb rg

' (ryn{ auqpruruZau a o nt I rnq talsuotu ou st.r\ x-. ' s

-

B

ple1t1s

lrq8rur

E

srurE) ru !

fiq!] rqr ur PDlnusuEr:

:(gt'l) Ip lE srr:lJlp lp:eq uttuottsuout oqn eql ur runo3re eql

Sutruarr g-TOy'L ?DueL- : s:

,ql I loog Jo sernt?rrf

rol{lnr

er{t terp slqr

e>1r1

s:S

ve'llu!l

'fuq uo dn uq $?r en?m aqt sqt ton slqt at s?m q ?u? :{o rut uaaq p"t/ F?aq .taq (f?q req a"oot taH itat/ ao q"op zldtnd a s?(n eratlJ 'ssorr? ?u? ?aryeq ?au Vu"c/ ot ileFlnotls uq uto{s? pqt 77at ual,({{svm ? uo dn rw sru ,umoJt pu p"t/ sls"ilq asot/m ,u?tuorn y patuanas s?(n $acp

aqg'adotnE

u

tallpu? 'patucl

afiqs

?as

'lluH 'It{ rll E uuol uE rlPrElor uls r{pIEIurE s;n, L lp purf, E urequ re 1s l, relue urnrp r ro3 p8treor E ErlurEl e ,rdturn Br)rof, rerg 'Elr{f,oq E preqlele q8rorr rq)es'qprq8rorr o) u?uurls gp q ugr{pe[e] 'lprlerl eur q8rorr errg) 'dlnrogu e ereru qSrprl e qf,lf, e sp3 ue8 EIBrop ueog

fitr

tstlu

aqt Sutqtoot

qt:'

D?uom l(m 'tsnt tV1nou

96tZ

e6:uorlEIsuEJl

lf,ortP e llqetunsard sr ll ql1l/r\ 7o'tanto"ttsuolu oq?T er{r ur tpqr or esolf, llauarrxa Surrapuar e ut 'tdrrcsnueru qsul )]EI B ul s:eadde osp lrr8 ruer8 aqr Sururef,uof, a8rssrd el{r a1nl ,\'ees 11uqs a r sE '»1rorn

Jo ouo

er{r ure/uaq qurl elqrssod3o raqunu raq?T eqr ur qroq e)uureeddB s,cela8lg

o rt

nqsfinmoag ur.pue uruousuota

E

ezrs rreql ru SurgaruEru puE 3o uorrdl::s: sJäurJEJ aJntnJ

sreedde

ploJo

sror-rre,tr ur8

I tnaoüJSNOW AEgn AI/.L

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES iacet ingens litore truncus avolsumque umeris caput et sine nomine corpus.

His huge trunk lies on the shore, the head struckfom the sltoulders, a cor?se without d nnme.

The Irish description of the giant girl is followed in the same manuscript by a companion-piece, ostensibly depicting a similar wonder: Bean ele dono rorala a mhuir a nAlbuin 7 da troigh dec ar näi ced a fad frin. Secht troighti dec etar a da cich 7 a se dec a fad a trillsi ocus a secht a fad meöir a lämha. Secht troighti a fad a sröna, da troigh iter a da malaig. Gilithear geis nö üan tuin[n]e gach mball d{ rl. rl.

t

The saint revives the gianr her about her kin, and she s a wish to go to heaven, she Nor is this an isolated inc:i

The ubiquity of such se Irish texts raises acute e ie

Liber monstroram, in rhe a: to note that the Liber mot!: fatally wounded in the he:

Hydra anguis armatus :. ripa fluminis capite ru: ita et haec serpentibus : suo clipeo cum a-liis .C

t

Another uornnn u*s cAst up from the sea in Scotland, and she tals A hundred and nine$t-two fea hng; tltere were seuenteen feet betueen her breasts, and sixteen was the length of her hair, and seuen the length ofthefinger of her hand. Her nose was seuenfeet long and there were tuofeet between her eyebrows. Er"ry limb of her was as white as the staan or the foarn of the tu*ue, etc. etc.

The interest ofthis version lies precisely in the fact that it can itselfbe closely matched by much earlier vernacular accounts in the Book of Lismore,e6 as well as in a number of closely-related annals such as the Chronicon Scotorum (s.a. 900), the Annals of Ulster (s.a. 891), the Annals of the Four Masters (s.a. 891), and the Annals of Inisfallen (s.a.906).e7 ln each case the woman is described by the same features (overall size, and length of hair, fingers, and nose), with little variation.es The Chronicon Scotorum adds, as in the text discussed here, that there were six feet between her breasts, and all versions describe the whiteness of her skin. Such creatures clearly caught the Irish imagination; according to a vernacular Life, St Brendan was walking by the sea-shore when he came upon a recognisably similar figure:ee

Ni fada dochuattar assin, an tan fuaratar inghen min maccdacta mong-bhuidhe, gilither snechta no üan tuinne hi,7 si marbh iar ttabairt buille do ghae dhi trdna formna, co ndechaid eter a da cfch. Ba dermair immorro mCt na hingine sin; ced traigidh ina hairde, 7 noi ttroigthi eter a da cich, ceithre troighthi i ffod a srona, 7 secht troighti hf ffod a mCoir medhoin. They had not

gonefarforn

there when theyfound

.

One presumes that rhe

ee

(Annals of Inisfallen); her hair is fifteen feet long (Chronicon Scotorum),or sevenreen (Annals of Ulster), or sixteen (Annals of Inisfallen); her fingers six feet long(Chronicon Scotorum and Annals of lnisfallen) or seven (Annals of Ulster); her nose seven feet lo ng(Chronicon Scotorum and Annals of Ulster) or six (Annals of Inisfallen). Betha Brenainn Clüana Ferta, § 87; Plummes ed., Bethada Näem nErenn,I,p.62; II, p. 61.

108

sn:

Orpheas, which is alludec

:

atd II.7),ror especially sin; any other Classical accou:

that the author of the Zrr

other Classical figures su;: might suit a wider rhetor:c But if the dead gianress then another huge sea-shc:

heroic poetry. Interest i n ri:e of the work rc Beourult'. ic: be the only germanic fiqu:t

Et fiunt monstra mirae : Francis occisus est, quer Cuius ossa in Rheni t'lur et de longinquo uenier::

afairyoung maiden, taith goldcn

of Innisfallen,pp. 142-3. 98 Her length is given as either 195 feet (Chronicon Scotlrum andAnnals of Ulster) or I92

,

with rnonstert, so too ti;:: used to wear such a sig: :

white as the snow or thefoam of the u)Aue, lying deadfom the thrust of a sPear which had entered betueen her shouldcrs and corne out between her breasts; her nose wasfourfeet long and her middlzfinger seuenfeet long.

The Annals

t

head of a riuerJ, artd a,'.

tresses, as

e6 See Stokes, Liues of Saints, pp. xlii-xliii. 97 Hennessy, ed., Chronicon Scotorum, pp. 176-7; Mac Airt and Mac Niocaill, ed., The Annals of Ulster, pp.346-7; O'Donovan , ed., Annäla rloghachta Ereann, pp.346-7; Mac Airt, ed.,

The Hydra is dtscribea'

uife of Orpheus, in rfu

And there dre monst€ri

,-1'

and was kithd by the Fi.

loo Cf Plummer,

Iol

ed.,

Bei:;t;;

further above, p. 9l l02 In particular the curiou. might compare the eq:.

:

Porsia, ed., Liber Mon::r':

-.

tol

See

See '

.-

particularly'§?'hirbrralf, Aldhelm, rhe L : r.

Beowu

the references there cirec.

60I qrr^{ rer{rag ot 'g-9 Lr pue L-zg, dd ',xassa4§ pve unntlruo^ urll:!r',1irlffi#;):;:# , 'a8prdelpueg-r9r/'dd',llnmoagpüetuntousr,Wr:{;:rTk':::;il:ff:;;t[:r,:lr:::,r,

rar.lury eaS '(€t'I untousuou uqrT Jo psrrro rudw u lensnun llpnba eqr aredtuoc tq8nu auo q8noqrp) pp:ed snor^qo lnoqrr.Ä^, sr. finprunu al1dac aserqd snorJnr eql rrlnrrued u1 761 '26 'd'e^oqe rer{lrnJ ees ror 'Z€,e uta?N ?F?t/pg.'pä teturunlluru Jlesrurq Jln rorg 'etorua.r sB s)Urpnb llurutra) qllrfu\ 'reqroru s,lepuerDJo rrEI lrerer'r eqr peqrmsep sfll ru8qrorll roUV 'Qyqatq ulnquoru unnruqru u p wlnsu ru"aro p nd snqutad tpunu §lr??q" erz) ,surerunoru "ilesap rsequeJ eqt Jo srssef,rr eqt ur pue 'ueeco erp Jo puulsr puu strosep eqt rnoqSnorqr 'ppo,ll ar{r Jo srrud uepplq eqr ur, lluo puno3 eq 01 'eloruer lllerruesse pue 'e)Br uuurnq eqr ol alnsoq llpruetuepunJ sE sretsuourJo uoncrdap srr llatueu'runtot1suoru Dq!7 Jr{t Jo lcadsr luurSrro tsoru 'se)Jnos ur\ou>l srr Jo lxeluof, er{l ur 'pue 'snorlrqo lsoru'rsru er{r ol lurod rq31u auo'l11uulC orr'rl)lldxa eruelSelp snorSrlar

DqlT aqt Jo roqlnB 3q: : 'u?ato

otut sqr'arq ii ;

aclX

wnüoalsNow üggtT aHL

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES

prt

Fa

sweord ongan

1605

xfterheoposwate hildegicelum, wigbil wanian; pat wrs wundra sum,

prt hit

eal gemealt ise gelicost, äonne forstes bend Frder onleteö, onwindeö wrlrapas, se geweald hafaö sala ond mala; pat is soö Metod. Ne nom he in pam wicum, rü7eder-Geata leod, maämahta ma, peh he par monige geseah,

1610

It is left to the aged I-{:, weapon (Beowulf, Iines I (lS

the hilt, with its depiction : : his famous'sermon' (Beouz It is the sight of the dreac:* which spurs Hrothgar to t. meted out to the monsrers : seldom seen (I.Prol.):

buton pone hafelan ond pa hilt somod

fage; sweord ar gemealt, forbarn brodenmal; wrs pat blod to pas &ttren ellorgrst, se per inne swealt.

nunc humano genere ::l

r6t5

since

producuntur monsra. . funditus et subuersa .t: undas, quaeque rurbir.t :

hat

terrarum ad hanc ua-sr;i:

Then that sword began, because ofthe snuggle-gore, that war-bladc to meh in banle-iciclcs; it was a maruel that it all melted, when the Father loosens the bonds ffiost, unwinds the water-fetters, he who has comrnand of times and seasons; he is the true God. The prince

of the

'lVeder-Geats

did not remoue from that dwelling an!

Nou

rnore

precioas neAsuret abhough he sata rnany there, but that head and the hilt too, inlaid with treasure; the sword had melted, the panerned-bladc entirefi bumed; the blood taas too hot, the poisonous alien girit, who died therein.

Beowulf's own account of the melting blade (Beowulf, lines 1666-8) contains several deliberate verbal echoes (indicated by italics), and testifies further ro rhe poert fascination with the theme: Pa pet hildebil swa pat blod gesprang,

forbarn brogdenmal, hatost healoswata.

Then that uar-bhde, the patterned weapon, entirely burned up, as the blnodgushed out, the hottest of battle-gore.

It may be that Sigemund's dragon had corrosive properties not dissimilar; all we hear of that dead monstert fate is that'heat melted the worm'or'the hot worm melted' @l* hat gemeab,line 897).'r2 No credible source for this melting blade in Beoutulf has been found; Martin Puhvel has offered a number of Celtic parallels, themselves of uncertain origin and date, and an example from a nineteenth-century Icelandic folktale; all seem rather fanciful.tr: The blade that melts in the blood of the race of Cain in Beowulfprovides an apt metaphor for the very theme engraved upon its hilt, namely the flood that destroyed the race of gianrs.r14

rt2

see

further above, pp.

ltunankttd

'

.fro* the xeep tumnu: .-.: .fio* euer! ?lace on ei.,' This passage in the Libt, n: to the direct influence o: (Genesis

YI.4-7; Wjsdor::

:

I'

As we have dready seen. ::share the link berween ü. monsters, and the dange:; :

the anonymous author c: and the compilers o[ r'a::: . England from an earlr- pe:.,. One might return ro i; the pagan germanic herc i

apparently considers iic::-" Grendel or the dragon ,r,: i

why Hygelac is. His s:s.:

unmentioned in Beoua.': .:. all of which, however. rc;lost his life. This hapless',.e :.

ll5

--:. this passage from rht i,r,

I

See further above. FF. 16 V/hirbread,' Beoauil--:

t

t7

rr2 Cf. the commenc that Beowulft fire-dragon was consumed in flames (Beouulf, lines 3040-1). t13 Puhvel, 'The Melting of the Giant-.§ü'rought Sword', pp. 3944; 66-7. tr4 Cf. Viswanathan, 'On the Melting of the Sword', pp. 360-3.

wlten

feuer monsters dl€ profiz-': of the world. thry hatc r:, cast outfrom the sltore: :,':.

dragon in BeouulJ 3 ^ -1 - -: See furrher above, pp :

.-

l18 The only possible re:e:.:.:, since the adjective mig:.:

=-.

'GG'd '&uruaa7rt1 puv epory (qrrusploD 'f,ueurolqord x'(rpaofi gZGl

l)

gII :lpg

sJLI

ol

{dde lpnba rq85u arnca(pe eql

ef,uls

uI ezls 1:e1e3lg ol erueraJa.r alqrssod l1uo aqa

s11

"ull't1nmoag 'y-Og 'dd'aaoqe rarprnJ eeS zrr '$W 'd) ,ee-lglg rtnnoag ur uoSerp er{t Jo alBJ ar.{r sr (sruJel rlesord aJoru ur 'slqL :utruousuotl uqq eqt uor3 a8essed srqr 'yy-Get/ 'dd ' ,wntottsuory raqtT aqt puet1nmoaBr, (peerqtllll§ 9r r Jo sepnlruor puarqlrrl4(r sV 'e|-LrZ 'dd'aaoqe raqlrnJ eaS srr

q)rr.l^/r{

aql 'srunof,trE IBnrf,BJ sreprsuof, lpuaredde

i 'dd'aloqe JaqlrnJ ars :ts1--1.; sau11

finmoag) saureg

ul i;:

'r1rq str uodn peae:8ua suorsef,)o eleredes rnoJ ueqr ra^\eJ ou uo or pepnlp (erntur ssaldeq slr{J'oJII slq rsol ur Lrorrrrar qsr>luEr{ orur &ro3 IEuu eql uo sn)oJ 'ra,rarnoq (grrqin3o 11e

eq

,,,'srroldxa srq eqrrf,sep q)nfk\ self,Iuorllf, r{sDIuEr{ aqtpuetlnmoeg uI Pruollueruun sassed 'runtouruou oqrT eqt uI percrdap sE 'ezls cnurSlS slH 'sl celeSdg dq,r. tnq'ru?Ltottsuola Dq!7 eql ur pepnllul lou ere (3pa,oeg ro) uoSrrP eql ro IrPuerD lq,rn rou sr 'flarns 'uonsanb luuuodr.ul er{ rer{^. aprs8uop 'eanurreu sF{ ul uo

::;::

Jo ef,Er srpJo Poolq I{r I ,rPu?le)J,Gnruar-qtusJl : -' sa lesuaqr's1a1p:ed rnltrl tlrunoag ur epelq 8un1ou s:-(Pelleu ruJo^\ loq aqt. ::) ' reerl o r 1p lrrpturssrp lou s:

llrea os culaSdg oräI{ f,Iueura8 uuSud eqr

srePrsuof, taruo4saohu JeqtT ar{lJo ror{ln? er{r rBql lf,BJ er{r o1 urnleJ rqSru

:::iXiff

ä

aug

su 'dn

paunq

,.";.

tr3, u oxe g-o1'uv q u.&\o .,,I se/,,' s rl,rt s u oru)p rr,rr. räiä urPqPIV qroq uo af,uänuur str sB 'r{f,lr{/r\ 'nlasotd §nltv Jo roqlnB snotuduouB egl ro epeg sE r{f,ns (os[E sror{lnu rplnsul rerpo qtrr*r aprrd3o sra8uep aqr pue'sre]suotu Jo uorrelrr1ruuu er{} put 'poog aql ur peu.alorp stuerS eql uee/r\loq 1ull el{r areqs utnrousuou

fiq!7 aqlJo ror{lne

arp

ä:'ilX

put nod{lnmoag aqt'uaas lprarp a ?q e^r sV

g,1'.(§'IA)O( qofl srerud\ et{r qrerurq SurueorS:o (9nfx ruoPSI/(t :L-y'l1srsauag) poou eql ur Peu/v\orP sluBrS 3qt Jo uouou lBlllqlq ar{], Jo a)uonlrur parrP aqr or paqucse lpuapuadapur uaaq seq tanro"ttsuottl.teqr7 er{t ur o8essed srqa

s,reod rr{r or raqtrry s)l: :s IEre es surrtuor (9199 r s::

prerqrr%\lq

snouosod alt eql 'Pzqeu Pr,1 '1.-,-1

'poq{aqtto sstqa twn s?qt s?,u(nq (ilta uo awld f,iana uo{ ?p"ttr arrtua eqtto aEpa aqt ruogf utru [eqt epd aqtto fltatans daats-atp uo{ Sututntp aW tq wqt ?u" 'san?m atf q u(nop uolo"tc/t aw ,bqt sauqs azfi wo{no rvt

?uu P?at/ wqi :,:5

?u"

auru f,uy

&ut,i,ia.::

aruud aq1 'po, ot{n et/'suuai-a;1

mou ?u? 'ttatft [q umotquano ?u? ?al"rt?rua f,1taun uaaq an"tl [atp Vlum eefito sreutor aqtto $oru u gef F"at am ?a? $trus elfi D?un patnpotd at? ile$uota omet en"q qu"e aryto Vu"l atlt ?u? ?eqdVlnut wq ?urlu"utnzl ueqm noN

aql uaqm patlaiu .

'pa11g[uaaq

?Fqq-r?m 1ol1 ';t:

'lun8ran uaur8eron as su8rn8 ruelsen fueq pE r,[nJeJJel of,ol ruruo la rurqure rrlS snuot e onpre qns errurn rlod aurqrnr anbaenb'sepun pe JnluJnbrol euord snqrrorrl eslnneJ f,unu te sntur8al EsJrnqns ta sntrpury soln8ue aerJat sourrnld red srsdr qe aenb 'eJtsuour rnlunrnpord "lef,rpeJ) snur(u srJtse qns 'oraldeJ eqro runJEJJet ra orerrldnlnu eJeua8 ouetunq )unu

919r

:('1or4'1) uees tuoples

rn^-

r'

os erp leqr lqlu, sureldxa q)H,,u 'runtottsuotil uqt7 erpJo srolsuour eqr or lno peteru ueaq suq 'p1ol are a^\ 'ruoop lalpred e lrroturas, srrl re rlrp or:u8qrorg srnds qJlrl,ra 'pool{ eqt ur pedorrsap'sruerS Suluaa,urerro eqrJo rrEJ InJpeerp eqlJo rqSrs aqr sr r1 ,,,'aprrd3o sra8uep rquoJlnaoag SururEA'(78-0 g11!nmoag) potu:es, snouuJ srr{ olur ser{f,unul reSqrorH ?rrol Prsl uorrrqure Suruaa.&\rä oJo uorrcrdap str qlrl\'r1lq eqr

3o tq8rs aqr

snoJlsuoru

lq

OI9I

pardsur lpuaprr'e 'turod sqr rV 'G6-Lg9l sauq't1runoag) uodean

,qr uo patcrdap

sr ler{^r eurruuxe or rc8qro.rg pa8e

)qr ol Uel sr lI

§09r

wnüoalsNow üEsr7 sIl^L

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES

in Beowulf(lines 1202-14;2354-79;2501-9;2910-21), appears to have been

a

singularly ill-.iudged afnair;tre as Klaeber characterises the venture: 'nor content with his success in the North, Hygelac even undertook a ravaging expedition into the Frankish lands'.r2O Kemp Malone is still blunter: 'Hygelact expedition had no high moral purpose. The king and his men were out for booty'.tzt In his opening allusion to the incident, the Beoutulfpoetis explicit concerning the motive for the expedition: Hygelac attacked the Franks because of pride (for wlenco).r22 \(/as that the reason why Hygelac was to languish amongst monsters in the Liber monstrorum). The monstrosity of such human heroes, 'the mightie of the olde worlde, famous men' Qtotentes a seculo uiri famo.iz), of Genesis VI.4, castigated in patristic commentary, is further implicit throughout the Liber monstrorum in its authort insistence on including such figures alongside other man-shaped monsterr.rzi Qhisf amongst these 'mightie of the olde worlde' is surely Hercules, who appears in each of the three main sections of the Liber monstrorum,both as monster and monsrerslayer (I.12; II.1, 6, 14;Ill.l,3,2A),12a and whose initial appearance is distinctly

possibilities. The great

in Christian

mons

trorum i:self

asks.

r28

de n., : e

:

$**Fd,lr

quique bellorum suorum tropaea in Oriente iuxta Oceanum Indicum ad posteritatis memoriam construxit, et postquam paene totum orbem cum bellis peragrasset et terram tanto sanguine maculauisset, sese moriturum flammis ad

What holincs:

in

admire [or 'wonder atJ the courage and uteaponry of Hercules, wlto, at the uestern entrAnce to the Mediterranean, erected pilkrs of an amazing size as a spectaclefor the human race, and who construued trophi.es of his wars in the East by the Indian Ocean, /ß a mernorialfor posterity and afierwards tauellzd in battbs through almost the entire world, and spattered the earth with so rnuch blood, and at the point of death wrapped himself infhmes to be consumed?

the

fre, ;.:t-

'

§erPent?

does not

This, the only direct question in the entire work, addresses the crucial dilemma for Christians assessing their pagan heroic past: were such figures to be admired or simply wondered s17125 The nicely ambiguous Latin (quis . . non miretur) covers both

:.;

giant, who:i;i,.'':

deuorandum inuoluit?

See

o

pam ormrrar .:.:

Quis Herculis fortitudinem et arma non miretur, qui in occiduis Tyrrheni maris äucibus columnas mirae magnitudinis ad humani generis spectaculum erexir,

tt9

a-!..

Hwylc halien',-';'

ambiguous:

'Vho

se

sano-.-; heroes (like BeowulfJ sar.'' : blood and battle that are : impugned, and,1r. aulircr: : his closing remarkr acco:..: of the centaur Nessus. t.':.:: but a Christian mighnve.. ;': by other, hotter, flames. T-.-written at around the ;.::: account of the Passion o: C: a tripartite division oi i::... eyes as

The key role of Hercules. :: Libermonstrorun, as rve.. .; : a further heroic monste:-i.:' the deeds of Hercules. a:c '", and in the Beouuly'man*s-:

further above, pp. L06-7.

l2o Klaeber, ed., Beowulf, p.:olEtu ot ',{rolcut uEruoPrf,Byg lq8no3-preq ralEl p 3o uorrduf,sep unB-I lBnneu roqlEr aqr qrl/( Eurrelulr s(rotelsuBrr qsrpug plo oql ur tu)pl^a sr lrraru alquuolrsenb Jo ep?snrc puosred E tuaes ssef,f,ns pleueFl?q Erapurxelv e{Eru or IEez lalpred y

(su?ßDd eqt

?u" snloe tsuu8y q¬upu"x"lv

cptclot

efwq rtttaqt

aqt

u1

lo attot

'eturadns rJprrexely J]rE snunu uou aenb snra ourrJd

tunJEsJJd ellltu Eluef,sas 'nssar8uoc a8ar

snora8uep E sE pJ^\eI^ aq u:ü:j 'suonrpeJt3o a8ue: r 3u::: Sunelar slclJaterrr 3o a8ru c,': repuexa[V uae^uaq'1ent u: c f,rlef,se PUB e IDE eII uo sul 'sloJ uoJpsrt utri,ic 'ptreteu uelsorquryJo uo:::

uontltduof, f,IleJ)ulsorpr .; errql rc' (rry6-r,8/'sloj ) l esre tror{s e ge'(BL-rI§'s.( Jo uorsr) e) uzTalolruy pn Jo ef,uBtuou {)lr3 arI '.uc upE-l ,ftnruec-qlrnoJ il{r -J _;

surtluor 'r.'V'e1 ploX '-ur

uoxeg-o18uv etPI,{:aa ut a:q tdrrcsnueru Ielueunuo) r)l -eJoru 'aqnera Srrrpnl ,;lJ;-t

'lunJalJrn

uI

'^eS-n/E

,ftar'aqa ee'1L1I ', serrt- u: l

'EuuqSg[nq [q uaqt Sutuunt s1?pu?xqv tq yayT"tt Dclt?r s?(n aq fig 'ueu ?a?snocfi ?aryunq xß F?cl

sny"e

aqr 'plo/rtu5lq pareuop T ? ol ef,ueJaJeJ älefrput ruSl'; leqr uo lq8nogr ueaq sEq D: qrlqr" (ng6-ny G'slo{ ) .;1 a ;

'arqoe3a8 slr{ roJ auuo{ a/r\rrees serPuBxelv roJ ua)I/rrseq ro{r.,rrs qe{ {realroH 'seoloJ 'I i' punq )crrs tpJur,l snrrEC 'urnasra4 ue snrre6l gurr rqerJeS rap[ue]xary eq erqoa3a8 rleelsara u*{ u6 uo:sdoorl slt{Jo uollueur IIE srluo pue 'Jnolr^ uer.p reqrer Suruunc JsEq ol sse)f,ns srapuBxe[V elnqrrue or sreeddu 'puuq rarpo eqr uo .rolrlsuurt qsrlSug plo er{I

'§awuo?er"h[

arp tq u"cfi ra?u"xalVto tlqs acf tq ssq ou ?asete? ?rt{ otl* ,eull-eqsq atfi u? su?rstad ?u"snoefi ?etfunll x?s eum a"Dzfi 'snloq 3u21 qllm Dtuno)ue wtt s7q lV

e8rel 'urnuopa)Ell{ elntJrn uenb 'aran3 eIf,E

orreq run)

lprcrldurr slr qlr^\ 'orutpurq

,r:sdoorr ueruope)Ehl slqJo rnole^ oqr pue ';epuuxaly3o drqslureue8 aqr sesturd snrsoro 'sncruersJo elneg eqlJo uondrrcsap sFI ul 'eldrurxe ro3 'o5 'Sutrunuof, sI tf,eJJe e^nelnr.unf, eqt lnq 'rourur alrnb are epetu sa8urqc aql Jo lueyq 'snrsoro 3o uoncrdap urr8 eql ue^a puoleq eprrd pue lrlann slq sserls or qees puu 'ropuexalv seurturrpun llreelo rolulsuen qsrlSuE p1g aql 'ecrnos uIlE-J SILI ot sluetupuelup puE suonrppB Jo raqunu E uI zr'pelBnlue)f,B ueeg e Bq or Peoput suees fl1rulu snsaes srqt pue 'uorssardrul slqt el?r^elle or Surqrou seop uolsrar' qsrlSuE plo er{I ,o'eprrd u/(o srq dq rv'o1 rqSnorq ruurlr ue8ed

Eq ol sreaddr ßr:rnuaroi: 'urncly e;twfl aql lo steit

e

PIO äql qroq Jo srf,rnos ui er{r '(I I pur 17'lIl:67 puE ' ruog rredy ze'runJouruoilt srsdleue InJer?f, sa.rrnba: rnq

lp8rel'a)uepr^e unul-o18u

ONEDE-I.UECNVKI'TV fl HI

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES 7 hie lange

waron pat dreogende ar heora aöer mehte on oprum

rr Alexander

sige

But Alexanden as u'eli ; was continually thirsn,: i

gerrcan,

late unweorölicne sige gerahte.

And they were enduring thatfor a long time before either of thern couU gain a uictory ouer tlte othen before Alexander finally uon An unworthy uictory-

Such an explicit expansio..

In much the same way, the Old English translator expands the scarcely positive description of Alexander's treatment of the dead Darius and his family to make his actions still more monstrous. The Latin states baldly that:47

particularly influenced b', whether metaphorical or : Alexander's unique ;c

Hunc mortuum inani misericordia referri in sepulchra maiorum sepelirique

English, as in the descrip:

praecepir: cuius non dicam matrem vel uxorem, sed etiam parvulas filias crudeli captivitate retinebat.

particular city, where he

at Alexander's acts in

undoubtedly presenr in

In that battle,

when

knee and kept on

The Old English is far more emotive:48

','.

i;:

:.

figl'r:,:,

The Old English expands

Dar wearö Alexander : we nu hwaöer sie sr ii hiene awerede, pe etr ::

:

öone ilcan oßlog !e : ungetweogend Iice]'*'e :

Then Alexander granted a little pity to Darius alone, once dead, in that he had' him buried in the tombs of his dncestors, but he would not grant that afierwards at their end to any of his family neither to his wife, nor his mother nor to his chiUren, nor euen, wh'ich was least of all, would he tahe his youngest daughter but in bondage;

and she wAs d

t

In eo proelio sagirta -.';: eum, a quo vulneratu' :

lWhen [DariusJ was drad, [AlexanderJ, with empry piry ordered that he be brought to the tombs of his Ancestors and buried; and I shall not descibe how he held in cruel ca?tiuity not onllt mother and wife, but euen his little daughters.

He pa Alexander him anum deadum lytle mildheortnesse gedyde, pat he hiene hetibeby.gean an his ieldrena byrg, pe he sippan nanum ende his cynne gedgn nolde ne his wif[e], ne his meder, ne his bearnum, ne prtte ealra last was, his gingran dohtor he nolde buton hrftniede habban, seo was lytel cild.

a:.

oööe cuca oööe dead. f .r heora hlaford ne geu'rc; e

Then Alexander u,as r,,,:,

litth chiU.

uhich is the caue

At every point, Alexander is depicted in the vernacular translation as much more bloodthirsty and unreasonable than in the Latin original, itself scarcely squeamish; this bias is particularly apparent, for example, in the Old English version of Alexander's single combat with Porus, or his grim despatch of the faithful and aged Cleitus.ae Those aspects of Alexander's activities which could be guaranteed to produce the maximum distaste in Christian audiences are dwelt upon; as the Old English translator notes:10 He Alexander toecan pam pe he hienende w&s agper ge his [agen] folc ge oöerra ryninga, he wrs sin[pyrst]ende monnes blodes.

47 Zangemeister, ed., Historiaram aduersum paganls libri uii, p. 176lll-14. 48 Bately, ed., The Old English Orosius, p.70lll-5. 4e Bately, ed., The OldEnglish Orosius,p.72l13-23 and 7lllT25. t0 Bately, ed., The Old English Orosius, p.7t123-5. Cf. the description of Alexander on his return to Babylon, still rhirsting for ment blood (lagiet/aAlexandtr harn com to Babylonia, se rndsta y'urst monnes blodzs): Bately, ed., The Old English Orosius, p. 7417-8. The l-atin text is equally explicit: sed Alexander humani sanguinis insturabilis, siue hostium siue etiam sociorum, recentem tamen semper sitiebat nalrem (Zangemeister, ed., Histoiarum aduersum paganls libri uii, p.17917-8).

lagiet uds on him

t22

_fo,

?r.

ciry-dwellers, or again. :. crowd, that he kill"ed ri:: who kneufull wel/ tl,;: :

andyet they wouA noi ,.. lord, though thqt fouu ,

Perhaps most extraordin a:

loyalry of Alexander's me : abiliry to inspire them ro ; A further way in u'hic:

in its depiction of pride ; Alexandert murder of

C-

memory of his former kins his cups:t5

tl

Cf. the detailed discuss:c:

t2 Zangemeister,

ed.,

Hi::cc-

53 Bately, ed., The OA Etg.;. 54 Cf. Bately, ed., The Oli E' 55 Zangemeisrer, ed., Hi::cc-

'L-e

'l tT,gl-91lI

tGLl'd ?f S

I

'dd

'!?n

eT,r

uqq rouafiad wnuanVa wnt?rtot§tH "pe tolsroruaSueT Ss 'ZgZ'd 'snlszto qsqZuE V1g aclJ ''pe'llareg 33 ,s 'LZ-gl 'snlsoto rlsa&uE p1g aclJ ''pe'llareg e9 rcL'd utnilan?v alu?ttot§rH "pe totsrauroflueT zt

yqll

souySpd

'g-eg'dd

'aaoqe uorssnf,srp

papep

ar{r

Jf

rt

,r:sdnc slq ur uos B ot dn puets or 8urrcp.ro3 lpsnfun poJelrns pue '8uDI reruroJ slr{Jo lrouraru aqt pepueJap lldurs peq snrrel) :lulruue.rlr serra. sntralJ Jo reprnu sreputxe[V 'snrsorg rog dro18 puos.rad roJ uref,uof, ErepuBxelv pur aprrd 3o uoncrdrp stl uI sr ouaqt (snrsoro uo saluroqulr uorsrä^ qsrpug plg oql qllq/'\ ut lern rer{rrnJ V P§'uousenb ur eq leu erurr8ale lreuolsnf ol rueql errdsur or lrrpqe teprcI rreqrJo lrrpnb eql uo uon)alrar EJlesrr 'uetu srepuexely3o lrplol eqt sserls or tläJ preu tueredde aqr sr tunof,f,B srr.lt ur Lreurproenxe tsour sdeqra4

"pa 'Jelslatua3ueT) ilutlr*' !! aaß'sqtqrunlsut stun7uü! | it!-t, r 'd'sntsotg qnl7uE nO a:i: : 'o1uqi(qag ot utoJ ut?( tflt-t:"srq uo JePusxe[vJo uo:]c;:r§r

>._:

'71-1i 9-. Errepo aB rloj fuo8r- s:-'

:

asoq^/r\

naqt a,uart? ot ?pm aqt ut

cp?etq:äH:#r:,:y"';"tr;{i:;{frXl'*;f:f;:l

e

e{ 'teersqrn{ rz

äuerq

slq

fiu'uetntqJ

fiq

:a&rVuoq u,

'pII] srq'szm tsul

rac

tt,l J.

1a:-t1

EJIEJ

sr,!..

asoqt

,

rl:r-

uope8 auulc slq apu: '-:'-

ruo{ lpueredde 'llqrraprsuor spuedxe gsrySuE plo eql

ruerq aq

lz{'oplpai :.s:

'utrtl ?apunom ??q otlm u"ut aqt pallxy ?"q eq pun Suuq&gfuo dal ?u" aauq paddotp aq 'afld1u aqt u?un motr? uu [q ynrls s?m at/ uat/nt'afl?q t?t/luI

q

uqloto

---r.:

2at;18,::1' oJ

fiaql w sytumug[tt Jritt !1 'r):' ; ruq aq pql ul rury

a{ 3o1s3o uerlr auoQ

Suer{e8 cyo3 rz{ qrn{ aq nq 'tuor unllnJ tulq Eq Ue eq 'epararrre euerq e{ alpa gurreue oq nq 'l*{ a{ 'auuerrpunrtr. or ro{rrus ers regu.&\q nu e r.

uatorsqrn{ r)prrexry qrer^r

lo

Jo uorsra^ qsrlSug p1g :

lqsrueenbs lleore:s JIesri ". eJoru qf,nur s3 uorlBlsuE:: i

n

ll" tsutoSo auqojasuttl

mou lou moul arq

lz{

uEL oJuE prr.u

plo eqt st luodn rlr.\\p ::: ol perlueren8 eq plnor -l pa8e pue InJqllEJ er{r

'??ry n a(ttl" nt/fla 'satutauato umod aql ut s?m prol t?at/t t?tfi llem 1y{mauq oqm 'suSaqt ryqlo &?rww at/t ro '.uttt/ toc/s ?yq xyqt 'u?ru aru?s atfi pqfq et/ sqx '?mon aqt q8nou1l ,(am o pattot os aq mot/ :

:

:-

snqlnb aCJ 'r.uepes r:: r:: anbeuald unrenbr :-:

's?ru?u

u"lPul

el

o,1,:

;

:

-

-

q8noqt pu? rer.?; --. 1.;

orr:(I1 §) smo11o3 se sprer (pasrcrprr so)uaraJor uosrod-rsru qlyrt) unE-I eqr :l.ro131euosrad3o uonerqelef, ruaSlnpur-Jles E orur sunouord artrssassod Jo uonrppe ee5 aqr lq pe8uuqc sr &ure srapuexayJo rnopuelds eqr3o uondrrf,sep snonrduns lpea:p uE ereq.&\ 'e8essed 8urrra.o11o3 eqr ur su 'rusr:e1os (;leuonuerul) 01 peal flpuorsro)o sr ror{rne qsrlSuE plo or{l ':apuexaly3o uorrdrosqe-Jles eql sserls ot rapro ur of,rnos srg 8ur:arp u1 srr,'sl?tJotu IIBJo rlBJ alqell^eul eqt lq palqrunq sE^\ oqa etetuelod uuruoprlel{ Er{rJo rusno8) aqr Sursodxa lpuarsrsuoc lq os plp eq ' ' ' pue !sra1n: llqrree3o erqredns eqr uo unlduexe uE {ro^^, slq lq apr,ro.rd ot papuetur rolelsuerl er{I, :säpnlf,uof, JJrnung sepnoq sV Jlesur.l 3rH eqt Jo retrerurlr eql uo lltu:g uoltueup snf,oJ ot sr srqrJo rrgJe erlJ zr r'suorsre relnf,BuJe turtxe lueru el{tJo duu ur pa)pur rou er,'sldr:csnuuru tuetxe erpJo due ur llasrcerd palelpred aq louuPf, I{lH1r\ lurtr. e ur 'patrrrrarqqt llpcnBr.uBrp ueeq sEq 's1arr:etu puB sJepuo^\Jo uortdrrcsap penunuof, str rltln' '(I7 §) unq 3rpJo uonres puu eql'qteop Surpuedul u.&\o slq 3o baqdord aqr uooIAJ eql put uns aqr Jo srerl 8ur1pl arp r^uo{ surual repuexalvrege lltroqs uorsnlruoc rdn:qr uE ot lg8norq sr txel qsrlSug plo er{l teq} rlEJ er{r sr luufuru8rs e:o141 Err'suorsJe un?lJo Jaqr.unu E ur sr 'paltrtuo llarnua sr rapuexelvot rellrl s,snrodJo txrt erp elrq r vri(tlZ §) unE-I eqt ur uur{} lrttep erour rEJ ul plol sr esrn8srp ur druec ltueuo oq] otur drn s,rapuexälvJo uonducsep ? ereq \ 'snro4 qrrrrr s8urleap s,repuuxelvJo ]unof,)E eql ur llrelnrrrred reap sl sF{I e r r ' ,pJeua8

äqr pur u8rudtum aqr ur llureur sr ]sarrlur, s(roqlne qsrlSug plo äql teql $lreruär tuEsIS lEI{r os r{fnr.u os 'pepuudxa llqeraprsuof ore sJnr^nf,E lunrrrrr s,rapuexalvJo

suondrrcsrp er{J's&rn reqlo ur ef,Jnos srq peratlB sBr{ rotElsuurr qsrlEuE plo eql 'unBT or{t ur 3u»1oe1 llleuorsrcro sr terlt e nerreu slq or lcerpauut uu sSutrq rxer gsrlSug pl6 eW Jo rorplsuurt aqt 'uolrurarrlp cnsrllls pauorq8req Surcnponur pue 'arrncs srq Suner^aJqqe uI

uo tunurou urnlrI;::-_qrn{ z sarle,^A a.\\L-:s :-:(g€ §)

aSBssed

eures eqr

ruanb:s c:

.

qrrä\:agra8o: 's * -

:::

ctrsrllrs ur e)ueräJ1iD

'atnlsxou ttt? ,a t.r:: 'uBla^{ aJJ)la _ s::-,

arnlcrd e sturcd qsr13u3 : ,atntsroru 8urryEl sl-':'

ud)

s?^r rePuBxe[v.&\or{ PPsi

:..!"

serunäuros qsllSug plo : ur PJ Jesqo eq o1 sr tEr{t s: rylc/ tatfi pua ',(tlutto: t,; utaqtlo apruulntu l' 'itt;.

lo yryq ur

/

snott?n eql

atr.:;

gre8rpref, tunpla_.t

r.i

eJud 'uotllo.^afeq EQ u l ed p1r'r uoplo)s ue8ru:-r.

sE r{f,ns srf,al1e

CNEDI'I.UECN\TXJI'IV

:;u

:Surrepue:

gHI

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES

consPiciendo talem exercitum, quia ornatu pariter et inter gentes ceteras eminebat. Ego certe respiciens felicitatem meArn insigni numero iuuentutis

this passage, with its frequ sceawedt z geseah) is chara

immenso afficiebar gaudio.

And indeed each soWier tDAs so wealtlty that he couA scarcely carry the rnass ofgold. In addition there was no small weight of armour, because I had encased euerything in metal plates. So the whole arrny was follouing me, bright lihe a star or a bolt of lightning shining with gold and resplendent, with banners and pennants. And it uAs A sight to see such an arrny in its dffirent arra!, since in ornarnent it was outstanding equally euen arnong other nations. And I, indted, gazing on my good fortune in the splendid nurnber ofyoung rnen u*s touched by great joy.

particular the translation ( 7 min uuldor rendering the Latin, the C decadence of which appear:

geselinesse

Two further examples oi his source can be treated b

selflessness in giving prior elsewhere't24 in the Old E:

Alexander's reaction to rhe . clear that for Alexander his

The Old English is altogether more egocentric (§ I l;r,ro Ond efne swiöe pa mine pegnas 7 eal min weorod was gewelgod prt hie uneöe mid him aberan I alxdanmeahton. Swelce eac heora wepena noht lpel byröen was for pon eal heora w€penu px,ra minrapegnaT ealles minesweoredes 7 heriges ichethie mid gyldenum pelum bewyrcean. Ond eall minweorod w&s on pa gelicnesse tungles oööe ligite for pare micelnisse pas goldes. Hit scan 7 berhte, foran swa ymb rne üton mid prymme 7 hereb eacen 7 segnas beforan melxddon Ond swa micel wundor 7 wafersien w&s pxs mines weoredes on frgernisse ofer ealle opre peod§ningas he in middangeardewaron. Da sceawede zr seolfa 7 geseah ruine gesxlinesse 7 min wuldor 7 pa fromnisse minre iuguöe z gesalignisse mines lifes, pa wxs ic hwrthwugo in gefean in minum mode ahafen.

Quae res me duplicirer : meo sollicitus fui peric::-

ealle pa byröene pas goldes

And indeed my thegns and all rn! troop had gained so much weabh that they could only uith dfficuhy bring arud carry with thern the burden ofall that gold. Abo their ueaPons ulrl no littlc burden because I had commanded that all the ueapons ofmy thegns and all my troop and arruy be couered with gold phte. And all my tioop hokid like stars or lightning because of the aruount of the gold. It shone and glitterid before me and around rne in glory and they led before rne war-banners and standards. And so great uqs the sight and spectacle of that troop ofmine in splendour beyond all the other nughtf kings there haue been in the world.. 'Vhen I myself gazed and saw m1r prosperity ayd my glory and the success of my youth and the prosperity of my lifr, I uas someuthat uplified with joy in my heart.

And the situation troubbt to the arrn! rather tltan ry

The Old English version Seo wise was pa

re

in me

,:

mines weorodes.

Things had then beconte d necessity and that of nt.i :

In an identical way, elarer p. water (§ t6;"'u

Cum ergo dulci aqua Fi: pariter et lassa quadrupe, duo totidemque in laru:: So when

jrlf"tb

I

had swif l-i ,e.'

consumed, along

:,

lt cltrnp to be set up ttl'e4:

Alexander exudes what in the Latin is a touching pride in the appearance ofhis men, and in the Old English is a disturbing arrogance in his own esteem. There are in

Once again the Old Englis:

the Latin only four first-person references, while the Old English has sixteen.r2l

Da was ic gefeonde pas &rest gelehte z pa eal nu:

Alexander's pride, moreover, exceeds his grammar; rhe Latin has the Macedonian .1-y pre-eminent above that of other nations (gentes), while in the Old English Alexander thinla more selfishly of mighry kings (feod@ningas).r22 The diction of 120

eall waron hie srviöe r:-seo rvicsrcri

wician.'Wrs

j

Cf. Butturff, 'Sryle

Clue to Meaning', p. 83. r2r In thewhole text, rhere areL53 firsr-person references in the latin, and481 in the English. 122 The use

as a

old

of the term leodfoningas calls to mind the prominenr occurence of the same in the second line of Beowulf The author of the Letter of Alexander has a

compound

r36

rzl

penchant for such cofilp,. by Bately, 'Old English P::

Cf. Butturff,'Sryle as a C.-

124 Cf. Cary, The Medin,a!-:-..:

tz5 Boer, ed., EpistolaAlas,:i' 126

Boer

ed., Epistola

Alexs,:,;"

L€,7

.d,upuoxa1yryots1dg..pa ,raog '607.'d lAoleq aes (lxet aqlJo uorsre^ luerre^ B roJ :I l-6t91 (lxel äqlJo uorsre^ luerrB^ e rcJ:L-91I1 .d,upuuxalVqorTdE..pe ,rao8 9Zt szt

'802 'd'^ oleq

ees

'09I'd'u?uoxalv l?na!?aq

aclJ'Are)'J)

au7 >*

e seq ßpupxalylo eruBs eql Jo ef,uoJnlf

o t'.;;'j-.

tzzl

Jo uollf,rp JgJ zrr'$z,Eir;'*, qsrpug plo eql ur riri.!..

'oPurq uI f,Be rzns l, se'XX' o8ual uo Eq oas suln\'urrf,r/rr '3uo1e8uo1rn3 ^{olsJr^\ pr{ ,4 Euos uepgors f,r roq Bp eueurnuroJ arsrn{ ppr egyrts erq uore^\ IIEa ouelJlu arn l, srotl orn Euos trEIJla^\ f,r leq eg 'paroarrr urtu pe e{ Z olqala8 lsoJa epuoe3a8 or szrra. eq

PIO aW ul I87 Pue'unP-l :_

'Zg'd ',8uruea;Ä1 ot enlJ e se a1lrg, 'JIrnllng J3 ezt '€I 'd (,päT[VJo u31ag aqt Burrnq pue aroJag asor4 qsrlSuE plo, dlareg lq I (rno^Bg )Ioräq pue cneod e qrl.&r lzre^es Surpnlcul 'spunodtuoJ qfns ro3 rueqruad Palou se

rsrn{ euulru euos e{

/

uersra3 sxQ

t $nzlrr

uelo^\s

uBruoPef,El^l eql sBr{ u::?rzr'ueotxrs seq qsrlSuf i.I

s*{

:srurrt rls5les eroru ur rEpuexaly snrdep uorsrs qsrpug

plo

eqt

urBBB

af,u6

uI aJE eJAqJ '[UAelSe U.u,:, 'ueru slr{Jo erue:eaddr :---:

-

'3uo7 uqrurru aul?s aqt ?u" p?otq elpeß omt-f,tuamt dn ps ag ot druru p ,?arunsuor ttp$o{ ?eßpn I 'statV1os aqtto q§?aq ?ilF e(f pu? tutta ?qt zlq(n Suqa n\?m pa(n§ clq(n q?ulu?-Yr"d aqx pu? arl"r aqt yaqsa{at [t**t ?"c/ I ueqm os

,ur8rnerp,rstun8uolurersBr.,rrrr,rrlj:ilf,:,*":,ä:ft:'"tJ:rälfil:5 nllfJexe runr Bluaturpadtur la erocad Jefep orpneS erelod enbe rclnp o8ro

un3

gzi(9T §) .rerem snotcard 3uryug uo suollf,Ear s(repuuxelv soqrrrsap e8essed rarel e *ezr.lmuuepr uB uI umo [ut ot yta&at (fim 7e1g[;suos?at omt

ldoott fiulo gql Pu"

ntau ntqnct$rp

lQtssatau

autoraq uatf p?c/ s&uyg

ur uea3a8 ur o8n.tg:2.t l,'e3ree{pau o,Ioes arurrü rq rsaru a{aun

EJIBaq e.&\r

:flesrcard senrror.rd

rtgfn&urp

aqt

fioq?

uo aur

rql sesre

Tuad uno

essruruog e{ z -rop1nt.. 'uora^\ äprea8ueppru :;

ur;tr"J:1r::ä

ar uorsre^ qsrlSug

f,u

plo eql

uaqt ucfi?t f,wtp eW ol

peuraruor s?m I :sf,ym omt u? eu pqqnou uoq?nfis aqt puv

sau?ut sz{ se.la uJrsrJ-lä"l l, uaceaqaraq / aruu-u; sz{ assrularru arz{ :c:

puo'ueef,rl,v'aq

tu n 1rj

L euBa§ ?.turlt e:z{ n :: eJoaq rBa a)le^\s 'uotq":

'olncrrad rnJ snrrrrllos oeur

orrdord ap tuenb sr8etu sulf,JaxJ nlels ap ourrd 'lrsJot raucrldnp oru sor aen§

apeun arq

sci(t71 §) tsrg eruof, uetu slq repuuxely roJ rer{r realf, 1I s3>[Etrr uIlE-I oql srq ur retB^.Jo >l]EI eqr ol uonf,Eer ErrpuExr[V 'qc.retu-lreseP PUE sr repupxely qsrlSug plo eql ur 0.,loraqrnesle säqrrf,s3P

lsru orlJ 'cneuSurd eroru

PeqIrlsJP lluotuulo) sE 'ueru sltl Jo späeu eqt or Ärroud Sulrrrs ur sseusselIles s(raPuexäly sasserts ullq1 oqr qroq uI szr'reqtoSor lgalrq pareert oq uBf, af,rnos sn{ perelndlueru stt{ rotelsuen qsrpug plo eql ler{t lE^\ er{lJo saldruexe raqunJ o/t'[ 'sleroru srq qrrer.u or sreadde q]lq,llJo rruepef,ap eqr uolrrlp ? repuExolv ua rS seq roqlnE qsrpug plo eql .unE-I eqr Surrepuer q 'satlt sautru asnu&qusaS / apn&n1 aruna asnuruo{ u{ / toVlnm ulut /, assaut1osat zutut ,tq srlruuannt otalanu tuStsut u.t?aut ualarytgat Jo uonulsueJt er{t .relncnred uI etlf, rq8lul auo !rq8nor.&\-re^o pue r{f,rr llletrrsrratf,Breqf, x (qaasaS / ayamracs ,o8essrd srqr luatuatam /. npunm lalquq /. uats) slelqnop Jo esn ruanbe:3 slr qlr/(

lz{

po31a.trS

'to[ waß {q ,t

poot ,(ut uo Sutzp7 ?e?r, §'?m 1l lUAUlTUlO 1,17 2-1iti

lt PuV'Auauuad putl st' lo qoq ? n "t?ts a ell 1t1E Surqlttana ?as"Jua prprl I 'VToEto s§?ru aqt i{ttat ,.t;

sllnluannl olarunu ruir seJalef, salueS Jatur la

CNADE'I-UECNV)frI'IV AHI

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES

I was delighted in this cleanfresh

uater, and immediately shked my thirst and then that of ail my troop, and irnmediately ordered all our horses and our anirnals to be wateied, siice they were all greatly sffiring with thirst. Afier that I immediately ordered the arrny to pitch carnp. The campsite was twenty furlongs in length, and the same in width.

And abo my memorl s):; hings, so that thry knou :, than those of all the ori:r

In concluding his text as elsewhere,

Again, one should stress that no other extant version of the Letter, whether Latin or vernacular, manipulates the text in quite this way. In this characteristically Anglo-Saxon context, in which at every turn Alexander is presented as ar once prouder and more violent than in the Latin source, the closing words of the Old Engli sh Lexer,which have little warrant in the Latin, must have häd for Christian ears a distinctly chilling ring. The l-atin tells of the building of monuments to Alexander to surpass those of Bacchus and Hercules, and the need to leave a physical mark (indicium) or monument of glory to future generations (§ 41);tzz

After an initial starement of personal authoriry (ego . . . mea), it is surely telling (and characteristic) that in the Latin Alexander switches to the first person plural (nobis); his monumenr is to the shared glory of himself and his teacher and his men. In the Old English Letter Alexander (equally characteristically) is more blunt and egocentric, and the heroic diction sounds curiously emPty and hollow:l28 hradlica ende mines lifes swa miclum weorce swa me wrs pet ic ks maröo gefremed hafde ponne min willa w&re. Das ping ic write to pon min se leofa magister prt pu arest gefeo in pam fromscipe mines lifes 7 eac blissige in pem weorömyndum. Ond eac swelce ecelice min gemynd stonde 7 hleouige oörum eoröcyningum to bysne, öat hie witen py gearwor prym 7 min maran w&ron, ponne edra opra §ninga pe in middnagearde rfre

Ond me nas

;

still deals with a mighn Le distant lands in his yourh king who was to die berc: people, whose own fate *',: is truly an example to 'ear* must ultimately perish. O:

:

heroic language,r30 anorhe : theme, begins (Beoutu(. li:.

Atque in ultima India ultra Liberi et Herculis trophea, quae centum eran-t, ego quinque mea aurea altiora denis pedibus statui imperaui, quae miraculo futura sunt, carissime praeceptor, posteris saeculis non paruo. Nouum perpetuumque statuimus uirtutibus monimentum inuidendum, ut immortalitas esset perpetua et nobis opinio et animi industriae, optime Aristoteles, indicium. And in thefarthest reaches oflndia, beyond the rnonuments ofBacchus and Hercules, which uere A hundred [feet tallJ, I ord"ered my fiue golden trophies to be set u?, ten haue set feet taller to be no small wonder, d.earest teacher, to cominggenerations. We up to be gozed upon [or 'enuiedJ d neu and permanent rnonurnent to courAge, so that theri mightbefor us immortality and esteemforeuer and a sign,finestAristotle, of the exertion of the spirit.

d:-s

to have give n

Hwat we Car-l peodqminga ; hu pa aöeline*^

Lo, we ltaue he;,: those princes p,e,'

The way that Alexander. l:., a monstrous figure of price outlandish and inhuman Beou.,ulf

as

in the context oi

r

authors, albeit much larer merging the physical and : and prodigies, in their o*-: way in which the tale o[ a after the events it purpons the close analogues it ofie:s saga.

se

;:"rr"l:r"d

*y life was not so much pain as the fact that I had I wouU haue wished. I write these things to !ou, my belnued

And to me the swifi ending of achieued

less

glnry than

teacher that youfirst can rejoice in the success of t27 Boer, ed., Epistola r28

Alexandri, pp. 59164014; for

a

*l

life, and exub in the honours.

variant version of the text,

see

below, pp.

222-3. On the significance of these monuments, see further above, pp.ll4-15. One might also note that the Old English version is far less concerned with the physical structure of any monument, than with its significance. 138

129 For the layout of rhe n:a-r-

l30

See

further Bately,'Old E:, of ä fondne-.s ::

she speaks

6C,t

'u#a'I aql uI ,,{laod3o prldlr adlr e3o Surpunoduof, roJ ssaupuoJ e,go qeeds aqs arer.lÄ,'g I I 'd ',par31yjo u31aA aqr Surrnq pue eroJag asor4 qsrlSug plo, ,llareg rer{rrnJ eaS ogr .rdrrcsnueu aqr 'rr^ro(-^)o( 'dd'xapo2 llamoN "pe (auoIBI [ 3c 3o rnolel eqt roJ 6zr

prlslqd aqr qrl^\ peurrlror

s

'Sl-Vl1 'dd'a'roc: :

'dd 'rrrolaq

eas

'txet Jr.il -Jo -jo-;:.

'p8os

wlatg rIPuBIef,I aqt:tlnmoag ur sopl?q-relsuoru er{r or srTJo lr sanSolBuB esolf, aql roJ Possn)slP r{f,ntu ueeq sEq rlllq,Yt lxel 3 uI 'pldrP ot suodrnd tr sluaao or{r rrUE solrntuef IBre^es 'p1ot sl rafels-retsuoru f,IuBr.ureD relBl E Jo olet er{r qtrq/y\ ur ler*r aql Surssasse lq 'roqunJ I[Irs perertsuotuep eq uB, s]xel u/y\o rreqt ur 'ser8rpord pue aprrdJo PuE 'sratsuour puu uaruJo splror\ pcrSolog:lsd puu pcrslqd eqr Sur8rou roJ lelluelod ,fierertl rellurls pastuSocer 'poued eqr ur relel qf,ntu rreqle 'sroqlne I?^ärPerrr reqlo reql '1r sur?luot qlFllr\ ldrrcsnuetu aql Jo lxrtuo) arp u llnmoag Surraprsuof, uI J llf,nrtsur llarns sr 'srq8g erl seJnleaJf, ar{r se urrrrnqur pue qsrpueltno se tlq ,{:e.rte sr 'sala upllslrr.lJ ur 'oqm .relels-ratsuoru E 'aplrd 3o ernSg snoJtsuorx e se parcrdep eq

um 'utnJousuoru DqlT er{r ur selnf,reH a{rl tepuexe[V luqr lerrr aqa mopnlo

moq 'tq auoS stw

s?aa?

?eurottad sacuttd asoql

u s&urq &q&1ruto omod aqto

ur

8zr:Ä\olloq Pu:

pue ]unlq eroru sr

.''

1'-i11:-' :

uI 'uolll srq Pue reqlE): ! :@qou) prnld uos:ad rs.r: : pue) 8ur11ar l1e:ns sr lr ri:r 'aqo$yv $aurt' tßt s r

tt:,

os 'a8runol o1 luotuttitr',it. ps aa"q a^ 'suotlturi;-i -=

uat 'dn ps eq o1 satqio.: 'sa1nua17 yu? sltqrrrg--',

: ..

'IUnrlrP:;:'

p,uaq an?q am ,oT

enredrad losse serr[E]r

uelle se8urlaqz e4 nq uounr3aS*&q e8urulcpoo{

iuoparua{ rn8eprea8

3

;

anbunnledrad unno-1

BJnlnJ olnf,EJrur aenb 'i: o8a 'ltrera runlua: oe:i

tunueq-reD art ralÄH (eureqr

:(€-t saurl {1runoag) sur&aq f,IoJaq our?s eqf r{f,ntu qltzvr'sralsuour puB ueruJo EIEI J)rltouB on,'aBenSuEI f,roJ)r{ TEIIIIuEJ uI PuE 671'ldltf,snueur eqrJo a8ud 8urrr,ro11o3 erp uO 'qsrrad llarerurrln lsnru lrop pur sre^{od .rreqr,,!\oqJo (an&uTuhptoa) ,s$uplllqrrea, or eldurxa ue llnrr sr rEPu?x3[V'e,u]cadsrod uerrsrrg) eqt ur tng 'eurlf,rp ppo^4, elEJ u.ruto asor{/rr 'eldoad

sn{ of selJotuaru Pue sluetunuoru e Eel PuE elull sII{ aJoJeq eIP of suztr oqrtr 8ul1 UePul-ernsBert E pue ralels-relsuour e 'lrop rsanb ur qlnol slq ul spurl luelsrp 3o or Palle^Er] oq.a, 'ueru lelroruJo pE)pur rsorrqSlu aqr 'oreq &q8ru E qlr.&\ slrep lllls rxer eqJ'älur-Jepuo^t unB-I eqt ot eartcedsrad urlsorg ue uaarS e^Eq ot 'oreqrrresle se 'ereq sreed de ullaT qsrlSug plo eql Jo ror{rnp )qr 'lE^\ srqr lxal srq 8urpn1f,uof, uI

u{(lV

§) suorrereua8 a.rn:i';

ol peeu eqr pue (sa1n:::p-1 3o Surppnq aWJo slp upEl lsntu 'uDul eqr ur tuPrJE.r., ,ql (efJnos unB'I aqt ur u rePuBxe[v urnt ,{:aae ]E u,-l Jo uIlB'I J3qfer{./v\

'uga7

au.

u,uat.atam,,,.'ff;#;nT,r:;L#::ä'{,#:;:#r,;r;:,:{'l;1,;:::,K:; nt zlduaxa u? s? rentot ?u? ?u?xs unatotllurls f,iouata ,fui oqu puy tlquza ßqp

(I NE DE'I -UE CN\TTTTY

EHJ

.:

is transformed, one word s epic haftmece and in the Ic the legend, and both hapa years there was a flurry of a,

CHAPTER VI

Guöbrandur V(gfusson s* publications with Freder:c, sagaf we take to be an echo

from which the epic u'as .: later scholars,12 focused o: Beowulfand in two episoce

Grettir and Grendel Again

with supernatural

enemlcs

Forsrludalr (chapters

3

1

-i

Grettis sagaÄsmundarsonar is amongst the best-loved tales of medieval Iceland, and has been described as 'the last of the great Icelandic sagas'.r The author of Grexis sagaborrcwed freely from a great number of written sources, including a now-lost

at Sandhaugar (chapters r-l But more recent schola:

biography of Grettir composed c. 1280 by Sturla Fdröarson.2 Mention is made of five other sagas in the course of the narrative, of which three still survive, and the unacknowledged use of eleven further vernacular Icelandic sources has been detected.3 It is also clear, however, that in the final part of the saga now known as Spdsar/dttr the author has made considerable use of some version of the Thistram legend,a and Hermann Pdlsson has demonstrated that this is not the only'learned' or latinate element in Grettis saga., In addition to all these written sources, Guöni Jdnsson has further stressed the importance of oral sources in the composition of those parts of the saga which have always been recognised as having a fabulous or folktale element.6 Grettis saga rherefore provides a useful index of the broad range of both written and oral sources upon which saga-authors might draw in composition, and, moreover, its structure, contents, and style have been closely examined in a wide range of studies over the past twenry-five years.T The interest of scholars of Beowulf in Grettis saga dates from almost a century ago, when the Icelander Guöbrandur Vigfusson first read Beowulf and noted a number of similarities berween the ways in which Beowulf and Grettir each dispose of their monstrous enemies; in particular he indicated that: '\7here everything else

in detail the ways in whic::

I 2 3 4 5 6 7

sagawhichalso share the

sa

consciously and with grea: his story. Current scholarship ir:c series of narrative derails s:

ll]

Grettir battles agaii-: Grettir battles agairs' t3] Grettir battles agair:-;: t4) Grettir battles agaii.-.:

l2l

t5l

s 9

Porbjgrn batrles

aga::

lo

Vigf(rsson, ed., Sturlutg; 5 See, for example, Gerinq. J. M. Garnefi, Americar: .' : Vigfüsson and Porvei.l. -r-';

ll

Vlgfüsson and Porvell, C-':

.

Poeticum Boreale

II, pp. :.

12 Seä in particular [a',,r're::.

Fox and

Nordal,

vii.

Jdnsson,

tt-21.

Schach,

Pälsson,'Sermo datur cunctis', suggests that the aurhor may have been familiar with the Disticha Catonis. Jdnsson, ed., Grettis saga, pp. xlii-lx. See especially Arent, 'The Heroic Pattern'; Ciklamini, 'Grettir and Ketill Hengr'; Pälsson, 'Drög aö siöfreöi Grettis sögu'; Glendinning,'Grettis saga and European Literature'; Morz, ''§Tithdrawal and Return'; Hume, 'The Thematic Design of Grettis saga'; Hallddrsson, 'Goösögnin um Gretti'; Morz, 'The Hero and his Pälsson,'Serml dztur cunctis'; Hallddrsson, 'Tiöllasaga Bärödrla og Grettluhöfundur'; Cook, 'The Reader in Grettis saga'; Hastrup, 'Ti'acing Tladition; Zimmermann, 'Vorbildisches Verhalten? Zum Thema der Grettis saga'; Cook, 'Reading for Character in Gretis saga';Thorsson, 'Gretdd.

tle';

r40

Chambers, Beowulf an i,:: 13 Jdnsson, ed., Grexis sdgn. ? 14 Jdnsson, ed., Grettis :ag;. : L5 See in particular Stedma::. Täylor, 'Two Notes on -,!:--

'Grendel, Grerrir, and Jorgensen,'Beowulf

l6

i..'

's Srr-:::

fight with Kärr the Old':

Jdnsson, 17 Jdnsson, t8 J6nsson, l9 Jdnsson, 20 Jdnsson,

1.i

ed., Grenis :agr. ? ed., Grettis srg;.

ed., Grettis s/1g;. ed., Grenis :t1g;. ed., Grenis sttg;.

I ; , ;

s(uosr,punury'I'ra,),

l1/T

'yg-gsz'dd'p8ys sluatg ''pa 'uossugf

t:,_i31 11":l;;,':ä?3: :i:,

::::ül

'g-e L'dd'p8u slaatg ''pa 'uossugf 'Ig-gg'dd'a8ys §?#et7 ''pa 'uossugf

fiors

'1111s

67

:I 1, 91

'(Bpler3, 'uossJo'i_ raP el.uerlJ urnz iuerlPrirr-\ :,o8as

nltatg ur rapeeä ar{I.

'.,s\tlunl

nlT

'}-

ouJes,'uoss-a

'uosslpd :.r8uao11ilne)

eql qllit\ '

TEIITUIEJ

lz-l

p'r" :-

uaeq a.\:-*

.'

11'dd',suorrr.r::;

'l1a 'd'?8ag

:I

asla

suu;,.

3urqil:e^ä erärLl\. :::

esodsrp r{f,Ea Jnr)rC prrE -:-

B pelou pue tlnmoeg p.): ,&nluer e tsorult rxoJl sr:

3o o8uur pBorq eqrJo xf,)j: ro snolnqu3 u 8ur.,rer{ sE r}

Jo uonrsoduloc Jqt

rsure8e selupq

i.rr sf-'-

IuqnD 'saf,lnos ururrn

lllnq

lrerap ur padolertop 'srro33o lserlrer aqa

(uossrgplleH i,u8as w]at9 :: :,aJnleJatr-I urodo:n3 :

'aory

.,,dJ:3i#äiH$:*i111?;j:Ä';",x,*,H9,,'Ji.JJ,:l§lä,t"?

i,aars nL1atg pue llnmoagr, 'alad-elll^rnl :,sBzuBls lrppls o^1[ puE SruerD (lepuer), 'uasuo8rof :.lepuerD pu? rnrar) Jo sqteeq aqa, 'srre11 :,t1nmoag uo seloN olg, to/ea l,leruoruaral uollPnIuI,'l[aluBCI :.sfuElqr.uesauJo slurod euros,'uBr.upels relncnred ui aas st

t isi 11":l;;,:ärB::i:,::::äf

' Zg-9r/ |' dd' uotunVouul u? {jnmoag'.sraqurBrl1 :.JIrI slePueJS, 'eJuaJnvli,llnrnoag vt sJeI/{ ParunBH er{J, 'aouar,vrel relncnred ur eos zt 'ZOg 'd 'llapang utt trrpod snü03'lloaod pue uosspjS;n rr 'rc-ege 'dd',lrrar3-Jlrr,t\oeg, 'ueuraqrl Jl :g-I0E 'dd ,Ilapang antqaolr-I ,r;t1nmoag ur tlnf,-rueq E Jo sef,Erl pa8elp Sururaruof, slurrunSre Eulgo) 'N 'g 'lpuacrr eroru to oE'rueod aqr 3o rold eqr ol eJuu^eler stl pue elrt->lloJ ,uos s(rrtg, palltl-os rr{tJo laarns prrarslSrur srezutd I{rlrpelr{ peaoperlseroJ rlrrrf* nr'rueq e lldturs Jlesurn{ s1 (;1orn-eeg,) Jln/u,oeg orda qsq8ug plo or{t ur ltr{t uorlsaSSns snorrolou s,lpe{S rätlr/§ ereduror rqSrur auo:rtnmoag re^o osle s8ueg reeq eqrJo /rropur{s orlJ Br'pro1y\s e rg:ög spuol pue aSas wgtall ut sreadde oqrvt uröfg parueu arn8g-redleq ri,*ropeqs ,qr IIEf,ar rqSrtu euo lsBrluof, dg ,o'(sao3 s(rruaJ) Suruocaq qtoq) uoDf,unJ e^nErJEu urEuef, E a>l?seruBu slq qtl^ sereqs pue'(rsteq eql sasno.r rsr5 qrrq./( I?snorEJ slrlJo osrou oqt sr tr ecurs) sa8errer s(reaq eqt roJ alqrsuodse.r lpcarrpur r{roq sr 'a:sqrvrasle pätselluun ern8g e ap rqSrgSrq ot ]uerrodur sl r1 sI ot{^r'(,reeq,) uröfg 'uetusur>1s,lla{rod teqr rf,EJ

'u8rpered e

uErJEU f,rseq

erups aqr uo Surr'a,erp eq or vtaastlnmoag pue p8as stllat7 r{loqJo sror{lne aqr ,ure8y

Ur,) (ez)

(er) (or)

(sr)

(8) (sr)

'(ryop eqr pue,r,red aqr) Äooq qtr/* rrEI aqr sa^eal rlneusrg) x?§ eqt qrr^\ qreep ol reeq eqr sqers 'rrnruslnlöf proms ar{] qtrllr r*red sreaq ar{t Jro slnl

aH '»

oH 'f oH 'I

'eprer pue uar.u sa8eaB;

(z

'lle{roq lrsrl o} Irdlps or

o8elorr-Eas E se>leru

eH

yse 'dd'

,a&at

nflatg

puP

i,r -:

s1a1p:ud puU qrrq/d rpos:-: ur"ueJ Eurreqs sB pJrou L:

llererpeurür uo s,{\ollor

':>

ri::r

pue rreq e3o sesodsrp

Jo Jepunuar urlr8 B sJpr..^c: 'a.raq peurtuexe ?3?s sti.:.;.'-,

tuetrodrur uE esef, lue ur "t?J?nuH ur :öa-ra11 ueTut sl

iq

-

..,..:,

qlFI\..r8ug:i1 r::

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e)uJfl[ur

lr*.:

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,

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lq

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(s)

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'CI

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U (g

or's.rrrorreq ruo5 ue{Et i11r:r srlou Sreqog:e8u1 :e8rs as

rnlorD 'V

PUEIeql ro Plro^\rlqlo tLIr

NIVDV'IECNTIID ONV UIII![U9

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES

tale, and that Unferö, who is actually called Bjgrn in some Norse analogues, can be considered as a type of antihero to the bear-named Beowulf,,r3 ln Beowuff) Unferö performs a further function in the structure of the poem, undermining the herot credibility by giving a partial version of Beowulf's contest with Breca, and it is striking that whilst no parallel for Beowulft swimming-match with Breca is found in this episode of Grettis saga, there is a close analogue for such a test of swimming-prowess elsewhere in the saga, and there too Grettir's rival has

the bear-name Bjgrn.'a In the case of Grettirt swimming-match with the heroic outlaw Bjgrn H(tdalakappi along the length of the Hitarä, there is further mention of such a contest in Bjarnar sagaiself,where, however, it is no more plausible than in Grettis saga.,5 Philip Jorgensen has collected a large number of Norse parallels for Beowulft swimming contestwith Breca, and notes two further instances in Grettis saga where Grettirt prodigious swimming-powers are mentioned.t6 The distance alleged to have been swum by Bjgrn and Grettir is not excessive (about 29km, with a descent of about 150m), but a number ofother obstacles (fmcflowing, boulder-strewn water, and in particular the two large waterfalls now called Brtiarfoss and Kattarfoss) render the feat surely no less marvellous than that of Beowulf and Breca.57 One is reminded of the three improbably large boulders, each named Grettishaf, which Grettir lifts in the course of the saga simply to pass the time;58 Guämundur Andri Thorssont *ry observation on later Icelandic place-names is equally apposite::e gljüfur 6fxrt, tindur dkleifur, steinn svo mikill aö enginn lyftir viröist alpföa manna umwifalaust hafa tengt nafn Grettis par viö, pvi hann stökk yfir gilin, kleif tindana og hdf upp björgin sem enginn annarr. SC

If

there is An uncrossabb gorge, an unscaleable peak, or a boulder so large that no ordinary man couU üfi it, Grettir's narne ltas been prornptb anached to it, on the grounds that he leapt ouer chAsmt clirnbed peahs, and heaued up rocks like no one ebe.

GR

In the context of a discussio note that a number of othe:

two outlaws Bjorn and G:

decapitated, and have their i Grettir's marvellous sr,l'i m: himself, and may again suglse prototype; in this contexr rec feats of Beowul[,62 may neei

But it is Grettir's batde '. parallels to the monster-fighr

detail that Grettir emplovs : which he slices off the bea:,

death-blow.6a A number oi i indicated. Tn Gunnlaugs sag. against the berserk Ddrormr. bite,er whilst in Egik saga Sk; Foote has noted,66 Egill emp

first of these episodes in f Berg-Qnundr, moreover, sh a from the same common pei island where his enemies are

alone armed with two weapc bear loose on the island, ar:i same bear.'§7'hen Berg-Qnu:

wielding two identical

u'eap

almost decapitates him u'iür in which Egill employs n*-o ' 60 Cf Laxness,'Lftil saman:ei:

53

Cf. Klaeber, ed., Beowulf, pp. 148-9; Bonjour, The Digressions in Beowulf, p. 18; Niles,

54

Jönsson, ed., Grettis saga, pp. l87ll4-L8812. Nordal and Jdnson, ed., Bjarnar saga, p. 163ll-2.

Beouulf 55

the Poem and

its Tiadition, p.21.

Jorgensen,'Beowulf t Swimming-Contest with Brecd, pp. 5 5-6. 57 In the summer of 1,993 I undertook a solo walking-trip the lengrh of the Hltarä,, circumnavigating H1arvatn, and tracing the river down to the sea. The lake can be swum; the river, at times dangerous to ford on foot, is quite beyond swimming, nonvithstanding rhe waterfalls. Several places en route are still associatedwith rhe marvellous oudaw Gretrir (for example Grettisbceli, Grettisoddi, and Grettisstillur), all equallyimprobable (and, as refuges, uncomfortable). I should like to thank the managers of the Scandinavian Studies Fund in Cambridge for partly financing this trip, and to take the opporrunity to thank Dick Phillips, the Stevens family, and everyone at Flj6tsdal for eight splendid summers of hospitaliry in Icelandic mountains. 58 Jdnsson, ed., Grettis saga, pp. 48, 102, and 192; cf Cook, 'The Reader in Grettis saga', p. r47.

and Grendel', p. 47.

61 J6nsson, ed., Grenis sagd. ?;

62 63

56

59 Thorsson,'Grerrld, p. 100. 148

«

for example,'§?'entersi,: : the Marvellous'; Earl, 'Beo..--:See, for example, Anderso:.. See,

Monstrous in the Hero': \.., For such aweapon-combin;: a warrior combadng moru-,. Torslunda bronze mauix :,: Patterri, pp. 133-8, espec:i. been reproduced on rhe :::.

Newton, The Origins of 'B: : :. to reproduce the illusrraric:: 65 Nordal andJdnsson, ed.. Gr

66 67 68 69

Foote and Quirk, The Sdg; : Chapters 57,64, and 65: \c Nordal, ed., Egils saga, p?. '-.

Nordal, ed., Egils saga, p.

'-tl:;.

6r/T

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ul lrqerrdsor.lJo sJeruruns D;:'sdillq.I {rrq lrler{r ol,{: run:: uI Punc serPnls rrBr^EurPU?_.i 'sa8n3ar

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rou III/I\ pue 'peqrrr^\eq lpuareddB sr euo lsru orlt ef,urs 'rturorgq {resreq eql tsureSe elrrEq slq ul sPro \s o1v\l sesn r8ne1uun3 n&untsuto t8as sSnrluung uI 'peref,rpur

err esroN pue gsrlSug plo qroq ur slelpred Eurn8rnur Jo raqunu V ie'lnolQ-tpeop 3qr speP eq qlFl,/r\ qrrzn 'rlnrusrp) x"§ eql pue 'zrred s,rEDq Jrl] lro s3f,rls 3r.l qllr{^\ gll/v\ rlnBusplÖ[ Pro rs aqr 'aprrq sFI ul suodrer'r orrrr sdoldure rrnar) ttr{t lrerep e IlErrEu snolrnr al{t sr ererll eposrde sn{l uI t1nmoag ul srqSg-retsuoru eqr or slelprrd lsoru sreJJo rllHtrt rardeqc srql ur Jlesrr rB3q eqr qrr^{ ält13q s,rrrprD sr lr lng €e'äuop e^Br.l srnrn ralel peapur se 'passesseor eq ot peau leul ,rJpznoeg Jo srueJ -Suturutrns ueunqJedns aqr esIIEuonEJ ot stdtuaue tue)al lxoluo) srql ur :adlrorord uotutuo) rrerllJo f,nsrratf,Ereqr luur8lro uE sr srqt reqr rsaSSns uruSr luu pue Jlasunl Jln/!\oeg Jo reqt ser{f,teru llarns 'relooro(u lrlltq, Surtuturrlls snolle^reru s rruerD re'srer{lou er'rlradsar rrerp ol Perelro sPBarl rrer{r e^Eq puE 'pslplrdeoep erB qroq lBr{r 1f,3J orp sI qlF{lrt Jo rseal lou 0eirluerD pup uro(g s.r!\Bllno o \r erp Jo seSes äqr uee/§eq PelnPPE ueeq e Eq slällered reqro Jo reqr.unu B r?ql etou ot tuulrodtul sl I 'qcluur-Sultuulllr\s pe8e1p rrerp Jo uorssnf,srp

Jo txeluol Erp uI

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:

'ullf rgl >qels urrEr*- i... "g{4V

lsrprr^ -rrr3l1 uu€:

nr:ausoddr llpnba sr slU Irpuv rnpunugnS rrlaur: r{l5frt Serlsruer3 päruru : euo /E'EfeJg PUE JIrLrlo:, sr

(sso3reury pue ssoJretrrB p u^4.er

ts-JsPpoq .8u rruo

u

- r sr_l

e qry\{ 'ur1,6z rnoqe) r.{rssf,l ef,uBlsrP er.lJ e§'PJuonuaru

sfllatg ur sef,u?lsur rJgtrnJ

o.

slelprud esroN Jo rrqrunu uur{r alqrsneld eroru ou sr ii uonueru JerpJnJ sr sJJqt .EJ f,Iorer{ eqr qrr^4, qrreru-3ur: sBrI IB rJ s(JnlJr) ool f,rJr{l qf,ns JoJ anSopue asolf B .i/ n^\o J uorsrs.

qf,

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s

JI

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'tueod ,ql Jo eJntf,nJts Jql ecJ

ln-lr

eq uEf,'senSoleur esJoN eiu

NTVDV'IACINInID CINV UIüITUD

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES

respect, since, as Karen Grimstad has pointed out in another context, these are the saga in which Egill is pitted against'superhuman opponents'.70 These enemies, L16tr and Atli, are both mighry berserks and, since the battles take

only occasions in the

place under the formal rules of the hölmgang both are fought on islands; in the second case Egill is frustrated when his sword, apparently bewitched, will not bite, and simply tears the throat from his opponent with his teeth.zr It is interesting to note that in these Icelandic sources Gunnlaugr slays Fdrormr in theAnglo-Saxon England ofÄ,thelred the Unready, whilst Egill kills Berg-Qnundr soon after leaving theAnglo-Saxon court ofz€,thelstan, and Ljdtr andAtli soon after leaving the court of Eirikr bl6ögx at York, since in the Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf the eponymous hero also employs two weapons, one of which will not bite, against both Grendelt mother and the dragon.z2 It is stressed, moreover, that Grendel, like the berserk opponents of Gunnlaugr and Egill, has the power to bewitch swords so that they will not bke (Beowulf,lines 801-5). Furthermore in the case of Beowulft battle with the dragon, after the sword Nagling has snapped, Beowulf deals the dragon his death-blow with a hitherto unmentioned welseax (Beowulf,line 2703); it may be significant that the word seAx occurs in Beowulf only here and, again, in the battle against Grendel's mother, where, however, it is wielded by the monster (line 1545).?3 Likewise in Grettis saga, whilst the sword given Grettir by his mother, Jgkulsnautr, proved decisive in the battle against Kärr, it is the sA.x won in that adventure which is the bear's bane in this episode. Jgkulsnautr passes out of Grettir's keeping; he gives it to his ill-fated brother Atli,zl and in the battles to come Grettir relies exclusively on his brute strength and his sar, both weapons associated more with monsters than with men.7, In this episode in Grettis saga, moreover, we are told that the sax is attached to Grettirt wrist by a cord fastened to its handle, here described as e medalkafli.T6 H. Falkhas pointed out that the term medalkafliis usually applied only to the grip ofa sword, and that its application to the handle of the saxKÄrsnautr, repeated nvice in the final episode after Grettirt death,77 marks out the weapon as remarkable.T8 In the parallel episodes in Gunnkags sagaand Egik saganoted it is striking that there too Gunnlaugr and Egill have their second weapon tied to their wrist,Te but that in each case it is a sword (suerd). To underline the closeness of the parallel, in Gunnlaugs saga the author stresses that Gunnlaugr's wrist is connected to the medalkafli on the sword.

70 Grimstad, 'The Giant

7r Nordal,

ed., Egik saga,

as

Heroic Model', p.298, n.34.

p.2l0ll-5.

72 Cf. Culberr, 'The Narrative Function of Beowulf's Swords', pp. 16-19. 73 One might add further the intriguing lines describing the dead dragon at the dying Beowulft side'him on efn liged ealdargewinna / siexbennum selc; sweorde ne meahte / on y'am aglacean anige linga / uundz geuryrcean' (Beouulf, lines 2903-6), which appears to make some distinction benveen the efficacy of the sword and the seax in dealing with the aglaca. 74 Jdnsson, ed., Grettis saga, p. l40l15-16. 75 Cf. Boberg, Motiflndex, p. 118, nos. F531.4.5.1,F531.4.5.2, F531 .4.5.3. 76 Jdnsson , ed., Grettis saga, p.76l14-18. 77 Jdnsson, ed., Grettis

saga,

p.261120 and26.

78 Falk, Ahnordische\Yaffenkunde, p. 10; cf. Täylor, 'Jwo Notes on Beowulf', p. 16. 7e Nordal, ed., Egils saga, p. 20916-7; Nordal and Jdnsson, ed., Gunnlaugs saga, p. 73110-ll. 150

GFL

Joan Tirrville-Petre has eotenisc)

which Beowulf

p..r

ciis
p1 tur{l ,JeaoJ:ortsutu8e'elrq rou IIr,/v\ glrq.r\

tlnmoa g ureod uoxr g-o13 u 1rerye uoos rpy pue rrgf-1 pu rpunu§-8reg sm>l 11r8g rslru r."rorgd sluls :8ner:,".xr?r:, tL

t

'eltq tou [/\4. (peqtrlruaq i1t eqt ur lspuelsr uo rq8noj : a{Er sePrBg erp e)urs ,pue

r

oz',slueuoddo uetunq:adns. aJ? asaqt 'lxetuof r)qtol

eql

NTV)V TACNITD ONV UIIIiTUD

G,

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES

Baräi's words are explicitly given the force of propheq (spä) by the saga-author,8' and the episode (and the chapter) ends on a highly ominous note:86

Eptir skilnaö peira Baröa fdr Grettir aptr til Bjargs. Pd pdtti Gretti mikit mein, er hann mätti hvergi reyna afl sitt, ok frittisk $rrir, ef ngkkut vrri pat, er hann matti viö fäsk. to Bjarg. It seerned a big probbm to Grettir that he could not try his strength anywhere, and he asked around, to see there were sornething he could tacklz.

Afin

his

partingfom Bardi, Grettir returned

if

against Gldmr is itselfbur r:": himself begins as a human being (meinuattr n> k hur',lt' t to work as a shepherd r+'irh Foroddsson, whose keen iu,

:

powerful, but not to ever-,'c The first description of Gla Pessi maörvar ä hdrslit.

The single word n>kkut ('something') is a good example of this storytellert understated art. A solution to Grettir's problem is immediately found in the very next chapter, which begins in beguilingly conventional style:az

The rnan was huge in -,u; and a shoch of wolf-grn ,:

lrörhalln utho liued at l>örhallsstadir in Forsaladalr.

accurately reflects his lack o

Hindsight ofthe happenings in this'shadow-valley' (Forseludalr),examined in detail in the next episode considered here, lends these words a distinct chill. Episode

[3]: Grettir

banles against the draugr

vex

He is an outsider of alarmi: host Fdrhallr and his iami,

Ddrhallr hCt maör, er bjd ä Fdrhallsstgöum { Forseludal There aAs A man named

mikili

Kirkia var

ä,

Ddrhdlssr:

6sgngvinn ok tnilaus.

sr

There u*s a church at I>i, singing and had no

faii

Gkmr in Forsaludalr

The episode in Grettis sagain which Grettir battles against the draugrGlämr (chapters 3l-5) has been studied by a great number of scholars over the years.88 As with the nvo episodes from Grettis saga aheady discussed, the basic narrative features of this part of the saga can be represented as follows:

Glämrt alleged aversion ro

i

motifi, and recalls both the : more pointedly, the provoc (and more specifically bv interesting analogue in l>on,

A. Grettir hears of the depredations of the draugr Glämr. B. He resolves against advice to help.

4)

draugr is unable to bear rhe

5)

C. D.

6)

with regard to l>orsteins /än it seems to be the church ir Christian motif which runs that there was in fact a chur,

E. F. G. H.

I. l.

K.

He travels to visit Fdrhallr at Forsrludalr. He hears from Fdrhallr about the horror of Glämr. He resolves to fight him single-handed. Gl:imr appears in the evening. They fight; the place is wrecked. Grettir wins but is cursed by the dying Glämr. He is rewarded by t drhallr with a horse and equipment. He visits Irorvaldr and recounts his adventure. He is given a lecture on the dangers of pride.

e)

t0) 11)

r2) (2e) (28) (301

noted.e6 Again, it seems sis occurs at Christmas, just as contests at Forsdudalr and often occur around the time

«

89 J6nsson, ed., Grettis saga, p.

90 Jdnsson, ed., Grenis

9t Once again it seems clear that here the author of Grettis sagais drawing on a narrative paradigm common to Beowulf, But it is important to stress that Grettirt battle

saga, p.

J6nsson, ed., Grettis saga, p. 92 J6nsson, ed., Grenis saga, pF

93 Emerson,'Grendel's Motive e4 Nordal, ed., Flatefiarbdh l,

and Finno-Uguric Narrarive

85 J6nsson, ed., Grettis saga, p. 106120. a6 Jdnsson, ed., Grettis saga, p. l07l14-17. 87 Jdnsson, ed., Grettis saga, p. l07l18-19. 88 Jdnsson, ed., Gretis saga, pp. 104-23.

95 Lindow,

824.

'I>orsteins

ldtt ske

96 Jdnsson, ed., Grettis saga, pp

152

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::

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luoSerp E Jo luroJ )gt ur l Jo aJI-I qsrpug plo rqr ur r adqulw4 ur seuols-1pu 8u letu lalprrd rrqrrry y : eq

pur ,{reg er{r or lalprrd e E OlUr UODETUJOJSUBJ] Srq lpeerp ser{ uonueue rlurs peJJa 8ur,§rrrar eqt uo pr?T parq8rgSn{ ueeq ateq 11nr a,uldursap esroN Jrlt Jo ele rrr'pessoJls e Eq f,tunH *fr.i Sururnt rofetu aqr sE rur,EIS oqt '8urur?rr\ srq Jo fce3 ,{rarr

1p1o[3o arnprd

alqeaSeuer-

NIVCV'IECNInID CNV UIIMruD

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES

Now Grettir bursts into the house and did not know wlto was tltere. His clnak was

trglt, .mlghty

cornpleteb frozen, ds soon as be came to knd, he iere ioll. Those insidc were great$r startled, and thought he must be a monster; they set about him with euerything they couU ky thlir hands on, And there was a huge disturbance, but Grettir warded them offfirmly with his arrns.

and he was a

i

as though

srresses that Grettir is attracted to this hall by his glimpse of firelight, had been drawn to the barrow of the draugr Kärr by the mysterious light emanating from it; Coflin has considered a number of parallel episodes, including several from Beowulf, where a waterbound monster's den gives off an uncanny light.rzs In this instance the motif has been subverted: the 'monster' Grettir is approaching the halls of men, but here Grettir, like Grendel and his mother, meets

The author just

as he

resisrance than anticipated. Like Grendel and his mother, Grettir escapes, but the hall and all inside are burned.rzrThis incident in Grettis sagais pivotal in the narrarive srructure, since it is as a direct result of the accidental burning of this halt in Norway that Grettir is outlawed in Iceland, as Marlene Ciklamini has stressed.r3o \üThilst still in Norway Grettir offers to undergo ordeal in church to clear his name of the guilt of the burning, but, as already mentioned, allows himself to

rr,h.r stiffe;

be provoked by a mysterious young lad who, presumably alluding to Grettirt night-time swimming-feat, calls him the son of a sea-ogress (marglgiusonr).tzr th. rr.*t phase in the saga concentrates on the period of Grettir's outlawry, and contains many ofthe more monstrous and mysterious elements in the tale.132 Grettir associates with a number of fantastic beings, including the shadowy loptr, who outmatches even Grettir for strength, and lives at the glacier Balljgkull.ter §ft16n by Fdrir of Garör he is unwittingly helped by the same loptr, who Hallmundr, and who slays twice as many enemies as Grettir. D6rir, himself now calls equally ignorant of Hallmundrt help, cannot understand how so many men are being [i[[6d'tr

Grettir

is assailed

'Fat hefi ek spurt,' sagöi hann, ät Grettir vari afbragösmaör flnir hreysti sakar ok hugar, en pat vissa ek aldri, at hann vari wä figlkunnigr., sem nü sC.-k, hYi at par-falla hdlfu fleiri, sem hann horfir bakinu viö; nri sC ek at hCr er viö troll at eiga, en ekki viö menn.' 'I haue heard', he said, 'that Grenir uas an outstanding man in uigour and courage, but I neuer knew that he uas such A sorcerer, as I now see, since twice /ß Tnan! are failing behind his bach; I now see that ue Are fualingwith a troll, and not with any TIAN.,

Here the author uses Fo cunningly ambiguous rerr are free to interpret as finr aid.

Although Hallmundr uiuendi is suggestir'..t::

i

f{

strapping daughter, and i Geitlandsjgkull, ruled ov dwelling with a number o

in detarl parallels ofgiants and rrolii In Beouulf there is an ob (often waterbound) lairs ir to note that Hallmundr, lif saga is discussed

with monsters in his your lifet exploits to his daughr their kin, as well as rocki*', poem, the Hallmundarkn poem spoken at the poin

Chadwick has persuasive lr' the haugbüi.L{l There is, rl and Grettir himself, becon It is, moreover, intriguir engraved in runes on a rod

with

verses is carved

bi'G

at Sandhaugar discussed

L

monster-mere by Beo*uli note further that in Egik :of starving himselfto dearh on a stick (kdli),rt: especi, which manifests itself in se ta5 Finnbogason,'Hallmunc

tl6

J6nsson, ed., Grettis sag;.

taz Sandbach,'Grertir in Thc r38 $6§s1g, Motiflnd.*, p. : t39 Chadwick,'The Mon-.re:, t4o Jdnsson, ed., Greffis sdg;.

l4l r28 Cf Coffin, ' Beowulfand its Reladonship to Norse and Finno-Uguric Narratives', pp. 105-8. tzg One notes rhar a similar fate by fire is hinted at for Heorot in Beowa$ lines 82-5, immediarely after rhe descriprion of its construction; cfl Klaeber, ed. Beowu$ pp. 129-30. r30 Ciklamini, 'Grettir and Ketill Hengr', p.140.

r3r J6nsson , ed., Grettis saga, p. l33l15. 132 Ciklamini, 'Gretdr and Ketill Hengr', pp. 146-9 r33 Jdnsson, ed., Grettis saga, pp. 175-8. tl4 J6nsson, ed., Grettis §aga, p. 18412-7. 158

Chadwick,'Norse Ghos-

142 Cf.

Ciklamini,'Gretrir ;::

143

Jdnsson, ed., Greffis :ag;. 144 Cf.Thylor,'Tivo Nores o:: theword medalka/li is n':;

of rhis term (hafli) is i'*s-j

Grettis saga. ed., Egik saga, D. . 146 Qfi651ad,'The Gianr as i

t4l Nordal,

69t 'SgZ'd '.ppory f,roraH

sE

Bl t SVZ'd'

rrrBrD pSys

eqJ, .pptsuruD 9rr ttll

slr.87,'pa.leproN .a8os

watg

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('pe (uossugf 6l l9l7'd,a8as t!#etg err .rurtueplr3

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pue

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aJB

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5

JrlleJD z€r'elEl erp ur srul',-u:

pue 'rftutrellno s(Jnt)J) Jo

i,

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s(rnrär3 or Surpnlp ilqrl: Jlasl.uq s/r\olp'pauor:u: o1

rEalf, ol qf,rnl{f, uI lBäplo o:-: sEr{ runuBPIrD eurlrE}\ s? ' 3o Sururnq Flueprl)E )§1--r

proard s?t?s stilarg ur rurp

JnleJD 'raqloru srq Pue i: teqtou srq pue Irpu. )r{l :p steeru

sI JIlleJD

(JaJSUOTU,

,(uuerun uE JJo seart uap Surpnlcur'seposrde I)lltrEc

rq8r1 snorrarsltu eqt lq uE\ 'tq811arg 3o asdrurlS srq .iq '§u/r? slq ii: 7 §ru e0q1?u? 'uo svur'

.PIE

slq ol atuof, s?t{ oI{ \ (rpunulpH

rordrarur ol ea{ eru

:u$aou,t" aq $na aq ttlErt &qhw r 'iletf tvot

e)ueIPnE el{r qln{/!l lnq 'rtllar3 or serldde rrrgq qllqr. r.urel snon8rqtue llEuruune llo4 rurel el{l sloldue pue 'aratdqrnour srr{ sB rlrg{ sesn ror{lne rr{t araH

e

q&noqt

se

w

lq&ts

§?m 17oP §7H

,.

UIIIirug

NIVDV'IiICNiruD CNV

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES

C

Grettir himself has often been compared with Egill in temper and attitude, and is certainly descended from like kin. Both can trace their ancestry back to the fiercely-named Ulfr inn 6argi (''§7olf the Fearless'), who, like Hallmundr, is said to have composed a lengthy poem celebrating his glorious deeds on the night that he died.'47 Ulfr gave his children bear-names: the daughter Hallbera ('Half-she-Bear') and the son Hallbjgrn ('Half-he-Bear'), nicknamed'half-troll'. Egill Skallagrfmsson is descended direcily from Hallbera, and Grettirt mother claims kinship from Hallbjgrn hdlftroll through his son Ketill hengr ('male salmon'), himselfa celebrated monsrer-slayer.ras Marlene Ciklamini has demonstrated that Grettir too shares many giant-like and monstrous features with Ketill, particularly after Gldmr's curse.r4e Throughout this same phase in Grettis saga there are a number of attempts to kill Grettir, often in ways more suitable to the slaying of a monster. The two most serious arremprs are sandwiched between Grettirt first meeting with

loptr/Hallmundr and

his brief sojourn at Balljgkulh each centres on efforts to kill Grettir with his own weapon, the sax Kdrsnautr. In the first case an outla\M named Grfmr has been bribed to kill Grettir, and seizes his moment when he thinks his host is asleep, reaching up for the sax on the wall, where it hangs above Grettir's bed.tto Richard Harris has noted thac 'killing, or attempting to kill, a sleeping man is a common enough event in the segas, but using the victim's own sword is a device usually reserved for cases where an unnatural being is being dealt witli.rtr One might note that in Beoutulfit

is with the haftmece hanging on the wall of her home that Beowulf dispatches Grendel's mother, and that later in Grettis saga the hapless giant under the waterfall makes an abortive attempt to reach for a sword on his own wall to fend off his assailantGrettir. Nofewerthan eleven instances are recorded from medieval Icelandic literature where a giant or troll or ogre can only be killed by their own sword.rt2 In the following chapter of Grettis saga anorher outlaw named Pdrir rauöskeggr sends Grettir offto perform a feat of swimming, and attempts to kill him with his own sar as he emerges from the water. Grettir, rather miraculously, is able to dodge the blow, and by a further prodigious feat of underwater swimming emerges behind his unwitting assailant, grapples with him, and eventuallydecapitates him with the same sdx.tl3 Clearly, however, Grettir has at this point come to be viewed as troublesorne, if not downright monstrous, and this is the side of his character which comes to the fore in the last two episodes analysed.

Episode

[4]: Grettir

ban;

As with the earlier episode 64-61':t may be repesenre(

s

A. B.

Grettir hears of supe:

He resolves againsc ai C. He travels to visit Fc: D. A troll-wife appears .: E. They fight; the piace F. He cuts offher righr G. She escapes toward. i H. An expedition is uncir I. He dives under the *' J. He sees a mlnterious K. He fights a giant. L. The giant wields a rr M. The giant reaches tcr

N. Grettir stabs and lulk O. The priest sees blooc

P

Grettir

leaves the

ca','
lf,er./kr sr

'ra Balr

(r t)

E

pue qSnorr

arqd aql :lq8g

ßqI

r Surlrrec Suruerre oql ur sreedde oJr^r1lon V

retnespuet * ^'Iä :::ä:i,x;Hi jlil:ll :H

(g

G

'suoneperdep lernleuradns go sre)r{ rnrarD

(rZ

.E .CI

'f, 'g

t"

PueJ or IP/r\ u.tio s:

IluJrerar,r eqr rapun turr8 s seqcredsrp Jln/uoag rer{r ä

4t1runoag q rtrp arou rg8r ses?f, roJ Pe^resar ,(1pnsn : lue e q8noua uoturuof E sr ssrl srrrEH PrEgllu osr'ffi

dn Surqouar 'daalse sr rsoq Peqlrq ueaq sBrl rrulJS PrrL u^ao srq qlr^\ rruarD IIll pue rpunulpgTndcr-1 r4r.t snorJJs lsoru o u aql'Jrlsu

IIH o1 srdruauu30 raqunu 6rr'esrof, s(JruglD ragit llrr seJuqs ool rrlraJS te partrqola, EJIasurr{' (.u otu

lueru

1

.V

:sÄolloJ su dlprrtrturr{rs paruasede: eq leur vsr(9-V9 sraldegc) re8neqpues rB sepreq-Jetsuoru eql 'paururuxa srposrda rarlrea eqt qtr/$ sV

u&naqpu?S

sotsuora omt rury8p salu?q niletg : [7] aposldg

ruory drqsu»1 srurelf, rrr{rc uosstu;r8ellqs ly8g',11o:r-. (,reag-aqs-JIBH,) EraqllB H ar{ ruqr rqSru aqt uo sprep

or pr?s sr 'rpunrull?H e{ll ' ar{r or lceq ,{:rsaf,uB rr)qr pur (apnuut puu:adtuar

NIVDY'IiICNiru9 CNV UIIIiru9

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES

regarded as now expert in the disposal of monstrous beings is clearly important to the structure of the saga, and is indeed repeated almost verbatim in Grettirt epitaph.tt6 Such an observation again underlines Grettirt alienation from the world of men, and his increasing identification with the creatures thar he fights. Here in Bäröardalr Grettir aids the housewife across the swollen river to ger ro church on Christmas eve in a typical show of strength, but it is notable that he does not attend the service himselfi, but instead turns back to battle with his monsrrous fues.rt7 At this point in the narrative there is yet another indication of Grettir's

G

unsettling and grim figure

men, the outlaw gains grear slaying of both the troll-*'c

Pdttusk menn pat vira. ; { dalnum; varö ok aldri r: pdtti Grettir par ggrt ha People realized that these

of folh

ambiguous nature:158

til Eyjardalsär til tiöa, ok undruöu menn um feröir hennar yfir Hon sagöisk eigi vfta, hvdrt hana heföi yfir flutt maör eöa troll.

Hrisfreyja kdm äna.

The housewife aniued at Efiardalsäfor mass, and people were arnazed at her journey riuer She sai.d she didn't know whether it was A rnan or a toll that had

Across the

canied her

in the uallq; aa

afierwards in the ualla:

across.

The word landhreiruun '.'', Beowulf of the word fclst;, 2352), always with referen< The Sandhaugar incident after Grettir leaves Baröard:-

Back at Sandhaugar, Grettir comes face to face with a huge troll-woman carrying a trough and a cleaver, who attacks him where he is lying. Despite both participants

being armed, theygrapple first hand-to-hand, smashing up the hall before the ogress drags Grettir off towards her waterbound lair.tse Finally Grettir slices offher right arm with his sax, and she escapes to her home behind a waterfall, while Grettir rerurns home to be nursed by the housewife. In his later adventures in the monster-lair, it is important to srress that throughout the episode Grettir plays the role of assailant; the troll-woman who had attacked him earlier is nowhere mentioned, and the (male) giant that Grettir surprises in the cave can be seen (like Grendelt mother) es an unwitting victim. fu in the incident where Grettir swam to get fire from the hall occupied by Ddrirt sons, Grettir's entrance into the cave is preceded by a swimming-feat, and his sudden evening appearance in the firelit cave prompts from the surprised resident an entirely parallel response.l60 In the earlier episode, as we have seen, the author is at pains to demonstrate that Grettir is perceived as a ravaging trollby the sons of Ddrir; here his technique is rather more subtle, but no less clear to an audience who appear to have been expected to recognise the narrative paradigm upon which the author draws. In the parallel incident in Beowulf, which takes place in the hall of Grendel's mother, it is Beowulf who wields the haftmece; Grendelt mother has a seax.ln Grexis saga,by conrrast, it is the giant who holds the heptisax, whilst Grettir uses his sax. Again, in Beoutulf it is the hero who reaches for the sword on the wall to kill his monstrous assailant, but in Grettis sagait is the hapless giant who makes an abortive atrempr ro ger hold of a sword on the cave-wall. Despite Grettirt dual role at this point in the saga, where he appears a rather

t.

En er hann kom d \1 Guömund äsjä, en hanr:

pCr,' sagöi Guömundr.';

l{f pitt.' Grettir kvazk ei, Skagafiröi, er heitir Dra

hana, nema stigar si i': l

manns vän, er pik salu ;

But when he came

s6

,\[c

sheber but he said

it

u'o:.

'it for you', he said, ss -fi*

lift. Gratir said he dia' c,.

isknd in Skagafigrdr cal" on it unless thqtuse lzdac anlone to attack you tl:c,, of the kdder'.

This is the first time that u which Grettir retreats ro s3 J6nsson has pointed our :i introduce Drangey into rhe of the saga; Guömundr ha island.r6t If Guömundr g';

16l Ciklamini,'Grettir and K, 162

Jdnsson, ed., Grettis sagn.

:

t6a Cf. Klaeber, ed., Beou'uli. monster-slayer is consiie:'

-.

t56 Jdnsson, ed.., Grettis saga, pp.289129-29011. 157

J6nsson

, ed., Grettis

saga,

pp.2l0l2+2lll17

t58 Jdnsson, ed,, Grexis sdga, p.2lll27-30. t59 Jdnsson, ed., Grettis saga, pp.21,214-21312. r60 Jdnsson , ed., Grettis saga, p. 2l5l13-22.

r62

in his Tiachiniae, has h::: xa0algov [x6p1v, line -

.

t64 J6nsson, ed., Grettis tagn.

;

J6nsson, ed., Grettis idgn.

:

165

e9r 'Z'u'gTZ'd'p8ps slgetg ''pa 'uossugf

:ir:;r''::;fffiil';;äiiä3rf

g91

"'

'(rtez'd 1 tE, 'lpunrugng lg8es ,'rp{ re uure Fs ue, - 'äIEl lE tunuoq gr^ ruar{ Dpl, r?s gelr>l urrer{ ue 'g[sp punurQnD n11öanrgö61 p ulo{ uuer.l ra uE

,e{ uueq lppleq 'a1yr sur repunr.uQn9

Pe>ll?uB PEr{ oq,r\ uE,.:j,

:;

rnoq8norqr rur{t ssals ol

suJnleJ JnlsJg ellqr/' .1p;:::' rqSrr regJJo srf,rls rnrrr) ssarSo

rr{l eroJeq

IIBr{

uir c:

sturdrcrued qroq elrdsag ' Sull:rer uutuo/y\-llo:r :S:

III

e

*r:Aetrlr- peuJru sl tnq ',{rrnpues Euqeas 'tser'r sadef,se erl IEpJEqJeg se Eal JruaJD JeUE

dlartrpatuut :r8es eqr ul )lor prnDnns rueuodrur uE Mqd ruaprcur rr8neqputs ar{J €erxaqtour srq ro IepuJrD qrr^{ selueq s.Jln^4.oeg ol ef,uaJeJer r{rr,t\ slurnp '(ZgeZ pue 'OZ9l 'gLIl 'SZB'Zer/ seuq {lnmoag -,esueap,) uu1slot pro^\ aqt yfinmoag uI esn pereada.r eqr purur ot sllef, araq (,8ursueelf,-pue1) unsutatc/?url pro/v\ eql ,Clwatt

so$uoa

n

yuq

stsotl7

atfi ?asu?qo en"q

uo{

q

?aruees

EJEr{

F?t/ 170fi lloq a to f,autnof uq

u?u r

ru p"z?a" eD,

'llorl

rgl

eQr rP?;j

reuueq rlQral urn uu

nfletg :[apn alfi ul sytumta{v

ruapod tup unau s"n aoqt ?u" *C"lpn eqt u! notto

s.JruerD Jo uonBf,rPur raqr snoJlsuoru srq qlr.^a )lueq. c sroP eq rBqr olqslou sr I tn(

atuataaddonp aqt utaplsuodsat uaaq en"q $nut ila$uou asezlt t?tfi pe%par a1doa4

lues;s-,nuppyre{unlrer-,ral;äl'JHI5tr'J#J:,:fi 1#,1tf re{ uryrö^qeuueur

H"I?Jäfl

or ra8 ot ra^rJ

rrpp^ Ipultu rntu^g resso{ te 'elya re{ uuatu Isnllgd

uJIIo^A,s

*lr

'srq8g ar{ ttqr sain

ol tuuuodrur l1:eap

pue sretsuotu Jo splro^l, eql Jo surSreur äqr rE Surpreq e-rn8g rur:8 puu Surprasun

Plro^r eqr ruoS uorlBurrl? s s,JrDeJS Ur tunBqJa^ tsolu

s*{ruou,r.pre,narr,rrer,u.,,rou"rlfäilH.'.T;lffiT;Ä,:ffJill1T:r1*',1: NTVDV TIICNIIUD CINV

sr s8ur:

UIILInID

G

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES

possible refuge to Gremir, then

it

is clear that the author of the saga has deliberately

placed the incident out of chronological sequence in order to highlight Grettir's decision to hide away on Drangey immediately after what was to prove his final monster-fight. There have, moreover, been a number of exploratory excavations on Drangey, in attempts to verify this part of the saga. None has proved at all conclusive'r66 as Harris notes: 'the location of Grettirt hut on Drangey is, in its way, as elusive as that of Grendel's cave in relation to the mere'.167 At his remote and waterbound lair on Drangey Grettirt activity becomes still more intolerable to human sociery and in the final episode examined here it becomes clear that in his island refuge the celebrated monster-slayer is himself slain after the fashion of a monster.

however, had earlier poinrr but his brother Illugi, Gre:

his final battle with onlv § been independently iden ri i underlines the ambiguous the saga has progressed. Grettir falls clutching :i' the draugr, and which he r been nvo attempts on h.is cuts off his hand. One n:i,

beginning of Grettir's moi the barrow of the undeaci l

Einn gripr var sä, er C: at aldri kvazk hann xr :

Episode l5)z l>orbj>rn battles dgdinst Grettir on Drangey Richard Harris has demonstrated that alongside the four episodes discussed above, in which Grettir battles against a series of monsters, the death of Grettir himself at the hands of Porbjgrn gngull (chapters 81-21tea should be considered a further analogue for the monster-fights in Beowulf; in particular Harris encourages 'the recognition of Grettirt death as a parallel to the fate of Grendel'.r6e The episode of Grettirt death can be represented as follows:

A. Grettir inhabits the remote and inaccessible B. He ravages neighbouring farms.

island of Drangey.

1)

3)

C.

Forbjgrn hears of Grettirt depredations. D. An expedition is undertaken to Drangey. E. frorbjgrn arrives in the evening after a sea-voyage. F. They fight, Grettir dies. G. Forbjgrn cuts off Grettirb hand. H. He decapitates Grettir with his own sAx, Kärsnautr. I. The sax is damaged. I. Forbjgrn leaves Drangey with boory (the sax and the head).

4)

l5) (te) (

(t2) (13)

(24) (25) (27)

Again, the shared narrative paradigm which underlies both Grettis saga end Beoutulf is clear. Moreover Harrist suggestion that Grettir and Grendel are somehow parallel characters is not new; Nora Chadwick had urged such an identification many years befo re, 166

t

Cf

7o

and her views were s ubsequently elaborated by others.

I7

I Dou glas Stedman,

Kälund, Bdrag til en historish-topografisk beshriuebe af kland,II,pp. 58-61; J6nsson,

'Tvö Grettisbrli'; Jdnsson,'Drangey'. 167

Harris, 'The Deaths of Grettir and Grendel', p. 42.

168

J6nsson, ed., Grettis §aga, pp.256-64. Harris, 'The Deaths of Grettir and Grendel', p.25. Chadwick, 'Norse Ghosts', p. 51; Chadwick, 'The Monsters and Beowulf',

r69 170 171

See,

p. 193. for example, Hume, 'The Thematic Design of Gretissaga', pp. 475-6; Liberman,

'Beowulf-Grettir', pp. 387 -90.

r64

There uds one treasur: iuea?on that he said h: .,

It

is this same -car which

is

to decapitate Kärr, GIärn:. from the general share-ou:

Grettirt killer, Dorbjgrn.

Dorbjgrn himself, in coi: recalcitrant Bjgrn oI episo< true of Beowulf, a heroic r'ii here, since fuchard Harris in Icelandic history or lirer

External sources are who, one might have r: for having laid to re.: .

Jdnsson points our, ne.:

sister Dördfs are menr:: Haganes, who loans a bc and several principal figr

which, if not in itselicc thin thread for the slat'e

One notes in particular

cl:

has been suggested abo'e with the bear-name Bjgrn 172 Stedman, 'Some Poina c: 173 Jdnsson, ed., Grettis tdgn 174 See furrher above, pp. l-t75 Harris, 'The Dearhs of G:

I

3and p.227,n.4.

'u 'gzT, 'd

'p&ys s!112tg

s9r 'y'u'LZT, 'd pue

g

"pa 'uossug ['Jc :6y'd '.lepuorS puB rnrerD Jo sr{leec eqJ. .surEH E/r ' r

r-

e

;

1lj#'ä? I: I ;;tlal'';' :i ;';il3 .ueuparg

'g-gz 'dd'.acuelqruasa1Jo

srurod errros,

'€6I 'd',Jln^roag

'uossugf :I9-8E 'dd

'll

p-

§

'pilr:-

'uetupets sepnog ; 1'sJJ'i, sreel lueru uonrfrJnuepi 1

are

lalprud ^^,oqauos Ilp:j=t1nmoag pue aSas s-tuatt i:.:, .(peou

(tz)

:

(sz)

0z) (sr)

-

aq Sutqt

'ueruraqrl tg-glt1 'dd '.rE:::'-

741

stueas e8es aqr3o roqtnt aql'eoJ s1{Jo rrEI aqr q)Eer or urö(g eturu-ruoq erp qrr^\ arnSg-redpq dinoper{s E uo serler 'lueplour lalprud E sB e oqe parseSSns uaeq ser.l rerl^\ ut aSps fipt"H ur :gröp1 a>1r1 'urö(qrod tpr{t rrEJ arp relnrnred ur salou euo

'lq Sueq ot uosrepunusy rruerD_ sE ueru e lea.r8 os3o ralqs aqr JoJ pearr.{} urqr B ssalerllre^au sr 'uouerriqej arnd 3o a)ueprae e rsnlf,uo) Jlasrr ur lou JI 'r{lFI^\ 'e8es aql ur lluo lsrxa'(ruarD IIH or) roaford eql ur sarn8g ledrcurrd lere es pue (uaql Jlasurq urö(qroc1 'erar{^\oslo punoJ 'urLu aqr ot t"oq E sueol oqrrr 'seue8epl re uröfg sI JoN 'z8us nuatg ur ldarxe ereqlrlue pouonuetu ore slprgq Jolsrs sILI rou'pp[H reqrorq srq rou 'uosreQrg{ urö(qro4 rar{lrou 'lno slurod uossug[ Iupn) se 'tng 's/'aellno tsatear8 s,fttunoc eqr Jo auo lsf,J ol pIEI Surrteq ro3 lrorsrq )rpuele)I ul eoeld e pauree e^Eq plnom'rq8noqr e^Eq lq85u auo .oqrrr ralels EJIuaJD Jo af,uelsrxa eql rnoqe luolrs ' ' ' ale sof,Jnos leuJerxg uetu e

(cr)

,rr:eBes a18urs srqr aprstno ernleJolrl ro ,{-rorsrq )rpuelef,I ur sef,Brl ou Url seq gnSuö urö(qroq3o arn8g eqr ttrp sälou srrrtH pr?r{ll1 ef,urs 'araq

lue^eler aq leu '4eads sef,rnos luf,rrolsry ou uoq.&\3o arn8g f,roraq E jlnÄ{orgJo enrl aqletu etues rl{r tBrIL/r'erueu-reaq E seq'ezroqr [7] aposlda3o uröfg luertr)lef,er aqr dlqurou 'sao3 reIIrBe Errlrrr3Jo requnu E r.[rr^\ uoruruof, ul Jlasurq uröfqroq

'urö(qroorbjgrn gngallfell down dead to the ground.

Drömundr now tooh tlte

After this killing the

sax,

sax disappears

from the

saga.

In

commenting on the perceived similarities between Grettis saga and Beowulf Guöbrandur Vigfusson quoted the now-celebrated observation ofArni Magnüsson flrr1'tst Grenis saga gengur nrr fabulae en historiae; er full meö fabulas, parachronismos; er interpoleruö rir einhverju opere Sturlu, og hans atla eg v(surnar sC. Grettis saga st'r, er vCr höfum, er interpoleruö ur peirri, er Srurla Ddröarson hefir ritaö, og paö kannske seint ä tfmum. Interpolator mun hafa sett fabulas par in. Eg minnst mig aö hafa sCö gamalt fragment ür pessarri Gremis sögu. Annars er eigi 6vist, aö Grettis saga Sturlu hafi og fabulosaveriö, ok likarabykir miCr, aö Sturla hafi komiö viö visurnar, er standa ( peirri, sem vCr nri höfum. Dessi saga er fabulis plena.

Grettis

saga approaches

it

fabb more close$r than hisnry; it it f"ll of fables and

I

is interpohtedfrorn a certain work of Sturh [IröräarsonJ, and reckon that the uerses are his. The Grettis saga that we haue, is interpolated, perhaps quite hte, fom the one that Sturk lrdrdarson urote. The interpohtor rnust haue put the fablzs in. I remernber hauing seen an ancientfagment of this Grettis saga. For the rest, it is not urucertain that Sturk! Grettis saga ults also fabulnus, and it seerns quite likely that Sturk has contributed the uerses which stand in the uersion which ue nou haue. This saga isfull offabhs. anachronisms;

In the light of the evide ncr discovery one is tempted ro that for Grexis saga the t;o amongst the earliest settlers name appears to be a cogn::

in the Lindisfarns fiSsr :: Geatish herot name.rE'1 Tl-; called Grendill in East ic, speculation for a time, bu: pointed out the grear ditt^c

might have travelled to I;r might have been brought rc, have gone so far as Eirikur was individually respons ib,e

\

assumed in his audience a c Beowulf, and which he r*'as If the notion thar some r essume the existence of an Grenis saga. This is the r':r shared by the great majorir,' a comprehensive revieu' of :

The tommon source'.

:;

originally had nothing r': heroic poem and larer were expurgators, and

i:

:l

This notion of a common Icelandic authors also, pres might interpret the srrucr-: the Icelandic saga might rr'e might simply observe thar i : the worlds of monsters alc

.

:

howhuman are the qualities are some of the men.rse So I as the ten possible occurre:; and concludes that:reo r82

Cf

Boer, ed., Grcttis sag;.:-

P.53.

ts3 Benediktsson, 176 See further above, p.147. t77 Jdnsson, ed., Grettis saga, pp.226-7. r78 Harris, 'The Dearhs of Grettir and Grendel', pp. 49-50. rts Cf. Klaeber, ed., Beowulf, p. xiv, n. 3 and p. nrvii, n. 6; Eliason, 'Beowulf Tiipp, 'Did Beowulf Have an "Inglorious Youth"?'. r80 Jdnsson, ed., Grettis taga, p.27317-ll. r8r VIgfüsson, Sturlunga Sagal, p. 1, n. 1.

r66

ed., Lanic:' 184 Turville-Petre,' Beowul,i' z:..

18, Einarsson,'Bj6lfur ani C:, 186 Chambers, Beowulf an

t Inglorious Youth';

i,::

tsz C[ Liberman,'Beour.rl:-C: 188

Liberman,'Beowulf-Gre::-

tsl §gs furrher

l9o Kaske, 'The

ll--

above, pp. Eotenas in B::'.

'

L9r '10€ 'd ',t1nmoag ut tpuapt{ eq1.

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irnnoÄsnolrolSul s JInaoaB.

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uoßnl, acf ul plt?ls

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snleJ3 '?s JeuJnsr.r 3:

r

fsotusruorqrered'se1nq:,

88r:s \olloJ se dn surns 'drqsreloq)s snor^Jrd3o rr,reutar e rsueqardtuoc e rage 'uerureql-I lloreuy qtlqnt pue 'sre1oqf,s urapotu3o frrro(ru rrerS aqr lq pereqs euo 'pilno EJ Jlasurq uosslySy1 rnpuurqpnD qllq/rr /v\ar^ oql sl SFII 'yfius sruatg puetlnmoag qroq ot uorutuof, ef,rnos IEro ruepuadepur uE Jo ef,ualstxr er{l etunsse luu euo 'pa»a(ar sI puEIef,I perqceattlrunoegJo uorsre^ oruos lrr{t uonou eqlJI 'r8es srq3o saposrda la1 u1 setull eag rdepu pur esn ol se/rr rr{ r{llq { pue lnmoag uI PunoJ osp tu8lpered a,ulerrru EJo aSpalrnoul pelrctep E ef,uerpne s1{ ul petunsse aSus ryTatgJo ror{rnu arp teqr te^o ,\,oq 'reap sruees rI /Br'elqrsuodser llpnprnrpur srly\ uungnvrelttes aqr r?qr pe^elleq oqzrn 'uosspu8ery rn{Jrrg se rEJ os euoS arreq 11n1Ö1s

,u.a3 qSnoqrp 'srallerrurJo requnu lue dq llpro puEIo)I ot rq8norq uerq r^Erl lq8rtu finmoag tuo5 selet eqt ruqr panSrr a Er{ srer{to rsr'puelacl o} pelle Brt e^Er{ rqSnu t1nmoag 10 uolsre ueulr^\ Jruos rrqr Sululns$ ur serrlnf,rtrp tearS eqr tno parurod sEq srequBqf, ) 'u ]s[rl/t\ ,r,'Sulrreq per 3 parrord lnq (erun B roJ uorlrlnrads pelrf,xe 'raluas aqr lq pEurrBlf, ,fiorlrrel 3r{l ur ,pue1er1 lsEE ur IIIpuerD pelpl ulelunoul e deur rurrr-erd E uo PunoJ uossJeurg u,EJätS tEr{J r8r'erueu s,oJor{ qsrreeD elr PerBqs sreqto tBr{] ,)uaprrra lluo rqr srpr^or d aol1rt oq!7 aureJsrpur-I eqr ur lrrue e18urs B qrl/$ reqteSor orp\ pue Jlnzroag3o ruroJ aleuSoc ? oq or sreedde erueu esor{./r\ rrr'rJlglg euo sI 1gq"u?uPu?T ut pelsrl puEIe]IJo srelues lsrrlree eqr rsSuotue reqr 8u»1rrrs lluturref, sI lI tlnmoag sur,r uonsenb ur rTnqot atq rfias ngatg roJ rer{r rseSSns puu JTIIJBa auosJo s/y\Jr^ eqr or uJnläJ or sr euo ,,fiaaocslp perdual .r,'sreloqls slq ePetu rsr$ uossl$S;n rnpuerqQn9 ef,urs peterrpur e)ueplaa er{l Jo rr18r1 aqr u1

NTVDV'IACINilUD CNV

uosspu3r141 rurvJo uont.u tlnmoag pue aSas sltlett

:§Dnnotl§ s?q t? paddo:; 71n8ud

[utötqto4J to 1tt'

gay :regers ueu unlxöl Ip g[q 1o ddn re{ uurr ii

'rlnuusnlarD palpl,^ ou 'u

ol

Päsn sB,/$ JlnSusJs\J -1 'reqlo.rq Sur8ueae s,Jnrrr!-

s(rlltrrD 3o arelndod leror Llros B pue rftr'repno lq l:: -erol4i ez,'(8-€917 saurl _'-:

tursruordun pup qsrt8nis t{log 8/r'Pelou sBrl srrrEll s urq Eurprrro:d .iq ' E rplr4,

u^roul lluotuuloc edÄ :i c

UIIIInID

PRIDE AND PRODIGIES

Considered in themselves, however, our series of references to eotenas seem to follow a fairly regular progression from monsters to men - beginning with 'giants'who from their description seem less human than monstrous (112,421) and proceeding in turn to the anthropomorphic giant Grendel (668, 761), the unidentified giants of Sigemund (883), the 'giants' of Heremod who represent unidentified human foes (902), and finally those of the Finn episode who represent human foes identified also as Frisians.

Beowulf himselfi, by contrast, begins very much as a member of the courtly world

of men, but as the moral imperative diminishes in his three chief battles with monsters, with a corresponding increase in the amount of weeponry he brings to bear,rrt he gradually becomes identified with the figures he fights, described, like them,

as an aglaca

of a dragon in

(Beouulf,line 2592), and ends up buried with the cursed treasure

barrow by the

A very similar funeral marks the beginning of the depredations of the draugr Kärr inn gamli, Grettirt first foe. Perhaps the real value ofthe recognition ofthe common narrative paradigm which performs such an important structural function in both Beowulf and Grettis saga is that it concentrates attention on the overlapping of the worlds of monsters and men which is found in each. Thorsson notes of Grettis saga that)e2 Heimur rnanna og heirnur trölk sharast ekhi. Grettir räfar lar d milli ('the world of monsters and the world of men are not separate; Grettir wanders in betweeri). The same could be said of Beowulf himself. Both Beowulf and Grettir are, like Hervgr seeking a sword in her dead fathert barrow, 'between worlds' (heima / millim); each is a superhuman figure that the mundane world of men cannot quite constrain. This is the shared tragedy ofsuch essentially heathen heroes whose tales are retold in a Christian world, who must begin with proud hope and bravado, and end haunted with melancholy, defeated but not diminished. Perhaps the best epitaph for both Beowulf and Grettir is offered by the warning words of Friedrich Nietzsche, writing just a few years after Guöbrandur V(gfusson first stressed the close narrative links benryeen Beotrulf and Grexis saga, and himself dogged by the search for another kind of Superman.re3 a

sea.

'§7er

mit Ulgeheuern kämpft, mäg zusehn, dass er nicht dabei zum Ungeheuer wird. Und wenn du lange in einen Abgrund blickst, blickt der Abgrund auch in dich hinein. The man who banles with monsters rnight tahe care, lzst he therebl becornes a monster. And ifyou gaze for long into an ablss, the abyss gazes also into you.

It

is surely contemplation ofjust such an abyss which leads both Beowulf and Grettir (and, according to the Old English version of his Letter, Alexander) ro go to their deaths in uncharacteristically melancholy mood; for as Eric Stanley has noted, being heathens, 'they have no hope'.trl

l9l Rogers, 'Beowulf! Three Grear Fights'; Sisam, seeabove, 192 Thorsson, 193 Nieesche,

pp.28-9.

'Beowulft Fight with the Dragori , p. 136;

'Grettld, p. 101.

F1-fhe rexrs of th e Beou. I and Grettis saga, sh I pride and in battles

relationship benveen pagan an age which extolled hero Such a tension is evident in from the heroic pagan pasr and monster-slayers, such a selves become monsters in (

;

illustrated not simply by t: diction ofthose tales. The ) Gldmr in Grettis saga, whilsr of a similar stamp.r One r

something monstrous and r in Norse skaldic verse, in< '(heathen) warrior'.2 There, is concerned, since the sen whilst the sense'zombie', ', possible that the word repr positive heroic figures, an,

existence into Christian rii:

Beourulfl situated by flos'i same way, one might poinr and commit monstrous de noun grettir is attested as a Grenis saga itself.a

See further above, pp. 1+lNeckel, Altnordisch draug, and Honor, pp.84-96. Lindow, Cornitatus, Indi t'ia'

Cf. Arent, 'The Heroic

Jenseits uon Gut und Böse, p. 98, no. r46. re4 Stanley'Hethenra Hyhr in Beowulf',p. 151.

168

Pa

extensively considered bv T! that the dragon in Beouultn-,

697 'edeqs-uo€erp orurpaar8 qSnorrp perrrroJsuen 'uelu u llpurgrro semfinmoag ur uo8erp eqr rer{l 'Ll-el'dd llprcedsa'uo8rug acfi c/qm q8ry aqt noqu enry 'ddrrllq pereprsuof, llaarsuarxa lsoru 'uonsaSSns aql areduor rq8rtu euo '9-7g1 'dd ,praued f,roreH ar{J, .ruerv JJ

l"n?rar?q

"nwlrw?) "y\opurl

'e6'd rouoH ?uy

:002-6gI 'dd':eSuluuaIuuel

b

pn?yyq lelsrru ou r(1arns sr r1 ireeq ol srea qrr^\ asoqr roJ

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lrrsoreue8 pur 'Sutrep 'uolterJprsuof, 'lrneeq puosrad autrtelradns snlJo uoltdrrcsap

slr ur 'r{clq^ raPuExe[v ro3 qdrrrds uE ur :1r roJ pro/]\ 3 p?r{ $laarD eql 'esrnoc Jo 'PuV 2(tsoutoa$aJ) lro18.ro3 .re8re tsoru, 3ln ^o)g a>g 'serrr oq ^, ueru arp roJ os ro3 ra8ea, sE^. oq uetu ar{rJo rol aqr sr/r{ qrnsJl eroru r{f,nrrr irl,rorl'(utoaZlol) lrop

JeJo

^,

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s?

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e ruou eruof, sJoJaq Jsoi{ uB r.lf,ns u1 'Sulureol 3 ^\Ju sr tsrd eqt puu 'pauurr::ar usnsrJr{J rllFl \ ur Juo sr u uoIlJrP )roJerl lBuonrPEJl t erarn'ldlrcsn uuru-rf fim o e g ,Prs Pu? IB)rlqrq ^4,äu uer{t

];i

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Idruf,SISOd

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,{

TEXTS, TRANSLAIIONS, AND SOURCES 'lVonders

particularly where, as in the case of the of the East, considerable further annotetion is available. I have consciously relegated to the critical apparatus the chapter-headings of the Liber monstrorum, which are found in some manuscripts, but which do not seem to me to be an original feature of the text. I have, however, faithfully recorded all variants, alongside the usage of the three mosr recent editors, to illustrate both the degree of corruption to be observed in the manuscripts, where (as I believe) scribes simply excerpted parts of the text and prefaced their quotation with the word dc, often forgetting to change the relevant word-ending, as well as the temptation provided to every editor to further hybridise the text. tVhere the text has proved readable, I have retained it; and this has been my practice throughout the following Appendices.

The

SIGTA

T B G K C P R L O §

london, British Librar Oxford, Bodleian Libr, Gibb, ''§7'onders of rhe Knappe, Die'Wundc, a, Cockayne, Nanatiun,'.:, Pickles, 'Studies in the

Rypins, Three Old Eng; Lrcouteux, De rebus ir:

Knock, ''§ü'onders oi

l.

r1:

Coloniaa est initium

a

quae faciunt leuuasd rrecenra

et inde ad Babiloniam stai leuuase

§

2.

{C. .t .XV.f.

Haec colonia est ma-rin

boum habitantes usque ad ) maxima est bad Babiloniam: faciunt leuuasc .CC. ab Arc

Alexander operari iusserat. numero .CC., quae faciunt

(

§l "b Colonia] colononia B quael quia 7B quae Kquid I c numero) om. B d leuuas] leugas B :f.'.f: faciunt leuuas] fatiunr leug, .C. et

174

.W.l

om. T

g'IIDC13'

9LI se8nal ['II»OO1couy O 6I-I 'dd',rseE egrJo srapuol§, 'perrug V

Z-OB'dd'atnw"tury qn1&uE ruOto ho4sg1 aW il! salrynrs.ruusrs S Lg-I§ 'dd 'stxal aso+J zlsq&ug nO aatqJ.surdlg U LB-LS'dd ',rdrrcsnuelnltlnmoag )qt Jo stxal esord aqr ur serpnts, .säplf,rd d G*€,'dd'aqdursuor atqSua ?qnrunu"lllaTJ'auÄv4co3 f, t/g-Ct/'dd'sualsg sa? a?un/A atg 'addeuy 11 T,Ln9'dd ',satpnr5 qsrlSug p1g, 'uoproS N 66-Vg 'dd ',reg or{lJo srapuo/(\i, 'qqlD D 'sloJ 'V snrll)lr^ uolloJ .lre.rql1 qsrrrrg ,uopuo.1 ^90I-^86 'sloJ'.^x '.^'B snrreqrT uouoJ.,{rurgrl qsnrrg .uopuorl ^ J ^LB-^BL

\rISIS

lxal qs1,tufl PIO

rs?fl eqlJo srePuol§

$

eql

)ilcNtrddy

E-----

-

The A transla s

l. Seo landbunesa isb on fruman from Antimolim"" pamd lande€; öatf landg is on pe iirrr.h pes lassan milgetales iöe stadiai hatte fif hund, 7 prs_jmicclan milgetrleJ

§ 1. The colony is at the b< the tally of the lesser measu,

öreol fr,i"a 7 eahta 7 syxtigm. On öamn ealande byöo micel menigeoP sceapa. 7 panon is to Babiloniag prs kssan milgetdes stadiar hundteontig 7 eahta td*t micclant pe leuuau hatte fifryne 7 hundteontig. 7 syxtig, )

which are called leuuaz f'leas and from there to Babylon r:

l.uu.thrtte

2. Seo landbunesa is bswiöost cypemorrrr,r*b geseted. Frr beoö 9veöeras acennedec dburhge nomad is Archemedon. o1 o*r" micelnesse; ba buaö oö'Meda burh. Däre s

mesr to Babiionia byrigf. EDanon is to BabiloniamB b*th lassan milgeteles [. lä"u..r hatte .CC. from Archemedon. Dar syndank pa mycclanl -*rö* pat -syndan öa geweorcm pe se. micclan macedonisca Alexandero söe stadia h.t g.*yrceanp. qD*,londq is on länge Z on rbra{g örsr lessan milgeteles u.C.X)CüII.7 tmicclan an halfu mil. öe leuuat hatte h"tä .iC.t 7 pa:s

Seoe is

stadiai .CCC. 7 pxsmaran

§ b

landbunesl londbuend T"landbuend is) om. W suppl. G

c

Antimolimal'Antimolime

d e

f

e h

paml prm 7 landel landum 7 örtl öas Tbu Vö* G landl landes Wland G rimel gerime 7

i...i j...j

k I

m

" " n c . s

§

2. The colony

is mostiv r

big as oxen, living right ui Archemedon. It is the biqqe, of the lesser measuremenr.

great monuments there, r. Macedon had made. The l: ment, stadia, and 133 and a

b"'b swiöostcyPemonnum]sryöustcepemon-

I

e

in the greater measuremenl

öe stadial pe stadio

7

c"'c

'r

Seo] sio

l/

byrigJ burh

I,z

I/

c,.s Danon is to Babiloniam] panon is Babilonia 7 ponon syndon 7 Fanon is

to to

Babiloniam KC

t b*rl in pas 7 i stadial stadi I/ i leuual leon 7 k syndan] syndon l/ I mycclan] miclan 7

7

.lJ.. V

m"'m syndan öa geweorc] syndon paweorc n micclal miclaV

öaml pxm V

byöl biö

num tr/ weöeras acennede] weöras acenned a...a burhge nomal burge nama Iz

V

micclan milgetalesl miclan leuua] leones 7 öreol preo 7 syxtigJ

7

I/

menigeo] manegeo l/ Babilonial babilonian V stadia] stadio 7 syxtigl .lJ'. V t...t öaJ micclan] pes miclan milgetrles " leuua] leones I/

o P

I/

7

Alexander] alexsander 7 gewyrcean] gewyrcan V

q"'q

Dat londl pat land I/ brrde örsl brade .CC. Prs 7

s"'s

öe. . . .CC.l stadi

t"'t

micclan öe leuua] miclan pe leo

7

7

.C.)CCflII. z an halfl .C.)OO( t healf V

§2 " landbunes] londbunis 7 t84

,lilt

-ernsreru rassel

§8r

or

sl

or sl

/t

A euleuaSrnq ;"*o.-1' pauuefe serqa^\ [apauua:: :

-uouader tsngrO*s [tunuuouir-'

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Jo rrputxely Äq8rur eqr qllq/r\ $lro

\

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?rP31s ag5

'lltu n PIi uE selalaSllru

'l

uBssu 1:s

orePuExalv Ef,sluoPf,f,Etu

uE

I]

u{ ruupuls red 'uopauaqr+ selairaSlrul uessul qsz{ gtue:u 'uopeueqlrv sl pBtuou aäq:: r8,I tePauueJB sBJeqa/$c Poeq

'a?nnq pelpl tuaruernsuau :alear8 eqr ur E I I pue 'utputs poller tuerüernsertu rrssel aqrJo g9I sl rr uollgeg ot ereql uorJ pur 'daeqs3o apntlrlntu tee.r8 E sr ererp puulsr terp uO '[.san8ea1,) zannal pallB, erp rlf,rrl^4. taleer8 er{l pue '"tfqs prllel ere r{)rq.&\ 'luäurarnserru ressal aqr Jo lpl aql 89€ Jo 'pr.urlournuv puEI eqlJo SuruurSaq eqr rE sr luolor er{I 'I s

ul 00E

sr puEI r{r1qx\

'Snuoarp Err{Ee

/ Snuoarpunq

s

rBIpEts

6oaSruetu Ief,ru oglq epuele:

e{ paletaSlltu uo

sr

uelf,f,Itu1 su {

-

gpuel3lzg lrepuel prueq

lxel qsiltuf, PIo eqrJo uonulsgBrl Y rsBE eql Jo sraPuo4$\

aql

JI XI(INtrddV

}r

THE WONDERS OF THE EAST OLD ENGLISH TEXT

THE

3. Sum stow is öonnea mon faröb to öarec Readan Sr, seo is gehatend Lentibelsinea. eOn öane beoö henna äkende gelice öamf pe mid us beoö reades hiwesE. Syb §

\

hi hwylci jmon niman wile oäöe hyra rthrineö äonne forbernaö hiJ sona eallk his

'.t

a

3. As you go towards the are hens born like ours. r€( immediately burn up all h: §

lic. Det syndon ungefregelicul lyblacm.

'i

§ 4. Eac aswa äara beoö hildor kennedeb. Da deor ponne chi monnesc stefne gehyraö, ponne draöe hi fleoöd. Da deor habbaö eahta fet,7 wal§riane eagan, rwe heafl pue rral 'pEJr{ e18uls B uo saseJ o^\l lteJ urrug eft or#rr,aregl uroq eldoad ere ereqa .I I §

PUE serpoq ern{/t{ E^3r.1pue IIE]

3saql

'srurqdalaJo srpnrnlntu reer8 uroq aru suolSa.l '(ralB^\ lrar8, suEilu r{lFI/'\ re^rr er{t IIEI laqr puy .rdl8g 'ereloqoqcrv rllN ar{J-seluoxrrg aql puu alrN er{l

q8norqr s,,viog pue'srearr InoJ3o erurrd arp sr ueE^{läq PalEnlls sI qf,Il{^r

'oeqto)ol palpeluolof,

E sr

'3uilg

sre^rr o^rt eserp uae t_teg

.0I

s

.p1o8

a-rerr,r laqr reqr eqr 1urql plno.,$. auo t,r{t Ur^\s os are laqa (seleru arp qrr/( pardnrco eru sluu PUE seletueJ eql qll/h re lr eqr re^o ssoJf, uetu eql rqr elnl \ pue 'sapur eqr r)o]3P sluu er{l ueql'3rerp srleru eqt a Bal pue .sarrlasueqr

ueql lunoru pur (saleug eql oruo p1o8 ,r{l pBol lr.lJ .r3^rr aqr ssoD laqr laql '8unol rrer{t qu^\ ssletual puu .sleuef, oleru tuoqt qrr^l

lroJeq

Sunol aqr dn arr

Surrq plo8 aqr )Ier_or q8noue ploq oru oqr'r a1doa; .lep eqr3o rnoq r{UU eql oi lq8iu aroJeq tuou punorS eqt ruo{ p1o8 dn 3rp srue aqJ .rnolor {relq puB perJo arE puE 'sraddoqsselS^a111 reeJ e^BI{ ql5lnr's8op se 8rq sB errrp uroq ere u,ry.,rr1il-arrl{ea, .6 sI rBql 'sneuo8ro) PellEl sI t{f,Itl,&'eru1d JruBs etfl ur ldef, pJrrrEU sr re^rrcr{J s

'xEeJ lree^\s l, ,nsou a8uel

/ cr1 rrmq gtqqer{ ulnssl{ uO

,rq

'Jalz/Y\

-

. a8u:

pllJrru : '

ueurdr8grJo ggr/$og oeri ,qlz*rlaq sr re{ 'eueq orLI::'

Jeur^\s

ue{

or, QoaQ

affi

.:l:

auuo{ 'qoeq laporsrqe uEF: uBlleruu nEQ euuocln 'QE]=-. gere3e8 blq plo8 ru{ 'duErE: erlq prtu -uerr(ur EpueJIc.' ' eSrrsrlp [tueq ot raQ uueru ?( dn plo8 qEJIap ueuerua Ed '-

lHp 'srpunq

]3J gEqqEr.l

sr

w{

P.l.,s

'sneuo8ro) uerEri

NOII\ilSN\QIL:JSW gHJ IO S\EONOA gHJ

I)(JI

s

HSII:'

THE WONDERS OF THE EAST OLD ENGLISH TEXT

Donne ihi kennani willaö, ponne faraö hil \ecynd on weorold bringaäm.

hn

scipumk to Indeum, 7

THE';'':

prrl

hyre

\7'hen they want to grve 5:

into the world there.

b...rrned preosellices hiwesb, § 12. Ciconiaa in Gallia hatte pet land par beoö .r,.r, para heafdac beoö ge-onad swa leona heafcloe, 7 hi beoö twentigesf fota lange I hie irabbaö micelne *uö hr*r fann. Gif hih hwylcne mani on öarr, landum ongitaö koöa. geseopk oööe him lhwylc folligendel biö, ponne mfeorriaä hi 7 fleoöm, 7 blode npat hin swetaö. Iras beoö omenn gewenedeo.

§ 12. There is a land callec whose heads have manes i. mouths as big as fans. I[::

following them, then to be men.

rhe','

§ 13. Begeondan Brixonte örrea ea, east öanonb, beoö men acende lalge 7 micle, pa habbaä fet 7 csceancan narelF fota lange, sidan mid breostum seofat d fota lange. äHi beoö swearres hiwes f f}ri syndan Hostes nemdef. Cuölice swa hwylcne mannB s*, hhi gefoäh, ponne fretaö hi hinei.

They are of a black colour. they devour him.

§ 14. Donne syndona bon Brixonteb wildeor pa hattanc lrrtices. Hid habbaö eoseles

§ 14. Then there are on 'i:

§ 13. Beyond the River B, tall, who have feet and sh:,

earan 7 sceapes wulle 7 fuglese fet.

have donkey's ears and si:=,

is oöera ealandb suö framc Brixonte on pamd beoö emenn akendee butanf heafc. e\ee L 'roep pBlsaual e{.uE 'rapuaueS epL!\s ue:rsl8n u l 'tsoarq peroaq Qo eprs E^\-s s?, rPue{8 goeq rud

jus

UEPE:

rudr 'Js

acrla3epe8 uopuls

qqos^§eq unP elsatu oJS s ;sututulS eggo eror8arlu rl

sa8nuoerpunrl ruBrreq

QrJE

'r{atufSaq / gappatlaS tue{ or 3lp.l ueuuns ldu:: rrrnueJur Jo l, qunr:oe,uaS

u_o aPerqrrrll su^a rud P'JX' a8ual uo allur{ prprls rg qstl

erqoal

E/Y\s

sqPurf,s ueSea e:e

NOII\ISN\QIL:JSW gHJ IO SAEONOA gHJ

I)(gI

HSII:

THE

THE WONDERS OF THE EAST OLD ENGLISH TEXT

i{-,1-

§ 27. Donne fuindon oörea wif öab habbaö eoferes tucxasc 7 feax oö helan side, 7 don lendenum oxan trgld. Da wif syndon öreotynee fota lange 7 heoraf lic biö on marmorsranes hwitnysseE. 7 hih habbaö olfendai fet 7 eoferes.l teö. kFor heorak unclennessel -hie gefelde wurdon fram öam mycclanm macedoniscan Alexandre. Fa nhe hi lifiende gefon ne mihte, pa acwealde he hi for öam hin syndon rwisce on lichoman 7 unweoröeo.

S 27. Then there are or}:e heels and ox-tails on their i are of the whiteness of mar of their uncleanness ther- r.

dhattan Catini pad syndon freawlitigee § 28. Be pamagarsefge isbwildeora cynnc pa deor. 7 pr,r syndon fmenn öaf be hreawan8 flesce 7 be hhunige lifigeaöh.

§ 28. By the ocean is a brr beautiful animals. And dre

29. On pamawynstran drle bpat

them because he could

r:c

disgusting bodies.

rice isbpe öa deor on beopc Catinos, Tpxr beoö gastlipended menne, cyningas pa habbaöf under him8 mrnigfealdeh leodhatan. H.om landgemare beoöi neah b.orl garsecge, 7k lpanan fram paml wynstran drle

§ 29. On the left-hand sic Catini, there are hospitab.

rgyf § aO. Dis amannLy^n lifaöa fela geara, 7 hib syndon fremfullec mennd. zt

§ aO. This race of peopie anyone visits them they' ei'.

§

msyndan manege cyningasm.

h*ytc

mann to him cymeöf ponne gyfeöz hih him wif ar hii hine onweg latanj.

§27

a...^ sindon oöre] syndan opere

b öalhaZ . tucxas] tuxas 7

d...d on lendenum

lendunum

. r s r, i i

7

§29

I/

"u...bban l pr,m V pet

. . . Egl]

oxan tagl on

hil hy Z olfendal olfendan

I/

,

7 I/

unclennesse Ä/ '""'- hie . . . mycclan] hy gefrlde

waron from pam miclan I/ "...' he . . . for öam hil cwealde he hy pa he hy lifiende oferfon ne mehte for pon hy l/ unweoröe] unweorpe

I/

§28

.

par rices

Iprs

rices

beopl buap 7 gastlipendel eastliöende menn] men 7 habbaöl habbap 7

Tprt rice

I

himl om. V mrnigfealdel monigfealde V beoöl buaö lbuap Tbeoö G px,m V

k b"r"l 7lom.V

1...r panan . . . b.*l panon frxmpr,m V -...- syndan manege cyningasl syndon fela

qninga V

§lo

a."a mann§nn lifaöl mannpcynn lifaö T mancyn lyfaö V

s hil hyZ . fremfullel fremfulfe I d mennl men I/ ' 7)om.V f...f

" b"-l pa,m V 5 isJ orn. V cyrn] cynV

d...d hattan Catini pa] hatron catinos e freawlitigel freawliti l/ f...f menn öa] men pe I/ c hreawan] hreawum 7 h...h hunige lifigeaöl hunie lifiaö 7

. a . f e h i

k...k Forheora] of hyraV I unclennesse] mycelnysse 7" micelnesse

o

... isl

isG

öreorynel prytryne 7 heoral hyra V hwitnysse] hiwnesse 7

eoferes] eoseles

Se

prr V

gyf . . . cymeöl gif hwilc mon him to

cymö V

s r i ) 200

gyfaöl Sf^d T gifaö V gyfaö G

hil hyZ

hil hyY latan] leten V

boundaries border on the ( are many kings.

TOZ

g ee# A pe_ii8 or tulq uoru rp*q

i

3rB

J

., EJIry-.:J:::

qe3n uuß{uuBr,ü [pe3i. ,,

e1a3 uopuls [se8urudr a3:-:-

A

wa,q ruery

uour(

i*.

, goaq/ (rnq-', -:: 1 appa3Sruoru ,1 {:cc

.... J ePuäPrPs": ' ... a4ttxQll

saorr

se{7 srlrr

räc'

.:

rePuExe[V uaql§ 'o8 turq leql aroJeq uEruo.rr\ rel E rulq laqr ear8 tuaqt slrsh auolue .sreal lueru roJ e eldoad .0€ 31 'aldoad snoreueS ere laqr pue ll s Jo arer s5{J

eS

'perul

Sarnuo aun{ :i.i

y' 'puueu crllr5

c1l,u,q3l8,

's8uq lueru err

,e8rrrl.rnuar3

deuoq lBeul.&\er uo e oI{ \ orarp eldoad aJE erer{l puv'spruruB PuE ll InJnneeq lrorr ere laqr puu 'rune3 pellul sr reqr slururuu plllruo peerq E sr ueef,o aqr lg .gz s

'uurBqpoel qeppe3Sruuru 'soun?O r{orq

oror{l eqr tuou 'eraql tuou puB 'uBef,o eql uo reproq serrBpunoq 'uorl)as PuBrl-uel rläqI 'stuurlt lueu e^Er{ oq^r s8u»1 'aldoed olqeldsoq ere er)r{t .ruueJ PrnPqns qlFr'\ ur uropSuDl eqlJo oprs puBrl-uel aql uo .62 § PallB) slsruruE plr/( erB erer{l

rlep uerrsulrrr rue{ uBrl qoeg

wQt

'rgea8grl a8runq

üopuls oe{ rur:r

'sarpoq SurrsnSsrp

(ezrlp tueql e:nldec rou plnof, oq esnpf,Eq lueqt PUE e rsuaJJo r Br{ laqr esnuoaq PrilPI eH 'uoPef,BryJo t?erD aqt repuuxerylq psllH a.rer*r leqr ssauurelf,un rreqrJo äsnef,)g 'qreer s(rEoq Pue reeJ s Iatue) ar'eq laqr PuV 'älqreurJo sseuetnlv\ eqlJo art selPoq rlel{r ueelrlql erB ueuro^\ esor{J'surol rr3rll uo slr?l-xo puE sleeq $lsnr s JBoq a Bq orf\. uaruo^{ Jarflo eJB eJer{t uoql ' LT, s

Jlerf ol

PUE IIE] leeJ

u/Y\oP

rleq

PUB

uo e)srr\e uopuls ulr{ urQ Bd'arPuExe[v uB)sruoPrf E {Eroer{

roc{ 'ger FeraJoa _

uo qlq f,rl Juroeq

l, 'eprs UEIäI{ qo

NOII\rISNYIIL.JSW EHJ IO SAqONOA EHJ

/ a8url e:

l, ,srx:

xEeJ

IXEI

HSII:

THE WONDERS OF THE EAST OLD ENGLISH TEXT

THE'.t''.

macedonisca Alexander, pa öak he him ro com, pa was he wundriendel hyra menniscnyssem, ne wolde he hi cwellan ne him nnawiht laöes donn. § :t. Donne syndon atreowrynn of öam öaa deorweorstarrb stanas beoöc acende, panon patted hie growaö.

7

lZ. Der mannkynna is prtb syndanc sweartes hiwesd on ansyne., pa manf hateö

§

silhearwanB.

§ 33. Donne is sum land wingeardas weaxat on swiöast,pxr biö rest of elpenda bane geworht. Seo is on lenge preo hund fotmrla lang 7 syxa.

34. Donne

§

is sum dun Aöamansahatte.

On öere dune biö

prt fugelcynn pe Grifus

hatte. Da fugelas habbaö feower fet 7 hryäeres tagl 7 earnes heafod. § 35. On pare ylcan stowe byö oäer fugelcynn Fenix hatte. Pa habbaö cambas on heaf1e1s llarerpetuur pue .ruay\ qse{ ueelo slqt uI parq8rlap se,rr\ I 'retr/rr er{r ol qred e se^4, arerp rnq 'daep elrru E spoo1r4, r{ll1k\ u^{or8:or'o llerrtua sE/( tI 'sn ol peqrrrsep ueaq p?q tBqr e>lBI eqr o} aruEr a { 'dep eqlJo rnoq qrg8ra eql se^.r lr ueq/( .lep rxau rqr uo puv JJo r.uäqr pleq er4. pue sn p»lsullu sJ^lo/yr pue sprudoel pue sre8lr pue sreoq pur suorl (p)lp^err

'llpnulruof,

a^,\ sE rg8ru eloqa aqr rnoq8nonll puy 'suod?E&\ rno Jo ueprnq aqr dq pet)rlgs lltear8 puu 'ts.rtgr qrl^{ pexä^ rqSru älorfr\ egr rnoqSnorqr pe[e^?rr sal sdrqspreq lueur os ol uoltlppe ul puv'uoos lprp3 orerp ra8 plnor*r r^\ ueel ere \ e/(Jr rer{r pue 'Jelurn qserJ ueap 3o lruald sern eraqr qllr{,vt ul »lEI 8rq ,{-rer p puu ppo^r ä^l ttr{r pIEs pue ll puu ol erarl^\ sn plor puu aBenSuEI u^4.o rreqr ur sn pere.&\sue legr talern qse5 tnoqu ueru eqr pr{sr e^t ueqrr§ 'tueqt 3o dor uo tts put .{ueq re^rr eql uo

Poots teqt seerl pue speer erp ulo{ seduqs-rroq opuru peq laqr pue 're,ru erp re o Surtuoc ueur /\{Bs e.&\ uar{I 'rluoJ los r/$, pue '&p erpJo rnoq qruä ele äqr se/r\ rI '9I s JJO

PEaq ol lure ar{r PuE 'papunos eq ot sladtunrr eqr perepro I uerlJ'alqrrerunuur os araru laqr 'stuu sB {llt{l sp JE^IJ oqr ur dn paqreas sJetsuorr-Jelu/rr eqr pue 'sJar{ro eql t{tl,tr auoP peq laqr se lsn( Äe.,*e tuer{t pa88u.rp puu 'fpear äre,a{ srelsuoru-rele^\ äql ur ere^{ loqr su uoos sB puu 'raar.r eql orur p3^or{s aq tuJr{]J" duu puE perpunrl ruo rEq] PerePro 1 :a8ueP qlns olul sn pel prq oqr* 'sapln8 ltu qrun lr8ue ,{-raa se/n I uaql 'auo8 PEq ruel{l3o lur ärer{^\ lrr\eu>I snJo auou r?qt os lerne IIE tueql par{f,reus puE 'srpnoru rrärp qlr \ serrrd lpoolg ol ueql erol pue .ruouoq re rr arp ol u^\op se B/r,\ ,ftelern aqr qSnorqt ueru aqr paESerp oqÄ\ .srueqdala eqr ueqr acuereadde

uI elqlrrel erotu pue ro8rel '[ruerododdq] srelsuoru-rele^rJo apnrnlnu e pareedde )roI{J'ueqr or peueddeq alglrrat Burqrauros terrrr arpJo raurnb e lnoqe tun/us perl laqt uaqn PuV'PuBIsI teqt ol JJ^IJ er{t ssorf,E Je^o run^\s deqr pue 'Euruurrrrs lq a8e11yr äqr ol rerto oB pue suodeern rq8rl qtr^{ sr rrrre ol dture >leerD er{r tuo5 lesueqr .ppr3e suSeqr dtu3o parpunq o^\r perepro I uer{J'llarnras erotu se lästuaqt pnl pue lpeerS erorrr llrrs rre r leql uaqa 'epreq Jo rEeJ qSno-rqr ,Ärsseceu 3o plnogs legr 'llrrerunlorr sn ol tno eulor rou plno \laqr31 lerll os 'a8e11ra eqr orur roqs äq ot sr,\orJe ueqlJo euou puB etun 8uo1 e pä]rB^\ pBr{ 3 \ r)uv

/$,eJ B

PerePro 1 'aSraua plno^\

NOII\NSN\QILIETJOJSITIV OJ AEONVXITV

IO

uo lu s3qnfun tqru ^q puasn{ uopluuo:eg e,j - . c:

rz{

szr*r

_

pa11{e3:zq aj

rul\rl qn)un

sz.Äl sn uoc-

l, 'runf,rrvr runJn

j-

uz( u-:::

c{ 11ue urruruesa8 Eq lr r: ol adrosrarern uz{ ol ::-' Bq ueJJoef, f,r räq e{ 'uc,:_: e8uolrry se')O(' o8ua1 uc :euarunuroJ els.rn{ prru trQ..r laq Bq'paroerrr urtu IEJ Pü l, sartern uuter\s sz{ apuc,: alltu uaxBa.&\eq nPn^\ Plti-- uoruoi^.f, e{'sa8ep pn }grl

arrr

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sEJIrLr\

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u{ alpa :o1o L'etcua.t-.:S uoproJ lqru e{ eller r^\ lrc a1p3uroe8 aru 318 urur o.\\-u UIUq UI OJEIU äUI)]ILi. JJE./I\

uolqelll uBPuu tq J.r\ rr.r\L' reua am l{ plru [rEZ I ] ua e5o Ee sJaQ ur e{ euui:..,0,:, uoru ä/r\ uornusaS ec[ 'uoD: 'uerpJ

pr{ rd -

'seJfru eg uellotuz B^\s uotl(. erq uopnrqol a./ü8f,3 sr:o:i: ueJnf,seq Eg Errrq : ea

e{ ur

runurru tuzq arrl aqr,rs

:l

'uotuuuroS B/rrs ällee ,rq _ i e{ sareturrr sz{ egl Bg qor. -ttk4[q71lun / uertru ruors [uns [uo/r\3eq Eg .UJLUUJIL! tueq or ea arz{ reua rgo u arq unuda.&r unlqoal a8r: orq / arqr,fe rogfru.s l{ arq re{ uoplou ot sn tunllr^\ Ei

laq e{ eplo.&r ol uoru Sruzu

ÜEJJT7 gHJ

IXAI

HSI'IDNE CI

THE LETTER OF ALEXANDER TO ARISTOTLE OLD ENGLISH TEXT

parafyrahafdon onaled swa fela swa us pa öuhte, pa bleow man mine byman 7 ic mete pigde 7 eall min fyrd swa dyde.'W'as hit pa an tid to rfenes, 7 pa § 17.

Da we

het ic onbrrnan öara gyldenra leohtfato pe ic mid me hafI ol eqlJI dye:ltue era^{ senlrls palue/'a eq se rsec I spoS o \l orpJo 3o a8pa uretse) eqt uo dn qroq tuaqt rrs Pu?'snqcceg PuE selnf,rag santets plo8 ur rqSnorm puu lsef, perl )I{ puy'p1o8 qrrrt doorr lur p PuE elu qloq JI{ 'ruopSuq lur loedxa tou pe \opue eq pue (ornseillJo erols ernue srq etu pe ^,oqs p1p aq e)urs .ruop8url er{lJo rno EJ percadxaun eqr roJ urnlar uI pue 'tuop8ul1 srq {leq rurq e,re8 1 puy'l1p pue 'uoluuduor lu pue 'lturr {errD elf IF ol PUB otu or pueuJ ? eturf,eq et{'sn uaa^\teq ueeq PEq reqr lrrpsoq eql reUE PuV'eu tsuteSu tq8g rou ppotr er{ rrqr posrleor eq urr{ir4, 'onune: puosred pue dure slq IIE tlll/r\ spuer{ &u orur erur) snrod 8151 Sururoru rxeu el{l llreg z(uru sFI r{tlrr\ euo8 ppq eq q)Hr'rt otur sSurpunorrns arttpelord eql PuE duec s.8tpl aql lno pards PErl I '§Z §

Suruaarrr:aao eqr puersJapun pue JEar{ uEf,

nol rrgr

'8uH uSraro3 erpJo ssäuqserq pue raqtoru &u

os 'sretsls

lu

surdudlg or puB 'rerlr?el 'nol or s8urgr eseqt nol Surlar tur I 'tltrlru qru*r

Pe1f,or

lltearS se/$, I spre^\reuE osle pue tuotunf,op er{r PEer I eroJeq qloq PuB 'dtuu>rur*t lur or >lreq eruetr pur (erer{l Uol I oS 'Pt{sB erl sE oP Ppo { I luqr PPs I PUE (rulq lI ear8 plnoru.IJr pr?/r,r,er E etu pesltuord osp pur'rapuexayyBury ot tt ealE or atu PIol .raltal

B pue tueurnf,op E aru a,re8 eq 'sprorrr tsäql pJuer{ eq uar{/§ 'JtuIElaJ slg pue pue .preq-epruf, sn{ puu 'uuur suSoqr srq s?n , ef,urs 'tuoplas 8ur1 eqr rtres lluo pur I .srregr slr{Jo luBru naou>l rou prp plus pue 'srruge sn{ tnoqe r(1uee1 eroru f,ur I I PrIsP

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lu

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THE LETTER OF ALEXANDER TO ARISTOTLE OLD ENGLISH TEXT

§ 26. Pa ferdon we forö 7 woldan ma wunderlicra pinga

geseon

7

THE LETTER O:

sceawian 7

marlicra. Ac pa ne gesawon we swa swa we pa geferdon noht elles buton pa westan feldas 7 wudu 7 duna be prm garsecge, öa waron monnum ungeferde for wildeorum 7 wyrmum. Fa ferde ic hwepre be pam sa to pon prt ic wolde cunnian meahte ic ealne middangeard ybferan swa garsecge beligeö. Ac pa srgdon me pa londbigengan pat se sa w&re to pon piostre 7 se garsecg eall, pat hine nrnig mon mid scipe geferan ne meahte. On ic pa öa wynstran dalas Indie wolde geondferan py lrs me owiht in

h**

londe beholen oööea bedegled w€re.

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ff:

THE LETTER OF ALEXANDER TO ARISTOTLE: OLD ENGLISH TEXT

THE LETTER C,'

§ fZ. Da wolde ic eft in Fasiacen prt lond feran, mid hy i. pa ferde mid mine

§ lZ. Then I intended ro Src' army, there came two old mo:

7 ahsode hwaper hie owiht mrrlic in pem londum wisten. Da ondsworadon hie mecT sagdon pet nere mara weg ponne ica meahte on tyn dagum geferan. Hwepre mid ealle mine weorede somod ic hit geferan ne mehte for öara wega nerwette, ac mid feower pusendum monna ic hit geferan meahte, pat ic merlices hwathwugo gesawe. Da was ic swiöe bliöe z gefeonde for pam hiora wordum. Da cwaö ic eft [117v] to him z him sprec liöum wordum to: 'secgaö, la, mec, git ealdon, hwrt pet sie marlices 7 micellices pat git mec gehataö prt ic per geseon mrge?' Da andswarode me hiora oöer 7 cwx,ö: 'pu gesiehst §ning gif pu hit geferestb pa tu trio sunnan 7 monan on Indisc 7 on grecisc sprecende. Oper para is wrpnedcynnes sunnan trio, oper wif§nnes pat monan trio, 7 hie gesecgaö pam men pe hie frineä, hwrt godes opöe yfles him becuman sceal.'

whether they knew of an',' : and said that there was, anc not travel there along r*'rrh :.

weorede, öa cwoman us par on öem wege tw'egen ealde men togeanes. Da frcgn ic hie

.

could travel with four rhou;.

very pleased and delightec r words to them: 'Tell me. inct you promise me thar i can sE-( you will see, ifyou get the re . Greek. The tree of the Sun :' to the people who ask u-ira:

,

§ 33. Then I did not beii;'

pat hi mec on hyscte 7 on bismer srgdon. 7 ic swa crvaö to minum geferan: 'min prym is from eastewearde middangearde op pat westanweardne 7 mec pas forealdodana elreordegan nu her bysmergeaö.' Mynte §

33. Da ne gelyf«le ic him

ac wende

ic hie haton yflian, öa sworan hie swiöe

prt

hie soö segdon 7 noht lugen para pinga.

Da wolde ic gecunnian [126r] hwaper hie mec soö srgdon, 7 mec mine geferan badon pat hie swelcra me$o bescerede ne w&ron, acöa;t*.b g..,r.rnedon hwaper

hit

swelc ware öa hit nas micel to geferanne. Genom pa mid mec preo pusendo, 7 forlet mine fyrd elcor in Fasiacen under Pore pam §ninge 7 under minum gerefum örr abidon. Da foran we 7 usic pa ladteowas laddon purh pa wrdlan stowe watres 7 purh pa unarefndon lond wildeora 7 wyrma pa weron wunderlicum nomum on

Indisc geceged.

§ aa. Mid py we pa nealehtan öam peodlonde pa gesawon we agper ge wif ge wapnedmen mid pantheraa fellum 7 tigriscum para deora hydum gegyryde 7 nanes oöres brucon. Mid py icpa frx,gn hie 7 ahsode hwelcre öeode kynnes hie waron. Da ondswarodon hie mecT srgdon on hiora gepeode pxtll26v] hie waran Indos.'W'as seo stow rum 7 wynsumo 7 balzemum 7 recels öar wrs genihtsumnis 7 prt eac of pxra treowa telgan weol 7 pa men prs londes bi öy lifdon 7 pal &ton. Mid py we öa geornlicor pa stowe sceawodon z betwih pa bearwas eodon, 7 icöawynsumnesse 7 frgernesse prs londes wundrade.

b

§ 32 l

b

ic) om. Vic C geferesd geferest 7 Vgeferest

D

^

§ 33 e

we] we his Zwe P

§ 34

forealdodan] forealöoöan Tforealdodan C

246

panthera] palthera V panthera P

and mockery. And I said r,: the world to the'§?'est, anc : to have them punished, 'b,u: : not lying about those thins: me the truth, and my cor::, an honour, and that we sho; journey. I took three thous: Fasiacen under King Porus -:.: us through a place bereft oj and serpents called by man'e

§ A+. tVhen we approachec skins of panthers and the hrc §7'hen I asked them and inc: and said that they were Inir and incense were there in ar and the people of that land ; at that place, and went throbeauty of the land.

LVZ

of )-'t"- '

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HSI'IDNA CI

k \

THE LETTER

THE LETTER OF ALEXANDER TO ARISTOTLE: OLD ENGLISH TEXT

'W'es he se bisceop .X. fota § 35. Da cwom se bisceop pare stowe us togeanes.

':

§ 35. Then the bishop o:

:

upheah, I eallhim wrs se lichoma sweart buton h*- topum öa weron hwite. 7 pa ..r"., him purh pyrelode, 7 earhringas onhongedon of manigfealdan gimcynne geworhte, 7 he was mid wildeora fellum gegerwed. Da he se bisceop- to me cwom, ä" gr.,,. he me sona 7 halettea his leodpeawe. Frrgn he eac me to hwon ic pider .*Jnt. 7 hwntic par wolde. Da ondswarode ic himb prt mec lyste geseon pa halgan trio ll27r) rtrrrrr"tt 7 monan. Da ondswarode he: 'gif pine geferan beoä clrne from '§7'rs minra wif gehrine, ponne moton hie gongan in pone godcundan bearo.' gefeäna mid me prio hund monna. Da het se bisceop mine geferan prt hie hiora gescie 7 ealne heora gerelan him of adyden. Ond het ic rghwrt swa don swa he us bebead.'W'rs hit pa sio endlefte tid drges. Da bad se socerd sunnan setlgongesc for pon sunnan trio agefeö ondsware et pam uPgonge 7 eft xt setlgonge, 7 pxt monan triow gelice swa on niht dyde.

and his entire body was b.a: through, and ear-rings hurs

§ a0. Da ongon ic geornlicor pa stowe sceawigan, 7 geond pa bearwas 7 treowu gongan, pa geseah icper balzamum prs betstan stences genoh of prm treowum ut weallan. lret balzamum agper ge ic ge mine geferan par betwih pem rindum noman pxra trio. Donne w&ron öa halgan trio sunnan 7 monan ll27v) on middu- bTäör,r- rreowum meahton hie beon hunteontiges fota upheah, 7 eacpxr weron opre treow wunderlicre heanisse öa hataä Indeos Bebronas. Dara triowa heannisse ic wundrade , 7 cwad pat ic wende pat hie for miclum w&tan 7 regnum swa heage weoxon. Da sagde se bisceop pet prr nafre in prm londum regnes dropa ne cwome ne fugel ne wildeor, ne nenig &tern wyrm pet her dorste gesecean öa halgan gemero sunnan 7 monan. Eac ponne he sagde se bisceop ponne pat eclypsis ware pat is ponne öas sunnan asprungnis oöpe pere monan, pet äa halgan triow

§ 36. Then I began to raie and trees. I saw plenn-o: : My companions and I garl:e of the Sun and the Moon '*a hundred feet tall, and u: Indians call Bebronas. I *-:; that they grew so high on a, said that no drop of rain e..

swiäe wepen 7 mid micle sare onstyreda waron, for pon hie ondredon prt hie hiora godmrgne sceoldon beon benumene. Da pohte icb prt ic wolde onsegdnisse par onsecgan, ac pa forbead me se bisceop, 7 sxgde pat öat nare [128r] alyfed änigum men prt he par rnig nyten cwealde obb. blodgyte worhte, ac mec het pet ic me to para triowa fotum gebade, prt sunna 7 mone me sopre condsware g.orrd*yrdumc para pinga öe ic frune sioööand pas ping pus gedon wrron. Da gesewon we westan pone leoman sunnan 7 se leoma gehran b** treowum ufonweardum. Da cwaö se sacerd: 'lociaö nu ealle up 7 be swa hwylcum pingum swa ge willon frinan, pence on his heortan deagollice,T nxnig mon his gepoht oPenum

wordum ut ne cyöe.'

§ 35 a

b c

halettel alette Thaleue himl hin Vhim C

u K

setlgonges] setlgongen Tsetlgonges

D

ic] post ic add. sxgde Alexander 7 c...c ondsware geondwyrdum] ondsware ge ond wyrdum Tondsware geondwyrdum D d siodöanl sioööan Tsioööan C

§ 36 l

onsryredl insryred Tonsryred P

248

b--.,

b----

b>--

-

in the skins of wild-anin:; immediately, and welcornec me why I had come, and 'o trees of the Sun and lvlooi.. touch of women, they can companions with me. The: their shoes and all their c:c then the eleventh hour of for the tree of the Sun sa" e tree of the Moon did so i:st

any poisonous serpent dare

The bishop also said rhar c the holy trees wept greatir: their divine power would b but the bishop forbade me. animal there or cause blocx that the Sun and Moon r.-c, after this was done. Then ". the trees. Then the priesr sa what you want to knolr', an

6yz

,

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JXSI HSI'IDNE C

APPENDIX IIIa

Liber monstrorum

I

Latin text SIGIA

\(/ S L R Y H P B T

\Tolfenbtittel, Herzog-August Bibliothek, Gudianus lat. 148, fols. l08v-123v St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek 237, pp.2-6 Leiden, Bibliotheek der Rijks-Universiteit, Voss. lat., Oct. 60, fols. lv-l2v New York, Pierpoint Morgan Library 906, pp. 79-ll0 London, British Library, Royal 15. B. xix, fols. 103v-105v Haupt, ed., 'Index lectionum aestivarum 1863', pp.2lB-52 Porsia, ed., Liber monßtroram, pp. 126-286 Bologna, ed., Liber monstrorum, pp.34-154 Butturff, 'The Monsters and the Scholar', pp.

6l-90

AINCIPIT LIBER MONSTRORUM DE DIVERSIS GENERIBUSA PROLOGUS aDe occulto orbis terrarumb situ interrogastic et si tanta monstrorum essent genera credenda quanta in abditis mundi partibus per deserta et Oceani insulas et in ultimorum montium latebris nutrita monstrantur, et praecipue de his tribus orbis terrae generibus respondered petebas^ quae mo(imum formidinis terrorem humano generi incutiunte, ut de monstruosisf hominum partibus describerem et de ferarum horribilibus innumerosisque8 bestiarum formis et draconum dirissimis serpentiumque ac uiperarum generibus. Et dum sermo de his per multarum scripturarum auctoritatem uelud excelsih sideris fulgorei olim humano generi paene ubique refulsit, mendacial ea nemini iteranda putassem nisi me uentus tuae postulationis a puppi praecelsa pauidum inter marina praecipitasset monstra. Ponto namque tenebroso hoc opus aequipero, quodk probandi si sint uera an instructa mendacio, nullus a'..a INCIPIT . . . GENERIBUSI om. WSLR PROLOGUS ^...e De. . . fabulael om. SLR b terraruml om. Y . interrogasd] rogasti Y d respondere] respondi I'

.

incutiunt] incutiununt I/

f

monstruosis] monstruosis

cotr.

monsrosis W

g h I j k 254

innumerosisque] numerosisque excelsi] excelsis

I/

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fulgorel fulgor )z mendacia] mendacidam \Y om. Y

quodl quia

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tn

HERE BEGINS THE BCI PROLOGUE You have asked aboui ::. earth, and if as many kincs

hidden parß [or'binfu'- c: the Ocean and in rhe recss asking me to answer abou: :: terror of fear in humankr:c ofmen, and the horrible a:c kinds of dragons, and ,e once shone almost e'eri-.\: through the authoriw ot-::. unrepeatable to anyone. i: -poop quivering amonqs: :

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patet accessus eaque per orbem terrarum aurato sermone miri rumoris fama disper-

g.b*t, quorum maximam partem philosophorum et poetarum scriptut"l d.-ottsrrar, quae semper mendacia nutrit. Quaedam tantum in ipsis mirabilibus uera esse creduntur, er sunt innumerabilia quae si quis ad exploranda pennis uolare potuisset et ita rumoroso msermone tamenm ficta probaret, ubi nunc urbs aurea et gemmis aspersan litora dicuntur, oibi lapideamo aut nullam urbem et scopulosaP cerneret. Et de9 his primum eloquar quae sunt aliquo modo credenda et sequentem historiam sibi rquisque discernatr, quod per haec antra monstrorum marinae puellae quandam formulam sirenaes depingam, ut sit capite rationist uquod tamenu diuersorum generu m hispidae squamosaequev sequu ntu r fab ulaea. wPrimoque namque de his ad ortum sermo prorumpit quaex leuiore discretu)r ab humano genere distant, daturus operam de singulis quae.terra fouetz mortalium nurrix, aui qrorrdam* bfouisre fertuib, euiac nunc hum.anod generee multiplicato et terraru-f orbe repleto, sub astris8 minus producunturh monstra, quae ab ipsis per iplurimos terrae angulosi eradicata funditus et subuersa; legimus et nunc reuulsak litoribus lprorr" torq,r.r,ur ad undas, quaeque turbine poli uerticel sub arduom an rotius gyri ambiru et oomni locoo terrarum ad hancP uastam gurgitis 9se uoraginem uergunt9w.

is no clear .,. throughout the world ur:-: in lies; of which thinss :: foster lies, expound the s: are believed to be true. rl winged flight to explore. --: in speech and rumour. '.r,'.-shores, one would see ii:e : those things which are i: the following material. L; a little picture of a sea-e::. kinds of shaggy and sca.'.. : For first the discuss:c':. rather trifling amounr :i: earth, the mother of mc-" when humankind has r.-" since there

monsters are producei :::. the world they have bee : out from the shores. rhe.from the steep summir .-: from every place on earri:

,

I

scriptura] scriptara corn in scriptura Iz tamen] sermo setam V/sermone tam I/

m..'m sermone

"o...oaspersa] aspera Iz ibi lapideaml ubi lapidesm'W n scopulosa] scopolosa Wscropulosa I/ q del om. Y r...(

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genere] generiW terrarum) terua'W' astris] alstris R

producuntur] producentur W

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nat Y

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j k

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äI :'::

Ä ?::): §r -':":

'poog erpJo sslqr lse^ srqt sprr^rol qrrre uo er?ld l:ar'e uro5 PuE elf,rlf, srllue arp Jo e8pa aqr ruoU urnr laqr elod aqr Jo lrlÜtuns dears eqt ruory Suturngr eqr r(q reqt pue 'sä^Ev\ Jt{r or u.&\op ur/rorr.ll a.rr laqr 'sf,Jor{s eql rrro5 rno (^\ou lsEJ PuE 'uäql lq urnorqtre^o puu p)rBJrpEJJ dlreun uaeq e Er{ deqr plrorn aqr (srets er.p repun parnpord are srelsuoru Jo sreuro, eqt Jo lsotu uI rrrp ptar )^\ pue re \eJ ueeq ) Erl er{lJo spuel eqt qrree sur{ pu? ueq^l perldrrptu puDluutunq 'pr[U hrou osntf,eq aaeq ol ef,uo sr ro reqtou f,qt (qlJEJ prus 'peu^trds 'suru,eds 'slulroruJo aqt slBnpl^Ipul aqt or 8uiled rer{r paaq ruo5 lunouru Surgr.rr rär{tur 'puquuurnq u lq regp s8urqr esoqr ql5l/r\ Suruur8eq qruu str se{El uorssnf,srp ,qr tsru rog 'sälet lpcs pue lS8uqsJo spuDl IIE lq Pa/r\olloJ sI uosuarJo puer{ E sur{ rrJr r.llrq.&r'uarrs ro 1rr8-eas EJo ernlf,rd apul r rured IIEtls I sura Etr Pellg-rersuou esrr.p tnoqSnorqt esnuf,Eq 'lurreleru 8urrno11o3 oqr JIästuIq ro3 a8pn( q)Er rol ueqr PuE 'Patsnrl aq ot rrBd auros ur eJE r{llq,nt s8urqt esoql ssnf,srP luols B puB s>lf,or rregr eas plno \ euo .seroqs lsru puv 'llB rE y I IFr\ urtrarts-ura8 puu lrrc uaplo8 D erl"ho or prrs sr äJaqt eJar{/y\ 'rnoulnJ pue qcaads ul ^\ou pelf,of,uof, rq ppor{s lagr qSnoqtp ,reqr erro.rd ppo/, daqr .oroldxa ot tr{ftU pa8urr* »lEl Plnoc auolue JI rllg,rrt s8urqr ssallunof, ere orer{l pue 'onrt aq or pe^arlaq ore se sle^relu eqr uI sSurgr )ruos llro 'ued rseleer8 aqt punodxe .sal1 relso3 lesuäql slurr,r,le ql1q,ra 'sraqdosolrgd puu staod eql Jo s8unrrrrr agr sSurgr qllq/r\ 3o !sar1 ur padaars ro enrl st troder snollr rprrSo qraads papllS ar{r qtr^r plro/yr. egr rnoq8norq} peards suq l{ltqlrt rnolrrnr ruqr reqleqal re)1f, ou sr rr)rll ef,urs Surrser ;o lur*

rueur8eron esb srrr8rnB ruErs: uE uonpre qns plruen rloi Ieslnnal f,unu le snur8al :

rad srsdr qu aenb 'Brtsuoru

-

re orecrldnlnu eereur8 ,our runrPlJorü zlenoJ BJrer )?r. qB

lnteJ)srp eJornel *eenb :rc

r.unJosJenlp nueruel ponbtuepurnb aulpnd euurreru ri: r.uerJolsrq uraluenbas tJ Epu lE 'laJauJäc 6esolndoss 1) ru: sruureS le BeJnB sqJn funu tasstnlod eJEIon sruuad epur snqrlrquJrlu srsdl ui asse EJan

-uotuep,urnldrns runrerroc --radsrp EuEJ srJorunJ rJrru eL

NOII\NSNYU

L

:WNU OÜJ SN OW A gg I7

LIBER MONSTRORUM

LAIIN TEXT

...:

LIBER I Me enim quendam hominem in aprimordio operisa utriusque sexus cognouisseb testor, quic tamerrd ipra facie plus et pectore uirilis quam muliebris apparuite; et uir a nescentibus putab.turl sed muliebria Eopera dilexitE, et ignarosh uirorumi more jmeretricis, decipiebact; ksed hock frequenter apud humanum genus contigissel fertur.

I.1

aEt

1.2 fiunt monstraa mirae magnitudinis, ut rex Higlacusb, quic imperauit Getisd et a Francis occisus est, quem equus a duodecimo aetatise anno portare non potuit. Cuius ossa in Rhenif fluminis insula, ubi in OceanumB prorumpith, reseruatai sunt, et de longinquo uenientibus pro miraculo ostendunturj.

I.3 Et ut Colossusa qui mole uastissima monstrorum ad instar maritimorumb cunctos homines excreuit, quem unda Thybridisc uulneratum cooperir. dr,on ualuitd, in queme se doloref marcescens moriturum iactauit et ab ipso usque adTyrrheniE maris terminum per .XVIII.h milia passuum aquami tanto sanguine commixtarnJ reddidissek f.rtu.r'rtl totus fluuius de uulneribus eius manardn uidereturn. Postquamo Romani Ppaene per LIBER I r.1 DE UTRTUSQUE SEXUS HOMTNE tj{/pBDE UTRTUSQUE SEXUS HOMTNUM DE U'TRISQUE SEXUS HOMINE Z a...a primordio operis] in primo hominis lZ.S in pridio operis R cognouisse] cognosse R agnouisse Z

b " d . f

qui]

de-

cipiebam S k...k sed hoc] set haecIM I contigisse] contiguisse lZ.9 contingisse R

I.2 DE HUNCGIACO MAGNO IYB DE HUNCGIACO MAGNO S DE HYGLACO GETORUM REGE LP DE GIAUCO MAGNO Y DE GETARUM REGE HUIGLq,CO MIRAE MAGNITUDINIS T "..." Et

b

fiunt monstra] sunt alii homines

I/

Higlacus] huncgacus cott in huncglacus huncglagus S huiglaucus

RI'

" a .

q,ri] quae enim l7qui enim

Getis] gentes Wgentibus.Sgethis Rgerys aetatis] om. R aetads suae I/

I.3 DE COLOSIO SIO

" b "

S

f W s h i I/ i

WSTB DE COLOSSO CUIUS

T

Colossusl colosius IYRLY

maritimorum] marinorum.§ Thybridisl ryberidis Wtiberidis.Stibridis R tiberi Z tibiridis I/ d...d non ualuit] noualuit R non potuit I/ . quem] quam VSY f dolorel dolere IYS om. Y s Tyrrhenil terreni IVSRY tyrreni L h .XUII.I .X. et .VIII. S.KII. RY

i

aquam] aqua lZ.S

Rheni] reni'WLY reno R oceanum] oceano W

prorumpir] prorupit S reseruata] seruata Z

ostenduntur] ostendenrur

lZ

IMAGO EST ROMAE LPDE COLOS-

j commixtam] conmixtum IZ.S k reddidissel redisse Iz I utl etVS m manare] manuere WS mare L " uideretur] uidebatur'WRL o

postquam] post quem Z p...p paene . . . erexerunt] pene per totum orbem terrarum audirum esse hoc opus erex-

erunt S pene per totum orbem terrarum inauditum opus erexerunt R penerant Z

258

I.1

Indeed I bear w'itne's sexes, who alrho:s

ofboth

face and chest, and r*'e:e :: occuPations and decei'''ec this is said to have hapx:.

I.2 And

there are moi:):.

Geats and was killed l; : twelve. His bones are pre -ii

the Ocean, and thev are

':

I.3 Or like Colos5s5.

'.1r. men. §7'hen he was r*'o..i:.;; he had flung himself a: :::

out to the mouth of rl:e l.' have been mixed u'ith -.,:, : wounds.

c...8 opera dilexitl dilexi opera.§ h ignarosl ignoras lZ.9 i uirorum] uiros I'

)...i meretricis decipiebat] meretrices

quae S

tamen] tantum IZS tunc Iz apparuit] apparui S putabatur] putabar.S

Sr

BOOK I

sq ruory

^\o[J

6ST,

7 flreJaud y run.r:r{::; : rrrnJEJJal r.usqJo tlrn:o: :i: -xeJa sndo ,oq assa LL:.i:::: -Jo rrrnlol rad auad i:ul-.;::c--:-

7 iua;tl :i:.: 2rl1 rn:?;::._ r:::-

7 erew Srtl /d

§41

}Si:::

unlxru::j:,r

-soTo) EQ{T Tr,l\oE - )

ll

rruuepur"l:,_,._

/ "- --' 5:rdr':c:: Ä o':1::,_

y ouer,il_:..

o)\ilDInH of,\ilDÄH y

EDTU ACI S

assrSunucn

_

i\Uti-:_

ON)\l.i

t

,.{ scj-

I »OOg

L

SA assn5r:':-: /1 lr?u ::_{

-ap sJf,rlrrerrr peqardr:::

sd1 t?j:,'j g erado rxalrp '::] 'sPuno/$.

ol PaueDs re u eloq eqr lEql Poolq qf,nru os qlul\ Psxnu ueaq e^Erl ^ eql (salw uaalqSra e1uos) uBeuBrretrpew eql Jo r{rnol'u eql o1 lno

o1 PrEs sr relu^{

rq8rr turq uorC 'spuno/ü slq ruo{ 3u1gu3 'qreap3o rurod eqr reJlesuq Sung puq ar{ wH/r\ olur 'rurq ra of, rou PInof, reqlJ equo ruEens oqr PaPuno^r s?\{ eq ueg/N 'ueru 1p r*arSrno srelsuoru-tos Jo ruqr e{rl >11nq aSnq slq ul oqrrr 'snssoloJ a{ll rO g'I

irBJB ruo5 sralla^Err ol Jäpuo^\ E sE u.,!\oqs a:e laqr pue 'uBäfO er{l olur $leeJq tr eJeq 4.'aurrft[ re rr er{t ur puelsr u? uo paa:eserd eJE säuoq srH 'e^la^ r 3o a8e ,qt urol Ät:rct ppol esrorl ou ruoq..\t 'querg aql lq pällpl sE^\ pue sl?ED eql Palnr oqrrr 'cela8lg Sury a1r1 (ezls Surzeue ue Jo srelsuoru erp ererll puv Z'I

'arer uerunq er{l tsSuotue ueuo pauaddeq e^Erl ol pres sr snlt rnq leroqan EJo Jeuuerrr äqt ur uaru ts8uouu lue:ou8r eqr pä^r)f,Jp puu suoltednrco eulultueJ pe ol rad 'zrroul rou prp or{/vr asoqt lq eptu rq8noqr ere/$ pue 'lseqc puu erEJ rleqt tuo5 eururureJ uBqt eurln)seru eror.u pereedde leqr q8noqlp orl,l\'srxes qtoqJo uosred E u./rtou1 e Bq I reqr {ro.1vr rql Jo EuluulSaq aqr r? sseurr/$. JBeq I peepul I'I

NOII\NSNTU

I^{NA OYJSN OW

JS I^INNIWOH SNXJS

3]b

rad euaedd rueruo1 ourenb: Irn

rnuT

>PssrPrPPrr r.uEr'\]

urnunurel srJeru 3ruequll r (Oilnpn uoup JJrJr ,tuenb ur solf,unf, qrunJoruuJEru

JEts u

'luns rtlunJeseJ'rlrdun:o:i 'rrnrod uou eJBtJod ouur -s

,rrrrg trneradur ,rnb

'orn'.,

'JnrreJ snue8 tunu ressrSrtuor JJoru rr,unJoJrn ,so:eu8l ra JIn le lrrrnredde srrqerlnu snxes enbsn ,.,essrnou8of *1.

UE g 1 7

r: l

n

L\

!;3:

LIBER MONSTRORU,,trI: LATIN TEXT

totum orbem terrarum auditum est hoc opus erexeruntP statuam procerissimaeq magnitudinis, quae .C. et .VII.r pedess altitudinis habet et prope omniat Romaeu urbis opera miro rumore praecellitv.

Afterwards the Romans .: heard of throughour ai::: surpasses nearly even

I.4 Et quosdama immensab corporum magnitudine et bellicosissimosc

fuisse legimus qui din ambisd manibus esex digitose etTsingulisg hhabuerunt pedibush ; mente tameni rationabiles erant, et .IIII. jtantum ,rgÄ.ntoi digitorum a cereris discre-

p,rerrrrtk hominibusl.

L5 Fauni enim siluicolaea, qui sicutb a fando nuncupatic sunt; da capite usque ad umbilicumd hominise speciem habent; tapita *,rt.-T curuara naribus cornua dissimulant8 eth inferior pars duorum pedumi jet femorumj in caprarum formak depingiturl. Quos poera Lucanus, r..rrrd,r*m opinionem Graecor,r--, nad orphein liram, cum innumerosiso ferarum generibus, cantu deductosP cecinitg.

s

'.

procerissime] procerrimae

.vII.l .uII. W5.IIII.

r

t " "

LY

pedes] om. L

omnia] omnium.S Romae] Romanae ZI' praecellitl precellet W

I.4 DE HIS QUI AMBAS MANUS

DTGITTS .VI. lr/S DE IPSIS QUI FIABENT .VI. DIGITOS Z DE HTS QUI HABENT.VI. DIGITOS WDEHIS QUI INAMBIS MANIBUS

DIGITOS SEX

"b .

^B7

s

quosdaml quosdam homines Iz immensal om. \YS

singulis] singulos R h...h habuerunt pedibus]

bellicosissimosl bellicosas R bellicissimos Z d...d in ambisl om. L e...e sex digitos] digitos sex Spasr sex om. S et

.

..

6 I

hominibus et] et in I/

unt

V

i tamen] tantum lZ i...i tantum augmento]

manibus habuertamen aumento Z

om. Y k discrepuerunt] discernerunt

lZ

hominibus]parrhominibus add. R Faoni [corr in Fauni] de uereribus pastoribus fuerunt in principio mundi, qui habitauerunt in locis super quae consrrucra esr Roma er poerae cantica de ipsis cecinerunt. Faoni lcorr. in Fauni] nascuntur de uermibus nuds lltro natisl inter lignum et corticem et postremo procedunt ad terram et suscipiunt alas er eis amirunr, post*Jdum er efficiuntur hominis siluestres et plurima cantica de ipsis poerae cecinerunt.

I.5 DE FAUNIS lyslwB DE FAUNI

I

7

siluicolae] siluestri S siluicolae homines R sicutl sic.S nuncupati] dicti I/ d"'d a capite . . . umbilicum) oru. Y 'f"'fhominis] homines IZ capia aurem] c:tput hoc lf,ö'caput autem Z cum-capite I/ s disimulant] simulant .SZ h et] orn. Y i pedum] peduum S i"i et femorum] femoribus I/ k formal pedibus lf,/

" b c

260

m

depingirurl depinguntur secunäum] pri

n...'

y-

I,

ad Orphei] ab orpheo S innumerosis] innumeris SZ "p deducrosl deducus lz.s ductos I/ s cecinir] post cecinh add. R De orpheo. Orpheus ciiharista erar eneae pra Aenius?] er quanrus citharista in Grecia posrmodum erudira lproüurydice] uxor ipsius a serpenre percussa -ortrrä erar er p.rrä inr"nu, ä.r.r, est in siluis liram p.r.utieb"t er besriae ad audiendum liraeflioliram] ipsius ueniebant

rhiis

I.4 And we read that d:.e :. who had six fingers on ei-: mind, and differed fron: :':

I.5 Moreover fauns, u'hc dwellers, and have huma:. heads disguise curved ho:: the thighs is represenre c ::. to the opinion of the Gree.: were drawn to the h're c: C

r9z tueqeruan snrsdl

ott.

sorf,nP §ä1

a=

:

--.';

-:,-

'lUnJeU;t:_'

otuatune ueura [oruaiui::

lfl

)f

u:::

:

so1:--:c';

5'unru:

an '(opuat) Suqeeds rregt ruoU snql

llrpoq a8nqSo ueur esof,Il1eq lletuarlxe

t»J LOI

urBtraf,

lq auog3o lrtr

arr \ ereqr rpqt

pear a,,!\

puv

7.I

'blrurf,ef, dsollr

,rraqdr6 pe,,'runrof,aeJ)

rr

tunre:duc ur ßunr( {Br.uJoJ -srP ?nuJof, snqrJBu El?nJn pe anbsn alrdeo Bp :tuns ru

-eJf,srp srJelef, e unrouSrp

elueur

:

rsnqrped lunrenqeri

-al assrry ,sorurssrsolrlleq

1

er{r ur Sulqrl-lerte llreeu sassedrns

spuPls rplwrt plro^l )rnue eqr rsotule rnoqSnorr.ll Jo prEeq ezls lseleer8 aql Jo enluls E päl)ere su?rrro1 eqr spre/r\reUv

\ slqt -

[*rll

pE Jerrsaq re legarlnl:ad ',;-: snrf,EJ snuesur auad la lEl: ?:: atuadras u snlsdl roxn ia:rp-.-:: unpoulsod el:ar3 ur p:s;--[lsnruay otdl eeaua ]ere ?:s:--

'oaqdrg eC U 'W )tut?): :' sruln]:l

I

75'SrJeunuu; g oaqd:o qp -::

l;x

7 rnrun8urda:

ra tunporulsod .lurulurp p-; : ra unu8rl ratur [sneu ot{ =:' ap eJrluef, aeteod lJ Er.uo5 :-- ? ur lunJery snqrrorsed snqur:::

':'_ /41 lunJauJa)srp

7

-renqeq snqruuru [snqlpx

SNSINVI^I SIghIVNI IOb Si .IA' JNESVI{ Inb SISdI ] 4 ra11a:::i Ä7 eeüe'r:

'8uos qq lq snaqdrg3o arll er{t or urn?rp ere { 'slututuu P[/'Uo sPuH rer{ro ssällunof, grrrn 8uo1e 'deqr 's1aar3 eqlJo uorurdo eqr ol Surpror:e 'legt Sues uern-I leod aqa'steo83o ruroJ eqr ur paruasardor sr sq8rqr aqr PUE leeJ o^11 eql3o rred re {ol eqr PuE'(sesou rrerp ur suror{ pe rnf, esrn8srp speeq rraqr q8noqrp) eqt or pEeI{ arp ruo5 aruereaddu uurunq a^Erl pue .srellarrrp laaeu pellBf, arB oqzrr .sunr3 re orrol J E.J -poo.&\

'srr8rp rnoJJo uorrrppu er{r ur lluo aldoed -reqro uroU pare:Ulp pue .punu Jo Punos ereru,leqr laÄ 'rooJ tlf,?a uo seot xrs puu pueq r{f,Ee uo s.ra8ug xrs peq or{ r azrs

'uottetnder snolle^retu sll PUE IIE]

uaeq ser{ >lro

-

neEr.uou rEruruo edo:d ra r beururssrJeoord urrnlels dlu J.X

NOII\NSN\QI L :WNÜOAJSNOW AEqIT

:;:

LIBER MONSTRORUM: LATIN TEXT

I.6 Sirenae sunt marinae puellaea, quaeb nauiganres pulcherrima forma et ccantu dulcedinis decipiuntc, et a capite usqued ad umbilicum esunt corpore uirginalie et humano generi simillimae! tqur*osas tamen8 piscium caudas habeni quibus ser.rp.rh in gurgite latent. Hippocentauria equorum et hominu- b.o--ixtam naturam habentb et more ferarum sunt capite setoso, sedc ex parte aliqua humanaed enormae simillimoe, euof Possunt incipere loqui. Sed insueta labia thumanae locutioniS nullam huocem in

I.7

uerbah distingunti.

I.6

Sirens are sea-girls. '.,. appearance and the sr*'ee :: the head to the navel. ,,.'.---' which they always luri .:.

I.7 Hippocentaurs ha'e :

shaggy like wild aninra-s. which they can begin :c' ,: and they cannot form a:'.

:

I.8 Et

quendama hominem in Asia natum ab humanis parenribus b-o.rrtrosa eb didicim-us: qui pedibus et uentrec fuitd genitäri compar, sed tamene duo pectora quattuorf *arus et bina capita habuit8. Et ad hipsius miratiorre*h multosi ru-orosal contrahebatk opinio.

commixtiot

I.9

Sunt enimaAethiopes toto corpore nigri, bquor sol fl-agrans nimio ardore semper aduritb, quiac sub tertiod zonarume feruentisiimo et torridofÄundi circulo demoranturg,

I.6 DE SIRENIBUS WDE

"b

SIRENTS

SLWBT

puellae] belue S quael qui R

. . . decipiunt] cantu dicipiunt duclitudinis Wcantu decipiunr dulcedinis S c...c cantu

cantu mulcidinis decipiunt Rcantu mulcendo

decipiunt I/

I.9 There are Ethiopia:s ',' continually burns u'irl ::

seething and torrid circ.t :

d

usque] et usque R e...e sunt . . uirginali] corpore uirginali R habent corpora uirginum Iz

f s h

simillimael simillimi S similia Iz tamen] tantum IZ.9 semper] om. S ranrum Iz

I.7 DE IPOCENTAURIS WDE YPOCENTAURIS

S DE EPOCENTAURIS Z DE HYPPOCENTAURIS TDE HIPPOCENTAURIS P T " Hippocentauri] ypocentauri IVS epocen- e..,e normae simillimo] formae similes I/

tauri

f

RLY

quo] quae S quos Z

b"'b commixtam . . . habent] habent commix- s...8 humanae loiutioni] huma locutione Z h'..h uocem in uerba] in uerbo uocem S tam naturarn W.S commixtam naturam Z

' d

I.8 DE HOMINE DUPLICI WSLWBT

quendamJ quondam Z b..'b monsüosa commixtione] monstruosa

commixtiosa S commixtione monstrosa R monsüuosa commixtione L commixtione monstruosa Iz . uentre] uentri l7.S a fuitl sunt Z

I.9

"

i

Y

sedl om. humanae] humano Whumane locurioni S

a

DE ET}IIOPIBUS

. f e

distinguntl disdnguunt S

tamen] rantum IZS quattuorl et.III. Y habuirl habens.9

h...h ipsius mirarionem] ipsa admirarionem

i j k

multos] muhorum

enim] om. RY .S

fraglans

.

262

d e f g

IZ

)z

rumorosa] rumerosa S innumerosa Iz conuahebat] trahebat Z currebat Y

lr/DE ETFIIOPIS SDE I{AETHIOPIBUS

b...b quos . . . adurid ardore solis nimio ardore semper adurit Z quial quod W om. Y

I.8 And we have hea:c : monstrous mixture. F{e '.-' chests and four hands a:c to marvel at him.

Z

DEAETHIOPIBUS YPBT

tertio] quaruor R quinto Z zonarum] aronarum R torrido] horrendo 'WS orrido L demorantur] demonsrranrur WSZ

g9z |S/NI tmue.nsuo::j:l .:

7 oPrrro 5'.ti ot:j:: j u üi-j"_:: 7 o:urnb

)-'::-i

Jg1r1 puv .sJBls Sururnq lsotu aqtJo rnodea aqr tuo5 puEI eqrJo sasserer oql lq percorord are pue NOIIVISN\QI

7 ewlq

'trxeJe tunlnf,pt)eds

y :_;

sr::u;:

pluär{rrfJ sInPIr)o ur rnb ' 'cj l

eun snutdnseJ .a voJluE on:

lef rluBqaPef,xe urJurPn]r: ]E jlunrrnqsr{ srurPnlnEt urnrPuef,ul snuoru l)E

ul)t-

'EJnlEu grr8un:

-rqrr)sep raurpntrd-rnt esor:

pe anbsn qrnrueprn ereqEr uI dolf,Je sruorJlueldas opr urn urf rn

snqnuoru

rsraed

r

-uo) a )rsf 'rsrrqelBl rntunF"

:WNAOÜJSNOW AEqIT

L\

.:

LIBER MONSTRORUM: LATIN TEXT

quiquee bellorum suorum tropaea in Orientef iuxta Oceanum Indicum8 ad posteritatis memoriam construxit, et postquam pre.reh totum orbem cum bellis peragrasser et tettami tanto sanguine maculauissetJ, sese moriturum flammis ad deuorandum

inuoluita?k

I.13 Etaquandamb puellamc in occiduis Europaed litoribus, necdum turgentibuse mammisl repertam didicimu,sE, quaeh undae gurgitum ab Oceanoi t.rrir aduexetuntJ; cuius magnituidinemk lapidibus designabant. Erat enim ipsius corporisl longitudom.L. pedum, et intern humeros o.VII. latitudinis habuito. Purpureo induta pallio, Puirgis alligataP et in caput occisa peruenerar.

I.14

Scylla monstrum nautis inimicissimuma in eo fretob quod Italiam cet Siciliamc interluitd fuissee perhibetur capite quidem et pectoref uirglnaliE sicut sirenaeh, sedi luporum uterum et caudasJ delfinorumk habuit. Et lhoi sirenaruml et Scyllaem distinguit naturamn quod ipsae mortifero carmine nauigantes decipiunt et illa per uim fortitudinis omarinis succincta canibuso miserorum fertur lacerasseP naufragia.

"f.-.fquiquel e h

qui Wquippe Y in Oriente] trophea morienre Indicuml inditium Y üopaea

i W j

terram] terrarum W maculauisset] maculent W maculauit R maculant Z

paene] orn. L

k

inuoluitlparrinuoluftadd. R DeScyllaScyllaforti fltroForci) filiaetcrediris [proCrataeidis] nimphae amauit Glaucum et Glaucus aliam habuit nomine Circen Solis filiam er haec Circes Sryllam transfigurauit in formam hominis et canis et delfinis simul causa uiri sui et illa bestia inter Italiam et Siciliam fuit ut gendles aiunt quae deuorabat nauras ut dictum esr in Virgilio.

I.13 DE INGENTI PUELI-{ IVSLWBT

" b . d e f e h i

j aduexerunt] aduexerat Y k magnitudinem] magnitudine W I corpori s) om. S m longitudo] magnitudo lZ.§ " inter] per Y o'..o

Er] orn. S quandam] quonda m W' om..S quoddam Z puellamJ puellam quondam S Europae] eurupe W turgentibus] torquentibus R mammis] mamellis I/

.MI. latitudinis habuid .llll.or uel .VII. latitudinis habuir W .IIIil. laritudinis habuit .§ .VII. habuit longitudinis pedum I/

didicimusl indicimus Wdidimus Z quae] quam S Oceano] oceanum Z

I.I4 DE SCILTA |YSYDESCYLIA " inimicissimum] inimicum I/ b freto] fretu R

P..'P uirgis alligaral uirginis S

LPBT

k

delfinoruml delphinum Z hoc sirenarum] hac sirinarum V/ hac siranarum S hoc serenarum R hoc serinarum Y 1...1

c...c er Siciliam] om. L

d . f s h i i

interluit] interfluit

S

m

fuisse] fons esse lZ.§

n

pectore) pectoraW

uirginalil uirnali )/ sirenae] sirine Wsirene.gserenae Rfemine sedl et S caudas] caudam I'

I/

266

Scyllael scille S

naturam] natura S o...o marinis . . . canibusl in armis succincta carnibus Win armis succincta S

p

lacerasse] lacerare Iz

and who construcreci rr:,: memorial for posreri",, ....

world, and spattered the -.: himself in flames to be ;,::

I.l3

And we have hearc

on the western shore s c,: the Ocean; they markec body, and she was se'er a purple cloak, bouni .,.:

I.l4 lt is reckoned rha: S-channel which washes be :.,

a maiden (like the siren' . : distinguishes the naiu:. -: deadly song, whilst si:e ',.-.: said to have mangled rl. '..

L9Z

-rJes

ry )

for{ y runJeuJi:_( t:-

fPq ::j:j=_, 7 runurric':t _

IunJBUrJrs

'I1A'Ien

lrnElnrBrrr

i;^ t-:I rEJlx;:::

aurpnrru8r-:;

ll lualnlP:r: .: Ä

8ur11azns

uurpq aqt

g slutS;:: :-= 7 tunpad s::=::-l 'llll --l.. : ro'llII' [lrnq:u !:--:-

SrllnqBq slurPnlnEl

§ 1 oPnl::jj=: ll

'or1r8r4 ur lse runrrrp 1r. :-":enseq EIII re rns rJrn EsnPr ':':-. sefJrS f,eEr{ la UBIIU srlo( '_:r-[srpraerer3 a.rd] snlpa:: la ?--':

u 'elEunlroJun rr{lJo $lf,er.&\ er{l polSuBtu r eq ol prBs st 's8op-ees qrl^\ rnoqe ut8 req qr8uarrs eqt qtL!\ eqs rspl l ,8uos lpeop 'ecro3 Jo rreqr ,(q uelue)s e^Iaf,eP leqr tegr sr e11lcg uro{ suerrs Jo ernlru er{t seqsrnSunslp 1?r{.1\4. PrrV'su[{d1op3o slrel er{r puEJIo^.\ e3o dlaq rqr rnq .(sue.rrs aqr o1r1) uopreru B Jo lseqf, Pue PEer{ eqr PaoPur Surauq 'dltrls pue lprl ueealeq serlsslrl rllFlnt leuuEr{f, lEqr ur srolrBs or alrrsoq lsoru rälsuoru eql ueeq seq e11lo5 rErp pruo>lf,er sr \ vl-I 'peeq eqt ur pepuno \ l1pre3 pur ,s8ur1des quzv, punoq .1eo1c eld.rnd e uI PrsserP etuo) PEq erls 'sreplnoqs eql ueo^rraq apr^\ leeJ ue es selv\ äqs pue .lpoq reqJo qr8ual oql se/t. rae3 dgg Peepul 'seuols r{lL\{ ezrs rer{ pe>lretu leqr lueaco eqt ruo{ ol rq8norq Ees JI{IJo se p/'a elp uroq/u.'adornESo srrorls uretsa \ aqt uo qrrtr rel tou '1rr8 urEuer ?Jo IIäl prBerl a Er.l e/$, puv € I .I PuEI

Para of,sIP 'slseerq

iPeunsuo) )q

rJJ:

-:

'er8ur3neu desseref,pl rnu l-: rad u11r ra lunrdro)p srlur:: *eu11lcg le lrunreuarrs ro: rpäs 'qaeuoJls lnrrs grleurS:: trrüPrlrf,rs ter tuerlell ponb .

elnpur oernd.ln4 'olrnqeq sr: ,srrodroc snrsdr turue rEJl -xenPE srrJel roueefo qE ,snqrtue8.rnl unpf,au,snqr;

o1 serrrBl, ur Jlesurrl

padderrr'r qrErPJo tulod eqr tE pue (poolq qf,nrrr os qlr^r r{uee eqr perarreds pue ,p1rom erllue aql lsotulB q8norqr sepruq uI pella Err sprB^\reue puu .lrlrarsod roJ Ierroueu rsEA eqr ur sre.ff\ slr{ Jo serqdon pelf,nrlsuotr oqff\ pue

E sE 'uBef,O

lq

NOIIVISNYII L IWNA OAJ

IunPUEroneP PE srruruPu

r

tessu;Serad sr11eq urfl) r.urQl

-rretsod pe gtunlrpul urnuE.

I\.

SN OW Üg g17

LIBER MONSTRORYM: LATIN TEXT

;.-::

I.15 Et in India iuxtaa Oceanum pilosumb ctoto corporec quoddamd genus humanume didicimus, qui inf naturali nuditate Esetis tantum8 -oräh ferinoi contectij crudis cum aqua piscibus itak uiuere dicuntur. Quos Indil Ichthyophagosm appellantn. Qui onon tantumo inP terris adsuetig, sed fluminibus ac stagnis et riuxta amnem Epigmaridemr maxime demorantur.

I.l6 Cynocephalia

quoque in India.nasci perhibentur, quorum sunt canina capita,

hominesd, crudam carnem emanducando, sed. ipsas imitrrrturf bestias.

se ab

Etferunta bgenus

hominumt quosd Graeci Sciapodase appellantf eo quod "rr"b ardore solis pedum umbra Biacentes resupini8 defendunt. Sunt enimh celerrimae

naturae. Singula tantum habenti lconpagine durescuntl.

And in India nerr

:,-

in streams and ponds anc

et omne uerbum quod loquunturb intermixtisc corru*p,rnt latratibus, et non

I.l7

I.l5

hairy in their whole bo:,'. natural nakedness oni',' :'. Ichthyophagi ['fi sh-er,.r''

in pedibus crural et eorum genua inflexibilik

:

I.16 Cynocephali are a-s,: , spoil every word rher- sa-,' -,, beasts themselves in eau:E

I.17 And they say rhe:['shade-feet'], because i'.-: ::: the sun by the shade oi-..only one leg each for ri:e .:

:

I.15 DE HOMINIBUS

HOMINIBUS AETOSIS L capitulum

SETOSIS TYSYPBT DE

om. L,

licet in indice titulus

k ita] uescuntur etitaY t Indil indii S inde I/ c"'c toto corporei totum corpore lZStoto cor R m Ichthyophagos] ictifan os 'W ictifonas .§ om. Y ictifaos R nati faunos Iz d quoddam) om. Rquod I/ " appellantl appelunt S . humanum] hominum'Wl o'..o non tanruml om. S r in] corpore Iz n in] om. rVR s...s setis tanrum] setosi sunr ramen I/ s adsueti] tantum S h more] modo s r...r iuxra amnem Epigmaridem] iuta epii'Wiuxtaepigmaridem i ferino] fermo Wsermo .S naridem Siuxtaa-rrij contecti] contenti R contexti Y epigrandem )/ " b

iuxta] iuxt Iz pilosuml philosum

I'

I.16 DE CYNOCEFALIS lr/DE CENOPFIALIS Z DE CENOCEPFIALIS TDE CYNOCEPFIALIS PBT capitulum om, S. licet titulus adest CHENOCOFOLI INTER ILLOS

"

Cynocephalil Cenocephali WCinocefali Cenophali Z Shenofali I/ b loquuntur] loquentur W " intermixtis]permixtis Y

-R

d

homines] homine quidem e...e manducando sed Z

f imitantur] emitantur Wimmitantur

I.17 DE SCINOPODIS V/LB ITEM DE SCINOPODIS

Iz

" esse genus S . hominum] humanum Iz d quos] quos appellant .§ ' Sciapodasl scinopodos W scinopodes S scinopodas RZ scinopodar Y f appellant) om. Sappellat Z ferunt] fertur

b...b genus esse]

I/

S

orn. YDE SCIAPODIS

Iz

PZ

c...c iacentes resupini] supini iacentes .S

h i i k

enim] om. R habent] om. S crura] crura habent S gcrura

I,

inflexibilil inflexibile Winflexisibile

S

1...1 conpagine durescunt] durescunr conpagine S

268

69(,

-uo) lunf,seJnp [lunx:;:: elrqrslxeuurlt alrc :)=-: s'

S'

l enn? S' rurc: -

seluofer lurdns

J/

SICIOdVIf

I JnluBtrrul'urlt 7

S

-r--a-.

3C.'

Jnlu":-'--=

7 P:s -: tuaplnb f-i:-* -

SOI'II UEINI IIOJ,: -ONÄ3 ECI/ SIT[Hd]] C urauure etxnrs'

-rrde

uaprJ?uElc:

etnl [uaprretu8rd3

:

:--:.

§'i-::

S

5

La1L,

tunlx:

I

so;::

-s:S 5\ seuoJrr)r11 soueJrtrr

E

L

I

I

aP-r:

Elr

-

r: ::.

'7 'uto wn1utdac 7 SISOI-I1-

'lulof elqrxegul uE uI ueprur{ seeu{ rreql pue 'toT rrer{l roJ r{f,Ee 3a1 auo dluo azteg r(aqa'ernleu grzrrs,(rea ?Jo ere leql paapul 'räeJ rraqtJo oper{s agr lq uns eqr .[,ree3-epeqs,] Jo lErr{ erp uro$ se lsstueqr palord leql qceq rreqt uo 8url1 esnEf,eq spodeng IIEf, s>laarD rqr ruoq.&\ aldoed Jo af,Er B sr orerp &s leqr puv /I.I 'qseu rrrer Surlre ur se^l)srueqr srsBeq eqr rnq suetlJnq äIEIIIUI rou op pue 's1.rrq palSurur qrrzrr les leqr pro,r'r,ftaae pods pue 'sSopJo speer{ eg} e^Er.{ oq/$ (?rpul ur uroq aq 01 prus osle ere rpgdaroul3 91.1 'srreur8rdE ra^rr eql ot txeu lpsotu pue spuod pue stueerls ur (pupl eqr ot peuolsn)ru lluo ere laqr lou pue r8rgdolqlqrl '[.s.rarea-qsg,] IIe^\p rnq tuäqt suBIpuJ eqr puv'sluturut plr^r ä{rl sepsrrq lq ,(1uo sseupe{Eu IFI IBrntEu uI of, n'er relu^r uo e II ot pres ere ory!\ 'lpoq eloq/r JrEr{l ur ,ftp,{ 'qsg Para PUB Jo lurBel a^Er{ e/r\ uBa)O Jr.p or txeu ?rpul ul puv E I.I suErunq Jo ef,?J ulBlraf,

NOII\NSNYU

llllglxeflut enua8 tunror eEurrJJslJf, gtrrrue

luns '1un

ponb oe jruelladde rsepoci 'senseq

JJntuEl

uou ta 'snqnuJtel lundrur 'elrdec Euruef luns tun:on Etxnrr te sru8uts fB snqruir -1edde

*so8egdolqlgrl lrpl fllf,eluof, rourJeJ qJJorU gr.un: snueS

orurpporib re:od:o

IIAINA OAJ SN O I4I Ug gI7

LIBER MONSTRORUM: LÄTIN TEXT

I.18

Sunt homines in Oriente in cuiusdama heremi buasta solitudineb morantes qui, utc perhibunt, barba-d ,sque ade genuaf pertingentem habent, et Ecrudo pisce et aquarum sunt haustu uiuentesE.

I.18 There are people i:. :: who, so they say, have be .--; by drinking water.

I.19 aEt in his incredibilibusa quoddamb tg.rru, utriusque

sexusc describituy', quie dexteram mammam uirilem pro exercendis operibus et ad fetus nutriendo sinistram

I.19 And amongsr

habentf muliebrem. Quos inter8

nourishing babies. Anc

se

uicibus coeundo ferunt alternis gerrerareh.

rhese .:. sex, who have a righr n:a-.

:s:

I.20 Quidam quoqueabhomines Nilo Brixontique fluminibusb uicini corporac miri candoris habentes, .XII. pedum altitudinemd habentiae, facie quidem bipertita et .r"rof longo et macilentiEiorpore describuntur.

I.20 Also certain peoc.e :^having bodies of amazi:s '.'. skinny body.

I.2l Eta sunt homines quos Graecorum bhistoriae orab .,on habere perhibentc ut ceterum genus humanum et nullisd eos cibis uesci, sed. ler ,r"..rf shalitu tantummodo8 uiuereh testantur.

l.2l

I.18 DE BARBOSIS HOMINIBUS IVLWBT

om. S

"b.'.bcuiusdam] cuidam S

s...8

f

uasta solitudine] uasta latitudine \VSLY

solitudine .R uasta solitudine ut] om. W

. d "

l/

genua] ienua

crudo

I'

uescuntur] crudos pisces er aquarum sunt austu uiuentes lZcrudos pisces et aquarum astutia uiuunt S crudo pisce et

barbamlbarbaI/r'

aquarum sunt hastu uiuentes

ad] om. L

uescuntur

I

crudis piscibus

I/

I.19 DE COMMIXTO SEXU WB DE COMMIXTO GENERE SEXUS LP DE COMMIXTO SEXUS T capitulum om. S hic titali e,cplicunt Y a"'a Et...incredibilibuslethisincredibilibusR d describiturl scribitur Rascribitur I adet

b

in his credibibus Z Ex his incredibilibus quoddamJ quodam 1Z

c...c genus utriusque sexus] genus esr sexus IZ genus R genus hominum sexus

I/

scribitur Iz

. f utriusque s h urriusque

quil quod Z habent] habet Z

inrer] per Y generare] genere Z

I.2O DE MAGNIS HOMINIBUS BRIXONTIS IYSPBTDEMAGIS HOMINIBUS BRIXONTIS Z

a quoquel orn. Y b...b homines . . . fluminibus] homines

. corpora] corporem S brix- a altitudineml aldrudinis Y onti in niloque fluminibus lZhomines brix- . habentia) om. S onti in nilo flumine S nili brixontisque f naso] nati I/ fluminis R homines nilo brixantique flu- e macilenti] macellenti WL macies minibus Z macelenti Y

lenti R

I.21 DE EIS QUI TANTUM VIVUNT ,W,om. S DE HIS QUI TANTUM T{ABITU VIWNT Z DE HIS QUI TANTUM FTALITU VIWNT PSASTOMI T

"b...bEt1 om. S historiae ora] storiae hora Wstoriae os S . perhibend perhibentur W.S d nullisl mellis R nulli Z . sed] om. SR 270

f...f

per nares] semper naris S

c'..s haliru tantummodo] alirantum modo W' halito tantummodo Saliu tantum Z

h

uiuere] uescere.S

And there are peon.= '. human race, and ear no :.:.. noses.

rL7,

NIIgVH

_\

lt

3-

r slumn::-: . .t c rL:::'.t'

)flUg SNSINU^IOH

SI

)\I.i

I

7 I

t:,-_

)-

-7 1

-Pe

7

-:: u rnlrqrrx

rnrrqrrf,sB

-hlo)

EQ cIT SfI)(JS TUl.r

snqnsrd srpnJf, 7 saluanrn rusr

la acsld opnJf, sacsrd

sopnJlll

S:

l

tunnrn Pn::§

saluenrn

nlr.:

re sersld sopnJf, [rnrrnro: A- =_

'sesou

rreqt Jo r{lrcrq aql lq lluo aarl 01 peuo{f,rr erB rnq (pooJ ou lEa puB .ef,Br us(Unq Jo lser rr{l elrl qrnoru ou e^Bq les saler {eär3 ruoq r eldoad ere ereql puv I Z.I

*lt

dpoq

-(unluBl nrrlEr{g JserBu ,{, rn rrueqrqred aräqeq uou

c

luurls

ra arsrd opnr€ te 'lurqBr{ 'rnb selue.rou qeurpnlrlos E

'relE/r\ Suqurrp lq r{s$.&\Er uo 3 II PuP 'saeu>l rrJl{t ol rq8rr Surgceer spft)q eauq ,les leqr os .or{x\ .I Jo epnrrlos lsp^ eq] ur Sulllerrrp 1s3E arF ur aldoad erE 3rär{J B I

'rarerauo8 sruJelle ru ruBJlsrurs oPuerJlnu snlT Pr ,rnb 'r"rnlrqrJfsop rsnxas an

'selor Ienxes Suneuratle lq arnpo.rder leqr les aldoed puv'serqeq Surqsr:nou roJ rseerq rlPrueJ P PuE lro/v\ Surturo3rad ro3 rsBerg eleul rq8rr p e Er.l oqzu 'xas Uel B peqrrf,sep sr arer{r s8urqr elqrperf,ur eseqt rs8uoure puv 6I'I

te Elnredrq tuaprnb er)EJ ': trtru rerodrof rurf,rn qsnqrul

pue (esou 3uo1 'acr3 ulds e qlr,&\ '.lpr rerJ e^lr/rrr .ssäurlq \ Surzeur3o sarpoq Surrteq s3 Psqrrf,s)p ärE sre rr snuoxrrg pue elrN Jr{l rBeu uro5 eldoed urElref, oslv 0z'I

rurof3o erur ureuef,

PUB

lr3s3P urB]r3f,

B

IX

NOII\NSNYII L :IA\NAOÜJSNOW AEqIT

LIBER MONSTRORUM:

IAIIN

L:::

TEXT

1.22 Mulieres, ut ferunt, iuxta montem Armeniaea nascunrur pellibus indutae,

barbam usque ad mammasb tprolixam habentesc, quaed esibi, du-ä uenatricesf tigres8 et leopardorh .t rapidai ferarum genera pro canibus nutriunti.

,rrrt,

1.23 aEtquoddam inuisum genus humanumb in antris

et concauis monrium latebris nasci perhibeturc, foui sund statura cubitales et, ut testantur, aduersumegrues in tempore messis bellum coniungunti .re eorum sata diripiant. Quos Graeci8 pigmeos uocane.

I.24

".,ibitoh

Sunt quoque homines in insula Brixontisa fluuiib qui absque capitibus nascun-

tur, quos Epifugosc Graeci uoca.rtd; et .VIII.e pedum-altitudinis ru.rtf et tota8 in Pectore capitis officiah gerunt, nisi quod oculosln humerisi habere dicunturj.

I.25 Et quendam hominema fideli historia lunatas habuisse plantas duorum non amplius digitorum conperimus; cuius quoque manus bin huiuib normae mensuram ceditae describunturc. I.26 ln Oriente quoque, iuxta Oceanum, formosum Et hanc causam amoenitatisc eorumb dpurissimum manducanrd.

genus humanuma blegimus. adserunt quod crudam carnem ät mel

.rr.

T.22 DE BARBOSIS MULIERIBUS \X/PBT DE MULIERIBUS BARBATIS .' DE BAR. BOSIS Z f uenarices] uenauices sibi.9 "b Armeniae] armenta Z mammas] mammam.SZ s tigresl tygris\Vtigrides Z rygrides I' c..'c prolixam habentes] habenres prolixam S h leopardosl leopardes.S d quael quadum.gqui R i rapidal rabida L pida Y e..'e sibi dum] om. SY i nutriunt] nutriantur S

1.23 DE PIGMAEIS IYP DE PIGMEIS CUBITALES SUNT PYGMAEIS B DE PIGMEIS a...a

Et .

.

T

uocant] conrra grues

.S

pugnanr .

f c h

ProPter sata eorum humanumf om. Z hominum

b .

perhibeturl perhibenrur

d...d qui sund quis R

I/ WR

.' DE PIGNEHIS Z

aduersum] aduersus Z

coniungunr] committunt I/ Greci] grece \Y cubitol cubitu tyRY

1.24 DE EPISTIGIS IYBDE EPISTOGOS SDE EPIFUGIS LPDEEPISTIGOS f sunt] om. L Brixontis] brixantis Z fluuil fluii S s tota] ranta W.S h official efficia Weffigia S Epifugosl epistigos lZepistogos S

" b . d

.

i j

uocant] uocantur S

.vtll.l .v\. wRY

DE

7

humeris] humeri Z

dicunturl uidenrur

IZ.S

1.25 DE HIS QUI LUNATAS FTABENT PLANTAS WLP om..' DE HIS QUI FIABENT PIANTAS LUNATAS,BT

" hominem) om. S b.'.b in huius] unius S in humeris

c...c editaedescribuntur] ediddescribanturZ aditae describuntur Y

Y

1,26 DE HIS QUI CRUDAM CARNEM MANDUCANT V/LPBT om, S a humanum] hominum wL . amoenitatis] amoenids s b"'b legimus eorum] legimus et hanc d...d purissimum manducanrl purum mancausam amoenitatis L om. Y ducanr lZcomoedunt purum S 272

1.22 Vlomen, so thev sa','. : having long beards do*n :i and leopards and s*'ift ki:i

1.23 And it

is said that a c= and the hollow recesses o: : join war against cranes a: Greeks call them Pigmres.

:

I.24 There are also men c heads, whom the Greei::--ueru urnJnd llumnprrrlr.i

'-j:'

':*-' § SIIIUaO::-

S 'wo _L{._-

-

.\ :::'j-

7 JntuBqrJf,sap nrpe

J,NESVH

[:ruu:;-:r

INb SIH ]C ,i isät rr.: *;r--7'-:"--' 1 ,'- -

g er8g:-r. .-: !_i: .

J

SODIJSIdSfC,.-. ,{[.t-''.

::':

.'|: :

/'"T',T5;i EC 7 SIHENDId

ECI

,( --.i

5'JnluP::::

lEptdT::: 7 saprrSlr ,(auoq3o

5'sePftc:;'

7 saprr8n-:.

.

sef urE'j=--

s Iqls

Ietu re tueuJEf, ruEPnll

'urelted snpJo ernseeru ,r{r reUE prruroJ Suraq sE prqlr)s)p äre osp spueq rreqr rerp pur (seor oiat uer.lt eroru ou qtrra raa3 pedeqs-luef,sorf, per{ uosrf,d ureuar B rer{t puu r^a e^nerreu [,1ryr{rleJ, .ro] elqerler E ur puv §Z'I

-UVg EC S SIJVSUYS S.Ig

rsernd eq] puu tEoru /$,Er tE) laqr ruqr sr sseulueseeld rraqr3o esnef, aqt rur.p turup rbqr puy'o1doad3o a)Er lrynnueq ?Jo prer e/'a (ueero aqt or lxeu 'osle NBA eqr uI 9Z'I

'srsPInor{s

rrarp ur sela arreq ot pres ere laqr ldacxa 'slsaqc rrer{l ur peer{ eqr Jo suolrfunJ

eql IIB r Br{ pue IIEI teeJ rq8ra are leqr puv'l8ryrdg 1pc slrerD eqt tuoq,ll 'spuaq lnoqll^4, uroq arB ol{/r^, slluoxlrg re^IJ eqr uI PUEISI uE uo uJtu oslE efi et)ql ,Z'l

F\3:

'snur8al' Brunuurunq sn';::

LUEJnSUAUT eErlrJou qsnrn- _ uou runJonp serueld assr::

',trqnr, [ro3 prorn {eer) oqr] tuor3 'saru8r4 ruaqr IIEI qeorD eqr puv 'sdon Jrerp qf,rEus laqr esBf, ur 'etun-lsJa:Eq rE seueJf, tsure8u ra'l uro( 'pauo>1cer sr

tr 'puu 'rg81aq ur lrqnf,

sa Bf, ur uroq

e.ru

p eJE

oqlr\'surelunoruJo

aldoadJo ef,Br [,ueasun, ro] alrrsoq urBuaf,

E

sessef,al

^\olloq

r?qr prus sr ll

eqt pur

puv

EZ'I

'ßunrJlnu

's8op3o

purtsur slururue pllnaJo spug Ur^\s pue sprudoal puu sraSrt reer 'sossertunq err laqr e)urs 'oqr!\ 'slseerq rraql ot u.&\op spruaq 8uo1 Surauq 'rruq qlrrr peJe^of, BrueuJVJo urulunotu eqr JEeu uJoq are 'lBs laqr os 'uaruo2g 77'1 NOIJVISN\TU

L

'lUnSrSaCUlBUen arunP

sr,

(rqr

s:

'eelnpul snqrgad JntunlsE

I\:

IWNUOAJSNOW AggIT

LAIIN TEXT

LIBER MONSTRORUM:

I.27

Lr'3:.

aBstetb aliud genus humanumt quid angustissimam meram eterminandi uitame

habere dicuntur. Quorum feminae quinguennesf concipiunt et ampliusB quam ad annuma octauum huitam non produiur,,h.

I.28 Sunt mulieres, ut ferunt, speciosaea, Rubro marib coherentes, quarumc corpora marmoreo nitore fulgent, qu"ed .XII.e ledes altitudinisf et crines usque ad talosg defluentesh, caudas boum in lateribur, .t .rrrr.lorum pedes habenti. I.29 Eta dicunt esse gentem ab humane naturab ho. modo discrepanrem: suntc enim dintegris corporibusd, sed plantae retro curuatae eofficia capitis iontraria. uidentur. Quorum hocf ignoranres uestigia fallunt. I.30 aln quodam quoque deserto montes ignei legunrur, in quibus nascuntur homines toto corpore nigri sicutAethipoes, quorum nos quendam uidimus carbonea nigredineb, dentibus et oculis .tantummodo et unguibui. nitentema.

l.3l Erat monstrum quoddam in Arcadiaa, bnomine Cacusb, in anrro fluminis Tiberini, flammas de pectore euomensc, et toto corpored setosus, qui quatuor tauros 1.27

DE FOEMINIS QUAE QUINQUENNES CONCIPIUNT tVpBT om.

s

DE

FOEMINIS QUAE QUINQUENNES CAPIUNT Z a"'a Est . . . annum] sunt femine quae quin- e...e rerminandiuitam]anruminamigaiatelf/ quennies concipiunt et amplius quam ad terminandae uitae I/

f s

anum S

5 etl om. R . humanum] hominum d qril quod Y

quinquennes] cumquinnes Z ampliusl non amplius Z h,..h uit"- non producunt] uitam non producant R perducant uitam Z

WL

I.28 DE MONSTRUOSIS MULIERIBUS \YLPBT

' speciosae] spetiose S om. Y b mari] mare.§ c quarumJ quorum W o qyl R . !y_1.1 .xII.l .xtIJ. LY

om. S

f...f

e h i

pedes aldtudinis] pedebus altirudine.S ralos] tales Z

defluentes] defulgentes lZ.s

habenrl hoc uerbä explicit )z

T.29 DE PLANTIS RETROCURVAIIS WLPBT om, S

"b .

Ed om. S

RZ sunt] fiuntlfiy'R

bus R integre Z e...e officiä . . . conrraria] officio capids convariae WR

natura] statura

d...d integris corporibus] in integris

corpori- r

hoc] haec.SZ

I.3O DE MONTIBUS IGNEIS IYB DE NIGRIS S DE NIGRIS HOMINIBUS ZP MON-

TIUM IGNEORUM INCOLq,E T a...a

In quodam

nitentem] sunt

ignei

candescunt.s

montes in deserro et homines in eis toto cor- b nigredine] nigritudi ne'VR pore nigri nisi oculis et dentibus et unguibus c...c tanrummod-o et uinguibus] tantum Z

I.31 DE CACOARDIE IYDECATOARCADIE SDE CACOARCHADTAE LDECACO ARCADI,AE PBDECACO T

"b...bArcadia] archadia.§

nomine Cacus] caccus nomen Wcacasus nomen S nomen cacus R nomine Kacus Z

274

c d

euomens] euomans corporeJ pecrore R

.S

uomens R

I.27

And there is another :

to mark their life. Their o' beyond their eighth year.

I.28 There

are, so thel'sa',-.

shine with the brightness c,: down to their ankles, co*'-i

I.29

And they say that rhsr have complete x they way: turned-back feet. And tie i:

I.30 Also in a certain cie* born black in their whoie i black as coal, but with shi:-

l.3l There was a certaii: : Tiber, spewing flames rroi:.

9LZ

y är sueuJon 5'

euo

ultua) E

e/$.

ffi

/7

::::

:=.

:

ourpn::::--

SNSINI}TOH

S

941 satue8;ru::

'slleu pue sala PuE rlleel Sururqs qrIA rnq '1uoc su >l)EIq uoq^l3o 'suetdo5{lg e{ll lPoq aloq/( rIeIF uI {lEIq uroq

eql uI arnleu utrxnq uor3

sti":: :

Of,V) EC TfVIC}}llEr7 unluBl [snqrn8urn

-NOI^[

-uor sudec orrlso [erre:::::

7 rnlldxa oc.;;: S'

aurpnrnp snqapad isru-:T rrrBtrn :ij?l

-ord uou rrrBlrn [runrnpo:j

7 snrlciu:r -::

7 sauulnbun:

4 sllng rnoJ elots orl^\ 'ra.rro 1p rfuF.l pue 'rsaq: slt{ luog saru?1, Surrtrads 'rrqll ra rr arp lq eler 3 uI 'snf,Ef, PellBl BIPsrrV uI relsuolu ulEuaf, 3 s3^\ eJeI{I I€'I

sE

^res are aldoad qrlq/r\ ut 'tnoqu PBer JJE sulslunotu rfteg rrosaP ulelref E uI os[V 0€'I

'slqr rou oP oI{^\ esoqr a^Ief,aP srurrdroo3 rIäI{1 PUV'lreJ >lleq-Paurnl (selPoq arelduo, ,-*.{ laqr :ler'r ^{oDI oqr ot sppo tE tuaes PEaq )I{r Jo suollf,unJ er{l lnq Surr*o11o3

SurreJJIP e)Br E sI eror{l reqr

les laqr

puy

67'1

.sloruef,Jo real er{t puu 's1ueg rraqt uo sll?l-ll\of, 'sa11ue rler{r o1 u^{oP Surr'rog rrpq e^BI{ pu? IIEI laeJ e le/rrr eru or{^\ 'alqreur 3o- ssourqSuq eql qll^\ eulqs sepoq esoql$,.ea5 peg ar.p reeu 8urar1 ueruo/yr InJItnEeq 'r(es leqr os 'erB ereql 8Z'I

ereunSrure ur rururrEs

,{:-

[um:

EC S 'ao JgcIA J.\--l.a soJnel Jontenb rnb .snso:s

srurunl, oJlue ur (qsnfrl '"tuelu)]ru

^

seuoqJBf, snurPrn TUEPUJ: ,Jru:

Jnlunf,stu snqlnb ur

'rnlueprn eerreJtuo) sltrdr urrue sluns :ualuudeJfsrp

'rru)qBr{ srF gsoler pe anbsn seurr) rr urodror rurnrenb,s)lur:Ju,

:uel qrqSle rleqt puolaq (PIo

urulo/r\

rleql 'OJII rleql

ol

sreal e U rB e^Ief,uo) o^rl tou op daqr PuE lrBtu surds Jo rseJerrq aqr a^Br{ ol prus are or{,/r\ aldoed Jo af,Er ral{loue sI erär{l PuY LZ'l NOIIVISNtrTI

L

pe ruenb gsnrldtue

lr

tunr

EruBlrn rPuBuIuJal3 ruslJru

l\

IWNÜOAJSNOW Üggl7

LAIIN TEXT

LIBER MONSTRORUM:

furtoe et totidem uaccas abduxit armentariof et .os per uim fortitudinis retrorsum, ne inuestigarenturE, caudis traxith in antrum.

and the same number of c,:,'.,, dragged them backu'ards :'

I.32 Et ferunt monstrum aliud in quodam loco iuxta Oceanum

discovered.

fuisse, quoda ut bbrt."* adlabib undisc dde litor.d ceinebat..t n"ut.rf hesitantesg ad terram uenire, uisu eius territos, in medio rapiebat gurgite er nauem cum hominibus hin terra-h

iaridam deposuiti.

I.33 Hominum quoque genus inmensis^ corporibusa bBrixontis fluminisb ab Oriente nasciturc, corpore nigrid, ete.XVIII.f pedis altitudinis accipiuntEl .th, ut ferunr, homines cumi comprehendanrl, crudosk manducantl. I.34 Et dicunta monstra esse in paludibus b.u- tribus humanis capitibusb et subc profundissimis stagnis sicut nimphas habitare fabulantur. Quodd.rid.r. profanum est: ut non illuce fluant gurgitesf quo inmane monstrum ingreditur. I.35 Protheus quoque ceruleo corporea bipedum equorum b..rrr* per

aequora

nudus uehib perhibetur et super omnec piscium genus principatum haLuisse omnium rerum formas ese uerteree potuisse describitur.

it

ind

I.32 And they

say thar rhe:, Ocean, who saw from rhe s:: by the sight of him, hesr:a::: crew from the midst oi ci:e

''

I.33 Also a race of peopie '*, black in body, and w'ho i..: catch folk, they eat thern :.'..

I.34 And they say there a:e : are alleged to live like n','::: this, since floods do nor :.,:'t I.35

e

f

furtol furtu S armenario] armento IZ.§

inues tigarentur] inuesti gantur

.§

traxit] extraxit lf,ö'

r.32 DE QUODAM INMANI MONSTRO vPB

om.

s DE CODAM TNMANE MoN-

STRIO Z DE QUODAM IN MARI MONSTRO T f nautas] naute S "b...bquodl qui Z barcam adlabil barbam adlui IZS e hesitantes] hestantes Z

. undis] undas S d'..d de litore] er de littore e cernebat]cernebant.S

h.'.h in terram] om. R aridam deposuitl aridam disposuit 'Vdeposuit aridam .S

i...i

I.33 DE HIS QUI MANDUCANT HOMINES \YLPBT

a

corporibus] corribus Z b...b Rrixonds fluminis] om. R brixanti fluminis Z . nascitur] nascuntur R

d nigril nigro.g . et] om. S f .)§/III.I .X. et .VIII. .t.KIII. s accipiunt] capiunt RZ

Z

h i i

om. S

et] om. L

cum] om. L

comprehendant] comprehenderanr lY

comprehenderint .9 comprehendunt R comprehenderint Z k crudos] om. S I manducant] deuorant Z

I?1-DE-HIS QUI TRI,A CAPITA I-IABENT \YPB om,.' DE ILLIS QUI TRI.A CAPITA FI.ABENT LDE IPSIS QUI TRIA CAPITA HABENT 7 a quodl quam Z " dicunt] dicuntur R b...b cum . . . capitibusl capitibus humanis sub] om. L

.

S .

I.35 DE PROTHEO IYSLPTDE PROTEO ,B

a

corpore] colore R b...b curru . . . uehi] curru per equora nudus uehi Scursu uehi per equora nudus Rcorrumpere equora nudus uechi

I

276

f

iilucl illic Z gurgitesJ grugite S

. a

omne] omnem W

inl

om. S

e'..e se uertere] se uerti 'WR reuerti L

in

Proteus also with

hi' .:.

chariot of nvo-le g.E.: fish, and is described as blool eqr uo sr(ezr,r.p ruo5 peleef,uof, aq ppor Surqrou

sr 1r 'esnereq 'l1ara1durof, rrrrq

reqr les laqr pue (ors ot sela sno.raunu per{ Eurauq sB päqrrrsap sl snSry 69'1

auqnqeJ] 1uelnqal'auri:>s

::

ENUEf,N-I JN'I:[A II:]fC, nlnuonb JgcIlX, J-Nlf-t ',ttne1r8rn radtuas srln)o

uL-

Etr.,, solnf,o alrde> os Isons rueun tunren§ 'rsaprdel u:

,fqn Jo sreproq eqt uo pe ll e Eq ol pres ert orl^\ 'Esnpel4J pue 'epfrng 'oueqrs 'ueruo^\ Jo erueu snortsuoru eqr qtr^\ paqrrf,sep oslc ere suo8rog eerql 8g'I

Inlru puanb tnuqr:rsrp-

'a^rle qSnoqr sr sede req pr^oru e eq or f3o tnf, su/rl peeq rer{ ueq 4. 'pres sr äqs pue 'plegs lsse18 e dq parcerord 'tueqr3o euors ot ueur urnt ot pJsn oq/$ tunoIAJ ot txeu

,uo

r'\els snJsred 'rq8rs rreqr

lq

"rpv

so errrq euo ou puy 'p1ot orur per{f,nor eq qrrqa

Br,q];:1:'ffi:iä:,il:,,i1[ili:;

'oq^\'sEplIA[ pallm lagr uoqrvr ornl?u snolle^reru3o uos:ed

E

ef,uo sD^\ ereqJ

/g'I

'suJeluEI

e{rl eurqs sala rraqt reqr rdarxa 'eJntrts ur elquuoserr uJoq ere aldoad q)nl.&\ ur 'p1rom aWJo spuel erpJo slred uretsrr eqt ur pu?lsr uE eq ot pres sr ereql

NOII\il

SN\QI

L

puv 9g'I

s:

ae?l9l'I sngruu ur ]e essrni Jntueqe)rp qaenb ,sr:t E:nr tualelrJen rsru orueu

ln 'rnb

poQ ' uer

'lunranulladde

'Pruä)nl rEuJef,nl lnsrs rlnlo enb ur 'Orntrolp assa' snqr:-reci

IWNA OAJ SN OI^T A g g N

I\f

LIBER MONSTRORUM:

IÄIIN

I.40 Est gens aliqua commixtae naturae in Rubria maris insula quem linguisb omnium nationumc loqui possed testantur. Et ideo homines de longinquo uenientes, eorum cognitase nominando, adtonitos faciunt, ut decipiantf et crudos deuorent8.

l.4l

Innumerosaa quoque monstra

in

L.'::

TEXT

Circeae bterrae finibus fuisse legunturb,

I.40 There is a certain ra;t

said to be able to speak dre . who come from afar, br- nr, eat them raw.

l.4l

Innumerable mons:r:

leonesc et ursi, apri quoqu. lupi, qui cetero corpore in ferarum natura manentee, hominum facies habuerunt.".d

the Circean land, lions ar:c

I.42 Et dicunt, quod dici nefandum est, monstrum quoddam nocturnum fuisse, quod semper noctuaper umbram caeli et terrae uolabat, homines in urbibus horribili stridoreb territansc, et quotd plumase in corpore habuit, totf oculos, totidem aures et ora8. Semper quoque sine requie et somno fuisse describitur.

1.42 And they say *'ha:

night, which always usec :.terrifying people in cities '..

I.43 Nascuntura homines in Orientalibus plagis, qui, ut fabulae finguntb, .XV. caltitudinis pedesc capiunt et corpora dmarmorei candorisd habent et uannosase aures, quibus se substernunt ,ro.trrf et cooperint, etB hominem cum uiderint, erectis auribus per deserta uastissima fugiunt.

1.43 People are born in =, fifteen feet in height anc :, which they cover and co:c. flee through the vastesr i.*

I.4O DE HIS QUI OMNIUM LINGUAM LOCUNTUR IVBT DE HIS QUI OMNES LINGUAS LOCUNTUR S DE HIS QUT OMNIBUS LINGUIS LOQUUNTUR ZP . cognitas] cognitos .§ " Rubri] rubro Z b f decipiantl decipiunt W linguisl linguas I7? . nadonum] natium S e deuorent] deuorant lf,ZR deueran .S

d

posse] potuisse IZ.S

T.4I DE MONSTRA IN CIRCI,AE TERRA WDE CIRCEA S DE MONSTRIS CIRE Z DE MONSTRIS IN CIRCTA TERRA P DE MONSTRIS IN CIRCAEAE TERRAE FINIBUS B DE MONSTRIS CIRCAEAE TERME 7

.

"b...bInnumerosa] numerosa%L terrae . . . leguntur] fuisse terrae

leguntur

S

finibus d e

1.42 DE MONSTRO NOCTURNO VTSLPBT . " noctu] nocte SZ

b . d

f s

stridore] stridorem Z territans] terrens l7S

leones] leonis Z ac) et L manente] manenrem Z

plumasJ plummas R plumans Z

tot] et.9 ora] nares S

quotl quod \ZSZ

1.43 DE INMENSIS HOMINIBUS IVSLPBT

" b

Nascuntur] nascunt

S

fingunt] ferunt W c...c altitudinis pedes] pedes altirudinis.9 d.'.d marmoreicandoris]marmoreaecandorisS 280

marmorea Z uannosas] uanosas.S

e f c

noctu] nocte.§Z et] om. L

body kept the nature or'*'--

:s -

mouths, as it had feathe:s.

-

T8T,

75'3rr:, s'sesouEn

'

,( 7 suerunld

y seuun-J -

T lxaluauPl!

7 Srucl

g SNSINIC fl\NruilJ, TViftDE] ECI 7

ftIT) STISNOhI

SC -('

s'ueransP u41 luEronaP

4

d7

runtdr:aP

-

-

g sorruto:

unJNnnbor sr:t

sgNwo Inb sln EC Js.li

'Peqf,leJlslno srEe rllr^\ [(sa]s?]ir\ PelreseP lsolu, Jo] suaseP tsJtsE^ eq] qSnoJr{l )eu

laqt 'ueurnq e ,äs leqr ueqrra. pue 'rq8ru tE se lestuagl Ieaf,uof, pup ra^of, laqr qcrqrn qtun 'surg e{rl sree pue 'ssauarrq^\ alqretu Jo srrpoq e^pr{ puu rq8req ur lag ueru5 rlf,Eer 'aur8eurr selqpJ ar.p sE orfr\ 'tseg eql Jo suor8er eql w uroq ere a1doa4 g7'1

sll)eJe 'lutreprn runf, tu)urruc

le rueqsr.l PsrroP: 'AX' 'qlunSug eelnqBJ ln 'r:

esEsouuBn

'JnlIqlJ:rs;

'reluJuutu EJnlBu runJeJT ur 'OrntunSel assrnJ snqrug eEi

'sef,EJ uetunq prrl 'slsueg pll{tJo ernleu aqr ldel lpoq JIaI{rJO lSeJ al{l ISIH/I/\'Or{rltr'SarrlOrrr Pue OSIE SJEOq 'Srraq PUE Suorl 'Puel uBef,JrJ eqt Jo sreProq eqr uo ueaq a^eq or qooq ur PrEs oslB arB srelsuour slqErer.unuul Tt/'I

rlrqrrroq snqrqrn ur saurIUor{ ' 'assrn3 urnuJuf,ou ruupponb

'dae1s ro tsar tnoqlr^\ uerq a Br{ ot prBs sler*rp sr rr puv'sreqteoJ per{ rl sE 'sqlnour pu? sr?e puu sale dueu sr ptg tr puB ,ftr lrypearp srr qlL\{ senrf, ul aldoed 8ur,frrrar 'quea eqr pue d1s aqr3o eperls eqr q8norqr lqSru lqlV ol pesn sdyrrary qrlqlil'lg8ru eql Jo relsuoru uruuef, e sr ererp ler{l 'prES Jq or snordtul sr teq r. les leql puy Ztr'I

pue 'uaqr o rerep ol rapro ur 's)f,u,rurcnbce rrer{r 8u*uuu

lq

're3e

-älffJ:i:

aldoad qsruolsr lagr lum sqt ul 'suorleu IIEJo sa8unSuel agr >1eads or elqp eq ol prus erB or.l/r\ 'Bas Peu eql ur PuEIsr uE uo ernlBu pexlul Jo ef,Er urEuaf, E sr areql 07'I NOII\NSNYII L :WNU OAJ

seJn? ruepnot

'soln)oJlot 'rr

sopuf, tertuerdroep tn 'runr: onbur8uol ap seuruoq oet Osrn8url

tuunb Elnsur srreru L\T

SN OW Ü g g 17

LIBER MONSTRORUM:

LÄIIN TEXT

-.":

1.44 Lrgitur quod Harpyiaea quaedam monstra in Strophadibusb insulis clonii marisc fuissent in forma uolucrum, facie tame.rd uirginali. Quae hominum linguise loqui potuerunt et rabidaf fame semper insaturabilesB erant et cibum uncis pedibus de manu manducantiumh trocerunt.

I.44 k is read that rhe :e Strophades in the Ionia: : And they could speak ri: :: hunger, and with thei: :: eating.

I.45 Eumenides quoque quasdama mulieres uana historia depromitb,

quae uipereumc crinem habueruntd,.sanguineis uittis.innexume, quof caerulei angues per uesanam8 discordiam scatebanth. Quarum ferreii thalami apud inferos incredibilibus figuntur fabulis.

I.46 Item Satyri eta Incubones siluestrib homines dicunturc, euomm

I.45

Afalse [or'empn--

viperous hair tied back..

in mad anger. And thei: in the underworld.

pars

summa humano corpori simillima et inferior cum ferarum formis et Faunorumd

I.46 Likewise

depingitur.

very like the human

I.47 Etquoddama monstrum apud inferos bscribitur, hoc est Tityos, que-b calumnum Terraec dixerunt. Cuius corpos per .IX.d iugera ibi porrectum extenditur€.

"b

Harpyiael arpie

IX/SRL

Strophadibus] stropadibus IZS

f strapo- s

dibus I c...c Ionii maris] iunii maris lZmaris ionii d tamen] tantum IVSRL . linguisl linguas W

rabidal rapida%R insaturabiles] insaturabili

sW

irration-

abiles Z

.§ h

manducantium] mandicantium'W

1.45 DE EUMENIDES IVTDE EUMENIDIBUS LPB capitulurn orn. S f quo] quod lZquam R " quasdami quosdam Z b depromitl depingit I s uesanaml insaniam RI . uipereum] uiperium R h scatebant] sactebant R

d .

habuerunt) om.

L

i

ferrei] om. R

innexum] innextum W

1.46 DE, SÄIURIS ET INCUBONES IY DE SATYRIS ET INCUBONIBUS LPB DE SATYRI ET INCUBONES T capitulum om. S . dicunur] dicitur Z "b et] quoque et Z d Faunorum] fanorum W siluestri] siluestres 1Z 1.47 DE TITIONE lYLDE TICIONE S DE TITYO PBT capitulum om. L, licet in indice titulus

. extenditur] ostenditur .S /ar, extenditur quod lZ scribitur . . . quem] inscribitur hic est add. R: uultorio iecur in epulas prebet quod ticius quae lZesse inscibitur hoc est dtius .§ absumtum die nocte in penas renascitur in c...c alumnum Terrae] terrae alumnum .9 uirgilio legitur. "b."bquoddamJ

a

.x.l .uII. s

282

.

bcc.'."

animals and fauns.

I.47

And a certain rrror!i, they have called Earrh's : * iugera.

1.44 DEARPIETIS \X/DEARBITIS S DE ARPIIS Z DE FIARPYIIS PTDE FIARPYIS B

Sary-rs ar:.c

e8T,

j-

uI Jnll)seuer

seuad

ur arlo'- ;

ponb raqard sulnda ur rrnr; rr'Jnlrpuelxa rod

arl?u! u!

g Jnrrpu::si -

p4l '7 'u0 utryn::::: 11 urnJou?: :7 Jn:i,-:: -

iJO, glaor3 orltJo solqe3 erlJ 67'I 'sPro/$.sJo requnu eruBs ar{r Pu? sPlerqs.,{59 parrrEf, 3q rE^\Jo sluerunrlsur (saurug Sulploerc sp pue qlroJ a,leds puB eru lrruo ol pesn rq qtnotu a13urs lra,ra ruory pup 'spuer{ perpunq auo puu speäq IUU pr.{ eq puv 'edeqs elqrperf,ur Jo pue >llnq e rssBru lsoru äqr qlurr relsuorr rrr{louE ueJq e ?q or prps sr osp uoeSey g7'1

NOII\N

'luBqä3)l rElns:,: 'erlnJ eurpnrru8eur esonrl s'j -ueP3f,xar q(unustunr{ ru nFC

'llnq?q 11u).lc qesrerJ UBIII SrunuoP Brr, rJ 'l:n JorurJJqBI esnsnlfulP -e?r) slsolnQBjr uePsre ur

'gtunranqer{ Junuo)Erp

sEpr

qcluul urq lo osslnJ snqt:od:: ra gsoedllo '-I'3uruäunrrsu: :

uau8r, aro anbonboun :r srlrqrPaJ)ur eBru.roJ 1) eloul

IWN A OAJ SN OI4{ U gg I7

l-\:

_;:

LIBER MONSTRORUM: I.ATIN TEXT

I.52 EtTlitonem capite humano, pectore semifero, et deorsum ab umbilico piscibus dixerunt similem, \ui in Aegyptiorum Carpathio maria et circa orasb Italiae uisus fuisse describitur. Et utrum a TLitone Libyae paludec an palus ab illo hoc nomen inditum possideatd, ignoratur.

I.53 Ferunt et hominum

genus essea sub orbe quos Antipodas uocant, et secundum

illam Graeci nominis interpretationemb imum orbis fundumc ad nostra uestigia sursum directis pedibus calcant.

I.54

enim ipsosa tam enormisb alebat magnitudo ut eis omnia maria pedum gressibus transmeabilia fuisse perhibeaturc. Quorum ossa din litorib,rsd.t in eterraium latebrise, ad indicium t artae quantitatirf g.oru-, saepe conperta GigaLrtes

legunturE.

I.55 Scribunt et geminosaAloidasb tam inmensaec fuisse eut ter€ caelum manibus adgressi essent destruere, ut Iouem, prof flammea regnandiE cupidine, summo detruderenth Olympoi.

1.52 DETRITONE WPBTDETIRTONE L capitulum om. S qui . . . mari] quia eqyptiuorum mari b oras] oris W carpatio lVq:i in egitiorum mari carpatico R . palude] paludi I d possideatl possedeat Wpossidebat R egyptiorum carphiatio mari L e...e

"

V/PB DE

ANTEPODIS Z DE ANTIPODAS T capitulum om. S

.

est'W

fundumJ profundam

lZ

interpretationem] interpretantur Z

I.54 DE GIGANTE V/DE GIGANTIBUS SP8 DE GYGANTIBUS Z DE GIGANTES 7

f...t uastae quanritatis] uasta equitantes .S " ipsos] ipsas W b enormis] inormes S tante uastitatis Z "d...dperhibeatur] perhibetur lZperhibentur SRZ c...c eorum . . . leguntur] insignum sunt uie in litoribusl illitoribus Z

recte

,S

eorum saepe reperta leguntur Z

e...e terrarum latebris] latebris terrarum S

I.55 DEALLOIDIS WLPDE EIAIDIS.9DEALIOIDIS B DEALOIDAS T e...e

"b geminos] geminus Wgemini.§ Aloidasl alleodes S "d"'dinmensae] inmensa R

f s h i

corporum magnitudinis] magnitudinis

corporum S

ut ter] inter IZur inter S prol per'V regnandil segregandi R deruderent] detraherent Olympol olympho R

W.S

I.56 DE ORION \VST DE ORIONE LPB post ORION add. \Y FINIUNT CAPITULA MONSTRORUM pasr ORIONE add. Z FINIT

"b . d

autem] hoc Z

profundissimi] profundissimos S quamuis] quam W om, S

gurgitisl gurgites SR

to üe =

e:.:

.

I.55 They also wrire i:::: they tried three times io Ce

:

et

profundissimib quamuisc gurgitisd undas superaree humeris et fsiquando ornosf autB

b

I.54 Indeed gianrs usir. :: sea were passable

to rule, so that thev cou.:

I.56 Orion autema talis fuisse confingitur ut omnia maria transire potuisset

esse]

I.53 They also sal' tha: ::. Antipodes, and accord::: lowest foundation oi rhe :

books, on the shores

d.orporu* magnitudinisd

I.53 DE ANTIPODIS

I.52 And they said tha: T: his chest, and like fish c,:', seen in the Carpathian S;: is not known whether i:e .' or the swamp from hin:.

e

superare] superasse 1Z.S siquando ornos] sique normas IZ.S sicur ornos R aut] om. R

f...f

s 286

I.56 But Orion is imas:...{ with his shoulders the '"mountain-ashes and i::E.

LgT,

lnfrs

szrs

Slt

seruJou anbls isou:: 941 assr:ac-:

\NNJIdVS JNNINIII ,,TI :: y oqdu;.i': §41 ruerer{EüäP

-:-;

y pue8a:8-'s .

'

-t..

s'Jalur ln11 ::::-'

J

SVCIIOTh-]C

7 rnrunSal errada: ad;:; arn luns urnu8rsul [rnlun8a' i:

-

S' satuelrnba elsen [slrelr:u:: J SEJNVDI) ECI 7 SNSII.\

/1 S'uto run1rurdat är

ruEPunJC::

a

SyCOa

teqaprssod2l reepassc'c

7 IP:r .

'sulelunour aqt tuo5 sroor rraqr lq dn uror »po a8nq pu? srr{sB-urttunour paSEerp eq snqt puv 'poog rsadaap eql ua a Jo sa^e.&r eqr sraplnoqs srq qtr/rl, douarto pue sees Ip ssorf, plnol är{ }ErIl qrns ueaq e Eq or peur8eul sr uouo tng 9§.I

'sndullg q8rg ruor3 rerrdnf u \op lrnq plno] dap reqr os .e1nr ol srlseP Eulurnq EJo asn?f,eq (spueq rrrr{r qrrÄ l1s aql lorrsap or serun eerqr palrr loqr leql

lltPoq esuerurur q)nsJo are \ eEprolv uL!\]

3r.p rBqr elrr.Ik\

oqe

laqa

EE.1

.s{ooq 'azls ls?^ JlarllJo IrELU e se 'plrozn JqlJo s)sse)eJ aqr ur pue saror.ls eqr uo or Surprorf,E 'PunoJ uJUo are seuoq rrer{r puy'rooJ uo urrq} or elqussed arar* eas el{l IIB rBI{r PIes sI tI }EI{} ezrs snoruroue up r{f,ns ot r*o:8 or p3sn sruelS peepul 7E'I 'slurrdtoo3 rno ol dn rq8lu:rs perrerrp treJ r{tr^\ aqo18 er{lJo uonepunoJ tse,,lrol laqr eureu I)arD reqt Jo uonererd:alur ar{l or Sulprocf,E pur .sepodrtuy eqop er.ll repun suBtunr{Jo erEr B sr erer{t leqr &s osp laqa gE.1

glnEJsouJo opuenblsJ ta srrr: ut

le lesslnloo

SJISUEJ] ErJEtlr

grpueu8er Eerur.uel Jord' tua psrurpnlruSutu tunr oci essrnJ

rueduoc edees 'urnroo3 1A

Psnqrrolll ulp

_rsr

Esso runJon,

ErJErIr BrurrJo sre

ln

oPnrru

erp PBerr

PrllBl

erE r{frq/Y\

'run{ ruory duezrrs aqt ro 'BIq,('I uI uoll[ dtue.rrrs eqr tuo{ par\otsaq arutu s5l purl er{ rer{rer{r\ u^rou{ lou sr 1l PuV dpr13o srrorls aqr Punore pue suerrdlSg rql Jo ers uerqredre3 ar{l ur uees uaaq Suraeq sE peqrrf,srp sr il{ puv .lr Bu ,r{t ur\op qsu aIII pue ,rsaqc srg ur Surqr plr^r-rues e 'puaq sF{ ul uBurnq ? eTI ^\oläq sE^\ uotr[ rBqt prBs laqr puy 7E.1 NOIIVISN\QI

L

er8nsen EJlsou pE rr.unpurq

unpunses le'tu?f,on supodr

ueruou

loq o[r qu snpd ue

snsrn ,ErlElI qsEJo ?f,Jrf,

t)

Pr.

snqrcsld of,rlrqtun qE urnsror

IhINÜ OÜJ SN O W UEg I7

:.:

LIBER MONSTRORUM: LATIN TEXT

ingentiah robora de montibus euulsa radicitusi traxit. Ferunt eumj iuga peragrasse montium et capitek sublimia caeli lnubila pulsassel.

They say he crossed the :

EPILOGUS

EPILOGUE

Haeca sunt inmania monstra de quibus me fluctusb tuae postulationis tundebatc et erd qu.. de espumosis fabularuma gurgitibus ad haec litora congessi. Adhuc t"-.rrf

in terris et in mari fuisse dixeruntl. De quibus tediosum est plus scribere uelle et id quodk del inferism hominibus, quodquen ode Chirone, Niobe, Daedalo, Tiiptolemo, Atlante, Coeo, Iapeto, Typhoeo, et ceteris quibusqueo turpissimis depromunt fabulisP. innumberabilia8 sunth quae eti

qFINIT LIBER DE MONSTRISq.

sky with his head.

These are the huge

i:,::

me, and those are rhe c:.. torrents of fables. Bur :::existed both on land a:c more, even that rn'hich =.' as Chiron, Niobe, certain others.

D:.c.

HERE, ENDS THE BC.:

LIBER

II

PROLOGUS Belua nuncupari potest quidquida in terris aut in gurgite bin horrendib corporis ignota et metuenda reperitur formac. Sunt fermed innumerabilia marinarum genera b.l,rrr,r-, eus€ tam inormibuse corporiburf 8-agttorum ad instar montium uastas undarum mtlesg et derutah funditus contorquent pectoribus maria, dum cursus adi dulcia fluuiorum freta dirigunt et spumososJ natandok gurgites magno perturbant murmurel, et in illo uastissimorum agmine monstrorum, turgida dum caerulam

h i i k

1...1 nubila pulsasse] nubila pulsasse S nebula pulsisse R nebila pulsasse L post pulsasse ac-

ingentia] ingenti Z radicitusl radicibus W eum] enim Z capitel capiaW

plicit S sic oremus dominus qui unigeniti domini nosri

EPILOGUS Haec] hac'W' fluctus] uentus lZ tundebatl tondebat R ea] ea sunt R e"'€ spumosis fabularuml spinosis fabulosis Z f tamen] tantum 17 e innumerabilial innumebilia R h sunt] om. L i etl om. RL j dixerunt] dixerant Z k quodJ quam Z

"b . a

t

m

inferisl his inferioribus Z " quodquel quotque W o...o de Chirone . quibusque] de tirrone moledilato treptolemo adlante coeto lupeto 'W' de tinore nilo tiphoeo et ceteris quibus

dedalo trptolemo athlante ceto lupeto thiphoeo et ceteris quibusque R dese chirone

niole dedalo treptolemo athalante

del om. W

LIBER II PROLOGUS undarum moles ad instar montium R

"b...bquidquidl " d . f

quicquid RZ in horrendi] inoriendo R forma] formae'W

h deruta] deseruta Wdiluta R i ad)acl i spumosos] spumosis W k natando] natanda Z I murmure] murmore W

ferme] fermae WR enim L inormibus] inmanis Z corporibus] corporis W

c...c magnorum.

.

.

coeteo

tropeo et ceteris quibusque I e fabulisl fabulosis R q...q FINIT LIBER DE MONSTRISI om. RL

moles] magnarum uastas

288

m caerula]

om. W cerulas L

BOOK II PROLOGUE 'W'hatever is found or: ..:.: bodily appearance ca:. rable, and with their S,r :r.

mountains. a:.\:. '.:. they direct their paths :: :: depths with a grear ro:.:. : as great

682 7 s?lnr:--._f i*

Ä )Jo-::-:'-

7 Pp--;":?-

11 srsor-::;

u

f,

?::-r tr?

::-

S:StJ'-

-

7 anbsnq::i ;-; aruBIBgrE oruf,iolc;::

oradnl olef, ellrelrirE o=:--

6

rr

)oos

anb:c:i

Elnqeu g asseslnd Blrqnu iassn-:

.,Elnrauf, tunp epr8Jnl

'ru:

srrodroc qlpuarro! ulo a:ri

se

rn907IdE

:I4TNÜ

lurqrnuad ou8eu serrS:nS rpe snsJnJ urnP'Euetu soQI.Ir s?lsDn runnuoru JElsur PE u erauoS lunJ?urJuru ErlrqEJ)r

u}13

rnol3o J

L

ErnlrP/.11

u Illnrluoru rnsu:

Tü'uto [STfSNO}{ gC U! g-

oal3of

auoJrrp osap är anbsnqrnb s::::

ollu eroull ap Al snqtnb ':;::. oradnl oleof, olrrelpe orua'3:;: r* auorrn ep [anbsnqrnb ' 7 snqrJor:;-;_' i

rtruaSrun lnb snunuop snr.-j:i -ra asseslnd rod 7 asseslni z-::

rsln{^\'sJelsuoru snoruroue tsoru eqtJo uor8e1 trqt ur pur tuor ree:8 e r{rr^\ sgrdep lueo3 agl qrnrsrp Surtuuuns lq pue srsrnof,-rä rr lae^{s or{r ol sqred rrrqt Derrp leqr rsll{.&\ 'ruouoq rfterr egr ruo{ suas tdnrsrp stseq) rrerp qrra puu 'surelunoru rea.r8 se 8rq se se^E/r\Jo sessetu tsea dn uJnr{f, leqr serpoq snoruJoue os rreqt qtr/r\ pue (elqe -rarunuur tsorule are lsueq-BasJo spuDl er{I'}smq B pelpl eq upf, eruureeddu llrpoq elqrrrelJo luroJ er.uosrBeJ PUE u \ou{unJo Bes eql ur ro PUEI uo PunoJ sr re rlBrlm\i

sn2070üd

sugrsNor r {o »oos EHr

w

pue 'sneoqdll 'sntadel 'snao3 'sEIrV 'snuelolduJ 'snlepeeq ')qor51 'uorrq3

qrns 'eldoad qsrllaq rnoqu selqeJ ln3eoerSsrp lmSg ur ,(es laqr qrrqr*r tur{t ua^e 'eroru elrJ/t'r ol qsri.l, ol snorPal sr rr q)rq/y\ Eururacuof, '3äs Jql ur puB PuEI uo qroq pelsrxs EI{ pl?s aarq leqt qlg,la s8urqr elqereurnuur llrrs err erer{l lng 'selqtJ Jo sruerrot

e

Surureo3 eqr urory seroqs eseqr or pererltz8 aaeq I qrlq \ sauo eql are esoql pue 'etu E \ Jr{t qlrr{ir\ Sururacuof, sJJrsuoru aSnq oqt aJB eseqJ paleJJnq tsanbar

'PEaI{ srq qru*r

ar{lJo spnoll q81q aql pallou>l puu 'surelunoru3o »pad eqr pessorf, er{ les NOII\NSNYII

srrelef ta 'oaogdla 'or>de1 apo uanbponb 'snqlultuoi{

-

snqrnb eC[ 'frunrexrp rssrr

lnqpv'rssa8uo: e:o: Jueruel ta oreqepunl sruouelnrsod a

l1s

laqa

asser8B.rad e8nr 6.une

tunr)l

I\:

OAJ SN OW d g g I7

-.:

LAIIN TEXT

LIBER MONSTRORUM:

truduntn, auras marmoreiso Pdeuerberant spumisP et ita inormi membrorum mole agitata litore tenus aequora tremebundog gurgite uerruntr ur non tam spectaculum intuentibuss quam horroremt praebeant. De quibus iam tibi nihil scribendum uputaui quia etu innumerabilia sunt, et eorum cognitiov longe ab humano generew, uelutx horrendis undarum gurgiti$r turribus et marino disiungitur muro. Sed tamenz ne lucernam.uerbi postulantis lurges neglegentiae demergata, de his tibi sermo pauca deprometb b.luir et horribilibust ignoiarumd formis bestiarum quae in fluminibus uel stagnis paludibusque, siue in desertise orbis terrarum latebris fuisse quondam, rpoetae act philosophi aurato sermone in suis litteraturis8 inaniter depingunt.

II.l

Lronem, quem regem esse bestiarum, ob metum

eiusa et

nimiam fortitudinem

poetae et oratores cum phisicisb fingunt, in frontem beluarum horribilium ponimus. Qui fiunt generaliter colore cfuluo, sed tamenc albos cum ingentibus iubisd leones

et in taurini corporis magnitudine habuisse Indus fertur. Et ipse uastissimae leo formae describiture quem Hercules sub rupe Nemeaeif montis occidit.

II.2

Elefantia autem, licet sibib leones timeant, omnibus tamenc cognitis maiores

they thrust aside ths 5rr':...

with an enormous mass r: with a fearful flood so -ir":

of fear. Concerning rhr< because they are

botl: .:...

humankind, as if by rhe :.: But nevertheless, lesr üe :. word, a discussion n'ili :: the horrible forms of u:.depict in the gilded disc; and swamps, or in the ce s,

II.1

'W'e

place in the ibre :: and excessive strength >:-.: of the beasts. Thev are s.: to have had white lions '..-.'

sunt animantibus. Qui apud Gangaridosd .t Indos et inter NiluÄ fluuium et Brixonteme nasci perhibentur. Quorum Pyrrhurf i., Ro-aniamB )O( primus ad

kind of lion of the moi: .: rock of the Nemean ;lc,-:

et hostes erectis promuscidibusJ caedunt. Quorum quoque Alexander Macedo innumerabiles albo, nigro, et rubicundo, uarioque colore se in India uidisse ad

II.2

auxilium belli hdeduxit, quiah turres ad bella cum interpositis iaculatoribus portrrrti

Aristotelemk philosophuml descripsitm

n trudunt] tradant Z * uelut] uel Z o marmoreis] murmureis IZmarmorei Z r gurgitisl gurgitum Wgurgires R p...p deuerberantspumis]deueferantspumeisZ, tamen] tanum'WL q tremebundo] uemebunda Z e...a gurges . . . demergat] gurgires neglegenria r uerrunt] uergunt Wueniunt R dimergat'W . intuentibus] expecrandbus IZ b depromet] depromir\Yl t horrorem] herrorem R . horribilibus] horroribus W u...u putäui quia er] putaui quod et 'W com- d ingnotarum] ignotorum Z . discretis] desertis Z putaui quia Z "w

f'..r

cognitio] cognito est W genere] generiW

poetae ac] poera hac V'poctae ac L

e

litteraruris] litteraturus W

d . f

iubisl iouis W describiturl discribiur W Nemeaei] nimie rilL nimiae R

II.1 DE LEONE IY/LPBT eius] om. W phisicisl fisitis IZ c...c fuluo sed ramen] fuluo set tanrum W fuluoso tamen R

"b

II.2 DE ELEPFIANTIS

" u . d

\X/P

DE ELIPFI.ANTIS Z DE ELEFANTO BT Z e Romaniam] romam W h'.'h deduxitquialdeduxitquot lZdeduxitquiR i porrantl portabant R

Elefanril elifänri R elephanti

sibil om. R tamen] tantum W Gangaridosl gararidos W gargaridos

R ) promuscidibusl promuscedibus lXzR k Aristotelem] Arisrotilem Z I Brixontem] brisontem lZbrexantem I philosophum] philosopum Wphilypphum R ' f PyrrhusJ pyrrus Wphirrus R phyrrus Z m descripsid deicribir Z gangaridos

Z

290

But elephants, e'e :. known living things. TL.-, Indians and benvee n ::.. twenty of them to Ron::.. archers interspersed, anc ' Macedon described ro

.

'i:.

of white, black, red, anc'.

r67, 7

E

lq pur 'sr

7 lualrlo:s:j-;

J8 O' . eBrr,uru

Lty t":-

rntrqri--:-

:

.i-

^

snrruEj]::-' )eq P:;:J 7 sr::)j: -

snqrror.:o-- ':

7ll1

ruo{aroJ aql ur acrld e21

I'II

Bzv\-?es

L

lrc':J::

y umqdd,(1rud4 urndosoi:-'; ärl1 snqrPJf,snluorc's- : y l:jEC:--.

y mblrmpop4 lonb lnr,,p:r -

lxl ru?-:: :

u

l1

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7 :e aercod

7 urnroroui'

l1 'plpq ur srnolor snorrB^ pu? (pär 'If,EIq 'orrqm3o seuo olquretunuur uees p?rl oq teqr apotsrry raqdosolqd agr or prqrrf,sap uopef,el4J Jo repuuxelv 's{unrt paqf,rorlslno qrr^r Äueue eqr elrrrs pue 'pasredsralul srar{f,ru qll^{ JEÄ\ ot sre.&ol 1u:cc rbqr asnecaq 'aprrq ur dpq or erueruog or tuar{rJo Äuar*rr rqSnorq rsru snqrrf.I Prv 'snuoxrrg er{r PuE elrN re^rr 3r{} uae/!\t3q PuE suBrpul pue srra8uuD Jo eldood aqr Euorue uroq eq or pr?s eJE lr.{J 'sSurgr 8urar1 u/r\oul IIE ueqr re88rq re a^roq are 'suor1 rerJ so lestueqr laql31 ue r 'stuuqdele tng Z'II

'urelunoru uEJuraN eqlJo {)oJ orll raPun ll/\els sDlnf,raH r{f,n{^\ 'paqrrcsap sr Jzrs snoruroue §our er{rJo uorlJo puDI eturs er{r puv'spq su a8rel sE serpoq pue seurtu aSnq qtL\{ suorl rtlq { per{ )^Eq or pIEs sI 'ra,rarnoq 'snpul eqr rnq 'rnolof, lur*rer e jo l1p-leua8 are lr.{J 'slseeq eqt Jo 8uq aqr aq ot eur8utur 'stsnuorcs sE IIe.&\ sE 'sJotEJo pur sraod qr8uerrs e^rssof,xe pue (uorl eqr srsBoq aurosrEeJJo PEarP sFIJo esnE)aq qrF{/r\

'aqop arllJo sessef,ar peuasep er{l ur :o 'sdrutms pur se>lel ro sre^Ir uI palsrxe ef,uo e^Erl or s3unrr,,n rror{rJo osrnof,srp pepllS eqr ur terdap llndue sreqdosolrqd pue sraod eqt qlryr\ slseeq u^roulun Jo sruroJ älquroq eql pue stsraq Jseqt Sururacuoc s8urqr.&\eJ B qrrrn nol oprrtord IIr^\ uorssnf,srp ? 'prorrr Sutuotlsenb aql3o duul eqt u/$,orp plnoqs rco18eu3o poog eql tsrl 'ssaleqlra,rau lng äqlJo stuoruälltBq 8ur,lrrrar egr lqyr su 'purluutunq 'eesJo IIEia

tüo$ pe oruer rEJ sl rueqr 3o a8peytrou>l pue 'alqe.raurnuur qroq e:e laqr asnef,sq 'nol ot Sutturrr quo \ Surqtou rq8noqr e^Er{ I s8urgr esaqr Sururacuo3 'rEäJ Jo errnos ? sp olf,Blf,ads e r.{f,ntu os lou sre>looluo rego lagt teqr os poog IryrrcJ E qtr/( eror{s 3r{r o1 dn rg8r: ras dn-paulls f,r{t daar'ls leqr squrlJo ssetu snorurouä uE rpr^\ snql PuE 'tueo3 Pelqrctu qlr/r\ sezoorq e$ qsellaqr 'ees 3ur11ams erp rprse rsnrqr laqr NOII\rISNYTI

lruorc::

enuaSapau serfrnS [le8-raru;: 7/1\ u::":

y sarr8rnS4 rurur!:

,

PP essrPrn EIPUI ur äs aro

oparel4l rrpurxrlv anbon ,luetrod snqrJorelnf,Er snrso pe snurrd ')O( grutrueru ]e runrnnu ulnllN Jelur t soJorrru sriluSoc truer,uer s 'lrPrf,f,o snuor

oel oeturssnsun asdr rg ':n sruoal pslqnl snqrruaSur tu 'snturuod tunrlrqrrroq ruruE uJUrPntrlJoJ ruBrr.uru le Psn 'runSuldap relruEur ; 'urupuonb essrnJ srrqelel r snqrurung ur aunb runJens erned orurrs Iqlt sFI ep ,ErEi eu zueuret pes 'oJnr.u rntr8ur '^areueS oueurnq qu a8uo1

unPueqrrrs Irqru

Iqll urEI

unlnf,Epeds turr uou ln rtr elotll lunJoJqrueru rrurour J.

WNÜOUJSNOW AEg I7

LIBER MONSTRORUM:

LAIIN TEXT

-.:

II.3 Onagri animalia

sunt, non bestiae, sed ngenti animo et saef elaa o1r1 lraa eru pup llcore3 Surpuerstno o^Eq qtoq qllqr'r 'sarpoq parrods qtr^\ slsuf,q oru saxull §'II '1sE3q

ter{t e{rl lsn( 'slueunf, Jo lsaurr\s ar{r qlu( snsE)nEJ lunotrAJ ruou ser{snr tr af,urs 'aluuu srl pe rrop e Eq or prus sr rr:lsq73o sr.r8raranrJ orlt oslu efuarl/vr lpaeds Eurzeute Jo pue snorcrde.r llatuarrxa err laqr puv'Eruerrrrv ur puu sueruettr(y1aqr rs8uoue puu elpul uI uroq o-rr rlf,rr{^\ ',Orylsorl euosreoJ Jo slerurue pllry'aru sre8rt 7'11

'oultuJBl tr:.:p? sueJeeru Jle srtsrJt asdr olJeseP E srnseq te Osunb

:

Psnq::-sr-

'tunqrrf,sf,p )ssr

'lrnBurujou

sopprrd

{urnqB)n1 s E ij-.

Bsonp JrunrsEls

Ouleponb 'xer runropul rl EIpuI ur unuu8ndxa ue:::j snqruoPof,BI^J te orPuBxsf\-=

srJelef, re ur la PETPuI 'rr:.ir lueqPq ruel?lrf,oJeJ lUnrI-Ur u

oluoru E ,Bnseq ,snrsdr :r: 'srr8rT la epun :snutrf,olJr'. soutorlll pnde to Erp

ur le suroq eqr Bu,,rq'serarpord arqrparf,ur rsauourr oro;'r'Irt§?ir'rTälr:?"'r'r:l; erp uI esoqr ere ärrr{t tng 'suretunoru eql ruo{ $lf,oJ reer lagr qrSuerrs pnord ur Surrlnxe uago pue e8urnor leerS qrr^\ rnq 'srseeq lou 'sluurrur ere srssu plr/§ €'II

NOII\fl SN\QI L

'rsnqrrodroo Jnlunqrrfse snqr[qrPeJ)ur run) äss3 turuEs

-llroJ

saruBr[rule erqe

"adaes

I{

IWNAOÜJSNOW ÜEgI7

LIBER MONSTRORUM:

IÄIIN TD(T

II.8

Ferunt fabulae Graecorum plurima in libris antiquitatum suae philosophiae quondam fuisse quae nunc incredibilia essea uidentur, tam de monstris quam etiam bbeluis er serpentibusb. De quibus partem replicaturic sumus. Inter quae belua krnaed describitur, quam nunc apud inferos essee, tam horrendam stridore quam formaf terribilem, Graeci cum quibusdam fingunt Romanis.

II.9 Hippotamia beluae in India esse perhibentur maiores elefantorumb corporibus, quos dicunt in quodam fluuio aquae impotabilisc demorari. Qui quondam .CC.d homines una hora in rapaces gurgitume uorticesf traxisse et crudelem in modum deuorasse narrantur.

II.8 The fables oi rh.

t

philosophy from anci.:.:

monsters as also bearts ": amongst which is desc:.x

which the Greek, aic,:i clamour as dreadful :: .:' Hippopotami a:e j:. they say that they li'e .:-

II.9

said to have dragged

:"'':

;

flood, and to have is.-.':'-:

il.10 Quasdamaenim bestias prope ad mare Rurum nasci ipsab fabulositas perhibet, et quod .VIil. pedes duplicibus membris et capita bina habentc cum oculis fingunt gorgoneisd.

II.10 Legend itseli hc'.c, imagine that ther' ]:a'..e

=

eyes.

II.11 Chimaerama Graeci scribunt quandamb fuisse bestiam triplicisc monstruosa corporis foeditate terribilem quem flammis dicunt armatam, eo quod tria capita

II.l I The Greelcs t.:::.

:

ignem habuissetd uomentiee.

triple body with mons::: that it had three heacs ,:.

ll.l2 Eta sunt quoque, ut ferunt, in India beluae, quas aeternas, obb uiuidam uirtutem, uocant. Quae in suis uerticibus ossa serratac uelut gladios gestant, quibus arietino, dum aduerr,rrd incurrunt, impetu, obpositi transuerberanture clipei.

ll.l2 And there are ..;.eternal on account oi::-.. on their heads, b1'rvhi;:." shields are split apar.

II.8 DE LERNA IVDE LUCERNA

om.'WR

"

esse]

.

replicaturil replicati \VR

Z DE BEL VA LERNAE PTDE LERNIS B

d . f

b'..b beluis et serpendbusl belbuis Z

Lernae]

lernaWl

describuntur esse Z forma] formae WL forme R esse]

II.9 DEYPOTAMIS WDEIPOTAMIS LDE HIPPOTAMIS Hippotamil Ippotami WEpotami R Ipo-

" tami Z b elefantorum] elephantores Z . impotabilisl inpotabiles I7

d . f

P DE HIPPOTAMIS BT .CC.] .CCCC. W.CCC. RL gurgitum] paer R gurgitorum Z uortices] uertices R

II.10 DE HIS QUI BINA CAPITA FIABENT V/BTDE CAPITA ZP

" b

Quasdaml quisdam

II.11 DE CIMERICA IYDE CYMERA

,

habent] habebant Z gorgoneis] gurgones Wgorgones Z

BESTI,A LDE CHIMAERA PBT

Chimaeram] cimericam 'W cymeram

cumeram Z b quandam] quodam R quondam Z

.

. d

lZ

ipsa] om. R

BESTIIS QUAE HABENT BINA

R d e

habuissed habuisse R uomentia] uouentia R formantia Z

triplicisl triplici R

II. 12 DE BEL VA IVDE AETERNIS INDI,AE BEL VIS LP DE BEL VA AETERNA 8T d aduersus] aduersus clipeos R Et] om. L e transuerberanrur] rransuerberant'W ob] ut Z

" b .

serrata] reserata Z

294

s6T,

l1 lrrBJaqJensuPll -;:.: -. y soadrl: s:.s:;--j Jg VNUEJTV \i\ I]E ]

I

7 EIllrBtuJoJ är Pr:'i:: : -

y e§ ::--

Jgl \rfrl 7 sauo8.ro821 se-;u-ri-: -;

VNIS JNESVH

s:t--_

är

S.--

T!]b

7 run:orr8:n8 »

::::

7ä'3ff ',-il lrl Jg SITVJOddIH 3C :u

er.uroJ 7J\ )r':

7

esse

,:.:

_

I t- : -

'utde rrlds e.rr splelqs Sursoddo eql 'ruur E o{ll8ur8.regc (splerqs >lf,En? laqr uaqrn 'qcgrvrlq 'spreq rrar{t uo spro^rs e{rl souoq peterros reaq deqr puy'qr8uo:ts ller'r1 rrer{rJo lunorre uo leurete (oslearB eroql puv ZI'II 1pclaqr qlFl,v"[salrpororc] erpul ur slseeq'lesleqr os 'arg Suuneds sprcq eerr{t ptr{ rr rpql ur 'saueg qlv\{ peturu sp.&\ lus daqr qr1lil' 'ssausnoapq snorlsuoru qtr^/r lpoq aldrrr Jo rseeq olqlrrar uretrer e llreuro3 sE^{ Ereer,urql eqr lurlt olrr.^r\ $laerD er{I II'II

g SINUE'I 3C

':

'radrp eJnluBJaqrans snqrnb 'tuetsa8 sorpe16 rn': ueprnrn qQo 'seu:JrJE s:

etrder errr ponb oe

'ruE:?--

EsonJlsuotu rsr:r1dr:r ureirs

'sela EuoBroS qrl^r 'sperq o,1r'r pue squrrl alqnop uo teeJ rg81e er'rq laqr reqr aurSetur (eeg peA erp reau uroq ere stseaq urutrer tur{t sploqJlesrr pua8rl 0I'II

leqr pur

'uonlseJ lenr) E ur tuar{t prrno ep e Br{ ot pue 'poog erpJo serppe lpearS eql olur rnoq e18urs p ur ueru perpunq o,u.r paSSerp o Erl ot pres ere laqr e uo puv rele.Ät elqalurrpun qrr.&\ ro^rr uretrer e ur artrl laqr reqr les leqr pue 'srueqdala ueqr lpoq ur retrer8 Elpul ur stseeq eq ot prus ore rtuerododdrg 6'II 'r.uroJ slr ur InJPserP sE rnotuBlf str ur rlqrrrorl su Sureq se rcrdap 'sueruo6 uruua) qrrru. 8uo1e '$leer3 er{t qln{.& pue 'plromrepun är{r ur /!\ou sr rll1l \ 'eure13o rspeq eqr peqrrtsep sr ql5f'\ lsSuoure (eseqt 3o rred E ploJun or rnoqu are e^1, puv 'sruedras pue slseeg osle sB srelsuoru

rlrnl^\ serun luarfue ruo$ lqdosopqd rnoqu qf,nrrr sE 'alqrparf,ur eq ot ruaes ^^.ou rlel{t Jo $looq er{r ur s8urqr luutu ,{:ar' 3o IIel $laerD erp Jo selwJ eql g'II NOII\rI

SNrU

L

:Wnü OAJ SN Orlt

run8ug srlnfo rrrnf rluaq?-'raqrg:ed serrsolnqEJ Orsd: :

tunPotu ur uelePnr) lf, ]s 'r:e:c

p'3D' tuuPuonb rn§

'snqrrodrof, qrrrnJotuEJel J

s

'stu?

tuunb aroprrts rurpuerroq Enlaq eunb :eluJ 'snruns ruene uenb srJlsuoru ep u;

eerqdosolrqd aens runtElrn

I\:

A g g I7

LIBER MONSTRORUM:

II.13 Et in

Persidea

fingunt

LAIIN TEXT

ll.l4

appellant, quibus sub

esse bestias quasb conopenosc

caninisd capitibus equinae dependetf per ceruices iuba8 flammamque expiranti.

.t ori naribusqueh ig.r...,

Cerberus autema tria capitab hab,risse describitur. Quem poetae et cphilosophi

ab ianuac inferni mortales perturbare trino arbitrantud latratu. Sed tamene eum trementem ab Orci regis inferni soliof Efamosissimum AlcidenB in uinculis traxisse turpih depromunt mendacio, iet quod eum inritatumi ille contumax insanis prouocauitj latratibusk.

II.13 And in

Persis thei' beneath the dog-shapeci and they breath fire and.

ll.L4

But Cerberus is de s-

phers reckon that he de:.:, Yet however they pur ou: .:.

him trembling in chain, :-: the defiant hero

provoi.;

II.15 Eta inter ipsa quae dicunt inania, ferunt formicasb in quadam esse insula, et quod sex pedes et atrum colorem et miram habeantc celeritatem, depromunt. Cum quibus incredibilisd auri abundantia describitur, equod ipsaee 6u, r.ru"ntf industria.

II.15 Among the

II.16 Fuit praeterea quaedam in Indorum

which they guard in

finibus bestia maior, ut ferunt, elefantoa, colore nigro, quam Indi dentem tyrannum uocaueruntb. Quae in medio toruaec frontis tria cornua ge-ssit, et tantae animositatis erat, utd sibie conspectis hominibus, non tela neque ignesf, nec ulla uitaret pericula. BQuam feruntAlexandrumE, mortuis )O§/I. militibus, tandem confixam occidisse uenabulish.

II.13

DE

COENOPENOS

COENOPOENIS

"b c d .

IY DE

DE CYNOPENOS Perside] persida \YR persidia L .B

CONOPONIS

T

f s h i

qur.l quos lZ conopenos] coenopenos

W

caninis] cannis Wannis R equina] aquina \Y egui L

L DE

CONOPENIS

P

DE

dependetl dependit VRL iuba] iuba per cerin munces W naribusquel naribus qui 1Z expirant] exspirant R spirant Z

II.14 DE CERBERO IYLPBT

" b

autem] haec L capita] aepita R

c.'.c philosophi ab ianual philophi a ianua philosophia ianua L

d . f

E..E famosissimum Alciden] fanosissimum alceden'§7'

R h turpil turpide'§7'turbi L i..'i et quod eum inritatum]

er quod eum inuitatum R adquod deum inritandum L

arbitrantur] arbitrentur'W' tamen] tantum'§7'tunc L soliol solo L

i k

prouocauit] prouocant R prouocabit L latratibusl latrantibus L

IT.15 DE FORMICAE \X/DE FORMICIBUS MAGNIS Z DE FORMICIS MAGNIS P DE FORMICIS B DE FORMICAS T d incredibilisl incredibilibus R " Et] om. R

b "

e...c quod ipsaeJ quam ipse R f..'f sua seruant] suaserunt Z

formicas] formices Z habeant] habent W

II.16 DE DENTEM TYRANNUM lr/DE DENTE TYRANNO DENTETYRANNO 8 DE DENTEM TIRANNUM

" b . d .

elefantol elephanto lf,lR uocauerunt] uocarunt Z toruae] turbae lZtorbuem Z

utl etR sibil illi Vl

T

BEL VA INDI,AE LP DE

f ignesl ignis lYR c...8 Quam ferunt Alexandruml proferunt alaxandrum R h uenabulisl funalibus Z

296

:

othe

'

r .::

ants on a certain islanc. .:

amazing speed. A-lons;::= : the

:: ,

II.16 Moreover there '.'.'.; an elephant and black

:: :

-

It bore three horns in ::-. : that when it caught s.::.: dangers. They sav rl::: :. twenry-six of his

solcire

:s ..

pc

L6Z

7 (-.---"-' I - -..'-

_

runra3ord [un.rpuexrl-

AC]lr)r laqr puu .lpoq ra1?or,\ Jo purlue uE sI tI q8noqrp lr rEeJ suorlturp ruoue Jo lrrrurnb E rlf,ns sr erer{l ter{l uesse Jo lsef,re5 aqr rs8uoure oq or prus sr rsEaq rBqt rng g7fi

leqr grrqrrt ur 'setnrq

IIE

'o/\u PellDI Pue sralPlos srePurxe[V uo rno rdeal Sur,ruq sE esuo prqrrf,sep sr tr qleel e8eaes qrr/ü peture pur >lrBq peterres sll tlll^{ Puv ')lpof,orf, E Jo rer{to äql 'uooru pauror{-o,nr E Jo a8eur aql (iaulSeulr) euo eroq rr lspeeq o/!\t perl qlgart tsuaq e sr erer{t EIpuI ur tpr{t les legr puv Z7il

ll olluPolror Jgc

WNUONIS EVICINI SI.A I:

pnde urepeenb sue8 Orqls u

snnot edord eurrnld rqn

:r

srnbe ur eurrxerrr eretsoq JE sereder tuns srJaue8 rueun

)EfrPoIu uou lsPnleq

(qsol

pB sueprf,ee:d uroqoJ EnuJ: 'Osdolorne rntednrunuq por

'tersenbrl Elf,unu serf,EJurg

'lueetull 'sttodroc

rrrEJoJ psrj

tnt.

trrueuJn rueturlf, Oenb ul

'rnlr qrJfsaP essrPrf, f, o o

le rOlUrras srurof,rq etunl runJellc'elrdr:

3?]BTUJE SrneES

NOII\ilSN\TU L IWNAOÜJSNOW AEqIT

LIBER MONSTRORU-Itr1:

LAIIN TEXT

1I.27 Fluuius alndiae Gangesa, qui aurum cum lapidibus profertb pretiosis, mira monstruosae feritatis genera gignit. Quarum scriptores beluarum sec de hisd tacuisse, pro incredibilibus testantur eformatis figurise.

wondrous races of mons::: kept quiet about them blf,Eq el{l uo paurEr{un parrrEf, ueaq arruq 'alrq rsru rreqr qtr^r rno^aP lou prp sSop arnzE eql uror{^t ueru tur{t ruruel a Eq e/\4, lre >leer3 3o arnrcrd uluuef e q8norqr PuV €€'II 'serpoq lpcs areq leqr IIBr el{r ol lseqr erll tuorJ esn?f,aq (leeJ orrrr lluo qrr^4, puE (u?euBrrellPahl er{l ur er8 s§eeq PUE srelsuotu Jo sPuH snolrB^ qru'r 8uo1e 'sleturue-PuBl PuE srsBeq IIE rBrll autSerut qeer5 eqrJo selwJ ägI Z€'II NOIIVISNVU

d7 SruYW INEHUUÄL S

lrn,Brn,u

rrorrror'fl

lil

qseruelj tuau8r soJnut tunqrr

ln (tuequlnd sepun rad ga:r: srräJ f,E snqruruoq slq qE sar ul rE 'Cn»qrqrad srcrldr:r a rrrruurrunq srurruas Oernb

,rrad unrl?urruB *anbte run: -raqrued',snqrrSrt'snqruoal -uour BlBPrunf,Jrf, JruaPsrJ ?

srraue8 ncrp e:dns osrop u sonb saurtuoq ponb snur:

'tueqeq urod:o: atunluul srulq ptunl 'roueq: srIJEn tunf, EII?tUrUU EUäJJet

I

IX

:I4TNÜOÜJSNOW AEqIT

LIBER MONSTRORUM:

LAIIN TEXT

11.36 Et cum beluis Indorum, quoddam genus duplicibus fertur fuissea caudis, quae duplicitasb ad sex pedumc mensuram in latitudine cum binis patebatd unguibus, quibus homines uerberauite pungensf. gFINIT LIBER DE BELVIS8.

LIBER

III

L----

11.36 And amongst the'rlrnrls qllqr!\ e>leus p)ture u? ueaq Suraeg sE peqlrrsep sr urpl11 aql €'I11

q8norqr

'turq pelrr E o Eq or prus sr Sulqrou uoltenlls reqt ur pue 'spreq Surssrq pue sruadres Jo p^\orf, srr{r qtur selnf,reH papunorrns e eq ol pres rruo sr rI 'stoul3o s8urregre8 ssepunol ur 'a>1eus srqrJo ef,BJ rr{r punoru rlqqnq ot päsn 'sarSrpord eruosrcal e>1r1 'sopruotung aqtJo puDI snoredra egrSo rreq pue 'aqlaas ol pasn stuedres pue srelsuoru Jo p.&\orf, o8nq B prf,rlaroJ srl Jo elppFu eqt uor{ 'an8uot aldrn slr qlr^r elqrrrrt puu 'ruoue^ utoretrel qll/\4. snouosod sern pue'r{leärq InJpeerp purl EurvlJo e{Eus E rer{r aur8utur sraodJo selquJ eql I'I11

.SINEdUES JnOSV)OOg gHI

'SIS\ru8 EHI SCNE iruAH EHJ, J0OBV»UO.i)§. 'suetunq puno^4, PUE e>lrrrs o1 Pesn lr qroq uedo lr ueq^\'gr8ual ur leeJ xrsJo ezrs eqt ot palqnop WH^\

\l per{ a Brl ol prus sl puH ureuef, E Brpul Jo srseeq aqr rs8uotup puv ge'Il

slrel o

NOIJ\ilSNYU

'snqlnSun Oreqered srurq

aenb 'srpne) BassrnJ JnlJal s

:WNAOÜJSN OW Üggl7

LIBER MONSTRORUIr': LATIN TEXT

III.4 Stares namque serpentes in India dicuntur gigni inmensia corpore, uario colore terribiles, quib in quibusdam squamis auri fuigäre radiabant. et in quibusdam candidis ac purpureis coloribus et nigris dcernebantur distinctid. Cum quibus quondam Alexander Macedo bellum contulisse perhibetur. III.5 In Calabrisa quoque saltibus anguis mirae magnitudinis in tempore Caesarisb Augusti fuit, qui in uere stagna paludesque colens ranis ac piscibus rabidamc repleuit ingluuiem; et postquam solis ardore paludes dehiscebant adustae, tunc pestisd irara, cibo potuque carens, agros scintillantibus peragrauit oculis et nimiam dedit mortalibus plagam.

III.6 In confinio Rubri maris et Arabiae serpentes esse perhibentur cum quibus nascitur piper album, quod incenso loco sub terram fugientibus homines nigrum flammis lambentibusa deripiunt. Qui serpentes corsia nuncupanrur et cornua habent arietina, et ab eis percussusb cito moritur tumens. III.7 Et in India gigni serpentes huius describuntur modi, euil ut perhibent, columnarum crassitudinem et bina trinaquea habent cristatab capita et processic de montium latebris ad aquam erectis pergebant pertoribus, et ita sinuosis motibus ac squamis terram reddideruntd adtritam et oculis horrendo scintillantibus ueneno, linguis ora uibrabante trisulcis et mortiferosf exalabant alitusB.

III.8 Fertur et in Sicilia uisus fuisse serpens qui lubrico laterum sinuamine labens sePtena uolumina globoso corpore traxit et ceruleam fulgorea speciem aureo per omnes miscebat squamasb.

III.4

Now, Stares are se:)e

:

their varied colour, and =r their scales, and were se?3:. Alexander of Macedon rs :':

III.5 In the valleys of Ca-:: of Caesar Augustus, r'hicl: . greed on frogs and fish. B::: then the enraged pesr. .ac'-: and caused an excessive :-:; III.6 On the border or =. whom white pepper is :::t

flames, after the place l:as :* are called Corsiae and l:a'.'= : dies.

III.7 And in India

se

rD€:.:i

the thickness of columns :: the mountain hidea\\-ai'i ::-i with curving movemen:s J their eyes shining rviür ho::. and they breathed oui i.";.

III.8 And it is said tha: :. of its siies ::

sinuousness

III.4

DE SERPENTES STARES LYTDESERPENTIBUS STARIBUS PDE SERPENTIBUS

8

STARES

"b

immensi] immensis

quil

quae

. radiabant] radiebam'W d...d cernebantur distincd] cernebant distincte W

lZ

W

III.5 DE ANGUIBUS MIRE MAGNITUDINIS

\YBT DE ANGUE MIRAE MAGNITU-

DINIS P

" b

. d

Calabrisl lubris 1Z Caesaris] caesauris

IZ

rabidaml rapidam W pestisl pestes

I7

III.6 DE SERPENTIBUS CUM QUIBUS NASCITUR PIPERALBUM b percussus] percussi W " lambentibus] labenribus I7

IX/PBT

III.7 DE SERPENTIBUS QUI HABENT BINA CRISPATA CAPITA V/TDE SERPENTIBUS QUI HABENT BINA CRISTATA CA?ITA P8 . uibraband uiprobant W "b trinaque] triaque W f mortiferos] mortiferis W cristara] crispati W c processi] proseliti Wprocessi Porsia s alitusl saltibus lZ

d

reddiderunr] redderuntlf/

TII.8 DE SERPENTE IN SICILIA]tr/PBT

"

b

fulgorel fulgure lV 308

squamas] auroe

W

mingled its azure app€a;::.:

60e

It

30:::

,.t'.

s-:

It srrrln:c:

11 lu?qo:c--

-NEdUES EQ J/A, VIId\I It rssr.lilJ Ingl\-'i JgcLA[

I

/.11

§::

11 rrrEP:;::

-ruINDYI^I IYUIW E:] 3.\ 11 eDunsrp turqauJeo [n:unsrr :l1 lu?qarD?: 'selBf,s srr IIB rnoqSnorql ueer{s uePIoS E qlr^lr,\ af,usrBedd? ernze slr PelSuru pue '.lpoq pepunor slr qrr^r slrol ploJuä^rs slr peSSerp seprs stl Jo sseusnonuls dreddrls aqr uo Surprls reqr lycrg ur uees uaeq serl tuadras ? let{t pIEs sI ll puv B'III

'qteerq dlprap rno peqreerq deqr pue san8uor aldrrr qlr^{re^rnb or pasn sqlnou rrer{l ruoue prrroq grrrn Sururqs sale rler{r r{tr1r\ pu8 'Äetvte uro^\ quEa aqt perapuar daqr 'sepf,s PuE sluoue oru Sutarnc qtrrn os pue 'slsearq dn-pagnd qlrd\ rele.&\ ol le^Brl ot pesn laqr sz(errruoplq ululunotu al{l ruo{ Surlaurno[prr, 'spuarl pelserf, ärrqr ro o/(f e^Eq pue suunlof,Jo ssJDIf,Iqt eqr aaeq 'dus laqr os 'gcrqzr,l uroq oq ot pres ert uos sqt 3o sluadras EIpuI ul puy /'III .SEIP

lplcrnb pue dn slles ueqr lq lcnrrs auolue lsuroq s(uer e Er{ pue aelsro) pellef, are se>lrus aqa'punorSrapun reg se{Eus eqr pue turnq uaEq ser{ eeeld eqr raUE 'srtueg 3uqcr1 aqr lq prue{)plq teqre8 sueunq qr1fr' 'pacnpord sr raddad arn{^\ tuorfrt ruo5 sluadras eq or prts ,re areqt ErqErV pue BeS pe1 eql Jo reproq eqt uO 9'III 'slelroru or an8e1d e^rssef,xa uB pesnef, pue sala SulqsEL r{tr/v\ spleu rqr pstueor 'relezn pup pooJ 8uqce1 'rsad peSeruo eqt urqr (uns aqr3o teeq eqr lq lu:nq 'dn palrp sdure.trs rqt reUB tng 'qsu pue sSory uo paerS ef,reu slr peres'sdrue,us puu slood eqr ur Burarl'Sulrds ul qrII\,\'sntsn8nyrEs)EJJo

etllrl eql ur

ezrs snolle^-rsruJo e{?us B oslB sB/r\ erer.ll ETTqEIEDJo

slalpa er{l

q §'III

'ruaqt rsure8e rer'r pa8ern a^Eq ot pres ef,uo sr uopefEIAJJo rapuexelv puv 'srnolo) {rEIq pur aldrnd pur erlq/!\ ur uees llereredas ere^\ pue 'salers rleql Jo äruos ur p1o83o sseurq8rrg aqr qrr^\.rarrr18 ol pesn laqr pue 'rnolor prrrB rreqr ur alqrrret 'lpoq a8nq E qlr^\ elpul ur uroq eq or ples sruadres ere saruls moN 7'IU NOIIWSN\QI L

SNSIJ,NAdUES EC

/

S,II g

IL

red oernr uercads p:o81ru sueqEl eurruBnur§ tUnJJlEI

'gsnlrr 'oueuen snqnuellnurf,s op fE snqnou srsonurs Elr tJ ,s ep 3lsse)oJd te elder qErels:

'rueqlqrad

rn ,rnb

.lporu

tueqeq EnuJof, te rnluednru tunr8ru sruruoq snqnuarEr

snqrnb run) rntuaqlgred

a

-rlElrolu lPeP rusrr,uru lJ srl 'eluJr Oslrsad cunt .aulsnpe r rrnalder rrueprqer snqlcsld : eroduel ur srurpn

qsrJBseEJ

'Jnl;

snqrnb run3 'plrf,ulrsrp :n tuupsnqrnb ur ra rluuqerpr eJolof, orJen'erodloc rlsuetu

:WN A OUJ SN OW Ügg I7

J.x

LIBER MONSTRORUM: I.ATIN TE)(T

III.9

:r

Quidam quoque serpens horrendae magnitudinis a Romano exercitu in Africa iuxta flumen Bagradama repertus describitur; et, pro ultione militum quos primo deuorauit impetub, eum acutisc cuncti Romanid circumdederunt iaculis et tandem ballistis infixo molari lapide ictuse in spinam crepuit, quif prius cuncta squamis tela, uelut obliqua Escutorum testudine repulit8. Cuius corium trans mare Tyrrhenumh ad Romam usque deductum est, quod .CXX. pedes lognitudinis habuisse perhi-

whom it devoured in irs ::. spears, and finally, struck'r',

betur.

have been 120 feet ione.

III.10 Et in excidio

III.9 Acertain

serpenr of

by the Roman army

in.{f:;,

after it had previouslv rex..

of shields. Its hide wes

r::

-

Tioiae gemini serpentes a Tenedo insula o.mni populo tuente,

III.10 And at the desi:-::

fretum sinuosis uerberabani -"gno murmurea motibus et adb terrae litus erectis natebant pectoribus. Quic, ut Maro, praecipuus poeta, cecinit, iubas habebant sanguineas et oculi .orr'r-d igni horrebant et cruore. Duos quoque primo impetu paruulos et tertium ipsis subeuntem uenenosis diripuerunt morsibus.

serpents thrashed u'ith a s:-. curving motion, and sr*'a::. : ing poet, sang, thev hai :.: They tore apart in poisc:.: man coming to their aic.

III.11 Dicuntur et in India serpentes gigni in ualle que uocatur Iordia, per eorum colla lapides pretiosi ualde nascuntur, nitores quoruma zmaragdi nuncupantur; lasereb quoque et alboc pipere pascuntur. Quorum Alexander Macedo paucos de ualle pyramidibusd quingentorum et quinque pedum habentibus longitudinem clausae lapidum extulitf. quaedam in mari Tyrrhenoa quam ante homines omnia prope serpentium inhabitabantb genera, cum quibus erat dominator serpens setosus et tam uasta corporis mole ut hi qui uidere ipsius speluncamc in quibus latuit bouem ingredi posse perhiberentd.

III.12 Est insula

ITI.9 DE SERPENTE CUIUS CORIUM .OOC PEDES LONGITUDINIS FIABERE PERHIBETURWPTDE SERPENTE CUIUS CORIUM .C)O( PEDES LONGITUDINIS FIABUISSE PERHIBETUR B

"b " d "

Bagradaml bragadam W

f qril

imperul impetum IZ

E..c scutorum . . . repulid scutodorum restitudine repulsit lZ h Tyrrhenum] terrenum IY

acuds] cunctis Wacutis Porsia

Romani] Romam W ictus] iectus W

III.1O DE GEMINIBUS SERPENTIBUS TIBUS IN TROI.AE EXCIDTO PB a murmure] marmore lZ

b

ad)

ITI.1

aW

quae

W

IN TROIE IYT DE GEMINIBUS

. d

Qui]

SERPEN-

quae'W'

eorum] eorunt W

1 DE SERPENTE IORDIA lYT DE SERPENTIBUS IN VALLE IORDI,A P DE 8

SERPENTE IN IORDIA VALLE

a b "

quorum] eorum albol alio W

III.I2

"b

I7

lasere] lasare'W

DE SERPENTE SETOSO VTPBT Tyrrheno] terreno W inhabitaband inhabitant W

d . f . d 310

pyramidibusl permitibus W

W extulitl extollit IZ clausa] causa

speluncam] saepe loca lZspelunca Porsia perhiberent] perhib ent.W

III.l 1 Serpents are a.iso sa.; whose necks are found .,'e :.' They are fed on laser *.'*l the stones from t}re valle',. :.

:

five feet.

III. l2 The re is a certai:. - '.; all kinds of serpents u;e c, :: was bristly with such hus. :, assert that a cow coulci, e ::e

II€ /1

Brsrod

sr r.lf,rr{i.t r(e1pa E ur

rueqlqrad

':

;.

1-{r '-

/

YICIUOI STTYA

.\I --l.

]C

[rqndeJ''''i-: ;-1r

3 lBrp uassE

erpul ur uroq eg ot prus oslp are sruedre5 I

I.III

V

sB

L

ecunlads2l ecol odaes

at rl

's:, /r1 snqltltu.rai ECI

/a )u:' -NEdUES SNgINIhIgS

-':-: /l unuarral 1A )\;: -sel rünJoporncs

SINICINIISNO-I S:ICEd

:alue Ppol ^\of

or{na esoqt leqt {pq /(Itpoq e8nq qrns qrr/r dpsrrq se.r,r plq ll qrFl,ra ur saceld eqr ^\Bs qlI{,14 luadras-relnr E sE^. erarp qllq.ll^' lsSuorue 'ilqequr ol prsn sruadras3o spuDl IIE tsotrrlB 'suerunq äroJrq 'qcrqrrr ueeuerrelpery aql ur purlsr urctref, E sr erarlJ Zl'ilI

'lreJ e u

pu" perpunq e^UJo qrSual E r{tl/ta sprtuurdd,(qJo pesolf, 'la1p,r aqr tuo{ seuols eqt Jo ^.rT EJro perrref, uopa)EhlJo rapuexa[V reddad errq/( pue rasel uo peJ are leqa 'spluretuJ pJIIEI aru sSurralrrlS rraqr pue 'sJuots snonard rftea puno3 eru »lf,eu esoq,&r ur 'elprol pelpl

'pru Jraqt ot Surtuoc uuru prll{l ? put '{f,Eue rsrrJ rrer{t ur sloq eprrl o/r\r selrq snouosrod ur lrede aror laqa 'a.ro8 pue erg qrrzn turrS erarn sada rrar{t puu slsarf, lpoolq peq laqr '8ues 'leod 8ul -puelstno aqr '1r8ran sV'sts?3rq dn-pa33nd r{rr^\ eroqs ot r.ue^rs pue 'uonour Sula:nc

rlalf qrl^r sopeuelJo puelsr eqr tuory se r^r aql asrou ruarS e qlr.r,\ per{suJqr sruadras ornl'uo pqool uorrelndod aloqrr,r eqr sE,lorlJo uonf,nrrsep ar{r rE puv 0I.III

'8uo1re{ 0ZI uaaq e^Bq ol prus sr pue (aruo1 ol ueeuerrerrprl4J erp ssor)? lq8norq se^t eprq stl .splerqs Jo

oprusu Sunuuls eql a{ll 'selecs slr rllrlr\ sruads eql IIB palladar llsnoraard perl rr raUE 'pe>1cerc aurds srr 'ersrlpq E rrog u/u.onll euols-lpu e lq lcnrrs 'l1pug pue 'sreads Jlaql IIE tlll/\{ rI PePunorrns suBrrrou är{l IIE ({)EllE IEnrur slr ur perno ep lr luoq.&r srelPlos er{r roJ e8uerrer ur 'puy'epur8eg ro^lg er.ll rueu Ef,r{V ur &uru uuruo5 aqr lq Paqlrf,säP osF sr ezrs snopuerroq3o ruadres urBlref, 6'III Pere^of,slP uaaq Sur,rel{

NOII\ruSNYU

-

§;

TUESYH SINICINJISNO.

lparSur uenoq rrnlel snqrnb tuel le snsolrs suadras JorEU:

adord Elurüo seuruor{ f,lu tueurpnrrSuol snqnu)qrr{ ep socned operBIAJ repuBx

irntuednrunu rp8eJrruz

?rL

runJoe red 'erprol Jnl?)on 'snqrsJorü run

ntadur oturrd anbonb

son

rueqeqeq seqnr 'trurfa) 'El srlf,JJe snlrl eEJJer qpP ra s 'aluant olndod ruuro Elnsur

-rqrad essrnqer{ srurpnrruBr qunuer{JJla eretu sueJl run 'EIet srr.uenbs elruno snrrd ,1 rrrePuEl la srlntrsr runrJPeP

ourrd sonb tunlrlrru Juonlr Elluv ur nlrf,Jexe ousurou E

IWNUOÜJSN OW Üggl7

J-X

LIBER MONSTRORUM:

III.13 Et atram aput

-.::

LAIIN TEXT

inferos aStygem rumorosoa sermone gentes, anguem totius

mundi maximum, describunt, quae nouem uicibus, ut fingunt, Per

SrygiamD

paludem trtara ululantium animarum atris ingens orbibus modo lacrimabili cingit; er ita uipereo muro Styx ipsa et palus cputridae undae, quam nullusc audet terribilem adtingere metam, animas, ut putant, rugientes in aeternis fletibus cludunt.

Salamandra quoque tantae atrocitatis esse describitur ut eam nulla uisa flammarum ledere possit, set in ignibus uelut pisces in aqua uiuere posse perhibetur.

the pagan5. .: : the underworld as the e r==i;

III.13 And

surrounds nine rime s \i.::. Srygian swamp of rr'ai.-:.:

,

swamp with its putrid i.'"'. :

groaning, so they thins. ...

III.14 ilL15

Cerastes autem cornuti serpentes fiunt, sed non tam comibus quam ore nocent et linguis, quae nimiam atrocitatem habere dicuntur, et in multis regionibus nascuntur.

III.16 Chelydri sunt nigri colore serpentes, qui in algidis et lapidiosis nascuntur terris et llaream rurisa pro latebris et btophos sectanturb pro cibo. Et rex Aeetac, quem

superius äescripsimus, pater Medeaed uirginis, more serpentis tales habuisse dentes describitur ut si quis eos simul conpressos saeuisset, inde armati prosilirente homines ad interfectionem saeuientes. Sed quidam draconis dentes fuisse arbitrantur.

lll.l7

Coluber genus est diri ualde ac uenenosi serpentis, qui umbris et tecto

succedere solet et ita et inprouisus et uenenosis morsibus nocet. Quem Octauianusa

grammaticus feminini generis colubramb nominauit.

III.18 Vipera autem, eo quod ui pariata, ita nuncupetur, de qua scribunt phisici quod ignotumb genus quoddamc humanae formae simillimum usque ad umbilicum h"b.*tl.t ,.-.r, ore concipiat et fracto latere moriens pariatd. Et in India, cum ceteris quibusque aprodigiis Ophitaea serpentes atrocissimi nascunrur generis, quas omni,rrn prop. colorumb uarietatibus distinctasc esse perhibent.

III.l9

III.13 DEAIMM

IX/B

DEAIRA STYGE P DE STYGEM ÄIRAM T

a...t Srygem rumoroso] stigiem rumorose

b

Srygiaml stigiem

W

trZ

c...c putridae. . . nullus] putridus unde quam nullam

III. 14 DE SAIAMANDPA. WPBT " uisl uris IZ

prosilirent] prosilerentrV

1II,I7 DE COLUBER WTDE COLUBRO P8 b Octauianus] octauiannus IZ III.18 DE VIPERA IYPBT

colubram] colubru

"

"

. b

" d

pariat] pereat'V ignotum) tgnotaIfly'

III.19 DE SERPENTIBUS AIROCISSIMI a...a prodigiis ophitae] prodigium oditae

b

W

m'V

quoddam] quaedam 1Z pariar] pareat'W

GENERIS P OM, WB DE OPHITA distinctas] desinatas W

W .

colorum] colore W

312

III.15

Cerastes are

.,

hor:

with their mouth anc born in many regions. as

III.16 Chelydri

are ser:.:1:

and they roam the grar'.. - i King Aeeta, whom \r'- :.:'. described as having hac i-. them together, as a re s--: =: they were the teeth of a c:"

III.L7

Coluber is a kinc

,-

:'

to the shadows and shac. : The grammarian Qsi;'.'..: gender.

III.18 But the viper :s ;scientists write that rhe',' :. down to the navel, rr'hi;.-. :; its split side.

every colour.

a...a glareamruris]clariarura Wglaream ruris b...b tophos sectantur] domos secantur Aeeta] eta'W'

Medeae] mediae

The salamanie : .s .

flame can harm it, bu: .:

III.19 And in India ämrr,r.i of the most atrocious !r::-

III.15 DE CERASTEV/BTDE CERASTIS P III.16 DE CELEDRI ItrlDE CHELYDRIS PB DE CHELYDRI T

P d 1Z '

III.\4

T

tsorulE Jo saperls

uroq

erB stuedras

tTe ,d{ sEiP'-;:>:? -

J VIIHdO fC L:: +' -+-:

11

uffp;::l

fl lünlc.:.': I ll luarellso--j : # ]P-:'-.1 1-':-r ^r-_ 1!s -L

lq paqsrn8unsrp are les deqr gcrq/r\ 'pupl snonorle'T:[';T: eBrrqdo eqr serSrpord reqro uretrol rs8uour BIpuI ul puv 6I'III

'ePrs IIds slr q8norqr qulq se^r8 qtrcp ur puu r{rnotu eql ur pres se rrrrr qf,rrfk\ '1e,reu eql or u/$,op e{ll tsoru puDI u^l,ou>lun urelJeo E a Erl lagr reqr etrr^\ stsnuerf,s saar8 tr esnpf,eq pellel os sr radut eqt tng gI'III

urenb

ePu n

snPI,

ruJoJ uerunq eW

"iTlllL-

qlFl,t\ rnoqv'e)uelor^lq qrrrg

'rePueS

aululureJ ärl1 ls8uourB Erqnlo3 pareld [uurcslr4] snuBr^Elf,O uBrrErur,uerS aqa 'elrq snouosrod slr qlrdr rrrrBrl Pelf,rdxaun sesnBf, os puB epsqs puE s./(opEqs eqr ol sr?eJrrr

llpnsn qllwr"e1?us snouosrod puE InJpBerpdra

Jo pupl

E sr

raqnloJ LT'III

,dn deal prno^4. ru*Ir eruos rng 'ilpr or snorlnJ palroJ dlsnorrn3 euolue3r tuql puDI s,luadres30 r.lteu rllns ptq Surr'rq sE peqrrf,sep (e^oqe poqrrlsrp a^Er{ e/y\ ruoq 'etaay IrlX Jo rär{ruJ eqt ^,

"r*;r",::;äl::':;L:ffi:iJ:|l

sl

'uepa141 uepIEuI er{t

puy'pooJ roJJJru puu seculd-8,rtpt.{:o3 aprs,{-rrunof, erpJo 1er'rr8 eqt ruuor leqr pue 'spue1 luots pue plol ur uJoq Ere oq^\ 'rnolor ur >llplq sruodras are rrpllaqD 9I'III 'suorSa:

lurur ur uroq

ere puu 'sseuäfräU e^Isse)xe a^Br{ ot prrs JrE lrqJ'san8uol pur qrnou Jrerp qrr/( sE surorl rleqr qlr/r\ r{f,nur os urrsrl rou oP leqt lnq 'sluadres peuror{ er? selssro) § I'III

:ater\ ul qsu aIII eru ul r ll or elqt aq or pres sr 1r rnq 'lr rureq uBf, aturg Jo ef,roJ ou lpqt ssaue)reu qlnsJo Suraq sB peqrrf,s)p oslr sr rapueturles arlJ tzI'IlI 'sreet lpuJele ur '>lurqt lagr os 'Sulueor8 slnos uI slees 'qreo:dde seJup euou e8pa alql-uorl esorykr 'e^Eryr' plrrnd slr qtr^r dturr*rs eql Pue (lle.rr\ snoredn stt qlrm xlrg eqr snqt puv'slnos Surllurrr3o dulerrrs uerSlrg aqr qSno:qt 'rauueru snoaud E ur snJetJra s8urr >llelg str qrr/y\ sor.un euru spunorrns lla8nq 'eut8eurt laqr 'gcrqrn'p1rom älorl/$. eqr ur a>lEUs rsalre.r8 eqt sE plro eql ^,räpun ts8uotuu x&g rye1q eql eqrrrs)p ({lpr pollu-rnorunr rrerp ur ,sue8ed eW puv €I'III

'ruaqrqrad rsse rsBlf,urlslp nurssr)oJtB sotuadras

mc: tl..i

"aerr

'olrr:ri unf,rlrqun pe anbsn urntulJlr nrsrqd lunqlrrs enb ap '.rnr: BsnuErnelf,g

uen§'lJ)ou

sn

olf,el le slJqun tnb 'struad: xnluBJtlqrB asslry salu seuruoq aluäJIIIsoJd tleurt e setuep essrnqer{ sept sttued:: uranb'relaayxar rE'oqn o:d JnlunrsBu srsorprdul ra srpr8 'Jnlunf,suu sngruotSal slllnur luef,ou ero tuenb snqluJof, Lrrt 'Jnlaqrqred assod arentn enbt sllnu ruBe ln JnlIqIJ)S

Bsrn

'runPnlf, snqllEl, sIu

uelrqrrral rePnr rsnllnu ulenl ltrSurc IIIqEtuITf,BI opotu snql

ouerSÄg red 'tunSuu rn

'

snnor uanSuu 'salua8 euou

IrJ

NOII\ilSNVII L :h{NAOÜJSNOW ÜEg]T

LIBER MONSTRORUM:

IÄIIN

TEXT

- -::

III.20 Hercules namque geminos angues, secundum quod poeta cecinit, in manu apremens eliserata, quos ille bnoui etb ignoti generis cum quibusdam prostrauit monstris.

For, accordinq :,r '.'. snakes in his hand, u'h-;:

lII.2l Hydri serpenres

sunt aquatici, qui afluuios ac stagnaa colunt, sicut de aliquibus Indorum uermibus describitur, quos ibi genus quoddam Oceano propinquum, ab amne Occluadab sibi uictum humano femore crassiores traxisse et cocco rubriores perhi-

III.2l Hydri are aquaI.- ri of other worms in Inci". -:. them out of the river C;:.

beturc.

than scarlet.

lll.22 Aspi$ non catulos, set oua fouens gignit et minus uiua quam mortua nocet. Est caput eiui sicut turturis brortrr'r- etb siquem os eiusdem pupugitc serpentis, pro tactu

III.20

monsters.

IIl.22 The

asp doe s ::,-,.

:

uipereo tumet.

harm alive than dead. I:s -punctures anyone, rhei- r'',

lll.23

IlI.23

In his enim poetarum fictionibus describitur quod anguesagemini cum monstris

*er.b latrantes Cleopatram ad Nilum fugassent exterritam, que cum Antonio conrra Cesarem nauale proelium gessit. Et sicut huic mendacium a tergo reginae monstra er angues finxit aethereos, ita et fallaces poetarum fabulae sibi plurima quae non fiunt et nubes

.,

uoluntarie finguntc.

lll.24 Dicunt quoque Tisiphonema aput inferos sanguinea pallab succinctam et animabusc uipereo flagello nocentem, urbis seruare uestibulum. Quam.triplici muro circumdatum er flammeo fulmine dtyriflegethontis Tärtarei mentiut trrd, qui rapidis, ut purant, ignibus saxa murmurantia torquet, et fingunt hydram interius urbis ipsius uestibulum seruare, quae ibi, ut arbitrantur, cum .L. capitibus Tärtaream habitat sedem.

III.2O DE ERCULES ITIDEANGUIBUS AB HERCULE ELISIS P DE HERCULE,B DE HERCULES

T

a...a premens eliseratl praeminens eleser

adW

b...b noui et] nouerat'W

ITI.2I DE HILIDRIS TDE HYDRIS PBDE HYDRI T a...a fluuios ac stagna] fluuio ac stagno

b

Occluadal occluba IZ

TTI.22 DE ASPIDE WPBT Aspis] aspes W b...b rostrum et] rosrumque W

"

lrt.23

"b

1Z

'

perhibetur] perhibentur IZ

.

pupugiti pupungit If,l

DE ANGUIBUS CLEOPÄIRAE P om. WB DE FICTIONIBUS POETARUM

angues] angesW aere] aerae'W

.

7

finguntl figunt lZ

IIT.24 DE SERPENTIBUS APUD INFEROS P OM. WBDETISIPHONE T d"'d Pyriflegethontis . menduntur] pire"s Tisiphonem] stifonem'W figetonitis tartari mentientur I7 pallal pellea W

.

animabus] animalibus W

3r4

For it is descrrLrc . and clouds barking fio= :: along with Anthonv \1-:E.; monsters and etherial s:-:-.; wilfully fake very mar'.' :..

lll.24 They also sar' ::.:: mantle, injuring souis '.,,.: which (they lie) has b..:. , of Thrtarean PyriphleE: ::-

swift flames, and the',' -::- -: which, they reckon. in:=:

'sprar{ lryg qrrrn

stt.

-eJrd

It Jruu3::'ir* 'r. [Jnlunrluaru !-- * - --J 3-\Oij-,i-) -j-: --:' -

J I InUVJSOd

S-lg-)i - .

Ä\,

11 Jnru}C:--:*

1^\l

lees uEerEuBJ ar{t srlqequl 'uo>1ca:

laqr 'qcrgr'r

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EPILOGUS In his namque serpentibus quos superius descripsimus, quaedam uera, quaedam nemque omni ueritate carentia reperiuntur. Sunt quoque plurimi adhuc serpentini generis angues, ut tipsades, reguli, haemorrhoides, spelagi, natricesa, de quibus iam nihil singulare et admiratione dignum reperri.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

IAPIDGE, Michael, and Michael HERREN, trans., Aldhelm: The Prose Works (Cambridge, 1979)

LAPIDGE, Michael, and Ardy ORCF{ARD, 'Aldhelm', in

W,2 Sources of Anglo-Saxon

Literary Cubure, ed. Frederick M. Biggs, Thomas D. Hill, and Paul E. Szarmach (forthcoming) IAPIDGE, Michael, andJames ROSIER, rrens.,Aldhelm: ThePoetic'Vorks (Cambridge, 1985)

IAPIDGE, Michael and Richard SHARPE, A Bibliograplty of Cehic-Latin Literature 400-l 200 (Dublin, 198r) IA§7RENCE, §Tilliam'Witherle, 'The Haunted Mere in Beowulf , Publications of the Modtrn Language Association 27 (1912),20845 IA§7RENCE, \Tilliam '\Vitherle, 'Beouulf'and the Epic Tiadition (Cambridge, MA, 1928)

IA§7RENCE,

\fi[iam

\üTitherle, 'Grendel's [^air', Journal of Eruglish and Gennanic

Phih logl 38 (1939), 477 -80 I§O§ESS, Hallddr Kiljärr, 'Litil samantekt um titilegumenn', Timarit mäls ogmenningar

ro (1949),86-130 LEAKE, Jane, A., The Geats of 'Beowulf': a Study in the Geographical Mytholagy of the

Middh Aga (Madison,

§[I,

1967)

LECOUTEIIX, Claude, ed., De rebus in Oriente mirabilibus (Lettre dt

\fl i\,{.. ei . -.': vols. (Oxtoic. -' -

LINDSAY

LLOYD-JONES. H..

LOCHERBIE-C{\f Poetica (Tokvo)

--

ER.CI)

l-

-

LÖFSTEDT, Ben$.

':

\::

LOGANBILL, Dean.

.

26_35

LÖNNROTH, Lars. .He: .§ögu', Skirnir l++ ^' LONNROTH, Lars. .'.-'---

.

LOTSPEICH, C. \1... t-I Philologl40 (194t . '.LUCAS, Peter J., 'The F.: Studies

4l

(1990). .15,i-'

MACAIRI Seän, ed.. Tc:. MAC AIRL Seän, and Ce I l3I), Part I: Tim ;na MAGENNIS, Hugh, {ca:

Farasmenes).

Scene', Neuphilologt ; ): e .

Edition yno?tique accornPagnCe d'une introduction et de notes, Beiträge zur klassischen Philologie 103 (Meisenheim am Glan, 1979) LECOUTEIIX, Claude, Les monsnes dans lz littCrature allernande du moyen äge. Contribution ä I'Ctudt du merueilleux mddiCual, Göppinger fubeiten zur Germanistik 330 (Gtippingen, 1982) LECOUTEUX, Claude, Kltine Tbxte zur Alexanderssage, Göppinger fubeiten zur Germanistik 388 (Göppingen, 1984)

MALMBERG, L., 'Gre::e

LECOUTEITX, Claude,

Farutömes et reuenants au moyen äge

LEHMAN, 'W'inifred, 'Atertanum fah',

(Pxis,1986)

in Historical Linguistics in Honor of George Sherrnan Lane, ed. §7'. §7. fundt (Chapel Hill, NC, 1967), pp.2ll-32 LEINBAUGH, Theodore H., 'St Christopher and rhe Old English Martyrologr: l,atin Studies

Sources, and the Phrase hwas gneades', Notes and Queies 32 (1985), 434-7 versi gnomici exoniensi 192-200', Annali,

LENDINARA, P, 'Un'allusione ai Giganti:

Sezione Germanica (Naples) 16 (1973),85-98 LEYERLE, John, 'The Interlace Structure of Beowulf , Uniuersity of Toronto Quarterly

37 (1967),

r-r7

LIBERMAN, Anatoly, 'Beowulf-Grettir', Gerrnan Dialects: Linguistic and Philohgical Inuestigations, ed. Bela Brogyanyi and Thomas IGömmelbein (Amsterdam, 1986),

PP.353-9r

LIEBERMANN, Felix, ed., Die Gesetze dzrAnglzsachsen,3 vols. (Halle, 1903-16) LIEBERMANN, Felix, 'Grendel als Personenname', Archiu 126 (1911), 180 LINDO§7, John, Comitatus, Indiuidual and Honor: Studies in North Germanic Institutional Vocabulary, Universiry of California Publicarions in Linguistics 83 (Berkeley, CA,1975) LINDO§7, John, Swedish Legends and Folktaär (New York, 1978) LINDOW', John, 'I>orsuiru ldttr skelhs and the Verisimilitude of Supernaturd Experience in Saga Literature', Stucture and Meaning in Old Norse Literature, ed. John Lindow, Lars Lönnroth, and Gerd Wolfgang \ü7'eber (Odense, 1985), pp.264-80 332

24r-3 MALONE, Kemp,'H.,'s.-; MALONE, Kemp, 'H)-g; MALONE, Kemp, 'Gren 57 (t942),

jt

r-r4

MAIONE, Kemp, 'Gre:; Honorern L. Spitzer. ec.

.-

MALONE, Kemp, 'Reai.::

in Medieual Literature :,: (Philadelphia, PA, 196. MALONE, Kemp, ed.. L'. MS,EEMF 12 (Copen:; MALONE, Kemp, 'Ar -{rg

3544

MANITIUS, M.,'Liber m.-r Literatur

des

Mix lt la h e-:.

(Munich, 1911), pp. i

MANITIUS, M.,

1.

Gescltic )::

1911-31)

McCONCHIE, R., 'Grer

Beowulf Analogue', Ery. :

McCREESH, Bernadine. : the Conversion', fufedt;t:

McGURK, P M. J., D. Century Anglo

EEMF

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McNAMARA, Martin, I,,i

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BIBLIOGMPHY

MELLINKOFE R.,

'Cain's Monstrous Progeny in Beowulf: Part I, Noachic Thadition', Anglo-Saxon Erugland B (1979), 143-62

MELLINKOFB R., 'Cain's Monstrous Progeny in Beowulf: Part Survival', Angb-Saxon England 9 (198l), 183-97

II,

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MERONEI Howard, 'The Early History of down as an AdverY,Journal ofEnglish and Germanic Philnlogy 44 (19 45), 37 8-86 MEYER, Kuno, 'Die Geschichte von Phillip und Alexander', Irische TäxteII.2 (1887),

3-5 MEYER, Kuno, ed., Rawlinson B 502, a Collzction ofPieces in Prose andVerse in the lrish Language, Compiled during the Eleuenth and Twelfth Centuries (Oxford, 1909) MEYER, R. T, 'The Sources of the Middle Irish Alexander', Modern Philolog 47 (1949), t-7

MEZGER, F., 'Goth. Aglaiti "unchasti.y", OE Aglac "Distress" ', Word 2 (1g46), 68-72 MICHA-EL, Ian, Alexandcr's Flying-Machine: the History of a Legenl (Southampton, 1974)

MORRIS, R., ed., OA English Homilies, First

Series, 2 vols., EETS OS 29 and 34 (London, 1868) MORzuS, R., ed., The Blickling Homilies of the Tänth Centur!, EETS OS 73 (London,

1880) Grenis saga', Arkiufiir (

nordishfilologi 88 (1973),91-1 10 MOTZ, Lotte, 'The Hero and his Täle', Arhiuf)r nordiskfihlogig3 (1978),145-8 MÜLLENHOF, Karl, 'Die innere Geschichtä d.r Beoiulf ,"Zeitschrifi fur dcutsches Ahertum und deutsche Literatur 14 (1869), 193-244 MÜLLENHOF, Karl, 'Beowulf'. [Jntersuchungen über das angelsächsische Epos und die äheste Geschichte der gerrnanischer Seeuölher (Berlin, 1839) MÜLLER, K., ed. andirans. GeschichteAlexanders des Grossen (Munich, 1954) MÜLLER, \üü/-olfgang G., 'syntaktisch-semasiologische Analyse des Grendel-Kampfes im Beowulf', Literaturwissenschifilic hes Jahrbui h 29 ( I 9 I 8), g -22 MURPHY, Gerard, trans., Duanaire Finn: The Booh of the Lays of Fionn,hishTexts Society II (London, 1933) MUSHABAC, Jane, 'Judith and the Theme of Sapientia et Fortitudo', MassAchusetts

in English 4 (1973),3-12 MYNORS, R. A. B., ed., P Wrgili Maronis Opera (Oxford, 1969) NAPIER, futhur S., ed., Vulftan: Sammlung fur ihm zugeschreibenen Homilien

nebst

Jenseits uon Gut und Bäsr

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NORDAL, Siguröur. NORDAL, Siguröur.

e: i :j:: ,

III (Revk:a',:* - j NORDAL, Siguröur. ;jr: fornrit

,,

(Reykjav(k, 193E

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NORDAL, Sisuröur.

er. .

-i

ö cnölNiNloru,ii .. O'BRIEN, John

\14-r-'.'.--

(London, 1992:

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the Four Mastns rD;:..:. OGILVY, J. D. 4., Bür,q. -i. O'KEEF[F]E, Karher:re C

the Limits of rhe ä*::. 484-94 O'KEEFFE, Katheri:e J' Anglo-Saxo n E ngi;r't; )'. Henri. ed.. ,

t-

OMONI

Chtct: -OPLAND, J.ff, 'A Bc,:,:.i. dz lEcole dzs

54-8

?

ORCHARD, A[ndr--

-\,

Syntax: A Sraristica, -r-::

ORCHARD, A[ndv'

]

]"

Angln-S axon E ngi.a,a )'-

ORCHARD, Andr'. ..:,..-

Schohrship and Fan;;,-, .'

ed. Keith Bartarbee.

-{:::

ORCHARD, Andr: Ti::

i: l:

PÄLSSON, Hermann. -i:-

fir

Geschichte der

Literatur 39 (1914), 189-200 NEISON, Marie, 'Judith: a Story of a Secular Saint', Germanic Notes 2l (1990), 12-13 NE§7TON, Sam, The Origins of 'Beourulf' and the Pre-Viking Kingdom of East Anglia (Cambridge, 1993) NICHOLLS, Alex, 'Bede 'i{we-Inspiring" not "Monstrous": Some Problems with old English aglaca', Notes and Queries 38 (1991), 147-8

NIETZSCHE, Friedrich,

C .:

(1969),372-82

Untersuchungen über ihre Echtheit (Berlin, 1883) deutschen Sprache und

Jane

Mother', Tixa, Stira::: :,:

PÄLSSON, Herm'ann.

Studies

NECKEL, Gustav, 'Altnordisch draugr in Mannkenningar', Beiträge zur

Modern Langu.ige.i.,. .'r,

NILES, John D., Beo:.:,.:

NITZSCHE,

MENNER, RobertJ., 'Nimrod and the §(olf in the Old English Solomon and Saturn', Journal of English and Gerrnanic Philnloglr 37 (1938),332-54 MENNER, RobertJ., ed., The Poetical Dialogues ofSolomon and Saturn (London, l94l)

MOTZ, Lotte, 'tVithdrawal and Return. A Ritual Pattern in the

NILES, John D,. 'tun:-C:

nordisk

f lologi )+ , '

PALSSON, Hermann.

.'-

39 (Reykjav(k, IgEi PALSSON, Hermann. a:.: Studia Islandica

30

PANZER, Friedrich.

R.r-

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S]ü7EEI Henry', ed.. nlrl -' EETS OS 79 (Lon,i,c:. ThNGL, M., ed.. S. Br,c:-;:: TAYLOR, A. R., 'Tir'-- \: Languages 7-8 iI:l:l . -.'

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TYUITNIID

INDEX

ll

Atli, berserk 150

709: 32; 7 l0: 35; 7 36l- 7 12: 31, 36: 36; 7 17 : 36; 7 19: 32, 36;

Auopos 221

77 ; 7 L5:

Augustine 17, 58, 70, 73-6,79, 84, g7, 89-90, 934,105,318-20;

720-l: 30,36;720: 35;723:

pseudo-Augustine Augusrus, caesar 308-9

Auöunn skgkull Bjarnarson 167

7

Babel 83 18, 27

, 82, L84-9, 198-9, 2ZO-2,

25V3; see abo Babylonia Babylonia 175-6, 179; see ako Babylon Bacchus 138, 214, 216, 222, 240-1, 244-5 Bactriacen 207 ,213 Bagrada,

river 310-l

1

balenae 300-1

Balljgkull

158, 160

balsam-uees 178, 196-7 Bartholomew,

saint l5

Bäröardalr 162 BaröiGuömundarson

l5l-2

Baruch: sre Book of Baruch Bashan, Og of: see Ogof Bashan

Bath

69-7 0: 32; 784: 53; 786: 39, 77 ; 788:

; 8014 47 ; 80 1-5: 1 50; 801: 36; 802-3: 37; 806: 53; 807: 36; 808: 48; 8lL: 61., 77 ; 816: 33 825: 163; 846: 77 ; 850: 77 ; 852: 39; 874-915: 51; 883: 168; 893: 33; 897: 1 12; 901-1 5: 48;902: t68;903: 48; 973: 36;978: 6l;985 37;986: 36, 39; 987-9: 37; 989: 33; 1000: 33; l00l: 6l; 1002: 32; l0l3-21 63; 1176: 163; I 197 -1214 5 | ; L202-14: | 14; 1228-31: 54; 1258-68: 58; 1259: 33; 1261 69; 1263-7: 6l; 1267:75; 1269: 33; 1274: 39; 1275: 30; 1276: 39: 61; 1278: 30; 12824:29; 1338:77; 1339: 77; 1345-57 31; 1345-72: 37; l35l-2: 31; l35l: 32; 1353: 31, 37 ; 1357-79: 37; 1358:75; 1359-60: 40; 1360: 40; 39 ;

Babylon

120

bats, gianr:

see

gianr bats

of Battle, motif 10 'beautiful people' 272-3;

see also

Homodubii Bede, the Venerable 33, 56, 61, 64-5, TO, 77, 81, 104, ll3; see also pseudo-Bede Bedwyr the Perfect 16 Belus, king 179,198-9

Rule

55

Benjamin 56 Beowu$ and Grettis saga 140-68; andJudith

4-12; and Letter ofAbxander to Aristotlz 45-7,132-9; and Liber monsfforl4m 109-15; and Passion ofSt Christopher 12-18; and'Wondtrs ofthe East 19-27; lines 1-3: 139; l-2199: t42;2: 136; 54; 99-ll4: 58; 101: 39; 102-14: 58; 104: 47; 105: 30,36; 107: 69; 109-10: 61; 110: 31; l1 l-14:68,70; Ll2: 168; 122-3: 32; 133: 36; t42: 32; 159-63: 59; 159: 33 160: 36; 164: 39:

24-5:

60-1; 165: 32; 166-9: 62; t77: 5t; 2024: 42; 221-3: 35; 247 -5 t: 3 ; 27 6: 53; 379-81: 32; 415-17 : 142; 421 t68; 422: 46; 425: 33; 426: 36; 432: 163; 433: 1

789-90:

53

1363: 40; 1366: 42; 13924: 1 1 1; 1408-L7 : 38; l4ll: 40 l4l4-15 40; 1416-17 40:' L423-5: 46; 1425-6: 4t:

Beasts

Benedictine

32;

725-6: | | | ; 727-8: 156; 732: 33; 737 : 3l ,77;73945: 63;739: 33;742-5: 37;755-6: 39;761 36, 168;767: 30;

see also

1.

33; 449: 32; 485: 30; 553-7 5: 46; 556: 33; 563:77; 592: 33;646: 33; 668: t68;

702-27: 34;702: 35;703: 36-7;707: 36; 344

45; L43l-2:46;1431:32; 1457: l5I; t5o6:75; t5t2 33; t5t3: 3o t5L5: 30; l5l8-20: 64; 15 18: 7 5; 1534-6: 54 1539: 32; L545: 32; 1557-62: 66; 1559-61: 31; 1563: l5r; 1565: 32; 1572: 30; 1599 75; 1605-ll: 67; 1605-17: 1 1 1; 1620: 163; 162344: 35; 1634-9: 37 ; 1666-8: rL2; 1679: 66; 1680: 39; 1681: 66; 1682: 36, 39, 77; 1683:77; 1687-93: 67, ll3; 1687: 67; 1688-93: 58; 1700-9: 48 1700-84: 47, 67: I 13, I 57; 1700: 67; 1709-24: 48; 17 13: 32; 1724-68: 49;

267029;2688: l9: l-i -i 2719:30;2736: j3: l9l-"-' -i 2903-6: 15 1; 2905:,1-: :; .

3040-l:112;3131-1.-: 3L80-2: 53r 3180: ; -i: -i - ! Beouulf-manuscript ---- . i-:

Berg-Qnundr i+9-i,Beswicmon, bisexual

river

prostiture

Bjarg r5r-2

hidal;eii;: - - : Bj6lfr, setder oi lcela;c - : Bjgrn, helper figure - -- - - :

Bjarnar saga

saga oh

hdlmueia

Bjgrn at Haganes 16i Bjgrn Hitdcelakappi - -'! Black Book of

Carmar=.:: -:

Blemmyae 178,l9)-) Blickling Homily X\1 -1:1 -.Boethius 81,170 Boniface, saint 99. il:)-i

BookofBaruch 79 Book of Cerne 6) Book of Enoch 64{. --. Book of Jubilees 65 - - 6 Book of Lismore l ClE Book ofMaccabees - -- - - : Book of Täliesin I 1 8 Brandr Jdnsson 1 19 Breca 148 Brendan, saint 108 Brixontes, river 177-8. -: ,--r Brixontis Brixontis, river 27V3. l-:-302-3; see ako Brixoi:t:

Brtiarfoss 148 Buemar 215 Byrhferth of Ramser'

Caesar,

t43;

Capernaum 154

30;

2

183-8: 166 2220: 32;

2232: 30; 2287-9: 29 ; 2304: 32; 2320: 30; 2352: 163; 2354-79: | 1 4; 2361-2: 32;2368: 32;2401: 32;2410: 30 2498-508: 33; 2501-9: I 14; 25 t4: 77 ; 2515: 30; 2520: 33;2534: 33;2550: 32;2552: 30;2557: 33;2592: 33, 168;

3-1

Cacus 27+5

1740: 50 17414: 103; l74l: 51; 1742: 51; 1743 51; l75l: 51; t752: 51; 1757: 52; 1762: 42; 1767: 51; 1769-84: 48; 1776: 39; 1827: 53; L939: 2; 1994-7: 142;2072: 36;2085:

2ll9:

l;l--: :; r-:

Julius 314-15

Cain 44,58,102,

t l2'.

:::

;:

Calabria 308-9 camels 208, 232-3. :9:--1 cannibals, giant:

Capi

see

gtarn.ä:r:-.

:

190-1

Caratis 236-7 Carmarthen, Black Book Carmarthen Carpathian Sea 28G7

Caspia 206-7,228-9

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)«ICINI

INDEX hdlmgang 150 Holofernes 4, 6-12, 41, 157

38: 8; 43: 9; 45 8, 9; 46-54: 9; 47: 9;

Homer

73:9;78:9;88:

55: 9; 56:

105

9;58: 8; 6l: 8; 66: 8;7L: 8; 8;

9l:

8; 92:8;93: 8; 41; 122:

Homodubii 19, 176, 178, 188-9, 194-5

97-lll: l0; 109: 9; lll-21:

Hondscio 29

4; 146:9; 148:9;200-31: 35;200: 35; 212 35;227: 35;236 4;254:9;

Horn

135

horned donkeys 176, 186-7 Hostes 19, 177, 192-3 Hgrör Grimkelsson, oudaw 146-f

275-90:

Kedll hengr 160 king-serpents 310-l

103, I11, I13, L42-3,157 118

Hydra 91, 109, 306-7,314-15;

see

also

Hydra

tt3-t4,258-g Hyrcania 292-3

Leabar

Iamnes 20-1, 25, 27, l8l, 202-3 Iapetus 100,288-9 Iarfaigid lib cdecait cest 68,74 hhtlryophagi 268-9; Ictifafo

as

n

Illugi

21

see

kbor

;

see

also

see

abo Hydra, Hydri

Lertices 19,178,192-3

Alexandair I 18

Letter ofAbxander to Aistotle 2-3,6, 14, I 16-39, 204-53, 3 | 8-20; see also Beoualf and Letter ofAlexander to Aristotle Letter of Fermes to Hadrian 234 Letter of King Feramen to Hadrian 234 Letter of King Perimenis to the Emperor

Incubi 282-3

India 192-3, 204, 206-7,

210, 21.5, 222,

224-5, 229-9, 230-r, 242-3, 269-9,

292-7,302-3,306-t3

Ingeld 17I

234

Inisfallen, Annals of: see Aanals of Inisfallen Institutes of Polity 55; see aäa'§7ulßtan Iordea, valley 222i see also Diarden, Iordia Iordia,

69

Lerna 294-5,306-7;

valley 129,310-Ll;

see

234

2H

Jason 304-5

Liber monstroram 24,73,85-11 5, Ll7, 120, 125, l2g-30, 17 t, 254-320; see ako Beowulfand Liber monsfforam Liber uitae 167

Jerome,

Libya 278-9

Iordea

Isidore

,22,7l-2,74-5, 82,84, 86-7 , 89-90, 934, t04,3tg-20 17

saint 9,76,78,92, ll8, 317-19

Antiquities 79; Joachim 7

Jewish

Josephus 79;

see also

see aAo

Life of St Christopher 12-14 Life of St Margaret 46, 156

Josephus

Lindisfarne 167

Jewish Antiquities

98, 209, 2ll, 234-7 ,290-1, 302-3 Lismore: rea Book of Lismore

Jgkull Biiröarson 155 Jgkulsnautr 147,150

lions

Jubilees: sar Book ofJubilees 42 Judgment Day Judith 2, 4-9, 12, 21, 29, 35, 41, 90, 157, 170; lines 14:9;15 4;2L:8;30: 8; 35:9;

Ljötr, berserk 150

II

Locothea L77; see akoLocotheo

Locotheo 19, 190-1; lofgeorn 54

348

C::----:--' r,--C:i=': -.. , --- -:

C.a"z

seealso Locotheo

:

\bs. .a:. C,:: :. :. l,ondon. B:.:-,.-- -. : :-B. ir': l[t Londor:. B:.:.=.-. r rrx: 12. 1london, Br::-s:A. iii: :5

.]:--

London. Br::-s:-,. : :.:-' B. r': 10.

::

.

-'-:

[,ondon. B::::s-- -- : :--. A. xr': 1-:-. . :--: - -:

london.

B:::.s--.

-.:.-..

"

65

London, B:i:-s-:

Letter ofParmoenis to Tiajan Letter of Premonis to Thajan Liber dz numeris 68

also Diarden,

-' :- - :

23

15

Huidre

Ira.lr'.

.. ' =.

kiden. Bi:--,: i--.t... -:

302-3

hht ltyop ha§

165

Imthüsa

na

-l-

Durha-m.

Moon 178,

Lentibelsinea 18, 176, 186-7 leopards 209, 234-5, 292-3, 298-9,

abo lctifafonas

5-I 6, 242-3

Breac

-

manusciiD:-.:

1l+.

16

Lachesis 221 lakes of the Sun and the 194-5 landhreinsun 163 Landnämabök 167

Hygelac 32, 49, 51, 86-7, 106-7, 109,

:

Iamnes

Cam'O:icg. -'.

49

-: :-

\{S - -r ,-'- - -'

1

abo

labraid Swift Hand see

r\la]me-.:-::-.' .:----=--- : - .t. --

Arras. B::..-- :..:: -: .'.-- -. - : Brus:c-:. :).1-. -::.=: -: .- . , -

Kattarfoss 148

67,

.:i 3-"-.. :: "'-.:-=:'

Iv{acca'le.s:

\{Jrne::*:-, Mamb:e. :---

150, 158, 168 Kärsnautr 146-7, 149, 157, 160, 165-6

Hrothgar 3O-2,37, 47-8, 5I-2, 58-9,

Hygd

Beouulfand

Kärrinngamli l4l,L43-5,

Hrabanus Maurus 6-7, 62

Hydri Hydi 314-15;

see also

Judith

'hot-blooded beast' 300-l

lrybris

Ll

-r:-.

126

London, Br:::s:

-::-. 1l(.-i: :..---london, Bri::s: -,-:- -. 120,

86, 25+-3 . ii

london, Bri:is: -- : :.:-.' 126

Madrid, Bib-c:-; ).:.-. . --: Munich, Bave:::-:-: ! :r' --. : 14276: - 3 New York, Ple:s:.:-:

-'.:::;--

86,25+-3',6 Oxford, Boci-ei;-.

L::--.' --:

Oxford, Bodiera:- -.::--, 175-81 Oxford, Bodlera:: L.:----' 502:69

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XECINI

INDEX

:l - r:-: L-

river 314-15 'Ochtfrochlach Choluim Chille' 43

Pilotas 250-lPlautus 292-3

Saul

Octavianus 312-13 OA English Martyrology 13 Old Saxon Genesis 62

Pliny 75, 87, 90, 93, 105, 317-18 'polyglot people' 280-1 Porus, king of lndia 6,ll9,135,205-6, 213-15, 218, 221-2, 229-9, 240-1,

Scitpoa: scorpions

Olympias, mother of Alexander rhe Great 125, 205, 217, 226-7, 244-5, 250-L

246-7,252-3 Premo 23; see ako Parmoenis, Perimenis,

Occluada,

Og of Bashan 78,84

Olympus 286-7

Premonis

Opltitae 312-13 Orcus 29G7

Premonis 23;

Origen

see

see

ako Parmoenis, Perimenis,

Premo Premonis to Tiajan, Letter of.

76

Orion 1024,106,286-7

san-rs

abo Philotas

see

of

Letter

Premonis to Ti,ajan Priam L07

Orosius 92-3, 118-25, L3L, 139, 319 Orpheus 109, 260-1, 292-3, 306-7

Sq-lia 9sea-doqs

Seajhre, ); Seferus l3i-- - . .:!

Sem -3-n: -:r:^

Sennar

8J

Servius 3----i Seth -0. -.- i: .'r: .:- .' -i

Proteus 276-7 Prudentius 9

Sex aet zte:

'Pa gur yv y

porthaur?' 16 Panotii 178, 196-7, 280-l

pseudo-Augustine 9

siamese

panthers 218,246-7

pseudo-Bede, Collectanea 43 pseudo-Clementine, Recognitiones 92

sigelwara

Psalter 42 Parmoenis 23; see abo Perimenis, Premo,

Pyriphlegothontis 314-15 Pyrrhus 290-l

Premonis Parmoenis to Tiajan, Letter

of

see

Letter

of

Quati capat

parrots 22 saga L56

Parthia

15

rams, giant:

Christopher 2, 4, 12-18,29,90; ako Beowulfand Passion of St Christopher

Passion of St

Pauiacen 230-1,238-9 Perdicas 220; see also Perticas Perimenis 23; see ako Parmoenis, Premo,

Skagafjgrör

92-3,ll7,

L25,

see

Lexer

of

giant rams

Bibh, Il,ish 68, 72, Reguli 315-16 'reverse people' 274-5

Persepolis l17 Perseus 278-9

+5,

Rufinus 105,318

Perticas 250-l;

Sewold

S6ti t46-' 31 )- 16

84

r

see also

antt

i.,rl,

Stares 308-9

Stheno 278-9

::--: :' :-I Sturla pöröarson --- . :.: Sryx, river 3 I l-. Sun and \Ioon. .i